Neck Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES J AMES N. P ARKER , ...

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A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Neck Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84126-8 1. Neck Pain-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on neck pain. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NECK PAIN ............................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Neck Pain ...................................................................................... 5 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 8 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NECK PAIN ..................................................................................... 53 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 53 Finding Nutrition Studies on Neck Pain..................................................................................... 53 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 54 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NECK PAIN ............................................................... 57 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 57 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 57 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 67 General References ....................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON NECK PAIN ................................................................................. 71 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 71 Dissertations on Neck Pain.......................................................................................................... 71 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 72 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NECK PAIN ............................................................................ 73 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 73 Recent Trials on Neck Pain.......................................................................................................... 73 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON NECK PAIN ............................................................................................ 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Patents on Neck Pain ................................................................................................................... 77 Patent Applications on Neck Pain ............................................................................................... 79 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 80 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON NECK PAIN................................................................................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 81 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 82 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 84 Chapters on Neck Pain................................................................................................................. 85 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON NECK PAIN ..................................................................................... 89 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 89 Bibliography: Multimedia on Neck Pain...................................................................................... 89 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NECK PAIN .................................................................. 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 91 Newsletters on Neck Pain ............................................................................................................ 93 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 94 Academic Periodicals covering Neck Pain ................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................... 97 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 97 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 97 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 98 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101

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NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 101 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 103 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 105 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 107 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 107 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 107 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 109 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 111 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 111 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 111 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 111 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 111 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 117 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 119 NECK PAIN DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................ 121 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 149

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with neck pain is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about neck pain, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to neck pain, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on neck pain. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to neck pain, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on neck pain. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on neck pain.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and neck pain, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Jaw-Skull Posture and Head-Neck Pain Source: NSTA Newsletter. National Spasmodic Torticollis Association Newsletter. 7(2): 1. April 1990. Contact: Available from National Spasmodic Torticollis Association, Inc. (NSTA). P.O. Box 873, Royal Oak, MI 48068-0873. (313) 647-2280. Summary: This brief article explores the relationship between jaw-skull posture and head-neck pain. Written for people with spasmodic torticollis (ST), the article explains how head pain that is due to poor jaw-skull posture can be reduced or eliminated. Topics covered include how malocclusion forces the muscles of the face, jaw and neck into a strained position; the electronic instruments used to diagnose and measure the jaw-skull posture, including electromyography (EMG) and computerized muscle scan

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(CMS); investigations involving the lateral pterygoid muscle; and the costs of treatment. The author also discusses the importance of early intervention in children. The contact information for the International College of Cranio-Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO) is included. •

Neck Pain. Part 2: Optimizing Treatment and Rehabilitation Source: Physician and Sportsmedicine. 24(11):54-56,59-61; November 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals, the second in a series on neck pain, discusses the treatment and rehabilitation of recreational or professional athletes who experience conditions that produce neck pain. Management of neck pain is divided into three phases: acute (immediate), recovery (rehabilitation), and maintenance (return to play). Most nontraumatic conditions causing neck pain can be managed by primary care physicians, with physical therapy to augment rehabilitation. One key role the physician can often play is to reassure the patient that the injury is not serious. After that, the goal of immediate treatment is to minimize pain and inflammation with nonsteroidal medication and icing. Other options can include brief bed rest, narcotic analgesics, a cervical collar, and, depending on the condition, corticosteroids, local injections, acetaminophen, and moist heat. As pain and inflammation are being controlled, the athlete is advanced to the recovery phase, where the goal is to recover lost function. Rehabilitation to recover lost function should address the entire kinetic chain and include an aerobic component. To minimize the chance of reinjury, the athlete is promoted to the maintenance phase of rehabilitation only after certain criteria have been met. Return to play must gradual. Some injured or aging athletes may have to cut back on activity or cross-train to maintain an active lifestyle. 14 references and 2 photographs.

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Decision Tree For Evaluating Neck Pain Source: Emergency Medicine. 118-126. September 1996. Summary: This journal article for physicians diagnosing neck pain examines a decisionmaking process that can help prevent a misdiagnosis that can pose more immediate danger to the patient. It examines diagnostic decision making and considerations for neck pain identified as a result of trauma, penetrating, or blunt injuries. A list of the causes of neck pain is presented, including congenital, degenerative/mechanical, inflammatory/infectious, neoplastic, referred, and traumatic. Another list presents cervical nerve-root evaluation tips, areas sensitized, muscles involved, the type of action to test, and reflex response areas. Concluding sections examine the evaluation process for nontraumatic pain that focuses on patient age as a helpful indicator as well as other diagnostic tips when cases present with the added consideration of cervical pain.

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Active Treatment of Chronic Neck Pain Source: Spine. 25(8): 1021-1027. April 15, 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a prospective study that compared the efficacy of a multimodal treatment emphasizing proprioceptive training with activated home exercises and recommendation of exercise in patients with nonspecific chronic neck pain. Participants were 22 men and 54 women with chronic, nonspecific neck pain. Sixty-two patients remained in the study for the 1 year study period. Subjective pain and disability, cervical ranges of motion, and pressure pain threshold in the shoulder region were measured at baseline, at 3 months, and at 12 months. Patients in the active treatment group received behavioral and

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cognitive support throughout 24 sessions of proprioceptive exercises with a physical therapist. Patients in the home treatment group attended a lecture about neck pain and its consequences and received written information about neck exercises plus two sessions of practical training for their home exercises, as well as instructions for maintaining a diary of progress. Patients in the control group attended one lecture about neck pain and its consequences and received written information about neck exercises to perform at home and in the workplace. The study found that the average self experienced total benefit was highest in the active treatment group. The home activated exercises were more efficacious in reducing pain and producing self experienced benefits than the advice to exercise only. Differences between the groups in favor of active treatment were recorded in reduction of neck symptoms and improvements in general health and self experienced working ability. Changes in measures of mobility and pressure pain threshold were minor. The article concludes that the multimodal active treatment, including exercises, offers benefits in cases of chronic neck trouble. 1 figure, 3 tables, and 34 references. (AA-M). •

Low Back and Neck Pain: Psychological Predictors of Chronicity Source: Journal of Musculoskeletal Medicine. 17(12): 724-762,731-733. December 2000. Summary: This journal article, the second in a special series on evaluation and management of back pain, provides health professionals with information on the psychological predictors of low back and neck pain chronicity. Pain in these areas is often followed by the development of chronicity. Although there are no clear predictors of who will have chronic pain and poor outcome after an acute back or neck pain episode, certain variables appear to be influential. The presence of three or more abnormal behavioral signs (Waddell signs) appears to be a useful screening tool to identify the risk for prolonged pain. These signs are tenderness, simulation of pain, distraction, regional disturbances, and overreaction. Psychopathology and involvement in lawsuits do not appear to contribute to chronicity. Prolonged disability seems linked to the perception that discomfort is work related. It is also more common in persons who miss 2 or more weeks of work. In patients with long term pain and disability but little in the way of structural problems, physicians should suspect possible childhood trauma. Some persons who experience multiple serious childhood psychological traumas are very likely to have a pain prone personality. Patients who, despite discomfort, are able to return to work within 2 weeks of their first back pain episode have a better prognosis. Therefore, physicians need to help injured workers return to modified work as soon as possible, even if pain is present. 2 tables and 35 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Neck Pain The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to neck pain. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. 2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to neck pain. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore neck pain. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for neck pain: •

Project Title: CHIROPRACTIC, MEDICATION, AND SELF-CARE FOR NECK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Bronfort, Gert; Research; Northwestern Health Sciences University 2501 W 84Th St Bloomington, Mn 55431 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 24-SEP-2001; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neck pain is very common, with considerable socioeconomic consequences. Despite the public health impact, management of neck pain conditions has been inadequately researched. Systematic reviews have concluded that, although some therapies appear promising, there are too few randomized clinical trials of sufficient quality to support the use of one therapy over another. This is especially true for acute/subacute neck pain. Although commonly treated with prescription medications, neck pain sufferers are increasingly seeking relief through complementary and alternative medicine therapies, like chiropractic spinal manipulation. Little is known, however, about the short- and long-term relative efficacy of these therapies and how they compare to giving patients simple advice on self-care. The broad, long-term objective of this research is to identify effective therapies for neck pain sufferers and to increase our understanding of neck pain conditions. The proposed randomized, observer-blinded clinical trial is a unique collaborative effort by experienced chiropractic and medical researchers and will focus on patients with acute/subacute neck pain (<12 weeks duration). A pilot study recently completed by our investigative team shows that this proposed trial is feasible. The study has the following specific aims: Primary Aim To determine the relative efficacy of chiropractic spinal manipulation, prescription medication, and self-care advice for neck pain in both the short term (after 6 weeks) and long term (after 52 weeks), using patient-rated neck pain as the main outcome measure. Secondary Aims To determine the short- and longterm relative efficacy of the three interventions using the following secondary outcome measures: patient-rated disability, general health, improvement, satisfaction with care, fear avoidance, and over-the-counter medication use. To determine the relative efficacy of the three interventions in terms of cervical spine motion performance measured by examiners blinded to treatment group assignment. This research will help narrow the large gap in the scientific literature regarding the relative efficacy of two commonly used treatments for acute/sub-acute neck pain. It will also provide clinically useful information for health care practitioners, policy makers and, most importantly, those who suffer from this painful and costly condition. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: DOES SPINAL MANIPULATION SPEED DETERMINE NEURAL RESPONSE Principal Investigator & Institution: Pickar, Joel G.; Research and Development; Palmer Chiropractic Universtiy 1000 Brady St Davenport, Ia 52803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2003

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Summary: The goal of this R21 PROJECT is two-fold: 1) to increase our understanding regarding the effects of spinal manipulation on the nervous system and 2) to seek a scientific basis for the continued investigation of the role of proprioceptors in the effects of spinal manipulation. The specific aim of this project is to determine if the speed of a spinal manipulation is an important determinant of the neural response from paraspinal muscle proprioceptors. Strong evidence supports using spinal manipulation to help patients with acute low back pain and neck pain. A theory common to the practice of spinal manipulation proposes that spinal manipulation alters paraspinal sensory input (ie, neural input from tissues of the vertebral column). Preliminary data demonstrate that spinal manipulative impulses stimulate proprioceptive afferents from lumbar paraspinal muscles. These afferents could contribute to the therapeutic effects of manipulation. The proposed experiments will determine how muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs in lumbar paraspinal muscle respond to the time-varying impulse of a spinal manipulation. Slow and fast impulses will be given. A Fourier transform will be used to analyze, in the time domain, the force-time and displacement-time profile of each manipulative impulse. The resulting power spectra for a range of impulse durations will enable us to determine if the speed of a spinal manipulation is an important determinant of proprioceptive sensory input from paraspinal muscles during spinal manipulation. The experiments will provide information regarding the neural systems impacted by spinal manipulation and can lead to improved training methods for the proper application of spinal manipulation. Teaching the manual skill of spinal manipulation could be approached from the perspective of quantifying the velocity with which the clinician applies a spinal manipulation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EFFECTS OF AN ERGONOMIC INTERVENTION FOR COMPUTER WORK Principal Investigator & Institution: Rempel, David M.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, Ca 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 29-SEP-2003 Summary: No well-designed, controlled studies have demonstrated the value of 'best practice' ergonomic interventions to reduce risk for musculoskeletal disorders and impairment among computer operators. Therefore, proposed guidelines for ergonomic and work organizational interventions have been challenged as having unproven benefit. The primary aim of this randomized controlled trial is to determine whether, over a 12 month period, a state-of-the-art ergonomic intervention package applied to 175 computer based customer service operators, is associated with an improvement in risk of upper extremity/neck musculoskeletal disorder, arm or neck pain-days, hand function, lost-time, and productivity in comparison to 175 controls subjects. Historical co-variates will be assessed with a baseline questionnaire and stability of co-variates will be verified with an exit questionnaire. The intervention will include an alternative geometry keyboard and mouse, large wrap around forearm rest, monitor location adjustment, vision check, chair adjustment, and training. The control group will receive a new conventional geometry keyboard and training. Upper extremity and neck pain severity, hand function and lost-time will be followed with a weekly questionnaire administered via the Internet. If a predetermined pain threshold is exceeded then a physical examination will be performed to determine whether or not a musculoskeletal disorder is present. Multivariate linear regression and logistic regression models will be applied examine main effects and to control for significant co-variates. The study is designed to detect a reduction of musculoskeletal incidence by half or a medium effect

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size (0.5SD) of the pain severity-week score. The total cost of implementing the intervention will be estimated. The findings and recommendations will be disseminated statewide in cooperation with the California Department of Health Services. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EVALUATING THERAPEUTIC MASSAGE FOR CHRONIC NECK PAIN Principal Investigator & Institution: Sherman, Karen J.; Scientific Investigotor; Center for Health Studies Seattle, Wa 98101 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-JUL-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Neck pain is one of the most common problems affecting the health of Americans and is a leading reason for using complementary or alternative medical (CAM) therapies. Therapeutic massage is one of the most popular CAM treatments for neck pain, but little is known about its effectiveness. This study will lay the groundwork for a full-scale trial that evaluates the effectiveness of therapeutic massage for chronic neck pain. During Phase I of this project, we will develop and pre-test key components for such a randomized clinical trial. This will include specification of protocols in the massage and the comparison groups, development of a taxonomy that clearly and consistently describes the massage techniques used in this study, and specification of subject selection criteria. During Phase II, we will use the study components developed during Phase I to conduct a pilot trial evaluating the effectiveness and safety of massage for chronic neck pain. We will randomize 60 persons with chronic neck pain to therapeutic massage (n=30) or to a minimal self-care intervention (n=30). We will evaluate the effect of massage by comparing changes in symptoms, function, quality of life, and costs of back pain-related provider visits in these two groups midway through treatment, at the end of treatment, and at 6 months. The pilot study will permit us to identify and resolve unanticipated problems with the study design, outcomes measures, and treatment protocols; to estimate the samples sizes required for an adequately powered full-scale trial; to determine the corresponding recruitment period that would be required; and to obtain preliminary estimates of the effectiveness and safety of massage for chronic neck pain. At the conclusion of this project, we will be well-positioned to prepare a competitive grant proposal for a full-scale trial that evaluates the effectiveness of massage as a treatment for persons with chronic neck pain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, 3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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and type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for neck pain in the PubMed Central database: •

Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. by Wright GT.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102345

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Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. by Ellrodt A.; 2002 Apr 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102346

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Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. by Bos IB, Hoving JL, van Tulder MW, Molken MP, Ader HJ, de Vet HC, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM.; 2003 Apr 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153837

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Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, relaxation training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain: randomised controlled trial. by Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J, Rinne M, Palmroos P, Laippala P.; 2003 Aug 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=188429

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Neck pain. by Findlay JM.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99218

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Neck pain. by Etlin D.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99221

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Neck pain. by Tuzun S.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99220

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Neck pain. by Potter PJ.; 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=99219

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Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and "sham" laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. by Irnich D, Behrens N, Molzen H, Konig A, Gleditsch J, Krauss M, Natalis M, Senn E, Beyer A, Schops P.; 2001 Jun 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33515

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals.

6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Neck Pain

To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with neck pain, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for neck pain (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A 33-year-old man presented with progressive neck pain and a subjective sensation of neck instability. Diagnosis: type II dens fracture complicating ankylosing spondylitis. Author(s): Peh WC. Source: Australasian Radiology. 2001 February; 45(1): 101-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345063&dopt=Abstract

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A 57-year-old man with neck pain and swelling. Author(s): Molitor L. Source: Journal of Emergency Nursing: Jen : Official Publication of the Emergency Department Nurses Association. 2001 February; 27(1): 97-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11174280&dopt=Abstract

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A 63-year-old man with neck pain and limb weakness. Author(s): Wong LL, Peh WC, Gilula LA. Source: Am J Orthop. 1999 June; 28(6): 370-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401905&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical trial investigating the possible effect of the supine cervical rotary manipulation and the supine rotary break manipulation in the treatment of mechanical neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Meal G. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 October; 25(8): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381981&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical trial investigating the possible effect of the supine cervical rotatory manipulation and the supine lateral break manipulation in the treatment of mechanical neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): van Schalkwyk R, Parkin-Smith GF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 June; 23(5): 324-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863252&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of physical characteristics between patients seeking treatment for neck pain and age-matched healthy people. Author(s): Jordan A, Mehlsen J, Ostergaard K. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 September; 20(7): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310902&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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A controlled trial on acupuncture for chronic neck pain. Author(s): Zhu XM, Polus B. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(1): 13-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067088&dopt=Abstract

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A critical analysis of randomised clinical trials on neck pain and treatment efficacy. A review of the literature. Author(s): Kjellman GV, Skargren EI, Oberg BE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1999 September; 31(3): 139-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10458312&dopt=Abstract

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A critical appraisal of review articles on the effectiveness of conservative treatment for neck pain. Author(s): Hoving JL, Gross AR, Gasner D, Kay T, Kennedy C, Hondras MA, Haines T, Bouter LM. Source: Spine. 2001 January 15; 26(2): 196-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154541&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized clinical trial comparing general exercise, McKenzie treatment and a control group in patients with neck pain. Author(s): Kjellman G, Oberg B. Source: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine : Official Journal of the Uems European Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 2002 July; 34(4): 183-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12201614&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized clinical trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Bronfort G, Evans R, Nelson B, Aker PD, Goldsmith CH, Vernon H. Source: Spine. 2001 April 1; 26(7): 788-97; Discussion 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295901&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized treatment study to compare the efficacy of repeated nerve blocks with cognitive therapy for control of chronic head and neck pain. Author(s): Gale G, Nussbaum D, Rothbart P, Hann B, Leung V, Kanetz G. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2002 Winter; 7(4): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12518175&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of chiropractic manipulation and mobilization for patients with neck pain: clinical outcomes from the UCLA neck-pain study. Author(s): Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominski GF, Yu F, Adams AH. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 October; 92(10): 1634-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356613&dopt=Abstract

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A retrospective evaluation of the impact of temporomandibular joint arthroscopy on the symptoms of headache, neck pain, shoulder pain, dizziness, and tinnitus. Author(s): Steigerwald DP, Verne SV, Young D. Source: Cranio. 1996 January; 14(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9086876&dopt=Abstract

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A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Author(s): Linton SJ. Source: Spine. 2000 May 1; 25(9): 1148-56. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10788861&dopt=Abstract

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A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Dabbs V, Lauretti WJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 October; 18(8): 530-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583176&dopt=Abstract

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A risk assessment of spinal manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Nilsson N. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1996 March-April; 19(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728468&dopt=Abstract

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A study on the prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain among university academic staff in Hong Kong. Author(s): Chiu TT, Ku WY, Lee MH, Sum WK, Wan MP, Wong CY, Yuen CK. Source: Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 2002 June; 12(2): 77-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12014228&dopt=Abstract

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A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain. Author(s): White AR, Ernst E. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 February; 38(2): 143-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342627&dopt=Abstract

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Active neck muscle training in the treatment of chronic neck pain in women: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Ylinen J, Takala EP, Nykanen M, Hakkinen A, Malkia E, Pohjolainen T, Karppi SL, Kautiainen H, Airaksinen O. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 May 21; 289(19): 2509-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12759322&dopt=Abstract

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Active treatment of chronic neck pain: a prospective randomized intervention. Author(s): Taimela S, Takala EP, Asklof T, Seppala K, Parviainen S. Source: Spine. 2000 April 15; 25(8): 1021-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10767816&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture and clinical hypnosis for facial and head and neck pain: a single crossover comparison. Author(s): Lu DP, Lu GP, Kleinman L. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2001 October; 44(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591081&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture for treatment for chronic neck pain. Reanalysis of data suggests that effect is not a placebo effect. Author(s): Vickers A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 December 1; 323(7324): 1306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764758&dopt=Abstract

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Acute epidural hematoma of the cervical spine: an unusual cause of neck pain. Author(s): Lobitz B, Grate I. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1995 May; 88(5): 580-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7732452&dopt=Abstract

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Acute lymphangitis mimicking mechanical neck pain. Author(s): Boudreau LA, Pinto A. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 September; 24(7): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562656&dopt=Abstract

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Acute neck pain and fever as the first manifestation of chondrocalcinosis with calcification of the transverse ligament of the atlas. Five case-reports with a literature review. Author(s): Constantin A, Bouteiller G. Source: Rev Rhum Engl Ed. 1998 October; 65(10): 583-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9809363&dopt=Abstract

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Acute neck pain due to calcification anterior to the odontoid process. Author(s): Kligman M, Rabichev M, Roffman M. Source: Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2000; 59(2): 111-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10983261&dopt=Abstract

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An 8-year-old boy with neck pain. Author(s): Hosalkar HS, Shaw BA, Kassel SH. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 February; (395): 262-7, 270-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937891&dopt=Abstract

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Anatomic distribution of sensory symptoms in the hand and their relation to neck pain, psychosocial variables, and occupational activities. Author(s): Reading I, Walker-Bone K, Palmer KT, Cooper C, Coggon D. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2003 March 15; 157(6): 524-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631542&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior discectomy and fusion for the management of neck pain. Author(s): Palit M, Schofferman J, Goldthwaite N, Reynolds J, Kerner M, Keaney D, Lawrence-Miyasaki L. Source: Spine. 1999 November 1; 24(21): 2224-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10562988&dopt=Abstract

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Anterior neck pain and swelling in a seven-year-old. Author(s): Thint MW, Jantausch BA, Chandra R. Source: The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 1995 April; 14(4): 334-5, 336-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603825&dopt=Abstract

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Approach to imaging the patient with neck pain. Author(s): Tong C, Barest G. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2003 January; 13(1): 5-16. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593126&dopt=Abstract

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Are neck flexion, neck rotation, and sitting at work risk factors for neck pain? Results of a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Ariens GA, Bongers PM, Douwes M, Miedema MC, Hoogendoorn WE, van der Wal G, Bouter LM, van Mechelen W. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 March; 58(3): 200-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11171934&dopt=Abstract

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Arm motion speed and risk of neck pain. A preliminary communication. Author(s): Lauren H, Luoto S, Alaranta H, Taimela S, Hurri H, Heliovaara M. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2094-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322320&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. Author(s): Ellrodt A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 30; 166(9): 1134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000242&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. Author(s): Wright GT. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 30; 166(9): 1134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000241&dopt=Abstract

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Assessment of sexual activity in patients with back pain compared with patients with neck pain. Author(s): Maigne JY, Chatellier G. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2001 April; (385): 82-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11302331&dopt=Abstract

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Association of neck pain with symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in the general adult population. Author(s): Ciancaglini R, Testa M, Radaelli G. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1999 March; 31(1): 17-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10229999&dopt=Abstract

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Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim KH. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2001; 26(4): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841111&dopt=Abstract

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Atraumatic neck pain. Author(s): Peh WC. Source: Am J Orthop. 2001 May; 30(5): 435-6. No Abstract Available. Erratum In: Am J Orthop 2001 July; 30(7): 570. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11370954&dopt=Abstract

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Back and neck pain and associated nerve root irritation in the New York City Fire Department. Author(s): Schein AJ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1968 July-August; 59: 119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4233102&dopt=Abstract

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Back and neck pain in children with cancer. Author(s): Antunes NL. Source: Pediatric Neurology. 2002 July; 27(1): 46-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12160973&dopt=Abstract

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Back-neck pain and symptoms of anxiety and depression: a population-based twin study. Author(s): Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Stoltenberg C, Tambs K, Roysamb E, Kringlen E, Torgersen S, Harris JR. Source: Psychological Medicine. 2002 August; 32(6): 1009-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214782&dopt=Abstract

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Before/after study to determine the effectiveness of the align-right cylindrical cervical pillow in reducing chronic neck pain severity. Author(s): Hagino C, Boscariol J, Dover L, Letendre R, Wicks M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1998 February; 21(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502063&dopt=Abstract

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Botulinum toxin A for the treatment of chronic neck pain. Author(s): Wheeler AH, Goolkasian P, Gretz SS. Source: Pain. 2001 December; 94(3): 255-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731062&dopt=Abstract

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Bruxism, neck pain, and a history of child sexual abuse. Author(s): Messer AA. Source: J Med Assoc Ga. 1992 November; 81(11): 637-40. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1431654&dopt=Abstract

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Calcific tendonitis of the longus colli muscle: a cause of atraumatic neck pain. Author(s): Widlus DM. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1985 October; 14(10): 1014-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4037468&dopt=Abstract

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Can stress-related shoulder and neck pain develop independently of muscle activity? Author(s): Vasseljen O Jr, Westgaard RH. Source: Pain. 1996 February; 64(2): 221-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8740598&dopt=Abstract

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Case 1, 1988. Head tilt in a young girl associated with neck pain and limitation of neck movement. Author(s): Shale H, Fahn S, Calne DB. Source: Movement Disorders : Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 1988; 3(4): 347-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3211182&dopt=Abstract

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Case records of the Children's Mercy Hospital: an 18 month old with neck pain after a fall. Author(s): Knapp JF, Alander SW, Alander DH. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1998 December; 14(6): 448-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9881998&dopt=Abstract

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Central retinal artery occlusion associated with head or neck pain revealing spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Author(s): Mokhtari F, Massin P, Paques M, Biousse V, Houdart E, Blain P, Gaudric A. Source: American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2000 January; 129(1): 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10653429&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebrospinal fluid flow in the cervical spinal canal in patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Parkkola RK, Rytokoski UM, Komu MES, Thomsen C. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2000 November; 41(6): 578-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11092479&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical discogenic syndrome: a cause of chronic head and neck pain. Author(s): Senter BS. Source: J Miss State Med Assoc. 1995 August; 36(8): 231-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7473695&dopt=Abstract

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Cervical nonorganic signs: a new clinical tool to assess abnormal illness behavior in neck pain patients: a pilot study. Author(s): Sobel JB, Sollenberger P, Robinson R, Polatin PB, Gatchel RJ. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2000 February; 81(2): 170-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10668770&dopt=Abstract

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Changes in cervicocephalic kinesthesia after a proprioceptive rehabilitation program in patients with neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Author(s): Revel M, Minguet M, Gregoy P, Vaillant J, Manuel JL. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1994 August; 75(8): 895-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8053797&dopt=Abstract

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Changes of trapezius muscle blood flow and electromyography in chronic neck pain due to trapezius myalgia. Author(s): Larsson R, Oberg PA, Larsson SE. Source: Pain. 1999 January; 79(1): 45-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9928775&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of postradical neck pain syndrome: a report of 25 cases. Author(s): Sist T, Miner M, Lema M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 August; 18(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10484856&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic spinal manipulation for neck pain: a systematic review. Author(s): Ernst E. Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622659&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain and cervicogenic headache. Author(s): Wilson PR. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1991 March; 7(1): 5-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1809413&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain disability due to an acute whiplash injury. Author(s): Nederhand MJ, Hermens HJ, IJzerman MJ, Turk DC, Zilvold G. Source: Pain. 2003 March; 102(1-2): 63-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620597&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain following road traffic accidents in an Irish setting and it's relationship to seat belt use and low back pain. Author(s): Mulhall KJ, Moloney M, Burke TE, Masterson E. Source: Ir Med J. 2003 February; 96(2): 53-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674157&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain of traumatic and non-traumatic origin: a population-based study. Author(s): Guez M, Hildingsson C, Stegmayr B, Toolanen G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2003 October; 74(5): 576-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14620979&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain, standing balance, and suboccipital muscle atrophy--a pilot study. Author(s): McPartland JM, Brodeur RR, Hallgren RC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 January; 20(1): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004119&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain. Author(s): Swezey RL. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1996 August; 22(3): 411-37. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844906&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria. Author(s): Daffner RH, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, Berquist TH, DeSmet AA, el-Khoury GY, Goergen TG, Keats TE, Manaster BJ, Newberg A, Pavlov H, Schweitzer ME, Haralson RH 3rd, McCabe JB. Source: Radiology. 2000 June; 215 Suppl: 345-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037447&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain: a comparison of acupuncture treatment and physiotherapy. Author(s): David J, Modi S, Aluko AA, Robertshaw C, Farebrother J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825752&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical features of arm and neck pain. Author(s): Jenkins DG. Source: Physiotherapy. 1979 April; 65(4): 102-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=472036&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary and alternative methods of treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 659-74, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948347&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative management of mechanical neck pain: systematic overview and metaanalysis. Author(s): Aker PD, Gross AR, Goldsmith CH, Peloso P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 23; 313(7068): 1291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942688&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative management of neck pain. Author(s): Frieden RA. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1994 May; 61(3): 197-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8072499&dopt=Abstract

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Continuous intracisternal and high cervical intrathecal bupivacaine analgesia in refractory head and neck pain. Author(s): Appelgren L, Janson M, Nitescu P, Curelaru I. Source: Anesthesiology. 1996 February; 84(2): 256-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8602655&dopt=Abstract

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Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment. Author(s): Birch S, Jamison RN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 September; 14(3): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758075&dopt=Abstract

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Cost and effectiveness analysis of chiropractic and physiotherapy treatment for low back and neck pain. Six-month follow-up. Author(s): Skargren EI, Oberg BE, Carlsson PG, Gade M. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322328&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Korthals-de Bos IB, Hoving JL, van Tulder MW, Rutten-van Molken MP, Ader HJ, de Vet HC, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 26; 326(7395): 911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714472&dopt=Abstract

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Cost-of-illness of neck pain in The Netherlands in 1996. Author(s): Borghouts JA, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM. Source: Pain. 1999 April; 80(3): 629-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342424&dopt=Abstract

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Daytime trapezius muscle activity and shoulder-neck pain of service workers with work stress and low biomechanical exposure. Author(s): Holte KA, Westgaard RH. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2002 May; 41(5): 393-405. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12071492&dopt=Abstract

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Decrease in elbow flexor inhibition after cervical spine manipulation in patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Suter E, McMorland G. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2002 August; 17(7): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206946&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of +Gz-related neck pain: a preliminary survey. Author(s): Hamalainen O, Vanharanta H, Bloigu R. Source: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 1993 July; 64(7): 651-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8357321&dopt=Abstract

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Development of the Neck Pain and Disability Scale. Item analysis, face, and criterionrelated validity. Author(s): Wheeler AH, Goolkasian P, Baird AC, Darden BV 2nd. Source: Spine. 1999 July 1; 24(13): 1290-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10404569&dopt=Abstract

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Diabetes and neck pain. Author(s): Weiner T. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1996 December; 28(6): 731. Erratum In: Ann Emerg Med 1997 February; 29(2): 310. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8953974&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic and therapeutic nerve blocks for head and neck pain. Author(s): Gordon RA. Source: Can J Otolaryngol. 1975; 4(3): 475-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1182603&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnostic tests for the evaluation of back and neck pain. Author(s): Haldeman S. Source: Neurologic Clinics. 1996 February; 14(1): 103-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8676839&dopt=Abstract

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Different effects of physical exercise on cold pain sensitivity in fighter pilots with and without the history of acute in-flight neck pain attacks. Author(s): Kemppainen P, Hamalainen O, Kononen M. Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1998 April; 30(4): 577-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9565940&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis and management of neck pain. Author(s): Jenkins DG. Source: Physiotherapy. 1982 August; 68(8): 252-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7134295&dopt=Abstract

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Differential diagnosis of chronic facial, head, and neck pain conditions. Author(s): McDonald JS, Pensak ML, Phero JC. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1990 July; 11(4): 299-303. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2205101&dopt=Abstract

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Do “whiplash” victims with neck pain differ from those with neck pain and other symptoms? Author(s): Tencer AF, Mirza S, Cummings P. Source: Annu Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2001; 45: 203-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12214350&dopt=Abstract

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Do worker's compensation patients with neck pain have lower SF-36 scores? Author(s): Hee HT, III Whitecloud TS 3rd, Myers L, Roesch W, Ricciardi JE. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2002 August; 11(4): 375-81. Epub 2002 June 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12194000&dopt=Abstract

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Does group gymnastics at the workplace help in neck pain? A controlled study. Author(s): Takala EP, Viikari-Juntura E, Tynkkynen EM. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1994 March; 26(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8023079&dopt=Abstract

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Dysaesthetic neck pain with syncope. Author(s): Butler JD, Miles J. Source: Pain. 1998 April; 75(2-3): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583777&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of intermittent, supine cervical traction on the myoelectric activity of the upper trapezius muscle in subjects with neck pain. Author(s): Jette DU, Falkel JE, Trombly C. Source: Physical Therapy. 1985 August; 65(8): 1173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4023062&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of neck pain on verticality perception: a cohort study. Author(s): Grod JP, Diakow PR. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 March; 83(3): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887124&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, relaxation training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J, Rinne M, Palmroos P, Laippala P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 30; 327(7413): 475. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946968&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of physical therapy for patients with neck pain: an individualized approach using a clinical decision-making algorithm. Author(s): Wang WT, Olson SL, Campbell AH, Hanten WP, Gleeson PB. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 March; 82(3): 203-18; Quiz 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595773&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of three therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Kwan O, Friel J. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003 April 15; 138(8): 685; Author Reply 685-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12693897&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy and tolerability of an injectable formulation of tiaprofenic acid in patients with acute back and neck pain. Author(s): Scarpa R, Oriente P, Longatti S. Source: Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 1: 81-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2966059&dopt=Abstract

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Electrodiagnosis of neck pain. Author(s): Han JJ, Kraft GH. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 549-67. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948341&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating and treating the patient with neck pain. Author(s): Gilbert R, Warfield CA. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1987 August 15; 22(8): 223, 228-32. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3114276&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation and treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Sherk HH, Watters WC 3rd, Zeiger L. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1982 July; 13(3): 439-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7099583&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of neck pain, radiculopathy, and myelopathy: imaging, conservative treatment, and surgical indications. Author(s): Boyce RH, Wang JC. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 489-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690875&dopt=Abstract

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Extra-articular calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease presenting as neck pain and fever. Author(s): Lindbeck G. Source: The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1996 October; 14(6): 582-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8857812&dopt=Abstract

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Fever and neck pain. Ludwig's angina. Author(s): Weiss L, Finkelstein JA, Storrow AB. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1995 September; 2(9): 835, 843-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7584772&dopt=Abstract

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Foods, and food and drug combinations, responsible for head and neck pain. Author(s): Seltzer S. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1982 June; 2(2): 111-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751553&dopt=Abstract

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For self-perceived benefit from treatment for chronic neck pain, multimodal treatment is more effective than home exercises, and both are more effective than advice alone. Author(s): Jull G. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2001; 47(3): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11675705&dopt=Abstract

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French translation and validation of 3 functional disability scales for neck pain. Author(s): Wlodyka-Demaille S, Poiraudeau S, Catanzariti JF, Rannou F, Fermanian J, Revel M. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 March; 83(3): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887120&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies are needed to assess the competing therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Peloso PM, Gross A. Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 422-6; Discussion 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622660&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies of shoulder and neck pain and exposures in customer service work with low biomechanical demands. Author(s): Holte KA, Westgaard RH. Source: Ergonomics. 2002 October 20; 45(13): 887-909. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12519522&dopt=Abstract

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Gender bias in physicians' management of neck pain: a study of the answers in a Swedish national examination. Author(s): Hamberg K, Risberg G, Johansson EE, Westman G. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002 September; 11(7): 653-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396897&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck pain in the elderly. Author(s): MacRae DL. Source: The Journal of Otolaryngology. 1986 August; 15(4): 224-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3747016&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck pain review: traditional and new perspectives. Author(s): Friedman MH, Nelson AJ Jr. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 1996 October; 24(4): 268-78. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8892141&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck pain. Author(s): Pearson RW. Source: J Maine Med Assoc. 1966 November; 57(11): 264-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5956731&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck pain. A dental approach. Author(s): Weiss MH. Source: Ariz Med. 1976 November; 33(11): 899-900. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1008708&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck pain: T-M joint syndrome. Author(s): Norris CW, Eakins K. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1974 September; 84(9): 1466-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4413631&dopt=Abstract

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Headache and neck pain in spontaneous internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. Author(s): Silbert PL, Mokri B, Schievink WI. Source: Neurology. 1995 August; 45(8): 1517-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7644051&dopt=Abstract

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Headache and neck pain: the warning symptoms of vertebral artery dissection. Author(s): Sturzenegger M. Source: Headache. 1994 April; 34(4): 187-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8014032&dopt=Abstract

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Headache, neck pain, and neck mobility after acute whiplash injury: a prospective study. Author(s): Kasch H, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Arendt-Nielsen L, Staehelin Jensen T. Source: Spine. 2001 June 1; 26(11): 1246-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11389391&dopt=Abstract

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Headaches and neck pain in farmers. Author(s): Scutter S, Turker KS, Hall R. Source: The Australian Journal of Rural Health. 1997 February; 5(1): 2-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9437926&dopt=Abstract

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High physical and psychosocial load at work and sickness absence due to neck pain. Author(s): Ariens GA, Bongers PM, Hoogendoorn WE, van der Wal G, van Mechelen W. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2002 August; 28(4): 222-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12199423&dopt=Abstract

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High quantitative job demands and low coworker support as risk factors for neck pain: results of a prospective cohort study. Author(s): Ariens GA, Bongers PM, Hoogendoorn WE, Houtman IL, van der Wal G, van Mechelen W. Source: Spine. 2001 September 1; 26(17): 1896-901; Discussion 1902-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568702&dopt=Abstract

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Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in chronic neck pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial. Author(s): Irnich D, Behrens N, Gleditsch JM, Stor W, Schreiber MA, Schops P, Vickers AJ, Beyer A. Source: Pain. 2002 September; 99(1-2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237186&dopt=Abstract

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Incidence and duration of neck pain among patients injured in car accidents. Author(s): Deans GT, McGalliard JN, Rutherford WH. Source: British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 1986 January 11; 292(6513): 94-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3080105&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive training, physiotherapy, or manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. A prospective, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Jordan A, Bendix T, Nielsen H, Hansen FR, Host D, Winkel A. Source: Spine. 1998 February 1; 23(3): 311-8; Discussion 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507618&dopt=Abstract

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Intra- and inter-rater reliability of an 11-test package for assessing dysfunction due to back or neck pain. Author(s): Ljungquist T, Harms-Ringdahl K, Nygren A, Jensen I. Source: Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy. 1999; 4(3): 214-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10581627&dopt=Abstract

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Intractable head and neck pain. A possible solution. Author(s): Bernstein I. Source: The New York State Dental Journal. 1975 December; 41(10): 606-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1059053&dopt=Abstract

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Intractable neck pain. Author(s): Abbott P, Rounsefell B, Fraser R, Goss A. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1990 March; 6(1): 26-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2134992&dopt=Abstract

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Investigating neck pain in wheelchair users. Author(s): Boninger ML, Cooper RA, Fitzgerald SG, Lin J, Cooper R, Dicianno B, Liu B. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2003 March; 82(3): 197-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12595772&dopt=Abstract

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Is a lifetime history of neck injury in a traffic collision associated with prevalent neck pain, headache and depressive symptomatology? Author(s): Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2000 March; 32(2): 151-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688471&dopt=Abstract

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Isometric training to treat chronic neck pain. Author(s): Nadler SF. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 August 27; 290(8): 1027; Author Reply 1028. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12941671&dopt=Abstract

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Job characteristics as predictors of neck pain. A 4-year prospective study. Author(s): Eriksen W, Natvig B, Knardahl S, Bruusgaard D. Source: Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1999 October; 41(10): 893-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10529945&dopt=Abstract

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Klippel-Feil syndrome with neck pain. Author(s): Herring JA, Bunnell WP. Source: Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. 1989 May-June; 9(3): 343-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723057&dopt=Abstract

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Laboratory evaluation in neck pain. Author(s): Dreyer SJ, Boden SD. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 589-604. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948343&dopt=Abstract

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Lenses and neck pain. Author(s): Wolfe F, Cathey MA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1983 April 1; 249(13): 1707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6827753&dopt=Abstract

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Longitudinal study on work related and individual risk factors affecting radiating neck pain. Author(s): Viikari-Juntura E, Martikainen R, Luukkonen R, Mutanen P, Takala EP, Riihimaki H. Source: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2001 May; 58(5): 345-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11303085&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of patients treated with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain. Author(s): Seres JL. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 December; 45(6): 1499-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10598725&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term follow-up of patients treated with cervical radiofrequency neurotomy for chronic neck pain. Author(s): McDonald GJ, Lord SM, Bogduk N. Source: Neurosurgery. 1999 July; 45(1): 61-7; Discussion 67-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10414567&dopt=Abstract

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Longus colli tendinitis causing acute neck pain. Author(s): Guss DA, Jacoby IJ. Source: The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2002 February; 22(2): 211-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11858932&dopt=Abstract

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Management of chronic head and neck pain: effectiveness of altering factors perpetuating myofascial pain. Author(s): Graff-Radford SB, Reeves JL, Jaeger B. Source: Headache. 1987 April; 27(4): 186-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3597072&dopt=Abstract

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Management of head and neck pain. Author(s): Burney RG, Moore PA, Duncan GH. Source: International Anesthesiology Clinics. 1983 Winter; 21(4): 79-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6642703&dopt=Abstract

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Management of low back and neck pain by analgesics and adjuvant drugs: an update. Author(s): DiPalma JR, DiGregorio GJ. Source: The Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, New York. 1994 May; 61(3): 193-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8072498&dopt=Abstract

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Management of neck pain. Author(s): Idarraga S. Source: Wis Med J. 1992 October; 91(10): 577-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1441572&dopt=Abstract

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Management of neck pain: a primary care approach. Author(s): Borenstein DG. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 October 15; 33(10): 147-50, 153-4, 160. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9793546&dopt=Abstract

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Manipulation for chronic neck pain. A double-blind controlled study. Author(s): Sloop PR, Smith DS, Goldenberg E, Dore C. Source: Spine. 1982 November-December; 7(6): 532-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6762670&dopt=Abstract

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Manipulation therapy for neck pain. Author(s): Grieve GP. Source: Physiotherapy. 1979 May 10; 65(5): 136-46. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=482424&dopt=Abstract

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Manual therapy in the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Gross AR, Aker PD, Quartly C. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1996 August; 22(3): 579-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844915&dopt=Abstract

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Manual therapy, physical therapy, or continued care by a general practitioner for patients with neck pain. A randomized, controlled trial. Author(s): Hoving JL, Koes BW, de Vet HC, van der Windt DA, Assendelft WJ, van Mameren H, Deville WL, Pool JJ, Scholten RJ, Bouter LM. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 May 21; 136(10): 713-22. Summary for Patients In: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020139&dopt=Abstract

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More on neck pain. Author(s): Gross SG. Source: Headache. 1983 July; 23(4): 196. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6885414&dopt=Abstract

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Multidisciplinary approach to the differential diagnosis of facial, head and neck pain. Author(s): Cooper BC, Cooper DL. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1991 July; 66(1): 72-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1941680&dopt=Abstract

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Myoelectric manifestations of sternocleidomastoid and anterior scalene muscle fatigue in chronic neck pain patients. Author(s): Falla D, Rainoldi A, Merletti R, Jull G. Source: Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003 March; 114(3): 488-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12705429&dopt=Abstract

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Neck flexor muscle strength, efficiency, and relaxation times in normal subjects and subjects with unilateral neck pain and headache. Author(s): Barton PM, Hayes KC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1996 July; 77(7): 680-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8669995&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain after minor neck trauma--is it always neck sprain? Author(s): Chong CL, Ooi SB. Source: European Journal of Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine. 2000 June; 7(2): 147-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132077&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain after trauma. Author(s): Swischuk LE. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 1988 September; 4(3): 219-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3186531&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain and dysphagia: MRI of retropharyngitis. Author(s): Ekberg O, Sjoberg S. Source: Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 1995 July-August; 19(4): 555-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7622683&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain and head restraint position relative to the driver's head in rear-end collisions. Author(s): Chapline JF, Ferguson SA, Lillis RP, Lund AK, Williams AF. Source: Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2000 March; 32(2): 287-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10688485&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain and headache in an afebrile 15-year-old. Author(s): Sheth RD, Pushpanathan C. Source: Semin Pediatr Neurol. 1996 September; 3(3): 216-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8883162&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain as a presenting symptom in malignant hypertension. Author(s): Stockwell J, George G. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 1997 January; 14(1): 51-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023628&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain disguised as spondyloarthrosis. Author(s): Ramos-Estebanez C, Hernandez JL, Munoz R, Alonso H, Abascal I, Trigueros F, Diez C. Source: Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2003 February; 79(928): 119, 122-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612335&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain due to acute suppurative thyroiditis and thyroglossal duct abscess. Author(s): Rohn RD, Rubio T. Source: J Adolesc Health Care. 1980 December; 1(2): 155-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7298483&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain following migration of a ventriculocervical shunt. Author(s): Heitkamp JW, Rose JE. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1983 March; 19(3): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6340229&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain following rectal perforation. Author(s): Wilson TS, Costopoulos LB. Source: Can Med Assoc J. 1971 January 9; 104(1): 53-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5540121&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the elderly: a management review. Part I. Author(s): Payne R. Source: Geriatrics. 1987 January; 42(1): 59-62, 65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3803929&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the elderly: a management review. Part II. Author(s): Payne R. Source: Geriatrics. 1987 February; 42(2): 71-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3803932&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the elderly: common causes and management. Author(s): Moskovich R. Source: Geriatrics. 1988 April; 43(4): 65-70, 77, 81-2 Passim. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3350348&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the general population. Author(s): Croft AC. Source: Spine. 1995 March 1; 20(5): 627-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604336&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the general population. Author(s): Bring G, Bring J. Source: Spine. 1995 March 1; 20(5): 624-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7604335&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain in the general population. Author(s): Bovim G, Schrader H, Sand T. Source: Spine. 1994 June 15; 19(12): 1307-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8066508&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain secondary to radiculopathy of the fourth cervical root: an analysis of 12 surgically treated patients. Author(s): Jenis LG, An HS. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 2000 August; 13(4): 345-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10941895&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain with fever. Author(s): Saha AR, Blackburn AM. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1999 June; 92(6): 304-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10472286&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical evaluation. Author(s): Rao R. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 479-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690874&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, and cervical myelopathy: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical evaluation. Author(s): Rao R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 October; 84A(10): 1872-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12377921&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain, fever after biting a 'sausage bone'. Author(s): Schneidler-Brodsky C, Young EJ. Source: Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed). 1982 March; 17(3): 56-61. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7200456&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain, headache, and loss of equilibrium after athletic injury in a 15-year-old boy. Author(s): Roback DL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1981 March 6; 245(9): 963-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7463704&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Binder A. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1049-62. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230726&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Posner J, Glew C. Source: Annals of Internal Medicine. 2002 May 21; 136(10): 758-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12020144&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Etlin D. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 January 8; 166(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800242&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Tuzun S. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 January 8; 166(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800241&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Potter PJ. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 January 8; 166(1): 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800240&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Findlay JM. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 January 8; 166(1): 15-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11800239&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Goodman BW Jr. Source: Primary Care. 1988 December; 15(4): 689-708. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3068689&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1984 January; 13(1): 26-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6370216&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Primary care work-up of acute and chronic symptoms. Author(s): Kriss TC, Kriss VM. Source: Geriatrics. 2000 January; 55(1): 47-8, 51-4, 57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10659073&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain: a long-term follow-up of 205 patients. Author(s): Gore DR, Sepic SB, Gardner GM, Murray MP. Source: Spine. 1987 January-February; 12(1): 1-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3576350&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain: an unusual presentation of bladder perforation. Author(s): Jacob LS, Gray DC. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 1980 October; 59(10): 801-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7191658&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain: an update. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1988 February; 17(2): 75-80. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3282502&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain: considerations for the GP. Author(s): Million R. Source: The Practitioner. 1988 November 8; 232(1458): 1208-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3076959&dopt=Abstract

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Neck training and +Gz-related neck pain: a preliminary study. Author(s): Hamalainen O, Heinijoki H, Vanharanta H. Source: Military Medicine. 1998 October; 163(10): 707-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9795549&dopt=Abstract

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Nine-year-old female with neck pain. Author(s): Brockmeyer D, Cogan-Kilgallon M, Darling C, McLone DG, Senger C. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1998 June; 28(6): 320-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9782209&dopt=Abstract

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On the nature of neck pain, discography and cervical zygapophysial joint blocks. Author(s): Bogduk N, Aprill C. Source: Pain. 1993 August; 54(2): 213-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8233536&dopt=Abstract

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Operative treatment of the patient with neck pain. Author(s): Ahn NU, Ahn UM, Andersson GB, An HS. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 675-92. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948348&dopt=Abstract

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Oral orthopedics for the treatment of head and neck pain. Author(s): Porter JC. Source: J Ark Med Soc. 1981 February; 77(9): 353-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6452885&dopt=Abstract

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Origin of neck pain. Part 3. Author(s): Ferrari R. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2001 December; 16(10): 930-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11763864&dopt=Abstract

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Orthopaedic basis for occupationally related arm and neck pain. Author(s): Sikorski JM, Molan RR, Askin GN. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1989 June; 59(6): 471-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2735877&dopt=Abstract

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Os odontoideum: chronic neck pain after car accident; failure of two posterior atlantoaxial arthrodeses--medicolegal issues in the occupational setting. Author(s): Lohiya GS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 September; 16(7): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228650&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome study of surgical treatment for axial neck pain. Author(s): Ratliff J, Voorhies RM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 June; 94(6): 595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440327&dopt=Abstract

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Overhead work and shoulder-neck pain in orchard farmers harvesting pears and apples. Author(s): Sakakibara H, Miyao M, Kondo T, Yamada S. Source: Ergonomics. 1995 April; 38(4): 700-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7729397&dopt=Abstract

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Pain, coping, emotional state and physical function in patients with chronic radicular neck pain. A comparison between patients treated with surgery, physiotherapy or neck collar--a blinded, prospective randomized study. Author(s): Persson LC, Lilja A. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2001 May 20; 23(8): 325-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11374522&dopt=Abstract

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Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and insidious neck pain. Author(s): Nastri MV, Taricco MA, Alves VA, Mansur AJ. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2000 March; 23(3): 219-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10761815&dopt=Abstract

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Patient compliance in back and neck pain. Author(s): Glossop ES, Goldenberg E, Smith DS, Williams IM. Source: Physiotherapy. 1982 July 10; 68(7): 225-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6215669&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns and perceptions of care for treatment of back and neck pain: results of a national survey. Author(s): Wolsko PM, Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Kessler R, Phillips RS. Source: Spine. 2003 February 1; 28(3): 292-7; Discussion 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567035&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of illness behavior and perceived coping in chronic low back and chronic neck pain patients. Author(s): Mitchell KR, Wallis BJ. Source: Psychiatr Med. 1987; 5(2): 143-51. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2961010&dopt=Abstract

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Persistent ear discomfort and neck pain. Author(s): Conwill DE, Cook BH. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1993 July 21; 270(3): 323. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8315773&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic management of temporomandibular joint disorders and chronic head and neck pain. Author(s): Gangarosa LP Sr, Mahan PE, Ciarlone AE. Source: Cranio. 1991 October; 9(4): 328-38. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1820833&dopt=Abstract

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Pharmacologic therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Nemat A, Richeimer SM. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 629-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948345&dopt=Abstract

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Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for neck pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1701-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589644&dopt=Abstract

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Physical function measurements in neck pain. Author(s): Schaufele MK, Boden SD. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 569-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948342&dopt=Abstract

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Physical risk factors for neck pain. Author(s): Ariens GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Bouter LM, van der Wal G. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000 February; 26(1): 7-19. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744172&dopt=Abstract

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Physical workload and ergonomic factors associated with prevalence of back and neck pain in urban transit operators. Author(s): Krause N, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Fisher JM, Holman BL, Selvin S. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2117-26; Discussion 2127. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322324&dopt=Abstract

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Post-traumatic neck pain: a prospective and follow-up study. Author(s): McNamara RM, O'Brien MC, Davidheiser S. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1988 September; 17(9): 906-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3046446&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: comparison between the treatment strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy. Author(s): Skargren EI, Oberg BE. Source: Pain. 1998 August; 77(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766838&dopt=Abstract

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Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Vernon HT, Aker P, Burns S, Viljakaanen S, Short L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 January; 13(1): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2324655&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence and occupational associations of neck pain in the British population. Author(s): Palmer KT, Walker-Bone K, Griffin MJ, Syddall H, Pannett B, Coggon D, Cooper C. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 2001 February; 27(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266146&dopt=Abstract

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Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. Author(s): Makela M, Heliovaara M, Sievers K, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Aromaa A. Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 1991 December 1; 134(11): 1356-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1755449&dopt=Abstract

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Preventive interventions for back and neck pain problems: what is the evidence? Author(s): Linton SJ, van Tulder MW. Source: Spine. 2001 April 1; 26(7): 778-87. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295900&dopt=Abstract

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Prognostic factors for perceived pain and function at one-year follow-up in primary care patients with neck pain. Author(s): Kjellman G, Skargren E, Oberg B. Source: Disability and Rehabilitation. 2002 May 10; 24(7): 364-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022786&dopt=Abstract

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Psychophysical evidence for a neuropathic component of chronic neck pain. Author(s): Sheather-Reid RB, Cohen ML. Source: Pain. 1998 April; 75(2-3): 341-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583770&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial job factors associated with back and neck pain in public transit operators. Author(s): Krause N, Ragland DR, Greiner BA, Syme SL, Fisher JM. Source: Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997 June; 23(3): 179-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9243727&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial risk factors for neck pain: a systematic review. Author(s): Ariens GA, van Mechelen W, Bongers PM, Bouter LM, van der Wal G. Source: American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2001 February; 39(2): 180-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11170160&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Victor L, Richeimer SM. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 643-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948346&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsed high frequency (27MHz) electromagnetic therapy for persistent neck pain. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of 20 patients. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, Barry C, Coughlan RJ, O'Connor P, Roden D. Source: Orthopedics. 1990 April; 13(4): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185460&dopt=Abstract

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Quantitative cervical flexor strength in healthy subjects and in subjects with mechanical neck pain. Author(s): Silverman JL, Rodriquez AA, Agre JC. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1991 August; 72(9): 679-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1859264&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and “sham” laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Author(s): Irnich D, Behrens N, Molzen H, Konig A, Gleditsch J, Krauss M, Natalis M, Senn E, Beyer A, Schops P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 30; 322(7302): 1574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431299&dopt=Abstract

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Re: Gale G, Nussbaum D, Rothbart P, Hann B, Leung V, Kanetz G. A randomized treatment study to compare the efficacy of repeated nerve blocks with cognitive therapy for control of chronic head and neck pain. Pain Res Manage 2002;7:185-9; and Merskey H, Thompson EN. Nerve blocks and cognitive failure: A beneficial failure. Pain Res Manage 2002;7:175-6. Author(s): Etlin D, Mailis-Gagnon A, Gordon AS, Cote P, Saunders D, Peng P, Hunter JP, Furlan A. Source: Pain Res Manag. 2003 Summer; 8(2): 107-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901362&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent neck pain as a variant of migraine: a case report. Author(s): De Marinis M. Source: Neurology. 1996 January; 46(1): 269-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8559398&dopt=Abstract

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Recurrent neck pain as a variant of migraine: description of four cases. Author(s): De Marinis M, Accornero N. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1997 June; 62(6): 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9219764&dopt=Abstract

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Refractory head and neck pain. A difficult problem and a new alternative therapy. Author(s): Carpenter RL, Rauck RL. Source: Anesthesiology. 1996 February; 84(2): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8602653&dopt=Abstract

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Regional musculoskeletal conditions: neck pain. Author(s): Ferrari R, Russell AS. Source: Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 2003 February; 17(1): 57-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659821&dopt=Abstract

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Rehabilitation of acute and subacute low back and neck pain in the work-injured patient. Author(s): Hartigan C, Miller L, Liewehr SC. Source: The Orthopedic Clinics of North America. 1996 October; 27(4): 841-60. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8823401&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between atlanto-odontoid osteoarthritis and idiopathic suboccipital neck pain. Author(s): Zapletal J, Hekster RE, Straver JS, Wilmink JT, Hermans J. Source: Neuroradiology. 1996 January; 38(1): 62-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8773281&dopt=Abstract

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Reviews of acupuncture for chronic neck pain: pitfalls in conducting systematic reviews. Author(s): White P, Lewith G, Berman B, Birch S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 November; 41(11): 1224-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421994&dopt=Abstract

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Rheumatologists and neck pain. Author(s): Smythe HA. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology. 2000; 29(1): 8-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10722252&dopt=Abstract

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Risk factors for neck pain: a longitudinal study in the general population. Author(s): Croft PR, Lewis M, Papageorgiou AC, Thomas E, Jayson MI, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. Source: Pain. 2001 September; 93(3): 317-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514090&dopt=Abstract

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Role of anterior cervical muscles in production of neck pain. Author(s): Krout RM, Anderson TP. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1966 September; 47(9): 603-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5919252&dopt=Abstract

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Severe neck pain in a 64-year-old woman. Author(s): Keeling TC, Archer TP, Mazzaferri EL. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1998 January 15; 33(1): 136, 139-41. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9464236&dopt=Abstract

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Shoulder impingement presenting as neck pain. Author(s): Gorski JM, Schwartz LH. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003 April; 85-A(4): 635-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672838&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous multiple-modality therapy for tension headaches and neck pain. Author(s): Stone RG, Wharton RB. Source: Biomed Instrum Technol. 1997 May-June; 31(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181245&dopt=Abstract

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Sleeve thrombus fibrosis causing neck pain. Author(s): Ghosh A, Griffiths DM. Source: Jpen. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2000 May-June; 24(3): 180-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10850946&dopt=Abstract

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Small central cervical disc syndrome: evaluation and treatment of chronic disabling neck pain. Author(s): Metzger CS, Schlitt M, Quindlen EA, White RL. Source: Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1989 December; 2(4): 234-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2520081&dopt=Abstract

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Some views on post-traumatic neck pain. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, O'Connor P. Source: Annals of Emergency Medicine. 1990 January; 19(1): 105. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2297148&dopt=Abstract

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Spanish version of the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire: reliability and validity. Author(s): Gonzalez T, Balsa A, Sainz de Murieta J, Zamorano E, Gonzalez I, MartinMola E. Source: Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001 January-February; 19(1): 41-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11247324&dopt=Abstract

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SPECT of the cervical spine in the evaluation of neck pain after trauma. Author(s): Seitz JP, Unguez CE, Corbus HF, Wooten WW. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1995 August; 20(8): 667-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7586865&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and exercise for chronic neck pain: are they more effective when delivered alone or in combination? Author(s): Wilson S. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2001; 47(4): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774828&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Hay SM, Todd B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531315&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Meade TW, Townsend J, Frank A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531314&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Mathews JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531313&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): MacDonald RS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531312&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review. Author(s): Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 November 23; 303(6813): 1298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1836153&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation for neck pain does not work. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 427-8; Discussion 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622661&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous pneumomediastinum as a cause of neck pain, dysphagia, and chest pain. Author(s): Rose WD, Veach JS, Tehranzdeh J. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 1984 February; 144(2): 392-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6696577&dopt=Abstract

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Spontaneous spinal epidural haematoma: an unusual cause of neck pain. Author(s): Gaffney P, Guthrie JA. Source: Journal of Accident & Emergency Medicine. 2000 May; 17(3): 229-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10819396&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part I. Patient profile. Author(s): Kaye LB, Moran JH, Fritz ME. Source: J Periodontol. 1979 February; 50(2): 55-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=284113&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part II. Patient symptomatology. Author(s): Kaye LB, Moran JH, Fritz ME. Source: J Periodontol. 1979 February; 50(2): 59-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=284114&dopt=Abstract

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Statistical analysis of an urban population of 236 patients with head and neck pain. Part III. Treatment modalities. Author(s): Moran JH, Kaye LB, Fritz ME. Source: J Periodontol. 1979 February; 50(2): 66-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=284115&dopt=Abstract

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Stereotactic treatment of head and neck pain. Author(s): Gildenberg PL. Source: Res Clin Stud Headache. 1978; 5: 102-21. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=79197&dopt=Abstract

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Stylohyoid syndromes: an uncommon cause of pharyngeal and neck pain. Author(s): Krespi YP, Shugar JM, Som PM. Source: American Journal of Otolaryngology. 1981 November; 2(4): 358-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7325310&dopt=Abstract

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Subarachnoid haemorrhage presenting as postoperative neck pain. Author(s): Wall RJ. Source: Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 1997 October; 25(5): 578. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352773&dopt=Abstract

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Subjective health measure used on Chinese patients with neck pain in Hong Kong. Author(s): Chiu TT, Lam TH, Hedley AJ. Source: Spine. 2001 September 1; 26(17): 1884-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11568699&dopt=Abstract

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Successful treatment of low back pain and neck pain after a motor vehicle accident despite litigation. Author(s): Schofferman J, Wasserman S. Source: Spine. 1994 May 1; 19(9): 1007-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8029733&dopt=Abstract

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Taking care of your lower back and coping with neck pain. Author(s): Nettina SM. Source: Lippincott's Primary Care Practice. 1999 July-August; 3(4): 410-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10624274&dopt=Abstract

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Targeted etanercept for discogenic neck pain: uncontrolled, open-label results in two adults. Author(s): Tobinick EL. Source: Clinical Therapeutics. 2003 April; 25(4): 1211-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809967&dopt=Abstract

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Temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and neck pain after motor vehicle accidents: a pilot investigation of persistence and litigation effects. Author(s): Kolbinson DA, Epstein JB, Burgess JA, Senthilselvan A. Source: The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1997 January; 77(1): 46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9029465&dopt=Abstract

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Temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and neck pain following motor vehicle accidents and the effect of litigation: review of the literature. Author(s): Kolbinson DA, Epstein JB, Burgess JA. Source: J Orofac Pain. 1996 Spring; 10(2): 101-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9133856&dopt=Abstract

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Temporomandibular disorders, occlusion, and neck pain in subjects with facial pain: a case-control study. Author(s): Sipila K, Zitting P, Siira P, Laukkanen P, Jarvelin MR, Oikarinen KS, Raustia AM. Source: Cranio. 2002 July; 20(3): 158-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150261&dopt=Abstract

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Tender point sensitivity, range of motion, and perceived disability in subjects with neck pain. Author(s): Olson SL, O'Connor DP, Birmingham G, Broman P, Herrera L. Source: The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy. 2000 January; 30(1): 13-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10705592&dopt=Abstract

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The anatomy and pathophysiology of neck pain. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 455-72, V. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948338&dopt=Abstract

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The association between neck pain intensity, physical functioning, depressive symptomatology and time-to-claim-closure after whiplash. Author(s): Cote P, Hogg-Johnson S, Cassidy JD, Carroll L, Frank JW. Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2001 March; 54(3): 275-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11223325&dopt=Abstract

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The associations of neck pain with radiological abnormalities of the cervical spine and personality traits in a general population. Author(s): van der Donk J, Schouten JS, Passchier J, van Romunde LK, Valkenburg HA. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1991 December; 18(12): 1884-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1795327&dopt=Abstract

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The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. II. Psychometric properties in neck pain patients. Author(s): Bolton JE, Humphreys BK. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 25(3): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986574&dopt=Abstract

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The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. Author(s): Bogduk N, Marsland A. Source: Spine. 1988 June; 13(6): 610-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3175750&dopt=Abstract

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The clinical course and prognostic factors of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. Author(s): Borghouts JA, Koes BW, Bouter LM. Source: Pain. 1998 July; 77(1): 1-13. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9755013&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of pain reduction on perceived tension and EMG-recorded trapezius muscle activity in workers with shoulder and neck pain. Author(s): Vasseljen O Jr, Johansen BM, Westgaard RH. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995 December; 27(4): 243-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8650509&dopt=Abstract

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The effect of soft cervical collars on persistent neck pain in patients with whiplash injury. Author(s): Gennis P, Miller L, Gallagher EJ, Giglio J, Carter W, Nathanson N. Source: Academic Emergency Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine. 1996 June; 3(6): 568-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727627&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of spinal manipulation on cervical kinesthesia in patients with chronic neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Rogers RG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046455&dopt=Abstract

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The efficacy of traction for back and neck pain: a systematic, blinded review of randomized clinical trial methods. Author(s): van der Heijden GJ, Beurskens AJ, Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, de Vet HC, Bouter LM. Source: Physical Therapy. 1995 February; 75(2): 93-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7846138&dopt=Abstract

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The factors associated with neck pain and its related disability in the Saskatchewan population. Author(s): Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. Source: Spine. 2000 May 1; 25(9): 1109-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10788856&dopt=Abstract

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The involvement of the styloid process in head and neck pain--a preliminary study. Author(s): Palesy P, Murray GM, De Boever J, Klineberg I. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2000 April; 27(4): 275-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10792587&dopt=Abstract

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The management of chronic neck pain in general practice. A retrospective study. Author(s): Borghouts J, Janssen H, Koes B, Muris J, Metsemakers J, Bouter L. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 1999 December; 17(4): 215-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10674298&dopt=Abstract

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The medical treatment of head and neck pain. Author(s): Resor SR Jr, Abrams GM. Source: Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America. 1984 November; 17(4): 787-801. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6514365&dopt=Abstract

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The neck pain and disability scale: test-retest reliability and construct validity. Author(s): Goolkasian P, Wheeler AH, Gretz SS. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 2002 July-August; 18(4): 245-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131066&dopt=Abstract

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The Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, devised to measure neck pain and disability. Author(s): Vernon H, Mior S. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 December; 33(12): 1203-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8000768&dopt=Abstract

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The Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire, devised to measure neck pain and disability. Author(s): Leak AM, Cooper J, Dyer S, Williams KA, Turner-Stokes L, Frank AO. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1994 May; 33(5): 469-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8173853&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain in Hong Kong Chinese. Author(s): Lau EM, Sham A, Wong KC. Source: Journal of Public Health Medicine. 1996 December; 18(4): 396-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9023797&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of neck pain: a population-based study from northern Sweden. Author(s): Guez M, Hildingsson C, Nilsson M, Toolanen G. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 2002 August; 73(4): 455-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12358121&dopt=Abstract

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The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey. The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Author(s): Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. Source: Spine. 1998 August 1; 23(15): 1689-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9704377&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic modalities in the management of nonspecific neck pain. Author(s): Swenson RS. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 605-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948344&dopt=Abstract

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Thoughts on the management of chronic facial, head, and neck pain. Author(s): McDonald JS, Pensak ML, Phero JC. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1990 September; 11(5): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240187&dopt=Abstract

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Topical capsaicin for chronic neck pain. A pilot study. Author(s): Mathias BJ, Dillingham TR, Zeigler DN, Chang AS, Belandres PV. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 1995 January-February; 74(1): 39-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7532951&dopt=Abstract

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Trapezius muscle activity as a risk indicator for shoulder and neck pain in female service workers with low biomechanical exposure. Author(s): Westgaard RH, Vasseljen O, Holte KA. Source: Ergonomics. 2001 February 20; 44(3): 339-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11219764&dopt=Abstract

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Trapezius muscle changes unrelated to static work load. Chemical and morphologic controlled studies of 22 women with and without neck pain. Author(s): Larsson B, Libelius R, Ohlsson K. Source: Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. 1992 April; 63(2): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1590059&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of whiplash associated neck pain with botulinum toxin-A: report of 8 cases. Author(s): Freund BJ, Schwartz M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 1999 March; 26(3): 756-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10090202&dopt=Abstract

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Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, Goldsmith CH. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): 2383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438988&dopt=Abstract

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Useful information on the prognosis for neck pain occurring after a rear-end motor vehicle collision. Author(s): Woodward AH. Source: Spine. 2001 July 15; 26(14): 1639. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11464163&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of five common manual neck pain provoking tests. Author(s): Sandmark H, Nisell R. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1995 September; 27(3): 131-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8602474&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplashassociated disorders. Author(s): Hoving JL, O'Leary EF, Niere KR, Green S, Buchbinder R. Source: Pain. 2003 April; 102(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670669&dopt=Abstract

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Validity study for the cervical range of motion device used for lateral flexion in patients with neck pain. Author(s): Tousignant M, Duclos E, Lafleche S, Mayer A, Tousignant-Laflamme Y, Brosseau L, O'Sullivan JP. Source: Spine. 2002 April 15; 27(8): 812-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11935102&dopt=Abstract

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Vascular neck pain--a source of odontalgia. Author(s): Sakurai EH, Richardson JH. Source: Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1968 April; 25(4): 553-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5238792&dopt=Abstract

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Vertebral artery dissection presenting with isolated neck pain. Author(s): Krespi Y, Gurol ME, Coban O, Tuncay R, Bahar S. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2002 April; 12(2): 179-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11977915&dopt=Abstract

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Vertebral osteomyelitis. How to differentiate it from other causes of back and neck pain. Author(s): Strausbaugh LJ. Source: Postgraduate Medicine. 1995 June; 97(6): 147-8, 151-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7777442&dopt=Abstract

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What you always wanted to know about the history and physical examination of neck pain but were afraid to ask. Author(s): Honet JC, Ellenberg MR. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 473-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948339&dopt=Abstract

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Whiplash injury and chronic neck pain. Author(s): Carette S. Source: The New England Journal of Medicine. 1994 April 14; 330(15): 1083-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8127339&dopt=Abstract

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Whiplash, chronic neck pain, and zygapophyseal joint disorders. A selective review. Author(s): Ketroser DB. Source: Minn Med. 2000 February; 83(2): 51-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10723167&dopt=Abstract

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Widespread pain and neck pain in schoolchildren. A prospective one-year follow-up study. Author(s): Mikkelsson M, Sourander A, Salminen JJ, Kautiainen H, Piha J. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 1999 October; 88(10): 1119-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565460&dopt=Abstract

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Work conditioning, work hardening and functional restoration for workers with back and neck pain. Author(s): Schonstein E, Kenny DT, Keating J, Koes BW. Source: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (1): Cd001822. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535416&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and neck pain.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Neck Pain The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “neck pain” (or a synonym): •

Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim Institute For Rehabilitation Medicine, Livingston, New Jersey USA. Source: Kim, K H Acupunct-Electrother-Res. 2001; 26(4): 263-75 0360-1293

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Central retinal artery occlusion associated with head or neck pain revealing spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, Hopital Lariboisiere, Paris, France. Source: Mokhtari, F Massin, P Paques, M Biousse, V Houdart, E Blain, P Gaudric, A AmJ-Ophthalmol. 2000 January; 129(1): 108-9 0002-9394

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Efficacy and tolerability of an injectable formulation of tiaprofenic acid in patients with acute back and neck pain. Author(s): Faculty of Medicine II. University of Naples, Italy. Source: Scarpa, R Oriente, P Longatti, S Drugs. 1988; 35 Suppl 181-3 0012-6667

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Patterns and perceptions of care for treatment of back and neck pain: results of a national survey. Author(s): Center for Alternative Medicine Research and Education, Division of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. [email protected] Source: Wolsko, P M Eisenberg, D M Davis, R B Kessler, R Phillips, R S Spine. 2003 February 1; 28(3): 292-7; discussion 298 1528-1159

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Topical capsaicin for chronic neck pain. A pilot study. Author(s): Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Service, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas. Source: Mathias, B J Dillingham, T R Zeigler, D N Chang, A S Belandres, P V Am-J-PhysMed-Rehabil. 1995 Jan-February; 74(1): 39-44 0894-9115

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

The following is a specific Web list relating to neck pain; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

Food and Diet Pain Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Sprains and Strains Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to neck pain. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to neck pain and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to neck pain: •

A clinical trial investigating the possible effect of the supine cervical rotary manipulation and the supine rotary break manipulation in the treatment of mechanical neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Meal G. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 October; 25(8): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381981&dopt=Abstract

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A clinical trial investigating the possible effect of the supine cervical rotatory manipulation and the supine lateral break manipulation in the treatment of mechanical neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): van Schalkwyk R, Parkin-Smith GF. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2000 June; 23(5): 324-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10863252&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of physical characteristics between patients seeking treatment for neck pain and age-matched healthy people. Author(s): Jordan A, Mehlsen J, Ostergaard K. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 September; 20(7): 468-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9310902&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled study of acupuncture in neck pain. Author(s): Petrie JP, Hazleman BL. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1986 August; 25(3): 271-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3524727&dopt=Abstract

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A controlled trial on acupuncture for chronic neck pain. Author(s): Zhu XM, Polus B. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(1): 13-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12067088&dopt=Abstract

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A critical analysis of randomised clinical trials on neck pain and treatment efficacy. A review of the literature. Author(s): Kjellman GV, Skargren EI, Oberg BE. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 1999 September; 31(3): 139-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10458312&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study for a randomized clinical trial assessing chiropractic care, medical care, and self-care education for acute and subacute neck pain patients. Author(s): Evans R, Bronfort G, Bittell S, Anderson AV. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2003 September; 26(7): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12975626&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized clinical trial of exercise and spinal manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Bronfort G, Evans R, Nelson B, Aker PD, Goldsmith CH, Vernon H. Source: Spine. 2001 April 1; 26(7): 788-97; Discussion 798-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11295901&dopt=Abstract

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A randomized trial of chiropractic manipulation and mobilization for patients with neck pain: clinical outcomes from the UCLA neck-pain study. Author(s): Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Harber P, Kominski GF, Yu F, Adams AH. Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2002 October; 92(10): 1634-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356613&dopt=Abstract

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A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Myler L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1996 June; 19(5): 357. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8792325&dopt=Abstract

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A risk assessment of cervical manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Dabbs V, Lauretti WJ. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1995 October; 18(8): 530-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8583176&dopt=Abstract

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A risk assessment of spinal manipulation vs. NSAIDs for the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Nilsson N. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1996 March-April; 19(3): 220-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8728468&dopt=Abstract

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A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for neck pain. Author(s): White AR, Ernst E. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 1999 February; 38(2): 143-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10342627&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture and clinical hypnosis for facial and head and neck pain: a single crossover comparison. Author(s): Lu DP, Lu GP, Kleinman L. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2001 October; 44(2): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11591081&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture for head and neck pain. Author(s): Strauss S. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 1987 March; 16(3): 302-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3606488&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture for treatment for chronic neck pain. Reanalysis of data suggests that effect is not a placebo effect. Author(s): Vickers A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 December 1; 323(7324): 1306-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11764758&dopt=Abstract

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Acupuncture in neck pain. Author(s): Rae S, Berry H.

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Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1987 April; 26(2): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2435354&dopt=Abstract •

Acute lymphangitis mimicking mechanical neck pain. Author(s): Boudreau LA, Pinto A. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2001 September; 24(7): 474-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11562656&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. Author(s): Ellrodt A. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 30; 166(9): 1134-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000242&dopt=Abstract

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Assessing the risks of cervical manipulation for neck pain. Author(s): Wright GT. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2002 April 30; 166(9): 1134. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12000241&dopt=Abstract

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Atlanto-axial subluxation syndrome and management of intractable headache, neck pain and shoulder pain with auricular stimulation: a clinical case report. Author(s): Kim KH. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 2001; 26(4): 263-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841111&dopt=Abstract

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Before/after study to determine the effectiveness of the align-right cylindrical cervical pillow in reducing chronic neck pain severity. Author(s): Hagino C, Boscariol J, Dover L, Letendre R, Wicks M. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1998 February; 21(2): 89-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9502063&dopt=Abstract

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Characteristics of postradical neck pain syndrome: a report of 25 cases. Author(s): Sist T, Miner M, Lema M. Source: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 1999 August; 18(2): 95-102. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10484856&dopt=Abstract

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Chiropractic spinal manipulation for neck pain: a systematic review. Author(s): Ernst E.

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Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 417-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622659&dopt=Abstract •

Chronic neck pain, standing balance, and suboccipital muscle atrophy--a pilot study. Author(s): McPartland JM, Brodeur RR, Hallgren RC. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 January; 20(1): 249. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9004119&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic neck pain: a comparison of acupuncture treatment and physiotherapy. Author(s): David J, Modi S, Aluko AA, Robertshaw C, Farebrother J. Source: British Journal of Rheumatology. 1998 October; 37(10): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9825752&dopt=Abstract

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Complementary and alternative methods of treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Weintraub MI. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 659-74, Viii. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948347&dopt=Abstract

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Conservative management of mechanical neck pain: systematic overview and metaanalysis. Author(s): Aker PD, Gross AR, Goldsmith CH, Peloso P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1996 November 23; 313(7068): 1291-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8942688&dopt=Abstract

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Controlled trial of Japanese acupuncture for chronic myofascial neck pain: assessment of specific and nonspecific effects of treatment. Author(s): Birch S, Jamison RN. Source: The Clinical Journal of Pain. 1998 September; 14(3): 248-55. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9758075&dopt=Abstract

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Cost and effectiveness analysis of chiropractic and physiotherapy treatment for low back and neck pain. Six-month follow-up. Author(s): Skargren EI, Oberg BE, Carlsson PG, Gade M. Source: Spine. 1997 September 15; 22(18): 2167-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9322328&dopt=Abstract

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Cost effectiveness of physiotherapy, manual therapy, and general practitioner care for neck pain: economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Korthals-de Bos IB, Hoving JL, van Tulder MW, Rutten-van Molken MP, Ader HJ, de Vet HC, Koes BW, Vondeling H, Bouter LM.

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Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 April 26; 326(7395): 911. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714472&dopt=Abstract •

Decrease in elbow flexor inhibition after cervical spine manipulation in patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Suter E, McMorland G. Source: Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon). 2002 August; 17(7): 541-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12206946&dopt=Abstract

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Dysaesthetic neck pain with syncope. Author(s): Butler JD, Miles J. Source: Pain. 1998 April; 75(2-3): 395-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9583777&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of neck pain on verticality perception: a cohort study. Author(s): Grod JP, Diakow PR. Source: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2002 March; 83(3): 412-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11887124&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of dynamic muscle training, relaxation training, or ordinary activity for chronic neck pain: randomised controlled trial. Author(s): Viljanen M, Malmivaara A, Uitti J, Rinne M, Palmroos P, Laippala P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2003 August 30; 327(7413): 475. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12946968&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of neck pain, radiculopathy, and myelopathy: imaging, conservative treatment, and surgical indications. Author(s): Boyce RH, Wang JC. Source: Instr Course Lect. 2003; 52: 489-95. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12690875&dopt=Abstract

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Foods, and food and drug combinations, responsible for head and neck pain. Author(s): Seltzer S. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 1982 June; 2(2): 111-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6751553&dopt=Abstract

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Further studies are needed to assess the competing therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Peloso PM, Gross A.

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Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 422-6; Discussion 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622660&dopt=Abstract •

Immediate effects of dry needling and acupuncture at distant points in chronic neck pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled crossover trial. Author(s): Irnich D, Behrens N, Gleditsch JM, Stor W, Schreiber MA, Schops P, Vickers AJ, Beyer A. Source: Pain. 2002 September; 99(1-2): 83-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12237186&dopt=Abstract

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Intensive training, physiotherapy, or manipulation for patients with chronic neck pain. A prospective, single-blinded, randomized clinical trial. Author(s): Jordan A, Bendix T, Nielsen H, Hansen FR, Host D, Winkel A. Source: Spine. 1998 February 1; 23(3): 311-8; Discussion 319. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9507618&dopt=Abstract

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Manual therapy in the treatment of neck pain. Author(s): Gross AR, Aker PD, Quartly C. Source: Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America. 1996 August; 22(3): 579-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8844915&dopt=Abstract

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Neck pain. Author(s): Binder A. Source: Clin Evid. 2002 June; (7): 1049-62. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12230726&dopt=Abstract

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Os odontoideum: chronic neck pain after car accident; failure of two posterior atlantoaxial arthrodeses--medicolegal issues in the occupational setting. Author(s): Lohiya GS. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1993 September; 16(7): 475-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8228650&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome study of surgical treatment for axial neck pain. Author(s): Ratliff J, Voorhies RM. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2001 June; 94(6): 595-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11440327&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns and perceptions of care for treatment of back and neck pain: results of a national survey. Author(s): Wolsko PM, Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Kessler R, Phillips RS.

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Source: Spine. 2003 February 1; 28(3): 292-7; Discussion 298. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12567035&dopt=Abstract •

Philadelphia Panel evidence-based clinical practice guidelines on selected rehabilitation interventions for neck pain. Author(s): Philadelphia Panel. Source: Physical Therapy. 2001 October; 81(10): 1701-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11589644&dopt=Abstract

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Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: comparison between the treatment strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy. Author(s): Skargren EI, Oberg BE. Source: Pain. 1998 August; 77(2): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9766838&dopt=Abstract

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Pressure pain threshold evaluation of the effect of spinal manipulation in the treatment of chronic neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Vernon HT, Aker P, Burns S, Viljakaanen S, Short L. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1990 January; 13(1): 136. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2324655&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosocial therapies for neck pain. Author(s): Victor L, Richeimer SM. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 643-57. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948346&dopt=Abstract

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Pulsed high frequency (27MHz) electromagnetic therapy for persistent neck pain. A double blind, placebo-controlled study of 20 patients. Author(s): Foley-Nolan D, Barry C, Coughlan RJ, O'Connor P, Roden D. Source: Orthopedics. 1990 April; 13(4): 445-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2185460&dopt=Abstract

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Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and “sham” laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Author(s): Irnich D, Behrens N, Molzen H, Konig A, Gleditsch J, Krauss M, Natalis M, Senn E, Beyer A, Schops P. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 2001 June 30; 322(7302): 1574-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431299&dopt=Abstract

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Reviews of acupuncture for chronic neck pain: pitfalls in conducting systematic reviews. Author(s): White P, Lewith G, Berman B, Birch S. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 November; 41(11): 1224-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12421994&dopt=Abstract

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Simultaneous multiple-modality therapy for tension headaches and neck pain. Author(s): Stone RG, Wharton RB. Source: Biomed Instrum Technol. 1997 May-June; 31(3): 259-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9181245&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and exercise for chronic neck pain: are they more effective when delivered alone or in combination? Author(s): Wilson S. Source: The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy. 2001; 47(4): 300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11774828&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Hay SM, Todd B. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531315&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Meade TW, Townsend J, Frank A. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531314&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): Mathews JA. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531313&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain. Author(s): MacDonald RS. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1992 January 18; 304(6820): 184; Author Reply 185. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1531312&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation and mobilisation for back and neck pain: a blinded review. Author(s): Koes BW, Assendelft WJ, van der Heijden GJ, Bouter LM, Knipschild PG. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1991 November 23; 303(6813): 1298-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1836153&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal manipulation for neck pain does not work. Author(s): Bogduk N. Source: The Journal of Pain : Official Journal of the American Pain Society. 2003 October; 4(8): 427-8; Discussion 429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14622661&dopt=Abstract

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The acupuncture treatment of neck pain: a randomized controlled study. Author(s): Coan RM, Wong G, Coan PL. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1981 Winter; 9(4): 326-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7053030&dopt=Abstract

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The Bournemouth Questionnaire: a short-form comprehensive outcome measure. II. Psychometric properties in neck pain patients. Author(s): Bolton JE, Humphreys BK. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 2002 March-April; 25(3): 141-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986574&dopt=Abstract

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The effects of spinal manipulation on cervical kinesthesia in patients with chronic neck pain: a pilot study. Author(s): Rogers RG. Source: Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics. 1997 February; 20(2): 80-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9046455&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic modalities in the management of nonspecific neck pain. Author(s): Swenson RS. Source: Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2003 August; 14(3): 605-27. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948344&dopt=Abstract

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Thoughts on the management of chronic facial, head, and neck pain. Author(s): McDonald JS, Pensak ML, Phero JC. Source: The American Journal of Otology. 1990 September; 11(5): 378-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2240187&dopt=Abstract

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Two-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of spinal manipulation and two types of exercise for patients with chronic neck pain. Author(s): Evans R, Bronfort G, Nelson B, Goldsmith CH. Source: Spine. 2002 November 1; 27(21): 2383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438988&dopt=Abstract

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Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-

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associated disorders. Author(s): Hoving JL, O'Leary EF, Niere KR, Green S, Buchbinder R. Source: Pain. 2003 April; 102(3): 273-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12670669&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to neck pain; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Tension Headache Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com

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Alternative Therapy Apitherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com

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Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,669,00.html Aston-patterning Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10118,00.html Chiropractic Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Feldenkrais Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,695,00.html Hellerwork Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,700,00.html Myotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,931,00.html Osteopathy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteopathy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,724,00.html Trager Approach Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,741,00.html •

Herbs and Supplements White Willow Bark Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10069,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page

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dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to neck pain. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “neck pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on neck pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Neck Pain ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to neck pain. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Study for the Efficacy of a 'Western' Acupuncture Protocol for the Treatment of Chronic Mechanical Neck Pain by White, Peter John; PhD from University of Southampton (United Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f808081

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Low Back Pain and Neck Pain: the Impact of Coping Strategies, Negative Life Events, and Health Locus of Control by Higgins, June Eckstein, PhD from York University (Canada), 1993, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN90520

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Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning neck pain.

Recent Trials on Neck Pain The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to neck pain.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Chiropractic, Medication, and Self-care for Neck Pain Condition(s): Neck Pain Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: The broad, long-term objective of this study is to identify effective therapies for neck pain sufferers and to increase understanding of neck pain conditions. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00029770

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The Use of a Microdialysis/Acupuncture Needle to Assess the Local Tissue Milieu in Active and Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in the Upper Trapezius Muscle in Individuals With and Without Neck Pain Condition(s): Neck Pain Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Warren G Magnuson Clinical Center (CC)

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: Many adults suffer from neck pain of muscle origin (myofascial pain). Treatment depends on accurate diagnosis, which is often difficult. This study proposes to enroll 30 adults (men and women, ages 21 to 65) in three groups: 1. Healthy people without neck pain who have no myofascial trigger points (MTrPs) in the upper trapezius muscle 2. Healthy people without neck pain who have latent MTrPs as identified by palpation (touching) in the upper trapezius muscle 3. Healthy people who have had neck pain for less than three months who have active MTrPs in the upper trapezius muscle The researchers have treated myofascial pain by inserting an acupuncture needle into the tender part of the upper trapezius muscle. They theorize that the treatment works by physically disrupting the integrity of dysfunctional motor endplates in the muscle. They have devised a hollow needle whose diameter is no larger than that of an acupuncture needle. In this study, they will use the needle to draw small amounts of fluid from the muscle. They will use electrodes to compare the muscle responses of the three groups. They will analyze the chemical contents of the withdrawn fluids, such as electrolytes, muscle metabolites, inflammatory mediators, neurotransmitters, cytokines, and arachidonic acid derivatives. These substances are believed to play a critical role in the biochemistry and pathophysiology of soft tissue pain. The primary goal of the study is to learn whether this technique can successfully sample these chemicals, and whether the differences in amounts of these chemicals among the three groups will allow the researchers to advance understanding of the nature, diagnosis and treatment of myofascial pain. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00042276 •

Pilot study of spinal manipulation for chronic neck pain Condition(s): Neck Pain Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study is designed to determine whether a medicine that can produce temporary amnesia (midazolam) can be used to block the memory of treatment with spinal manipulation. This is important since any study that is designed to determine whether spinal manipulation is effective would be better if patients were not aware of whether or not they were treated. This would allow a true assessment of treatment effects without the complication of a strong placebo effect that manipulative treatment may produce. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00030004

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3-D Laser Imaging to Analyze Neck Movement Condition(s): Neck Pain; Manipulation, Spinal Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); Northern Illinois University

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Purpose - Excerpt: The goal of this research project is to develop a new system that uses lasers to provide 3-dimensional (3-D) images of the cervical spine (the seven spinal bones in the neck) in a moving person. Doctors and researchers could use this system to examine people with spinal disorders and to learn more about how the spine works. The laser technique would be better than existing imaging methods because it would provide 3-D views of the cervical spine and would not expose patients to radiation. These two features would make a laser system a safer and more effective tool than other imaging systems. This technique should be suitable for a wide variety of uses because the sensitivity of the measurement can be adjusted depending on what is being studied. The benefits of this research will include helping doctors and other health practitioners to detect and diagnose painful spinal disorders more effectively. This should lead to improved treatment and management of spinal disorders. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022828 •

Evaluating Therapeutic Massage for Chronic Neck Pain Condition(s): Neck Pain; Cervicalgia Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will provide the basis for a full-scale trial to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of therapeutic massage for chronic neck pain (CNP). The study will involve two phases: Phase I includes the development of massage and control protocols and the development of appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria. Phase II is a pilot trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of massage for CNP using the study components developed in Phase I. The effect of massage will be evaluated by comparing the changes in symptoms, function, and quality of life in massage and self care groups midway through treatment, at the end of treatment and at 6 months post randomization. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00065416

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “neck pain” (or synonyms).

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While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON NECK PAIN Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “neck pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on neck pain, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Neck Pain By performing a patent search focusing on neck pain, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We

9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on neck pain: •

Ergonomic seat cushion for reducing and absorbing shock and vibration Inventor(s): Gaither; Alma (3699 G. 4 Rd., Palisade, CO 81526) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,175,980 Date filed: January 21, 1999 Abstract: An ergonomic seat cushion for greatly reducing and absorbing shock and isolating vibration even at high frequency ratios. An operator of heavy equipment such as construction vehicles, forklifts, dump trucks, tractors and like vehicles having poor shock absorbing systems can install the cushion on top of an existing seat. The ergonomic seat cushion serves to prevent and limit injuries through the spine, particularly the lower back and reduce neck pain, headaches and overall fatigue. The seat cushion includes a cushion cover with a visco-elastic, liquid-solid pad sandwiched between a pair of closed cell foam pads. The pads are received inside the cushion cover. The cushion cover is made of a water-resistant fabric for both indoor and outdoor use and includes straps for securing the cushion on top of the vehicle's seat. The viscoelastic, liquid-solid pad is constructed of a polyether based polyurethane material. The liquid-solid pad is designed to absorb shock forces and isolate vibration forces and direct the forces perpendicularly away from the original plane of the forces. By using the liquid-solid pad, the shock and vibration forces are reduced by approximately 80 percent. Also, the pad is designed to resist dynamic fatigue and compression set at various operating temperatures. The liquid-solid pad has a hardness in a range of 25-80 durometer and a thickness in a range of 1/4 to 1 inch. The cushion may be annular or angular in shape and may be made in different sizes depending on the seat application. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to seat cushions and the like and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to a seat cushion used for absorbing shock and isolating vibration when using various types of heavy equipment such as construction vehicles and the like. Heretofore there have been a variety of different types of isolators which have been one-dimensional. By this, the isolators either isolate vibration or absorb shock but not both. When addressing body related problems due to vibration, an industry term is used called "whole body vibration". This term refers to mechanical energy oscillations, which are transferred to the body as a whole usually through a supporting system such as a seat or platform. Typical exposures to the human body of this type of vibration include automobiles, trucks and operating industrial vehicles. Research has been done to determine the effects of whole body vibration and musculoskeletal disorders such as back pain, sciatic pain, intervertebral disc disorders and herniated disc. The subject invention addresses the above mentioned concerns related to whole body vibration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06175980__

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Hydromassage pillow Inventor(s): Rey; Rafael R. (415 Hialeah Dr., Hialeah, FL 33010) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,503,618 Date filed: October 6, 1994 Abstract: A hydromassage pillow comprising a sealed hollow cushion filled with water for placement under a head and neck, or lower back of a person. A framework is within the sealed hollow cushion. An assembly is coupled to the framework, for heating and pulsating the water within the sealed hollow cushion to provide a warm water jet-type massage to the head and neck, or lower back of the person resting on the sealed hollow cushion, so as to relieve muscle tension by greatly reducing and in some circumstances eliminating low back pain, neck pain and a headache in the person. Excerpt(s): The instant invention relates generally to head and neck, and lower back cushions and more specifically it relates to a hydromassage pillow. Numerous head and neck, and lower back cushions have been provided in prior art. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,277,859 to Seaman; U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,326 to O'Brien et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,365 to Stafford and U.S. Pat. No. 525,429 to Genis all are illustrative of such prior art. While these units may be suitable for the particular purpose to which they address, they would not be as suitable for the purposes of the present invention as heretofore described. A traveling pillow is described including an inner rubber inflatable pillow, an intermediate fiber-filled case for the pillow, and an exterior slip cover having a carrying handle. The carrying handle is provided with a compartment for storage of a small pneumatic pump for the inflatable pillow. A compact carrying case is also provided to store and carry the pillow in a deflated rolled-up form. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05503618__

Patent Applications on Neck Pain As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to neck pain: •

CERVICAL THERAPY DEVICE Inventor(s): Al-Bannai, Omar; (Salmiya, KW), Al-Obaidi, Saud M.; (Sulaibikhat, KW), Osta, Fawzi Ahmad; (Safat, KW) Correspondence: David E Dougherty; Dennison Schultz & Dougherty; 612 Crystal Square 4; 1745 Jefferson Davis Highway; Arlington; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030114780 Date filed: December 14, 2001 Abstract: A cervical therapy device for providing continuous passive motion to the head or neck of a patient includes a patient's support such as a chair and an upwardly extending frame which extends upwardly above the chair. The frame supports a two

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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piece neck bracket for fitting around a patient's neck. The neck bracket also includes a chin support and occipital cuff for positioning the patient's head within the bracket. The device also includes an actuator and controller for providing continuous passive motion to the head and neck of the patient. The device also includes a pair of double pivotal joint assemblies which allow a movement about two perpendicular axes with linear movement along one of the axes so that the head and neck are moved through a series of prescribed movements to relieve neck pain and/or disfunction. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a cervical therapy device and more particularly to a cervical therapy device for relieving pain and dysfunction in the cervical spine. The prevalence of neck pain is high, ranging between 12 to 34 percent of the normal population depending on age group. Older individuals display a higher incidence of neck pain with radiculopathies, degenerative changes, arthritis and other losses of the range of motion of the neck. It is presently believed that the cervical fine bones are under ongoing transformation of boning structure due to excessive use and abuse of the cervical spine during daily activities, environmental stresses, sports and leisure time activities. Such stress leads to degenerative changes in the vertebral bodies, plate and intervertebral joints as well as zygapophysical joints. In addition, the cervical spine is a relatively unstable part of the spinal column, and equilibrium can easily be disturbed by sudden movements, aggressive approaches, minor trauma and even overnight sleeping postures. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with neck pain, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on neck pain. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning neck pain. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON NECK PAIN Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to neck pain. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on neck pain include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on neck pain: •

Musculoskeletal Pain Emanating From the Head and Neck: Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Management and Cost Containment Source: Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Medical Press. 1996. 204 p. Contact: Haworth Document Delivery Service, Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. (800) 342-9678. (800) 895-0582 (fax). Summary: This book for health professionals covers various aspects of neck pain. Initial chapters address the problem of determining minimal impact severity that causes acute symptoms and the role of accident mechanisms. This is followed by contributions on an autopsy study of cervical spinal injuries, investigations of cervical synovial joints, and case studies of patients with dizziness and imbalance. In addition, chapters present a newly developed neck disability index; review evidence on the effectiveness of passive physical therapy, manipulation, and mobilization; and discuss the psychological aspects of chronic pain. Numerous references, 28 figures, and 13 tables.

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•

Healthwise Handbook: A Self-care Manual for You. Thirteenth Edition Source: Boise, ID: Healthwise. 1997. 353 p. Contact: Available from Healthwise, P.O. Box 1989, Boise, ID 83701. (208) 345-1161. Summary: This book for the general public offers guidelines on recognizing and coping with over 180 of the most common health problems. Section one provides information on improving and lowering the cost of health care, preventing and detecting problems, and dealing with first aid and emergencies. Section two describes the prevention and treatment of common illnesses and injuries, including back and neck pain; bone, muscle, and joint problems; chest and respiratory problems; headaches; skin problems; and chronic health problems. Remaining sections discuss health conditions relevant to men and women; offer tips for fitness, nutrition, stress management, and mental wellness; and identify self-care resources.

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The Chronic Pain Control Workbook. A Step-by-Step Guide for Coping With and Overcoming Your Pain Source: Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 1991. 212 p. Contact: Available from New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 5674 Shattuck Avenue, Oakland, CA 94609. (800) 748-6273. PRICE: $13.95 (18.95 Canada) plus $3.80 for shipping and handling. ISBN: 0934986452. Summary: This text is designed for the chronic pain sufferer, but offers health professionals at all levels a rational approach to understanding chronic pain and its management. Throughout, the authors emphasize that the patient must take responsibility for carrying out his or her own treatment, a responsibility that can be accomplished by setting realistic goals and learning specific skills. Seventeen chapters cover learning to cope, theories of pain, exercise, pain and basic stress management, advanced stress management techniques, psychological techniques for managing chronic pain, dealing with others, medications for chronic pain, back and neck pain, headaches, temporomandibular disorders, arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, neuralgias, vocational rehabilitation and chronic pain, pain clinics and support groups, and relapse and recovery. One appendix details how to make a personalized relaxation tape.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “neck pain” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “neck pain” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “neck pain” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

7 Steps to a Pain-Free Life: How to Rapidly Relieve Back and Neck Pain by Craig Kubey (Contributor), Robin A. McKenzie (2001); ISBN: 0452282772; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0452282772/icongroupinterna

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Back and Neck Pain by Hans Kraus; ISBN: 9996490491; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9996490491/icongroupinterna

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Back and Neck Pain: The Facts by Loic Burn, Lois Burn (2000); ISBN: 0192630776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192630776/icongroupinterna

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Back Care Basics: A Doctor's Gentle Yoga Program for Back and Neck Pain Relief by Mary Pullig Schatz, et al (1992); ISBN: 0962713821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962713821/icongroupinterna

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Beyond Backache: A Personal Guide to Back and Neck Pain Relief by Michael M. Livingston (1988); ISBN: 0872122123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0872122123/icongroupinterna

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Dare to Break Through the Pain! A Guide to Eliminating Back and Neck Pain Naturally Without Drugs or Surgery! by Dr. Rick Barrett (1998); ISBN: 1887918205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887918205/icongroupinterna

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Doctor Talks to You About Back and Neck Pain: A Discussion/Audio Cassette by Hans Kraus; ISBN: 9991957952; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9991957952/icongroupinterna

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Ending Head and Neck Pain: The Tmj Connection by Randall C., D.D.S. Moles (1989); ISBN: 0925004022; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0925004022/icongroupinterna

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Free Yourself from Neck Pain and Headache by David F. Fardon; ISBN: 0133307123; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0133307123/icongroupinterna

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Freedom from Headaches: A Personal Guide for Understanding and Treating Headache, Face, and Neck Pain by Joel R. Saper (1978); ISBN: 0671243020; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671243020/icongroupinterna

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Homeopathy for Back and Neck Pain by Ursula Stone; ISBN: 1575664437; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575664437/icongroupinterna

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How I Recovered From Chronic Back & Neck Pain: an Odyssey of Pain and Learning by Sheldon Needle (1997); ISBN: 091742915X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/091742915X/icongroupinterna

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Low Back and Neck Pain: Comprehensive Diagnosis and Management by David G. Low Back Pain Borenstein, et al (2004); ISBN: 072169277X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072169277X/icongroupinterna

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Low Back and Neck Pain; Causes and Conservative Treatment, by Paul C. Williams (1982); ISBN: 0398031932; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0398031932/icongroupinterna

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Management of Facial, Head and Neck Pain by Frank E. Lucente, et al; ISBN: 0721628419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721628419/icongroupinterna

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Mechanical Neck Pain: Perspectives in Functional Anatomy by James A. Porterfield, Carl Derosa (Contributor); ISBN: 072166640X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/072166640X/icongroupinterna

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Medical Management of the Regional Musculoskeletal Diseases: Backache, Neck Pain, Disorders of the Upper and Lower Extremities by Nortin M. Hadler; ISBN: 0808916734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808916734/icongroupinterna

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Neck Pain by Sam W. Wiesel, et al (1986); ISBN: 0872159949; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0872159949/icongroupinterna

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Neck Pain: Medical Diagnosis and Comprehensive Management by David G. Borenstein, et al (1996); ISBN: 0721654126; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721654126/icongroupinterna

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No More Neck Pain!: 9-Step Program for Your Neck, Shoulders & Head by Heike Hofler, Heike HoFler (1999); ISBN: 0806959371; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806959371/icongroupinterna

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Prolo Your Headaches and Neck Pain Away! Curing Migraines and Chronic Neck Pain with Prolotherapy by Ross A. Hauser, et al; ISBN: 0966101030; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966101030/icongroupinterna

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Rapid Recovery from Back and Neck Pain: A Nine-Step Recovery Plan by Fred Amir; ISBN: 0966982614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0966982614/icongroupinterna

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The Goodbye Back and Neck Pain Handbook by James H. Wheeler, et al; ISBN: 1571670556; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1571670556/icongroupinterna

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The Headache & Neck Pain Workbook: An Integrated Mind and Body Program by Douglas E. Degood, et al (1997); ISBN: 1572240865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572240865/icongroupinterna

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Treat Your Back Without Surgery: The Best Nonsurgical Alternatives for Eliminating Back and Neck Pain by Stephen, Md Hochschuler, et al; ISBN: 0897933729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897933729/icongroupinterna

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Treat Your Back Without Surgery: The Best Non-Surgical Alternatives for Eliminating Back and Neck Pain by Stephen Hochschuler, et al; ISBN: 089793234X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089793234X/icongroupinterna

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What to do for a Pain in the Neck : The Complete Program for Neck Pain Relief by Jerome, MD Schofferman; ISBN: 068487394X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068487394X/icongroupinterna

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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Back and neck pain: diagnosis, record systems, patient education Author: Curry, Hiram B.,; Year: 1989; Darien, CT: Miller and Fink, 1977

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Clinical treatment of back and neck pain. Author: Kraus, Hans,; Year: 1983; New York, McGraw-Hill [c1970]

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Free yourself from neck pain and headache: a guide to preventing and curing neck pain, tension headache, and shoulder pain Author: Fardon, David F.; Year: 1986; Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, c1983; ISBN: 0133307204 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0133307204/icongroupinterna

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Neck pain Author: Wiesel, Sam W.; Year: 2002; Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Co., c1992; ISBN: 0874738237 http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874738237/icongroupinterna

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Rhizolysis: a treatment for back and neck pain Author: O'Neill, Michael J.,; Year: 2001; [Toukley, N.S.W.: M.J. O'Neill, c1989]; ISBN: 0731675355

Chapters on Neck Pain In order to find chapters that specifically relate to neck pain, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and neck pain using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on neck pain: •

Cervical Synovial Joints as Sources of Post-Traumatic Headache Source: in Allen, M.E., Ed. Musculoskeletal Pain Emanating From the Head and Neck: Current Concepts in Diagnosis, Management and Cost Containment. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Medical Press. 1996. p. 81-94. Contact: Haworth Document Delivery Service, Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580. (800) 342-9678. (800) 895-0582 (fax). Summary: This chapter for health professionals reviews research which elucidates the role of the cervical synovial joints as sources of pain in patients with posttraumatic headache. Recent research has demonstrated that the cervical synovial joints are innervated and that they can be potent sources of neck pain and headache if stimulated in normal subjects or if injured in patients. Postmortem studies of injured joints have revealed chondral and subchondral fractures, bruising or damage of the intra-articular inclusions, hemarthroses, and capsular tears or avulsions. These acute lesions constitute the substrate for the development of posttraumatic arthritis and, consequently, chronic posttraumatic headache. Such lesions evade detection by conventional diagnostic techniques. However, the advent of innovative diagnostic approaches, including manipulative assessment, biomechanical analysis, and controlled diagnostic injection techniques, has allowed the identification of painful cervical synovial joints in vivo. Using these diagnostic techniques, epidemiological studies have shown that the cervical zygapophysial joints are common sources of posttraumatic headache. Findings support the hypothesis that cervical synovial joint pain is a real and common clinical entity. Controlled diagnostic blocks are the only reliable means whereby this condition can be

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identified. They provide a criterion standard against which other diagnostic techniques could be calibrated in the future. 56 references and 5 figures. (AA-M). •

Epidemiology Source: in Zarb, G.A., et al. Temporomandibular Joint and Masticatory Muscle Disorders. Copenhagen, Denmark: Munksgaard. 1994. p. 159-170. Contact: Available from Munksgaard. 35 Norre Sogade, P.O. Box 2148, DK 1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Phone Number: 45 33 12 70 30; Fax: 45 33 12 93 87. PRICE: DDK1456.00. Contact publisher directly for current price in U.S. Dollars. ISBN: 8716106377. Summary: This chapter on the epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is from a comprehensive textbook that addresses temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD) and masticatory muscle disorders. Topics include the severity of TMD and indices of dysfunction; cross-sectional studies; longitudinal studies; epidemiology of specific TMDs; demand and need for treatment of TMD; and the geography of TMD. The cardinal signs and symptoms of TMD are pain and tenderness of masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joints (TMJs), sounds in the joints, and limitation or disturbance of mandibular movement. The author notes that the associations between TMD and other disorders such as headaches and neck pain, and the fact that the severity of these can be alleviated after TMD treatment indicate that TMD may represent a more general health problem. The findings that the length of sick leave both in TMD patients and in population samples was correlated with the severity of signs and symptoms also suggests that TMD may be of greater importance in the general health care system than is usually assumed. 4 figures. 1 table. 37 references. (AA-M).

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Chapter 8-C: Musculoskeletal Signs and Symptoms: Disorders of the Low Back and Neck Source: in Klippel, J.H., et al., eds. Primer on the Rheumatic Diseases. 12th ed. Atlanta, GA: Arthritis Foundation. 2001. p. 165-173. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. P.O. Box 1616, Alpharetta, GA 300091616. (800) 207-8633. Fax (credit card orders only) (770) 442-9742. Website: www.arthritis.org. PRICE: $69.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0912423293. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on disorders of the low back and neck. Axial skeletal pain is associated with various mechanical and medical disorders. Mechanical disorders are caused by overuse, trauma, or physical deformity of an anatomic structure. Medical disorders responsible for spinal pain are associated with constitutional symptoms, disease in other organ systems, and inflammatory or infiltrative disease of the axial skeleton. Most people who have low back or neck pain have a mechanical reason for their pain. The initial evaluation of patients with spinal pain focuses on separating people with mechanical disorders from those with systemic illnesses. The initial diagnostic evaluation includes taking a medical history and performing physical and neurologic examinations. Plain radiographs and laboratory tests are usually not needed for most patients. Symptoms that help identify systemic illnesses in people who have spinal pain include fever or weight loss, pain with recumbency, morning stiffness, localized bone pain, or visceral pain. Mechanical disorders of the lumbosacral spine are the most common causes of low back pain. These disorders include muscle strain, herniated nucleus pulposus, osteoarthritis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and adult scoliosis. Mechanical disorders of the cervical spine are less common than lumbar spine disorders and tend to be less

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debilitating. Causes of cervical spine pain include neck strain, cervical disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, myelopathy, and whiplash. The chapter describes the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these mechanical causes of back and neck pain. 3 figures, 5 tables, and 27 references.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on neck pain. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Bibliography: Multimedia on Neck Pain The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in neck pain (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on neck pain: •

Control of neck pain [videorecording] Source: a Hahnemann University and Videotech Associates Inc. production; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [S.l.]: The Associates, c1983

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Neck pain [videorecording] Source: presented by the American Medical Association; a production of UCLA Office of Instructional Development; Year: 1986; Format: Videorecording; [Chicago, Ill.]: The Association, c1986

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Neck pain [videorecording] Source: Council on Continuing Physician Education; produced by UCLA Office of Instructional Development; Year: 1979; Format: Videorecording; Chicago: American Medical Assn., c1979

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Neck pain [videorecording]: back to basics Source: with Edward Resnick; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, c1989

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Prevention and relief of neck pain, headache, and carpal tunnel syndrome [videorecording] Source: Activator Methods, Inc; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; Phoenix, AZ: Activator Methods, c1998

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON NECK PAIN Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover neck pain.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on neck pain is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to neck pain. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “neck pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for neck pain: •

Muscle training may reduce chronic neck pain in women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 2003

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Exercise may help women's nagging neck pain: study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2003

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Vertis to market PNT system for upper back, neck pain Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: November 18, 2002

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Vertis to market PNT system for upper back and neck pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: November 18, 2002

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Manual therapy favored by patients with neck pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 21, 2002

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Manual therapy works best for neck pain in study Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 20, 2002

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Neck pain may impair vertical perception Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 05, 2002

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Acupuncture better than massage for neck pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 29, 2001

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Acupuncture beneficial as short-term treatment for neck pain Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 29, 2001

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Arm and neck pain relieved with microsurgery Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 08, 2000

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Treatment For Whiplash Neck Pain Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 04, 1996 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.

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Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “neck pain” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to neck pain, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “neck pain” (or synonyms).

Newsletters on Neck Pain Find newsletters on neck pain using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “neck pain.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •

Pain and the Cervical Spine Source: Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases. 50(10): 1-4. 2001. Contact: Available from Arthritis Foundation. 1330 West Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30309. (800) 268-6942 or (404) 872-7100. Fax (404) 872-9559. Website: www.arthritis.org. Summary: This newsletter provides health professionals with information on the diagnosis and treatment of neck pain. The most important historical items in the initial approach to a neck pain problem are duration, trauma history, and musculoskeletal symptoms elsewhere. Physical examination maneuvers consist of range of motion and pain on motion in flexion extension, lateral flexion, and rotation. Plain radiographs of the cervical spine may indicate degenerative disease and subluxations resulting from

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inflammatory arthritis and the results of serious trauma. Computed tomography may be helpful when plain films are inadequate. Conservative therapies are used to treat uncomplicated joint diseases, soft tissue injuries, and poorly understood pain syndromes in the neck. Soft collars and contour pillows may be helpful. Physical therapy may also help, but interrupted traction is typically the most beneficial therapy. The article describes the features of special neck syndromes, including whiplash, degenerative disc and joint disease, inflammatory arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and juvenile polyarthritis. 1 table and 25 references.

Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on neck pain: •

Cervicogenic Dizziness Source: Portland, OR: Vestibular Disorders Association. On the Level. Fall 2002. 19(4). p. 1-2. Contact: Vestibular Disorders Association. P.O. Box 4467, Portland, OR 97208-4467. (800) 837-8428. E-mail: [email protected]. Web site: www.vestibular.org. Summary: Cervicogenic dizziness is a syndrome that includes feelings of disequilibrium accompanied by neck pain and injury. This article describes the symptoms of cervicogenic dizziness, along with its potential causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

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What To Do About a Pain in the Neck Source: Mayo Clinic Women's HealthSource. 4(1): 6. January 2000. Contact: Available from Mayo Clinic Women's HealthSource, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905. (800) 876-8633 or (303) 604-1465. Email: [email protected]. Summary: This newsletter article provides the general public with information on ways to keep the neck as flexible and pain free as possible. Adults eventually feel some effect on their neck of wear and tear arthritis. Bony spurs can form when osteoarthritis (OA) causes the neck cartilage to thin and lose elasticity. These spurs often grow in spots where they limit neck motion. Pain from OA can also cause a person to change his or her neck and head position and tense muscles, thus leading to more pain. Some types of neck pain should be treated by a physician, but neck pain that is manageable may be treated by taking acetaminophen or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, getting a good night's sleep, applying a cold pack for 10 to 20 minutes several times a day, and walking on a regular basis. The article offers some suggestions for preventing neck problems.

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Academic Periodicals covering Neck Pain Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to neck pain. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering neck pain that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for neck pain. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with neck pain. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The

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following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to neck pain: Botulinum Toxin Type B •

Parenteral-Local - U.S. Brands: Myobloc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/500271.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

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National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

102 Neck Pain

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 2237 46 922 10 0 3215

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “neck pain” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on neck pain can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to neck pain. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to neck pain. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “neck pain”:

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•

Other guides Infant and Toddler Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/infantandtoddlerhealth.html Neck Disorders and Injuries http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neckdisordersandinjuries.html Sprains and Strains http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/sprainsandstrains.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on neck pain. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

Neck Pain Rehabilitation Source: Chicago, IL: American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 1995. 6 p. Contact: Available from American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. One IBM Plaza, Suite 2500, Chicago, IL 60611-3604. (312) 464-9700. Fax (312) 464-0227. http://www.aapmr.org. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This brochure for people with neck pain focuses on rehabilitation. It identifies the kinds of problems that might cause neck pain, such as radiculopathy; myofascial pain; spinal stenosis; problems with tendons, ligaments, and soft tissue; spinal instability; nonspinal problems; and repetitive strain injury. The brochure explains the role of the physiatrist in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal problems and highlights options for treating neck pain. During the first phase of treatment, physiatrists treat pain and inflammation, while during the second phase, they develop the patient's flexibility and strength to return body parts to their proper positions. The third phase involves taking steps to minimize recurrence and prevent further injury. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™

The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site

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located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “neck pain” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: Source: American College of Radiology - Medical Specialty Society; 1998; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2429&nbr=1655&a mp;string=neck+AND+pain The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to neck pain. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to neck pain. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with neck pain. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about neck pain. For more information, see the

110 Neck Pain

NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “neck pain” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “neck pain”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “neck pain” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “neck pain” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

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Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

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Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

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Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on neck pain: •

Basic Guidelines for Neck Pain Neck pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003025.htm

•

Signs & Symptoms for Neck Pain Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Headache Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003024.htm Muscle Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Muscle aches Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003178.htm

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Neck lump Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003098.htm Neck stiffness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003261.htm Numbness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Spasms Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Swollen glands Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003097.htm Tingling Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003206.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •

Diagnostics and Tests for Neck Pain Blood differential Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003657.htm CBC Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003642.htm Cerebrospinal fluid analysis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003625.htm CT scan of the neck Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003786.htm X-rays of the neck Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003805.htm

•

Background Topics for Neck Pain Neck injury Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000029.htm Pain medications Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Pain reliever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002123.htm Physical examination Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002274.htm

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Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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NECK PAIN DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 3-dimensional: 3-D. A graphic display of depth, width, and height. Three-dimensional radiation therapy uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor. This allows doctors to give the highest possible dose of radiation to the tumor, while sparing the normal tissue as much as possible. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak antiinflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form

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proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antipyretic: An agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiolytic: An anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. [EU] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arthritis, Rheumatoid: A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated. [NIH] Arthroscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy and surgery of the joint. [NIH] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrial Fibrillation: Disorder of cardiac rhythm characterized by rapid, irregular atrial impulses and ineffective atrial contractions. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU]

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Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Auricular: Pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain located in the posterior regions of the trunk, including the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, or adjacent regions. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Bed Rest: Confinement of an individual to bed for therapeutic or experimental reasons. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits

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and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium Pyrophosphate: Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsular: Cataract which is initiated by an opacification at the surface of the lens. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A median nerve injury inside the carpal tunnel that results in symptoms of pain, numbness, tingling, clumsiness, and a lack of sweating, which can be caused by work with certain hand and wrist postures. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Central Nervous System Infections: Pathogenic infections of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. DNA virus infections; RNA virus infections; bacterial infections; mycoplasma infections; Spirochaetales infections; fungal infections; protozoan infections; helminthiasis; and prion diseases may involve the central nervous system as a primary or secondary process. [NIH] Central retinal artery: The blood vessel that carries blood into eye; supplies nutrition to the retina. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord.

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Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Chest Pain: Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti). This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chiropractic: A system of treating bodily disorders by manipulation of the spine and other parts, based on the belief that the cause is the abnormal functioning of a nerve. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Cochlear: Of or pertaining to the cochlea. [EU] Cochlear Diseases: Diseases of the cochlea, the part of the inner ear that is concerned with hearing. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive restructuring: A method of identifying and replacing fear-promoting, irrational

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beliefs with more realistic and functional ones.

[NIH]

Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make

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biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Cones: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control) group. [NIH]

Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniocerebral Trauma: Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., brain; cranial nerves; meninges; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage. [NIH] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Cross-Sectional Studies: Studies in which the presence or absence of disease or other health-related variables are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time. This contrasts with longitudinal studies which are followed over a period of time. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH]

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Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Decision Making: The process of making a selective intellectual judgment when presented with several complex alternatives consisting of several variables, and usually defining a course of action or an idea. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysphagia: Difficulty in swallowing. [EU] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Electrolytes: Substances that break up into ions (electrically charged particles) when they are dissolved in body fluids or water. Some examples are sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. Electrolytes are primarily responsible for the movement of nutrients into cells, and the movement of wastes out of cells. [NIH] Electromyography: Recording of the changes in electric potential of muscle by means of surface or needle electrodes. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in

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all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Endoscopic: A technique where a lateral-view endoscope is passed orally to the duodenum for visualization of the ampulla of Vater. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidural: The space between the wall of the spinal canal and the covering of the spinal cord. An epidural injection is given into this space. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Pain: Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as facial pain syndromes. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Flexion: In gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. [EU] Flexor: Muscles which flex a joint. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fundus: The larger part of a hollow organ that is farthest away from the organ's opening.

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The bladder, gallbladder, stomach, uterus, eye, and cavity of the middle ear all have a fundus. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

General practitioner: A medical practitioner who does not specialize in a particular branch of medicine or limit his practice to a specific class of diseases. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Headache Disorders: Common conditions characterized by persistent or recurrent headaches. Headache syndrome classification systems may be based on etiology (e.g., vascular headache, post-traumatic headaches, etc.), temporal pattern (e.g., cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, etc.), and precipitating factors (e.g., cough headache). [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herniated: Protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disc into the intervertebral foramen compressing the nerve root. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU]

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Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypnotic: A drug that acts to induce sleep. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intervertebral Disk Displacement: An intervertebral disk in which the nucleus pulposus has protruded through surrounding fibrocartilage. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region. [NIH] Intracranial Hypertension: Increased pressure within the cranial vault. This may result from several conditions, including hydrocephalus; brain edema; intracranial masses; severe

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systemic hypertension; pseudotumor cerebri; and other disorders. [NIH] Intrathecal: Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kinesthesia: The sensory modality subserved by receptors in the capsules of joints and other peri-articular mechanoreceptors which allows the organism to sense the position and movement of one part of the body with respect to another. [NIH] Kinetic: Pertaining to or producing motion. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal tract and the immune system. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU]

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Light microscope: A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal Studies: Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Low Back Pain: Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous sprains and strains; intervertebral disk displacement; and other conditions. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphangitis: Inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels. [EU] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Mechanoreceptors: Cells specialized to transduce mechanical stimuli and relay that information centrally in the nervous system. Mechanoreceptors include hair cells, which mediate hearing and balance, and the various somatosensory receptors, often with nonneural accessory structures. [NIH] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel

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via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH] Microsurgery: Surgical procedures on the cellular level; a light microscope and miniaturized instruments are used. [NIH] Midazolam: A short-acting compound, water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH. It is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used for sedation in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. Because of its short duration and cardiorespiratory stability, it is particularly useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. [NIH]

Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH]

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Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motor Endplate: The specialized postsynaptic region of a muscle cell. The motor endplate is immediately across the synaptic cleft from the presynaptic axon terminal. Among its anatomical specializations are junctional folds which harbor a high density of cholinergic receptors. [NIH] Muscle Fatigue: A state arrived at through prolonged and strong contraction of a muscle. Studies in athletes during prolonged submaximal exercise have shown that muscle fatigue increases in almost direct proportion to the rate of muscle glycogen depletion. Muscle fatigue in short-term maximal exercise is associated with oxygen lack and an increased level of blood and muscle lactic acid, and an accompanying increase in hydrogen-ion concentration in the exercised muscle. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Spindles: Mechanoreceptors found between skeletal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles are arranged in parallel with muscle fibers and respond to the passive stretch of the muscle, but cease to discharge if the muscle contracts isotonically, thus signaling muscle length. The muscle spindles are the receptors responsible for the stretch or myotactic reflex. [NIH] Muscle tension: A force in a material tending to produce extension; the state of being stretched. [NIH] Myalgia: Pain in a muscle or muscles. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcosis: A general and nonspecific reversible depression of neuronal excitability, produced by a number of physical and chemical aspects, usually resulting in stupor. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Neck Injuries: General or unspecified injuries to the neck. It includes injuries to the skin, muscles, and other soft tissues of the neck. [NIH] Neck Pain: Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining

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to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Odontoid Process: The toothlike process on the upper surface of the axis, which articulates with the atlas above. [NIH] Ophthalmic: Pertaining to the eye. [EU] Ophthalmic Artery: Artery originating from the internal carotid artery and distributing to the eye, orbit and adjacent facial structures. [NIH] Opsin: A visual pigment protein found in the retinal rods. It combines with retinaldehyde to form rhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteomyelitis: Inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain

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localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. [EU] Pain Threshold: Amount of stimulation required before the sensation of pain is experienced. [NIH]

Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Palpation: Application of fingers with light pressure to the surface of the body to determine consistence of parts beneath in physical diagnosis; includes palpation for determining the outlines of organs. [NIH] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physical Therapy: The restoration of function and the prevention of disability following disease or injury with the use of light, heat, cold, water, electricity, ultrasound, and exercise. [NIH]

Pigments: Any normal or abnormal coloring matter in plants, animals, or micro-organisms. [NIH]

Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Placebo Effect: An effect usually, but not necessarily, beneficial that is attributable to an expectation that the regimen will have an effect, i.e., the effect is due to the power of suggestion. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH]

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Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prognostic factor: A situation or condition, or a characteristic of a patient, that can be used to estimate the chance of recovery from a disease, or the chance of the disease recurring (coming back). [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandins: A group of compounds derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway. They are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiological processes. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Psychological Techniques: Methods used in the diagnosis and treatment of behavioral, personality, and mental disorders. [NIH] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Pterygoid: A canal in the sphenoid bone for the vidian nerve. [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease

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and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulposus: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus into the body of the vertebra; necrobacillosis of rabbits. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]

Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radiculopathy: Disease involving a spinal nerve root (see spinal nerve roots) which may result from compression related to intervertebral disk displacement; spinal cord injuries; spinal diseases; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations include radicular pain, weakness, and sensory loss referable to structures innervated by the involved nerve root. [NIH]

Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Random Allocation: A process involving chance used in therapeutic trials or other research endeavor for allocating experimental subjects, human or animal, between treatment and control groups, or among treatment groups. It may also apply to experiments on inanimate

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objects. [NIH] Randomization: Also called random allocation. Is allocation of individuals to groups, e.g., for experimental and control regimens, by chance. Within the limits of chance variation, random allocation should make the control and experimental groups similar at the start of an investigation and ensure that personal judgment and prejudices of the investigator do not influence allocation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Rarefaction: The reduction of the density of a substance; the attenuation of a gas. [NIH] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH]

Dictionary 141

Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Artery: Central retinal artery and its branches. It arises from the ophthalmic artery, pierces the optic nerve and runs through its center, enters the eye through the porus opticus and branches to supply the retina. [NIH] Retinal Artery Occlusion: Occlusion or closure of the central retinal artery causing sudden, usually nearly complete, loss of vision in one eye. Occlusion of the branch retinal artery causes sudden visual loss in only a portion of the visual field. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Ribosome: A granule of protein and RNA, synthesized in the nucleolus and found in the cytoplasm of cells. Ribosomes are the main sites of protein synthesis. Messenger RNA attaches to them and there receives molecules of transfer RNA bearing amino acids. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rods: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision). [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scoliosis: A lateral curvature of the spine. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are

142 Neck Pain

the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Sensory loss: A disease of the nerves whereby the myelin or insulating sheath of myelin on the nerves does not stay intact and the messages from the brain to the muscles through the nerves are not carried properly. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shoulder Pain: Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin. [NIH] Shunt: A surgically created diversion of fluid (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid) from one area of the body to another area of the body. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Soft Tissue Injuries: Injuries of tissue other than bone. The concept is usually general and does not customarily refer to internal organs or viscera. It is meaningful with reference to regions or organs where soft tissue (muscle, fat, skin) should be differentiated from bones or bone tissue, as "soft tissue injuries of the hand". [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve

Dictionary 143

skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spasmodic: Of the nature of a spasm. [EU] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Spatial disorientation: Loss of orientation in space where person does not know which way is up. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphenoid: An unpaired cranial bone with a body containing the sphenoid sinus and forming the posterior part of the medial walls of the orbits. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Cord Injuries: Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., wounds, gunshot; whiplash injuries; etc.). [NIH] Spinal Injuries: Injuries involving the vertebral column. [NIH] Spinal Nerve Roots: The paired bundles of nerve fibers entering and leaving the spinal cord at each segment. The dorsal and ventral nerve roots join to form the mixed segmental spinal nerves. The dorsal roots are generally afferent, formed by the central projections of the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia sensory cells, and the ventral roots efferent, comprising the axons of spinal motor and autonomic preganglionic neurons. There are, however, some exceptions to this afferent/efferent rule. [NIH] Spinal Stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal. [NIH] Spondylitis: Inflammation of the vertebrae. [EU] Spondylolisthesis: Forward displacement of one vertebra over another. [NIH] Sprains and Strains: A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature. [NIH] Steroids: Drugs used to relieve swelling and inflammation. [NIH] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strained: A stretched condition of a ligament. [NIH] Streptococci: A genus of spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in chains or pairs. They are widely distributed in nature, being important pathogens but often found as normal commensals in the mouth, skin, and intestine of humans and other animals. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH]

144 Neck Pain

Stress management: A set of techniques used to help an individual cope more effectively with difficult situations in order to feel better emotionally, improve behavioral skills, and often to enhance feelings of control. Stress management may include relaxation exercises, assertiveness training, cognitive restructuring, time management, and social support. It can be delivered either on a one-to-one basis or in a group format. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Stupor: Partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. [EU] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclavian: The direct continuation of the axillary vein at the lateral border of the first rib. It passes medially to join the internal jugular vein and form the brachiocephalic vein on each side. [NIH] Subclavian Artery: Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb. [NIH] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Supine: Having the front portion of the body upwards. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Suppurative: Consisting of, containing, associated with, or identified by the formation of pus. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Syncope: A temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable

Dictionary 145

joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendons attached to the biceps muscle, i. e. the main flexor muscle of the upper arm. [NIH] Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroiditis: Inflammation of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Time Management: Planning and control of time to improve efficiency and effectiveness. [NIH]

Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tinnitus: Sounds that are perceived in the absence of any external noise source which may take the form of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of cochlear diseases; vestibulocochlear nerve diseases; intracranial hypertension; craniocerebral trauma; and other conditions. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH]

146 Neck Pain

Torticollis: Wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trigeminal: Cranial nerve V. It is sensory for the eyeball, the conjunctiva, the eyebrow, the skin of face and scalp, the teeth, the mucous membranes in the mouth and nose, and is motor to the muscles of mastication. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urban Population: The inhabitants of a city or town, including metropolitan areas and suburban areas. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Vertebral Artery: The first branch of the subclavian artery with distribution to muscles of the neck, vertebrae, spinal cord, cerebellum and interior of the cerebrum. [NIH] Vertebral Artery Dissection: Dissection of the wall of the vertebral artery, leading to the formation of an aneurysm that may occlude the vessel. Thrombus formation may occur and give rise to emboli. Cervical fractures or related neck injuries and craniocerebral trauma are commonly associated conditions, although this process may occur spontaneously. Ischemia, infarction, and hemorrhage in the vascular distribution of the affected vertebral artery may complicate this condition. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth

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surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve: The 8th cranial nerve. The vestibulocochlear nerve has a cochlear part (cochlear nerve) which is concerned with hearing and a vestibular part (vestibular nerve) which mediates the sense of balance and head position. The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from neurons of the spiral ganglion and project to the cochlear nuclei (cochlear nucleus). The fibers of the vestibular nerve arise from neurons of Scarpa's ganglion and project to the vestibular nuclei. [NIH] Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases: Diseases of the vestibular and/or cochlear (acoustic) nerves, which join to form the vestibulocochlear nerve. Vestibular neuritis, cochlear neuritis, and acoustic neuromas are relatively common conditions that affect these nerves. Clinical manifestations vary with which nerve is primarily affected, and include hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viscera: Any of the large interior organs in any one of the three great cavities of the body, especially in the abdomen. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visual field: The entire area that can be seen when the eye is forward, including peripheral vision. [NIH] Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Zygapophyseal Joint: The joint that occurs between facets of the interior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebra. [NIH]

149

INDEX 3 3-dimensional, 75, 121 A Abdominal, 121, 132, 137 Abdominal Pain, 121, 132 Aberrant, 121, 126 Abscess, 32, 121 Acetaminophen, 4, 94, 121 Acrylonitrile, 121, 141 Adjustment, 7, 121 Adjuvant, 29, 121 Adverse Effect, 121, 142 Aerobic, 4, 121 Algorithms, 121, 123 Alkaline, 121, 124 Alkaloid, 121, 124, 135 Alpha Particles, 121, 139 Alternative medicine, 93, 121 Amino Acids, 121, 122, 138, 141, 146 Amnesia, 74, 122 Amnestic, 122, 134 Anal, 122, 133 Analgesic, 121, 122, 135 Anatomical, 122, 125, 131, 135 Anesthesia, 35, 122, 134 Aneurysm, 122, 146 Angina, 24, 122 Antibody, 122, 126, 127, 131, 139 Anti-inflammatory, 121, 122 Antipyretic, 121, 122 Anus, 122, 123, 140 Anxiety, 16, 122 Anxiolytic, 122, 134 Arachidonic Acid, 74, 122, 132, 138 Arterial, 122, 131, 138, 145 Arteries, 122, 123, 127, 134, 145 Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 94, 122 Arthroscopy, 12, 122 Articular, 24, 85, 122, 132, 136, 147 Atrial, 37, 122 Atrial Fibrillation, 37, 122 Atrium, 122, 123 Atrophy, 19, 61, 122, 123 Auricular, 15, 54, 60, 123 Autopsy, 81, 123 B Back Pain, 5, 8, 15, 49, 78, 123 Base, 123, 128, 132

Bed Rest, 4, 123 Benign, 123, 130, 135 Bilateral, 123, 142 Biochemical, 123, 136 Biosynthesis, 122, 123 Biotechnology, 8, 9, 84, 93, 103, 123 Bladder, 35, 123, 130, 146 Bloating, 123, 132 Blood Coagulation, 123, 124 Blood pressure, 123, 131, 134, 142 Blood vessel, 123, 124, 125, 130, 132, 134, 142, 144, 145, 146 Body Fluids, 123, 128, 142 Bowel, 122, 123, 128, 143 Bowel Movement, 123, 128, 143 Branch, 115, 123, 130, 137, 138, 141, 143, 144, 145, 146 Bupivacaine, 20, 123 C Calcification, 13, 123 Calcium, 24, 123, 124, 126, 128, 134 Calcium Pyrophosphate, 24, 124 Capsaicin, 49, 54, 124 Capsular, 85, 124 Capsules, 124, 132 Cardiac, 122, 124, 134, 135 Cardiorespiratory, 124, 134 Carotene, 124, 141 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 89, 124 Case report, 15, 41, 54, 60, 124 Caudal, 124, 137 Cell, 78, 121, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 133, 135, 137, 140, 141, 144 Central Nervous System, 124, 130, 132, 135, 136 Central Nervous System Infections, 124, 130 Central retinal artery, 17, 54, 124, 141 Cerebellum, 124, 146 Cerebral, 124, 125, 143, 144 Cerebrospinal, 17, 118, 124, 142 Cerebrospinal fluid, 17, 118, 124, 142 Cerebrum, 124, 125, 146 Cervix, 125, 129 Character, 125, 128, 139 Chest Pain, 44, 125 Chin, 80, 125

150 Neck Pain

Chiropractic, 6, 11, 18, 20, 39, 58, 60, 61, 64, 68, 73, 125 Cholinergic, 125, 135 Chronic, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 74, 75, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 91, 122, 123, 125, 131, 133, 144 CIS, 125, 141 Clinical trial, 6, 10, 11, 57, 58, 73, 76, 103, 125, 127, 140 Cloning, 123, 125 Coagulation, 123, 125, 145 Cochlear, 125, 145, 147 Cochlear Diseases, 125, 145 Cofactor, 125, 138 Cognition, 125, 126 Cognitive restructuring, 125, 144 Cognitive Therapy, 11, 41, 126 Colitis, 126, 132 Collagen, 122, 126 Complement, 126 Complementary and alternative medicine, 6, 57, 69, 126 Complementary medicine, 57, 126 Computational Biology, 103, 126 Cones, 127, 141 Connective Tissue, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134 Consciousness, 122, 127, 144 Constipation, 127, 132 Constitutional, 86, 127 Contraindications, ii, 127 Control group, 5, 7, 11, 127, 139 Controlled study, 17, 22, 30, 40, 58, 64, 66, 127 Coronary, 127, 134 Coronary Thrombosis, 127, 134 Cortex, 127, 137 Corticosteroids, 4, 127 Cranial, 124, 127, 130, 131, 136, 143, 146, 147 Craniocerebral Trauma, 127, 130, 145, 146 Criterion, 21, 86, 127 Cross-Sectional Studies, 86, 127 Curative, 127, 145 Cytokines, 74, 127 D Databases, Bibliographic, 103, 128 Decision Making, 4, 128 Degenerative, 4, 80, 93, 128, 136

Density, 128, 135, 140 Diagnostic procedure, 77, 93, 128 Diarrhea, 128, 132 Diastolic, 128, 131 Digestive system, 76, 128 Direct, iii, 78, 97, 126, 128, 135, 140, 144 Dissection, 17, 51, 54, 128, 146 Dizziness, 12, 81, 94, 128 Dorsal, 128, 137, 143 Drug Interactions, 98, 128 Duct, 32, 128, 141 Dysphagia, 31, 44, 128 E Effector, 126, 128, 136 Effector cell, 128, 136 Efficacy, 4, 6, 11, 23, 41, 48, 54, 58, 71, 75, 128 Elasticity, 94, 128 Electrolytes, 74, 128 Electromyography, 3, 18, 128 Electrons, 123, 128, 132, 139 Emboli, 129, 146 Endoscopic, 122, 129, 134 Environmental Health, 102, 104, 129 Enzymatic, 124, 126, 129, 141 Enzyme, 128, 129, 144 Epidemiological, 85, 129 Epidural, 13, 44, 129 Esophagus, 128, 129, 143 Extravasation, 129, 130 Extremity, 7, 129, 133 F Facial, 13, 22, 30, 46, 49, 59, 66, 83, 129, 136 Facial Pain, 46, 129 Family Planning, 103, 129 Fat, 122, 124, 129, 133, 142 Fatigue, 78, 129, 135 Fibrin, 123, 129, 145 Fibrosis, 42, 129 Flexion, 14, 51, 93, 129 Flexor, 21, 31, 40, 62, 129, 145 Fold, 7, 129 Foramen, 125, 129, 130 Forearm, 7, 123, 129, 134 Fundus, 129 G Gallbladder, 121, 128, 130 Ganglia, 130, 136, 143 Gas, 130, 131, 132, 140 Gene, 84, 123, 130 General practitioner, 9, 20, 30, 61, 130 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 129, 130

Index 151

Glycogen, 130, 135 Governing Board, 130, 138 Growth, 130, 133, 135, 141, 145 H Haematoma, 44, 130 Haemorrhage, 45, 130 Headache, 12, 15, 18, 24, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 45, 54, 60, 62, 67, 79, 83, 84, 85, 89, 117, 130 Headache Disorders, 130 Hematoma, 13, 130 Hemorrhage, 127, 130, 139, 144, 146 Heredity, 130 Herniated, 78, 86, 130 Hormonal, 123, 130 Hormone, 127, 130, 131, 141, 145 Hydrogen, 123, 131, 135, 136, 138 Hypertension, 31, 131, 132 Hypnotic, 131, 134 I Id, 55, 67, 109, 114, 116, 131 Idiopathic, 41, 131 Immune response, 121, 131 Immunology, 121, 131 Impairment, 7, 131, 134 In vitro, 131 In vivo, 85, 131, 145 Indicative, 82, 131, 137, 146 Infarction, 127, 131, 134, 146 Infection, 121, 131, 133 Inflammation, 4, 108, 122, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 139, 143, 145 Inlay, 131, 141 Inorganic, 124, 131 Intermittent, 22, 131 Intervertebral, 78, 80, 130, 131, 133, 139 Intervertebral Disk Displacement, 131, 133, 139 Intracranial Hypertension, 130, 131, 145 Intrathecal, 20, 132 Involuntary, 132, 135, 140, 142 Ion Channels, 132, 136 Ions, 123, 128, 131, 132 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 82, 132 Ischemia, 123, 132, 146 J Joint, 12, 26, 33, 36, 38, 42, 80, 82, 85, 86, 94, 122, 129, 132, 136, 143, 144, 147 K Kb, 102, 132 Kinesthesia, 17, 47, 66, 132 Kinetic, 4, 132

L Large Intestine, 128, 132, 140 Latent, 73, 74, 132 Lens, 124, 132 Leukocytes, 127, 132 Leukotrienes, 122, 132 Library Services, 114, 132 Ligament, 13, 132, 143 Light microscope, 133, 134 Lipid, 133, 134 Liver, 121, 122, 128, 130, 133 Localized, 86, 130, 131, 133, 135, 137 Longitudinal Studies, 86, 127, 133 Longitudinal study, 28, 42, 133 Low Back Pain, 7, 18, 45, 71, 79, 83, 86, 133 Lumbar, 7, 86, 123, 131, 133 Lymph, 125, 133 Lymph node, 125, 133 Lymphangitis, 13, 60, 133 Lymphatic, 131, 133, 134 Lymphoid, 127, 133 M Malignant, 31, 133, 135 Malnutrition, 123, 133 Mammogram, 123, 133, 134 Mandible, 125, 133 Mechanoreceptors, 132, 133, 135 Median Nerve, 124, 133 Medical Records, 134, 141 MEDLINE, 103, 134 Memory, 74, 122, 134 Mental Disorders, 76, 134, 138 Mental Health, iv, 5, 76, 102, 104, 134, 139 Mesenchymal, 122, 134 Meta-Analysis, 19, 61, 134 MI, 3, 19, 42, 61, 119, 134 Microcalcifications, 124, 134 Microsurgery, 92, 134 Midazolam, 74, 134 Migration, 32, 134 Mobility, 5, 26, 134 Mobilization, 11, 58, 81, 134 Modification, 134, 139 Molecular, 103, 105, 123, 127, 134, 141 Monitor, 7, 134 Morphine, 135 Motor Endplate, 74, 135 Muscle Fatigue, 30, 135 Muscle Fibers, 135 Muscle Spindles, 7, 135 Muscle tension, 79, 135 Myalgia, 18, 135

152 Neck Pain

Myocardium, 134, 135 N Narcosis, 135 Narcotic, 4, 135 NCI, 1, 76, 101, 125, 135 Neck Injuries, 135, 146 Necrosis, 131, 134, 135 Need, 3, 5, 81, 85, 86, 93, 94, 110, 121, 130, 135 Neoplasia, 135, 136 Neoplasm, 135 Neoplastic, 4, 129, 135 Nerve, 4, 11, 15, 21, 41, 122, 125, 130, 133, 136, 138, 139, 143, 146, 147 Nervous System, 7, 124, 133, 136 Neural, 7, 133, 136 Neurologic, 21, 86, 136 Neurons, 130, 136, 143, 144, 147 Neurotransmitters, 74, 136 Neutrons, 121, 136, 139 Nucleus, 86, 131, 136, 138, 139, 147 O Odontoid Process, 13, 136 Ophthalmic, 136, 141 Ophthalmic Artery, 136, 141 Opsin, 136, 141 Optic Nerve, 136, 141 Orofacial, 129, 136 Orthopedics, 4, 28, 36, 40, 64, 136 Osteoarthritis, 41, 86, 94, 136 Osteomyelitis, 51, 136 P Pain Threshold, 4, 7, 39, 64, 137 Palliative, 137, 145 Palpation, 74, 137 Pancreas, 121, 128, 137 Pathologic, 127, 137, 142 Pathophysiology, 33, 46, 74, 137 Patient Education, 85, 108, 112, 114, 119, 137 Perception, 5, 23, 62, 92, 137 Perforation, 32, 35, 129, 137 Petechiae, 130, 137 Pharmacologic, 38, 122, 137, 146 Phosphorus, 124, 137 Physical Examination, 7, 51, 137 Physical Therapy, 4, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 38, 46, 48, 64, 81, 137 Pigments, 124, 137, 141 Pilot study, 6, 8, 10, 17, 19, 39, 47, 49, 54, 57, 58, 61, 64, 66, 74, 137 Placebo Effect, 13, 59, 74, 137

Platelets, 137, 145 Polyarthritis, 94, 137 Posterior, 36, 63, 122, 123, 124, 128, 130, 135, 137, 143 Postoperative, 45, 137 Postsynaptic, 135, 138, 144 Post-traumatic, 38, 43, 130, 138 Potassium, 128, 138 Practice Guidelines, 38, 64, 104, 108, 138 Precursor, 122, 128, 129, 138 Presynaptic, 135, 138, 144 Prevalence, 12, 38, 39, 49, 80, 138 Prognostic factor, 39, 47, 138 Progressive, 10, 130, 135, 136, 138 Prone, 5, 138 Prospective study, 4, 26, 28, 133, 138 Prostaglandins, 122, 138 Protein S, 84, 123, 138, 141 Proteins, 122, 126, 127, 138 Protons, 121, 131, 138, 139 Psychological Techniques, 82, 138 Psychotherapy, 126, 138 Pterygoid, 4, 138 Public Health, 6, 11, 49, 58, 104, 138 Public Policy, 103, 139 Publishing, 8, 139 Pulposus, 86, 131, 139 Pulse, 134, 139 Purpura, 130, 139 Purulent, 121, 139 Pyogenic, 136, 139 Q Quality of Life, 8, 75, 139 R Race, 134, 139 Radiation, 75, 121, 139 Radiation therapy, 121, 139 Radicular, 37, 139 Radiculopathy, 24, 33, 62, 108, 139 Radiological, 47, 139 Radiology, 10, 19, 109, 139 Random Allocation, 139, 140 Randomization, 75, 140 Randomized, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 17, 27, 30, 37, 41, 48, 50, 58, 59, 63, 66, 128, 140 Randomized clinical trial, 6, 8, 11, 27, 48, 50, 58, 63, 66, 140 Randomized Controlled Trials, 12, 59, 140 Rarefaction, 122, 140 Rectal, 32, 140 Rectum, 122, 123, 128, 130, 132, 140 Recurrence, 108, 140

Index 153

Refer, 1, 126, 128, 136, 140, 142, 146 Reflex, 4, 135, 140 Refractory, 20, 41, 140 Regimen, 128, 137, 140 Relapse, 82, 140 Reliability, 27, 43, 48, 140 Remission, 140 Respiration, 134, 140 Restoration, 52, 137, 141 Retina, 124, 127, 132, 136, 141 Retinal, 136, 141 Retinal Artery, 141 Retinal Artery Occlusion, 141 Retinol, 141 Retrospective, 12, 48, 141 Retrospective study, 48, 141 Ribosome, 141, 146 Risk factor, 12, 14, 26, 28, 38, 40, 42, 49, 138, 141 Rods, 136, 141 Rubber, 79, 121, 141 S Salivary, 128, 141 Salivary glands, 128, 141 Scoliosis, 86, 141 Screening, 5, 125, 141 Second Messenger Systems, 136, 141 Sedative, 134, 142 Self Care, 75, 142 Sensory loss, 139, 142 Shock, 78, 142, 146 Shoulder Pain, 12, 15, 54, 60, 85, 142 Shunt, 32, 142 Side effect, 97, 121, 142, 146 Signs and Symptoms, 86, 140, 142 Skeletal, 86, 135, 136, 142, 143 Skeleton, 86, 132, 142 Skull, 3, 127, 142 Social Environment, 139, 142 Social Support, 142, 144 Sodium, 128, 142 Soft tissue, 74, 94, 108, 135, 142 Soft Tissue Injuries, 94, 142 Spasm, 142, 143 Spasmodic, 3, 143 Spastic, 132, 143 Spatial disorientation, 128, 143 Specialist, 110, 143 Species, 124, 134, 139, 143 Sphenoid, 138, 143 Spinal cord, 124, 129, 132, 133, 136, 139, 140, 143, 144, 146

Spinal Cord Injuries, 139, 143 Spinal Injuries, 81, 143 Spinal Nerve Roots, 139, 143 Spinal Stenosis, 86, 108, 143 Spondylitis, 10, 94, 143 Spondylolisthesis, 86, 143 Sprains and Strains, 55, 108, 133, 143 Steroids, 127, 143 Stimulus, 128, 132, 140, 143, 145 Stomach, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 143 Stool, 132, 143 Strained, 3, 143 Streptococci, 133, 143 Stress, 16, 20, 80, 82, 132, 141, 143, 144 Stress management, 82, 144 Stroke, 76, 102, 144 Stupor, 135, 144 Styrene, 141, 144 Subacute, 6, 41, 58, 131, 144 Subarachnoid, 45, 130, 144 Subclavian, 144, 146 Subclavian Artery, 144, 146 Subcutaneous, 133, 144 Substrate, 85, 144 Supine, 10, 22, 57, 144 Support group, 82, 144 Suppurative, 32, 144 Symphysis, 125, 144 Symptomatology, 28, 45, 46, 144 Synapses, 136, 144 Synaptic, 135, 144 Syncope, 22, 62, 144 Synovial, 81, 85, 122, 144 Synovial Membrane, 122, 144 Systemic, 86, 122, 123, 131, 132, 139, 145 Systemic disease, 122, 145 Systolic, 131, 145 T Tendinitis, 29, 145 Tendonitis, 16, 145 Therapeutics, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 36, 39, 46, 47, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 98, 145 Thoracic, 123, 133, 144, 145 Thorax, 133, 145 Threshold, 5, 131, 145 Thrombosis, 138, 144, 145 Thromboxanes, 122, 145 Thrombus, 42, 127, 131, 145, 146 Thyroid, 145 Thyroid Gland, 145 Thyroiditis, 32, 145

154 Neck Pain

Time Management, 144, 145 Tin, 118, 124, 145 Tinnitus, 12, 145, 147 Tomography, 31, 94, 145 Torticollis, 3, 146 Toxic, iv, 144, 146 Toxicity, 128, 146 Toxicology, 104, 146 Traction, 22, 48, 94, 146 Transfection, 123, 146 Translation, 24, 146 Trauma, 4, 5, 31, 43, 80, 86, 93, 135, 146 Trees, 141, 146 Trigeminal, 129, 146 U Unconscious, 131, 146 Urban Population, 44, 45, 146 Urine, 123, 146 Uterus, 125, 129, 130, 146

V Vaccine, 121, 146 Vascular, 51, 130, 131, 145, 146 Venous, 138, 146 Vertebrae, 131, 143, 146 Vertebral, 7, 26, 51, 80, 143, 146 Vertebral Artery, 26, 146 Vertebral Artery Dissection, 26, 146 Vestibular, 94, 146, 147 Vestibule, 146, 147 Vestibulocochlear Nerve, 145, 147 Vestibulocochlear Nerve Diseases, 145, 147 Veterinary Medicine, 103, 147 Viscera, 142, 147 Visceral, 86, 130, 147 Visual field, 141, 147 Vivo, 147 Z Zygapophyseal Joint, 51, 147

Index 155

156 Neck Pain

Neck Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lower Back Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Pain Medications - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Arm Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Chronic Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lower Abdominal Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Knee Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Ankle Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Muscle Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Leg Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Back Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Joint Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anal Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Shoulder Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Cauda Equina Syndrome - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Magnesium Citrate: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Neck Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hip Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Lower Back Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Pain Medications - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Arm Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Chronic Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Lower Abdominal Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Knee Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Ankle Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Muscle Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Leg Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Back Pain - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

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Anal Pain: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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Influenza A - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Hepatitis A Vaccine: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Foot and Mouth Disease - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Butternut Squash: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

Facial Paralysis - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Wine - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Breast Augmentation - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

Anagrelide: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, And Annotated Research Guide To Internet References

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