goof-proof
RESUMES & COVER LETTERS
goo f
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RESUMES &
COVER LETTERS Felice Primeau Devine
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Copyright © 2003 LearningExpress, LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by LearningExpress, LLC, New York. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Devine, Felice Primeau. Goof-proof resumes and cover letters / Felice Primeau Devine.—1st ed. p cm. ISBN 1-57685-462-0 (paperback : alk. paper) 1. Resumes (Emplyment) 2. Cover letters. I. Title. HF5383.D463 2003 650.14'2—dc21 2002156254 Printed in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 First Edition ISBN 1-57685-462-0 For more information or to place an order, contact LearningExpress at: 55 Broadway 8th Floor New York, NY 10006 Or visit us at: www.learnatest.com
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Felice Primeau Devine is a writer from Albany, New York. She has worked in publishing for more than ten years as an editor, publicist, and brand director. She is the author of U.S. Citizenship: A Step-by-Step Guide and Pharmacy Technician Career Starter. She has also authored three other books in the Goof-Proof Series: GoofProof Grammar, Goof-Proof Spelling, and Goof-Proof Interviews. Ms. Devine is also the coauthor of Cosmetology Career Starter, 2nd Edition.
CONTENTS
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PART ONE: THE GOOF-PROOF RESUME
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SECTION ONE The Goof-Up: Sorting Out What a Resume Is . . . and Is Not
1
SECTION TWO The Goof-Up: Using a Traditional Resume Format that Doesn’t Match Your Experience
7
Rule #1: Using the Chronological Resume Format
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Rule #2: Using the Functional Resume Format
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Rule #3: Using the Targeted Resume Format
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SECTION THREE The Goof-Up: Failing to Take Advantage of Electronic Resumes
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Rule #4: Using the Electronic Resume Format
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Rule #5: Electronic Resume Creation Tips
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Rule #6: Using Keywords in the Electronic and Scannable Resume Formats
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Rule #7: When to Use the Keyword-Based/ Scannable Resume Format
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Rule #8: Goof-Proof Online Resume Templates
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SECTION FOUR The Goof-Up: Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
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Rule #9: Heading
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Rule #10: Job Objective
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Rule #11: Work/Employment Experience
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Rule #12: Educational Experience
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SECTION FIVE The Goof-Up: Forgetting the Extras
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Rule #13: Professional Affiliations
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Rule #14: Military Service
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Rule #15: Accreditations and Licenses
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Rule #16: Personal and Professional References
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Rule #17: Listing Your GPA (Grade Point Average)
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Rule #18: Special Skills
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SECTION SIX The Goof-Up: Not Presenting Your Information Clearly
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Rule #19: Using Bulleted Lists
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Rule #20: Strive for Clarity
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Rule #21: Add Impact with Action Words and Power Phrases
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Rule #22: Proofread Your Resume
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contents
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PART TWO: THE GOOF-PROOF COVER LETTER
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SECTION ONE The Goof-Up: Sorting Out What a Cover Letter Is . . . and Is Not
75
SECTION TWO The Goof-Up: Being Careless with Your Cover Letter
81
Rule #23: Gather Your Contact Information
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Rule #24: Check Your Spelling and Grammar
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Rule #25: Personalize Every Cover Letter
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Rule #26: Looks Count
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SECTION THREE The Goof-Up: Not Organizing Your Cover Letter
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Rule #27: Heading and Salutation
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Rule #28: The Opening Paragraph
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Rule #29: Primary Message Paragraphs
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Rule #30: The Supporting Paragraph
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Rule #31: The Specific Request for Action
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Rule #32: The Closing Paragraph
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Rule #33: The Closing Salutation
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SECTION FOUR The Goof-Up: Forgetting to Format Your Cover Letter
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Rule #34: Cover Letter Formats
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Rule #35: Quick Tips for Formatting Your Cover Letter
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Rule #36: Finishing Touches
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PART THREE: RESOURCES
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APPENDIX A
Effective Action Words and Keywords
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APPENDIX B
Print and Online Resources
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goof-proof
RESUMES & COVER LETTERS
PA R T O N E
THE GOOF-PROOF RESUME
section
ONE
THE GOOF-UP: SORTING OUT WHAT A RESUME IS . . . AND IS NOT Ask most
people if they know what a resume is and they will say “yes.” They might know that a resume is a critical document used in a job search. They probably also know that a resume lists a person’s employment and education history. As familiar as people are with the idea of the resume, few understand the intricacies of this document. Unless they have spent time considering what a resume is and is not, they may be stuck searching for a job with a mediocre version of what could be an impressive resume.
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WHAT A RESUME IS
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So, what is a resume? A resume is a document designed to introduce a potential job candidate to a potential employer. It should highlight the candidate’s strengths, special skills, and achievements, all of which will combine to present the candidate as the best match for the open position.
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YOUR RESUME
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As you begin thinking about your resume, take the time to understand what your resume should describe. Basically, your resume should present the following information: • • • • •
your your your your your
employment objective special and most marketable skills employment history significant employment accomplishments education history
All of this information should be presented clearly and truthfully. Your resume should not include exaggeration; it should be an accurate representation of what you, a potential job candidate, are capable of offering to your potential employer. Moreover, you should never lie on your resume because you will be caught.
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WHAT A RESUME IS NOT
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• a static document that can be used for years without being altered • a place for you to express your creativity using funky colors, fonts, paper stock, or images • a toss-away document that can be created with little thought • exempt from the basic rules of grammar • a tool that guarantees a job offer, no matter how perfect and effective it is
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PUTTING YOURSELF ON PAPER
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If your resume is going to be used to introduce you, the applicant, to a potential employer, it should accurately summarize who you are, and why the employer should hire you. This should be done as concisely as possible, on one sheet of paper.
Sorting Out What a Resume Is . . . and Is Not
If you have considerable experience, you may use two sheets but keep in mind that most people will expect your resume to be delivered on one. Creating a powerful resume that clearly summarizes who you are on one sheet of paper can seem like a daunting task. But it just requires time, planning, and thought. You will need to set aside specific time to work on your resume, rather than trying to fit it in whenever you can. Then, plan out your time so you use it efficiently. With a schedule in hand, and time devoted to the task, you can begin to think about what should be included in your resume. This book will guide you through the thought process, so that the end result is a resume that makes a strong impact on potential employers, and gets you invited to job interviews.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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One of your goals in developing your resume is to have a document that clearly answers the questions a potential employer will ask about you. Before you move on to the following sections in this book and begin crafting your resume, look over the following questions and keep them in mind as you progress. At the end of Section Six of this part of the book, you will again be asked to review this checklist. This time, though, you will be answering the questions with a complete version of your new resume in hand. Your resume should clearly answer the following questions: • • • • •
Who are you? How can you be contacted? What position are you applying for? What are your skills and qualifications? What work experience do you have that directly relates to the job you are applying for? • What will you bring to the company that other applicants do not or will not? • How will you benefit the company in the short-term? • How will you benefit the company in the long-term?
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• Have you demonstrated problem-solving skills? • Is there a skill or experience that sets you apart from all of the other applicants? What is it? • Where did you go to school? Now that you have an idea of what to expect from your resume, you can get started. Using the Goof-Proof Rules explained in the following six sections, you will be sure to have a Goof-Proof resume in no time!
section
TWO
THE GOOF-UP: USING A TRADITIONAL RESUME FORMAT THAT DOESN’T MATCH YOUR EXPERIENCE For your
resume to be effective, it must be created in a format that best highlights your work and educational experience as it relates to your particular career goal or job objective. You should not select a format based on the style that everyone else uses, because your experience and goals will be different. Nor should you use a format just because it is what you have used in the past. In choosing a format, you should consider where you are in your career, where you want to go, and what employers will want to see on your resume in order to help you get there. There are three main, traditional resume formats that will be covered in this section, with rules explaining situations when each should and should not be used. The formats are: 1. chronological resume 2. functional resume 3. targeted resume
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Because the electronic resume formats build on the foundation of a traditional resume, you will find information on those, including keyword-based resumes, and using online templates in Section Three.
Using a Traditional Resume Format that Doesn’t Match Your Experience
RULE #1: Using the Chronological Resume Format The chronological resume format describes your work history and education in reverse-chronological order, and allows you to clearly display an upward career path. It is best used when the job you are currently applying for is the next step up from your most recent work experience.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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The chronological resume is the most popular format, whether you are using a traditional printed resume or an electronic resume to apply for jobs. Using this format allows you to highlight a steady work history, upward mobility, and your education and skills. It also will make any gaps in employment, or lack of experience, very evident. Therefore, if you are seeking your first job, have little previous work experience, or have long gaps in your employment history, you should probably use a functional resume format.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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To determine which resume format is better for you, chronological or functional, ask yourself the following questions: • • • • •
Have I had any long gaps between jobs? Have I ever been fired? Am I lacking real-world work experience? Am I trying to change careers? Do I want to keep my age a secret from potential employers?
If your answer to all of those questions was no, then the chronological resume format may be for you. If you answered yes to any of those questions, however, you should probably use the functional resume format. That format is covered in Rule #2.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Being laid off because of downsizing or an employer’s going out of business is not the same as being fired. Don’t feel ashamed of this gap, which, unfortunately, is becoming more and more common.
Using a Traditional Resume Format that Doesn’t Match Your Experience
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Goof-Proof Sample Resume: Chronological Format
Your Full Name Street Address, City, State, Zip code Phone Number Cell Phone Number E-mail Address Objective (optional): A one or two sentence summary of your accomplishments and your career objective. This should be specifically targeted to the job you are applying for. Work Experience 20## –Present
Your Job Title
Employer, Employer’s City, State
Compose a one-sentence description of your responsibilities. • Using three to five bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. Your statements should be concise and you should try to use specific facts and figures to support them. • Since this is your current or most recent job, include more information about it than you do for subsequent jobs. Be sure to list any awards or recognition you have received, and any specific skills that have benefited you in each job. 19##–20##
Your Job Title
Employer, Employer’s City, State
Compose a one-sentence description of your responsibilities with the company. • Using two to four bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. 19## - 19##
Your Job Title
Employer, Employer’s City, State
A one-sentence description of your responsibilities with the company. • Using two to four bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. Education School Name (City, State) Highest Degree Earned, Graduation Date Major, GPA (optional)
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RULE #2: Using the Functional Resume Format The functional resume format highlights your marketable skills, rather than previous employers, employment dates, or job titles. This format is a good choice for applicants with little or no previous work experience, or those who are looking to change careers. Using this format, you will be inviting potential employers to discover your possibilities and learn what you can do, as opposed to when and where you have been employed.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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To determine how to showcase your skills and capabilities using a functional resume format, ask yourself, “What can I offer the employer?” Be specific with your answer. Then, select five or six of your most marketable skills that will support your answer, and are applicable to the job you are applying for. For each marketable skill, include two or three specific instances when you have successfully used that skill. Achievements from your past employment experiences are preferable, but examples from volunteer or other experiences are appropriate. In either case, state where the skill was used.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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If you attended more than one school, list each school separately, and include all degrees, honors, credentials, and licenses earned. Your schools should be listed in reverse-chronological order, just like your jobs. Generally, secondary schools are not listed on a resume. If you attended an exceptional secondary school, however, you may want to include it. In this case, you would list it last.
Using a Traditional Resume Format that Doesn’t Match Your Experience
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Goof-Proof Sample Resume: Functional Format
Your Full Name Street Address City, State, Zip code Phone, Cell Phone, Fax E-mail Address Objective/Job Title You Are Seeking In one or two sentences, explain your particular career goal(s) or state the job title you are looking to fill and why you are qualified. Experience List Your Most Marketable Skill (It is important that this skill relates directly to the job you are seeking) • List your most impressive achievement using that skill, followed by the name of the employer and the employer’s city and state. • Since this is your most marketable skill, and the biggest reason why you should be hired, use up to five bullet-points to demonstrate how you have used and developed this skill. List Your Second-Most Marketable Skill • Include up to three bullets describing how you have used this skill in your career. Each bullet should include one example, and list the name of the employer, plus the employer’s city and state. List Your Third-Most Marketable Skill • Include up to three bullets describing how you have used this skill in your career. Each bullet should include one example and list the name of the employer, plus the employer’s city and state. Additional Reasons Why You Are Qualified for the Job • List up to three or four achievements, areas of proficiency, specific skills, or other aptitudes, which may impress your potential employer. Use separate bullets for each additional area. Employment History 20##–Present Job Title 19##–20## Job Title
Employer’s Name, Employer’s City, State Employer’s Name, Employer’s City, State
Education Include a listing of degrees earned, the educational institution(s), city/state, and graduation date. You may also include your GPA, if it is impressive.
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RULE #3: Using the Targeted Resume Format The targeted resume format is a combination of the chronological and functional resume formats. It is targeted because the information included in this resume is customized for a specific job opportunity within a specific company.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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A targeted resume is formatted like a chronological resume, but specific functional areas that match the job requirements are highlighted. You should use this format only when you know the exact requirements and responsibilities of the job to which you are applying. The main drawback to using a resume that is targeted for a specific position with a specific employer is that if you are not offered the job you want (because the employer does not think you are qualified, for example), you might not be considered for similar opportunities from that employer. This type of resume also works well for someone with the skills needed to fill a specific job, but who does not have related work experience.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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When preparing a targeted resume, ask yourself, “Why am I the perfect candidate for this job?” Then, support your answer(s) by focusing on why you are qualified to meet the job’s requirements, based on the skills you already have. List your employment history in reverse chronological order, focusing on your most marketable skills. In this way, the targeted resume format is a combination of the functional and chronological formats.
Using a Traditional Resume Format that Doesn’t Match Your Experience
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Goof-Proof Sample Resume: Targeted Format Your Full Name Street Address, City, State, Zip Phone Number Cell Phone Number E-mail Address
Objective: A one- or two-sentence summary of your accomplishments and your career objective. This should be specifically targeted to the job you are applying for. Do not be afraid to state the name of the company you wish to work for. Education: Highest Degree Earned, Graduation Date School Name (City, State) Major, GPA (optional) Relevant Courses: • If you choose to list relevant courses, list two or three courses that match the job requirements Experience: 20##–Present Your Job Title Employer, Employer’s City, State • Using three to five bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. Your statements should be concise and you should try to use specific facts and figures to support them. • Since this is your current or most recent job, include more information about it than you do for subsequent jobs. Be sure to list any awards or recognition you have received, and any specific skills that have benefited you in each job. 19##–20## Your Job Title Employer, Employer’s City, State • Using two to four bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. 19##–19## Your Job Title Employer, Employer’s City, State • Using two to four bullet-points, list your most significant accomplishments, one at a time. Skills: • List three to five skills that demonstrate your ability to fulfill the requirements of the position for which this resume is targeted.
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section
THREE
THE GOOF-UP: FAILING TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF ELECTRONIC RESUMES The Internet
has been a boon for job seekers. Most companies have websites, and many of those include a career opportunities section, enabling applicants to apply for open positions online or by e-mail. Career-related websites also provide applicants with the opportunity to submit resumes online, or add their resumes to online databases that are searched regularly by employers and recruiters. In order to take advantage of these services, however, it is necessary to have an electronic resume. An electronic resume is a kind of keyword-based resume, often called a scannable resume, which is another format that is important to have so that you can easily apply to companies that use applicanttracking software. There are many issues to consider when creating an electronic resume, and each of these areas are covered in this section: • how to use keywords • understanding applicant-tracking software • how to use online templates
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Success Strategy Every resume is important, whether it is submitted on paper, via e-mail, or through an online form. In each case, spelling counts. Since you will not be able to run an online form through your spellcheck software, consider taking two steps to ensure success. First, print out the online form and think about what you will write in each field. Then compose your answers with your word processing software, use your spell-check function, and proofread the material. After you are satisfied with your responses for each field, go to the online form and cut-and-paste your answer from your word processing document. As you are completing the form, be sure to read your responses carefully before you submit them. Taking these extra precautions can save you from making silly errors that could cost you the job!
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RULE #4: Using the Electronic Resume Format The electronic resume format differs from traditional formats in that it is submitted and stored electronically, rather than being printed, submitted, and stored on paper. This format is meant to be sent to a potential employer via e-mail, posted on a careerrelated website or included within an online resume database.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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A computer will interpret your electronic resume. Your goal in preparing it, therefore, should be to ensure that the interpretation matches your intent, and that the computer understands the information you are trying to convey. Most employers will provide basic instructions for how you should prepare and submit your electronic resume to them. It is imperative that you follow all formatting specifications and focus only on the information requested by the potential employer or career-related website. A common mistake made when developing electronic resumes is to think of it simply as an electronic version of an existing chronological (or functional, or targeted) resume. It is not. An electronic resume is a completely different format, and you should consider it as such. For example, in your electronic resume you will use keywords rather than action words to describe your employment history, skills, and education (see Rule #6 for more information on keywords). Unlike traditional formats, you will not have to consider how your electronic resume will look on the printed page (although it will not hurt to ensure that if someone does print your resume, it will look professional). Instead, when developing your electronic resume, you should think about how it will be interpreted by the computer that eventually will read it.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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Benefits of Having an Electronic Resume
If you want to apply for a job online, using a career-related website or applying for a job directly through a company’s website, you must have an electronic resume. Electronic resumes are also ideal for sending via e-mail because they are not formatted like a traditional resume (special fonts, point size, margins, etc.). The majority of medium- and large-sized companies currently accept electronic resume submissions. Having an electronic resume will allow you to: • find and apply for jobs online using popular career-related websites, such as: America’s Job Bank (www.ajb.dni.us) Job.com (www.job.com) Monster (www.monster.com) True Careers (www.truecareers.com) Employment 911 (www.employment911.com) Hot Jobs (www.hotjobs.com) Career Builder (www.careerbuilder.com) • apply for and submit your resume directly to employers by visiting the company’s website or sending your resume directly via e-mail. • submit your resume to local, regional, and national resume databases that are used as applicant search tools by employers, recruiters, and employment agencies.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Confused about how to actually send your electronic resume to an employer? In general, if employers accept electronic resumes, they also will explain how they should be submitted. Some companies prefer resumes to be incorporated within the body of an e-mail while others accept them as file attachments created using a popular word processor. One benefit of sending your resume as an e-mail attachment is, it will retain the formatting you added
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when it was created. This includes line spacing, tabs, bullets, fonts, bold text, and point size. If you insert your resume within the body of an e-mail message, all formatting could be lost, so only the text will be received. Either way, you should pay attention to the file format that the finished document needs to be saved in before sending it to an employer. While most employers prefer to receive files in ASCII or Rich Text Format, some may accept .doc files, such as documents saved in Microsoft Word format. If the file format or submission requirements are not immediately evident, contact the employer directly to find out how they prefer to receive your resume, and in what format.
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A NOTE ABOUT E-MAIL ADDRESSES
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When corresponding with a potential employer via e-mail, always include your e-mail address as well as your regular mailing address and phone number(s) within the body of your message. If an employer deletes your message after printing it, you want him or her to be able to contact you easily.
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RULE #5: Electronic Resume Creation Tips Although employers and career-related websites use different computer systems and software and, therefore, will have their own formatting specifications for electronic resume submission, there are a few universal guidelines that you should follow when creating your electronic resume.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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Supplement these formatting guidelines by adhering to the individual requirements of each employer, and you will be assured of producing a Goof-Proof electronic resume. • Use a basic, 12-point text font, such as Courier or Times New Roman. • Avoid using symbols, such as bullets and trademarks. Instead of a bullet, for example, use an asterisk (“*”) or a dash (“-”). Rather than using the percentage sign (“%”), spell out the word percent, and instead of using a trademark or registered trademark symbol, write them out within parentheses: (trademark) or (registered trademark). • Use the spell check feature of the software used to create your electronic resume and then proofread the document carefully. In fact, it is a good idea to have a friend or family member proofread your resume for you. Applicant-tracking software can be used to count the number of typos and spelling errors in your document and report that to an employer. • Avoid using multiple columns, tables, or charts within your document. These may not be read in the correct order by the software. • Within the text, spell everything out instead of using abbreviations. For example, use the word Director, not Dir. or Vice President as opposed to V.P. In terms of degrees, however, it is acceptable to use terms like MBA, BA, and Ph.D.
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• When sending your resume as an e-mail attachment, always run the file through your virus detection software. • If you are unsure about whether or not an employer will accept a particular file format, you should ask before sending it.
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RULE #6: Using Keywords in the Electronic and Scannable Resume Formats Both the electronic and the scannable resume formats are based on keywords, and you should take care to use them whenever possible. This is in contrast to the traditional formats that use action words and power phrases. Always strive to use as many of the relevant words as possible.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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If you will be applying for jobs at medium- to large-sized companies that use applicant-tracking software, it is important that your resume is compatible with that software. When you use keywords in your resume that you believe will match those that the employer has selected, you ensure that your resume will be properly processed by the employer’s computer system. What is a keyword, anyway? Typically, a keyword is a noun that lists a skill (such as Public Relations Writing), a job title (Brand Manager), or degree you have earned (MBA). To successfully use keywords, all of the information you list in your resume should be descriptive and self-explanatory. Most important, the keywords that you use should match the keywords that the potential employer’s applicant-tracking software is searching for as it parses your resume. The more keyword-matches the software finds, the greater your chance of having your resume flagged for further review. It is not easy to determine which keywords to incorporate into your resume. The trick to choosing the right keywords is to use the resources available to you wisely. Start by carefully reading the classified ad to which you are responding, or the job description the company has written for the position to which you are applying. Highlight all words or phrases that appear to represent key requirements or elements of the position. Then, highlight any industry buzzwords, the specific job title, years of experience and degrees or licenses required, and skills and personal traits mentioned. The
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words and phrases that you have highlighted should all appear within your resume. Another resource that you can use when selecting keywords is the Occupational Outlook Handbook (published by the U.S. Department of Labor). You can access this publication online at www.bls.gov/oco/home.htm, or visit your local library for a print edition of the handbook. Refer to Appendix A for lists of effective keywords, action words, and power phrases.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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What is applicant-tracking software? Simply put, applicant-tracking software allows employers to manage the initial review of resumes electronically, weeding-out applicants who do not match the established criteria. This software also flags applicants who are potential matches, so a human resources professional or hiring manager can then review those resumes. Employers using applicant-tracking software will create a list of keywords for each job opening it has available. These keywords are used to describe the job’s requirements, the necessary skills, and the educational background for the ideal applicant. When an applicant submits a resume, it is entered into the applicant-tracking database, and the software will parse it, comparing each word in the resume to the listing of keywords created by the employer. Only the applicants that have resumes with a pre-defined number of keyword matches will be flagged as potentially qualified applicants for a job opening. After the software has selected the top candidates, a human resources professional reads only those applicants’ resumes and/or invites those people in for interviews.
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RULE #7: When to Use the KeywordBased/Scannable Resume Format The keyword-based, or scannable, resume format is ideal for submitting to employers that use applicant-tracking software. In these instances, a computer scans and analyzes your resume, and picks out pre-defined keywords and phrases rather than a person performing the initial review.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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A keyword-based resume is formatted like a traditional resume, but it focuses on keywords rather than descriptive content. You may wish to highlight your keywords in sections such as “Skills,” “Relevant Courses,” or simply “Keywords.” These sections should include nouns, phrases, industry terminology, and buzzwords that you suspect the applicant-tracking software will be searching for when it evaluates your resume. Whether or not you include a special section featuring keywords, you will want to ensure that they are used repeatedly throughout your resume.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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A scannable resume is a keyword resume that will be printed on paper for submission to an employer. Just like an electronic keyword resume, however, you should target your scannable resume to be evaluated by a computer rather than to be read by a human.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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For printed keyword resumes, follow these formatting guidelines: • Use only white paper with black ink. • Avoid paper that is overly textures or contains flecks within its fibers. • Use a standard font, such as Courier or Times New Roman, which is easily readable by a computer scanner. • Keep your formatting basic. Do not use underlining, bold, or italic text; do not use lines, boxes, columns, or other graphic elements. • Do not use symbols such as: @, #, %, &, or hollow bullets that might not be readable by the scanner. • Use a laser printer (rather than an inkjet printer, dot matrix printer, or a typewriter) to print any document you know is going to be scanned. This will ensure that your text is dark and solid enough to be read by the computer. If you believe that your resume will be read by a person, as well as scanned for evaluation by applicant-tracking software, consider creating a hybrid keyword-based/traditional resume. You would still focus your resume on keywords, but would make it more robust and interesting by using action words and “power phrases” to describe your skills, educational background, and work experience. Refer to Appendix A for lists of effective keywords and action words. The following sample is a keyword-based resume that incorporates traditional elements.
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Sample Keyword-Based Resume
Jack Woodbury 555 Maxon Road Peabody, OH 55555 555-123-4567
[email protected] Objective To find a management position in marketing that would use a combination of the skills and knowledge gained during my six years in the food and beverage industry, and while pursuing my MBA in marketing. Education State University, Worcester, Massachusetts Masters of Business Administration in Marketing, May 2003 The College of St. Henry, Springfield, Massachusetts Bachelor of Arts in Marketing, May 1997 President, The Marketing Club, 1996–1997 Relevant Courses: • Consumer Behavior • Marketing Research • Promotional Strategy and Planning • Consumer Preference Formation and Change • New Product Development and Management Experience Associate Brand Manager September 2000–current Cola Company, Seattle, Washington • Manage growth and integrity of the clear soda product line to ensure revenue goals are met. • Oversee consumer, retailer, and wholesaler promotions. • Develop and write sales support material. • Organize and lead training conferences and seminars for sales manager, buyers, and merchandisers. • Supervise two junior staff members.
F a i l i n g t o Ta k e A d v a n t a g e o f E l e c t ro n i c R e s u m e s
Assistant Brand Manager June 1998–September 2000 Clear Springs, Inc., Seattle, Washington • Designed and led focus groups to study the efficacy of proposed consumer promotional campaigns • Developed point-of-sale promotions to introduce new flavored-water product • Performed financial analysis on brand performance Marketing Assistant May 1997–June 1998 McManus Purveyors, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri • Supported the marketing department for the gourmet foods division • Planned and executed holiday promotions for wholesalers • Developed negotiating and problem-solving skills Skills • Consumer promotions development • Financial analysis • Branding • Team-oriented • Motivated MBA student • Lexis Nexis • Microsoft Office XP (Word, Excel, Outlook, PowerPoint)
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RULE #8: Goof-Proof Online Resume Templates Most career-related websites require that applicants submit their resumes via a predefined resume form on their website. More and more frequently, employers are requiring applicants to submit their electronic resumes in this way as well.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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Online-based resume forms and predefined templates on employer’s or career-related websites are becoming increasingly popular. These forms and templates ensure that all of the resumes submitted online have consistent formatting, and include all required information. If you have ever filled out a form when visiting a website, you will be familiar with the basic premise of an online resume form. Essentially, while visiting an employer’s website, you would complete a detailed form (often several screens long) that prompts you to input all relevant resume information. Each piece of information would be asked for separately, and you would fill in your information in predefined fields. At the end, you often are given the opportunity to review the information you input, and make changes where necessary. After you submit your completed form, your “resume” will be formatted and sent automatically to the employer.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Keep in mind that if an employer has to go through the trouble of creating an online template, they probably have thought a lot about the information they wish to capture in the form. They are not looking for you to get creative and enter more information then they have asked for. Rather, when completing an onlinebased resume form, only fill in the fields with the requested information. If, for example, the online form does not include a field for your college activities, do not attempt to fit the information in by including it in a field labeled “Relevant Courses.”
F a i l i n g t o Ta k e A d v a n t a g e o f E l e c t ro n i c R e s u m e s
Another issue to consider when completing the form is field length. Many online forms are set to accept only a predetermined number of characters in each field. For example, a field for a job description may have a character limit of 25 to 50 words, so the description you enter needs to provide all of the relevant information, using keywords, in a concise manner.
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section
FOUR
THE GOOF-UP: MIXED-UP MAIN RESUME SECTIONS Now that
you have chosen a format, it is time to outline the sections that will comprise your resume. There are four main sections that will be covered in this section, with rules explaining the information that should and should not be included in each. The sections are: • • • •
heading job objective work/employment experience education experience
In this section, you will be asked to fill-in your information after you learn each Goof-Proof Rule. This activity will help you to think about what content will be included in your resume. Later, you will use this content to build your personal resume.
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S RULE #9: Heading
The heading provides potential employers with all of your contact information.
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Your heading should be placed at the very top of your resume so that potential employers will easily be able to identify your contact information from the body of your resume. The first line of your resume (at the top of the page) should always be your full name. The following lines of your resume heading should explain exactly how to contact you. In addition, your heading should only include your contact information for those methods by which you would like to be contacted. For example, if you do not want potential employers to contact you on your mobile phone, do not list the number for it in your heading. Similarly, make sure that each phone for which you have listed a number will be answered either by a person or a recorded message, 24 hours a day. If a potential employer calls, it is imperative that he or she be able to reach you on their first attempt. Connect an answering machine to your phone line, hire a telephone answering service, or subscribe to the voice mail service offered by your local phone company. If a potential employer cannot reach you easily, you could get passed over for a job.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Be careful with your contact information at your current job. If you do not want your current employer to know about your job search, you should avoid listing the phone number or fax number of your present employer, or your work e-mail address in your resume heading.
Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE RESUME HEADINGS
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The style of heading that you choose is a matter of personal preference, but you will want to stick with a fairly traditional style to ensure that the person reviewing your resume will be familiar with it. Whichever style you use, remember that your full name should always be on the first line located at the top of your resume. Here are some of the most common styles.
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Heading Version #1: Centered at the top of the page Full Name Street Address City, State, Zip Home Phone Number Cell/Pager Number (optional) Fax Phone Number (optional) E-mail Address (optional, but strongly recommended)
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Heading Version #2: Centered at the top of the page Full Name, Street Address, City, State, Zip Phone Number/E-mail Address
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Heading Version #3: Left-Justified at the top of the page Full Name Street Address City, State, Zip Phone Number E-mail Address Personal Website Address
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Heading Version #4: Right and Left-Justified at the top of the page Full Name Street Address City, State, Zip Phone Number E-mail Address
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Heading Version #5: Centered, right and left-justified at the top of the page Full Name E-mail Address Personal Website Address
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Permanent Address
School Address
Street Address
Street Address
City, State, Zip
City, State, Zip
Phone Number
Phone Number
Your Resume Heading Information Fill-In
Use this form to fill in your personal contact information. You can choose the format of your heading after you have all of your information together in one place. Name: Street Address: City, State, Zip Code: Phone Number: Cell Phone Number: Fax Number: E-Mail Address: Personal Website Address:
Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
RULE #10: Job Objective Your job objective is the first line of your resume that a potential employer reads. Your objective should match the description of the job to which you are applying.
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An effective job objective should state, in one sentence, the specific job or position you are seeking. Do not waste your time with a generic objective such as, “Seeking a challenging and rewarding opportunity.” A statement of that sort is ineffective, says nothing about you as an applicant, and tells the employer that you do not know what type of job you are looking for.
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To be most effective, your objective should closely match the job you are applying for. Because every job is different, your objective should be customized for each resume you send out. To ensure that your objective matches the position, scan the classified ad or job posting to which you are responding to find the exact title or description that the company uses to describe the position available. Your objective will be placed between your resume heading and body. It cannot stand on its own, however. Rather, you should label this section of your resume with one of the following: • • • • • •
objective position desired job objective employment objective job target goal
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE JOB OBJECTIVES
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Note how the following job objectives closely match the sample job title or description. Classified ad: “Small textile import company in the garment district seeks an administrative assistant with a desire to learn about the garment and textiles industries. Must have excellent computer skills and ability to juggle multiple clerical duties.” Objective: Seeking a full-time administrative assistant position in the garment industry, which would allow me to take advantage of my recent degree in textile merchandising while utilizing my current word processing, filing, and telephone skills. Classified ad: “Newly created assisted living residence center has an opening for an Residence Director. Must be comfortable with a diverse clientele and have several years of experience in health services and/or eldercare at the administrative level.” Objective: To build on my extensive experience in healthcare administration with an activities director position at an assisted living center. Classified ad: “Local beverage company is looking for a dynamic person to take over marketing responsibilities of its cola division; MBA required.” Objective: To find a management position in marketing that would use a combination of the skills and knowledge gained during my seven years in the food and beverage industry, and while pursuing my MBA in marketing.
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Your Job Objective Fill-In
Practice writing your job objective in one concise sentence:
Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
RULE #11: Work/Employment Experience The work/employment experience section of your resume should list all of your previous work experience, including internships; relevant after-school jobs, summer jobs, and part-time jobs; fulltime jobs; and all volunteer or charitable work you have done to date.
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Your work/employment experience is critical information, so it should be listed on your resume in a clear and concise way that demonstrates skills and accomplishments, as well as a solid employment history. As you add each entry to your list, determine the specific dates of your employment (month and year), and make note of each of the job titles you have held, what responsibilities you had, and what your major accomplishments were while in each position. How you convey this information within your resume will be critical. You need to describe each work experience concisely, using actions words. When you create your resume, the heading you use for this section could be: • • • • • •
employment job history work experience professional experience employment history experience
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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When you are creating the Work/Employment Experience section of your resume, never include the reasons why you stopped working for an employer, switched jobs, or why you are currently looking for a new job. You can talk about that in an interview, if
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and when appropriate.
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE WORK/ EMPLOYMENT INFORMATION
September 2001–April 2003
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Trustworthy Services, Menands, NY
Distribution Manager • Managed staff of 30–40 employees in a high volume pick-pack distribution center. • Responsible for all aspects of a warehouse distribution center including, receiving, shipping, inventory control, and scheduling. • Developed staff motivation programs. • Implemented strategies to decrease internal product pillage, resulting in a 13 percent decrease.
November 2000–May 2003 Compliance Manager Nova Health Benefits, Inc., Chesterland, WY Manage compliance in the Corporate Claims department. • Coordinated and performed compliance reviews to ensure compliance with established laws, regulations, and company policies. • Developed compliance policies and procedures. • Created a corporate claims database to facilitate tracking ease. • Supervised and trained a staff of eleven case coordinators.
Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
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Your Employment Experience Fill-In
Most recent position: Name of Company City, State Position Held Dates of Employment Primary Responsibility Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment Previous position: Name of Company City, State Position Held Dates of Employment Primary Responsibility Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment Previous position: Name of Company City, State Position Held Dates of Employment Primary Responsibility Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment Accomplishment
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S RULE #12: Educational Experience
Your educational experience should be listed starting with the most recent degree(s) or certificate(s) you have earned (or will earn). This may include your high school information, and it should always include college information. This is also the appropriate place to mention any apprentice training, accredited workshops, or professional training courses you have completed.
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For each item that you plan to include in this section of your resume, always list the full name of the educational institution you attended, the date of completion, the degree(s) or certificate(s) earned, and the city and state where the institution is located. You should include your major(s) and minors(s), if applicable. If you have done any coursework or participated in extracurricular programs that would be of direct interest to the potential employer, list them at the end. As a header for this section, you may want to choose one of the following: • education • academic record • educational background
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While it is appropriate to abbreviate degrees earned, such as B.A. for Bachelor of Arts, it is not appropriate to abbreviate the name of the educational institution you attended. For example, do not list JMU when you attended James Madison University.
Mixed-Up Main Resume Sections
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE EDUCATION SECTION
Education The Fashion Institute New York, NY B.S., Textile Merchandising, May 2003 Educational Background University of Columbus, Columbus, OH M.S./M.B.A., Healthcare Administration, May 2000 B.S., Behavioral Science, May 1992 Dean’s List Academic Record The College of Saint Henry Springfield, MA B.A. in Marketing, May 1996 President, The Marketing Club, 1995–1996
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Your Education Information Fill-In
Most recent school attended: High School/College or University Name City, State Year Started Graduation Month/Year Degree(s) and/or Award(s) Earned Major(s) Minor(s) Impressive Accomplishments, Extracurricular Activities, Affiliations, etc.
Previous school attended: High School/College or University Name City, State Year Started
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Graduation Month/Year Degree(s) and/or Award(s) Earned Major(s) Minor(s) Impressive Accomplishments, Extracurricular Activities, Affiliations, etc.
Previous school attended: High School/College or University Name City, State Year Started Graduation Month/Year Degree(s) and/or Award(s) Earned Major(s) Minor(s) Impressive Accomplishments, Extracurricular Activities, Affiliations, etc.
section
FIVE
THE GOOF-UP: FORGETTING THE EXTRAS As you
put together your resume, you may wonder if you should include information that does not fall under employment or education experience. Perhaps you were in the military, or you belong to a professional organization. Should these facts be included on your resume? Most likely, the answer is yes. Including “extra” information on your resume that supports your job objective and supplements your experience, may help you to stand out from other job applicants. This information may not be effective in all situations, however, so you should carefully consider the suitability of the extra information each time you prepare your resume. In this section, you will learn the rules for when and how to add the following sections to your resume: • • • •
professional affiliations military service accreditations and licenses personal/professional references
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• your GPA • special skills Rules for including these sections on your resume are covered in this section.
Forgetting the Extras
RULE #13: Professional Affiliations Affiliation with a professional organization can demonstrate your dedication to your career and professional development. If you are a member of a professional organization that relates to the job you are pursuing, list it on your resume.
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Don’t list every organization you have ever belonged to, no matter how relevant to your job search they may seem. A long list of professional organizations might cause a potential employer to become concerned that your obligations to the organizations will interfere with your regular work schedule. Or, an employer may interpret many affiliations with a lack of focus. Choose just one or two of the most appropriate organizations with which you are active to list on your resume. When listing your affiliations, keep your references short.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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If you do mention your professional affiliations, do yourself a favor and exclude any organizations that could potentially be considered controversial. This includes references to religious and political organizations, or those that have philosophies and goals that not everyone agrees with. Most professional affiliations will not fall into this category, but you may be a member of an organization that is a combination personal/professional association. As you are considering whether or not to add the organization to your list, if it is primarily personal, then the answer is probably no. The answer is also no if the organization is controversial, or reveals more personal information about you than you are comfortable with.
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE ● PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS The following samples show how affiliations could be listed on a resume. Professional Affiliation: The Women’s Business Council, Mohawk Regional Chapter Active member since 2000 Professional Development Chairperson, 2002 Affiliations: Member: The Rotary Club Springfield, Massachusetts Treasurer, 2002–3 Corresponding Secretary, 2000–1 Member: Association of American Marketing Executives New England Chapter President-Elect, 2003–4 Mentor Chairman, 2001–2 Professional Affiliation: American Textile Designers Association, Metro New York Chapter • Active member since 2001 • Chaired the 2003 membership drive, which exceeded the prior year’s drive by 24 percent • Represented the Metro New York Chapter at the 2003 annual conference of American Textile Designers Associations
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Your Professional Affiliations Fill-In Name of professional organization: Location of organization: Brief description of the organization (optional): Special involvement within the organization (committees on which you have served, significant accomplishments):
Forgetting the Extras
Name of professional organization: Location of organization: Brief description of the organization (optional): Special involvement within the organization (committees on which you have served, significant accomplishments): Name of professional organization: Location of organization: Brief description of the organization (optional): Special involvement within the organization (committees on which you have served, significant accomplishments):
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S RULE #14: Military Service
Serving in the military is a job and, therefore, should be included in your resume.
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Treat your military service experience like you would your employment experience. Most employers hold applicants who have served in the military, and have been honorably discharged, in high esteem. Employers know that the military cultivates skills like self-discipline and leadership, skills that all employers look for in applicants. If you are using a functional resume format, cull functional areas from your experience to showcase them. If you are using a chronological resume format, list your experience in reverse chronological order. Make sure that you include when you served, your rank, and the branch of the military in which you served. In addition to listing the basic information about your service, make sure that you describe any specialized training you received, specific talents developed, and decorations earned.
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Just as you contemplated how to portray your job experience, when listing your military service, ask yourself, “How will my military service benefit this employer?” Based on your answer, highlight any special training or responsibilities that relate to the position you are pursuing. For example, let’s say you are seeking a position that requires at least three years of supervisory management experience. In your current position—the first one since you were discharged from the military—you do not have a management role. During your eight years in the military, however, you spent more than four years in leadership positions. Leadership roles within the military translate well to management roles in the civilian workplace. Highlight that information.
Forgetting the Extras
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Your Military Service Fill-In Branch of military in which you served: Dates of service: Highest rank achieved: Awards, medals, or recognition earned: Special skills or training acquired:
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RULE #15: Accreditations and Licenses Some industries and careers lend themselves to accreditations and licenses more than others. If yours does, then you should list those accreditations that relate to your job objective on your resume.
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List any accreditations or licenses that directly relate to the job you are applying for. You should dedicate a specific section to this information. Choose a label such as: Accreditations Professional Licenses Accreditations and Licenses If you are currently pursuing a professional license, include it on your resume, and list when you expect to complete the program and receive your license.
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE ACCREDITATIONS AND LICENSES
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The following accreditation would be appropriate to list on a resume sent in response to this ad: “Local beverage company is looking for a dynamic person to take over Internet marketing responsibilities of its cola division. MBA required.” Accreditations: Certified Internet Marketing and Business Strategist (CIMBS) Lake Placid University, Lake Placid, NY December 2002 CPR Certification 2003 American Red Cross
Forgetting the Extras
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Your Accreditation or License Fill-In
Start with the most recent accreditation or license earned, then list any previous accreditations or licenses next. Type of accreditation or license: Institution where it was earned: City, State: Date accreditation/license was earned: Additional coursework done to keep accreditation or license current (if applicable): Type of accreditation or license: Institution where it was earned: City, State: Date accreditation/license was earned: Additional coursework done to keep accreditation or license current (if applicable):
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RULE #16: Personal and Professional References A References section is the one extra that you should not include in your resume.
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Your resume is not the place to list your references because, unless you have at least seven years of solid career experience, your resume should fit on a single page. Listing three or four references would take up a considerable amount of space that would be better used describing your accomplishments. Instead, list three or four professional references on a separate sheet. Make sure that you list your contact information at the top of the page, in the same style and on the same type of paper as your resume, and follow that with the heading “Professional References” or simply “References.” During the application and/or interview process, you will be able to provide your potential employer with your list of references. It is a good practice to carry your list of references with you on all interviews. That way, if you are required to fill out an application at an interview, you will have your reference information readily available.
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“References available upon request” is a useless statement that does little more than take up valuable space on your resume. Do your best to avoid using this statement. If you must include it, only do so if you have plenty of space to spare (and, if you do, consider expanding a useful section such as Employment Experience or Related Skills). Never delete other useful information to state the obvious.
Forgetting the Extras
RULE #17: Listing Your GPA (Grade Point Average) When to list your GPA on your resume.
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If your GPA is above a 3.0 average, then you may want to list it on your resume. If you had average grades, however, there is no need to bring this to the potential employer’s attention. Your resume is supposed to show only your best qualities and most marketable skills, so don’t highlight an average GPA. Apply this rule for your class rank as well. If you graduated within the top ten percent of your class, you may want to highlight that on your resume. If you ranked 241st out of a class of 400, however, you would not want to include that information on your resume.
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GOOF-PROOF SAMPLE GPAs
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The following samples demonstrate the appropriate inclusion of a GPA in the education section. Education The Fashion Institute, New York, New York B.S., Textile Merchandising, May 2003 GPA: 3.6/4.0 Academic Record The College of St. Henry Springfield, Massachusetts B.A. in Marketing, May 1997 GPA: 3.35/4.0 President, The Marketing Club, 1996–1997
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Educational Background University of Columbus, Columbus, OH M.S./M.B.A., Healthcare Administration, May 2000 • GPA: 3.4 on a 4.0 scale B.S., Behavioral Science, May 1992 • GPA: 3.92 on a 4.0 scale • Ranked 12th in graduating class of 1,652 • Magna Cum Laude
Forgetting the Extras
RULE #18: Special Skills Though Special Skills is typically a feature found on keyword resumes, it often can be effective in other resume formats.
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Including a Special Skills section in your resume is a surefire way to call attention to specific abilities in which you believe a potential employer will be interested. If you decide to include a Special Skills section in your resume, be sure that you have at least three skills that directly relate to job you are pursuing. While it may be impressive that you can run a 5k race in under 18 minutes, unless you are seeking a position as a running coach, or something similar, that skill will not mean much to your potential employer. Make sure each skill that you list helps to demonstrate that you are a qualified applicant. In other words, the skills that you decide to list should be marketable skills. They may be self-taught, things you have learned in school, or through on-the-job training. Or, they may be natural abilities or talents that you have mastered through life experience. Some skills are industry- or job-specific, while others are more general. Either way, as you develop your list of skills, ask yourself whether your potential employer would be interested in them. If the answer is yes, then you probably have a marketable skill that is worth showcasing. Your skills should be showcased in a resume section with one of the following headings: • • • • • •
areas of expertise expertise job-related skills skills special skills work-related specialties
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Don’t include a skill just to make your list longer. Think about how you have successfully used each skill in the past. If you haven’t used the skill, it does not belong on your resume. During an interview, your potential employer may ask you to share an example of how you have used the skills on your list. It would be embarrassing to have to answer that you have never used the skill to which you have called so much attention. Always be prepared to explain how you have successfully used the skills on your list.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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Having trouble thinking of some special skills? The following list contains examples of skills that could be included in a Special Skills section. Check those skills that you possess. You will want to expand on the individual skills when you incorporate them into your resume but, for now, this list may help jump-start your skills list creation. • ability to adapt quickly to changing priorities • ability to effectively close sales within a business (or retail) environment • ability to multitask • ability to execute and plan strategies • ability to work with all levels of management • analytical skills • bilingual • bookkeeping • computer literate • copywriting • creative thinker • deadline-oriented • effective prioritization and time management skills • employee training
Forgetting the Extras
• • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
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excellent written and/or communication skills experienced supervisor fast and accurate typist focus group development good listener knowledge of Microsoft Office XP/Raiser’s Edge/Dreamweaver/LexisNexis (any other relevant computer program) leadership skills market research mathematical skills polished telephone communication skills profit and loss statements proofreading seasoned sales skills self-motivated skilled public speaker speech writing strong interpersonal skills strong work ethic survey development (customer, employee, client feedback) system documentation task-oriented team player technical writing telemarketing skills thorough researcher top-notch written communication skills well-organized website content creation writing for the Internet
Your Special Skills Fill-In
Think about how you have used each skill in the past and what the positive results were.
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Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment: Skill: How it was used: Related accomplishment:
section
SIX
THE GOOF-UP: NOT PRESENTING YOUR INFORMATION CLEARLY You may
have the exact experience and background that an employer is looking for, but if you do not convey that information clearly in your resume, an employer could easily overlook you. Don’t worry; it is not difficult to goof-proof your presentation. Once you have decided on your resume format and compiled your information, you can focus on employing the tactics that will improve your presentation. The tactics described in this section are basically common sense: • Present your information in bulleted lists. • Use specific language made up of action words and phrases to describe your experience and achievements. • Proofread everything.
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Your Printed Resume If you are submitting your resume on paper, it should be printed on high quality, white, off-white, or cream-colored paper. Avoid trendy colors, or paper that is overly textured. Look for 24- or 28pound bond paper made of 100% cotton stock. Strive for a finished resume that is well-balanced on the page, appears neat rather than cluttered, and is inviting to the reader.
Goof-proofing your resume organization simply takes a little extra concentration, proofreading, rewriting, and proofreading again!
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RULE #19: Using Bulleted Lists This is the number one rule for effective resume organization.
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Bulleted lists are much easier to read than text-based paragraphs and should be used whenever possible. When a potential employer receives your resume, he or she most likely will give it only a cursory review. If it is too text-heavy, and appears unmanageable, it may not even be reviewed at all. Think about how you prefer to read information when you are busy. Do you prefer long paragraphs, or succinct bulleted lists? Most people would choose the latter because it is easier to scan bulleted lists to pick out keywords and phrases. Keep your reader in mind as you are organizing your information. Make sure that every detail is presented in a way that makes it easy for someone reading your resume to quickly determine what information you are trying to convey.
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Bulleted items do not need to be written in complete sentences; they just need to be logical and make sense to your reader. They should be neither too short, so that they appear too cryptic for a potential employer to understand, nor should they be too long, so that your point gets lost. Each bulleted item should stand alone, and your meaning should be evident. Start each bulleted item with an action word or power phrase so that you immediately capture your reader’s attention. Bulleted items should be consistent in form. This means that if you include one complete sentence in your bulleted lists, all of the items should be complete sentences.
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Goof-Proof Sample Employment Experience Bulleted List
September 2002–May 2003
Jazzy Sportswear, Inc., New York, NY
Merchandising Department Intern • Supported Merchandising Director during a nine-month internship. • Researched consumer trends within the women’s active wear industry. • Studied retailer-level merchandising program compliance by performing unannounced visits in twelve cities. • Identified three unique strategies for increasing retailer compliance with the program, two of which will be implemented in September 2003.
N o t P re s e n t i n g Yo u r I n f o r m a t i o n C l e a r l y
RULE #20: Strive for Clarity Be careful when selecting words and phrases to describe your experience. Awkward phrasing or ambiguous terms can muddy your message and make it difficult for your reader to understand the information you are trying to convey.
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Your reader will spend less than a minute glancing at your resume for the first time. Every time you select a word, make sure that it gets you closer to an easy-to-understand resume. Avoid convoluted phrasing and extraneous words. Be precise with your language. Most important, keep your reader in mind as you write. Bear in mind that you are trying to pique of a potential employer’s interest, and you only have a few seconds of reading time to do that. If you remember that, you will be better off.
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Goof-Proof Clarity Questionnaire
The following questions are designed to help you distill the information that you have compiled for your resume. Try to give specific, clear answers to each question. Use as few words as possible, and make sure your terms and phrases are accurate and understandable. What is your job title? Does the job title sound generic, or will someone immediately be able to determine what the job title means? If not, do you have a supporting sentence that explains your job title?
What is it?
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What were your top three responsibilities for each job listed? 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. What actions did you take to accomplish your job-related responsibilities? 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. What particular problems did you face while on the job? How did you overcome them? What skills did you use day-to-day? 1. 2. 3. Specifically, how did you use those skills? 1. 2. 3.
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What is the one accomplishment that you are the most proud of?
List any action verbs and keywords, specific to your industry, that you should use as you describe your job, its responsibilities, and your accomplishments:
If you have trouble answering the questions, take that as a sign that you need to focus your information. Step away from your resume, and do something fun and unrelated to your job search. Then, go back to the questionnaire. Remember to keep your reader in mind as you focus on the particulars of your individual employment experience.
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Be succinct. One of your goals in preparing your resume should be to keep it short and to the point. This is achieved by taking the time to ensure that your information is well organized. Focus on your job objective and present the information that supports that objective in a concise manner. If you have a tendency to go on and on when explaining your experience, enlist a friend to edit your content. At the very least, look out for and delete any redundant words and phrases.
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RULE #21: Add Impact with Action Words and Power Phrases If you are trying to be succinct— saying a lot about yourself, using the fewest words possible—then action words are critical.
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Action words help you add impact to your resume without bogging it down with lengthy phrases. Action words are usually verbs that should enhance your accomplishments, without stretching the truth. First, identify skill words listed in the ad or job description to which you are responding. Then, use action words that relate back to those skill words. These should demonstrate your experience and capabilities. It sounds more confusing than it is.
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Goof-Proof Example Job Description: Agency seeks a Media Director to provide top level strategic media expertise in all areas; oversee preparation of media research, plans, buys, and posts; participate in presentations to new and existing clients; foster growth and development; and inspire and motivate existing staff in media department. Requirements include: • solid experience in media planning and buying • ability to communicate and work in tandem with multiple account teams within the company • ability to juggle priorities in order to meet deadlines
Sample action phrases to use when describing employment experience, that relate to the skill words: • prepared and participated in client presentations • managed staff of thirteen media buyers and planners
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• developed media plans in conjunction with Senior Account Supervisor • performed and analyzed media research
The words, prepared, participated, managed, developed, performed, and analyzed all demonstrate action and accomplishments that relate directly to the job description. Using action words allows you to incorporate shorter, more succinct sentences into your resume. Refer to Appendix A for lists of effective action words, power phrases, and keywords.
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S RULE #22: Proofread Your Resume
This rule is simple and important. Always proofread your resume.
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Your resume is an extremely important document; spelling and grammatical mistakes are not acceptable. The last thing you want to do is to send a resume to a potential employer with a spelling error. Doing so is a sure way to direct your resume from the inbox to the trash bin. Your first line of defense is your word processing program’s spellchecker. Make sure this is enabled when you are creating your resume. After you have finished your resume, print it, and put it aside. Allow some time to pass before picking up the printout and reading it over. Try to review it with a critical eye, keeping on the lookout for errors. Correct any errors that you find, and then have a trusted friend or family member proofread it. If you want, have a second person proofread your resume as well. Fresh eyes may be able to find errors that others have missed. A final step in the proofreading process is to have a professional review your resume before you submit it to potential employers. If you have access to a Career Center, either at your high school, college, or university, ask someone there to review your resume and give you feedback. Or, if you plan to work with a recruiter or an employment agency, someone there should be willing to evaluate your resume before it is sent to employers.
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FINAL STEPS
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Think back to Section One. You were asked to read through a Goof-Proof Checklist, and keep the questions in mind as you put your resume together. Now that you have selected a format, compiled your information, organized it, and proofread your document carefully, let’s go back to that checklist. Read through your resume. Does it answer the following questions clearly and accurately? • • • • • • • • • • •
Who are you? How can you be contacted? What position are you applying for? What are your skills and qualifications? What work experience do you have that directly relates to the job you are applying for? What will you bring to the company that other applicants do not or will not? How will you benefit the company in the short-term? How will you benefit the company in the long-term? Have you demonstrated problem-solving skills? Is there a skill or experience that sets you apart from all of the other applicants? What is it? Where did you go to school?
If you can easily find the answers to the checklist questions, then your resume is in good shape. Keep in mind that your resume is just one tool you will be using to find and land a job. Each resume that you submit to an employer should be accompanied by a well-written cover letter. Part Two will guide you through the Goof-Proof cover letter writing process.
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PA R T T W O
THE GOOF-PROOF COVER LETTER
section
ONE
THE GOOF-UP: SORTING OUT WHAT A COVER LETTER IS . . . AND IS NOT Think about
the cover letter as your resume’s best friend. Without it, your resume would be lost, showing up unannounced in an employer’s in-box. With a cover letter, your resume benefits from a positive introduction to potential employers—an introduction that should get the reader interested in learning more about your skills and accomplishments. The bottom line is that your resume should always be accompanied by a professional, effective cover letter.
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WHAT A COVER LETTER IS
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Essentially, a cover letter is a business letter, albeit a very important and specialized one. It is specialized because it is designed to accompany your resume and introduce you to your potential employer. It will be the first information about you that a potential employer receives, so you should be sure that it is polished and professional. Your cover letter should be written in a formal business style, with perfect spelling and grammar. The purpose of
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your cover letter is to seize the opportunity to impress a potential employer. The length of your cover letter is important. You do not want to send a long-winded letter several pages in length that extols your experience and achievements. A letter that is longer than one page runs the risk of being tossed aside. Remember, your reader (your potential employer) is busy. As you learned in Part One of this book, you should strive to be succinct rather than wordy, and respect your reader’s time. When looking to fill a position, a hiring manager may receive letters and resumes from dozens of applicants. Some, if not most, of the letters will be quickly skimmed. If your letter cannot be quickly skimmed, a hiring manager may not bother with it at all. If your cover letter is well organized, concise, compelling, and error-free, it will make a positive impression on your potential employer, positively influencing the way in which your resume is received. If it is poorly written, contains spelling errors, or rambles on, it will certainly detract from even the most distinguished and well-composed resume.
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BRIEFLY . . .
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Your letter should: • introduce you to a potential employer. • state the exact job for which you are applying. • explain why a potential employer should take the time to consider your resume. • highlight relevant skills and accomplishments. • demonstrate that you are capable of writing an interesting, yet professional, business letter. • request an action to be taken by the reader, such as scheduling an interview.
Sorting Out What a Cover Letter Is . . . and Is Not
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WHAT A COVER LETTER IS NOT
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Your cover letter is not a stand-alone document. It must work in concert with your resume. This means that your cover letter and resume should be similar in terms of appearance and content. Use the same font and margin settings for your resume and your cover letter, and print both on the same high quality paper. The content of your cover letter should match your resume, as well. While it is fine to call attention to particular skills or accomplishments that you have listed on your resume, your cover letter should not contain significant information that is not included on your resume.
Some Things Are Better Left Unsaid As you read the upcoming sections, you will get a good feel for what you should include in your cover letter. But there may be some topics that you are not sure about, mostly personal information. Should you mention your love of mountain biking? What about your dedication to your religion? In your cover letter, it is important to know what topics you should avoid. These include: • your age, race, religion, health, including any physical/mental disabilities • your hobbies • your social security number • references to your physical appearance • desired compensation/salary/benefits, etc. This last one may be vexing. What if the employer has asked for salary requirements in the ad? Stating a specific dollar amount can hurt your chances for the job because the employer could view you as too expensive or inflexible. Respond to a request for your salary history or requirements with a range, not specific numbers.
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YOUR COVER LETTER
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As with any business letter, a cover letter can be broken down into sections, with each section containing specific information. The sections of a cover letter are as follows: • • • • • • • •
your contact information potential employer’s contact information date salutation opening paragraph primary message paragraph(s) supporting paragraph specific request for action (may be part of your supporting paragraph) • closing • enclosure While your cover letter should follow this outline, the number of paragraphs may differ from letter to letter. Before you can worry about the number of paragraphs, and what goes where, however, you should be sure to know some basic information about the intended recipient of your letter. You should be able to fill in the following information: • • • • •
recipient’s full name recipient’s job title company name company mailing address the exact position for which you are applying
If you plan to send your cover letter and resume electronically, you will want to know some additional information: • recipient’s phone number • recipient’s fax number • recipient’s e-mail address
Sorting Out What a Cover Letter Is . . . and Is Not
Even if you do not plan to send your documents electronically, having the phone and fax numbers, and e-mail address of your intended recipient will be helpful for future contact, scheduling interviews, and general follow-up.
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Regardless of how your cover letter looks, or the content that is included, you should remember that your resume would be lost without it. If you are doing any of the following, you need a cover letter: • sending a resume in response to a classified ad, job posting, or job opening announcement. • following up on a potential job lead given to you by an acquaintance. • sending an unsolicited resume to a company. • submitting your resume electronically, via a company’s website. • requesting that a contact review your resume. So, you see, a cover letter is critical to the success of your job search. The next sections in this book will guide you through the process of crafting an effective, Goof-Proof cover letter. Let’s get started!
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section
TWO
THE GOOF-UP: BEING CARELESS WITH YOUR COVER LETTER You have
already shown that you care about your cover letter by reading this book. That is a good first step. Now, you will receive tips to help project a positive image through your cover letter. What you say in your cover letter, your content and meaning, is important. Just as important, though, is your writing style, spelling, punctuation, and the format of your letter. This cannot be stressed enough. If you are careless with something as important to your career as your cover letter, then you are showing your potential employer that you may be careless on the job. So, just as you were selective with the words you used in your resume, you should pay close attention to the content of your cover letter. This is a great opportunity to highlight your writing skills, and represent yourself in a thoughtful and professional manner. Take advantage of this opportunity. If you doubt the importance of your cover letter, think about this: Regardless of your industry, or the job you are pursuing, employers value strong communication skills. A well-written cover letter demonstrates good communications skills, and it will
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get you noticed in a positive way. A poorly written letter, on the other hand, could easily get you passed over. What is a poorly written letter, and how can you goof-proof yourself against one? It is easy to do if you are careful, and consider all of the information you are including. This section will provide you with rules for guarding against the basic blunders. These goof-ups include: • • • •
incorrect contact information spelling and grammatical errors submitting a sloppy letter failing to personalize your letter
Business Letter Basics Will your cover letter be the first business letter you have written? If you are not familiar with how to write an effective business letter, you may want to learn more about the format before writing your cover letter. There are many useful books and Internet resources to help you. LearningExpress, for example, publishes Goof-Proof Business Writing, which includes many practical tips that can help you write better business letters and, from there, better cover letters.
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RULE #23: Gather Your Contact Information Using incorrect contact information in your cover letter can be extremely embarrassing. It will demonstrate a lack of interest and attention to detail. Similarly, addressing your letter to a generic “position” will show that you do not have the wherewithal to investigate who will actually receive your letter.
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If you have any doubts about your recipient’s full name, title, company name, address, or gender, take the time to find out. Call the recipient’s office and ask for his or her full name and title, if possible. While you are on the line, confirm the correct spelling of both the recipient’s name and the company’s name. Repeat the information back to the person you are speaking to, so that you know you are correct. Spelling someone’s name incorrectly is unprofessional and insulting, and could land your resume in the trash bin, even if you are a qualified candidate. If you are not 100% sure of your recipient’s gender, ask. You will want to address your envelope using Mr. or Ms. Employer. You do not want to offend your potential employer by referring to her as Mr., or him as Ms. Along those lines, if you are addressing your envelope and cover letter to a woman, use Ms. rather than Mrs. or Miss. The former allows you to avoid assumptions about your recipient’s marital state.
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Not sure how to make an inquiry about your recipient’s name and title? Find out the main telephone number for the company you plan to send your resume to. Then, use one of these sample openers: “Good morning. I am writing a letter to the Director of Marketing at your company. I’d like to ensure it is delivered promptly and to the correct person. Would you tell me who I should address my letter to?”
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“Hello. I have a letter to send to Bruce Smith at your company. I’d like to confirm his title. Would you have that information?” “Good afternoon. I’m submitting a resume to your company for an administrative position. I understand that resumes should be sent to your Human Resources department. Is there a particular person I could address my letter to?”
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Most people are glad to help courteous callers. So, be polite, ask for specific help, and always thank the person for his or her help.
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RULE #24: Check Your Spelling and Grammar You checked and double-checked your resume for spelling and grammatical errors. Do the same for your cover letter.
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When you sit down to write your cover letter, take a dictionary with you. Use it to look up any words that you are unsure how to spell. If your word processing software has a spell-checker, make sure it is turned on. But don’t rely solely on the spellchecker. If you mean to say “too” but type “two,” your spellchecker will not notify you of incorrect spelling. This is where a proofreader comes in. Enlist a friend or relative (or two) to read your cover letter for spelling errors. Ask them to also check your grammar, and look for awkward phrasing and word use. Yes, your first line of defense can be your word processing software’s grammar-checker, but a proofreader will be able to alert you to clunky sentences that simply do not read well.
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Are you a notoriously poor speller? Does the mere mention of the word grammar make you nervous? Help yourself by investing in one or two of the many books available on improving your spelling and grammar. In the Goof-Proof series, for example, LearningExpress has published Goof-Proof Grammar and GoofProof Spelling. You also may want to search the Internet for useful spelling and grammar websites. Many of them have interactive tools and quizzes that can help you improve your skills quickly.
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RULE #25: Personalize Every Cover Letter Never send out a generic cover letter.
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When you receive a letter or solicitation addressed to “Current Resident” do you feel excited to read more? Probably not. Most of us toss those letters directly into the trash bin. If you do not personalize your cover letters, they might end up there, too. Each letter that you write should be customized for the job to which you are applying, and should be personalized using the name and title of the intended recipient. An impersonal letter will not engage your reader. Instead, it will make him or her feel that you are not really interested in the particular position available. Interested candidates do everything possible to ensure that they get noticed.
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Whenever you send a resume to a potential employer, it should be accompanied by a custom written, personalized cover letter. This applies even when you are responding to a classified ad that does not list a contact name for resume submission. In this case, you may be tempted to address your cover letter and resume to “To Whom It May Concern” or, “Dear Sir or Madam.” Avoid this temptation. As you learned in Rule #23, you should contact the company whenever you have doubts about the spelling or name of the person to whom you should submit your resume and cover letter. If no contact name is listed in a classified ad, call the company and ask for one. If you absolutely cannot obtain a contact name, then you may be forced to use the generic “Dear Sir or Madam.” You should make every attempt to avoid this before resigning yourself to this salutation.
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RULE #26: Looks Count The look of your cover letter is as important as your resume. It should match the style of your resume, be neat, look like a professional letter, and be printed on high quality paper.
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Content, spelling, grammar, personalization: You have these covered. But what about how your cover letter appears on paper? You should carefully consider the overall presentation of your cover letter and ensure that it is professional, accurate, and visually appealing. First, your resume and cover letter should work together. This means that both should be printed on the same paper. They also should both use the same font, in the same point size. Similarly, the content of your cover letter should match that of your resume. If your resume contact information includes your address, telephone number, fax number, and e-mail address, your cover letter contact information should include those items as well. Your cover letter and resume likely will arrive in a potential employer’s in-box along with many other pieces of mail. If you are responding to a classified ad or job posting, it probably will arrive with dozens of other resumes from people all vying for the same position as you. You can help make your cover letter and resume stand out from the others by making sure they look extremely professional. You want the recipient to have the impression that you have put considerable thought and attention into the appearance of these documents. Section Four will provide you with details on how to format your cover letter.
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If you print your cover letter, and think it looks cluttered or messy, it probably does. Go back and make alterations. Do not try to cram information on one page using short margins, which can
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give the page a crowded appearance and may overwhelm your reader. Long paragraphs can do the same thing. In both cases, you should re-read your letter and determine if there are words, phrases, or sentences that should be cut. Sometimes, a few key edits can make all the difference between a sloppy cover letter and a professional one. If you print your cover letter, and it becomes smudged or marked in some way, do not think that you can get away with sending it anyway. Even the smallest smudge can detract from your cover letter’s appearance and make your potential employer think you are careless and messy. Never send a letter that is in less than perfect condition. This is true for your envelope as well. Smudges, nicks, pencil marks, coffee stains, anything that tarnishes the appearance of your cover letter, resume, or accompanying envelope should be corrected before you send them.
section
THREE
THE GOOF-UP: NOT ORGANIZING YOUR COVER LETTER The cover
letter has a specific goal, to entice the recipient to read your resume and invite you for an interview. There are specific sections that should be included in order for your cover letter to be effective and meet that goal. If you do not organize your cover letter properly, your message will not be conveyed the way in which you meant it. The Goof-Proof Rules in this section outline the basic information that should be included in your cover letter. You will learn about: • proper salutations • what makes an opening paragraph effective • why you should close with a request for action
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Watch Your Words You should avoid using clichés or overly used phrases in your cover letter. If you find yourself stuck, and you can only think of a cliché to convey your message, then put your letter aside and go back to it later with a clear head. Or ask a friend or family member for a suggestion.
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RULE #27: Heading and Salutation The first items on your cover letter are your contact information, the date, your recipient’s contact information, and the salutation. These should be clearly listed in that order.
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GOOF-PROOF HEADING
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Your cover letter starts with a heading, comprised of your contact information. Because your cover letter should match your resume, list your contact information exactly as you did on your resume. This includes your full name, address, phone number(s), e-mail address, and fax number (if they were listed on your resume). Personalized stationery that matches your resume paper is the most professional option. The most popular option, however, is letterhead designed using your word processing software. If you choose this option, make sure your letterhead coordinates with your resume by using the same fonts, type style, point size, and placement on the page. For instance, if you opted to center your heading at the top of your resume, center it on the top of your cover letter as well.
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Your Heading Fill-in Your Full Name: Your Address: Your Phone Number: Your Fax Number: Your Cell Phone Number: Your E-mail Address:
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GOOF-PROOF DATE
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Following your heading will be the date of your letter, written in standard format: June 4, 2003 4 June 2003
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Do not abbreviate dates in your cover letter. Formats such as the following are unacceptable in a cover letter: 5/14/2003 Aug. 12, 2003 07-15-2003
You should always write out the date in standard business letter format.
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GOOF-PROOF RECIPIENT INFORMATION
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Next, list the recipient’s contact information. Use standard business letter format to list your recipient’s name, title, company name, and address. List your recipient’s full name and the official name of the company.
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Your Recipient’s Contact Information Fill-in Recipient’s Full Name: Recipient’s Title: Company Name: Division or Department Name (if applicable): Company Address:
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GOOF-PROOF SALUTATION
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With both parties’ contact information listed, you are ready to begin your cover letter. Don’t just jump into the body of your letter—start out with a proper salutation, setting the professional tone of the cover letter. “To Whom it May Concern,” “Good afternoon,” or simply the recipient’s name (“Joe:”) are examples of inappropriate ways to start your cover letter. Instead, begin with “Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. (insert recipient’s last name):”. Avoid addressing someone by their first name unless they are a relative or close friend. If you are responding to a classified ad or job posting that only lists a contact person’s first name, try to contact the company to learn the person’s last name. If you cannot obtain this information, then address your cover letter to that person using the first name listed. In this case, you would write “Dear (insert recipient’s first name):”. Avoid using a generic salutation, such as “Dear Sir or Madam:” or “Dear Human Resources Manager:”. Salutations such as these should only be used as a last resort if you absolutely cannot find out the hiring manager’s name. Here are some other tips for writing your salutation: • Some names are shared by both men and women. These include names such as Chris, Pat, Jackie, Dale, Leslie, Dylan, Sam, or Robin, among others. If you only know the first name of your recipient, and cannot determine the gender based on that name, call the company and ask for clarification. Do not make gender assumptions because they easily could be wrong. • If you are sure the recipient of your letter is a woman, use “Dear Ms. (insert last name):” as your salutation. “Miss” is rarely used in business correspondence and “Mrs.” should only be used to address someone who is married. However, many married professional women prefer the neutral “Ms.” • If a title of distinction, such as Doctor (Dr.), Reverend, or Professor, is listed in the ad or posting, use it in your salutation. Write “Dear Dr. (insert last name):” or “Dear Reverend (insert last name):”. The person who wrote the ad took the time to consider titles, so you should pay careful attention to using them correctly and appropriately.
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S RULE #28: The Opening Paragraph
Your opening paragraph should be short and to the point. The goal of this paragraph is very specific: To tell your reader why you are writing this letter.
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First, if you think a paragraph must be comprised of several sentences you should toss that idea aside. Your opening paragraph should be short and simple, no more than two sentences. These sentences should clearly express to your reader why you are writing to him or her. For example, you may be submitting your resume to a particular person based on a lead from an acquaintance. Or you may be responding to a classified ad. Either way, state this in your opening paragraph. You also should state the exact name of the job opening you are pursuing.
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Goof-Proof Sample Opening Paragraphs I am writing today in response to your advertisement for an Activities Director in the April 30, 2003 edition of The Daily Times. On my enclosed resume, you will find that I have the skills and work experience necessary to fill this position. Louise Ramos suggested that I contact you regarding the opening for the Executive Director position available at your organization. I have enclosed my resume, which details my skills and experience. In response to our telephone conversation on July 5, 2003, regarding the job opening Asphalt Shoes has for an Ancillary Products Design Assistant, I am pleased to enclose my resume for your consideration. In response to your company’s ad, which appeared in the June 1, 2003 issue of Northwest Marketer, please consider me for the Marketing Manager opening your company has available. I have enclosed my resume for your perusal.
N o t O r g a n i z i n g Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
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Your Opening Paragraph Fill-in
Try writing a two-sentence opening paragraph, using one of the following fill-ins. I am writing today in response to your advertisement for a(n) (name of position) in the (date) edition of
(name of publication). On my
enclosed resume, you will find that I have the skills and work experience necessary to fill this position. (name of acquaintance) suggested that I contact you regarding the opening for the (name of position) position available at your organization. I have enclosed my resume, which showcases my skills and experience. In response to our telephone conversation on
(date),
regarding the job opening
(name
of company) has for a
(name of
position), I am pleased to enclose my resume for your consideration. In response to your company’s ad, which appeared in the (date) issue of consider me for the
(name of publication), please (name of position)
opening your company has available. I have enclosed my resume for your perusal.
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RULE #29: Primary Message Paragraphs After you have stated your reason for writing, the next paragraph or two should convey your primary message. The goal of this part of your letter is to set you apart from the competition and demonstrate that you are the best candidate for the position.
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You can position yourself as the best candidate for the job by understanding and addressing the employer’s needs. Through research about the company and the job opening (and the wording of the ad or job posting you are responding to), you should have a basic understanding of what the employer’s needs are. Your primary message paragraphs should provide a few examples of how you can fill those needs. One way to begin is with a strong opening statement. For this portion of your letter, you may opt to use bullet points to save space and allow you to get more information across to the reader quickly.
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Goof-Proof Sample Primary Message Paragraphs Some of the skills I attained and used regularly in my previous jobs qualify me for this position. For example, I am fully adept at the following: • Profit and Loss (P&L) statement evaluation • Lexis/Nexis research • Case study development As detailed on my resume, I have been employed as a Corporate Researcher for three years. In this time, I have built on the education and training I received at Smithville University to become a top performer at Knox-Reed Industries.
N o t O r g a n i z i n g Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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When an ad or posting states specific qualifications as requirements for the job, be sure to address those requirements directly. For example, if the ad to which you are responding states specific years of experience or knowledge of particular computing systems as requirements, your letter should clearly convey how you meet those requirements. As demonstrated on my resume, I have over four years of experience working for the Tiny Tykes Day Care Center as an activities coordinator. During this time, I have created new activities programs, including a series of monthlong programs design to enhance cognitive and physical development.
In this example, the applicant demonstrates how she meets the job qualifications in two simple, short sentences.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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When your potential employer reads your letter, he or she will be looking for answers to certain questions. You should anticipate these questions and make sure your primary message paragraphs answer them. Before you send your cover letter, make sure you have answered each of the questions on the following checklist to ensure that you are conveying adequate information about yourself as a potential candidate. • Are you knowledgeable about the industry and the company? • Can you communicate well on paper? • Do you possess the skills, education, and work experience necessary to meet the job’s qualifications? • Do you have what it takes to succeed at the company? • Have you addressed each job requirement listed in the ad or posting? • Is there a particular skill or accomplishment that sets you apart from other applicants?
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RULE #30: The Supporting Paragraph The next paragraph is your supporting paragraph. This paragraph should explain why you are interested in working for the company.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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When you write your supporting paragraph, ask yourself the question, “What is it about the employer that piqued my interest?” Is the company well respected in your industry? Have you recently read an article about an exciting new development at the company? This is your opportunity to show the employer that you have done your homework and have strong knowledge about the company and the industry.
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Goof-Proof Sample Supporting Paragraphs Sample 1 Based on your company’s 13-year track record as an industry leader, I would be honored to be part of Communication Company’s account team. My five years of experience in client relationship management for The Interactive Company could be beneficial as you begin development of your interactive communication division in early 2004. Sample 2 After reading about your company’s success at the recent Southeast Regional Agency Awards, I became intrigued. I understand that your company has experienced rapid growth while maintaining customer and employee loyalty and, as demonstrated by your awards, producing high quality work. This is exactly the type of organization for which I would like to apply my skills in business development.
N o t O r g a n i z i n g Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
RULE #31: The Specific Request for Action A Specific Request for Action paragraph is crucial to any effective cover letter.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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Don’t assume that your reader knows what you want from your letter. You have to ask. Your letter should contain a request for the reader to take action and invite you in for an interview. This may be your only opportunity to get an interview, so you don’t want to take any chances. In this paragraph, you should simply request that your reader call or e-mail you to set up an appointment for an interview.
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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As you have read throughout this book, the person to which you are writing is probably very busy. As such, you may want to take charge and follow up on your letter with an e-mail or a telephone call. Depending on your industry, you may or may not want to mention this in your letter. If you work in sales, marketing, or public relations, taking the first step to follow up is appropriate, and will most likely demonstrate skills that your potential employer values. On the other hand, in some industries, such a tactic is considered aggressive. Consider your particular situation to determine whether you should make the initial follow-up contact. If you opt not to, this does not mean you can afford to be passive. If you have not been contacted by the company within ten days, e-mail your intended recipient or follow up with a phone call to ensure that they have received your information. If they have received your information, but have not called you because they have been too busy, they may want to set up an appointment with you while you are on the phone. When you mention in your letter that you will be making a follow-up phone call, be sure to give the employer at least three to
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five business days to read your cover letter and resume before making a follow-up call.
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Goof-Proof Sample Specific Request for Action Statements Sample 1 I plan on being in the Rockville, Maryland area on May 15, 2003, and I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you in-person. I will call you next week to schedule an interview. Sample 2 I look forward to speaking with you in greater detail about this job opportunity. Please contact me at 555-555-6789 or
[email protected]. Sample 3 After reviewing my resume, I hope you will find time to meet with me in person regarding the financial analyst opening at your company. I will give you a call later this week to schedule a convenient time for a meeting. Sample 4 The opportunity to meet with you in-person would be a privilege. Please give me a call at 555-444-3333 to schedule an interview.
N o t O r g a n i z i n g Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
RULE #32: The Closing Paragraph Your final paragraph is your closing. As with your opening paragraph, this should be brief and to the point.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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The closing paragraph thanks your reader for taking the time to read your letter and, (one hopes), your resume. It also should express your desire to move forward in the application process. In some cases, you may want to include your specific request for action within your closing paragraph.
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Goof-Proof Sample Closing Paragraphs Sample 1 Thank you, in advance, for reviewing my resume and considering me for the Corporate Researcher position you have available. I look forward to meeting with you in person for an interview sometime in the near future. Sample 2 Thank you for your consideration, and I look forward to hearing from you. Sample 3 Thank you for considering me for the position of Executive Director at The Charitable Organization. I look forward to speaking with you in greater detail about this job opportunity. Please contact me at 555-888-2222 to schedule an interview.
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RULE #33: The Closing Salutation Always wrap up your cover letter with a closing salutation.
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Don’t waste the time and energy you expended crafting the perfect cover letter by forgetting to use a formal closure. After thanking your reader for his or her interest, time, and/or consideration, close your letter using a standard business letter closure.
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Goof-Proof Sample Closing Salutations Sincerely, (Signature) (Typed name) Sincerely yours, (Signature) (Typed name) Regards, (Signature) (Typed name) Yours truly, (Signature) (Typed name) Respectfully, (Signature) (Typed name)
N o t O r g a n i z i n g Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
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GOOF-PROOF RULE OF THUMB
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Your cover letter is almost complete. After your formal closure, conclude your letter by typing “Enclosure” three to four lines below your typed name. You should write out the complete word rather than “Enc.” because it is more formal. And are you really too busy to key in the entire word?
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Your Cover Letter Fill-In
Now that you understand what to include in the main sections of your cover letter, you can use this template to pull together all of the information that will serve as the base for your cover letter. Recipient (full name): Recipient’s gender: Salutation: Recipient’s exact job title: Recipient’s mailing address: Recipient’s phone number: Recipient’s fax number: Recipient’s e-mail address: Position you are applying for: How/where did you hear about the job opportunity: Develop a one- or two-sentence statement of who you are and what type of job you are qualified to fill. This statement should quickly summarize what is special about you as an applicant:
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Why are you qualified for the job? List three skills, accomplishments, or qualifications: 1. 2. 3. Explain why you want to work for the company:
Request a specific action, such as contacting you for an interview:
Thank the employer for their time and consideration:
section
FOUR
THE GOOF-UP: FORGETTING TO FORMAT YOUR COVER LETTER Remember what
you learned in Section Two about being careful how you convey the message of your cover letter? You learned that being careless could cost you the job, so you should pay attention to, among other things, the way your resume looks on the printed page. Formatting your cover letter is the final step in making sure you are presenting yourself in the most professional manner.
Tracking Your Submissions In addition to keeping copies of all material you submit to potential employers, it may be helpful to track all of your submissions in one place. An easy way to do that is to create a form that you fill in whenever you send out a resume and cover letter package. Using this form, you will easily be able to track when it is time to follow up on your submissions. What follows is a sample format that you may want to use:
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CONTACT NAME AND C OMPANY
R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S JOB TITLE
DATE SUBMITTED
FOLLOW-UP
F o r g e t t i n g t o F o r m a t Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
RULE #34: Cover Letter Formats Remember the rules for a standard business letter when formatting your cover letter.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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Keep in mind that your cover letter is essentially a business letter, and should be formatted the same way you would any other traditional business correspondence. If you are sending a printed cover letter, it should be typed or created on a computer, not handwritten. Even if you are sending a letter and resume to a close friend or peer, you should type your letter. No matter what type of contact you are using in pursuit of your job, you always want to present a professional image. A typed cover letter is an important part of that. If you are sending your resume and cover letter to a potential employer via e-mail, you may type your cover letter in the body of your e-mail message. Review Rule #5 in Part One of this book for more tips on submitting your resume and cover letter via e-mail.
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Sample Cover Letter Format
Your Name Your Address Your Phone Number(s) Your Fax Number (Optional) Your E-mail Address (Optional) Date Recipient’s Full Name Recipient’s Title Company Name Address City, State, Zip Code
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Dear (Mr./Mrs./Mrs./Dr.) (Insert Recipient’s Last Name): Opening Paragraph Support Paragraph #1 Support Paragraph #2 Request For Action Paragraph Closing Paragraph Sincerely, (Your Signature) (Your Full Name Typed)
F o r g e t t i n g t o F o r m a t Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
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Goof-Proof Sample Cover Letter Ms. Veronica Martinez 1010 Winwood Way San Diego, CA 90000 555-555-1234
[email protected]
May 15, 2003 Kara Rush Human Resources Director Memory Lane Assisted Living Centers of California 2999 Sawchuk Lane San Diego, CA 90000 Dear Ms. Rush: I am writing today in response to your advertisement for an Activities Director in the May 14, 2003 edition of The Daily Times. In my enclosed resume, you will find that I have the skills and work experience necessary to fill this position. I have over four years of experience working for the Tiny Tykes Day Care Center as an activities coordinator. During this time, I have created new activities programs, including a series of month-long programs designed to enhance cognitive and physical development. As demonstrated in my resume, I have supplemented my employment experience with considerable volunteer work at the Golden Sunset Nursing Home. This experience has enabled me to combine my skills in activities development with my interest in caring for the aged. Based on your company’s 13-year track record as a leading assisted living center in California, I would be honored to be part of your activities department. My combination of proven success and innovation at Tiny Tykes Day Care Center, along with my experience motivating seniors and staff at the Golden Sunset Nursing Home would be beneficial to Memory Lane as you refine your activities programs throughout the state. Thank you for considering me for the position of Activities Director at Memory Lane Assisted Living Centers of California. I look forward to speaking with you in greater detail about this job opportunity. Please contact me at 555-5551234, or at
[email protected], to schedule an interview. Sincerely,
Veronica Martinez Veronica Martinez Enclosure
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Goof-Proof Sample Cover Letter Chloe Ann Sanders 23A East Sixth Street New York, NY 10000 444-555-6767
June 4, 2003 Janet Weeks Jazzy Sportswear Corporation 23 West 23rd Street Suite 404 New York, NY 10000 Dear Ms. Weeks: In response to our telephone conversation on June 3, 2003, regarding the job opening Jazzy Sportswear Corporation has for an Accessories Design Assistant, I am pleased to enclose my resume for your consideration. As we briefly discussed during our conversation, I have attained and used many skills in my current internship that qualify me for this position. For example, I am fully adept at the following: • Specification development • Measurement conversion • Accessories stock maintenance As detailed on my resume, I have been an intern at Moxie Materials for eight months. In this time, I have applied the education and training I received at the Fashion Institute to develop skills that will position me to become a successful Accessories Design Assistant at Jazzy Sportswear Corporation. The opportunity to meet with you in-person would be a privilege. Please give me a call at 555-444-3333 to schedule an interview. Respectfully,
Chloe A. Sanders Chloe A. Sanders Enclosure
F o r g e t t i n g t o F o r m a t Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
RULE #35: Quick Tips for Formatting Your Cover Letter Always submit a perfect, professional looking cover letter.
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GOOF-PROOF IT!
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Now that you thoroughly understand the components of the cover letter, the next step is to goof-proof your presentation. Incorrectly or sloppily formatting your cover letter could mean the difference between you or your closest competitor landing the job. This is not the time to slip up.
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GOOF-PROOF CHECKLIST
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Follow these key mini-rules to format a professional-looking cover letter. • Remember to follow the format and style of a formal business letter. If you are unfamiliar with this style, you may want to investigate books or websites that can help you with your business writing. • Make sure your cover letter is balanced, not crowded, and generally visually appealing. If you are unsure that your cover letter looks appropriate, have someone else review it. • Try to use a standard 1.25-inch left and right margin, and a 1-inch top and bottom margin. If you must reduce the margins, do not go lower than 1-inch all around. • Use a standard text font, such as Times Roman, New Century Schoolbook, or Courier. Make sure this font is the same one that you have used for your resume. • Choose an easy-to-read font size—between 10-point and 12point type—that matches your resume. A font size larger than 12 points will look unprofessional, and a font that’s smaller than 10-point type will be difficult to read.
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• Print your cover letter on a laser printer or high-quality inkjet printer, just as you would your resume. If possible, avoid using a standard typewriter. Using a typewriter may give your reader the idea that you are not computer literate. • If you are sending your resume electronically, as an attachment, use the same formal business style as you would for a printed letter. This goes for cover letters written in the body of your e-mail message as well. • Sign each letter using a black or blue ballpoint pen.
F o r g e t t i n g t o F o r m a t Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
RULE #36: Finishing Touches A well-written, professional cover letter must work together with your resume to present you as an attractive candidate.
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Once formatted, you should have a top-notch cover letter. Make sure you proofread your cover letter carefully. Spelling and grammatical mistakes, or errors in the information conveyed within the letter are simply not acceptable. With a Goof-Proof resume and cover letter in hand, you are ready to submit your documents to potential employers. Depending on the job posting, and how the employer has requested submissions, you may send your documents either by regular mail, fax, or e-mail.
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Regular Mail
If you are sending your documents by regular mail, choose an envelope that matches your resume and cover letter paper. Use your word processing program’s envelope function to properly and professionally address your letter. Follow the instructions, and ensure that the recipient’s address is centered on the front of the envelope, and that your return address is in the upper left-hand corner. If you cannot master the envelope function, type the information. Avoid handwriting the envelope; it looks unprofessional. Your letter should only require regular first-class postage but, if are you are unsure, you may want to have it weighed at your local post office.
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Fax
When faxing your resume and cover letter, always be sure to use a fax cover sheet. This may seem redundant, but it is actually use-
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ful for tracking purposes. Your fax cover sheet simply should list your contact information, the number of pages included in your fax, and the person to whom the fax should be delivered.
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E-Mail
If you are e-mailing your information, and your e-mail program has a “Read Receipt” function, apply it. This feature will allow you to verify that your e-mail has been delivered. You also should be sure to save a copy of the e-mail that you send. If you are attaching documents to your e-mail, be sure to state that fact in the body of your e-mail message. State the name of the document(s), and the program with which they were created. One last note: Be absolutely sure that you have run your documents through your virus detection software before sending them to a potential employer. Regardless of how you submit your material, allow time for delivery. After five business days, follow up on each cover letter and resume with an e-mail or telephone call to the intended recipient. Of course, during that time your potential employer may already have contacted you based on your professional cover letter and impressive resume!
F o r g e t t i n g t o F o r m a t Yo u r C o v e r L e t t e r
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THE FUTURE OF YOUR COVER LETTER
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You understand how important a solid cover letter is in the jobsearch process. By learning the Goof-Proof Rules in this part, you have given yourself a great foundation for creating effective cover letters. Going forward, you will want to make sure that every cover letter that you write is strong. One way to do that is to keep the following list handy when creating cover letters. A Goof-Proof cover letter should: • be personalized, and begin with a proper salutation, such as, “Dear Mr./Ms./Dr. (insert recipient’s last name):”. • clearly state the name of the position for which you are applying, and how you learned about the opening. • be grammatically correct and contain no spelling errors. • follow the format and style of a formal business letter. • represent you as a career-oriented candidate with a defined career path. • highlight your accomplishments and provide your reader with a quick glimpse as to why you are the best candidate for the job. • be succinct and short (try to keep your letter to less than one page).
Be Upbeat! Make a conscious effort to write in a positive and upbeat tone throughout your cover letter. While you do not want to be overly peppy and seem unprofessional, you do want the recipient to feel good while reading your letter. Focus on your accomplishments and remember that you are presenting yourself in a positive light. This will help you write a positive letter.
In closing, if you follow the Goof-Proof Rules, your cover letter and resume will be strong. Submit them with confidence!
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RESOURCES
appendix
A
EFFECTIVE ACTION WORDS AND KEYWORDS Add greater
impact to your resumes and cover letters by using action verbs and power phrases to describe accomplishments, skills, and responsibilities. For each item listed within your resume, incorporate one action word. As you incorporate action verbs into your resume, choose only the ones that work best with your individual skills and accomplishments, and refrain from using the same action verb two or more times. Here is just a small list of the many action words you can utilize: accomplished achieved adapted addressed administered advanced advised allocated analyzed appraised
apprised approved arbitrated assembled assigned audited augmented authored authorized awarded
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balanced boosted briefed broadened budgeted calculated catalogued centralized chaired charted classified coached collaborated collected compiled completed composed computed conceptualized conducted consolidated consulted contacted contributed controlled coordinated counseled created critiqued cut decreased defined delegated delivered demonstrated designed developed devised
diagnosed directed dispatched documented downsized drafted edited educated eliminated enabled encouraged enforced engineered enlarged enlisted established evaluated examined exceeded executed expanded expedited explained facilitated fashioned focused forecasted formulated fostered generated guided headed identified illustrated implemented improved increased influenced
E ff e c t i v e A c t i o n Wo rd s a n d K e y w o rd s
informed initiated innovated inspected inspired installed instigated instituted instructed integrated interpreted interviewed introduced invented investigated launched lectured led maintained managed marketed mediated moderated monitored motivated navigated negotiated networked operated optimized organized originated overhauled oversaw performed persuaded planned prepared
presented presided prioritized produced programmed projected promoted proposed publicized published purchased realized recommended reconciled recorded recruited rectified reduced reeducated regulated remodeled repaired reported researched restored restructured revitalized saved scheduled secured served as served on settled shaped sold solidified solved specified
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specialist stabilized stimulated streamlined strengthened summarized supervised tabulated
trained translated trimmed unified upgraded upsized wrote
E ff e c t i v e A c t i o n Wo rd s a n d K e y w o rd s
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SAMPLE KEYWORDS
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Here’s just a small sampling of the thousands of industry and jobspecific keywords and phrases you could incorporate into a scannable electronic resume. Instead of using action verbs when creating an electronic resume, try to use nouns that demonstrate specific skills and capabilities. For example, instead of using the word managed, use the keyword management. Also, take some time to think about what specific keywords employers in your field would scan for. # years experience accounts payable accounts receivable adaptable analyst assistant auditor artist BA Budget Analyst conceptual ability Contract Reviewer CPA customer oriented dependable design designer detail-oriented direct marketing campaigns Director Editor editorial enthusiastic Executive Assistant financial reports flexible follow through
graphic high energy Human Relations Specialist innovative internet journalism leadership Lotus Mac Macintosh manager Market Analyst Market Researcher marketing business plans MBA media Microsoft Excel Microsoft Office Microsoft Office Specialist Microsoft Word multi-task management open minded Ph.D. President problem solving Quark resourceful
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results-oriented Sales Manager self-accountable self-managing spreadsheet development strategic planner Supervisor supportive takes initiative team-oriented team player
technology technician trade show management Travel and Meeting Planner Vendor Coordinator Vice President Web willing to travel Windows Windows NT writing skills
appendix
B
PRINT AND ONLINE RESOURCES
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RESUME PRINT RESOURCES
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Adams, Robert Lang. The Complete Resume & Job Search for College Students. (Avon, MA: Adams, 1999). Allen, Jeffrey G. The Resume Makeover, 2nd Edition. (Hoboken: Wiley, 2001). Block, Jay A. 101 Best Resumes to Sell Yourself. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002). Brown, Lola. Resume Writing Made Easy: A Practical Guide to Resume Preparation and Job Search, 7th Edition. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002). Criscito, Pat. Designing the Perfect Resume, 2nd Edition. (Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s, 2000). Eyler, David R. Resumes that Mean Business, 3rd Edition. (New York: Random House, 1999). Farr, Michael J. and Kursmark, Louise M. America’s Top Resumes for America’s Top Jobs, 2nd Edition. (Indianapolis: Jist Works, 2002).
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Field, Ben T. and Wright, Paul K. Better Resumes in 3 Easy Steps. (Clifton Park, NY: Delmar, 1999). Fry, Ronald W. Your First Resume: For Students and Anyone Preparing to Enter Today’s Tough, Fifth Edition. (Franklin Lake, NJ: Job Market Career Press, 2001). Gerasimo, Luisa. McGraw-Hill’s Big Red Book of Resumes. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002). Ireland, Susan. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to the Perfect Resume, 3rd Edition. (Dulles, VA: Alpha Books, 2003). Kaplan, Rob and Weber, Karl. The Insider’s Guide to Writing the Perfect Resume. (New York: Peterson’s, 2001). Kaplan, Rob and Weber, Karl. Peterson’s the Insider’s Guide to Writing the Perfect Resume: Learn the Techniques That Get You Hired. (New York: Petersons Guides, 2001). Kendall, Pat and Whitcomb, Susan. E-Resumes: Everything You Need to Know about Using Electronic Resumes to Tap into Today’s Hot Job Market. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001). Kennedy, Joyce Lain. Resumes For Dummies, 4th Edition. (Hoboken: Wiley, 2002). Krannich, Caryl Rae and Krannich, Ronald L. The Savvy Resume Writer: The Behavioral Advantage. (Manassas Park, VA: Impact, 1999). McNeill, William. First Time Resume. (Avon, MA: Adams, 2000). Morgan, Dana. Arco 7 Minute Resumes: Build the Perfect Resume One 7-Minute Lesson at a Time. (New York: Arco, 2000). Noble, David F. Gallery of Best Resumes for People Without a Four-Year Degree: A Special Collection of Quality Resumes by Professional Resume Writers, 2nd Edition. (Indianapolis: Jist Works, 2000). Rich, Jason R. Great Resume: Get Noticed, Get Hired. (New York: LearningExpress, 2000). Ryan, Robin. Winning Resumes, 2nd Edition. (Hoboken: Wiley, 2002). Whitcomb, Susan B. Resume Magic, 2nd Edition. (Indianapolis: Jist Works, 2003). Yate, Martin John. Resumes That Knock ’Em Dead, 4th Edition. (Avon, MA: Adams, 2000).
P r i n t a n d O n l i n e R e s o u rc e s
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RESUME ONLINE RESOURCES
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www.crm21.com—Career & Resume Management for the 21st Century www.10minuteresume.com—10 Minute Resume www.abastaff.com/career/resume/resume.htm— ABA Resume Writing www.accent-resume-writing.com/critques— Accent Resume Writing www.resumesbycpr.com—Creative Professional Resumes www.electronic-resume.com—Electronic Resume.com www.resumestore.com—First Resume Store International www.firstjobresumes.com—First Resume Writing Services www.parw.com/homestart.html—Professional Association of Resume Writers www.provenresumes.com—Proven Resumes www.resumenet.com—Resume Net www.resumeoffice.com—Resume Office www.resumestation.com—Resume Station www.eresumes.com—Rebecca Smith’s eResumes & Resources www.resumania.com—Resumania www.resumepls.com—Resume Plus www.resume.com—Resume.com www.resumedotcom.com—Resumedotcom www.tcresume.com—The Confident Resume www.virtualresume.com—Virtual Resume www.monster.com—Monster Services www.resumeedge.com/—Resume help www.resumesandcoverletters.com/—Quintessential Resumes www.yahoo.com— Yahoo Services www.vault.com/careerservices/careerservices.jsp— Resume critiques
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COVER LETTER PRINT RESOURCES
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Beatty, Richard H. 175 High-Impact Cover Letters, 3rd Edition. (Hoboken: Wiley, 2002).
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R E S U M E S & C OV E R L E T T E R S
Block, Jay A. and Betrus, Michael. 101 Best Cover Letters. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002). Enelow, Wendy S. Best Cover Letters for $100,000+ Jobs, 2nd Edition. (Manassas Park, VA: Impact Publications, 2001). Enelow, Wendy S. and Kursmark, Louise. Cover Letter Magic. (Indianapolis: Jist Works, 2000). Farr, Michael J. The Quick Resume & Cover Letter Book: Write & Use an Effective Resume in only One Day, 2nd Edition. (Indianapolis: Jist Works, 1999). Graber, Steven and Lipsman, Mark. The Everything Cover Letter Book. (Avon, MA: Adams, 2000). Marcus, John. J. The Resume Makeover: 50 Common Problems With Your Resume and Cover Letter—And How to Fix Them. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003). Morgan, Dana. 7 Minute Cover Letters: Build the Perfect Cover Letter One 7-Minute Lesson at a Time. (New York: Arco, 2000). Ryan, Robin. Winning Cover Letters, 2nd Edition. (Hoboken: Wiley, 2002). Yate, Martin John. Cover Letters That Knock ’Em Dead, 4th Edition. (Avon, MA: Adams, 2000).
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COVER LETTER ONLINE RESOURCES
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http://jobstar.org/tools/resume/cletters.cfm—Job Star cover letter help http://content.monster.com/resume/samples/coverletters/— Monster’s sample cover letters http://1-2-3-cover-letter.com/—1-2-3 Cover Letter.com www.rileyguide.com/letters.html—The Riley Guide to cover letters www.jobweb.com—Job web www.msstate.edu/dept/Coop/interview/cover.html— Cooperative Education Program’s cover letter writing tips www.careerspan.com/—Career Span www.careercc.com/resumpr.shtml—sample cover letters www.jobsonline.com—thousands of sample cover letters
P r i n t a n d O n l i n e R e s o u rc e s
www.resumeedge.com/—cover letter help www.liglobal.com/b_c/career/abra.html—cover letter tips www.resumesandcoverletters.com/—Quintessential cover letters www.vault.com/careerservices/careerservices.jsp—cover letter critiques
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