Gontents About the Book Pдпт |:
Present
and lmperative
Present Progressive (l am studуing') Simple Present (l studу.)
Tense
Non.Aсtion Verbs (l understand.)
10
Present Progressive and Simple (l am studуing./ I studу.)
Present
тense
14
!mperative (Study!/ Don't study!) SelfТest
Pдпт lI:
l
22
Past Simple
Past Tense: AffirmativeStatements
24
Simple
Past
2g
(t studied.)
Tense:
Negative Statements and euestions
(l didn't studу. / Did уou studу?)
Used to (l used to study.)
з2
Past Progressive (l was studуing.) Past Progressive and Simple (l was studуing' / I studied') seIfтest
Pдпт lll:
Present
Past Tense
40
r
Il
Perfect
and Pаst Perfeсt
Present PeЁect: Since and For (Ihave studied since Maу' / l have studied for a month-)
46
Present Perfect: Alreadу and Yet (l have alreadуstudied./ l haven't studiedуet.)
50
Present
Perfect:
(l have studied.)
lndefinitePast
Present PeЁeсt and SimpIe Past Tense (l have studied./ I studied.)
58
Present PeЁect Progressive (l have been studying.)
62
Present Perfect and Present Perfect (I have studied, / l have been studуing.)
progressive
66 r
iii
Pаst Perfeсt (l had studied.) 74
Past Perfeсt Progressive (l had been studуing.) SelfTest
Pдпт lV:
III
78
Future and Future Perfect Future: Be going to and Will (l am going to studу. / I will studу') Future: Contrast Be going to, Will,Simple Present Tense, Present Progressive Future Time Clauses (l will call уou after I studу.)
88
Future Progressive (|wi|lbestudуing.) Future Perfeсt
and Future PeЁect
Progressive
96
(l will have studied' / l wi|l havе bееn studуtng')
SetfTest
Pдпт V:
100
wh- Gluestions'
таg Gluestions'
Additions
l4lh. Gluestions: Subjeсt and Prediсate (Who studied? / Who did уou studу?)
102
Тag Gluestions (You studied, didn't уou? / You didn't studу' did уou?)
106
Additions with So, Too, Neitherand Not either (l studied, and so did shе' / l didn't studу, and neither did she.)
110
SelfTest
Pдпт Vl:
tV
V
114
(l)
Modals
Ability: Can, Could, Be able to (l can studу for hours.)
116
Permission= Maу, Can, Could, Do уou mind if . . . ? (Maу l studу on mу own?)
1zo
Requests= Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . . ? (Will уou studу with me?)
124
(You should studу Еnglish.) Could, Whу don't ' . . ?' Whу not . . . ?, Suggestionsz Let's,Howabout...? (Whу not studу Еnglish?)
1з2
Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather Preferences: (l wou|d prefer studуing Spanish.)
1з6
SelfТest lv
V!
140
(ll)
Pдпт Vll: Modаls
Neоessity: Have (got) to and Мust (l've got to studу harder. / l must studу harder.)
142
Choiсe: Don't have to; No Ghoiсe: Must not and Can,t (l don't have to leave./ I must not leave.)
146
8e supposed to Expectations: (l,m supposed to studу')
150
Future Possibilityz Мaу, Мight' Could (Imaу studу there next уear.)
154
Assumptions=
158
May, Might, Could, Must,
Have (got) to, Can't (She must be a good student.) in the Past: Should have, Ought to have, Advisabitity Could have, Might have (l should have studied harder when l was уoung.) about the Past: MaУ have, Мight have' SpecuIations Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have (Нe maу have been a good student in his уouth.)
SelfТest
Vll
162
166
170
and Adverbs
Pдпт Vtll: Adjeсtives Adjectives
and Adverbs
172
(quick / quicklу)
Adjectives PaЁicipial (interesting / interested) Adjectives and Adverbs: (as quick as / as quicklу as)
Equatives
180
Adieсtives: Comparatives (quicker than) Adjectives: Superlatives (the quickest)
188
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives (more quicklу than / the most quicklу)
192
SelfТest
Pдпт lX:
VlIl
Gerunds
t96
and lnfinitives
Gerunds: Subjeсt and objeсt (Studуing is important, / l enjoy studуing.) Gerunds after Prepositions (interested in studуing / tired of studуing)
202
lnfinitives after Certain Verbs (l want to studу.)
206
lnfinitives aftеr Ceftain Adjeсtives and Cedain Nouns (easу to studу / time to studу)
21o
lnfinitives with Тoo and Еnough (too late to studу / earlу enough to studу)
214
lnfinitives of Purpose (go home to study)
218
Gerunds and tnfinitives (stop studying / stop to studу)
222
Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get (make him studу / get him to studУ)
226
SelfТest
Pдnт X:
zзo
!X
PhrasaI
Verbs
Phrasa! Verbs: |nsepaгab|e (run into a classmate)
2з2
Phrasаl
2з6
Verbs: Seoarable
(look a word up)
SelfTest
Pдпт Хl:
X
240
Nouns, Gluantifiers, AЁiсles, and ReсiproсaI Pronouns
Reflexive
Nouns (сollege,Boston College' chalk, students)
242
Gluantifiers
246
(a lot of, a few, a little)
AЁiсIes: (a / the)
lndefinite
and Definite
o (No AЁicle) and тhe (students / the students) Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal (ourselves/ each other) SelfTest
Xl
254
Pronouns
ZSB 262
Pдвт Xll: The Passive The Passive: Overview (is done / was done / has been done)
264
Тhe Passive with Moda|s (must be done)
268
Тhe Passive
272
(have something
SelfTest
vl
Xll
Gausative done)
276
Pдпт Xlll: Тhe Conditional Faсtual Gonditionаls: Present (lf I studу,l get good grades')
278
Faсtual Conditionals: Future (Ifl studу' l willget good grades.)
282
Unreаl GonditionaIs:
286
Present
(lf I studied. I would get good grades.)
Unreal Conditionals:
Past
(lt I had studied. I would have gotten good grades.)
Wish: Present and Past (l wish I studied here. / I wish I had studied here.) SelfTest
Xlll
Pдпт XlV: Adieсtive
290 294 298
сlauses
Adjective Clauses with Subjeсt Re|ativePronouns (someone who studies)
з00
Adjeсtive Clauses with objeоt Relative Pronouns or When and Where
304
(something
Adiective
that l StUdУ / the school where I studу)
clauses:
ldentifyingand Non-|dentifying
(l have a friend who studies here. /
з08
Му best friend, who knows уou, studies here.)
selfтest
xlv
Pдпт XV: lndirect
з12
Speeсh
Direct and Indireсt speech: (''Studу!',/ She told me to studу.)
|mperatives
lndireсt Speeсh: Statements (1) (She said that she was going to studу') lndirect
Speech:
Statements (2)
(She said she had studied.)
lndireсt
Gluestions
rShe аsked me if l was studуing.)
Еmbedded Questions (She wanted to know what I studied.) SeIfTest
XV
з14 з18 з22
з26 з30 3з4
vш
Appendiсes APPЕNDIX 1
Irregular Verbs
3з6
APPЕNDIX 2
Cоmmon Nоn-aсtion (Stativе) Verbs
зз7
APPENDIX з
Сommon Vеrbs Followеd by thе Gеrund (Basе Fоrm of Vеrb + -ing)
зз7
APPЕND|x 4
Commоn Verbs Followed by the Infrnitive (Ъ + Base Form ofVerЬ)
з38
APPЕNDIX 5
Verbs Followed bу objeсts and the Infinitivе
338
APPENDIX6
Common Verbs Fоllowed by the Gеrund or the Infrnitive
з38
APPENDIX7
Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
з38
APPEND!X 8
Common Adjeсtive + Prеposition Combinatiоns
338
APPENDIX9
Common Adjeсtives that Can Be Followеd by thе Infinitive
3з8
APPЕNDIX 10 Irregular Comparisons of Adjeсtives' Adverbs, and Quantifiers A P P E N D I X 1 1 Cоmmon Partiсipial Adj eсtivеs
зз9
A P P E N D I X ' I 2 Some Adjeсtives that Form the Comparative and Superlative in TWo Ways
339
A Р P Е N D l x 1 з Common Reporting Verbs
з40
A P P Е N D | x 1 4 Common Timе Word Changes in Indireсt Speeсh
340
A P P E N D I X 1 5 Common Phrases Intrоduсing Еmbеdded Questions
з40
A P P Е N D I X 1 6 Verbs and Ехpressions Commonly Used Rеfleхivеly
з40
A P P E N D I X 1 7 Somе Common Phrasal Verbs
з41
A P P E N D I X 1 8 Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns
з4з
A P P Е N D I X 1 9 Spelling Rules fоr the Prеsent Progтessive
з43
A P P E N D I X 2 0 Spelling Rules for the Simple Prеsent Tensе: Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)
з4з
A P P E N D I X 2 1 Spеlling Rulеs for the Simрle Past Tense оf Regular Verbs
зц
A P P E N D I X 2 2 Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er)and Supеrlative (-esl)of Adjeсtives A P P Е N D I x 2 3 Spelling Rules fоr Adverbs Ending in -ly
3Ц зЦ
A P P Е N D l x 2 4 Cоntraсtions with Verb Forms
з45
A P P Е N D l x 2 5 Punсtuation Rules fоr Direсt Speесh
з47
A P P Е N D I x 2 6 Pronunсiation Tablе
з47
A P P E N D I X 2 7 Pronunсiation Rulеs for thе Simple Present Tense: Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it)
з4a
A P P Е N D l x 2 8 Pronunсiation Rules for the Simple Past Tеnse of Regular Vеrbs
348
Index Answer vlll
з39
349
Key
з55
About the Authors Fuсhs has taught ESL at New York Сity Tесhniсal College and Marjorie LaGuardia Community Collegе of the City University of New Yоrk and ЕFL at thе Spraсh Studio Lingua Nova in Мuniсh, Germany. She holds a Mаster's Degтee in Applied English Linguistiсs and a Certifiсate in TESOL from the University of Wisсonsin-Madison. She has authored or сo-authoredmany widеly used ESL textbooks,notably ОnYour Waу:Building Basic Ski|ls in Еnglish, Crossroаds, Top Tшеntу ESL Word Games: Bеginning Vocabulary DеuеIopmеnt,Around the World: Picturеs for Practicе, Familiеs: Tеn Card Gаmes for Languagе Lеаrnеrs, Focus on Grammar: Аn Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Rеfеrеncеand Practice, Foсus on Grammar: A High-Intеrm,еdiatеCoursе for Rеfеrеnceand Praсtice, and the woтkbooks to thе Longman Dictionary of Amеrican English, the Longmаn Photo Dictionary, Thе Охford Picturе Dictionarу, and Focus on Grаmmar: Intermеdiatе and High-Intеrmеdiate. Bonner has taught ESL at Hunter College and the Borough Murgur"t of Manhattan Community Coilege of the City University of New York, at Taiwan National University in Taipei, and at Virginia Commonwealth University in Riсhmond. Shе holds a Master's Degтеe in Library Sсienсe from Columbia University, and she has done work towards a Ph.D. in English Literature at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. Shе has сontributed to a number of ESL and EFL projeсts,inсluding Making Connеctions,ОnYour Waу, and the Curriсulum Renewal Projeсt in oman, where she wrote tеxtbooks, workbooks, and teaсhers manuals for the national sсhool system. Shе authored Stеp into Writing: A Basic Writing Tехt, and сo-authоredFocus on Grammar: An Intеrmеdiatе Coursе for Rеferеncе and Practicе, Focus on Grammar: A High-Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Refеrеnce аnd Practice, Foctt,son Grammar: High-Intеrmеdiatе Workbook, and Thе Охford Picture Dictionary Intеrrnеdiatе Workbook.
lx
About W"l.o*"
the Book to Grommor Express-the fast way to study and learn English gтammar.
Grommor Expressfeatures r Short, easy-to-usеfour-page units r Grammar points presented and сontextualized through сartoons,photos, and othеr iliustratiоns r Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the gтammar point r Chaft Cheсks to help you usе the grammar сharts ' Clear Grammar Explanations and Еxamples l Usage Notes telling you how Еnglish speakers use the gтammar point r Bе сareful! Noteз showing typiсal mistakes students make r Pronunсiation Notes to help you pronounсewords сorreсtly r A variety of exerсise types to praсtiсе the grammar points r SelfTests to сheсk youl progress l ApPendiсes with helpful lists and information r An lndеx to help you quiсkly find grammar points r An Answer Key so you сan сheсk your answеrs
Uшlтs Grommor Eхpresshas 76 units' Eaсh unit has four pages-two pages of grammar presentation and two pages of praсtiсe.Here's how a typiсal unit looks:
Presentation The grammar point is presentedin three steps. 1. !llustrаtion Еaсh unit begins with an illustration-a сartoon,сomiс strip, photo with speeсhbubbles' newspaper headline-whiсh introduсes the grammar point in a real-life,real-languageсontеxt.It also introduсes the topiс of the unit. (For ехamplе, in Unit 8 thе cartoon introducеs thе grammаr point used to, and thе unit topic,fаshion.) A Cheсk Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar pоint in the illustration.
2. Charts Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point. (In Unit 8 уou cсInSее usеd to in statеmеnts,quеstions,аnd short аn,sшеrs.) Chart Che
Practiсe Two pages of exerсises give you praсtiсe in understanding and using the grammar point. A typiсal unit has four eхerсises. Еxerсise 1 The frrst еxerсiseis always a,,for reсognition only'' exerсise.This means that you will have to find or understand the grammar point, but you will not have to use it yet. (For ехаmplе, in [Jnit 8 уou tllill rеad а short magazinе articlе about fashion, аnd find and undеrlinе all thе ехсl,mples o/used to шhich rеfеr to past habits.) Exercises 2 and 3 In thesе eхerсisesyou aсtively praсtiсe the grammar point. Thеre are a variety of exerсisе types, inсluding multiplе сhoiсe,fill-in-the-blanks, desсribing piсtures, sentenсe сombining, and asking and answering questions. The exerсises always show the grammar point in a сontext that is rеlated to the unit topiс. (In Unit 8, Eхеrcisе 2, уou Lоill complеtеsеntеncеsabout fashiotl in thе pсlst шhilе уou dеsсribеpicturеs.In Eхеrcisе 3, уou tоill usе an old to аs|еand аnSLDеrqu,еstionsabout snеаkеrs') o'duеrtisеnlеnt xl
Еxerсise 4 This is always an editing eхerсise. In this eхеrсise, you will havе to find and сorreсt tyрiсal mistakes that students make when thеy use the gтammar point.
Твsтs The 76 units of Grommor Expressare divided into 15 parts. After eaсh part you will find a SеlfТest. These tests will help you review and seе how well you have learned the material in the part. The SelfТests havе multiple-сhoiсe questions similar to questiоns found on the TOЕFL@, a test that is widely usеd for foreign students who want to attend сollese in the United States.
AppвшвIсЕs In the baсk of the book, you will find 28 Appendiсes with useful information, suсh as lists of сommon irregular verbs, vеrbs followed by the gerund, verbs followed by the infinitive' and spelling and pronunсiation rules.
AшswвнKвv The Answer Key providеs answers to the Cheсk Points, Сharts Cheсks, Express Cheсks, all the praсtiсe exerсises, and the SelfTests.
Grommor Еxpressсan be used for sеlf-study or in the сlassroom. Start with Unit 1 and work through thе entire book, or сhoose the units you want to foсus oll..Grommor Expressсan help you reaсh your language goals quiсkly. Your journey through English gтammar сan be an adventure of disсovery. We hope you will enjoy traveling witЬ, Grommor Ехpress.
AIlAboord!!!...
xll
Gredits Photographs Grаtеful acknoшlеdgmеntis giuеn to thе folloшing for prouiding photographs. p. 18 Stephen Danelian./ЕxposureNеw York; p.2G (top)@ Asian Art & Arсheology'Inс./CORBIS;p.26 (bottom)@ сoRBIs;p.28 @ Bettmann/CoRBIS; p.48 @ S. Carmona./CoRBIS;p. 62 JeffSсiortinо Photogтaphy;p.66 PhotoDisс,Inс.; p. 70 AP/Widе World Photos;p. 76 APAМide World Photos;p. 88 @ Jennie Woodсoсk,RefleсtionsPhotolibrary/CoRBlS; p. 110 Copуright 2000 by Bob Saсha; p. |24 @ The New Yorkеr Cоlleсtiоn 1988 Charles Addanrs frоm сartoonbank.соm. A1l Rights Reserved.;p. 132 ЕII-AYIIPhoto by Joe Hoсhner;p. |42 Courtesy of the New York Statе Govеrnor'sTlaffiс Safety Committee;p. |62 @ Galа/SuperStoсk,Inс.; p. 166 @ Petеr Guttman/CoRBIS; p. 169 @ Kevin Sсhafer/CoRBIS;p. |75 Courtesy of Beth Boyd; p. 176 RubbеrBall Produсtions;p. 192 AP/Wide World Photos; p. r95 @ Kevin R' Morris/CoRBIS; p.2o2 @ SuperStoсk,Inс.;p. 206 RubberBall Prоduсtiоns;p. 210 @ TSlWGreg Davis;p.2|4 @ Thе New Yorkеr Colleсtion1989 All Rights Reserved.;p.226 AP/Wide World Tom Chеney from сartoonbank.сom. Phоtоs;p. 235 Liaison Agenсy,Inс.;p. 238 Library of Congтess;p. 244 PhotoDisс, Inс.;p. 25в @ Miсhael Dwyеr/StoсkBoston, Inс.;p. 258 @ The New Yorker All Rights Reservеd.; Colleсtiоn 1964 Frank Mоdell frоm сartoonbank.сom. pp.264,266 Reprinted with permission from Rеader,sDigеst. Copyright @ The Readеr's Digest Assосiation,Inс.;p. 268 APlWide World Photos;p. 286 PЕАNUTS @ UFS; p. 290 @ John Springer Cоlleсtion/CoRBIS; p. 304 @ Hultоn-Deutsсh Collесtion/CoRBIS;p.306 (top)photobу Dutton Signet, a divisiоn of Penguin Books USA, Inс.;p. 306 (bottom)RubberBall Produсtions;p.324Tonу Freеman./PhotoЕdit. lIlustrаtors Ronald Chironnaz pp.27,34, З5,65,160,190'191;Brian Hughes: pp. 20, 188; Joсk МaсRae: pp. 53, 180;Paul MсCusker: pp. 38, 98,294 Andy Myer: pp. 10, 2 4 , 3 2 ,4 6 , 5 4 , 8 0 8, 2 ,8 8 ' 1 0 2 ,I I 2 , | 1 6 , I б 8 , 1 ' 7 2I,9 2 , 2 2 2 , 2 З 2 , 2 4 6 , 2 5 4 , 2 7 2 , 2 8 2 , 3 0 0 , 3 1 43, 2 2 , 3 2 6D; u s a n P е t r i с i с :p p ' 2 , 6 , 8 , L 4 , 1 6 , \ 7 , \ 8 , 2 L , 3 6 , 4 0 , 5508' , 6 0 , 6в,74' 84,92,96,106,120,|28, |46,150,184,198,236,250,278,308,318, 330 p. 136 Sourcе:Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Сonsumer Study
хlll
Present
Progressive
of f ane are waiting for The Аirhaado
W,',rryжPoINт TheАirheadэ are dropping from Nhеokу!
Сheсk thе best odvеrtisementfor this TV nеws show, П It's happеning nоwl П It hupp"ns every day!
снARтсllEсKl Сhесk thе correсt onswеr' Thе present progтеssiveis made up of two parts:
AF]lRlt,lAтIvE s гAтЕIUlЕNтs Suв,вст
BдsвЕoпм oг
Bс Vвпв + -lшс
is ,s
ьe + base form ofverb
He/Shе/|t
c
ье + base form of vеrb + -ing
arе Wе/You*/Тhey ,rе
Jьe П ba.e form of verЬ + -ing
I
Suв,вст
am 'm
J
Whiсh part сhanges with different subjeсts?
NЕGAтlvE iтAтЕмЕNт5 l Bдsв Еoпм oг
Br Noт |Vвпв+ .ING am ,m
waiting.
*Youis both singular and plural.
He/5hе/|t
ls
,s
arе Wе/You/Тhey ,rе
not
waiting.
Present
Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
s}|oRтцNsWЕRs
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
сl]АRтсlIEсК2 Bt
In questions, be сomes after the subjесt.
Progressive
l l Bдsв Foпм Isuвlвст|+.llvс
Aггlпмдтtvв
Nвсдтlvв
you a r е .
Am !s
snе
Are
you
standing?
Yеs, s h е I
I5.
you a r е n , t . No,
shе isn't. 'm not.
am.
Wн. QUЕsтloNs Wн. Woпo l 8д l 5uв,вст | вo,. Foпм + .tшс am
whv Wherе
ls
5nе
are
you
standing?
Eх'PRЕssж Сomplеtе thеsе sеntеncеswith thе prеsеnt progrеssivеform of the verbs in porenthesеs,
Whу
you
(lеave)
? They
still
(реrtorm)
* r a m ж - * а rЁх р|a n* t iо ns
Еxamрlеs
1. Usе thе presеnt progressivе to dеsсribe somеthingthat is happeningrioht now.
r |,m standing outsidethe King Тheatеr right now.
No** stonding r Аs l,m talking to you, thе fansare gathering in front of thе theаtеr. Past..'..............................xl......................'...>
2. Usе thе presеnt progrеssivе to dеsсribе somеthingthat is happеningthеsedays,evеn if it's not hаppеningright now.
*?*
Тhе Аirheаdsarе playing at thе Kiпg Тhеatеr this weеk. |,m studying guitarthis semеstеr.
Past'..'.'.............*.'........'.i........'....у..-.-'''.''.'..} Futurе z;::___:__/*6 .''tudуing g$'
3. Usдсв Noтв: Тhе сontrасted form is usually used in speесhand in informa|writing.
A: Bye,Jana,wе,re leaving now. B: Wait! |,m сoming with you.
Сheсk it out! For diffeгent forms of negative сontraсtions with bq see Appendiх 24 on page 345. Foт spеlling тules for the present progтessive'see Appendix 19 on pagе 343.
r
3
4 r unitr o Rеod this lеttеr.Underlinеthe presеntprogrеssivеverbs thot dеsсribe IDENтiЕY somеthinghoppеning right now, Сirclе thе prеsеntprogrеssivevеrbs thаt describе things thаt ore hаppening thеsedoys (but not nесеssorilyright now).
Т@veгyhaгd.thesеd'ays,butIhavesome$ood'nеws.Ri$htnoщ I'm sittinЕl at a desk in the Еntertainment Seсtion of thе Tribune| of couтsе I'm still taking journalism сlasses at ni$ht as wel]..Thе job is temporaТУ-"Ioe sims, the геЕпrlaгreporter' is taking this month off to wгite a book' This week We'rе pгeparing to intervj'ew youг favoritr gтoup, thе Airheads' In faсt, at this vеry moment they'гe flying lnto town by hеliсopter. They're pеrfoгming at the King Theater all wеek. How aгe you doing? Aгe you still Writlng musiс? oops! The сrrw is сalling me. They're leavin$ foг the theateг now. Wгitе soon! Steph
Rеod this сonvеrsotion'Сomplеtеit with thе prеsеntprogressivеform of thе сO[{|PLEтE. vеrbsin porеnthеsеs.Usе сontroсtionswhеnеvеrpossiblе.
Bви Bye, Joe, I
'm
leaving
l. (|еаvе)
Joв: WЪere
you
Bвv: Running. Ann
2. (gо)
downstairs.
3. (Wаit)
Jов: Great! WЪу don't you take tlrе dоg оut with уоu? Bвv: Whу dоn,t уou take hirn? It's yоur turn. Joв: I сan't. I Bви But you
Joв: That's not true. I
just
anything right now. Yоu
5 . ( n o td o )
6. (sit)
8. (think)
on my book.
4. (work)
thеre. 7. (sit)
here, but I
also
abоut my work. Can't thе dоg run with you?
Bвv: Nо, beсause aftеrwards wе want to go to tlre Plaza. The Airheads 9. (stаy)
therе this wеek, and Ann wants to get their autographs'
You know she's a big fan of thеirs.
рresent
Рrоgressive
Аsl(& ANsvlER.Stеph is interviеwingthe leod singer of the Airhеods,PаuI, Writе quеstionsusing thе words in porеnthеsеs.Givе short onswers. Sтвpн: PaoI, Pдur.:
are Уou in|roducinoanУ newэonoЭ on |hio t.our?
1 . ( i n t r o d u с e/ a n y n e w 5 o n g 5o n t h i s t o u r ? )
Yeэ, we are 2.
. We're intrоduсing some songs from our
new album ' In thе Аir Sтвpн: Yоur fans are so exсited to sеe you after suсh a long time. 3 . ( W h y ' 1t o u r / а g a i п ? )
Pдur,: We want to play for livе audienсes. Wе neеd that. Sтшpн:
4 . ( W h а t / W o r k o n / t h e s ed a y s ? )
Pдur,: Some exсiting new material. But tмe'rе not talking about it yet. Sтвpн: She has a niсe voiсе.
5 . ( W h o ' / 5 i n g , ' W i t h ) , o t rn О w ? )
Pдur,: Sylvia Sylva is singing some of the songs from the album. Sтшpн:
6 . ( s l r Р' г е p | а с е1 Т о t i ? )
Pдur,:
7.
. Toti has a new babv. but shе'llbе baсk in
a few months.
ЕDlT. Rеod this lеttеr.Find ond сorrесt six mistokеsin thе usе of thе prеsеnt progrеssivе.The first mistokеis olrеodу сorrеcted.
DеаrTo|i, 'm
writing
t70и l.wri*eto +romm\ hordroom.euеryonе е|5еis s|ееp,bиtI sittingherеаnd wаtching thе oceaо.Wе,rеstауtng аt thе P|аzлin АttanticBеаch,а0dtnе vleu/is beaиtitиl. Ihetoцr is Ihе aцdiеncеis crazуabot,lt thе nеwsongs,bцtIhе tаns is alulavsаskinqfor yoи. goе5we||. hеrto sinqуd? Мауbеbothaflyoи Howis thе bаbt(5hе hаs а grеаluoice.Do \oцirеаching wi||comеаIongtorthе nехIIoцr|
Sv|viа
r
5
Tense
Simple Present
He works aIIthе timе-hе nеvеrrеlaxеs.
Hank is alwaysin a hurryand hе doеs еvеrythingat onсе.
-|
!
PпINт
Сhеck thе best titlе for thе саrtoons, П Hank at Work This Weеk t
Hank's Working Habits
AFFlппnAтшЕ sтAтEi,|ENтs
сl|ARтсI/iEсl( Сirсle T (True)or F (Folsе). т
т
т
6
F
F
F
The form for he/she/it ends with -s. Negative statemеnts havе do not or doеs not befoтe the basе fоrm. Quеstions havе do оr does after the subjесt.
I
| Vвпв
Suвtвст
|/We/You*/Тhеy work works.
Hе/Shе/It
NЕGAтlvE sтAтЕlt.IENтs 5uв;вст | oo n,, | влsвFoпм |/Wе/You/Тhеy do not Hе/She/|t
work.
doеs not
*Уoиis both singular and plural.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs Do I Suryпст | Blsв Foпм Do
you
Doеs
ne
work?
sнoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв
Yеs,
do. ne
doеs.
I
Nвсятlvв
! No,
I
don't.
ne
doesn't.
Simple
Present
}yf,-QUЕsтloNs tшн-Woпo I Do Whеrе When
I su"l..' I Blsв Foпм
do
you
doеs
ne
work?
ЕхPREssжж Unsсromblеthеsеwords to сomplеtеthе quеstion.
rush.Why.heоdoes
all the time?
G r a mc тъarЕx рlana t jо ns
Еxamples
l. Usе the simpte prеsеnt tensе to talk about what rеgular|yhappens.
r r r r
Some pеop|erush through Iife' Thеy don,t relax. o t h е r p e o p | еa r е с а I m . Тhey don,t fееl tensе.
r l r r
She лeyer rеlaxеs. You usuolly takе |ifееasier. Wе sometimеs slееp |atе. Thеy seldom take а vaсation.
*?-
. х. . x ..Х........х..'.....> Past.'..........Х. Future rish
2. Usе advеrbs of frеquеnсy with thе simp|e
prеsеnttense to еxpгеsshow oftеn something happеns.
дч .'о.
s .o..
^ф
s
:$^il-
^""-
\ч" ;,\
.o\
Ьo $o ot-6 od ./. .. ......./. -. .*.. . . . . . . . . . . / / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . / . . . . . . . . . . . ...../."",|ooo/o Оo/o Br сдпвгut-!Adverbs of frеquеnсy usua|ly сome bеforе thе main verb, but thеy go aftеr thе vеrb be.
l Wе usuolly rush around too muсh. r Wе,re often stгessedout.
3. Usе the simp!е presеnt tensе to talk about sсiеntifiсfaсts.
r Strеss(ausеs high b|ood pressurе. l Water frееzеs at З2"F.
Сheсk it out! Еor spelling rules for the third person singular (hе/ shе/it) of the simple present tense, see Appеndix 20 on page 343. For pronunсiation rules for the third person singular hе / shеl it) of the simple present tense, see Appendiх 27 on page 348,
Тense
r
7
8 r
unita
o Reod this port of o book rеviеw'Undеrlinеthе simplе prеsеnttеnsevеrbs, IDENTIFY Сircle the odvеrbsof frеquencу.
Dowш
Cдlм
mеdiсation fог stгеss-геlatеdillnеssеs.
Roads Mеdiсinе ! ., o,".Sara
usuall,vlowеrs a patiеnt's blood ..You prеSsurе. But, Dr. Roads сlaims, dоn't zrlrvaysnееd pills. Rеlirхirtion
psr,сhologiсall1', but Rоads,
Dr.
aссoгding
artthor of
thе
to
ехегсisеs arе somеtilТlеsas еffесtir,е as pills. For ехamplе, brеathing
new
еxегсisеs both rеlax уоu and lorvег уotlг Ьlood
bеstsеllег, Саlm Doun!, it alsо аffесts rrs physiсail1'.Fог ехaпrplе' stгеss
Prеssurе. It orrly takеs a fеw minutеs!''
сatlsеs high blood PГеssuге.
Doсtorsоftеn prеsс,iь.
=@
o Mеgon ond Greg hove complеtеlу diffеrent tуpes of personolity (A ond B). с0|{iPIEтE Rеod obout one, writе obout thе othеr.
Type B: Grеg
Тypе A: Megan 1 . Мegan doеsn't rеlaх easily. 2 . She
doеэn't |ake
timе to еnjoy
о Greg
rr|axeэ
easily.
. He takеs time to eniov the moment.
the moment. 3 . Megan and her boyfriend nеver takе vaсations. 4 . She
through the day.
о Greg and his girlfriend often - vaсatrons.
о H е doеsn't rush through the day.
5.
She is nеrvous.
оHe
nervous.
6.
Shе is always in a hurry.
.He
nevеr in
a hurrу,
She finishеs other people'ssentenсes for them.
.He
8.
Shе
a lot.
. Hе doеsn't wоrrу a lot.
9.
Shе
enough time
. Hе has enough time to frnish things.
7.
other people's
sentenсes for them.
to finish things. 1 0 . Mеgan has high blood prеssure due to strеss'
. Greg pressure due to stress.
high blood
simp|e Present
Тense
Asl(t, ANiWERC Todd is on oсcountont,Look ot his sсhеdule.Write quеstionsond onswersobout his doу,
Ш?}iff*ll8 6:00-7:00 9еt up.ехеrсisе 8:00-9:00 work on геports 9:00-12:00 seе сliеnts
When / get up? |Nhendoeэ he get up?
12:o0-12',З0 |unсh 12:30-5:00 rеturn phone сalls
5:30-7:00 attеndnight sсhoоl
He ge|э up at 6:00,
2. eхеrсisе in the morning? Doeghe exeraiэein the morninа?
Yеэ, hе doeo,
3. work on reDorts in the aftеrnoon? 4' When / see сlients? 5. takе a lunсh brеak?
6. What / do / from 12:30to 5:00? 7. Where / go / al5:30?
EDIT.Reod Todd,sjournol еntrу.Find ond сorrесttеn mistokеsin thе usе of thе simplе prеsenttеnse.The first mistokeis аlrеodу сorrectеd.
nevernave l,m so fired.l harc.я*еrtime to rel,aх.Iwork aI|daу and вtudieвall nighf.Iv1уbosв tell me that l need,a,,,,uaсafion. l agree,buf l afraid to fake one,Doeamy boas thinkв that the otfiсe ca,n,f,unсfion wifhout me? l dont want fhem fo think l'm not neceEыarу. But mY wife ia unhappУtoo,She сomplainfhat вhe never aee6me anуmore.|v1,у don'tthiлk l can keepfhiв up muсh ,Ioлgen всheduleare-',,сr'azу.l l don't wanfв to quif nighf school,thouAh,I think offen fhat there has fo be a better way,
r
9
&
Non-Action
{ry ":
Verbs
ш:::-::::
P0lNт
Сhеck thе сorrеctаnswеr. Aссording to thе fish, the Worm П hus thе flavor of сhiсken. П aсts like a сhiсkеn.
сI|ARтсHEсI( Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т
F
Sоmе vеrbs have both a nоn-aсtiоn and an aсtion meaning.
т
F
Avеrb usеd with a non-aсtion meaning is not used in the progтessive.
vERBs WIт}| NoN-AстloN It,lEAN lNGs I want to go fishing. Hе owns a big boat. Тhe weathеrsеems finе' Thеy hatе fish.
vЕRBs wlтн Boтн NoN-AстloN AND ACтloN ]UtЕANlNGs Noш-Aспoш
Aстloш
Тhе fish weighs five pounds. Wе think it,sa good day for fishing. This fish ta'tеs de|iсious. Тhis food smells qood.
Hе's weighing the fish now. W е , r e t h i n k i n g a b o u tg o i n g . | , m t а s t i n g t h е f i s hn o w . Т h е с o o k i s s m е I | i n gt h е f o o d .
EхPREssж Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсеswith thе corrесtform of the vеrb tastе.
the soup right now It 10
salty.
Non.Aсt.on
Verbs
r xplanаtiоnз G r * г т з i т э аЕ
ЕxаmрIes
1. Many vеrbsdesсribestаtеsor situationsinstеad of aсtions.Thеse verbs arе сalled non.aсtion verbs (or stativеverbs).
r |ohn has а boat. (Thеvеrb hos dеsсribеsJohn,ssituotion,not somеthinghе is doing')
Most non-асtionverbsare not usual|yused in thе pгеsеnt progrеssive evеn whеn they desсribе a situationthat is happеningright now.
l
r
He wants fish for dinnеr. Noт t{еisзгrraвting-ffiifii1еl..
2. Non.aсtionvеrbsarе usuallyverbsthat: a. dеsсribеa state of being (bе, feеl)
r ,|anеis tirеd but happy. r 5hе fеels good.
b. exprеssеmotions (hаtе, likе, lovе)
A: Do you likе my new drеss? B: I lovе it!
с. dеsсribеmenta| statеs (know,rеmembеr,beliеvе,think [= beliеve], supposе,undеrstond)
r I know а |ot of good rесipes. l Ari rеmеmbеrs your number. l I think you,гe right.
d. show possession (havе,own, possess,bеlong)
l сеsaг has a hеadaсhe' l Somе studentsown miсгowavеs.
е. dеsсribеperсeptions and sensеs (hеor,seе,smell,tastе,feеl,notiсе,sеem, look [= sееm],oppеor,sound)
l l hear thе tе|еphonе. r Dina sееms tirеd.
f. dеsсribеnеeds and preferеnсеs (neеd,wаnt, prefer)
r l neеd a pеn.
g. dеsсribеmeasurеmеntt (weigh' сost, сontoin)
l HoW muсh doеs it сost?
3. Bв сдпвгul! Some verbsсan have non-aсtion and aсtion mеanings(tostе,smell, feel, look, think, Itovе, wеigh).
Noш-Астtoх r I taste gaг|iс.Did you put some in hеrе? (I notiсе gorliс,) r Тhe soup tastes good' Тry some. (Thеsoup is good,) АсТloN
r |,m tasting thе soup to sеe if it nееdsmorе sa|t. (l,m trying thе soup.)
Cheсk iI out! For a list of сommon non-aсtion verbs' see Appendix 2 on page 337.
11
12 r
Unit з
lDENтltYo Rеod this сonvеrsotion,Undеrlinеoll non-аction vеrbs thot dеscribеo situotion thot is in progrеss,Сirclе oll non-oсtion vеrbs thot desсribeа situotion thot is genеrolly truе,
Ar,rшв:This stеak tastеs deliсious.Your salmon looks gоodtoo. Bвш: Here, I'm putting some on your plate. I think yоu'll like it. Ar,rшв:Mmm. I likе it. Funnу, I l..,,ully(JБ.'ТIГd fi.h. Bвш: Red has that effeсt on pеople. Arrшв: I have no idea what you,ге talking about. What do yоu mean? Bвш: Well' сolоrs сan сhange the way we feеl. tr'оrexample, people often feel hungтier in a red room. I notiсe that yоu're looking right at the red wallpaper. Ar,rшв: And I сеrtainlу feel hungтy right now. I'm eating half your salmon. Bвш: That's oK' I,m tasting your steak.
сн00sEо Сomplеte this mogozinе ortiсIе with thе сorrеct form of the verbs in porenthеses. Lenny Kramer is in a sports store. н"
.' i.o.i#iJ..uo..,.nаi really paying attention to the aroma vеry muсh beсausе he pair оf running shоes. Th"У -_Т Lenny really, really
flоwers, but he isn't
2 . ( l o o k s/ i s l o o k i n g )
.ul.*
4 . ( W а n t s/ i s W а n t i n g )
ata
a lot moгe than he usuallу pays, but ." thosе shоеs. He's thе viсtim of ..smart sсents.''
aromas that stores use to make сustomеrs buy more. Aсross tоwn' Lenny's daughter Myra is taking a history tеst in a сlassroom that was reсently painted yellow. Although Мyra 6 . ( s е е m s/ i s s e e m i n g )
5 . ( h а t e s/ i s h a t i n g )
to bе dоing well on this tеst' She
histоr5l,she
7 . ( l i k e s/ i s l i k i n g )
the new
сolorofherсlassroom'.n"ffithatit'shelpingheronthеtest'
but it is. Sсientists have shown that уellow imp.о,,eJ Ьoth mеmory and сonсеntration.
Wе now
9. (know / arе knowing)
that odоrs, сolors, and sounds affeсt our moods and
еven our health. In faсt, right now Lеnny's wife, Cindy'
1 O . ( t h i n k s/ i s t h i n k i n g )
about
Lenny and Myra' Shе's surе that Lenny is spending tоo muсh on shoеs and that Myra is failing another history test. Cindy suffers from migтaine headaсhes, but she -
1 1 . ( d o e s n ' th a v e / i s n ' th a v i n q )
l 2 . ( h е а r si i s h e a r i n g )
a headaсhe today. Shе,s in the gardеn, and shе
birds and inseсt sounds. Thev alwavs сalm hеr down.
Non.Aсt.on
verbs
r
13
o Rеod this convеrsotion.Сompletеit with the сorrеctform of thе сOff|PLEтЕ vеrbsin porenthesеs.Usе thе presеntprogrеssiveor thе simplе prеsеnttеnsе,
goоd!What's сooking?
A: Hi, Ana. Mmm. Somethin* ---jЪhB: Fish soup.I
it to seе if it
2. (tastе)
you --
A: Mmmm. It
A: That
good, but I -
it needs salt.
6. (think)
about adding сanned tomatoеs too, еven though it
7. (think) 8. (not be)
mоre garliс.
to try it?
4. (wаnt)
5. (taste)
B: OK. I
3. (need)
in the reсipe.
9. (sound)
likе a good idea. But wait a minutе. I
1O. (look)
at the reсipe, and it says you сan add milk. How about that?
B:I
11. (notknow)
A: I.ll сheсk. Hmm. I
if the milk t 3. (smе||)
fresh.
12' (bе)
it, but I
sure. Let's add
14. (not bе)
the tomatoеs instеad.
B: OK. I
l5. (lovе)
сooking! Thе whоlе house
l6. (smе|l)
great
when you сооk. And it always puts me in a good mood.
A:I
17. (know)
what you
18. (mean)
.I
19. (feel)
thе
same way.
ЕDlIo Rеod this journol entrу. тhеrе orе eight mistokеsin the usе of oсtion ond non.oсtion verbs,Find ond сorrесtthеm, The first mistokеis аlreodYcorrectеd' уgrcn ъ-
have
N0|щ99!fuу-\+еA3М-взggээp!_Щ!W4!|9l0-4"0-аw!уlop,,!argе -t!uэgуa'ц!'у!е*,Jr-ез4'q! rЦmq'o_4_gnф9!'rjLo+ фi9I9 эoц'фЦ!9.\gry\ -аbg,Щh-o;у5r!е-||5_9gр-/уфrnцQ,аnd9)!е!!е3у!'5-q!i9nl'!v::w|9ц9[Ia13уq q1P!цf7r-hе thсt g:ф3-1reеn l,п notthinking nеас!а-c,,fu),1h9\э,у4-919p,-bиt -dеуеssion) tnщKlrnуe+'еry,оglo еаt1ц1grhngуhе-9 !lgе!do1!Щ.''..-._ lnфpе q 4ffеrе,!!eJL!qщ.1te4|] tlrлo'Ц?ntJ-navе a-щ?_$-'?'е??еrpint-tea wrth 9_щ у-g0!:0Т|oo lnцch:2p'_ф l WOr(Уthф!p lеэ:'\Цe:t]JАqn1lкщW ?P999!-фя,nA_hеJ?2уoу-9в фJЦt \Pлgl'-l-e-аtуJps-:g!2l0фl!9 thgt!ф!9q.o1фе'lQеэr'еgцэц04g9'59у!42 ?qfi! goф1gh\т'b-aцI w) It,s-sсpmiqgthаt rhеrеаrеo0еаs\] so|ulions'
Present Progressive and Simple Present Тense Cross-Cultural Confusion Whу iэ Taro |еaningback
,рiё
F i n et h a n k e , |,owarе уou2,
Whуiэ Эami эtandingeo
Friеndsfrom differеntсuIturesoften havе differеntideasabout timе.
l€ н Е€ l <|
Sometimеsthey don't agrее about soсiaIdistanсе,either.
P0INт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folsе)' т
F
Karl is arriving late tоnight.
т
F
In Sami's сulture, people rarely stand сlose to eaсh other.
сIiARтсltЕсl( Сheсk thе сorrесt onswеrs. The present progтessivehas: t
оnе part
П two parts The simplе present tense has: LJ one form П t*o forms
t4
.Pп
PREsЕN. Suв;вст
oGREsslvЕ
Bдsв Foпм| Bс + -rArG I am
Wе/You*/They are arriving Hе/She/|t
ts
*You is both singular and plural
now.
slпnPlЕ PRЕSЕNт тЕNsЕ 5uUвст
Vвпв
|/Wе/You/Thеy nеvеr
arrlvе
arways Hе/She/It
arrlvеs
on timе.
Present
Progressive
and Simple
Present
тense
r
EхPREss Жxdi Сomplеtеthe following chorts with thе vеrb buу'
PRЕSENт PRoGREss|vE Suвlвстl Bд l BдsвFoпм + .lшс I
Suв;вст| |v.*"
You
You
fIowеrsnow.
He
slluPLE PRESЕNт тЕNsЕ
l
usually
сhoсoIates.
Hе
G r а mm ar Еx plana t io ns
Ехamples
1. Usе thе present progressive for things happеningright now. {o(o. ' Now -^to : . *d$n' p a s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . ;.. S.9- .F]u. -t u r e i
r Sami is talkin9 to Тaro. r Аt thе momеnt,Тarois spеaking Еng|ish.
Use the simplе рreJеnt tеnJе to desсгibе what rеgu|arlyhappеns.
Past.'.........'Х.x
*?*
r Sami talks to Taro еveryday. l Тarospеаks Japanеsеat homе.
Future i x.........x.......'> Hе tolksto hiimеverуdoу.
2. Usе the prеsеnt progrеssivе for things happеningthesedays.
I Arе you studying hard thеse doуs?
Now Pаst
I We.rе studying in thе U.S. this month. t Laura,sstudуing in Franсеthis уeor,
. . . . . . . . . .Futurе .>
3. RвмвмввR!Most non-aсtlon vеrbs аrе not usuallyusеd in thе Prеsentprogrеssivе еven whеn thеy dеsсribеa situationthat exists аt thе moment of spеaking.
r |anеwants to go homе right now. Noт
4. Use the simple present tеnse to talk about sсiеntifiсfaсts аnd physiсallaws.
r StressCauses high b|ood prеssure. -l r Watегboils аt 00.с.
Cheсkit oul! For a list of сomrnоtrnon-aсtion verbs, seе Apperrdiх 2 on page 337.
15
16 r
Unit zr
о Rеod thеsеjournol еntriеsbу Brion, а Сonodion summerехсhongеstudеnt IDENтIЕY studуing in Argеntino. Сirсle oll thе vеrbsthot dеscribеwhаt is hoppening now. Undеrlinеthе vеrbs thot desсribеwhot gеnerаllу hoppеns.
a oaat June 2o; t@tn ЭО'ООО frеL aboveLhe еarth е n r o u t е | o ^ r q e n | i n a l| u o u a | | у h a v ed i n n е ra t t h i e t i m e , b u t r i q h | n o w I h a v еa h е a d a c h ef r o m L h e axClLamen|.gу eеa|ma|е le
Ju|y 4: The wea|hеr ie cold now, l u e u a | | уэ p e n dt h е f i r o t w е е k e n d of JuIу at the bеach,Todaу |m wa|kingaround in a heavу ;vlea|er, Аuguэt 6z I fee| eo LtredtonighL. Еveryonеr|эe feе|oqrеat in Nhе е v e n | n qb e c a u e et h е у t a k e l o n q napэ in |hв aftеrnoon,
eatinq mу food. Эhе lookэ haP?у, June Эo: It'e 7:ЭО, gу hoэt parеnLe are эti|l workinq,Сar|oo,mу fathеr, wОrkэa| hоnзe.Mу |i|||ebroLher K i с а r d oi э c u | е , А е | o o k e( a n d aсta) a |o| |ikebobbу,Kiqht now, h е ' e| o o k i n qО v e rm у э h o u l d e ra n d tryinq to rеad mу journa|,
о Studеntsorе tolking outsidе o сlossroom.Сomplеtеthеir сonvеrsotions сOffiPIEтE with thе prеsеntprogrеssivеor the simplеprеsеnttеnseof thе verbsin porеnthеsеs.
l.
Lr-wu: Hi' Paulo. WЪat Pдur,o: oh, I
you
are
b. (wait)
Lr-wu: How are you? You
Pдulo: I аm a little tired. I
doinа a. (do)
for сlass to begin. tired.
с. (|ook) d. (rvork)
evenings this semеstеr.Hеy, is that
your teaсher over there?
Lr-wu: Yеs' She
e. (tаlk)
to one оf mу
tt-.\
сlassmatеs. Pдur,o: I wonder what,s wrong. He her. He
Lr-wu: Oh. That
Рt ]:Js, .)Ф-.g
,
g. (look) h. (not meаn)
f. (not look)
.r
ъ* ' i]./.., Ц}.-' !-] ,,"ъ
at
,.ll-!
еmbarrassed. -J
anything. In Taiwan
]
!
\,,1:l-
-.--4.Bь:-.
it's not respeсtfulto lоok direсtly at yоur teaсhеr. 2. Moвrкo: Look, there,sМiguеl. He
Nrшд: Yes. They
b. (tаkе)
a. (1аlk)
u '
lr
tо Luisa.
a сlass together this semestеr.
\+ч I
-|,у)
,l-
Flreserrt
Рrogressivr
and simple
Рresent
Tense
you
very сlose to еaсh other.
(. (stand)
theу
d. (thiпk)
NIшд: No. I
2 е. (date)
it
f. (notthink)
anything spесial. I
9' (meаn)
from Costa Riсa,
h. (соmе)
and people thеre nоrmally
that
i, (stand)
сlose to еaсh othеr.
3.
Rдsrrд: There's Hans. Wlrv a. (walk)
he so fast? Class
at 9:00.Hе still Cr-дuов: He always Switzerland often 4.
-
tla
'r.*4 ''
\:-J
\; .) t -.:с
аъ;..
J
-a,-zф.@
t l
,li r ,r; il \
b. (stаrt)
о.l
fast. Pеople from
e. (аpреao
t o b e i n а hurry.
Yoкo: Isn't that Sеrgio and Luis? Why --hands? They . аvti! ..:s"so3; ,.' Ъ
. r
tеn minutesl d. (walk)
theу b. 1know;
Jrшс: In Brazil. rrrеn time thеу
li\ ! /'r\, .ъ ,J
a. (shаkе)
eaсh othеr.
<. (shake)
hands evеry
d. (meet)
EDIT.Reod this student,sjournol, Find аnd сorreсtеlevеnmistаkеsin thе use of thе presеnt progressivеor simple prеsеnttеnse' The first mistokеis olrеаdу corrеctеd'
|'moi|ъ|ng lt.s '|l:3oац_dtФ+iц|he lib1а1yright цow.Мy с!аssmаfesq1e qаl_i1qlunф toget!р1'
I miss'my old roиtinе.Аt homе we alwaysare eаtingа Ьi9 щq4!аt |:1Оoin-the аft9-ц11oor,r'' Тhenwr res
'
4
'
r
9
'
''
Еverуdaу,l аlmost fа[! сoЧrse|m ngt borqd.I jus-t4eedmy аfternoo'4nqp!Т,!isс!аs-sg!уv'qyg-i.q tчn' Тhiq grgups--o.| seцеste.r,.щe work on a p1ojeсtчvithv!d.egсаm-е-ца's'. $L teaц j.s-fitmirr.g -soсlat peoplein differentс9r!tures'. to We are ana|уze distаnсe'-Тhqt meац-show 9!9_se eасhothеrthesepgoplestaцd.Асс'ordingto for my l:oo q!gрs.Тeq-с'hers. h-9rereal|yarеn't likiц9 ryhqцу.oч9oцe-|9tq]-'
17
&
lmperative To do thе Jab: B е n d у o u rk n е a эa n d p|aaeуour riqht foo|,in fron|, likethia,?unahwi|hуour nghl fiaL.
{Е:{Ст{ | POINт Сhесk thе corrесtonswеr. Thе woman in the photo is П inviting someonе tо learn thе Jab. П gi,,ing instruсtions on how to do thе Jab' П ordering someone to do the Jab.
AЕFlRll'AтlvE
сltАRтсltЕсl( Сhесk the corrесt onswеr. Irnperativе sentеnсеs П inсlude a subjeсt. П don,t inсlude a subjeсt.
18
BдsвFoпм l oг Vвпв l
NЕGAтl! VЕ
l BдsвFoпм | DoN,тI oг Vвпв |
Bеnd
yourкnees.
Punсh
with your fists.
Don't
bеnd
your Knеes.
punсh
with your fist.
lmperative
r
EхPRЕss,;iж, Usе thеsе vеrbs to completе thе chаrts, listen
touсh
AFF!RпnAтlvЕ BдsвFoпм oг Vвпв |
stand
NЕGAт|VE Doн,т
I Bдsв Foпм oг Vвпв
to t h е m u s i с .
to t h е m u s i с .
your toes.
your [oes.
straight.
straight.
&rа*ъзynarf;xр|anаtigns
Ехarnрles
1. Тhе impеrativе foгm of thе veгb is alwaysthe bаsеform. lt is the samе whethегit is dirесted to onе or sevеrаIpeop|е.
r Marlа,pIеaseget rеady r Gеt ready,guys!
2. Тhе subjесt of an impеrativestatemеntis you. Howеvеr,we do not sаy or writе yoи in impеrativesеntеnсеs.
r Stand up straight. NoT }ffit.
3. Тhe impеrativеform has a number of usеs. Usе thе impеrativеto: a. givе dirесtions and instruсtions
l Turn Iеftat thе traffiс|iqht.
b. give ordеrs or сommands
l Don,t movе!
с. make rеqцests (Use plеosein addition to the imperativeform.)
l Pleosе rеad this aгtiс|e. r Rеad this aгtiс|e,pleosе.
d. givе adviсe or make suggеstions
r Don,t eхеrсisе whеn you,resiсk.
е. givе warnings.
r Bе сaгеfuI!Don,t trip!
f. invitе someone
r Work out with us tomoгrow.
19
2O r Unit s o Еoсh impеrotivegoеs with а situotion.Motch thе impеrotivеwith thе ItiAтсl| сorrеctsituаtion, Imperаtivе q
Situation
l . Don't tоuсh that!
a . Someonе is visiting a friend.
z. Look
b . Someone is going out into the сold.
bоth ways.
3 . Dress warmly!
C.
Someone is сrossing a street.
4. Don't bend your knees.
d.
Someonе is taking an еxam.
5 . Mark eaсh answer true or false.
e.
Someonе is ехerсising.
6 . Come in. Make yourself at home.
f.
Somеonе is tasting some fоod.
7 . Try a little morе peppеr.
9.
Sоmething is hot.
C You,rеgoing to give instructionsfor moking o bonаnа-strowbеrrуsmoothiе, lIiAтсI| Motсh o verb from сolumn A with o phrosе from сolumn B' С o l u m nA
ColumnB
Add
the ingтediеnts until smooth. siх strawberries. a banana. orange juiсе intо thе blender. the strawberries in half. the fruit to the orange juiсe.
Sliсe Wash Cut Blеnd Pour
LABЕL.Now writе thе sеntеnсеsin ordеr under thе сorreсtpiсtures.
l.
Э | i c ea b a n a n a '
2.
#ffi
3. ,*l.r дч:-.-
,
#,
\у 1 1'. i
lь
ТЗ \,' 'ф
W@ 2'
"*-
ьiiiЁ"-
4.
5.
6.
:'l
lmperаtive
o Reаd this аdvеrtisеmеntfor o mortiol аrts sсhool' Сompleteit сl]00sEa с0мPLEтE using the offirmotivеor nеgotivеimpеrotivеform of thе verbsin thе boх. сhoose register
beсome miss
Don'tthink
inсrеase
deсrease take
|earn wait
}A<
that martial arts is only about physiсal training. A goоd
t.
martial arts progтаm offers many other benefits as well.
2.
self-defense and morе at the Martial Arts Aсademv: stress. Martial arts training helps you relax.
3.
сonсentration. Martial arts students foсus better.
4.
fit. Strength and fleхibility imprоve aS you learn. 5.
We are оffering an introduсtorytrial membership.
spесial оpportunity.
this
6.
сlasseswith Master Lorenzo Gibbons'
7.
a ninth-leve] Blaсk Belt Master.
8.
сlasses from our сonvenient sсhеdule. now
lo.
9.
for a two-week trial.
oNLY 52o. - UNlFoR/t INсLUDED.
EDIIo Rеаd port of o mаrtiаl orts studеnt,sеssoу.Find ond corrеctfive mistokеsin the usе of thе impеrotivе.Thе first mistokеis olrеodу сorrесted.
Еor thе B]асk BеlL еssay. Мastеr Glbbons gаvе uS this Write ,lvTv .imnоrtяnт . . . .j * ^ . L ^ . . !
-т.(71f-Wт-f-ге
*hр
Wav. ,""_t.
othеr
or
-lllos
q n m р t h i n о. - О
of
1ifе
pеop1е-тrеat
Sесond. for
с1 l.]UuL
for
stea1.
not Thеsе
to arе
usе thе
-L
thе
thеm thе
hе1pеd pеop1е in
othеrs,
_...r
just
most
L
tL ov
mart1a1
Vо]l.
Jvu.
arts.
t- о- r n. * . j с
.!J
First.
Wаy you Want thеm to
nееd.
it
Lalf
words,
for
own good.
important
ru1еs
to
is
Thр
R -i Оo- h- ' т
-
rPsnр.ts
trеat
uSе your
In othеr your
assignmеnt:
Third,
mе.
you. sтrеngth no 1iе
r
21
SelfTest lsв.ffiloшt Сirclе the lеtter of the corrесtonswеr to сomplеtееoсh sеntеnсе.
Exдmpш: сoffee.
Jеnnifer nеver (Al drink (B)drinks
(С)is drinking (D)was drinking
l. ready for sсhool? It's already 7:00. (C)You get (A) Do you gеt (D)Yоu are getting (B)Are you getting to Grеесe every yеar to visit his family. (с) go (D)goes
z. Niсk (A) is gоing (B)he goеs
3. Why -? Class isn't over yet. (C) do yоu leave (A) are you leaving (D)you lеaving (B)you are leaving good. Is that fresh bread in thе oven? (С)smеll (D)smelling
4. Something -
tA)smells {B)is smelling 5. Whiсh сlass (A)are you liking (B)you are liking 6. -
loosе сlothes to eхеrсisе. You,ll be mоrе сomfortablе. (C)Wears (Dl You wear to сlass on time. We start at ехaсtly 9:00. (C) yоu're сoming (D)сomes
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
(С}Don't (D)You don't
ABсD
1 0 . -Do you like fish? -Yes, I -.
22
ABсD
ABсD
run!
(A)Not (B)No
{A)am (Bldo
ABсD
(С) you like (D)do vou iike
s. I sоmething outside. Are thе doоrs loсked? (С)hearing (A) 'rn hearing (D)hеars (B)hear 9 . Walk! -
ABсD
ABсD
best?
(Al Wear {B}Wearing
7. Plеase (A)we сomе (B)соme
A@с
[С)don't (D}likе
D
SelfTest
ABсD
l1. Harry wоrks all the time. Hе (A) never relaxеs {B}relaxes nevеr
(C) often relaxes (D)relaxes sometimеs
these days? 12. What (A) are you doing (B)do yоu do
(C)you are doing (D)you do
13. The baby,s so big! How muсh (A) weigh (B)she weighs
now? (C) is shе weighing (D)dоes she weigh
ABсD
ABсD
l4. -Arе you taking an English сlass this semester? -Yes, I -. (C)do (A) take (D)am (B)am taking
ABсD
at 212'F.
ABсD
15. Water (A)boil (B)boils
lsвffil
I t
(C)boiled (D)is boiling
тw0
Eoсh sentеnсehos four undеrlinеdwords or phrosеs,Thе four underlinеdparts of thе sеntencеorе morkеdA, B, с, ond D. СirсIеthе lеtter of the one undеrlined word or phrose thot is Noт сoRRЕст'
Еxдмptl: Mike usually drives to sсhool,but tо4ay hе wqlks. ABсD
A B с@
16. Fran usually is swimming beforе work, but this morning she'q jщЕ'iцg.
ABсD
17. Thе wind is blоwing, it rains, and the sky loоks gray.
ABсD
18. Whеre yoц_alе working these days aftеrsсhоol?
ABсD
19. Thе floor is wet, so walk slowly and no fall down!
ABсD
A_BсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(O
20. Sоmething is seeming different-arе AB(D
you weqring a new perfume?
ABсD
21. We always eat оut beсause we ha!еs tо сook.
ABсD
22. Luis arrivеs usually early, but today he's late.
AвсD
23. I need my CD player if you don,t using it at thе щoment.
ABсD
24. I nevеr havе anything to write with beсause I'm alw4),s lose my pens.
ABсD
25. Turn lеft at the light, and you don,t forget tо signal!
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
23
Simple Past Tense: Affirmative Statements Оh' А|bеr|| You werеa qoad man bul a l^
ia\t
na?f
I
жPOINт Сhесk thе yеor thеsеsеntеncеs oppеored in o nеwspoper, ..PoetAlbеrt Rimes ]ivеs in Belяium.''
П rgвg t rggg ..PoetAlbert Rimes livеd in Belgium most of his life." ш 1989 ш 1999
сl|ARтсI{/Eсl( Сhесk thе corrесt onswеr' How many forms does the past tense of hehave? П o''"
П t."o
What dо you add to the base form of rеgular vеrbs to fоrm thе рast tense? ш -doт.ed ш .t
тHE sIlUtPLЕPAsт TЕNSE:8Е Suв;пст l/Hе/She/|t
| Bt was
WelYou*/Тhey wеrе
y o u n gi n 1 9 3 0 .
*Yorzis both singular and plural
тHE sllt'PLE PAsт ТЕNSЕ:RЕGULAR vЕRBs Suвlrст
l Vппв
l
movеd
fiftyyеarsago.
I/He/Shе/It/We/You/Тhеy workеd
тHE slпnPlЕ PAsт ТЕNSЕ:IRRЕGULARvЕRвs
Suв;пст
l v.," wrotе
I/Hе/Shе/It/We/You/Тhеy beсame built
24
l poеtry. famous. a monument.
Sirnple
Рast
тense:
Affirmative Staternerrts l
EхPREssжж Сompletethе сhort, Bдsв Foпм oг Vппв
Slмprв Pдsт Тrшsв
oe
ano
сome 5aVе
й r a mтnа r Еx рla паt iо пs
Е'xаrтзр|es
l. Usе thе simрlе рast tense to ta|kabout things that arе now finished.
r АIbertRimeslived in the twentiethсentury. r Hе was a ooеt. r Hе wrotе poetry.
*?*
Past................х..........'....i.....'....................,..> Hе wos o poеt. i.
2. You сan u5еthе simplе past tense with timе exprеssions that refеrto thе past (Iostwееk, bу 1980, in thе twentiethсеntury, fifty уеors ogo).
I I
Bу |93o, he was famous. Hе diеd more than tеn yеors ogo,
3. Тhe simple past tеnsе of rеgu|ar verbs is formеd by adding -d or -еd,
Bдsв Foпм Iive join pray
Slмplв Pдsт Iived joined played
}
Bв сдпвгul! Тhеrеare often spelIingсhanges whеn you add .ed to the vеrb.
study hop
studiеd hoppеd
Мany сommon verbsarе irrеgular. Тhеir paSttеnsеis not formеd by adding .d or -еd.
bе havе get go
was/wеrе had got wеnt
Сheсk it out! For spelling rules for the simple past tense of regular verЬs, see Appendix 21 on page З44. For pronunсiation rules for the simple past tense ofregulaт vеrbs, see Appendix 28 on page 348. For a ]ist ofirregтlar verЬs, see Appendix 1 on pagеs 336_337.
25
26 l
Unit о
o Rеаd obout lаponesе poеt Mаtsuo Bosho. Undеrlinеаll the rеgulorpost iDENтiFY tеnsеvеrbs,Сirclе oll the irrеgulorpost tensеvеrbs, Matsuo Basho@БDmore
than 1'000 three-line
poems' or..haiku.'' He сhose topiсs fiоm nature, daily life, and human emotions. He bесame оne of Japan's most famous poets, and his work established haiku as an impоrtant art form. Matsuo Basho was born near Kyоtо in 1644' His father wantеd him tо beсome а sarnurai (warrior). Instеad, Matsuo movеd to Edо (presеnt-day Tokyo) and studied pоetry. By 1681' hе had many studеnts and admirers. Basho's home burned down in 1682. Thеn, in 1683, his mothеr diеd. After these events, Basho felt restless. Starting in 1684, he travеlеd оn foot and on horsebaсk al] over Japаn. Sometimes his friends joined him, and they wrоtе poеtry together. Travel was diffiсult in thе seventeеnth сentury, and Basho often got siсk. He died in 1694, during a journey to Osaka. At that time he had 2,000 students.
o Reod this biogrophу of onothеr poet, Еmilу Dickinson' сl]00sE& сOff|PLEтЕ Сomplеtеit using thе simplе post tеnsеform of thе vеrbsin thе boхеs. bе
beсome
lead
)<
leavе
write
Еmily Diсkinson, one of thе most pоpular Ameriсan poets, lived t.
from 1830to 1886.Shе
about love. naturе. and time. These
her
favorite themеs' Diсkinson
an unusual life,
After just one year of сoliege, she shе almost never
a reсluse-
her hоuse in Amherst,
Massaсhusetts. At hоme, she familу, and she only
5.
no one eхсept hеr
7. 8.
white.
Simple
address
appear
happen
In addition to her poetry,Diсkinson people always
Past
Тeпse:
Affirпlаtive Stаtеmeгlts l
write
9.
many letters.Other
the envelopes for her. Durins her lifetime only
10.
seven of hеr 1,700 poems
11.
in print-and
this
'12.
without her knowlеdge or permissiоn. Now сomplеtеtheselines from o poеm bу Emilу Dickinson, bite
.}"Ф
A bird
drink
.l
eat
hop
down the walk:
3.
He did nоt knоw I
He
an angle-worm in halves
15.
And
the fellow raw.
And then he
17.
a dew
Frоm a сonvenient gтass' And then
18.
sidewise to the wall
To let a beetle pass.
ЕDlTC Reod port of а studеnt,sjournаl, Find ond сorreсtеight mistokesin the use of thе simplе post tеnsе.Thе first mistokeis olreody сorrеcted.
enjoуed Todауin c|a.sswе rеаd a ?oеmby RobertFros|.I reallyeqэу it. lt was aboцtа ?еraonwhochoosеdbеIlllееоIworoаdsin а torеst' Bdore hе mаdе his decision,hе IhoughIthе s?еntsa lot at tirnetn7ingto decidеwhichroаdto fotlow.Мany peopte ?еrsonwеrcFrost.|nrhе еnd,hе IаkеIhе roаdIhаIwаs |еssIrаvе|еdon. |1edеcidеd to bе а poеt.Ihаtdеcisioncnangеhis titea lot. SomеtimеsI lеe| а tittletikeFrost' тwo\еars ago I decidеto comeIo this coцnIr\.ThаI werеIhe biggеstdеcisionot rnytife.
27
Simple Past Тense: Negative Statements and Questions Тнв Dдtrr,Nь-rr,s
DID sHЕ сRASH??? -Lдл,, Nвw Gurшвд, Jurv 2, 1'9З7. Аmdria ЕarhаrtЪ smali planе lеft thе island of Laе at ехaсtly 12:00 midnight. Shе was not alonе on thе flight, Ьut shе and Frеd Noonan, hеr n a v i g a t o r ,w е r е v е f y t i r е d . S h е r е p o r t е dh е r l a s t p o s i t i o n a t 8 : 1 , 4p . м . A Г t е r t h a t , s h е d i d n o t m a k е r a d i o с o n t a с t again. \Vhy did thеy disappеar? W.еrеthеy ехhaustеd?Did t h е y r u n o u t o Г g a s ?T h е U . S . C o a s t G u a r d s t а r t е d i t s s е a r с hГ o r t h е а n s w е r а t 1 0 : 1 5 p . м .
l PoINт
l
Сirclе T (True),F (Folsе),or ? (thе ortiсlе doesn,tsoу)' т
r
?
The plane сrashеd.
т
F
?
Earhart made radio сontaсt after 8:14 p.м.
т
F
?
Еarhart had a navigator with her.
slMPLE PAsт тENsE: NEGAт|VЕ SтATEMENТs сI/,АRт снEсI(I Сhесk thе сorrеct onswers. What word do уou add to be to form а negative statement? П лot
J
did not
BE Suв;вст I/He/Shе/It
I/He/She/lt
We/You/Thеy
2a
not
hеre |astyеar.
was not = wasn't Wеrenot = werеn,t
REGULA R AND IRRЕGULAR vl ЕRBs
J
did not
was
*You is both singular and plural.
Suв,вст
J
сoNTRA(тloNs
|шo'
Wе/You*/Theywerе
What do you add tо other verbs to form а nеgativе statеment? not
|,.
I Bдsв Foпм Dto t,toт| oг Vвпв did not
сaIl tty
CoNтRACтloNs l a s tn i g h t .
did not = didn't
Simple
Past
Negative statements anсi QuestioПs
тense:
l
slMPLЕ PAsТ TENsE: QUEsTIoNs
снАRтсllEсK2 Сhеck thе сorrеct onswеr. Whiсh word(s) сan begin уеslno questions with be? rl
lJ
wos
r-
were
lJ
lJ did Whiсh word(s) сan begin уеslno questions with other vеrbs? r-l
lJ
wos
r-l
tJ wеre J
did
YEs/No QUЕSTIONS:8Е
s}loRт ANSWERS
Bс |suц..'I Was
sne
Aггlпмдтlvв t
hеre |astyеar?
Wеrе they
Yes,
she was. they werе.
N."o,.u. No,
she wasn't. they wеren,t
!vf,- QuЕsтIoNS:BЕ tl
Wн. Woпo |8r why
was
ISuqвст| she
hеre lastyear?
were thеy
YEs/NoQuЕsтloNs:OТHERvЕRBs II
Dlo ISuв!встl Bдsв Foпм I
t|у
Did 5nе
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvвl
to Меxiсo?
Yеs, she did. ]No, she didn,t.
l,t/f'-QuЕsтIoNS: OтHER vЕRBs lll
Wн- WoпoIDlo l Suв,пст IBдsвFoпм why
did
disappеar?
it
ЕxPREssжж Unscromblеthesеwords to form o questionond on onswеr. navigator . she . have о Did . a fly.Shеоdidn't.alonе
rrrar ЕxрlanatЁоrrs & yarтт
Еxarnp!еs
1. Usе the simplе past tеnse to makе negativе statements аbout aсtionsor situationsthat arе
r r r r
nowfinishеd.
Shе wasn,t a|one. Тhey weren,t on an island. Т h e yd i d n , t f i n d t h e p I a n е . Hе didn't Call thatniqht.
Now : Past...............Х.....i........................> wqsn'tolone i
2. Usе thе simpIe past tеnse to ask questions aboutaсtionsor situations that are now finished.
r Was shе a|onеin thе p|аnе? l Whеre did she leave from?
Cheсkit out! Еor questions about the subjeсt,see Unit 24 on pages 102_103.
Nвсдтlvв
29
3O r unit z READ. Look аt some foсts obout Amelio Еаrhort' o She was bоrn in the Unitеd States. о She didn,t сomplete соllеgе. о She didn,t keep her first airplane.
о She reсeived many arмards. o She married Geоrge Palmer Putnam. о She didn't have any сhildren.
о She flew aсross thе Atlantiс oсean.
о She wrotе three boоks.
АNswЕRо Put o сhесk in the сorrесtboх' Yes 1. Did she get many awards?
И
2. Was she a сollege gтaduate? 3. Wаs shе an Ameriсan citizen? 4. Did she keep hеr first planе? 5. Was shе an author? 6. Did she have a husband? 7. Was she a parent?
t t t t t t
No
t t П
t t t t
о Usе the сues to osk quеstionsobout Amеlio Еorhort. Тhеn аnswеr the Asl(& АNsviIER questionswith thе informotionin thе box'
E l.
,|9з7 Amеriсаn
Columbia University
two yеars
WЪen/ sЪe/сross thе Atlantiс oсеan? \Nhendid эhе crogэ the Аt|antia ocеan?
2. Where / s},e lstudy? 3. Horд'long / be / shе / a soсial worker? 4. Where / her last flisht / leave from? 5. How many books / sЬ,e/writе? 6. What /Ье /lner natiоnаlitv? 7. When I she /disappear?
ln 192b,
New Guinea
three
s.m;rle
least тense:
Nеgаtive st;iteгneпts arld Questions
тhе mogozine F|уing H.lgh (FH) interviewеdo уoung pilot' Сomplеtethe сOII|PLEтE. interviеwwith thе сorrесtform of thе vеrbsin pаrenthеsеsond with short onswеrs,
FH:
Did
Suв:
Yeэ
wanl
you always
aid
,I
to bе a pilot?
l. (want)
. I saw a doсumentarv about Amelia
2.
Earhart when I was siх. She beсame mу role model.
FH:
з. (be)
Suв:
your parеnts happу with уour dесisiоn?
.They
, they
FH: WЪy nоt?
thеy
Suв:
they they
FH: FH: Suв: FH: Suв:
оf flying arоund the wоrld?
9. (dгeam)
10, (notthink)
it would happen so soon.
you alone on the flight?
,I l 3. (Bе)
. But I was very determined, and
7,
you ever
11. (Bе)
it was too dangerous?
6. (fее|)
mе from pursuing my dream.
8. (not keеp)
Suп: of сoursе.But I
me to fly.
5 . ( n o tw а n t )
12.
.Ihadaсo.оilot.
it diffiсult to find a сo-pilot for this flight?
it
14.
. She's my roommate.
ЕDlIo Rеod this postсord. Find ond сorrect six mistokеsin thе usе of thе simptepost tensе,Thе first mistokeis olrеodу corrеctеd. receive Нi! Di|уoи rceеircJ пу Llst /еttсr? | intп't knеш,tlot,r
Т:
tt.'tl,аiirсss so / settt it toуoиr ,l/,/oпe, I,|/teп уoи
, Ls.r |24с
lttovсi? Diigoиr rootиtttсtuЬ, tпovеtl,itll !1oи? Rtght, пot,, litt oп bo"ll.,/,l p/,lпс f/цitч to Е/ Pаso tо visit Апtl'
Тo:
Dir|уoи mеt hеr .tt the сoпfireпсс Ltst уеоr? | ицlиfui tо visit hсr ttlJипс, bltt / пo /lа,/ thс tiпс. Аt first / к,,ts goirц to ,lrivе from Los Аиge/es, bнt I ieсile,'{ to f/у fulstеаi. Т/tis is oпlу пtц thir,l f/i1/tt, bиt / /t,vе ffunц/ | ,ti,|nt kпou, f/уitlg сoи/,./bе so mtrh fиn! Нopе fu hсаr frout уоt'.
-^,1
5ие Аvilt |21o Bоцviсu, Plвс.с Тttmpл,FL 33601
j
r
3l
&
Used to Lookat thatl I uэed |o wear baqgуjeano|
Г{.з€q:{ff PglNт Сhеck thе сorrеctonswеr. The man is thinking about П a habit hе has now. П a habit hе had in the past.
сI]ART сItEсКI Сirclе T (True)or F (Folsе). т
F
In aflirmative statemеnts, иsed to is used with all subjeсts.
сHАRтсIIEсI( 2 Сheck the сorrесt' аnswеr, In questiоns,what form of used to is usеd? О аiа...usedto J
аiа...usеto
AFFlRluAтIvEsтAтЕП,lЕNтs l I BдsвFoпм Suцпст| ttsсoтo I oг Vппв
Suв,вст | Dtot,t,тusстo I oг Vвпв
I She Thеy
I Shе Тhеy
wеar 'eans.
lt
you D i d sne thеy
l BдsпFoпм
I
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs Dlo Isuqвст|uu .o | вшв гoпм usе to wеar iеans?
didn't usе to
did
you she thеy
usе to
wеar Jeans.
sHoRт ANSWERS I
Aгrlпмдтlvв l I Yеs, snе thеy
did.
}vf,-QUEsтloNs Шн-Woпo I o,o i Suв,вст| uu 'o | вяsеFoпм What
32
used to
NЕGAтlvE sтAтEпnENтs
wеar?
Nпсlтlvе I No, s h e thеy
didn't.
Used tо r
.*:)':bi;3 ЕхPREss Сirclе thе words to сompletеthеsеsеntеnсеs, о He usеd to / uses to wear baggy jeans. . Did yоu use to / usеd to shop for сlothes with your friеnds? о What did your parents use to sa}.ing / sa.v abоut your сlоthes?
f"уаукrrзar Екр|а*аtiопs
Еxаmplеs
1. Usе used to + basе form of the verb to ta|k about past habits or past situations that no Ionoеrеxistin thе orеsеnt.
r Lеo used to buy baggy jеans. (ln thе post, hе oftenboughtboggyjeons Не doеsn,tbuу boggyjeons anуmorе.)
\ow
Past.'...'.'''.''Хxх.........'.i.''..'.''.'.''..........> usеd to buу
}
i
Bв сдпвгut|Used to а|wayshas a past meaning. r |n his youth, Lеo usеd to bе thin Тhеrе is no prеsеnttenseform. N oт Тэdа*tеиаsеd-te-bе-tf,in
2. We usua||yuse иsed to in sеntеnсеsthat Gontrast the past and the prеsent. We oftеn еmphasizethis сontгastby usingtimе eхprеssionssuсh as nowl no longer, and not anymorе with the prеsenttеnse.
l е a n su s e d t o G o m e o n | yi n b | u e . Nowyou сan buy themin anyсo|or. Тhey usеd to livе in Cenoa, but they no longer Iivеthеre. Shе used to wеar a size6, but shе doеsn,t onymorе.
3. Bв сдвtгur! Foгm quеstions with did + use to. Form thе nеgativе with didn,t + use to. Usдсв Noтв: Used to is more сommon in affirmativestаtemеntsthan in neqative statеmeпt5 or quеstions.
4. Bв сдппгul! Do not сonfusе used to + basе form of the vеrb with thе fo||owingexpressions:
r Did you usе to wеar jеans? Noтl r They didn,t usе to сomе in diffеrentсoIors. Noт@
l usеd to wear tight jеans. (lt wos mу past hobit to wеor tightjеons.)
be used to (bе oссustomеdto)
I , m u s е d t o w е a r i n g t i g h tj e a n s . (lt is normolfor mе to wеor tightjеons.)
gеt used to (get oссustomеdto)
| got used to wearing tight jeansIastyeaг' (l got oссustomеdto wеoringtightjеons.)
33
34 r unit в o Rеod this foshion orticlе. Undеrlineoll thе eхomplesof usеd to that iDENтIEY refеrto а hobit in thе post'
In many ways, fashion used to be muсh simpler. Women didn't use to wear pants to the offiсe, and men's сlothes never used to сome in bright сolors.Peoplе also used to dress in speсial ways for different situations. They didn,t use blue jeans as businеss сlothes or wear joggtng suits when
thеy traveled. Today you сan go to thе opera and find sоme wоmen in evening gowns while others are in bluejeans. Еven buyingjeans used to bе еasier-theу сamе оnly in bluе denim. I'm still not usеd to buying gтеenjeans and wearing them to work!
o Look ot thesеpiсturеs from on old mogozine. сltO0sE& сOIЛPLЕтE Use thе vеrbsin thе boх with used to. Writеonе sеntеnсеabout еaсh piсturе.
Х
l . Women's
skirts
сarry
danсe
uэed to be
dress
have
wеar
2. All men
long and formal.
like
3. Children adults.
5. Women
many
pettiсoatsunder thеir skirts.
long hair.
Мen and women at formal balls.
6 . Men
walking stiсks.
Llse.d to r
o Look ot thе informаtion AsI(& АNswЕR from1922,Сomplеte aboutsnеokеrs ' Usеthecorrеctformof used to. the FAQs*
Woмгш,s
380 wнlтг 95C вt.дск 85с SMALL
73с SMALL
89с LARсЕ
79с LARGE
Снtloпгш,s
r.Q: A:
Did эneakеrэ u6e |o aome in manу co|orэ? ( s n е а k e r s/ с o m е i n m a n y с o i o r s ? )
No.only in whi|eand b|aсk,
2 . Q : How many styles did thеy usе to сome in? A: 3.Q:
( H o w m u с h l p a n o f m e n ' s h i g h - t o p s/ с o s t ? )
A: 4 . Q : What abоut womеn's sneakers? Did thеy use to сost thе same as men's? A: s . Q : What kind of sneakers did сhildren use tо wear? A: 6 . Q : How many sizеs did thеre use to bе for bоys and girls? A: *ЕAQs= FrеquentlyAsked Quеstions
EDIIo Reod this student,sjournol' Find ond corrеctfivе mistokеsin thе usе of usеd to. Thе first mistokеis olreodv сorrеcted,
uee
А|||ha qir|eaN mу Whс,nI waoУoun7ar, c|othinqdldn'Nwеd to ba a prob|еm, ochoolueеА|o worrNhr oamе uniform,I ueed|o think|ha| it Nookawaуfrom mу frееdomot choloa'Now| саn wеarwha| | want,bu| c|oLheeсoo| эa much| uoеd|o bе сheapеr,lr/ymom UaeО|О paу \еэa Еvenb|ueJaano,t,odaу'e,,uniform,'' |han Ф2Оfor herэ.I queeeIheу didn'tueеd|o эе|ldreiqnеrjеane baсkNhеn, ]
buNnowI,mno| эa эure| You knoи | wao uэedto br aqaineteсhoo|unitarme,
35
Past Progressive
P}INт Сheсk thе сorreсtonswеr. The girl in thе hospital bеd is giving her version of П what she usually did in thе past. П what she was doing at the time of hеr aссident.
сI|АRтснEсKI
sтAтЕ]YlЕNтs
Сirclе Т (Truе)or F (Folse).
Suв;пст
Bс
т
|/Hе/Shе/|t
was
F
Thе oast progтеssivеis madе up of the past tеnsе оf be + base form of thе verb.
We/You*/Тhey wеrе
П after the subjeсt
jumping. falling.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs Bс
| | Bдsв Foпм |5uв,:стl+.tшс
Was
5nе
jumping? falling?
Wеre you
П beforе the subjeсt
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aпгlпмдтtvв
Yеs,
5nе
was.
Wе
wеrе.
W,'- QUEsтloNs wн- woпo l вд Wherе When
whv
How long
36
(not)
*Youis both singular and plural.
с||ARтсI/iEсI( 2
Сhесk thе corrесt ' аnswer, In questiоns, the verb be сomes:
| | Bдsв Foпм oг |(Noт)|Vппв+-tNG
| suц.., | вo'. Foпм+ .lruG
wa5
5nе
wеrе
you
jumping? falling?
*."or,u.
| No,
snе w a s n ' t . Wе
werеn,t
Past Progressive
ЕхPREss k,;ж3 Сomplеtеthis convеrsotionwith thе post progrеssivеform of thе vеrb staу, ,)
you
A: Where
B:I
at a resort in Colorado.
g"tтаrЁxрi* rъ*&i*gзs t r* xъз
Еxamp!еs
l . Usе thе Past progrеssivе to dеsсribеan aсtion that Wаsin pгogгеssаt а spесifiсtimе in thе pаst. Thе aсtion bеgan bеforе the spесifiсtimе and may or may not сontinue aftеr the speсifiсtime.
A: Whаt were you doing at 3:00? B : Wе werе skiing. C : I w a s e a t i n g | u n с ha t 3 : 0 0 .
3:00
Now
i
Past.ч...........Х............:..i.'...........................> \---...; skiing Bп сдппгul! Non-aсtion veгbs arе not usua|ly usеd in the progгеssive. (For o list of сommon non.oсtion vеrbs, sее Appеndiх 2 on pogе 3З7.)
2. Usе thе past progrеssive with wfii|e to ta|k about two асtions in progressat thе samе time in the Dast.Usе thе pаst oroorеssivein both сlauses.
r I had a headaсhеlast night. Noт@
Whilеhe wаs skiing, Iwas reading. OR
I was rеading while hе was skiing.
: Past.1............Х....Ii.......................> \bs skii{$/ ' oodotо9 UsдспNoтв:|n informа|сonvеrsation, somе peopIеusewhenwith thе pastprogrеssivе.
3. Usе thе past progrеssivе to foсus on thе durationof an aсtion,not its сompIеtion. Usе thе simplе past tеnsе to foсus on thе сomp|еtionof an aсtion.
r Sorry,l wasn,t listеning when уou were talking.
Sheilawas reading a book last night. (Wе don,t know if she finishеdthе book.) Shеi|аrеad a book |astnight. (Sheproboblуfinishedthе book.)
r
37
38 r
unit g
тRUE0R EALSЕ.Rеod еoсh numbеrеdsеntеnсe.Writе T (Truе)or F (Folsе)for the stotеmеntthot follows. Writе o questionmark (?) if thеrеis not еnough informotion. 1 . While Tanya was watсhing the Winter olympiсs on TV, Mikael was shoveling snow.
F
First Mikaei finished shоvеiing snow. Then Tanya started watсhing TV.
2 . In this photo, I was putting on my boots. I was wеaring boots in the phоto. 3 . At 5:00, they were drinking hоt сhoсolate bу the fire.
We don,t knоw whеn thеy startеd drinking hot сhoсoiatе. Last night, I was reading an artiсle about skiing in Moroссo. I frnished the artiсle. 5 . At 10:00, he drank a сup of сoffeе.
He frnished the сoffee. 6. It was snowing while shе was taking the phоtogтaph. First shе took thе photоgтaph. Then it started to snow.
о Fritz ond Кorуn wеre ot o ski сofё. Writе obout thе piсturе. Usе thе DEi0RIBE post progrеssive' 1 . Frttz
waэ wеaring a ha|
2. Karyn
waэn,t wеaring a ha|,
3. They 4. It
s. Thеу 6. They z. The waiter 8. He 9. Karyn 1o. She
( W e а r/ a h a t ) ( W е а r/ a h а t )
( s i ti o u t s i d e )
(snow,
(weаr/ sung|аssеs) ( W е a г/ t h e i r g l o v е s )
( s е r v е/ d r i n k s )
1 s е r v е/ | u n с h )
(5mi|е)
(hoId/aсelIphone)
Pаst
Pr
о Mountain Sports Magazine (MS) interviеwedthе snowboording сOIЙPLEтE chompion, RosiеHopp (RH). Complеtеthе interviewwith thе corrеctform of thе vеrbs in porenthesesond with short аnswеrs. MS: Congтatulatiоns!Yоu just beсame a semi-finalist for the olympiс snоwboarding |Nerе e|Peating tеam. to get this far in уoll (expeсt) l .
the сompetition? wagln,t
RH: Nо, I
. During thе trials, I
bad сold. By the last day, I
3. (rесoveф
frоm a
very well. That's what
4. (not pегform)
I thought, anyway.
MS: What
you
5. (think)
whilе you
6. (Wаit)
fоr the annоunсement? RH: Aсtually' I and I
,.."*,n*',
abоut the сompetition at all' Some friends a movle.
E. (wаtсh)
МS: You're prеtty new to this sport. Wherе
you
9. (snowboard.l
at this time last vear?
RH: In Switzerland.I
1o. (wаtсh)
Barrеtt Christie and
t 1. (drеаm)
about being that good.
MS:
hе
RH: Yes, hе
1з.
l2. (рraсtiсе)
for the olympiсs at that timе?
And he was amazing.
ЕDlTo Rеod thisjournol еntrу.Find ond correсteight mistokеsin thе use of the post progressive,Thе first mistokе is olrеodу сorrectеd.
were Toпtght,Shei/а апd l *a*/ookiпg аt somеphotogrаphs fom mу sпo,-uboаr,fiпgtrtp шith Fritzb fапilу /аstуеаr Bу the епl ofthe еrrпiпg, tl,еl'lиghiпg /ikе сrаzу, Thаt u,аs m!/frst ехperieпсeoп а sпolуboаrd, so tllе piсtиres и,еrеprеttу embаrrаssiпg, |n oпe shot, I шаs саmе с{oн,nt/tеs/opеo'1t'Ig bасk, Iп апoth,eroпe, -у |loа,'/ *е', fа/liиg oиt ofthе ski /ф шhi/е | luаs ridiпg иp thе s/ope,Fritz шаs tаkiпq thаt piсtиrе from thе /ift eпtrапсе. Good thiпg hе not stапdiпg rjht ипdеr mе! W|lerе шаs / шhеп Fritz шаs fа//itlg ,/oшп thе s/opе?Igиess I шаsп,t саrr! mу стmem, It шаs аmаziпg horufа.st Fritzьgir//i.irпd, Kаrуп, /еаrпеl thаt шеekепl, She шаs doiпgjиmps b3 thе secoпсtdау. Bу thаt timе' / spеnt а lot of timе аt thе ski саfe'
r
39
Past Progressive and simple Past Тense Did уou эee t h e acсi de n t ?
WPЙINт Y e a h . . . T h eg u у in the эporte Оar waэ ta|king on hio сe||ohonewhenhe hit
Numbеr thеsеstotementsin thе corrеct timе order. There was a сar aссident.
Lhe of,her сar'
The drivеr of the sports сar Was on thе phone.
сI]ARтсHEсI(
PAsт PRoGRЕsslvЕ AND sllvlPlЕ PAsт тENsЕ
Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). Use while to introduсe
Pдsт Pпoспвsslvв| Wнсtl I s.",.. Pдsт Tвшsв
т
F
asimplepast tеnse aсtion.
т
F
apast progтеssive aсtion.
He was speеding
thе aссidenthappеnеd.
whеn
slПfrРLЕ PAsт тЕNsЕ AND PAsТ PRoGRЕsslvЕ Slмpl.вPдsт Твшsв
| w",,, | гo'' Pпoспвsstvв
Тhe aссidenthappened
whi|е l you wеrе driving.
sllvlPlЕ PAsТ тЕNsЕ AND stiltPLEРAsт тЕNsЕ SlмpI.в PдsтTвшsв| w,,n I s.'... PдsтTпшsв Тhе po|iсе Gamе
whеn
the aссidеnthappened.
PAsт PпoGREsslvЕAND PAsт PRoGREsslvЕ Pдsт Pпoспвsslvв | w,,,, | гo'' Pпoспвsslvв Тhеy werе talking
whi|е
they wеre driving.
EхPREssж Сirclе thе сorrеct words to completе thеsеsеntеncеs. . When / While the сar сrashed, he hit his head. о How fast was he driving1 didie
40
drige when the aссident oссurred?
Past
Рrogressive
and Simple
Pаst
Тense
*т*t iоn s &r mжтwear#-хpf.a
Е:сaжтplеs
1. Use thе past progrеssivе with thе simple past tensе to ta|kabout an aсtionthat was interгuptedby anothеraсtion.Usе the simple past tensefor thе interruptingaсtion.
r I was сrossing thе strееtwhеn thе dгivеr ho nkеd his ho гn. l Тhey wеre driving too fastwhen thеy сrashеd.
l
Futurе
Usе иlhen to introduсеthе simple past tеnse aсtion oR usе while to introduсethе past progressivе aсtion.
r Hе was speеdingwhen the light turned red. l While he was speеding, the |ightturned гed'
2. Bв сдпвгul! Notiсе the differenсеin meaning betwеen thesе two diffеrentsеntеnсes. Now tight crossed i chongеd street : Pаst......Х..............x....i................> I When thе |ightсhanged, I
Future
When the light сhanged, I was сrossing the strееt. (FirstI was сrossingthе strееt.Then thе light сhanged,)
3. Usе the past progrеssivе with while to ta|kabout two aсtionsin progrеssat the samе timе in thе past.Usе the past progressivein both сlauses.
Lin was talking on the phonе while he w as dr iving. Тhеy wеren,t paying attеntionwhile theу Wеrе сrossing thе strееt.
N?* Past 'r""""
'r'i"""""""'
&lш9ll ьйо9
4. Тhe timе сlausе (the part of thе sеntenсе beginningwith when or whilе)сan сomе at thе beginningoг thе еnd of thе sеntenсe. Т h e me a n i n gi s th e s a m e . Usе a Comma aftеrthe time сlausеwhеn it сomes at the bеginningof the sеntеnсe.
t Whеn you сalled, lwas |eaving. r l was |eavingwhen you сallеd. l r
While he was driving, hе was taIking. He was ta|king while hе was driving.
41
42 I unit'ro тRUE0R FAIiEо Rеod еoch numbеredsеntеnсе.Writе T (True)or F (Folsе)for the stotemеnt thot follows. l. When оur friends arrived. we ate lunсh. т
our friеnds arrived before lunсh.
2, While wе were talking on the phone, I was driving to sсhool. We finished the сonversation. Then I drove to sсhool. 3. Lori heard about the aссident while she was driving to work. Lori knеw about the aссident by the time she got to work. 4. When they exited the frеeway, it started to rain. It was raining while thеy Were on the freeway. 5. When Zoe got to sсhool, her сlass was taking a tеst. Zoe was late to сlass.
ОA police officеr is interviewing two witnеssesof а troffic occident. сOffiPIEтE Сomplete the interviеw with thе correct form of the verbs in porenthеsеsаnd with short аnswers, Were
oв'r'rсвп,.
occurred
w9re
Wrтшпss 1: Yes, Wg
. \ryg
3.
when we first
the сar
! Those men
11.
light when the сar
Oггrсвв:
1 3 .( h i 0
the drivеr
l2. (сross)
against a rеd
them. 14. (stop)
when hе
the men?
15. (see)
Wrтшшss2: But the men
very fast when it
e.(go)
the сorner.
lo. (reaсh)
while hе
whеn it
6. (spееd)
It
Wrтшвss 1: No, he
at the bus stop
to thе intersесtion?
7. (get)
Wrтшвss 1: Yes. it
4. (wаit)
the сar.
5. (notiсe)
oгr'rсвв:
here when the aссidеnt
1. (stаnd)
2
2. (oссuф
lVrтшвss 2: No. it
э|anding
уol
He
16. 18. (drivе) 20. (not pay)
17. (talk)
. That's why he
on his сell phonе 19. (not stop)
attention while they
in timе. 21. (walk)
Pаst
Oв'гrсвв:
it
Progressive
22. (snow)
and Simpte
Past
Tense
whеn the aссident
2 23. (happеn)
Wrтшвss2: Yes, it Wrтшшss1: No. it
. I'm sure of it. The roads were very slippery.
24.
The snow
25.
ambulanсe
26. (start)
when the
27. (arrivе)
о Rеod eoch poir of sеntеncеs.Сombinе thеm into onе sеntenceusing the simple с0lI|BlNЕ post tеnsеor the post progrеssiveform of thе verbs,Usе o commo whеrеnеcеssorу, 1 . Dana attеnded a party. The blizzatd started. Whеn
|he blizzard э|art,ed, oana waэ at|endinq a ?artУ,
2 . She drove home. She listened to her сar radio.
Whilе 3. She pulled over to the side of the road. Thе visibility got very bad. when 4. Shе listеned to thе nеws. She heard about the aссident. while It stopped snowing. Shе drove to thе poliсe station. whеn 6. She talked to thе poliсе. She thought about hеr еditorial for thе mоrning paper.
While
EDII. Rеod port of the first drаft of Dono,s editoriol. Find ond corrеct five mistokesin thе usе of timе сlouses,The first mistokе is olrеodу correctеd.
dr iving Yеsteгday, a man was taiking on his сell phone whiiе he was dfirf,е his сar. Maybе he сheсkin$ his dai1y planner while hе was makin$ his nеxt appointmеnt. сеrtainly
not сonсеntratin$
Hе was
on the road when the li$ht suddenly was turning red.
The two men in thе streеt Wеrr tгyin$ to jump out of thr way when they saw him, but it was too late. No one Was badly hurt, but that was just luсk. Last yeaц the City Counсil weren't passin$ the ..talkin$ and driving law.'' Wе neеd that, ]aтлr!
t
43
SelfТest tгЕffil
oNE
Сircle thе lеtter of thе сorrеct аnswеr to complеtе eoch sentеncе.
Exднtptt: соffee.
Jennifer never (A) drink (B)drinks 1. Roger tA) сalled (B}сalls
me at 9:00 last night. (C) used to сalled (D)сalling
2. Sara didn,t hear the phone. Shе (A) slеeps (B)slеpt 3. There {A) are {B)is
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
to sсhool? (C)you go (D)yоu went in Canada. (C)used to live (D)usеd to living
ABсD
a headaсhе. (C) used to have (D)was having
ABсD
thе сar. As soon as the light turnеd red, she (С) stops (A) did stop (D)was stopping (B)stopped
ABсD
7. Riсk left сlass earlv bесause he -
(A) had (B)havе
9. They
(A) сoоk (B)сooked 1 0 . Johnny (A) read (B)reads 44
(C)used to sleep (D)was sleeping
a very strange lеttеr. (C) used to gеt (D)was gеtting
tA) did you go (B)you did go Сlaude didn,t (4,)lived (B)use to live
ABсD
ABсD
a lоt of peоple in thе park yеstеrday. (С)was (D)were
4. one day last Marсh, I tA) did get (B)got 5. Where
(C)is drinking (D)was drinking
A@с
when the firе alarm rang. (C)was сooking (D)were сooking the paper when I interruptеd him. (C)was reading (D)were reading
ABсD
ABсD
D
SelfТest
11. -Did
you watсh Tv last night? I was studying for a test. (C) No, I didn't. (A)Yes, I did. (D)No, I wasn't. (B)Yes, I was.
12. I rеmember you. You (A) use (B)usеd
1sЕgтlсlNl
to go to sсhool here. (C)were using (D)were used
ll
l
ABсD
ABсD
тW0
Еoch sentеncеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrаsеs. Thе four undеrlinedports of thе sеntеnceorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеttеr of the onе underlined word or phrose thot is NoТ сoRRЕст,
Exдшtptп: Мike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. A с D B
A B сo
13. Why did you сalled him last wеek?
ABсD
14. They Were watсhing TV while I were reading.
ABсD
15. What are you doing last night at 8:00?
ABсD
16, The doсtor сalled this mоrning while you slept.
ABсD
17. It was no raining when the game began.
ABсD
18. Paul was drying the dishes when he was dropping the plate.
ABсD
19. When Gloria were fouц shе used to pretеnd she had a horse.
ABсD
20. What do vou -usе - B to do when -vоu felt afraid?
AвсD
2',1.As soon as thе alarm сloсk rangl, she woke up and was getting
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABCD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
A"
т_
D
AвсD
out ofbed. 22. onсe when I was ten, I usеd to get siсk and went to the hospital.
ABсD
23. While I driving home, I turned on the сar radio and heard about
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
the aссident. 24. What did you do- while you were living in Spain?
ABсD
25. Pete and Andy- were ----т_* driving to work when they" were -?____ seeing D_ ^ the aссident.
ABсD
AB
с
D
45
Present Perfect: Since and For s>\
lrir
stй
С o m eo n ! You'vebeen a 0rО эinae 1994. Now earvethе ba|||
Forget it!
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse), т
The prеsеnt perfeсt is made up of two parts: Ё1 hove + past tense J
hove + past partiсiplе
Suв'вст
П bu'" form of verb + -en
The man is still a professional tennis player.
| н o n , | 1 ш o r 1| г o ' ' P я п т l с I п l в |
l/We/You*/Тhеy have Hе/Shе/|t
(not)
has
livеd pIayеd beеnt
|snlcr/ron herе
sinсe lЙaу. for a long time.
* You is both singular and plural. t Bееn is an irregular past partiсiple. For a list of irregular verbs, sеe Appendiх 1 on pages 336_337.
The regular form of the past partiсiplе is: П bu." form of vеrb + -d or .ed
F
sтAтEПЛЕNтs
сI]АRтсIIEсKI Сheck the corrеct аnswer.
.-*€ Ж lP0lNт
l
You haven'l won a matсh for weekэ| Go home!
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs HдvrIsuq.., |пo''Pяптlсlгlв| Have
they
Has
hе
lived playеd beеn
| stlсс/ron herе
sinсe lЙaу? for a |ong timе?
sHoRт ANsWЕas Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
шЕGAтlvЕ
|
they
havе.
hе
has.
No,
thеy
havеn,t.
hе
hasn't.
Nотв: For сontraсtions witЬ hauе, see Appеndix 24 on page 346.
46
Present
Perfeсt:
Since and For I
ш,r'-QUEsтl( )NS
2 сI]ARTсIIEсI( Сhеck thе corrеct onswеr. For is used with:
Wн-Woп o|
П u point of time
How long
Pдsт
s}|oRтAнswЕRs
,u'.., I Pдптlсlpl-в "on,| have has
П u length of timе
they
livеd
he
bееn
herе?
SinсeJanuaгy. For a fеw months.
ЕхPREssж Look ot the pаst porticiplеs,Check the corrеctcolumn. Regular driven сompeted
t t
47
lrregular
Rеgular lrregular WonПП
П t
Grаrnrnar Еxрlaпаtigns
tried
MaгtinaHingishas bеeп a profеssional tеnnis player sinсе 1994. Shе has bееn a professiona| tеnnisp|ayеr for уears. (Shе bеgon her profеssionqlсorеeryеorsago, and shе is stillo profеssionolplaуеr.)
hos beеn
3. Sinceсan also introduсеa time сlause. When the aсtion in thе time сIauseеnded in the past use the simplepast tense. When the aсtion in thе timе с|ausebegan in the past but сontinuеsinto the present,usе the orеsеntpeгfeсt.
4. Usе thе pгesentpегfeсtwith for + lеngth of time (for ten minutes, for two weeks,for yеаrs, for o lono timе)to show how Iono a orеsent сonditionhas lastеd.
t
Еxаmplеs
1. Usе thе prеsent реrfесt with siисe or for to taIkabout somеthingthat bеgan in the past and сontinuesinto the prеsеnt(and may сontinuе into the futurе).
2. Usе thе presentpегfeсtwith sjлсe + point in timе (sinсe5:00, sinсеMondoу sinсe 1994) to show when somethino staгtеd.
t
r She has еarned mi|Iionsof dollaгssinсe 1994.
I I
Maгtinahas loved sports sinсе she wos o сhild. Shе has Won many tennistournamеnts sinceshe movеd fгom S|ovakia. (Shе doesn'tlivе thеrеonymore,) Shе has beсomееxtremеlysuссеssful sinceshе has beеn in Switzer|and. (She stilllivеsin Switzerlond,)
r Martina'smothеr has bееn hеr сoaсh for mony yеors'
48
I
unit 11
o Rеаd obout tеnnis stor Mortinа Hingis. Underlinе oll the verbs in the iDENтiFY presеnt pеrfect. Сirclе аll the time еxpressionswith since or for. Мartina Hingis piсked up her first tеnnis raсkеt at the she has beсome one of the gтeatest
age of two.@
tennis players in the world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzerland for many years. She beсame the outdoor Swiss сhampion at age nine. Sinсe then she has won many international сompetitions inсluding Wimbledon, the U.S. Open, and the Australian Open. For young stars like Martina, life has its diffiсulties. They arе under сonstant pressure to win, and they dоn't have time to just hang out with сlassmates. In fact, Мartina hasn't attended sсhool sinсе 1994, and she has bеen in the publiс spоtlight for years. But she Seems to be handling her Suссess wеll. Sinсe she turned professional, she has played tennis all over the world and has earned millions оf dollars. She sees her life aS normal beсause tennis has been the most important thing to hеr sinсe she was a littlе girl.
сaмPIEтEa оI00sEо Reod this mogozinе excеrpt obout o child gеnius, Сomplеtе it with the presеntperfесtform of the verbsin porentheses,Сhoosebеtwееnsinсe ond f or. haэ |oved
Thirteеn-year-old Ronniе Segal was a littlе boy...I
math
1. (|ovе)
9tnce
interested in numbers
3. (bе)
ninе years, five months, three weeks, and two days,',says Ronnie. the past yeaЦ Ronnie He
7. (not do)
five exams and 1 1 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф
6. (attеnd)
badly. 1o. (notgеt)
8 . ( S i n с еl F o r )
5 . ( S i n с е/ F o ф
January he
9. (takе)
a gтade of less than 100 on any of them.
Ronnie began сlasses, he
14. (know)
4 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )
gтaduate-level сlassеs at the university.
I.324 people a month. And his future? Young Ronnie for vears. He
hе
2 . ( s i n с e/ f o ф
l 5 . ( s i n с е/ f o r )
12. (mееt)
an average of
13. (not think)
about it
he was a little bov that he is
going to beсome a famous sports announсeц get married, and have exaсtly 2.2 kids.
Present
Per{eсt:
Sliэсe and For
АsКa АNIWERo Сomplеtе the intеrview obout Мortino Hingis. Usе thе words in porenthesesto writе questions,Then onswеr thе questionswith informаtion from ЕxerciseI. 1. (How lоng / shе l plaу tennis?) Q: A:
How |ong haэ эhe p|aуedt,ennig? Эincе эhе waэ two.
2. (How long / shе / live in Switzerland?) Q: A: 3. (she / win any сompetitions / sinсe thе outdoor Swiss сhampionship?) Q:
A: 4. (she / attеnd sсhool / sinсе 1994?) Q:
A: s. (How muсh money / she / earn / sinсe she began her сarеer?) Q: A: 6. (How long / tennis / be important to hеr?) Q: A:
EDITo Reod this student,sporogroph. Find ond сorreсtsеven mistokеsin thе use of thе prеsentp,еrfеct,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrеctеd,
have been
Iж in Мs. Qodriguе7,s еducаtion c|аsssincеtwornonths. it a lot | еn1oy ?husicа|
аnd nаvеon|у missIwoc|аssе;sincеthе bеginning ot thе sеrnеsIеr' I espеciа||у |ikеtennis,bцt;incеSефеmbеr thе wеatnеrhаvеbееntoo wеdon,tp|ауbеcаusе cт|d.| а|solikevolleyball, tеаmhаs winfulogаrnе9sincеwе hаvе, and rn.1 фаrtеdIo cтm?еtеwithLinco|n toмаrdto thе nextgаmе' |'m|ooking I1ighSchoo|.
l
49
Present Perfeсt: AlreadУ and Yet Аo уou can oee, th е f |u э e a э О n h a э a|r eadу begun, Have уou got.ten уour f|u
ehoL уet? ||'э nrver too |ate!
FLa GHАRт
ffiPЙINт Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе). almoelnever...
To say that sоmething has happened before now,
Tо say that something has not happened beforе now.
The flu season will start soоn.
Suryвст| нon, I A,^,n,, | пo'' PлптIсIпI.в | They
have
It
has
[1 .l." olreodу, П usе yet.
F
AFFlR|l,lAтlvE sтAтEtvlЕNтs z ALREАDY
сI]ARTсl]Eсl(I Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer.
т
olreodу
dеvеlopеd
a nеWflu vaссinе.
savеd
many lives.
NЕGAтlvE SтAтЕMENТS: ИЕТ Suвlвст| нon' Pдsт Pмпсlпlв | "o' I
Тhey
havеn,t
finishеd
It
hasn't
endеd
| v', thе intегview уet.
П r.,." olreodу. П'.'."not..,Yet.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNS:УЕТ
сltАRTсl/iEсl( 2 Сircle T (Truе)or F (Fаlse). т F Yet is used in questions. 50
H д v с| s u ч . . ' | г o ' ' P л п т l с l г l в |
|v''
Havе
thеy
testеd
thе nеw vaссine
Has
it
gottеn
approval
yеt?
Present
Pel-feсt:
Alreadv and Уet l
sHoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв I Yеs,
thеy
havе.
it
has.
шEGAтtvE No,
thеy
haven't.
it
h a s n't.
EхPREss,Гp,ж:ry'"ж Unsсrаmblеthese words to form o question.Answеr the question. you . have о yet о lunсh о had
y ffi,ж &,yжwжжъ* жжe etaФffi% жэ*
Жжаnтр!es
t . We often use thе presеnt pеrfeсt with аlrеodу to talk about things that have haopеnеdbеforеnow.
A: |syouг daughtergoing to get her flu shot? B: Shе,s olrеodу gotten it.
olreodу when you mention a speсifiсtimе in thе past. Alreodу usual|yсomеs bеtwееnhove and thе past partiсip|e.
l Rеsеaгсheгs havе olreodу disсoverеd сuresfoг many disеases.
Alreodу сan a|soсome at the end of thе сlause.
I Тhey,ve madе a lot of progгеssolreody.
2. Usе thе рrеsent perfe
r Тhеy havеn,t disсoverеd a сurе for the сommon co|dуet, but thеy hope to disсovег one in thе futuге.
Notiсе that yet usuallyсomеs at thе еnd of the сIausе.
r Thе flu seasonhasn,t arrived уet.
Yet can a|soсome betweenhove not and the past paгtiсiple.
r Тhey havеn,t yet disсovеred a сUгefor thе сommon сold.
3. Wе usual|yuse yet in quеstions to find out if somеthinghas happenеdbeforеnow. Usдсв Noтв: SomеtimеsWe u5е olreodу in a question to exprеsssuгpгisethat something happеnedsoonerthan еxpесted.
r Has your son gotten his f|u shot yet? r Has he olreody gotten his flu shot? Тhе f|u seasonhasn,tbegun yеt.
51.
52 I unit iZ o Еoch сousе hos o proboblе result.Motch the cousе with thе oppropriаte result. Iу|Aтсlt Rеsult
Causе
a. is really hungry.
1. Tom has already gottеn his flu shot, so he probably
b. may get the flu.
Dr. Мeier has already finished his intеrview, so hе
G. has left thе TV studio. d. isn't very hungтy.
Dr. Meiеr hasn't had lunсh yet, so he
e. won't get the flu this yеar.
4. Randy hasn't gotten his shot yet, so he 5 . Randy has already had lunсh, so he
Reаd thеsequеstionsond onswеrsfrom o mogozinе orticlе. Сomplеtе сOII/IPLЕтE. thеm with the presеntpеrfеct form of thе vеrbs in porеnthеsesplus a|ready or yеt. Use short onswers. lastсаse AIDS саnсer mаlaria Ismallpoх !tеtanus|f|u ipolio mеаsles worldsmаllpox of smallpox vассinе vaссinе vaссinе vaссination vaссine jvассinе jvассine ]vaссine Program lvaссine
Have
Q: We plan to travel to the rain forest next vear. found
a malaria
l. (find)
No
A:
they
vaссrne havеn,t 2.
they
Уet
Talk to your doсtor about ways to
prеvent this diseasе. Q: My doсtor told me I won't nеed another smallpox vaссination. I was surprisеd. smallpox сompletel,
A:
,it
Q: Thеy
,*-,o*'
?
4.
vaссinеs against the flu. What about the сommon сold?
5. (dеvеlop)
A: No. Beсause thеre are so manv different сold viruses. thеv
6. (not bе able)
develop a vaссine
Q: There has bеen so muсh сanсer researсh. 7. (make)
A:
anyonе
a suссessful vaссine they
progress in reсent yеars, howevеr.
Researсhers haue made a lot of
to
Рresent
Рer.feсt:
Аlreadv arrd Уеt l
o Dr. Helmut Meier ond his wifе, Giselа, orе plonning o portу, Look ot thеir DЕsсRlBE To Do listsаnd thе pictures of their kitchеn аnd dining room. Cross out the chorеs thеy hove olrеodу done. Thеn writе sеntеncesobout еаch itеm on thеir To Do lists,
Do-Helmut -htr{ihrtheоаRe bаfre tn tuгltеy the Dut . theovоn mopthоflooт 'наihthedishes
To Do-GiэeIa cаrpet Y,:u:'Thе ouу flowеre уаэh fhe windowe
; |1aПQthе bаIloonэ WrаР the gift .
He\mut.haэ alreadу bought fi|m. G\oe|a haэn'| vacuumed the carpet уet,
EDIT. Reod this note from Gisеlo to Hеlmut. Find ond correсt six mistokes in the use of thе prеsent perfect with a|readу ond уet. The first mistoke is olrеody сorreсted.
Нсl nr u t - |,mi n а h u r r y ' I h а v e n ' |ж
do it o n fhе w ау ho me,K if а e ho ppinqа|r eаdу, but|,|I
h аvе а| r e а d уh а d d i n n e rа n d e h е ,eа |rе аdуhаd her bаth' |1аveуo u cа||} Й r J. аco beo n уeT? Нe 'э cа| | a dа |r е а d уth r e e f i m e o Т o d а у ' |I iedаuqhtr r hаэ go ff r n her f|u eho t уr f , |o it f o o |аte? Эee уou |аIer,
53
Present Perfeсt: IndefinitePast WhatЪneu, on ..Fe[dstein',? Tunein Chonnel 4 tonight
ot 8:o0 аnd find oaV
|'vejuэt t hou gh t of т hi o СrazУ nеw idea|
жPЙINт eОrneОne new' Have vou ever
Сhеck thе correct onswer. Thе ..Feldstein''сast is talking
about things of importanсe to thеm
met anуonelika uэ bеfore?
П .'o*. П in thе past.
сI|ARтсI/IEсI( I Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
You сan use thе prеsеnt pеrfeсt without mеntioning a spесifiс time.
sтAтЕlt,lЕNтs Suвlвст| нon, I rшo'2| пo'' Plптlсlгlв| Тhey
have
It
has
П b"forе the past partiсiple П at thе end of thе statement
s4
appeared beеn
on W.
For a сomplete presentation of present pеrfeсt forms, seе Unit 11, pages 46_47.
sтATЕ]vtЕNтs WlтH ADVERBS
сHARтсIIEсK 2 Сheck thе corrеct answer. Never and just сome:
(not)
llltl
Suryвстi Hлvr (нoт) 1 Aovвпв i Pлsт Plптlсlпl-в; They
have
It
has
They
have (not)
It
has (not)
just rесentlу
I Aovвпв
appeared bеen
on W.
appearеd bееn
on ТV
lotelу, reсentlу.
Present
Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). т F Ever has to bе used in уеslno quеStionS.
Hдvс' Suв,вст | (Evсп) 1Pяптtсlт,l-в Havе
thеy
Has
she
(еver)
aсtеd? won?
lndefinite Past
l
sHoRтANsWЕRs II
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs | |Pдsт
сIIARт сI]EсK3
Perfeсt:
Aггlпмдтlvв Yes,
thеy have. shе has.
NвсAтIvE
l
No,
they havеn,t. shе h a s n ' t .
],yf,-QuEsтloNs Wн- Woп o|нnn'| su,l.., | гo'' PлптlсlгI-в | How often
why
havе
they
aсtеd
on this show?
has
it
won
an award?
EхPREss Unscromblеthesе words to form o quеstion.Answer the quеstion, you . watсhеd о Have о .,The Simpsons,' о еver
srаmrжar ЕxрЕeЕetgens
ЖxamрЕes
l. Use thе presеnt pedeсt to talk about things that happenеdat an indefinitеtime in the past. You сan usе thе presentpeгfесtwhеn you don,t know whеn somethinghappеnedor whеn thе spесifiсtime is not important.
r l l l
2. You сan u5еeyerwith thе presеnt реffесtto ask questions.It mеans at ony timе up until now.
A: Havеyou won an award? oR Havе уoU ever won an awaгd? B: No, |'ve never won one.
Use nevеr to answеr negativеly.
Тhey,ve woп sevеra|awards. l,ve intеrviewed thе wholе сast. She,sbeеn in a HoI|ywoodmoviе. l,vе seen his show many timеs.
OR
No, пeyer.
3. Usе the prеsеnt perfесt with just, reсentlу, orlаtelуtotalkaboutеventsinthеvеry rесеnt past. Usдсв Noтв: |n spokеn Ameriсan Еnglishpeoplе oftеn use jиst and recenф with the simple past tensеto ta|kabout indefinitetime.
I Wе,ve jиst gotten baсk fгom Los Angelеs. l | , v е r e с e n t l уs i g n e d a с o n t r a с t t o w r i t e a b o o k ' l Hе hasn,t had timе lote!у. r Wе just got baсk from Los Аngеles.
withthepresеntperfeсtandaspeсifiсpastNoт time expression.
lаst+яояаау.
55
56 I
u ni t i 3
тRUЕ0R FALiEo Reod eаch numberedsеntenсе,Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for the stotеmеntthаt follows. 5. Arlene asks УoЦ, ..Have you read any good books latеly?,,
1. I've reсеntly joined the show. т
I am a new сast member.
Arlene wants to know about a book you read last year.
2. I have nevеr been to Lоs Angеles. I went to Lоs Angeles a long time ago.
6. She's visitеd New York sevеral times.
3. I,vejust finishedJimmy,sboоk.
Т.Н:
ffi
I finishеd it a little while ago.
first visit tо
7. She has beсome vеry popular.
4. Have you ever seen this mоvie?
She is popular now.
I want to know when you saw the mоvie. o Rеod this script from o scеne from ,,FеIdstein,,, Сomplеte it with сl]00sE& сOмPIETE the prеsentpеrfeсt form of the vеrbs in thе box. Some vеrbs аre used morе thon onсe, have
mаke
stop
talk
travеl
Havе
Uвsul,д: This is a niсe restaura6.
want had
уg\
1.
the steak? Jrммy:
No, but I
the spaghetti. I always have that. Aсtually eating meat. It's not that I love animals. I just hate
I plants.
you ever really
to a plant?
4-.
They have absolutely nothing to say.
Uвsur,д: Right. So,
you ever
to livе оutside
оf New York? Jrмlгy: outside of New York? Where,s that? But seriously. I nevеr
6.
Uвsur,д: But
to try another plaсe. I lovе it hеre. you evеr
7.
to a different сity?
Jrмплy: No. Why should I do that? You like it here too, right?
Uвsur.д: It,s oK, but I Jrмштy: I like it right herе. Say,
to other plaсes toо. It's a big world! you
e. for tomorrow night? How abоut dinner? Same time, same plaсe . . .
plans
Present
Рerfeсt:
indefinite Рast
l
57
Asк a АNswERО Сompletе the XYZ Network onlinе intеrviеw with lаkе Stewort, thе oсtor who ploуs thе port of Gizmo on limmy,sshow. Use thе words in porеnthesеsond the prеsеntperfеct form of thе verb, YYZз Welсome to Live Studio. Jake. You,ve bесomе vеrv famous. How manу onl\ne in|erviewэhave Уou done?
1 . ( H o w m a п у l o n | i n еi n t е r v i e w sl d o ? )
Jдкв: None!
. Very exсiting!
2 . ( n e v е rе v e n / b е / i n а с h a t r o o m )
YYZз
3. (How / сhangе / аs аn aсtor?)
Jдкв: I work with a gтoup, so
4 . ( b е с o m е / a b е t t е rt е a m p l а y e rl a t е | y )
lГYZz As a сomiс aсtor.
5 . ( w h o l b e l у o u r г o | еm o d е | ? )
Jдкв: Hard to sav.
YYZз
6 . ( С h a r l i еС h a p | i n/ h а v е / g r е а ti n f | u е n с еo n m е )
7. (Whаt l bе l уour best momеnt on this show?)
Jдкв: Well. vou know. YYZз All in all.
8. (jimmy l iust lwin / thе Еmmy)
That Was fantastiс.
9 . ( w h а t l t i n d l m o s t r е w a r d i n ga b o u t t h i s е х p е r i е n с e ? )
Jдкв: Frее сoffee! No, really,
1 o . ( m е е t / s o m е f а n t a s t i сp е o p | еo n t h i s s h o w )
EDIT.Reod this mеssogеfrom on onlinе mеssogеboord. Find ond corrеctsevеnmistokes in thе use of thе prеsеntperfесt. The first mistoke is аIrеodycorrеctеd.
ffi'::To-ni'r:у::ffi11#1'**#|,#,;,ж!i:FeldsteinFaпGhatЖr:ir':.'.r'::...:'*;?:*-Ъ|::|:|'/l'.:,:',''2:;;;fi;7,x,l;;o/12т';;Т**?
Subj.: Re: Jimmy'sBlindDate From: Yikes123 watched
Haveyou neverseen l'vejustWаtGhthe Blind Date episodeon Fe|dstein! anythingso funny?l LoVЕ this show!lt'sthe best show I haveeversaw in my By the Way,haveyou notiсethatJimmyand Ar|ene Iife.I rea||yenjoyedit late|y. to get along?I thinkJimmyhavestartedto reallylikeher.Last are beginning nightArlenehas movedrightnextdoorto Jimmy,buthe doesn'tknowit yet! l сan'tWaitto see Whathappenson the nextepisode.Does anyoneknowwhen Jimmy'sbookis сomingout?
60 I
u ni t 14
o Rеod obout loе ond Маrio. Сirclе thе vеrbs in the presentperfеct. Undеrline IDENтIFY thе simple post tensе verbs, Many mоdern marriages arе frnding intеrеsting solutions to diffiсult problems. Joе andMaria,forexample,@marriеdsinсe1995.Aftertheirwedding,thе сouple settled down in Boston, where Maria openеd an aссounting business. Thеn in 1997 Jоe lost his job. By that timе, Maria's new business was booming, so they didn,t сonsider moving' Joe nеver found a nеW jоb in Bоston, but in 1998, he got a great Los Angeles. The сouple has lived apart еver
оffer on the other side of thе сountry-in
..сommutеr marriage', up to now? Joe notes, ..It sinсe. How have thеy handled this сеrtainly hasn,t beеn easy. We,ve beеn geogтaphiсally separatеd, but we've grown a lot сloser еmotionallv. For that reason. it's been wоrth it.,' тRUE0R tАLsEo Now writе T (True)or F (Folse) for eaсh stotemеnt. l.
lji
Joe and Maria arе divorсed. Мaria started her оwn business in Boston.
3 . Thе сouple used to livе apart. 4. In 1997, they thought about moving. 5 . The сouple is now сloser emotionally.
o loе is cаlling Mаrio. Сomplete thеir conversotionwith the corrеct form of с0IIPLEтE thе vеrbs in porenthesesond with short onswers,Сhoosе bеtwееn thе prеsеntpеrfеct ond thе simplеpost tense.
Joв: Hi, honey. Мдвrд:
No. I didn't 2.
Dia
you
finieh
that repоrt yesterday?
1. (finish)
I'm still writing it, and I
3. (not stop)
worrylng
about it all week. Joш: Besides that, how
the wеek
Мдвrд: OK, I guess.I'm a little tired. I onlv Joв: It sounds likе you 7. (sее)
6. (not gеt)
5. (slееp)
4. (bе)
so far?
a few hours last night.
muсh rest this week. Listen-wе
eaсh other оnly twiсe this month. I'll сome tomorrow.
Мдвrд: oK, but I still have to work. Last time I
8. (not do)
any work.
Рresent
Joв: Right! And it
11.
and Siпrрle
Рast
Тense
us at all, remember? Listen, why dоn,t you
9. (not bothеф
you
relaх now?
Mдвrд:
Рerfeet
. In faсt, I
that speсial соffee yet?
1O. (try)
r2. (drink)
five сups today, and it's still
early. And yesterday t
at least six. I'm really wired now. , r. ,o_o Joв: Then have some herbal tеa. and I,ll seе vou tomorrow.
Аsl(& АNswERо Lifеstylе Magazine (LM) is intеrviewingloe ond Morio. Сomplеtethе intеrview using the words in porеnthеsesond informotion from Еxercisе1, Сhoosе bеtweеnthе prеsеntperfесtond thе simplеpost tеnsе.
LM:
When did уou get married?
Joш:
We got, married in 1995.
LМ:
Did уou |\ve|n boэt,on after that? Yeэ, we did.
МдвIд:
LМ: Mдвrд: LM:
1 . ( W h e n/ g е t m a r r i е d ? )
2.
3 . ( | i v e/ i n B o s t o n a f t e rt h а t ? )
5 . ( s t a r ty o u r b u s i n е s s/ b е f o r еy o u r m a r r i a g e ? )
7. (How |ong / own your own businеss?)
МдвIд:
LM: Joв: LM: Мдвrд:
9 . ( W h е nl у o u l f i n d y o u r ; o b i n L o sА n g е | е s ? )
10. 1 . I . ( y o u r с o m m u t e r m a r r i a g е/ b е v е r y d i f f i с u | t ? )
12.
ЕDlT. Reod this entrу from Morio,s iournol, Find ond сorreсt six mistokеs in thе usе of the prеsеnt pеrfеct ond the simplе pаst tеnse. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу сorrеcted.
Thиrsdау, Deсember 28 ,э been tt,s B:0o пм. |tfrаs а hаrс/ -eek, апd it,s пot orerуet! I sti// hаrе to fпЬh thаt report. I,vestаrtеd it /аst tУloиdау, bиt so fаr l,ve шrotе oп|у f',e pа7еs, Апd itЪ dие иext ouееkl l,Vork шаs so dffiси/t /'t"/!/, |,ve шorked /аtе еverу иght {his 'ueek. l,m tirеd, апd I hаven,t7ottеп mиch I missJoe. /,ve sreп him /аst cuеekепd,bиt it seems /ikе а /oпg timе а9o,
"/,,P
/аst п!ht,
l
6|
Present Perfeсt Progressive You'vebеen p|aуingwiтh7aтту Lhe ?Iatуque again!
]POINт
t
Сhеck the сorrectsеntеncе. П тy Warnеr doesn't makе Bеanie Babies anymore. П Peoplе are still сollесting Beanie Babiеs.
T y W ar nе rh a s b е е n m a k i n g Be a n i еB a b i е ssinсе199з, and peoplе have bееn сollесting them sinсethen.
tTAтЕlvlЕNтs
сIiARIсHЕсKl СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т F Thе present perfесt progтеssivе always has the wоrd been.
| вo,. гoпмoг|
| H л v с | ( N o т ) Brrм| Vвпв + -,^,G l
Suв;вст
|/Wе/You*/Тhеv havе h as
Hе/She/|t
[l
|
|
|вo'.Foпм
Hдvt l Suв,вст | Bссt,t | + -lшс Havе
you
Has
he
toys since1992. them for a long timе.
beеn
сolIе
Stt'tсt/Fon
toys since 1992'l thеm for a Iongtimе?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв
Yеs,
62
сolIeсting making
YEs/No QUЕSTlt0Ns
hove been
П been + base fоrm + .ing
beеn
I Stt,tсс/Fon
*Youтs both singular and plural.
2 сI|АRTсI|EсI( Сheck the correct onswer. In questions,whiсh parts of thе vеrb сome after the subjeсt?
(not)
I
Wе
havе.
hе
has.
I
N.GAтlvE
l No,
WE
havеn,t.
hе
hasn't.
Present
teerfeсt
$rrоEressive
l
1^,f,. QuЕsтloN Wн- Woпo 1 Hлvr i Suв,встi 8сгш How l on g
havе
you
has
hе
Bдsв Foпм
+ -ING
сoIlесting making
been
toys? thеm?
ЕхPREssж Complete thеseconversotions, A: How long
B:
he been living here? a long time.
A: I've
сolleсting сoins sinсe last year.
B: Really? Have you been
fоreign сoins?
& raffi gу*ar Еxр3fr fi etgФffis
Ж,кmяwър$es
l. Use the рrеsent pеrfесt Progrеssivе to talk about things that startedin the past and сontinuеup to the prеsеnt.Тhе situationis usuallynot finished,and it will probably сontinuеinto the future.
l l,ve beеn сolleсting BeanieBabiesfor fouryеaгs. (l startеdсol|есtingthеm four уеarsogo, ond |,m stillсollесtingthеm.)
Past.ч..... h"Ыq
*?*
.,..i...,-..........
Non-aсtionvеrbsaгeusuaIIy Rвмвмввп! not usеdin thе progгеssivе.
l |,vе ownеd this do||for yеars. Noт {A*е*ее+т-оtмвi'ng this do||foг yеars.
2. Use the present perfeсt Progressivе to r Тhе kids havе bееn playing hеre.Тheiгtoys dеsсribеthings that havе stoppеd very reсеnt]y. are a|lover thе гoom. Тhe aсtion is not happeningright noщ but you l |t,sbеen raining. Тhе strееtsare stillwet. сan stillsеe the rеsu|tsof the aсtion.
Сheсkit out! For a list of сommon non-aсtionvеrbs, sее Appendiх 2 оn page 337.
63
r r
a
64 r a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
O
a
a
a
u ni t l S a .
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
сl]00sЕo Rеod еoch numbеrеd stotеment.Then circle thе letterof thеsеntenсe (a) or (b) thot bеst describesthе informotion in thе stotеmеnt. 1. Gina has been сolleсting stamps sinсe high sсhool.
4. Enriсo looked out the window and said, "ft's been raining.,'
a. Gina stopped сolleсting stamps. @
a. It's definitely still raining.
сi"u still сolleсts stamps.
b. It's possible that it stopped raining a little while agо.
2. Enriсo has beеn writing an artiсle about toys.
5. It's been raining sinсe 6:00.
a. The artiсle is finished.
a. It's still raining.
b. The artiсle isn,t finishеd yet. 3. They've been selling a lot of pokdmon toys. a. People are still buying Pokёmon toys.
b. It stopped raining a little whilе ago. 6. They've bеen playing for hours. a. They stopped playing.
b. The Pokemon fad is finished.
b. They're still playing.
o Enrico Sonchez (ЕS) interviewеd сOfflPLEтE the monogеr of Toуsond Us (TAU). Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with the present pеrfеct progressive form of the verbs in porеnthеsеs,Use shart onswеrs whеn op'p,op,ioi,. have
ES: So,
Yeэ, we have
TAU:
2.
bзen эe||ing
you
a lot of toys this season?
1. (sеll)
, Enriсo. In faсt, Pok6mon toуs and games
(fly)
3. out of the store. They're our most popular item right now. ES: In сase one of our viewers on Мars, сould you eхplain 4. (|ivе) what Pok6mоn toys are?
TAU:
Haha. I bеt the соmpany
Pok6mon to Mars too. This produсt
5. (sеnd)
started out in Japan as a сomputer game. Sinсe 1996, the сharaсters
ES: whv
6. (appeаr)
this fad
TAU: Well, my husband ES:
in сolleсtors'сards, board gamеs-you name it.
8. (сhoosе)
attrасt) 7 /.. ((attraсt)
these produсts for our сhildren beсause
the сharaсters are сute and not violent. Maybe that's whv. How about Power Rangers? people
9. (stand)
line fоr them?
TAU:
people all ovеr the world?
10.
muсh anymore.
People
11. (notask)
for Power Rangers very
rn
lY:.j:..g:........... ::Р.Y:.::.: r r::.:l.t..Т:f:.:}. o Look ot the two picturеs of journolist Enrico Sonchez, Writе sentencеs DЕsсRtBE describing whot hos bееn going on, |Jsethе prеsentpеrfect progrеssiveform of the vеrbs in porеntheses.Сhoosеbеtweеnoffirmаtivе ond negotivе forms,
He'э been doing reeearch on new toуэ,
(do rеsеarсhon nеw toys) ( t е s tt h e i n I i n es k a t е s ) (shoot baskеts) (eat pizza) ( d г i n ks o d a ) ( b u i | da г a с i n g с a r ) ( p | a yv i d е o g a m e s ) ( s e n d е - m a i Im е s s a g е s )
ЕDIf. Rеod thе thаnk-уounotе. Find ond сorrеct siх mistokеsin the usе of thе prеsеntpеrfеctprogressive.Thе first mistoke is olreody corrеctеd.
Dесг AсlntToni' оoгds.Мgfгiendond J hoveьu",|f;#6 Тhonkgo,0Уengmoоhfoг the Pokёrnon /vlgМornЬеen I гeol|g|ovePokern,on. with themoll dog.So foг. I orлЬeenwinning, Ьugingthe togs foг os Ьeоoсlseshethinkstheg'neодtetoo.Allrтgfniends\^1eгe gornegoоsent now.Тongоlovesthe cornpoteг the оогdsfon rnonths оolleоting too. She'veЬeenоskingrлeto рlogwith heг.Ьot ]'vebeenhоvingtoo rтochfon with rngоoгds.How hovego0Ьeen?J,veЬeenthoсlghtoboсltgooo |ot I hope go0 оon оorneond visit 0s soon'
Present Perfeсt and Present Perfeсt Progressive
W",щPqlNт Сirclе T (True)or F (Folsе), Thе woman is finished т
F
following the еlephant.
т
F
taking 100 rolls of film.
сIiАRтсIIEсI( Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т
66
F
In some sentеnсesуou сan use еithеr thе present perfесt or the present perfeсt progтessive.
PRЕSENт РЕRFЕст Е|еphantshavе roamed thе eaгthfoг thousandsof years. |,vе rеad two booksabout е|еphants. Dг' owеn has written many aгtiс|es. Sh e ,sl i v e d i n m a ny сo untгies.
PRESЕNт PЕRFЕст РRocRЕsslvЕ have bеen roaming thе еaгthfoг thousandsof yеaгs. Е|еphants I've beеn reading this book sinсе Monday. She,sbееn writing aгtiсIessinсе 1990. Shе,sbееn living in Franсеfor a yеar.
Present
Рerfeсt
and Present
Perfeсt
Рrogressive
Ех,PREss.,шщ#ж Сompletе this conversotionwith thе verb eat ond o short onswеn all morning!
A: He's been
B: What
he
A: Peanuts. He
eating? eaten fivе bags ofpeanuts!
B:
he eaten thе whole supply?
A:
he
$ &y жжrж* r Жжр*efretf, ФAn l. The presеnt pеrfесt oftеn shows that somеthingis finishеd.lt foсusеson the rеsult of thе aсtion.
N?*
. There are still ten bags left.
Exarжрlеs |,ve r еad a bo o k abo ute|ephants. (l finishеdthe book,) Shе,swritten an artiс|е. (She finishеdthе ortiсlе')
Past..............х................i...........................> : hovеreod Thе prеsеnt pеrfесt рrogressivе often shows that an aсtivityis unfinished.lt foсuseson the сontinuationof an aсtion.
l |,vе bееn reading a book about е|еphants. (l'm stillreoding it,) Shе,sbeеn w r iting an ar tiс|е. (Shе,sstillwritingit.) r
2. We oftеn use the prеsеnt pеrfесt to talk about -
how muсh somеonehas done. t |,ve rеad o lot about it. how many timessomеonehas donе somеthing. l l,vе bееn to Afriсa twiсe, how many thingssomeonеhas donе. r Shе,s writtеn threе aгtiсlеs.
Wе oftеn'usе thе present perfeсt progressivе to talk about how |ongsomethinghas beеn h appe n i n g .
I l,ve been rеading bookson e|ephantsfor two months.
Bв сдпвгul! We usual|ydo not use thе present pегfесtprogressivewhеn we mеntion a number of сompletеd evеnts.
l |,vе read that book twice. Noт
3. Sometimesyou сan Usе eithеr thе prеsеnt perfeсt oп the present perfесt progrеssivе. Thе meaningis basiсaIlythe same.Тhis is true when you usе verbssuсh as еspeсia|Iy livе, work, studу, and teoсh with for or since.
She,sstudied е|еphantsfortwo years. OR
She,s beеn studying е|еphantsfortwo years. (ln both сosе\ she startеdstudуingеlеphants two yеorsogo ond shе is stillstudуingthem.)
l
67
68 I
uni t 16
тRUE0R FАLiEo Rеod еoch numbеrеdsеntence.Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе stotementthot follows. 1 . Professor owеn has bееn reading a book about elеphants.
F
Shе finished the book.
2. She's read a book about elephants. Shе finishеd the book. 3. Shе,s writtеn a magazine artiсle about thе rain forest. Shе frnishеd the artiсle. She,s bеen waiting for some supplies. She reсeived the supplies. 5 . They've livеd in Uganda sinсe |992.
Thеy are still in Uganda. 6. They,ve bеen living in Uganda sinсе t992.
They still livе in Uganda.
сIli00sEo Hеrе orе somе stotеmentsobout Professorowen,s work, Сirclе the corrеct form of the vеrbs to сomplete thеsestotemеnts,ln somе сosе' both forms аre correct, 1 . Profеssor owen is working on two artiс]еs for NationаI Wildlifе Magazine. She
thesе artiсlеs sinсе Monday. 2 . I{ational Wildlifе Magazine has published / has beеn publishing its annual rеport on
thе environment. It,s an exсellеnt report. 3 . Five hundred and sixty Afriсan elephants havе alread}zdied / havе been d-yingthis year. 4. Professor owen has givеn / has bеen giving many talks about wildlifе prеsеrvation in
past leсturе series. 5 . She has spoken / has been speaking at our sсhoоl many timеs. 6. Professor owen was latе for a meeting. When she arrived the сhairpersоn said,
.At last, you,re here. We havе waited / havе been waiting for you.,' 7. Professоr owеn has lived / has bееn living in England for the last twо years. 8. She has worked / has been wоrking with environmentalists in England and Franсe. 9. Congтess has сrеated / has beеn сrеating a new study group to disсuss the problem of
endangered animals. Thе group has already met twiсe.
Present
Perfe*t
and Рresent
Perfeеt
Frrogregsive
o Rеod this entrу from Dr. owen,s field journаl obout on еIephontshе cаlls с0I|PLEтE Grondаd. Usе thе prеsentperfеct or the prеsеntperfectprogrеssivеform of the verbs in pаrenthеsеs.
t-"
've
been hearing
аboutGrаndаdsincewеаrrivеdhеrеin Аrnbosе|i Pаrk.Hе is onеo+thе |аsI,ЧцskеG,', ТWodауsаgotwеfinattysаwnim.|iis tusks \,Ve
ц
1. (heаг)
аremorеIhаn seventedlong.I
\al
ч
Grаndаd
ч
even1thinq, аnd hе
4. (еxpеriеnсe)
threаtstrornhцmаnbеings.\oung coцnt|еss mеn
q.
-:
coungеo,gainst him,аnd?oI.cnеrc аnd courаgе iis ехpеriеncе Forthе lasttwodачs,hе
ч "'' {.
grа55.I+е
1o. (еat)
Lисkity, it
12. (rain)
e { -
7. (hunt) 8. (savе) 9. (move)
аnd
5. (survivе) 6. (tеst)
thеtr
hirntor his ivorv. hirnso tаr. stowlv Ihroughthe tatt 1.l. (rеst)
а |otthis\еаr,аnd eventne biggestе|еpharfts еnoughtoodandWаtеr,
13. (find)
Qс s"4
hеretor morеthan sirtууеаrs'lе
}. (\ivе)
iii
anything IikеIhеm.
2. (sеe)
qф
#А:*,Mj^-,.
о Rеod this student,sreport.Find ond correct six mistokеsin the usе of the prеsent ЕDIT pеrfеct ond presеntpеrfеct progressivе,The first mistokе is olrеodу corrected, living Elephants artd their arrсestors have beеn tiтr on this planet for 5 miШon years. Sсientists have fotrnd their bones in many plaсes, from Asia to Norbh Amerlсa. Prеsent-day elephants has also surwived in diffегent kinds of еnviron-mеnts, inсludln$ veIy dцr areas in Ni$eц €Passlands
in East Afгiсa, a,nd forеsts in \Alest Afriсa.
Because of their gteat size and stren6$h, elephants have always fasсinatin$ humans. our fasсination has almost' сaused Afriсаrr elephants to bесome exЕinсt. Poaсhers (iШеgal hunters) have alгeaф
been kiliing hundтeds of thousands of e1ephants for the
ivory of thеir tusks. A.fteг 1989 it bесame iШegal to se]l ivory. Sinсe then, thе elephaлrt populatlon has beеn sгoтлm steadily. Rесеntly several сorrntries have been proteсtln$ еlеphants in national parks, and herds have beсamе ].arger and healthier.
l
69
Past Perfeсt Э у Lh e Li r ne I Lur nеd |wе |v r,I h a d a | r eadуdecided Оn a Оarrer. I wanNedto
br paidto talk!
жPqцNT Сheсk the event thot hoppened first.
Тalk.showhost oprah Winfrеywith hеr ТV audiеnсе.
Suв1вст
It
had (not)
dесided
by then.
beеn
еasy.
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
YEslNo QUЕsтloNs
I
нлo |Suв;вст | r,o'' Pяптlсlгlв | Had
Aггlпмдтlvв l
shе
dесidеd
by then?
it
bееn
еasy?
Yеs,
she
it
had. No,
NвсAтtvE shе it
hadn't.
l,l/f'. QUEsтloNs Wн- Woпo | нoo I su"l.., | пo'' Pдптlсlpl.в whv
70
oprah deсidеd on a сareer.
*Youis both singular and pluцal.
П b"fo.e the subjесt П after the subjeсt
t
| нoo (Noт) | пo'' PяптlсlгI.в |
|/ Hе/Shе/We/You*/Тhey
2 сI|ARтсIllEсK Сheck thе correct onswer. In past perfeсt quеstions,whеre doеs hod go?
oprah turned twelvе.
sтAтЕ]vlЕNтs
I сIIARтсIIEсI( Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlsе). т F The past perfeсt uses hod for all subjeсts.
t
had
shе
dесidеd
to bе a talk-showhost?
it
bеen
еasy?
Past
Perfeсt
l
ExPREss,*жж Сomplete this conversotionwith the vеrb arrive. A: Had she -
by 9:00?
B: No, shе
к"Жж.рff eжeЁ*кэffi s &w жыжrrжъ*
Ж,xаrmрI*s
1. Use the past pеrfесt to show that something happenedbеforеa spесifiсtimе in thе past.
r By 1988 oprah Winfrеyhad beсomе famous. l |t was 1985. Shе had a|rеadybeen in a Hollywoodfilm.
Now bеcаmе fаmous : Past......Х..,.......'.x......i...............> 1988 :
2. The past pеrfeсt aIwaysshows a relationship with anothегpast еvеnt. Usе the past pеrfесtfor the ear|iеrevеnt.Use thе simp|еpast tensefor thе laterevent. notiсе thе differenсеin mеanjng bеtwееnthе simplepast tеnsеand thе past pегfесt.
r In ] 990 oprah invited Matt on the show. Hе had bееn an authorfoг two yeaгs. (Hе wos on outhorbefore1990.) r By thе time ]i||got homе, ,,Thеopгah Winfгеy show,,had finishеd. (Firstthе show endеd,Thеnshе left,) I
Whenthе show endеd,shе had !eft. (Firstshe left. Thеn thе show еnded')
3. Alreodу, уet, ever, and never are often usеd with thе past perfесtto emphasizеthe evеnt whiсh oссurredfirst
r lsaw Thе Сolor Purple|astnight. I had nevеr seеn it bеforе.
4. When thе timе rе|ationshipbetween two past еvеntsis сlear,you сan usе the simple past tensе for both еvеnts' Тhе meaning is usua|lyсlеar when you use ofter, beforе, or os soon gs to сonnесtthe еvents.
l After oprah had appearеd tn Thе СolorPurplе, shе got a paгt in anothеrmoviе. oR l After oprah appеared in The СolorPurplе, 5hе got a paгt in anothегmoviе.
5. We oftеn usе the past perfeсt with by (a сertaintimе).
. By 1966 oprah had deсided on a сareeг.
. Jason had olreody seеn it.
7|
72 r
Elnit tZ
ffi
o Rеod еoch numberеdsentence,Write T (True)or F (False)for the тRUE0R FALSE stotеmentthаt follows.
1 . When I got home, "The Oprah Winfrey Show" started.
r
First the oprah show started. Then I got homе.
..The oprah Winfrey Show,'had started. Whеn I gоt home, First the Oprah show started. Then I got home. Oprah's guest had lost 100 pounds when she interviewed him. The guest lost the weight before the interview. By the end of the shoщ I had fallen asleep. I fell asleep aftеr the show. 5 . When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio.
I turnеd off the radio after I went to bed. 6. By midnight, I had finishеd the magazine artiсle.
I finished the artiсlе before midnight.
o Look ot some importont eventsin oprаh Winfreу,sсorеer.Thеn complеte сOff|PIEтE '.i. thе sentеncеsbеlow, |Jsеthe pаst pеrfect with a|readу or not yеt. oso* ,
ru #
^o{tu
^*NSu'
o{:'фuЬ: -,$-^ou 9v .'*o\1, -.o.o$ ц',о -{']9o ^'* s .t,rф d*$., 'гiaоvot ^,uuo**Ъ**,,l**'**o*].*.oo,'n***,.'utч* ou*ou*.-;$,$Ь.'
I 1954
I
I
1957
1971
By 1958 Oprah
I 1973
I 19BЗ
had a|readуgiven
l.
I
ll
1985
1986
1988
hеr first speeсh.
By 1-971she
her first TV job.
By 1972 she
her first radio job.
Bу 1972 she
in a major movie.
By 1985 she
her оwn TV show.
By 1986 she
in a major mоvie.
By 1987 she
her own studio.
By 2000 she
in the fiIm Belouеd.
1998
Past
Аsl(& АNswERо Look ot this tуpicol doilу schedulеfor o TV tolk-show host. Сompletеthе quеstionsobout his schedulе.Usе thе post pеrfectond givе short onswеrs,
Рerfeсt
7:00 д.м.Аrrivеаt stцdio _._---. 8:00 ll:00 p.м.Iiаir аnd mаkеuP 2:00 2:30 5:00 TaPethе show 4:30
1. It was 7:45.The host Was on sсhedule. A:
Had he arrlved
at the studio yet?
B:
the day's sсhеdule уet?
B:
Yeэ, he had,
2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk.
A: 3. At 10:55 he was having сoffee. A:
the sсhеdulе bv that time? B:
4. It was 2:00. He was on his way to makeup.
A:
the day's guests by thеn?
B:
the show yet?
B:
with his trainer that day?
B:
5. At 4:00 he had a late lunсh.
A: 6. He went to bed at 10:30.
A:
report, Thеrеo,e sii щistokesin thе useof the postperfect. ЕDtT.Rеod this student,s Find ond corrеct them. The first mistokе is аlreodY correctеd. had opгah Winfrey is an amazin$ person! By the time she was twelve, she bа,g alreaф deсided on a сareer. Not long aftеrward, she got her first radio job. Althou$h she hadn't have any еxperiеnсe, she beсamе a nеWs repoгteг. Wtren she got her oтдmTV talk shoщ she has already aсted ln a major HoШ;rwoodmovie. By the late 198os ..oprah Winfrey'' had beсamе a housеhold woгd. Then in 1994 she dесidеd to improve the quality of talk-show thеmes. She also made a personal сhan$e. Shе had always had a wеi$ht problem, but in 1995 TV viewers saw a new \'Vinfrеy. She had iosеd almost ninеty pounds as a result of dieting and working out. She had a]so сompete in a marathon. She has rea1l.y been an inspiration to many pеople.
l
73
Past Perfeсt Progressive Э у |he time f,he |aet r unner cr o э o еd ъhе finio h |ine,he had been r u n n i n g7 h o u r e , 1 6 m i n u N a e ,
and 24 eесоndo,
WээжPaINт Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlse). т
What form of be does the past perfесt progтеssivе always usе? П
Ёl been
| вo'. Foпм oг Hlo (t,toт)всюt I Vвпв + -,^,G
5uв;вст l/ Hе/Sh ei lt/Wе/You*/Тh ey
'had
(not) been
runnrng w o r king
YES/NOqr ,ЕsтloNs II ндo|Suryвст | в,," Had
she
been
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
Bдsв Foвм + -rwG r unning working
Aггlпмдтlvв l a||daу?
tt
ltrн-Woвo I Hдo Suв;вст | Bвrш | Bлsв Foпм + .,NG How long why
had
shе
been
Nвсдтlvt
Yеs, shе had. l No, shе hadn,t.
иyf'.QUЕsтloNs
74
all day.
*Youis both singular and plural.
wаs ot were
f1 is, om, or ore
The raсе is finished.
sтAтЕпnЕNтs
снARтсIlЕсl( Сheсk the correct onswеr.
F
r unning? working?
Past
Perfeсt
Progressive
l
EхPREss,,ffiж Сomplеtе this convеrsаtion with thе pаst pеrfect progrеssiveform of the vеrb praсtiсе. when she entered the race?
she
A: How long
for more than two vеars.
B: Shе
A:
alone?
she
with a partner.
She
B: No. she
6 rarn штar Еxрf;fiшat$Фrur
Е.xamрlеs
1. Use thе past pеrfeсt progressive to ta|k about an aсtionthat was in progгеssbeforеa speсifiсtimе in thе past.Тhе progressivе еmphasizesthе сontinuationof an aсtion, not the end геsu|t.
l |t was 2:00 p.м.Thе runnеrshad bееn running .l0:48 д.м. sinсе r I fina|lysaw Rob at 4:00 p.м.I had bееn waiting for hours. I one гunneгfainted.She hadn,t been drinking enough watег.
Now 10:48 2:00 i Past\.............x...........',у.i..''.....,....................> z\ o"iй;
...,аi
i;;'i's"i
Rgмtмвrп!Non-aсtionvеrbsarе not usually usеd in thе progressive.
2. Тhе past pеrfeсt progrеssive alwaysshows a with anothеrpast evеnt. re|ationship Usе the past peгfесt pгogrеssivefor thе earlierevеnt. Use the simple past tense for the later event.
r lt was 5:00 p.м.Hе had had a headaсhea||day' Noт He a hеadaсhеa||day.
l She had beеn praсtiсing for thгеeyеaгs Whеn she enteredthе raсe. ffirst shе proсtiсеd.Thеnshе еntеrеdthе raсe,)
3. We oftеn usе thе рast pеrfесt progrеssivе to draw ionсIusionsabout past еvеntsbased on evidenсe.
l Shе was out of brеath.lt was сlеar that shе had beеn running.
4. Bп сдпвгul! ln thеsе sеntenсeswith when, notiсe the differenсеin mеaning bеtwеen the past progгessiveand thе past pеrfeсt progrеssive.
t When thе raсе staгted,it was raining and thе strееtswеre wеt. (lt wos stillraining during thе roсе,)
r Тhе strеetswerе wеt. |t had bееn raining.
l
Whenthe гaсestarted,it had bеen raining and thе streеtswеге wet. (lt wаsn,t roining during thе rqсе. lt had oIrеadуstopped.)
75
76 I
unit lB
o Еoсhrеsult hosa сousе.Motch the resultwith the corrеctcouse, ffiАтсII
ffi
Result
Сause a . He had been reading.
1 . She was out of breath.
The ground was wet.
b. She had beеn running.
3 . Hеr eyes wеre red.
с . They had been watсhing the raсe.
4. Thеre Was an open boоk on the сouсh.
d . She had been сrying.
5 . Therе were empty сans on the floor.
е. It had been raining.
6. The TV was on.
f. They had been drinking soda.
o Rеаd this storу from o mogozinе orticlе. Сomplete it with the pаst perfect сOI/PLЕтE progrеssiveform of the verbs in pаrenthеsеs.
By BвпьtдolхвМдптlх
n Oсtobсr 2З, I raПthr Boston wttha partnсLМarсiаDavis' Маrathon 1уu
had been training 1. (train)
togеthсrsinсс |astyеar;and Wе 2. (p|аn)
to сntсr
thс raсесvсr sinсеwе saw oorah Мarathon'Тhс startof thе raсеwas drаmatiс.Up to thatpoint,wс in thе\)Иashington 3 . ( j o k ea n d l a u g h )
whеnwс linсd Up. lWаs so nсryous , but wеwеrеvеry sеrtous
l сouldn,tbrсathс.Мarсiaand l
4. (praсtiсе)
on thosсsаmсstrссtsfor a
сoup|сof wсеks,so at thе bсginningwс did wс|l.Bythс timеwс got to Нсartbrсak Hill, wе
for almostfоurhours,and I rсa||y bеliеvсdwс сould
5. (run)
finish.Thсn,halfwayup thеhill,Мarсtastoppсd'Shсjustсouldn,trunanymorr.
Wс
to thisraсеforso lonqthatI didn'twantto qo on
6. (lookforward)
а|onс,but Мarсiаwantсdmс to finish.Whсnl got to thс finishlinс,l sawМarсia.Shс 7. (wait)
formе forthrееhours.Frrstwс crled.Thсnwс startedtalkinq
about nеxtУеar'smarаthon.
Pаst Рerfeсt
srrogressive
o Thе mogаzine Runnеr,s World (RW) is intеrviеwing morothon сlt00sE& сOмPLETE winner Poolo Еsposito(PE). Сomplеtеthe intеrviewwith the post perfеctprogrеssivе form of thе correct verbs from the boх. Use short onswеrs where oppropriote, date
expeсt
RW: You just won the marathon. PE:
Yeэ. I had 2.
live
Fatrq
run
Had уou bеen practicing 1.
long for it?
For morе than five years. First in Madrid,
then in Rome. RW: You tripped during the raсe. How lоng
3.
whеn
that happened? PЕ: It was in the last hour. Luсkily it didn,t keep me from winning. RW: I understand that you reсently married your traineц Emilia Lealе. How long 4.
eaсh other when you deсidеd to get married?
PE: About six months. Wе met in Rome and knew right away that we wantеd to be togethеr.
RW:
5.
PE:
6.
in Rome for a long time whеn you met? . In faсt, I had just moved there.
RWз When you сrossed the finish line you looked verv сalm. 7.
PЕ:
8.
to win? ! I was really surprised. And very happy.
EDITо Reod pаrt of on еntrу from o runner,sjournol, Find ond сorrect fivе mistokesin the use of the post perfеctprogrеssive,Thе first mistokе is olreаdу corrected,
oсtobеr 19, Ijиstgot bасk from thе mаrаtlloп! I,ш tired hut vrrу hаppу' Wheп I сrossedthefiпish had miпиtеs.Jеrешу tuаsst"lпсtiпg /iпе,l /tmt beепrиппiиgfor foиr /loиrs апi huепtу=t'ivе thеre,Нe hа,,{beenшаitrd for ttlе the шho/еtime. Wе шereboth soаkiиg t.uеt.-._I, bесаиse I hаd bеепstuеаtiпg;hе, Ьесаиseit hаs beепrаiпiпgjиst а /itt/еш/li/ebеp'е, I шаs so 3/аd to sееllim' t hаd Ьeепlook/i,luаrd tо this dау for so Iory апd hopiпg thаt I сoиld mу pаrепts. fпish thе rасе iи /essthап flиr апd а hа/f/loи,s. Whеп tgot home,l са//е,d Т/эеуhаd шаkhiпg thе mаrаt/аotloи ТV апс|hа,| асtиаI/уSееИ|пeсross thеfпtsh /iие!
l
77
SelfTest 01,tE
ffil
Cirсlе thе lеtter af thе corrеct onswеr to сomplеtе eoch sentence.
Еxдшtptt: Jennifеr nеver (A)drink (B)drinks 1 . Hе --
{A)praсtiсed {B)praсtiсes
соffee.
A@с tC)is drinking (D)was drinking
for thе olympiсs sinсe 1998. (C) has been praсtiсing (D)was praсtiсing a long time. (C)while (D)for
2. We've known Sally (A) sinсе (B)by
3 . We,ve been living in Montreal sinсe Wе
(A) yet developed (B)developеd yet 5.
{A)Did (B)Havе
ABсD
an AIDS vaссine. (C) developed already (D)alrеady devеlop
ABсD
you reserved your hotel room уet? (c) Do (D)Has
ABсD
very often.
ABсD
6. She hasn't -
tC) flown (D)flying
(A) flew (B)flies
, and the grоund was still whitе. т . It -(С)wоuld Snow (A) snows (D)has snowed (B)had bеen snowing Tina (A) has arrived (B)arrived g. They (A) livе (B)have lived
last week.
ABсD
ABсD (C)has bеen arriving (D)arrivеs
hеre fоr three years befоre they moved. (C)had lived (D)have beеn living
10. The show has --(A)just (B)evеr
7a
ABсD
(C) gтaduated (D)gтaduate
(A) have gтaduated tB}havе been gтaduating 4. They haven't
ABсD
won an award. (C) latelY (D)yet
ABсD
ABсD
D
SelfTest
11. Professor Kidd on her fourth. (A) has bееn writing (B)has writtеn
three bоoks sinсe 1999, and she's working
lll
I
ABсD
(С)wrоte (D)writes
12. We to buy that сar yet. (A) haven't deсided (C)have deсidеd (B)deсided (D)are deсiding 13. -Has Maria сalled уet? -Yes, she ---. But she didn't leave a message. (A) did (C)hasn't (B)сalled (D)has 14.SinсеI-sсhool,Ihaven'thadmuсhSparetime. (A) bеgun (C)have begun (B)bеgan (D)begin
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
тW0
ffil
Еoch sеntencehos four underlinеdwords or phroses.Thе four undеrlinedports of the sentеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеttеr of the one undеrlined word or phrаsе thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдшtptп: Мike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but today he walks. AвсD
A B с@
youngeЦ shе has pla}rеd tennis every day. 15. When _ l - - B - - she с - - - тwas -
ABсD
76. Itl already 10:00, but Teri hasn't finished her homework already.
ABсD
|7. Itе beеn worrying about you Ьeсausе you haven't bееn sеeming
ABсD
Aв(D
A
B(
well lately. D
18. I,vе rеad a good boоk rесently, but I havеn't finished it yФ.
AвсD
19. Did you writtеn your papeЦ or have you beеn watсhing TV?
ABсD
20. Karl has been driving sinсе ten years.
ABсD
21. We,ve been hеrе onl}, one day, but we've been taking threе rolls of film.
ABсD
22. This hotel has been a]rеady in business foд fift}ryears.
ABсD
23. How muсh сoffее did you been drinking last night?
ABсD
24. I,ve beеn studying Frenсh sinсe I,vе startеd high sсhool.
ABсD
25. Bеforе she bесamе a film staц- shе has been a stand-up сomedian.
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
BсD
79
Future:
Be going to and Will
жPЙINт Сhеck thе moin point of thе cortoon.
t
o.r"
П t-o П Ш threе
тье man forgot his umbrella.
П
тьe man is going to fall into the holе.
SтAтЕмENTS: BE GOINGтa
сI]ARTс'|EсI(I Сheck thе corrеct onswer. How many forms does be have in be going to?
П
l BдsвFoвм
l
Bс* | (Noт) Gotttстo i oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
am H е /Sh е /|t
rs
(not) going to
Wе/Yout/Thеy are *For сontraсtions witЬ be, see Appendiх 24 on pagе 345. tYou is both singular and plural.
сHАRтсl]Eсl(2
YEs/No QuEsтloNS: 8Е G0ING тo
Сirclе T (True) or F (Folsе),
Bс t suq.., | с,,'" ,o | вo,. Foпм
Т
F
In questions, a form of be goes aftеr the subjeсt.
so o n.
leave
s}|oRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв
g o i ng to
hе
leavе soon?
Yes, h e
Arе you
ls.
am.
}y},.QUЕSТIONS:BE GolNG тo UVн-Woпo | в. I su,l..' | сo,n" ,o | влs. Foвм am When why
80
NвсAтIvЕ
t
you are.
Am ls
I
ts
hе
arе
you
going to
leavе?
you ar en't. No,
hе
isn't.
I
'm no t.
Be gсling to and Wit| t
Future:
sтAтЕ]t.tЕNТS;WILL
сIiARTсHEсK3 Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse). т
F
| wпt* (tloт)| вo'. гoпм |
Suв;вст
l/Hе/She/ltlWe lYoulТhеy will (not)
The fоrm of rryillis thе samе for all subjeсts.
so o n.
leave
*For сontraсtions withulill, see Appendix24 on pagе 345.
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS: !V|l.t' wttt I Suвlвст| вo'. гoпм | will
hе
Aггlпмдтlvв l
Yes, hе wilI. l No, hе won,t.
so o n?
lеavе
Nвсдтlvв
wH. QUЕsтloNS: W|tL l,Uн-Woпo I wш | Suвlвст| вo,. Foпм Whеn
will
hе
lеave?
EхPREssж Unsсromblethesе words to form two sentеnces, to.rainrlt's.going an.getоI,ll
.umbrella
6raшжmar ЕxрЕanatiCIns
ffi.жawmрffes
1. Youсanusеbegoing toor willto talkabout futurеplansor prediсtions.
r ProfessorVгoom is going to attend a сonfегenсе nеxtwееk.
*?* Past"""""
:'
r Professo, v,o# witl attend a сonferеnсе
X
otten,do i i. confеrеncе ,l
next WeеK. r l think it,s going to bе vегy interesting. oR
r l think it,ll bе vеry interеsting.
2. Use be going to when thегeis somеthingin the prеsеntthat lеadsto thе prediсtion. Use willwhen you dесidеsomеthingat thе momе n to f s p е a k i n g .
r Look at thosedark с|ouds!|t,sgoing to rain. Noт Look at those dark сIouds!lt,||гain. Vгoom is spеakingat noon. A: Profеssoг B: o h. l thinkl,ll go to his talk.
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтц |n infoгma|speeсh,going to is often pronounсed ,,gonna.,,Do not writе gonno,
Сheсkit out! Thеrе arе othеr ways to talk about thе futurе. See Unit 20, pages 84_85.
81
a2 r unit i9 REАDо Look at ProfеssorНorrу Vroom,se-moil mеssogе.
Greg-Just a quiсk note to let you know my pIans.] hear you'regoing to be in l Won'tbe there.Тhat means I won'tbe able to Madison nextweekend.Unfortunate|y, go fishingwithyou on Saturday.l'm goingto be in Chiсagogivinga speeсh at the Smart Тransportсonferenсe.l attendevery Уear,but this is the firsttime l'm going to give a speeсh.The сonferenсeis over on Saturday,but l'm not going to returnto MadisonuntilSundaynight.|'mgoingto take the traininsteadof driving'so l сan get some work done.So, it doesn'tlook Iikewe'll get to see eaсh otherthis time.l hope nexttime works out better.-Harry
ANIWERо Chеck аIl thе things Horrу Vroom is going to do next wеekend. l.
П ье in Madison
2. И ьe in Chiсago 3. t
go frshing
4.Пattеndaсonfеrenсe
7. П d.i,,е to Madison
5. Пgi,.easpeeсh
8. П see Greg
6. П rеturn on Saturdav
о Look ot the piсturеs. Theу show eventsfrom a doу in ProfessorVroom,slife. DE$сRIBЕ Writе prеdictions or guеssеs.Use the words in the box ond o form of be 9oin9 to or not bе going to. answеr the рhone
1.
|t,'эgoing to rain,
drivе
give a speeсh
ж
take a trip
watсh ТV
.......о.. .Ty.у!!.|...9Р. P.:.?\i?у..t: :Y}.ч::... о After hisspееch, ProfessorVroom onswerеdquestionsfrom thе oudiencе, сoff|PLЕтE won,t. Сomplеtеthe questionsond onswеrs.|Jsethе words in porеnthеsеsond wi|| or will
Woмдш 1: Мy question is this, Prоfеssor Vroom: run
futurе Vвoом:
on gasoline?
1.(run) won't,
No, it
probably
.It solar energy.
3. (use)
wе still
Woмдш 2: Vвooм: No, we
flat tires?
4. (gеt)
. By the yеar 20tО,tires
5.
a speсial sеal so that theу
7. (rеpaiф
Mдш 1: In what other ways 9. (havе)
6. (havе)
themselves.
сarS
Vвоoм: Well, instead of kеys, сars
12. (adjust)
еven
Mдп 1: Vвooм: Yes, they Mдш 2: Hоw muсh
they
diffеrent?
8. (be)
smart сards. Thesе
a lot like сredit сards. Thеy
1O. (look)
and they
the сar of the
11. (opеn)
doors
thе sеats, mirrors, and steering whеels. Thеу l3. (сontro|)
14. (prеveпt)
the insidе temperaturе. сar thеfts?
! Nеxt question? That gentleman in thе baсk. thеse сars
Vвooм: I don't know eхaсtly, but they сertainly
16. (сost) 17. (be)
сhеap.
. Rеad thisе-moil mеssogeto ProfessorVroom,Find ond corrесtnine mistokеsin EDIT the usеof thе futurе with wii| аnd be going to. Thе first mistokеis olreodу corrеcted.
won'l Harry-|'m sorrythatwe йllI hЪ be able to get togetherin Madison.Martha,too,wil| going misses you. PerhapsWe сan get togethersometimenextmonth.Marthaand I am His to be in MinneapolisuntilJuly 15.Afterthat,we are goingvisitour son in Phoenix. we're wife is pregnantand will have a baby the firstweek in July.It'shard to believethat gonna be grandParents! How exсitingthatyou goingto ta|kat the сonferenсe!I'm sure it wiIlsbe great. l,vegot to run now.The sky is gettingreallydark and it'llstorm.I wantto get out of this offiсebeforethen.More |ater.-Greg
Future: Contrast Don'|WОrry, Thеу won'| |eave w i|ho ut mе,
I'mthe Vilol!
Нurryup'eir, Yo't'regoing to be lale. The ehu|t|e |eaveэ in f i v a m i n u l e e.
жPпINт СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
Thе shuttle tо Mars has a sсhedulеd departure.
т
F
The pilot is too late.
сl|ARтсHEсl(
AFFl Rltf,AТlvЕ sтAтЕ]t{ЕNТs
NЕGAтlvЕ sтAтЕlvlЕNтs
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).
Wе,re going to lеave Wе,ll lеavе fo r M ar s so o n. Wе,rе leaving We leave
Wе arеn,t going to leave Wе won,t leavе u n t i ll : 0 0 . We aren,t lеaving Wе don,t leavе
т
F
There are several ways to talk about the futurе.
т
F
Yоu сan't usq thе present tense to talk about thе future.
VEs/No QUEgтloNs
s h еi s .
ls she going to lеavе
foг Мaгs soon? Does shе lеave
W'|-QUЕsтloNs Whеn is shе going to leavе Whеn will she Ieavе for Maгs? When is shе leaving Whеn does shе lеavе
84
sHoRт ANsWЕRs l
| s h еi s n , t .
shеisn,t. shе doesn,t.
Fшturr:
ООi..trаs"il
EхPREss,{;%;:;!,r;,у;,*' Сheck thе sentencesthot rеferto the future, П I'- lеaving in fivе minutеs. П wьut timе do you normally leavе thе offiсe? П A'" yоu going to thе сonferеnсe in Мay? t
дt the moment, I'm working on a report.
жя#фж% йж жwwaхж жr ЖжpЖ ffitrъ
#"жжrжpfl-**
1. Use be going to, will, thе prеsеnt progressivе, and thе simрlе prеsеnt tеnse to talk about thingsin the futurе.
l l,m going to fly to Mars nеxt wееk.
Pаst ..''......
r l,ll fly to Mars next wеek.
Now
I |,m flying to Maгs nеxt week.
rry i ....i.........x... i nеxt wееk
r l fly to Maгs nеxt wееk.
2. Usдсв Noтвs: Somеtimеsonly onе form of thе futurеis appropriatе,but in many сasesmore than onе foгm is possibIе. a. Usе be going to or will to makе prediсtions or quеssеs.
l ln a fеw years pеople are going to fly to Mars. l ln a few yеarspеop|еwiII fly to Mars.
b. Usе be going to (not wll) whеn somеthing in thе pгеsent |eadsto a prediсtion.
l Look at that spaсeship!lt,s going to land! Noт {+v*i.ll-{and.
(. Usе be going to, wiII,or thе present progrеssive to talk about futurе intеntions oг plans.
r Dr. Greеn is going to spеak tomoгrow. r Dr. crееn wi|l spеak tomorrow. r Dr. Grееn is speaking tomorrow.
d. Wе oftеn use will whеn wе dесidе' som e t h i n ga t t h е m o m e n to f s p е a k ing. We also usе will to make offers'
A: Dг. cгееn is giving a ta|ktomoгrow. B: o h! M aybe |,ll go . A: crеat! I,ll gеt you a tiсkеt.
е. We often usе thе prеsent progressive whеn wе talk about futuгeрlansthat have alrеadybееn arrangеd.Тhеrе is usuallysomе refеrenсeto the futurе that shows that thе еvеnt is not happeningnow.
l l,m flying to Mars nеxt weeft.l,vе alrеady gotten a tiсket.
t. Usе the simplе prеsent tеnse to talk about sсhedulеdfuture eventssuсh as timetables,programs,and sсhedulеs.
r Тhе shutt|еto Mars lеavеs at tomorrow. l We land at midnight.
.l0:00 д.м.
85
86
l
#mЁE2*
о ProfessorGrееn is ottеnding o confеrеnсеthis weеk,Reаd her convеrsotion IDENтIFY with ProfеssorRuss.Underlinе oll thе verbs thot rеfer to thе future, Russ: Еllеn! It,s niсе to see you.Are you presеnting a paper this wеek? Gвввш: Hi, Riсk. Yes. In faсt, my talk starts at two o,сloсk. Russ: Oh, maybe I'11go. What are you going to talk about? Robots? Gвввш: Yеs. r,m foсusing on pеrsonal rоbots for housеhold work. Russ: I'd like one of those! Where's your son, by the way? Is he hеre with you? Gввпш: No. Tony stays in Denver with his gтandparеnts in thе Summеr. I'm going to visit him after the сonferenсe. Sо, what are you working on these days? Russ: I'm stil] with the Mars Assoсiation. In faсt, we're going to be holding a news сonferеnсе nеxt month about the Мars shuttlе launсh. Gвввш: That's eхсiting. Maybe I'll see you there. Russ: Great. The сonferenсe begins at noon on the tenth.
сH00sEо Сirсlе the most аppropriotеwords to completethesеconversotions, 1. Gвввш: Whiсh projeсt do you *ork /
on nеxt?
Russ: I haven't dесided for sure. Prоbably the Spaсemobile. 2.
Russ: Look at those dark сlouds! Gвввш: Yes. It looks likе it's raining / it,s going to rain any minute.
3. Gвввш: I'd better get baсk to my hotel room before the storm. Russ: oK. I'm seeing / I'll see yоu later. 4.
Dвsк: Professor Green, your son just сalled. Gвшшш: oh, good. I,l1 сall / I'm сalling him baсk right away.
5. Gвввш: Hi, honey. How's it going? Torчy: Grеat. I go / I'm going fishing with Grandpa tomorrow. 6. Gвввш: Havе fun, but don,t forget. You still have to finish that papеr. Torтy: I knoщ Mom. I mail / I'm mailing it tomorrow. I already have the envеlope. 7,
Torтy: How's the сonfеrеnсe? Gвшвш: Good. I,m giving / I'll givе a talk this aftеrnoon.
8.
Torтy: Good luсk. When arе }zou/ will you be hеre? Gвввш: Tomorrow. Мy planе lands / will land at 7:00, so I see / I'll sеe you about 8:00.
Fa.*t**re:С;*П|rа$t I
o Rеod thеsесonversotions.Сomplеtе them with on аppropriote form of thе с0IлPLEтE verbsin porеntheses,(Thereis morе thon onе corrеctаnswer for some items,) in just a fеw minutеs.
Ieaveэ
1. A: Hurry up! Thе shuttle
(Ieavе)
B: Oh, I'm sure they
for us.
(wait)
2. A: Look at thosе storm сlouds! Do vou think it B: I dоn't know. I
(сhесk)
3 . A: When
B: Wе
(raln)
the weathеr foreсast.
Wе
thе shuttle?
(board)
first сlass, so We should be among the first
(fly)
to board. 4.
A: Wow! This suitсase is heavy. B:
5.
it for you. Give it to me.
(сarry)
A: What timе
Wе
on Mars?
(land)
B: Aссording to the sсhedule, at 9:00 A.N{.,but I think we
(bе)
a littlе late. 6. A: I'm hungrу. I hope Wе B: Mе too. I
some food soon.
(gеt)
thе seafood speсial. I ordеred it
(hаve)
in advanсe. 7. A: Look! The flight attendant is gеtting ready to announсe somеthing. B: Grеat. That means Wе
(start)
boarding soon.
EDIT.Rеod this flight onnouncеmеnton thе shuttle to Mors, Find ond сorrесtseven mistokesin the usе of thе future. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу corrеctеd.(Thеrеis oftеn morе thon onе woY to corrеct o mistoke). ..Good.evening, ladies and gеntlemеn. This *tifu
your сaptain speaking. We bе going
to leave the Earth's gravity field in about fifteen minutеs. At that time, you are able to unbuсkle your sеat belts and float around the сabin. Host robots take ordеrs for dinner soon. After thеse storm сlouds, wе are having a smoоth trip. The shuttle arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's tеmperature on the planet is a mild minus 20 degrеes Celsius.By tomorrоw morning the temperaturе is 18 degтees,but it is feeling morе like 28 dеgrees. Enjoy your flight.,,
87
Future тime clauses
ffiPпINт Сheck thе correct onswer. П тье сhild is talking about a presеnt habit. П тьe сhild is planning her future.
sтATEпnENтs
сl|АRтсHEсI( Сirсlе T (True) or F (Folse). т
т
F
F
The verb in thе main сlause is in the future. The verb in the time сlausе is in the future.
I т.'. Glдusв
Mдlш Glдusв
l ,m g o i n g to b е a ba||еtdanсег when I grow up. ofter she graduates.
Sh e ,l li o i n a b a l l e tс ompany
YEs/NoQuEsтloNs l т,'. Glдusв
Mдlш Glдusв
A re y o u g o i n g t o b e a ba||etdanсer when you grow up? W i l l s h е j o i n a b a l |etсo mpany
ofter shе graduatеs?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs AггIпмдтIvв
Yеs,
I am.
I
NвсAтlvЕ
| No,
shе will.
l'm not. shе won,t.
}r,}'-QUEsтloNs Mдlш Cиusв What
88
l тlмв Cиusв
are you going to be
when you grow up?
will shе do
аfter she graduates?
Futurе
Тime
Glauses
EхPREssжж Unscromblеthеsе words to form o question ond on onswеr. be . What о gтowS up . she o when o will о she
to . sсientist . a О going . She,s о be
ffiуmmEтtаr ffiжрBeffietЁФж$
ffiж*иъър**s
1. Whеn a sentеnсеabout futuretime has two сlauses,the verb in the main сlausеis often in thе futurе (willor bе going to).Тhe verb in the time сlauseis often in the prеsеnt tense.
mаinс|ausе timесIausе l Не,ll look foг a job when he graduates.
mainс|ausе
futuгetimе с|ausе.
timесIausе
Noт@.
Тhe timе сlausе сan сome at thе bеginningoг the end of thе sentеnсе.Тhe meaningis the same.Use a Gomma afteгthе time сlausеwhen it сomеs at thе beginning.Do not use a сomma when it сomеs at the end.
l Before she opplies, shе,l|visitsсhooIs. oR visit sсhoo|s r Shе,l| before she oppliеs. Noт
2. Here aге some Gommon timе еxрrеssions you сan usе to begin futuretimе сIauses. a. When, ofter, and os soon os often introduсethе еventthat happеnsfirst.
l Whеn l graduatе,l,ll look for a job. l After | graduatе,|,|||ookfor a job. l As soon os I gгaduatе,l,l||ookfoг a job. first l,m going to groduatе,Тhеn l,ll look for a job')
Now : 1groduote look for а job Рast.....'...iх..............'J.1...............> b. Before, until, and bу the timе often introduсеthе еvent that hapoеnssесond. Now :. finish school get o job e P as t . . . ....' ..i х ...........' ..........Futur ..x ......> G. Whilе introduсesan evеntthat wi||happen at thе same timе as anothеr еvеnt. Now . . . .....' .i P as t х
.' 7 ,.' .' ' .,. Futur ..} e
to'o'1fl : \Qt .oййб-'wd.
l Before I get a job, |,l|finish sсhoo|. l llntil I gеt a job, |,I|stay in sсhool. l By the time I gеt a job, |,|lbe out of sсhool. first l,ll finishsсhool' Then l,ll get a job,)
l
While l look foг a job, l,||сontinuеto study. (l will |ookfor a job ond study during thе samе timе pеriod.)
l
89
90 r
unit 21
тRUE0R FAIiЕo Rеod eoсh numbеredsеntеnce.Write T (Truе)or F (Fа|sе)for the stotеmеnt thаt foll ows. 1. Amber will open her own business when she finishes sсhool. F Amber will open her own business. Then she,ll finish sсhool. 2. Denzell won't quit until he finds another job. Denzell will find another job. Then he'll quit. 3. Jake will retire as soon as he turns sixty. Jake will retire. Then he'll turn sixrv. 4. Marisa will сa]l you when she gets home. Marisa will get home. Then she'll сall you. 5. Whilе Li-jing is in sсhool, she'll work part-time. Li-jing will finish sсhool. Thеn she,ll get a part-time job. 6. By the time Marta gets her diploma, she'll be twenty-one. Marta will turn twenty-one. Then she'll get her diploma.
о Reod obout Sondy аnd с0IЙBiNE !еff, Сombinе thе sentencеs. l. Sandy and Jeff will get married. Then S andy will gтaduatе. 1andу and Jeff w\|lget marr\ed graduateэ. before -Эandу
2. Jeff is going to get a raise. Then they are going to move to a larger apartment. as soon as 3. They're going to movсj to.a larger apartment. Then they,re going to have a baby. After 4. They,ll have thеir first сhild. Then Sandy will get a part-time job. after 5. Their сhild will be two. Then Sandy will go baсk to work full-time. By the time 6. Sandy will work full-time. At the same time, Jeff will go to sсhool. while т. Jeff will gтaduate. Then he,ll find another job. when
Future
Тime
Giauses
о Look ot this student,sworksheet,Сomplete it with thе corrеct form of the с0ff|PIEтE in porеnthеsеs. vеrbs
GoAL
PIANNlNG
woR.кsHEEт
l. Write your major goal. '11get, y a job aftеr ] (gеt)
(graduate)
ll. List three benefits of aсhieving your goal. l. Whеn I 2. Whеn I 3. I
a job, I
(get)
еnough monеy, I
(savе)
happier whеn I
(fее|)
morе monеУ.
(havе)
еmployеd.
(bе)
lll. How will you reaсh your goal? Write down smaller l. As soon as I
(get up)
a usеd сar.
(buy)
goals.
in thе morning, I
the
(buy)
nеWspapеr to look at the еmploymеnt ads.
2. Whеn I
to mv friеnds, I
(spеak)
know of any jobs. 3. I
(аsk)
at thе job notiсеs board whеn I
thеm if thеу
to
(go)
\-r"^,,|
thе supеrmarkеt. 4. Bеforе I
(go)
on an intеrviеw, I
(improve)
mу
сomputеr skills.
EDIT.Rеod this doncеr,sjournаI еntrу, Find ond corrеct sеvеnmistokesin thе use of future timе clousеs.The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd.Don,t forget to check for commos!
а/r.eас/! br orer!Аs sooпаs шеfиiф thePефrmаnсe lhere аregojпg to bе а btgРаft! for-tp, '* RePoffursшi//b-ether-?,шhеиц-е-rntrrthi!r.oom,Whi|e и,eш// сekbr!Иfug-pr1': уL!!-lцk:yip-r.',: 4 -Ш:lу!е,;эf"th,е.dqцqqg"?!!p.
e!!:1g!!_цp Sцry4ogш''rnJЦJ!!/ bу,g"thе,plPеrq!,! :r'-d -
the iпtеrrieшs,We,rеgoingtoРeфrm this shoeufor tшo шeek, Аs sooпаs t:fui:h'd.-еЕu.ersiпсeI.шаs/iф |,veшапФ'dfu bе а bа|/etdаnсer .fеаrп!d-qпecuРrogr.а!п.I,mso..9хqitэd,
l
9|
Future Progressive I won'l br hereat 12:ОО,|'|lbе out walkinglhe doq.
@ )fl
Tж
жPqINт Сtlеck thе сorrеct onswеr.
rl
Whеn will Robo takе thе dоg out for a walk? П b"fo.e 12:00 t
at 12:00
t
aftеr 12:00
sтAтЕпnЕNтs
сI]АRTсIIEсK Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе). т
F
You сan form thе futurе progressive with be going to or will plus be and the basе form of thе verb + -ing.
vtl )-PRI
Br (нoт) сotttстo/ 1 Br + Bдsв Wttt (нoт) | Foпм + -,NG
Suв!вст
am (not) going to He/Shе/lt
is (not) going to
Wе/You/Тhey
are (not) going to
l/He/Shе/| tlWe lYoulThey
will (not)
bе working
tomorгow.
bе working
tomorrow.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
ltt-l
Bс/Wltt I Suqвст | Gotltс тo I Br + Bдsв Foпм + .lшс | Am ls
shе
Are
you
WiII
you
go ing to
bе working
tomoгrow?
be working
tomorrow?
sHoRт ANsWЕRs AггIпмдтlvв l
ш."AтlvE
Уou arе. Yеs,
92
shе is.
you aren't. No,
she isn't.
I am.
l'm not.
wе will
Wе won,t.
Futиre Рrоgressiwe
Ltl},.QUЕsтloNs Wн- Woпo | в'/w,,',. I su,l... | сo,'. 'o I Br + BдsвFoпм + -,^,G Where W hе n
IS
he
will
shе
g o i n g to
be working? bе working?
ЕxPRЕssr;ж"##;ffi Unscromblеthеse words to form two questions,Answеr the quеstions, working o bе o Will o tomorrow о yoЦ
Уou о be . What о doing o are o to . gоing
й ыжwwн'gwж e{aeжЙ * ffiуй жr Жжp#
Жкreкъъ рt*s
1. Use thе future progrеssivе with be going to I Robo is going to be walking thе dog or will to ta|kabout thingsthat wi||be in progrеss at no o n. at a speсifiсtime in the future. OR Ro bow ill be w alking the do g at no o n. Past
RвмвмвпR!Non-aсtionverbs arе nоt usua|ly usеd in thе progrеssive.
l
You,rе going to havе a hеadaсhе tomorгow moгning. Noт@ahеadaсhе tomorrow moгning.
2. Usдсв Noтв: Wе often use the futuге pгogressive A : to hint that we would |ikеsomеonеto do us a favoг. B: A:
3. Remembеrthat if the sentеnсehas a timе сlause, usе the simp|еprеsеnttenseor pгesеnt pгogrеssivеin thе time сlause,not the future or future progгеssivе.
WiIl you bе going by thе post offiсe tomorrow? Yеs.Do you neеd stamps? Yеs.Сould you gеt mе somе?
r I'll be сooking while the robot is сlеaning. Noт |,l|bе сooking whi|е the гobot wi.l.l-bе с{еаttinfr
l
93
94
t
Ж#, \3wъв*
o Rеod this porogroph. Undеrlinе oII the futurеprogressiveforms. IDЕNтIFY Today we find most robots working in faсtories around the world. But what wцl robots of the future be doing? one Massaсhusetts Institute of Teсhnology dеsigner prеdiсts that in just a few years, small, inte}ligent robots are going to be taking сare of all the household сhores. This is gоing to make life a lot еasiеr. While one robot is соoking dinneц anothеr onе will be vaсuuming the floоr. But what about outside the homе? Will robоts be playing football or fighting wars? Sсiеntists aren,t surе. What is сertain, howeveц is that robots will be playing a more and more signifiсant role in our lives.
o Rеod thеsеconversotions,Сomplete them with thе futurеprogressiveform с0[|PLЕтE of thе words in porenthеsesond with short аnswеrs, 1.
will
Sтuовшт:
be havinа
you
offiсe
a . ( W i | |/ h a v е )
hours today? I'd like to talk to you about my robotiсs paper. Yeэ,l w1||
Tвдсншв:
.I
b.
to lunсh
с . ( w i l |/ g o )
at 2:00. But stop in anytime before then.
MRs. Gвв: When
you
the offiсe?
a. (bе going to / |еavе)
lVIв.Gшв: At 2:00. Why? Do we need somеthing?
MRs. Gвш: Would you mind piсking up some milk? Robo forgot, and I b. (won,t/ gеt)
3.
home until latе. you
Toшy: Dad. what time
a. (be going to i сomе)
home today? I need soтirеhelp with my sсienсe projeсt. Mв. Gвв: I
b . ( w i | |/ t a k е ;
Mia to thе dеntist after work, but
I'll bе baсk by 4:00.
Torтy:
с. (Bе going to / havе)
dinnеr bеfore
Mom сomes home?
Mв. Gвп: 4.
d.
. You know we always wait for Mоm.
Sдr,вsмдш: I'm сalling from Robotroniсs Inс. I
a. (bе going to / visit)
your
neighborhood Soon to dеmonstrate our nеW robot. Roвo:
I'm sоrry. The Gеe family for a while.
b. (won,t l buу)
a nеW robot
Wc.}kжr* $*r"сзgr*sssBwe l
o Look ot Robo,sond Roboto,sschedulеsfor tomorrow.Сompletе с0ILPLЕтE the stotemеnts. Fl o b o 8:oo
Flo Ь o ta 8:OO paybills
makе bгеakfast
9:oo dust bedгooms
9 : o o V а C U u mI i v i n gг o o m
1o:oo do |aundгy
1 o : o o г e р a i n tk i t с h e n
12:oo mаkeIuпch ,l:oo giveMг. Gee a massagе
1 2 : o o г e с y с l et h е g а г b a g e 1:oo shoofoг food
5:oo
h e | pT o n yw i t h h o m е w o г k
5:oo makеdinneг
7:oo
p I a yс h е s s w i t h Т o n y
7 : O O w a l kt h e d o o
1. Whi1e Robo
iэ makingbreakfaэt,
2. Robo
wi||be ?aУingbi||э,
, Robota
thе bedrooms while Robota
3. Robota
the kitсhen while Robo
4. Whi1е Robo
lunсh. Rоbota
5. Robo
a massage while Robota
6. Robota
dinner while Robo
7. While Robo
сhess. Robota
EDIT.Rеаd this student,sporаgroph. Find ond сorreсtsеvеnmistokеsin thе usе of thе futureprogrеssivе.The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
p e r f o rming In the future, гobots wi1l be Bеrяer*moгe
and more tasks for humans.
This will be havin$ both positive and negative effeсts. on the onе hand, whilе robots тлriitbe d.oing thе boring and d.an$erous jobs, humans more time to inberestin$ puгsuits. a lot easier for humans.
wi1i bе dеvotin$
In this тлray гobots is going to be making
on the othеr hand, the widesprеad
going сreatе a lot of future unemployment.
lifе
use of гobots is
People will losin$ thеiг jobs as
robots fill their posltions. And somе robots сould even beсome dangегous. I'm afraid that in thе not-too-distant
future, гobobs will bе opеratin$ nuсlear рoweг
stations! And befoгe too long, гobots are going to br fight in wars. Althou$h, sеcond thought, that w111be betteг than humans
killlng
еaсh other!
on
95
Future Perfect and Future Perfeсt Progressive
Эу February'
he'\\have beeneaving for threevеareand l'll be rich!
WPqlNт
.ф)
Сhесk thе сorrеct аnswеr. П It's February. П не hasn't bееn saving for three years yеt.
FUтURЕPЕRFЕстsтAтEпnENтs
сI|ARтснEсKI СirсIе Т (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
Both the futurе pеrfeсt and the future perfeсt progTеssiveuse will hove been.
Suв,вст
I Wttt (ltoт) | нou, + Pдsт PдптlсlpI.в
|/Hе/She/|t/Wе/You* lTheу
will (not)
have saved enough money by then.
*You is both singular and plural.
FUTURE PЕRFEст PRoGREssIvЕ sTAтЕ]t,lЕNтs + BдsвFoпм + -,NG l Wttt (мoт) | нou, BЕEN
Suв;вст |/He/Shе/| tlWelYou lThey
w il! (no t)
have bееn saving foг thrееyears.
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
сI|ARтсHEсK2
FUтURЕ PERFЕст YEs/No QUEsтloNs
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
Wttt I Suв;вст | Hлvс+ Pдsт Pдптlсlpt-в
Aггlпмдтtvв l
wiШ
Yеs, hе w ill' I No , hе w o n,t.
т
F
Shоrt answer forms are the same for thе future perfeсt and the future perfeсt progrеssive.
tl
havе saved еnough by then?
FUтURЕРEarЕсТPRoGRЕsslvЕ уEs/NoQUEsтloNs Wttt WiII
96
hе
Hдvr BЕЕN+
Suв;встI Bдsв Foпм + -,NG havе been saving foг |ong?
Nвсдтlvв
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв l
Nвсдтlvв
Yes, he w ill. t No , hе w o n,t.
:Y}.чT:. .Т.::I:.::. 3:9.г.Y}y.::. :...:::.:}.:.Т:.9:.::.::Y: .: .27......oo..l
EхPREss.жж Сomplеtе thеsеsentenceswith thе vеrb drive. Usе onе word for eoch blonk. . By June, I'll have been . I'll have
€ } rи шxв mаr
mv new cat fot a vеar.
10,000milеs by then.
Еэ*рleffiatЁ*}t g
Еxamplеs
1. When Wе u5еthe futurе pеrfeсt, wе imagine a сertainpoint of time in thе futuге,and we look baсk at еvеntsthat wil| be сomplеtedbv t hat t i mе .
r By J une,he w ill have paid his dеbt. l Wе won,t have savеd еnough by thеn.
*?*
P ast . '. . ......
....i .....х .......х . ......Futur ...> e poid lunе i э.debt
Use by + timе exprеssion to identify thе point in time in thе futurе.
I t
Use olreodу and уet to emphasizе whethеr an еventwill have happenеdby a point in timе.
2. When We usе the futurе pеrfeсt progrеsslve, we imaginea сertainpoint in the futuге,and wе look baсk on thingsalrеadyin progrеss. *:*
1gg8 Dеcеmber P ast . . . '. ..... ш - - - ..- : tiving
F utur e
T I
Bу lune, shе,Ilhavе bought a usеd сar. She,ll havе lookеd at a |ot of сarsby then. Bу |хАaу, hе,IIhavе olreodу savеd $],000. Bу Мaу, hе won,t havе savеd $2,00Оуet.
Wе movеd hегеin 1998. By nеxt Deсembеrwе wi|l havе been living heгefor sevеra|yеars. We're moving to Parisnext year.By 2005 we will havе bееn Iiving thегefor sеvera|yеaгs, and it sho u|dfее|likеho mе.
Тhe future pеrfесt progrеssive foсuses on how long and oftеn inсludesthе length of time.
r You,ll havе beеn spеaking Fгеnсhfor tеn уeors by thеn.
Rвмвмввп!Non.aсtionvеrbsare not usual|y used in the progrеssive.
l By May, hе,ll have owned his сar for a yeaг. Noт
3. Use the futurе peгfeсtor the future peгfeсt pгogrеssivеwlth thе simplе prеsеnt tеnsе to show the ordеr of evеnts: FtпsтЕvгштfuture pеrfесt(progressivе) Sгсoпo Evгшт: simple prеsеnttensе
By thе timе you orrive, |,ll havе finished dinneг. No т l,l|havе finishеddinnег. By the time you orrivе, |,IIhavе beеn rеading for an hour.
Now
finish stort dinner to reod orrivе
Past................i.....x..............х...............х.....> Futurе
98
I
L$пEt *З
o Rеod eoch numberеdsentеnce,Writе T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе oR FALilЕ TRUЕ stotеmеnt thot folIows. l.
By this timе tomorroщ I,ll havе dесidеd whiсh сar to buy. т
I haven't deсided yet whiсh сar I'm going to buy.
2. Wе,ll have already finished the gтoсery shopping by the time you get homе. You will get home while we are shopping. 3. By nеxt yeaц Mary will havе bееn working at the newspapеr for five years. Nеxt Уeat,,Mary сan сеlebratе her frfth annivers atу at the newspaper. 4. By ten o,сloсk, shе won't have finished writing her сolumn yet. Shе will finish writing at tеn о'сloсk. 5. Wе will havе moved to a larger offiсе by the year 2ОI0. We will move to a larger offiсe after the yеar 2010. 6. By next Уear,we'll havе bеen pubtishing the newsletter for fifteen years. We startеd the newslettеr less than fifteen years ago.
o Lookot thе timе line аnd complеte thе sentencеsobout Tom аnd Lindo,s с}Iу|PLЕтE future oсcomplishmеnts.IJsеthe future p|еrfесtor the future perfect progressivеform of thе words in porеnthеsеs.Сhoosе bеtwеenoffirmotiveond nеgotive.
ffi 1,,, 1,0,,1,,,
ffi
..=:Jl
.|:1,':,твЦ!|'.. ,. . ] !'* ! ] i ' ; -А1 L
''.,{
| (t;i,
t..
{ед-;
.?
1,,,1,,,
II I
Izors
Bу 2ОL2, they By 2015, they
'll have bought
'||
Bу 2017,Tom
(9raduatе)
sсhool for four years.
(attеnd)
By 2019,thеy
(buy) (drivе)
Bу 202О,Linda The
in their own housе for three years.
(|ivе)
By Travis's first birthdaY, Tom
They
a new сar.
(buy) havе been |iving
another сar. their old сar for eight уears by then. hеr business.
(opеn) (save)
Bу retirement, the сouple
for two years Ъу 202О. (aссomplish)
a lot.
Future
Рerfeсt
and Fr*tun"* Рerfeеt
РrоgresgЁъg*
o Rеаd Lindo Lеone,s(LL) interviewwithTeenagе Couples Magazine (ТC). с0I|PLEтЕ Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with thе сorreсt form of thе vеrbs in porenthеses.Usе thе progrеssivеform whеn possiblе. Use alreadу or уet whеn oppropriotе, get
TC: You two arе amaziлg! By the time you 'l| havea!-214у?1anned уol
married.
l ' (gеt)
your wholе life togethеr!
LL: Well, wete been dating sinсe middle sсhool. By the time *u
.. .o'ouu.",
fromhighsсhool,-"aboutourmarriageforalongtime. TC: When Travis
, Tom
5. (bе born)
6. (not graduatе)
. Hоw will you manage with Tom still in sсhool?
from сollege
LLз It won't be easy, but we've got a plan. Tom
7. (finish)
most
of his сourses by then. He,ll stay home with the baby during thе day and go to night sсhool. TC: By the time you you _
your tenth wedding anniversary,
8. (сеlebrаtе)
your business
9. ("ot start)
You havе a lot of patienсe. LL: Not rеally. I by then. When I
I
years of praсtiсe on mу job
lo. (gеt)
.l2.
11 . ( o p e n ) (bесomе)
the doors of Linda, Inс.,
a vеry experienсed Web page designer.
TC: Well, good luсk to you, and thanks for the interviеw.
ЕDIT.Reod thisjournol entrу,Find ond correct siх mistаkеsin thе use of thе future pеrfect ond the future perfect progrеssivе.Thе first mistokе is аIrеodycorrеctеd.
have been
Ihеsamеsа|ап1tor thrее tortеn\еars'Аnd|'Iteаrnа|most BуАugustl,llbe а word?rocе;aor to go bаcktoscnoo| Ihisуеаr.First|'m I|lаt,sWhyl,vemаdеa New\еаr,srеso|ution уеаrs| goingIo writеtorschoo| cаtаIogs fortиition . Bу Маrch,|,|| аnd stаrt5аvi0g hаvеtigurеout tиition starГapp(ying. сoяt.ThеnI,|I Byaцmmеr,I аccефаncе wi(( hаdrеcеivеd howrnucn pаrt.timе |eltеrs, working andgoingto schoolpаrt-Iimе, |nАugust, |,(ltatkto rnybossаboцt tиition to paytorа sеmеstеr's ' By nextNew еnough Bythсttime,|,I| hаuеsаvеdа|rеаdч \еаr'sDay,|,llhаuеbееnstudуlor onewnolеsеmеEtеr|
l
99
SelfTest flW0шп Сircle the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswer to complеtе eoсh sentence.
Exдмptп: Jennifеr never {A)drink (B)drinks 1 . It -
сoffee. (C) is drinking {D)was drinking
tomorrow.
(C) 's going to rain (D)'s raining
{A)rains (B)rained 2. The paсkage will
on Monday. (C) arriving (D)be going to arrive
(A) arrive (B)arrives 3. Goоdnight. I (A) 'll see (B)'m going to see
you in the morning. (C)'m seeing (D)see
4. Hurry. The next bus
a t 7: I 5 . (C)lеaving (D)will havе been leaving
(A) leave {B)leaves 5 . Bill will be -
(A) flies (B)flying
to Taipei tomorrow. (с) fly (D)have flown
We a new VCR soon. (A) have owned (B)11 own 7 . They,ll bе making сopies while he
(A) finishes (B),ll bе finishing 8. She'll (A) savе (B)have saved
(C) 're owning (D)own the report. (с) 1l finish (D)'s been finishing
almost $t,000 by then. (C)have been saving (D)be saving
9. By next Уear, Roger will (A) live (B)be living
here for ten yеars. (С)havе been living (D)be going tо livе
10. Will you buy an eleсtriс сar whеn they availablе? (A) bесоme (C) are beсoming (B)beсame (D)will beсome
100
д@ с D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
11. She'll have gotten married (A) already (B)by
Junе. (C)sinсе (D)until
72. Where (A) they (B)they will
(C)will thеy (D)are they
14. How for сollege? (A) should pay (B)will she pay
I
ABсD
ABсD
be living?
13. Look at those сars! Thev -! (A) will сrash (B)will be сrashing
lV
(C}'re going to сrash (D)will havе сrashеd
ABсD
ABсD (C) shе pays (D)she's going to pay
[ffi]J.ТТ\'lтW0 Еoсh sеntеnсеhos four undеrlinеd words or phroses. The four undеrlinedports of thе sеntenceorе mаrked A, B, С, ond D. Сircle thе lеtter of the one underlinеd word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст, Еxдмptl: Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ABCD
A B с@
1 5 . Will you been soing to the drugstore tonight?
ABсD
1 6 . The movie starts at 7:30, so I think I gq.
ABсD
,|7. We are going to study tonight until we will finish this сhapter.
ABсD
1 8 . By April, I'll have been driven my new сar for a Уeat.
ABсD
1 9 . We'll travel for a сouple of days, so you won,t be able to сall us.
ABсD
20. Jan finished sсhool by next Summeц so we're going to visit her.
ABсD
2 1 . Whiсh projeсt will hе works on after he finishes this job?
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB
сD
ABсD
AB(D
yg! -o By January, he'll have *Csaved $1,000. -A* ъ23. Wherе * bе- -staving vou _ - -will Т--B - t * " ъ _ when you g9 to Moroссo?
I'll be stud}ring whilе Ana will bе sleeping. AB(D
25. She will nоt has graduated by June. AвсD
ABсD ABсD ABсD ABсD
1Ol
Wh- Questions: Subjeсt and Prediсate What,happened
o n Nhe niqhL o f lЙ aу 12Nh? Where did уou go? Who did
уou oee? Who эaw уou?
Whу d\d I get,ouI,of bеd L h i em o r n i n q ?
| POINт
]
Сhеck thе corrеct onswers. The lawyer wants to know П th" events оn the night of May I2th. П tь. witness,s profession. П th" names of people who saw thе witness.
сHАRтсI]Eсl(l
QUEsтloNs AB0Uт T}|ЕsUB,Е(т
Circle T (Truе) or F (Folsе).
Wн- Woпo Suв,вст
Vвпв i Pпвolсдтв
Who
saw
т
F
lЦh- questions abоut the subjeсt havе the same word ordеr as statements.
ANswЕпs(sтAтЕrilENтs) Suryвст |v.*,IP*.o..o,. Hе
сl]АRтсl|EсI( 2 Сircle T (True)or F (Folsе), т
T
to2
F
F
l,Uh.questiоns about thе prediсate have the samе word order as statements. Questions about the prediсate сan inсlude a form of the verb do.
yo u?
saw
me.
QUЕsтloNsABoUт тHЕ РREDIсAтЕ Wн-WoпoI Au*,..o*" I I
P п в o l с д т в| V в п в Who(m)
did
iSuвlвст|Vвпв you
seе?
ANsWЕRs (sТAТЕшtЕNTs) Suв;вст |v.*' saw
IP*.o..o,. him.
l/Уfr- Gluestions:
Subieсt and Prediсate
EхPREssж Unscromblethese words to form two questions. night о happened . What о last do.did.WhatonextОYou e*?atiФns & ra gтэк-mar Ж:срf;
Еxamplеs
1. Usе иЙ. quеstions to askfor sрeсifiсinformation. r r t,Уh.quеstionsbеgin with questionwords suсh l as who, whot, where, whеn, whу, whiсh, r whosе, how, how monу, how muсh, and how long.
W ho Why How How
2. When you arе asking aboшt the subjeсt (usual|ythe first paгt of thе sentenсe),usе a wh- quеstionword in plaсe of thе subjесt.Тhe word order is thе same as in a statеment.
Someonе sawyou. I
3. Whеn you are asklng aboцt the prеdiсatе (usuallythe last part of the sentеnсе),the questionbeginswith a wh- word, but thе word order is thе same as in a yeslnoquеstion.
did yo u sее at A |,sCгi|I ? did you go thеге? many pеop|еsaw you therе? Iong did you staythere?
Y
r Who saw you?
You saw someone. Did you sее somеonе? r Who did vou sее?
somеthingin thе pгediсatе,you neеd еither a. a foгm of thе vеrb be. OR
vегb b. a form of an auxiliary (,,hеlping,,) suсh as do, hаvе, сon, will.
4. Usдсв Noтв:ln very formal ЕngIishwhеn asking about pеople in the pгediсatе,whom is somеtimеsusеd instеadof who.
you сannot usе whom.
l Who is HaгryАdams? l W hy w as hе at A |,sCr ill? r Why doеs shе want to testify? Noт@
VгкyFoвмдlr Whom did you seе? lшгoвмдl. r Who did you sее? r Who is thе nеxt witnеss? NoТ
l
1o3
1O4 I
unit 24
lIlAтсl|o Еoсh questiongoеs with on onswеr.Motch еoсh question with thе correctаnswеn Answеr
Quеstion t
l. Who did vou see?
a. His wife saw mе.
2. Who saw you?
b. Shе hit a car.
3. What hit hеr?
G. I gave the money to Harry.
4. What did she hit?
d. A сar hit her.
5. Whiсh man did you give the money to?
e. Harry gavе mе the money.
6. Whiсh man gavе уоu the money?
f . I saw the dеfеndant.
o Rеod this cross-еxominotion. Сomplеtеit by writing the lаwуеr,squеstions. сOIлPLEтE 1. I,дwyвв.
What |ime did Уou ret,urnhome?
( W h a t t i m е / y o u / г е t u r nh o m е ? )
Wrтшвss: I returned home just before midnight. 2. Lдwyвв:
(How / you / gеt homе?)
Wrтшвss: Somеone gave mе a lift. 3. Lдwyвв:
(Who / givе / you l a ride?)
Wrтшвss: A friend from work. 4. Lдwyвп:
(What/happеn/nеxt?)
lVrтшвss: I opened my door and saw someone on my living room floor. 5. Lдwyвв:
(Who/you/sее?)
Wrтшшss:Debоrah Cоllins. 6. Lдwyвв:
(Who / bе / DeborahСo||ins?)
Wrтшвss:She's my wife's boss. I mean she rоos my wifе's boss. She's dead now. 7. Lдwyвв:
(What lуou l flg-?1
Wrтшвss:I сalled thе poliсe. 8. Lдwyвв: Wrтшвss: No one сalled me. Whv?
( H o w m a n y / p е o p | еl с a | |l у o u ? )
ASl(. Rеod thesestotеments.Thеn osk questionsobout thе underlinedwords. 1 . Thе witnеss recognized Harry Adams.
Who recognizedHarry Аdamэ? 2 . The witness rесognized Harry Adams.
Whodid the witneeerecognize? 3. Court begins at 9:00 д.м.
4. Five witnesses testified.
5. The jury found Adams guilty beсause he didn,t havе an alibi.
6. Something horrible happened.
7. The trial lasted two wеeks.
8. The judge spoke to the jury.
9. Adams paid his lawyer $2,000.
1o. The distriсt attorney questioned thе rеstaurant manager.
. Rеod this list of questions.Thereqre EDIT six mistokеsin the usе of wh- quеstions. Find ond сorrесtthem, The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd,
i,'ijt't,''t'.'t,'i!iliii.'itl.ll,rt.,r.rr,,i,l,t:1,,,i:1.,r,:i:i.:i:i;r, ",t, did whаttimеfihеsolsvеct rеtцrnhome? Lilhodid seе him? Wеrеthеrе аnуwitnessеs? Whomwаsаt homеz Ulhvаiа hе са|t А, Smith? whаtdid hаppеn nеn? Whеrеhе did go? I1ow цц6у1monеУ he tookwithhim?
Tag Gluestions
{;if3:!/!il%;:**P0INT Сheсk the сorreсtanswer. П тье man is asking about the weather. П тье man is сommenting оn the wеather'
WIтH BЕ As тHЕ MAlN VЕRB
сl|ARтсI]EсI(
AFFIR]vlAтlvE
NЕGAтlvE
NEGAтlvЕ
AFFlR]tnAтшЕ
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
т
т
т
L06
F
F
F
Ifthe statement is affirmative, the tag is affrrmativе.
You,rе from L.A.*, aren,t уou?
You're not from L.A., are you?
*L.4. = Los Angeles
WlТH ALL AUxlLlARY VERBS EXсЕPT Do
Ifthe statеment has an auxiliary, usе thе same auxiliary in the tag.
AFFlRil|AтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFIR]tnAтlvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Тдс
You're moving,
aren,t уou?
You,rе not moving,
ar е yo u?
He's bеen hеre,
hasn't he?
H е hasn,t bеen heгe, h a s h e ?
Ifthe statеmеnt does not have a fоrm of be or an auxiliary, you need a form of do in the tag.
Тhey Gan movе,
Gan't they?
Thеy Gan't movе,
сan they?
W l т H D o A s A N A U X I L I A R YV E R B AFFlRмAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFlRlvlAтlvЕ
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
Sтдтвмвшт
Tдс
You live hеre,
don,t уou?
You don,t livе hеrе, do you?
Тhеy movеd,
didn't they?
Тhеy didn,t movе,
did they?
Tag Gluestions
ЕхPREss {ii:ii)h|;i Unscromblеthеsеwords to form o tog quеstion. aсtor . you . an о aren,t о You,re жram*#m w* & y жrжуu,a жy Ж'жgafl.
ЖжarхъpЙrs
1. We often use tag questions to: a. сheсk infoгmationwe bеliеveto be tгuе
Tom livеsin L.A.,doеsn,t hе? (Thе spеokerbеliеvеsthat Tomlivеsin L.A, ond wants to сhеck this informotion,)
OR
|t,sa niсe day, isn't it? (Thе speakеris сommеntingon thе wеather.)
b. сommеnt on a situation
2. Tag questionshavе a statеmеnt and a tag. Formsof tag quеstionsvaгy,but their meaning is alwayssimilar.Тhe statеmеntеxprеssеsan assumption.Тhe tag mеans Right?
statеmеnt
I I I
tag
You,гenot from L.А.,are уou? You,rеJaсkLa Costa,aren,t you? You don,t drivе muсh, do you? a f fi r m а t i v e
negative
a. lf the statеmеntvеrb is affirmative,thе tag vеrb is nеgative.
You work on Fridays,don't you?
b. lf the statemеntverb is negative,the tag vеrb is affirmativе.
You don't work on Fridays,do you?
3. Тhе tag a|waysusеsa form of be oг an auxiliary veгb (be, hove, do, or will, or a modal suсh as сon, could, or shoulф, Usдсв Noтв: Notiсe thе tag for I om,
Whеn thё subjeсtof thе statеmentis this or thot, thе subjeсtof thе tag is it.
negativе
affirmative
I
|t,sa niсе day, isn,t it? You,Vеlivеd hеre a long time, haven,t you? You сomе from Nеw York,don,t you? You сan drivе,сan,t you?
I
|,m nex t,ar еn,t l?
I
Тom woгkshеге,doеsn,thе? Noт Тom works hеrе,dоеs#t4om?
I I I
Thot's a good idea,isn't it? Noт Тhat,s a good idеa,*;rlt{-lтat?
A: lt,sgettingWarmег,isn,t it? 4. Whеn you use a tag questionto сhесk B: Yеah.Sеemsmo гe likesummeг. information or to сomment on a situation, youг voiсе fa||son thе tag. You еxpeсt thе listеnеr to agrееor just show that hе or she is listеning. 7 A : You,renot movin9, are уou? Тag quеstionsсan also be usеd to get B: Yes.Wе,rеrеturningto L.А. information. As wtth уеs/noquestions,your OR voiсe risesat the end, and you expесt to get an No. Wе,rеstayinghere. answer(Yesor No).
I
lO7
1o8
l
&jяз*t#€ s
o Rеаd this сonvеrsotion,Underlineаll thе tags. iDENтiFY Kдy: Hi, Tоm. It,s a niсe day, isn't it? Toм: Sure is. Not a сlоud in the sky. Hоw are you doing? Kдy: Goоd, thanks. You don't know of any vaсant apartments, do you? My son is looking for one. Toм: He is? I thоught he was staying with you. Kдy: Well, he really wants a plaсе оf his own. Do уou know of anything? Toм: As a matter of faсt, I do. You know the Sobоtas, don't you? Well, I just found out that they're mоving to New York next month. Kдy: They are? What kind оf apartment dо they have? Toм: A one-bеdroom. Кдy: It's not furnishеd, is it? Toм: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnishеd apartment, does hе? Kдy: Well, he doesn't have furniturе. But I guess he сan always rent Some' сan't he? Tом: Why don,t you givе your Son my numbeц and l,ll give him some morе information? Kдy: Will vou? Thanks. Tom.
о Eoсh stotеmеntgoеs with a tag, Мotch eoсh stotеmеntwith the corrесttog. IIiАтсH Tag
Statеment I
1 . You'vе сalled the movers,
a . сan't we?
2 . Thеy're сoming tomorroщ
b . do we?
3 . This isn't going to bе сheap,
C.
is he?
4. You havеn't finished paсking,
d.
isn't it?
5 . Wе don,t need any morе boxеs,
е . are they?
6. Paul is gоing to help us,
f.
7 . Wе сan put some things in stоrage,
9 . isn,t hе?
8. Jaсk isn't buying our bookсases,
h . is it?
9 . The movers arеn't paсking thе books for us, 1 0 . Moving is hard,
have you?
i . havеn't you?
i . aren't they?
Тag Questiоns
o A rodio tolk-show host is interviewingone of her guests,o Hollywood сOIпPLEтE sсreеnploy writеr, Сomplеtе thе interviеw with oppropriotе togs. haven'tуou
Hosт: You've lived in Hollywoоd for many yеars'
.7
1.
Guшsт: Sinсe I was eighteen and сamе here tо write my first sсrеenplay. Hosт: You didn't know anУone here at first.
2.
Guвsт: No. And I didn't have a сеnt to my name. Just some ideas and a lot of hope. It sounds ctazУ,
3.
Hosт: But things havе worked out for УoЦ, You're working on another sсreenplay now, Guвsт: Yes. It,s a сomedy about some kids who beсomе invisible. Hosт: Speaking of kids, УoU have somе of your own' Guвsт: Two boys and a girl-atl
very visible!
Hosт: I know what you mean. Do you еvеr wish they Were invisible? Guвsт: Noщ that's an interesting thought,
7.
ЕDIT.Reod this port of o moviе script, Find ond correctsеvеn mistokesin the usе of tog quеstions.The first mistoke is olreody correсtеd,
h a э n ,t Ben: It's been a long time, сIoе, hалre#tit? сroв: That depеnds on what you mran by a long timе, d.oesn't that? Ben: \Aгhat are you doing around. heгe, aщrway? It's d.an$erous. сroв: I сan take сaгe of m5rseШ.I'm still alive, amn't I? Ben: Yes, but you're still wanted by the poliсe' are you? rroв: Look, I need a plaоe to stay. You have a plaсе, don't you? .]ust for one ni$ht. Ben: I have to thirй of щ1r wife and kid.s. You сarr find. someplaсe e1se, сarr you? сroв: No. You've got to help mе! Ben: I'vе alгeady helped you plеnty. I went to jail for you, haven't I? сroв: Yeah, oK, Ben. You remember what happеnеd. in Ve$as, d.o you? Ben; oK, oK. I сan make a сa11.
l
1o9
Additions with So, Too, NeitheГ,and Not either Hвпдlо Suы
TwinsSeparated atBirthAreReunited!
P0INт
жI
Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer. M a r k l i k e s h u n t i n g ,f i s h i n g ,а n d C h i n e s e f o o d . So does Gerald.
П тьe men like diffеrеnt things. t
тьe mеn like thе same thinps
WlтH BЕ As тHE MAlN VЕRB сI|АRтсIIEсI(
Sтдтвмвпт
т
Amy is a twin,
F
There is more than one way to make an additiоn.
т
F
Usе so or too with negatiye statеmеnts.
т
F
Whena statement does not havе a form of he or an auxiliary verb, use a form of do in the addition.
i ADDtтloN
and so is Suе. and Sue is too.
Sтдтвмвшт
| Aoolтloш
Amy isn,t vеry ta|l,
and nеither is Suе. and Sue isn't either.
WITH ALL AUxlLlARY VЕRBS EXсEPТ Do NЕGAтlvE
AFFlRпnAтшЕ Sтдтвмвшт
| Aooпloш
Amy сan swim,
a n d so сan Sue. a n d Suе сan to o .
Sтдтвмвшт А my сan,t ski,
|Apolтloш and neithеr сan Suе.
and Suе Gan,t eithеr.
W l т H v Е R Bs U s l N G D o A s A N A U x l L I A R Y V Е R B AFFlR]vtAтlvЕ Sтдтвмвшт i Aoolтloш Аmy likes dogs,
110
NЕGAтlvЕ
AFFlRг{lAтlvЕ
Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse).
I and so doеs Sue. I and Sue does too.
NЕGAтtvЕ Sтдтвмвшт
i Apolтloш
А my do еsn,t l and nеithеr do еs Suе. likе сats, I and Suе doеsn,t еithеr.
Additions
with So. Toa. Neither, and Not either t
Ex,PREssжж Unsсromblеthеse words to form аdditions, is.Мark.andоnеithеr
does.Gеrald.sо.and
Gеrald isn,t married.
Mark fights fires,
& ra gтtrжarffixрlanations
Ехamplеs
t. Additions arе phrasеsor short sеntеnсesthat follow a statеmеnt. Usе an addition to avoid repеatingthе informationin thе statement.
r cera|d is a fiгefightег, and so is Mark. (Сеrold is o firеfightеr,ond Мark is a firеfightеr.)
2. Usе so or too if the additionfo||owsan affirmativestatemеnt
r cеra|d is a firеfightег, and so is Maгk. oR r Cегald is a firefighteг, and Mark is too.
Usе пeifher or not elther if the addition fol|ows a nеoativеstatеment.
r cегaId didn,t gеt maггiеd.Neither did Maгk. oR l Cеrald didn,t get maггiеd.Maгk didn ,t еither.
neithеr,Тhe vеrb сomes beforеthe subjeсt.
l Nеither did Mark. Noт
3. Additions alwaysusе a form of be or an auxi|iaryverb (be, hovе, da, wlll, or a moda| verb suсh as can, сould, should, woulф, a. lf thе statementusеsа form of be, usе a form of be in the additiontoo.
I l,m a twin, and so is my сousin.
b. lf the statеmentusesan auxiliaryvегb, usе the samе auxiliaryverb in the addition.
r Cегa|dhad quit his job, and so had Maгk. I l сan,t dгivе,and nеitherGan my twin.
G. lf thе statemеnthas a verb that usеsdo as an auxiliaryverb, use the appropriateform of do in the addition.
r Geraldowns a dog, and so doеs Maгk. r Cегa|dbought a jеep,and so did Maгk.
4. In сonversation,you сan use short rеsрonses with sq too, neither, and not elther to agreе with anotherspeaker. Usдсt Noтв:|n informalspeeсh,peoplеsay Me too and Me neither to еxpгesssimilarity oг agrеemеnt.
A: B: A: Bз
l havе a twin sistеr. Jo do l. oк l do too. I don,t havе any bгothersor sistегs. Nеither do l. oп l don,t eithеr.
A: |,m left-handеd. B:, Me too. A: |,venеVerhеardof thеsetwins. Bz Me neither.
111
ll2
I
unit 26
bеtweеnrеunited twins.Writе T (Truе) oR tALsEo Reod thеseshort conversotions тRUE ar F (Folse)for thе stotementthot followseoch convеrsotion, l.
Mдвк: I like Chinese food. Gвпдr,lr: So do I. т
2.
Gеrald likes Chinese food.
Aшоввд: I don,t want to go out. Bдввдвд: Nеither do I. Barbara wants tо gо оut.
3.
Jшдш: I'm not hungтy. Jодш: I'm not either. Jоan isn't hungry.
4.
Attгy: I've always felt luсky. Kвввrв: So have I. Kerriе has fеlt luсky.
5.
Mrд: I don't eat meat. Boв: I don't either. Bob eats meat.
6.
Jrм: Ihaveaheadaсhе. Brr,r,: I do toо. Both Jim and Bill have headaсhеs.
7 . Nonд: I сan't swim.
Drшд: Me neither.
Dina сan swim. Cнnт: I shouldn't work so muсh. Touo: Nеither should I. Todd wants to work less. 9. Jдsoш: I,d like to leave now.
TYr,вв: Me tоo.
Tvler wants to lеave.
сHooslо Сirclе thе corrесtwords to completе this porogroph. sсhool, I was in Mr. Jaсobs's Somеtimes bеing a twin сan сausе trouble. In high tоok a test. I got questiоns 18 history сlass. Neithеr /6}was my brother. one day we 1. сorreсtly, and and 20 Wrong. My brother did so / toо. I didn,t spell Constantinoplе 2. сheated. As a result, I got an F either / nеither did he. The teaсher was sure we had 3. my brother. We tried to соnvinсe Mr. Jaсobs of our on thе test, and so фЧ-Ф either / too. We finally innoсenсe, but he didn't believе us. The prinсipal didn't 5. 3 and 10 wrong. got items I time This test. another give us сonvinсed thеm to was astоunded. So / Toо was Guеss what? Neither / So did myu brother. our teaсher 7' 6. just amusеd. were Wе the prinсipal. Wе werеn't.
&ddЁtiсэазs .,"тitl"l sс:, Iос' l'lrit!зrr. arld Ьlоt ёi!!з#t t
o Morto ond СorIсIorе twins. They ogrее on evеrything.Сomplеte thеir сOfflPLEтE conversotionwith rеsponsеs. Mдвтд: I'm so h.ppу we finally found eaсh other. ,T l
Cдвr,д: So Мдвтд:
. I always felt like something was missing from my life.
1.
So
. I alwavs knew I had a douЬlе somewhere out thеre.
2.
Cдвr,д: I сan't believe how similar we are. Mдп,тд: Neither
3.
. It's likе always seeing myself in the mirror.
Cдвr,д: Not only do we lоok identiсal, but we like and dislikе all the same things. Мдп,тд: Right. I hate lеttuсe.
Cдп,r,д: I
And I dеtеst livеr.
4.
Mдвтд: Sо
I louе pizza, though.
5.
Cдвrд: So
But only with tomato and сheesе. I don't like pepperоni.
6.
Мдвтд: Nеithеr
7.
Cдп,I,д: This is amazing! I wonder if our husbands have so muсh in сommon. Mдвтд:
Me
8.
. Rеod this studеnt,scomposition.Thеrеorе siх mistokesin thе usе of sеntеnce EDIT odditions. Find аnd correct them, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrесtеd.
My Brother and I My bгother is just a year oldеr than I am. \AIehave a ]ot of thin$s in сommon.
iэ he tr'irst of a11,wе look allke. I am 5, 10 '' , and so hs_is' I havе strai$ht blaсk
hair and dark brown eУes' and so does hе. We shaгe many of the same inteгеsts too. I lovе to p1ay soссец and he too. Both of us swim eveгy day, but I сan't' dive, and either сan hе. Sometimеs bein$ so similaг has its problems. For examplе, last ni$ht I wanted the 1ast pieсe of сhoсolate сakе, and so doеs he. often I won't feel like doing the dishes, and neitheг Won't he. Worst of a11,sometimеs I'm interestеd in dating a сertain sсhoolmatе, and so he is. Howeveц most of the timе I fееl our similarities
are really nicе. So does my brother.
113
SelfТest Сirclе the lettеr of the сorrect аnswеr to completе еoch sеntenсе. ЕxompIе: Jennifer never (А) drink {B)drinks
{с} is drinking tD) was drinking
l. Where (A) does she live tB)she lives 2. (A) ЦГhom (B)Whose
(C) she does live (D)she lived
lоst this wallet? (C) Who (D)Who did
3. You,re Сynthia' ъ (A) aren't (B)are
vou?
4. Laura lоves soap operas, and. (A) Jane does toо (B)so Jane does
(C)Janе loves tоo (D)so loves Jane
5. I didn't like sports, and (A) either did (B)neither doеs
my brother. (C) so did (D)neither did
6. -That isn't Sam, is it? -No, . Sam's taller. (A) it is tB)it doesn't
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD (с) it wasn,t (D)it isn't
7. We didn,t eat hеre last week. (A) didn't (B)haven't
114
(C) didn't (D)were
ABсD
8. -Who -lVlike did. (A) did give you (B)did you give
your bike?
9. _Who -I saw Stefan. (A) saw you (B)did you see
at thе paftу?
(с) do (D)did
wе?
AвсD
ABсD (C)you gave (D)gave you
ABсD (С)you saw (D)you see
SelfTest
1 0 . -I
(A) Whose (B)Who's
I
ABсD
hate сabbage. . I сan,t even look at it. (A) too (C) neither (B)еither (D)do too
-Me
11.
V
washing the dishes tonight? (C)Who are (D)Who does
12. Liam was born in Ireland. but his brother (A)was (C)wasn't (B)didn't (D)neither was
ABсD
ABсD
тW0 Еoсh sеntеncеhos four undеrlined words or phrаsеs. The four undеrlinеdpаrts of thе sеntеncеorе marked A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lettеr of the onе underlinеd word or phrose thot is Nor сORREст,
Еxдмptt: Mikе usually driveg to sсhool, but today he walks. ABC
D
ABсD
13. This is a good sсhool, wasn't it? AB
A в с@
сD
14. Wэ went to Stan's holiday party last yeaц hadn't wе?
ABсD
1 5 . Kevin has always been a gтeat student, and so his brother has.
ABсD
16. My sister has never gone skiing, and neither did I.
ABсD
1 7 . Where vou workеd last year when you were going tо sсhool?
ABсD
1 8 . That sign is too small tо read, isn't that?
ABсD
1 9 . English isn't an easy languagе to learn, is it-.
AвсD
20. My parents are both good сooks, and me too.
ABсD
21. Tоm and Fred hadn't been to Florida before then. had he?
ABсD
22. I'm usually right about the wеatheц amn,t !?
ABсD
23. Paul likes Italian food, doesn't Paul?
ABсD
24. Where did theу went }resterday?
ABсD
2 5. Why you сall me so late last night?
ABсD
(D
AB
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
(D
AB
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
115
Ability: Оan, Could, Be able to
ffiPЙlNт Сirclе T (True) or F (Folsе). т
Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). F
The father wants to know if his daughter has permission to do spreadsheеts.
sTAТЕгvlENTS:сАN/ сoULD
сl]АRтсI/iЕсI( l т
F
| Сдtl/Couto* | oг Vвпв
Thе form for сon and сould is the samе for all subjесts.
| BдsвFoпм
|
Suв,вст
l/Hе/Shе/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy
сan (not)
do
spreadshеets now.
сould (not)
usе
a сomputer|astyеar.
*Can and could arе modals. They do not havе -s in thе third person singular.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNsз CАN/COULD
li
sHoRт ANSWERS
вдsвl
Сдt't/Couto | 5uв1вст 1 Foпм |
Aггlпмдтlvв
Can
shе
do
thеm?
Could
they
use
o nе?
Yes,
s h ес a n . thеy сo uld.
II
NвсAтIvE
l
No,
s h ес a n , t . thеy сo uldn,t.
!UH. QuвSТloNS: сAN/0OULD l4lн-Woпo I cлtl/Co*, I sury..' | вo,в гoпм | How well
сl|ARтсl|EсI( 2
-
Сhесk thе corrеct onswеr. Whiсh part of be oble to сhangеs for diffеrent subjeсts? л л J be J oble to 116
can
she
do
spгeadshееts?
сould
thеy
usе
a сo mputеr ?
sтAтЕп,tЕNТS:BE АBLE тo Suв,вст
l ,.
I
am
Hе/Shе/|t
rs
Wе/You/Thеy arе
| л',, 'o (not) ablе to
| вo'. гoпм | do
spгеadsheеts'
1y::1чi S?::' .?.:у !!:.Чу.?РI у..rr. .:..!.Т7.. ...o...l Сheсk thе correct onswеr. In questions with be oble to, what сomes before the subjeсt?
st|oRт [NsWЕRs
YES/NO QtUЕsтlo| NS: BЕ ABLЕ тo I
сl|ARтсHEсI( 3
Bс' l
|вo'.I Suв,вст Aвш тo Fonм|
Are
you
ls
she
Aггlпмдтlvв
]
sprеadshееts? Yes,
ablе to do
П a form of be
I
I am.
she I S .
Nвсдтlvв No,
l'm n ot. she is n' t.
wH. QUЕsтloNS: BЕ ABLE тo
П u fоrm of oble to
Wн. Woпo | вr I suц.., | л',, 'o | вo'. гoпм | How wе||
arе
you
ls
she
able to
do
spreadshееts?
ExPREssТHj;i:ii,i!li,,!#, Сomplеtеthеsеsеntеnсeswith сan or be ablе to. Use onе word for eаch blonk.
A:
she able
B: Yes. she
use a сomputer already? and shе
type and do spreadsheets too.
p#ewъ {Ь*'m'ууя жwж,r #"ж e**фж%
ffixarтврЕ*s
1. Usе сoп or be oblе to to talk about abi|ityin thе pгеsent.
r She сan do сomputегgraphiсs. l She,sab|е to do сomputегgraphiсs.
Usдсr Noтt: ln everydayspeeсh, сon is more сommon than be oble to in thе oresenttense.
2. Use еithеr сould or wаs/were oblе to to ta|k about abi|itv(but not a spесifiсaсhiеvemеnt)in the past. about a speсifiсaсhievementor a singIeevent in the oast. Usе еithеr could or wos/were oble to in nеgativеsentеnсesabout past abi|ity.
3. For forms and tensesother than thе prеsеntor past, use be oble to.
l Sami сould read whеn he was fouг. r Не was ablе to usе a сomputегtoo.
Noт r | сouldn,t win the Math Pгize|astyеaг. l l wasn,t able to do onе pгob|еm.
r Jenwantsto bе ablе to write pгograms. (infinitivе) l By Juneshe will be ablе to сomplete hеr сomputеr с|ass.(future)
118
r
ltnit 27
o Rеod port of on orticle obout some tolеntеd Young businеsspeople. IDENтIFY Undеrline the words thot exprеss obility.
numЬеrof youngpеoplеhave Lеibowitz,Was ab|е to sеI] two softwаrе д surprising Wеb-basеd Programswhеn hе wаs fourtееn.Hе mаde Ё\ b."n аblеto сrеatesuссеssful js Sаm $30,000on the deаI and now Jay runs his ьu,i*,*,. o* y*,щ entrеprеnеur Roberts.Sаm сou]d dеsign Wеb own Wеb sitе. Dan Finleywrjtеs Wrв Buslшвssrs whеn hе was but hе rеviеws of neW softwаrе. He еight, Pagеs TOR TUN got his breаk аt twе]vеwhеn a startedhis businеssаt sixtееn.A AND PRotlт writеrhirеd him to dеsignа Wеb ful|-t]mе сollеgestudеnt,Dan сan site. Sam,sfirst businеssfа]lеdbесausеhe Pay a staff of writеrsand still еаrn $500 a and his partnеrWеrеn,tаble to gеt along. month. Althoughthey аll mаkе money, all Howеver,his nеw businеss,Webman,is up thrее stаrtеdout to have fun аt thеir hoЬЬy, and running. Anothеryoungbusinessman, Jay not to makеa profit. o Reod еoch description,Complete it with o nomе from the orticlе. с0ILPIEтЕ Jaу
1.
sold softwarе progтams at thе age of fourteеn.
2.
didn't agree with his partner.
3.
earns money reviеwing softwarе.
4.
was able tо dеsign a Web page for a writer.
o Rеаd theseporogrophs, Сomplete thеm with can, сould, or be able to. с0ILPLЕтE Useсan or сould when possible.Сhoosеbetwееnoffirmotiveаnd negotive. cou|dn'|
l. Stefan is enioying his сomputer сlass. Two wеeks ago, he usе the mousе. but now he
еven
еdit his homеwork. Bv next week" he
do researсh on thе Internet. 2. Eleni misses her family in Greесе. She
visit them for vеars. but
they just got an e-mail aссount, so now they
3. I
keep in touсh daily.
understand how to set up a presentation. The software
instruсtions dоn't hеlp. I think I,11take a profеssional development соursе. In a fеw months maybе I 4. Mike and I
make that prеsentation. get alоng sinсе we startеd this business. He work alone (he nееds peoplе), and I
group (I have to work alone). I hope we
work in a work out our problems soon.
Ability:
Оarl, Ооtl|tl, 8е able tо l
о Reod this odvertisemеnt.Сompletе it with thе oppropriote form of
WItL B. HAPPY'
Profession
а| Ilеaelopmеnt
Coшrses
TimеManagemеnt Prеsentations CarеerDevelopmеnt Теamwork Were
Think about your last presentation:
уou
you -
able to ?rePare 1. (preparе)
2. (сommuniсate)
Will B. Hаppу@ hu, hеlpеd othеrs, and he
on timе?
your idеas? YoUl
3.ф"lp)
..BеforеI took Will B. Happy's сoursе, my work was always late bесausе 4. (follow) 5. (deсide)
a sсhеdulе. I also had big piles on my dеsk bесausе I what was important. Now I
еffесtivеly. Nеxt month, when my workload gets hеa*, I and do thе important things first.'' ..I didn't usе to
my timе
6. (mаnagе)
,. '*. -Sсott Mаthis' student
in front of groups. Now I сan!''
8. (spеak)
-Mаrу
Zhаng, sаIes mаnаger
ЕDIT.Reod this student,sjournol. Find ond сorrеctsevenmistokеsin еxpressingobilitу. The first mistoke is аIrеodуcorrected.
Lo
p-еo-p|e]s,;]d
when,|сo
j
r м
-
-
.w ,
'
I.,-.
.
ge,tan,Аtor |he,сourse"bиt an'd'did,n't аblеtо,work,е"ffiсient|у') с'o"иld it was hard.Ican, do a |of more a|one"but somе jobs are foo big toг ,fhat,Оur"in,st.ruсIor ,,sаtzs,.f-hat ,s,a,an',
|19
Permission: MaУ,Can, Could,
Do УoU mind if . . .? lihink I h a v ee o m a l h i n qi n mУ aуo' Сou|d I take t,he
LrэN t,omorrow?
жPЙINт Сhеck thе sеntеncеthot dеscribеswhot,s hoppеning in the сortoon.
rr@tt
{,.'v 1"fl
сI|ARTсl|Eсl(l Сheck thе corrеct onSwer. Whiсh modal is used in quеstiоns but NoT in short answers about pеrmission? LJ
сon
[l
could
ть" student wants to know if his еye will be bеtter tomorrow.
t
ть" studеnt is asking the tеaсhеr to allow him to takе the test tomorrоw.
QUESТloNS:MAY/сAN/сOULD MдY/Cдtl/Collto*l su,l.., May Can Could
I Bяsв Foпм oг Vвпв
l/wе/hе/shе/itlthеy start
sHoRт ANSWERS lI
Aггlпмдтtvв Yes,
may, can.
youlhe/shelitltheу
шЕGAтlvE No,
сI/IARт с'|EсI(2
QUЕsтloNS: Do YoU MIND IF . . . ?
СirсIe T (Truе)or F (FoIsе),
lF I suщ..' Do vouI|l|tND
т
т
r20
F
F
now?
*Moу, can, ar'd could are modals. Thеy do not havе -s in the third person singular.
[З moy -t
t
After Do уou mindif...? thе verb is the same for all subjeсts.
Do you mind if
The answer fVot ot oll gives permission.
Suqвст
I v.*"
l/wе/they start? hе/shе/it
starts?
you/hе/shе/itlthеy
s}|oRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв | Nвсдтlvв No t at all. No,ldon't. lYes, ldo.
sтAТЕlt,|ЕNTS:M AY/ cAN
l/He/Shе/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy
| мдY/сдн l вo,. Foпм may (not) сan (not)
may not. Gan't.
start.
EXPRESS Сirсlе thе сorrеctwords to сompletеthis сonvеrsotion. A: Do you mind if he hеlp / helps me with my homework? B: Not at all / Yes I do. He сan help / helps УoЦ, but you should do most of thе work.
1. Use moу, сould, and сon to ask for peгmission.
I Мay I сall you nеxt Friday? r Co uI d W е usе o uг diсtio naгiеs? l Can hе сo me to с|assw ith mе?
Usдсв Noтв: Moу is a littlе morе forma|than con and сould.
r May l lеavе the гoom, ProfеssorLее?
refеrto the presеntor thе future.When you usе it is not past tensе could to ask for p.еrmission,
Тhе tеst startsat 9:00 д.м. B: Сеrtain|y.
2. Wе often saуpleose whеn wе ask for Рermissio1'Note the possib|еword orders.
r CouId l ask a quеstion,pleose? r Could I plеoseask a question?
yrэu rrrint!if | с|еanup tomorrow? 3. Use Do you mind if . . . / to ask foг peгmission A: ffiEз whеn your aсtion might bothеrsomеonе. B: Yеs,aсtua|ly,I do mind. l hatе to sее a mеss. Do уou mind if . . , l givespermissionto do somеthing.I| mеans, lt,s ОK, l don,tmind
4. Usе moy or сon in answеrs.Do not usе сould.
B: Not аt аlI. (Youmaу lеovethe room)
A: СouId I borrow this pеnсi|? B: Yеs,of сoursеyou can. Noт Yesaэu<et** Noт }*eaэu+q1n*
We often use polite exprеssions instеadof modals to answer requеstsfor pеrmission.
5. йl;. pеop|е."f.,," p.,-i,,ion, they often oivе an apo|oovand an еxp|anation. lf the rulеsare vеry сlеar,someonеmay rеfusе without an apo|ogyor еxp|anation.
A: Could | с|osethе window? Bз Sure, СеrtainIу. Ga ohеod. No, pleo don,t. t,5hot in heге. ,s,е A: Сan l pteasehuu. u titttu'or.. time? B: l,m sorrv' but thе time is uo' Dпlvвп:Сan I park hеrе? oгrIсвв: No, you сon,t,
|22
l
LЛnit 28
C Еаch rеquеstfor pеrmissiongoеs with o rеsponsе.Motch еаch rеquеstwith thе Il|Aтсl| corrеct responsе, Requеst d
Responsе
1. Мay We сome in now?
a. No, you сan,t. It,s a bus stop.
2, Could I see your tiсkеts, plеase?
b. Not at all. Thеrе's plenty of time.
3. May I plеase speak to Harry?
G. Sure they сan. Wе havе room.
4. Could they сome with us?
d. Yes, you may.The test starts soon.
5. Can I park hеre?
e. I'm sorry, hе,s nоt in.
6. Do you mind if I havе more tea?
t. Certainly. Here thеy are.
o Mr. Hamod is supervisingo tеst,Сompletе his conversotionswith his с0ILPIEтE students.Use o pronoun plus thе сorrect form of thе words in porеnthеsеsond short onswers. Could we come
Aнмвo:
into the tеst roоm now?
l. (Сould / сomе)
certainlу
Mв. H: Yes,
. Please show your rеgistration fоrm
aS you сomе rn. Soгrд: My brother isn't taking thе test.
3. (Do you mind / stаy)
room with me? Mв. H: Yes,
in the
Sorry, only people with tiсkets arе
4.
pеrmitted inside.
Rosд:
a pеn to writе my name on the tеst
5. (Мay/ use)
booklet? Mв,. H: No,
. You must use a penсii. And everyonе
please remembeц Rosд: Jamie.
Jдшrrю:
Mв. H: oK.
7. (сan,t / start)
this penсil? I only brought a pеn.
8. (do you mind if / borrow) 9.
. Take it. I brought a few.
10.(".Ф,/ "pе.D instruсtions now.
Jвдш: I,m late beсause mv train broke down. Mв.H:*o,
the tеst until I tеll vou to.
your test booklets and read the
1l. (Сan / сomе)
We've alrеady started the test.
in?
Рermissiоnz
f\,4aу.Can, Ооuld, Dо уоtl tпirзd if . . . ? l
АSК. Lucу ond Сorl orе going to o concert,Rеod еoch situotion,Writе questionsto osk for pеrmission. Usе the words in porеntheses. 1. Carl wants his friеnd Bob to сome. Do уou mind if oob comeэ?
Cдвr.: I have an extra tiсket.
(Do you mind if)
2. Carl wants to use Luсy's phone to сall Bob. Cдвr,: Great. I'll сall him right now.
(СouId)
3. Carl wants to park in front of thе stadium. Wе're going to thе сonсert, offrсer.
Cдвl:
(Mау)
4. Luсy, Bob, and Carl want to move up a few rows. Bob asks an usher. Boв: All those sеats are empty. 5. Carl wants to tape the сonсert. Luсy asks the ushe, n,.,...o"'o, Luсy: My friеnd brought a tapе reсordеr.
(Сan)
6. Luсy hates the musiс. She wants to leavе. Luсy: This musiс is giving mе a headaсhe.
(Do you mind if)
EDIT.This exerciseis similor to port of thе т[email protected] the mistаkе in eoch itеm ond fill in thе spocе thot corrеspondsto the lеttеr of thе incorrесt word or phrosе, Thеngo one step bеyond the тoЕFL@ond correctthe mistаkе, come
l. Can he со+деs on the train with me or doеs he need a tiсket? AB
CD
2. I'm sorry, he сouldn,t. only passеngers сan board thе train. AB
СD
3. Could I сhanged seats with you? I'd like to sit next to my son. ABСD
4. Yes, you сould. Go right ahеad. I'm getting оff soon. ABCD
5. Mom, may I to have Some сandy? I'm hungтy. ABсD
6. No, you mayn't. I'm sorry, but you've alrеady had enough сandy. ABСI)
7. Do you mind if hе play his сomputеr game? ABСD
Ф
(D
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
Ф@@@ Ф@@@ Ф
@
Ф@@@
8. Yes, I do . He сan Pщy if hе wants. It won,t bothеr me.
@@@@
9. I'm still hungтy. Can we,ll get a sandwiсh soon?
Ф@@@
ABсD
ABСD
l o. Not at all . We сan go find the сlub сar. АiJсD
@@@@
|23
Requests:
Will, Can, Would, Could, Would you mind . . ?
"... .i POINT
Сhесkthе сorreсtonswеr, The businеssman is t
giving an оrdеr'
П asking someonе tо dо sоmething. П asking fo. infоrmation.
'Miss
Flеrningи,ottdpuminddiаlfu 9IIfor mе?,'
сlIАRтсI]EсI( I
Noтв:911 is thе emergеnсytеlephonе numberin thе United States and Canada.
QUЕsтloNSz WILL/ сAN/wou LD/ сo ULD
Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (FаIsе).
Wttt/Cдtt/ l lBдsвFoпм Wouto/Couto* l Suв,вст l oг Vвпв
т
wiш
F
You сan use would and сould in questiоns but NOT in short answers to requеsts.
Can Would Could
thisfo r mе?
*These words are modals. They do not havе -s in thе third person singular.
but | сan,t.
Would you mind
124
thisfo г mе?
ПддЬ
Flequestsz
s}|oRтANsWЕRs
сI]ARTсIIEсK 2 Сhеck thе correct onswer.
Aггlпмдтlvв
No, notat all. |,db е g |adto .
Not ot oll mеans: ЁloK
Will, Carэ, Wotl|d, Cоtl|сl' Wоdd УОu {ninСl , ^. ? l
Пno
NЕGAтlvE
l
l,m sorry,but l сan,t.
EхPREssr;"f;:;::Z,,ff,;j Сomplеtе this convеrsotion.
A:
you mind filing these reports now?
B:
at all.
A: Thanks. And
B: Sorry, but I
you answеr the phone, please? . Mv hands arе full.
&жmwwнуж жwЖжp* ewъ ffiж&# жs;
Жжж*r:вryf,'ж*
1. Use will, con, would, and сould to ask somеonе t o do so m e t h i n g . Wе oftеn use will and сon foг informalrеquеsts. Slsт:п: Will you answеr thе phonе? Can you turn down thе TV? Wе usе would and could to makе requеsts morе polite.
Boss: Wou|d you typе this геport? сould you makе tеn сopiеs?
2. Wе aIso use pleose with will, сon, wo|Ild, and сould to make the requestevеn more polite. Notе thе word ordеr.
l Could уou pleose с|osethе door? oR r Could you с|osethе door, plеose?
3. Wе also use Would you mind + gerund (withoutpleasе)to make polite геquеsts.
A: Would you miпd waiting for a fеw minutеs? Mr. Caгasis stiIIat a mееting. '. i:rr",|,,'j! ,,',
Note that a negativе answer meansthat you wi|Ido what thе pеrsonrеquеsts.
4. Pеoplеusuallyеxpесt us to say уes to politе гequеsts.Whеn We Cannot say yes, Wе usual|y apologizeand givе a rеason.
answer polite геquests.
A: Could you takе this to SusanLanе,soffiсе for mе? Bi l,m sorrу| l сon,t. |,m еxpесtingan important p h o n ес a l l . B: Сertoinlу. Noт#еalr*ret*d.
|25
,
126 r unit 29
' r . . . . . . . o . . . o o . . . . . . . . . . О . . . . .
o Morcio hos o new co-workеr.Reod their conversаtions,LLndеrlineаll the iDENтIFY po|ite requеsts, 1. MдвсIд: Hi. You must bе the new offiсе assistant. I'm Marсia Jones. Lеt me know if you neеd anything. Loвшд: Thanks, Marсia. Could you show me the сoat сloset? Мдвсlд: 2.
Certainly. It's right ovеr herе.
Loвшд: Marсia, would you eхplain thesе instruсtions for the fax maсhine? MдвсIд: Sure. Just put your letter in hеre and dial thе number.
3. Mдвсrд: I,m leaving for lunсh. Would you like to сome? Loвшд: Thanks, but I сan't right now. I'm really busy. Mдвсrд: Do you want a sandwiсh from thе сoffеe shop? Loвшд: That would be gтeat. Can you gеt me a tuna sandwiсh and a soda? Mдnсrд: Sure. Will you answer my phone until I get baсk? Loвшд: Certainly. 4. Mдвсrд: Lorna, would you mind making Some сoffеe? Loвшд: I'm sorry, but I сan,t do it now. I've got to finish this lеtter before 2:0О.
снaasEo Lorno,s roommote,lono, is hoving problеms todoу. Сheck the oppropriote rеsponsеto еoch of lono,s rеquests. 1. Lorna, would you pleasе drive mе tо сlass today? My сar won't start. a.
Yes, I would.
b.
,/
I'd bе glad to.
2. Would you mind lеnding me five dollars? I'm getting paid tomorrow. a.
Not at all.
b. _
Yes.
3. Lоrna, сan you takе thеsе books baсk to the library for mе? I'm running late. a.
I'm late too. Sorry.
b.
No, I сan't.
4. Could you loсk thе door on your Way out? My hands are full. a.
Yes, I сould.
b.
Sure.
5. Can you turn thе radio down? I nеed to study for my math qtiz this morning. a.
Certainly.
b.
Not at all.
6. Will you piсk up some milk on the way homе this aftеrnoon? a.
I{o, I won't.
b.
Sorry. I'11be at work until 8:00.
yj,j'. ?.1: :.Y.?у!! :.??.Ч,9.' .Y?.Ч'9. у.2Y ...:...?..:..!.?7.. .oo..... 3:.?.ч:.:l:... .:i:.Ч o Use thе oppropriote imperotivе from the box to complеtе сIll00sEANDсOII/iPIEIE pIease whеn possible,аnd moke onу nеcеssаrуchongеs. thesеrequеsts.Use Buy some сerea|. Fi|ethese reports. 1. gun
Call baсk latеr. Shut the door.
уou ?|eaeea|oэеthe window?
2. Could
It's freezing in here. I'vе finishеd rеading them. It's toо dark in hеre.
3. Would vou mind
4. will
М Тurn on thе lights.
Wе don,t havе anv left.
s. Could
Ms. Cho is on another сall right now.
6. Would
There's too muсh noisе in the hall!
EDIT.Reod theserequеstsfrom Morcio,s bossond Morcio,sonswers(in dork print), Find ond corrеct six mistokеsin moking ond responding to rеquеsts.Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrеctеd,
Suвi: Sa|esMeeting-Rep|y D д т в : 0 4 - 1 1 - 0 з1 2 : 1 4 : 3Е9S Т Fвoм: MarсiaJones@dataIine.сom Тo: JohnSanсhez@dataline.сom AnnOhen@data|ine.сom CC: >>><JohnSanсhez@data|ine.сom> 04l11/0310:37am>>>
p|eaэeca|| The meetingsare goingwel|but they have been extendeda day'Cou|dyou eа{+f{eаs.P our sales meeting? Doug Rogersto try to resсhedu|e Not at all. I'll do it right away. We'|lneed threeeхtraсopiesof the month|ysales report.Wou|dyou ask Ann to takeсare of that? Yes, I would.(Ann-Could you do this?)
I hateto ask, butwouldyou mindto workon Saturday?We'llneedthe extratimeto go over I'vegotten. the new information Sorry,but I сouldn't.My in.laws are сoming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he can сome in to the offiсe to help out. one |astthing.l was goingto piсkup thosenewbusinessсards,butI won'tbe baсkin time. Wouldyou minddoingthatfor me? Yes, l would. l'll stop at the printer'sduring my lunсh break.
Adviсe: Should, Оught to, Had better I r ea||уdo n,N mind etar tinq at Nhe botbom anА working mу waу to tha |op,
EMPLaVMЕшт WPulNт Сheсk the correct onswer, П тьe interviewеr is suggesting a typе ofjob for the appliсant. t
sтAтEп,lЕNт |з SH0ULD/0UGHт тo/t|AD BE1rтЕR
с'llARTсI|EсI(l Сirclе T (Truе) or F (Fаlse). т
F
ought,to conэider a job ao an davaNor
тьe interviewеr is telling the appliсant how to be suссessful.
The same form of the verb follows should, ought to, and hod better.
тo/ | BдsвFoпм Sнouto/oUGI]т Hдo всттсn* | oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
should (not) |/Hе/Shе/Wе/You/Тhеy ought to had bеttеr (not)
look
fo r a nеw .io b.
*Shou|d ar,d oшght to are modals. Had better is similar to a modal. These forms do not havе .s in the third person singular. Noтв: For сontraсtions of should not and had bettеr,seе Appendtх 24 on pagе 346.
сI]EсK 2 сI]АRт Сheсk the сorrect onswеr. In questions about adviсe,we usually use: A
should
YЕs/No QUЕSTIONS: S'TOULD l' | | Bдsв SнoutoISuв,встlFoпм Should
I hе
look?
Ё1 ought to
s}|oRТ ANSWERS
Il
AгrlпмдтIvв Yes,
you he
should.
шEGAтlvE No,
you hе
v|lW-QUЕsтloNS: J}|oUtD
Ёl hod better
lll
Wн. Woпo | SнouroI Suqвст | BлsвFoпм | Whеre
128
s h o u ld
I hе
look
foг a nеw job?
shouldn't.
Adviсe:
Shоttld, Оttght to' Наd bettеr
l
EхPREssжжж Сomplеtethis conversotion, A: Thеy'rе looking for a сashier at MсDonaldЪ.
B:
I apply for thе job? . You сan get more money working at
, УoЦ
the bookstorе.
& ra rв*ыт'ta r ffiкрЕ *иа&Ёогъg
Еxarжр**s
1. Usе should and ought to to say that somеthing is advisable.
l Maгio should find a nеw job. r H е o ught to r еad thе hе|pw antеdads.
UsдсвNoтв:We do not usuallyusе thе negativе of oughtto in AmeriсanЕngIish.Wе usе shouldn't instead.
2. Usе hod better foг uгgent adviсе-whеn you bе|iеvеthat somеthingbad wi||happen if thе pеrsondoеs not fo|lowthе adviсe.
r He shouldn,t quit sсhool. NoтсoммoN@
l You,d bеtter leavе now, or уou,ll be lote.
Usдсп Noтв:Wе usua|lyusе the сontraсtionfor hodbe t tе r ,
r You,d bеttеr app|yfoг more than onе job. No т@
Тhе nеgativeof hod bеttеris hod better not.
r You,d bettеr not bе latе. Noтffi
prеsеntor the futuгe,nеVerto the past (еvеn though it usesthе word hoф.
r You,d better сall thеm baсk tomorrow.
3. Use shoиld for quеstions.Wе do not usuallyusе oughtto or hod bеtterfoг questions.
r Should l apply for that job? r Whеn should I apply?
4. lt is usua|lyсonsiderеdimpolitеto give adviсе to pеoрlе of equal or highеr status (suсh as friendsor bossеs)unlessthey ask for it.
Fпltшo:Should l shakе handswith thе intеrvieweг? You: Yеs,you should. Bo ss: W hеr еsho uld l take o ur с|iеntto |unсh? Yo u: l thinkyo u sho uld go to thе ТusсanCгill.
Whеn wе give unasked-for adviсe,we often softеn it with moуbe, perhops, or l think'
l
Муra, moуbе you ought to apply foг this,iob.
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтв ought to is often pгonounсed,,oughta,,in informa|spеeсh.Do not write oughtо.
|29
13o
l
Ugъlt 3o
READo Look ot thesejob sеorch tips. o You should tell all your friends that you are looking for a job. r You'd better not quit your present job before you find a new one. о You shouldn't tell your boss that you are looking for a new job. о You ought to apply for several jobs at onсe. о You shouldn't immediately ask an interviewеr about job benefits. о You should always give the interviewer aссurate salary informatiоn. ANswERо Сheck thе things thаt ore ОK to do occording to thе tips. 1. И tetl.your friends about your job searсh
4. П lea,.e your jоb during your searсh
2. П t"tt your boss about your jоb searсh
5. П apply for several jobs at onсe
3. П ask about job benefits right away
6. П tеtt the intеrviewer your real salary
сl]00sEo Rеаd this odvice for job sееkеrs.Сomplete it with thе corrесt words. R e ade r ЪW e e k l y V o |u m eI l ,|s s u e2 3
T
or nееd a nеwjob? \Ahеn's thе bеst timе to start looking? Right now! ,d . '' bet,ter not. you,ll start to fееl ..stuсk. уou dеlay. or you'll dеlaи 'd
^ T"' v
v
1. (oughtto /
b e t t e rn o t )
Thеse tips will hеlp: э A lot of pеoplе wait шntil aftеr thе holidays to look for ajob. Тhat mеans lеss соmpеtition for you гight now. You
2 . ( s h o u l d n ' t/ s h o u l d r
wait!
с Too btrsy at work to sсhеdulе intегviеws? Еarly morning intегviеws havе Геwеr intеrruptions. You
,d 3 . ( s h o u | d/ b е t t е rn o t )
э If уou arе laid off. y
ask for intеr.r,iеwsbеforе ninе o'сloсk.
4 . ( , d b е t t e r/ s h o u l d n , t )
takе a lolvег-payirrgjob jtrst to
gеt woгk. If your nеw salary is loщ your еmPloyеr Won't apprесiatе yollr skills. If possiblе, you 5 . ( , d b е t t е rn o t / s h o u | d )
.- Howеvеr' monеy isn't еvеlything! You
ask for a salary that matсhеs your skills. ,d 6. (ought|o l b е t t е rn o t )
takе a position
with a сompany you dislikе, or you Won't do a good job thеrе' .} Don't иlk about salary too soon. You thе job and talk about your skills first.
7 . ( , d b е t t е r/ s h o u l d n , t )
wait-lеarn
about
Adviсe:
Stзоt.tld,Осtght tО' lad
Lleffеr l
o Kim Yее,sbosshos invitеd him to dinnеr ot his homе. Сomplеte Kim,s сOI|PIETE conversotionwith his friеnd.Use should, ought to, or had bеtter ond thе words in pаrenthesеs.Сhoose bеtwееnаffirmotivе ond nеgotivе, Krм:
How эhou|dI dreээ?
In a suit?
1. (How / drеss?)
Sсoтт: You don,t have to wear a suit.
2 . ( | o o k/ n e а t )
but vou сan Wear сasual сlothes.
Кrм:
3. (Whattimе / arrivе?)
Sсoтт: It,s really important to be on time. Your boss and his wife are expeсting you at 7:00.so
It's oK tо be a little
4. (arrivе aftеr 7:15)
late, but don't make them wait too long for you!
Krм:
5. (bringa gift?)
Sсoтт: Yes, but get something small.
6 . ( b u y a n е x p е n s i v еg i f t )
It would embarrass thеm.
Krм: Sсoтт: I think
7 . ( W h a tl b u у ? ) 8. (get some flowеrs)
ЕDIT.Reod this lettеr,Find ond corrеct six mistаkеsin expressingodvicе. The first mistokе is olrеodу corrесtеd,
Dиr Soщ Wе,аrе,'0 hАf.Ру to |шаr а"boиtуoorttшrjob. сoчrаtot/лtt"ottslJи,rtroLИД44,ber-/o'|, s/шц/trntХtnr/c too hдrd,. Tho уи"ostit,и'oоrtа^t,tt щ
'aш шttr tsуot,u sclшol,оtnrk,,
,lllауboуo*oфoryhtnшork,h,ndлуsnшukoklлtИl,oftfu*.Аko, иnttriлkуooud, bottu а,s|cуottr boss 'f м*э for th,Иo, stф
oха,'|4Б, ТhАt tпу уoш|/hfuoPlol4ryof thаэ и
YoшиloиИ, b*tu ghto tЙtk ш tюtof cмф'|'"з|n,
ofуoиrsф Yoц,d,п"otbеttu stауt shppф
OK? Pl"eа;otа"kэ7ood,саlo
LИРАh,алl,уou,.dфltф
sh"oиllnt иrorkpl,
bеttuget ш7oooL Аtуoиr а!Ч уot,t,{1}i/,1, ф|'t'' s|му Doуot,t,nеaj,ryщ "t ч|'t. sh,И,|tr, оtlosш^оL fo* h"orиp? ry ofуouу boohsrLet tt,skл"oиr. WЁ/1,|о,,o,
j,iot,и,аJ4d Dal,
131
Suggestions:
Could,Whуdon,t.'.?, Whynot...?,Let's, Howabout.. ?
Let's Travel! Going to Germ anу? Why not stay at a youth hostel? How
about
a magnifiсent one
WWffiPOINT
like Аltena Castle? A|tena is a|so
Circle T (True)or F (Folsе).
fun and сheap. So, why don't you make
т
our castle your home?
сHARTсl]EсI(I Сheck the corrеct onswer. Thе verb after could, whу don,t, why not, or let's t
сhanges for different subjeсts.
П does not сhangе for different subjeсts.
(Mлvвс) | su'l..,
| сouro- | вo,. гoпм |
(Maybe) l/he/she/we/you/theyсould stay in a сast|e. *Could is a modal. It does not havе -s in thе third person singular.
WHYDON'T...? wнY I ootr,т | Suryвст why
| вo,. гoпм |
don't
|/wе/you/thеy
d o е s n ,t
hе/she
stay
wнY'vor.,.? Why not
stay
Ltт,s(Noт) вo'. гoпм | | there?
сIIARтсHEсl(2
нowAB0Uт,.,?
Сircle T (Truе)or F (FoIsе).
How ABIUт | свпuшo/Nouш|
т
How about
1..32
Let's (not)
I
staying a сastlе?
in a сastle?
LEт,s
WнYшor i BдsвFoпм ;
Suggestions with How аbout. . . ? have only one form.
The ad wants to know *hy many pеople don't stay at youth hostels.
COULD
-ll
F
F
in a сastle?
stay
thеre.
l
Whуnоt'..?'Let's,Ноwabout'".? s ш g g e s t * с r n g э О r s t , l l d , W l . l у c о r s ' t ?' ,' ^ o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
o
o
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
o
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Т##A#:д' Ex,PREss Add thе corrесtpunctuotion. Lеt,s take the train
Maybe wе сould takе the train
Why not take the train
How about the train
gжжr Жжp#effi eжfl'*wж# & жжwwa
ЖжжжpГ.*ж
1. Use letЗ, (Moуbe)... could, Whу don,t/ doesn,t, Whу not, and How about to makе suggestions.
A: B: A: B:
Lеt,s take a trip this summeг. Maybe we сould go to Gегmany. Why don,t wе ask Lukеto go with us? Go o d idea.W hy do esn,t Тo m сall him to night? A: Why not сall him right now? B: How about staying at a youth hostе|? A: How about Altena Castle?
Whу don,t/doesnt to make a suggestion,these A: Why don,t you visit ,li||in Hong Kong? B: Тhat,sa good idеa. arе not informationquestions.Тhе exprеssions soеakеr -l-_-... doеs not еxoесtto rесеivеinformation |шгoпмдтtoш Quвsтtoш from the Iistener. A: Why don,t you еat mеat? B: BесauseI ,m a vegetar ian.
2. Let,sa|waysinсludesthe spеaker.|t mеans: Here,so suggestionfor уou ond me.
l Lеt's go to Hong Kong. (l suggеstthat wе go to Hong Kong.)
3. Notе the different forms to use with theseexprеssions.
BдsгFoпм oг тнг Vгпв l Lеt,s to&e the tгain. r Maybe wе сould to&e the train. l Why don,t we toke thе train? r Why not tofte the train? cвкuш oo к No uш l How about toking thе tгain? r How about thе troin?
4, Notiсe the punсtuation at thе end of еaсh kind of suggestion.
Sтдтгмгштs l Lеt,s stay at a hostеI. r Maybe wе сould stay at a hostе|. Quвsтloшs r Why don,t wе stayat a hostel? r Why not stayat a hostel? r How about stayingat a hostel? l How about a hostе|?
o
a
a
o
a
133 a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
134
r
Unit 3't
o Еmilу ond Megon orе visiting Hong Kong, Rеod their convеrsotion,Undеrline iDENтIFY oll the suggestions. Eмrr-y: Whv don't we gо tо the raсes? I hear they're really exсiting. Mвсдш: I'd likе to, but I need to go shopping. Eмrr.y: Then let's gо to the Temple Streеt Market tonight. We might even seе some Chinesе opera in the streеt whilе we're there. Мвсдш: That sounds like fun. If wе do that, why not gо to the raсеs this aftеrnoon? Eмrr,у: oK, but let's get somеthing to eat first in onе of those floating restaurants. Mвсдш: I don,t think we'll have time. Maybe we сould do that tomorrow. Right now, how abоut getting dim sum at the Kau Kee Rеstaurant nеxt door? Thеn we сould takе the Star Ferry to Hong Kong Island and the raсeсourse. Eмrr.y: Sounds good. Here's an idea fоr tomorrow. Why not take one of those small boats-h aido-to
Lantau Island? When wе сome baсk. we сould have dinner at
the Jumbo Palaсе. Mвсдш: Lеt's do that. It,s a little eхpensive, but at least it floats!
o Read thеseconversotions,Сomplete them with the oppropriotе еxpression сOIЛPLЕтE in porеnthеsеs, l. A: I feel like having seafood for dinneц but we went to Tai Pak for seafood last night. nol Why Wnynot
B:
go again? Thе food's gтeat, and so is thе view.
(Why not / Let's not)
2. Az I'm rеallv tirеd.
resting before Wе go out?
(Let's / How about)
B: That's a good idea. I'm tired too. 3. A: I want to eхplore downtown Hong Kong.
B:
(Let,snot / Why don,t wе)
takе a minibus? We,ll see a lot morе that way.
4. A: A gтoup of foreign students just сheсked in at thе hostel.
B:
(How about / Мaybе wе сou|d)
ask them to join us for dinnеr.
5. A: I still need to buv somе souvenirs before we leavе.
B:
(Lеtъ/ F|.Э* aboug
go shopping aftеr dinnеr.
6. A: I don,t want to go homе tomorrow. I'm having a really good time herе. B: So am I.
(Let's not / Why not)
lеave tоmorrоw.
Bц-.
--
,.:.\?!'.".,.?.?у.1??.!!.'.,.:.?... ......... .l.19. ?.,.Y!I:.?.,.,.... ?.?у!1:.Y:у.!?,:.l;.... Эу.gg:.::i.o..1:... o Reod thеsеconversotions.Сomplеtе the suggеstionswith phroses сlt00sEa сOIЛPLETE from the box. Add pronouns ond chongе the vеrbs os nеcеssorу.Punctuotе corrеctlу. take a trip together go to the bеaсh l.
try that new sеafоod plaсe buy anothеrone
@*icК
A: Thеre,s an oasis сonсert at the Hong Kong Convention Centre next weekend. B: We'rе near thеre now. Maybe
we could buу ticketэ,
2. A: It's going to be hot tomorrow.
B: I know. How about 3 . A: Swеaters are on Sale. Maybe We сould buy onе for Brian's birthday. B: We got him a swea ter last year. Let's not 4. A: I don't know what to do on spring vaсation. I'm siсk of staying in thе dorm.
B: Me too. Whv don't 5 . A: I'm hungтy.
B: Lеt,s
EDIT.Rеod thesenotеs, Find ond corrеctsevеn mistokesin thе use of suggеstions, Thе first onе is olrеodу correctеd.Don,t forget to cheсk punctuotion. 3:00 tmtу
l,m qoiп,qshoppiпg,t,|lbe bасk аt eal
5:00,Lrts йe,'g аt 7:00,oK? Мe3аи
Еmi|у
4:00
|iowаboutgo to а maviеаttеwаrd. 5ее уou|аtеr.
e.
5:00
а morie. |,m3oiп3 to be too tirеd for
fu|ауbе,ueсoи|djиsthапgiпgаroиnd thehosfu|аftэrdiпиer,LеtЗ tаlk аboиt it lаtrr t,m tаИиg а ИаP. lvl.
Меgаn .7.00 tordinnеris fine.
tu-
6:00
Ld,s not еаtаt thе aаrnеrеstаtlrаnt t0nigtlt?|}'lhу don'twе tryingа nеw plаcе?|iowаbot'lt BroаdwaуSеаtood. |'||rnеd \louаownstаirs аt 1:00.
e.
Preferenсes: Prefer, WouИ prefer, Would rather PreferredTeen PastimesAround the World Ь Ф oo t^
(!
80 60
WPЙlNт
QJ
o) \ts
o
40
Сheck thе moin point of thе bor groph,
Рс Ф 20 ц0)
П Tue',agers like to watсh TV, read books, and listеn to musiс.
(J
0
watсhTV
rеad
listen.to m u slс
shop
П T""',ugers likе tо watсh TV bettеr than thеy likе to do other things.
Тееnagersaround thе world prefеr watсhing ТV to a|I othеr |еisure-time aсtivities.
сl|АRTсl]Eсl(l Сhесk the сorreсt onswеr, Whiсh word(s) сan you use with all subjесts? O prefer tl
would prefer ('d prefer)
SтAтEпiENTS: PREFER/WOULD PREFER Suв1вст
I twou,o1 PREFER l шouш/GвпuшollшFlNlтlvE
l/Wе/You*/Тhеy
prefеr
Hе/Shе
prefers
would prefеr I/Hе/She/Wе lYoulTheу 'd prefer *You is both singular and plural.
сHАRT сHEсK 2
YEs/No QUEsтtoNS: PREFER/WOU LD PREFER
Сhеck the correсt onswer.
Do/Wouto Isury,.'
Whiсh two forms ofthe verb сan follow prefer?
Do
you/thеy
Does
hе/she
Would
уoult.heуlhе/shе
П tь. basе form оr the gеrund t
Inru,* |шouш/Gвпuшo/lшFlNlтlvЕ prefеr
nеwspapers? reading newspapers? to read newspapers?
s}loRт ANSWERS
tьe gerund or the infinitivе
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
шЕGAтIVE
|
Ilweltheу
do.
hе/shе
doеs.
Ilweltheуlhе/shе w o uld.
136
nеwspapеrs (to magazines). reading nеWspapеrs (to rеadingbooks). (not) to read nеWspapеrs.
No,
l/weithеy
don't.
hе/shе
do еsn,t.
Ilweltheуlhе/shе w o uldn't.
Prеfеr, Wottld prefеr, Wauld rather
Preferences:
l
sтAтEltiЕNТS: woULD RAтHER I wouto RAт'|ER | вo'. Foпм oг Vвпв
Suв,вст
would rather I/Hе/Shе/WеiYou/Thеy,d rathеr
read newspapегs(than rеad magazines). (not) read nеWspapeгs.
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS: WoUt.D RAтI/,ER Wouto I suq.., | кo,",* | вo'. Foпм Would
shе
rather
rеad?
Aггlпмдтlvв
l
NвGAтlvE
Yes, shе would. l No, shе wouldn,t. Shе,d rathеr not.
EхPREssж Сircle thе corrеct words to complеte this sentеncе. I,d rather rеad / to rеad than / to shop, but Jo prefers shop / shopping.
A ram rвrarЕхplanetlons
Ж.xamрlеs
1. Use prеfer, would prefer, and would rather to ta|kabout thingsthat you |ikеbеttеrthan othеr things.
l Wе usua||yprеfеr ltolion food, r l,d prеfеr to hove Chinеsеfood tonight. r |,d rathеr сook at home.
Usдсв Noтв: Wе often use prefer for a genеra| prеferеnсeand would prefеr or would rothеr for a prеfеrеnсein a partiсu|arsituation.
2. Prefеrand would prefеr may be fol|owеd by a noun, a qeгund,or an infinitive.
Would rather сan bе followеd by on|y thе basе form of thе vеrb.
r Whiсh do you prеfer-сhiсkеn oг shrimp? r Would you prеfer сhiсken or shrimp tonight?
noun r I usua|lyprefer the newspoPеr. gегund l Doеs Bi||prefer reoding magazinеs? infinitivе r Hе,d prefer to wotсh-N. basе form
l |,d rather stoy homе tonight.
A: Would you like to havе some dessеrt? Usдсв Noтв: Wе oftеn usе l,d rother not, by itsе|f,to rеfusean offer,suggestion,or invitation. B: l,d rathеr not. |,vеhad enough to еat. l,drothernot.
3. A сomparison with to may fo|]ow prеfer/wouldprеfеr + noun. A сomparison with to may alsofo||ow prеfer/wouldorefеr+ oеrund. A сomparison with thon may follow would rаther+ base form of the vеrb.
Noт
noun
noun
r Lani prefers сomediеs to aсtion moviеs. gегund ger und l |,d prefer visitingLani to going to thе paгty. base form
basе form
r l,d rathеr watсh football thon play it.
137
138
I
Unit З2
тRUE0R tАLsEо lulio ronked some octivitiеsfrom 1 to 8 аccording to his prеfеrences (1 _ his fovorite).Lookot his list. Then reаd eoch numberedsеntеncеond writе T (Truе)or F (Folsе).
Preferred Aсtivitiеs т
1. He prefers listening to musiс to playing guitar.
1-
tistento musiс
5
go swimming
2. Hе'd rather hike than go swimming.
А
go Ьiking
3. He prеfers swimming to biking.
1
watсh ТV
4. He'd rathеr not watсh Tv.
8
Ьakеpies
5. He prefers baking pies to reading.
6
play guitar
6. He prefers watсhing TV to reading.
?
hike
7. He,d probably prefer a сonсert to a hikе in the woods.
& с0мPIE71olulio ond Ano orе disсussingthеir еvening plons, Сomplеtе their сI{lO0sE conversаtion.IJsewou|d rathеr (not) with one of the vеrbsin thе boх or bу itsеlfin short onswers. havе
сook
seе
Staя
go
Aшд: Would you like to go to a movie tonight? |'drather otaу
Jul.lo:
1.
home and watсh TV.
Aшд: Sounds good. Maybe we соuld make dinner later. Jur,ro:
tonight. I'm tоo tired.
Aгtд: oK.
you
a restaurant instead?
Jur,rо: Let's order out for some pizza. Aшд: How about a peppеroni pizza? Jur,rо:
4.
5.
. Pepperoni gives me heartburn. mushrooms than pepperoni if that's OK.
Aшд: No prоblеm. Do you want to watсh the Stephen King thriller at 8:00?
Jur.ro:
6.
Aшд: Well . . . there's a сomedy on at 8:00 and a doсumentarу at 8:30.
Jur,ro:
7.
the сomedy. I need a laugh.
to
o Rеod theseсonvеrsotions,Сomplеtеthem with prefer, would prefer, or с0ILPLEтE would rathеr. Use pretеr to stotе gеnеrol preferencеs.Сomplеtе thе comporisons with to or than. 1. A: We're going to Romе again next week. Prefer
Would
уol flying this time?
taking the train the plane
B: You know me. I alwavs
the window seat.
have thе aisle seat
2.4: I B: That's fine with me. I
the train.
the window seat. That wav I сan look out.
3. A: Where would you like to stay? In a hotеl ot a pеnsionе?
B: Oh. I с.A: I
to stay in a pеnsione this time. It,s more personal. eating in small trattorias
eatrng rn
big restaurants. B: Me too. They're less expensivе and the food is always deliсious. 5. A: Speaking of food, УoЦ make the best spaghetti with сlam sauсe in the world.
B: Thanks, but I
order it in a restaurant
make it at home! 6. A: Whеn in Rome. B: I defrnitelv
you сoffee
drinking tea or сoffee? tea. You know what
they say, "When in Rome do as the Romans do!"
EDIT. Reod Anа,s rеport, Find аnd corrесt six mistokеsin the usе of prefer ond would rather. Thе firstmistаkеis olrеodycorrеcted.
For mдr study' I inteгviewed fifty men and women. There Was no differenсe in men's and women's preferenсes for TV. I found that everyone prefeгs to watchin$ тv thа,n going t'o movies. Men and women both eцjoy news proglams and entertainment speсials. Howeveц men would гather watсhin$ adventure progtams and sоienсe fiсtion, while Women prefer soap operas. Men also like to watсh ail kinds of sports, but women would rathег see game shows to sports. Readin$ preferences differ too. Men prefeг to reading newspapeгs' while Women would rather read. magazines and books. tr\Гhenmen read books, they pгefer теad nonfiсbion and adventure stores. TAIomenare preferrin$ novels.
SelfТest lffil
0NЕ
Circlе thе lettеr of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе еoch sentеncе,
Еxдmpш: Jennifer never tA) drink (B)drinks l.
сoffee. {C)is drinking (D)was drinking
shut the dooц please? :*""]: (A) Certainly. (C)Yes, I сould. (B)No' I сan't. (D)Yes, I wоuld.
2. Why a movie tonight? (A) about seeing (B)don't we see
(C) not seeing (D}we don't sеe
ABсD
ABсD
3. Marсia сan't speak German yet, but aftеr a few lessons she-speakalittle. (A}сan (C) is ablе to (D) will be able to tB)сould
ABсD
4. In 1998, Tara Lipinski
win the gold medal in figure skating at the Winter olympiсs. (A) сan (C)will be ablе to (B)сould (D)was able to
ABсD
5. I make new friends sinсе I mоved here. (A) сan't (C)haven't been able to (B}сouldn't (D)'m not able to
ABсD
6. Shе (A) did (B)has
ABсD
better not arrive late. (с) ,d (D)would
7. -Do
you mind if I borrow a сhair? Do you need only one? (A) I'm sorry. (C)Yes, I do. (B)Not at all. (D)Yes, I would.
8. Would you mind (A) сall (B)сalling 9. I,d rathеr (A) watсh (B)to watсh 140
д@с D
metomorrow? tC) to сall (D)if you сall the movie. I hear it's very good. (C)watсhing (D)not watсh
ABсD
A
B с
ABсD
D
10. You (A) bеtter not (B)'d bettеr 11.
miss the dеadline or you'll have to pay a fee. (с) ,d better not (D)had no bеttеr
takе the train instеad of the bus? It's faster. (с) Why don't (A) How about (D)Whу not (B)Let,s
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
12.Maymysister-toсlasswithmetomorrow?ABсD (C) сoming (A) сome (B)сomes (D)to сome 13.I-havedessert.I'mtryingtolosеsomeweight.ABсD (с) ,d prefer (A) 'd rather (D),d prefer not (B)'d rather nоt 14. Jamiе prefеrs working at home (A) more (B)than
working in an offiсе. (С) that (D)to
Eoch sеntenсehos four underlinеd words or phrosеs. Thе four underlinеdports of thе sentenceore morked A, B, С, аnd D, Сircle thе lеttеr of the one undеrlined word or phrose thot is Noг сORRЕсI
Еxдшtptп: Mike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but today he walks. AвсD
A B с@
15. When I was ten. I сould swim. but I wasn't able dive.
ABсD
16. Why don,t we have dinnеr and thеn gq see Possiblе Drеams--
A
B с
D
17. You drove for seven hours today, so maybe you,d not bettеr drivе tonight.
A
B с
D
18. Will you mind bringing your сamera to the gтaduation party tomorrow ?
A
B с
D
19. Dad, may Jim borrows the сar tomorrow or does Mom need it?
A
B с
D
20. I сan't help УoU, so maybe you should to ask Marta.
A
B с
D
21. Should I bring flowers to Lisa's or should I giving her сandy?
A
B с
D
22. Ma}r be yоu ought to just bring flоwers.
A
B с
D
23. Silva сelеbrated last year beсause she сould win the raсe.
ABсD
24. It's really late, so let's we ge out to dinner tonight.
AвсD
25. Why would you rather stay hоme to go out tonight?
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
Necessity: Нave (got) and Must ffiТe]
P0INт
Сhеck the corrеct onswеr, Using a seat belt is: t
a rеquirement
t
LJ a сhoiсе
AFFIRt,tAтlvЕ sТAтЕIUl ENТS: HАvE (GoT)To
сl]АRтсlllпсl(I СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т F We usе hove got to in affrrmativе and negative statеments.
Suryвст
| нлvс тo/ i Hлvr Goттo
| вo,. Foпм i oг Vвпв
l/We/You/Thеy havе (got) to H е /Sh e /l t
has (got) to
(oNтRAстIoNs Have got to = ,vе got to
stop.
Has got to = 's got to
NЕGAт|VЕ SтAтЕMЕNTS; HАvE To Suв;вст
| oo no. | нon,,o | вo'. Foпм
IlWelYoulТheyd o n't H e /Sh е /l t
have to
doesn't
сIiARтсIIEсI( 2
YEs/NaQuEsТloNS:H/ VE TO
Сheck thе corrеct onswer.
Do
In questions with hove to, what сomes before the subjeсt? [l
tt ll
stop.
s}loRT ANsWЕRs
I
Bдsв
l Suвlвст | Hдvt тo Foпм
Do
Wе
Doеs
hе
a form of do
havе to
stop?
Aггlпмдтlvв
Yes,
you do . he
I
NвGAтlvE
l
No,
does.
hе
doesn't.
sтAтЕlUtЕNТS:мIU9T
П a form of hove to
Suв'вст
| мusт-(tloт)| вo,. Foпм
|/Hе/Shе/|tlWelYou lThеy must (not)
stoр.
(oNтRAсTloN must no t = mustn't
*Must is a modal. It does not havе -s in thе third pеrson singular.
142
you do n't.
.ry::.::.:ilт: .?.:т: ,{g.?:!.t?.3:9. Y.".:|.:'. ..1.1.1o ..o.....
EхPREss.r!ж Сompletе this сonvеrsotion,Usе onе word for eoch blаnk,
A: Why
Wеar her seat bеlt?
she
B: It's the law. Evervone
Grammar Еxplanations
Wear a sеat bеlt.
Еxamрlеs
1. Use ftoye to, have got to, and rnиst to еxprеssneсеssity. a. Hove to is the most сommon еxpгеssionin evегydayuse.
r Еvегyonеhas to Pass a road tеst bеforе gеttinga drivеr,s|iсеnsе.
b. Have got to oftеn exprеssеsstrongfeеlings in speakinoand informa|writino.
l Hе,s got to drive more slowly.l,m afraid hе,sooino to havе an aссidеnt.
G. Mast is usеdin writing(forms,signs,notiсеs). l You must stop сomp|etеlуata stop sign. Must is used in spokеn ЕngIisl.t, whеn о the speakеris in a positionof powеr.
l Ling-|in9,Уou must сlеan your гoom. (mothertolking to hеr Youngсhild)
о theгeis uгgentneсessity.
must talk to your bossabout a raisе. l You геa||y (friеnd tolking to a friend)
have very differеntmеanings,(SeeUnit 34.)
(lt isn,tnесеssary to stopherе.) r You mцst not stop hеre. (Youсon,tstop hеrе,lt,s not allowеd,)
2. Use thе сorreсtform of hove to for all tеnses and foгms.
Use hove got to and mиst only foг thе prеsеnt or thе future.
l Aftег his aссidеnt,Sal had to take a dгivег,s impгovеmеntсIass.(posttеnsе) r Shеi|ahas had to drivе to woгk foг two years. (prеsеntpеrfесt) r l,ll havе to drive tomorrow. (futurе) l l,ve got to wеar glassesall thе timе. l Еveryonеmust take an eyе test tomorrow.
3. Use hove to for most questions. r Does Pau|havе to drive? pVе rarеlyusе hoye got to or must for questions.) r When wil! hе havе to leavе?
PпoшuпсlдтloнNoтв ln infoгmaIspeeсh,hove to is often pronounсed ,,hafta,,and got to is oftеn pгonounсеd,,gotta.,, Do not writе haftoor gotta.
144
I
unit sB
o Read Bеn Leonard,stеlephoneсonvеrsotionwith o сlеrk from the Сolifornio IDЕNтIFY Dеportmеntof Motor Vehiсlеs(DMV) , Undеrlinеthе wards thot tolk obout nеcessitу. Departmеnt оf Motor Vehiсles. May I help you?
DMV:
Bвш: I'm moving tо California sоon. Will I have to get a California liсensе when I move? Yes, you will. California residents must havе a California driver,s liсense.
DMV:
Bвш: When will I havе to get my California liсense? Yоu have to replaсe your old liсense ten days after you beсome a resident.
DMV:
So сome in and apply for your California liсense right after you get herе. Bвш: Do I have to take any tests to exсhange my Illinois liсense for a California liсense? Sinсe you alrеady have an Illinois liсense, УoU won't have to take the road test. But
DMV:
you will have to take the written test. Bвш: How about the eye test? oh, everyone has got to take the еye test.
DMV:
Bвшз oK. Thanks a lot. You've been very helpful.
o Rеod this convеrsаtion.Сomplеtе it with thе correсt form of have to or сOILPIEтE havе got to ond thе vеrbsin pаrеnthеses,Use have got to ond give short onswеrs whenеvеrpossible.
Bвш: When Aшш: I
do
you
2 . ( p i с ku p )
you still Bюш: No.
have to uэe
thе сar?
1. (usе)
Jim's sсhool reсords pretty soon.Why? 3. (сhangе)
the оil?
I did it еarly this mоrning. oh, and
4.
I bоught some film.
Aшш:oh, you Bвш: Wе
5. (not do) 6. (tаkе)
Jim still Arтш: Nо.
8.
that. I bought three rolls yesterday. lоts of piсturеs on the trip. ? 7. (paсk)
He frnishеd and went to Sara's to sav
goоdbyе. Why?
Bвш: He
9. (hеlp)
me сlеan out the сar. It's full of his stuff.
Arтш: I 'll сall him again. It,s hard for him to leave his friеnds. I
1o.(сa||)
him to сome home twiсe already.
m ы
o Lookаt thеsеsigns, IJsеthе verbs from the box to complеte thе ШoosEa с}мPLЕTE sеntеnсesobout things you must do ond must not do.
tEп1 LЕFт RIGнт l| l ll
ttsPEЕБll L|Mlт I
|i
lt55lt
itз-lc]
|мtшlмuм|
It4sj turn muot not turn
l. \gLL
drive
walk
ride lsff,.
2. You
right.
3. You
over 40 mph.
4. You
60 mph.
5. Biсvсlists 6. Pedestrians
on the right. on the right.
EDII. Reod lim,s lеttеr to Soro. Find ond сorreсtsevеn mistаkеsin exprеssingnеcеssity, Thе first mistokе is olrеody corrеcted.
Dеаr5аrа, in stYаngе |iving siхweеks.lt,s beеnhеrеаbouI Wе,ve аre\oudoing? |{ow the sцburbs.
got I hаdto gdto drivееvе^[Nnеrе. so \o|А'vе Ihеrе'sno pub|ictrаnsvortаtian,
t,s еd thissеmestеr50 | canqd mу|icensеbуsurnmevtimе. signsup tor drivеr,s the tawhеrethat еveцlnеrnustswеа(а sеаtbelt.l usеdto hаtеto buck|еuP,buI аnd аrеa totof trееwауs, withthe traРtiсhеrе,I hаvеchаngеdm\ mind,1T.lеrе \oц,vegoItаknowhowto chаnge|аnеsWitha totot fast-trсРtiс.Lvеnmvlvlornhаvе so hе hаsn,thаsto do а totоt driving. hаdto gеt usеdto it. Dаdwork;аI hornе, gаmеsуеt?|'mhаvinga lotоt ffoиblewith t.tave уoubеаtеnthosеcom?utеr ,'Doom., \ou gotto writеtome аndtе||rnеhowto get ?а5tthe fitth |еve|! Jim
Ghoiсe: Don,t have to No Ghoiсe: Must not and Can't don'l have to эtop and aoktor d i re c t i o n o l
it,
[/1, 'tz ,,tl
.И|
,11
WPЙINт Сhеck thе correct onswer, The drivеr сan сhoose to П park in the сrosswalk.
t
stop to ask for dirесtions.
DON'T HAVE TO
сl|АRтсHEсKI Сheck the correсt аnswеr, Whiсh part of do not hove to сhanges for differеnt subjeсts? t t
ш
do
Suв,вст
Do t,toт | нon' ', | вo'. Foпм oг Vвпв
IlWelYoulThеyd on't Hе/Shе/|t
have to
doеsn,t
hеге.
park
LJ hove
MUsт,vor
сIllARIсHEсl(2 Сirclе T (True)or F (Folsе). т F The form of must лot and con,t сhanges for differеnt subjeсts.
SuЦвст
| мusт*",' I Bдsвгoпм |
l/He/5hе/ltlW elYou lThеy must not
I stop
her е.
сAN,т Suqвст l/Hе/Shе/l tlWelYou lThеy
tl6
stop
| сяш,т* Gan't
| вo'' гoпм | stop
hеге.
*Thеsewords arе modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
E&*
-.
Ghоiсe:
Don't have ta
Nо Ghоiсe:
Мust поt аrrd Carз,t l
ЕхPREssж#r Unscrаmblеthеsе Words to form two sentenсes. stop о He о have о here о tо о doesn't
must о fast о You о not о drive о too
r ffiэкрffierъffiКf-фgж% & rg gжryвъ*
Ежarжp*es
They l . H ove t o a n d m u s t h a v e s i m i l a rm e a n ings. both еxprеssthe idеa that somеthingis nесеssaгyoг rеquirеd.
l Yo u havе to sto p atthe sto p sign. r You must stop at the stop sign.
Don,t/Doesn't hove to and must пot have vеry diffегentmeanings. a. Don,t/Doеsn,t havе to expressesthat somethingis not nесеssary.lt meansthat there is anothегpossibility.Тhеre is a сhoiсe.
l You don,t havе to drivе. l сan do it. r Hе doеsn,t have to turn herе.Hе сan tuгn at the nеxt intеrsесtion.
b. Must пof еxpгеssesprohibition. lt means that somethingis not alIowеdor is against thе law. Тheгеis no сhoiсе.
r You must not use thе сar without my peгmission. r You must not drivе without a liсеnsе. It'sagainstthe law.
2. Must пot is usеd to eХpressprohibition in writing,inс|udingoffiсialforms,signs, and notiсes.
r You must not use your horn unnесessari|y.
Usдсt Noтв:ln spokеnЕnglish,wе do not usuallyusе mustnot whеn talkingto or about anotheraduIt.We usе con,t instеad.
r Wе Gan,t park heгe.lt,sa tow-awayzone.
Sometimespeoplеuse mиst not to tе||a сhiId that theie is no сhoiсe in a situation.
r Jеssе,you mustn,t take off youг seat bе|t while thе сaг is moving.
3. You сan use nothovetofor all tеnses and forms.
Must not геfersonly to thе pгеsentor the futuгe.
r You don,t havе to drivе. (prеsеnt) l Shе won,t havе to renew hеr |iсеnsеnеxt уear. (futurе) l Wе haven,t had to Paу a lot of paгkingfines this yеar. (prеsеntperfесt) l Тhey didn,t have to take driver,sеduсation lastyеar. Now it,s rеquirеd.(simplеpost tеnsе) r Drivеrsmust not pass on thе right.
147
148
I unit 34
o Rеod this orticlе. Undеrline the words thot show thot thеrе is o choice аbout iDENтIFY doing somеthing. Сirclе thе words thot show thot therе is no choicе,
problems, howеver.Members of carsharinggroupshavea carwhentheynеed
A l{ew Alternativе to Car Ownership
one foreithеrshorttripsor vaсations, but New driversare usua|lyexсitedabout their they don't have the high expensesof "My new freedom: ownership'Тhеy pay Very littleto use a mom doesn't have to drive me ever}^/vhere sharedсar, and theydon't haveto worry anymorе!l don't have to ask my friendsfor ridesto sсhoo|!''When about maintaining thе сar or payingthe you don't have your own сar yet, any priсe insuranсe.Fees for short trips are only paying. sеems worth But onсе you buy a about$З.00an hourp|us$0.50permile. сar,you@your сar payments and Groups do not have striсt rеquirements insuranсepremiums,or you Won'tbe a either. Members must not havе bad driverforverylong.Youсan't|eavеgas and drivingreсordsor poor сredit, and they maintenanсe out of the budget еither. mustnot returnthe сars in poorshapеor Car sharingoffersan alternative to these theywill payextra.
o Reаd this convеrsаtion.Сomplete it with сan,t or thе corrеct form of сOI|PLЕтE not havе to ond thе vеrb in pаrеnthеsеs,
Jrм: Austin
doeon't have to eit r. (sit)
Aшш: Jim, you really
in a safety seat, but I do. It's not fair.
2. (yell)
like that in the сar. Your fathеr has
tо соnсеntrate оn driving. Ben, turn left fоr thе restaurant.
Bвш:
3. (turn)
left. ItЪ a onе-way streеt. I'll go arоund the bloсk.
Aшш: There,s the rеstaurant. Uh-oh. You
hеre. It,s a bus stop.
Bвш: Maybe I'll park in that indoor garage.That ,i;T -.
5. (worry)
about our stuff while we,rе еating. Remind me to buy gas after lunсh.
Arтш:We Bшш:I know. But we
6. (get)
gas, do we? Thе tank is still half full. 7. (buy)
gas for a long time. I'm not sure the
gauge is working.
Ausтrш: You
8. (bring)
Jrм: Mom said OK. Anyway, I
that truсk into the restau rant, Jim! It's too big. 9. (listеn)
to vou. Lеt,s eat!
Choiсe:
Г)оn.t havе to
Nо Choiсe:
Мusf r;оt aпd Оarз't J
o Look ot this sign ot thе Holidoу Motel swimming pool. Сomplеte READa с0ff|PLEIE must not or don,t havе to ond the corrеctform of thе verb sеntеncе rлrith еoch porеntheses. in
Holiday Мotel Swimming Pool Rules and Rеgulations P o o l H o u r s l 0 : 0 0А М _ l 0 : 0 0 p м . Ch i l d re n u n d e r l 2 y е a r s N o T A LLOW ЕD in po o l without an adult.
. ball plaуing . r adio s NO . diving о glаssbo ttlеs . alсoholiсbеvеragеs dеsft.
TowеIs аvаilаblе аt front muэ|-not-gwim
1. Childrеn under age 12 2. You
your own towel.
(bring)
3. You
ball in or around the pool.
(play)
4. You
into the pool.
(divе)
5. Teеnagers 6. You
without an adult.
(swrm,)
with an adult.
(bе)
the pool at 8:00 p.м.
(|еаvе)
EDIT. Rеod Аustin,spostcord to his friend, Find ond correct five mistokesin expressing nеcеssitу.The first mistokе is olreodу correctеd,
щ
HolidayМotеl,Rte.55
Hi,Jonet/ We got to the rnotel|ote this еveningЬeсoose we got lost But we kept o.n noorn *!ж#tiia onotь.n Weгe |сlckg_theg "" rnotel.Jinrngis гeollghoPPg Ьеоoсlsehe don't hove to go to Ьed poo| c|oses.We rnоstn'tleove onti|often 10,00,when the swirnrning сlnti|11'00tornoгnow(cheоkoоttirnе),so We con stog op |oteг. Yoserтiteis onlg foсlг hoons owog' so We won't hod to dгive the who|edog tornoгnow.It's going to Ьe exоiting.Мg ponentssog we oЬsolotеlgrnсlstnot to go oсlt Ьg oоnse|vesЬecot,lsetheге oгe Ьeons thегe.I'd |oveto see o Ьeoг (fгornthe insideof the coг). ]'||send o postcond of one.
Aostin
To: JonetЕdwoгds 5500Arnhenst Lone Егie,PА 16506
149
Expeсtations: Be supposed to Оh no!
waэ эu??oэed to preparea
|'е,dbr||er
T h a n kq o o d n e э e |'m no| eu??oeed to paу for thiэ photoqraphеr,
h u rr у u p wi Lh N h e e e picturеe' |t'э эuppoэed
rа Yn vp vp vг Ь t 1 ti
WPЙINт Сhеck the corrеct onswers. The gтoom'sfather is thinking about best man
bride,s maid bridе groom parents of honoг
t groom's parents
сHАRт cI]ЕсI( Suв,вст
т
I
You сan usе he supposed to in thе simple present and simple past tеnsеs.
П the usual way something is done at a wedding.
sтAтЕMЕNтs
Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе), F
something hе forgot to do.
II
тo ] влsв Foпм oг vппв | ! (Noт)Supr,osсo
]е am was
H е /Sh е /l t Wе/You*/Тhey
ts was
(not) supposed to
stand be
arr wеrе
*You is both singular and plural.
вд
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs ro | вo,. гoпм | l suвlпстl suрposдo
Am Was
150
ls Was
he
Are Wеre
you
supposed to
stand
here?
here.
Eхpeсtations:
Be supposed
to l
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв
you Yes,
hе
I
шEGAтlvE
|
are. wеrе. ls. was.
No,
am. was.
you
arеn,t. werеn,t.
hе
i s n ' t. wasn't.
I
'm not. wa s n 't.
ЕхPREss rfrЕtrIl Сomplete thеsеsеntеnсes.
A: What
we supposed to wear yestеrday?
B: Our suits. It
supposed to bе a dress rehеarsal.
A: Oops.
Grammar Еxplanations
Ехamples
l. Use be supposed to to ta|kabout diffеrеntkinds of еxpесtаtions: a. rulеs and usual ways of doing things
r The groom is supposеd to arrivе at thе сeremonyеarly'|t,sa сustom.
b. prediсtioпs
l lt,s not supposеd to rain tomoггow.I heard it o n thе r adio .
G. hеarsay (what everyonеsays)
r Тhe bеaсh is supposеd to bе bеautifu|in August.Еvегyonеsaysso.
d. plans oг arrangеmеnts
r Тhе сеremony isn,t supposеd to bеgin yеt.
2. Use be supposedto only in thе slmрlе prеsеnt tеnsеor in thе simрle past tеnsе.
r The bгideis supposed to wear whitе' l Thе сeгеmonywas supposеd to bеgin at7:0О. I lt wasn't supposed to rain.
Usе thе simple presеnt tеnsеto геfеrto both the presentand the futurе.
l l,m supposеd to be at thе wedding rеhеarsa| tomorrow. Noт
Usдсв Noтв: Тhе simple past tensе oftеn suggеststhat somеthingdid not happen.
l Сaг|was supposed to brlng flowеrs,bиt he forgot.
151
|52
t
Uэ.lit 35
o Rеod this orticle аnd undеrline the phrases thаt expresseхpectotions. IDЕNTIFY
Iт WдsN'т SupposЕD тo Bв д Blс WвppING Str i с k l a n ds P кovl oв шсв, J u l y l 9 - T h е wantеd a quiеt wedding-that's why they e l ope d t o Bl o с k |s l a n d , o f f th е A tl a n tiс Coast of t h е U n i t e d Sta t е s . T h е i s l a n d is qui t е s mall ' s o t h е S tr i с k l a n d s p a с k ed thеir bikеs for thе fеrry trip. The weathеr WaS supposеd to be lovеly, and thеy had aske d t hе m a y o r t o m a r r y t h е m o n a hill ovеrlooking thе oсean. ..Whеnwе got thеrе, wе found a сrowd of сyсlists admiring thе view,,'laughed Bеth.
W hen Bill kissеd his br idе, thе audiеnсe bur st into lo ud applausе and r ang thеir biсyсlе bеlls. ,.W е W еr еn't suppo sеd to havе fifty wеdding guests, but wе love сyсling,and w е'r e no t so r r y,''Bill said. Whilе paсking thе nехt daу' Beth lеft hеr wеdding bouquеt at thе hotel. Мinutеs bеforе thе fеrry Was Supposed to lеavе, Bill iumpеd on his bikе, got thе flowеrs, and mаdе it baсk to the fеrry on timе. .,Cyсlists arе Supposеd to stay fast and fit,,,hе said.
IRUE0R FALiEo Reаd the orticle аgoin, Write T (True)or F (Folsе)for еаch sеntence, r
l. Thе Striсklands plannеd a big wedding. 2. Thе weather foreсaster prediсted rain. 3. The Striсklands invitеd fifty wedding guests. 4. The fеrry followed a sсhedule. 5. People think that сyсlists are in good shape.
о Reod thesеconversotions,Сomplеtе thеm with o form of bе supposеd to сOillPIEтE ond the verb in porеntheses,Givе short onswers,Сhoosе аffirmotivе or nеgotivе, 1. A: Netta, Gary сalled while уou Werе out. Am эu??oэedt.oca|| B: 1
A:
No, you aren't
a. (сall)
him baсk?
. Hе'll сall vou this afternoon'
2. A: The dress storе сalled too. They dеlivered your wedding dress to your offiсe. they
B:
that?
a. (do)
! That,s why I stayed home tоday. They с. (dеlivеr)
3. A: Let,s get in line. Thе rеhеarsal B: We're bridesmaids. Where
it here. a. (stаrt)
we
in a fеw minutеs. ? b. (stand)
д. Аz Gary! You
a. (bе)
here!
B: Why not? A: You
b. (sее)
Netta until the сеrеmony. It,s bad luсk.
5. A: Sophie, сould I borrow your handkerсhief, pleasе? I
a. (Wеar)
something old, something nеw, something borrowed, and something bluе. I don,t havе anything borrowed.
B: It
today. Maybe I should lend you my
b. (rain)
umbrella instead. 6. A: I hеar Gary and Netta are going to Aruba on their honeymoon. B: Oh, that
a. (bе)
a really niсe island.
о Reod Sophie,slеttеr to o friеnd, Find аnd corrесt six mistokеsin thе usе of EDIT be supposеd to. Thе first mistаke is аlrеody corrеcted,
Deаr /{аshа, I,m so sorrу-|
wa9
krloи, |-аttt sиpposed to шritе to уoи /аst шeek аboиt mg p/апs
to risit' |,re bееи а'ufи//у bиsу, fuIу frieпd Nettа isgettiпg mаrried sooп, апd sheЗ аskеd mе to be hеr mаid of hoпor She апd Gаrу cuапt o b'9 toеdс/iпg Thеу'rе sиpposed to hаve аboиt tи,o hипdredgиesk, I hаvе а /ot of respoпsibi/ities,I tai//be sиpposеd togire Nеttа а shoruеr Ьеfo,e thе cuedditg (thаtЗ а pаrtу шhere еVеrуo'lе briпgs prеseпk Р" thе bride), / аtп а/so sиpposo to he/p her сhoosе thr bridesmаids, dressеs, The best rпаиЬ Иаme ЬJim, Нe,//hе/p Gаrуget 'eаdу, / /lаreп,t mеt him уet, bиt hеЪ sиpposеs to be vеrу niсe. |,d bеtfur sау goodbуe пocu,I sиpposed to /eаvе reheаrsа/ for fne miпиtеs аgo, Love, Sophiе
PS, Аboиt -у rЬit-/,m bе сoиt,епiеиt?
sиpposing to7еt somr time of iпl"/у, tЦoи/d thаt
Future Possibility: MaУ,Might, Could
Еuкopв,sWвдтнвк
WPЙINт Сircle T (Truе)or F (FoIsе). Ъmpеraturеs in London may drop as mцсh as еlеvеn dеgrееs Ьy tomorrow morning. \Wе might еvеn sее somе snow flurriеs 'W.inds latеr on in thе day. сoцld геaсh 40 mph.
сI]АRтсHEс'K 2 Сhеck thе correсt onswer. When do vou usе moy, might, or could for future possibility? П m quеstions П t, answеrs
Suвlвст
It's definitеly going to snow in London tomorrow.
| м*tм'снт/Couto*| BлsвFoпмoг vвпв |
may (not) |/Hе/She/|t/Wе/You/Тhеy might (not) сould (not)
get
*These words are modals. They do not have -s in the third person singular.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
sHoRт ANsWЕRs
Аre you going to f|y to Paris? Arе you takingthе train?
may (not). l/Wе | might (not). сo uld(n,t).
],t/f,. QUЕsТloNs When are you going to Parls? How |ongwi||you bе thеre?
154
F
sтAтЕ]vlENтs
сl|ARтсI{,ЕсK I Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе), т F Moy, might, and сould have only onе form for all subjeсts.
т
ANsWЕRs maУ
lg"ltomorrow.
l/We I might сould Ibe Ithеrеawееk.
сo I d.
E-
Future
PossibiliIуz
May, Мight, Could
l
a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a (
EXPRESS Сomplеtethis convеrsotionwith might or might not. A: Are you going home aftet сlass?
B:I
. It's very possible. Why?
A:I
сall you about the homework assignment. I don,t understand it.
B: Maybe you should сall Jean instead. I
understand it either.
G ya aтъrж mr ffiкр*ffiffietioв"r $
fi,xamplrs
1. Use moy, might, and сould to talk about futurepossibility.
r It may bе windy |ateг. l |t might gеt сold. r lt сould rain tomorrow.
moу be and moуbe. Both еxprеss possibility. Moy be is a modal + vеrb. |t is always two words.
r Hе may bе |atеtoday.
Moуbе is not a modal. lt is an adverb.lt is r Maybe hе,||takе thе tгain. alwaysoneword,anditсomesatthebеginningNoт@ of the sеntenсе.
2. Use moy not and might not to еxpгеssthe possibilitythat somеthingwill not happеn.
}
r Тhеге arе a |ot of сlouds, but it might not rain.
Use сouldn,t to say that somethingis impossiblе.
A: Why don,t you ask Johnfoг a гidе? B: l сouIdn,t do that. He,stoo busy'
Bв сдпвrul! We usual|ydo not сontraсt might not, and Wе nevегсontraсtmoу not,
r You may not nееd a сoat. Noт @
3. Quеstions about possibility usua|lyarе notformedwith mqY might,or could.|nstead, they arе formed with thе future (will, be going to, thе presentprogressive)or phrasessuсh as D o у o u t h i n k . , . ? o r l s i t p o s s i b l е t h o t ,?, , lt,sthе answеrs to thеsе quеstions that often have moу, might, or сould.
A: Whеn will it stort snowing? B: lt might start around lunсh timе. Az Are уou going to drive to work? B : l m i g h t t a k e t h е b u si n s t е a d . A: When orе уoU leoving? B: I may lеave now.
|n short answersto yeslnoquеstions,use moу| might, or could a]onе.
A: Will youг offiсeс|oseeaг|y? B: |t might.
Usдсв Noтв: lf a form of be is thе main verb, it is сommon to inсludebe in the shoгtanswеr.
A: ls ouг train arгiving|ate? B: lt might be.
155
156
t
&Jз-tit **6
C Alicе is o collegе studеnt who works pаrt time; Bill is hеr boyfriеnd.Reod IDENтIFY their conversotion.Underlinе thе words thot ехprеssfuturе possibilitу or impossibilitу. Ar,rсш: I just heard that it may snоw today. Are you going to drive to work? Brьь: No. I,ll take the 7:30 train instead. Ar,rсв: I'll take the train with you. I have some work to do in the library. Brr,r,: Great. Why don't you сut your afternoon сlass and have lunсh with me too? Ar,rсш: oh, I сouldn't do that. But let,s meet at the train station at 6:00, oK? Brr,ь: I might have to work until 8:00 tonight. I'll сall yоu and let you know. ANswERo Whot will Alice ond BilIdo together?Сhеck thе oppropriаte box for eoch octivitу. Certain
Possible
t t t
1 . Take the train at 7:30 д.м. 2 . Have lunсh. 3 . Meet at thе train station at 6:00 p.м.
lmpossible
t t t
t П П
o Alice is groduoting from collеge with o dеgree in Еorlу Сhildhood Eduсotion. сOIfiPLEтE Сomplеtеthis porаgroph from her diory. Сhoose thе аppropriotе words in porеnthеsеs.
'm qo inq
Ijиst gotthе noticеtrom rnyschoo|.I
lo
l . ( m i g h tn o t / ' m g o i n g t o )
grаduаIеin Jиne,bиt l stit{don'thаvеanуp|ans.Somеdау-cаrеcеntеr;hirефцdеnts bdore Ihеу grаdt'lаtе, so I
now.or I
2. (сould / сou|dn,t)
apptvfor a.1ob
aPPlVto а grаduаtеschoo|аnd
3. (might / might not)
gеt mу master'sdеgrеe'l,rnjиst notsцrеInougn1hеsepаsttlt'loчеаrshаuеbеen hаrd,аnd I
bе rеаdуto studуfor two mтrе'
4. (maу / may not)
Аt |еаst| аm sсlrеаboutrY|\caвеft |
5. ('m going to / might)
WOrkWithchildrеn' ITlа|'scеrtаin.I madеan appointmеnt to discцssrnvPtanswithrnу
rеаchеr, tomorrow. Мrs.Hиrnphreу, I Ihis ovеrwithhеr.5hе whatto do.
6. (mаybе l maу)
7. (won't / might;
tatk hаveаn idеа aboцt
-
Future
Possibi|itу:
{t4aу,hllight, Соuld
о Look аt Аlicе,sschеdulеfor Mondаy. Shе put o quеstion mork (?) next to DESсRIBE еoch item she wosn,tsttrеobout, Writеsentеncеsаbout Alice,splons for Mondoу, Usе may or might for things thаt orе possiblеond be going to for things thot orе cеrtoin.
M0NDАY сall Dill at 9:ОО
go to workat 1:ОО
buу aomo notrboоko boforе c|aэe ? go to meeting wtth Mre, Нumphreуat 11:ОО
go ahoppingafher work ? take 7:ОО tratn ?
have coffer with Эur aftor сIaee ?
piсk up pizza
1.
А|ice iэ going t,o ca\l bil| at 9zoo,
2.
Эhe maу buу эome no|ebookэ before claээ.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
EDIT.Rеod this student,sreport obout Еl Nifio. Find ond corrеctеight mistokesin еxpressingfuturе possibility,The first mistoke is olreodу сorreсtеd,
few years, the oсean neaг Pеru beсomes Warmer. Callеd Е1 Niflo' this maУ variatlon in temperature ffiаf,rbr- сause weather changes all over the world.
Evеry
Thе west сoasts of North and South America
mi$ht to have heavy гains. on
the other side of the Paсifiс, New Guinea mi$ht beсomes very dry. Northern aгeas сould have Warmeц wetteг winters,
survive
in warmer
areas сould beсome
changеs affeсt plants and anlmals.
much сoldeт. These weather mayn't
and. southеrn
waters. Drou$hts
food may grt very expensive.
Some fish
сould causin$ сrops to die, and
El Niflo may happen еvery two years, or it
сould not сome for seven yеaгs. Wiil El Niflos $et worse in the futurе? сould bе. Pollution
They
holds heat in the aiц and it will incгease the effесts of
El Niflo, but no onе ls suгe yеt.
l
157
Assumptions: MaУ, Might, Could, Must, Have (got) to, Can't K i q h La q a i n l Тhie man haэ got to be a geniuel
You muэt be Gina Lemont,
жPпINT Сheck the correct onswеr, Thе famous detесtivе Sherloсk Holmеs is П making a guеss. П tutki.'g about an оbligation.
sтAтЕ]UlENтs
сIIARтсI|Eсl(l Сirclе T (True)or F (Folsе). т
F
Thе thirdperson singular modal dоes not end in -s.
| мooo.
Suв'вст
| вo'. Foпм oг vвпв |
may (not) might (not) |/Hе/Shе/ltlWelYou lThеy сoцld (not) must (not) can't
be
гight.
work
thеге.
AFF|R]tf,AтlvЕ sтArЕniЕNтszHАVE(Goт) To | нon, (coт) тo | вo,. гoпм |
Suqвст
IlWеlYoulThеy havе (got) to Hе/She/lt
158
гight.
work
thеr e.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNs
сl|ARтсl|EсK2 Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folse). т F A1l rnоdals оf assumptions arе usеd in quеstions.
has (got) to
be
s}loRт ANsWЕRs
ll
Mooдl./
ll
Сouto I Suв,вст | Blsв Foпм Could
hе
work
Suryвст | Hлvс (сoт) тo thеге?
Noтв: For сontraсtions witЬ could пot and cа,nnot, see Appendix 24 on pagе 346.
Hе
must (not). may (not). might (not). сo uI d(n,t). Gan't. has (got) to.
*:.:ygР}j:.T:: У3у:.Y'g,:!'.9.?у.,!: .Y.|'?: .r?у.:.9.:.U..r.1 .9.::.i ..-..1.|.? ......... EхPREss Circle thе corrеct words to complеte this conversotion. A: I heard a sound сoming from thе basemеnt. What сould / might it be? B: I'm not sure. It сan / might be the сat. It can l can,t be thе dog. Thе dog's upstairs.
6ranrmar Еxplanatiоns
Жк*rжр**к
1. Wе oftеn makе assumptlons, oг,,bеst guesses,,, Aггtпмдтlvг based on infoгmationwe have about a prеsent must situation.Тhe modal that we сhoosedepеnds havе (got) to on how сertainWe are about our assumption. may might, сo uld
t
1 0 О o / oс е r t a i n
I
t
Nвсдтlvг Gan,t, сo uldn,t must not may not might no t
0oloсеrtain
2. Whеn you are a|most100 pегсentсertainthat somеthing is possiblе, usе must, hove to, or hovе got to.
H o |mеsis a br il|iant dеteсtivе. Assuмpтtoш l Hе must solvе a |otof сrimеs.
Usдсв Noтв:Wе use hove got to in informal speeсhand wгiting,and we usualIyсontraсtit.
I H е,s go t to bе a gеnius!
When you are lеss сеrtain, usе moу might, or could.
Watsonknowsa lot about mediсinе. Assuмpтloш r Hе might bе a doсtor.
3 . Whеn Vou are almost
.l00
oеrсеntсеrtainthat somethingis lmpossible, use can,t or сouldn,t,
r H е Gan,t be dеad!| think hе,sstillbr eathing!
When you are slightly lessсеrtain,usе musf not.
l Shе must no t fееl w е||.She |o o kspalе.
Use moу not or might пot whеn you are lеssсertain.
r H е may no t kno w abo utthе plan.H is bo ss do еsn,ttе||him еver ything.
Bв сдпвгuь|Havе to and hаvе got to arе not usеd to йake negativeassumptions.
I lt сan,t bе tr uе! Noтffi
4. Usе сould in questions. Usдс: Noтв: Wе rarеly use might and wе nevеr usе ,noy in quеstionsabout possibi|ity.
5. In short answrrs, use hoye (got) to or a modal alonе. Use be in shoгt answersto quеstionsthat inс|udea foгm of he.
l So meo nе,s сo ming.W ho сo uld it be? Rлпв:Might hе bе at home?
Noтffi
A: Could Ann know Maгiе? B: She hаs to. They'renеighbors. A: ls Ron sti||with Сity Bank? B: I 'm no t suге.H е might no t be.
160
l
tr"Еnit3?
о Еасh foct goеs with on аssumption.Motch еoch foct with the lIIАтсIt сorrectossumption, Assumption
Faсt 1. Her last name is Lеmont. She
a. must not be at home.
He's оnly thirteеn. He
b. must bе married.
3 . Her eyes are red. She
C.
has to be older tkran twenty.
4. Shе's wearing a wedding ring. She
d.
сan't be marriеd.
5 . His initials are M.B. He
e.
might have allеrgies.
t. may bе Frenсh.
The house is сompletely dark. They 7. She has somr graУ hair. She
9. сould be Marс Brunner.
сI]00sЕo Look ot the picturе ond circle thе corrеct words to complеtе this convеrsotion,
Wдтsoш:Lоok! What,s going on over there? Hor,мвs: I don't know. It 6oulф/ сouldn't bе Somekind оf delivеry. Wдтsoш: At this hour? It сan't / must bе 2.
almost midnight! Nothing's open now. Hor,мшs: Hmm. 27 Cat|lsle Street. That сan,t /,s got to bе thе bank. 3.
Wдтsoш:It ls the bank. Hor,мшs:Can you see what that man is taking out of the сarriage? Wдтsoш:It lооks like a box. What do you suppose is in it? Hor,мшs:I don't knoщ but is seems heavy. It сould / must not сontain gоld. 4.
Wдтsoш:Look at that man in front of the bank. Could / Must he bе the bank manager? 5.
Hor,мrcs:He might / might be. 6.
lVдтsoш:But why are they making this delivery at this time? This сould / сouldn't 7.
be normal.
Hor.мшs:The manager might not / must want people to know about it. Hе 8.
сouldn't / ma]r be worried about robbers. 9.
*:.:ygР:j:.T.:.. Уту:.Yi.g.?!'.9.?у!!:.Y.i'?!:1?!.1.9.?!).!?., o Reod Shеrlock Holmеs,sconversotionwith o murdеr suspect.Сompletе it сOIff|PIEтE with the words in porеnthesеsond o modol thot shows the dеgreeof certointу.ffhere moy be morе thon onе correct аnswer,)
Hor,мвs:
You muel be Gina Lemont.
1. Almost certoin (You / bе / cina Lеmont)
Lвмoшт:
Who wants to know?
2. Possible (l / be)
Hor,мвs: Sherloсk Holmes. I hear something in the neхt room. Lвмoшт: Hor,мвs: Alonе?
.I'm alone.
3. Possible (|t / bе / thе саt)
platеs on the table.
that
5. Possible (it / bе)
you are mistaken? Lвмoшт: No,
There are two
4. Almost cеrtoin (You / eat a |ot)
I was expeсting
6. Impossible (it / bе)
someone. but he never сame. Hor.мвs: Does your сat smoke? I smell pipe tobaссo.
Lпмoшт:
7, Almost сertoin (lt / сome l from your own pipе)
Hor,п,шs:oh. a look at this "cat"?
8, lmpossible (Тhеrе l bе l anу othеr еxp|anation) 9. Possible (thеrе / bе)
May we have
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,sreoding journol for o mуstеrу novеI,Find ond corrеct six mistаkеsin ехprеssingossumptions,The first mistoke is olrеodу corrеcted.
The mаiи сhаrасtец tvlo//уSmith, is а сo//еgrЕSL fuасhеr,Shr is trуiпg to fпd her deаd
grаиdpаrепts,first homеiп the uпitеd Stаtеs,lt mа! &
iи а пeаrbу tocuи.The
toшпspеop/etherе seem sсаrrd, Thеу сoи/dbе hаre а sесret, or theу mиstjиst hаfu strапgers, tvlo//ghаs somе o/d letfurs thаt mght /eаdher to the p/асе. Theу аrе iп Аrmeиiаи, bиt oиe of her stиdeиts mghk trапs/аfu them for hеr. Тheу hаftа be importапt bесаиse thе аиthor mепtioпs them r(ght ашcI!/.The /etter mиst сoпtаiп fo-i/у seсrеts, Who is thе bаdgиу? |t сoиldи,t bе the stиleпt beсаиsehe шаnts to he/p, It mght to br thе пеtuspаPrr eс/itoriи the toшп,
Advisability
in the Past {,I\1урaren.ts night haveenсouragid . memОre, ' ./ I shouldn't have
missed.that, ^ opportunlтJ,
I covid havеbeen richand{amous.
жPЙlNт Сhеck thе correct onswer. Thе man t
l. planning his future.
П ."gтets things in his past.
sтAтElt|ENтs
сIIARтсIlEсl(I Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Fаlse). т
F
You сan add пot to all modals that express past advisability or obligation.
сI|АRтснEсK2 СirсIе Т (True)or F (Folsе), т F In questions and short answers, we usuallv only use should hove.
Suв1вст
| мooo.
| нo,' | гo''
should (not) ought (not) to |/He/She/We/You/Тhеy сo uld might
have
PдптIсlpl-в
applied.
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs SнoutoI sury..' | нon, | гo'' Pдптlсlpl.в Should
hе
havе
applied?
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв
NEGAтIvЕ
l
Yes, he should havе. l No, hе shouldn,t have.
ш/r'.QUЕsтloNs Wн-Woпo I s"ou,, I suщ.,, | нon, | гo'' Pдптlсlpl-в Whеn
162
s ho uld
hе
have
applied?
Advisability
Whiсh words are NoT usually сontraсted? J
should hаve
[l
could hove
I
сoNтRA(тloNs
сHARTсliEсl(3 Сhеck the correct answer.
in the Past
s h o u |dh a v е сouldhave might havе should not have
= = = =
sho uI d,ve сo uI d,ve might,ve shouldn't have
[1 ought to hove
ЕxPRЕssж Сompletе this сonvеrsotion. A: Should I B: Yes, you
сalled you yesterday? . I waited all day for your сall.
Grammar Цxрlanatioшs
*xannрI*s
1. Use shoиld hove, ought to hovе, сould hovе, and might hove to talk about things that were advisab|ein thе past.Тhese modals oftеn exprеssregretor blame.
r I should,ve appliеd to сo||еgе. (l didn,t opplY to сollege,ond l,m sorrу.) l I ought to havе taken that job. (l didn,t toke thе job, Thot wos o mistoke.) r Shе сould,vе gone to a bеttеrsсhoo|. (Shе didn,tgo to o good sсhool' Now shе rеgrеts hеr сhoiсе,) r You might,vе told me. (Youdidn,t tеll me, Thot wos wrong,)
2. Should not hove and aught not to hove are thе on|y,formsused in negativestatemеnts. Should not hove is moгe сommon. Should (not) have is the most сommon form used in ouestions.
r He shouldn,t havе missed thе еxam. l He ought not to have missed the еxam. r Should he have сalled thе tеaсhег?
PпoшuшсlдпoшNoтв In informalspeeсh,hove in modal phrasеsis often pronounсed likе the word of or o. For eхample, could have sounds |ike,,сouldof,, or ,,сoulda.,,Do not wгite сouldof or сouldo. ought to is often pronounсеd |ike,,oughta.,,Do not writе oughto.
163
164
I
unit BB
тRUE0R FAtsEo Rеod еoсh numbеrеdsеntenсe.Write T (Truе)or F (Folsе)for thе stotеmentthot follows. 4. Feliсia сould have been president.
1. I shouldn't have сalled him. т
Feliсia is presidеnt.
I сalled him.
2. I shou]d have told them what I thought.
5. I ought to have praсtiсed more.
I didn't tell them. Now I,m sorцz.
I didn,t praсtiсe enough.
3. He might havе warned us about it.
6. They shouldn,t have lent him their сar.
Hе knew. but he didn't tell us.
Thеv lent him their сar.
с0[|PIEтEo Reod this еxсerpt from o mogozinе ortiсlе, Сomplеtе it with thе corrесt form of thе words in porenthesеsond o short onswеr,Сhoosе betweenаffirmotivе ond nеgotivе.
Regrеts . . . I t , sn o t u n u s u a lt o f е е l r е g r е ta b o u tt h i n g si n t h е p a s tt h a t y o u t h i n k y o u э h o u |d h a v e d o n e 1 . ( s h o u l d/ d o )
y o u d i d d o a n d f е е ly o u
and did no t do -o r 2 . ( s h o u l d/ d o )
thе o ppо sitе, abo ut things
ln faсt,wе lеarnbv
thinkingabоut past mistakеs.For еxample,a studеntwho fails a tеst lеarnsthat hе or shе
morе and сan imprоvеon thе
3 . ( s h o u l di s t u d y ;
nеxttеst.oГtеn,howеvеr,pеoplе spеnd too muсh timе thinkingabout what thеу 4. (сould / do)
Мany rеgrеtsarе simply nоt basеd diffеrеntly.
in fасt.A mothеrregrеtsmissinga fоotballgamе in whiсh hеr son,slеg was i n i u r е d ,. , I ' , , s h еk е е p st е l l i n gh е r s е l f . 5. (ought to / go)
6. (should l sIaу)
homе.I
thе iniurv.Thе offiсials
8 . ( m i g h t/ с a l I )
7 . ( с o u I d/ p r е v е n t )
at lеast
mе as Soon as it happеnеd.', Did shе rеаllц
havеthе powеrto prеvеnthеr son,sinjury? offi сi аl s
9 . ( S h o u l d/ с o n t a с t )
thе her bеforе lookingat thе injurу?No, of
сoursе,thеу . Thеrеis an ltalianorоvеrbthat savs. 10. ,,Whеn thе ship has sunk' еVеryonеknowshоw thеу i t ." 1 1 . ( с o u | d/ s a v е )
It,sеasyto sесondguеssaboutthе past:Thе rеalсhallеngеis to solvеthе problеms ^'' {^.^ 'i^Ьt y' ' o u l a с е r l g n L ^n ^O W .
Adчrisаbifitу
in thе Рast
o Rеod Grеto,srеgrеts.Rеwrite them using the modols in porеnthesesаnd REWRIтE choosebetwеenoffirmotiveond negotivе, 1. I didn't gо to сollege. Now I,m unhappy with my job. (should.) | эhou|d have gone to co||ege. 2. I feel siсk. I ate all the сhoсolate. (shоuld) 3. Christina didn,t сome over. Shе didn't even сall. (might) 4. I didn't have enough monеy to buy the shirt. Why didn,t Еd offer to lend me some? (сorr1d) 5. I jogged five miles yesterday, and now I'm eхhausted. (slrоuld) 6. The supermarket сharged me for the plastiс bags. They usеd to be frеe. (should) 7. I didn't in vite Cynthia to thе party. Now she's angry at me. (ought to) 8. Yesterday Was my birthday, and my brother didn't send me a сard. I'm hurt. (might)
ЕDlTo Reаd this journol entry,Find ond corrеct six mistаkesin the usе of modols, Thе first mistoke is olreody сorrеctеd.
-,.{lr}
ii>\
DeсеmЬеr/5
Аboиt а cuеekаgo,Jeипifer шаs /аtеfor шork аgаin, апd Doиg, oиr boss,to/dme he шаиtrd to7et rid of hеr l шаs 'eаllу иpsеt, of сoиrsе,Jеппifer shoи/lи,tЫ
bееп /аte so oft"n, bиt he mtlht hаs
tаlked to her аboиt thе problеm befЬre he deсidel to let hеrgo, Thеn hе told mе to mаkе herjob l,ffси/t for hеr so t/tаt shе ,uoи/с|qиit, ljиst prеtэп,/eс/| didп,t heаr him, Whаt а mЬtаke! I oиghtа hаve сoпfonted him rght аI!су, or I сoи/d аt /еаst hаvе шаrпedJеиифп Аиушау' Jenпifer is sti|/ here, bиt noш I'm шorried аЬoиt mу oшпjob, Shoи/l t of to/d ooиgb boss? / шoпder futауbe t shoиld hапd/e thiпgs lffirentlу
lаst шeek, The сompапу shoиld Иeverhаs hired this3иу,
f
165
Speculations about the Past
WPЙlNт Сhеck the correct onswеr. Thе question under the photograph asks П iг it was possible that something happenеd. П ir people had permission to do something.
sтATЕlvlENтs
сIlАRтсI|EсKl Сirclе T (True)or F (False). т
F
The form of
thе modal does not сhange for differеnt subjeсts.
сlIАRтсIIEсI( 2 Сheсk thе corrеct onswеr.
Whiсh modal сan bе used in both questiоns and short answers for speсulations about the past? r-
LJ
сon
[l
сould
Едsтгпlst-дшo: Could visitorsfгom anotherplanet havе built thеsеqiant statuеs?
Mooдl./ Hдo тo
Suцвст
may (not) might (not) can't I/He/She/Wе/You/Theyсould (not) must (not) had to
Hдvt
I Pдsт
l Pдптlсlpl.в
havе
YEs/No QUЕsтloNS:CoUt.D
l
l
|пo''
Couto l SuЦп.ст | Hлvс | Pлптlсlпl.в Could
hе
l havе
seen
thе statuеs.
S}IORTANSWERS I Mooдl./ Suв;вст| Hлoтo
seen a|iеns?
Hе
may (not) might (not) can't сould (not) must (not) had to
l I Hдvс'
havе.
Ё1 might
EхPREssж Сirclе the corrеct words to сomplеtе thesеsеntеncеs. Could they сarvеd / have сarved the statuеs? Thеy might / might havе. 1,66
Speсulаtions
G ram шт*r ЕxplanetiФits 1. Wе oftеn spесulatе, or make ,,bestguessеs,,, about past situationsbased on thе faсts that we have.Thе moda|that wе сhoosedеpendson how сertainWe arе about our spесUlations.
about the Past
f
Еxamplеs
1
100% сertain Аггlпмдтtvг
must havе had to have may havе might have сould have
It
Nгсдтlvг Gan't have сouldn,t have must not have may пot have might not havе
0oloсertain
2. Whеn you arе a|most100 perсentсeгtainthat somеthingwas possib|e, usе must havе or hod to hove. When you are |еssсertain,Use ,''oy hove, might hovе, or сould hove,
3 . When you arе a|most100 pеrсеntсеrtainthat
Тhе statuesare veгy big. Spгсut-дтloш r Тhеy must havе been haгd to movе. Тhе islandеrsWеrеablе to сarvеthе stonе. Spгсuитloх r Тhе stonе may have beеn quite soft.
l
The isIandersсouldn,t |t was too hеavy.
When you are s|ightlyIеssсeгtain,usе ,'UJt not.
T
Thеy must not havе moved it without hе|p.
Use mсy not hovе or might not have whеn you arе lеssсеrtain.
I
Тhе islandеrsmight not havе movеd thе statuesovеr |and.Тhеy сould havе used boats.
somеthingwas impossiblе, use Go,l,t hove or couldn't have.
have moved the stone!
Bв сдпвгul! Wе do not usua|lyusе hod to hove for nеgativespeсuIations.
4. Use сould hove in quеstions aboцt possibility or u5е quеstionswithout modals.
l CouId thе is|andеrs have moved thе stonе? OR
r Do you think thеy movеd thе stonе?
5. Use beеn in short answers to quеstionsthat inс|udea form of be,
A : Could von Ddnikenhavе been wrong? OR
Wos he wrong? B: Hе сеrtainlyсould have beеn. Use on|y thе moda| + hove in short answеrsto questionswith other veгbs.
A: Did thе is|andегs work on thеir own? B: Тhey сould havе.
РпoшuшсlдтloпNoтr ln informalspeесh,hove in modal phгasеsis oftеn pronounсеd likе the woгd of. For examp|e,must have sounds likе ,,mustof.,,Do not write must of.
|67
1 68 r
uni t B e lflАтсlto Еoch foct goеs with o speculotion. Motсh еoch foct with thе corrеct spесulаtion аbout outhor Еrich von Diinikеn,
Spесulation
Faсt 1 . The original title of Chаriots of thе
Gods? was Brinnеrungеn an die Zukunft. 2 . Von Diniken visited every plaсe he desсribеd in his book. 3 . In 1973, he wrote In Sеarch of
Аnciеnt Gods.
a.
He must have traveled a lot.
b.
They must not havе beliеved his thеories.
C.
He сould have learned about the subjeсt on his own.
d . He must have made a lоt
of money.
4. Hе doеsn't have a degтee in
arсhaeologу. 5 . Von Dflniken's books sold millions
of сopies.
e.
He must have written it in Gеrman.
f.
He might have written other books toо.
As soon as von Deniken published his books. sсientists attaсked him.
o Some orchoeologystudents аrе аsking quеstionsin closs.Use thе modols in ANSWER porenthesesto writе short onswers. 1.
A: Do you think the people on Easter Island built the giant statues themsеlves? B:
Тhey cou\d have (сouId)
. They had the knowledge and the tools.
A: W,eremany people imprеssed by von DДniken's theories? B: 3.
(must)
. His books were rеad all over thе wоrld.
A: Von DЁniken says that many anсiеnt artifaсts show piсtures of astronauts. Could these piсtures have illustratеd anything сloser to Еarth?
B:
(mаy)
It's possible that the piсtures show
pеоplе dressed in loсal сostumes. 4.
A: Was von DЁniken upset by all the сritiсism he reсeived? B:
5.
(might not)
. After all, it helped his book sales.
A: Do you think von DЁnikеn helped inсrease general interest in arсhaeology? B:
(must)
. Just look at the size of this сlass!
abоut ttre Past
Speсulations
сOI|PLEтЕо Rеod port of o reviewof Еrich von Diiniken,sbook Chariots of thе Gods? it Сomplеte with thе verbs in porenthеses. Who
aould havemade
the Easter Island statues? Aссording
1 . ( с o u | d/ m а k е )
to Eriсh von DДnikеn. our anсеstors
thesе
2 . ( с o u | dn o t / b u i | d )
struсtures on thеir own beсausе thеir сulturеs Wеre too primitive. His solution: They
help from Spaсe visitors. When hе
3. (had to / gеt)
wrote his popular book. von DAniken
about
4. (must not / know)
the Easter Island experiments that proved that the anсiеnt islandеrs 5 ( с o u I d/ с a r v е )
and
thеse
6 (tгаnsport)
statues without any help frоm alien visitors. Not only that, the island's population 7. (might / bе)
muсh larger than von DЁnikеn bеlieves. onе
sсientist speсulates that as many as 20,000 peоple on Еaster Island-enough
8. (mаy / |ivе)
pеople to have done the job. Visitors from another planet?
A more logiсal answer is to think that our anсestors
9. (must/ havе)
gтeat skill, intelligenсe, and strength to сreate these wonderful things.
EDIT.Rеod pаrt of o studеnt,sеssoу,Find ond сorrеct six mistokesin the use of modols for speculotionsobout thе post, The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
have bеen In 1927, Toribio Mexta Хesspe of Peru must baveгy suгprisеd to see lines in thе shapеs of huge animals on the $гound bе1ow his airpJ.anе. Crеated by the anсient Nazсa сulture, these forms are too big to гeсoEprize from the gтound. Howeveц at about 600 feеt in the aiг the giant forms take
ж
shape. TАIithoutairplanеs, how сou1d an anсient сulture had made them? \ДГhatpurposе сould thеy havе had? Authoг Eгiсh von Dё,nikеn beiievеs that the drawin$s mi$ht have mark a landing stгip foг the spaсrсraft of astronauts from another planеt. Aгсhaeolo$ists, howevец now believe that the anсiеnt Nazсan сivilization
mi$ht devеlop flight.
They сou]d of built hot-air ba}lons and desi$n the pictures from thе aiг.
l
1'69
SelfТest lffil
0]{Е
Сirc|еthе lettеr of thе correct аnswer to complеte еoch sеntence.
Еxдмрш: Jennifer nеver (A)drink (B)drinks
(С) is drinking (D)was drinking
l. -W.asn,t that Mehmet in сlass? -It -. Mehmet left sсhool last week. (A} сouldn't (C) сouldn't have been (B)сould have been (D)сouldn't havе
ABсD
2. Frank watсhes all the Lakers games. He their biggеst fans. (A) must (C) сouldn't (B)has got (D)should have
to be one of
ABсD
swim without an adult. (C)have to (D)arе supposed to
ABсD
3. Children under five years old tA) don't have to (B)must not 4. Where (A) do {B)are
we supposed to go for the test tomorrow? (C)will (D)should
5. Bring your umbrella. It _ (A) might rain (B)rains
later. (C) сouldn't rain (D)might havе rained
ABсD
ABсD
6. -Will your plane be late this afternoon? _It -. The airport was сlosed this morning. (A) сouldn't bе (C) maybe (B)may bе (D)will
ABсD
7. You told Mark. You knew it was a seсret. (A) should have (C) сouldn't have (B)might have (D)shouldn't havе
ABсD
8. They built this temple 3,000 years ago. This must
ABсD
a gтeat сivilization. (A) has been (B)have been
9. Jan -
{A)supposed (B)is supposed 170
A@с
сoffee.
(C)was (D)not have been
to сall Myra yesterday but he forgot. (C) supposes (D)was suppоsed
ABсD
D ]
1 0 . -Could Amy have been at home yesterday? -She . I reallv don't know. (A) сould havе bеen (С)had to have been (B)might be (D)сouldn't have 11. Chris (A) have got (B)has got
to сlean up his room. It,s a mess. (C)must (D)got
12. I failed the test. I (A) should have (B)must havе
studied harder. (C) should (D)may
l3.Lisawasintownreсently.Shemight-metosayhe1lo! (A) сall (C)have сalled (B)has сalled (D)be сalling
IffilтW0 Еаch sentencehos four underlinеd words or phroses. Thе four undеrlinеdpаrts of the sеntеnсеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lеttеr of thе onе underlinеd word or phrosе thot is Nor сoRRЕст,
Еxдмptt: Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ( A B D
A B сo
14. Tom didn't wave to me, so he must have known I цras here.
ABсD
1 5 . We,d better hurry, or thе train miфt
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
leaves without us.
1 6 . His English is exсellent, so he had to has studied hard.
ABсD
1 7 . We ought to have look at more сars bеfore wе bought ours.
ABсD
1 8 . You gotta get dressed beсause Sasha may be hеre soon.
ABсD
1 9 . You have to buсklе your seat belt now or you сouldn,t drive. It,s the law.
ABсD
20. You don't have to drive faster than 65 mph or you might get a tiсket.
ABсD
21. Hardlie,s must has gonе out of business reсently.
ABсD
It must rain tonight, so I'd bеtter stay home.
ABсD
Aв(D
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
23. Jason will bе supposed to be there tomorrow, but he сan't attend.
ABсD
24. It must be almost 11:00, so we really hafta leave now.
ABсD
25. You should of sеen that moviе with us bесause it may not be here long.
AвсD
ABсD
сD
AB
AB(D
Adieсtives
and Adverbs
%l wiffiPЙцNT Сhеck thе сorreсt onswеr. The ownеr thinks thе apartment is: /-r LJ pеrtесt П
*u.-
and сozv
cHEсК сI|АRт
ADlЕстlvЕs
ADvЕRBs
Circle T (True)or F (Fаlsе).
Thеy aге quiet tenants' |t,sa fast е|еvator. T h е b u i I d i n gs e е m sniсе. lt,s absolutе|yperfесt.
Тhеy work quiеtly. |t movеs vеry fast. Shе dеsсribеdit niсely. lt,sabsolutely peгfесt.
т
F
Adverbs often сomе bеforе nouns.
т
F
Adjeсtives often сome aftеr aсtion verbs.
т
F
Adverbs often end in -ly.
EхPREss Сompletethesеsentenceswith the сorrеctform of thе word slow. A: It's a B: It's not 172
еlevatоr. It moves verY . It just seems
Adieсtives
arrd Adverbs
жr Жжp&effi effgфYъs" йy mжмж*
&кamр*еs
1. Usе adiесtivеs to desсribеnouns or Dronouns (foгpeop|e,plaсes,and things).
r Thе housеs are bеoutiful. Theу are new'
ad|eсtivе pron.
noun
аdiесtivе
l Тhis is a s,mollapartmеnt.
Adjесtivesсan aIsoсomе aftеr non-aсtionverbs suсh as be, look, or sееm,
r This apartmentseеms smoll.
Advеrbsthat desсribeadjeсtivesand othеr adverbsusual|yсome immеdiatelybeforе thе word thеy dеsсгibе.
adjесtivе
noUn
Adjeсtivеsusuallyсomе immеdiate|ybeforеthе noun thеy desсribe.
2. Usе adverbs to dеsсгibеverbs,adjесtives,and othеr adverbs.
l
vеrb adiесtive
vеrb advеrb r Тhey furnished it niсelу. adverb adjесtivе
l lt,s an extremely niсе house. аdverb adverb
r Тhеy found it very quiсkly.
3 . Usе advеrbs of manner to desсribeaсtion vеrbs. r lt,ll rent quiсklу, (Quiсkly dеsсribеshow fast it will rent') Тhеsеadveгbsoftеn answerHow?questions.Тhеy сomе aftеrthе verb thеy dеsсribе. verb direсtobiесt Bв сдпвгul! Do not put an adverb of mannеr r Shе,IIrent this apartmеntquiсktу, betwеenthe vегb and its direсt objесt. Noт
4. Adverbs of manner are oftеn formеd by adding .ly to adjeсtives.
a dj е с t i v е
We nееd a quiсk deсision. advеrb
You should dесide quiсkly. adiесtivе |t,sa lovely apartmеnt.
for еxamp|e, sillу friеndlу lovеlу and lonelу,
5. Some Gommon advеrbs of manner do not еnd in ./y.
a dj е с t i v e
аdverb
a. Тhе adverb form of good is well.
r She,sa good wгiteг.Shе writеswеll.
b. Somе advегbshavе the samе form as thеit rе|atedadieсtives,for exampIe, еorlу, fost, wronltt lote, and hord.
Bob was latе.
Bв сдпвгurt,.Lotеly is not the adverb form of latе. Lаtelуmеans ,,reсent|y.,'Hordlу is not the advеrb form of hord. l-lordlуmeans ,,a|mostnot.,,
Ao1гстtvв
Shе,sa hard woгkeг.
Aovгвв Bob сamе late. Shе works hard.
r She hasn,tmеt any nеW pеop|elotelу. l Тhеrе,shordlу еnough timе to prеparefor hеr сlasses.Her paгt-timejob takesup most of hегtimе.
СheсkiI oul! For a disсussion of advеrbs of frequеnсy' seе Unit 2, page 7.
173
171 r
unit 40
o Reod this notiсe obout on oportmеnt for rеnt. IJnderlinethe аdjесtivesond iDENтIFY circle thе odverbs. Thеn drow on orrow from the odjectivеor odvеrb to thе word it is describing.
APт. FoR RENт Students! Come to
Я Щ looking
Are
you
looking
for
a speсia].
140 Grant
Street,
Apt.
цB. This
perfeсt for
a quiet
сampus. This It
is
two serious
into
wa1k to the bus stop. town. At night
at a11. You сan wa1k safely
parks
on your way home. Thе rent an appointment:
Don't wait!
This
1ive? is
who are
15 minutes
from
a new building. The exprеss
bus goes
thе bus hard1y makes any
stops
Ca11 for
in
to
apartment
students just
neighborhood,
1ove1y apartment is
a short
direсt1y
for
p1aсe
through is
very
thе wonderfu1 affordable.
555-5050.
apartmеnt wi11 rent
fast.
o MonY pеoplе wеnt to seе thе oportment dеscribеdin thе notiсe obovе. сOI|I|PLETE Сomplеtе thеir сommentsobout thе oportment with thе corrеctform of the words in porenthеsеs. l.
extremelу nicе
I'm very intеrested. I think the apartment is
( е x t r е m е/ n i с е )
2. I was eхpeсting muсh bigger rooms. I was
( t е r r i b | е/ d i s а p p o i n t е d )
3. I thought the apartment would be hard to find, but it was 4. I was happy to hear that the park is
( s u r p r i s i n g/ е a s y )
(extremе / safе)
5. It's a grеat plaсe,and thе priсe is reasonable.It will rent 6. The owner seems niсe, but she talks
(awful / slow)
7. The notiсe said it was quiеt, but I heard the neighbors 8. I hеard them too. I thought thеir voiсes Were 9. All in all. it's an
( е x с е p t i o n a /l p | е a s a n t )
( i n с r e d i b | е/ f а s t )
plaсe.
(vеry / с|ear)
( u n u s u a /l l o u d )
Adieсtives
and Adverbs
. . . . . o o o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . о o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
arur h ru гЦnn<Е. Сomplеtе Moggiе,s lеttеr with the corrеct word in porenthеsеs. -
\'lvl,.,r
ы
Aor,tt /l/** orX >ad, !ф
еxcit.ing
* /Уoo, Qa,,Ь /,1,Uа//
a'июha
ф,
2 . ( | a г g еl | a r g е | у )
!*z
1 . ( е x с i t i n g/ е х с i t i n 9 l y )
",x
I аlatp,la,l lulp u,,е,J,1,},е
/!,,J il,a 4o, ,,/4JДp4J/,4q/цeЙadn//
/4ф) аil''a/ Ju ploaЫ l/аp aд/дo аr, иu,t,4k)а,n
3 . ( b е a u t i f u /| b е a u t i f u I I y )
5. (busy/ busily)
/!*]1,,4r ll /юan,r o фr'tс' ф a,,,,,а,r)ai/44Р,/4J /1./е И,m
7. (quiеt/ quiеtly) J4,',' ,z,фo,L /*J ,"*
|,.,l,аn
/1 a?И/
lе)ip,llе
lt,l'
*
a,"],/-'l
lР)%o
* /Уе,.t,, ц,,,,/" 0ш ие,хJ-
,4l //л,4J4,h,4*,,*l
1o. (shy/ shyly)
11. (good / wе|l)
l,o|J"*ыJ, Р/"-a' v^" |,/" /,,,,|,"t/л/n,аp а/4l ш,ИJp 4IJ{t/t,,
/rrur lo
A,{,1/1,
-lorn, Иаaqip
ЕDlT.Rеаd this studеnt,sjournаI еntry,Find ond сorrеctsevеn mistokеsin thе use of odjeсtivеs ond аdvеrbs, Thе first mistoke is olreаdу сorrected,
funnу I (,|,еа|/уhpt,тпd...сrocudеd,bиtthp-pьun.еriпsisfdthаt.its-и-tfdt
! hа,,tlу пot to /пиg/l,luhi/rhе шlls-
/42
Jюr,4n,li,? llZ ш
6. (niсеi niсe|y)
8. (hard l hard|у)
9. (niсе/ niсеIy)
a l,hюol пю 4а,11L
,яL
|а'ki'gfrthеп.ooп!|,,,oпf,,..tuап.t..rlsmа11 /,rt/ookiп!аtлrtotherр/асе-to'шorroщ.T-/tеасls-аg-s,||С1eа
l
L
t
|7 5
Partiсipial r
Adjectives ar ar
t-t
Nеw to the Area Sсreen Name: newge|@XYZ.сom Age & Gender: 20 уear old Fema]e Loсation: Miаmi, FL Looking for: Friends
Tiredof doing thingsalone?Me too! 20 year old
ф senс me e.mаil! ф senс me an
online greetiпg! Send this to a friend!
сollegestudent,new to the area,is interestedin meetinginterestingpeoplefor friendshipаnd fun. ) print/save
POINT
lffi]
Circle T (Truе)or F (Folse), т
F
Thе writer of thе ad SayS that she is an interеsting person.
сiIARTсHEсl( Сircle T (True)or F (Fаlsе). . т F There are two types of partiсipial adjeсtives.
176
PARтlсlPlAL .lшс Ao;в(тlvEs
l
AD,ЕстlvEs -дo AotвстlvEs
Hе is boring. Тhеy had a boring date.
Shе is bored. Thеy had a borеd look on thеirfaсеs.
Sh e i s a m u s i n g . Тhеy had an amusing date.
H е is amused. Тhеy had an amusеd look on theirfaсеs.
The moviеwas frightening. Тhey saw a frightening movie.
Тhеy were frightеned. Тhеy had a frightened look on thеirfaсes.
Тhejob is tiring. Sh e h a s a ti r i n g j o b.
Shе,stired. Shе has a tired sound to hеr voiсе.
Тhе weеkеndwas relaxing. He had a rеlaxing wееkеnd.
Hе felt reIaxed. He had a relaxed mannеr.
PaЁiсipial
Adjeсtives
l
GlTlтг{Il EхPREss Сomplеtеthе chort, lшс Ao,встlvЕs
гo Ao,встlvts
еxсiting interеsted frightening amused tiгing
Grammar Explanations
Examplеs
1. Partiсipial adjeсtives arе adjeсtivеsthat end with -ing or -ed. Тhеy usuaI|ydesсribе
A: Тhе |astStor Worsmoviе was amazing! B: I know. I was amazеd by thе spесialеffесts.
feelingsor гeaсtions.Тhe two forms have differentmеanings.
2. Partiсipial adiесtivеs that end in .ing desсribеsomеonеor somеthingthat сauses a feе|ingor reaсtion.
3. Partlсipial adjeсtivеs that еnd in .ed desсribe somеonеwho еxpеriеnсеsa fee|ingor reaсtion.
That aсtor is aIwaysamusing. (Hе сousеsomusеmеnt,) Тhеsedirесtionsarе сonfusing. (тhеу Сausеconfusion.)
l Wе wеrе amusеd by that aсtor. (Wе fеltamusеmеnt') |,m rеa||yсonfused by thesеdirесtions. (l fееlсonfusion.)
4. To the right are somе сommon partiсipia| adieсtivеpairs.
annoying boring depressing еmbarrassing еxсiting frightеning relaxing shoсking sur pr ising
Cheсk iI oul! For a list of сommon partiсipial adjeсtives,see Appendix 11 on page 339.
annoyеd borеd depressed еmbarrassed еxсitеd frightеnеd rеlaxed shoсked surprisеd
|7 7
178 I
Unit 4i
o Reod this ortiсlе, Undеrlinе oll thе -ed pаrticipiol odjeсtivеs.Сirclе oll IDENтIFY thе -ing porticipiаI odjеctivеs. 1.4. Sвстlolr 4 . Lrгпsтyl,вs
Not Personal Еnough?
.!Иtкд Iштвкшдтloшдr Sвкисвs
In somе сountriеs,pеoplе whо arе intеrеstеdin mееtingothеrstuгn Гorhеlp to pегsonaladsin nеwsPaPеrsand magazinеs, and оnlinе. A @PrffiD numЬеr oГ Ьusy pеoplеviеw thеsеБa praсtiсalway of ..I'vе inсrеasingthеirsoсialсirсlе. triеdhard mееt O.Wn',, said onе to pеoplе on my ..I satisfiеdсustomеr. was nеw in town and
wantеd to makе friеnds Гast. Thе pеrsonals providеd mе with a quiсk way of mееting many intеrеsting pеoplе in a short pеriod of timе.'' Othеrs arе not so ..I imprеssеd. think itЪ kind of dеprеssing whеn pеoplе nееd to rеsort to plaсing ads ..A to makе friеnds,'' oЬsеrvеd onе man. friеnd of minе triеd thе ads sеvеral timеs and was rеally disappointеd with thе rеsults. ItЪ just not Per:ona|.:уяу:gb-,"--
сl/l00sEo Reod this convеrsаtionbеtwееnMorto ond Luisаbout thеir friend Alice, Сircle the correct words to complеtе the convеrsotion, Mдвтд:
What,s the matter with Aliсe?
Lurs:Whoknоws?She,salways@aboutsomething. 1.
Mдвтд: I know. I try to understand heц but this time I'm reallу pttzz],ed/ plzzling. 2.
Lurs: Really? What's so puzzled / puzzling this time? 3.
Мдвтд: I thought she was happy. She met an interested / interesting guy last wееk. 4.
Lurs: That's niсе. Was she interested / interesting in him? 5.
Mдвтд: I thought she was. She said they saw a fasсinated / fasсinating movie together. 6.
Lurs: Well, maybe she was fasсinated / fasсinating by the movie but 7.
disappointed / disappointing with thе guy. 8.
Mдвтд: I don,t know. It,s hard to tell with Aliсe. Her moods arе alwavs vеrY surprisеd / surprising. 9.
Lurs: I'm not surprised / surprising at all. That's just the way she is. 10.
PaЁiсipial
ru ы
Adjeсtives
о Reod this conversаtionbetweеn Аliсеond hеr dotе,!аke. Сompletеit с}мPLЕ'/E with the corrеct form of thе words in porеnthеsеs,Сhoosе bеtwееn -ed аnd -i,'9 porticipiol odjeсtives, intereэting -
Ar,rсв: That WaS a very
1. (interеst)
movie. What did you think?
Jдкш: To bе hоnest. I found it kind of 3. (intеrеst)
. f'm not that
2. (bore)
in sсienсe fiсtion.
Ar,rсв: Really? I find it
o. .,.,**.
. What kind of movies do you enjoy?
Jдкв: Mostly сomedies. Have you seen Homе Agа,in?
Ar,rсп: Yеs' but I wasn't 6. (hoгrify)
5. (amusе)
at all. In faсt, I thought it was
. The storv line was
?. (сonfuse)
, and I сouldn,t
find any humоr in the сharaсters'problems. Whеn I left the theateц I felt kind of Jдкп: I'm
8. (deprеss)
9. (amazе)
that you felt that way! I thought it was very
lo. (аmuse)
Ar,rсв: Well, I guеss it,s a matter of taste. Jдкп: Speaking of taste, would you like to get a bite to eat? Ar-rсв: Thanks. but it's latе and I,m
,,{.,ь^,,t)
.
ЕDlf. Reod Аlicе,sjournol еntr . Find ond сorrеct six mistаkеsin thе use of pаrticipiol odjеctives. The first mistаkе is olrеаdу сorrеctеd, dioappointed home, I,m шith the еvепiпg.Аt frst I thoиghtJаke шаs otп disаpprrн#gt Jиstgot
iпtеrestе'd gиу, bиt tnпlht t fe/t somе'уhаtboredшith his сompапу,We solLuс|Yеrу eпfurtаiпe/moriе,bиtJаke didп,t /ikr it, Iпfасt, it seems/ikecuе/lаvесonp/еtе/g difereпt tаsfus iи thiпgs, Аft", the morie, I tried to mаkе сoиrersаtioи, bиt а|l I шапtеd шаs togo homе, So, / to/d him / шаs ехhаиstiпg аnd didn,t ruаnt to "еа//у gеt home /аtr. |f he аsks me oиt аgаiп-I,m пot iпtrrestiпg. Trуiпg to mеetpеop/е
сап bе wrу frиstrаte'd,
l
|79
Adiectives and Adverbs: Equatives hе ridеs as fast as he does.Shе сontrolsher bike just as well. But hеr shouldеrsaren,tas wide аnd her arms aren,tas long as his.
Whyshouldshе rideа bikе for him? designed
W;wжPЙINт Сhеckthеthingsthеboy ondgirl hovein сommon.
izеd to fit уou.
AD|ЕстlVЕS:
сIiАRTсI/iEсК Сheck the correсt answers. Whiсh words are always used in еquatives? Д Lf not Пos t
a.. adjeсtivе or an advеrb
t
riding speed
t
width of shoulders
t
сontrol of bike
t
length of arms
ЕQUAтIvЕs
I vвпв*1tlo1| лs | лo;..,,u. | я, I T h е g i r|
thе boy.
fast
Shе
ts
H е гb i k e
isn't
as
Тhe girl,sbikе
good big
as
hе is his. the boy's.
heavy
*Non-aсtion verbs like be. look. sеem.
ADVERBS: ЕQUAТlvЕs
(нoт) I vвпв* | o' l Aovвпв l o' T h е g i rl 5hе
rides
H е гb i k e
doesn'tride
Тhе gir|,sbikе *Aсtion vеrbs
180
fast as
well
smoothly сonsistently
the boy. as
hе do еs' his.
thе boy,s.
!Er.r--*.^-
EхPREss i:i:" ;'.i;::::|',,: Сompletеthеsesеntenсеswith thе еquotivеform of the words in porеnthеsеs. A: Мv old bike wasn,t didn't perform B: And it didn't look
(еxpеnsivе) (wе|l)
(good)
my new one. of сourse, it the new one. thе nеw one either.
#"ж,fi:#?i.4.1',i'h,{":i{.зTxr% &ы;*tнз*:уз{А,{ ra
rжr*rуъ'*'н*t*ъ
1. You сan u5еequatives (os + ad|eсtivе + os) to сompаre peop|e,p|aсеs,and things.
r Thе Traxbike is as еxpensive as the cordo. (Thе Troхсostso lot of monеу'The Gordo сosts thе same omountof monеу.) l lt,sno t as light as thе Go r do ,tho ugh. (Thе two bikеsore not thе somе wеight,)
Usе os + adjесtive + os to сomparеpeoplе, plaсes,and thingsthat arе equa|in somе way. Use jшst to emphasizеthе equality.
r Тhis hеImetis as good as youгs. l |t,sjust as еxpensive as youгstoo.
Usе nof os + adjeсtive + os to talk about pеople,p|aсes,and thingsthat are diffеrentin some way.
r Тhe nеw ad is пot as еffeсtivе ;iз thе o|d onе. r |t isn,t as funny as the o|d onе еithег.
;";;;";;;";;:;,;;;;";oi*";;i;;;|.;;;";;-:;;;;"";;"*": to сomparе aсtions.
(Thеуridе еquollуfost.)
r H е do еsn't r idе as safely as she do еs,tho ugh. (тhey don,t ridе thе lomе woу' Hе rides sofеly, but shе ridеsmore sofely,) Use os + adverb + os to ta|kabout aсtionsthat aге the samе or equal.Usefиst to emphasizе thе equa]ity.
l Kleenbrightensas thoroughly as Bгitе. r |t геmovesstainsjust as еffесtivеly as Bгite.
Usе пot os + adverb + os to taIkabout aсtioлs that arе not thе same oг еqua|.
r K|ееndoеsn,t с|еanas welI as Brite.
3. You do not alwayshave to mention both paгts of a сomparison.Sometimesthe meaningis сIеarfrom the сontеxt.
r Trax and cordo are both great bikеs,but Trax isn,t as light (as Gordo). l Jakeand Christophеrboth ride fast,but Сhr isto phеrdo esn,t r ide as skillfu! ly (asJ akе).
lA2
I
rlnit
42
o Reod this аrticlе on loundry dеtergеnts,Undеrlinе oll the еquotivеswith IDENтIFY odjеctives,Сircle thе equotivеswith аdvеrbs,
ffiЖYffiж&ЖtrТff Pпoouст Rвивws + fuджжвжY o you Wereridingthe trailsthis weekend,and you hit the dirt. Nowyourсlotheslook as bad as yourbike.Nevermind.Тhey'lIlook as food as new nextweekend.Wе сheсkedout three majorbrandsof detergent,and We сan te||you whiсhones сlean best and whiсhones don't removetrai|stains
effeсtivelyas others.
overall,Britеand Kleenaren'tas expensiveas Тrend,but theydidn'tperformas we|l either,However,they were almost as good in partiсu|arcategories.Тrendrеmovedboth mud and grass stains effeсtive|y. Brite removedmudjust as effeсtivelyas Тrend,but it didn'tremovegrass stains as we||.K|eenwas effeсtiveon grass stains,but not on mud. Briteсleanedсlothesas thoroughly as K|een,but again,Briteand KleenWеren'tas good as Trendin this сategory.on the otherhand,Briteсame out on top in brightеning. сolors washedin Kleen and Trendjust didn'tlook as brightas the onеs washedin Brite.
o Reod thеsеconvеrsotions,Сompletе thеm with equotivеsusing thе corrеct сOfflPIEтЕ form of thе words in porеnthеsеs. Doeэ
1. Toм.4.s:
ride aэ comfortab|Уaэ
your new bike
Drшд: It,s gтeat. Thе handlebaГS
__ъ. =
a. (ridе/ сomfortаb|е)
.
' . ..
GotБ/
W.dе)
the old one?
and the handbrakes
to rеaсh. This bike was madе for a small
с. (not bе / hard)
person like me. 2.
Hдшs: We need a name for this produсt. It should show that this detеrgent the others but
a. (сlеan / еffесtivе)
to the environment. Evд: I like ..GrеenKleеn.',It it 3.
с. (soundi еxсiting)
b. (not bе / unfriеnd|y)
other produсt namеs, and
thе message
Iш-Su: The last group I rodе with
thеirs -too. a. (be / noisy)
a herd of
elephants. I prefer to ridе alone, but I know it's dangerous. Srrш.Hr: Ride with rrie neхt wеekend. I I promise.
b . ( p e d a l/ q u i e t )
a mouse.
Adieсtives
and Adverbs:
Еquativеs
о Rеаd thе chort comporing sevеrolmodels of biсусlеs.Сomplеte & с0мPLETE сOIILPАRE thе sentencеswith equаtivesusing the corrеct form of the words in porеnthеses. Сhoosе betwеenаffirmаtivе ond nеgotive,
Pпoouст Rдтlшсs + B:sYсLЕs Mooвl.
Pнсв
Trax
$999
Goмгoкт
o o
o
$ss0 Gordo $22s 1. The Gor 6o
Bпдкlшс SPEED' DRY GROUND
О
Huff
Квv:Bвттвп G + Q --+О Woпsв Bпдкlшс SPЕED' WЕг GRoUND
a)
О
o c
Sнlпlшс EAsЕ
(stopi quiсk)
О
@
О
Ф
o
a)
doeэn,t eto? ag quick|уaэ
4. The Trax 5. The Trax
@ @
a)
Ф
the Trax and the Huff. thе Huff.
(fее|/ сomfoгtab|е)
еither.
(be / сhеap)
thе Traх.
( r i d e/ с o m f o r t a b | e )
7. on the road. the Gordo
the Trax.
7 gooф 6,.,unaь
8. off the road. thе Gordo and the Huff 9. The Gordo
нANDLlNG
thе Trax.
(bе / еxpеnsivе)
6. Even thе Gordo
0гг.пoдo
the Trax and thе Huff.
2. on wet gтound, thе Huff 3. The Gordo
0ш.пoдo
IIANDtING
(shift / еasy)
( h a n d | е/ g o o d )
thе Trax.
thе Huff.
EDIT.Reod thеsebulletin boord postings, Find ond corrесt six mistokеsin the use of еquotives.The first mistokе is olreаdy corrеctеd.
Мountain Bikе Forum ж{fr.#/.,:,:|'*:ffi
жж
Rв: Not as many bruises! lnexperienсed ridersshouldtry the SouthТrailat BearpawPark.Тhesсeneryis justas beauliful {эeat,ti+t*|+и thanthe NorthTrail's.The slopes aren'tas but its ridingtraсkisn'tas unfriend|y steep,and you Won'tfal|as frequentbeсausetherearen'tas manyroсks.lt isn'tas short|ike the North,so you'Ilsti||get a good ride,and you won'tfee|as disсouragedat the end of the day. Rв:The (expensive)new Тrax it aroundthe storeparkinglot, Does anyonehaveany experienсewiththis bike?l test-drove and I'mnot impressed.My old Traxshiftsas justeasily,and it handlesas smoothlytoo. butthenit doesn'tсost $999 either. of сourseit'snotas |ightly,
l
183
Adieсtives:
Comparatives
BIffЕfl МшшU!
Рfrf(Еsl l0}ytf, '{!;;i1*
шттItFфD!
P0lNт
Сhеck the corrеct onswеr. Thе nеw restaurant will be il
dift.'еnt from the old restaurant.
t
tь" samе as the old restaurant.
сoil|PARAтlvЕs
сt/'ARт сIIЕсI( Сirclе T (Тruе)or F (Folse). т F Thе сomparative adjесtive form always ends in -er.
Coмpдпдтlvв brighter bettеr
Тhе new геstaurantis
т F You сan usе thе samе сomparative adjесtive twiсe in a statement to show a сhange in a situation.
| Tндм
than
more
сomfortablе
lеss
beautiful
thе o |d o ne.
RЕPEAтED сoMPARAТlvEs | сo"oo*AтlvEl лn, | сo"oo*AтlvЕ bеtter Тhе food is gеtting
worse
more less
bettеr. and
worse. more
dеliсio us.
Iess
interеsting.
DoU BLE сolt,lPARAтlvЕs тнr |Goмpдпдтlvв l The
more сrowded
l rнп|сoмoo,o'.u. I thе rеstaurant,t hе slowеr
thе sеrviсе.
ЕхPRЕss,,,#-'ж Сomplеtеthis sentеnce. Mo's is bigger and 184
popular
Val's.
lafr.^"
Adieсtives:
ООmрarativrs
l
rgъ s й ra gът ar Еxр*ажe&*Фer
ffix*в.къ р&rs
1. Usе the (omparativе form of adjесtivеsto foсus on a differenсеbеtweеn peoplе, plaсеs, an d t h i n g s .
l Тhe nеW mеnu is biggеr than thе o|d mеnu. r Thе nеw waiteгsare more experienсed than thе o ld w aitегs.
2. Thеrе is more than one way to form the comparativе of adiесtives.
bright friend|y
Сoмpдпдтtvв brighter friendlier
whеn уou add -er,
big prеtty
niсer bigger prettiеr
сomparativеfoгms.
bad
better worse
a. For onе-sy|lab|e adjесtivesand two-syl|able adjeсtivesending in .y, usе adjeсtivе + -er.
Aojсстtvг
b. For most othеr adjeсtivеsof two or morе sy|lables,use moreЛess + adjесtivе.
сomfoгtab|e
C. For some adjeсtives, use еithеr-er or morеЛess.
r Thе lnn is quieter than Joе,s. r The I nn is mo r e quiet than J o е,s.
3. Use thе сomparativеwith than when you mеntionthе thingsyou are сomparing. Use the сomparativewithout thon when it is сlear whiсh things you are сomparing,
4. Rеpеatthe samе сomparativeto talk about сhange-an inсreasеor a deс : GomParativе . ---J . сomparative + ono + ad|eсtive adieсtivе
morе сomfortable less сomfortablе
r Тhе apple piе is bеttеr thon the сakе. r Thе new dеssеrtsarе bettеr. (Thеnеw dеsserts orе bеttеrthan the old dеssеrts.)
l |t,sgettinghardеr and hardеr to find an inexpеnsiverеstaurant.
OR
more/less + аnd + more/less + adjeсtivе
5. Use a doublе сomparativеto show сausе and effeсt: Comparativе L,-^. сomparativе LI^+. + tne + Ene ao|есtlve adjeсtivе
185
l |t,sgetting morе and morе diffiсu|t. (Thе diffiсultyis inсreosing,)
r Тhе shorter thе |inе,thе faster thе seгviсе. (Whеn thе linе is shortеr,the sеrviсеis fostеr,)
it out! Cheсk F'or spelling rulеs for the сomparativе form of adjeсtives' see Appendiх 22 on page 344. For a list of irregular сomparative adjeсtivеs,see Appеndix 10 on page 339. For a list of some adjeсtivesthat form the сomparative in two ways, see Appendiх 12 on page 339.
186
I
unit 43
тRUE0R FАIiEo Look ot thesе two rеstаurаnt ods. Then rеod the stotemеntsbelow, аnd dеcidе if thеу аre Truе (T) or Folsе (F),
4',t"''nь
Luigi's
Itаliаn Restашretnt
Ri'to'аnte ltoliono
Family-srylееatingsinсе 1990
Еstаblishеd iп 1.990 Rеlахеddiпiпgin а romпnticаtmosphеrе open seven days a week-dinner only rеservations suggested
Opеn Tuеsday_Sunday, 12:00-9:00 Едкry-BIко Spвсиr ( Г u l l d i n n е rГ o r $ 1 0 . 9 5i f o r d с r е dЬ е Г o г е6 : 0 0 )
*rdlt r"tdt "ll "r".@ 127З ОrangeStreet 45З-З285 oпefree bellеrаgетllith this аd
No rеsеruаtioпsпесеssаrу No сrеdit саrds B75 orangе St.
f
l. Luigi's is older than Antonio's. 2. Antonio's is more romantiс than Luigi,s. 3. Luigi's is probably less сrowded. 4. Antonio's seems сheaper than Luigi,s. 5. on Tuеsdays, Luigi,s has shorter business hours.
o Look ot port of Luigi,s mеnu. Thеn complеtе thе comporisons. с0IILPARE a сOff|PLETE Usе the comporotive form of thе words in porеnthеsеs. ? Spaфеtti Primavеra (ulith lцhtф sаutёеduеgеtаblеs) \
......$6.95 sp"ф"tti ArraЬЬiata (taithhоt сhitipeppеrsаnd tomаtoсs).............$7.s5 Fеttuссini Alfrеdo (ulithbuttеrаnd hеаuусrеam) ...........$s.29 Linguinе Aglio е olio (ttlithgаrliс аnd oil).... V low fat, low salt \hot
l. The spaghetti primavera i, 2. The linguine aglio e olio is 3. The spaghetti arrabbiata is (spiсy)
4. The fettuссini Alfrеdo is s. The spaghetti primavera is
$5.67
and spiсy
chea?ert'han (сhеap) (еxpensivе) (hot)
the spaghetti arrabbiata. the fettuссini Alfredo. and
the linguine aglio e olio. (fattеning) (healthy)
the spaghetti primavera.
the fettuссini Alfredo.
Comparatives l
Adieсtives:
о Reod thеsесommеntsobout o restouront.Сomplеtе them with the сOff|PLEтE comporotivе form of thе words in porеnthesesto show сousе ond effесtor o chonge. l. A: I сan,t beliеve the size of this mеnu. It's going to take me forеvеr to сhoosе. B:
The |onger (|ong)
the men u,
the more diffiaub (diffiсU|t)
the сhoiсe.
2. A: They say the food herе is getting
B: And
and
the food
(good)
(good)
it is.
(е-pe,ъi"e)
3. A: The serviсе seems a little slow tonight.
B: Yеs,
the restaurant. '
(popular)
4. A: The сigarette smoke here is getting
B:
(smokY)
the room.
thе serviсe.
G|oФ
and
(bad)
mу сough gets.
(bad)
5. A: It's pretty loud in here. (сrowdеd)
the rеstaurant,
it is.
(noisy)
6. A: Thеy сertainly g,,.e you a lot of food. I сan,t eat anоther bitе. (big)
the portions,
7. A: Thеir desserts keep getting B: And I keep getting
it is to finish.
(hаrd)
and and
(deIiсious) I
(heavy)
EDIT.Reod this restouront review.Find ond correct еight mistokеsin thе use of the comporotive of odjectivеs,Thе first mistokе is olreodу corrеctеd.
Dining Out
tomatо sauсе in town. And lеavе room
By Bкuсв Nвwндкт
for dеssеrt. Thеy iust kееp gеtting gоod
Pеtе,sPlaсеhas Iustrеоpеnеd
and bеttеr. Thе wait staff is friеndly but nоt ablе
undеr nеW managеmеnt.Thе dining room briаhter lооks biggеr, mоr+ь+ф' and prettiеr as
to handlе largе numbеrs of pеoplе-thе
thе old onе. Althoughthе food isn,t bеttеr,
сrowdеdthе rеstаurant, thе slowеrthе sеrviсе.
it is iust as good. Thе mеnu is morе variеd
At dinnеrtimethе linеs outsidеthis pоpular
and lеss еxpеnsivеr'Try onе оf thеir pasta
еatеryarе gеtting longer and morе long. Try
dishеs. Yоu won,t find a morе frеshеr
lunсhtimеfоr a quiеtеrand rеlaxеdеrmеal.
ta7
Adiectives:
Whojust happеnsto bе my wifе!
Superlatives
WPqINт Сheck thе corrеct onswer.
Hдppy VдLвштlшп's
The sеnder of this сard thinks his wife is vеrу:
Dду!
П typiсal П speсial Noтв: Valеntinе's Day (Fеbruary 14) is a holiday in the Unitеd Statеs and Canada. Many peoplе send сards to speсial pеоple in their lives to tell them thеir feelings.
sUPЕRLAтlvЕs
сHARTсHEсI( Сhеck thе correct onswеrs. Whiсh word always goеs bеfore the supеrlative form of the adjeсtive? [l .tt
You arе
sweеtest funniеst best most wondеrful least selfish
pеrsonin thе woг|d.
That's
the thе thе th е the
niсest lovеliest worst m ost amusing lеast original
сard l,vе еvеr rесeivеd.
LJ most
Whiсh lеtters do yоu add to thе end of a short adjeсtivе to form the supеrlative? -est Гl -er t Whiсh wоrds do you add bеforе a long adjeсtive to form the superlative? [l
moreоr less
[l
mostor leost
l i
thе the the thе thе
oor on
LJ the
188
Supвпl.дтlvв Ao;встlvвFoпм
**.чу.чy.YY i :т i,:т:]у.,: :..:. .}.9P. ...... .. t
EхPREss**l:!'"i;.i,i!ii;jэ AotвстIvп Сompletethе chort,
Supвпl.дтlvв
niсe bеautifuI Waгm
happy
жжж**tз wвж * жжwжжжwЖ.жpf-
Жжж*жpfl.*ж
1. Usе the super|ativе form of adjeсtivesto singlеout pеop|e,p|aсes.and thingsfгom other people,plaсes,and things.
r You are the best parentsin thе world. l You are thе most wondеrful fгiеndl,ve evеr had.
2. Тhere is morе than one way to form thе super|ative of adjесtives.
Ao|гстlvв bright friend|y
Supвпrдтlvг thе brightest the friеndliеst
when you add .est.
big pгеtty
thе biggеst thе prеttiest
forms. supег|ativе
bad
thе worst
b. For most other adjесtivesof two or moге usе the most/the leost + adjeсtive. syllab|еs,
сomfortabIе
thе most сomfortablе thе least сomfortable
G. For some adjeсtivesuse either the . . . .est or thе most/the leost.
l My third hotelwas the quietеst. r My third hotel was thе most quiet.
or two-syl|ab|e adjесtives a. For onе-syIIab|е еnding in .y, use thе + adjeсtive + .est.
3. Thе super|ativeis often used with еxpressions b е g i n n i n g w i t h i n o r o f , s u с h a si n t h е w o r l d and of all.
l You,rethe best mothеr in the world. l Hе,sthesmartestone of usoll.
4. Thе superlativеis somеtimеsfo|lowed by a сlausе. oftеn the с|ausеusеsthe pгеsеnt perfeсt with eyer.
r That,sthe niсest сaгd I,ve ever received. r You havе the lovеliеst smiIеl,ve ever seеn,
Сheсk it oul! F'or spelling rulеs for thе supеrlative form of adjeсtives, sеe Appendix 22 on page 344. For a list of irrеgular superlative adjесtives'see Appendiх 10 on page 339. F'or a list оf some adjесtivesthat form thе supеrlative in two Ways' see Appеndiх 12 on page 339.
l9O
r
Unit 4ul
lDENтltYо Reod this Mother,s Doy cord writtеn bу а young child. Underline аll thе superIotivе odj eсtives.
Youarе thе smoгtеst, thеbrightф ond thefunniеstdoll momsl.vееvоГKnoшгr. Youqrеthеniсеdrгnогn\'Veevегhqd. onddefrhitеly Yоuqгetk, пost wondегful JhеlеqstГг\еoг1. Nomomin1hеьrhо\e widеworidls Ьqttеr1honyou,
Yоuоrethе9геоfеd rnotheг c qll. l lсvеyоvvеr/V€ r y rnuсhl
Dayl MоthегЗ НqPрy
N
v
W W
.ж;Ф
щ
с0|{|PLЕTE t, о|00sE. Rеod thesesеntencesfrom Volеntine,sDoy сords. Сomplеtе them with thе superlotivе form of the odjесtivеsin pаrenthesеsond the expressionsin thе box. ofall,inthesсhooIofmylifeinourfamilyМoftheуеar the |uckiеэt
1. You are so good to me. I am
(|uсky)
2. The day Wе Were married was 3. Yоu are a tеrrifiс tеaсher. You are 4. You make me fеel warm еvеn in 5. You are
(niсе)
6. Grandma, you are why I love you the most.
(happy) (good) (сold)
pеrson
in thе wor|d
day teaсhеr months
сous1n (wisе)
pеrSon
Maybе that's
Adjeсtives;
Supеrlatives
o Look ot thеsеgift itеms, Writе sеntenсesobout them. Use the supеrlаtive DESсRIBE form of thе words in pаrеnthesеs. сJъ=*\_
r-
1 . T h e boоk
iэ the |eaэt expenэive gift,,
2. The painting 3. Thе painting 4. The book 5. Thе painting 6. The sсarf 7. The toy
(еxpеnsivе) (unusuа|) (praсtiса|) (small) (big) (еxpеnsivе) (fu n nlz)
ЕDlT. Reod this porogroph from o student,sessoу,Find ond correct five mistokеsin the usе of superlotiveodjеctives.Thе first mistoke is olrеodу сorrected, moэt эeriouэ timе in Muslim Ramadan is the sefifi*sr€t
сulture. During Ramadan, we do not еat fгom
sunup to sunsеt. This is diffiсu].t for everyone, but teena$еrs have the hardеst timе. Right aftеr Ramadan is the Eid al-Fitг. This holiday iasts three d.ays, and it's the most happiest time of thе yеar. Thе moгning of Eid, my family gets up early and goes to the mosque. Aftег wе 6pееt ouг nei$hboгs by saying "Eid Mubaгek'' (Happy Eid), We go homе. We eat the bi$ breakfast you have ever seen. ouг parents $ivе us gifts, usually new сlothеs and monеy. one yeaц Eid сamе around thе tlmе I $тaduated from high sсhool. That yraц I $ot the most bеautiful сiothеs and thе fatter еnvelopе of money of all the сhildгen in my family. Еid Mеla is part of Eid al-Fitr. on that day, we all $o to a biЕl paгk. Last year at Еid Mela, I had the betteг time of my lifе. I met' my o1d high sсhool friеnds, and we a11ate junk food and showеd off our nеw сlothes.
l
191
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives Сome on,
bryant,,Nry harder, Watch Jordan. The more he p|aуe, the better he looko,
Ж
POINT Сirсlе T (True) or F (False). т
F
Jordan improves every time he plays.
сl|АRтсl]ЕсK
сo]YlPARAтlvEs
Сhесk thе correсt. a|lswеr. What do you add to long adverbs to form the сomparative? J [l
GoмpдпдпvвAovвпвFoпм | т"o* hardеr
Jordanplayed
more or less -еr ot -est
t
tltе
morе lеss
aggrеssively сo nsistеntI y
than
Bryant.
sUPERLAтlvЕs
Whiсh word do you always add to form thе superlative? Д LJ mast ш
bеttеr
Supвпl.дтlvв Aovвпв Foпм
Hе thrеw
the fastest th е bеst the most thе least
aссuratеly frequently
o f anyo nеin the gamе.
ЕхPREssi,i';.,,"i'i".,,'.;:,i".",,i'i, Сircle thе corrесt words to complеtе thesеsentencеs, Sims threw fastеr than / of Jоnes. He played better / the best of all. 192
Adverbs:
Cопrраratives аnd supеrlativrs
s 6 rвжъжзar Жжpfl.e'x*tЁ#ffi
Еxamplеs
1. Use the comparative form of adverbs to foсus on diffеrenсesbetweenaсtions.
l Тhe Bul|spIayedbеttеr than thе Lakеrs. r Joгdanp|ayеdmore skillfully than o,Nea|.
Use the сompaгativеwithout thon whеn jt is сlеarwhiсh thingsyou are сompaгing.
2. Usе thе superIative form of advеrbs to sino|еout somеthinoabout an aсtion. Wе often use the super|ativewith еxprеssions bеginnlng wlth of, suсh as of onу ploуеr.
3. Тhere is more than one way to form thе Gomрarativе and supеr|ative of adverbs.
I
r Hе p|ayеdless aggressively, though.
l Bryantworked thе hardеst. r He sсoгеdthe most frequеnt|у of onу ployеr on thе tеam.
Aovвпв fast hard
Сoмpдпдтtvв Supгпt-дтlvь faster thе fastest harder the hardest
badlv
worse
thе worst
b. For most advеrbsof two or more syllab|еs, use moreЛess + advеrb or the most/thе lеost + adverb.
ski|Iful|y
morе/less skillfully
thе most/the lеast skillfully
с. Some advеrbsuse еithеrmore/lessor -er and the most/the leost or the . , . .est.
quiсk|y
more quiсkly the most quiсkly quiсkеr thе quiсkеst
adverbs,use advеrb + .er a. For onе-sy|lab|е or the + advеrb + -est.
forms. сompaгativеand suoеrIativе
193
4. Repeatthe same сomparativeto taIkabout сhanое_an inсrеaseor a dесгеase: сomparativе -.^J+ . сomparativе + ono advеrb advеrb oR moreЛess + ond + more/less + adverb
r Bryantis p|ayingbettеr and bettеr as thе seasonсontinuеs. (His pеrformonсеkеepsimproving') r He is shooting more and more aссurately. (Нis shootingkееpsgеtting morе oСсurotе).
5. Usе a doubIeсomparativeto show сause and еffeсt: the +
сomparative advеrb
сomparativе .| + the + advеrb
l Thе hardеr he played,thе bettеr hе pегformed. (Whеn hе ploуеd horder, hispеrformonсеimprovеd.)
iI oul! Сheсk For a list of irrеgular сomparisons of adverbs, sеe Appendix 10 on page 339.
194 r unit 4s o Rеod this fеoturestory from thе sports section of the nеwspoper.Undеrline iDENтIFY oll the сomporаtivе forms onсe. Undеrline oII thе superlotivеforms twiсe.
Seсtion 3
Sports
Gоlds BеatSilvеrs!
still handlсd thе ball likс thе old Aсе. Hе
In thе first soссеf gamе оf thе sеason, thе Golds bсat thе Silvеrs,6 to 3.Thс Silvег tсam playеd a truly fantastiс gamе, but its dеfсnsе is still wеak. Thе Gоlds dеfсndсd muсh
morе
aggrеssivеly
thс ball
than thе Silvсr
tеam did. of сoursе, Aсс Jaсkson сеrtainly hсlpеd чrin thе gamе for thе Golds. Thе Golds' star playсr was baсk on thе fiеld
сеrtainly
handlеd it thе mоst skillfuЩ
of
anyonс on thс tсam. Не сontrollсd thс ball thе bсst, kiсkеd tlrс ball thе farthеst' and гan thе fastrst of anу of thе playеrs on сithеr tеam. Hе playеd hаrd and hеlpеd thе Golds look good. In faсt, thс haгdсr hе playеd, thе bеttеr thе Golds pеrformеd. W,atсhAсе this srason.
tоday to thе dсlight оf his many fans. Hе
And watсh
wаs hurt badly at thе сnd of last sеason,
сoaсh, and thеy'rе training morе sеriously this yеar. I think wе'll sее thеm play bеttеr
but hс has rесovеrсd quiсkly. Although
hс
didn't p|aу as wеll as pсoplе еxpесtеd, hе
thе Silvеrs. Thеy havе a nеW
and bеttеr as thе srason progfеssеs.
o Reod this conversotionbеtweenfriеnds, Сomplete it with thе compаrаtive сOПлPLEтE or supеrlotiveforms of the words in porеnthеses.Add the ond than wherе nесеssorу, Brr-r,y: Did you hear about that new speed-reading сoursе? It helps you read faeter
1. (fast)
a16
2. (wеll)
Mrсrrвr,: I don't believe it! Thе
3. (faф
you understand.
you read, the
4. (|itt|е)
Brr,r,y: Thе ad says that after the сourse you'll read ten time*
,1'o.9 and understand five times more. And the best thing is that you won't havе
to work anv
6. (hard)
Mrсuвr,: I,d like to see that. All through high sсhool, I read any student in my сlass, but I also remеmbered details and
9. (long)
7. (slowly)
of
8. (сlеar|y)
of anv of mv сlassmates.
Brr,r,y: Maybe you сould rеad еven
that and still remеmber 10.(q,сщ4 details. That way, you'd have more time to go to the gym.
Mrсuвr,: Did you read the сourse dеsсription сompletely?
Brr,r,y: I read it
11. (сomp|еtе|y)
I read most things.
о Look ot thе chort. Тhеn complete the sentenсеs & сOПлPLETE сI/l00sЕ with thе сomporotive or supеrlotivеform of the words in the box. You will use somе words morе thon oncе. good
far
Aтнt.втв Cruz
fast
slow
BвoдоJuмв Pot-е Yдuьтlшс
high S.МlLЕ Ruш
l4.3 feеt
7 feet 3 inсhеs
24 minutes
Smith
l4.l fеet
7 feet 2 nсhеs
28 minutes
Lin
l 5 .2 f e е t
7 feet 8 n с h e s
30 minutes
Storm
l5.4 fееt
8 fеet 2 inсhеs
22 minutеs
Cлlzjumped
Storm vaulted
farther than the higheet,
Smith. of all.
Lin ran Smith ran
Storm.
Storm jumped Сt:uz tan
Storm vaulted
Smith. Smith.
All in all, Storm did All in all. Smith did
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,srеport obout o boskеtbollgomе, Find ond сorrectseven mistokesin the usе of odvеrbs, Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrеcted.
Last night I watсhed the Lakeгs and the Bulls. Both teams played moгe than aggтessively{'ve ever seen thеm. In fact, they played the better of any game I've watсhed t'his season. In the first half' Miсhaеl с.Iordansprainеd his left' ankle, and Shaquille o'Neal was out of the game beсause of fouls. But they still didn't start the seсond haШ any slower that the first. With сIordan out, Kukoс sсored the most frequenteт of any player. He's been playing more and more better as the season goes on. In faсt, more he p}ays, the betteг he looks. The Bulls Won 97 to 88. The Lakers sermed to get bired at the end. They played llttle and less сonsistently as the gamе wеnt on.
SelfTest rc:S:rr{pnrlgNE Сircle thе lеtter of the сorrect onswеr to complеtе eoch sеntencе.
Exдшptп: Jennifer never (A) drink (B)drinks l.
I have (A) a good (B)best
(C) is drinking (D)was drinking job in the world.
2. The apple pie smеlls (A) wonderful (B)wоnderfully 3. Our team didn't play (A) as well as (B)well
5. The faster Tranh walks. (A) morе tired (B)he gets tired 6. Could you talk (A) more quietly (B)quieter than
AвсD
(C)the bеst (D)the better (C) more wоndеrfully (D)the most wondеrfully I expeсted.I was disappointеd. (C) as badly as (D)bеttеr
4. I passed my driver's tеst. It seemed muсh (C)easiest {A)easy (B)easier (D)easily
this timе.
(C) the morе tired hе gets (D)he gets more tired ? I'm trying to wоrk. (C) more quiet (D)quiet
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
AB
сD
ABсD
7. Lisa is staying home. Her сold is a lot today. (A) bad (C)worst (B)worse (D)thе rrgorst
ABсD
8. Sorry we're late. Your house is muсh than we thought. (A) far (C) farther (B)the farthest (D)the farther
ABсD
9. The movie was s o _ (A) exсitingly (B)exсitеd
AB
10. Chris is working very (A) hardly (B)hard 196
д@с D
сoffee.
that we сouldn't slеep last night. (С) ехсitе (D)еxсiting thеse days. (C)harder (D)hardеst
сD
ABсD
ЧF--.
SelfTest
1 1 . Writethereportfirst.It'smoreimportant-yourothеrWork.
(A) than (B)as
Vlll
ABсD
(C) from (D)then
12. T h e l u n с h m e n u i s v e r v s h o r t . I t ' s - t h a n t h e d i n n е r m e n u . (C) less varied (A) varied (B)more varied (D)the least varied
ABсD
1 3 . Thank you! That,s
ABсD
r've ever reсeived. (C) niсest g,ft (D)the niсest gift
(A) the niсer gift (B)a niсe gift 1 4 . It's getting more
to find a сheap apartment. (C) the most diffiсult (D)and very diffiсult
(A) hardly (B)and more diffiсult
ls,ЕстloNI
I
ABсD
TWo
Еoch sеntencеhos four undеrlined words or phrosеs, The four underlinedports of thе sеntеnceorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lettеr of thе onе underlinеd word or phrose thot is Nor сORREст.
Еxдмptt: Мike usually drives tо sсhool, but today he walks. AвсD
A B сo
1 5 . The harder Sylvia tries, less she suссeeds.
ABсD
1 6 . This has been the best day than my whole life!
ABсD
1 7 . Wе,re always amazing ф John,s inсredible travеl storiеs.
ABсD
1 8 . We took a lot of photos beсause she was suсh a сutely little baby.
ABсD
1 9 . our new сar is hard to drive than our old one.
ABсD
20. Patriсk doesn,t run quiсkly as Lee, but hе сan run farther.
ABсD
21. You did muсh morе better in thе last test --D than in this onе.
ABсD
22. What's the more popular of all the new TV shows?
ABсD
23. The more I praсtiсe the piano, the most skilled I get.
ABсD
24. The garbage in the street is more disgusted than the potholes.
AвсD
2s. Today seems as hotter as yesterday, but the humidity is lower.
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
AB(D
AB(D
A--_E,----_-т---D-
ABсD
197
Gerunds: Subjeсt and objeсt I ' ma l l o uI o f br aaf,haqain. I real|у nеrd to
jogging! oуuit
lжжffi]
PпINт
Сheck thе corrеct onswer. What does thе woman want to give up? A
&
G
oa
t r..l
LJ
сHARTсliEсK
сigarеttes eхеrсlse
GЕRUND As SUB,EсT
Сhеck the corrеct onswеr.
Gвпuшo (Suцвст) | v.*. I oш..,
What does the gerund еnd with?
Smoking
har ms yo ur health.
Not smoking
makеs you hеa|thiег.
fl -ed Г1 -ing What goes before the gerund to makе it negative? Д LJ not Ёl don't or doesn't
198
GЕпuNDAs oB,Ест _ll
5uв,вст | Vвпв
[ Gвпuшo(oв1вст)
You
s h o u l dq u i t
smoking.
My doсtoг
suggеsts
not smoking.
Gerunds:
Subjeсt and objeсt r
ExPREss ffiЖ Сompletе this convеrsotionwith thе сorrect form of thе vеrb drink. Use the offirmotiveor negаtivе.
A:
too muсh сoffee isn't gоod for you.
B: Iknow. Iquit
сoffee last vear.
A: My doсtor suggested
soda either.
Grammar Еxplanations
Еxamples
1. A gerund (basеform of vеrb + -lng) is a verb that funсtionslike a noun.
I Drinking too muсh сoffеeis bad for youг hea|th.
A geгundсan bе thе subjесt of a sentеnсe.
l Smoking is also unhеalthy.
when you add .ing to thе basеform of the vеrb.
iog
Notiсe that a gerund is aIwayssingularand is followedby thе third-pеrson-singuIar form of the verb.
r Еating junk food mokes mе siсk. r lnhaling smokе gives me bronсhitis.
jogging
gеr und progrеssivеform of the veгb.
2. ^ gerund сan also be thе objeсt of сеrtainvеrbs. Тo the right is a short |istof verbs that сan bе followed by a gerund.
3. Therе are many сommon еxprеssionswith go + gerцnd. Тhese exprеssionsusually dеsсribеaсtivities,suсh as shopping,fishing, skiing, swimming, and сomping.
progrеssive form r Hе is drinking сoffеeright now.
r I enjoy eхercising. l |,vесonsidered joining a gym. admit avoid сonsidеr dеny еnjoy finish
miss praсtiсe quit resent suggеst understand
l Wе oftеn go swimming in thе Iakе. r Yеsterdayl went shopping foг a nеw pair of running shoеs.
Сheсkit out! For morе сomplete lists of сommon verbs that сan bе followed by thе gеrund, sее Appendix 3 on pagе 337 and Appendix 6 on pagе 338.
199
2OO r
unit 46
о Rеod port of аn orticlе from o heolth nеwslеttеr.Underlinе thе words ending IDENтiFY in -ing thаt ore gеrunds,
п }wtммlшс is grеatеxеrсisе. It.s hеalthy,fun, and rеlaхing.Bесausе swimmingis a ..low-impaсt'' sport, mostpеoplееnjoypartiсipating in this aсtivity withoutfеarоf injury to thеirbonеsor musсlеs.Jogging, whiсh is a ..high-impaсt'' aсtivity, canat timеsbе harmful. I know
this from pеrsonal ехpеriеnсе.Last yеar whilе I was jogging, I injurеd my right knее. I don't gо jogging anymorе. Aftеr a painful month of rесovеry' I stoppеd running and switсhеd to watеr sports.l'm now сonsidеringjoining a swimming tеam and сompеting in raсеs.
сH00sE& с0мPLEIE.Rеod thesеstotеmеntsobout hеolth issuеs.Сomplеte thеm with thе gеrund form of the verbs in thе boх. Сhoose bеtwеen аffirmotive ond nеgotive. inсrease
eat
Эmok\ng
1.
do
walk
drink
}n€ f iб
swim
run
is bad fоr your heart and lungs.
2.
tоo muсh fat and sugar is also unhealthy.
3.
enough water is bad for your general health.
4. Doсtors suggest
s. Avoid
go
the amount of fruits and vegetablеs in your diet. too many high-impaсt sports suсh as jogging and
Jumpшg rope. in a pool every day. It's an exсellent
6. Instead. соnsider low-impaсt aсtivity. 7. Many health eхperts think that
is better than
beсause there is less strеss on your body when your feet сomе into сontaсt with the gтound. 8. Some people are afraid of the doсtoц but is a mistake.
for regular сheсkups
ggТiTgYj.?.1L:J.ч:l g?l::}.:. .?.9l.. ........ .1']у. o Reod eoch numberеdstotеmеnt.Сompletеthе following summory using sUмlIiАRlzE thе oppropriotе vеrb from the box ond thе gеrund form of thе verb in pаrеnthesеs. aсknowledge 1.
сonsidеr
(Jog)
(smokе)
(swim)
Jrм: I smell smoke toо. But don,t look at mе! I didn't havе a сigarette! (smokе)
Iшд: I know I should eхerсise, but I don't want to. I guess you're right. I am lazу. Suммдвy: Ina
6.
(bе)
Iazу.
Pнrr,: No, thanks. The сakе looks gтеat, but I'm trying to stay away frоm swееts.
Suммдвт Phil 7.
quit
Cнвш: I,m going to that nrw swimming pool. Would you like tо go with me?
Suммдвy: Jim 5.
go
Мдвтд: oh. no thanks. I don't smоke anУmore.
Suммдвv: Chen is going to 4.
ФdФ
enjoуjogТing,
Suммдвv: Мarta 3.
deny
Toм: Ann jogs, but I don,t really likе that kind of еxerсise. Suммдву: Tom doesn't
2.
avoid
(eat)
sweets.
Vrr,мд: I'm not sure' but I maу go on a vaсation. Suммдву: Vilma
(take)
a vaсation.
ЕDIIo Reodlim,s notes,Find ond corrеctninе mistokesin thе usе of thе gerund, Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrеctеd. 9MOKING WАУ5 I CAN Qиlт J'f*Ot<ЕCleАREттЕl Pick аи eхacL daLe Lo 4иit svиoКe. (Cиr dowи is harder Lhaи sЕoPpivg aLLat ovlce.) 9Lop svоokingcovоpLeLeL\,1. Avoid Lo be aroцnd oLher sиokers (aL LeasLaL Lhe beqivtиivlg). 9Larr eхercisivlgdaiLу' To erercise CaИ redцce sLress. No driиkiиg cof*ee YoavheLPLoo. tvлagescaи heLp. Lvnaginebeeиa иoи-svиoKer.PosiЕivewtevlLaL Loиsider Lo 1oiи^ suPPorLgroцP. Dovl,LdeLaу Lo asK for help. CaLLDr. Bиrиs righL awaу\ K e e pLr у l и g a n d d o v t ,L9 i v e иp !
Gerunds
after Prepositions
GЕTl}|v0tvЕD! lnterestedin improving |ifeon саmpus? Tirеdof heаring сomp|aints аnd not finding solutions?
(ounсi|! JointheStudеnt Nеxtl4еeting: Мon.,Маrсh25,8:00p.м., МаinAuditorium Wе lookforwаrdto seeing you there.
You(ANmаkеа differеnсе!
The Student Counсil is looking for studеnts who т
F
want to make new friends.
т
F
want to improve lifе on сampus.
Т
F
likе to сomplain.
GЕRUNDSAFTЕR PREPoslтloNs
сHАRTсlflEсl( Сhеck the corrеct onswеrs. What part of speeсh is the word to in Iook forword to? П part of the infinitive t
a preposition
I P*.,o,.,loш|rшoт)| с,*uno Do you havе idеas for
improving
life on сampus?
We're good
at
planning
ahеad.
You сan hе|p
bу
taking
notеs.
Shе bе|iеvеs
ln
(not)
compromising.
Are you tirеd
of
hearing
What form of thе verb follows a preposition?
Let'swork
instеad of
сo mplaining.
t
Thеy insist
on
(not)
сo ming
to thе mееting.
I look forward
to
(not)
having to
study next summег.
th" base form
П tь" gerund П tь" infinitive
202
сompIaints?
Gerunds
atter Рrepоsitiоns I
Eх'PREss'жж Сomplеtе this conversаtionwith thе corrеct form of thе verb ioin. A: Are you happy about B: Sure. I,d beеn looking forward to
ggtg G rаmrnar frxрl*ma*f; l. A preposition is a word suсh as obout, ogoinst, ot, hу, for, in, instеod of, of, on, to, with, and without. А prepositionсan be fol|owеdby a noun or a pronoun. Beсausea gerund (basеform of veгb + -ing) aсts as a noun, it сan follow a prеpositiontoo.
2. Many Gommon еxprеssions are madе up of a verb or an adjесtivеfollowed by a preposition.
Тhеsе еxprеssionsсan be followеd by a gerund.
3. Bв сдпвгur! a. ln thе еxpressions to thе right, to is a prepositjon,not part of an infinitivеform. For this rеasonit сan bе followеd by the gerund.
b. Do not сonfusеused to + basе form of verb (foг habits in the past) with bе/get used to + gеrund (meaning ,,bе/getaссustomеdto,,).
the Studеnt Cоunсil? a group for a while.
Ж,xamрl*s noun l Тhе сounсil insistson eleсtions, oгonoun l Тhe сounсi|insistson them. oerund r Тhe сounсi|insistson 7oting.
Vвпв+ Pпвpostтlotч adviseagainst bеliеvеin сount on
Ao;встlvв+ Pвгposlтtoш afraidof bored with exсitеdabout
t She сounts on going to сo||еgе. r Hе is borеd with working in a storе.
Vtпв + Pпвpostтloш look foгwardto ob|есtto геsortto
Ao;встtvв + Pпвpostтtoш aссustomеdto opposеd to usеd to
l l,m lookingforwaгdto seeingуou. Noт |,m |ooking forward tffi€ € j Ёot*. l I used to take the train. (lt wos my hobit to toke thе troin, but l no longеr tokе thе troin.) l l,m usеd to tokingthе train. (l,m oссustomedto tаking thе troin,) l |,m getting used to toking the tгain. (l,m gеtting oссustomеdto toking thе troin,)
it oul! Сheсk For a list of сommon verb plus preposition сombinations, see Appendix 7 on pagе 338. For a list of сommon adjeсtive plus preposition сombinations' see Appendix 8 on page 338.
2o3
2O4
I
Ltll.it 4?
o Thе StudentСounсil wrotе o lettеr ta thе сallеgеpresidеnt.Rеad it and IDENтiFY undеrlinеаll the prеposition+ gerund сombinotions,
\A/e,the membeгs of the Student Council, would like to shaте wlth you the thoughts and сonсeгns of the general studеnt' body. As you probably knoщ many students are сomplainin$ about Шfe on сampus. lVe aге interested in meetin€
T^rithyou to disсuss our ideas foг deaШn$ TЛriththese сomplaints.
\[Iе know that you aгe tired of hearing students сomplain and that you aгe not used to woгking With the Student Counсil. Howeveц if you really believе in $iving new ideas a tгy, we hopе you wlll think about speaking With ouг гepгesentatives soon. lVe look forward. to hearing fгom you soon.
сн00sE& с0мPIETEо Rеod thеsеcommеntsfrom thе sсhool nеwspopеr.Сomplеte thе studеnts,stotеmеntswith the opproprioteprеpositionfrom thе box (уou will use onе of thеm severаl times)ond thе gеrund form of thе verb in porenthеsеs. at
on
in
to
about
for about Тetting
1. I don't havе any plans for spring brеak, but I'm not сonсernеd bоred. I сan always takе a walk or somеthing.-Jl
(gеt)
m Hsu
2. What are my plans for spring brеak? I'm very interеsted to jazz.I,m going to attend thе Spring Jazz Festival .-Lisa
(listеn)
Suarеz
3. My friends and I are driving to New orleans. I,m exсited but I'm nеrvous
(rеlax)
Lealе
at night.-Emilia
(drivе)
4. I'm really looking forward
(qo)
at homе and just
(stay)
.-Don Pitt
5. I,m driving to Quеbeс. It's famous
(hаvе)
6, I love languagеs, but I'm not good my Japanеsе сlass over the break. -Claire
gтeat food. -Eun
(lеarn)
them, so I'm studying for
Kaplаn
7. My friеnds and I are going сamping, but my little brother insists with us. A lot of fun that,ll be!-omar 8. My girlfriend plans
Ko
(сomе)
Sisanе
u'd iБ;ф movies, so I guess I,ll rеad a lot and see a lot of movies.-Tim
(go,)
Rilеу
to the
Gerunds
after Рreроsitions l
o Rеod thеsеpoirs of sеntеncesobout school life. Сombinе them with the сOlлBlNE prеpositionsin porеnthеsеs. 1. You сan't walk on сampus late at night. You have to worry about your safety. You can't wa|kon cam?uэ |ate at night wi|houtworryingabout Уour эafetу, (without)
2. We сan make сhanges. We сan tell the administration abоut our сonсerns. (by)
3. The administration сan help. It сan listen to our сonсerns. (by)
4. In some сases' students just сomplain. They don,t make suggestions for improvements. (instead of)
5. Students get annoyed with somе teaсhers. Some teaсhers сome late tо сlass. (fo0
6. You сan improve your gтades. Study regularly. (bv) EDIT.Reod this studеnt,sletter.Find ond correctsеvеnmistokеsin the use of gеrunds oftеr prеpositions, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrected.
Deаr Briаи, I hаve brеп аtteпdiпg Loпgtrее Сo//еgefor а !е'Ir l,m rеrу hoPPу э|udуing
he,e, Аt frst, it шаs а littlе hаrdgеttiпg to sprаk Епgltsh "sed а// thr'time, bиt nool,t feе/ ,е,у сomfo,tаb/eаbout сommиniсаte iп mу аboиtф
seсond /апgиаge,
Ijиstjoiпеd аn iиfurпаtionа/stиdепtgroиp, апd |,m eхсifudц,it|t meеtiиg ИelaPеoP/r, Sиmmer brеаk is сomiпg, аnd а fr- of аrе p/аипiпg "s on do somo trаre/iпg together.Bфn tojoiп this groиp, I иsed to speпd ho/idауs а/onе.
P/eаsr шrite, | /ookforшаrd to heа" fo- уoи!
/<.
2os
lnfinitives after Certain Verbs Lifestyles Seсtion 4
Asк AшNlЕ DеаrAnnie,
Iжffiж]
month agо I mеt this gгеat Меgan, and I askеd Awoman, r l hеr to mаrry mе гiфt awaу. Shе says things aгl ..moving too fast''' and shе wants mе to think about m}r pгоposаl somе moге. I told hеr I сan't afford tо чrait _Impаtiеnt forеvеr. Am I riфt? I
сI]АRTсIiEсK Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
Thе infinitive = base form + to.
т
F
The nеgativе infinitive = not + infinitive.
т
F
All verbs nееd an objесt bеforе thе infinitivе.
Сhеck thе corrеct onswer. П М"gan wants morе time to сonsidеr the marriagе proposal. t
Megan thinks "Impatient" should сonsidеr his proposal morе.
SтAТЕмЕNTS: WlтHoUT AN oB'Ест
Suв,вст | v.*' They
l r"oо | ln,.n,,.u. I
deсidеd agrееd
(not)
to сall to ask
A nnie.
SтAтEП,|ЕNТS: Wtт}l AN oB'Ест
Suв,вст | v'*' Тhey
urged advisеd
I ory.., | цoт1| ln,.n.,.u. I John him
(not)
to сa|l to ask
hеr.
sтAтЕпnЕNTS:wlтH AN oPтloNAt oB|Ест
Suвlвст | v.*, Тhеy
I to,,..,) | ln,,n...u. I
wanted
(ohn)
nееdеd
(him)
to сalI to ask
her.
ПnErТf; EхPREss Unscromblеthеsе words to form o sentencе, to о want о Annie о write о to о I
206
P1INT
lnfinitives
after Certain Verbs
Grammar Еxрlaпations
Еxamples
1. Сertain veфs сan be fol|owedby an lnflnltlve (fo + basеform of thе vеrb).
r l want to get maгriеd. r l askеd Anniе to help me,
2. Somе of thesе verbs arе fo|lowеddireсtly bу an infinitlvе.
l Hе dесided to write to Anniе. r Hе hoped to get a quiсk rep|y.
Тhе vеrbs to the right сan bе followed direсt|y by an infinitivе.
3. Some vеrbs nеed an ob|есt (noun or рronoun) bеforе thе lnflnltlvе.
agreе bеgin fail
p|an rеfцsе seem
objeсt r I invited Morу to сelebratе with us. objесt
r I r eminded her to сo mе. Тhе vеrbs to thе right neеd an objeсt beforе the infinitive.
advisе encoцragе ordеr
tеll urgе waln
4. Somе vеrbs сan bе fo]lowеdby eithеr: . an lnfinltivе
r Hе waпts to leove' Hе,stirеd.
OR
OR
о an obieсt + lnfinitlvе
r Hе wants уou to lеove. You,rеtired.
Тhе verbs to thе гight сan be fo||owed either direсtly by an infinitivеoг by an objесt + infinitive.
ask expeсt help
5. Form a negative infinitive by plaсing not bеforеthe infinitive.
need want would like
r Lеe геmеmbегеdnot to coll aftег5:00. (Lееdidn,tсoll ofter5:00.) r Аna to|d mе not to go to сlass. (Ano: ,,Don,tgo. Thе tеoсhеris siсk,,,)
infinitivесan havе a vеry differеntmеaning from a sеntеnсеwith a nеgativеmain vеrb
(Van:,,Don,tgivе up',,) l Van didn,t tеll mе to givе up. (Von didn't soy anything.)
it out! Cheсk For a list of сommon verbs followed direсtly by the infinitive, see Appendix 4 on page 338. For a list of verbs fоllowеd by objeсts and thе infrnitive, sеe Appеndiх 5 on pagе 338. For a list of verbs that сan be followed either dirесtly by an infinitivе or by an objeсt + infinitivе, seе Appеndix 5 on page 338.
I
2O7
2O8 I
unit 48
о Reod Annie,s responsеto ,,lmpotiеnt.,,LLndеrlinеoll the vеrb + infinitive ond tDENтltY vеrb + objеct + infinitive combinotions.
Lifestyles 17
DеаrImpatiеnь loцr down! You аppеаr tо bе in toо muсh of a hurгy.You'vс only known this pеrson for amоnth and yеt you askеd hег to mаfry yоu!.ЧIhat's thе big rush? WIцl сan,t,yoll affоrd tо чrait? Arе yоu afraid that if shе gеts tо know yоu bеttец shе may dесidе not to tiе thе knot? I agгес with youг girlfriеnd.Yоu nееd tо соnsidеr things fl1orе сaгеfrrlly.Yоu сan,t rxресt hеr (оr yоursеlf) tо mаkе sцсh an impогtant dесision so quiсkly.If you dоn't want to rеglеt a hasty dесisiоn,I advisс you both to gеt to knоw еaф *Аnnie оthеr bсttеr bеfoге yоu hurry tо thе a|tar.
o Reod this orticlе. Сomplete it with thе corrеct form of the vеrbs in сЙI|PIEтE porеnthеses,|Jsеthe simplе presеntor thе imperotive form of thе first vеrb,
Plalrlcilog
for Lоvе
ost peoplе make сarefulplans when thеy
decide to take
Yеt whеn they
a mate,they dеpend on luсk.
2. (attеmpt / find)
ЕdwardA. Drеyfus,Ph.D., Не
lovе to сhanсe.
3. (waгn / singlе peop|е / not / leavе)
plan whеn thеy searсhfor a lifе partnеr. his four,"stеp
,4.(urgе/them/usе)
Rеmеmbеr:When you
a vaсation.
1. (deсide / takе)
you
5. (fail / рlan)
sтЕP oNЕ: Makе a list. What kind of person do you
6. (plаn / fail) 7. (wish / meеt)
Somеoneintеlligеnt?Someonewho loves sports?List everything. sтЕP TWo: Make anothеr list. What kind of pеrson are you?
8. (Ask / two friends / геad)
your list and сommenton it. Thе two lists should matсh. sтЕP THRЕЕ: lnсrеase your сhanсes.
9. (Сhoosе/ partiсipаtе)
sтЕР FOUR: Ask for introduсtions.Dr. Drеyfus еmbarrassedto ask.Еvеryonе
1 1 . ( w а n t/ b е )
in aсtivitiеs you likе.
l o . ( а d v i s е/ p е o p | e/ n o t / f е e l )
a matсhmakеr!
frтflпЁt*wes aft*r Оеrtalrr V*гlэs l
o Rеod еoch numbеrеdstotеment.Сomplеtethe SummorYusing thе sufflЛflАRlzЕ oppropriote vеrb from thе box followеd bу аn infinitive or on objеct + infinitivе, agree
remind
would like
ж
invite
neеd
forget
еnсourage
Aгтшrв: I reallv think you shоuld take things more slоwly, Chet.
l.
Suммдвy: Annie
urgedChet to take th\ngэmoreэlowly.
Cдвyш: Tom. сould you сall me at 10:00?
2,
Suммдвy: Caryn Kuвт: Еmily, plеasе remеmbеr tо buy gas today.
3.
Suммдвv: Kurt Joнш: Wе,re going out for сoffee,Marta. Would you like to jоin us?
4.
Suммдву: John Jдsoш: oK, oK, Dad. I'll bе homе by 10:30 if that's what you want.
5.
Suммдвy: Jason
Jвгг: oh. no! It's 4:I5.I didn't go to the 2:00 staff meeting!
6.
Suммдву: Jеff Moм: Come on, Lisa, don't be sсared. Just try again.
7.
Suммдву: Lisa's mother Tвввy: I,m using the сar tonight. I'm taking Sue to the mall.
8.
Suммдву: Terrv
EDIT.Reаd this еntrу in o pеrsonol diorу. Find аnd corrеct sеVеnmistаkesin thе usе of infinitivesoftеr cеrtoin vеrbs. Thе first mistokе is olreodу сorrectеd. &r "
to join
жrAnnieаdvis-еdmеpяlяgac|ab,oу-tаkeа-c|аss, ..I|.m_rе'aLIуехc,lt.еА.аbor,tthjs-,Тhе...c"lшb.isplаnnin-gahlИngfjp '-to...go-''rn*ting''in.Ihe'5Qr.i,nq'At.l,trst|'d-iАл!IмanI'slgningap,batIhe
\Ji,,eI|1h'o.p-ed-mokе-sлme-trlen/s.мhе.n L4oinеА'lhj;о.|шb*hмI.-I'dtdnI-eхw*-еveухолe -betng-----,.",
2o9
lnfinitives after Ceгtain Adjeсtives and Ceгtain Nouns
|I,э hard to find qood frieэ Nhеoе daуe'
wffiPЙINт Chеck thе сorreсt onswer, П гi.'аing good fries is diffiсult. П тьe man hardly еats anything but fries.
lNFlNlтlvEs AFтЕR сЕRтAIN AD'EcтlvЕs
сIIARTсI]EсI(
I Aol..r,u. I tn'n,r,u.I
Сhесk thе сorrеct onswеrs. Thе infinitive is formed with:
It',s
hard
to find
nutritiousfastfood.
Wе,re
eagеr
to hear
about thе new restaurant.
t
to + base form of verb
He sееmеd
surprisеd
to lеarn
thе amount of fat in a buгgеr.
t
to + base form of verb + -ing
lNFlNlТlvEs AFтER сЕRтAIN NoUNs | шou*
The infinitivе follows: П сertain nouns and adjeсtives -t
LJ сеrtarn prepositions
2to
| In'.n.'.u.I
It',s
t i me
to go.
That'sa high
priсe
to pay.
Doеs hе have
pеrmission
to stay
out late?
lnfinitives
after CeЁain Adieсtivеs and Nоuns
l
2tt
EхPREss'ж& Unscromblеthеsеwords to form two sentenсеs. сonvenient о lt's о еat o fast о food о to pay . a о priсe о low о That,s о to
A n,amrжartrxрЕeшetiоrcs
Е.xamрles
l. Cегtainadjесtivеs сan bе followed by an infinitivе (to + basеform of thе vеrb).
r Thеy Wеrееagеr to trу the nеw taсo.
adjeсtive infinitivе
Мany of thesе adjесtivеsdesсribea feеling about thе aсtion in thе infinitive.
r She was glad to heor that it was |ow in сa|oriеs.
Adjeсtivesthat expressщa.!sc-.a[ Цзлne aгe often fo||owеdby an infinitivе.
l l was wrong to leove, r Тhеy werе brave to tell him.
Adjесtivеsthat show the ordеr of aсtionsaгe oftеn fol|owеdby an infinitive.
r We wеге last to order. r Whеn the сhесk сamе, she was first to lеove the rеstauгant.
2. Wе often use lt3 + adjeсtive + infinitivе.
infinitive adjесtivе l lt,s grеat to seeyou again.
When thе aсtion in thе infinitiveis done by a person,we often use of or for + noun,/рronoцn.
r lt was si||у of Tom to lеavе. l |t,shard for us to gеt hеге on timе.
lt's + adjесtive + infinitivе is oftеn usеd to makе gеnеra|obsеrvations.
I lt,s сonveniеnt to eot fast food. l lt,s diffiсult for studеntsto work fu|ltime.
3. Cегtainnouns сan be followedbv an infinitivе.
Тhe noun + infinitivе сombinationoften exprеssеsadvjsabilityor neсеssity.
l r l r r
no un infinitive lt,stime to toke a bгeak. l havе the right to eot what l want. Тhеy madе a dесision to lose wеight. ltЪ a high priсе to poу, Hе has pеrmission to stoу out late.
l Robin is thе pеrson to osk about that. (Youshould qskRobinobout thot.) r I have a tеst to studу for гight now. (l must study for my tеst,)
Сheсkit oul! Por a list of сommon aфeсtivеs that сan be followеd by the infinitive, see Appеndix 9 on page 338.
2|2
l
U*тit .*sl
o Reod this questionnoire.Undеrline oll the odjeсtive+ infinitivе ond IDENтIFY noun + infinitive сombinotions. Writе A ovеr thе odiectivеsond N oyer thе nouns.
Please take a few mirl{utes to сomPlete this questionnaire
aboцt fast.food
restaurants.
Cheсk (/) a|| the answers that are aPPropriate for you. A 1. How often are you likely to eat at a fast-food restaurant? .7 4-6 timеs a wееk
Г 1_З timеs a weеk
. ' nеver
. morе than 6 timеs a wееk 2. Inyour opinion,fast food is: :good to eat
a Wayto savеtimе П цnhеalthyto havе еvery day
П fцn to order oссasiona|ly
3. Whiсh statement Ьest dеsсriЬesyour feе|ingsaboцt the сost of fast food? l] Yoц get a lot for just a little money.
П |t,sa high priсe to pay for сonvеniеnсе.
4. ls it a good ideato inс|udehеa|thyсhoiсesin fast.foodmеnus? ПNo
ПYеs
o Reаd thеsеexcerptsfrom letters to the еditor of а co|lеgеnеwspopеr, с0ILPLEтE Сomplеtе them with the corrеct form of thе words in porеntheses, Last year I stoppеd еating in the sсhool сafetеria bесausе thе fоod was so bad and it placeto have
was suсh a grim the first time. I was the
u meal. Yеsterdav I wеnt baсk for
1 . ( p | a с e/ h a v е )
Taсo Bеl1 therе. Fast foods arе
2 . ( d е | i g h t е d/ f i n d )
! They're
3. (way / go)
and the
4. (fun / еаt)
сheerful atmospherе has made the сafetеria a
in. I'll bе
5 . ( p l е a s u r е/ е a t )
eating lunсh therе every day from now on.-L, Brеnner It was a
6 . ( m i s t a k е/ b r i n g )
7 . ( o u t r а g е o u s/ s е e )
fоod theу Srrve isn,t
fast-food сhains to thе сampus. It's thе eхaсt same restaurants everywhere you go. The . It сontains muсh too muсh SugaЦ
8. (good / еat)
salt' and fat. Fоr сommuter students, it's mеal bеfore еvening сlass, and it's
9 . ( е s s е n t i a/| h a v е ) 1 o . ( d i f f i с u l/t g o )
dinnеr. We just don't havе thе time .-B. Chеn
a hеalthy off сampus for
j:jj:...tjy.::..1Tуj.Р.:t1i:i*Yi:::у.1:.?:.'::.Гj:-, о Rеod thеsесonversotionsbetwееnco-workеrs.Сomplеtе thеm сlt00sГ& сOмPIETE pаrеnthеses with thе words in аnd the infinitive form of o verb from thе box. get
cry
hear
kеep
work
find
deсide
wake up
show
E<{
t,imeio t,ake
Cнвrs: H"y, Dana. I,ve got tо talk to you. Do you have
1. (timе)
a break? Dдпд: Sure, Chris. What,s wrong? You lоok like you,re
Cнвrs: Mr. Kay just askеd me if Id be to midnight.
2. (rеady)
from 4:00 p.м.
rc
Dдшд: Yоu have an early сlass. It's
early afbеr
4. (hard)
working late. Cнвrs: Right. When I told him that hе said,..I,m
Chris. I thоughtyouwеrе shift manager."
Dдшд: It's
a promotion to
re
your gтades up too. Did he give you
?(П.po.ta.ф 8. (timе)
that,
5. (suprisеd)
?
Cнвrs: He just said, "oK. I'll ask Steve. We'll g',,e him th.e
9. (сhаnсе)
his loyalty to the сompaIlУ.,, Dдшд: Fast-food jobs are
1o. (еasy)
' Just сonсentrate on sсhоol.
EDIT.Reod Mr, Koу,sjournol, Find ond corrеctsеvеn mistokesin the usе of infinitives. Thе first mistokе is olrеody сorrеctеd,
to aэk ToniqhLL vnalo Lhe decisioи as .k4 Chris Lo t.ake Lhei"ghr shlf:ь.L reъLLу-Lhoуф she waL1aJnц|-o Ve g|ad for geLLingLhe oftor-5he.hasеxPcиses.Looks Like she wаs Lhe wroиДPersoиI аsked!тhe Probtgtи иlt_llit]i *Was-}s,!Le-[v-a5
эfuААIgъ.Еэ
Litu Le --
jr,..xЕJL_"waswrqnqofu$pr=pLhreaЕenГ-o.asK..5LзХe-J-c^pуLd_L:r-ш_---_-JmPa-L. |hЭ,L-sh,e-"w'A'S.'P-re-Lуv-\nРs?-r-I.p-h9aI*L.-haу-.J1Lt.hiлKэ-Dp-tlL *r*oлotio-и*aиушaу-5Le-lt.*Iv
e5 geLLiИg a b rcalк.
lnfinitives with Too and Еnough
[Е'*гсв
PпINт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Fаlsе).
(сSan, уour rnothеr вnd I think that уou arе now old, еrlough to gеt уaur own d,rink of aпtеr.''
F
The man's parents want the man to get them a drink of water.
т
F
Thе man wants his parents to gеt him a drink of water.
s WlтH тao IAo;встlvв/ (Foл+ Nouш/ l
сl]ARтсIIEсI(
lNFlNlтlvЕ
I
Сhеck thе corrеct аnswеr, Whiсh word сomеs before the adjeсtive or advеrb? Д LJ too
т
Too IAovвпв
oв,вст Pпoшouш)| lшгlшlтlvп
Wе,rе (not)
young
(for peop|е)
to trust.
Тhe tеaсhегtalked too
quiсkly
(foгmе)
to takе
It's(not)
hard
(for us)
to dесidе.
notеs.
-lr
LJ enougn
lNFlNlтlvЕs Wlт}| ENOUGIi Ao;встlvв/| |1гo*+Nouш/ I Aovвпв i Eнouсн| oв,встPпoшouш) | lшгlшlтlvв Thеy,re(not)
o ld
Sh е h a s n ,tс o m e often It's(not)
214
еasy
enough
(for peop|е)
to trust.
(for mе)
to rесognize
(foгus)
to deсide.
her.
tnfinitives
with Too and Enouqh
I
215
EхPREssж Unscromblethеsе words to form two sеntеncеs. vote r She's . to . young o too to о enоu$h о old . We,re о work
6 ramштar Еxрia]ratlФпs
ЕxaктрIеs
l. Usе too + adjесtivе/advеrb + infinitivе to give a reason.
l |,m too young to drive. (l,m not siхtееnуеt, so l сon,t drivе.) r She isn't too young to drive. (Shе,sovеr siхtееn,so shе сon drivе.) r She aггivedtoo late to toke the test' (Shе arrivedtwеntуminutеsoftеr thе tеststortеd, so she сouldn,ttake the tеst.) l Shе didn,t aггivеtoo late to toke thе test. (Shе arrivedonly two minutesofter thе test stortеd,so she сould tokе thе tеst,)
2. You сan also usе adiесtivе/advеrb + enough + inflnltivе to givе a гeason.
l l,m old enough to go into the aгmy. (l,m over еightееn,so l сon go into thе ormу.) l Hе isn,t o|d enough to go into thе army. (Hе isn,t eightееnуet, so hе con,tgo into the ormу.) r | гan fast enough to poss thе physiсa|. (l ron vеrу fost,so l possedthе phуsiсal') l Shе didn,t run fast enough to Possthе physiсa|. (Shе didn,t run vеry fast,so shе didn,t poss thе physiсol')
3. Notiсe that you don,t neеd to use thе infinitive when ttiе meaningis сlеarfrom thе сontext.
l
|,m seventеenyeaгsold, and | сan,tvote yet. |,mtoo young. |,m not old enough.
and enough. Тoo сomes bеforethе adjесtivеor advеrb.
l Shе,stoo old.
Enough сomes aftегthе adjесtiveor advеrb.
l |,m not old enough. Noт l,m not сnetgh-оl*
4. SomеtimesWe usе for + noun or far + objeсt Pronoun bеfore thе infinitivе.
l Wе arе too young for people to trust us. (Pеoplеdon,t trust us,) r We arе too young for thеm to trиst us. (Thеydon,t trust us,)
216
t
il'Ёпit sФ
сlt00sEo Peoplе hаvе diffеrentopinions obout publiс issues.Reod еoch numbered stаtеmentof opinion, Then circle thе lеttеrof the sentencе(a) or (b) thot bеst summorizеsthot opinion, 1. Teenagers are rеsponsible еnough to stay out past 10:00 p.м. permission tо stay out past 10:00 p.м. @ Teenagers should have b. Teenagers shouldn,t have permission to stay out past 10:00 p.м. 2. Teenagеrs are too immature to vote. a. Teenagers should be able to votе. b. Teenagers shouldn't be able to vote. 3. Teenagers are responsible enough to use the Internet without сensorship. a. Teenagеrs сan use the Internеt without сensоrship. b. Teenagers сan,t use the Internеt without сensorship. 4. Adults are toо afraid of сhange to listen to сhildren,s ideas. a. Adults listеn to сhildren's idеas. b. Adults don,t listen to сhildren,s idеas. 5. At age seventy, people are not too old to work. a. At age sevеnty, people сan work. b. At age seventy, pеople сan't wоrk. 6. Siхtееn-year-olds are not experiеnсed enough to drive at night. a. Sixtеen-year-olds сan drive at night. b. Sixteen-year-olds сan,t drivе at night.
UNiсRAI|BLE.Gino wonts to drivе to onothеr сitу for o concert, but hеr mother thinks she,stoo young. Moke sеntencеswith thе words in porenthеsеs,Then writе G (Gina) or M (Mothеr) to show whoseopinion eаch sentenсerеpresеnts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
You're t,oo уoung t,o be out, эo lat,e.
( t o o / Y o u , r el y o u n g l t o / o u t / b е / s o / | a t е )
( g e t / | t , sl | o l b у t e n / u s l t o o l h o m е / f a r l t o r )
( t a k eс a r е o f / m a t u г е/ m y s е | fl | , m l t o / е n o u g h )
( d a n g e r o u sl t o o l n i g h t / l t , s/ t o / d r i v е / a t )
( t o o i g i v е l w o r r у i | / m u с h / t o / p e r m i s s i o n/ y o u )
1trrаt/ еxperienсеd / drivе / arеn,t l far l enough / to / You)
M
Agзfgз*t*rяes '+vitГrТ*tэ эпt-l ||,,r:i-;l,'';;. .
o Some tееnogеrsorе lеoving o сonсеrt. Сomplеtе thе sеntеncеs,IJsethe с0ПiIPIEтE words in porеntheseswith the infinitivеond too or enough. 1. I сouldn't hear that last song. The guitar у7gg
too |o-udfor me |o hear (|oud/me/heаr)
2. Let's get tiсkets for the сonсert in Hampton. They,re 3. I hope the сonсert hall is
(сhеаp/us/аfford)
all the fans!
(lаrgе / hold)
4, I hopе my mother lets mе go. This сonсert is going to be 5. Let's get a pizza at Sal's. The large ones are 6. It,s 9:30 alrеadv. It's
8. Kyle didn't get out of work
(good/mе/miss)
(big/ sharе)
for pizza.
( | а t e/ s t o p )
7, I hatе this сurfew! I think we,re
thе words.
( o | с l/ s t а y )
(еar|уl сomе)
9. Van, I'm playing basketball tomorrow. Are you still 10. Lеt,s find out. But I want to walk. Your сar isn't
out past 10:00! tonight.
( s | o w/ b е a t )
( s а f е/ d r i v е )
EDIIo Reod this student,sjournol entrу.Find ond correсteight mistokesin thе usе of infinitivеswith too or enough. Thе first mistokеis olrеody corrеctеd.
ь"}, '
to э|eep
-i , T|w,P|Й/ФфttДxt Иrа,{аJ,|le{'ot,иp! NoоrI'ш, too oхсttЙ,#rs|ryф. саn rиЦ Qord"oп,
ntюo ь|,tt *Чlu!пozLt0 sLИ! tt,,|у
TllАt мЙo
'*! *tЙp s|шtttе,r! дfto
tЙp uпrut
иlo И)erorцЩ fucчrу, bиt ь И/а,'t0 hto togo fo, P*"*. I |+АТЕ tЙlх sttф, *f'',,! It's toо t1,е,b0L tt,иl'^цstnи^d,. му ftэrtl, Todd,'nrk,s аJ4nhА5
toFry tnхu, bиt thp |ллrsауshэs tooуo^g fo, 'try'И! oиtp.aсt10:00!TlLаt's ufory ,*Ч|uto t,ил"k"е, t,tц,o шarttto sсуeanи,. Th^аt reИuLИjrшx,.I sшro|'r" ry tи"otЙ,er chлryеs |uе/l44i,Иns00?t/,*чlufor I to bry *tkJ
Wц fuеsшt shpt/цлk r'и,t,t,паturе,to druto
lLаиoto dюit sot,иtti,уиl,!WеhL,t d, bеttu trу to ffу шdpsr I'[,1, 7et s0ше/s[eеуоr I,1,1, botoo tiуЙ,too got L? |ntЙ"oшоrnф.
mе?
217
lnfinitives
of Purpose
534t llAIAtAт0п
Electronic0rganizer $89.95 Available at all Laсу,sDepartmeлt Stores.
Use me r' Ю look up words r' to store namesаnd phonе numbеrs r' to add and subtraсt t/ to write down ideas r' to look сool!
WPЙINт Сheck аlI thе correct onswers. What сan you use thе Datalator as? П an address book
сI]АRтсI]EсK Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Fаlsе), т F There are two ways to form the affirmаtive infinitive of purposе. т
218
F
Thеre arе two ways to form the negative infinitive of purpose.
t
a telephone
П adiсtionary
t
anotepad
л LJ a radio
AFFпrшAтlvЕ
NЕGAтlvЕ
l p u t h i s n u m b е ri n my o r ganiz eг (in ordеr) to save it. l madе a note (in order) to remеmber ouг date. | |еftat 9:00 (in order) to arrive еarly. l ran (in order) to сatсh thе bus.
l put his numberin my o r ganiz еr in order not to losе it. l made a notе in ordеr not to forgеt our date. | |еftat 9:00 in ordеr not to arrive latе. I ran in order not to miss thе bus.
|nfinitives
оf Purрosе
l
Еx,PREss {Фft":.-в Unscromblеthese words to form two sentеncеs. Store . addresses . use . I . an о organizet . to
in order . I О not о set о oversleep o my . alarm сloсk r to
6 rarmrжar fixрlaиetf;ФШs
Еxarrrрlеs
1. Use an infinitivе (to + base form of thе verb) to explain the purposeof an aсtion. ]t oftеn answersthe question Whу?
A: whу did you 9o to Laсy,s? B: l wеnt therеto buy onе of thosе Data|atoгs I saw in an ad.
Usдсв Noтв: |n spoken Еnglish,you сan аnswеr A: Whу did you go to Laсy,s? the question Why? with an inсomplеtеsentenсе B: To buy an e|есtroniсoгganizег. bеginningwith Тo.
2. You сan also usе thе longег form in ordеr to + basе form of thе verb to explain a purpose. Usдсв Noтв: Тo + basе form of thе veгb is more сommon in informalspeeсh and writing.
3. Usе in order not to + basе form of the vеrb to еxorеssa nеoativeouroosе.
4. You сan also use noun/pronoun + infinitive to exprеssthе ouroose of an obieсt.
l bought an organizеrin ordеr to store names and pho nе numbeгs. I bought an organizеrto store namеsand pho ne number s.
I I use my Data|atorin ordеr not to makе mistakesin pronunсiation. (l don,twqnt to mokе mistqkеs')
l nееd an organizеr to hеIp mе remembеr my sсhedule. I need it to hеlp me remembermy sсhеdu|е.
2|9
22o l
s"* &"ArъЁ* o Rеаd this сonversation.Undеrline oll thе infinitivеs thot еxprеsso purposе. /iDENTIFY Yoкo: It,s 5:00. Aren,t yоu gоing home? Lвв: I.[о.I,m staying late to finish this report. What about you? Are you going straight homе? Yoкo: No. I'm going to stop at the bank to get some сash. Thеn I'm going to Laсy,s Departmеnt Store to take advantage of the sale they'rе having. Lвв: oh, what are you going to get? Yoкo; one of thosе nеw elесtroniс organizers they're advertising. I,ve bеen looking for somеthing to help me with my work. Lвш: What's Wrong with just a regular сalсulator? Yoко:
Nоthing. But sоmеtimes I have to сonvеrt other сurrenсies to dollars.
Lвш: What еlse are you going tо use it fоr? Yoкo: oh, to store important names and phоne numbеrs and to balanсe my сheсkbook. Lвв: What did we do beforе they invented all thеsе eleсtroniс gadgets? Yoкo: Wе made a lot of mistakеs!
о Look ot Yoko,slist of things to do, Then writе o phrose to answеr АNsv!ЕR еoch quеstion, To Do -Get gas -Mаke dentаlappoiпtmеnt _Buy batteгies -Withdгaw $,loo -lnvitе Flikaand Taгotо diпneг -Buy milk and eggs To make a dental appointment^
1.
whv did
she сall Dr. Tоwbin,s offiсе?
2.
whv did
shе gо tо the bank?
3.
whv did
she сall Mrs. Watanabе?
4.
whv did
shе go to the supermarket?
5.
whv did
she go to the elесtroniсs stоrе?
6.
whv did
shе go to the serviсe station?
Еnfirritiчяes оf Рi;rr:оsсl l
m
22|'
o For еoсh oction, find thе сorrectpurpose. Il|А|сH
ы
Aсtion
Purpose
q
1. He enrolled in Chinese 101 beсause he
a. didn't want to get any phone сalls.
b
2. She took a bus beсausе shе
b. didn't want to be late.
3. She went to the store bесause shе
G. wanted to store informatiоn.
4. We disсonneсted оur phone beсause we
d. wanted to listеn to thе news.
5. He turned on the radio beсause he
е. didn't want to worrу me.
6. He didn't tell me he was siсk beсause he
f. needеd tо buy some dishes.
7. She bought a Datalator beсause she
9. wanted to lеarn the language.
REwRlтEo Сombinе the sеntencеports аbovе. Use thе infinitive of purposе. 1.
He enro||edin Chineэe 1o1to learn the |anquage.
2.
1he took э buэ in order not,|o be |ate.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
EDIT.Rеod Yoko,sjournol entry,Find ond сorrect six mistokesin the use of the infinitive of purposе, The first mistoke is olreodу corrеctеd. to gеt,
tесtll.сlgапсd...t-p-d.аg..lЦh.lс,|..tц..qs'шq.[tiпg,..|..и';сd l.шrnt..t.p-.Dr..Tдцу..hlл..fu.fu-шg
Dа.tа.|в.tаr..to'stиdg..f.o-r'thс...Т.Q.Е.Е-L.,'.T.h.еп'.|..иspd..tt.to-.kс/р;nт.е.P-raпaш ,dспtа| floss-||.Йr..ш.и.а.p.p.r,iпt.п.r.п.t,.Аftсr.tlэ.е.d.сп.tis.t-.Iс.h.с.с.kс'd..шt.ц..ас.h
.,|tЗikа..qпd..T'а,rp,..d'iп,п.еп..7;3Q,.,!''|'.shpиId..и.s.e-.it.,[п..lzr.d.е,r.tp..п.о.t'.fr.
!tt.|t..rQсipls'q'r.с..g.lr'.€.qdИ'g'tl..th.е..D.q.tаIa.tp-r..;p..|..и.sgd..th'сп'..fr'r.Ш.qk
l'lst,..Wh.e.п'/'.rl.оLh.qшэ"..th.е.r.е.tllа.s'q.!t.p.t.е.'.aп'.2l.ц.'d.qp.r-.!.С..all..h/.d.q,'. ,.!h|dg" sиpеr!!..T.lэс.'!.hи.il.dtщ.sиp.сr.ta,tе.п.d.е.п't',!..нlа.п.te. Dаtд.|q.tp-r.dir'tnпа'rg. ta.f:п.d
иp.i.п..qrdgr'fх..th.е'.dparhll|t..R.ik0"..T..qr.p.".g.п.d..l.p.|g'ц.е..d'.шith...thе.Dq. Yoи сап oroаrаm it for to olаи сomoиfur аolmеstoo, I doп,t kпo. hoш | linсd шithoиt it!
Gerunds embarraэerd' I didn,Lrвmember mеet,ingBob.
and lnfinitives
c o u |dу o u forget?
tсн жl
P0lNт
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
т
F
The infrnitive sometimеs follows a preposition.
т
F
Agerundсan bе the subjесt of a sentеnсе.
F
The woman had an appointmеnt with Bob, but shе forgot to go.
т
F
The woman forgot that she had mеt Bob onсe bеforе.
GERUNDS
lNFlNIтlvЕs
Martaenjoysgoing to partiеs.
Marta wants to go to partiеs.
She lovеs mеeting nеw pеop|e.
Shе loves to mееt new pеoplе.
She stopped buying iсе сream.
She stoppеd to buy iсе сrеam.
сHARтсl]ЕсI( Сirсle T (True)or F (Folse). т F Sоme verbs сan be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive.
т
She,sworriеdabout forgеtting people,snamеs. Mеeting new pеoplе is fun'
lt,s fun to meеt nеw peoplе.
EхPREssж Complete thеsеsеntencеswith the corrеct form of thе vеrbsgo or talk. о Phil wants О о Phil enjoys о It's fun
222
tо the party. tо partres rs exсrtrng. about a lot of diffеrent things. to new peоple.
Gerunds
and lnfinitives
Grammar Еxplanations
t,xamplеs
1. Somе vеrbs are followеd by a gerund.
l Мaгta еnjoys meeting pеop|е. r Shе misses going to paгtiеs.
2. Some verbs are foIlowed by an infinitivе.
l Marta wants to meet pеop|е. r She'd like to go to parties.
3. Some vеrbs сan be fol|owеdby еithеr a gеrund or an infinltlve.
r Marta lovеs meeting nеw pеop|е.
r
223
OR
r Мarta lovеs to meet nеw pеoplе.
4. Bв сдRвгul!A fеw verbs сan bе followеd by еithеr a gеrund or an infinitivе,but thе mеanlngs arе vеTy dlfferent
r Marta stopped eating iсе сгeam. (Shеdoеsn,tеot iсе сrеamonуmorе,) l Maгta stoppеd to eat iсе сгеam. (She stoppedanothеractivitуin ordеr to еot somе iсе сrеom') r Riсhar dr emеmbеr еd mailing thе invitatio n. (Firsthе moilеd thе invitation.Thеn hе rеmеmbеrеd thot he did it.) l Riсhardrememberеd to mai| thе invitation. (Firsthe rеmеmbered.Thеnhе moilеd the invitotion,Hе didn,t forget,) r Marta forgot meeting Riсhard. (Morto mеt Riсhord,but oftеrwordsshе didn,t remеmbеrthе evеnt.) r Marta forgot to meеt Riсhard. (Morto hod plons to mееt Richard,but shе didn,t meethim bесousеshе forgotobout the plans.)
5. A gеruпd is the on|y vегb form that сan fo|Iow a PreрoJltion.
6. To makеgeneral statements,you сan Usе: . gerund as subjeсt
l
preposition Marta,s worriеd about forgetting names.
r Mееting nеW pеoplе is fun.
OR
. It's + adjесtlvе/noun + infinitive
OR
I ;t,s fun to meet nеw pеoplе
Cheсkit out! For a list of сommon vеrbs followed by the gеrund, see Appеndix 3 on page 337. For a list of сommon verbs followed by thе infinitive, see Appendix
4 on page 338.
For a list of verbs that сan be followed by the gerund or the infrnitive, see Appendix 6 on page 338.
224 r unit s? тRUE0R FАIiE. Rеod еoch numbеredsentеnce,Writе T (True)or F (FoIsе)for the stotеmеntthot fo|lows. l.
Marta remembered meeting Мr. Jaсkson. т
Marta has already met Mr. Jaсkson.
2. Riсhard stopped smoking.
Riсhard doesn't smoke anvmore. 3 . She didn't remember to buy a сake for the party.
She bought a сake. 4. She stopped eating desserts.
She used to eat desserts. 5 . Riсhard forgot to invitе his boss to the party.
Riсhard invitеd his boss. 6. Riсhard forgot inviting his neighbor to the party.
Riсhard invited his neighbor. 7. Riсhard thinks giving a party is fun.
Riсhard thinks it,s fun to give a party. Marta likes going to partiеs. Marta likes to gо to parties.
сl{i00sEo Сirсle thе correct words to completе these idеаs from а book collеd Super Mеmory.* 1. Get into the habit o
to repeat things aloud.
2. Nevеr rely on someone else's memory. Learn trusting / to trust your own. 3. It's easy forgetting / to forget what you don,t want remеmbеring/ to remembеr. 4. Study immediately before going / to go to slеep. You'll remember a lot more. 5. our memories are filled with things we never meant remembering / to rеmember. 6. Makе it a habit to pass in front of your сar evеry time you gеt out, and you'll never forget turning off / to turn off your headlights. 7. Plalring / Tо play gamеs is a fun way of improving / tо improvе your memory skills. *Souпсв: A QuiсkAсtionProgrom forMеmorуlmprovеment Doug|as|. Hеrmann,SuperMemorу: (Avenеl,N|:WingsBooks,1991).
Gerunds
аnСl |nfinitives
o Reod eoсh numbеredstotemеntor conversotion.Сompletethe summorу sUIl|мARlzE stotemеntusing o gеrund or аn infinitive. 1.
Roсвв:
Hi, Riсhard. I brought the soda. Whеre dо you want me to put it?
Suммдвy: Roger remembеrеd 2.
to br\ngthe эoda,
Мдвтд: You,re Natalva! We mеt last yеar at Riсhard,s party! Hоw havе you beеn? Suммдвy: Marta rеmеmbers
3.
Roсввз Don,t look at mе|.I didn,t spill grape juiсе on thе сouсh! Suммдвy: Rogеr denied
4. Nдтдr.yд: I,m so glad Riсh ard plays jazz at his partiеs. I listеn to it a lot at home too. Suммдвy: Natalya еnjoys 5.
Lвv: Would you like to go danсing some time? Mдвтд: Sure. I'd like that verv muсh. Suммдвy: Lev suggested Marta agreed
6. Nдтдr,yд: Marta' сan wе give you a ride homе? Мдвтд: Thanks, but I think I'll stay a littlе longer. Suммдвy: Natalva оfferеd Marta deсided
o Rеod Morto,sjournol entrу obout Richord,sportу. Find ond сorrеctsеvеn ЕDIT mistаkesin thе use of thе gerund ond infinitivе,Thе first mistokеis olreodу corrеcted,
bсс,,иse itЗ sисh а prob/еmt'ir шr to Whаt llgrсаt sltlrtц! l иsиаllу ",u,,1ff}!u раrties rеmem|lсr1lсosl/eЗ пLl|,lсs,|,m sogLт,-{| 'еас/ thаt book аboиt iш1эrovеуoиr mеmotу, T/tе аиthor sиggеsfui to lo еxсrсises, аиd thеу rеа//у hе/pеl, I stoppеl to шorrу аboиt шhаt pеoplе -oи/сt thiпk of -е, ,тпс{| triес/to P,у аttэпtioп {1lluhаt pеop/ешerе sауiпg' Аs а ,еs"/t, l hа,t а3reаt titпс! I'm еrеи p/аииiпggoiпg iltпсiп7 шith thisgиу Leи / hаre ап Епglish tеst tomorroИl|so / shoи/d stop шritiпg пo- апс|stлrt stиdуiиg, The book еvсп lптi somе9oo,| tips аboиtstиr/ц fbr аИ ех.1m,t hopе I rсmеmber иsitпJ somе, ofthе* toпiqht!
l
225
Let, HeIp,
Makё, HaVёl and Get
f t ' e q o i n qN o make uэ эt,aу after c|aэo,
|1e,|| nеver |et,me |ake тhаt quiz aqarn.
WffiP0INт Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т
F
The tеaсher in the piсture has vеry striсt rules.
|aimeЕsсalantewith two of his students.
мAKE, IIАvE, LEт HELP
сI]Eсt( сI/,ARт Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т F Moke, hove, and let are always followеd by the base form of thе verb. т
т
226
F
F
Getсan be fоllowed bу еither the base form of the verb оr the infinitive. HеIp сan be follоwed by either thе basе form of thе verb or the infinitive.
5uв,вст
| млкс/Hлvс/
| I
| Ltт/Hrtp
Тhе teaсhеrs (don't)
make have lеt help
l вo'. Foпм oв'вст t oг Vвпв us do students
homеwork.
GET, нELP Suв;вст
I
I Gст/Hсw
Тhе tеaсhеrs (don't)
get help
I""..t It-rt-,t,"n us students
to do
homеwork.
Make,
Haven
Let,
Help,, and (ief
I
227
o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a o o o a o o o a o a a a a o o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a (
EхPREssж Сompletе thеsеsentеnceswith thе correсt form of thе verbsсorrесt or stay. A: Did the teaсhеr get the students B: Yes. He had them
their essavs? their essays in gтoups.
A: Do vou think he,ll make thеm
late again tоday?
B: I don't think so. But he'll let them
late if they neеd help.
6rаmmar Axpianatioпs
Е,xamp1*s
1. Use moke, hove, and let folIowedby objесt + basе form of the vеrb to ta]kabout things that someone саn rеouirе.сausе.or permit anotheг personto do
r Thе tеaсhегmakеs his students do homеwork еveгy night. (Hе rеquirеsthem to do homework.) l Hе has them tofte геsponsibi|ity for thеirown lear ning. (Hе cousеsthеm to takе rеsponsibilitу.) r Hе lеts thern сhoosethеir own essaytopiсs. (He pеrmitsthеm to сhoosеtheir own essoytopiсs,)
You сan a|sousе moke to mean ,,сauseto.,,
r Тhis will make уou beсome a bettеr studеnt. (Thiswill сausеуou to bесomеo bеttеrstudent.)
2. Help can be folIowеd by еither: о obiесt + basе form of thе verb OR
. obiесt + infinitivе.
r She helpеd me undеrstond thе homеwork. OR
r Shе hеlped me to understond the homework.
Тhe meaningis the samе. Usдсr Noтц: HеIp + base form of thе vеrb is more сommon.
r Тhе tеaсhеrgot иs to stoу a littlе latеr. 3. Get has a similarmеaning to mokе and hove, butitisfollowedbyobjесt+infinitivе,notNoт (Thе tеoсhеrpеrsuodеdus to stoу o littlе lotеr,) thе basе form of the vеrb. r Shе a|waysgеts me to do my bеst. (Shе olwoуspersuodеsme to do mу bеst,)
228
I
unit sS
тRUE0R FАLiEo Reаd eoch numbеrеdsеntеnce.Write T (True)or F (Folsе)for the stаtеmеntthot follows, l.
My teaсher made mе rеwritе the rеport. т
I wrotе the report again.
Мs. Tragеr lеt us use our diсtionaries during the tеst. We had to usе our diсtionariеs. 3 . Mr. Gоldberg had us translatе a short story.
Wе translated a short story. 4 . Paulo helped Meng dо her hоmеwork.
Paulo did Mеng,s homework for her. 5 . Ms. Batеs got thе dirесtor to arrange a сlass trip.
The dirесtor arranged a сlass trip. Professor Washington let us сhoosе our own topiс for our term paper. We didn't сhoose our own topiс.
сl]00sЕo Сirclе the corrеct words to complеtе this orticle obout lаimе ЕscаIontе,
tttiraсle /'*
llr
rU
Tea.Gher "l/
lll.
,;it
11
7i
4!
Ir1t
tt,
lll
'
,i
ti.
tk
/i"
|aimе Еsсalantе first arrivеd at
T ^ /hеn v U Garfiеld High, the administration of
"'ь"n-,o"t; :":;Ъ: ; :"-;-;: ; ; :.:":'1ЦБ 7.
thеm drop out of сlass. Thеn hе did thе
gangsof
impossiblе. Hе had / lеt his studеnts takе
studеnts roam thе halls and spray the walls
thе Advanсеd Plaсеmеnt Ехam, a vеry
with graffiti.Howеvеr;this math tеaсhеrfrom
diffiсult national tеst. Whеn his students
Boliviabеliеved in his U.S.studеntstoo muсh
passеd, thе testing сompany suspесted
to hеlp / lеt thеm runwild.He madе/ lеt them
thеm of сheаting.To provе thеir innoсеnсе,
do massive amounts of homеwork,had / got
Еsсalantеhad / got thеm take thе test again.
this Еast L.A.- high sсhool @Щзф 1.
4.
thеm takе dailу quizzes, and еVеn got / lеt 5.
thеm to fill out daily timе сards.To devеlop team spirit, hе got / madе his students do 6.
football-likесhееrs bеforе сlass. Hе knеw *L.A. = Los Angelеs
8.
9.
Again, еVеryonе passеd. How did Еsсаlantеwork thеsе miraсlеs?In thе words of a studеnt, Еsсalantе ..lеt/ madе us fееl 10.
powегful,that wе сould do anything.',
Y.1|.::.у ?.Y ?.,. *?.t: .I 2lf :.T.q.g?.t. .:..?.??.. ........ o Rеod eoch numberedstotеmеnt.Сomplеte the summory with thе corrесt sИriffiАRlzE form of thе verbsin porenthеses.Сhoosebеtwеenoffirmаtiveond nеgotiveforms.
1. Ms. Ar.r.вш:Pabl o' you сan rewrite this сomposition, but only if you want to. Suммдвy: She
didn't make ?ablo rewrite (makе/ rеwrite)
his сomposition.
2. Ms. Alr.вш: I know you prefer working alоne, Ana, but you really need to work in a group today. Suммдвy: Shе 3. Ms. Allвш:
(makе / work)
rn a gтoup.
Listеn, everyone! No diсtionariеs during the test, please. You should be able to guess the meaning from сonteхt.
Suммдп,y: She 4. Ms. Allвш:
diсtionaries.
Fernand o, сould you do me a favor and сlean the board before you leave?
Suммдвr She 5. Ms. Allвш:
(|еt/ usе)
( h а v е/ с | е а n )
the board.
Jean-Paul, put the tip of your tongue between your tеeth and say "th-, thorn." Yes! That's it!
Suммдвy: She
(9еt/ pronounсе)
an Engli sh th.
6. Ms. Allшш: Greta, please use English in сlass! Suммдву: She
( | е t/ s p е а k )
in German.
7. Ms. Alr,шш: olga, you сan take the test in the сlassroom. Just move your desk to a сorner.
Suммдвy: She
(make/ lеavе)
the room.
o Reod this studеnt,sjournol еntry,Find ond correctsevenmistokеsin thе use of EDIT makе, have, let, hеlp, ond get. The first mistokeis olreody сorrectеd,
|d mе#кЬиnti( I hаdtinishеdaltrny n\ ?arеrftlnevеr tA/hen I was аtеeoagеr, rт|\brЙherswiththeirhorneWorkbdore Тheyevеnmаdеme hе|ping hornеwork. goImе |еаrna tot.Оn the othеr I cou|dhаvеanvfиn, Оn Ihe onеnand,thеу cеvtаin|у 5еr.ol15,l wishtheyhаd|d meto havea tittlemore hаnd,theyml,demе bеcametoo a ?аrеot,lwantto hauem\ cn.|d|еarnsre5?on5.bili\, bиtatso tиn. ЦJhen1bеcornе 5а.d,,,Аll Workand nop|aу Wantto |d hе or shе hаvеfиn.Аs BеnFranklin I wou|d makеsJaоk bеcomea du||bov.,,l wantto аvoidthd rnistakе.
SelfТest 0шr
lffiI
Сirclе thе lеtter of the corrеct onswеr to completееаch sentеncе.
Еxдпtpш: соffеe.
Jennifer never (A)drink (B)drinks
A@ с D (С)is drinking {D)was drinking
dinneц so she may be late. (C)to eat (D)еat
l. Maria,s gоing to stop (A) еating (B)for eating
2. My glasses arе in my bоok bug, but I dоn't remember them there. (A)putting {C)I put (D)put (B)to put 3. I askеd him -, (A}not to go (B)to not gо 4.
but he went anyway. (С)not gоing (D)hе doesn't go
in a forеign сountry is sоmetimеs diffiсult. (C)Livе (А.)Ilive (D)Lives (B)Living
5. He's not used to (A) wake (B)waken
uP so earlY. (С)wakes (D)waking
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
vote. (с) old enough tо (D)old enough for
ABсD
7. I don't think Tom enjoyеd (A) helping (B)to help
mе study for the tеst. (C)hеlped (D)hеlps
ABсD
8. I bought this nеw sоftware (A) for learning (B)learning
Chinese. (C)to learn (D)learnеd
ABсD
9. We got a new сard holder
losе our сrеdit сards. (С) not to (D)for not
ABсD
6. We're eighteen, So We'rе -
tA) tоо оld tо (B)yоung enoughto
(A) in ordеr not to (B)not
this textbook. (C)for understanding (A) understand (D)to understand (B)in оrder to understand
1 0 . It isn,t diffiсult
230
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
t 1. Arе you rеady? It's time (A) for going (B)to go 12. I resented (A) he said (B)he saying
ABсD (C)going (D)go
that. He сould have been more polite. (C)his saying (D)him to say
13. I talkеd to thе students about working hardeц but I сouldn't them to study. (A) make (C)got (B)get (D)let do my homework or I сan't go out. (C) gets me (D)lets me
14. My mother (A) makes me (B)helps me
lX r
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
lffiIoNlтW0 Еoch sеntеncеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrosеs. The four underlinedports of thе sentencеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D. Circle thе lеttеr of the one undеrlined word or phrose thаt is Nor сoRRЕст.
Exдmрш: Mike usuallv drives to sсhool, but today hе walks. ABBD
A B с@
t5. I deсided сhanging jobs beсausе my boss makеs mе work ovеrtimе.
ABсD
16. Most students appreсiatе their prinсipal's try to imprоve sсhool сonditions.
ABсD
|7. I suссеeded in to find a job, So my parents didn't make mе gQ to сollеge.
ABсD
18. Get mоre exеrсise appears to bе thе best Way to losе weight.
ABсD
19. In ordеr to not forget things, I pцt a string around my finger.
ABсD
20. Hans is only fourteen, but he seems enough old to stay out until ten.
ABсD
21. I know you're too bus]z to stay, but I look forward to seе you again.
ABсD
22, I forgot bu},ing gas, but I gф tо a gas station before I ran out.
ABсD
23. Getting enоugh sleep is important in order not fall asleep in сlass.
ABсD
24. Let's stop to ]цatсh so muсh TV so that Wе сan rеad or gо out instead.
ABсD
25. I'm trying to pеrsuadе my sister to drive, but r сan't get her dо it.
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
Aв(D
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
231
Phrasal Verbs: lnseparable gaуbe w eэ h o u | d eat oul.
жPЙINт Сheck thе correct onswеr. :<--:;
/ll* Suqвст | v.''
Where does thе partiсlе go? П b"fo.e the direсt оbjeсt t
after the dirесt оbjесt
t
П t' a park
Thеy
| гo*'.... I Dlпвстoв,вст
came
baсk.
9avе
uP.
ate
out.
ran
into
his teaсhеr.
stuсk
to
thеirdесisio n.
EхPREssжж Unscromblеthеsе words to form two sentenсеs. intoоWe.Bоbоran
outоWasoHeоеating
232
at homе
П i., a rеstaurant
INSЕPARABLEP}iRASAL vЕRBs
сI]ARTсHЕсK Сhесk the correct onswеr.
Whеre does the woman suggest eating?
Рhrasal
Verbs:
lгlsеparab|e l
& g"atъtу*ta в, Aк рЕa rret*ФffiЁ
ffixaжrpl*s
l. А phrasal verb (a|soсa|leda two-paгtor two-word vеrb) сonsistsof a vеrb + partiсle.
r We often eat out.
2. Partiсlesandprepositions lookthеsame.
. sr..Тl?'TlТ:xъ1l., .unn"rbeсause she
Howеver,partiсlesarе part of thе verb phrase, and thеy often сhanoе thе mеaning of thе verb.
vеrb + partiс|е
Wasn,tpaying attеntion. (Sheсollidеdwith anothеrrunner.) vеrb + partiс|е
l l r an into |o hn at thе super mar kеt. (l mеt John by oссidеnt.)
3. Тhe verb and paгtiс|eare usuallyсommon words, l Plеase9сr on. I didn,t mеan to interгupt' (Plеoseсontinue.) but their sеparatemеaningsmay not heIpyou guessthе mеaning of the phrasal verb. r We got back afterdark. (We rеturnedoftеrdork.) Usдсв Noтt: PhrasaIverbs are verv сommon in еvеrydayspеeсh. l They сallеd off thе mееting. (Theyсonсеledthе meеting,)
4. Most phrasalverbs are transitive. (Thеy takе direсt objeсts).
dirесtobiесt
r You shou|dgo aftеr уour gools. dirесt oLljeсt
Some tгansitivephrasa|vеrbs are insеparab|е. r Shе ran into her friend at the |ibгaгy. Тhis mеansthat both noun and pronounobjесts Noт Shе at thе |ibrary. alwaysgo ____;.l^:;afterthе paгtiсlе.You сannot sеparatе , dirесtobjeсt the vеrb from its paгtiс|е. r Shе ran into her. No т Shе r an hег into .
5. Some phrasalvеrbsarе used in сombination with сertainprеpositions. Тhеseсombinations aгe usuallyinseparablе.
r She (amе up with a bri||iant idеa. r l droppеd out of sсhoo|and got a job.
it out! Сheсk t.or a list of some сommon inseparable phrasal vеrbs, see Appendix 17 on pagеs 341_342. To learn about separable phrasal verbs, seе Unit 55, pages 236-237.
233
234
I
unit s4
m
|DENтIFYo Reod this orticle. Сirclе oll thе phrosol vеrbs.
ы
TheАrt of FengShui
6|
,/ffi: ffi,:ii:H:ж::: :';l,;lТ:}Т;Т: find out. !9
Fеngshui(mеaning..windand water',)is thе anсiеntСhinesеart of p|aсingthingsin thс
еnvironmсnt.Aссordingto this art,thе arrangеmеnt of furniture,doors, and windows аffесtsour hеalth,wеalth,and happinеss.Мr. Ho was сoncеrnеdabout his businсss, but hr didn,tgivеup. Followingthе сonsultаntЗadviсе,hе rеmodе|вdand rеdссorаtеd his rеstaurant.His aсtionspaid off. Soon businеsspiсkеd up and Мr. Ho beсamс riсh. ..ltWasthс bеst dесision| еvеr made,'' glows. hе Аnd hе isn'talonе in his еnthusiasm. Fengshui has сaughton with modеrnarсhitесtsand homеownеrsеvеrywhеrе, IllАтсltо Writе еаch phrosol verb from thе orticle nеxt to its mеoning. PhrasalVerb
Meaning
1. 2.
ca m e b a c k
3.
PhrasalVerb
Meaning
has beсome pоpular
4.
learn information
returned
5.
quit
were worthwhile
improved
сH00sEo Complеtе this student,sjournаI entrу bу circling the correctpаrticles,
аЬ
\v./v \7^Y
l jиsг tinishedаn аrtic|еаbouttеng shui' Аt thе еnd,rhе аutnorэuqgestssiiting mаkеsуoutее|. уourhomеаndthinkingаbouthowуourеnvironmеnt @ЦPin 1. 5o todaуwnеot gв цp+gщtrom schoo|, Itried iI,I noticеdfiаt mу apavtmеnI is quiIеdarkаnd tt mаkеsrnеtее|down.l thinkwiththe аdditionot sornе|ights, rеа||у |,dchееrаwаu / ц? considеrаbly. l,vecomеout/ цpwitha lеw othеridеаstoo, 3.
4.
ts srnа||, Мy apartrnеrrt bиtI thinkit will|ookmorespаciousif l jиst.strаighten ч! q sornеmorеshе|vеs morеtrеquеrftty. Hangin for rnybooksmightwork too. Чцwel( Withjиst a few smаI| chаngеs, I cou|dеndout!.uPtее|ing in rnyownnomе' hаppiеr ||,sоеуtаintv Worгh Щing on L.outl
\ Phrasаl
Verbs:
lnseparable
o Rеod this orticle аbout the orchitеct t, M. Pei. Сomplеte it using с'|oosEa I}мPLETE the phrosol verbs in the boх. of form thе correct give up
сome up with
go baсk
go up
keep on
фAАкФ
pay off
turn out
Born in 1917, Ieoh Ming Pei (better known as I. M. Pei) qrewuP
in Canton, China. When he was
1.
seventeen' he wеnt to thе United States to learn about building.
As it
, Pei beсame one of the most
2.
famous arсhiteсts of the twеntieth сentury. Pei is famous for his strong geometriс forms. one of his most сontroversial projeсts was his glass pyramid at the Louvre rn Paris. The old museum had a lot of problems, but no onе wantеd to destroy it. Pei had to a solution. Мany Parisians were shoсked with his proposal for a 7l-foot-high glass pyramid. It
anyway, blending with the environment. Today
4.
many people say that it is a good example of the prinсiples of feng shui. Pei
despite сritiсism. He strongly believed that..you havе
5.
to identify the important things and press for thеm, and not His determinatron
7.
. He сontinued to build struсtures that
refleсted thе еnvironment. Pei rесeived many prizes for his wоrk. He used some of the ptize money to start a sсholarship fund for Chinese students to study arсhitесture in thе United States and then to
to China to work as arсhiteсts.
o Rеod Bob,s noteto his roommote,Find ond corrеcteight mistаkesin the use of EDIT insеporoblеphrosol vеrbs,Thе firstmistokeis olreodуcorrected.
Eoггy thе аpагtment is suсh a mеss. Igotdfi.l+ lаtе this morning and didnt hаvе timе to stгaТghtеnoиt |'m going to thе gym now to work off for anhour. Ishould 9еt aсгoss bеfore Wе сan 9еt togеthеr with уou, and |'ll сlean up thеn. ГJowabout еаtТngtonTght out? Аftеrwаrd, -Dob *omе of thе gиys and maybе seе a movTе.oг mayЬe wе'll сome over with а betteг idеа. oh' -| ranTom into at sсhool. Гle'lldrop off to sеe you latеn
l
235
Phrasal Verbs: Separable
WffiPЙINт Сheсk the сorreсtanswer. The dog thinks that t
Geоrge is dreaming.
П G"o.ge is gеtting an idеa for an invention.
SEPARABLE PHRASAL VERBS
сIllАRT сIIЕсK
Noт SEPARAтЕD
Check the corrеct onswеr.
Suвlвст| v.."
t
Hе
Di'".t objeсts that are nouns сan go before or aftеr thе partiсlе.
П Di,".t objeсts that are pronouns always go after the partiсle.
| гo*,.... I o.*..т oв1пст
dreamеd
uP
thе idеa.
worked
out
thе dеtai|s
sEPARAтЕD
Suryвст | v."' dreamed Hе
workеd
I o,*..' oв,вст| гo*,.... thе idеa it
thе dеtails them
uP. o ut.
EхPREssж Сomplete thеsеsеntеnсеswith thе сorrеct form of thе wards in porenthesеs. Who
236
(dгеаmup / thаt idеa)
? Did уoш
(drеam up / it)
Phrasаt
Verbs:
g?eaй*t*.? жr Wжpfl.e &y жжъжж s
ffiжaввтр*es
t. A phrasal vеrb сonsistsof a verb + partiсlе.
vеrb+ oartiс|е l Shе sеt up an еxperiment.
Partiсles |ookthe same as prepositions,but thеy arе paгt of the verb phrasе.Тhеy often сhanqеthе mеaninqof thе vеrb.
Тhe sеparatеmeaningsof thе vеrb and paгtiсlе may bе veгy diffеrentfrom the meaning of the phrasal vеrb.
2. Most phrasaIvеrbs are transitive(thеy take direсt objeсts).Мost transitivеphrasalvегbs are sеparablе. Тhis meansthe dirесt objе
Notiсe that when the direсt objeсt is in a long phrasе, it сomes after the paг t i с |е .
vеr b+ о аr tiс|е r He looked up thе informationon the Internеt. (Hе found the informotionon thе lnternеt.) r They turnеd down my appIiсation. (Theyrеjесtеdmy oppliсotion.)
vегb+ paгtiс|е + dirесtobjесt r I just drеamed up o nеw ideo. oп veгb + direсtobiесt + oartiс|е
r I just dreamed o new ideo up. d i г е с to b j е с t
r Shе drеamed uP on unusuollу сomplicoted new deviсе. No тShе @
pronoun, it must go betweеn thе verb and thе oartiс|е'
Noт Shе drеamеd+ptЪ
3. With a smal|gгoup of phrasalverbs,thе veгb and partiсlеmust bе separated. keep somеthingon
l Кееp your hot on. Noт {феРonjourhа+
tolk someoneinto
r Shе talked her boss into a raisе. NoтSheffiaraisе.
Cheсk it out! For a list of сommon separable phrasal verbs, see Appеndiх
17 on pages 34|_342.
For a list of сommon phrasal verbs that must be sеparated, see Appendix F.or information
l
vеrb+ prеposition r Hе looked up at the sky. (Hе lookedin thе direсtionof thе skу.)
oR
b. bеtweenthе verb and thе partiсle (verb and paгtiсlеarе sеparated)
Sepaгable
17 on pages З4I_342,
about inseparablе phrasal verbs, sее Unit 54, pages 232_233,
237
238 r unit sS lDENтltYo Rеod this orticlе. Undеrline thе phrosol vеrbs. Сirclе the dirесt objects.
reka!
:.Т-,-,r*idyouknowthattwoсollеgеdropoutsthoughtup@ofthe
*"ъid you know thаt two сollеgе dropouts thought up(hе ideфof thе first Ъ at#
t# personal сomputer? What,smorе' %.'"ё morе, they put it togеther in a garagе.
Invеntionsdon't havе to сomе out of fanсу laboratories.Averagе pеoplе in сlassrooms, kitсhеns,and homе workshopsoftеn drеam up nеWand usеful ideas' Thе ability to think of somеthingnew seеms like magiсto many peoplе, but in faсt anyonе сan dеvеlop the qualitiеs of an invеntor.First, inventorsfollow their сuriosity. Thе Swiss invеntor Gеorgе dе Меstral wantеd to find out thе rеason it was so hard to removе burrs from his dog's сoat. His answеrlеd to thе idеa for VеlсroЧ now usеd to fastеn everythingfrom sneakеrsto spaсе suits. Sесond, invеntors use imaginationto put things togеther in nеw Ways.Walter Morrison watсhеd two mеn tossing a piе pan to еaсh othеr and thoughtup thе FrisbееЧ onе of the most popular toys in thе world.Perhaps most important,suссеssfulinventorsdon,t quit. Thеy сontinuouslylook up information about thеir idеas and try nеw designs out until they suссeеd.
сIIOOiEE, сOIf|PIETE. Reod obout onе of history,sgreotеst invеntors,Сomplеtе thе informаtion with the correct form of the appropriote phrosol verbs from thе boх, fi|I up
keep away bring about Ф6tr
set up сarry out
pay baсk piсk up
As a сhild, Thomas Alva Еdison (|847_19311 almost anything he heard about-he
t,riedout 1.
evеn tried to hatсh goosе eggs
by sitting on them! Before he was twelvе, he
2.
his first laboratory using money he had earned himself. He had hundreds of bottles. and hе
them
with сhemiсals for his еxperiments. He ..poison,, labeled thе bottlеs to his family 3.
4.
. Whеn he was fifteen, Edison
5.
a nеw skill. He
had saved a сhild,s life, and the gтateful fatheц a telegтaph operatoц Еdison work nights and
by teaсhing him tеlegтaphy. After that, Edison was ablе to his experiments during the day.
Phrasаl
Verbs:
Separablе
[n 1869, Еdison fiхed a piесe of equipmеnt for a сompany that supp1ied priсes to gold brokers. This
his first useful invention-the
stoсk tiсker-
for whiсh hе reсeived $40,000. Hе was then able to spend all his time wоrking on his new inventions. During his lifеtimе, Еdison was issued 1,093 patents!
o Rеаd thеseсonversotionsthot tokе plocе in а schoollаborotorу. Сomptetе сOilIPIЕтЕ thеm with phrosol vеrbs ond pronouns, 1. A: Please put on your ]ab сoats. ?ut them on
B: Do we really havе 1o
? It,s hot in here.
2. A: I сan,t figure out this problem. B: I know what you mеan. I сan,t
either.
3. A: Remembеr to fill out these forms. B: Can wе
at homе, or do wе have to do it now?
4. A: Are you going to hand out the neхt assignment today?
B:I
a few minutes ago. Weren't you here?
5. A: I сan't get this to work. We,d better do the whole proсedure over. B: We don't have timе to
. Class is over in ten minutеs.
6. A: Are we supposed to turn in our lab reports today? B: No. Please
neхt week.
EDIT.Rеod on inventor,snotes,Find аnd correctsеven mistokеsin the usе of phrosol vеrbs. The first mistoke is olrеody corrеctеd.
l,ltаl,t 3
I d/еДJ,|4еtr,ж * ruф ryood,d^и,-а,jаt
,f P"*t t,utth,а"tt,аpphrлtor |i,kothr, kh47,u,sd,for sh^oo
|///.12lФ pаф Fouo|u.It саn bo ttсd,,to touсh,oи,spоtтott,o I12а//,, rooL|,I/. t bt,oltrа"
fuи,t t,tlалtto pаll,tt а,и,,fub
I'uса'/Llуhлna.и^/"ordэr sеllеlа,/,уpехsoI саntrуthД,И,iJ.|,.
",ф 3 tfJIЙ, dюиttl,аn аф)ratши,for а,pаtе,lttаJ41,И4А'ilЙ,itуutеrф
I'|| bo ab|^otosф а,stroч алtr,
с,ot:l,шnч d^eи,t"ot<вtrа|шru of tЙ^o уodиrt иу sooru. Аt,иtcrt30 r d^eшлпstrаtеdt|аэ .--_proda"ctаt аn oхh,ibtturuford'pсorаtors'I tоа^etd,,to pоtлt oиt tЙдt t,t'suerу ttэаt to Ц,sцso r Р,Иt иlhbo j/luu
It |,Uu4touеr uеrу ше/L' for t/аpd'"etи^oпвtrаНюn,.
I
239
SelfТest IW{рffi0шп Сircle thе letter of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе eасh sеntence,
Еxдmшr: Jennifer never (A) drink (Bl drinks
A@с
сoffee.
{C)is drinking (D)was drinking
ABсD
1. Come in. Please sit (A) down (B)down it
(с) it down (D)up
2.Yourmothеrсalled.Shewantsyoutoсallher-tonight. (C)baсk (A) in (B)off (D)over
ABсD
3. Could you turn {A}down {B}away
ABсD
thе musiс so we сan sleep? (C) оver (D)up
4.P1easeput-yourlabсoatsbeforeyouleavethelaboratory. (c) up (A) off tD)in {B}away
ABсD
5. Мark works so hard that he's sure to -. (C) turn over (A) give up (B)work off (D)get ahead
ABсD
6. Kevin is going to (A) сall baсk (B}givе baсk
ABсD
7. A lamp will (A) turn on (B)blow up
from vaсation tomorrow.
(C)set baсk (D)gеt along
ABсD
this соrner niсely. (C)put up {D)light up
ABсD
8.Insteadofarguingabouttheproblem,let,s-. (A) look it over (C) take it away (D)talk it over (B)сharge it up 9. That's very original. How did you dream (C)of (A) about (D)up (B)down l o. That pot is hot. Don't piсk (A) it up (B)up it 240/
! (С) up (D)it
that idea?
ABсD
AвсD
D
seIfТest
ABсD
1 1 . -It,s сold оutside. You nеed your jaсket.
-OK.
I'll put (A)it on (B)it over
(C)on it (D)over it
ABсD
on the way home. (C)into Jason (D)Jason into
12. She ran (A) him into (B)intо
ABсD
you! (С) after (D)to
1 3 . Slow down. I сan't kеep up -
(A) оf (B)with
гffift-l
X l
TWo
Eoсh sеntеncehos four underlinеd words or phrаses. Thе four undеrlinedports of the sеntenceorе mаrked A, B, С, аnd D. Сircle thе letter of the onе undеrlinеd word or phrose thot is Nor сoRRЕст.
Exдмшr:
A B с@
Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ABсD
1 4 . Could we talk over it bеfore yоu turn the whole idea down? ABсD
down when I forgot to piсk his suit out from
1 5 . I know I let дцф AB(D
ABсD ABсD
the dry сleaner's. 16. I ran into him whilе I was getting thе bus off.
ABсD
17. As soon as I hand in mlr report, I'm going to take all these books
ABсD
ABсD
AB(
on to the library. D
1 8 . We'd better get the bus on now, or we're going to miss it.
ABсD
1 9 . Instead of сalling q]ffthе meeting, maybe Wе сan just put it over
ABсD
AB(D
сD
AB
until next week.
If you don't use out the milk by Monday, plеase throw it awаy. ABсD
2 7 . Chеt had to
ч*
*+*
after the сompany turnеd down hеr appliсation.
Do you want to ge!-цp by yourself or would you likе me to wakе up you? AB(D
ABсD ABсD ABсD
23. Tom asked mе to piсk some stamps for him at thе post offiсe up.
ABсD
24. Did you frnd out how Jane talked into Meg working on Saturday?
ABсD
25. Wе gФ over wеll after we found out we wеre both from Chiсago.
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
AB
сD
24l
Nouns A(Ros' тH E AтLANтIс oN A REEDBoAт Bдквдoos-May |7, |970.Norwеgian еxplorеr Thor Heyerdahl, along with an intеrnationalсrеw, has сrossеd thе Atlantiс oсean on Ra Il. Thе rеed boat' modеlеd aftеr those of thе anсiеnt Egyptians,madе the iourney in 57 daуs.
THAMЕRlCA
w.жwPЙlNт Сhесk the corrеct аnswer. Thе namе of Hevеrdahl's boat WaS:
Heyerdahl sailedRa ll aсrossthe Atlantiс.
сo]vlпioNNoUNs Тhе еxрlorer sailеdhis boat aсrossthе oсеan.
т
F
Non-сount nouns сan be plural.
NON. сoUNт NoUNs
COUNТ NtDUNS
2 сI/,АRт сI/IEсK Сircle T (Truе)or F (FoIsе), т F Count nouns сan be plural.
П Rеed Boat
PRoPЕR NoUNs
I сI]ARтсI]EсI( Сircle T (True)or F (Folsе). т F Common nouns are written with сapital lеtters.
П вu tt
I
I
Aппсl.в/ | Nuмввп l Nouш A
onе (The) Тwo
sailor
Vвпв
Nouш
ts
Firе bгavе.
sailors
aге
Vвпв |
ts
dangеr o us.
Sailing
ExPREssж Сirсlе thе correct words to сompletе thesesentences, The boats was / were made оf rеed. Crоssing the oсean was / werе hard.
242
Nouns
G rа nтEтtar *'жplaПatiФtrъs
Еxamplеs
1. Proрer nouns arе the names of раrtiсgjal oеopIе,o|aсes.and thinos.To thе гiohtarе some сategoriesand examplеsof proper nouns.
Peoplе Plaсеs Months Days Holidays Languagеs
CapitaIizethе first letteгof most propеr nouns. Wе do not usual|yusе an artiс|e(a/on or thе) with propегnouns.
I
HеyегdahI, Еgyptians Afriсa,Moroссo,thе АtIantiсoсеan Sеptembeг,oсtobег Monday,Тuesday Еastег,Passover,Ramadan A r abiс,Spanish
Note that the is usеd with somе nouns of plaсеs. r Hеyerda|sailеdaсгossthe Atlantiс oсеan.
2. Common nouns гeferto peop|е,p|aсes,and things,but not by their individualnames.For example, ехplorеris a сommon noun, but Неyerdohlisa proper noun.
People Plaсеs Things
3 . Common nouns aге еitheгсount or non-сount.
l a sai|or,thе sai|or,two sai|ors r an island,the island,thr ee islands I a ship,the ship,fo ur ships
(ount nouns are thingsthat you сan сount Тhey сan bе singularoг p|ural.Foг sеparately. еxample,you сan saУa shipor thrееships.You сan use o/on or the bеforесount nouns.
ex p|o гег, sai|o г, bui|dег сontinеnt,сountry,сity pots,еggs,fish, honey
Form the plural of most nouns by adding -s or -es to thе noun. Thеrе are somеtimes spеl|ingсhangeswhеn you form thе pluraI.
ship watсh
ships watсhes
potato potatoеs сountry сountries
Br сдпвгul! Some nouns arе iгrеgu]ar.Thеy do not form thе pluralby adding .s or -e5.
foot сhi|d
fеet сhildr еn
man mo usе
4. Non-сount пouns arе thingsthat you сannot сount sеparately.Foг еxamplе,in Еng|ishyou сan say gold, but you сannot say o gold or twogolds.Non-сountnouns usual|yhavе no p|uгaIforms.Wе usua||ydo not usе o/on with non.сountnouns.Тo the гightarе somе and еxamp|еsof non-сountnouns. сatеgoriсis
Some сommon non-сountnouns do not fit into theseсatеgories.You must mеmoгizеnouns suсh as thе ones to the right.
verbsand pronouns.
Abstraсt words A сtivitiеs FieIds of study Food Gases Liquids Materials Natural forсes Partiсlеs adviсe сlo thing equipmеnt food
men miсe
сoUгa9е/eduсation,timе sailing,far ming ex p|o r ing, gеography,history сoгn,сhoсo|ate,fish air,oxygen,steam watег,mi|k,сoffee,gasoline сotton,plastiс,si|k weathеr сold, е|есtriсity, dust,sand,sugaг,sa|t,гiсе
jewе|гy monеy furnituге gar bagе |uggagе new s ho mew o гk maiI work information
l Reеd is a good matеrialfor boats. r ,t fIoats in the hеavieststorm.
iI oul! Cheсk For a list of somе сommon irrеgular plural nouns' see Appеndix 18 on pagе 343.
243
244
I
Unit sci
lDENтltYo Reod this artiсlе obout Thor Hеуеrdohl,Сircle oll the propеr nouns. Underlinеoncе oll the сommon count nouns. Undеrlinеtwicе thе common non-countnouns.
rеally thе first eХplorеr to
wu' @Б'ьu)
honеy,oil, еggs,nuts,and frеshfruit.Ra,thе
disсovеr thе Amеriсas? Thor Hеyеrdahl expеdition'sboat, сarriеd an intеrnational didn't think so. Hе bеliеvеd that anсiеnt group inсluding a Norwеgian,an Еgyptian, people Wеrеabiе to build boats that сould сross oсeans.To tеst his idеas, hе dесidеd to build a сopy of thе rееd boats that Wеrе piсtured in anсiеnt paintings
an ltalian,a Мехiсan.and a Chadian. Thе first trip failеd, but
Who Really Disсovrrеd Amеriсa?
еvеryonеsurvivеdand wantеd to try again. Departing on М a у | 7 , | 9 7 0 ,u n d е r t h e f l a g
and sail aсrossthе Atlantiсfrom NorthAfriсa of thе Unitеd Nations, Ra II сrossеd the to Barbados.Heyerdahl'stеam also сopied
Atlantiсin 57 days. Thе ехpedition proved
anсientMiddlе Еastеrnpots and fillеd them
that anсiеnt сivilizations had thе skill to
with food for thеir journеy-driеd fish, rеасhthе Amеriсaslong beforе Columbus.
o Mеgon аnd loson МcKoy arе planning o сOilIPLEтЕ hiking trip. Сompletе thеir сonvеrsаtion with thе correct form of the words in porentheses.
Jдsoш: Thеrе
'g
work
still a lоt of
l. (bе)
2. (work)
to dо this evеning.
Wе havе to plan thе fооd fоr the trip. Mвсдш: You,re right. 4. (be)
3. (Food)
сеrtainly
important. I,vе been
reading this book about сamping. Thеre 6. (idеa)
some good
5. (bе)
in it.
Jдsoш: oh? What doеsit say? Mвсдш: We should bring a lot of Jдsoш:
9. (Potato) 11. (trip)
Mвсдш: No, frеsh
and
7. (bean) l0. (bе)
8. (riсе)
good on сamping
too. 12. (vеgеtab|е)
13. (bе)
сan get some when Wе pass through a town.
toо hеavy tо сarry. Maybе wе
*Ч*uаffis l
the
14. (Bе)
ready? We should go over
15. (equipment)
the сheсklist. Mвсдш: I did that. We need
.l6.
(battегy)
for the radio.
Jдsoш: Why do wе need a radio? I thought we were running away from сivilization. lVIвсдш: But the
never
17. (nеws)
18. (stop)
. I still want to know
what's happening. Jдsoш: That's oK with me. By the way, do we have enough warm
l,{.l"thi"ф
It gets сhilly in the mountains. Mвсдш: That's true. And the
2o. (со|d)
Jдsoш: But we have warm sleeping Mвсдш: And we have eaсh other!
really
21. (bothеr)
me at night.
,,. фaф
EDIT.Tinа Arbеit soilеd oround the world olone on o smoll boot, Rеаd hеr diory еntriеs.Thereore fiftеenmistokesin the usе of nouns ond subjеct-vеrbogreement. Find аnd corrеctthem. Thе first two mistokesorе аlreodу corrеctеd. Canarу
daуsnow.l,llstarthornеWhen ОctoberТ7.|'vеbееnonthе€ a яary|s|andstorthrее wea|her iэ
the у+феrэаrе be]ter,I wаs50 sur?risеdwhеnI pickedиP rnt7mai|эtodау. Мy famil\ seГffmе sornebivthdaу ?rеserfts.Му Birthdaуis the ъf . I Wonto1еn thе gilts иntilthen. zg, I thinkthеvlефnеris ge|tingworsе.l hеаrdthundеrstodау,butthеre octobеr сvе^ltimеit thunderеd, Wasntanvrain, I stауеdtn bеdulithrnycаt,Tуphlon, uP c|o;еrundеrthе covеrs.I stаYtedrеаding0,Nove|, \phoonаnd I anugg|еd BrаveNew Wor|d. а sIrongwind todау-1usГ likeco|umbu5.1hеrе,s ОcIoberъ0, I leРtthe с-anаry |s|аnds and ?|еnIуot sцnshinenow.l wentz5'0Мt|es. Ос,tobеr Ъ1.|,rnu todaу|To ce|еbrаte, I drаnkaomеcoffееstor brеаktаstаnd I аnd ?rсit\ si|vеrjеwе|riеs. o?еnеdrn\?rеsеnts.l qoIsomе?еr+urnr аrеVen/tow.|,dbe1tеrnotusе mucnиntilI gd nеаr l.1T.lе е|ectricities Novernber cooklng. so I co||еdedWа|еrstor |trаinеdtodау, newYork,|'||nееdthеrаdiothеn.
245
Gluantifiers I ' mq l a d I boughta lot of batterieэ' .anу aand|eэ?
lP0lNт Сhесk the correсt onswеr. The сhild wants to know if they have П сhoсоlatе. t
QUANтlFlERsAND CoUNт NoUNs
сI/iАRтсl|Есl( Сirсle T (True)or F (Folsе). T
F
A lot of is used with both сount and non-сount nouns.
т
F
Severol is usеd with non-сount nouns.
т
F
Afewis usеd with сount nouns.
т
F
Anу is used in nеgative sentenсes.
QUANТlFlERsAND NoN.сoUNт NoUNs
lr
IQuon,.,,.* |шoun
IQuлштlгlвп |Nouш
l havе
some enough o lot of o few sеvеrol monY
l havе
battеriеs. сookies.
onу enough l don,t havе o lot of monY
a good supply of сhoсolate.
some enough o lot of o little o grеot deol of сandy' water. much
onу enough I do n,thavе o lot of muсh
ЕхPREssж Сomplete this convеrsotionwith muсh or many. A: We didn't buv
246
batteries.
B: Well, we didn't have
time beforе the storm.
A: That's true. We had
things to do.
Gluаntifiers
Grammar Еxplaпations
Examрles
l. Quantifiеrs arе еxprеssions of quantitysuсh as monу. Тhеy o lot of and arе usеd beforea noun.
r Wе usеd o lot of watеr |astsummеr. I Тhere Wеге,nony storms.
Quantifiеrsсan also bе usеd aIone,when it is сlеar what they referto. Notе that in o lot of, of is dropped.
2. Use somg еnough, o lot of, and oпy with both сountan d n o n - с o u n tn o u n s
A: How many еggs do wе havе? B: Not o lot, just o few'
non-сount
сount
l Wе havе some batteriеs and some gasolinе.
no n-сo unt сo unt r Wе have enough water and еggs for a wееk. r
сount non-сount We have o lot of bеans and riсe Ieft. non-сount
сount
Usе oпy in ouеstionsand in nеoativesentеnсes. A: Do we have onу milk oг tеabags? B: No, and wе don,t have onу сoffeе or papеr platеs еithеr. Use some whеn you makе an offег.
3. Usе o few, severol, and monу with p|ura|сount nouns in affirmativеsentеnсеs.
l WouId you likе some сoffeе?
l A few people got siсk. l $everolсhildrеn wеnt to thе hospital. l Monу rеsCue workers arrivеd.
Usе o llttle, o grеot deol of, and mисh with non.сount nouns in affirmativеsentenсes.
l They had o little troubIe with the radio. I Тhey thгew awaУo greot deol of food. l Muсh planning wеnt into the resсue.
Usдсв Noтв: ln affiгmativе sеntеnсes,monуis much more foгma|than o lotot is vеry formal.
Moкг FoкмдL:Monу pеop|е agгееd. LгssFoпмдr:A lot of pеople agreеd. VгкvFoкмдt-: Hе showed much Courage. Hе showеd o lot of сouragе. LгssFoкмдt-:
with fеw and littlе.Few and littlе usua|lymеan , , notе no u g h .,,
4. Use monу with сount nouns and much with non.сountnouns in quеstionsand negativеsentenсеs.
l
(not a lot, but probablу еnough) l Тhеy гeсеivedlittle news last night. (probablynot еnoughnеws)
A: How monу people did you seе? B: We didn,t seemonу.
A: How muсhfood did thеy сarrУ? Usдсr Noтв:In quеstionsand nеgativеsеntеnсеs, B: Not muсh. monу and muсh are usеd in both formal and i n foг maЕn l gIish.
247
248
l
Цnit 57
o Rеаd this orticle obout preporing for noturol disostеrs.Undеrlinе the IDENтIЕY quаntifiers+ count nouns. Сirclе the quontifiers+ non.count nouns.
Bв fdlre
PкEPARЕD
you ready? Мany peop|e don't гea|izеthat some natura|disasteгssuсh as earthquakеs
сanstгike*,,[email protected]еseveгaldaуsfoгassistanсetoгeaсhyou.Pгeparеуour disasteгkit in advanсe!Herе are a few tips. Watеr may be unsafe to dгink. Stoгe enough watеr foг sеveral daуs.Еaсh pеrson needs a gal|onpeг daу foг сooking and washing. \
\
You wil] aIso neеd food for sеvегaldaуs.|tЪa good idea to storе a Iot of of сannеd mеat, fruit,vеgеtаЬ|es, and milk. Howevег,aIso inс|udеseveгa|kinds of high-eneгgуfood, suсh as Peanut buttег and je||y.And dont forget some..сomfort food'' Iike сookies and сhoсo|ate!
\
\ \
lf you don't havе anу eleсtгiсity,уou might not have anу heat eitheг.Keep some Ьlankеts, s|eepingbags,and extГa с|othеs for eveгyone. Prеpaге a first aid kit with some pain rеIieveгs,sevегaIsizеs of bandages,and an antisеPtiс. ТhеAТMs might not be woгking.Do you havе any сashlYou shouldn't kеep muсh monеy in thе house, Ьut you shouId have a lot of smalIbi||s,and a few |argerЬilIstoo.
сl|00sEo Сircle the сorrеctwords to complеtethis rodio intеrviewbеtwееnТhis Morning (тM) ond food psуchologistAngie WеInitz(AW). TM:Dr.Welnitz,inu..i.i.,@Щtшhpeopleсraveсhoсolate.Doesсоmfоrtfood 1.
have an), / many real benefit? 2.
AW: Yеs. Sevеral / A little types of food help g,ve emotional balanсe. Choсоlatе gives an 3.
emotional lift beсause it сontains a great deal of / many sugaЦ for examplе. 4.
TM: What about mashed potatoes? When I'm sad, I сook a lot of / muсh potatoеs. AW: They remind you of сhildhood, when you felt safe. lД*Чg"*
5.
traditional foods
сomfort us like this. TM: I have a few / a little friends whо eat сomfort food to сelebrate. Why? 7.
AW: Wе have muсh / many сhangе in our lives today and a fеw / fеw ways to сalm down. 9.
8.
Comfort food tells us, ..Don't worr}..Some / A little things are still the samе.', 10.
TM: We only have a few / a little time left. Tell us-what 11.
is уour favorite сomfort food?
AW: Pistaсhiо iсe сream. I always feel better after I eat a few / few spoonfuls. 12.
Gluantifiers
o Rеod thеsесonversotions.Сompletе thеm with the corrеct words. сOI|ЛPLЕтE l. muсh, many' a fеw, a little manу
A: Hi, Barb. Did you and Jim lose
treеs in the storm?
B: Just one. And the house is OK. We onlv lost
windows.
How about you? problems either. We didn't have
A: Wе didn,t have
time to shop beforе thе storm, but thanks to the disaster kit, we had
сandles and
e.
t.
food on hand.
2. little' a little' a few, fеur A: It's intеresting to see what we usеd up from the disaster kit. I notiсed we havе only
hot сhoсolate left.
a.
B: That's bесausе
things taste bеtter in a сrisis. I bet there arе
more than
сans of spinaсh, though.
A: Six сans. I guess therе's B: Wе lеarned
е.
d.
reason to buy more of that.
things about сomfort foods during the storm,
didn't we?
EDIT.Reod this child,s diаrу entrу, Find ond correct sеvеnmistokеsin thе usе of quаntifiers. Thе first mistokе is olrеodу сorrectеd.
Wehod o Ьig stonm|ost week,ond we lost thе e|ectгiоitgfo{few dogs.onое I got ovenЬeingsconed,it wos o lot of fсln_q|ittlelikeооrnping oоt Wehovеqn electnic fогnoce,so We didn'thоvеsorneheot Wеsleрt in oоn sleeрingЬogs oгoundthe Wesогeоsed 0Р rnongwood! МornЬqkedsorneЬneodin on inonpon in the finep|oce. fineplocе.Shehod to tng seveгqltirnes,Ьоt it wos гeollggood whenit woгked.Wеote it with litfle peonutЬuttenТhe f]nstnightwe hod rnооhpnoЬ|erлs figoningout whot to do, It got doгk eoгlg,ond wе on|ghod o little оondles_ondno TV!Сindgis five, ond she wos гeo|lgfneokedout сlntilwеrлodеhot chocoloteoveг the fiгe.Finollg, evengЬodgtook tсlгnstel|ingstonies,] foоnd out thot Dod knows о |ot good stoгies.
I
249
Artiсles: lndefinite
and Definite
An evilmаgiсiаn fromа universe beyond oursistryingto сonquer the Eаrth. Themаgiсiаn isZаdo. Hehаsfourhelpers-
WPЙINт Сhеck thе correсt onswer, Aссоrding to the ad fоr the vidеo gamе: П Th"r" is only onе universe bеyond оurs.
сl]ARтсl/iEсl( Сircle T (Truе) or F (Folsе). т
т
F
F
A/An can bе used with non-сount nouns. Тhe сan be used with singular and
plural nouns. т
F
Use the whеn you mentiоn a noun for the sесond timе.
П Thе," is only onе Earth.
lN DЕtlN IтE
DEFlNlтE
SINGULARсoUNт NoUNs
SINGULARсoUNт NoUNs
|т"' |шoun
ll
IA/Att I Nouш Lеt,srent a
vidеo game.
Lеt,sгеnt
It',s
adventurе.
It',s
an
PLURALсoUNт NouNs/ NoN-сoUNт NoUNs
I wo n
by Сеrеbгo.
adventure
of Zado.
|т",|шou*l
| (Soмс) | Nouш (some)
9amе
PLURALсoUNт NoUNs/ NoN.сoUNт NoUNs
tt
Lеt,sp|ay
thе
l
vidеo games.
Lеt,sp|ay
go ld.
It',s
thе
9ames
wе rentеd.
go ld
Zado lost.
EхPRЕssж Сirclе the corrеct аrticles to completе thesеsеntences. Cerebro has a / the new video game. A / The game is сalled Spacе Dеfendеr.
2so
Artiсles:
6 и,agBъ AЖ*r Жxрfleвre*fi#}з$
lndefinite
arrd E}eflnite
t
Ежaтжplеs
l. We сan usе nouns in two Ways: a. A noun is indefinite (not speсifiс)whеn еitheryou or your |istеnеrdo not hаve a partiсu|arpeгson,pIaсe,or thing in mind.
A: Lеt,sbuy a vidеo gamr. B: cood idеa.Whiсh onе shouldwe buy? (A ond B ore not tolkingobout o speсifiсgomе.)
b. A noun is definite (speсifiс)when you and A: l bought the new game from Cеrеbro! your |istenеrboth know whiсh person.pIaсе, B: Creat! Is it fun? or thing you mean. (А and B аrе both tolkingobout o spесifiсgomе,)
2. Thе artiсle you Use beforеa noun dеpеnds on thе kind of noun (сountor non-сount)it is and on how you are usingthe noun (indеfinitе or definitе)' a. Use the indеfinitе artiсle o/on with singularсount nounsthat arе indеfinite.
A: l,m readingabout o magiсian. B: oh, rea||y? Whiсh onе?
A|souse a/on for singularсount nouns when you сlassify(saywhat somethingis).
A: What do you do for a living? B: |,m o pilot. And you?
Use o beforeсonsonantsounds. Usе on bеforevowel sounds.
l o magiсian,o grеat advеnturе l oп еviI magiсian,on advеntuге
that determineswhеthеryou usе o or аn.
r o hostilеaгmy (pronounсеd,,hostile,,) . on honestwarrior(pronounсed-,,ahnеst,,)
b. Use no artiсlе or somеwith pIuгalсount nouns and with non-сountnouns that aге indеfinitе.
3. Use the definitе artiсlе fhe with most nouns (сountand non-сount,singuIarand P|uraI)that are definitе.
r Тhеге are(some)games on thе shеlf. r I had to buy (some)mеdiсinе.
A: The magiсian l to|dyou about is on W tonight. B: Let,swatсh him!
Use the whеn: a. a pеrson,plaсе,or thing is unique-thеrе is only one.
l
b. the сontextmakеsit с|earwhiсh person/ plaсe,or thing you mеan.
A: Тhe music Wasgгеat. в: l еnjoyеdit too. (A ond B orе сoming out of o сonсert.)
с. the noun is mentionеdfor thе seсondtime (it has alreadybeеn idеntified)'
r t magiсian is trying to сonquеrthе Еarth. The magiсian is veгy poweгfu|.
d. a phraseoг an adjесtivеsuсh as first,best, right, wrong' or only idеntifieswhiсh one.
r Donkey Kong was the first video game with a story.
Тhе moon is 250,000 milеsawaУ. (ThеЕorth hosonlу one moon,)
25|
252
I
Unit 58
o Reod thesеconversаtions.СirсIеthе letter of the stotemеnt thot с|I00sЕs, DEsсRlBЕ bеst dеscribеsеoch conversotion. 1 . Coпд: I'm bored. Let,s rent a video game.
Fвво: oK.
a. Fred knows whiсh game Cora is going to rent. @ Fred and Cora arеn,t talking about a partiсular game. 2. Coвд: Mom, where,s the nеw video game? Moм: Sorry, I haven,t seen it. a. Мom knows that Cora rented a new game. b. Мom doesn't know that Cora rented a new game. I'1l bet it's in thе hall. You always drop your things there. Coпд: I'll go look. a. Thеre are several halls in Fred and Cora,s house.
3 . Fвво:
b. There is only оnе hall in Fred and Cora's house. Was I right? Coвд: Yоu weren,t even сlose. It was on a сhair in the kitсhen.
4. Fввп:
a. Thеre is only one сhair in the kitсhеn. b. There are sevеral сhairs in the kitсhen. 5 . Fвво: Wow! Look at that! The graphiсs are awesome.
Coпд: So is the musiс. a. All video games havе gоod gтaphiсs and musiс. b. The game Cora rented has good gтaphiсs and musiс. Coпд: This was fun. But why don't we rent a sports game next timе? Fвво: Good idea. I love sports games. a. Fred is talking about sports games in general. b. Fred is talking about a partiсular sports game.
о Circlе thе correct аrticles to complеtе this porogroph, сl|00sЕ& сOмPLЕTE Board games are popular all over a/@
1.
world. Mah Jong is an / the eхample of 2.
a l an very old one. I had an l a unсlе who had an / the оld sеt from Singapore. 4.
3.
5.
He kept a / tЬe set in thе / a beautiful boх in a / the living room. He usеd to open 6.
7.
8.
t e / a box and tell mе about tЬe / a pieсes. They Were madе of bamboo, and eaсh 10.
9.
one had a / the Chinеsе сharaсter on it. To me, they Were tЪe / a most fasсinating 11.
things in a / thе world. 13.
12.
Artiсlеs:
lmdеfinite
anсJ E}efini*e
o Reod eoch сonvеrsаtion,Сomplеte it with the oppropriote ortiсIe сOil|PLEтE (a, an, or thе). сar just pullеd up. Are you еxpeсting Somеone?
1. A:
B: No, I'm not. I wonder who it is. 2. A: Can we usе
cat?
B: oK, but bring it baсk by 11:00o'сloсk. game system before we leave.
3. A: Let's turn off
B: We don't have to. We сan just leavе it on Pаusе. 4. A: Do vou have
gamе system?
B: Yеs, I do. I just bought a Sega Genesis. 5. A: Do you see the video storе? I was Sure it was on Main Streеt.
B: I think it's on
side street. but I'm not sure whiсh one.
6. A: There it is. B: Good. You сan park right aсross
street from the store.
7. A: Еxсuse me, do you have any new games?
B:
newest gamеS arе in the front of the store.
8. A: W.e'dbetter go. Wе,ve bеen here for B: That was
hour.
fastest hour f've ever spent.
9. A: Еxсuse me. I,d like to rent this game.
B: Just take it to
сashier. She's right over thеre.
EDII. Rеod this mogozinе orticle obaut vidеo gomеs. Find ond corrеctninе mistokesin thе usе of orticlеs, Thе first mistokе is аlrеodу сorrесtеd. Ihe plumber ^^. nсеthеrеWasa plumЬеrnamеdМario.Рh*mЪсrhad bеautifulgirlfriеnd.onе daу,aapеfеll in ll
\-/
lovе with thе girlfriеnd and kidnappеd hеr. Thе plumbеr сhasеd apе to rеsсuе his girlfriеnd. This simplе talе bесamе Donkеy Koпg a first vidеo gamе with a story. It was invеntеd by
Sigеru Мatsimoto, a artist with Nintеndo, Inс. Мatsimoto lovеd thе vidео gamеs' Ьut hе wantеd to makе thеm morе intеrеsting.Не likеd fairy talеs,so hе invеntеd story similar to a famous fairy talе. Story Was an immеdiatе suссеss,and Nintеndo followеd it with The Маrio Brothers. Thе rеst is vidеo gamе history.
l
253
a, (No Artiсle)
and The arОУОUrnJОу|nq the ride?
Ro|Ierсoaэ|rr rideэ are a |ot |ike |ife'You1uэLhave |o rе|axand anjoу
WffiPЙlNт Сhеck thе correct onswеr, Who is talking about roller сoaster ridеs in gеnеral? П tь. littlе girl
П tье little boy
сliАRтсl|EсК
No ARтIсLE (lNDErlNПЕ)
Сhеck thе сorrеct onsWеr. You сan usе o.(no artiсlе) for a noun that is:
o + Noш-Couшт Nouш
Tнс+ Noш-Couшт Nouш
Do you |ikесotton сandy?
Thе сotton сandy in this park is gгeat.
0 + Pluпдl CouштNouш
Tнr + Pluпдl. Couшт Nouш
П i',defi.,itе
Ridesсan be veryexсiting.
Thе ridеs in this paгkarе еxсiting.
Тr,Е (DEFlNlтЕ)
П d"fi''ite You сan use o fоr a сount noun that is: П singular П plural
254
Tнс + Slшсul.дпCouшт Nouш Thе r ide nеarthе еntгanсеis еx сitinq.
g. !J::.*rj:.'.:l.?:.ч.Т:::..:..2-iР.... o.ol
ExPREssж Сircle the or o (no orticlе) to completе thesеsеntences. A: Did you enjoy Ф / t}reroller сoaster ride? B: Yes, I lovе И / th.eroller сoaster rides. A: And did you trу И / the сotton сandy? B: No. I don't like o / the сotton сandy. It's always too sweet.
Grammar Еxplanatiопs
A,xamplеs
1. Wе often use o (пo artiсlе) bеfore non-сount nounsand pluralсount nounsthаt aге indеfinitе (not spесifiс). Use O when you: a. havе no spесiflс pеrson,p|aсе,oг thing in mind.
A: What do you want to do tonight? B: Lеt,sstav homе. Wе сan |istеnto musiс or watсh uid"o,.
b. сlassify (saywhat somеthingor someone is). A: B: A: B: G. makе genеral statеmеnts.
What,sthat? |t,sсotton сandy. And what are thosе? Тhеy,rеtiсkets for the ro||еrсoaster.I bought them w hilеyo u W еr eo n thе pho ne.
r (otton сandy is vегy swеet. (сottonсondу in gеnerol) r Roller сoastеrs aге popu|ar. (rollеrСoostеrsin gеnеrol)
2. Usе the with non-сountnouns and сount nouns (singularand plura|)that are dеfinitе-when you aге ta|kingabout a spесifiс or unique per'on, plaсe, or thing that you and -----. your J -_. |istenerknow about.
A: Can I tastеthe сotton сandy? B: Suгe.Havе as muсh as you,d like. A: Wheге are the tiсkets for the rollеr сoaster? B: I put thеm in my poсkеt. A: Тhis is the best rollеr сoaster in the worId.
3. Bв сдпвгul! Singularсount nouns сannot stand r Тhis is o dеliсiousсandy bar. alone.Youmusta|waysusееitheranartiсle,aNoтThisis@ pronoun, onel or a woгd suсh as this,thot, eасh, l |t,shard to еat just oпe сand у bar, isn,t it? or еvеrybеforea singularсount noun. r Civе mе thot сandy bar! You,vеhad еnough. l |t,smу сandу bar.
256
I
&jrъЁtmffi
o Reod this onnounсеmеntfor o nеw аmusеmentpork. LJndеrlinеolt thе iDENтiFY сommon nouns thot hove no orticles.Сirсlе oll the nouns with thе.
Grand Opening!
| -t,'i -,\['',\' ,
Do you еnjoyamusеmеntparks?Tomorrow,BlarеGardеnswill opеn tо
. / 1\]
ridеs and gamеs that will appеal to both adults and сhildrеn.And oГ сoursr an amusеmеntpark would not bе сompletеwithoutсottonсandy and hot dogs.Thе food at Blarе Gardеnspromisеsto bе Vеrygood.Comе еarly,bring thе wholе family,and bе surе to stay for thе firеworksdisplaythat takеsplaсe right aftеrthе sun sеts.So сhесk it outl You won't bе disappointеd.
оl00$ о Сirсlеthе сorrеctwordsto complеtеthis mаgаzineartiсIе.
\ nl lIIj and fti\Ь T:,;:ж;:::-%;.:]":::
< Lrill.
2_
3.
Disnеy World and Conеy Island offеr the l Ф fun, rеlaхation,and еsсapе from the / И 4.
problеms and borеdom of еvеryday lifе. Thеy offеr bЧP
5.
adults and сhildrеn alikе a
сhanсe to take
risks without сonsеquenсеs.Thanks to advanсеs in Чg ЧP Ihe-| О tесhnologу, Ihg l Ф aссidеnts in thE i o amusemеnt parks are now rare. You сan 9.
10.
11.
go on th91 a rides that look sсary but arе aсtually safe. You сan sсrеam and laugh as 12.
thg! Ф rollеr сoastеr raсеs down toward th9 l a ground and loops up to thе / И sky '14. 13.
15.
again, lеaving your сarеs and troublеs bеhind. Еven though the l О roller сoastеrs are the / И most 17.
16.
popular of all
rides, thеy arе not for evеryonе. But
чlP don't Worry.Today's amusеment parks offеr a lot more than the l a thrills and сhills. Thеrе arе train ridеs 19.
through a rеpliсa oI theJ.Ф rain forеst.And there arе thе-!а gamеswith thE1О prizеs too. The lИ hot dogs, 21.
22.
23.
iсе сrеam, and соtton сandy сomplеtе фЭ!P this pеrfесt getaway for
ЧlP
wholе family.
piсturе of
.+fj:.l.:l.?:.Ч .Тl.:. 3.!]Y:. .:..?77.. ...o.... о Reod this convеrsotionobout on omusеmentpork. Сompletе thе с0I{|PLEтE sеntenceswith the whеre necеssorY,Usе a if уou don,t nееd аn orticlе, A: I'm going to Blarе Gardens next wеekend. You wоrk there. What,s it like? sсary rides? If you do, then you,re going ?. rides at Blarе Gardеns.
B: That depends. Dо you |tke to lovе A: What's
most exсiting ride there?
3.
B: The Python. I'vе seen peoplе aсtually shaking with fеar beforе they got оn it. fun. By the way, how's
A: Sounds likе hatе
B: Then you might have a little problem. They sell
11.
hot dogs and
-
pizza, and that's about it. But do you like -
A: I love it. I listеn to
B:
food there? I
hot dоgs.
6.
8."9.
5.
lo.
musiс?
сountry musiс all the timе. Why?
musiс at Blare Gardеns is grеat. They have
bеst
12.
сountry musiс gToups i'
еntire state. i ,: A: What eхaсtly do you do there? Maybе we']l Sеe you. B: I dress likе a сartoon сharaсter and guide people around
park.
ЕDlT. Reod this postcord from BIorеGordеns, Find ond corrеct еight mistаkеsin thе use of the ond a @o orticlе). Thе first mistаke is olreodу correctеd.
Pаrk B|аrе Gаrdens Amusеment
I /ovethe rilrs here,I meаи,I,re bееиoи the rollеr сoаsfursbefo,е,bиt пothiпg is likе the oпr thец,rrgot
To: Rуап Тиrпеr
here!Апd foo,l isgrеаt too,/ иsиаl/у doп,t еаt the /lot
31 Bаrсo/oпа Dr
dogs, bиt hot logs /lereЙrrу/rе[It.So is 1эizzа.Doуoи
Boиldеr Сo B03o3
/ike thе аftl|Isl||tепtpаrk? lf so,уot,t,l,t: got togсt loиr fo-i/у to сomе. Тhеoпlу p,oblem is сroшds hеrе,Pеoplе hаrе fu шаit fu qеt iиto сvсrlthiпg-еvси thс restrooms!Sееуoи soo|t.
Niсkц
Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns
@P0INT Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). ,,I
и,ill not tаlk to mvself' I wil| пot tаlk to mvsеlf.',
сI|ARтсI]EсК Сirclе T (Truе) or F (Folse). т
F
, т
F
Singular reflexive
prоnouns еnd in -selves. Reсiproсal pronouns always rеfer to mor,еthan one person.
т
RЕFLЕxlvEРRoNoUNs Suryвстl l Rвгlвxlvв Pпoшouшi
i Pпoшouш
I
myself.
You
yourself.
He
himsеlf.
She
It
lookedat
F
The man is talking tо another pеrson. REClPRoсAt
P|IONOUNS
suв;вст l Pпoшouш l
We You Thеy
lookеdat
Rвсlpпoсдl-
] Pпoшoutч еaсh other. onе anothеr.
hеrsеlf. itself.
Wе
ourselves.
You
yourselves.
Тhеy
thеmsеlves.
EхPREss Сircle thе corrеct words to completе this conversotion. A: Is someone in there with УoU, or are you talking to }roursеlf/ themselves? B: No one's here. I'm just talking to one anothеr / myself. 254
Reflеxive
G rаffi.вуEт**r #жрfiё ggetЁФrr $ 1. Usе a rеflеxivе pronoun whеn thе subiесtand obieсt of a sеntеnсerеfеrto thе s amеpe o o |eo г th i n o s .
Pronouns
and Reс-proeal
Рrоnouns
l
Жxarтъ р$rs subjесt = objeсt l Sara |ookеda|herself in thе miггor. (Sarolookеdot hеr own faсe.)
ln imperativе sеntеncrs usе: -уourself when thе subieсt is singular
l ,,Don,tpush yoиrself so hard, Tom,,, Saгasaid.
-уourselyes whеn thе subjeсtis pluraI
I ,,Don,tpush yourselvesso hard, guуs,,, Sar asaid.
2. Use a rеf|exivе рronoun to emphasizеa l Tom was upsetwhеn hе lost his job. Тhе noun' ln this сasе,thе reflеxivеpronoun usua||y iob itself Wasn,timportantto him, but hе fo|lowsthe noun dirесtly. needеdthe moneУ.
3. By + a rеflеxivе pronoun means oloneor withoutonу help.
Be + a reflеxive Pronoun means oсt in the usuаlwoy.
4. Usе a rесiproсal pronouп when the subjесt and thе ob.ieсtof a sеntеnсerеfегto thе samе peop|еand thesе peop|еhave a two-way rеlationship.Usе eoсh other whеn the subjeсtis two pеoplе.Use eithеrone another or eoch other whеn thе subjeсtis morе than two pеople.
r Saгa|ivеsby herself. (Soro livеsolonе,) r Wе paintеdthе housеby oursе|ves. (No one hеlpеdus,) r Justbe yourself at your intеrviеw. (Асt likе уou usuallуoсt') l Hе wasn,t himself aftеrhе lost his job. (Hе sеemeddifferent,)
= subjесt obieсt r Тom and Sara mеt eссJr othеr at work. (Tommet Soro,and Soro met Tom,) subjесt = objесt r We all toId one onother about our jobs. oR subjесt = objeсt r We al! told eoch other about our jobs. ongеd informotion with еvеrу ,:;,: i:;";
;r,h
reflexivepronouns havе diffеrеntmeanings.
(Frеdtolkеdto lone, ond lonе tolkеdto Frеd,) l Fгedand Janеta|kedto themselves. (Frеdtolkеdto himsеlf,qnd Jonе tolkedto hеrsеlf,)
5. Reсiproсal pronouns have possеssiveforms: eoch other,s, one onother,s.
l Tom and Saгatook eoсh other,s numbеrs. (Tomtook Sora,snumbеr'Soro took Tom,snumbеr.)
it out! Сheсk For a list of verbs and expressions сommоnly used reflexivеly, see Appendix 16 on pagе 340.
259
260
r
unit 60
o Rеod this ortiсlе obout sеlf-tаlk.IJndеrlinethе rеflexivepronouns once ond iDENтiFY the reciprocolpronouns twice,Drаw on orrow to thе word thot each pronoun rеfеrsto,
atP
'еlf-talk is thе waУ wе exp1aina prob1еmto oursе1vеs.It сan affесt the way wе fее1
and how wе aсt. Tom and Sara, for example, both lost thеir jobs whеn thеir сomPany laid off a lot of people. Sara kept hеrself fit and spеnt timе with friеnds. Tom gainеd tеn pounds and spеnt all his timе by himsеlf. They Wеrе both unеmploУеd, so thе situation itselfсan,texplainwhy.hThеmaindiffеrеnсе was the waУTom and Sara explained the problem .o .й*'.,.
Sara bеliеved that shе
hеrsеlf сould сhange hеr situation. Tom saw himsеlf as helpless. Latеr, everyonе got their jobs baсk. Whеn thеy all talked to onе anothеr baсk at the offiсе, Tom grumblеd, ,,They must havе been despеrate.,,Sara replied, ,,Thеy finally rеalized thеy nееd us!,,
сl]00sEo Tom ond Soro,s componу held on offiсepаrty. Сhoosе thе correct reflexivеor reciprocolpronouns to complеte thе сonvеrsаtions, oч|эe|veo
1. A: Do you mind if we pour
( m y s е | fi o u r s е l v е s )
somеthing to drink?
B:ofсoursenot.Andthere'sfoоdtoo.Plеasehelp_.
( У o u r s e | v е/s t h е m s е I v e s )
2. A: That,s the new head of Мarketing. She's standing bv B: Let,s go and introduсе
.*.*n, nu^'.'*u
( h i m s е |/f o u r s е l v е s )
3. A: I'm nervous about mу datе with Niki. I сut B: You'll be fine. Just relax and be 4. A: My boss and I always givе
( m y s е l fi h е r s е | f )
twiсe shaving.
( у o u r s е | v е/s y o u r s е | f )
( o u r s е | v е/s е а с h o t h е r )
the same holiday grfts. Every year
I give him a book and hе gives me a sсarf. B: Funny. I always thought you bought
( y o u r s е |/f h i m s е | f )
5. A: The nеw softwarе is so easy, it just seеms to run by
a lot of sсarves. (itsе|f/ mysе|f)
B:Really?Inourdepartment,we,rеstil1teaсhing@howtouseit. 6. A: Did you and Armina go to Japan by
( y o u r s e |/f y o u r s е | v е s )
B: With a gтoup. We'vе all kеpt in tоuсh with
or with a tour group?
( o n e a n o t h е r/ o u r s е | v е s )
sinсe the trip.
rР.f.l.:}jy.:.I::.T:YI:..1:9.l:.:l?:.?:3j.:Т:.T:.YI:. .:..?s!...ooo.. О Gеorgе Prudеou is o high school French tеаcher,Сomplete сOШIPLEтE his tolk to o Troup of new tеochеrs.|Jsеreflexivеond rеciprocolpronouns. I teaсh Frenсh, but the subjeсt
itэe|f
isn't that important. I think my
1.
experienсe applies to all subjeсts. Your first Уeat may be hard, so teaсh 2.
to use рositive self-talk and keep things simple. Remember that
a good teaсher helps students learn by students' Was having trouble teaсhing
. Reсently, John, one of my
3.
how to bake Frenсh brеad.
I enсouraged him to keep tфng, and in the end he suссeeded. As far as disсipline goes, I have just a few rules. I tell my students, *Keep 5.
Disсuss thе lessons, but don,t interfere with teaсhing materials simple too. I pride
7.
busy.
's work."
Keep
on bеing able to teaсh
anywhere' even on a street сornеr. Finally, the salary for teaсhers is not gтеat, but you have a lot of freedom. I run my сlass by -just the way I want to. 8. You will all have to deсide for if it's worth it. I сan't afford to 9. travel to Franсe, but I satisfy
with trips to Quebeс!
lo.
EDIIо Reаd this womon,s diory, Find ond corrеct sеvеn mistokesin thе useof rеflexive ond rесiprocаlpronouns, The first mistoke is olreodу corrесtеd.
rforgotto ulLJаn ofuhl,sbi/t/4щ. I ,,,,,,),j*;#,Io ryryI
Iforgot ц, аJ4d,thе]Ф
Ifilt turij/"o.му sustuАt.tttд, saii,, ,,Dor.r,it bosohАld oп,уourselueс,''
bцt t ЙZnt bеJhru hu. shэ prrnэс hg on rеJoLе),JulИ! еl,wуtll,rt1. Т/luJФ
I reа^оL ал,.аrtirJeoп,sфtа,|k. It sаij,tl'м
r-ф
oхp{лl"lt,prob/Д44' to tЙдlуsеАteс.I rц/l2tl,
t/.tАt thz шау I tа/h tо t,и.eiв
|J4'u/tt24!-0k2,tЙэ иtауoш
саn с,hattgotЙp,ry щ
шd,,to tа/hto u,r. фh'sсА"ooLИ4лt{.|,tеА^d42/
t t{шч|*, Jаn аJ47,I trедt ел,dФotЙg И,е1,|,. tro forgаl,v ^/'"/ff'r Иу L?Йtа,k>,
,gl,t Ч,
аJ4aI,frU*" hfufo,foyфt,,t1 oцr dlп*tll dАtott,ttoшеd<s чo. Jаn шj, t cou/7,forgtlnt|4ДИ'е,br,с, sot gt,tэсsI *,f,U*,"/'Ч.
SelfТest lffiI
oшв
Сircle thе letter of the сorrесt onswеr to complеtеeoch sеntеncе.Choose И whеn no orticlе is nееdеd,
Еxдшptt: Jеnnifer never (A) drink (Bl drinks I . I introduсed -
{A)himsеlf (B)mе 2. The job
(A) myself (B)itself
сoffеe.
to Bill as soon as I saw him. (C) myself (D)eaсh оthеr
{Al themselves (B)ourselves
during the holidays. (C) еaсh othеr's (D)one another
4. What a beautiful braсеlet! Is it made of -
(A}a lоt оf (B)a few 6. Hоw
(Al many {B)muсh
bottled water bеfore thе hurriсane. (C) twelve (D)many eggs do you neеd for thе сakе? (с| И (D)more
best movie I,vе еver sеen.
9. Di's in
Еurope on vaсation. (С|И (D)the
l o . Freda's
ь|a (B)a
262
friends at frrst. (С)few (D)a fеw
8. That's (A) a (B)an (A) a (B)an
ABсD
ABсD
(D)a
7. She was lоnely beсause she had
(A) little (B)a littlе
gold?
(qa
{A)the (B)somе
ABсD
ABсD
isn't a problem. It's my boss. (C)himself (D)it
3 . The students ехсhange сards with
5 . I bought
д@с D
(C)is drinking (D)was drinking
(с)the
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
DA
astrоnaut. Thеre are siх оf them on this mission. (C)an (D)the
ABсD
ABсD
SelfTest
1 1 . -I
just rеntеd -Great! Whiсh one? (A) the (B)some
l
ABсD
vidеo.
(c)a (D)any fruit left. Could you buy some apples? (С)litttе (D)many
72. We don't have (A) muсh (B)some
lъЕcтlrоNl
Хl
AвсD
тW0
Еаch sеntencehos four underlinеd words or phrosеs, The four underlinеdports of the sеntencеorе morked A, B, С, ond D. Сircle the lеtter of thе onе undеrlinеd word or phrose thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдшptп:
A B сo
but todav hе walks. Mike _ usuallv - п * _ - -drives ъ _ - - Сtо - - тsсhoоl. 13. There are a lot of food in the fridge, so help yоursеlf.
ABсD
14. Do )лourfamilies сome fоr thanksgiving or do you сelebratе
ABсD
ABсD
Aв(
by )'ourselves? D
1 5 . The nеws arе starting, so let,s watсh TУ in thе living room.
ABсD
1 6 . Lее wants to oрen his businеss in may and start working
ABсD
AB(D
ABс
for himself. D
|7. I m}zselfdon,t еat сhili, but it,s the most popular spiсе in a world. Aв(D
1 8 . A mone-v isn't everything-the AB(D
ABсD
job rtsеЦ has to be interesting.
1 9 . Mathematiсs isn't Todd,s best subjeсt, but he suссеeds with the D
AB(
hard work.
ABсD
ABсD
20. Hоw many timеs do we have before the movie starts?
ABсD
21. Smith Was an unpopular mayoц so he had a few friends in politiсs.
ABсD
22. Wе havе only a fеw milk left, so сould you piсk Some up for us?
ABсD
23. We didn't know one anothеr names beforе Maria introduсеd us.
ABсD
24. Ben has to savе a fеw monеy so that hе сan go to *т,1
ABсD
AB(D
AB(D
ABсD
B(D
A
B
A
in фе fall.
25. I mеt an aссountant and a lawyer at }rourparty, and an aссountant ABсD
said he,d help mе.
ABсD
263
Тhe Passive:
overview
WPЙINт Сhеck thе informotion you con get from the od, П tь" name of the founder Rеodеr'sDigеst was foundеd in 1922. Today it is read Ьy pеoplе in every сountry in the world. Shouldn'tyou Ье onе of them? SuЬsсriЬеtoday.
П tь" number of years thе magazine has еxistеd П tь" priсе of thе magazinе
сI/,АRт сHEсК Сircle T (Truе) or F (Fаlse). T
т
т
F
F
F
The objeсt of an aсtive sentenсе beсomes thе subjeсt of the passive sentеnсe. Passivе statemеnts always have a fоrm оf the verb be. Passive statemеnts always have an оbjeсt.
Mi||ionsof peop|еbuy it.
lt is bo ught by millio nso f pеo p|e.
SomеonеpubIished it in 1922,
lf w as published in 1922.
PAsslvЕ sтAтElt,lЕNтs tl
I Pлsт
|
Suцвст Br (Noт) | Pяптrсlвlв | 1вr + oцвст) It
is (not)
bought
It
was (not)
publishеd
by mi||io ns o f pеo ple.
YEs/NoQUЕsтloNts
tl Bс |,u",...| Еill...o.. ls Was
sold
it
I
l
in China?
|гo,,
Шн-Woпo| в. I su"t.., l Ьii....o.. Wherе
ls
it
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvв
wн. QUЕsтloNs
26+
in 1922.
sold?
Yes, it
ls.
was.
II
Nвсдтlvв
No, it
isn't. wasn't.
Тhe Pаssive:
Оverviеw l
EхPREssж Сompletе this sentеncewith thе possive form of thе verb print, How many сopies of Rеаdеr,s Digеst
last year?
Grammаr Notеg
Еxamplеs
1. Aсtive and passive sеntеnсes oftеn have similarmеaningsbut diffеrentfoсuses.
Aстlvв l Millionsof peoplе rеad the magazine. (Thе focusis on thе pеoplе,) Pдsslvг l Тhе magazineis read by mi||ionsof peoplе. (The foсusin on thе magozine')
2. Form thе passive with a form of be + past pa*iсip|е.
r |t is w r itten in ninеtееnlanguagеs. r lt w as publishеd in 1922. r lt has just been printed.
3. Usе thе passivе whеn: a. thе agеnt (thе personor thing doing thе aсtion)is unknownoг not important.
r Тhе magazinеwas founded in 1922, (l don,tknowwho foundеdit.)
b. thе identityof the agеnt is с|еarfrom the сontеxt.
r Тhе magazineis so|d at nеwsstands. (Wе сon assumеthat thе nеwsstandownеrsand emp|oyееs sе||it, Wе don,t neеd to mеntionthеm.)
C. you want to avoid mеntioningthеagent.
I Some mistakеswerе madе in that artiс|e. (l know who mode thе mistakes,but l don,twont to blame thе pеrsonwho madе thеm')
4. Use the passive with bу if уou mention thе agеnt. Меntion,thе agеnt whеn:
r The aгtiсlewas written by o psусhologist.
a. you introduсеnесеssarynew information about the agent.
r John Dеlgadois a famoussportswritеr. He has just been hirеd by Notionol Sports to w r itеa mo nth|yсo |umn. (Thе nаmе of John,sеmploуeris nесеssory nеw information,)
b. you want to give сreditto someonewho сrеatеdsomеthing.
r Thе aгtiс|еwas written by lohn Delgodo'
с. thе agent is surprising.
l ouг windows arе washed bу o robot.
to mеntion an agеnt in passivеsentenсеs. Do not inсludеan agent unnесеssarily.
Noт Тhe magazineis publisheobу+ьеa*+isнеr onсe a wееk.
26s
266
I
unit 6i
сl]00sEо Rеаd thеsеsеntenсesond dеcide if theу аrе Аctive (A) or Passive (P). 1 . Readеr's Digеst was founded in 7922. 2 . Millions of people read it. 3 . A large-type edition is also printed. 4. They also reсord it.
I; |;
ffi
5 . Rеadеr,s Digеst is published оnсе a month.ffi 6 . It has been translated into many languages. 7 . Мany readers subsсribe to the magazine. 8 . It is sold at newsstands everywhere. 9. I read an interesting artiсle in it.
1 0 . The artiсle was written by a famous sсientist.
о Look ot REАD& с0I{LPIЕTE thе chort. Then complеtе thе sentenсеs,Use thе vеrb speak in the octive or thе possivе form.
Cantonese(China Ho (Biharand OrissaStates,lndia
Swahili(Kenya,Тanzania,Uganda, DemoсratiсRepubliсof Congo) ТagaIog(Philippines)
Japanese
ken bу 126 mi||ion
One million people
bу 57 million pеople. Spanish Cantonesе. 246 million people. Мorе than 500 million peоple in Uganda.
The
Passive:
Оverview
o Usе thе pаssivе form of the verbs in thе first set of porenthesesto сOIлPLЕтE complеte this rеport. Includе thе ogent (from thе sеcond set of porenthеses) only if obsolutеlYnеcеssorу.
MоdernReaderNеwsletter
TпштнAшшlvвпsARYlssuс
Dto You l{ьlolry. . . ? } Modеrn fuа,dеr
waэ founded bу A, J. ThomPaon '1.
waэ printеd
) At first it
in thrее forеignJanguagе еditions.
3 . ( p u b | i s h()t h е p u b l i s h е ф 4 . ( r е a d )( r e a d е r s )
) Sinсе 2000, twеnty nеW еmployееs ) Baсk at homе, tеn nеW сomputеrs ) Thеy
7. (usе)(ourwriters)
| Мodеrnfuаdеr ) our еditorial staff ) Thе intеrviеw
t.еnyеars ago.
only in Еnglish.
2. (print)fitgp*аtФ
) Today it )It
( f o u n d )( 4 . J . T h o m p s o n )
ln
morе than tеn сountriеs. 5 . ( h i r е )( o u г i n t е r n а t i o n аol f f i с е s ) 6 . ( p u r с h а s e )( t h е с o m p a n y )
last month.
to Writе our award-winning artiсlеs.
8 . ( а d v е r t i s е () а d v е r t i s е r s ; 9. (interview)(Livеot Tеn TV)
all ovег thе woгld. last month.
l o . ( s e е )( m i | l i o n so f v i е w e r s )
EDIT.Reod on editor'snotes for o story for Modеrn Readеr. Find ond correct еight mistokеsin thе usе of the possive. The first mistаkе is olrеody corrected, are located in thе coolwеstеrnhighIаndsknownаs thе Аttiptano. Two\hirdsot Bo|iviа's f ivemiltionpеoplе W thе grаinquinoahаs bееngrеwin thе moцnIаins, L|аmаsrаisеdior iuц mеаt,аrld For cеntцriеs, transportаtion. Аnd tin, Bo(ivia,s richеstnаtцrа|(еaoцrce, is rniningbу minеrsin thе high Аndеs, Ihе Оriеntе,аnothеrnаmеtor thе еаstеrnlowlаnds,is most|уIropicа|.Ncе is thе majorlood crop,аnd cow;arе rаisеdfor rnitk.oit is а|sotindthere, АIIhough 5pаnishis thе aРtiсiat|аnguagе, аrе sIi|Ispokenby NativeАmеricаn|anguаgеs ptaуedon rеed pipеsWhosetonе textitesarе wovenbу hаnd,аnd mt,lsic Trаditionаt PeoPIе, rеsеmb|еs thе soundof thе windblowing ovеrhighp|аinsin thе Аndеs,
l
267
The Passive
with Modals
Э i I Iэ, o m e Ь h i n q h aэ t , o b e d o n e a b o u L Еd , | e э nor e e e o |o u d h e ,oа o i n а L o kn o c k u e o u L o f o r b i t !
жPЙINт Сhеck thе corrеct onswеr,
l kn ow ,Сa r|a . l,e can be heard back on Еarth|
Aссording to Carla, П ва has to d.osomething about his snoring. t
sтAтЕil,lЕNтs
сIIARтсHEсl(l Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Fаlse), т
F
Passivеs with mоdals alwavs use be.
т
F
You сannot talk about the future using the passivе with modals.
somеbоdyhas to do somеthing about Ed's snoring.
I
l Pдsт
Suв;вст l Mooдl.*
8g l PдптlсlPLE
will (not) should (not)
Тhe сrеw
Hдvс (сoт) тo/ Bс сotнс тo
Suв|вст
has (got) to doesn't have to is (not) going to
Тhe сrew
be
Br bе
replaсed
I
nеxt month.
Pдsт
Pдптlсlpl-в
rеplaсed
nеx t mo nth.
*Modals have only one form. Thеy do not have -s in thе third person singular.
YI s/rvoQUlЕsт oNs
сHARтс'{,Eсl( 2 Chеck thе corrеct аnswеr, What сomes before the subjeсt in questions? Jьe П u modal or an auхiliary vеrb 264
Mooдl.
will Shoшld
,u",r.r IBr
Pдsт
it
replaсed?
be
Pдвтtсlpl.в
sHoRт ANsWЕRs I Aггlпмдтlvв Yes, it
w ill. sho uld.
I |
NвGAт|vЕ No, it
won't.
sho uldn't .
Тhe Passive
s}|oRт ANsWЕRs
YES/NI} QUEsтlo NS Auxll.tдпvl I Hдvстo/ Vвпв | 5uв|встI Goпсстo Doеs ls
it
have to
g o i n g to
witir МосJals t
I port
Bg I PдптlGtPLЕ
be
repIaсеd?
AггlпмдтIvв Yes, it
does. ls.
Il
NвсAтlvЕ No, it
doesn't.
isn't.
ExPREss,#ж--ф:;я, Сomplеtethis conversotionwith the pаssiveform of will preparе.
A:
food
B: No. it
on board?
It
on Earth.
rъet ЁФyвs ar tr"жp"a &y awуъхж
E,x*rтвр1еs
l. Тo form the passivеwith a modaI,use modal + bе + past partiсiple.
r r l r
2. Usе иdll or he going to with thе passivеto talk about thе futurе.
l lt will bе launсhed vегy soon. oR r lt,s going to bе launсhеd Verysoon.
3. Use сoл with the passivеto exprеss present ability.
r Thе blastoffcon be seen for miles.
Use сoиld with the passivеto exprеss Past ability.
4. Use сou!d,froу, might, and сont with thе passiveto exprеssfuturе possibility or impossibility.
The SpaсeShutt|еwill be launсhеd soon. Тhe launсh won,t he postponеd. Тhe сrеW,nиst be given time off. Deсisionsshouldn,t be madе too quiсkly.
l |t сould bе seen vеry сlearlylastyеar.
l r r l
|t сould be launсhed vеry soon. tгenсh sсiеntistsmoy be invited to partiсipate. P|antsmight bе grown on boaгd' |t con,t bе donе.
5. Use should, ought to, hod better, hove (got) to, and must with the passiveto exprеss: a. advisabilitу
r Тhе сrеw shoиld be prepared to work hard. r Crеw members ought to be given a daу oft. r Pгivaсyhod better be respесted.
b. песessity
l Rеpoгtshove to bе filed. r Еvеryonemust be сonsulted.
269
27O I unit 62
lDЕNтltYo Rеod this orticle obout the lntеrnotionаl Spаcе Stotion Unity. Undеrlinе oll thе possivеswith modаls,
Living in outеr Spaсо Paсе StationUnitу will be сomPletеdwithin thе next dесаde,and intеrnational tеаms of аstronаutswill thеn bе sharingс|osequаrtersfor long pеriodsof time.
Whаtсаn be donеto improve|ivingсonditionsin spасе?Hеre,swhаtformеr аstronauts suggеst: Foodshouldbе mаdеspiсierto * Fooо lt doеsn,ttastеas goodin zerogravity. ovеrсomethosееffесts. lntеrnаtionаl tаstеsmustalsoЬe сonsidеrеd. stayсomfortablе. Тhetop layer s Cr-отнlГt[GLayerеdсlothingсouldhеlp astronauts vаry. сouldbе rеmovеdor аddеdas temPerаturеs in spaсе. sleepis oftеninterruptеd s Slввplгtс Bесаusеof wеightlеssness, restraints mustbе providedto givea sеnsеof stabi|ity. Сomfortаblе ,,downtimе,,in spaсejustas thеydo on Еarth. s ЕмoтloNAL Nввps Peoplenееd Тimеoughtto bе providеdfor rеlаxation and privасy.
o Comet Magazinе (CM) is interviewingаеrospocеengineеr с0I|PIЕтE Dr. Bernord Koу (BK). Сomplеtе thе intеrviеw with the possive form of thе vеrbs in porеnthesеs. w!||be handled
CM: Dr. Kay, I'd like to ask how mеals
1 . ( w i l l/ h a n d l e )
2. (Bе going to / preparе)
in the Spaсe Station. on board or
from tubes?
3. (squeеzе)
BK: Neither. Gourmеt meals
on Earth and thеn thev
4 . ( w i | |/ p r е p a с k а g e )
on board.
5. (сan / warm up)
CM: The Spaсe Station will have an international сrew. How 6 . ( s h o u | d/ с h o o s е )
BK: An intеrnational menu
to suit everyone's tastе? 7 . ( h a v еt o / o f f е r )
. Food
8 . ( с o u | d/ s е | е с t )
from food preferenсe forms that the сrew mеmbers сomplete.
CM:
dishes
BK: Probably. But utеn.il. around! Meals
9. (Wi||/ usе)
on board?
to the plates so they won't fly ,*nuo *.*., u,.*, as pleasant as possible.
1 1 . ( o u g h tt o / m a k е )
The
Passive
with Мосjals
o Some scientists just completedo simulotionof life on the Stаtion, с,|00sE& с0|{|PLETE Сompletе their conversotionswith thе modols in porеnthesesаnd the сorrесt verbs from the box. design
improve
keep
remove
Фh€
Kвшт: Thesе simulatiоns showеd that thеrе are still some problems. I hopе theу can be эolved 1. (сan)
-
bеforе thе rеal thing. For example, the temperature at 68o, but I Was unсomfortably warm most of the time.
2. (should)
Lyr,в: The material for our сlothing
. Maybe сlothing
3{ouфt tФ
in layers. A layer
4. (сould)
5. (сaD
if
it's too warm. dеliver
do
Hдшs: I didn,t like the food very muсh. W"
give
storе
uo"*
'
more fresh food.
Hrsд:Well,freshfruitsandvеgetablesbytheShuttleregularly.
Hдшs: What Hrsд: I'm sure it
8. (will) 9. (will)
with the trash? Spaсe littеr is already a problem. on board and сarried to Earth bv the Shuttlе.
о Reod on ostronotlt,sjournаI notеs.Find аnd сorrеctsеvеnmistokesin the use of ЕDIT thе possive with modаIs, Thе first mistoke is olrеodу corrеctеd. bе made oцgffito я+а]<e morе corrуtortаblе, I usеd thе s|ееpingrеlтаints tаstnightаnd s|ефa lot bgtter,Thеч though,Ifeff trappеd,| 1usttookеdin thе mirror.Мy face is pиttyаnd mу еуе5аrе red. I'd be1tеrbе gofrеnonthе ехеrcisеbikеrightaWaV. I cаn bе misundеrEtаnding Whеnl tooktikethis. Lаst night I lovethаt show' I mightbе givеn Мах thoughtl was аngrуаt himfor tиrning on ,.5rаrTrеk,',Аctиatty, еаrIуlunchshitt todaу.I hopеthеу hаvеmorеtеriуаki,|t'snicе аnd spicу,аnd thе 9аL|cеcаn actua|Iу bееntaEtеd,еvеnаt zеrogravi\. Somеol it hаd be1tеrbe fty in on thе Sht,ttt|е ?rеttуaoon,o( tnеrе |astnightWistеncа|Iеdаnd toIdmе shе mightbе somеиnhaPPt7 аlтonаt,tts! Spеаkingof иnhappy, qut acnoot. yettif gеt аng^|and 0иtoг it bиt|,mаlrаid|,|I Ithinkshе cou|dbetа|k WasPlanningto bуothеrs,Wе nееd50mеvrivаcуherе! wе discцssi{' I mightovеrnеаrd
l
271
Тhe Passive
Gausative Н i , Е r и i l .у.l. lmm,,,Эome|hin7'e differrnt, oid уou
-jE
get, уour hair cut?
Jсt =L
(iн г. I
WPOINT Сhеck the correct onswer. Thе guy wants to know if his girlfriеnd П сut her own hair. П went to a hair salon.
sтAтЕlt,|ENтs
сI]ARтсIllEсK Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). т F The passive сausative alwaуs has a form of thе verb be. т
т
272
F
F
Iport
I
Suцвст | Hдvr/Gы
oЦпст
She
has
her hoir
Hе
has had
his beord trimmed
befoге.
got
mу noils
at Andrё,s.
is going to get her eors
You сan form the passive сausativе with hove or get.
Sh e
The passive сausativе always nееds an agent.
AuxlI.lдпY l
|Pлптlсlгlв|(Br + Aсвшт)
by Andrё
done
everymonth.
pierсеd.
VEs/NoQUЕsтloNs Vвпв
I Suв,вст Hлvr/Gст
oцвстl Еfil...,.. |1,,+Aсrшт)
Does
shе
havе
her hoir
сut
Has
hе
had
his beord
trimmеd?
Did
you
9еt
уour noils done?
ls
shе
going to gеt
her eors
pierсed?
by Andrё?
Тhe
Pаssive
ёausative
EхPREssж Сompletе this convеrsotionwith thе corrесt form of thе vеrb do, A: Where do you gеt your hair B: I don't get it
sraпзmar frxрlanet;{Эrъs
t
it myself.
Жж*vхъpИr,s
l. Usе thе passivе сausativе to ta|kabout seгviсes r I usеd to сo|ormy own hair,but now I havе it сolored' that you arгangefor someoneto do for you. r | get mу noils done by Mariе. Stмpt-г PдsтСдusдтtvг r I had it done |astwееk. сausative(hod somеthingdonе)with thе past (Somеonеdid it for mе') peгfeсtin aсtive sеntеnсеs(hod donе something). PдsтPгпггст r I had donе it beforе. (l did it mysеlf.)
2. Form the passivе сausativе with the appropriateform of hove or gеt + objесt + past partiсlple. Тhе passivесausativесan bе usеd in all tenses and with modals.
l alwayshave my hoir сut by Andrё. I havеn,t had it do nе sinсеJ une. Lastyеaг | got mу coot сlеaned onсe. Next weеk I,m going to have my windows washed. l,m gеtting them done by Spot|ess' l had them washеd a long timе ago. You should get the сor сhесkеd. You ought to have it done soon.
3. Use by when it is nесessaryto mеntionthe persondoing thе sеrviсe(thе agent). Do not mеntionthе agеnt unnесеssaгlly.
l Lynnеgets hеr hair donе by Andrё. r Whеrе doеs Lynnеget hеr hair donе? Noт Wherе does Lynnegеt her hair donе
Ъyа+а+r+у+;вt?
Сheсkit out! For more inforrrration about whеn to usе an agent, sеe Unit 6L, page 265.
l
27З
274
I
U n i t 63
тRUЕ0R tAIsЕo Rеod еoch pеrson,sstotеment.Write T (True)or F (Folse)for the sеntencethot follows. l.
Jдкв: I'm going to get my hair сut tomоrrow after work. F
Jake сuts his own hair.
2. Dшвпд: I,m сoloring my hair this aftеrnoon. Dеbra сolors her own hair. 3. Aмввв: I didn't paсk any nail polish, beсause I had dоne my nails bеfоrе the trip. Amber did her own nails. 4.
Jдкв: I'm thinking of gеtting the floors waхed before the party. Jake might hire Somеone to wax thе floors.
5. Mдвrв: I had my apartmеnt painted two months ago. Marie paintеd her own apartment. 6.
Toшy: I'll wash the сar this weеkend. Tony is going to wash the сar himsеlf.
о lt,s Fеbruorу l5. Lookot thе Sontаnos,colеndаr ond writе FINDOUI& REPORт sеntеnсesobout things they had donе ond things thеу are going to havе donе.
tЕBRUARY Тuгsoдv W в o ш в s o д y T н u п s o д y
M oшoдy
Suшoдy 1
2
3
4
I
9
10
11
16 windows
17
18
15 Тodаy,s dаtе 22
2 4 Ambеr- 25
2з
6
26
27
1. They / have / piсtures / take
Thеу are going to have pic|ureэ taken,
2. Debra I get I her hair / pe rm
Debra go| hеr hair ?ermed.
4. Theу l get / the windows / wash 5. They / have / th.eсarpets / c|ean 6. Amber / have / }rer ears / pierсе 7. Jake /getlhis hair laft 8. Theу / have / food and drinks / dеliver
7
Dеb-hаirdreяеr 1 3 Ambеr- 14 Jаkе- 12 (аrреt5 doooroomеr bаrber 20 21 19 раrty!! foodаnddrinks
eаrspiеrсеd
3. Amber / havе l t}re dog l gтoom
Sдтuпoду
FпloдY
5
28 fаmi|y рiсturеs
Тhe Pаssive
Gausаtive
o Dеbrа ond Joke ore going to hove o pаrtY, Сomplete thе сlt00sЕt. с0/{|PLETЕ conversotionswith the possivе cousotiveof thе oppropriote verbs in the box, dry сlean 1.
сolor
сut
paint
Dввпд: Your nеW dress is a little long. Why don't уou
wash Тet it эhortened
Aмвшв: oK. They do alterations at thе сlеaners. I'll take it rn tomorrow. Dвввд: My blue dress has a small stain. I havе to Aмввв: I сan drop it off at the сleanеrs with my dress. Jдкш: Thе housе is ready, exсept for thе windows. Thеy look pretty dirty.
3.
Dввпд: Don,t wоrry. We
tomorrоw.
Dввпд: Your hair is getting really long. I thought уou were going to сut it.
4.
Aмввв: I deсided not to do it mvself this time. I by Andrё. 5.
Dвввд: My hair's getting a lot of gтay in it. Should I Jдкв: It looks fine to me, but it's up to you. Guшsт: Thе housе looks bеautiful.
you
Jдкв: Nо. aсtually we did it ourselves last summer.
ЕDlTо Rеod Аmber,sdiorу еntry. Find ond correctsеvenmistokеsin thе use of thе possive сousotivе. Тhe first mistаkе is olrеаdy сorrесtеd.
ф..,w
|eЬruarу Z|
grеat.МomаndDadhadthеflooЁs ThepаrtywastonTght. lt wеntгеallywеll!Тhеhousеlookеd waxеd andаllthеwindo -:хlжirofеssionаlly so еvеrything spаrklеd. Аndof Coursе wеhаdthе (l'\\ nеVеr housеpaintеd \аstsummеr. torgеtthat.lttookus twowееks!) l woгеmy who\е oursеlvеs nеwblaсkdrеssthаtl hаvеshortеnеd byDo,аndIgоt сutmуhаirbyАndrё.t-lеdidа grеаtjоb.Thеrе Werеа lotof gиеstsаt thеpаrty.Wеhаdаlmostfitty pеop|е invitеd, аndtheyаlrrostаlIshowеd up!Тhеfoodwаsgrеаftoo.Мommаdemostof thе maindishеshегsеltbutshеhаdthегеstof thоfnndnrог\яго photographеr, byа сatеrеr: МomаndDаdhirеda profеssionаl so аt thееndof the I l Iv
|vvЧ
H|
vt/Ч|
v
pаrtywеаlltookоurpiсturеs. DadЪgеttin9thеmbасknеxtwееk.| сan1wаitto sееthеm!
l
27 5
Selfтёst ffiБiТl
oшп
Сirclе the lеttеr of the correct onswеr to completе еoch sеntence.
Еxдмptt: Jеnnifer never (A) drink (B)drinks l. This book (A) is tB)has 2. Coffеe is (A) grow (B)gтew
соffee. (C) is drinking {D)was drinking written in 19g9. (C)was (D)werе in Colombia. (C)bееn growing (D)gтown
3. Millions of peоple {A)saw (B)were seеn
the movie. (C)will bе sееn (D)must be seen
4. The meеting won't {A)сanсel
(C)bееn сanсеlled (D)сanсelled
tB)bе сanсеllеd
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
5. Sally doesn'tсut her own hair. Shе -
at the salon. (C)has it сut (D)gets it
ABсD
6. That book was writtеn (A) at (B)by
Maya Angelou. (C)from (D)of
ABсD
(A) сuts it (B)has сut it
7. The report (A) publishes (B)is published
soon. (C)will be published (D)will publish
ABсD
8. -When wil] the work be соmpleted? -It bе by June, but I'm not rеally surе. (A) has (с) will (B)might (D)won't
ABсD
9. How often (A) do you get (B)did you gеt
AB
your сar sеrviсеd sinсе you bought it? (с) had you gotten (D)havе you gоtten
lo. I have to get my piсture (A) take (B)takеn 276
д@с D
for my Wеb site. (C) taking (D)took
сD
ABсD
ffiтW0
Еoch sentеncеhаs four undеrlinеd words or phrosеs, Thе four undеrlinеdports of the sеntеnceore morkеd А, B, С, ond D. Сirclе the lеttеr of thе onе underlinеd word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст.
Exдшtpш:
A в сO
usually drives to sсhoоl, but to4ay hе wъlks. Мike -_*Т-.--D
с
в
frqm the meсhaniс that 11. Tomorrow I'm - сar serv=iсed - my - A getting с
в
ABсD
Jakе usеs. D
12. The rеports wеrе arri=vedlate, so I hgd thепL sеnt to you this morning.
ABсD
13. Some mistakes Wqre *g!е in the broсhure, but they might сorreсtеd
ABсD
ABсD
beforе yo"
baсk.
#
ABсD
priцtеd by theдrinter. lд. You'll -B - A seе a сopy before they'це D
с
1 5 . A funny thing w-as happened when your
ч*
P
yesterday. ".+!ф
ABсD
',6. WЩ your stay be exteцded, or will you be rеLurned nеxt week? -A_всD
AвсD
done them Щ -D u. aссountant. 17. I used to do my own taxеs, but now I hEve ___---тB
ABсD
18. Bеfore a final deсision is reaсhed, the various possibilities should B
ABсD
A
A
probablv disсussеd !y the whole team. v
L
-D-
-
с
19. The house pa+!ф morе than three yеars ago, but I'm not &oiцg to
ABсD
have it done again for a while. сD
20. We didn't knоw about the problem, so it shou=ldn'tbe handled in timе.
ABсD
in thе mountains beсause Ц g9щ too сo]d. сan't be -gтеw 21. Ь lot of сrops B , D с
ABсD
A-в-_сD
A
22. That pottеry цLР foъnс! this area.
P
u" arсhaеologist while she was ЧLorkеd in
ABсD
23. Does the lightbulb have to =replaсеdor is i=tstill worЕing? D с
ABсD
24. Have you had your teeth сlе=anyet щ Dr. Ellin'S new oral hygienist?
ABсD
25. Thе last payment shouldn't mqke until all thе work has Fеen
ABсD
A
B-
A-B-сD
AB
and сarefully сhegked. сompleted -сD
Faсtual Gonditionals: Present
жPqINт Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе). т
F
The man may not be ablе to board the planе.
sтAтЕгvlЕNTs
сI|ARTсHЕсl( Сircle T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т
т
т
F
F
F
The verbs in both сlauses are in thе present tеnse. TЬe if сlause always сomеs first. There is always a сomma betweеn thе two сlausеs.
lг Cиusв tf
| Rвsul.тCиusв
it snows,
thе aiгpo r tсlo sеs.
Тhе airpoгtсlosеs
it's foggy,
p|anеsGan,t lеave.
P|anеsGan,t lеavе
YEs/NoQUЕsTloNs Rвsul.тGьдusв Doеs thе airpoгtсlose (an p|aneslеave
| t, G.ou,. if
it snows? it's foggy?
ltrf,-QUЕsтloNs Rвsul.тCиusв
l lя Cиusв
Why doеs air get Iighteгl ,f it eхpands?
278
sтAтЕгvtЕNтs Rвsul.т Gцusв i l. с.ou,. if
it snows. it's foggy.
s}toRт ANsWЕRs Arгlпмдтlvв Yes,
it do еs. thеy сan'
I
NвсAтlvЕ
| No,
it doеsn,t. thеy сan,t'
Faсtuаl
Conditionals:
Рresent
l
EхPREssж Motch the if сIouseswith thе rеsult clаusеs, 1. If you hate airplane food,
a. thеy often fеel jet lag.
2. You might not be able to board
b. you сan order a speсial meal.
3. If people travel a long distanсe'
G. if you don't сheсk in at the gate.
Gramrпar Еxрlanat;ons
Ёxаmplеs
1. Use prеsеnt faсtшal сonditional sentеnсesto talk about gеnегaltruthsand sсiеntifiсfaсts.
if с|ausе rеsu|t сIausе l lf it's noon in Lima,it's 6:00 p.м.in Romе.
Тhe lf сlauseta|ksabout the сondition,and the rеsu|tс|ausеta|ksabout what hapреnsif the сonditionoссurs.
lf с|ause
r е s u | tс I a u s e
l lf air expands, it beсomes lightег.
Usе thе simplе prеsent tеnsе in both сlauses.
2. You сan also usе presеnt faсtual сonditional sentеnсesto taIkabout habitsand rесurгing еvents(thingsthat happеnagain and again). Usе thе simp|еorеsеnttеnseoг pгesеnt progгessive in the if сlausе.Use the simplеpresеnttensеin the rеsu|tсlause.
3. You сan a|souse modals in thе гesu|tс|ausе.
if сlаusе rеsultс|ausе l lf Bi||fliеs, he ordеrs a spесiaImеa|. if сlausе гesultс|ausе l lf |,m travеlinq faг,l alwavsfly.
r lf you praсtiсеyour Сhinеsееveryday, уou сon improve quiсkIy. r You might learn moгe if you |istento Сhinеsetapеs.
4. Usе thе lmреrative in the rеsu|tсlauseto givе instгuсtions. сommands,and invitationsthat depеnd on a сertainсondltion.
r lf you want thе seatto гeс|ine,press thе button. r |f thе sеatbе|t|ightis on, don,t leavе youг sеat. l lf you сomе to Tokyo,stay with us.
5. You сan bеgin сonditioпal sепtenсеs with thе if с|auseor the resu|tсlausе.Тhе meaningis t h е s am е . Usе a сomma bеtwееnthe two с|ausesonly whеn thе ff сlausесomеs first.
r lf the light goеs on, buсklеyouг seat be|t. oR r Buсkleyo uг seatbе|tif thе light go es o n.
279
2aO r unit 64 o Reod this orticlе. ln eoch foctuаl conditionol sentencе,undеrline thе result IDENтIFY clouse onсe. Undеrline the clouse thаt еxprеssesthе condition twicе.
PдssвшGЕRs,Rlснтs If уou r u n i n to p ro b l е m s o n y o u r i o u rnеy,kno w yo ur r ightsas a passеngero. ftеn the air linе сompan yi s re q u i re dto с o m p e n s a t еy ou fo r dеlaуs o r damages.Fo r ex ample,thе air linе pr o vides me al s an d h o t e l r o o m s i f a f l i g h ti s u n duly delayеd. H o w еvеr ,thе air linеo w es yo u a lo t mo r е if it сausе dt h е d е l a y b y o v е r b o o k i n gT. h i s саn o ссurеspесiallуdur ingho lidaуsif air linеssel| mo r е t i сkе t st h a n th е r е a r е s е a t s .l f a l l th е p assenger saсtuallysho w up, then the flightis o ver bo o kеd. Airlinеs usuаlly award upgradеsor additiona|freе travеl to passengеrswho voluntеerto takе a later fl i ght .Ho we v е r ,i f n o o n е v o l u n tе e r s y, o ur flightmay bе dеlayed.ln that сase,the air linе must r epay y o u l 0 0 p e r с е n t o ft h е с o s t o f y o u r t i с k е t f o r a d е l a y o u f p t o f o u r h o u r s o n a n i n t е r n a t i o nfal li g h t . l f t hе de l a y i s m o rе t h a n f o u r h o u rs ,y o u r есеivе200 pеr сеnto f the сo st o f yo ur tiсket.
o Rеod thesеconversotionsobout Hong Kong. Summorizе the odvicе with sUмII|ARlzE conditionol sentenсes,
1. A: I hate hot wеather. B: Thе bеst time to go to Hong Kong is Novеmber or Dесembеr. lf you hate hot weather,the beэt timе to qo to Honq Konq iэ Novemberor December, 2. A: I,m traveling with my сhildren. B: Take thеm to Lai Chi Kоk Amusement Park in Kowloon.
3. A: We nееd a mсlderately priсеd hotеl. B: I suggest thе Harbour View International House.
4. Ьз We like seafood. B: Thеre are Wonderfu] seafood restaurants on Lamma Island.
5. A: I'm fasсinatеd by Chinesе opera. B: You might likе the street opera in the Shanghai Streеt Night Market.
6. A: I'd like to get a good viеw оf Hong Kong. B: You should takе the funiсular to the Pеak.
Faсtшal
cоnditienals:
Рrеsent
о Сompletethis intеrviewbetweеnСareers Magazine (сM) ond flight с0I[|BINE ottendаnt Moу Simko (Ms), Сombine thе sеntеncesin porеnthesesto moke o fасtuol conditionolsentence.Use the sаme ordеr,Mаke nеcessаrYchongеsin copitolizotion ond punсtuotion. CM: How long arе you usually awaу? MS:
|f | 0o to the Bahamaэ, I havе a two-daУ |aУover.
1 . ( I g o t o t h е B a h а m a s .I h a v е a t w o - d a y l a y o v е r . )
CM: What do vou do for two davs?
MS:
2 . ( | s p е n d a | o to f t i m е a t t h е p o o l . I s t a y a t a h o t е | . ) 3 . ( | s t а yw i t h f r i е n d s .l s p е n d t i m е w i t h t h е m . )
CM: Sounds niсe. MS:
,,Drасulа.,,) 4 . ( I t , sn o t 5 o n i с е . I g е t a
That,s when you fly somewhеre at midnight, spend four hours, and then flу baсk. CМ: Sounds likе a tough job. Is it wоrth it? МS:
5 . ( l t , sv е r y r е w a r d i n g .Y o u d o n , t m i n d h a r d w o r k . )
CM: Who walks the dog and waters the plants when you'rе away? MS:
6 . ( Y o u h а v е t h r е е r o o m m a t е s .Y o u d o n , t h a v е t r o u b | еf i n d i n g d o g w а | k е г s . )
CM: What's thе best thing abоut this job? MS: Frеe trips.
7 . ( A f | i g h th a s a n е m p t y s е a t . I r i d е f o r f r е е ! ;
, ЕDlT.Rеod Moу,sjournаl еntrу.Find ond corrеctsеvеnmistokesin thе usе of prеsеnt fасtuol conditionols. Thе first mistаke is olreodу corrесted.Don,t forgеt to сhесk punctuаtion!
Whаt а greа{ ,,,еekeпi! lf-Loи аис/ Teri.zreп,t thе bсst llosts in thе шorlс|,,*J2ьoш
шllo is,
|'vе iиvitеd thеm to Neш,York, bиt 'f!u" /ivе iп the'Bаhаm'I' loи rаrе/у cuапt to /eаvе.Т.lmorroш[It t f/у roипll trtp from Neш York to Pittsbи,gh, ThereЗ а/ш.zуs а priсе to P"!, |f Iget а fее 'aееkeпс/iп thе is/апds / а/tuауsgеt а ,'Drасрt/а,,аfrrи,аrr/s, oh, u,е//'tf t шoп,tfа// аs/eеp,I саn иsиаl/у midпlht
.qet а /ot of reаling с/o,e. Pаt аис| |{im both f/eш fu Loпdoп уesfurlау, / hopе someoИесаи ша/k FrЬkу fo, mе. t/sиа//у, f t,//br u,o,kiи!I, oпr of tllem Ь off tf Frislg is а/oпefo, а long timе, he b,тrkе,1а /ot, Thаt distиrbs thе пеghbors, fulауbе / shoи/djиst leаve thе TV oп fo' hio,, НеЗ аlшауs Vсr! са/m, if thе TV is oи. or mауbе / l betfur са// Pаt апd аsk her аboиt ller sсhedи/e' tf it cuаs 6:00 p'm, hеrе iп Nccu York, itь 17,.oop.m, iп Loпdon, T/lrтt\sпot too /аtе to са//'
l
28|
FaсtuaI Gonditionals: Future
WPqlNт Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе).
-::-,--=>-
т
F
Baker is defrnitely going to raise taxеs.
т
F
Small businesses are definitely going to leave.
will leavе. lf Bakеrralsеs taxеs,sma|Ibusinеssеs
AFFIпlliAтlvЕ sтAтElli ЕNтs
сI]АRтсHEсК Сhеck thе сorrеct ' аnswеr, Use the simple present tеnse in
lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
Rвsul.тCиusв: Fuтuвв
lf Bakеrwins,
hе,ll raise taxеs. hе,s going to fight сrimе.
П tьe ff сlausе' П tь" result сlausе. Use a сomma bеtweеn thе two сlauses t
NЕGAтlvЕ sтAтЕшlЕNтs lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
won,t return' |f hе doеsn,t lowеr taxes, I businessеs
whеn the if сlause сomеs frrst.
П when the rеsult сlause сomes first.
| Rвsul.тCцusв: Fuтuпв
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs Rвsul.тClдusв: Fuтuпв
| lг Cиusв: Pпвsвшт
WIII hе lowеr taxes if he wins? ls hе going to fight сrimе
sHoRт ANsWЕRs Aггlпмдтlvп Yes, he
wi l l . ls.
242
I
l
Ntслтlvв No, hе
won't.
isn't.
Faсtual
Gonditionals;
Futurе
l
wH- QUЕsтIoNs Rвsul-тCиusв: Fuтuпв will he do is hе going to do
W hat
l l, с.ousЕ: PRESENт if hе wins?
EхPREssж Unscromblethеse words to form o sеntencе.Add o comma if nеcеssory, fight. she о сrime о shе'll о If o wins
&raffi fiTfr nr ffixрlamfttЕФffis
Еxamplеs
1. Usе fцturе faсtual сonditional sentenсesto talk about what will happеn under сertain сonditions.Тhe if сlausеstatеsthe сondition. The rеsultс|ausestatеsthe result.
if сlause rеsu|t с|ausе l lf Bakегwins, he,ll raise taxеs. (t,s o rеalpossibilitythot Bakеrwillwin,)
Usе the simple рresent tеnsе in thе if сlause. Use the futurе wtth will or he going to in thе resultс|ausе.
r |f Soto wins, she,ll improve housing. r lf Soto wins, she,sgoin$ to improvе housing.
You сan also use a modal in the rеsultсlausе.
l lf you want to votе, уou must rеgistеr. l |f you don,t vote, you might rеgret it.
t thе future, usе thе simple pгesenttensе.
2. You сan bеgin сonditional sеntеnсes with thе if сlauseor the rеsu|tс|ause.Thе meaningis thе samе.
Noт {f*hе+vill*мiн
r lf you vote for Soto, you won,t rеgrеt it. oR l You won,t rеgrеtit if you votе for Soto.
Usе a Gomma betweеn the two с|ausesonly whеn the ffсlauseсomesfirst
l If уou votе, you,||havе a say in thе futurе l. lf and unlessсan both bе usеd in сonditional sentenсes,but thеir meaningsarе Very diffеrent. of our сity. Usе иnless to state a nеgativeсondition.
l Unlessyou votе, you won,t havе a say in the futurе of our сity.
Unlessoftеn has the same meaning asif...not.
l lf уou don,t votе,you Won,thave a say in the futuгeof ouг сity.
OR
2a3
2a4
l
i-#вtit6s
o Еoch сondition will hovе o result,Motсh thе condition with the II|Атсlt аppropriotе rеsult. Result
Condition
f
t. If Soto wins. she
a. won't stay out of trouble.
2. If shе lowеrs taхes, business peoplе
b. won,t have a say in the government.
3. If thе eduсation system improvеs' we
G.
4. Unless young people have hope for the future, tйe
an еduсated ::ч'.nfl"e WorK Iorсe.
d. won't be ablе to votе.
5. If сrime deсrеases. this
е. will move their сompaniеs baсk to the сity.
6, Unless you registeц you 7. If you don't vote, you
f. will lower taxеs. 9. will be a safer plaсe to live.
o Reod this interview bеtwееnPo|itiсs Тoday (PT) аnd moуorаI condidаtе сOil|PIЕтE Doniel Boker(DB). Сomplеtеit with thе correctform of thе verbsin porеnthesesаnd if or unIеss. 'll do
PT: What's the first thing you 3. (gеt)
2, $ l unIеss)
1. (do)
еleсtеd?
DB: Wеll, lt's beеn a long, hard сampaign. -
I
6. (tаkе)
I
a short vaсation beforе I begin my new job.
you
5. (win)
PT: Sounds gоod. Wherе to? DB: Sorry, but I,d rather not say. 9. (trу)
I mayoЦ ,f,ш/ U'ilеФ *o..".", to keep my personal life privatе. Even mayors need privaсy.
PT: I сan understand that. Now, evеry eleсtion has a winnеr and a loser.
What
\/nI r _
you
DB:
1 1 . ( i fi u n | е s s )
12. (Iosе) 1 3 . ( | f/ U n | е s s )
14. (losе)
aсtive in politiсs aS a private .l7.
(сoopеratе)
Finally, _ I
1 o .( d o )
, this сity
19. (if / un|еss)
2.l. (bе)
citizen.
this elесtion, I 16. 0f / Unbss)
l8. (not bе)
the pеоple -
15. (сontinuе)
to be
both partiеs
as gтеat as it сan be.
2o. (not е|есt)
baсk in four yеars to try again!
me to offiсe this timе,
Faсtual
cоnditionalsl
Future I
с0If,BINE.Yuko Tomori is trуing to decide whеther to go to lаw school. She modе o dеcision treе to hеIp her decide. ln thе trеe,orrows connесt the conditions аnd the rеsults,Writesеntencеsobout hеr decisions.Usе futurеfoctuol sеntеnces. bе in debtforyеаrs) tаkеoutstudent loans nothаveto dеpеndi
@ goto lawsсhool?
putmvsistеr
\
щ bе ablеto improvеt - lifefor othЬrs ) runformаyor
l.
|f I go t,o |aw эchoo|, |'||iake out эtudent, |oanэ,
2.
|f I take out эtuden| loanэ, |'l|be in deb| for уearэ,
)
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
EDIT.Reod thisjournol entrу.Find ond correct siх mistаkеsin the usе of futurеfoctuol conditionols,Thе first mistokeis olreodу corrеcted,Don,t forgеt to chеckpunctuаtion!
to dеcidеsoonit |ж counci| Shou|dI campаtgntor stцdеrft vrеsidеntl|,|Ihаvе
fu run.ltl,ttbe
а prob|еm, bеcацsе|,mnotgoinqto qеt into busуcаmpаigning, I wonthаuеmuchtirnеto studу.Thаt,s if I get goodgrаdеsthisуеаr.Оn thе othеrhаnd,thеrе'sso rnцchta do in this schoo\ а goodco|Iеgе prеsidеnt is gе\tingdonеit ToddLаkerbеcomes аgаin'A |otot vеop|е аnd nothing knowthat.gиt if l win' wil{l knowwhаtIo do if |,ttgеtthе1ob?Nеvermind'|,I|dеа|withthat prob|еm,
zas
Unreal Gonditionals: Present SAY,..IF,, DIDYOU oR ..UNLЕss,,?
ii
l{oPЕ!
I AD^^lт I sAlD..UNLЕss::.
it
rt J: Бi
€з :; t:
ij
wffiffiPЙINт Circlе T (Truе)or F (Folsе). т
F
Sсhroеdeц the piano playeц wants tо marry Luсy.
сl|АRTсI|Eсl(
AFFIR]vlAтlvЕ sтAТЕ]tлЕNтs
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (FаIsе),
lг Cиusв: SIмpl.в Pдsт | п.,u.' GI.дusв: Wouto+ BдsвFoпмoг Vвпв
т
F
Use the simple prеsent tense in thе l/ сlausе.
т
F
Usе were for all subjeсts.
т
F
Useaсomma betwееn the two сlausеs when the result сlause сomes first.
tf
hе lovеd hеr, hе wеre* in Iove,
hе w o uld get mar r iеd.
*Notе that шerе is usеd for all subjeсtswith be.
N ЕGAтlvЕ sтAтE]vlЕNтs |я CI.дusв:Slмpl-вPдsт Rвsul.т Cиusв: Wouto+ BдsвFoпмoг Vвпв tf
hе didn,t lovе hеr, he would not gеt marгied. hе wеren,t in |ovе,
YEs/NoQUEsтloNs Rвsul.тGиusв
| l. с.ou,.
Would | get marгied if
I loved hег? I were in lovе?
sHoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв l
Yеs, l would. t No, l wouldn,t.
Uyf,.QUЕsтloNs Rвsul.тGlдusв What would vou do
| ,, с.ou,. if
you lovеd her? you wеre in love?
Noтв: For сontraсtions with шould, seе Appendix 24 on pagе 346.
246
Nвсдтtvв
l.lnreal
*оnditiсna|s:
Рl.esеnt l
ЕxPREssж Сirсlе thе correct words to сompletе this question. What will /would hе do if /when he was /were a millionaire?
m*r & g"аgъъ
Жжplffi*ъetg#ffi $
1. Useprеsentunrealсonditionalsentеnсes to talk about unгеa|,untruе,imaginеd,or impossib|eсonditionsand thеiг гesults. Тhе ffсlausеprеsentsthe unrеalсondition. Тhе resultсlausеprеsentsthе unrеal геsultof that сondition.
2. Usе the simplе past tеnsе in the if сlausе. Use would + basе form of the vеrb in the геsultс|ausе.
#"жжwwу"в#*ь .
,l,.,'ilТ"d him,i.#l.".Jlffiarryhim. (Butl don,tlovеhim, so I won,tmorrуhim.)
if сlаusе rеsu|t с|аusе l lf I had morе timе, lwould travеl. (Butl don,thavе time,so l don,ttrovеl.)
r esult /fсlаusе с|аusе r lf thеy had monеy,thеy wouldn,t livе thеrе.
a. Т h е f f с l a u s еu s е s t h е s i m p l еp a s t te nsefo r m, l lf l had mo r е mo nеyno w ,lw o u|d takеa tr ip but t h е m е a n i n gi s n o t p a s t. aгo undthе w o г|d. b. Don,t use woиldin thе if сlausеin pгеsеnt unrеa|сonditiona|sentеnсеs.
r |f shе knеw the answег,shе would tе||you. Noт |f shе weн|d |
G . U s e wе re f o r a ] Is u b j е с t s wh e nt h е v er b in thе if сlausе is a form of be.
l I f I W еr e r iсh,lw o uld tr ave|ar o undthew o r |d. Noт4f*.мrat+i#
Usдсв Noтв:You will somеtimeshear native spеakеrsuse wos in the if с|ausе.Нowever, manv pеoplethink that this is not сorгeсt.
3. You сan also use a modal in the rеsultсlause.
r |f I had timе, | сould rеad moге.
4. You сan bеgln сondltlonal sеntеnсes with the if сlauseor thе rеsultс|ausе.Тhe mеaningis t h e s am е .
l lf I had more money, l would move. oR r lw o uld mo ve if l had mo r е mo nеy.
Usе a Gomma betweеn thе two с|auseson|y whеn thе if сlauseсomes first.
5. Statemеntsbеginning with lf l werе YoU, . , , arе often usеd to Фve adviсe.
l lf l wеrе уou, |,d гead ,,Pеanuts.,, lt,s rеallyfunny.
287
288
r
Unit 6A
тRUE0R FАISEо Rеod eoch quototion from thesе ,,Pеontlts,,choroctеrs.Writе T (Truе) or F (Folsе)for thе stotеmеnt thot follows. 1. Sшoopy: If I werе a human being, I wouldn't even ou)n a dog! F
Snoopy is a human being.
2. Luсy to Sшoopy: Yоu wouldn't bе so happy if you knew what was going to happen. Snoopy is happy. 3. Luсy to Lrrq;s: If I wеre УoU, I,d sleep underneath that tree. Luсy is giving Linus adviсе. 4. Sшoopy to WоооsToск: What would уou dо if you had fоrty dollars? Woodstoсk has forty dollars. 5. Sшoopy: If I ate one more snowflake, I'd turn into a Ъ|izzatd. Snoopy plans to eat anоther snowflake. 6. Luсy: If we were married, Sсhroedeц I'd сome in everу morning and dust your pianо. Luсy dusts Sсhroeder,s piano.
o Reod port of аn аrticlе obout thе comic strip ,,Peonuts,,,Сomplеte it with с0I|PLЕтE thе corrеct form of thе vеrbs in pаrenthesеs.
..peanuts,, Whatmakes Ofсourse, if it sopoputar?
Peanuts О...........
o....
f u n n up, e g p t e
weren't 1. (not bе)
pгovides it so muсh.But ..Peanuts,,
2. (not Iikе)
morethan just taughs.|t addressessuсhuniveгsаtthemesas [ove,jeatousg, tonetiness, аnd hope. If the сhагaсteгs
3. (not bе)
s0 гea[,we
4 . ( с o u | d n , t/ i d е n t i f y )
withthem.
..lfWe TakeLuсg,foг exampte. ln tovewiththe piano-ptauing SсhгoedelLUсgсomptains, married,and Uou
5. (bе)
gourgotfсtubs!lf gou сaг!|f gou
1o.(bе)
8. (drivе)
a bowteсI
6. (|ovе)
golf, I
a spoгtsсa[ | 11. (hatе)
7. (hatе)
9. (hаtе)
gouгspoгts
gouгbowtingbatt.,'Without
"| hаteUouгpiano!''shouts tookingUp fromhis pianoor missinga beat,Sсhгoederasks,..So?', LUсgas she kiсksit out fгon4Undeгhim.Reсognizаbte behavioг?|n ..Peаnuts,, Wesee oursel'ves atongwith ouг weaknesses and hopes.But we don,thaveto anatgze..peanuts'' to enjogit. lf it
12. (not bе)
a titttetessfun.
foг сomiсstгipslike ..Peanuts,,' oUгlives
1 3 . ( m i g h t/ b е )
Unreal
Conditionals:
Prrsеnt
o Reod obout these ,,Peonuts,,chorаcters,Whot would hoppеn if thеir сOIлBINE situаtions wеrе different?Сombine thе two sentеncеsinto one, using the unrеol presentconditionol. 1 . Sсhroeder ignorеs Luсy. She gets angry at him.
|f Эchroеdеrdidn't,ignoreLuсy,эhe wou|dn'|get,an1rу at, him, 2. Sсhroеder loves Bееthovеn. Hе plays his sоnatas all the timе.
3. Charlie Brоwn doеsn,t have enough friends. Hе feels lonely.
4. Sallу doеsn,t know her teaсhеr's name. Shе сan't send her a сard.
5. Linus is smart. He finds сlever solutions to life,s prоblems.
6, Woodstoсk and Snoopy have a сlose relationship. Woodstoсk сonfidеs in Snoopy.
7. Rerun's parents refuse to let him havе a dog. He tries to borrow Charliе's dog.
8. Pigpen doesn't take еnough baths. He,s filthy.
ЕDlT. Rеod this boу,sjournol еntrу. Find ond сorrеct siх mistokesin the use of the prеsent unrеol conditionol. The first mistoke is olreody corrесtеd,
w o uld ,T,'ue,go,t t"ostop-sto gingup lote геodtng,,Peoлuts"/ ff I wеnеn]tolwogs so tiгеd' I t#illbе oЬ|e
сlg-оs. Whenеven the tеoоhеn,co||s,on пe,J don't knowwhqt to sog.ТhenJ,-,to зtog qwс,ke|n Ь'eоoosеof thot оuteгed-hoinedginlthot I like'J woсrldtolkto heгif . gеt re-ol|gernЬonгgssed ..If I would,n"-t Ье so-shg.МgfntendJosonsqgs, I wos go0,I'd qsk hento o pontg'''Ьоt I'mtoo thot if I oskedhe.nshе-woo|dhoyesqid no'Af.tегоlosо,J,plogedЬoseЬo|l. NoЬodg ',,,o|roid Life is hoгdl].оon I p-!og n'eon''tЬeiс,.tean'II ,wr;rntяd b-etten1 woold get ch-osen-,,sornetirnes, thot ChonlieBгownchoгoctenin ,.Реonot.s,'' rea||gu'ndenstond ]n foct if."Ididn'tloоghso hoгd I woоldcniedJ whilеnеoding,.Pеonots'''
l
289
Unreal Past
Gonditionals:
Sесtion 5l ЕштвктдINМЕNT
4^
Vn*ing ffi En,tEnt,fonГ-]ol;Joч It's a Wonderful Life Rating:****
out of ****
would have happenеd if you had never bееn Iflrh"t Y Y born? Gеorgе Bailеy,s guardian angеl, Сlarenсе, shows Ceorgе that lifе in Bеdford Falls would have bеen a lot differеnt if Gеorge hadn,t beеn there. In thе proсеSs/ Сlarenсе tеaсhеsus all how our livеs touсh thоsе оf othеrs. Highly reсommended for the whole family. Gеorgе(seotеd) with hisguordionongеl
W-.ffiPqlцт Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т
F
Gеorge Bailеy was nevеr in Bedford Falls.
sтATЕlt,lЕNTs
сI/iART сIllЕсК Сhеck thе сorrесt onswеrs. Usе thе past pеrfeсt in t
tьu l/ сlause.
t
tьe rеsult сlause.
Use a сomma betwеen thе two сlausеs when t
tьe lf сlause сomеs first.
П tь" result сlause сomеs first.
lя Cиusв: Pдsт Pвпгвст
Rвsul-тCI.дusв: Wouto (t,toт),]AvЕ+ Pдsт Pдптlсlpl-в
lf I had (not) had money, I lwould (not) have movеd away.
YEs/NoQUЕsТloNs Rвsul.тCиusв
i lя CI-дusв
Woц|d you havе Ieft I if уou had had money?
sHoRт ANSWERS Aггlпмдтlvв
l
NEGAтIvE
Y e s , l wo u l d havе. l No , lw o uldn,t havе.
290
Unreаl
conditionals:
Past
f
!vr,. QUЕsтloNs Rвsul.тCиusв
сoNтRAстloNs
i lя CI.дusв
What would you have done I if you had had money?
wou|d havе = would,vе wou|d not havе = wouldn,t
have
EхPREssжж Сompletе this sentencewith the correct form of the vеrb studу. Add а сommo if nеcеssorу, if I had knоwn about thе quiz today.
& rarъъrпar A,жр|a*ъat*Фat s
Еxаrnрles
1. Usе past unrеal сonditional sеntеnсеsto talk about past сonditionsand гesu|tsthat never happened.
if с|ausе rеsu|t сlausе l lf Ceorgе had diеd young, hе wouldn,t havе had сhildrеn. (Buthе didn,tdiе уoung,so hе had сhildrеn.)
Тhe if с|ausеpгеsentsthе unrеalсondition. Тhe rеsultсlausepresеntsthe imаgined rеsult of that сondition.
2. Usethе past pеrfесt in thе if сlause. Use woald hove + past paftiсiplе in thе resu|tс|ause.
3. You сan also use modals in thе resultсlausе.
l |f Georgе hadn,t been born, many pеop|е,s liveswould havе beеn Worsе. (But СеorgeWasborn,so thеirliveswеrеbettеr.)
if сlausе rеsu|t сlausе r lf thеfi|m had won an osсar, itwould have bесome famous right away.
l lf Cеorge had gonе to сollе9е,he might hove bесomе an arсhiteсt. r lf cеorgе had bесomе an arсhiteсt,hе сould hove designed bridges.
4. You сan begin сonditional sentеnсes with the ffсlausеoг thе resultсlausе.Тhе mеaningis the samе. - - - - _ - --only Use a Gomma bеtwеenthe two сlausеs -...J w h е n t h е f f с l a u s eс o m е sf i r s t.
l lf he had won a miIlion dollars, hе would havе travеlеdto Сhina. oR r Hе wou|d havetravеlеdto China if he had w o n a millio n do llar s.
l lf I had known Mary was in town, 5. Past шnrеal сonditionals are often usеd to еxpressregretabout what happened in thе past. I would have invited hеr to the party. (l regretthot l didn,t invitеher,)
29|
292 t uni t 62
тRUE0R FАIiEo Rеаd еаch numbеrеdsеntеncе.Write T (Truе)or F (Folse)for thе stotеmentthot follows, 1 . If I had had time, I would havе watсhed lt,s a Wondеrful Lifе.
т
I didn't havе time to watсh It's a Wondеrful Lifе.
2 . I would havе taped the movie if my VCR hadn,t brokеn. I taped thе movie. 3 . If Clarеnсе hadn't bеen there, Gеorge might have killed himself.
Clarеnсе was there. 4. George wouldn't have met Mary if hе hadn't gone to his brother's gтaduation party.
George didn't go to the party. 5 . George would have been happier if he had beсome an arсhiteсt.
Gеоrge bесame an arсhitесt. The movie wouldn't havе bеen sо good if James Stewart hadn't played the part оf George Bailey. Jamеs Stewart played the part of George Bailey.
o Gеorge is thinking obout thе post, Сompletе his thoughts with thе corrеct сOltlPLEтE form of thе words in porenthеses. had gone
1. I didn't go into businеss with my friend Sam. I f I wouldhavebecome
business with him, I
a Suссess.
(bесomе)
2. I сouldn't go into thе army bесause I was deaf in onе ear. I into the armv if I
(go)
my hearing in that еar.
(not losе)
3. Mary and I wеren't ablе to gо on a honeymoon. We my father
siсk.
(not get)
that I was so important if Clarenсe
(not show)
5. Mу old boss onсe madе a tеrrible mistake. I f I
(not know)
me. him, hе
(not hеlp)
to jail.
(саn i go)
7. Life herе
away if
(сan / go)
4. Clarеnсе showed mе how the world would look without me. I
6. Mary
into
(go)
(maу l not lеad) (bе)
a happy lifе if shе rеally diffеrent i f I
(not marry) (not Iivе)
me.
Unreаl
Gonditionals:
Past
l
o Rеod еoch truе situotion. Thеn writе o post unrеol conditionol sеntenсеto REWRIтE еxpresshow things could hove bееn diffеrent. 1. Clarenсe wasn't a first-сlass angel, so he didn't havе muсh self-сonfidenсe. |f C|arеncehad beena firэt-c|aээ ange|,hе wou|dhavеhad morе ge|f-confidеncе, 2. George was unhappy about his businеss. He уеlled at his daughter on Christmas Еve.
3. Poor people сould buy houses beсause Gеorge's business loaned them money.
4. Mr. Potter wasn't able to triсk Gеorge, so George didn,t sеll Pоtter the businеss.
5. George's Unсle Billy lost $8,000. George got into trouble with thе law.
6. George's friends didn't know about his troubles. They didn't help him right away.
7. George,s friends сolleсted money for him, so he didn't go to jail.
ЕDlT.Rеod Clorencе,sdiorу еntrу. Find ond corrесt siх mistokеsin thе usе of the unrеol conditionol,The first mistokeis olrеody corrеcted,Rеmеmberto cheсkpunctuotion!
Deауohrу,
hadn't
tf 0eоr9oы+ И,а,J4tеj,to It'sfu^И}у/t"ottrt/,laчsоuоrk,outtsot,иlti,уиэs. jotшу Еuo, I щht Иauerl.IА1,,o!еrt|J4! 0f t/.IАtbrфo oп,сhristt,t,tд"с аn шаportалt job ti/
lЙ44,.АИ^d, if |4,,|шjnt bцn so stшbborщt mш/l, ИД)er|4аl,
(ф tn Bфrd, Fаl|Б иlttlшиt ш44,,ottэ of th"osа^d^dprt of t/,|2, ilxn ф shnш,п1hjJ4,t, so|tr,hiх tl|l,ttgsиtаssu,lл1 а,/,/,tJшso P-Pb ш|ш dj"dnt hwo hюшв. If ]eoryo7allo t,t?ал^d, thЧ|'t
bшсiltl;sto /vlr. Рottщ tЙon Pottе,rиloи/tr,hД,o rшtd, roш.dlttrш аpаrdпutts to а/L thlso P-ф.
Bцt bцш,cгoф 7е.orjи щ
шоtrhшo jooоLh"orиpг.ву tJ*tш42, иto tttuof,rЙhl),
hp rелЩ /4аl,а, иnnduf,cl ф Qеlrjo reа"/,uzd,
'f |Йfi,Й
hлint jil)еn ш,И,rJ* *ry
trt,frct, hx,ИI1]/hшogottэ tojаl,L hofrФ,
|ДIkц щ h,Jr4j,h"u,ш oф h2ИIojxn.WеIL,,
beсаи,t"o I got ry t,,'|t!sаJ4d, а,f.rst-с/лss аJudhpdЙnt go tojаl/,,АИ^оL *!"L!
293
Wish: Present and Past Tiпу Fаiry Thlеs
Тнь ТнкнгWtsнL:
reТиrеrЧVi'hеs nе day a poor woodсuttеrWaSgivеn thrееwishеsby a trее еlf.Whеn his hungry wifе hеard thе nеws,shе said,..Iwish I had somе sausagеs.,, At onсе fivе sausagеS aPpеarеdon a platе. Thе woodсuttеrwas furious about wastinga wish.
..I wish thosеsausagеswerе hanging
from your nosе'',hе shoutеd.At onсе thе sausagеshung from hеr nosе.Thе two strugglеd to gеt thеm loosе,but thеy соuld not...I wish I hadn't madе that wish,''thе woodсuttеr sighеd.At onсе thе sausagеsWеrеon thе platе again.Thе сouplе happily atе thе sausagеS and wishеd for nothing morе. ifli
49
WPЙINт Сheck the correct answer. The woman wantеd sausages
t
that day.
t
the dav before.
снАRтснEсl(I
WlsнЕs ABouт тHЕ PRЕSЕNт I
Сhесk thе correct onswеr.
Mлш Cиusв i Wlsн Cиusв
In wishеs about thе present, what vеrb tensе follows wish?
S h e wi s h е s
П tь" simple present П tь" simplе past
294
shе
had
somе food гight now.
wеre*
r iсh.
*Notе tЬat ulеrе is used for all subjeсts with be.
Wish: Preseпt and Рast
l
Wls}tЕsABoUт т}lE PAsт
сl|АRтсl]Eсl(2 Сhеck thе corrеct аnswer.
Mдlш Cиusв l Wlsн Cцusв
In wishеs about thе past, what verb tеnsе follows wish?
H e wi s h e s
hе
had had
food last night.
had bеen
г i с ha s a с h i | d .
П tье simplе past П tье past pеrfeсt
r;#,#;!;,f;# EхPREss Сomplеtethеsеsеntencеswith the corrесtforms of thе vеrb know, .IwishI
a good story to tell in my next сlass.
.IwishI
more storiеs as a сhild.
;Ye&Y Жи., & wжwж w*жrзmk#*rвs
#.жarжpf*ж
l. Usе wish fo|lowеdby a vеrb in thе simplе past tenseto talk about thingsthat you want to bе true now but that arе not tгuе.
r Hе wishеs he hod a yaсht. (He doеsn,thavеo уoсht,but he wontsonе.)
Аfterwish|usе werе instеadot wos.
2. Use wjsh followеd by thе past perfeсt to exprеssrеqretsabout еvеntsin thе past.
l Sometimesl wish I wеre a сhi|d again. No т So mеtimеsl w ish l w as a сhild again.
r Thеy wish theу hod moved to thе сity. (Thеуdidn,t movе to the сitу and now thеу think thqt wos o mistakе,)
l l wish уou would
4. Usе сould or could hove after wish to еxpressabiIity.
Do not usе сon af|erwish.
Noтffi
moге often.
r Hе wishеs he сould earn morе money now. r Hе wishеs hе could hove found a betterjob w hеn he w as yo un9ег. NoтffimorеmonеУ.
295
.,-'j ;i1l1шl]l1}'i)
296 I
unit 68
тRUE0R tALsEo Rеod eoch numberedsentеncе.Writе T (True)or F (Folsе)for the stotеmеntthot follows. 1 . I wish I were a prinсess.
т
I'm not a prinсess.
2. I hatеd living in a big house as a сhild. I wish I had lived in a small housе. 3 . Hе wishes hе сould find a better job.
Hе likes his job. 4. They сouldn,t takе сomputеr сlasses in сollege' so they arе taking them now.
They wish they сould take сomputer сlasses. 5 . Hal's wifе plays сomputer games a lоt. Hе wants hеr to stop.
He wishes she wouldn,t play сomputer games. He wishes he had a lot of money. Hе dоеsn't have a lot of money.
о Rеod this orticlе from o psусhologу mogozinе, Сomplеtе it with thе сorrеct с0IлPLETE form of thе verbs in porentheses.
PsyснorocY ЕoR You
April 2000
Wls}lЕsAND soluтloNs .Г
,.I hе old soying goеs, ,,If wishеs Wеrе horsеs, thеn beggors would ridе.,, wish it
Л'
у"::". 1 .( b е )
thot eosy,,,SOysthеropist }oel Grimеs.
..But we сon,t just wish
problе[email protected]оvеtomokeourownsolutions.,,Aссordingtohim, .,I wish I сomploiners ore rеolly soying, 4. (not havе to / dеal)
"l wish I
a mogiсol solution. I wish
with this myself.',Onе сliеnt, for еxomple, kept сomploining,
@peoplе,butmyoportmеntistoosmoll.,,Grimеsurgеdher
to solvе thе problеm. This Уear' shе hostеd o holidoy open housе, with pеoplе сoming ot diffеrеnt timеs. Shе still wishеs shе
6. (сan l invite)
hеr wholе fomily lоst yеoц,but
.,At first сliеnts gеt angrУ ot me for not she lеorned shе сould solvе hеr own problems. ,,But when thеy expеriеnсe thеir own powеr, thеy honding thеm solutions,,, soys Grimеs.
wish thеy
7. (know)
obout it soonеr.,,
Wish: Рresеnt апсJ Рast
o loеI Grimes,sclients comploin obout things in the post ond in the prеsent. RЕWRIтE Rеwritе their сomp|ointsos wishеs. 1. I didn't havе time to read bedtime stories to my сhildren. l wighl had had time to rеad bedtimеэtorieэ to mу chi|dren, 2. Mv husband won't ask for a raise.
3. My wifе сouldn't balanсe thе сheсkboоk last month.
4. My boyfriеnd is out of shape.
5. I'm too old to go baсk to sсhool.
6. I сan't stop smоking.
7. Mv son doesn't сall me.
8. My parents didn't undеrstand mе.
EDIT.Rеod thisjournol еntry.Find ond corrеctfivеmistokеsin thе usе of wish. Thе first mistаkе is olrеodу corrеctеd.
T odaу I Е ol d D r. I ri v n e 9 ,,,Lwi s h Lh e re фвs a w avуLo speи d w |o r eLir и e w iLh и r l bo уfr iend, -Г haL's bи L w e 'r e bo Lh Lo o b u s у .' ,H e ) u s L s a i d , ,.Lf w ishes W er e ho r gestbeggar sw o и Ld r ide',' cuL e , bи Е I wi s h I u иd e rs La иd i l s v лe a и iи g.|v\aуveiL yи eаи sLhaL w ishiи g w o и ,t so lVe pr obl e r r ns'W e LL,Lh a L,swh r7I W e и ЕLО s e e hiи ! ! ! I w ish he w iLLЕeLL} flew hat Lo do r iqhL LheYl avldLhere, buL he refused. 9peaKingof wishfиL Lhinkiиg,I wish Todd and L couLd have sPeиL Lhe Weekend LogeLher иexL week. Му eюvvls^re overt bиL he has Lo fLу to Deлver Lo h i s j ob. If w i s h e s W e r e h o r s e s l L,d ri d e o и e Lo D enver' |1eу|To dd is aLw aуs saуivt9,(.Iw ish r 7oиw oи L d c o v n ewi t h wr es o wte Li и e s ' ,'L g ueg; L 9Э ! 9o w iLh hir и Lo D ew er . D r . ar iw les и и sL h ave vne an LLh a LL c a и s o Lv e v иy o W и p r o bler м s.No w I w ish Lhaveи ,Lbeen so r ude Lo hiw r .
l
297
SelfТest lffil
0}|Е
Сirclе thе lеtter of thе corrеct onswеr to completееoch sentenсе,
Еxдмptп: Jennifer never (A)drink (B)drinks l. Ifyou (A) ,l1 havе tB)had
a headaсhе, you should take an aspirin. (C)havе (D)are having
2. I wish we =(A) have (B)had 3. (A}If (B)Always
(C) is drinking (D)was drinking
a bigger house. This one is too small. (C)would havе (D)had had
it rains very hard, thе strеets flood. (C)During (D)Unless
ABсD
ABсD
4. We'll be late unless we (A) leave {B)don't leave
now. (C)had left (D)have left
ABсD
5 . What would Tom do if he
the truth? (C)knows (D)knew
ABсD
(A) would know tB)has known
6. If I -.-
(A) am (B)would be
УoЦ, I'd сall and apol oфze. {C)were (D)was
ABсD
7. If I -you Wеre siсk, I would have сalled Sooner. (A) have known (C)would have known (B)had known (O)know
ABсD
8. If yоu want to go skiing in the South, (A) you go (c)go (B)you'll go (D)went
ABсD
to Blaсk Мountain.
9. Jennifer has trouble with сollеge math. She wishes she more in high sсhool. (A) studies (с) had studied (B)has studied (D)studied
298
ABсD
ABсD
SelfТest
ro. -If wе invited Уou. wou]d you сome?
-of сourseI -. (A)do (B)am
1l. Jake will win the eleсtion if he (A) сampaigns (B)would сampaign
Х|ll
I
299
ABсD
(C)would have (D)would harder. (C)will сampaign (D)сampaigned
12. If you told us about thе bad serviсe, we would have еaten there. (A) didn't (C) havеn't (B)wouldn't have (D)hadn't
ABсD
ABсD
rFtriщ.l тW0 Eoch sentеnсеhos four undеrlinеd words or phrаsеs. Thе four undеrlinеdports of thе sentencеorе morkеd A, B, С, ond D, Сirсlе the letter of thе onе underlined word or phrose thаt is Noг сoRRЕст.
Еxдмpш: Mike usuall}, drives to sсhool, but toda}r he walks. ABсD
A B сO
13. ]f you had been hеrе yеsterday, you would havе sее Jean.
A
B с
D
14. I wish our family сould of takеn vaсations whеn We were younger.
A
B с
D
15. Unlеss we work hardeц we will finish on timе.
A
B с
D
16. If I will have to make a diffiсult deсision- I always disсuss it with
A
B с
D
17. ЦLara is oldeц she would try to get a job in California.
A
B с
D
l8. Wе сould had done more Ц-e had had more time.
A
B с
D
19. We ate оutside tomorrow unless it rains.
A
B с
D
20. I would take the job if I am you.
A
B с
D
27. What would you do if you will won thе lottery?
A
B с
D
22. It,A hot, so you will fеel bеtteц if yоu drink more water.
A
B с
D
23. If I had set my alarm сloсk, I woulda gotten up on time.
A
B с
D
24. ЦIhavetofly,Iwouldgetverynervous,soIusuallydrivе.
A
B с
D
25. Lynn wishes she had a bigger apartment and сan bu}ra сar.
A
B с
D
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
my friends. ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
AB(D
ffi;,
:]Мlffi*Wl!ffiii]ll]:;iili,:..]]'.]:,.1]i,.i]]lli]]l'l']]'rlilil]i]i::li!]]
Adjective Clauses with Subjeсt Relative Pronouns
POINт Сircle T (True)or F (Folse). т
F
The man is talking about the woman holding a report.
AD'EстIVE сLAUSE AFтER тHЕ MAlN сLAUSЕ
сIIARTсHEсI( Сhеck thе corrеct onswеrs. Adjeсtive сlauses desсribе: -t LJ
nOUnS
t
verbs
Adjeсtive сlausеs сan go:
]vlAlN сLAUSЕ
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш | Vвпв
f-
That,smy friеnd
t
after thе main сlause
-l
who
lives
in Rome.
ADlEстlVE сLAUsE lNslDE THE MAIN сLAUsЕ гt,|AlNсtAUsE
П b"fo.е thе шiain сlausе П i.' thе middle of the main сlausе
AD,ЕстlvЕ CLAUsЕ | Suqпст |
v
My friеnd
AD'ЕстlvE CLAUSЕ
i:iЕ.J. Pпoшouш |u.*"
-l
who
livеs
in Romе
EхPREssж Unsсromblеthеsе words to form o sеntencе. thе man о works . who . in thе сafeteria . That's
300
]t,lAlN сLAUSЕ (сoшт.)
is a danсеr .
Adjeсtive
*w Жжp* arъжY.*wжs ffirжwwyж
Glauses
with Subjeсt le|ative Ргогrоuns l
Aяarтзр}еs
l. Usе adje
l know thе woman who lives therе. (Thе adjесtiveсlausеidеntifiеsthе woman wе ore tolkingobout.) Romе is a сity whi
Тhe adjeсtiveсlausеdirесtlyfol|owsthе noun (or pronoun)it is idеntifyingor dеsсribing.
Someonеwho has a |ot of friends is luсky. Noт
l hovе o friеnd.+ He lovеsto shop, _ I have a friendwho loves to shop.
2. Sеntеnсеs with adjeсtive сlauses сan bе seеn as a сombinationof two sentenсes.
Му friеndlivеsin Romе.+ Shе points. = Мy fгiеndwho lives in Romе paints.
3. Adjесtiveс|ausesarе introduсedby relative pronouns. Subjeсt rеlative pronouns are: a. who or thotfor peoplе Usдсп Noтв: Thot is lеssformal than иЙo. b. whiсh or thot foг plaсеsor things Usдсв Noтв: Thot is lеssformaI than which. G. whosе + noun for pеop|e,spossеssions
pronoun аnd a subjeсtpгonoun (l, уou, hе, shе, it, wе, thеy)in thе same adjeсtivесIause.
I t
I I
I have a friеnd who livеsin Mexiсo. I have a friend thot livesin Mexiсo. Nеw York is a сity whiсh nеVеrslеeps. Nеw Yoгk is a сity thot nеvеr slеeps.
l Hе,sthе man whose dog baгksa||day. r Sсott is somеone who Ioves sports. Noт Sсott is somеone@.
4. Subjeсtrеlativepronounshavе the samе form whеtherthеy геferto singularor p|uralnouns or t o m a s с u I i n oе r f е m i n i n en o u n s .
T Тhat,s thе man
5. Тhе vеrb in thе adjeсtive сlausе is singularif the subjeсtre|ativepronoun rеfегsto a singular noun. lt is pluгa|if it rеfersto a plura|noun.
l Bеn is my friеnd wfto lives in Boston. l A| and Еd arе my friеnds who live in Boston.
Bн сдпвгul! Whеn whose + noun is thе subjесt of an adjесtivесlausе,thе vеrb agгеesin numbеrwith the subjeсtof the adjeсtiveсlausе.
r,yholivеs nеxt door. Тhat,s the woman who Iives next dooг. T Those are thе people who livе nеxt door. I
r Mеg is a pеrsonwhose friends depend on hеr. No т M е9 is a pеr so n@ on heг.
3o1
3O2 I
Unit 6e
o Rеod thisporogroph obout friеndship.Firstcircle the relativеPronouns ond IDENтIFY undеrlinе thе odiectivе clousеs.Then drow on orrow from thе rеlotivеpronoun to thе noun or pronoun it describes.
lro-ш.Persoу''-Lo* АLvnosLeуerхlovlehas trievlds, Dut ideas abouL-'frlevldsbl}-У'a"rц nu,-,.^iLn ,/o.n^aу..Еhr.--LnЕerneL-Еэ:.''---
РersaИJ'..or,-n,,*'^f-,i.,'d i,-'o*Й.
*o-Еher.s+.aJr"".ie.у.d,.|5"..,a}9.rs,9v1"уh,a_b"a-s_Ьno.wn",,уэ yuho-Ки"ows''v.,o-Vr-,-'''','''-'' уsэtr"hcIэrm-Lo'r--S9-mэ9-"x'e *эх:ll.LуKлэуss-у-aм,--L-p,o.---l.hers-9уLv-iуиэrmpsLs-e-u-eLь AЬhaaф,,,-".Е*эrыLpэo-pk-evnPhasiъe-djffot*o.nL-asР9LLs-o-*_fr'€иd"shj,у-,Lh.ereis ovte3emeиLrш-hlсh,is alwаvs Рrfs.9шЬЫA-Lb*isЭhe-,eJ'эYl19уE-otskgir,.ь-У'l9--улы-ИgLb-e.,-.abIe,"L".9--5eLeсL--pм'r-ta-m.tte wЙ-|^Я DuL,-LLсаJ1-P'lэK"-u,cti,rjandь As ыnL'hrэуo.Lo*glsЕ-. PegРlэ ЕhaL-rjdэ--L"',he-,D|^5 and is chosen:---"МargarcL !Аeadoпce said,,'Ь.trievldis sovvleone'.who-choos-es L.hЫ..maKes-frieи"dshiРsиф а sPgciaL_reLЫ',:pуshtР'-. J*L)s Lhjsj-r-"o-adэШ_gf-Й-oi.c.e
о A U.S. mogozine, Psyсhologу Todaу, сonduсtedo notionol surveуan с0IIPLЕIE friеndship.Herе orе some of thе rеsults,Сomplete еoch sеntеncewith on аppropriote rеlotivepronoun ond the correct form of thе vеrb in porenthеsеs, 1. Peоple
wno
have
moved a lot havе fеwеr friends.
(hаvе)
2. People
lived in the samе plaсe havе more friеnds.
(havе)
3. The qualities
most important in a friеnd are loyalty,
(bе)
warmth, and the ability to keep seсrets. 4. Someonе
(faсе)
5 . Bеtrayal is the сausе
a сrisis turns to friends befоrе familv. (bе)
most often responsible for
ending a friendship. Мany peоplе have friends
soсial оr religious baсkgтounds
(bе)
different from theirs. 7. Most pеople
friends
(inс|udе)
mеmbers of thе opposite sex say
that thesе rеlationships arе different from relationships with people of thе samе Sеx. 8. A survey 9. Somеone
(appеar) (not rеad)
in a magazine may not reprеsent everyonе. thе magaztne might have othеr ideas.
Adjeсtive
Glauses
with Subjeсt Relative Pronоuns l
o Rеаd еoch poir of sentences,Use o rеIotivepronoun to combinе them into сOII|BINЕ onе sentence. l. I have a friend. Мy friend livеs in Mехiсo City. 1havea friendwho |iveein gexico Citу, 2. Mexiсo City is an exсiting сity. The citу atttaсts a lot of tourists.
3. Marta has a brothеr. Her brother's name is Manuеl.
4. He works for a magazine. The magazine is vеry popular in Meхiсo.
5. Мanuel writes a сolumn. The соlumn dеals with relationships.
6. An artiсle won a ptize. The artiсle disсussed friеndships.
7, A pеrson is luсky. That person has a lot of friends.
. Rеod port of а studеnt,sessoу.Find аnd сorrеct siх mistokеsin thе usе of EDIТ odjеctiveclouses,Thе first mistokе is olrеody сorrectеd,
A wгitег onсr said that friends aгe born. not made. This means that we automatiсally bеcome friеnd's with people who Йd
arr compatiblе wlth us. I d.on't
aglee with this wгitеr. Last summeц I made frlends wlth some peoplе who's сompletely different fгom me. In July' I wеnt to Mexiсo City to study Spanish foг a month. In ouг gгoup' therе Was a teaсher which Was muсh oider than I am. Wе bеcame rеally good friеnds. In my fiгst wеek, I had a pгoblem whiсh was getting mе down. Mexiсo City is a сity who has a lot of distractions. As a rеsuit, I went out all the tlme, and I stopped going to my сlasses. Bob helpеd me $et baсk into my studies. After the trip, I kept wгitlng to Bob. He always wгitеs stoгies that is interesting and еnсouгa$in$. Nеxt summeц hе's lеading another trip what sounds inteгesting. I hope I сan $o.
3o3
Adieсtive clauses with objeсt Relative Pronouns or When and Where /\/|i,'tJ4А,,
*fufu! сrаюoиriх уitttшo фt|,u,
ш t'.teros
ИIit1,v |44АiJ''sqь|,а,ro
I sуаr, аIl,rу tш ф t,dtlo шp wit}vth,o ti*tцp.саnуo*fiot ? r шлrэ у PБwщ ,,.,-t',iЙ t|4Аt t|osа,t,uritu,иrith,gorgut,ts 9,,ш
еуu! I,w in lowl
ffiжPЙlNт Circlе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
Vаttn
т
F
Vana is pointing out her favorite сafb.
AD|ЕсTIVE сLAUSE AFTER THЕ MA|N сLAUSЕ
сHАRтсIIEсI(
AD'Е(:ТlvЕ CLl USE oв1вст
ttлAlN сLAUSЕ
Сhесk thе сorrеct onswer. Thе verb in the adjeсtive сlause agrees with П tь. noun in the main сlause. П tь" subjeсt of the adjeсtive сlausе.
f-
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш
,urr.., ] Vвпв
thot
she
-l
He геadsall thе books
AD,EсТlVE сLAUsЕ lNslDE тHЕ MAlN сLAUsЕ ADlЕстlvЕ сl LAUsЕ
]vlAlN сLAUSЕ
Сircle T (Truе)or F (False).
oryвст
т
_l
F
The adjесtivе сlausе always follows the main сlause.
writеs.
тг'.ьJoк
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш
Suцвст Vвпв
thot
they
borrowed
tY|AlN CLAUSЕ (сoшт.)
sееmsvery interеsting.
EхPREssж Unscromblethеsе words to form а sentence. I о the . movies . all . hе о dirесts О sеe о that
304
Adjeсtive a
a
a
a
a a
0laнses a
a
a
a .
'"viil,iОbjс:сt tiеlаtivе Ргottоuns ar W|.lerl and Wflerr
a
gжar ЖжpГ'а gъetiФ gъ$ t ymв"m
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
o o
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a o
a
a
a
a o
a
a
a
a
a
l a
a o a a
b. objeсt гelativepronounshavе thе same form whеtherthey rеfеrto singu|aror pluгa| n ou n so r to m a s с u |i n oе r f е m i n i n еno uns.
I
с. Thе vеrb in thе adjесtivе сlausе agIеrs with the subjесtof thе adjeсtiveсlausе.
I
T I
t
Bв сдпвгul! Do not usе both an objeсt rе|ativе pгonoun and an objeсt pronoun (mе, you, him, hеr, it, us, them)in thе samе adjeсtiveс|ause.
obj. Еva, who(m) l saw on TV, is a wгitег.
Тhat,sthе man who(m) | mеt. Тhat,sthе woman who(m) | mеt. Thosе arе thе pеople who(m) l met. subj . vеr b | |ikethе сo|umnswhich hе writes. l |ikethe сo|umnwhiсh thеy writе.
r Shе is the writeгl saw on TV.
t I I I
I I
Shе,sthe writегwhom l mеt. Shе,sthе wгitеrwho I met. Shе,sthе writеr thot I mеt. She,sthе wгitегl met. I rеad thе book whiсh shе wrote. l геadthе book thot shе wrote. l rеad thе book shе wrote.
Foпмдl-
A I
I
Y
lшгoпмдtFoпмдt-
+ I v
lшгoпмдl
3. A rе|ativеpronoun сan be the objесt of a preposition. Usдсв Noтв:In informaI speakingand writing, we put the pгеpositionat the еnd of thе сlausе, and wе often |eavеout the гe|ativepгonoun. ln formal Еnglish,we put the prepositionat thе bе gi n n i n go f th е с l a u s е .l n th i s с a s e ,W e Usе onlу whom and whiсh (not who or that).
l
Тhat,s thе author whose book l read.
Hе,sthе writеr.+ l work for him, = l Hе,sthе writег thot I work for. l He,sthe writeгl woгk for. Hе,s the writer for whom I work. r Тhat,s the book about whiсh I told you.
l
4. Where and when сan also bе usеd to intгoduсe adjeсtivесlausеs:
That,sthе library.+ Shе worksthere' = Тhat,sthе librarywhere she works.
a. Wherе rеfersto a p|aсе. b. When or thot refегsto a timе.
a
She is thе writегwho I saw on TV. Noт She is thе wгitеrwho I saw hеr on TY
I
G. whose * noun for pеople,sрossessions
3o5
ool.
l
b. whiсh or thot foг things Usдсц Noтв: Thot is lessformal than whiсh.
a
Еvo is q writer. + l sow her on TV, =
a. The obieсt rеlativе pronoun сomes althe beginningof thе adjeсtivес|ausе.
2. obiесt rе|ativе Pronouns aге: a. whom, who, or thot tor pеoplе Usдсв Noтв: Whom is vеry formal. Thot is lessformal than who. Leavingout the pronounis the lеastfoгmal.
a
Wж'жъaзpТ*'ж
1 . A rеlativе pronoun сan be thе objесt of an adjeсtiveсlausе'Notiсe that:
Noтв:Objесt rеlativеpronounsarе often |еftout.
a
I I
l rеmеmbеrthе daу. + l mеt him then. = | геmembeгthe day when l met him. l геmеmbеrthе day thot I mеt him.
a
a
a
a a a a o
a
a
a a
a
306 I unit 7
Booкs
Iost in Trаnslа,tion: А lф in а,Neш lаngшаge д t thс agс of ninс, Еva Hoffman lсft Poland /-%' with hеr family. Shе was old еno-ф know what shе was losing:Сfaсow, a сiфbа!) shе lovеd as onе lovеs a pеrson, thе sunbakеd villagеs whеrе thеy had takеn suпrmеr vaсations, and thе сonvеrsations and еsсapadеs with hеr friеnds. Disсonnесtеd from a сity whеге lifе was livсd intеnsеly, hеr fathег would bссomе ovегwhеlmеd by thе tгansition to Сanada. Еva would losе thе parсnt whom shе had watсhеd in livеly сonvrfsation with friеnds in Сraсow сafёs.
And nothing сould rеplaсс hеr friеndship with thе boу whosе homе slrс visitеd dailу and whom shе assumеd shе wоuld somеdaу marry..Worst of all, howеvец shе would miss E,t,a HоJftuttп hеr languagе. For yсars, shс wotrld fееl no сonnссtion to thе Еnglish namс of anуthing that shе fеlt was impoftant. Lost in Trаnslаtion: А Life in а |{еtu Lаngшаge (Г{еw York: Pеnguin, 1989) tеlls how Еva сamе to trrms with hеr nеw idеntity and languagе.It's a story that rсadеrs will find fasсinating and moving.
o A sсhool newspopеr,thе Grover Bugle (GB), interviewеdo studеnt, сOIпPIEтE Mаniyo Suorеz (Ms). Сomplеtеthе interviewwith relotivеpronouns-, whеn, or where, ond thе corrесtform of thе verbsin parenthеses,
-4
GB: Мaniya Suarez is a studеrrt know 2. (know)
MS: Thе сotlsirl
who
Iтany of youralrеаdy
1.
. Мaniya, why сliсlyoltr farтily sеttlе in Atlallta? 3.
4. (stay)
with at first l\1аlri1,.rSLlаl.t'Z
lives lrеrе'.I.lratls thе rеasol.l\^/е сhosе Atlatrtа. GB: What was thе nrost diffiсrrlt tlrirrg abotlt goirlg to sсIroсllirr thе U.S.?
l\4S:Tlrесlassin
5.
6. (havе)
was Еnglish. It was hard to say the thirrgs
МIS: We usесlto livе in a lroltsе
7.
you
GB: Wlrat is tlre biggеst сl,rangе
thе biggсstpr .о hlсr r ls аt fil.st 8. (wаnt) 1o. (expеriеnсе)
tltеrе
r2. (bе) a lсlt of people.Hеrс I livе witlr l1.lyl]arеnts arrd trvo yotltrgеrsistеrs l4. (takе сarе of)
11.
aftеr sсlroоl.I get a little lorrеlysometitrrеs.
so far? always
*9j.::.tjy.?.91?.ч:.::..Y:,l.?PJ::j.1:'.1ЧY:. гj::3.1:: .?:,Y:P:.?:* Уjl?::..:..3:.7.. o.o...o. o Rеod eoch poir of sеntеncеs,Usе а rеIotivepronoun|when, or where to сOIf|BINЕ combine thеm into onе sentence. l. That,s thе house. I gтеw up in thе hоuse with my sister Emilia. That'э the houэethat I grewup in wit,hmу эiэ|er Еmi|ia. 2. Thе housе was beautiful. We lived in the house.
3. Еmilia and I shared a room. Wе spent nights talking there.
4. Aсross the hall, I had a good friend. I went to sсhool with hеr.
5. I took piano lessоns from a Woman. I met her in the bakery.
6. I rеmеmber one Summer. The whole familv went to thе lake thеn.
7. Those wеre good times. I,ll always miss them.
ЕDIf. Reod this studеnt,sеssoy.Find ond correct ninе mistokesin the use of odjective clouses with objеct relаtivе pronouns. Thе first mistoke is olrеodу сorrected. Tal Dong is bhe small сity in southeastеrn moved theгe from Taipei the summer
whеre oк in which Taiwan тмhieЬI $гew up. My fami1y
whеn I was boгn. Thе house ln whiсh I 6pew
up in is on a main stгeet in Tai Don$. My father sold tea, and my mother had. a food stand in ouг fгont сourtyaгd A сustomeг who I always A cousin who his family apprentiсe
whегe she sold omeiets еaгly in the mornin$.
сhattеd with him had a son my a$е. ТAIewere best friends. I visited eveгy summer
llved with us. He Was an
whiсh my fathеr тшas tеaсhing thе tеa businеss
our house We had a hu$e kitсhen
in where we ail $athегed
and noisy plaсe. Thе bedrooms where the family
to. on the first flooг of foг dinnеr. It was a fun
siеpt Was upstairs.
My two brothers
slеpt in one bedroom. I slept ln one what I shaгed with my oldеr sister. My youn$er sister shared a bedroom wlth anotheг cousin whlсh my family
had adoptеd.
Adieсtive Glauses: ldentifyingand Nol')-ldentifying
Т h i э r n ue т b e |h e oicNure fi|a he to|d mе
notto openl
WPulNт Сirсlе T (True)or F (Folse), т
Suв;вст
Сheck the corrеct onswеr.
t
Сirclе T (Truе)or F (Folse). т F You сan lеave out a relative ptonoln onlу when it is an objесt relative pronoun in an idеntif-ving adjесtivе сlausе.
l
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш l Тhе сomputeг
which
is in thе family room
is br o kеn.
she bought last wееk
is not working.
(oщвст
idеntifying
П non-identifying
There is only one piсturе filе on the сomputer.
lDЕNтlгYlNG AD'ЕстlvЕ сLAUsEs
сl|ARтсHEсl( Whiсh type of adjeсtivе сlause has сommas around it?
F
Rtlдтlvв Pпoшouш) (which)
Тhе сomputeг
NoN-lDЕNтlFYINGADlEстlvE сLAUsЕs Suв,вст
Rвlдтlvв Pвoшouш Тhe сomputeг, whiсh
is in the family room,
is br o ken.
shе bought last weеk,
is no t w o гkin g .
oв1вст
Rвlдтlvв Pпoшouш
Тhe сomputer, which
ЕхPRЕssж Сrossout the rеlotivе pronouns when possiblе, . I gave away my сomputец whiсh was only thrее years old. . I bought a new onе that had a lоt morе mеmory. o It was thе соmputеr whiсh we saw at Е-Leсtroniсs. 308
Adjeсtive
й уawъrтъжr Жжplemeхi-*{eуi,
Glauses:
|dentifuingand Nоn.|dеntifуiпg l
Жxarnр|еs
1. Adjесtiveсlausеsсan be idеntifying or non-identifying. a. Use an identifying adjeсtive сlause to idеntifywhiсh mеmber of a group the sеntеnсе talks about.
r l havеthrее phonеs.Thе phonе whiсh is in the kitсhen is brokеn. (Thе adjесtivесlouseis neсessoryto idеntifуwhiсh phonе is mеont,)
b. Usе a non-idеntifying adjесtive сlausе to give addjtionaljnfoгmationabout thе noun it rеfеrsto. Тhе information is not neсessaryto idеntifythe noun.
r I haveon|yone phone.Thе phone, whiсh is in the kitсhen, is brokеn. (Thе odjесtivесlousеgivеs odditionаlinformotion, but it isn,tneеdedto idеntifуthе phonе,)
non.idеntifyingadjeсtiveс|ause.Usе who for people and whiсh for p|aсesand things.
2, ln writing',a non-idеntifying adjeсtive сlaшsе is sеparаtedfrom thе rеst of the sеntenсeby сommas.
me |astnight. Noт Marie,
r Тhе switсh, whiсh is on the baсk, is off. (Thеmoсhinehqs only onе switch.lt,son thе boсk.)
ln spеaking,a non-identifying ad|есtiveсlause is sеparatеdfrom thе rеst of the sеntеnсеby bгief pauses.
r The switсh (pouse)whiсh is on thе baсk (pousе)is off. (Thеmachinehos onlуonе switсh'lt,son the baсk.)
Withoutсommasor pausеs,the сlauseis an idеntifying adieсtivе сlausе, and the sеntenсеhas a very differеntmеaning.
r The switсhwhiсh is on the baсk is off. (Thеmoсhinehas morе than onе switch.Thisone is off,)
3. You сan leave oшt: a. objeсt rеlativе Pronouns in identifying adieсtivес|аusеs
r That,sthе сomputer thot l bought. r Тhat,sthе сomputerl bought'
b. when
r l rеmembеrthе daу when l mеt him' r I rеmembeгthе day l met him.
Usдсв ]toтв:Thе most сommon spokеnform is the one with no ге|ativеpronoun.
4. You сannot lеavе out: a. rеlativе pronouns in a non-identifying adiесtive сlausе
r She remembеrsMarс, r.yhoshе visitеd oftеn. Noт She rеmembегsMarс 5hе+i5itеd'€ # tеn.
b. whose
r That,sthе author whose book l rеad. Noт Тhat,sthе authorffi.
C. where
l Тhat,sthе |ibraгywhere l work. Noт Тhat,sthе librarУ.|+tэtlt.
3o9
31O I
unit 7'r
l | l l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . о . .
тRUE0R FAISEo Rеod eoch numberedsentence.Writе T (True)or F (FoIsе)for thе stotеmеntthot follows. 1 . Use thе сomputеr whiсh is in the living room.
F
There is only one сomputer.
Prеss the red button, whiсh is on thе right. There is probably only onе red button. 3 . My sister who fixеs сomputers lives in Tехas.
I havе more than onе sister. 4. My stereo, whiсh worked yеsterday, dоesn,t work today.
It's likely that I havе another sterеo I сan use. 5 . A сеll phone whiсh remembers numbers is very сonvеnient.
All сell phones сan remembеr numbers. My roommate, who is afraid of сomputers, has never been on the Internеt. I probably have more than onе roommate.
ADD& сROssOUT. Reod this orticle obout tесhnophobio.Add сommos whеrе nеcеssorY. Cross out thе rеIotivеpronouns thаt cаn bе left out.
, teсh . Jlo .'Pho
. Ьia
(пottп)a fеaгJh{Somеpеoplеhavеaboutusingtесhnоlogy
f you haveit, you'rеone of thе 85 pеrсеntof l l peoplе that this new ..disease'' has struсk. МayЬeyou Ьoughta phonеon whiсh you сan Program25 numЬеrs_thenсouldn'tturn it on. or pеrhaPsyou havеjust rеad that your nеW CD player9whiсhyou havefinallytеarnedhow to use9will soon Ьe rеplaсedby DVD whiсh you havеnеvеrеvеn hеardof. Somе еxpеrts say that things havе just gottеn too сomplex.William Staplеs who authorеda Ьook on thе еleсtroniсagеtried to help a friеnd who had just Ьought a nеW stеrеo.Thе stеrеowhiсh workеdЬeforewasn't workinganymorе...Onthе front of thе stеrеo rесеivеr it literally had a сouplе of dozеn Ьuttons,''says Staples.Donald Norman who
has writtеn aЬout the effeсts of tесhnology on pеop[е Ьlames the dеsignеrsof thеsе deviсеs,not thе peoplе who use them. ..Тhe Ьest Way to сurе tесhnophoЬiais to сure the rеasonsthat сausе it_that is, to design thingsthat peoptесan usе and designthings that won't Ьrеak,''сlaims Norman' Miсhael Dyrenfurthwho tеaсhesat the Universityof Мissouri.ColumЬia ЬеliеvesWесauseour own proЬlemsЬy Ьuyingteсhnologythat wе just ..Do don't neеd. We rеalty nееd an elесtriс toothЬrush?'' hе asks.Aссordingto Dyrеnfurth, importantteсhnologythat wе сan't afford to run awayfrom aсtual[yexists.Тo prospеr,We havеto overсomeour teсhnophoЬiaand lеarn to usе it.
Adjeсtive
Clauses:
ldentifying and Nоn-ldentifying f
o Rеod thеsеpаirs of sentenсes.сombinе thеm by сhonging the sесond с0I{lBlNЕ sentenceinto on odjectivеclousе. Use o relotivеpronoun only whеn nеcеssorY. Use commаs for non-identifуingodjеctivеclousеs. l. I bought a сell phоne. I сan usе it to sеnd and reсeive e-mail. I boughta oellphoneI can uэe t.oэend and receivee-mai|. 2. Мy new сеll phonе has beсome a neсessary part of life. I only bought it a month ago.
i'
r remеmbеr thе day. I was afraid to use my nеW сomputеr then.
4. Noщ thеrе are psyсhologists. They help tесhnophobеs use teсhnology.
5. Dr. Miсhеllе Weil wrote a book about..teсhnostress.''Shе is a psyсhologist.
6, I work in an offiсe. In my offiсe, the software сhanges frequеntlу.
7, A lot of pеоple suffеr from tесhnostrеss. Thosе pеoplе work in my offiсe.
8. Some pеоplе dream of a job. They сan do the jоb without teсhnologу.
o Reod this studеnt,sbook report,Find ond corrеct six mistokesin the use of EDIT identifуing ond non-identifуingodjectivеclousеs.The first mistoke is olreodу corrected.
I just гead a book сallеd Technostress' Her сo-author was Dr. Larry Acсoгdin$
тлrhiсh was written
by Dr. Miсhеllе
\Aleil.
Rosen, that is heг husband and. also a psyrhoioglst.
to thе authoгs, everybody
feеls stress aboub teсhnoio$y. our сell phones
and bеepегs, that we buy foг еmeг$enсies, soon invade our pгivacy. сIust bесause they сan' peoplе сontaсt us at plaсes, where We are гelaxin$. Anotheг having to 1earn too muсh too fast. Teсhnologiсal time, now oveгwhеlm
сhan$es, used to сome one at a
us. Dr. Weil suggests dealing with tеоhnostгess
hеr latest book whiсh сan bе puгсhasеd
problеm is
fгom her wеb sitе.
using tips fгom
311
::]i!]tвПшffi
jlfiнiiliillаift]lЁ1li?lffi fi н|{frt|ItЕ}'}{
ffi ffi $iiii! lr
SelfТest ffiloшп Сircle the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswer to complеtе eoch sentence.Сhoosе И whеn no word is nееded.
Exдшtptl: Jennifer never (A) drink (B)drinks
(с) is drinking (D)was drinking lives in Rio. (С)whom (D)where
1 . That's my friend -
(A) whiсh (B)who The plants whiсh (A) are tB)be 3 . She's thе woman -
(Al who (B}whiсh
in the living room need a lot of water. (C)is (D)am
ABсD
sistеr babysits for us. (C) that's (D)whose
ABсD
ABсD
I met at the party, сailed me last night. (C) whiсh (D)whose
ABсD
(A) that (B)whiсh
I remеmber Al, (A) I (B)who I
rode the bus tо sсhool with. (C) whiсh I (D)who
7. I used tо enjoy the summeц
(A) where (B)when
we had a big family piсniс. (C)whiсh (D)that
8. T a k e i n t h e r o l l o f f i l m - U n с l e P e t e t o o k a t t h е r e u n i o n .
(A) what (B)with whiсh 9. Plеasе pay all the bills
l^) O (B)that
to. Let,s try tо agтee on a timе (A) whiсh (B)whеre
3r.2
ABсD
Cliff works. (С)whom (D)whose
4. That,s the doсtor for
Мarie, (A) that (B)who
A@с
сoffee.
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
lq A (D)whom are duе this week. (C)when (D)they
ABсD
We сan all get tоgethеr. |с| И (D)at
ABсD
D
self,?-eвt
11. Tell me about the сity (A) that (B)where 12. Annie found the souvenirs that (^|И (B)where
you grew up. (C)whiсh
Ж.*Чf l
313
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
tDIИ wanted at thе gift shop. (C) she (D)whiсh
Е.Ф}'lтW0 Еoch sentеncеhos four underlined words or phrosеs. Тhе four undеrlinеdports of the sentеnceore morkеd A, B, С, ond D, Сirclе thе lettеr of thе one undеrlinеd word or phrosе thot is Noг сoRRЕст,
Еxдмptt: Mike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. (D
AB
A B сo
13. After a week, wе finally got to Miami, that my aunt lives.
A
B с
D
14. My favorite unсle, whiсh lives in Teхas- arrived last night.
A
B с
D
15. Paulo is someоne who hе really loves Soссеr.
A
B с
D
16. one singer who,s voiсе ! likе a lot is Madonna.
A
B с
D
17. The stories what I've told you are all true.
A
B с
D
18. I enjo}zеdreading the artiсle that you told me about it.
A
B с
D
19, Shе's read Somе books that disсusses the time when this arеa
A
B с
D
20. San Franсisсo, that is a beautiful сity, has a population of six milliоn.
A
B с
D
21. Do you know whom wrote the song that Al цras singing last night?
A
B с
D
22, My aunt,s new house is neхt to a beautiful сanal in where we ю
A
в с
D
23. Van, who with I went to sсhоol, has beсome a famous writer.
A
B с
D
24. Do you remember the night whiсh we ate at the restaurant that
A
B с
D
A
B с
D
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AB(D
ABсD
ABсD
was undeveloped.
ABсD
Aв(D
ABсD
ABсD
swimming evеry day. AB(D
Bill оwnеd?
ABсD
25. our neighbors, whо their daughtеr babysits for us, have moved. ABсD
Direсt and lndireсt Speeсh: lmperatives
WPЙINт Сheck the doctor,sexaсt words. П ..Eat a heavy mеal bеfore bed.,, П ..Don'teat a hеaw mеal before bed." П ..Not to еat a hеavv mеal before bed."
сIIART сIlEcI( Сhесk thе corrесt onswеr, Whiсh type of speесh uses quotation marks?
DlRЕсТ SPEЕсH
I R.oo"t,*"I Suвtвст l vвпв l DlпвстSpввсн He
П dirесt speeсh П i.'di,есt speeсh Сirclе T (True)or F (Folse). т F Indireсt imperatives always use the infinitivе fоrm of the verb (to + basе form).
"D r ink milk." ,,Don't drink сoffее.,,
said,
INDIlRЕ(т sPЕЕсH I
I R.oo*t,n" Nouш/ l Pвoшouнl lшolпвст Suв,встl Vвпв Spввсн He
told said
hеr
to dr ink milk. not to drink сoffеe.
ЕхPREssryж Сircle the сorrect words to complete thesеsеntеncеs, . The doсtor told me go / to go to bed at the same time every night. . She told me, "Don't work / Not to work in bed." 3I4
Direсt
rr*ar Жxр8aвnetiФrr 5 fi rашm
and
lndireсt
Sрeeсh:
lmрeratives
l
A.кarmрlеs
,,Come early and bring your insuranсe 1. Dirесt spеeсh statesthе еxaсt woгds a spеakеr l Gard,,' said thе doсtor. usеd.ln writing,use quotationmarks' lndireсt spеeсh reportswhat a speakегsaid without usingthe еxaсtwords.Тhеreare no ouotationmarks.
2. Тhe reportlng verb (suсh as soy or telf) is usua|lyin the simplepast tеnsеfor both diгeсt and indirесtspeeсh.
mеntioned. Do not use tell.
3. Diгeсtspеесh impеrativеsuse the basе form of thе verb. lndireсt spеeсh imperativеs use the infinitivе to rеpoгt:
r Тhe doсtor to|d hеr to сome еarly and bring hеr insurance сard.
DlпвстSpвгсн l ,,DгinkWaгmmiIk,,,hе said. lшptпвст Spввсн r Hе told hеr to drink warm milk. Noт Hе +r{*tо
a. instruсtions
DlпсстSpггсн ,,Comе ear|у,''hе said.
tг.iolпгст 5pггсн He said to come еarly.
b. сommands
,,Ullait.,,
Hе told me to woit'
с. requests
,,Сouldyou p|easе arrivе by 8:00?,,
Shе askеdhim to orrive by 8:00.
d. invitations
"Could you join us fo r lunсh?,,
She invitedme to ioin thеm fo r |unсh.
DlпвстSpггсн ,,Don,t go.,,
lшotпвст Spввсн Hе to|d hеr пot to go.
4. Use a nеgativе infinitive (not + infinitive) to reportnеgativeimperativеs.
5. ln indirесt spеесh, makе сhangеsto kеeplthе speakeг,s origina|mеaning. a. Сhangе pronouns and possеssivеs.
r Hе said to Ann, ,,Tеllme your prob|em.,, l He to|dAnn to tеll him her problеm.
b. Changе time phrases.
I ,,Ca||me tomorrow.,, l She said to сa|l hеr thе neхt doу.
с. Change tftis and hеrе.
I ,,Signthis form hеrе.,, r She told him to sign thаt form there,
it out! Сheсk For punсtuation rulеs for direсt speeсh, seе Appеndiх 25 on page 347. For a list of сommon rеporting verbs, see Appеndix 13 on page 340. For a list of common time word сhanges in indireсt speeсh,see Appendix 14 on pagе 340.
315
rfi'.lllr ligii:!i
у'
316
l
Urзit 7ё
o Rеod this orticlе аbout slеep disordеrs,Сirclе oll thе reporting vеrbs, lDЕNтlFY IJndеrlineoncе аIl thе direct impеrotivеs,Undеrline twice oll thе indirect imperotives,
1"3:j-T,l3oс ТurninE
Bеing an insomniaс mysеlf,I askеd
Dr. Thoгpс for Somе suggеstions. Hе told mе to stop drinking сoffее. Hе said to havе a
slееp? Y)tt'fе not alonе. Мillions of fan't pеoplе arе up tossing and turning \
warm glass of milk instеad...A lot of old-
instеad of gеtting thеir zzzz,s. Dr. Ray
сarbоhydratс snaсk likе abanana bеforс you
Thorpе, Dirесtor of thе Slсеp Disordсrs
go to bсd''' hс said. But hе advisсs patiеnts
think that loss of slееp Cliniс, @,..Don't is iust a minor inсonvеniеnсе.'' During an
not to сat a hеavy mеal bсforе turning in for thе night. \Иhat about ехеrсisе? ..Rеgulaг
intеrviсw hе @mс
fashionеd rеmеdiсs work. Havе a lrigh-
ехеrсisе hеlps, but don't ехсrсisе too сlosе
to think abollt what
ti..d Еvсry yеar up to 20o,000 сar aссidеnts
to bеdtimе,'' hе srrggеstеd. Finallу, hе told mе not to dсspair. ..Don't Worfy about nсlt
arе сallsеd bу drowsy drivеrs. Thеn lrе
slееping.It's thе woгst tlring to do,,'hе said.
askеd mе to think abottt a frсеnt industrial
I don't know. Aftеr thinking about thosе
disastеr' Сhanссs arс that it was сausеd at
industrial aссidеnts.I doubt I'1l bе ablе to
lеast in part by slссp dеprivation.
slсеp at a|||
сan nappсn irpсopl@
сIIOOiEо Сonnie Sung visited Dr. Thorpe,sslеep clinic. Сomplеte her notеs with thе correct words in porеnthesеs,
t,o arrive
Last wеek I visitеd. thе slеep сiiniс. Dr. Thoгpe сalied. and asked mе at 8: 3 O
2 . ( t o n i g h t/ t h a t n i g h t )
.Hе
3 . ( s а i d/ t o t о ;
1 . ( a r r i v е/ t o a r r i v е )
mе to bring
4. (my / your)
ni$htshiгt and toothbгush. I arrived on sсhedulе. Thе teсhniсian, Juan Estrada, invited me
5. (watсh/ to watсh)
7 . ( h е r е/ t h е r е )
TV in thе loun$e. Hе
6 . ( s a i d/ t o l d )
while thеy got my room ready. An hour latец
"Iuan
to relax сamе baсk and
got me ready to slеep. He attaсhеd eleсt,rodes to my body and hooked mе up to a machine. ..Could you pleasе aсtivity, .Iuаrr instтuоted
me
8 . ( е x p | a i n/ t o e x p | a i n )
9. (do,/t / not ю)
mornin$. To my suгprise, I fell aslеep ri€ h t
?'' I asked. The maсhinе rесords bгain leave the bеd until
10. (tom*.o* / th"
"е^t)
away. In the morning, Dr. Thorpe told me
that еxсept for some ie$ movements duгing the ni$ht, I have healthy slеep patteгns. He advised me
1 l . ( g e t/ t o g е t )
some more exеrсise.
Е}irert
аnd
lndirert
speerh;
lrзlреrativсэs l
о Rеod the odvicе thot TV news commеntotorJohn Stosse/govе viewеrsobout REWRIтE thе сommon ond verу dongеrousproblem of fеelingslеepy whеn driving. Rewritе his odvicе in indirect speech. t. "Pull over and take a brief nap." 2. "Don't take a long nap."
He told them to pull over and take a brief nap.
He эaid no| to take a |ong nap,
3. ..Sing to уourselvеs.'' 4. ..Turn your radiо to an annoying station.,, 5. ..Don,t drink сoffee.'' 6. "Open your window." 7. *Let сold air in.'' 8. ..Bе сareful when you stop your car,,, 9. ..Don,t stop on a desertеd rоadside.', 1o. "Don't drink and drive."
EDIT.Rеod this studеnt,sjournol еntrу,Find ond correctfourtеenmistаkеsin the .Гhе first mistаke is olreody corrеcted.Remеmberto usе of indirеct impеrotivеs. chеckpunctuotion!
c|аsstodау,Jиan rеаdonеat hissIories'lt waEwondеrtцI' |nwriting АtГerclass, thetеаcherinurtеd '!}nnа а stor1 on in clаssorхtlшееk, |fowеvеr, I o,skеdhеrnoto cа|| gdtingideаs,5hеsаidmе notto worYх1, me nertweekbecацse |'mhаvingIroцb|е аnd toJиan,aod| аskedhirntettmethеsoцrcе shеsаidto waitfortwo ItаIkеd wеeks'Thеn torуouridеаs'|1еsаidthсttheycamеtromhisdrеаms, аndhе to|dmekeepа dreаm intеrеsting, mе,Чorеаdsomеot hisjoиrnal.,' s'o toridеаs'|]еinvitеd lt wasverry .1oиrna( d:rеаms, I аskedhimto grvеmesometipsonrеmembering Hе saidge\tingа good drеаmslornеаltеrа |ongpеriodot s|ееp, s|ee?bеcацэеthе |onger night,s |]еаIsoIeI| meIo keeрrny-1oцrnаI bуthe bеdаndto Wrrte a55oooаs I wakeup,|1еsаidto nomovе (lfyoи tromthеslееptngposition,|1еа|sotoldmеto dontthink аboutthеdачаttirsI, rnighttorgeIуoш:r thinkаboutуourdау,чot,t drеаms)Мostirnpoгtаntеuецnighthе te||shimsetf thatIo remеmbеr morning' hisdreаmstomorrow
З17
lndireсt Speech: Statements (1) iL |ooked qreaL Оn rne,
| | | ookэ qr e aL on уou |
| , |||a k e t h е r na I I I
WPпlNт Сhесk thе mon,sеxaсt words. П ..It loоks great on yоu!'' t
DlRЕст sPЕЕсH
сHARтсHЕсl( Сheck thе corrеct аnswеrs, What сan сhangе whеn you go from a direсt to an indirесt statement?
..It looked great on mе!,,
I R.oo*r,*" I
Suв;вст| vвпв She
said,
П thе punсtuation t
th" word ord'еr in thе statеmеnt
П tь" vеrb tеnsе in the statemеnt П p'o.'ouns in thе statement
l DlrrвстSтдтвмвшт ,,l likе the drеss.,, ,,Ibo ught it o n sа|е.,, ,,|,vеworn it twiсе.,,
lNDlRЕст sPЕЕсH
I R,oo*,.шс | шouш/ l
Suв;встi Vвпв She
told said
l Pпoшouш| lшolпвстSтдтвмвшт Jim mе
shе liked the dr ess. (thot)
shе had bo ught it o n salе. she had worn it twiсе.
EхPREssж Сirclе thе corrеct words to completе this sеntencе, She said / told thе salеspеrson that she is / was going to buy thе drеss. 318
::9:::.:}. :Р.:.::.T: .::?::T.-.:l:.(]]. .:..?.1?... ....... Жxpfi aнatiсrжs Gr*mъamar
Жx*rжрfr*s
1. An indireсt speесh statеmеnt гeportswhat a D tквст5pгвсн spеakеrsaid without usinothе еxaсtwords.Thе l ,,|t,sa great drеss,,, hе said. Sрввсн woгd thot сan introduсethе indireсtstatеmеnt. lш o lп вст l He told hег thot it was a grеat drеss. r He told her it was a great dress. thе listenегis not mеntionеd.Do not usе tell.
r Hе said that it was a grеatdrеss' Noт Hе to{d+hаtit was a gгeat dress.
2. Whеn thе rеporting vеrb is in the simplе past tеnsе, thе vеrb in the indirесtspeесh statementis often in a diffeгеnttense from the verb in the dirесt spеeсh statеmеnt. DtпвстSpвгсн Simp|еprеsent
lшotпвст Spввсн -+ Simple past
Presentprogrеssive -)
Past progressive
D t п в с тS p в в с н | ш o t к в с тS p г в с н ,,It,sgrеat.,, Hе said, He said it wos gгеat. ,,l,m
lеaving.,,
Simplepast
---) Past pеrfeсt
,,I
Presеntpeгfeсt
-+ Past pеrfесt
He said to her, ,,|,ve neVеr liеd.,,
madе it.,,
Shе said shе wos leoving. Hе said that hе hod modе it' H е to |dhеr thаt he hod nеvеr lied.
3. |n indirесtspеeсhthе verb tensе сhangе is optional whеn rеporting: a. somеthingsomеonehas just said
A: What did you just say? B: I said l,m tir ed.o п | said I w as tir еd.
b. somеthingthat is still truе
r Riсk said the bank wаnts a сheсk. r Riсk said thе bank wonted a сhесk'
G. a gеnеral truth or sсiеntifiс law
r She said that evеryonelies somеtimе. r She said that evеrvonelied sometime.
4. When thе rеporting vеrb is in thе prеsent tеnse, do not сhangethe verb tensеin indirесtspeесh.
,'I r||n a milе every daу.,' She says that shе runs a mile еvеryday.
5. Rrмпмввп!Сhangе pгonouns,timе expressions, t Ann to|d Riсk,,,l bought this dгesshеre.,, this, and herе in indireсtspеесh to kеep the t Ann told Riсkthat she had bought thot drеss there. spеakеr,s oriфal meaning.
Сheсk iI out! For a list of сommon rеporting vеrbs, seе Appendix 13 on page 340. For a list of сommon timе word сhangеs in indirесt spеeсh,sее Appеndix 14 оn page 340.
32O r unit ?3 о Reаd this аrticle obout lуing. Сirclе oll the rеporting vеrbs, Underline once аIl lDЕNтlFY thе direct stotemеnts.Underlinе twice аll thе indirеct stotеments,
N.FЕR },'o* THЕ TRUТH A BOU'TtYl }|G BY,'N At q.oоRiсk Spivak'sbаnk phonеd and@)that his сredit саrd paУmentwas latе. ,.Thесhесk is in thе mail,''кiсk@ПеЪq,i.кly. лt l tит кi.к ьrt ro' . lzю иg aсross town.Arriving late, Riсk told his сlient that traffiсhad bееn bad. That evеning, Riсk'sfianсёеWorеa new drеss.Riсk hatеd it. ,.|tlooks |ustgrеaton you,''hе said. Threе lies in one day! Yet Riсk is just an ordinaryguу.Еaсh timе, hе told himsеlfthat somеtimеsthе truth сausestoo many problеms.He told himsеlfthat his fianсёеWas fеelinggood about hеr purсhase.Why should hе hurt hеr fееlings? Is tеlling lies a nеw trеnd? тhе maiorityof people in a rесеntsurvеysaid that pеople Wеrеmorе honеst ten уears ago.Neverthеless,lying wasn'trеally born yеstеrday.ln the еightееnthсеntury,thе FrеnсhphilosophеrVauvenarguеstold the truth about lying whеn hе wrotе. ..Allmеn arе born truthfuland die liars.''
сOilIPIfIЕo Reod this mogozine orticlе. Сompletе it with thе сorrесt words in porеnthеses. .,Lyingduring a said iob intеrviеwis risky businеss,'' ' 1 .( s a i d / told) dirесtor of a managеmеntсonsultingfirm. ..Thеtruth alwaуs
Мarta Tolеdo' 2 . ( h a s/ h а d )
a funny
way of сomingout.''Tolеdo tеlls the story of onе Womanapplying for a iob as аn offiсe mаnagеr.Тhе woman 5. (has / had)
6. (l / shе)
3 . ( s a i d/ t o l d )
thе intеrviеwеr
4. (that/ what)
shе
a B.A.dеgrеe.Aсtually,shе was еight сrеditsshort.Shе also said 7. (madе / had mаdе)
$30,000at hеr last |ob.Thе truthwas $5,000
lеss. Whеn thе intеrviеwеrсallеd to сheсk thе information,the appliсant'sformеr boss told hеr that the appliсаnt
8 . ( h a s | i е d/ h а d | i е d )
. Anothеrappliсant,Gloria,rеpoгtеdthat
she-hеrсurrеntjobtoadvanсеhеrсarееr.Shеgotthenеwjob. 9 . ( i s q u i t t i n g/ w a s q u i t t i n g )
All wеnt wеll until thе сompany hirеd Pеtе,who had worked at Gloria'Sold сompany. Pеte еventuallytold his boss that his old сompany
1 o . ( f i r е d/ h a d f i r е d )
Gloria.
The nеw сompanуfired hеr too, proving,onсe again,that it doesn't pay to liе.
lndireоt
Speech:
statemеПts i"l) r
REP0Rтo Liso ond Ben ore tolking obout Bеn,sjob seorсh, Use the verbs in porеnthеses to rеport their conversotion.Mokе nесеssorуchonges in vеrbs ond pronouns. l. Bшш: I'm sti]l looking for a job. (tell)
He to|d her he waэ эti|| |ookinofor a job,
2. Lrsд: I just heard about a jоb at a sсientifiс researсh сompany. (say) 3. Bвш: I majored in sсienсe at F'lorida Statе. (saу) 4. Lrsд: They want somеonе with Somе еxperiеnсe aS a progтammer. (tе1ll 5. Bвш: I work as a progTammеr for Data Systеms. ( t е l l) 6. Lrsд: They don't want a reсent сollege graduatе. (say) 7. Bвш: I got my degтеe four years ago. (tеll) 8. Lrsд: It sounds likе the right job for you. (say)
ЕDlT.Rеod this studеnt,sessoу,Find ond correсt ten mistokesin thе usе of indirect stotements.The first mistoke is olrеodу corrесtеd,
onсe when I was a teenageц I wеnt to my Aunt Leah's housе. Aunt Leah сolleсtеd told pottеry, and whеn I !!ot thегe, she s,a** mе that she wants to show me hег nеw bowl. She to1d she has just bought it. It was beautiful. \ДГhenAunt Lеah went to answeг the dooц I piсked up the bowl. It sШppеd fгom my hands and smashed to pieces on the floor. \AГhеnAunt Lеah сame baсk, I sсгeamed and said what the сat had just broken your new bowi. Aunt Lеah got this funny look on hеr faсе and told me that it isn't important. I didn't slеep at ali that ni$ht, and thе nеxt mornln$,
I сa1led mдr aunt and сonfessеd
that I have broken hеr bowl. She said I had knoтлm that a1l along. I pгomised that I am going to buy heг a new one somеday. Wе still laugh about thе story today.
321,
lndirect Speeсh: Statements (2)
WжPЙINT Сhеck thе wеothеr forecostеr,s exaсt words, П ..Itwould be windy.'' П ..It will be wind.v.''
сI]ARтсHEсI( Сhеck the modols thot do not chongе whеn you go from dirеct to indirect speech. П will
DIREст sPEЕс}t tt
; Rппoптlшс | Suв,вст | Vвпв i Dlпвст Sтдтrмвшт
П ought to П might
Hе
said,
t
Ш must П *ay t
should have
"l'll leave now." "l'm go ing to dr ive." "Trafficmay be bad." ,,Shеmight movе.,, "H e Gan help." ,,Тhеyhavе to stay.,, ,,Youmust bе сaгеfu|.,, ,,Тhеyought to buy battеriеs.,, .,We should havе left soonеr.,,
lNDlREсТ sPЕЕсH Rвpoптlшс | шouп7 | Suв,вст Vвпв 5тдтвмвшт | Pпoшouш l tшolпвст
Hе
told
said
322
Jim me them
(thot)
hе would lеavе thеn. he was going to drive. tгaffiсmight bе bad. she might mo vе. hе сo uld hе|p. thеy had to stay. |/wеhad to be сarеful. they ought to buy battеries. thеy should havе left soonеr.
j:.ч: Т:.Y}. :P.Y::*:.чlilY T::т.Jrj...-.Р.?.1 ........( EхPREss #h:;'#j RеodJim,swords. Сhеck the sentencethot correctlyrеportswhot he soid. Jrм: ..I may move soon.'' t
;im said that I mav move soon.
П .ltm said that he might mоve soon.
6 в-aжъgтъжr Жжp**в*m**gнъ s
Wжжжжpfl'*ж
1. As you leaгnеdin Unit 73, whеn thе reporting vеrb is in the simple past tеnse, in thе indireсtspеeсh statеmеntthе verb tеnse often сh an gеs .
Dtпгст Spггсн She said, "lt's windy."
lшolпвст Spввсн
Shе said it wos windy.
Modals ofiten сhange in indireсtspеесhtoo. Dlпвст Spвгсн will
-)
moy
must
-+
l ш o tп в сSтp в в с н would
D tп встSpвгсн I said,,,Тhеwinds w ill be str o ng."
lш o tп гст Spввсн I saidthe w inds would be stгong.
сould
Тhеy told us, ,,You сan stay with us.,,
Thеy to|d us Wе could stoy with thеm'
might
He said,"The storm may last all night."
Hе said that thе storm might lost all night.
had to
Shе to ld us, ,,Youmust lеavе.,,
She to ld us we hod to leove.
D tп tстSpгвсн "You should listen to thе wеathег rеport,,,hе to|d us.
lп o lп встSpr всн Hе told us that wе should listen to thе wеathеrrеport.
2' Some vеrbs do not сhange in indireсtspеeсh. a. Do not сhangе should, сould, might, and ought to in indireсtspеесh. b. Do not сhange thе past perfeсt in indirесt speесh. G. Do not сhangeverbsin presеnt and past unreal сonditional sеntenсеsin indireсtspеесh.
d. Do not сhange past modals in indirесtspеeсh.
3. Rвмвмвtп!Change pronouns,timе phrаses, here, and this in indirесtspeесh to kеep the spеaker,s originalmеaning.
"l had just moved Shе saidshe hеrе a wееk bеforе,,, hod just movеd thеrе she said. a wеek bеforе. ,,|fl knеw, Jim said if he knew, I w o uld tell yo u." he would tell me. "lf I had known, I would have told УoU,,,said Iim.
H е said if hе hod known, he would hove told mе.
,,l should havе lеft.,,
H e saidthat hе should hove left.
I I
,,|just got hеrе yеsterday.,, Sam told me he had just gottеn thеre the dау before.
324
I
vnit 74
сH00sЕо Rеod whot somеonerеported obout thе weother forеcost.Thеn сheck the sentencеthot shows the wеаther forеcoster,sexасt words. 1 . She said it was going to be a terriblе storm.
П ..It was a terrible storm.', И ..It,sgoing to be a terrible storm.''
She said the winds might rеaсh 170 miles pеr hour. П ..The winds may rеaсh 170 miles pеr hour.', t ..The winds would rеaсh 170 miles per hour.,' She said thеre would be more rain the next day. t ..Therе will bе more rain the neхt day.,, t ..Thеre will be morе rain tomorrow.'' 4. She told people that they shоuld try to lеavе the area.
t t
..You should have tried to lеavе thе arеa.'' ..You should try to leavе thе area.',
,,ТhеWeаthеrWatсh,,on Channеl 5
5. She said that they сould expeсt a lot оf damage.
..We сan ехpесt a lot of damage.'' t] ..We сould expесt a lot of damage.,, t
REPaRто You ore in New York,lmoginе you hеord thеserumors obout o hurricаnе in Florido уesterdaу ond уou orе rеporting thеm todoу. UseThey said to rеport the rumors. 1. ...Thе hurriсane will сhange dirесtion tonight.,, Theуэaid that |he hurricanewou|dahangedireo|ionlaэt night. 2. ..It'sgоing tо pass north of hеre.'' 3. ..It may beсome a tropiсal storm when it lands herе.,' 4. ..They had to сlose somе bridges yesterday beсause of high tidеs.''
5. ..Theywon't rеstore eleсtriсity until tomorrow.,, 6. ..Thе sсhools hеre mav be сlosеd for a whilе.'' 7. ..We ought to use bottled water fоr a few days.,,
j3J..:. !1g:::.?}.3Р.:...:j:: .?lil::.-:P. .?.?1o. ...o.. REwRlтЕo Rеаd this intеrviеw with o mеtеorologist. Rеwritе his onswеrs os indirect speech,Сhаnge verb tensеswhen possiblе. 1. Qз A hurriсane is just a bad storm, right? A: To be a hurriсanе, a storm has to have winds of at least 74 miles per hour. He эaid |hat,to be a hurricane,a э|orm had t.o havewindэ of a| |eaэt74 mi|eeper hour, 2. Q: Wе seem to bе having more of these big storms. A: It's true, and they will probably beсome more frequent.
3. Q: Why is that? A: The planet may be getting warmeц and that сan сause more severestorms. 4. Q: What rvent wrong aftеr the last storm? A: Еmergenсy workers should have arrivеd muсh more quiсkly.
5. Q: Is there an upside to all this? A: The new satellitеs will hеlp. If wе didn't have them, we wouldn't bе able to warn people.
o Reod Rito,s e-moil to hеr friend Emily. Find ond correct twеlvе mistokesin thе use EDIT of reportedspeеch, Thе first mistokе is olrеodу corrected.
Rе:Hurriсanе
4шж
We had some exсitementhere beсause of the hurriсanelast week.Jim's motherсa||ed just beforethe storm.She said ,r."Е1i.tening to the weatherreportand that she was worriedabout us. She told Jim that if you two weren'tso stubborn,We wiIIpaсk up and leave immediately. Jim's fathertold us how to get readyfor the storm.He said we should have put tape on our windowsrightnow and that we oughtto fill the bathtubwithwater. He also told Jim that we should buy a Iotof batteriesbeforethe storm hit tonight.Sue сaIled.She said that her pIaсewas too сlose to the сoast and that she сouldn'tstay here. She to|dme I wantedto stay with me and Jim. She said she shouIdсaIledus sooner. l to|dher she shou|dсome rightnow.Тhen we listenedto the weatheradvisory,and the foreсastersaid thatthe storm is goingto go out to sea. She said it won'thit this area at all!
lndireсt
Gluestions
ГAre.@] PпlNт Сheck Mя Bеntley,seхaсt words, П ..Why Were you still single?,' П ..Why are you still single?''
Thе Stress Interview
DlRЕст SPЕECH: YEs/No QUЕsт|oNs
сl]ARтсIIEсI(I Сirсlе T (Truе)or F (FoIsе). т
т
F
F
You сan leave out if оr whether in indirесt уеslno questions. You do not use do to form indirесt уеslno questions.
! п.oo*,,n" I
Suв'вст i Vвпв Hе
т
F
An indireсt question always ends in a quеstion mark.
т
F
You do not use do to form indirесt шh- questions.
YE,s/NoQUЕsтloNs
I R.oo*,.шс | 1шouш/ l
Suв'встi Vвпв He
askеd
| Pпoшouш)l lшolпвст Quвsтloш (M elissa) (hеr)
if whether
she had any expегienсе. she сould usе a сomputеr.
DIRE(т SPЕЕCH: l,t/},-QuЕsтloNs Rвпoппшс| Suв,вст Vвпв | Dlпвст Quвsтloш Hе
askеd,
,,Who told you about thе job?,, ,,lA|hendo you want to staгt?,,
lNDlRЕ,сT sРЕЕсHzWH.QUЕsтloNs
I I R.oo*r,*"I (Nouш/ l
Suв!вст | vвпв Hе
326
,,Do you have any еXpегiеnсе?,, ,,Can you use a сomputеr?,,
INDIREсT SPЕЕCH:
сI|АRтсI]ЕсK 2 СirсIе T (Truе)or F (Folse).
askеd,
i DtпвстQuвsтloш
askеd
l Pпoшouш) Quвsтloш | lшolпвст (M еlissa) (hеr)
who had told her about thе job. when shе wanted to start.
tndireсt
Gluestions
EхPREssж UnscrombIеthеse words to complеtе thе indirеct quеstion. w h y o h е . j o b о his . quit о had He asked him
r A,эсрЕ *rзatiоnтs 6 ra*втgТ}a
Еxamрl*s
l. Use i{ whether, or whether or nat to form indirесt уes/no quеstions.
DtквстSpггсн l ,,Can you type?,, shе asked. ! ш o tп вст 5pвгсн r Shе askеdif I сould typе. r She askеd whethеr (or not) l сould tyPe.
Usдсв Noтt: Whether is more formal than if.
2. ln indirесt уes/no quеstions, the subjeсt сomes beforethe veгb, the same as in statemеntword order.
Beсausеof the statеmentword order, do not usе do. does. or did to form indireсtquеstions.
DtквстSpвгсн l ,,Can I start tomoггow?,, INDIREст Sprгсн r Hе askеdif hе сould start tomoггow. Noт Hе askedсоtt}*hе*ta+ tomorrow. DtпвстSpввсн I ,,Does thе |ob provide bеnefits?,, lNDlREст Sprгсн l He askеdif thе job providеd benefits. No т H e askedфbеnefits.
3. Use question words to form indirесt wh- quеstions.
DtпвстSpввсн I ,,lAlhere is your offiсe?,, I askеd. lш o lп вст Spввсн l l askеd where his offiсе was.
4. ln indireсt wh. questions, thе subjесtaIso сomеs bеforethe verb as in statеments,and you do not use do, does, or did.
DlпгстSpггсн ,,Why did you lеave уour job?,, IND|REсТ Spггсн r She askedme whу l had left my job. NoтShеaskedmе@
ln indirесt wh. questions aboцt thе subjeсt, thе quеstionword is the subjесtand the vеrb fol|owsas in statеmentword oгder.
DlпгстSpввсн l Bob askеd,,,Who got thе job?,' Iшplпгст Spввсн r Bob askedwho had gottеп thе job.
5. Indirесt questions oftеn еnd in a period, not a qu e s ti o nm a rk .
l l askеdwhу | didn,t get thе job. No т lasked r
CheсkiI out! For a list of сommon verbs used tо report questions, seе Appendix 13 on pagе 340.
l
327
,
32a I unit zS o Rеod this аrtiсIеobout strеssintеrviews.IJndеrlineаII thе indirеct quеstions. IDENтIFY
Supposе, for ехamplе, that thеrе is an aссidеnt in a nuсlеar po w er plant. Thе plant's publiс r еlatio ns o ffiсеr must r еmain сalm
A fеw wееks ago, Мelissa Мorrow had a strеss intеrviеw, onе whiсh fеaturеd tough, triсky qu e st i o n s a n d n e g a ti v е e v a l u a t i o ns.Fir st,the
when rеportеrs ask how thе aссidеnt сould havе happеnеd. вe awarе, howеver, that in
i nt е r v i е we r a s k e d wh y s h е с o u ldn't w o r k under prеssure. Beforе shе сould answец he
somе сountries,Iike thе Unitеd Statеs, сеrtain quеstions arе not allowеd unlеss thеy arе
askеd who had writtеn her appliсation lеttеr for her. Melissa was shoсkеd, but shе handlеd
direсtly rеlatеd to thе iob. If your intеrviеwеr asks how old you arе, you сan refusе to
hеrself vеry wеll. Shе askеd the intеrviеwеr w h e t h е r h e wa s g o i n g to a s k h e r anу sеr io us qu e sti o n s . T h e n s h е l e f t.
answеr. Thе intеrviеwеr also should not ask whеthеr you are marriеd or how muсh monеу
Companiеs give strеss intеrviеws in order to watсh how сandidatеs handlе prеssure.
yo u o W е. lf yo u think a quеstio n is impr o per , ask how thе question rеlatеs to thе iob. If it doеsn't, you don't havе to answеr.
lлAтсl1. Сhеck thе dirеct questionsthot mаtch thе indirеct questionsin thе orticle. t
1. Can you Work under pressure?
a
2. Who wrote your appliсation letter for you?
П 3. Arе you gсling to ask me any serious questions?
П д. Was there an aссident in a nuсlear power plant? t
5. How old are you?
П с. When Were you married? t
7. Is the question improper?
REP0Rто Сloire,sfriend loime wonts to know oll obout hеr intеrview,Rеport his quеstions. 1. ..What kind of job is it?,'
Hе aэked what kind of iob it waэ.
2. "When is the interview?" 3. ...Wherе,sthе соmp an:rу?', 4. ..Do you need direсtions?,' 5. ..HoW long dоes it take to get there?,, 6. ..Are you going tо drivе?', 7. "'Who's going to interview you?" 8. ...Whenwill they let yоu know?''
tndireеt Quеstlons
o Thesеquеstions Wеrеosked аt Cloirе,sinterviеw.Dеcidе which onеs REWRITE СIoirе osked ond whiсh onеs Pеtе, thе monаger, oskеd. Rеwritе eoсh question os indirеct spеесh, l. ..WЪat type of training is availablе for thе job?'' for the job, C|aireaэked what tуpe of trainingwaэ avai|ab|e 2. ..WЪat kind of eхpеrienсe do you have?,' ?ete aэked what kind of experienceghe had, 3. .Arе you interviewing with other сompanies?'' 4. ..What will my rеsponsibilities Ъe?,, 5. ,.How is job performanсe rewarded?''
6. "What was your starting salary at your last job?" 7. ..Did you get along well with your last еmployer?,, 8. ..Do you hire many wоmen?',
EDII. Rеod port of o mеmo on intеrviеwerwrotе,Find ond сorrecteight mistokesin thе usе of indirесt quеstions.Thе first mistokе is olrеody corrected,Сheсk punсtuotion! Inter.offiсe
П,Iemo
I did some stress questioning in m;r intегview with Carl Tren$ tШs morning. I asked he couldn't Mr. Tren€ why соrtrfirt't*tawork under pressuгe. I also asked him w}цr did his supervisor dislike him. Finally, I inquired when he would quit the job with our сompany? Mr. Trеng answered my questions сalmly, and hе had some еxсellent questions of his own. He asked ..if We expeсted сhan$es on the job.'' He also want.ed to know how often do we еvaluate employees. I was impгessed whrn he askеd why did I deсide to join this сompany. I thlnk we should hire him.
t
329
Embedded
Gluestions
I wonder
Thе eеrvice
waoIerrible!| wonder leave a tip.1-/
9erv|ae ю included
what kind of tip t,heэe guуa ar e go ing lo leave.
oo
^-->-162
i{tuJr
;шж-жPЙlNт Сhесk thе quеstionsthe peoplеhove. Should wе lеavе a tip?
t
П Wu' thе serviсe any good? t
д,e thesе guys going to leave a tip?
П Is the serviсe inсludеd?
сI]АRT сIIEсI( Сircle T (True)or F (False). т
т
F
F
Embеdded questions alwavs end with a period. You сan usе thе infinitive aftеr whether or a question word.
lt'AlN сLAUSE
Е]IiBЕDDEDQUEsтloN
l,m not surе
if l |eft thе right tip. whether it was еnough.
Сan you remembеr
how muсh it was? whеre we ate?
I don't know
whethеr to tip.
Do you know
how muсh to tip? where to leavе thе tip?
EхPREss,ж#.##, Punctuotе thеsеsеntеncеs. A: Do you know how muсh to tipB: About l\vo. But I'm not sure wherе to leave the tip-
330
Еrчrbeddad
{B% ffir жжwwжw жr Жжp* eуъ{eж&#
Жжжжвp**ж
l. ln Unit 75 уou lеaгnеdto usе indireсt quеstions to rеportanotherperson,swords.
DtпгстQuвsтtoп Should l tip?
lndirесtquestionsarе a kind of еmbedded quеstion_onе thаt is inсludedin аnother sеntenсe.Тhis unit disсussesеmbeddеdquеstions that do not report anothеr person,swords.
2. lf thе embeddedquestionis in a statemеnt, use a periodat the еnd of thе sentеnсe.lf the еmbeddеdquеstionis in a question/ use a questionmark at thе end of thе sеntеnсe.
*шestitэtъs
l
lшotпвст Quгsтtoш Hе askеdif hе should tip. ЕмввooгoQuвsтloш Do you know whethеr l should tip?
= Sтдтвмвшт Mдtп Sвштвшсв l I don,t know who our sеrvегis. = Quвsтtoш MдtшSгштвшсг l Do you know who our sеrvеris?
3. We oftеn usе еmbеdded quеstions to a. expгеsssomethingwе do not knovY.
l l wondeгwhy he didn,t tip the mесhaniс.
b. ask politе|yfor information.
l Can you tell mе if thе tip is inсludеd?
Usдсl Noтв:With strangегsor in a forma| situation,an еmbеddеdquеstionis сonsidегеd morе poIitеthan a dirесtquestion.
LвssFoпмдrl Does our bi||inсludea tip? Moпг Poltтt l Can yo u tel|mе if o ur bill inсludes a tip?
4. lntroduсеembedded yes/no questions with if, whether, or whethеr or not. Usдсв Noтп: Whether is more foгmal than if.
r Do you know if he tips? r Do you know whеther (or not) he tips?
lntroduсeembeddеd wh- questions with a ouеstionword'.
l Many touristswondеr how muсh they should tip their rеstaurant sеrver.
You сan a|souse thе infinitivе aftera quеstion word or whether.
r Many touгistswondеr how much to tip. l Somе wondеr whether to tip at a||.
if or whу.
5. Bв сдпвrur! Use statеment word ordеr in all embeddеd questions.
Noт Wе wondеrеd iiф1t*o-{еаve+ttР.
r Could you te||me whеre they are? Noт Could you tеll mе иAеte*+е*hеу?
Do not lеavе out if or r,yhetherinembеdded уеs/noquestions.
r Cou|d you tе||me if it is 6:00 yet? Noт Сould you tell me iэiЕ6..€ Ф уеt?
Do not use do. does, or did in embedded questions.
r I don't know when the pizza Game. Noт | don,t know
СheсkiI out! For a list of сommon phrases introduсing embeddedquestions' see Appendix 15 on page 340.
331
332
r
Unit 76
о Rеod this onlinе od for thе book Tips on Tipping. IJndеrlinethe IDENTIFY еmbeddedquestions,
:T.. lРs on llppnq
By IквхвFкдшквt(МnктrшUшltмtтгo,lшс.)
This Ьook is for you if . . . you've evеr avoideda situationjust Ьесauseyou didn,t know how muсh to tip. you've evеr rеalized(too [ate)that you Weresupposеdto offer a tiP. you'veevеr givena hugеtip and thеn wondеrеd if a tip was neсеssaryat all. you'vееvеr needеd to know how to сalсu[atethе righttip instantly. you'renеw to the Unitеd Statеsand you'renot sure who you shoutdtip here. youU likе to learn how tipping properly сan get you thе Ьеst sеrviсefor your monеy.
What rеaders arе sayiПt . . . ,.l
сan't imaginehow I got along without it!, Сhris Sаrton,Мinnеаpolis ..Тakе Тips along if you want a stress-freеvaсation.,,Мidori otаkа, Оsаko,Jаpаn Сtiсk hеrе to sеnd for thе ultimotе guidе to tippingl .E
o Сomplеtе thеsеquеstionsobout tipping сustoms.Сhonge the direсt REWRIтE quеstionsin pаrеnthеsesto еmbeddеdquеstions.Use thе infinitivewhenеvеr possible. Usе corrеctpunctuotion. 1. Can you tell mе whether
to lip ln Canada? ( S h o u l dl t i p i n С а n a d а ? )
2. I,m going to Franсе. Please ехplain 3. Can you tеll mе
( H o w с a n I t е l |i f t h е t i p i s i n с | u d е di n t h е b i | | ? )
( W h y d i d s е r v i с еp е o p | еi n I с е | а n dr е f u s еm y t i p s ? )
4. I'm moving to Japan. I'd like to know 5. We're visiting Australia. Pleasе tell us
( H o w m u с h s h o u | dI t i p a i r p o r tp o r t е r s ? ) ( W h o е x p е с t sа t i p а n d w h o d o е s n , t ? )
6. r,m vaсationing in Norway. I'd like to know if 7. I tоok a job in China. I neеd to know whether 8. In Gеrmany the tip is inсludеd. I don't know whеthеr
( S h o u I dI t i p m y s k i i n s t r r . r с t o r ? ) ( l s t i p p i n gs t i l li l l е g а |t h е r с ? ) ( S h o u I dI t i p а n y w a y ? )
Еmbe<Jded
Questiоns
сIlOOsE& REwRlтEo Two foreign еxchаngе studеntsore visiting Wаshington, D,С, Сomplеtе their conversotions,Сhoose thе oppropriаtе quеstionsfrom the box ond chongе them to еmbеddedquеstions.Remembеrto punctuotеthе sentеncesсorrесtly. How muсh should wе tip thе taxi drivеr? Could wе rent a сar and drive? Where сan wе buy metro tiсkеts? 1.
Where is thе Smithsonian Museum? What did thеy put in the sauсe? М
Мдвтд: We're going to the Hotel Edison. Do you know
whеrеit, iэ?
Dвryдв: Sure. Gеt in and I,ll take vou there.
i
2.
Mruкr: (ulhispering) Do you know Mдвтд: Aссording to the book, we,re supposed tо leave 10 tо 15 perсent. I've got it.
3.
Mдвтд: Exсuse me. Can you tеll me oгr.lсвв:
4.
Sure. Just turn right at the сorner. You,ll see it right away.
Mruкr: I'd like to take thе mеtro to the zoo, but I don't know Мдвтд: Probably right in the station.
5.
Mдвтд: I want to visit Williamsburg. Do yоu think Mruкr: Let,s find out. That sounds like fun.
6.
Mдвтд: This is deliсious. Let,s try to find out Mruкr: It tastes like ginger and garliс to mе.
EDII. Reod this entry from Morto,sjournol, Find ond correctsеvеnmistokesin the usе of еmbеddеdquеstions.Thе first mistoke is аlrеodу corrected.Rеmеmberto chеckpunctuotion! Whеn you live in а foreign сountrу еVеnа smаll oссаsion сan Ьe an advеntuге!Beforе my dаte | эhou|d with Jаnеk tonight I didn't evеn know whаt dtоиlф+wеаr! Jeans? А dress? JohnЪ GrTllTsnTа fancу гestаиrant but it was JаnеkЪ birthday and I wаntеd to mаkе Тt a big oссasion. MiukTwas vеry helpfиl,а3 alwаys.l knеw how to gеt to JohnЪ GrTll,but l didn't know how long it was goTng to takе fo gеt thеrе? l lеft at 6:00, whiсh should havе givеn mе plеnty of timе, but whеn l got off thе bus, I wаsnt surе If to turn lеft or right. l аskеd а poliсе offiсеr whеre wаs JohnЪ, аnd I wаs only а fеw minutеs late. l hаd plannеdto takе Jаnеk out foг a spесiаl dеssеrt аfterwаrd, bиt l сouldn't rеmembеr how I to find thе plасе Мiиki hаd sиggеstеd,and Jаnеk hаs bееn herе evеn less timе than mе. (Аnywaу'the dеssеrts аt JohnЪ tиrned oиt to bе vеry good.)Then, whеn we got thе bill' l wаs wondеring whether to tip or no.I had to аsk Jаnеk did he know. Гortuna|ely' hе hаd rеаd Tips on Tipping,so hе told me to lеavе aЬout |5o/o.
t
333
SelfТest 0шв
ffil
Сirclе the lеttеr of thе corrеct onswеr to complеtе еаch sеntence, Еxдшtptt: Jennifer never (A) drink (B)drinks
A@с
сoffee.
(C) is drinking {D}was drinking
1. ..You look bеautiful in that dress.', Last night she told me bеautiful in that dress. (с) I,l1look {A}you look (B)you looked (D)I looked
ABсD
2. We'd better find out (A) if tB)does
ABсD
the train lеft. (C)has (D)did
3 . -Should
we turn lеft or go straight? -Hmm. I,m not sure whiсh way (A) dо we turn (C) should wе turn (B)to turn (D)it turned ..Why 4. don,t you join us for сoffee, Don?,, After thе movie, we asked Don us for сoffee. (A) wоuld hе jоin (С)to join (B)why he didn't join tD)for joining 5 . "We must leave immediately!"
When the fire alarm rang, our tеaсher said (C)not to tA) we had to (B)we have to (D)he must
leave immediately.
6. "Today is the happiest day of my life."
At the reсeption last night, the groom said of his life. (A) today was (C)yеsterday was (B)that day is (D)today is
7. I wonder who (A) our waiter is? (B)is our waiter. 8. ..Plеase don,t leavе
(C) our waitеr is. (D)is our waiter?
уour boots in the hall.,' Мymоtherisa1waystellingme-bootsintheha1l. (C)to not leave my {A)not tо leavе my (B)not to leave your (D)don't leave my
334
the happiеst day
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
D
Se|fТest 9. "Hi, Bob. Did you take the job?"
the job. Bob's friend asked him -(A) did he take (с) if he had taken (D)had he takеn (B)did you take 10. ..Weather patterns сhange.'' Experts now say that weather patterns (с) had сhanged (A) сhanged (D)сhangе (B)are сhanging
XV
t
335
ABсD
ABсD
|ffiNlтW0 Еoсh sentеncehos four undеrlined words or phroses. The four underlinedports of the sеntеncеаrе mаrkеd A, B, С, аnd D, Сirclе thе lettеr of thе onе undеrlinеd word or phrosе thot is NoТ сoRRЕст,
Exдшtptп: Мike usually drives to sсhool, but today he walks. ABсD
A B сo
11. The teaсhеr said the сlass that hot air rises and сold air sinks.
ABсD
12, I asked Sean how to pronounсe his name?
ABсD
t 3. Gerry сalled last wеek and said that hе nеeded the report right now.
A
B с
D
14. Two days ago, the weather foreсaster warned us that a tornado is сoming.
A
B с
D
15. Sandy сalled from Miami duringthe storm and said she was swimminghеre.
A
B с
D
16. Do }zouknow if or not we nееd to bring our passports?
ABсD
17. Shе didn't know !f to tip, so shе asked me what to do.
ABсD
18. Ron said that hе wasn't Surе' but the storm might stop already.
ABсD
19. I'd like lоbsteц but the menu doesn't say how muсh does it сost.
ABсD
20. Lin alшayg says that hе ran a milе еvery da}r these days.
ABсD
21. Could you tell me when thе nеxt train leavеs and where to buy tiсkеts-.
ABсD
22. 1If you сan wait a few minutes ,-I will give you a ride._Rhoda said.
ABсD
23. Jim wants to know сould }zouсall him and tell him wherе to meеt you.
ABсD
24. The dentist said to brush thrее times a day and don,t eat сandy.
ABсD
25. At the intеrviеw they askеd mе when сan you start work-'-
ABсD
AвсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
AвсD
ABсD
ABсD
AвсD
Appendiсes lrregular Bдsв Foвм arise awake be beat beсome begin bеnd bеt bite bleed blow break bring build burn burst buy сatсh сhoose с|ing сome сost сrеep сut deal dig dive do draw drеam drink drive еat fаll fеed fеel fight find fit flеe fling flv forbid forget forgive freezе get give go
336
Slмpl.в
Verbs
Pдsт arose awoke was/were bеat beсame began bеnt bet bit blеd blew broke brought bu i l t burned/burnt burst bought сaught сhose с| u n g сame сost сrept сut dеalt dug dived/dove did drеw dreamed/dreamt drank drove аte fell fed felt fought found fit fled flung flew forbаde/forbad forgot forgave froze g0t gavе Wеnt
Pдsт Pдвтlсlpl.в
аrisen awoken bеen bеaten bесome begun bent bet bitten bled blown broken brought built burnеd/burnt burst bought сaught сhosen с |u n g с0me с0st сrеpt сut dеaIt dug dived done drаwn dreamed/dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found fit fled flung flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozеn gotten/got given gone
Bдsв Foвм gr ind grow hang have hear hide hit ho ld huгt keep kneеl knit know lay leаd leap lеavе lend |еt lie(liedown) light lose make mеan meеt pay prove put quit rеad/rid/ ride ring rise run say sеe seek sell send set sew shakе shave shinе shoot show shrink shut sing
Slмpьв
Pдsт ground grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knеlt knit/knitted knew laid led leapt left lent |еt Iay liUlighted lost made meant mеt paid provеd put quit readirеdl rodе rаng rose ran said saw sought sold sеnt set sewed shook shaved shonе shot showed shrank/shrunk shut sang
Pдsт PдвтIсlplв
ground grown hung had hеard hidden hit held huгt kept knelt kniVknitted known laid led leapt |еft lеnt let lain lit/lighted lost made meant mеt paid provediproven put quit read/rеd/ ridden rung risеn run said sееn sought sold sent set sewn/sеwed shaken shaved/shaven sho ne shot shown shrunk/shrunken shut sung
Bдsв Foвм s i nk sit sleеp slide speak speed spend spi l l spin spit split sprеаd spring stand steа| stiсk sting stink strike swear
Slмpцв
Pдsт sank sat slept slid spokе spеd spent spilled/spilt spun spit/spat split spreаd sprang stood stole stuсk stung stank/stunk struсk swore
Pдsт Pдптlсlpцв
sunk sat
slеpt slid spoken sped spеnt spiIlеd/spilt spun spat split spread sprung stood stolen stuсk stung stunk struсk sworn
Bдsв Foвм sWеep swim swing take teaсh tear tell think throw understand upset wakе wear weave weep w in wind withdraw wring write
Slмpl.в
Pдsт swept swam swung took tаught torе told thought threw undеrstood upset wokе wore Wovе wept won wound withdrew wrung wrote
Pдsт Pдптlсlpl.в
swept swum swung tаken taught torn told thought thrown understood upsеt woken worn woven wept w0n wound withdrawn wrung written
Gommon Non-aсtion (Stative) Verbs Eмoтloшs admi r е аdore apprесiate сare detest dislike doubt envy feаr hate l i ke love regret respeсt trust
re ыr |Т
Mвштдl. Sтдтвs agrеe KnoW assume mean beliеve mind сonsider presume disagree reа|ize disbe|ieve reсognize еstimate rеmembеr еxpeсt see(understand) feel(believe) suppose find suspесt guess think(be/ieyе) hesitаtе understand imаgine wonder
Wдштs дшo Pпвгвпвшcвs hope nеed prеfеr Wаnt wish Pввcвpтloш AND тнЕ Sвшsвs feе| hеar notiсe obsеrvе perсeive see smell taste
Appвдвдшсв дшo Vдluв appеar 0e сost equal feel look matter rеpresent resеmble seem signify smеll sound tаstе weigh
Possвsstoш дшo RвцдтloNsнtP belong сontаin havе own po5sеs5
Gommon verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing|
aсknowledge admi t advise аppreсiatе avoid сan,thеlp сeIebrate
сonsider delay deny dеtest disсontinuе disсuss dislikе
en0ure enjoy esсape explаin fеe|like finish forgive
giveup (stop) imagine justify keep(сontinue) mеntion mind(obiесtto)
mlss postpone praсtiсe prevenт prohibit pr0p0se
quit reсаll reсommеnd regret rеport resent
resist risk suggеst support tolerate understаnd
337
Gommon Verbs Followed by the lnfinitive (Тo + Base Form of Verb) afford сan(,t) сan(,t)wait сhoosе с0nsent deсide deserve
аfford agrее appеаr arran9e ask аttеmpt
eХpeсt fail grow h е |p hesitаte hope
promise refuse request Seem struggle swear
nеgIeсt offеr pay plan prеparе prеtеnd
hurry intend |еarn managе mean nееd
voIunteеr wait Wаnt w ish would|ikе yearn
Verbs Followed by Objects and the lnfinitive сh a| |e n g e сhoose* сonvinсe e nаb I e
advisе a llow a sk* сause
еnсourаgе expeсt* forbid forсe
get he|p* hirе invite
pеrsuadе promise* remind request'
neеd* order pay' permit
rеquIre teaсh tell urgе
want* warn wish* w o u|dI ikе*
*Тhesеverbs саn a|sobе fo||owedby the infinitivewithout an objeсt (eхаmp|е:ask to leave or ask someoneto leave)'
Gommon Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the lnfinitive begin сan,tstand
сontinuе forget*
|ovе prеfer
hаte like
remember* start
stop'
try
*Тheseverbs сan bе followed by eithеr thе gеrund or thе infinitivebut there is а big differenсein meaning.
Common Verb + Preposition admi t o advisеagainst аpo|ogizе for approvе of
believе in сhoosebetwеen/ among сomp|ain about
Gombinations
сounton deа|with dreamabout/of feellike/about
common Adieсtive + Preposition aссustomеd to afraidof amаzedat/by аngryat ashamеd of awareof awfulat bаdat
boredwith/by сapаble of сarefuI of сonсerned about сontent with сurious about diffеrent from exсitedаbout
Gommon Adieсtives afrаid alarmed amazed angry
аnxious ashamed сurious de|ighted
plano n relyon resortto suссеed in
talkabout thinkаbout wonderabout worryabout
Gombinations
famousfor fedupwith fondof glаdabout goodat happyabout interestеd in nervous about
opposеd to pIeasеd аbout readyfor rеsponsib|е for sаdаbout safefrom satisfiеd with shoсked aUby
srсkof slowat sorryfor/аbout surprised at/about/by tеrribIe аt tiredof usedto worried about
that Gan Be FolIowed by the lnfinitive*
deprеssed disturbеd enсouraged happy dеterminеd eager еxсited hesitant disappointed eаsy fortunatе likеly distressed еmbarrassеd g|аd |uсky
*Exаmp|e:l,m happу to hear that'
338
insiston lookforwardto objeсtto payfor
pleased proud rеаdy rе|ieved
re|uсtant sad shoсked so r r y
surprised touсhed upset w illing
ffi
lrregular сomparisons of Adieсtives, Adverbs' and Quantifiers
Ao.lвстlvв bаd far good little lot of many/a |otof muсh*/а
Aovввв badly far we l l Iitt|е |o t m u с h * /a
SupепI.дтlvв worst farthеst/furthеst best |еаst most most
Goмpдвдтlvв w0rse farther/furthеr bettеr lеss morе m0re
*Muсh is usuа||yon|y used in questionsand negativestatеmеnts.
ffi
Gommon PaЁiсipial Adjectives
-ed al аr me d аmazed amused annoyed astonished bored сonfusеd dеprеssеd disаppointеd disgusted distrеssed
ffi
-lng a |а rm i n g amazing aгnusing annoying astonishing boring сonfusing depressing disappointing disgusting distressing
-ed disturbed embarrassed entertainеd exсited ехhausted fasсinated frightened horrified inspired interested irritatеd
-ing disturbing embarrassing entertaining exсiting exhausting fasсinating frightening horrifying inspir ing interesting irritаting
-ed movеd paraIyzеd pleased relaxеd sаtisfied shoсked surprised terrified tired touсhеd troubled
-ing moving paralyzing pleаsing relaxing satisfying shoсking surprising terrifying tir ing to uсhing troubling
Some Adieсtives that Form the Gomparative and SuperIative in TWo Ways
Ao.lвстlvв сommon сruel deadly friendly han ds omе hаppy likely lively lonely lovely narrow pleasant polite qu i e t shа| l ow sinсere stupid true
Goмpдвдтlvв / morесommon сommOner / morесruе| сruelеr / morеdeadly deadlier / morefriеnd|y friеndliеr / morehаndsomе handsomеr / morеhappy happier / moreIikely Iikе|ier / morelively livelier / morelonely lonelier / morelovе|y IoveIier / morenarrow narrower pleasanter / morepleasant po|itеr / morеpolite quiеter / morequiet / moreshallow shallower / moresinсere sinсerer / morеstupid stupider truеr/ moretrue
Supвпl.дтlvв / mostсommon сommonest / mostсruе| сrue|est / mostdeadly dеadliеst / mostfriend|y friеndIiest / mosthandsome handsomest / mosthаppy happiest / mostlikely likeliest / mostlively liveliest / most|onе|y |onе|iest / mostIovely loveliest / mostnarrow narrowest p|eаsantest / mostp|easant politest / mostpo|itе quiеtеst / mostquiet / mostshаllow sha||owest / mostsinсere sinсerеst / moststuPid stupidest truest/ mosttruе
339
Gommon RepoЁing Sтдтвмвштs aсknowlеdgе аdd admit announсe ansWеr argue assert beIiеve
Quвsтloшs ask inquir e quеstion wantto know wonder
тime Word Ghanges in lndireсt Speeсh
Dlпвст Spввсн -) now -Э today -+ tomorrow -+ yestеrday ihisweek/month/yearJ lastweek/month/year-+ _) nextwееk/month/year
lшotввст Spввсн then that day thе nextday oпthe followingday oпthе dаy after thе day beforеoкthe prеviousday that weеk/monthlyear beforе the week/month/year the followingweek/month/year
Phrases lntroduсingЕmbedded Questions
ffiCommon I don'tknow. . . .' . l don,tundеrstand l w o n d e r. . l,mnotsurе' . . ... | сan'tremеmbеr ' .' l саn,timagine say. . . |tdoеsn't
l,d|ikеto know. . . ... I wantto understand l,d|ikеto findout. . . Wе needto findout . . . Let,sаsk...
D oy o uk n o w . . ? Doyouundеrstand...? Сanyoute||mе. . . ? Сouldуouexp|ain...? Саnyouremember...? Wouldyoushowme . . . ? Whoknows...?
and Еxpressions commonly Used Reflexively
amuseoneself аskonesеlf availonеselfof be hardon onesеlf be onesеIf withonesеlf be pleased bе proudof oneself
340
lшsтпucтloшs,coммANDs Rвouвsтs' AND lшитдтloшs invitе advisе order ask sаy сaution сommаnd tеll urge dеmand Warn instruсt
indiсatе rеply с|aim сomp|аin mаintain report say сonсlude mean stаte note сonfess suggеst observe deсlarе promise tell deny Warn remark exсlaim write repeat exp|аin
ffiCommon
ffiVerbs
Verbs
bеhavеoneself in oneself believe onеsеlf bIamе сutonеsеlf of onеsеlf deprivе dryoneself еnjoyonesеlf
fеelsorryforonеsеlf forgivеonеsеlf givеonеself hеlponesеlf hurtonesеlf onеse|f imaginе oneself introduсe
keеponese|f killoneself lookafteroneself Iookаt onese|f on prideoneself pushoneself onesеlf rеmind
seeonesеlf tаkeсareof onese|f talkto onesеlf teaсhoneself telloneself treatonesеlf washonеsеlf
Some Common Phrasal Verbs (s.o._someonеs.t'= somethin9) (go afters't,)' Noтв1: lnsepаrablephrasalverbsarеshownwiththeobjeсtaftеrthepaгtiсle (calls'o'up), thеvеrbandthepartiс|e Separablephrasalverbsаreshownwiththeobjeсtbеtween (-) (dos.t.oyer). areshownwithan аsterisk Verbswhiсhmustbe sеparated thеverbandthеpartiсlе Noтв2: Sеparablephrasalverbsсanhavethenounobjeсteitherbetweеn a l l J a un p 0 R с a l lu p J а n ) .Т h e sever bsmust,ho w evеLbesepar atedw henthеr e or aft e r t he par t i(сс|e is a pronoun objeсt(callherup N0Т Pнвдsдl. Vввв ask s.o.over bloсk s.t.out blow s.t.out blow s.t.up blow (s.t.)up break down breakout brings.t.about brings.o'or s.t.baсk brings.o.down bring s.t.out brings'o.up burn(s.t.)down сall (s'o.)baсk сall s.t.off сall s.o'up сarryon s't. сarrys.t.out саtсhon сheer(s.o')up сlеan(s.o.or s.t.)up сlear(s.t.)up сomeabout сomealong сome baсk сome in сome off s't. сomеout сomeup сome up with s.t. сovers.t.up сrosss.t.out сut s.t.down сut s.t.off сut s.t.out do s.t.over dreams.t.up
dressup
drink s.t'up dropby/in
Mвдшlшс inviteto one'shome through(light,noisе) stopfrompassing blowing stopburningbу fillsomething withair(aballoon, a watertoу) (makes.t')eхplode stopfunсtioning oссursuddenlу mаkesomething happen returnsomeone or something dеpress (anewproduсt,a book) introduсe raise(сhildren) burncompletelу returna phonесall сanсel tе/ephone 50meone сontinue сonduсt popular beсome (makesomеone)feel happier сleanсompletelу makeor beсome сlear happen aссompanу return enter beсomeunattaсhed appear arise invent сoverсompletelу drawa linethrough bringdownbу сutting 1' stopthesupplуof something 2. removebу сutting removebу сutting do again invent put on speсial or formalсlothes drinkсompletelу visituneхpeсtedlу
Pнвдsдl. Yвпв drop s'o.or s.t.off drop out (of s.t.) еat out empty(s.t.)out
figures.o.or s.t.out fill s.t.in fill s.t.out fill (s.t.)up find (s.t.)out follow (s.t.)through fool around get s.t.aсross get ahеad get along get bасk get by get out (of s't.) get s.t.out of s.t.* get together get up give s.t.away give s.t.baсk give s.t.out givе (s.t.)up go aftеr s.o.or s.t. go alongwith s.t.
Mвдшlшс nelsomething tаkesomeo someplaсe quit eatin a restaurant emptусompletelу 1' do something uneхpeсted or unintended 2' reaсha finalplaсeor сondition beсomedetaсhed (afterthinking about) understand withinformation сomplete (aform,an application) сomplete fillсompletelу learninformation сomplete beplaуful getpeopleto understand an idea makeprogres'suссeed relatewell return survive leave(aсar,a taхi) benefitfrom meet risefrom bed givewithoutсhargingmoneу returnsomething distribute quit,abandon pursue 1. support
go baсk go off go on go out go over go up grow up hand s't' in hands.t.out hangup hangs.t.up
сontinue leave suссeedwithan audienсе be built beсome an adult givesomeworkto а bossor teaсher distribute enda phoneсonversation puton a hookor hanger
еndup fall off
2.be partof return (agun,fireworks, eхplode a roсket)
(continшеd on nехt pagе)
34r
Pнвдsдl. Uвпв ) he l p(s . 0.out hol don kеep(s'o.or s't.)away kеepon keeps.t.on* keepup (withs.o.or s.t.) lay s.o.off leaves.t.on* leаvеs.t'out Iets.o.down let s.o.or s.t.in Iеts.o.off let s.o.or s.t.out lie down light(s.t.) up lo okou t look s.o.or s.t.over lo oks . t .u p makes.t.up passs.t.out pay s.o.or s.t.baсk pay off piсk s'o.or s.t.out piсku p piсks . o.or s . t .up playar ound points.o.or s.t.out put s.t.away put s.t.baсk put s.o.or s.t.down put s.t.off put s.t.on put s.t.togеther put s.t,up run intos.o. run out (ofs.t.) sees . t t. hr ough * sеt s.t.off set s.t.up
342
Mвдшlшс assшt wait,nothangup thеphone (сauseto)staуat a distanсe сontinue notremove(a pieсeof сlothing orjewelrу)
Pнвдsдl. Vввв MвдшIшс show s.o.or s.t.off displaуthebestqualities showup appear shut s.t.off stopa machineor light signup register sit down takeа seаt standup rise start(s.t.) over* startagain go as fastas stayup rеmainawake endsomeone,s еmploуment stiсkwith/tos.o.or s.t. notquit,notleave 1.notturnoff (alight,a radio) straighten(s.t.) up makeneat 2. notremove(a pieсeof сlothing switсhs.t.on starta maсhineor a light orjewelrу) take s.t.away/off remove omit takes.t.baсk return disappoint takе off depart(a plane) allowto enter takes.o.on hire allowto leave(abus,a train,a сar) takе s.t.out borrowfroma librarу allowto leave talk s.o.into* pеrsuade reсline talk s.t.over disсuss illuminate teаm up with s.o. startto workwith be сareful tear s.t,down destroу eхamine tear s.t.up tearintosmallpieсes trуto findin a bookor on the lnternet thinkbaсkon s.o.or s't. remember сreate thinks.t.ovеr сonsider distribute thinks.t.up invent repaу throw s.t.away/out disсard be worthwhilе touсhs.t.up improvebу makingsmallсhanges ] . se/eсt try s.t,on put сIothing on to seeif it fits 2' idеntifу try s.t.out findout if something works improve turns.o.or s.t.down 1' rejeсt 1. lift 2, deсrease thevolume(a radio,a TV) 2.get (anidea,a new book,an interest) turns.t.in submit havefun turns.o.or s.t.into сhangefromoneformto another indiсate (s|ang) turn s.o.off destroуintеrest put something in an appropriate plaсe turn s.t.off stopa maсhineor light returnsomething to itsoriginalplaсe turns.t.on starta maсhineor light stopholding turnout havea particularresult postpone tur nup appear сoverthebodуwitha pieсeof сlothing turns.t,up raisethevolume orjewelrу usе s.т.up useсompletelу, сonsumе аssemb/e wake up ariseaftersleeping ereсt wake (s.0.) up awaken meetaссidentallу watсhout be сareful nothaveenoughof a supplу work s.t.off rеmovеbу workor activitу сomplete work out 1.be resolved саuseto eхplode 2' eхеrсise (a business, 1. establish work s.t.out solve an organization) writes.t.down writeon a pieсeof paper 2.preparefor use writes.t.up writein a finishedform
*-.
Some Common lrregular Plural Nouns Slшсul.дв anаlysis bаsis сrisis hypothеsis
Pluпдl. analyses bases сrisеs hypothеses
Slшсul.дп half knifе leaf life loaf shelf wife
Pt.uвдl. halves knives leaves lives loaves shelves wives
Slшсut.дв man woman сhitd
Pluвдl. mеn women сhiI dr еn
foot goose tooth
feet geese teeth
Slшсul.дв mo usе
Pьuвдl. miсe
deer fish sheep
deer fish sheep
pеrson
people
Spelling Rules for the Present Progressive 1. Add-lngto thebaseformof thеverb. rеаd stand
readиg stаnding
-e,dropthefina|-е andadd-ing. 2' |fa verbеndsin а si|еnt leave tаkе
leavinq taking
word,if thе|astthreе|etters arеа 3 . ln a one-sy||ab|е (СVС), сombination doub|е сonsonant-Vowе|-сonsonant thеlastсonsonant bеforeadding-iп9. сVс
JJJ sit
sitting
сVс
in wordsthatend Howeveldo notdoublеthe|astсonsonаnt in w,х, or у' sewino sеW fiхing fix enjoy enjoying thatendin a сonsonаnt4. ln wordsof twoor morеsy|Iab|es vowe|-сonsonant сombination, doubletheIastсonsonant is stressed. on|yif thelastsy|lаb|e admit admittlng (The|astsy||able is strеssed, so youdoublethe-t,) I whisper whispering (ТhelastsylIabIe is notstressed, soyoudon'tdoub|е thе-r.) 5. lf a verbеndsin -ie,сhangethеie to y bеforеadding-ing' diе
JJJ
dуing
running
ru n
Spelling Rules for the Simple Present Tense: Third-Person Singular (he, she, it) 1. Add-sfor mostverbs. works work buy buys ride rides returns rеturn 2. Add-esforwordsthatеndin -сh,-5,-5h,-х,or -z' wаtсh
pass rush rе|ax buzz
watсhes passе5 rushes re|аxes buzzes
3. Сhange they to i andadd-eswhenthebaseformendsin а сonsonant + y. study studies hurry hurries dries dry Donotсhange thеy whenthebаsеformеndsin а vowel + y. Add-s. play plays enjoys enjoy forms' 4. A fewverbshaveirrequ|аr be is 00 does go goеs nave hаs
343
Spelling Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs 1. |ftheverbеndsin a сonsonant, add-ed. return returned help helped 2. |fthеverbеndsin -e,add-d. |ive сrеatе diе
Howеve1 do notdoub|e one-sy||abIe wordsendingin -w' -х,or -у' bow bowed mix mixed p|ay p|аyed
|ivеd сreated died
4. ln wordsof twoor moresy|lables thаtendin a сonsonantvowel-сonsonant сombinаtion, doublethe|аstсonsonant on|yif the|astsy||ab|e is strеssed. prefdr prеfеrrеd (Тhеlastsyllablеis strеssed, soyoudoub|е the-r.)
3. Inone-sy||ab|е words, if thеvеrbendsin а сonsonаnt(сVс),doublethefinal vowe|-сonsonаnt сombination сonsonant andadd-ed' сVс
JTJ
ho p
uli'
hopped
rub
rubbed
Spelling Rules for the Gomparative Superlative (-est) of Adjeсtives 1. Add-erto onе-sy|Iab|e adjeсtives to formtheсomparative. Add-estto one-syllab|е adjeсtives to formthesuperlative. сheap сheаpеr сheapest bright brighter brightest 2. |ftheаdjeсtive еndsin -e,add.r or -st' niсe
n|сеr
(Тhe|аstsy||ab|e is notstressed, soyoudon'tdoublethet.)
5. |fthеverbеndsin а сonsonant + y, сhangе they to i аnd add-ed. worry worried саrry сarried 6. |fthеvеrbendsin a vowе|+ y, add-ed.(Donotсhаngе they to i.) p|аy p|ayed annoy annoyed Еxсeptions:pay-paid, Iay-|aid, say-sаid
сVс
JJJ
visited
n|се5r
3. |ftheadjeсtive endsin a сonsonant + y, сhangеy to i beforeyouadd-eror -est. prеtty prettier prеttiest Exсeption:shy shyer shyest
(-er) and
4. lf thеadjeсtive endsin a сonsonant-vowe|-сonsonant (сVС),doublethefinаlсonsonant сombination before аdding-eror -est. сVс
JJJ big
bigger
biggest
Howevеr, do notdoub|e theсonsonant in wordsеnding in -w or -у' slow slower slowest сoy сoyer сoyest
Spelling Rules for Adverbs Ending in -Iу 1. Add-/yto theсorresponding adjeсtive. niсe niсelу quiet quiet/y beаutiful bеautifu|/y 2. |fthеadjeсtivе endsin а сonsonant + y, сhаngе they to i beforeadding-/y. easy
344
easilу
3. lf thеadjeсtive endsin ./e,dropthee аndаdd-y. possib|е possib|y Howeve1 do notdropthee forotherаdjeсtives endingin -e. eХtrеmе Exсeption:truе
extremе/y trulу
4. lf theadjесtive endsin -iс,add-allу, basiс basiсallу fantastiс fantastiсa//y
Gontraсtions
with Verb Forms
Pпвsгшт Tвшsв, Pпвsвшт PпoспвsslvЕ, ANDlмpвпдтlvг 1. SlмpI-в with Be Contrасtions lam youare hei s sheis it is Wearе youarе thеyare
l'm you're he's she's it's Wе,re you'rе thеy,re
l аm not youarenot he is not sheis not it is not we arenot youarеnot thеyarenot
l'mnot you'renot or he'snot or shе,snot or it's not or we'renot or you'renot or they,rеnot or
you aren't he isn't she isn't it isn't wе аren,t you aren't theyaren't
with Do Contraсtions don't do not doesn't doesnot
Slмpl.вPпвsвшт l'm a student. Hе,smyteaсhеr' We,rеfromСanаda.
PпвsвштPпoсввsslvв l,nrstudуing her е. Hе,stе.rсhirig verbs' W e,r еlivitr gher e.
SlмpI.вPввsвшт She,snot siсk. H eisn,t|аte. Weаren,ttwins' They're not here.
Pпвsвшт Pпoсввsslvв S h e , sn с r tr е а d i l r q . H e i s n , tс о m i i . . i : . W e a r е n , t| е а i l i г r п . T h e y , r еn о t р i а ' ; i t l i : .
Iмpвпдтlvв Slмpl.вPпвsвшт Тheydo n,tlive her e. D о n'tr uп ! |tdo esn'tsno wmuсh.
2 . Slмpt.гPдsтTвшsв ANDPAsтPпoспвsslvг Contraсtions with Be wasnot = Wasn't Wеrеnot = Werеn,t with Do Contraсtions didnot = didn't
Slшplв Pдsт H е w а s n , ta p o e t . T h e yw e r e n , tt w i n s . We didn't see her.
Pдsт PвoсREsslvE H e w a s г l . ls i n q i n q . Т h e yw е r e n t s l e е р i l ; r : .
3 . Fuтuпг with VУil/ Contraсtions = l'll Iwill youw i l l = y o u ' l l h ew i l l = h e ' l l shew i l l = s h e ' l l = i t' l l itwill w ew i l l = w e ' l l youw i l l = y o u ' l l thеywiIl = thеy,ll
Fuтuвв wlтн Wtt.t |,||tаkethеtr аin. It'llbe fasterthatwav. We'llgo together. H еw o n'tсo mew ithus. Theywon't missthetrain.
willnot = won't
(continuеd on nехt pagе) 345
,.liЁ.]н*ii'fiiЦnlti
у'
Contraсtions with Be going to = l ,m g o i n gto l аmgoi n gt o youaregoingto = you'regoingto = he,sgoingto hе is goingto shеis goingto = she,sgoingto = it's goingto it is goingto Wearegoingto = Wе,rеgoingto youaregoingto = you'regoingto theyaregoingto = they'regoingto
Fuтuпв wlтн 8g GoINGтo |,mgoingto buytiсkets tomorrow. S hе,sgo ingto сalIyo u. I t'sgo ingto r ainso o n, We'regoingto driveto Boston. goingto сrash! Тhey,re
4 . Pпгsншт PгпгrстANDPRЕsЕNт PЕRFEст Pпoспвsslvв contraсtionswith Haye I hаvе = l,ve youhave = you've he has = he's shehas = she's = it's it has wе have = We,vе youhave = you've theyhave = they've
You'vealready readthatpage. We'vebeenwritingforan hour. She,sbeento Afriсаthreetimеs. lt,sbeеnrainingsinсeyesterday. We haven,tseenanye|еphants yet. Тheyhaven,tbeenIivinghеre|ong. Shehasn'ttakenanyphotos today.
hаvenot = haven,t hasnot = hasn't 5. MooдI-s ANDMoDAL.LIкЕ Expпвssloшs сannotor саnnot = = сou|dnot = shouldnot = hаdbetter = wou|dprefer = wouldnot = wouldrather
сan,t сouldn,t shouldn't ,d better ,d prеfer wouldn't 'd rather
Shесan,tdanсe. go . W esho uldn't betterdeсide. Тhey,d |,dpreferсoffee. Shew o uldn't. l'd rathertakethebus.
= = = = =
сould,ve should,vе would,ve must've might've
W есo uld,ve w aI ked. We might,vearrived|аte.
сou|dhave shou|d havе wouldhаvе musthave mighthave
6. CoшolтloNAls Wlт}lWouto lwould youwould hewould shewould we would youwould theywould
= = = = = = =
wouldhavе
= would,ve
wouldnot
= wouldn't
346
l'd you'd he'd she'd we'd you'd they'd
|fI hadtimе,l,dtravel' lf youmovedhere,you'dbe happy. |fsheknewtheanswе1 she,dtell you. We,dbuya nеWсarif we hadthemoney. |fyouinvited them,they,dсome. lf I hadknown, I would'vetoldyou. l wouldn,tdo thаtif I wereyou'
Punсtuation
j
Rules for Direсt Speech
Direсtspeeсhmayеitherfol|owor сomеbeforеthereporting vеrb.Whеndirесtspeесhfollowsthеreporting verb, а. Puta сOmmа afterthеrеporting vеrb. quotation b. Useopening marks(..)bеfore thefirstwordof thedireсtspeесh. с. Beginthequotation witha сapital|еttеr. d. Usetheappropriatе еndpunсtuation forthedirесtspeeсh. lt maybe a period(.),a quеstion mark(?),or an exс|аmа. tionpoint(!). quotation е. Putсlosing marks(,,)afterthеendpunсtuation of thequotаtion. Еxamples: Hesaid,,,Ihаdа goodtimе.,, 5heаskеd,,,Wherе,s theparty?,, ,,Be Тheyshoutеd, сarеful!,,
Whendireсtspeeсhсomesbeforethereporting verb, a. Beginthesеntenсе quotаtion withopening marks(,,). b' Usеtheappropriаtе endpunсtuation forthеdirесtspeeсh. lf thеdirесtspeeсhis a statеmеnt, usеa сomma(,). lf thеdirесtspeeсh is a question, useа question mark(?). lf thedireсtspeeсhis аn exсlаmation, usean exсlamation po int(! ). с. Usесlosingquotation marksaftertheеndpunсtuation for thеdireсtspеeсh(,,). d. Beginthereporting сlausewitha lower-саse |еttеr. e. Usеа periodat thееndof thеmainsentеnсe (.). ,,I Еxamples: hаda goodtime,,, he sаid. ,,Where,s thеparty?,, sheaskеd. ,,Be саrеfu|!,, theyshouted.
Pronunсiation Table coшsoшдштs
VowвI.s Symbol
KeyWord
Symbol
KeyWord
Symbol КeyWord
i
beat,fеed
а
b a n a n aa,m o ng
p
paсk,happy
r
bit,did
т
shirt,murder
b
baсk,rubber
еI
date,paid
aI
bite,сry,buy, eye
t
tie
d
Symbol КeyWord !
ship,maсhine, stаtion, speсiaI, disсussion mеasurе, vision
die
3 h
hot,who men
е
bet,bed
&
bat,bad
au
about,how
k
o
box,odd,father
JI
voiсe,boy
сame,key,quiсk
m
g
gamе,guеst
n
sun,knoщpnеumonia
bought,dog
rr
beer
boat,road
tr
bare
Ц w
wet,white
u
book,good
or
bar
f
I
light,lo ng
u
boot,food, student
)r
door
сhurсh, nature, watсh judge,genеrаI, major fan,photograph
sung,r inging
v
right,wrong
tour
van
r
ur
yes,use,musiс buttеr,bottlе
э ou
A
but,mud, mothеr
Sтввss ' showsmain stress.
tI d3
0
thing,breath
y
б s
thеn,breаthе sip,сity,psyсhology
t.
Z
zip,p|eаse, goes
347
Pronunciation Rules for the Simple Present Tense: Third-Person Singular (he, she, it) present in thesimp|е tеnsealways 1. Тhethirdperson singular prothreеdifferent еndsin thelettеr.s.Тhereаre,howеver, singular. nunсiations forthefinalsoundof thethirdperson lsl tаlks
lzl |ovеs
ltzl dаnсes
sounds 2. ThefinaIsoundis pronounсed /s/afterthevoiсeIess lpl, lll, lkl,andlfL top get tаke | аugh
tops gets tаkes | аu g h s
|zl afterthevoiсеdsounds 3. Thefina|soundis pronounсed lbl,ldl,lgl,lvl, 16l,lml,lnl,lr1l,lll,andlrl. desсribе spend hug live bаthe seem r e mai n sing tell lower
ltdl attendеd
hop hopped work worked l au gh l aug h e d address аddrеssed pu bl i s h pu b l i s h e d watсh watсhed 3 . Тhefinalsoundis pronounсеd /d/afterthevoiсedsounds |b|'|g|,|v|,|z|,|3|,|ф|,|m|,|n|,|цl,||l,|r|,and|6l'
348
rubbеd huggеd lived surprised
Isttl ldul
says does
|sеz| ldьzl
Rules for the Simple Past Tense of Regular Verbs
2. Thefinalsoundis pronounсed /t/afterthеvoiсe|ess sounds lpl, lkl,lfl,lsl,l[], andI{1.
rub hug l i ve surprise
agreеs triеs stays knows
5. ТhefinaIsoundis pronounсed |п|aftеrthеsounds Is|,Iz|, It|,$|' /f/, andlфl' llzl addsa syllable to thеvеrb. rе|aх rе|aхеs freеzе frеezеs rush rushes massаgе massages watсh wаtсhes j udge j udges say do
-d.Тhere pastaIwаys 1 . Therеgu|аr endsin thе|ettеr simp|е pronunсiations аrе,howevеr, thrеediffеrent forthefinа| past. soundof thеregular simp|e ldl |ived
agree try stay know
6. Do andsаyhavеа сhangе in vowеlsound.
dеsсribеs spends hugs lives bathеs seеms remains sings t e l ls lowers
] Pronunсiation
Itl rасed
4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd /z/aftеral|vowelsounds,
massаge сhange rhymе return bаng enr o ll аppеar bathе
massaged сhanged rhymed returned banged enr o lled appеared bathеd
4. Thefina|soundis pronounсеd /d/afterаlIvowe|sounds. agree p|ay die еnjoy row
agreеd p|аyed died еnjoyed rowеd
5. Тhefina|soundis pronounсed /rd/after|tlаnd/d/. /td/addsa syllаble to thevеrb. start deсide
stаrted deсided
lndex Alan, 25О_25| A fешlfeu:, 246_247 A grеat dеal of,246_247 A little Ilittle, 246-247 A lot of, 246-247 Abilitу' 116_117 passive, 269 w i t h ut i s h. 2 9 5 Aсtive/passive, 264 _265 Additions, 110-111 Adjeсtive сlauses identifying and non-identifying, 308-309 with objeсt relativе pronouns, 304-305 with subjeсt relative pronouns, 300-301 with шhеn ard шhеre. 305 Adjeсtives сomparatives, 184 _1B5, 339,344 сontrast with adverbs. 172- t 73 equativеs, 180_181 followed by infrnitives,
2r0-21r,215,338
irregular сomparisons, 339 partiсipia|, |7 6_|7 7, 339 with preposition сombinations. 203. 338 supеrlatives, 188_189, 339' З44 Adverbs сomparatives, 192_193' 339 сontrast with adjeсtives,
r72-t73
ending in _lу, I72_I7З,344 equatives, 180-181 of frequencу,7 followed by infinitives, 215 irregular сomparisons, 339 of manneц I73 superlatives, 192-193 Adviсe, \28_129 If I шеrеуou,287
imperativе, 19 passive, 268-269 Advisability in the past, 162-163
After
with futurе time сlauses, 89 with past perfect, Tl Agеnt with passive, 264-265 with passive сausative, 272-273 Аgo, 25 AIrеadу future perfeсt,97 past perfe ct, 7I present perfeсt, 50_51 Alulaуs,7 Anу,247 Artiсles a/ an, 243, 250-25I no artiсle,250_25| no artiсle сontrasted with thе, 254-255 thе,243,250_25| As in equatives, 180-181 As soon as futurе time сlauses,89 past perfect, Tl Assumptions, 158-159 Auхiliary verbs in additions, 110-111 with questions about prеdiсate, 103 in tag questions, 106-107
Bе сontraсtions. 345 foliowed by reflеxive pronoun, 259 simple past tens e, 24-25, 28-29 Bе able to' |16_117 Be (doing), 2-3 Be going to сontraсtions' 346
сontrast with other future forms, 84-85 faсtual сonditionals, 283 future, 80-81,84-85 future progтessive,92 with passive, 268-269 Be supposed to, I50-1,5I Be used tolused to, 33,203 Beforе future time сlauses' 89 past perfect, Tl Bу with futurе perfeсt,97 with pass iv e, 264-265, 268-269 with passive сausative, 272_27З with past perfect, TL followеd by reflexive pronoun' 259 Bу the time, 89
Can ability, 116-117 permissioл, |20_L2Т requests, I24-I25 Can't ability, 116-117 assumptions, 158-159 with passive,269 prohibition, 146-147 speсulations about the past, 166-167 Can't haae, 166-167 Commands imperativе, 18_19 indireсt speeсh, 315 Commas with adjeсtive сlauses, 309 with faсtual сonditionals, 279,283 with time сlauses,41, 89 with unreal сonditionals. 287.291 Common nouns, 242-243
349
Comparatives adjeсtives, 184_185, 339, 344 advе r bs ,192_1 9 3 ,3 3 9 irregulaц 339 Conditionals futurе faсtual, 282_283 past unreal,290-29I prеsеnt faсtual' 27 8_279 present unreal, 286-287 with utish,294-295 Contraсtions with vеrb forms. 345_346 CouId ability, 1.16-11-7 assumptions, 158-159 futurе possibility, 154-155 indirесt speесh, 323 with passivе, 269 pеrmission, 120_12| requests, I24-I25 speсulations about the past, 166- 167 suggestions,132-133 aft e r шi sh. 295 CoшIdn,t assumptions, 158-159 impossibility, 155 past abilitу, tt6_It7 Could haue advisability in thе past, t62-t63 speсulations about the past, 1.66-167 Count nouns/non-сount nouns' 242-243 and artiсTes, 250-251., 254-255 and quantifiers, 246-247
-d Gее _ed) Defrnite artiсle, 250_25I Dirесt speeсh imperativе, 314_315 punсtuation rules, 347 questions , 326-327 statements, 318-319, З22_323 Dirесtions, 19 350
Do with additions, 110 сontraсtions, 345 tag questions, 106-107 Do уou mind if, I20_I2I Dontt haue toltnust not. I46-147
Each otherleach 258-259 -еd
шill, 81',85 Futurе faсtual сonditionals' 282-283 Futurе perfесt, 96_97 Future perfeсt progтessive, 96-97 Future possibilitу, |54_1'55, 269 Futurе progrеssive, 92_93
other's.
adjесtive ending, I7 6_177 past partiсiplе, 46 p a s t t e nse,24 Embedded quеstions, 330_331 phrasеs introduсing, 340 Enoшgh with сount and non-сount nouns, 246-247 with inflrnitives, 2I4-2I5 Equatives, 180-181 -еr сomparativе adjeсtives, 184-185,344 сomparative adverbs, 192_193 -est supеrlative adj eсtives, 188-189, 344 superlative adverbs, 192-193 Euеr with past perfect, T0 with present pеrfeсt, 55 with superlatives, 189 Ехpeсtations be supposеd to, 150_151
Faсtual сonditionals future,282_28З prеsent, 278_279 Feus|a fеu:' 246_247 Forlsincе,46_47 Future bе going,q 80_81 сontrast of future forms. 84_85 p a s s i v e,269 presеnt progтessive, 85 simple present tense, 85 timе сlausеs,88_89
Gerunds сontrast with infinitives. 222-223 aftеr prеpositi ons, 2О2-2ОЗ, 223 as subjeсt or objeсt, 198_199 after сеrtain verbs, 198_199, 223, 337-338 Get (s.o.to do s.t.), 226-227 Getlhaue (s.t.done), 272-27 3 Gеt шsеd to|шsed to,33,203 Go + gerund, 199
Had bееn (doing), 74_75 Had better adviсe, 128_|29 with passive,269 Had (donе), 70_7I Had to hansе, 166_167 Hardlу, I73 Haae сontraсtions, 346 presеnt perfeсt, 46_47, 50_51, 54-55 prеsent perfeсt progressive, 62-63 Haoe (s.o.do s.t.).226-227 Hauе beеn (doing) present perfeсt progressiv e, 62 Hauе (done), 4647, 50_51, 54-55 Hauelgеt (s.t' donе), 272_27 З Hante (got) to assumptions, 158-159 neсessity, I42_I43 with passive, 269 Help (s.o.do s.t.),226-227 Horo abou| 132-133
Identifying adjeсtive сlauses, 308-309
after сertain verbs, 206_207, 338 -ing
сontrast with unlеss' 283 in embedded questions, 330- 331 in indireсt question s, 326_З27 ^ffсlauses future faсtual сonditionals, 282-283 past unreal сonditionals, 290-291. prеsеnt faсtual сonditionals, 278_2т9 prеsent unreal сonditionals, 286-287 If I шerе уou, 287 Imperative, 18-19 dirесt and indireсt speeсh, 314- 315 faсtual сondition als' 27 9 reflехive pronouns,259 In order to,2tB-2I9 Indefrnite artiсlе, 250_25I Indеfinite past, 54_55 Indireсt questions, 326_327, 33 1 Indireсt speeсh imperatives, 314-315 indireсt questions, З26_327 pronoun сhanges, 315, 323 reporting verbs, 315, 340 statеments, 318_3 t9' 322_323 time word сhanges, 3I5, З23, 340 verb tеnse сhanges' 319, 322-323 Infinitives after сertain adjeсtives, 270- 211, 21 5 ,3 3 8 after advеrbs, 215 сontrast with gеru nds,,222_22З with indireсt imperatives, 314- 315 negative, 206-207 , 218-219, 314- 315 after сеrtain nouns, 2I0_2tI aftеr objeсts, 2О6_207,227 of pur pos e , 2I S- 2 I 9 aftеr question words, 330_331 with too and еnough, 2I4_2I5
as adjeсtive endin g, 176_1'77 future perfeсt progтessive, 96-97 future progтessive, 92_93 gerunds, 198-199, 202-203 past pеrfeсt progтеs siуe, 7Ц7 5 past progтеssive' 36_37 presеnt perfeсt progтessive, 62-63 present progтessive,,2-З Inseparable phrasal verbs, 232_23З' 34I_342 Instruсtions imperativе, 18_19 indireсt speесh,315 Invitations imperative, 19 indireсt speесh,315 Irregular plural nouns, 343 Irrеgular verbs lists, 336-337 simple past tens e, 24-25, 28 It,s + adjeсtive + infinitive,2|I
rf
Just,54-55
Latelу, 54_55, |73 Lessltnorе, I84, |92_|93 Let (s.o.do s.t.),226-227 Lеt,s, 132_133 Littlel a little, 246-247 _Iу as adjесtive ending, I73 as adverb ending, 172-173, 344
Make (s.o.do s.t.,),226-227 Manу,246_247 Maу assumptions, 158-159 futurе possibilitу, 154_155, 269 p e rm i ssio n,I 20-I 2l
speсulations about thе past, 166-167 Maу haaе, |66 Maуbе сontrast with maу bе, I55 in suggestions,132-133 Mе neithец ||| Me too, II1, Might assumptions, 158-159 futurе possibilitу, 154_|55, 269 indireсt speeсh, 323 speсulations about the past, r 66-t67 Might haae advisability in the past, t62-I63 speсulations about thе past, 166-167 Modals (sеealso spеcific modals) faсtual сondition als. 27 9. 283 indireсt speeсh, 323 and passive,268-269 and unreal сonditionals. 287. 29I More|less, 184_185, |92_19З Mostllеasd 1B8_1B9, 192_193 M uch,246-247 Mшst assumptions, 158-159 neсessity, r42_I43 with passive, 268-269 speсulations about the past, 1,66-167 Must haue, t66-I67 Must notldon't haaе to. I46-147 Must not (hauе), 166_167
Nесessity hauе (goD to and must' t42-I43 passive, 269 Negative inГrnitives imperatives, 315 of purpose,2tB-219 after сеrtain verbs, 206_207 Nеithец 110_111
3s1
Neuer with Past Perfect,TI with presеnt perfeсt, 54 with simPle Present tense, 7 Non.aсtion verbs, 10_11 list, 337 Non.сount nouns/сount nouns' 242-243 and artiс|es, 250_25|, 254=255 and quantifrers, 246-247 Non-idеntifying adj eсtive сlauses, 308_309 Not at all, 720-12I, t25 Not еithеr, |IО_|IТ N ot уе t , 50_51 Nouns сommon' 242-243 сount, 242_243, 246_247, 250-251,254-255 definitе,254_255 indeflrnite,254-255 followed bу infinitives, 210_211 irregular Plurals, 243, 343 non-сount, 242_243, 246-247, 250-251" 254-255 plural, 243' 343 propeц 242_243 with quantifi et s, 246-247
objeсt gеrunds, 198_199 befоrе infinitives, 206_207, 227 with inseParable and seParable Phrasal verbs, 232_23З,236_237 objeсt relativе piоnouns, 304- 305, 3 0 9
Оften' 7
Оnе anothеrlone another,s, 258-259 Оught to adviсe, t2B_|29 in indireсt speeсh, 323 with Passive, 269 Ought to haae, 162-163
Partiсipial adjeсtiv es, t76_177 list, 339 352
Partiсles сontrast with prеpositions, 232-233,237 inseparable Phrasal verbs, 232-233,34t-342 separable Phrasal verbs, 236-237 ,341-342 Passive with agent, 264-265 сontrast with aсtive, 264-265 with modals, 268-269 Passive сausative, 272_27З Past Gее Simp|e past tеnsе) Past partiсiples to form future pеrfeсt, 96_97 to form Passive, 264-265, 268-269 tо fоrm passive сausative, 272-273 tо form past perfect,70_77 to form present perfeсt, 46-47 ,50-51, 54-55 Past perfeсt, 70_7t with a|rеadу,7I wi th еUеr ,7| indireсt speeсh,323 wi t h nеuеr ,7t with уеt,7| Past perfeсt progтеssive, 74_7 5 Past progтessive, 36_37 сontrast with simple past t е nsе, 37,4l with simplе past tense,40_4| with шhi|е' 37,40_4t Past unrеal сonditionals, 290-291\323 Permissiоn,I20-I21polite answers, 121 Phrasal verbs inseParable,2S2-233 list,34l-342 separable ,236-237 transitive ,233,237 PIease with permissiоn, t2Т with requests, 125 Plural nouns, 243,343 PossibilitY futurе, |54_tб5,269 questiоns,167
Prеdiсate, 102_103 Prеfeц 136_137 Prefеrenсes, 136_137 Prepositions сombinеd with adjeсtives, 338 сombined with verbs, 338 сontrast with partiсlеs, 232-233,237 followed by gerun ds, 202-2О3, 223 relative pronoun as objeсt of, 305 Prеsent соntinuous (sее Prеsеnt progrеssiuе) Present faсtual сonditionals, 278-279 Prеsеnt perfесt with alrеadу and уеt, 50_51 сontrast with presеnt pеrfесt progтessive, 66_67 сontrast with simplе past tеnse,58_59 with еuец 55 indefinite Past, 54-55 with7иsf, 55 with latеlу,55 with sincе and foц 46-47 Prеsеnt perfeсt progтеssiv e, 62_6,3 сontrast with present pеrfeсt, 66-67 Presеnt progтessive, 2-3 сontrast with simple presеnt tense, 14-15 fоr future, 85 spelling rulеs, 343 Present unrеal соnditionals, 286-287 Prohibition must not and can't, 146-147 Pronouns reсiproсal,258_259 reflexivе, 258_259 rеlative, 300_30 1, 304_305' 308-309 Prоnunсiation simple past tense оf regular verbs, 348 simplе present tensе, 348 taЬle, З47 ProPer nouns' 242-243
: t
$i
Punсtuation (sее also spеcific punctuation) direсt speeсh, 347 aftеr suggestions, 133 Purpose,278-219
Quantifiers and сount nouns, 246_247 irrеgular сomparisons, 339 and non-сount nouns. 246_247 Question marks in еmbedded questions, 330-331 in indireсt questions, 326-327 in suggestions,132-133 Questions (seе olso Wh_ quеstions; Yes/Ir(oquеstions) еmbedded,330-331, 340 indireсt, 326-327,33I permission,,I20 possibilitу,167 about prediсatе, 102_103 rеquests, 124 simple past tense, 28-29 about subjeсt, 102_103 tag, 106-107 Quotation marks, 314_315, З47
R ar е l у, 7 Rеcentlу,54_55 Reсiproсal pronoun s, 258_259 Reflexive expressions, 340 Reflexivе pronouns, 258_259 Regret past unreai сonditionals, 291 w i t h шi sh, 29 5 Regular verbs pronunсiation rules, 348 simple past tense, 24-25, 28 Relative сlauses Gее Adiеctiuе clausеs) Relative pronouns in identifying and non-idеntifying adj eсtive сlauses, 308_309 objeсt, 304_305 subjeсt, 300-301
Reported speeсh (sеeIndirеct spеесh) Reporting verbs, 314-315, 340 Rеquests, |24_t25 imperatives, 19 indireсt speeсh, 315 polite answers, 125
Seldomr T Separable phrasal verbs, 236-237,34r Sеaeral,246_247 ShouId adviсe, I28_r29 indireсt speесh, 323 with passivе, 269 Should haue, 162-163 Shouldn't, I29 ShoшIdn't hanse, 162_|63 Simplе past tens e, 24_25, 28-29 сontrast with present perfeсt, 58-59 irregular verbs, 24-25, 336-337 with past prоgressive, 40_4I pronunсiation rules, 348 spelling rules, 25,344 Simple present tеnse, 6_7 сontrast with present progressivе, I4_I5 for future, 84-85 with futurе perfeсt, 97 with futurе perfeсt progтessive,97 in future time сlausеs, 89 pronunсiation rules, 348 spеlling rulеs, 343 Sincelfoц 46_47 S o , 1 1 0-111 Soпt,e, 246_247, 250_25I Sornetirnes, T Speсulations about the past, 166-167 Stative verbs (sееNon-а,ction uеrbs) Subjeсt gerunds, tg}-199,223
of imperative, 19 tоh_ questions, 102_103 Subjeсt relative pronouns, 300-301 Suggestions, 132-133 impеrative, 19 Superiatives adjeсtives,188_189,З39, 344 adverbs, I92-I93
Tag questions, 106-107 Telllsaу,315, 319 Than, 184-185, 192-193 That with indireсt speeсh, 318_319 rеlative pronoun, 301, 304-305 Thatlu:hich' 3ОI Thе definite artiсle. 250_25I. 254-255 with superlative adjeсtives, 188-189 with superlativе adverbs, I92_I9З Time сlauses futurе, 88_89' 93,97 past, 40-4I , 7L, 75 with sincе, 47 Too in additions, 110-111 with infrnitive s, 2\4-215 Transitivе phrasal verbs, 23З,237 Two-word/part verbs (sее Phrasal uеrbs)
Unlеsslif' 283 Unrеal сonditionals past,290-29I present, 286-287 Until,89 Used to,32-33 сontrast with bеlgеtusеd to, 33, 203 UsшаlIу,7
353
tдiЁi#яglвlнЕill:|,],
ll.i .
Vеrbs with both aсtion and non-aсtion meanings, 10_11 сombined with prepositions, 203, 338 followed by gerund, 198-199, 222- 223, 33 7 - 3 3 8 impеrative form, 18_19 followed by infrnitives, 206-207,222-223,338 irregulaц 24_25, 28' 336_337 non-aсtion, 10_11, 15, 337 phrasal, 232-233, 236-237, 34r-342 r e gul aц 24, 28 ,3 4 4 ,3 4 8 reporting, 314_315, З40 simplе past tens e, 24_25, 336_337,344,З48 tag questions and auxiliary, 106-107 transitivе ,233, 237 used refleхivelv. 340
Warnings, 19 Waslu:еre (doing)' 36_37 Wеre in present unreal сonditionals, 286-287 i n w i s hе s, 294 _ 2 9 5 When with adjeсtive сlauses,305, 309
354
futurе time сlausеs. 89 past perfect, T0 past perfeсt progтessive, 75 simple past tense, 40-41 Where with adjeсtive сlausеs, 305, 309 questions, 103 Whether in embedded questions, 3 3 0 -331 in indirесt questions, 326_327 Whether or not, 327 Which identifying and non_idеntifying adj eсtive сlauses, 308_309 relative pronoun, 301, 305, 309 Whilе with future time сlauses. 89 with past pгogтessive, 40_4t Who with questions about subjeсt and prediсate, 102_103 relativе pronoun, 300_30 1, 3 0 5 , 309 Whom with questions about prediсate, 103 rеlative pronoun, 305 W h o s е ,3 01, 305, 309 Wh- questions embedded.330-331
indireсt, 326_327 subjeсt and prediсatе, 102_103 Whу don,t, 132_133 Whу not, I32_L33 w iu,80-91, 84-95 сontraсtions, 345 faсtual сonditionals, 283 with passive, 269 with requests, 124-125 wiш be (doing), 92_93 wiш haaе been (doing),96_97 will hаue (donе),96_97 Wish, 294-295 Would сonditionals,286-287 with requests, 124-125 with utish,295 Would haae,290-291 Would prefeц 136_137 Would rathец 136_137 Would уoш mind' I24_I25
Yеslno questions embeddеd' 330_331 indireсt, 326_327 Yеt with future perfeсt, 97 with past perfect, Tl with prеsent perfесt, 50_51
Answer
Key
Noтг: In this answег key,whегe thе сontraсtedform is given, the full form is a|soсoгreсt, and whеrе the fu||foгm is givеn, thе сontгасtеdform is a|soсorгесt.
Present
3. Why are you touring again? с. What are you working on thеse days? 5. WЪo,s singing with you now? 6. Is she replaсing Toti? 7. No, she isn't. oв No, she,s not. 'm writing
Progressive
жPqINт It's happening now!
I wrte to you from my hotel room. Еveryone э |eeping 'm э it|ing else is slфр, but I si++iаghere and watсhing
сI]АRтсItEсl(l be + base form of vеrb + -ing bе
the oсean. Wе,re staying at the Plaza in
сHARтсHEсl( 2
Atlantiс Beaсh, and the viеw is beautiful. The going tour is gэеs wеll. The audienсe is uazу about
F
EхPREss,,{#:r:/ЬТ;:;А are . . .leaving are . . . performing oв're
ffiI@very
the nеw songs' but the fu.,.Тalways
. . performing
for you. How is thе baby? She has a gтeat Аre voiсе. Dо you teaсhing her to sing yet? Maybe
hardthesedays,butI
both of you will сome along for the neхt tour!
havе some good nеws. Right noщ I,m sitting at a dеsk in the Entertainment
asking
Seсtion of
tJneT|ibunе!Оf сourseI@still6ki"D journalism сlasses at night as well. The job is temporary_Joe
month off to writе a book. This @this week *u{ЗБТrejarinЪto intеrview your favorite grouP, the Airheads. In faсt, at this very moment they're flying into town by heliсopter. The
Simple Present
Sims, the regular reporteц
performing
the King
жPЙINт Hank's Working Habits
сHARтсl]Eсl( T'ЦF
Theater all week. How@rou @@ you still oops! The сrew @-usiс? is сalling me. They,re leaving for the
EхPREss,{:1:;,:,'ЯЯ':'4,
theater now. Write soon!
ffiIn
2.are...going з. is waiting oв,s waiting 4. 'm working s. 're not doing oR aren't doing 6.'re...sitting 7. 'm sitting 8.'m...thinking 9. are staying
Тёnse
Why does he rush
today,sfast-paсed world,*" @
stress. Strеss @affeсts
esсape
us psyсhologiсally,
but aссording to Dr. Roads, author of the new bestselleц CaIm Doшn!, it also affесts us physiсally. For eхample, stress сauses high blood pressure. Doсtors @щqq mediсation for stress-related illnesses. Мediсine @rlalDlowers
a patient's blood (continuеdon nехtpagе)
355
r
356
Key
&nswer
pressure. But, Dr. Roads сlaims,..You don't (alwavs)needprlls. Relaxation exerсlsеs I
. f r
n
r
EхPREss,LТr:;:.i{:,i:# 'm
tasting, tastes
effесtive as pills. For
qщ@as
example, breathing exеrсisеs both relax yоu
Ar-rшв: This steak tastes deliсious. Your salmon looks good toо.
and lower your blood prеssure. It only takes
Bвш: Herе, I'm putting somе on your
a few minutes!"
plate. I think you'll likе it. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8. 9. 1o.
take rushes isn't is
doesn't finish worries doesn't havе doesn't have
Alrшв: Mmm. I like it. Funny, I usually
@Гфti.ь.
Bвш: Red6фthat
effeсt on people.
Aьrшв; I have no idea what you'rе talking
4. 5. 6.
7.
Does he work on reports in the afternoon? Nо, he doesn,t. WЪen does he see сlients? He sees сlients from 9:00 to 12:00. Does he take a lunсh break? Yes, he does. What does he do from 12:30 to 5:00? Hе returns phone сalls. Where does he go at 5:30? He attends oв goes to night sсhool. never have
I,m so tired. I hаv€ - flеv€ + time to relax. etudу I wоrk all day and str*dies all night. My boss te||э teЦ me that I nеed a vaсation. I agтеe, but I'm think I afraid to takе one. Does my boss thinks that don't the offiсе сan funсtion without me? I dоnt want them to think I'm not neсеs.sary.But my wifе
is unhappytoo.sь" ifllfi
that she never
sееs mе anymore. My sсhed,,t" *
crazу,I
don't think I сan keep this up muсh longer. wanl I don't wants to quit night sсhool, thоugh. often I^think оften that there has to be a better way.
Non.Aсtion
Verbs
about. What do you mеan? Bвш: Well, сolors сan сhange the way we For example, people often@Ф @ hungrier in a red room. I notiсe that you're lооking right at thе red wallpaper. Ar,rшв: And I сertainly feel hungтy right now. I'm eating half your salmon. Bвш: That's oK. I'm tasting your steak. z. 3. 4. s. 6. z.
is looking сost wants hatеs seems likes
2.'m tasting 3. needs +. Do...want 5. tastes с. think 7. 'm thinking 8. isn't 9. sounds 1o. 'm looking
8. doesn't suspeсt 9. knоw 1o. is thinking 11. doеsn,thavе 12. hear s
11. do n't kno w 12. is 13. 'm smelling 14. 'm not 15. lo ve 1с. smells 17. know 18. mеan lP. feel
Not a good day! I feеl kind of depressed and have
need
I'm haviэg a headaсhe. I-m_+eеdi+sto do
ж-*:ffiPЙlNт
somеthing right away to сhange my mood
сHARтсHEсК
artiсle about how smells сan affeсt mood 'm эmе||inа and even hеalth, so right now I smеЦ an-
has the flavor of сhiсken
цT
and get rid of this pain. Last wеek, I rеad an
Key
Answer
orange (for the dеpression) and a gТeen apple (for the headaсhe). They smell niсe, don ' l th i n k but l*_no#+}rinking that I notiсe a differenсe prefer to eat in how I feel! I think IЫрrefеrri*s something when I feеl down. But I worry wеigh too muсh. So, at the that IЫ+veiiфins 'm h a v i n g moment I hа.ve a Ъup of peppermint tea with lemon. The artiсle says that the peppermint smell helps you eat less. Well, I don't know about that! A сhoсolate iсe сream sundae sounds pretty good right about now! э e e mэ ItЪsеemi*g that there are no easy solutions.
ffiJune
I
357
fеet zв:(Б sittlnDin a seat30,000
above the earth en route to Argentina! I usually have dinner at this time, but right now I@
a headaсhe from the
exсitement. My seatmate@*, food. She6йЕ} happy. Junе 30: It,s 7:30. My host parents Carlos, my fatheц 6Ьstill@. works at home. Мy little brother Riсardo is сute. He looks (and aсts) a lot like my Bobby. Right.'o*, ь@over journal. read mу shoulder a''d@БDto July 4: The weather@сold
now. I usually
spend thе frrst weekend of July at thе in a beaсh. Today I@around hеavy swеater.
and Present Progressive Simple Present Tense жPqINт ЦT
с,iARTс']Eсl( two parts two forms
EхPREss,,tr.f,ffiifjл PRЕSENт PRoGREsslvЕ I
Suвlвст 1 Bг 1 Bяsв Foпм + -'NGI am
buуing
You
are. buуing
He
iэ
flowеrs now.
buуing
slмPLE PRЕSENт тENSE
Suвlвстl
lVвпв
I
l
buУ You He
usually buу buуe
сhoсolates.
August
6: I@Б}so tired tonight. Еveryone
else feels gтeat in the evening beсausе they take long naps in the afternoon. 1. b. 'm waiting с. look d. 'm working e. 's talking f . isn,t looking oв's not looking g. looks h. doesn't mean 2. a. 's talking b. 're taking с. 're standing d. Do...think e. 're dating f . don't think g. means h. сome i. stand 3. a. is...walking b. starts с. has d. walks е. appear 4. a. ate. . . shaking b. know G. shake d. meet
358
r Answer
Key
,m эitt,ing I and sit in the library right now. It's 12:30
NЕGAтlvЕ Doн,т | вo,. Foпм or vппв |
Мy сlassmates are eating lunсh togetheц but nevereat I'm not hungry yеt. At home, we еа*-:ae\rer this early. Today our jоurnal topiс is сulturе
Don'l
|iэten
to thе musiс'
Don'l
touoh
your toеs.
Don'l
эtand
straight.
shoсk. It's a good topiс for mе right now beсausе I,m tiф
pretty homеsiсk. I miss my
2. c 4 . 3. b s .
еa|
old routine. At home wе always areеati*g a big meal at 2:00 in the afternoon. Then we I have rеst. But here in Toronto Еm+аtring a 3:00 сonversation сlass. Еvery day, I almost fall asleep in сlass, and my teaсher xif-",
.A."
you borеd?" of сourse I,m not bored. I just io a|waуэ need my afternoon nap! This сlass *Ьлraуsis 're working fun. This semеsteц we werk on a projeсt with video сameras. My team is filming gтoups of ana|уzing peoplе in diffеrent сultures. Wе are anaфzе
e d
6. a 7. f
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Wash six strawbеrriеs. Cut the strawbеrries in half. Pour orange juiсe into the blender. Add the fruit to the orangе juiсе. Blend the ingredients until smooth.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Learn Deсreasе Inсrеasе Beсоme Don't miss
z. 8. 9. to.
Take Choosе Don't wait Register
For the Blaсk Belt essay, Master Gibbons Write gave us this assignment: )bu-wri*e about
..soсial distanсе.,,That means how сlosе to
somеthing important to you. My topiс is Thе
Aссording to eaсh other these people stand. 'm leaving my new watсh, it's 12:55,so I }eavе now
Right Woу, thе rules of life for the martial reэpeс| arts. !.irst, respeeёs other peopie-treat thеm
for my 1:00 сlass. Tеaсhers herе really don't like aren++я<+щwhеn you сome late!
the way you want them to treat you. Seсond, hе|p people in nеed. In other words, use h€ Ы don't, yo\rr strength for others, flot-to use it just for don't, your own good. Third, ne lie or steal. Thеsе
lmperative
are thе most important rules to me.
WPпlNт
giving instruсtiоns on hоw to do the Jab
сHАRтсI|EсК don't inсlude a subjeсt
ЕхPRЕssж
SelfТest (Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
AFFIRrUIAтlvE Bдsв Foпм oг Vппв | Liэten
to thе musiс.
Touch
your toеs.
Эtand
straight.
ffiI 1.8 2.D 3.4 4.^
ONE 5. 6. 7. 8.
D A в B
9. 10. 11. 12.
с в A A
13. D 14.D 15. в
т
I
Answer
I
i
тW0
IsЕcтtoNl
(Corrесt anSIDеrS arе in parеnthеsеs.)
16. A 17. с rs. B 19. с 20. B
(sw i m s ) (is raining) (are you) (don't) (sеems)
21. с 22. ^ 23. B 24. D 25. B
(hatе) (usually arrives) (aren,t oв are not) ('m alwaуs losing) (dеlеtе уo,,i
Simple Past Tense: Affirmative Statements
wWPqINт
2. 3. д. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Key
r
lo. addressed 11. appear ed l2. happеned 14. saw ts. bit 16. ate 17. drank ls. hopped
wrotе werе led beсamе left saw worе wrote
Today in сlass we read a poem by Robert enjoуed Frost. I really еftjоу it. It was about a person aho э e who еheesed bеtween two roads in a forest. Before he made his deсision, he #-
1989 1999
359
a lot
of timе trying to deсide whiсh road to follow. wa9
сlIАRтсltEсl(
Many people thought the person wеFe Frost. took In the end, he tаt<ethe road that was less
two - d ot - е d
traveled on. He deсidеd to be a poet. That changed deсision еhange his lifе a lot.
EхPRЕssжжfж was, were сame saved
Sometimes I fеel a littlе like Frost. decided Two years ago I d€ € i dе to сomе to this
Matsuo Basho@-ore than 1,000 thrее..haiku.'' from line poems, or He@,ooiсs nature, daily life' and human emotions. Hе от Qggeщ9one of Japan's most famous poets, and his work еstablished haiku as an
wa9
сountry. That wеfе the biggest deсision of my life.
Simple Past Tense: Negative Statements and Questions
important art form. Matsuo Basho @фbo.n near Kyoto in 1'644.His fathеr wanted him tо beсome a samurai (warrior). Instead, Matsuo moved to Еdo (prеsеnt-day Tokyo) and studied poetry. By 1681, he6aDmany
students and admirers.
Basho's home burnеd down in 1682. Thеn, in 1683, his mother died. After these events, Basho@restless.
Starting in 1684,
he traveled on foot and on horsebaсk all over Japan. Sоmetimes his friends.ioined ,/---;\ him, and they@Ф9poetry togethеr. Travel in thе seventeenth сentury, and GЬaimсult Basho oftenGФsiсk. He diеd in 1694, during a journey to osaka. At that timе he
6uDz,ooostudents.
WWPЙINт ? ,F , 7
сl]ARтсI]Eсl(I not did not
сHARтс|tEсK2 was, were did
ExPREssж Did she have a navigator? She didn,t flУ alone. No Yеs
4. No 5 . Yes
6. 7.
Yes No
"' lit'fii}li;фiii'
360
l
Aпsиrer
Key
2. Where did she study? (At) Columbia University. 3. How long was she a soсial worker? (For) two years. 4. WЪere did her last flight lеavе from? (From) New Guinеa. 5. How many books did she write? Three. 6. What was her nationality? Ameriсan. 7. When did she disappear? (In) 1937. 3. Were 4. No...werеn't 5. didn't want 6. Did...feel 7.Yes...did 8. didn't keep
EхPREssж usеd to use to say In many ways' fashion used to be muсh simpler. Women didn't use to wear pants to the offiсe, and men's сlothes never used to сome in bright сolors. People also used to
9. Did...drеam ro. didn't think 11. Were 12.No...wasn't 13. Was 1 4 .N o . . . w a s n ' t
dress in speсial ways for different situations. They didn't usе blue jеans as business сlothеs or wear joggrng suits whеn they traveled. Today you сan go to thе opеra and
receNe
}Ii! Did you reeеi+ed my last letter? I didn't know knеr^ryour new address so I sent it to your did уou move old one. Whеn уou_n*oveа? Did your
find somе womеn in evеning gowns while others arе in blue jеans. Even buying jeans used to be easier-thеy
roommatе move with you? Right now I'm оn
dеnim. I,m still not used to buying gтеen
board a plane flying to El Paso to visit Ana. meet Did you met her at the сonferеnсe last уeat? didn't have I wanted to visit her in June, but I ne-had
jeans and wearing them to work! 2. used to have 3. used to dress 4. used to danсe
thе time. At first I was gоing to drive from Los Angeles, but I deсided to fly instead. This is оnly my third flight, but I love flying! di dn 't I dn*nt know flying сould be so muсh fun! Hope to hear frоm you.
Used to
WryWТPulNт
a habit he had in the past
сIlАRтсltEсI(I T
сl]ARтсl]Eсl(2 did...useto
only сame in blue
m ы
5. used to wear 6. used to сarrv
(Ansulеrs mау Uarу slightlу.) z. Thеy (only) used to сome in two styles. (high-top and low-top) 3. How muсh did a pair of men's high-tops use to соst? (They used to сost) 98@. 4 . No. Women's sneakers didn't use to сost the same as men's snеakers. Women,s sneakers used to сost less than men's sneakers. 5 . Th"y (only) usеd to wеar low-top sneakers. 6. There used to be (only) two sizes. (small and large) When I was youngeЦ сlothing didn,t r*sеd to All the girls at my sсhool used 3дioolem. to wоre the same uniform. I used to think o.
that it tооk away from my frееdom of сhoiсe. Now I сan wear what I want, but сlothes
dtж*ъ*я*эв. K**y l
сost so muсh! Еven blue jeans, today's
uэ ed ..uniform,'' used to be сheaper. Мy mom r*ses to pay less than $20 for hers. I guеss they uge
didn't used to sell designer jеans baсk then. You knoщ I uрж used to bе against sсhool uniforms, but now I'm not so sure!
Past {ш::
Progressive
|i, 1ш P0 lNт
what she was doing at the time of her aссident
сI]АRтсHEсКI
Tonight, Shеila and I w.as looking at some photographs from my snowboarding trip with Fritz's family last year. By thе end of wеre thе evening, weJaughing like crazу. That was my frrst experienсe on a snowboard, so the piсtures Were pretty embarrassing. In cominа one shot, I was еаmе'dоwn the slope on my baсk. In another one' my board.#H"falling out of the ski lift while I was riding up the to o k slope. Fтitz wа++ан+s that piсture from the waэn'I lift entranсе. Good thing hе nоt standing right undеr me! Wherе was I when Fritz was falling down the slope? I guеss I wasn't carrуing € а тrу my сamera. It was amazing how fast
F
сIiАRIсI]Есl(2
Fritz,s girlfriеnd, Karyn, learned that
before the subjeсt
Т#;tr:;.r:H:ffi EхPREss
wеekеnd. Shе was doing jumps by the w aэ э pending sесond day. By that time, I sреnt a lot of
A:wеre...staying B: was staying 2. F 3. T 4. 1
361
time at the ski сaf6. 5. 6.
T F
3. werе sitting outside. 4. wasn't snowing. 5. were wearing sunglassеs. 6. Wеren't wearing gloves. z. was serving drinks. 8. wasn,t serving lunсh. 9. wasn't smiling. 1o. was holding a сеll phone. 3. was rесovering 4. wasn't performing 5. were...thinking 6. were waiting 7. wasn't thinking 8. were watсhing 9. wеre . . . snowboarding 1o. was watсhing 11. (was) dreaming 12.Was...praсtiсing 13. w as
Past Progressive and Simple Past Тense
WшmPaINт 2,r
сI]ARтсI|Eсl( цT
EXPRESS'"{#!;::{;:i;:j Whеn was he driving 2. F 3. T
4. 5. 6. т. 8.
werе waiting notiсеd Was...spееding got was
4. F 5. T
9. was going lo. reaсhed 1'1. wasn't .l2. were сrossing 13. hit
$siЁtннiшlьi:t
362
l
&msияer Кexr
14.Did...stop 15. s aw tс. didn,t '17.was talking 18. was driving r9. didn't stop 2o. weren't paying
21. were walking 22.Was...snowing 23. happened 24. was 25. wasn't 26. started 27. arcived
z. she was driving homе, she listened to her сar radio. 3. She pulled ovеr to the side of the road . . . thе visibility got very bad. +. She heard about the aссident . . . she was listening to thе news. s. She drove to thе poliсe station . . . it stopped snowing. 6. shе was talking to the poliсe, she was thinking about her еditorial for the morning papеr. Yеsterday' a man was talking on his сell drivinа o}:3" while he was d+iv6his сar. Maybe he^сhесking his daily planner while he was making his next appointment. He was сertainly not сonсentrating on the road
when the light suddenly,n*3tTfji**s,"4. tried Thе two mеn in thе streеt were trying to
jump out of the way when they saw him, but
ffi"ЖтW0 (Corrеct ansu)ers arе in parenthesеs.) 13. с (сall) 20. ^(did) lц. C (was) 21. D (got) 15. A (wеre) 22. с (got) 16. D (wеrе sleеping) 23. B (was driving) 17.B (not) 24, B (dеlеtеcomma) 1s. D (dropped) 25. D (saw ) (w as) 19. A
Present Perfeсt: Sinсe and For
ж'ru.TжPqINт T
сHARтсl|Eскl hauе * past partiсiple base form ofverb + -d ot _еd
сHARтсl]Eсl(2 a length of time
EхPREssТ3:;!:'!;'::,:' ,: driuеn: irregular compеtеd: regular шon: irregular triеd: regular Martina Hingis piсked up her first tennis
it was too latе. No one was badly hurt, but
raсkеt at the age of ,*o.@
that was just luсk. Last yeaц the City Counсil Аi dn 'tpa э э weren+Ёаssiаg thе ..talking and driving
bесome one of the gтeatest tennis players
law." We need that law!
the outdoor Swiss сhampion at age nine.
she has
in thе world. Born in Slovakia, she has lived in Switzеrland'@
She beсame
shе has won many international @ сompetitions inсluding Wimbledon, the
SelfTest
U.S. Open, and the Australian Open. For young stars like Мartina, life has
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
ffiffg 1.A 2.D 3.D
0NЕ 4. B s.A 6.в
7,^ 8. B 9.o
10.с 1 1 .с 12.8
its diffiсulties. They are under сonstant pressure to win, and they don't havе time to just hang out with сlassmates. In faсt, Martina hasn't attended sсhool @, and she has beеn in the publiс spotlight But she seems to bе handling her {Фiiйф. suссеss wеll. inсе she turned оrofessiona
lLnswer
she has playеd tеnnis all over thе world and has earned millions of dollars. Shе sеes her life as normal beсausе tennis has bеen the most important thing to her inсe she was a little gir 3. ц. 5. с. 7. в. 9. Jы w3 | -ы
've been fot For has attended hasn't done Sinсе has taken
10. hasn't gotten 11. Sinсe 12. has mеt 13. hasn't thought 14. 's known 15. sinсe
363
Perfeсt: Present Alreadу and Yet Т::::. :':ж,1',:'ЗP0INт F сHARтсHEсКI use alrеadу usenot...уеt
сIlАRтсltEсl(2 T
EхPREss ;:j:#.:!;F;;л
2. How long has she livеd in Switzerland? (Shе has lived in Switzerland) for many years. 3. Has she won any сompetitions sinсe thе outdoor Swiss сhampionship? Yes. she has. 4. Has she attended sсhool sinсe 1994? No. she hasn't. 5. How muсh money has she earned sinсe she began her сareеr? (She has еarned) millions of dollars. 6. How long has tennis bеen important to her? (Tennis has beеn important to her) sinсe she was a little girl. have been
Havе you had lunсh yet? Yеs, Vwe have. oR Ir[o,Vwe haven't.
ffi 2'c #l
Y.#
wl w I-Д
beginning of the semester. I esгесiф',,*f;fo tennis, but sinсe SeptemЪer we dоnЪp}aу beсause the weather hнre bеen too сold. I also like volleyball, and my team ьu, l# started to сompеte
with Linсoln High Sсhool. I'm looking forward to the nеxt game.
4.Ъ 5.d
3.a
I am in Ms. Rodriguez's physiсal eduсation for с1ass sin€ e two months. I enjoy it a lot and miээed havе only miss two сlasses sinсe the
two games sinсe we t6
F'{*у l
3. Has . . . disappeared already oв yet 4. Yes... has s. have already develoPed 6. haven't been able . . .Yet 7. Has...made...yеt 8.No...haven't 3. Helmut has already baked thе сakе. д. Gisela has alrеady bought flowеrs. s. Helmut hasn't put the turkey in the oven yet. с. Gisela has already washed the windows. z. Helmut has already mopped the floor. в. Gisеla has already hung the balloons. 9. Hеlmut hasn't washed thе dishеs yet. 1o. Gisela hasn't wrapped the gifts yet. gone
ж
Y,& I'm in a hurry. I haven,t wеn+shopping Уeт
alreaф, but l,ll do it on the way home. Rita haэ
hаJйеalready had dinner and she's already called had her bath. Have you eaЦ Mr. Jaсobson a|readу ca||ed
yet? He's еaцеа-а+reaф threе times today. ha'n't, His daughter has gotten her flu shоt yet. Is it too late? Sеe you later.
j..;!!li iii:;;!!l$]i4ii$фll:l:!:
t
364
Ansияеr
Key neхt door to Jimmy, but he doesn't know it
Present Perfeсt: lndefinite Past
yеt! I сan't wait to see what happens on the neхt episode. Does anyone know when
Г::-,,"-."ii?ш*жPЙINT
Jimmy,s book is сoming out?
now
сl]ARтсl/iEсК I T
Present Simple
сltАRтсIiEсK2
rurrP0Шт
before the past partiсiple
EхPREssr;i;;i:;i;,,:у;',}
T
Have you evеr watсhed..Thе Simpsons''? Yes, Vwe have. oв No, Vwе haven,t.
ffi ffi
z.F з.T 2. 3. 4. s.
4.F s.F
'vе had 've stopped Have . . . talked have...wanted
с. F' т.T 6. 7. 8. 9.
Perfeсt and Past Tense
сl/lARтс,]Eсl(l the present perfeсt
сIiARтсHEсК2 hauе * past partiсiplе
,ve . . . wanted havе . . . traveled 've travelеd havе...made
2, 3. 4. 5. 6.
I,уe never even been in a сhat room. How havе you сhanged as an aсtor? I've beсome a better tеam player lately. who has been your role model? Charlie Chaplin has had gтeat influenсе on me. 7. What has bеen your best moment on this show? 8. Jimmy has just wоn the Еmmy. 9. what have you found most rewarding about this experienсe? .Io. I,ve met some fantastiс peopie on this shоw.
EхPRES|T#,!':i;"{',,!iii!н mеt, have been Many modern marriages are finding interеsting solutions to diffiсult problems. Joe and Maria, for exampt",@ married sinсe 1995. After their wedding, the сouple settled down in Boston, where Maria opened an aссounting business. Then in 1997 Joe lost his job. By that timе, Maria's new business was booming, so they didn't сonsider moving. Joе never found a new job in Boston, but in 1998, he got a gтeat offеr on the other side of the сountry-in .o.'pl"@
Los Angeles. Thе
apart ever sinсe. How thi s ..сommuter marri age,,
watched I'vе just w.atеh thе Blind Date episodе on
6u?") tь"y @ up to now? Joe notes,..It сertainly
Feldstein! Have ro,, #
reщщs99 easy.w(ygщФ geogтaphiсally separated,b..,t*@a lot сloser emotionally.For that reason,it( beф
funny? I LovЕ
geen
seen anything so
this show! It,s the best show 've
I havе ever sаlv in my life. I^realiy enjoyed noticed it lately. By the way, have you notiсе that Jimmy and Arlenе are beginning to get along? I think Jimmy #.
started to rеally
like her. Last night Arlene Ж
moved right
z--=*
-\
worth it." 2.7 3.F
4. F 5. T
Answer
3. haven't stopped д.has...been s. slept 6. haven't gotten 7. saw в. didn,t do g. didn't bother 1o. Have . . . tried oв Did . . . try 1'1.Yes, I have. oR Yes, I did. ,уe 12. drunk 13. drank 5. Did you start your business beforе your marriage? 6. No, I didn't. z. How long have you owned уour own business? 8. (I've owned my own business) sinсe 1995/for slr years. p. When did you frnd your job in Los Angeles? 1o. (I found my job in Los Angeles) in I998/thrеe years ago. 11. Has your сommuter marriagе been very diffiсult? 12. Yеs, it has! 'э been p.м. It,s 8:00 It wаs a hard week. and it's not over yеt! I still have to finish that report. э|arted I've 'tarted it last Monday, but so faц I've wrltten wrete only five pagеs. And it,s due nехt haэ been
week! Work wаs so diffrсult lately. I,ve worked latе every night this week. I'm tired, didn't get and I ьаve+t-sot+eft muсh sleеp last night. 5aw
I miss Joe. I,ve seеn him last weekend, but it seems likе a long time ago.
Present Perfeсt Progressive
ffiPqlNт People are still сollесting Beanie Babies.
сl|АRтсltEсКl T
Keу
l
365
снАRтсI]Eсl(2 bеen * base form + -ing
ЕхPRЕssж A: B: A: B:
has For been сolleсting 2.b 3.4
4.b 5.a
6.b
3. havе been flying д. has been living 5. has been sending с. havе beеn appearing 7. has . . . bеen attraсting 8. has been сhoosing 9. Havе . . . been standing 1o. No, they haven't. lt. havеn't been asking 2. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8.
He hasn,t He hasn,t He,s been He hasn't Hе's been He's beеn He hasn't
been tеsting the inline skates. bеen shooting baskеts. еating pizza. been drinking soda. building a raсing сar. playing video games. bеen sending e-mail messages.
Thank you very muсh for the Pokёmon 7|aуing сards. Мy friend and I have been Р}aу ч,i11' j* them all day. So faц I been winning. haэ I really love Pok6mon. My Momleen buying thе toys for us beсause she thinks they're havebeen сute too. All my friends w€ r e сolleсting the сards for months now. Tonya loves the Эhе'э сomputer game you sent too. Shе}е bеen asking mе to play with heц but I've been having too muсh fun with my сards. How thinking havе you been? I've been thэi*фt about you a lot. I hope you сan сomе and visit us soon.
366
I Answer
Key
Present Pel.feсt and Present Perfect Progressive
areas in Nigeц gтasslands in Еast Afriсa, and forests in West Afriсa.
Beсause oftheirn"?:"zix1*)dstrength,
WPЙINт
elephants have always fаseina+ing humans.
F,T
our fasсination has almost сaused Afriсan
сIiARтсI]Есl(
еlеphants to bесome extinсt. Pоaсhеrs killed (illegal huntеrs) have already be€ + -kil+ing
T
EхPREssж
hundrеds of thousands of elephants for thе
A: eating B:has...been A: has oв ,s B: Has A:No...hasn't
шl Т z. 3. с. s. 6. z. 8. g.
ivory of their tusks. Aftеr 1989 it bесamе illegal to sеll ivory. Sinсe then, the elеphant 7rownoк beengrowing population has ьеenеrоw+ steadily. 4.F
s.T
o.T
has published have already died has given has spоken have been waiting has lived oв has been living has worked oв has beеn working has сrеatеd
2.'ve... seen з. has bеen living oв has lived д. has expеrienсed 5. has survived 6. have tеsted 7. have hunted 8. have saved 9. has beеn moving 1o. has bеen еating 11. (has bееn) resting 12. has beеn raining oв has rained l3. have found oв have beеn finding Еlеphants and their anсestors havе been l i vi n g live on this planet for 5 million years. Sсientists have found thеir bones in many plaсes, from Asia to North Ameriсa. Presenthave day еlephants Ьas also survived in differеnt kinds of еnvirоnmеnts, inсluding veтy dry
Reсently several сountries have been proteсting elephants in national parks, and become herds have bе€ a ffir larger and healthiеr.
Past
Perfeсt
Гfi€-ffiФ@ P0INт oprah deсided on a сarеer.
сI|АRтсI//Eсl( l T
сHARтсIIEсК2 bеfore the subjeсt
ЕхPRЕss ffiffiж A: arrived B: hadn't
f5 f, .iтr . , 2. 3. с. 5. 6. z. s.
4.F 5.F
hadn't yet gotten had already gotten hadn't yet been hadn't yеt gotten had already bеen hadn't yet built had already starrеd
6.r
Т-
I
Answer
l(ey
t
З67
t
I
z. Had he reviewed . . . з. Had he rеviewеd . . . д.Hadhemet... s. Had he taped . . . с. Had he worked out .
Й| }в'I
No, he hadn't. Yes, he had. No, hе hadn't. Yes, he had. Yes, he had.
e d
Oprah Winfrey is an amazrng person! By the had time she was tweivе, she hаs already dесided
*t |Ы
on a сareеr. I.{otlong afterward, shе got her h ad first radio job. Although she hadn't hаve any experienсe, she beсamе a news reporter.
had When she got her own TV talk shoщ she h*s alrеady aсted in a major Hollywood movie. ..oprah Winfrey', had Bу thе latе 1980s be aome bесаmе a housеhold word. Then in 1994 she
4.a
s.f
6.c
been planning bеen joking and laughing bеen praсtiсing beеn running been looking forward bеen waiting
z. з. а. s. с. 7.
had had had had had had
з. а. s. 6. z. 8.
had you been running had you been dating Had you been living No, I oв we hadn,t Had you been eхpeсting No, I hadn't
I just got baсk from the marathon! I,m tired but very huppy.Whеn I сrossed the frnish had line, I hаvr bеen running for four hours and
deсided to improve the quality of talk-show themеs. She also made a personal сhange.
twenty-five minutes. Jeremy was standing waiting thеrе. Hе had bеen wаi+ed for me the whole
She had always had a wеight problem, but in 1995 TV viеwеrs Saw a nеw Winfrey. Ioэt almost ninety pounds as a She had М
time. Wе were both soaking wet-I, bесausе
result of dieting and working out. She had competed also eоrеpetе in a marathon. She has rеallу
raining just a little whilе bеforе. I was so lo o king glad to see him. I had beеn }eok forward to
been an inspiration to many people.
this day for so long and hoping that I сould
I had been sweating; he, beсause it hаs been
finish the raсe in less than four and a half hours. When I got home, I сalled my parents. beеn They had^watсhing the marathon on TV and
Past Perfeсt Progressive
had aсtually seen me сross the finish linе!
WPЙlNт T
сI]ARIсltпсl( bеen
EхPRЕssж A: B: A: B:
had . . . been praсtiсing had been praсtiсing Had . . . been praсtiсing hadn't, had beеn praсtiсing
SelfTest (Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 poirtts.)
Iffil
oшt
1.с
s.B
2.D 3.с 4.^
6.с 7.B 8.в
9. с 10. A 11. в
12. A 1 3 .D 14. B
ffiшип*. 368
I Answer
a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a o a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a o a
Key
lffi,кlтWo (Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) 15. с (dе l е t е h a s ) 16. D (yet) 17. с (se e m e d ) 1s. A ('ve bеen reading) 1e. A (Have) 20. D (for) 21. D (taken) 22. B (has already been in business oR for fifty years alrеady) 23, с (drink) 24. с (dеlеtе,ve) 25. с (had)
1 3 . ' 1 l. . . с o n t r o l 14. Will . . . prevent 1s. w ill
ffiI'm sorrythatwe#i*
tс. will ...сost 17. won,t be
beabletoget
together in Madison. Мartha. too. will miэ э misses you. Perhaps we сan get together sometimе neхt month. Мartha and Iж going to bе in Minnеapolis until July 15. to After that, we are going^visit our son in
Phoenix.His wife is pregna"tJа,-:iii,f;". a baby the first week in July. It's hard to beliеve that we,r
Futurez Be going to and wiil
gтandparents! "'Жoe ar e ОR'r e How eхсiting that you^going to talk at
WrPoШт
the сonferenсe! I,m sure it #il- be great.
The man is going to fall into the holе.
I've got to run now. The sky is getting rеally it,'эgoing to dark and i#Ц storm. I want to get out of this
сItАRтсHEсl(I three
offiсe before then. More later.
сltАRтсltEсl(2 F
сltARтсltEсl(3
Future: Contrast
T
EхPREssжжж
W-
It's going to rain. I'll get an umbrella.
ffi ф2.
TF
itemsсheсkedз2,4,б tle,s golng to takе a trip. 3. He,s not going to drive. oв He isn,t going to drive. 4. Hе's going to givе a speeсh. 5. He's going to answer the phone. 6. He's not going to watсh TV. oв Hе isn,t going to watсh TV. 3 . ' 1 1. . . u s e 4.Will ...get 5. won't 6. will have 7. 'll repair
s.will ...be s. will have t o. will look 11. 'll open 12. 'll adjust
PIINт
сl]АRтсI]Eсl( TF
EхPREss Тtr;;:,{*ffi'
I'm lеaving in five minutеs. Are you going to the сonferеnсe in Mav?
Ellen! It's niсe to sеe you. Are you ffi Russ: presenting
a paper this week? Gвввш: Hi, Riсk. Yеs. In faсt, my talk starts at two o'сloсk.
Russ: oh, maybе I,ll go. What arq you soing to talk about? Robots? Gвввш: Yes. I'm foсusing on personal robots for household work.
Т
Ix
&*ъswer' &{**уl
i
Russ: I'd like one of thosе! Where's your son, by the way? Is he here with You?
i
Gвввш: No. Tony stays in Denver with his gтandparents in the summer. I'm going to visit him after the сonferenсe. So, what are you
369
temperature on the planet is a mild minus morning 20 degтees Celsius. By- tomorrow 'э goingto fee|oк '|llhq feel wi||be tеmperature Ь 18 degтees, but it is{re}ing more like 28 dеgтeеs. Еnjoy your flight."
wоrking on these days? Russ: I,m still with the Mars Assoсiation. In faсt, we,re going to be holding a news сonferenсe next month about the Mars shuttle launсh. Gвввш: That's exсiting. Maybe I'll see you thеre. Russ: Great. The сonferenсe begins at noon on the tenth. z. 3. д. 5.
it's going to rain I'll see I'll сall I'm going
6. I'm mailing 7. I'm giving s. will you be, lands, I'll see
t. 'll wait ,ll сheсk oR'm going to 2. 's going to rain, сheсk 3 . do . . . board oв will . . . board oв 're flying arе . . . going to board, 'l1 сarry 4. 5 . do . . . land oR are . . . going to land oв will . . . land oR arе . . . landing, 'rе going to be oп,'ll bе 're going to get oв get oR'rе getting 6. ,m having oR'm going to have oR'll gеt, 'll start oв start 're going to start oR 7.
Я^ ж..Good r--il I a ы
iO
evening,ladies and gentlemen.This afe
will-be your сaptain speaking. Wе Ьe going to leave the Еarth's gтavity ''",u'#,,u}"o". fifteen minutes. At that time, you are able to
unbuсkle Уo"''?:*Hтn ж*,,|l"*around the сabin. Host robotфake orders for
dinner soon. After these storm сlouds, 're going|o haveoк'||have we-a+ehа:*itg a smooth trip. The shuttle arrives on Mars tomorrow at 9:00. Tonight's
Time Glauses
Future
,.':|:i:i;*
P0lNт
The сhild is planning her future.
сltARтсI]Eсl( ЦF
',.i',,,i":.'.,,"::;ii,,.,;.!|3 ЕxPRЕss
What will she be whеn she grows up? She,s going to be a sсientist.
T F
4. 5.
T F
6.7
8Ыл 2. They are going to move to a larger YА s apartment... Jeff getsa raise.
3. . . . they move to a larger apartment, they're going to have a baby. с. Sandy will get a part-time job . . . they have thеir frrst сhild. 5. . . . Sandy goes baсk to work full-time, their сhild will be two. 6. Sandy will wоrk full-timе . . . Jeff goes to sсhool oв Jeff will go to sсhool . . . Sandy works full-time. т. Jeff will frnd another job . ' . hе gтaduates.
ffi,.
gтaduate ш. 'm going to havе 1. get, 'l1 have oR 2. save,'11buy oR'm going to buY з. 'll feеl oR'm going to fеel, am IШ. ,m going to buy r. get up' ,ll buy oв 2. speak,'ll ask oR'm going to ask з. 'll look oR'm going to look, go 4. go,'ll improve oR'm going to improve
37o
l
Кey
&nswrr
wTomorrow
is my frrst danсereсital! By the
timе I й*x write my next journal entry, it will alrеady be over! As soon as we finish the performanсe' therе *
goi,'g to be a big
party for us. Reporters will be therqxwhen we enter the room. While we йiК сelebratе, the press will interview membеrs of the danсe group.As soon as I get up Sunday morning, I'll buy thе paper and read the interviеws. We're going to perform this show for two wеeks. As soon as it,s finished, 'rеgoing |o |еarnoк'|||earn wе }.earneda new progтam. I'm so exсited. Ever sinсе I was little' I,ve wantеd to be a ballеt danсer.
will bе vaсuuming the {1oor'But what about outsidе the home? Witl robots be playing football or frghting wars? Sсientists aren't surе. What is сertain, howeveц is that robots will be playing a more and more signifrсant rolе in our livеs. с. a. b. 3 . a. b. с. d. 4 . a. b.
2. will bе dusting oв is going to be dusting . . .
is vaсuuming oв vaсuums the living room.
3 . will be repainting oR is going to bе
4.
Future Progressave {-: P0lNт :.. "i':::::::,.} Bеfore 12:00
сHARTсIiEсl( T
EхPRE,ssi;!::;::i;i/:,:1 Will you be working tomorrow? Yes, I will. oв No, I won't. What are you gоing to bе doing? (Ansшеrs ulill uarу.)
ffiToday
we find mostrobotsworkingin
faсtoriеs around the world. But what
will robots of the future bе doing? one Massaсhusеtts Institute of Tесhnology designer prediсts that in just a few years, small, intelligent robots are going to be taking сare of all the housеhold сhorеs. This is going to make lifе a lot еasiеr. While one robot is сooking dinnец anothеr onе
,ll be going are . . . going to bе leaving won't be getting are . . . going to be сoming 'll be taking Arе . . . going to be having No, wе arеn't. oв No,.we'тenot. 'm going tо be visiting won,t bе buying
5. 6. 7.
repainting the kitсhen . . . is doing oв does the laundry. is making oв makes . . . will be reсyсling oв is going to be reсyсling the garbagе. will be giving oв is going to be giving Mr. Gee . . . is shopping oв shops for food. will be making oR is going to be making . . . is hеlping oв helps Tony with homework. is playing oв plays . . . will be walking oв is going to be walking the dog.
robots *ittь"Pffig ffiIn thefuture, morе and more tasks for humans. This have
will kю*avi+s both positive and negative effeсts. on the one hand' while robots ar e do ingo е do will_ьe-аei*s the boring and dangеrous jobs, humans will be devoting more time to interеsting pursuits. In this way robot,1Т going to bе making lifе a lot easier for humans. on the othеr hand, the widespread to use of robots is going^сteate"a lot оf future unemployment. Pеople will^losing their jobs as robоts fill thеir positions. And some
lhnsrяrer
robots сould even beсome dangerous. I'm afraid that in the not-too-distant future,
A{ey
l
havebеen _ By August I'll bе a word proсessor for
m Y# fl
have еarnеd oкhavе been еarninа
ten yеars. And I'll еarn almost the Ъamе
robots will be operating nuсlear power
salary for threе years! That's why I've madе
stations! And before too long, robots are f i g h ri n g going to be fiфt in wars. Although, on
a New Year's resolutiоn to go baсk to sсhool this year. First I'm going to write for sсhool
sесond thought, that will be bеtter than
сatalogs and start saving for tuition. By Marсh, figured I'11have figl*rе out how muсh tuition will
humans killing eaсh othеr!
сost. Then I'll start applying. By summец 'll have I hдd reсeived aссeptanсе letters. In August,
Future Perfeоt and Future Perfeсt Progressive
I'll talk to my boss about working part-time
r',rumPoШт
and going to sс.hoolpart-time' By that time, a|readуэavёd I'll have sаvеМf enough to pay for a
Hе hasn't bеen saving for thrее years yet.
сHARтсI]EсI( I
semеster's tuition. By neхt New Year's Day,
F
I,ll haveь"".,,ffiЪ,
сI]АRIсltпсl(2
o.'" wholesemestеr!
T
EхPREssr:i;:;::i|;!!l*3
SelfTest
driving, driven
F T
Wf
Y#
37|
4. 5.
F F
6.7
3. won't havе gтaduatеd a. will have attended oв will have been attending 5. won't have bought 6. 'll have bеen driving 7. won't have opened 8. ,il havе bеen saving 9. will have aссomplished 3. gтaduate 4. ,|I havе already beеn thinking s. is born 6. won,t have gтaduatеd . . . yet z. will havе already frnished 8. сеlebrate 9. won't havе started . . .yet 1o. ,ll havе alrеady bеen getting 11. open 12.'I| have alrеady bесome
(Total : 100 points. Eqch itеm : 4 points.)
ffiчl 1. 2. 3. 4.
oшп с A A B
ffii\жI
5. 6. 7. 8.
B B A B
9. с 10. A 11. B 12. с
тW0
(Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) ts. B (be) 16. D (will go) 't7. D (finish) 1s. с (driving) "|9,^ (bе traveling) 20. ^ (will frnish oп is going to frnish) 21. B (work oR be working) 22. с (alreadу oн delеtе уet) 23. A (will you) z+. D (is) 2s. B (have)
13. 14.
с B
372
&rъ*wer" E'eу
l
Wh- Gluestions: Subjeсt and Prediсate
"}POINT ш..'..3.:",,',r,"'Z|
PпINт
r"
the events on the night of May 12th the names of people who saw the witness
сlIАRтсltEсI(I
You,re an aсtol aren,t vou?
Е.T
EхPREssТ;::,""iii'..ffi What happеned last night? What did vou do nеxt? д.b 5.с
6.e
How did you get home? Who gave you a ride? What happenеd next? Who(m) did you sеe? Who is Dеborah Collins? What did you do? How many people сalled you?
What timе (oв When) does сourt begin? How many witnesses testifiеd? Why did the jury find Adams guilty? What happened? How long (oв How many weeks) did the trial last? 8. Who spoke to the jury? 9. How muсh did Adams pay his lawyer? to. Who(m) did the distriсt attorney question? 3. д. s. 6. 7.
did What time^the suspесt rеturn home? э aw Who di*sеe him? Were there anv witnesses? W ho Whom was at home? Why did he сall A. Smith? hap p e n e d What *++appen next? did he
сHАRтсI]Eсl(
'! ЕхPREss/',;ij#,:,:
2 сliARтсl/iЕск
2. 3. д. s. 6. 7. 8.
The man is сommenting on the weathеr.
F'цT
T
a d
Тag Cluestions
Whеre hе4id go? d i d h et a k е How muсh monev he_+oоkwith him?
Кдy: Hi, Tom. It's a niсе day, isц'Ц!? Toм: Sure is. Not a сloud in the sky. How are you doing? Kду: Good, thanks. You don,t know of any vaсant apartments, do yоu? Мy son is looking for onе. Tом: He is? I thought hе was staying with you. Кдy: Well, he really wants a plaсe of his own. Do yоu know оf anything? Toм: As a mattеr of faсt, I do. You knоw thе Sobotas, don't vou? Wеll, I just found out that they're moving to New York neхt month. Кдy: They are? What kind of apartment do they have? Toм: A onе-bеdroom. Kдy: It's not furnishеd, is it? Toм: No. Why? He doesn't need a furnished apartment, doеs hе? Kдy: Well, he doesn,t have furniturе. But I guess hе сan always rеnt some, сan't hg? Toм: Why don't you give your son my numbeц and I,ll give him some more information? Кдy: Will you? Thanks, Tom.
ffi:,'n 4.f
s.b 6.9 7. a
2. did you 3. doesn't it 4. haven't they
8. 9. 10.
с е d
5. aren't you с. don't you 7. isn't it
ffi ffiBвш: It,sbeena longtime,.lo",
it?
Joв: That depends on what you mеan by a it long time, doesn't м?
...-P-
t t I
II I
Arъswer Key
t I t
Bвш: What are you doing around here,
l
My brother is just a year older than I am.
anyway? It's dangerous.
We have a lot of things in сommon.
Joв: I сan take сare of myself. I,m still aren'l alive' аmn+ I?
First of all, we look alike. I am 5'10", and iэ he
so he_is. I have straight blaсk hair and dark
Bвш: Yes, but you,re still wanted by the aren'l poliсe, ате you?
brown eyes, and so does he. We share many of
Jов: Look, I need a plaсe to stay. You havе a plaсe, don't you? Just for onе night.
the same interests too. I love to play soссeц do eэ Both of us swim every day, but and he^,too. neither I сan't divе, and either сan he.
Bвш: I havе to think of my wifе and kids.
Sometimеs, bеing so similar has its
can'l
You сan find someplaсe else, eaR you? Joв: No. You,ve got to help mе! Bвш:: I've already helped you plenty. I went didn't, to jail for you, hаYе*+ I? Joп: Yeah, oK, Ben. You remember what don'l* happened in Vegas, 4o you? Bвш: oK, oK. I сan make a сall.
problems. For example,last night I wanted the dia last pieсe of сhoсolatе сake, and so doеs he. often I won,t feel like doing the dishеs, and w ill neither won't he. Worst of all, sometimes I'm interested in dating a сertain sсhoolmate, and Iэ he
so hg-is. Howeveц most of the time I feel our similarities are really niсe. So does my brother.
*oR:You don'l rememberwhat happenedin Vеgaэ,do уou?
SelfTest with So, Too, Additions Neither, and Not either
(Total : 700 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
{щЕТlъ!
WшtrffiPqlNт
1.4 2.с 3.4
The men like the same things.
сI|АRтсl]Eсl(
0}|E 4.^
5.D 6.D
7. D 8.D e.B
10. A 11. B 12. с
!ЕtrтJЗщ]тW0
ЦцT
EхPREss,Lжжffi#}" and neither is Мark and so does Gerald
ffi ffi ffi
2.F 3.7
4.7 s.F
6.7 7.F
2. too 3. neithеr
4. did 5. eithеr
с. So z. So
2. did I 3. сan I
4. do tоo s. dol
с. doI 7. dol
373
8. 9.
в.
T T
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеses.) 13. с (isn't) 14. с (didn't) ls. D (has his brother) 16. D (have) 17. ^ (did you work oR were you working) 18. D (it) le. D (?) 20. D (I am too oв so am I) 21. D (they) 22. с (aren't) z3. D ftе) zд. C (go) 2s. ^ (Why did you)
374
I
Answer
Key
s. 6. z. 8.
Ability: Can, Could, Be able to
WжPпINт
Today in mу Will B. Happy Teamwork сourse'
F
I learned about work styles-"Drivers"
сI|ARTсl]Eс'(I сIiARтсltEсK2 bе
pеoplе,s ideas. The Enthusiast in our group ao mmunio ale сan еоmmu+iеаtes well, but you сan't
сI]ARтсIiEсK3 a form ofbе
depend on her. Now I understand what was
EхPRЕssж
happening in my business сlass last yeaц feel when I сouldn't flе}tсomfortable with my
A:Is...to B:is...сan
2. Sam 3. Dan +. Sam 1. сan, ,ll be able to 2. hasn't beеn able to, сan 3. сan't,,ll be able to 4. haven't been abie to, сan't, сan,t,'ll be able to 2. Were . . . ablе to сommuniсate 3. сan hеlp 4. сouldn't follow
and
..Enthusiasts.',I'm a Driveц so I сan make to dесisions, but I,m not ablе..listеn to other
T
A surprising numbеr of young people have bеen able to сreate suссеssful Web-based businesses. One young entrepreneur is Sam Roberts. Sam сould dеsign Web pages when he was eight, but he got his break at twelve whеn a writеr hired him to dеsign a Wеb sitе. Sam,s first business failed beсause he and his partner weren't ablе to gеt along. Howevец his nеw business, Webman, is up and running. Another young businessman, Jay Leibowitz, was able to sell two softwarе progтams when he was fоurtеen. He made $30,000 on the deal and now Jay runs his own Web site. Dan tr'inley writes reviews of new software. He started his business at siхteen. A full-timе сollеge student, Dan сan pay a staff of writеrs and still earn $s0о a month. Although they all make money, all three startеd out to have fun at thеir hobbv. not to make a profit.
сouldn't deсide сan manage '11be able to otganize be able to speak
tеam. I thought that thеy all talked toо weren'l muсh and did#t able to work effiсiently. waэ ab|eto I еоt*+dgеt an A for the сourse, but it was hard. I сan do a lot more alone, but some jobs are too big for that. our instruсtor says be that soon the Drivers will..able to listеn and willbe able to the Enthusiast еоu+4be more dependable.
Permission: Maу, Can, Оould, Do уou mind if . . .? WPЙINт The student is asking the teaсhеr to allow him to take the test tomorrow.
сI|ARтсI|Eс'(l could
сIiARтсl]Eсl(2 цT
EхPREssж A: hеlps
B: Not at all, help
ж ыE Ы..'
'
*
4. c
3.e
5.a
6.b
r+
Answer
3. Do you mind if he stays с. Ido 5. May I usе 6. you may not oR you сan't 7. you сan't start 8. do you mind if I borrow 9. It{otat all oв Ir{o,I don't oв Go right ahead 1O. you may open 1l . Can I с o m e 12. you сan,t
m ы
(Ansшеrs.maу uarу slightlу.) z. Could I use your phone? 3. May I (oв we) park herе? +. Could we movе up a few rows? 5. Can wе (oR he) tape the сonсеrt? 6. Do you mind if I (oв we) lеave? z. B з. B с. B s. C с. A 7. p 8. A e. C 10. A
(сan't) (сhange) (сan) (havе) (may not oв сan't) (plays) (No, I don't oв Not at all) (we) (Yes, We сan oR Sure oв Certainly)
Requests: Wiil, Can, Would, Could, Would Уou mind . . .? WPqlNт asking someone to dо something
сI|ARтсHЕсl(I T
l
З75
t. Mдвсrд: Hi. You must be thе new offiсe assistant. I'm Marсia Jones. Let rne know if you need anything. Loп,шд: Thanks, Marсia. Could you show me the сoat сloset? Mдвсlд: Certainly. It's right over here. 2. Loвшд: Marсia' would you explain thеse instruсtions for thе fax maсhine? МдвсIд: Surе. Just put your letter in hеre and dial thе numbеr. з. MдвсIд: I'm leaving for lunсh. Would you likе to сome? Lовшд: Thanks, but I сan't right now. I'm really busy. Mдвсrд: Do you want a sandwiсh from the сoffeе shоp? Loвшд: That would be gтеat. Can you get me a tuna sandwiсh and a soda? MдвсIд: Surе. Will vou answer m.y phone until I get baсk? Loвшд: Certainly. д. MдвсIд: Lorna, would you mind making some сoffее? Loп,шд: I'm sorry, but I сan,t do it now. I've got to finish this lettеr before 2:00. 2.a 3.a 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
4.b 5.a
6.b
you file these reports? turning on thе lights? you buy some сеreal? you сall baсk later? you shut thе door oв you mind shutting the door?
The mеetings arе going well but they have
сIllАRтсIiEсl(2 OK
ExPRЕssж A: B: A: B:
Key
Wоuld No, nоt will oR сan oв would oв сould сan,t
beеnеxtended a day.Could,o,,#ffffi Doug Rogers to try to resсhеdule our salеs meeting? Cert,ain|у oк of сourae oк Эure No+-a+-аlt I'll do it right awaу. We,ll nеed three extra сopies of the monthly saies rеport. Wouid you ask Ann to take сarе of that? Certain|уoк of courъeoк 1ure y+s_'++Yоuн. (Ann-Coцld you do this?) (сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
I Answer
376
KeY
workinа I hate tо ask, but wouid you mind te werL
7. What should I buY? 8. you should (oв ought tо) get some flowers
on Saturday? We,ll need thе extra time to go over the nеw information I've gotten. сan,I
Sorrу, but I € {*ldnzt.
My in.laws
ffiwe
are sohappyto hearaboutyournewjob'
Congтatulations! Just rеmember-you
are
too hard. Thе mоst
сoming for a visit. But Rob Lin says he
shouldn't Хwork
сan сomе in to the offiсe to help out.
important thing right now is your sсhoolwoтk. o uаh|to Maybe you only oughtа work two days a
one last thing. I was going to piсk up those
week instead of three. Also, we think you'd
new business сards, but I won,t bе baсk in
better ask yоur boss for timе оff during
time. Would you mind doing that for me? Not at all oP.I'dbe glad to I'lГstop at the printer's sф$o{*'d. during
exams. That way you'll have plenty of time 'd to study. You weuld better give this a lot of
my lunсh break.
сareful thought, oK? Please take good сare better not of yourself. You,d nоt_bet+еr start 'o'o,|;lo*
Adviсe: Should, Ought to, Нad better
wо+ked meals, and you defrnitеly shоuldn't 'd at night. At your age' you чriЦ better get a good night's sleep. Dо you need anything
W.жPЙlNт
The intеrviеwеr is suggesting a type of jоb fоr the appliсant.
from homе? Shоuld we send any of your books? Let us know.
сI]АRтсHEсl(I T
Suggestions:
сI]АRтсHЕсl(2
Could, WhY don't . Why not . . ?, Let's, Нowabout...?
should
ЕхPREI|жffiffi
ffi
A: Should B:No...shouldn't
P0lNт
F
l сIIАRтсI]EсI{
[tems сheсked: 1, 5,6
does not сhange for differеnt subjесts 2. shouldn't з. shоuld д. shouldn't
s. should ,d bettеr not с. 'd 7. better
2. You should (oв You ought to) look neat 3. What time should I arrive? 4. you shouldn,t (ов you,d better not) arrive after 7:15 s. Should I bring a gift? 6. You shouldn't (oв You'd better not) buy an expensivе gift
2 сIIARтсIllEсl( F'
EхPREss ж:.ffi:;ф'
Let's take the train. Maуbе we сould take thе train. Why not take the train? How about thе train?
2
&rз*ъ*в*r,Ж'*уl
Eмrr.y: Why don't we go to the raсes? I hear they,re really exсiting. Mвсдш: I,d like to, but I neеd to go shopping. Eмrr.y: Then let,s go to the Temple Street Market tonight. We might еven see some Chinese opera in the street while we're there. Mвсдш: That sounds likе fun. If we do that, whv not go to the raсes this afternoon? Eмrr.у: oK, but let,s яеt somеthing to eat first in one of those floating rеstaurants. Мвсдш: I don't think we,ll have time. Mavbe we сould do that tomorrow. Right noщ how about getting dlпt sиrn at the Kau Kee Restaurant neхt door? Then we сould take the Star Fеrrv to Hong Konя Island and the raсeсourse. Емrr,у: Sounds good. Here,s an idea for tomorrow. Whv not take one of those small boats-Йoldo-to Lantau Island? When we сome baсk, we сould have dinner at the Jumbo Palaсe. Mвсдш: Let,s do that. It's a little expensive, but at least it floats! 2. How about 3. Why don't wе a. Maybe we сould 2. 3. 4. 5.
5. Lеt's 6. Let's not
going to the beaсh? buy another one. we take a trip togethеr? try that nеw seafood plaсе'
Emily
3:00
I'm going shopping. I'11be еat baсk at 5:00. Let's еа+ing at 7:00.OK? Megan
377
4:00
Megan
7:00 for dinner is fine. going ? How about go to a mоvie afterwardx See you later. Е.
5:00
Emily
I'm going to be too tired for a movie. Maybe we сould nang just hangЬg around the hostel after dinner. Let's talk about it later. I'm taking a nap. M.
1\,{-
6:00
Let,s not eat at thе samе restaurant tonight,Х trУ Why don,t we trуing a new plaсe? ? How about Broadway Seafooф I'll meet you downstairs at 7:00. E.
Preferenсes: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather
T:!::
PotNT
Tеenagers like to watсh TV bettеr than they like to do other things.
сl]АRтсltЕсl(l ulould prefеr ('d prеfеr)
сHARтсHEс,l( 2 the gerund or the infinitive
EхPREss read, than, shopping 2.F 3.F
4. F' 5. F
6. 7.
T T
37a
l
l\rзsъ*я*r Keу
2. I'd rather not сook 3. Would...rathergo 4. I'd rather not
5 . I'd rather have 6. I'd rather not 7. I'd rather seе
l.prefer...to 2. 'd rather . . . than, prefer oR'd prefer 3. ,d prefеr 4.prefer...to 5.'drather...than 6. do . . . prefer . . ., prefer . . . to
WrжтW0 (Corrеct ansшеrs аrе in parеnthеsеs.) 1s. D (able to dive) 21. D (etve) 16. D (?) 22. A (M aybe) 17. с (better not) 23. с (was able to) 18. A (\Мould) 24. с (dеlеte we) 19. B (borrow) 2s. D (than) 20. D (ask)
Necessity: Have (got) to and МIust
my study, I interviеwed frfty men and
жFor
women. There was no differenсe in men,s and women's prefеrenсes for TV. I found that to everyone prefers watсhing Tv thaft going to movies. Men and women both enjoy news progтams and entеrtainment speсials. Howeveц men Would rather #g
WжPutNт a requirement
сIIARтсliEсKI F
сI|ARтсl]Eсl(2 a form of do
adventure progтams and sсienсe fiсtion,
EхPREss,,,,/#;,;:;;/;;F;:э' A:does...haveto B: must
while Women prеfer soap operas. Mеn also like to watсh all kinds of sports, but women than would rather see game shows to sports. Reading preferenсes differ too. Men prefer io readoк readinа мing newфapers, while women would rathеr read magazines and books. When men to read oк reading read books, they prefеr rеad nonfiсtion and
adventurestories.Women "*"ffi*
novels.
SelfTest (Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
Жotlt 1. A
2.8 3.D
4,D
5. с 6.с 7. B
s. в
e.A 10. с 11. D
12. ^ 13. B 14. D
wl Е.ж'I
Dvгv: Department of Motor Vehiсles.May w |-;@ l hЪlp you? Bвш: I'm moving to California soon. Will I have to get a California liсense whеn I move? Dtшv: Yes, you will. California residеnts must have a California driver's liсense. Bвш: Whеn will I have to get my California liсense? Dtшv: You have to replaсе your old liсense ten days after you beсome a resident. So сome in and apply for your California liсense right after you get there. Bвш: Do I have to take any tests to exсhange my Illinois liсense for a California liсense? Dttтv: Sinсe you alreadу have an Illinois liсense, you won,t have to takе the road test. But you will have to take the written test. Bвш: How about the eye test? Dмv: oh, everyone has got to take thе eye test. Bвш: oK. Thanks a lot. You've beеn very helpful.
&e.aжъ*яe**, Ж*у
2. ,ve to (oв ,ve got to) piсk up 3. Do . . . have to сhange +. I don't s. didn't have to do 've to (oв've got to) take 6. z. Does . . . have to paсk 8. he doesn't 9. 's got to (oв has to) help 10. 've had to сall 2. must turn 3. must drive 4. must not drivе
5. must ride 6. must not walk
How are you doing? We've been herе about
l
379
сltАRтсltFсl(2 F
EхPREss {H:;,ж#:ru
Hе doesn't havе to stop here. You must not drive too fast. New drivers arе usually exсited about their nеw freedom:..My mom doеsn't havе to drive me ever)Дvhere anymore! I don't have to ask my friends for ridеs to sсhool!,,When you don't have your own сar yet, any priсe seems worth paying. But onсe you buy a сaЦ you
siх weеks. It's strangе living in the suburbs.
сar payments and insuranсe @your premiums' or you won't be a drivеr for very
There,s no publiс transportation, so you've got эign get to drive еverywhere. I had to signs up
an alternative to thеse problеms, however.
for driver,s ed this semester so I сan grt my liсense by summertimе. It's the law here that muol everyone ffi*s+s wear a seat belt. I used to
gas and maintеnanсе long. Yoo {бnТleФ out of the budget either. Car sharing offers Меmbers of сar-sharing gтoups have a cat whеn they nееd onе for еither short trips or vaсations, but they don,t have the high еxpenses of ownеrship. Thеy pay vеry little
hate to buсkle up, but with the traffiс here,
to use a sharеd сaц and they don't have to
I have сhanged my mind. There are a lot of аoNto freeways, and you've Ьottа know how to
worry about maintaining the сar or paylng
сhange lanes with a lot of fast traffiс. Еven my haэ Mom hа$e had to get usеd to it. Dad works at had home, so he hasn,t hаs to do a lot of driving. Have you beaten thоse сomputer gamеs
the insuranсe. Fees for short trips are onlу about $3.00 an hour plus $0.50 per mile. Groups do nоt havе striсt requirеments еither. Members@ьua driving reсords or poor сredit, and they ust not retu
the сars in poor shapе or
they will pay extra.
yet? I'm having a lot of trouble with "Doom." 've
You^got to writе to me and tell mе how to get past the fifth level!
Ghoice: Don't have to No Ohoiсe: Must not and Can't
9:iж;i;;:{"*POINт stop to ask for dirесtions
сI]ARTсltFсl(l do
z. 3. 4. 5.
сan't уell сan't turn сan't park don't have to worry
2. don't have to bring 3. must not play 4. must not dive
6. 7. 8. 9.
don't have to get haven't had to buy сan't bring don't have to listen
5. don't havе to bе 6. don't have to leave
W.egot to the motel late this еvening beсausе we got lost. But We wеre luсky-thеy kеpt didn't havelo our room so wе mr*st_nоtfind another motel. (сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
38o
I &rъжwзw*Ж*у doeэn'I
Jimmy is really happy bесause he de#t have
fifty wedding guests, but we love сyсling,
to go to bed until after 10:00,when the don'l havelo leave swimming pool сloses. We Рдr*s+n+
and wе,re not sorry'" Bill said'
until 11:00 tomorrow (сheсkout time), so we сan stay up later. Yosemite is only four have
hours awaУ, so We won't had to drive the whole day tomorrow. It's going to be exсiting. My parents say we absolutely must not )d. go out by oursеlves beсausе there are bears there. I,d love to sеe a bеar (from the insidе of the сar). I'll send a postсard of one.
Expeсtations: Be supposed '
to
,"::::::::,,P0lNт the usual way somеthing is done at a wedding
сI|АRтсl|Eсl(
her wеdding bouquеt at the hotеl. Мinutes before the ferrу was supposed to leave, Bill jumpеd on his bike, got the flowеrs, and made it baсk to the ferry on time...Cyсlists are supposed to stay fast and fit," he said. 2.F
3.F
2. a. b. с. 3. a. b. 4. a. b. 5. a. b. 6. a.
s.T
4,7
Were . . . supposed to do No, they weren't were supposed to deliver is supposed to start are . . . supposed to stand aren't (oR,re nоt) suppоsed to be aren,t (oв,re not) supposed to seе 'm supposed to wear 's supposed to rain 's supposed to be
I,m so sorry-I
know I:жsuppоsed
to write
to you last weеk about my plans to visit. I've been awfully busy. My friend Netta is
T
Еss !;.;.;|,.:; ЕхPR :.: ::.. ;'!;
getting married soon, and she's asked me to
A: were B: was
w
Whilе paсking the next day, Beth lеft
be her maid of honor. Shе and Gary want a big wedding. They're supposed to have
It Wasn,t Supposеd to Be a Big Wedding
about two hundred guests. I havе a lot of
Providenсe, July 19-The Striсklands
responsibilitiеs. l.uiii"ь" supposed to give
wantеd a quiеt wеdding-that's
why theу
eloped to Bloсk Island, off thе Atlantiс Coast of the Unitеd States. The island is quite
Nеtta a shower before thе wedding (that's a party where everyone brings presents for the
small, so the Striсklands paсked their bikеs
bride). I am ut.ouffito
for the ferry trip' The wеather was supposed
thе bridesmaids,drеsses. The best man's name
to be lovely, and they had asked the mayor to marry thеm on a hill ovеrlooking thе oсеan. ..Whеn we got there, we found a сrowd of сyсlists admiring thе vieщ,'laughed Beth. When Bill kissed his bride, the audienсe burst into loud applause and rang thеir biсyсle bеlls...We weren't supposed to have
help her сhoose
is Jim. Hе,ll help Gary gеt ready. I haven't met him yеt, but ь".. #ЕA#
tо be very niсe.
I'd better say goodbr" ,o*.lffrpposed to leave for rehеarsal frvе minutes ago.
P.S.Aboutmy visit-I'm ffi;i
to getsome
time off in July. Would that be сonvenient?
Ansuver
I
381
weather сhanges all over thе world. The
Future Possibility: МaУ, Мight, Could
west сoasts of North and South Ameriсa might D6have heavy rains. On the other side bеco m e of the Paсifrс, New Guinea might beеomеs
WffiPqINт F
very dry. Northern areas сould have warmeЦ
сI]Аnт о]Eсl(l
wetter winters, and southеrn areas сould
T
beсome muсh сolder. These weather сhangеs maУnot affесt plants and animals. Some fish maу#t
сI]ARтсIiEсI(2 in answers
ЕхPREssж
survive in warmer waters. Droughts сould cauo e еаtrsing сrops to die, and food may get very
B: might A: might B: might not
expensive. Еl Niflo may happen every two maу ОKmight years' or it eor*}dnot сome for seven years.
Ar,rсв: I just heard that it may snow today. Are you going to drive to work? Brr-r.: No. I'll take the 7:30 train instead. Ar,rсв: I'll take the train with you. I have some work to do in the library. Brr-ь: Great. Why don,t you сut your aftеrnoon сlass and have lunсh with me too? Ar,rсв: oh, I сouldn't do that. But let,s meet at thе train station at 6:00, oK? Brr,ь: I might have to work until 8:00 tonight. I,ll сall you and let you know.
4. may not 5. 'm going to
Will Еl Niflos get worsе in the future? They сould Ъ'(. Pollution holds hеat in the aiц and maУo R mighto к co u|d it will inсrease the effeсts of Еl Niflo. but no onе is sure уet.
Assumptions: Мay, Мight, Could, Must, Have (got) to, Can't
WщrPaШт
1. Certain 2. Impossible 3. Possible 2. сould 3. might
Key
making a guess
6. may 7. might
3. Shе's going to a meeting with Mrs. Humphrey at 11:00. с. Shе may (oн might) have сoffee with Suе aftet сlass. 5. Shе,s going to go to work at 1:00. 6. She may (oв might) gо shopping aftеr work. z. Shе may (oв might) take thе 7:00 train. 8. She's going to piсk lp pizza. Еvery few years, the oсean near Peru beсomes warmer. Called Еl Niflo, this maу variation in temperature fnaуbе сausе
I сI]ARтсI1Есl( T
сItАRтсl]Eсl(2 F
EхPREssж A: сould B: might, сan't
m
4.Ъ
w2.d
3.e
2. 3. 4. s.
must 's got to сould Could
5.9
6.a 7.c 6. 7. 8. 9.
might be соuldn't might not may
З82
l
Ansrrver
Кey
I might (oв сould) be It сould (oR might oв may) be the сat You must еat a lot Could it be it сan't (ов сouldn't) be It must сome from your own pipe. Therе сan,t (oв сouldn't) be any othеr explanation. 9. thеre сould (oв might oв may) be
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
The rnain сharaсtец Molly Smith, is a сollege ЕSL teaсhеr. Shе is trying to frnd her dead grandparents,first home in thе United be States. It may briflg in a nearby tоwn. Thе townspeople there seеm sсared. They сould Ж,have a seсrеt, #?[ъ;ж*:ж;'', hatе strangers. Molly has some old lеtters that might lead her to the plaсe. They are in Armеnian, but one of hеr stude.,t. #Нi* havelo translate them for her. They hа*a bе inrportant beсausе thе author mentions thеm right away. Thе letter must сontain
EхPREssr*ж A: have B: should havе
ffii:Т
4. F 5. T
6.7
z. shouldn't have donе 3. should have studied 4. сould havе done 5. ought to have gonе с. shouldn,t have stayed 7. сould have preventеd s. might...haveсalled 9. Should, . . have сontaсted Io. shouldn,t havе 11. сould have saved 2. I shouldn't have eatеn all thе сhoсolatе. 3. She might havе сalled. 4. Hе сould havе offerеd to lend mе some (money). 5. I shouidn't have joggеd five milеs yesterday. 6. They shouldn,t havе сharged me (for thе plastiс bags). 7. I ought to have invited Cynthia (to the partу). 8. He might havе sеnt mе a сard.
family seсrets. Who is the bad guу? It сouldn't
About a week ago, Jennifеr was latе for
be the student bесause he wants to help. It
work again, and Doug, our boss, told mе hе
might Хbе thе newspaper editor in thе town.
wantеd tо get rid of hеr' I was really upset. have of сoursе' Jеnnifer shouldn't hаd been late have so often, but he might has talked to her
Advisability
WPЙlNт
regrets things in his past
сHARтсI|Eсl(l F
сI|EсI( 2 сI{iАRт T
сI{lАRт сHEсl(3 ought to hauе
in the Past
about the problem before he deсided to lеt her go. Then he told me to make her job diffiсult for hеr so that she would quit. I just pretended I didn't hear him. What a o ughtto mistake! I ou€ h ta have сonfrontеd him right away. or I сould at least have warnеd Jennifer. Anyway, Jennifer is still hеre, but now I,m worriеd about my own job. have Should I оf told Doug's boss? I wonder.
-ш!i
Ansvwer
Key
I
383
h a v eh a n d l e d Maybe I should hаnd}e things differently
anсiеnt сulture had rnade thеm? What
last week. Thе сompany should never has
purpose сould they havе had? Author Еriсh
hired this guy.
von Dd'nikеn beliеves that the drawings mar ked might have mаrk a landing strip for thе
have
have
spaсeсraft of astronauts frоm another
Speсulations about the Past
planet. Arсhaeologists, howevец now bеliеve that the anсiеnt Nazсan сivilization might
WP0lNт
have dеve|oped
have
d€ v еlоp flight. They сould оf built hot.air deэigned balloons and design the piсtures from the air.
if it was possible that something happened
сllАRтсIiEсl(I T
сI]Есl( 2 cI|АRт
SelfТest
could
EхPREssж
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
havе сarved, might havе 2.a 3.f
4. 5.
с d
ш
IffiI 6.b
2. 3. 4. 5.
Thеy must havе beеn They may havе He might not havе been He must have
2. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8. 9.
сould not have built had to have gotten must not have known сou].dhave сarved (сould have) transported might have been may have livеd must have had
In 1927, Toribio Mexta Хesspe of Pеru havebeen must bе very surprised to see linеs in thе
oшl
1.с 2,8 3.8 4.8
s.A 6.8 7. D
lffiEt\|l
тW0
8. B 9. D 10. A
11.B 12. A 13.с
(Corrеct а,nsшеrs arе in parenthеsеs.) 14. с (must not have known) 1s. D (leave) 16. c (havе) 17. B (looked) ls. A (have got to) 19. с (сan,t) 20. A (must not) 21. B (have) 22. ^ (may oв might oв сould) 23. ^ (was oв is) 24. с (have to) 2s. ^ (should have)
shapes of huge animals on the gтound bеlow his airplanе. Created by the anсient Nazсa
Adieсtives
сulture, these forms arе toо big to reсognize from the ground. Howeveц from about 600 feet in the air the giant forms takе shape. Without airplanes, how сould an
W-жPqlNт warm and сozy
сItАRт сHEсK F.F.T
and Adverbs
384
#lrrsr*яer Кe3r
l
faэt
What a mess!! I lеft that plaсе vеry fаsф
ЕxPRЕss,,ш:{!#,;f,"#'
too. I'm not asking for the moon! I only want
A: sloщ slowly B: slow, slow
a small plaсe in a сlеan building with
Studеnts! Are yоu lоoking fоr u .ou6ul pfi."
friеndly neighbоrs. I'm loоking at another
to livе? Come to 140 Grant street, Apt. 4B. -.-.----_----..is (absolutely)peЦfeсt for two This apartment -:
plaсe tomorrow. The ad says'..Clean and
q,dfi;йdеnts
bright. Small but сonvenient apartment on аuiet lovely, q-iiet'у bloсk.,, I wonder what that
who are looking for a 99,!
really means!
neighborhood, just 15 minutes from сampus. This lovelv apartrтrent is in a new building. It is a 'h.,?йtk
to the bus stop. The eдpдggq
bй go6sGireсtliinto ----
.
r-----r
6u'aD-ik"'
any stops at all. You сan wPlk
6"f"i)through thе wonderful parks on your
i. eбБфub. J-y ьo*e.The,",,t € Call for an aPPointment: 555-5050' r--7t----'
This apartment will rent@g).
: _",1 WА l|1@ ы
2. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8. 9.
tеrriblv disappointed surprisingly еasy extremelY safe inсrеdibly fast awfullу slowly YerУ сlearly unusuallY loud exсeptionally pleasant
2. large з. bеautifullу +. happily s. busy 6. niсe
PaЁiсipial
tоwn. At night the bus
7. в. 9. ro. tr.
WPqlNт F
сHARтсl|EсI( T
EхPREss ж'ж,,ffi exсiting interesting frightening amusing tiring
m_ жIn
quiet hardly niсe shy good
g,-a-funny.^ 1 W,АffiSomе apartment ads are so flffiftitу! one ad .-.ы warrn ..warml)r aпd eozу.,'It was desсribed a plaсе as really hot and сrowded, but the owner insisted perfect|у that it suited me'perfееt. I was trying very hard h"-d'у not to laugh whilе he was desсribing it, so I had to leave quiсkly. Anothеr plaсe cule I saw was supposеd tо be..niсe and еute\r.''
Adieсtives
exсited interested frightened amused tired
some сountries, peоple who are intеrеsted in meeting оthеrs turn for hеlp to pеrsоnal ads in newspapers and magazinеs, and onlinе. A@number
of busy people
view these ads as a praсtiсal way of ..I,vetried hard inсrеasing their soсial сirсle. to meеt people on my own,,,said one satisfiеd сustоmеr...I was new in town and wanted to make friеnds fast. The personals prоvidеd me with a quiсk way of mеeting many in a short Period of time'" @people "I think it's impressed. Others are not so peоple need tо resort kind of@when to plaсing ad's to make friends,'' observed 'A friend of mine tried the ads one man. several times and was really disappointed with the rеsults. It's just not personal enough.',
&rъ*ияс*в. &{*xr t
2. puzzled 3. plzz|тлg +. interesting 5. interested 6. fasсinating
7. 8. 9. 1o.
2. 3. с. 5. с.
7. сonfusing в. depressed 9. amazed 1O. amusing 11. exhausted
boring interestеd fasсinating amused horrifying
fasсinated disappointеd surprising surprised
385
and wе сan tell yоu whiсh onеs сlean best and whiсh ones don't rеmove trail stains
€.
others.
"ББйiГ;Ь
overall, Brite and Kleеn arеn,t
as eхpensive as Trend, but they didn't
diэappointed Just got home. I'm disаpроi+ti+g with the evening. At first I thought Jake was an i n t e r e at i n g in+еrested guy, but tonight I felt somewhat bored with his сompany. We saw a very
enterlaining еn+e+tаiаеd movie. but Jake didn,t like it.
In faсt, it seеms 1ikе we have сompletely
p".fo..''@
*Ыйithеr.
Howevец the5rwere
almost as good in partiсular сategoriеs. Trend removed both mud and gтass stains effeсtively. Brite removed mud just effeсtively
Trend. but it didn't remove
gтass stains Kleen was effeсtivе on @ gтass stains, but not on mud. Britе сleaned сlothes
thoroushlv as Kleen, but again,
Brite and Kleen weren't as good as Trend in this сategory. on thе other hand, Brite сame out on top in brightening. Colors washed in Kleen and Trend just didn't look as bright as thе ones washed in Brite.
diffеrent tastes in things. After the movie, I tried to make сonvеrsation, but all I really wantеd was to go homе. So, I told him I was exhauэt,еd eхьal*s+ins and didn't want to gеt home late. inf,erеэted If hе asks mе out again-I,m not i+teres#ing. fruэ|rat,ing Trying to meet people сan be very f+r*strated.
Adieсtives and Adverbs: Еquatives
P0INI ; ,:,,:l;"-l-.-:!:"t riding speed, сontrol of bikе
сHАRтсI]EсI( os' an adjeсtive or an adverb
2. 3. 4. 5. с. z. 8. g.
doesn't stop as slowly as isn't as expеnsive as doesn't feel as сomfortable as isn,t as сheap rides as сomfortably as handles as well as don't handle as well as shifts as easilv as
RE: Not as many bruisеs!
|' EхP REss,. .,|'-:.,,'..''|,',. A: as ехpensive as, as well as
1. b. aren't as wide с. aren't as hard 2. a. c|eans as effeсtively as b. isn't as unfriendly G. sounds as eхсiting as d. еxpresses . . . as сlearly as 3. a. was as noisy as b. (will) pedal as quietly as
Inexperienсеd riders should try the South B: as gоod as
So you were riding thе trails this weekеnd,
Trail at Bеarpaw Park. The sсenery is just beautiful as beа+tifuф, but its riding traсk isn,t as
and you hit thе dirt. Now your сlothes loоk
unfriеndlv t,hаn the North Trail's. Thе
as ladзq
your bike. Nеver mind. They'll
look as ggщ!-щ nеw nехt weekend. We сheсked out thrеe majоr brands of detergent,
ae
slopes u.".r't as steep, and you won't fall freаuent|v as f+еiрeni bесausе therе aren,t as manу (сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
386
l
Jlв,tsvtяеr Kвy
roсks. It isn,t as short tfll .ь" North, so
Although thе food isn't bеtteц it ls just as
you'll still gеt a good ride, and you won't
good. The menu is more varied and less еxpenэive ехpeasiveЕ. T.y one of their pasta dishes.
feel as disсouraged at the end ofthe day. RE: the (expensive)
new T?aх
You won't find a Do*{fresher tomato sauсe
Does anyone have any experienсe with
in town. And lеave room for dеssert. Thеy better just keep gеtting gооd and better.
this bike? I test-drove it around thе store parking lot, and I'm not impressed. Мy old iuэtaэ Traх shifts Ьjt*.,t easily, and it handles as
handlе large numbers of people-t#]iio*a"a
smoothlуtoo.of сourseit,s not u, ffi,
the rеstaurant, the slowеr the sеrviсе. At
The wait staff is friеndly but not able to
but then it doesn't сost $999 either.
Adjeсtives:
dinnеrtime the lines outside this popular lo nger eatery are getting lоnger and mоre-lо+g.Try
lunсhtimefor a quietеru'dlffi*Еd-uul.
Comparatives
rru-ru"йPЙINT
Adjeсtives:
differеnt from the old restaurant
сl]АRтсlIEсl(
m|p|ffiPqlNт
F,T
speсial
EхPREssТ-?:;i[:!iТ',i,!'
сltARтсl|Eсl(
more...than 2.7
thе, _еst, most ot |еast 3.7
4.F
s.F
2. less expensive than oR isn't more eхpensive than 3. hotter . . . spiсier than 4. more fattening than s. healthier oв more healthy than
mл 2 . b e t t e r . . . w L.Ы
з. 4. s. с. 7.
Super|atives
ExPREss'',{:F';i:ж|Jl (the) niсest (the) most beautiful (thе) warmest (the) happiest You are the best mother in the whole wide world. You are the smartest, thе brightest, and thе funniest of all moms r,ve ever known. You are the niсest mom r've ever had. You are the most wonderful and definitely tь"ffim in the whole widе world is bеttеr than you. Yоu are the greatest mother of all. I love you very, very muсh! Happy Mother's Day!
betteц
thе better . . . the morе eхpensive thе more popular . . . the slower worse . . . worse, thе smokier . . . thе worse The more сrowded . . . thе noisier The bigger . . . the harder more .' . more deliсious, heavier . . . heavier
just reopened undernew ffiPеte,s Plaсehas management. The dining room looks biggeц brighter than mоrе-ьrieh+, and prettier as thе old one.
wa 2. the happiest T,#
3. the +. thе 5. the 6. the
. . . of my life best . . . in the sсhool сoldest . . . of thе year niсest . . . in our family oв of all wisest . . . of all oв in our familv
Ansrlrreв. K*у
2. 3. a. s. 6. 7.
is is is is is is
the the the the thе the
morе or |еss,thе
EхPREss,ж than. thе bеst
m o e t э e ri o u e Ramadan is thе sе+ior*ses+ time in Muslim сulturе. During Ramadan, we do not eat from sunup to sunsеt. This is diffiсult for evеryone, but teenagers havе thе hardest time. Right aftеr Ramadan is the Eid al-Fitr. This holiday lasts three days, and it's the Eоffi happiest time of the year. The morning of Eid, my family gets up early and goes to the mosque. After we gтеet our nеighbors by saying..Eid Mubarek', (Happy Еid), we go you have
evеr sееn. our parеnts give us gifts, usually nеw сlothes and money. onе yeaц Еid сame around the time I gтaduated from high sсhool. That Уear,I got the mоst beautiful fatteot сlothеs and thе fаtte+ envelope of moneу of all the сhildren in my family. Еid Mela is part of Еid al-Fitr. on that day, wе all go to a big park. Last yеar at Еid Мela, I had the beot b€ + te+ timе of my life. I met my оld high sсhool friends, and we all ate junk food and showed off our new сlothes.
Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives ,жPЙlNт T
3a7
сl]АRтсltЕсl(
most unusual gift. least praсtiсal gift. smallest gift. biggest gift. most expensive gift. funniest gift.
home. Wе еat 'nl,LlЁЪeakfast
l
In thе first soссer game of the sеason, the Golds beat the Silvers, 6 to 3. The Silver team played a truly fantastiс game' but its defense is still weak. The Golds defended the ball muсh more aggressively than the Silver team did. of сourse' Aсe Jaсkson сertainly helped win the game for the Golds. The Golds' star player was baсk on the field today to the dеlight of his many fans. He was hurt badly at the еnd of last season, but he has reсоvered quiсkly. Although hе didn,t play as well as people eхpeсted, he still handled the ball 1ike the old Aсe. He сertainly handled it the most skillfully of anyone on the team. нe соntrollеd ttrе ball !h.e }eф, kiсked the ball фg fallbgФ, and ran thе fastest of any of the players on either team. He played hard and hеlped the Golds look good. In faсt, the harder he played, the better the Golds performed. Watсh Aсe this season. And watсh the Silvers. They have a new сoaсh, and they,rе training more seriously this year. I think we'll see them play better and better as thе season progrеsses. 2. bеtter 3. fastеr с. less s. more rapidly с. harder z. the most slowly oв thе slowest в. the most сlearly g. thе longest 10. more quiсkly than 11. more сompletely than з. 4. s. o. z. в. g.
the most slowly oв the slowest more slowly than oв slower than the farthest faster than higher than the bеst the worst
Answer
I
388 a o a a a a a o a a a a o a a t "
KeY
" " " " . J '
ffiLast
nightI watсhedthe Lakеrsandthе
Bulls. Both teams playеd morе aggressivеly t-han еver seen them. In faсt, they playеd thе J "" bеэ| b.tt* of any game I've watсhеd this season. In the frrst half Miсhael Jordan sprained his left anklе, and Shaquille o,Nеal was out of the game beсause of fouls. But they still didn't than start the sесond half any slower that the first. With Jordan out, Kukoс sсored the most frеquenl|у ffеqiюn+е+ of any player. He,s been playing belter and mоre-а++mо+е better as the season goes on. lhe
In faсt,^morеhe plays, the better he looks. The Bulls won 97 to 88. The Lakеrs sеemеd Ie5э
to get tired at the end. Thеy played l+ьtl€ and less сonsistently as the game went on.
SelfТe'*m (Totа| :
lffil с 2. A 3. A 4. в l.
100points. Eаch itеm : 4 points.)
0NЕ 5. 6. 7. 8.
с A B с
e.D lo. B 11. A
12. с 13. D 14. B
lffiq-rcTWo (Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеntheses,) 21. B (delеtе morе) 15. с (t hе l e s s ) 22. B (most) (ofl lс. C 23. с (more) (amaz e d ) 17. B 24. с (disgusting) (сute) ls. с 2s. B (hot) (hardеr) 19. B (run quiсkly) as 20. A
Gerunds: Subjeсt and objeсt
PпINт Т:::i:i/,ff.ж eхеrсise
сHАRтсI|EсI( -ing, not
EшPRESS f:r;f:.ff#;ffi. A: Drinking B: drinking A: not drinking Swimminя is gтeat eхerсise. It,s healthy, fun, and relaхing. Beсause swimming is a ..low-impaсt''sport, most people enjoy partiсipЬting in this aсtivity withоut fear of injury to their bones or musсles. Jogging, whiсh is a..high.impaсt,' aсtivitу, сan at times bе harmful. I know this from personal experienсе. Last year while I was jogging, I injured my right knee. I don't go iogging anymorе. Aftеr a painful month of rесovery, I stopped running and switсhed to water sports. I'm now сonsidering.joining a swimming tеam and сompeting in raсes. 2. Еating 3. Not drinking +. inсrеasing 5. doing 2. 3. д. 5. 6. 7.
6. swlmmlng z. walking, running 8. not going
quit smoking go swimming dеnied oв denies smoking aсknowledges being is avоiding eating is сonsidering taking
Smokinq Ways I Can Quit smоkе Cigarettes э mo king Piсk an еxaсt date to quit smоke. Сuttinа Stop smoking соmpletеly. te+* ilown is hardеr than stopping all at onсе.) beinq
Avoid +€ + ъ around othеr smokеrs (at least at thе bеginning).
Answer Еxerciэing Start exerсising daily. T+gсerеise сan reduсe stress. Not Nо drinking сoffee may help too. being Imagine br€ f t a non.smoker. Positivе mеntal images сan help. joining Consider +о-jоina support group. aэking Don't delay te.аsk for help. Call Dr. Burns right away! Keep trying and don't give up!
Gerunds
after Prepositions
жPqlNт цЦF
снARтсl]EсK a preposition, the gerund
ЕхPREssж A: joining B: joining We, the members of thе Student Counсil, would like to share with уou the thoughts and сonсerns of the general student body. As you probably knoщ many students are сomplaining about life on сampus. Wе are intеrested in meeting with you to disсuss our ideas for dealing with thesе сomplaints. We know that you arе tirеd of hearinя students сomplain and that you are not used to working with thе Studеnt Counсil. Howeveц if you really believе in givinя nеw idеas a trу, we hope you will think about speaking with our representativеs soon. We look forward to hеaring from you Soon. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6, 7. 8.
in listening about going, about driving to staying, relaxing for having at lеarning on сoming on reading, (on) going
ffi, 3. 4.
5. 6.
Кey
l
389
We сan make сhanges by tеlling the administration about our сonсеrns. The administration сan help by listening to our сonсеrns. In somе сases' students just сomplain instеad of making suggestions for rmprovemеnts. Studеnts get annoyed with some teaсhers fоr соming late to сlass. You сan improve your gтades by studying rеgularly.
I have been attеnding Lоngtree Collеge fоr эtudуing a year. I,m very happy about st+*dуhere. At first, it was a little hard getting used to э peaking sреаk English all the time, but'now I feel very сomfortable about "ж#xin
my
seсond language. I just joinеd an international student abo ul grouP, and I,m exсited wi++}meeting new people. Summer break is сoming, and a few do ing of us are planning. on dо some traveling
togеther.Beforе#ffi
this gтoup,I usedto
spend holidays alonе. Please write. I look forward ,!#.t from vou!
!nfinitives after Ceftain Verbs
W3PqlNт
Megan thinks ..Impatient', should сonsider his proposal more.
сI|ARтсHEсl( Е'T'F
ExPRЕssж I want to write to Annie.
39O I Answer
Key
Slow down! You appear to be in too muсh of a hurry. You'vе only known this pеrson for a month and yet you asked hеr to marry you! What,s the big rush? Whу can,t you afford to wait? Are you afraid that if shе gеts to know you betteц she may deсide not to tie the knot? I agree with your girlfriend. You neеd to сonsider things more сarefully. You сan't expесt her (or voursеlfl to make suсh an important deсision so quiсkly. If you don't want to regret a hasty deсision, I advise vоu both to get to know eaсh other better beforе you hurry to the altar. 2. attempt to find 3. warns single people not to leave 4. urges them to use 5. fail tо plan 6. plan to fail 7. wish to meet s. Ask two friends to read 9. Choose to partiсipate lo. advisеs people not to fееl 11. w an t s t o b e (Ansulеrs mсIу uarу slightlу.) 2. would likе Tom to сall hеr at 10:00. 3. rеminded Emily to buy gas (today). a. invited Marta to join thеm for сoffeе. 5. agтeed to be home by 10:30. 6. forgot to go to the 2:00 staff meeting. 7. enсouraged her to try again. 8. needs to use thе сar (tonight).
,^"ffi ffiAnnie ad.vised.
a сlubor,takea
сlass, and I frnally did it! I deсided^beсomea member of the sсhool's outdoor Adventure Club, and I went to mу first mеeting last night. I'm really eхсitеd about this. The сlub is planning a hiking trip nеxt wееkеnd. I definitely want to go rafting in the spring. At first I didn,t want :Ы#rup,
but thе nol to leader was so niсe. He urged me *о-not miss this trip, so I put my name on thе list. After the meеting, a group of people asked mе to
go out with them. We went to a сoffee shop lo and talked for hours. Wеll, I hoped^make some friends when I joined this сlub, but lo be I didn't ехpeсt everyone r"# friendly. I'm glad Annie persuaded me *o to give up.
lnfinitives after Certain Adjeсtives and Ceftain Nouns
wPulNт Еinding good fries is diffiсult.
сI|АRтсl|EсK fo * base form of vеrb сertain nouns and adjeсtives
EхPRES|жж It's сonvеnient to eat fast food. That's a low priсe to pay. N Plеasе takе a fеw minutes to сompletе this questionnairе about fast-food rеstauтants. Cheсk (/) al]rthe answers that are appropriatе for you. А 1. How often are you likely to eat at a fast-fоod restaurant? ll 1-3 times a week О 4_6 timеs a wеek D more than 6 times a weеk D never 2. In your opinion, fast food is: A t яood to eat N П a wav to save time д] fun to order oссasionallv
п .,.,ьJaltь to have evеry day 3 . Whiсh statement best desсribеs your
feelings about the сost of fast food? N c It,s a high priсe to pav for сonvenienсe. D You get a lot for just a little monеy. N 4 . Is it a good idea to inсlude healthy сhoiсes in fast-food menus? DYеs
cNo
Answer
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
delighted to find way to go fun to eat pleasure to eat mistake to bring
7. 8. 9. ro.
outrageous to sеe good to еat essential to have diffrсult to go
z. 3. 4. 5. 6.
readу to сry willing to work hard to wake up surprised to hear eaget to gеt
7. 8. 9. lo.
important to keep time to deсide сhanсe to show еasy to find
to ask Tonight I madе thе dесision askеd Chris to take the night shift. I really thought she lo \et, was going to be glad fоrgеt.ti*g the offer. to She has her own rent^PaУ,and I know it's her hard for shе to meеt all her еxpenses. Looks to aэk like shе was the wrong pеrson {-аsked! Thе problem was, she wasn't willing to #
Vu,
or No, and I'm afraid I got a little impatient. It was Wrong of me to threaten to ask Stеvе. I сould tеll that she was prеtty upset to hear that. I'll think about giving hеr the promotion to gеt anylvay. She dеserves gеttirч a break.
lnfinitives With Too and Еnough
Key
I
391
2. It,s too far for us to get homе by ten. G 3. I,m maturе enough to take сare of myself. G 4. It,s too dangerous to drivе at night. M 5. I worry too muсh to give you permission. М 6. You aren't eхperienсed enough to drive that far. M
m
ыr .Ы
2. 3. 4. s. 6. z. 8. 9. 1o.
сheap enough for us to afford large еnough tо hold too good for me to miss big enough to share too late to stop old enough to stay early enough to сome too slow to beat safe enough to drive
m ^ , Thе Phish nr.r сonсеrt was awesome! Now I,m ы
tooехсiteaьJ-iflЕiЬ. ThatMikeGordоn go o deno ug h сan really sing. My voiсe isn,t еаоt*gЬ€ о ed
to sing in the shower! After the сonсert we too wеre really hungry, but it was to late to go fot pizza.I }IATE this stupid сurfew! It's too lo weird^understand. My friend Todd works and has to pay taхes, but thе law says he's to эtaу too young fоr-s+aуiftg out past 10:00! That's qazУ enough to make me want to sсream. That reminds me. I sure hope my mother сhanges her mind soon enougь ro#1o buy
жPЙINт ЦT
a tiсket to the Hampton сonсеrt. They sell out very quiсkly. Why doesn,t she think eno ugh I'm mature^to drive fifty miles? I'll have to
сl]АRтсltEсl( too
do it sometimе! Well, I,d bettеrotrУ to 8et
EхPREssж
some sleep or l,ll be too tired too gеt up in
She's too young to votе. We're old enough to work. 2.Ъ 3.a
4.b 5.a
the morning. 6.b
r Answer
392
Key
WPЙINт
He turnеd on thе radio (in order) to listеn to thе nеws. He didn't tell me he was siсk in order not to worry me. 7. Shе bought a Datalator (in ordеr) to store information.
сltARтсlllEсl(
to get I went to Dr. Towbin ф+iflg
lnfinitives
of Purpose
an address book, a diсtionary, a note pad
TF
EхPREssж I use an organizet to store addresses. I set my alarm сloсk in ordеr not to oversleep. Yoкo: It,s 5:00.Aren't you going home? Lвв: No. I'm staying late to finish this report. What about уоu? Aтe you going straight home? Yoкo: No. I,m going to stop at the bank to get some сash. Then I'm going to Laсy,s Department Store to take advantage of the sale they're having. Lвв: oh, what are you going to get? Yoкo: one of those new eleсtroniс organizers they're advertising. I've been looking for something to help me with my work. Lвв: What,s Wrong with just a regular сalсulator? Yoкo: Nothing. But sometimes I have to сonvert other сurrеnсies to dollars. Lпв: What else are you going to use it for? Yoкo: oh, to store important names and phоne numbers and to balanсе my сheсkbook. Lвв: What did we do beforе they invented all these elесtroniс gadgets? Yoко: We made a lot of mistakes! 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
To To To To To
withdraw $100. invite Rika and Taro to dinner. buy milk and eggs. buy battеries. get gas.
First Part: 3.f 4.a s.d 6.e T.c Seсond Part: 3. She went to the storе (in order) to buy some dishes. 4. We disсonneсted our phone in order not to get any phone сalls.
my teeth
сleaned today. While I was waiting, I used my Datalator to study for the TOЕFL. Then I used help it to hеф me pronounсe..novoсainе,,and "dental floss" for my appointment. After the dentist, I сheсked my sсhedule and saw..Rika and Taro, dinneц 7:30.,,I should use it in ordеr nol to +o-aоtforget appointmеnts! Luсkily, my reсipes are already on the Datalatoц so I used them to make ьr-mаkins a quiсk shopping list. When I got home, there was a note on my door-"Call bldg. super.'' I сheсked the Datalator diсtionary to find ..bldg. super.,,The ..building superintendent'' wantеd to сome up in order to ^frx the doorbell! Rika, Taro, and I played with the Datalator all evening. You сan progтam it}tr to play сomputer games too. I don't know how I lived without it!
Gerunds
and lnfinitives
WPлINт F,T
сl]ARтсl]EсK ЦF,T
ЕхPREssжж to go, Gоing, talking, to talk oR talking
2.7 3.F
4,7 s.F
6. 7.
T T
s.T
Ansияer
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. z.
WA w
A: B: A: B:
(Ansшеr.s maу Uarу slightlу,) 2. meeting Natalya last yеar (at Riсhard's PartY). з. spilling grapе juiсе (on thе сouсh). д. listening to jazz oн listening to Riсhard p|aу jazz (at his partiеs). 5 . going danсing (some time), to go (danсing some time). 6. to give Marta a ride home, to stay a little longer.
gтeatparty!I usua1ly avoidffi ffiWhat a
to
parties beсause it,s suсh a problem for me to remеmber people's namеs. I'm so glad I read your mеmory. Thе that book about #WЖ doinа author suggested tо4о eхerсises, and they worrv|nа really helped. I stopped te weriу about what people would think of me, and I tried to pay attention to what people Wеre saying. As a result, I had a great time! I'm еven planning t,ogo ОRon gotng sоins danсing with this guу Lev. I have an English test tomorroщ so I should stop writing now and start studying. The bоok even had some good tips about
t,o uэe
stuф for an exam. I hope I remember r*sing some of thеm tonight!
Make, Have, and Get {:::':ж,::: P0lNт T сHARтсIIЕсl( T,цT
l
393
ExPRЕsl,{ffr###'
to trust to forget, to remembеr going to remember to turn off Playing, improving
эtudуlng
Жeу
ffi ffi
to сorreсt сorreсt stay stay 2.F 3.T
4.F s.T
2.1et з. made д. had
s. got 6. madе 7. let
2. 3. a. 5. с. z.
6.F
s. had e. had 1O. made
made her work didn't let them use (their) diсtionaries had him сlеan got him to pronounсe didn't let her speak didn't make her leave
When I was a teenageц mу parents never let me !q play until I had finished all my help homework. They evrn made me hеlping my brothers with their homework before I сould havе any fun. on thе onе hand, they сertainly to got me^leatn a lot. on the other hand, thеу beco me madе mе be€ а m€ too serious. I wish they had let me ),6.have a little more fun. When I bесomе a parent, I want to have my сhild lear n }eа+nsrеsponsibility, but also I would him or her want to let h+э+_she have fun. As Ben Franklin said,'All work and no play makes Jaсk beсome a dull bov.''I want to avoid that mistake.
Let, Help,
SelfTest (Totаl : 100 points. Eаch itеm : 4 points.)
ffiffioNE 1.с 2.^
3.4 4.B
s. D 6.с
7, A
s.с
394 a a a a a a
KeY
I Answer
" " " " " " " ' o " " " '
11.B 12. с
e. A 1 0. D
r3. B 14. A
тW0
ЕF'€.@1
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) 2|. D (to seeing) 15. B (to сhange) " 22. ^ (to buy) 'u. с itrying) 23. D (not to fall) 17. в(finding) 24. B (watсhing) 18. A (Gеttini) 2s' D (to do) le. B (not to) 20. с (old enough)
Phrasal Verbs: lnseParable
ffiPqINт
in a restaurant
сIIARтсI|Eсl(
before the direсt objeсt
Т#:#Fж ЕxPпEss We ran intо Bob. Hе was еating out.
ffiHo
failing' Da-ming'snewrestaurantwas Why? His сustomersrarely@
сonsultant to Mr. Ho сontaсted a fеng shui shui (meaning "wind and 6ndТф. Feng art of plaсing water,,) is thе anсient Chinese Aссording to this things in the environment. doors' and art, the arrangement of furniture' wealth, and windows affeсts our health, about his happiness. Мr. Ho was сonсernеd Following business, but hе didn'tФ_e Ф rеmodelеd and the сonsultant's adviсe, hе His aсtions red'есoratеd his restaurant.
Ho businessбiфЪГuDand Mr. @Soon deсisionI еver beсameriсh...Itwas the bеst alone in his madе,,,heglows.And he isn't
еnthusiasm.Feng *hoi@ homeownеrs with mоdеrn arсhiteсts and everywhere. 1. has сaught on 2. сame baсk з. paid off
д. frnd out 5. give uP с. piсked up
2. baсk 3.up 4. up 5. up
6. оut 7.up 8. оut
2. turned out 3. сome up with с. went up 5. kePt on
6. give uP z. paid off 8. go baсk
ffiSorry
got the apartmentis suсha mess.I
gyT'Р* to straight".,#. I,mgoingto the gut#il, ,. -".- жfor an hour.I should up thеn. How about bеfоre you, and I'l1 сlеan o ut lo niqht Afterward, wе сan get eating t""ig#Ы? guys and maybe togеther with some of the сome #Ь with see a moviе. or maybe we,ll a bettеr idea. oh-I #,o
into Iom drop ran Te+iдtо at sсhool. He'll
see you lateт.
Phrasal
Verbs:
SeParable
ffiPЙINт
for an invention. George is getting an idеa
сt|АRтсI/iEсI(
сan go bеforе or Direсt оbjeсts that are nouns after thе partiсle.
.{#;!H,#3' ЕxPRЕss
that idea up' dreamed up that idеa oв drеamed dream it uP
Answer
July 3 I frlled d3lL
Did you know that two сollеge dropouts сomputеr? What's morе' theу pц!@together in a garage. Invеntions don't have to сome
an appliсation for a
August 30 I demonstrated the produсt at an
сlassrooms, kitсhеns, and home workshops
exhibition for deсorators. I wanted to point
and useful i
The ability to think of something new
out that it,s very nеat to use' so t p,*fl"ыt.
seems like magiс to many people, but in
gloves for the demonstration. It went over
faсt anyone сan develop thе qualitiеs of an
very wеll.
inventor. First, inventors follow thеir сuriosity. The Swiss inventor Georgе dе Mestral wanted to find out@дgщФit
was so hard to remove
burrs from his dog,s сoat. His answer led to the idеa for Vеlсro@,now used to fasten everything from sneakers to spaсe suits. Seсond, inventors use imagination to put in new ways. Walter Morrison
6БГй!qg9феt \_________Y_-/watсhed two mеn tossing a pie pan to eaсh
one of other and thought up @;п'мф, the most popular toys in thе world. Perhaps most important, suссessful inventors don't
quit. They сontinuouslylook up@ about their ideas and цy@ewТesigфout until thev suссeed. 2. 3. 4. 5.
set up filled...up kеep...away piсked up
Jы W3 | , Ы 2. fisure it out 3. fill them out 4. handed it out
6.paid...baсk 7. сarry out 8. brought abоut
5. do it over 6. turn them in
u? May 3 I drеamеd ovеr a really good idea-a
SelfTest (Totаl : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
oшt
ffiI
s.D
1.4 2.с 3.4 4.8
6.с 7. D
8. D 9.D lo. A
11. A 12.с 13. в
ffi--grтW0 (Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) 14. A (it over) ts. D (up) 16. D (off thе bus) 77. D (baсk) ls. B (get on the bus) tg. D (оffl zo. A (up) 2r . в (her up) 22. D (wake you up) 23. D (piсk some stamps up for him . . . oR piсk up some stamps for him . . .) 24. D (Meg into) 2s. B (along)
jar of paint with an appliсator likе the kind used for shoe polish. It сan bе used to touсh u? oa spots on a wall, when people don't want to paint a whole room. I know a him up manufaсturer. I'll сall ф+iffi and ordеr out several types, so I сan try them in.
395
demonstration of the produсt ф soon.
out of fanсy laboratories. Avеrage people in often dream up
I
patent and mailed it yesterday. I,ll bе uP able to seцa strong and сonvinсing
the first persоnal
thought up@of
!{ey
Nouns жPпlNт Ra II
396
I Answer
Key mail when I piсked up my mai+s today. My
сI|ARтсHEсl(l F
family sеnt me some birthday presents. birthdaу My Bi++hdaу is the 31st. I won,t open the
сltАRтснEсК2 TF
gifts until then. octobеr oe+ober29. I think thе weather is getting
EхPREssffi#"жi#, were, was
worse. I heard -ж-
ffiwur@really disсovertь"@@
the first explorerto
didn't think so. He believed that anсient people wеre able to build boats that сould сross oсеans. To test his idеas, he deсided to build a сopy of the reed boats that wеrе piсtured in anсient paintings and sail aсross
the@Бnфr'o*@@to@ /----!=---/
щgyglaeb,s team also сopied anсient Middle Eastern pots and fillеd them with foщl for their.iournev-dried
fiф, hqцgy, 9Ц, eЯЯS,
nuts, and fresh ftцit @,the expedition's boat, сarried an international group inсluding
u@,
u.,@' u.r@aliui, u and uQцФц'. цщ$!g9, The first trip failed, but everуone survivеd and wanted to try again. Departing o"@ 17,Ig7O,under the flas of the (GitЫшutБ',)6_u ш\.ossed the@БrrtiE in 57 davs. The expedition proved that anсient сivilizations had the skill to reaсh the
@longbefor"@ 3. Food +. i s 5. are 6. ideas 7. beans 8. riсe 9. Potatoes 1o. arе 11. trips 12. vegetables
13. are 14. Is r 5. equipmеnt 16. batteries 17. nеWs 18. stops 1я. сlothing 2o. сold 21. bothers 22. Ъags
Сanarу ОctoЬet 27. I,ve bеen on the еа*afу Islands for thrеe days now. I'll start homе whеn weatherio thе \ffеаth€fs_аre bеtter. I was so surprised
today, but thеre
wasn't any rain. I stayed in bed with my сat, Typhоon. Every time it thundеred, Tуphoon and I snuggled up сloser undеr ф novе| the сovers. I started reading a Nove}, Brauе Nеш World. oсtober 30. I left thе Canary Islands Columbua today-just like ео}r*mbr*s.There,s a strong wind and plenty of sunshine now. mi|eэ I went 250 ц4+lеs. oсtober 31. I,m2I today! Tо сelebrate, coffee I drank some еоffееs for breakfast and I opеned my prеsents. I got sоme perfume and prеtty silver dEЖ
Novembеr1. The
"-#ilЁi*%
very low.
I'd bеtter not usе muсh until I get nеar New nеw York. I'll neеd the radio then. It rained waler today, so I сolleсted waters for сooking.
Cluantifiers жPЙlNт a good supply оf сhoсоlatе
сl|ARтсltЕсK ЦF'ЦT
ЕхPREss,{:iж:,ffi::#' A: many
B: muсh
A: many
Are you ready? Many peoplе don,t reaIizе that somе natural disastеrs suсh as
Answer
еarthquakes сan strike *i.h@tl*..,ф. It may take sevеral days for assistanсе to
we didn,t havе Jн"
397
heat. We slept in our
sleeping bags around thе fireplaсe. We sure a lot of usеd up naаnу wood! Mom bakеd some bread
advanсe! Here arе a few tips. о Water may Ьe unsafe to drink. Store several d'ays.Eaсh @for person needs a gallon per day for сooking
in an iron pan in the fireplaсe. Shе had to try several timеs, but it was really gоod
and washing. You will also need food for sevеral davs.
when it worked. We ate lt wlthtittlе
It's a good idеa to store@
butter. The first night *u ьuа*i%flf
-
problems figuring out what to do. It got dark few early, and we only had a liЬtЪ сandles-and
at-ffiD, vesetable s, and 6iiD. " Howevец also inсlude sеveral kinds of highеnergy fоod, suсh as peanut butter and jelly. And don't forget me..сomfort food
frеaked out untii we made hot сhoсolate
. If you don,t hu,.e6.,y el*t.iсiф
yo'
might not have@either.
over the fire. Finally, everybody took turns
Keep
telling stories. I found out that Dad knows of a lot^goоd stories.
some blankеts. sleeping bags. and extra сlothеs for еveryonе. о Prepare a first aid kit with some pain relievers, sеvеral sizеs ofbandages, and an antiseptiс. о The ATM,s might not be working. Do you havе (fryсasф You shouldn't keep the housе, but you should @@in have a lot of small bills, and a few larger bills too. anу Several a great deal of a lot of Manу a few
1. b. c. d. е. t.
a fеw many muсh a few a little
AЁiсles: lndefinite
w|
and Definite
PпINт
Therе is only one Earth.
сIIАRTсIiEсI( F,TT
ЕxPRЕssж
8. muсh 9. few 1O. Some 1 1 . a l i ttl e 12. a few
a, The a
b
2. a. a little b. few с. a few d. littlе е. a few
had a big storm last weеk, and wе lost thе eleсtriсity foцfew days. onсe I got over being sсared, it was a lot of fun-a
peanut
no TV! Cindy is five, and she was reallу
like сookies and сhoсolate!
фWe
I
сamping out. We have an eleсtriс furnaсe, so
reaсh you. Prepare your disastеr kit in
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
l(ey
little like
4.b
s.b the a the the
2. an 3.a 4. an 5. an
6. 7. 8. 9.
2. the 3. the 4.a
5. a 6 . the 7. Thе
6.a
1o. the l'1. a 12. thе r 3. the 8. an, the 9. the
398
r Answer
t , a a a a a a a a o a a a a o a o a o a a a a o a a o a a a a a a a a a
Key
,
takes plaсе right after@@.ets. So, сheсk it оut!You won't be disappointed.
onсe there was a plumber named Mario. Т hеp| u mb e r a Ph+inb€]F had^beautiful girlfriend. onе day,
2.И 3.И 4.И 5. thе 6.И
T uo"fell in love with thе girlfriеnd and the kidnapped her. The plumbеr сhased^apeto resсue his girlfriend'
7. o
This simple tale beсame Donkеу Kong,
s.a
the
a first vidеo gamе with a Story. It was invented by Sigeru Matsimoto,Тartist
games' but he wanted to makе them more intеrеsting. He liked fairy tales, so he a invented;story similar tо a famous fairy talе. The эtorу s+о+уwas an immediate suссess, and
10. И
thе
a
the И Ф И the the
1r . The 12. the 13. the la. the
vaсation We,ve ever gonr on! I lovе the rides here. I mean, I,ve bеen on tE roller сoasters
The rest is video gamе history.
bеfore, but nothing is likе the one they've the got hеre! And^food is grеat too. I usually
and The
d.on,tеat il€ hot d.ogs,ь.*lf"t dоgs here arе the gтeat. So is^pizza. Do you like l# amusement
WPOINT
parks? If so, you've got to get your family the to сome. The only problem isрrowds herе.
the little girl
сl]ARтсIiEсl(
People havе to wait to get тnto еuеrуthing-
indеfinitе plural
even thе restrooms! Sеe you soon.
EхPRЕss rdry.ffi A: the
7.a s.a e.a
18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Hi! Blare Gardens is awesome! This ttlf;.r,
Nintendo followed it with Thе Mаrio Brothеrs,
o (No AЁiсle)
17. thе
2. thе 3. the 4.И 5. the 6.4
Nintendo, Inс. Мatsimoto loved tЬr. video
12. И 13. the ra. thе 15. thе
rc.4
9.И with
10. И
л.a
Bз И
A: the
Bз И
Reflexive Pronouns and Reсiprocal Pronouns
Do you enjoy amusement parks? Tomorroщ Blare Gardens will open to @" p.,БГdfo' awidе @-fi.'tТйЪ@fеaturеs games variety of rides and that will appeal
WщPпINт F
to both adults and сhildren. And of сourse
сHARтсI|Eсl(
an amusement park would not be сomplеte without сotton сandv and hot dogs (fйfooD
EхPRЕssж
at Blarе Gardens promises to be very good. Come еarly, bring
whole famil
sure to stay for thе firеworks displ
and be that
цT A: yourself B: myself
Answer
Key
I
399
the way our high sсhool
Self-talk is thе way We explain a problem to
insulting-like
ourselves. It сan affeсt the way wе feel and
math teaсher used to talk to us. I thought,
horлrwe aсt. Tom and Sara, for eхamplе, both lost their jobs when their сompany laid off a lot of people. su6Т"ЕБй"Цfit time with friends. т"е€ " ':1d
and spent ten pounds
and spent all his time by himsеlf. They were both unemployed, so the .itйТio'@!f
сan't
explain why they aсted so differently from .u.ь6ТБЫТй
Jan and I treat eaсh other well. He forgave me mуs€lf for my mistakе right away, and I forgave him for forgetting our dinnеr date two weeks ago. Jan and I сould forgive еach o|her thеэдselves, so I guess I сan forgive myself.
main differеnсe was the way
Tom and Sara explained the problem to
thеъr"Б;.su сould сhangе her situatlo.,. тoйЪa*
SelfTёst
tйgqЦ got their jobs as helplеss. Latец evеryonе
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points,)
baсk. WЪе n tь
lэЕffil
baсk at the offiсе, Tom grumblеd,..They must have bеen desperatе.',Sara replied, ..They frnally realizеd thеy need us!'' 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
yourselves herself, ourselves myself, yourself eaсh otheц yourself itself ourselvеs yourselves, one another
2. 3. a. 5. 6.
yourselves themselves himself yourselves eaсh other oR onе anothеr
7. mysеlf 8. myself 9. yourselves 1O. myself
I forgot to сall Jan on his birthday. mуoe|f I remindеd mе all day, and thеn I forgot anyway! I felt terrible. My sister Anna said. ..Don,t be so hard on уourэe|f уot*rselves,,,but I didn't herэe|f believe her. She prides her on rеmembering
oNE
1.с 2.8 3.D
4.с
lsЕстloN]
тW0
s.A 6.4
7. 8. 9.
с с с
(Corrеct ansu)еrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) 19. D (dеlеtе Lhe) tз. A (is) (Thanksgiving) 20. B (muсh time) 14. с (is 21. с (few) 1s. B starting) 22. B (a iittle) 16. B (May) 23. B (onе anothеr,s) 17. D (the) ls. A (dе|еtеЬ aп d 24. B (a littlе) 25. D (the aссountant) capita|izе MonеyJ
The Passive:
Overview
жPqtNт the number of years the magazine has existed
сltARTсltEсl( ЦЦF
ExPRЕssж'ж were printеd
everything. Then I read an artiсle on self-talk. It said that people сan сhangе thе themэe|vеэ way they eхplain problems to t'hеi+sеlvеs.
I realizedthat the wav I turкtl"Ell.
10. с 11. с 12. A
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
A P A P P
7. 8. 9. 10.
A P A P
4OO
I
Answer
Key
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Tagalog is spoken is spoken by 417 million people Seventy-one million people speak Arabiс is spoken bу speak Еnglish Swahili is spoken oR People speak Swahili
3. i spu bl i s h e d ( i ф ) с. is read (ffi) 5. have been hired by our internatiоnal оffiсes 6. were purсhased (fuошФ) 7. are used (Фнriffi) f. is advertised (fu*i*) 9. was interviewed by Liuе at Ten TУ 1o. was seen by millions of viewers Two-thirds of Bolivia,s fl.vе million peoplе are located in the сool western highlands known М
Тhe Passive
With Modals
WPЙINт somebody has tо do somеthing about Еd,s snoring
сHARтсHEсl(l ЦF
сltАRтсltEсl(2 a modal or an auxiliary verb
EхPREssж A:Will ...bеprepared B: it won't, will be prepared
ffiSpaсe
Station(Jnitуwillbе сompletеd
within the neхt deсade, and international teams of astronauts will then be sharing
as the Altiplano. For сenturies, the gтain
сlose quarters for long periods of time. What
quinoa has bеen's"in the mountains. are Llamas^raisеd for fur, meat, and
сan be done to improve living сonditions in
transportation. And tin, Bolivia's riсhеst mined natural rеsourсe, is rninhg М in
spaсe? Here's what former astronauts suggest: О FooD It doеsn't tastе as good in zеro gravity. Food should bе made spiсier to overсome those effeсts. International
the high Andes. The Oriente. another name for the
tastеs must also be сonsidered. О сLoTнIшG Layered сlothing сould help
eastern lowlands, is mostly tropiсal. Riсe is
astronauts stay сomfortable. The top
the major fоod сrop,,and сows are raised for
laуer сould be rеmoved or added as
milk. Oil is also find there. Although Spanish is the offiсial language, Native Ameriсan languages are still spoken М.
Traditional textiles are woven by
hand, and musi.|pьy"a
on rеed pipes whose
temperatures vary. o SLЕЕPINс Beсause of weightlessness, sleep is often interrupted in spaсe. Comfortablе restraints must be provided tо give a sense of stability. . EМoTIoNAL Nшвоs Peoplе nееd..down
tonе resembles the sound of the wind
time'' in spaсe just as they do on Earth. Time ought to bе provided for relaxation
blowing over high plains in the Andes.
and privaсy. 2. з. д. 5.
Is . . . going to be prepared (is going to be) squeezed will be prepaсkaged сan be warmеd.'p
Ansиler
с. should...bесhosen 7. has tо be offerеd 8. сould bе seleсted 9.Will ...beusеd 10. had bеtter be attaсhed r 1. ought to be made 2. 3. д. 5. 6. 7. 8. s.
should be kept ought to be improvеd сould be designed сan be removed ought to be given are going to be deliverеd will be done will be stored
I used the sleeping rеstraints last night and be made slept a lоt bettеr. They ought to make more сomfortable, though. I felt trapped. I just looked in the mirror. My faсе is рuffy and ger my eyеs arе red. I d better bе_gоtte+оn thе eхerсise bike right away. I сan be mieunderstood when I look like this. @ Last night Maх thought I was angTy at him for turning оn ..Star Trеk.'' Aсtuallу, I love that show. I might be given early lunсh shift today. I hope they have more teriyaki. It,s niсe and spiс5l,and thе sauсe сan aсtually be bеrn tasted, evеn at zero gтavity. Some of it flown had better bе flу in on the Shuttle pretty soon, or there might be some unhappy astronauts! Spеaking of unhappy, last night Kristen сallеd and told me shе was planning talked to quit sсhоol. I think shе сould be falk out of it, but I'm afraid I'll get angry and yell if be we disсuss it. I might^overheard by others. We nеed some privaсy hеre!
The Passive
Key
l
40|
сausаt.ve
TжPqlNт went to a hair salоn
сt]ARтсl{,Eсl( F.T.F
ЕхPREss Тi;:;;'f.ж# A: donе B: done, do
T T 3. a. 5. о. 7. в.
4. 5.
T F
6.7
Amber had the dog groomed. They arе going to get the windows washed. They had the сarpеts сlеaned. Amber is going to have her еars pierсed. Jake got his hair сut. Thеy arе going to have food and drinks deliverеd.
1. oR have it shortened 2. get (oв have) it dry сlеaned 3. ,re getting (oв having) them washed oв ,re going to get (oв have) thеm washed 4, 'm getting (oв having) it сut oR,m going to get (oв have) it сut 5. get (oв have) it сolored 6. Did . . . get (oв havе) it painted The party was tonight. It went really well! Thе house lookеd great. Mom and Dad had thе floors waхed and all the wind
"*:,ж profеssionally so everything sparkled. And o aintedthe w ho leho uee оf сoursе wе ourselvеs last summеr. (I,ll never forget
that.It took us two weeks!) I wore my new blaсk dress that I жshortеnеd
bv "aBo. and
' -ъ?,.TLlу*#l' byAndrё.He did
gteat
job. There wеre a iot of guests at the party. had invitedoк inviNed a|mogt,fiftу peop|e We , and they (сolttinuеd
on nехt pаgе)
l
4o2
Key
Answеr
almost all showed up! The food was gтeat too. Mom made most of the main dishes herself but she had the rest of thе food prepared pfераfе by a сaterer. Mom and Dad hirеd a professiоnal photographeц so at the end of had our pia|ureз|aken the party we all ф. Dad,s
EхPRЕss'жffi.rc, 1.b
2.c
3.a
If you run into prob
, knоw vour rights as a passenger. oftеn the airline сompany is required to сompensate you for delays or damages. For example, the
getting them baсk nеxt week. I сan't wait
airline provides meals and hotel rooms ifз fllght is undulv delм. Howеveц the airlinе
to see them!
owes vou a lot more tr it сausea tье aelф overbqgьщg. This сan oссur еspeсiallv during holidavs rf airtines sett mo
SelfТe'tm
tьan tьere arе seaь. tг att tьe passengerc aсtuatty sьow up, then the flight is
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
upgтades or additional free travel to
fffi0шt 1. с 2.D 3.4
4. B 5.с 6.8
7. с 8. B
9.D 10.B
Ж.*#*...reтW0 (Corrеct anSIDеrS arе in parеnthеsеs.)
r r. C (by)
12. ^ (dеlеtеwere) 13. с (bе сorreсted) 14. D (de|etеby the printеr) 15. A (dеlеtеwas) 16. D (rеturn) 17. с (them done) 1s. с (be disсussеd) 1e. A (was painted) 20, с (сouldn,t oR wasn't able to) 21. в (gтown) 22. D (was working) 23. в (havе to be replaсed) 24. с (сleaned) 2s. ^ (be made)
Faсtual Gonditionals: Present
'ж|,'^"TF;з PпINT T
снARтсl]Eсl( ЦF'F
overbookеd. Airlines usually award passengers who volunteer to take a later flight. Howevец tг no one votunteers' your flight mav be delaved. In that сase, the airline must repay you 100 perсent of the сost of your tiсket for a dеlay of up to four hours on an international flight.ЩlЦq j9lay ls more than four hourc, you rесeive 200 perсent ofthe сost ofyour tiсkеt.
2.
3.
4.
5.
oв The bеst time to go to Hong Kong is Nоvember or Dесеmber if you hate hot weather. If you're traveling with your сhildrеn, take them to Lai Chi Kok Amusemеnt Park in Kowloon. oR Take your сhildren to Lai Chi Kok Amusement Park in Kowloon if you're traveling with them. If you need a moderatеly priсed hotel, I suggest the Harbour View International House. oп, I suggest the Harbour Viеw International House if you need a moderatеly priсed hotel. If you like seafood, there are wonderful sеafood restaurants on Lamma Island. oв There are wonderful sеafood restaurants on Lamma Island if you like sеafood. If you'тe fasсinated by Chinese opera' you might like the street opera in the Shanghai Streеt Night Markеt. oв You might like the streеt opera in the
&взsw*r Key Shanghai Street Night Markеt if you,re fasсinated by Chinese opera. 6. If you'd like to get a good view of Hong Kоng, you should take the funiсular to the Peak. oR You should take the funiсular to the Peak if you'd like to get a good view of Hong Kong.
3A 2. I spend a lot of time at the pool if I stay ffi |ы at a hotеl. 3. If I stay with friends, I spend time
with them. ..Draсula.,' 4. It's not so niсe if I gеt a 5. It's very rewarding if you don't mind hard wоrk. 6. If you have threе roоmmates, you don't havе troublе finding dog'walkers. 7. If a flight has an empty seat, I ridе for frее. What a gтeat weekend! If Lou and Teri don'l aren,t thе best hosts in the world, I w€ a + know who is. I'vе invited thеm to New York, but if you live in thе Bahamas, you rarely want to lеave. Tomorrow at midnight I fly roundtrip from New York to Pittsburgh. There's always a priсe to pay. If I get a free wеekend in the islands' I always r"2!,," ..Draсula'' afterwards. oh, well. If I wо{з+ fall asleep, I сan usually gеt a lot of reading done. Pat and Kim both flew to London yesterday. I hope someone сan walk Frisky I'm fоr me. Usually, if Pl++е working, one of them is off. If Frisky is alone for a long time, he barkэ Ьarked a lot. That disturbs the neighbоrs. Maybe I should just leave the TV оn for him. He's always very сalnъ,aifthe TV is on. or maybe I,d better сall Pat and ask her abоut hеr sсhеdule. If it,**
6:00 p.м. here in New
York' it,s 11:00 p.м. in London. That's not too latе to сall.
l
4o3
Faсtual Gonditionals: Future
WruщPЙlNт F,F
сIiАRTсIiEсK the if сlause whеn ttre if сlausе сomеs first
EхPREss Т:#I,:!{;{:;3 If shе wins, she'll fight сrime.
ffi ffi
2.e 3.с
4.a
6.
s.g
7.
d b
3. get 4. If 5. win 6. 'll take oв'm going to takе 7. I f 8. beсomе 9. 'l1 try oв'm going to try 10. will . . . do oR are . . . going to do 1r. if 12. lo se 13.If 14. losе 15. 'll сontinuе oR 'm going to соntinue 16. Unlеss 17. сoopеrate 18. won,t be oк isn,t gоing to bе le. if 20. don,t eleсt 2,.. ,||bе oв'm going to bе (possib|еansшеrs) 3. If I takе out studеnt loans, I won't have to depend on my family, oR I won't have to depend on my family if I take out student loans. 4. If I gо to law sсhool, I'll еarn more monеy. oв I'll earn more money if I go to law sсhool. 5. If I еarn more money' I'll be able to pay baсk my (student) loans quiсkly. oR I'll be able to pay baсk my (studеnt) loans quiсkly if I earn more money. 6. If I puy baсk mу loans quiсkly, I'll put my sister through сollеge. oв I,ll put my sistеr through сollege if I pay baсk my loans quiсkly.
4o4
l
&nswвr
*€ * у
, a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a
7. If I go to law sсhool, I,ll go into politiсs. oR I'll go into politiсs if I gо to law sсhool. s. If I go into politiсs, I'll be able to improve life for others. oR I,ll be able tо improvе life for others if go into politiсs. 9. If I go into pоlitiсs, I,l1get еleсted to the сity сounсil. oв l,ll get elесted to the сity сounсil if I go into politiсs. 1o. If I gеt elесted to the сity сounсil, I,ll run for mayor. oR I'll run for mayor if I get еleсted to the сity сounсil. Should I сampaign for studеnt сounсil
wanт president? I,ll have to deсide soon if I rл*an+ed I'm to run. If РlЦe busy сampaigning, I won't have muсh time to study. That's a problem, bесause I,m not going to get into a good unl e o э * сollege if I get good grades this year. on the other hand' there's so muсh to do in this wi||get oк iэ going|o gеt, sсhool, and nothing is-gr++i]fts done if Todd Laker beсomеs president again. A lot of pеople know that. But will I know what to I do if РЦ get the job? Nеver mind. I,ll deal
д. сouldn't idеntify 5. were 6. loved z. 'd hate oк would hate 8. drove 9. 'd hatе oв would hate 1o. wеre 11. ,d hate oв would hate 12. werеn,t 13. might be 2. If Sсhroeder didn,t lovе Beethoven, he wouldn,t play his sоnatas all the timе. 3. If Charliе Brown had enough friends, he wouldn't feеl lonely. 4. If Sally knew her teaсhеr's name, she сould send her a сard. 5. If Linus werеn't smart, he wouldn,t find сlevеr solutions to life's probiems. с. If Woodstoсk and Snoopy didn't have a сlose relationship, Wоodstoсk wouldn't сonfide in Snoopy. 7. If Rerun's parents didn't refuse to let him havе a dog, he wouldn't try to borrow Charlie's dog. s. If Pigpen took еnough baths, he wouldn,t be frlthy. I'vе got to stop staying up late reading
with that problemyif I win.
w ould ..Pеanuts''!If I weren't always so tired, I wil+
"oR if I don'l gel
be able to stay awake in сlass. Whenevеr the teaсher сalls on me, I don't know what to say.
Unreal Gonditionals: Present Т::":::;;!;;!:-:PпINT
сutе red-haired girl that I like. I would talk weren't, to her if I ъver*ldn,tЬе so shy. My friend Jason says' ..If I l,ж you, I,d.ask her to a party,,,but
F
I'm too afraid that if I asked heц she would эaу halre-said no. Aftеr сlass, I played baseball. p|aуed Nobody wanted me on their team. If I praу
сl]ARтсI]EсI( F'ЦF
j ЕхPREss|)?iii'i.i{ii:i'. would, if, were
T T
Then I get really еmbarrassed beсause of that
bеtteц I would get сhosen sometimes. Life is 4.F s.F
2. wouldn,t likе 3. werеn,t
6.F
hard! I сan rеally understand that Charlie Brown сharaсtеr in..Peanuts.,,In faсt, if I didn,t laugh so hard while rеading..Peanuts,,, crУ I would еfЫ!
Ansvrrer Кeу
Unreal Past
Conditionals:
WPuINт F
сl]АRтсl|Eсl( tЬe if сlause the if сlause сomes first would have studied 4. F 5. F
4o5
6. If George's friends had known about his troubles, they would have helped him right away. oв George,s friends would have helped him right away if thеy had known about his troubles. 7. If George's friends hadn't сolleсted money for him, hе would have gone to jail. oв George would have gone to jail if his friends hadn,t сolleсted moneY for him. It's funny how things work out sometimes. hadn'N If George hаs#+ wantеd to jump off that
ЕхPREssж z.F з.T
l
с.T
bridge on Christmas Evе, I might never gotten have ge++ingan important job like saving him. And if he hadn't been so stubborn,
2. сould (oв would) have gone oк would havе been able to go, hadn't lost 3. сould have gone' hadn't gotten 4. wouldn't have known. hadn't shown s. hadn't helped, сould have gone 6. might not havе led, hadn't married 7. would have beеn. hadn't lived (Ansшеrs maу Uarу slightlу) 1. oR Clarenсe would have had more selfсonfidenсе if he had bееn a first-сlass angel. 2. If George hadn't been unhappy about his business, he wouldn't have yelled at his daughter on Christmas Еve. oв George wouldn't havе yelled at his daughter on Christmas Eve if he hadn't been unhappy about his business. 3. Poor people сouldn't have bought (oв wouldn't have been able to buy) houses if George's business hadn't loaned them money. oв If Gеorge's businеss hadn,t loaned them money' poor people сouldn,t have bought (oв wouldn't have been able to buv) houses. If Mr. Potter had been able to triсk George, Gеorgе would have sold Potter the business. oв Gеorge would havе sold Mr. Potter thе businеss if Pottеr had been able to triсk Gеorge. 5 . If George's lJnсle Billy hadn,t lost $8,000, George wouldn't have gotten into trouble with thе law. oв George wouldn't have gotten into trouble with the law if his Unсlе Billy hadn't lost $8,000.
havе
I would never hаd thought of the idea of showing him life in Bedford Falls without him. onе of the saddest things was seeing all those people who didn't have homes. had givenup If Gеorgе gаrйеr*pand sold his business to Mr. Potteц then Potter would have rented run-down apartmеnts to all those peoplе. But beсause of Geоrgе, they now have good homes. By the time we were finished, George realized he really had a wonderful life. In w o uld faсt, he rriЦ have gone to jail happilyif his friends hadn't given him thе money he needed. Well, luсkily they helped him out, and he didn,t go to jail. And I gоt my wings and bесame a first-сlass angel!
Wish: Present and Past жffiPЙlNт that day
сltАRтсltEсl(I the simple past
406
f
Answer
Кey
2 сHАRтсl1Есl(
If wishes were horses, I'd ridе one to Denver.
thе past perfeсt
Hеy! Todd is always saying,..I wish you would
EхPREss,#ж#,
сome with me sometimes.'' I guess I can go
knеw. had known 2.7 3.F
4. F 5. T
with him to Denver. Dr. Grimes must have meant that I сan solve my own problems. hadn't Now I wish I hаvе#+ beеn so rude to him.
6.7
would go away had didn,t havе to dеal сould entertain сould have invited oв had bеen able to invite z. had known
2. 3. с. 5. 6.
serrre*m (Total : 700 points. Each itеrn : 4 points.)
lmF|
z. I wish my husband would ask for a raise. 3. I wish my wife had bееn ablе to balanсe (oв сould havе balanсed) the сhесk book last month. +. I wish my boyfriend weren't out of shape oR were in shape. 5. I wish I weren,t too old to go baсk to sсhool. 6. I wish I сould stop (oв Wеre able to stop) smоking 7. I wish my son сalled (oв would сall) me. 8. I wish my parеnts had undеrstood me. Today I told Dr. Grimes, "I wish there lX:.
0NЕ 4.4 s.D
1.с 2.8 3.4
6.с
7. 8. 9.
B с с
10. D 11. A 12. D
lъl.Е.<тFгq.] lтW0 (Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) 13. D (seen) 20. D (were) 14. B (сould have) 21. с (dеlеtе wi]r|) 15. B (won't) 22. с (dеlеte comma) 16. B (havе) 23. с (would have) 17. B (werе) 24. с (get) 1s. A (сould have) 25, с (соuld) 19. A ('ll еat oв are going to eat)
way to spend more timе with my boyfriend, but we're both too busy." He just said, "If wishes wеre horsеs, beggars would ride.', underэtood That's сute, but I wish I r*nderstatd its meaning. Мaybe it means that wishing won't solve problems. Well, that's why h a dt o l d I went to see him!!! I wish he rмil}4eЦme what to do right then and thеrе' but hе refused. Speaking of wishful thinking, I wish Todd and I сould ьu##"ot
11,"
wеekend together nехt weеk. My ехams arе oveЦ but he has to fly to Denver to his job.
Adjective with Glauses Subjeсt Relative Pronouns
WPotNT F
сltАRTсl]Eсl( nouns in the middle of the main сlause. after the main сlause
EхPRЕssж That,s the man who works in thе сafetетia.
Answer
Keу
l
4o7
Almost everyone has friends, but ideas
A writer onсe said that friеnds arе born'
about friendship vary from person to person.
not made. This means that we automatiсally
For some, a friend i, ,o*Ыo.," йф \-_ сhats with you on the Internet. For others, a friend
beсome friends with people who iЬdare
1S a person
сompatiblе with us. I don,t agrее with this
lifе-somdonе
writer. Last summeц I made ftiends with somе wereoR are people whoХ сompletely different from me.
others only use the term fo. .o.6.,Ъ@\knows }zourinnermost seсrеts. Although different people emphasizе different aspeсts
In July, I went to Mexiсo City to study Spanish for a month. In our group, there who oB.that Was a tеaсher whieh was muсh oldеr than
of friendship, therе is onе "t",{Ыt@ш alwavs present, and that is the element of сhoiсe. We may not be able to selесt our
I am. We beсame really good friends. In my
families, our сo-workers, or even the people tf' our friends. As anthropologist Margarеt Mead onсe said,.A friend i. ,o.6.,Ъ@ сhooses and is сhosen.,,It is this f.""dй ofсhoiсe
first week, I had a problem whiсh was getting me down. Mехiсo City is a citу that oк whiсh чrhо has a lot of distraсtions. As a result, I went out all the timе, and I stoppеd gоing to my сlasses. Bob hеlped me get baсk into
speсial relationship.
my studies. Aftеr the trip, I kept writing 1. oR that have 2. who (oв that) have 3. that (oв whiсh) are 4. who (oв that) faсes 5. that (oв whiсh) is 6.whose...are 7. whosе...inсlude s. that (oв whiсh) appears oR appeared oв has appearеd who (oв that) doesn't read oв hasn,t read Mexiсo City is an exсiting сity that (oв whiсh) attraсts a lоt of tourists. Мarta has a brother whose name is Manuel. 4. Hе works for a magazine that (oв whiсh) is very popular in Mеxiсo. 5 . Manuel writes a сolumn that (oв whiсh) deals with relationships. 6 . An artiсlе that (oв whiсh) disсussed friendships won a prizе. 7 . A person who (oв that) has a lot of friends is luсky.
to Bob. He always writеs storiеs thutj# interesting and enсouraging. Next SummeЦ that o к w hich hе's leading another trip whаt sounds interesting. I hope I сan go.
Adjective with Clauses objeсt ReIative Pronouns or When and Where
WPqlNт T
сl]АRтсltпсl( the subjeсt of the adjeсtive сlausе F
ЕхPREssж I sеe all thе movies that he direсts.
4O8
I
Ansvver
Key 4. Aсross the hall I had a good friеnd who
At the age of nine, Еva Hoffman left Poland
(oв whom oв that) I went to sсhool with. oR . . . with whom I went to sсhool. 5 . I took piano lessons from a woman who (oв whom oв that) I met in the bakery. I remember one summer when (oв that) the whole family went to the lakе. 7 . Those are good times that (oв whiсh) I,1l alwavs miss.
with her family. She was old enough to know what she was losing: Craсoщ u .l6@she loved as onе loves a person, the sun.baked r"------7-
villages (т,ьereltьеv ьaa taкe vaсations, and the сonvеrsations and esсapades with hеr friends. Disсonneсtеd r-"->-
from u.iiy
her father would beсоme overwhelmed by the transition tо Canada. Еva would losе thе --.-..----ъ parent сonversation with friends in Craсow сafёs. And nothing сould replaсe her friendship withtь"ь
mб.'жfl Tai Dong is the small сity in southeastern r ..Г
w her eo к in w hio ho Rthat. . . in Taiwan \ДДj€h I gтew up. My family moved therе from Taipei the summеr when I was born. Thе house in whiсh I gтew ,,pьdi.
o.'
a main street in Tai Dong. My fathеr sold
andGhoй)she assumed she would someday
tea, and my mothеr had a food stand in our
marry. Worst оf all, howeveц she would miss
front соurtyard where she sold omelets early
.J
her language. For years, she would feel no сonnесtion to the English namе of t
anything
-
. Lost
in T|anslation: A Lifе in a I'{еulLanguagе (New York: Pеnguin, 1989) tеlls how Eva сame to terms witLЦ
nЗw identity and
language. It'sastoryЩ fasсinating and moving. r. 3. 4. s. 6. 7. 8. g.
oв that who oв whom oв that stayed oR werе staying whiсh had that oв whiсh wantеd that oв whiсh 1o. have experienсed 11. wherе oв in whiсh 12. wеre 13. who oв whom oв that 14. takе сare of 1. oR. . . in whiсh I gтew up . . . 2. The house that (oв whiсh) we lived in was beautiful. oв The house in whiсh wеlivеd... з. Еmilia and I shared a room where (oв in whiсh) wе spent nights talking.
in the morning. A сustomer who I always сhatted with hiб had a son my agе. We werе whoэe bеst friends. A сousin whe-his family I visitеd evеry Summer lived with us. He was w hoo к w ho mo кthat an apprentiсе whiеh my father was teaсhing the tea businеss to. on the first floor of оur wiere gЖк house wе had a huge kitсhеn all gathered for dinner. It was a fun and noisy plaсe. The bеdrooms wherе the family were slept was upstairs. My two brothеrs slept in that oк which onе bedroom. I slеpt in onе wЪ*t I shared with my older sister. My younger sister shared a bеdroom with another сousin whooк whomoKthar, wм my family had adoptеd. *oR the houэe whiah(oк rhat) | grewup in
&mжъrue*" Egзw l
Adjective Glauses: ldentifying and Non- ldentifying ж
P0lNт
4o9
who use thеm...Thе bеst waу to сure teсhnophobia is to сurе the reasons that сause it-that
is, to design things ж
people сan use and design things that won,t
F
break,'' сlaims Norman. Miсhael Dyrenfurth,
сI]АRтсl]Есl(
who tеaсhes at thе University of
non-identifying T
Missouri-Columbia'
ЕхPREss.жж
believes We сause our
own problems by buying teсhnology iЬ{we
It was the соmputеr ЕЬi
just don,t need...Do we rеally need an elесtriс toothbrush?,,hе asks. Aссording to
2. 3.
ffi,
T T
4. F 5. F
с.F
Dyrenfurth, important teсhnology lЫ.
teсho no . .pho . bia (noun)a fearth#. Some people have about using tесhnologу
we
сan,t afford to run away from aсtually exists. To prospеЦ wе have to overсomе our teсhnophobia and learn to use it.
If you have it, you,re one of the 85 perсent of people itfr
..disease,'has struсk. this new
Maybe you bоught a phone on whiсh you сan program 25 numbers-then
сouldn,t
3.
turn it on. Or perhaps you have just read
4.
that your new CD player' whiсh you have
5.
finally learned how to use9 will soоn be replaсed by DVD9 whiсh you had nеver еven heard of. Some experts say that things have just
6. 7. 8.
My new сell phonе, whiсh I bought a month ago, has beсome a neсessary part оf lifе. I remember the day when I was afraid to use my new сomputer. Noщ thеrе arе psyсhologists who (oв that) help teсhnophobes use teсhnologу. Dr. Miсhelle Weil, who is a psyсhologist, wrote a book about ..teсhnostrеss',' I work in an offiсe wherе (oв in whiсh) thе softwarе сhangеs frequently. A lot of people who work in my offiсe suffеr from teсhnostress. Some people dream of a job they сan do without teсhnology.
gotten too сomplex. William Staples9 who authored a book on the eleсtroniс age9tried
I just read a book сalled Technostress9whiсh
to help a friеnd who had just bought a new
was written by Dr. Miсhelle Weil. Her
stereo. Thе stereo9whiсh worked before'
сo-authorwas Dr. LatуRosen, HH ,, n..
wasn't working anymore. "On the front of
husband and also a psyсhologist. Aссording
the stereo rесeiver it literally had a сouple of dozen buttons," says Staples. Donald Norman, who has written about the effeсts of teсhnologу on people' blames the designers of these deviсes, not the people
to thе authors, everybody feels strеss about teсhnologу. our сell phоnes and beepеrs, whiсh t,hat wе buy for emеrgenсies, soon invade our privaсy. Just bесause they сan, people (сontinuеd on nехt pagе)
4|o
f
Ansanлer Key
сontaсt us at plaсes1where we arе relaxing.
Can't sleep? You're not alone. Millions of
Another problem is having to learn too
people are up tossing and turning instead of
muсhtoofast.Teсhnologiсal .ь".'glli!"а
gеtting their zzzz,S. Dr. Ray Thorpe, Direсtor ..Don,t of the Sleep Disorders Cliniс, @, think that loss of sleеp is iust a minor
to сome one at a time, now overwhelm us. Dr. Weil suggests dealing with teсhnostress
rnсonvenrenсe...D uring an intеrview hе@
using tips from her latеst book9 whiсh сan
me to think abоut what
be purсhased from her web site.
arive wьen tьev,re
. Еvery year up to
200,000 сar aссidеnts are сausеd by drowsy drivers. Then hu @me
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reсent industrial
(Total : 100 points. Each itеm : 4 points.)
deprivation.
Фlhtцkзboц!з . Chanсеs are that
it was сaused at least in part by sleep Being an insomniaс myself I askеd
ffi0шп
Dr. Thorpe for some suggestions. HeGiDme
1. B 2.^ 3.D
4. с s.B 6.8
7. B 8.с e.B
10. с 11. B 12. с
to stop arinкing сO warm slass of milk i
fashioned rеmedies work. Have a high-
ГЖЖjre-.WтW0 (Corrеct dnsшеrs arе in parеnthеsеs.) r з. C (wherе) ', 4. A(w h o) 15. с (dеlеtеЬe) 16. B (whose) '.7. B (that oв whiсh oв' dеlеtе what) ls. D (dеlеtе it) 19. с (disсuss) 20. B (whiсh) 2 1 .^ ( w h o ) 22. с (in whiсh oв where) 23. B (with whom) 24. с (whеn oв that oв"dеlеtе whiсh) 2s. ^ (whose)
Direсt and lndireсt lmperatives Speeсh:
YI;%IHЖPпINт
..Don't eat a heavv mеal before bеd.''
сI]АRTсltпсК direсt speeсh T
EхPREssT,:i#::i;'f::л to go, Don't work
. H" @ф rayез . 'A lot of old-
сarboh}zdrate snaсk like a banana before ]rou so to bеd.'' hе 6aiD But he 6a.',ъЬoatiеnts nottoeataьеavyme
..Regular thg_ццh!. What about exerсise? exerсise helps, but don,t ехerсise too сlose to bеdtime,'' ь" @ Finally, he@me ..Don,t worry about not цФlg-_dqq!aщ. sleeping. It's the worst thing to do," he 6il) I don't know. After thinking about those industrial aссidents. I doubt I'l1 be able to sleеp at all! ffil Y#
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
that night told my to watсh said
7. there 8. explain 9. not to 1o. the neхt 11. to get
1. oR He said to pull over and take a brief nap. 2. oR He told them not to take a long nap. з. Hе told them (oв He said) to sing to themsеlvеs. д. Hе told them (oв He said) to turn thеir radios to an annoying station. 5. He told thеm (oв Hе said) not to drink сoffee.
Ansз*яeя" !{ey
6. He told them (oв Hе said) to open thеir windows. т. He told them (oв He said) tо let сo1dair in. в. He told them (oв Hе said) to be сarеful when they stop their сars. 9. He told them (oв He said) not to stop on a desеrted roadside. ro. He told them (oв He said) not to drink and drive. In writing сlass today, Juan read one of his storiеs. It was wonderful. After сlass, thе a story in сlass neхt not week. However. I asked her nо to сall on teaсher invited,,,J!"ua
me nеxt wеek beсause I'm having trouble told getting ideas. Shе s+id me not to worry, and she said to wait for two weeks. Then I talked to to Juan, and I asked him^tell me the sourсе hiэ for уо+r ideas. He said that they сame from his dreams, and he told -Jj.".o
a dream
journal for ideas. He invited me Хto read
l
411
lndireсt Sp@eсh: Statements (1) жPqцNT
..It looks grеat on you!''
сl]АRтсltЕсl( the punсtuation the verb tensе in thе statеmеnt pronouns in thе statement
ExPREss'ж told. was
ffiAt
9:00Riсk Spivak,sbankphonеdand6iD tьat ьls сrealt сar
...The
сheсk is in the mail,', Riсk @quiсkly. At 11:45 Riсk left for a |2:00 meeting aсross town. Arriving late, Riсk6tilьi.
сlient фq! t.amс ьaa ьeе" ьм. That еvеning, Riсk's fianс6e wore a new dress. Riсk hatеd it' "It looks just gтeat on you,,' h" @ Threе liеs in one day! Yet Riсk is just an ordinary guy. Eaсh time, he@tDьimself
somе of his journal.XIt was very interesting,
that sometimеs the truth сauses too manv
so I asked him to give me some tips on to аet remembering dreams. He said gэtЁiяg a
Pщщщg. He@!фhimself was ьeting good abo
good night's sleep beсause the longer dreams сome afber a long period of sleep. He told also teЦ me to keep my journal by the bed and to write as soon as I wake up. He said not to te-до move from the sleeping position. Hе not to also told me t+-dоnt think about the day at frrst. (If you think about your day, you might forget your dreams.) Мost important-every night hе tells himself thd to remеmber his the neх| dreams t€m€+rоqдl morning.
ЩФ дЦлeц999 . Why
should he hurt her feelings? Is telling liеs a new trend? The majority of people in a reсent survey @щel!99pl9 .
were morе honеst tе
Nevertheless, lying wasn't really born yesterday. In the еighteenth сentury, the Frenсh philosopher Vauvenargues told the ..All mеn truth about lying whеn he @ are born truthful and diе liars.'' z. з. д. s. с.
has told that had shе
z. в. 9. to.
had had was had
made lied quitting firеd
412
f
&resъaясэв-Ж.ey
2. Lisa said (that) shе had just heard about a job at a sсientifiс rеsearсh сompany. 3. Bеn said (that) he had majored in sсiеnсе at Florida Statе. д. Lisa told him (that) they wantеd someone with some experiеnсe as a progтammer. 5. Ben told her (that) he worked as a programmer for Data Systems. 6. Lisa said (that) they didn,t want a reсent сollege graduatе. 7 Ben told her (that) he had gotten his degree four years ago oв beforе. 8. Lisa said (that) it sounded like the right job for him. onсe when I was a teenageц I went to my Aunt Leah's house. Aunt Leah сolleсted told pottery, and when I got there, shе sаid me wanted that she wаnts to show me her new bowl. me * h a d She told^she hаs just bought it. It was bеautiful. When Aunt Leah went to answеr the dоoц I piсked up the bowl. It slipped from my hands and smashed to pieсes on the floor. WЪen Aunt Leah сame baсk, that I sсreamed and said чrhаt the сat had just her broken уоt*т new bowl. Aunt Leah got this funny look on her faсe and told me that it waЭn,f, is+t important. I didn't sleep at all that night, and the neхt morning, I сalled my had aunt and сonfessed that I hаv€ broken her ohe
bowl. She said I had known that all along. I promisеd that I*#going to buу her a
lndirect Speeсh: Statements (2)
,ry:i%:.ffi P0lNт "It will be windy."
с,{ARтсltEсl( ought to, might, should have
,{;tr;:;ffi:3 ЕxPпЕss
Jim said that he might move soon. 2. 3. 4. 5.
..Thе winds may reaсh 170 miles pеr hour.'' "There will be more rain tomorrow." ..You should try to leavе the area.'' ..We сan expeсt a lot of damage.,'
z. They said (that) it was going to pass north of therе. з. They said (that) it might beсome a tropiсal storm when it landеd there. +. Thеy said (that) they had had to сlose some bridgеs the day before beсause of high tides. s. They said (that) they wouldn't rеstorе elесtriсity until today. с. They said (that) thе sсhools thеrе might be сlosed for a while. z. They said (that) thеy ought to use bottled water for a few davs. z. He said (that) it was true, and (that) they would probably beсome more frequent. 3. He said (that) the planet might be getting warmeц and (that) that сould сause more sevеre storms. д. He said (that) еmergenсy workers should have arrived muсh morе quiсkly. 5. He said (that) the new satellitеs would help. He said (that) if we didn't havе them, we wouldn,t bе able to warn people.
nеW one someday.We still laugh about thе storу today. *oв 9he эai d э h e . ' .
Wе had some exсitement here beсause of the hurriсane last week. Jim,s mother сalled just before the storm. She said ,ьJ;1u listening to the wеather repоrt and that she Was Worried about us. Shе told Jim that if
Aпsиrer
#
wo u l d .*o wеren,t so stubborn' We wiЦ paсk
up and leave immediatеly. Jim,s father told us how to get ready for the storm. He said we should h< put tape on our windows t he n right nоw and that we ought to fill the bathtub with water. He also told Jim that we should buy a lot of batteries before the that niаht storm hit tоnф*it. Sue сalled. She said that her plaсe was too сlose to thе сoast and that t,here эhe she сouldn't stay hе+€ . She told mе I wanted to stay with me and Jim. She said she should have ^сalled us sooner. I told her she should сome t he n right Rоw. Then we listened to the weather advisory, and the forесaster said that the wa5
storm is going to go out to sеa. She said it wouldn'l чre#t hit this area at all!
lndireсt
Cluestions
WщPqINT
..WЪy are you still single?''
сIiARтсIIЕсКI F,T
сlllЕсl(2 сI{,АRт F,T
ЕхPRЕssжffi why hе had quit his job. A few wееks ago, Мelissa Morrow had a stress intervieщ one whiсh fеatured tough, triсky questions and negative evaluations. First, the intеrviewer asked wh]z she сouldn't work under pressure. Before she сould answeЦ he asked who had written her appliсation letter for hеr. Mеlissa was shoсkеd, but shе
Кey
l
41.3
handled hersеlf very well. She asked the intеrviewer whether hе was going to ask her anv serious questions. Then she left. Companiеs give strеss interviews in order to watсh how сandidatеs handlе pressure. Suppose, for example, that there is an aссident in a nuсlear power plant. The plant's publiс rеlations offlrсеrmust rеmain сalm when reporters ask how the aссident сould have happеned. Be aware, howeveц that in somе сountries, like the United States, сertain questions are not allowed unless they are direсtly related to the job. If your interviewer asks how old.vou are' you сan refuse to answer. The intеrviewer also should not ask whether }rou are married or how muсh money you owe. If you think a question is impropeц ask how the question relates to the jgb. If it doesn't, УoЦ don,t havе to answеr. Items Cheсked: 2. 3. 5 2. He asked when the interview was. 3. He asked where the сompany was. 4. Hе asked if (oв whether) she needеd direсtions. 5. He asked how long it took to get thеre. 6. He asked if (oв whether) she was going to drive. 7. He asked who was going to intеrview hеr. 8. He asked when thеv would let her know. Pete asked if (oв whethеr) she was interviеwing with other сompanies. Claire asked what her responsibilities would be. 5 . Claire askеd how job performanсe was rewarded. Pete asked what her starting salary at her last job had been oв had bеen at her last job. 7 . Pеte askеd if (oв whether) she had gotten along well with her last employer. Claire asked if (oв whether) they hired many women.
414
I
Answer
Key
о you've ever needеd to know how to
I did some stress questiоning in my interview
сalсulate thе right tip instantlv.
with Carl Treng this morning. I asked hecouldn'l Mr. Treng why еor*ld#t-he work under
. you're new to the United States and you're
pressure. I alsо asked him why i}id his d i э |i k e d supervisor dislikе him. Finally, I inquired
о you'd like to learn how tipping properlv сan get vou the best serviсе for vour monev.
when he would quit the job with our
What readers arе saying . . . ..I сan't imagine how I gоt along without it.',
not surе who vou should tip here.
. t ,
сompanyxMr. Treng answered my questions
..Take fips along if you want a strеss-free
сalmly, and he had some exсellent questions
vaсation.,,
of his own. He askеdXif we expeсted сhanges on the job} Hе also wanted to know how often it6* we evaluate employееs. I was I had decided impressed whеn he asked why di*ldeeide to join this сompany. I think we should hire him. *oR howoften we evaluated
Еmbedded
Cluestions
W-,жPпlNт Should wе lеave a tip? Is thе serviсe inсluded?
сI|АRтсI]ЕсI( ЦT
ExPREss,,,{#::;жffi A: ?
B:.
ф2.
how to tell if thе tip is inсluded in the bill. 3. why serviсе people in Iсеland rеfused my tips? 4. how muсh to tip airport porters. 5. who expeсts a tip and who doesn,t. 6. I should tip my ski instruсtoт. 7. tipping is still illegal therе. 8. to tip anyway. 2. how muсh to tip (oв how muсh we should tip) thе taхi driver? 3. where the Smithsonian Museum is? 4. where we сan buy (oв where to buy) mеtro tiсkеts. 5 . wе сould rеnt a сar and drive? 6. what they put in the sauсe. When you live in a foreign сountry even a small oссasion сan bе an adventure! Before my date with Janek tonight, I didn't even | э ho u|dОRto know what shоr*l*I wear! Jеans? A dress? John,s Grill isn't a fanсy restaurant, but it
This book is for you if . . .
was Janek's birthday and I wantеd to make
о you've evеr avoided a situation just
it a big oссasion. Miuki Was vеry helpful, as
beсause you didn't know how muсh to tip. о you,ve ever realized (too late) that you werе supposed tо offеr a tip. o you've ever given a huge tip and then wondered if a tip was neсessary at all.
always. I knеw how to gеt to John's Grill, but I didn't know how long it was going to take to get therеХ I lеft at 6:00, whiсh should havе given me plenty of time, but
Answer
whether when I got off the bus, I wasn't sure # to turn left or right. I asked a poliсe offiсer John'эwaэ where waqJtohnЪ, and I was only a few minutes late. I had planned to take Janek out for a speсial dessert afterward, but I сouldn't remember hоwХto find thе plaсe Miuki had suggested, and Janek has been
SelfTest
Кey
t
4l5
ш
(Total : 700 points. Each itеm : 4 points')
lFffilWoшп r.D 2.^ 3.в
4,с s.A 6.с
7.с s.A
9.с 10.D
here even less time than me. (Anyway, the
tffiqf-IqЪ] тW0
dessеrts at John's turnеd out to be vеry
(Corrеct ansшеrs arе in parеnthesеs.) 11. A (told oв said to) 19. D (it сosts) 12. D (.) 20. с (runs) 13. D (then) 21. D (?) 14. D (w as сo ming) 22. D (,,,) 15. D (therе) 2з. B (if you сould) 16. B (whether or not oR ifl 24. с (not to) 17. ^ (whether) z5. B (I сould) ls. D (might have stopped)
good.)Then, when wе got the bill, I was not wondering whether to tip or no. I had to ask if he knew Janek di*he-knelдr. Fortunately, he had read Tips onTipping, so hе told me to ieavе about 1,57o.
Loшсмдш L
DIстIONARY oг
AмЕRIсAN
ЕNGLIsH
llll|lilш lшШ '||шlШil п-eп1.5eп7з.7
