!"#%$&')(*,+,- .0/2135476859;:A@'BC4@'BEDF8HGI6/...
51 downloads
670 Views
227KB Size
Report
This content was uploaded by our users and we assume good faith they have the permission to share this book. If you own the copyright to this book and it is wrongfully on our website, we offer a simple DMCA procedure to remove your content from our site. Start by pressing the button below!
Report copyright / DMCA form
!"#%$&')(*,+,- .0/2135476859;:<859=851?>A@'BC4@'BEDF8HGI6/J
LK 1NMOH3QPR85MSOT>VUWOX>N9Y8[ZFG\]MSOH^_\@-OH1`MSOHP abOdcE85PMS^VOH1`MJXe-f;ghOXi MSP9jiH8Xgf;13k9l1OHOdPS9l12354ZFG\]MSOH^_\ mb19lnFOdP\o9hM]GpJ5eqZFJQ/MrOHP1A@,8Xgl9setJQPS129j8 :EJF\'ub13QOdglOX\wvx@,u)yQzkzQ{QyH4]|k}Q~Q E'p#
# X-XtwkF'HjtHk]Hj]twhXxwQ wjt¡ k¢jtjX £Ljl¤EH¥=¦]tw;'St5t]§t-X¨-©ldªoXt] w0tXX«H]¢j¬d¨ jX«H]wX¢F]toXª]¬Q]j®<o]¯tXw¡wkHXª] 'X]t],¡wo°FHXªL']tª]E<'5twQ]Q©h tX¬w±Loª]t²w Hkj¨w´³kX]j¨µt]tb]H¶NtXª]HXkotª]]5tw#;²w]¨toXtt² ¯t'ªowt]s£ X-¬Q]j®]]·S±]ª]od;X«H]°0¸j t5£®< t F¶X®]«HXwt0tX-¹;w§®S²w]]t'bHX]Ft5-tkª]Ll©htod5]Xª]¨#HªºtwbXt k]j¨©EHX'²HtQ`¨Htto s¹»=Xo°H¸j<tX®ktX;XH¨HtªkªowHtLtbX¢¼]]Ht]wX£ Xª¬Q§t¨¯t]X]tod]p£bt]'©`5j©h t ª]HL½'ª]]H°b¾#,bd5]¹§»=p®µX¯¹= ³kt]0®£µ]²wo²Htk2b]ªLk5£';XpX]² ]w·btX¬w±7]ª]t² ¯dQj¨ 'St5t;®XªL' t§ªowX£t]H®£d5¯ ¬Xtot²ww]«Hkot]Xª] ° ¿bÀHÁFÂ-ÃkÄwÅÆÇ·¡w'Hk£j¨·t]t']H¶´ª]wbXt]twWt¢©Yª]¯bXt ¶HX·²Htk§t¨Ht]Èbd5]-s¹»=Xo¶<¹;w ®S²w]]S° 2É ÊpËÌ ' ÍÏÎ#Ð[
Ë Í Ì ¸j¡wHkj¨It]t'odIbk tH¯ V©h o²wkwV©,7¼]ªot²w]5]t·XIQ]j©h tXª]p©²wt X'wt¨ ¡w;ª]wbXtott t]ªLX5£HXo°Ñ§p]tw-bXt0£;Xo]X]#ªow'5Xt-XXtt t£ µ §X¯XtLXª]¬Q]j®<o]#tX w¡wk`Xª]wbXtottoµ¡w]t¯ktX0dQj¨'©EX-ª] 'X]t£ t]ªLXXHXª¬Q,o²wk]`°ÑX]t]HS¶FtX 'SHjtHkt]Hj]tw-lXE´wkS Y¡wkÒjtY5wtLjt'l¤EH¥=¦]tw'tX]§=bw<®X]¨¯X]`°xX]¨'ªS¬k t¨µª] 'X5t]#t]5t]]H¯tXbX]²Hst µ©§tXbXtt t]·¡w;©ltwÓX¯w£¡ kE¡w0£#X'5£«H]®t¯]Xw° ¹§®]² ]¶H'5ªotªF²H]®X¡ttQt X¶ HX¯¬k]X¡ Ôt;Xk¨,5ww5£¨ª] Xª]]HtL]wbX«H]FX¢¼ot]Xªo]°Õ5tw t5-²H£o®k £H©?HXbk]ª]]Xw`¶FQ]ª]]Xk³QX]j¨'Xª]XXo§t5j©Yª],'HwXX]¶Q]X¡ -tQt5X]t-Xª] dd5£j¨H¶ XwQ],¬QªL H¡wt XX[Xwtb]²w]j¶X[t `°µÖ¢F]t]H¡ ,ªow'5t]tw#]ªLXXHX]¯XXXªo'²wwX-j¨HQ]©§²Htk t¢©Yª]tk§R¼]ªo§HX¯²H£o®£5¡,]«HQ]t]5ª]¯'H¨,XtXª]®S¨H¶Xo²w]¢©2X,X[ §¤EH¥=¦W]² ]§×±LXt] t0¬k;¬QwXEodQj°`¸jx£x¡w]Xo¨¯¡w]]btk<Xp <¤EH¥;¦VXH]XwEªowt]s§®]k®t¯X²HtkkHk£j¨;Q]tª]o£² ] ¬H¨¯HX¯¬k]X¡ ¶H£5ª]-X#ª]wbXX]'¬H¨'5XX¡,X§Hk]X¢F]t]5ª]]§©2XX²HXkXX«H]<®t5wXª]w5tX]£5¡ t5,²Htk£H]ª]twp' X¡¯±]ª]]H;X«H]°;¸j tX]; ¬Xµ ¬w±L]ª]²w'tX;©hwX¡w`¡w;Q]tª]oXtk Hkj¨H¶bHX]©`HX-²Htkk¨dt]Øs¹§»;XxtX X¯¬kL wo'Ht-ª]ªowXH°¸jE®]X HX®¯tkE¹§»;¯kEX¢F]t]H toXtt²Hj¨;t§¡wk£N®t-X¢F]tod?©ht]HXoXª]]°5<² ]£ ¹§»;-`X]L©hwdªSº]]--¬Qw,X<kªoÔX-©lt]HX]5ª]¨ X XS¶w55]tX]tX;kª]7Y¬kt]#X[X tX0¡ww¬k¼Õ5w5t]§Q¨Ht<5t²HX]§0¡wHHHwQ©h £<bHX]X¡k° X¯o±LwX¢½'ª]Xj¨µbHX]X¡¯¹§»;F¶FX®]²wo-©h]#X]¡ ]ª]to#¬d¨pt5¬w±L]ª]£² ¯Hkj¨µt]tb]H-t]ªLX]¶x w[tXbª]wbXXLt #©§t5'ª] dt¯·ª] 'X]«£¡ ]°¸j·t5£®wt F¶®']«HX ttXb¹= ®ÔS² ]]¶®XªL·Q¯ ¡wHH·kªoLh©lt]HX]5ª]¨IHªºw#XwQ]tj¨H¶t#]²w£QtbtXXH¨Htª§ª] HttS°V¸j¯£t5®Ùk¯Xª]wH'ª ¬Q't¨µ]Xtot]HtoI··o«d5t]tw[©§tLXÚ©hwÓª]HL½'ª]]HtS° Tw'¯²HtQEX5]Xwb]kªSÙt¬Q'bd5]]µ¬H¨ ¯Xt]t £5twkdk¨HtE£5ª];tXª]wHtL<EX7³kX]¯]²wot¨¯totwXw`°EÛ dtt¯X¢¼ot]HtotwXwX<ttX] ª] ¯¬XX]#®t[²dkLF]ª]tbt#¨H]·5]®Ü¡ S¨ jtª£b¡ ,Hk£j¨p'St5tw°#5'X]®Ýw¬w±7]ª]t² ott ¯'tX -XL³QX]·0tX'¡w¡w]¡dt¯ª] Htt-bttªL¬koj®<]oÙX¯w¡wkEXµªow'5t]t][£¡ ]°0X-']tª];-' t ª] Xtt]H§®tHX¯t5¬w±L]ª]£² ,LX HX¡¯Xªk¬5£;©?5]tª]¬XX¡¯²w£ Xª] 'X]t]£¡ =t¢©Yª]tS°XL¼ t t5wXVª]wHt¬XXt#XX]² ]wXb]H,©-X]®Ýª]wbXt]twV]ªLXXHX]'kbw'ª] Xª]]HtL]Þ VtX² ] Q]tª]oXtkN³kX]j¨'Lt5]tkX«do£®=ott §b£5£¯ºt¢w`° X;kQ]-;w¡d5£ºo] ©hw®°¾#-³Qtt0Xtª]X-¹§»;bHX]§µHoª]tw·ß5°-¸j#H]ª]w#àX¶F®,5twQw'bX]® XL³QXtwb©2ªowHtLt®t']tQ]ª];¯ª]wbX]«,¡wo<¬H¨¯ H£5¡,X;¹=w®ÔS² ]]tXj©lwtÝ©tX;¡ww¶H5'X£5¡
®S²w]]Eªod7½'ª]]Htt0]t£tXª]wHtLÔ<ªL'totwXw¯¯tX¡ w°¨,5tX¡tX¯Xtt]wX£ ,5¯tkª]L ©h]HX]Xª]¨bdªSº£ ,5twQ]t]©`®S²wo£ot¶H]²woF ¬Xtot²woXªowX£t]5ª]]§¯t5§X¨dªLX XH¨HtªFtoXtªb¬k ]«HXsXokX£¨H°¹»=']ªLkXt''odwX]£Hoª]tw#߯XªL ;tXtX5XtotX £pQ]tª]oXtw#]tQw5tw¶NtX ©h]HX]Xª]¨bt HX¡;L¼oª]¶F5't5§Xtoª]twQFXL©h]]Xª]-ªS¬kª]wH² ]X]Ht¨¯Xª] tQwt]'X§®S²wo£oE©hLb]®< t F° toÙ ·X-©hLb]®< t F¶®'XwQwt·w¬w±7]ª]t² b]tª'·H]ª]wIàX° ൪] 'X5t'X]«Ht]H¯©=t5'Q]tª]o£² ] ª] dt£¯o²w]¨'totwXw`¶HX¯5]t²w;b]tw'tX§¬H¨,o«T'XX¡tX®<]¡ d]'5ÒF]]Xª]]©`ª] Htt¬k]j®]] t5w£¡ k§XVª]wbXt]t] £¡ ]q¯ªLI]t XtwN° ¤?t¨HªLXwXH¨Htª§]«HQ]tb]HttªowXX5ª]t] £IHoª]tw t#5]' XttX²wXj¨#XVLF]ª]£² ]X]©=X¹;w³Q£]°V¾#£µ5tX]t]«Hk]']Ht¯#ª]w5ª]XXtX XX]Q]X5]Xª]©kj®;²dkHt HX¡²ws¬X]S°F¹§X;Q]tª]oXtwbXL³kªo£oXª]¨¯w¬XHXE t]HtwX§t'tX] 'X]t0]«Hk]']HtS°X-XwQw]£¡ dQj¨,bXt;ÔXX]'¯kXF¡ ]E,]t£LF]ª]t² ]X]°¾# §XtªoXtt5<²H]®X¡XtLXªo<LF]ª]xtk2SF]ª]tXkotª]]5tw¯©T¡wNª]wbXtott ,t¢©Yªot°Ûw5ª]XXX¡to H ;¡w²w]T]ª]t 5° EÊ Ð
Ì ·Ë EÐ#
ÝV? ØÍÎ ; »§kQ]tª]oXtw#tXt]X©ht ¯tot]-©? XtªEX5]XEtLXÚ©hwtwXS°X£¡ H£XtS±L]ª]]#wHtbtX totkt5tw5¡wtX0ª]wX'X']5§t©lwtÝwXªF¡ww° X-totk¡wtXot]5t]¬H¨bXXww]ª]]Xw= t5t]£Q-XtLXÚ©hw']Ht;X]XLX]tQw5t]-tªL¯tX XtªX]²ww°5wX£ªX]²wªt]EX]tt¡wQt;tX t5§²HtkXª]wt]«¯¯X§¬XL©h ©hXtX]Xdªo]t£5¡k°EHXª]¬k t¯X5wt t]ªo]Xt t;X¯ª] t£ªSQª]]EtLXÚ©hw Xªow'X¡ t¡ kEHt-wbktª]XstoXt]]Htw`¶5tXo¨©hw X;ª]w§©`tX;²Htkk¨dt]p°`5§w¬w±7]ª]t² =©`Xt¨HªLX XH¨dª tottªL£t0'HX]XX§² ]XtLXÚ©h]©hX5ª]tw¯©¼X;²H£k5t¨Ht]µ¶ ®X]=H¨;©`X§ª] 'Qw£5¡=b]ªLk5£'E w¡wkX¡;©hw ]X]§©2X]t0j®<¯ª] t-o£o']HtS¶X®]`X;wX£ªS`b]ªLk5£ ©2X-]¨ w° EÊlÉÊ
!#"$%'& ("'&*),+-!+."/(0"213 1541576
X-¬5£j¨©2X-]¨ ;t¯X]]ª]£¡ d<5]koXX]H;wb¬k ttX' XHE©£¡ HEHkH¯X'X-¬kªL d¡ t XX'¡wH£5¡k° X¯]¨ ,ªS#toXt'b²wot¨pt2bwXH©Ô¡wH§®5]µ;©hX¨Qt pkXt]N¶F¬XX-ªSXX ;t]X'X¯','w5d ©§¡wH;®X][tX¯XtwX5XX¡w-t]st²w]¨p¬Xt¡ dS°X]L©hww¶EHX²HtQk]ª]]Xw·,©hXXª]w#©§¬Qw#tX X'kXª]X¢F]toXª]¬k]j®]]tX-¬QªL H¡wt XX5't5-t£¯5£QXt5-¬kªL H¡wwX5QXLt ']²woY° 8F] 9:<;>=µX? 90:@BAp¬k¯X¯«d¯XÝXp'XX X'kXª]];©<tX¯®S²w7©hw wX5µX¯k d;©ÔHt]]tS° ªLX]t # C ª]wH¶5XL³kXoµ D L TS E , 9:F;G=IH?9:J@BAkL K5M 9:F;G=ONP9:J@QAQS R -©lwXX#µ¬QXt¨#ª]w5tH,®XoÙ5t]Vtt]X]todX=±L5t¯X tª]¬X'X'kXª]X¢¼ot]XªowV° UXW Õ5wt¯XE© XX¢©h t XbkXªot]]p¡dXtXX¢©h t ¬kªL d¡ t XX`¶H¾#]¬Q]Y C ´©hª]t `¶H®XªL'XL³k5]µ D
E[Z 9K 9\R
hß
®X] Z 9W£t5'X'kXª]X¢¼ot]XªoµX?9A,X'¬kªL d¡ t XX·XbkXªow°¾#¯t]k;©lwt'Xkt]X¶xtX ¾#]¬Q]7C ©hLª]£ µ5tX¯ªLX]t #C §ª] Htt;X¢F];¬d¨q©Yª]w©Ôß5°=¤H¨Ht £ ¡wª`]«HQ]t'od§X®<oµk]²w]¨ ª] ttªHª]]XF©hHª]5t]¯ ,ª]]tLt]¡ £ --t5t]ª]oXt²w³Q],Xw5£¨;]Xt£² <§Xª]wH£§ªo]tL-©lt]HX]5ª]¨ ¬kX`°X0²w]L`²Htk`Q]tªo]Xt µ©? ¬w±L]ª];Xb£QXª]wª]wHtL§§X]t7©hw,Xq¡w¡ t]¡Ht0k]Ú©hwXª];©Eª ª]]] C ©htod5]Xª]¨totQwXw_° ^a` HXª]¹§»;ª5XwXt²HX,H³QXt-ª] Httt]wXt `¶F¯ª] dt§XtotX £p]«Ht=]²wot¨k F©h]HX]Xªo¨d° X-Xt]Xw#]Xtot]Ht¯X=±7Xt-5wtª]S¬Xª]wHtL,pªLp©h]HX]Xª]¨#¬QX`°b¸jpwt5],®wX¶H¨t¯X`®5wt ª] dt¯,®]-k[tXt5t]Xw·ªSXX ,¬QX]]ª]toI·X tª]wX5£wXS°µ5ªowHtLtt5t]XwV²wX¯¯ ©hX5ª]twV©×Xk ©htod5]Xª]¨V®XªLIªÙ¬QXot]'X]V]«HQ]t'odL¨d°VÑ j¨HXªª]wH']Xt£²Hj¨·ªoXt² w¶ XL³QX]·;X,]ª]XdªS©<X¯ª]wH;ª]Xt² w¶N£;X®µµÕN¡k° T b° ^]`Vѧ0tX®ptX0³k¡ Xtw¶N¹§»;Q;tX¯5£¡ X] X'kXª]t]Xt²H£j¨tw5XµàSS T7cªo¨dªo£o=Q];X]¡ t] ¶`XtXt]5tt²Hj¨t]Hkt]¬QwtpX¡wX®I©lt]HX]5ª]¨ ]X5°p¸j,-X®·¬H¨#ÛbX¬ko£e d7fhg/iBjbk¯kS¶²w]®X¯LX¡ '©§ksx©ht]HXoXª]]¶xtXª] HtttX]t5w·©= ¡wL£5¡,Xot]'X][wX¨p¬d¨#XbX£XX©§t0©hX5kb]HÕX Xt]ª]wbk X]HtS ° Ôt]Vw[tXw¬X]t²wtwN¶ Õ5wX£o©htod5]Xª]¨'k¨Ht2®Xo£¨X]¯¯²d£ ,]tStªL`°xѧª]ªowt5£5¡-t-XE'HXoY¶,¡w<tÒ©jª]EªS¯¬Qt]X] w5£¨¯¢©£ª]wH§¬Q²w;tX0tX]tX Ït '§ksQ©h]HX]Xª]]©Etª]wbk X]HtS°
3
10
Sensitivity Threshold
2
10
1
10
0
10 −1 10
0
1
10 10 Spatial Frequency (cycles/deg)
2
10
ÄÀ ;Ñ j¨d5£ªS`ªowHtLt]X£²dj¨bª]Xt² -©HX¯¬k]X¡ ° H]² ]§LFwt'®]X]² wtoÙ#kLb]t]º]'Xª] dt¯toXtt²Hj¨·ª]5t²w °IÖ=¨ bX t] ^7UbX'tº]o ²wwX;]«HQ]t'odLE]t5£-©ltwØtX¯toXtXpX]]tbX]#t5¯ª]wHtL,]Xt£²Hj¨#;tX©hXXªotwp©t]² ] ²ws¬X]S°F®<²w ¬X]2t©kQtª]XsN£bk tLXª] ¶j° w°F5£XsS¨;tº]X-¬QªL H¡wt XXX'kXª]`]² ]j°2?«dQ]£b]H totXt0©hw 0tX¡ ¡w]t][tk-tX'X¡w5 §XXsS¨tº]¯©Ô¡ X¡w;XH]¯SF]ª]-X¯ª] dtt]Xt²H£j¨p;® tQts ©h]HX]Xª]]S°E¹®<]² ]¶HXEX]²Hsw¯S¨;¬Q§X5§t0tXXt]]Htwb']XH¯tXª];;t]d5¯¬k]©`tt¯XHª]¨Hª]] Xd5Xª]]]Nk]ª]]²woªowHtLtxtXXt]Xw`°b¸j'5Xtw`¶ ¤`o£3 Ut5®<]¯kt5tXXLXt]XwQ]tª]oXtw EXkR¼oª]t]®t¯²wts¬5£¡ tX¡;tº]]5¯t -X]¡ t]]S°E¾#d5<X0XwEªowX£5]tXXtXsS¨-º]=Ô;²wts¬5£¯tX ª]Xt]H®w ¼°btX;wX]k5`¶Xt5wX¡ ¯tX;ª] dttX]tX X5t«H]¨-ª] XtLHE©lw²wt XE¬kª H¡ tw5X X'kXª];]²wo£©h ;]«Htto']¨®W©ht]HXoXª]¨#kttotX-XªL ;tX¯ª¯¡wtX¡ ¶QtX;ª] XtLXª]¨pXH]-5w;Xw ©h <X;tX]tX 'toXtt²Hj¨¯ª]X²w,Ô;®X;LX¡ §©tkts5©h]HX]Xª]]S°EE HX¡-X<²wts¬5£Htª] XtX]L£ X X,-Q¬k s-w¡jw¡;ª]HwXk]=§tt k¬X-5Xt«Htw¯'¾·tw# C ®< t F¶ `7^®<0w¬XL D
w¡X T7K W E ^ w¡k,9E#N ^ ] w¡k U NW U w¡QM9EN U Hw¡NI ` £ ¡k,9EN ` hà EÊ3xÊ
%&!( ) 1]#/(2!' 15" ѧXwX¡ ,ªo]£xkt®¨;tXX-X¢F]t]H©lt]HX]5ª]¨¯¬k5X¶X]¨¯Xwttª]£¨¬kXHj£b£]`¶SXd]ª]t X<bwX¡ S±]ª]od©h]HX]Xªo¨#ªQXXo£0®<]¯®<o£xw¬X]t² ]#µX¯£]tXw°¯®Xtt¨bL¼oª]t¯®]t¯©htoµXª]Xt]·ptX t]Lt5tw°0X]¨µttXtXbtw¯LF]ª]¯5tXt HX¡¯LF]ª]S°,5,X't ¯L¼oª],;Ht]ÚYªLkXX]xL¼oª] S¨HX¡tk§X-X]¡ d¬QwX¡-©lt]HX]5ª]¨ªLk5X]ª]wHt¬XX-t¯X-t `ª] dt°XotL©h tw¶FX¬Xt5t]Xwª] Htt S¨pt£5tHXXª]pptEt]k Xtp¢©=X]tp]«Ht¯ tX]b]«Hª]t t¨·t¯XEVXt¬H¨#©h]HX]Xªo¨ÙªLkXX]S°I¹§®]² ]¶ t5X'£L¼oª]'0©Y-]¯'QwtLH;tk·Xb©hw®X¡'t HX¡LF]ª]G U ÏtHX£X ,Xª]Xt]V·X]L- t5£0®< t F°'5't HX¡'7¼]ªo,,XwX]£H]jjªLkX5]<7¼]ªo¯®XªptL]¯tk-t5¯²d£¬5£j¨©=bt¯X?-t ' ©h]HX]Xª]¨¯ªowX¯¬Q§'kt]¬H¨,X§X]toXª];©` tX]t¯XdXt¬H¨©htod5]Xª]¨¯ªLkXX]°X®<o£¢j HX®,o«T'X ,ªow'5t]t]¯¡wEt¢©Yª]Ek£¨H£tktX¬XHªL H£5¡=t¢©Yª]©F¬XdªL j¬k],ªow'5t]twtªLX]b]¶ ®XªL,ªowX£t ©X¡wHl©htod5]Xª]¨]X¡ ,ªow'Qw5]Ht¶Q§];²d£¬5£;X,]«HtX¯t]¡ wXS°§XL¼oª]¶NtXotL©h tw¶ ªp¬k²H]®<oµ; toXXª]£ ©ª]wH§]Xt£²Hj¨¯t5t]Xwµ<ª]ottktsQ©lt]HX]5ª]]§ª]]to¡wwXS° X]Ïtbt]² ] H£5¡bHX]-£H² ]t£¡H]·¬H¨"!=][ d7fhg/iBjbU `#;]Xo¨ptQ HX¡k¶X]X X'£5¡w 'HXo2®5£ªLpªp¬Q¯Xt]#ª]ª] XH;©h ×2 dX¡¯5X]X ']k5°,Õ5w;t5¯¯XtXLjtkts¢hªLkXX]N¹§»='HXoY¶F ,j®²wts¬X]tbt]HX]·µbd5]Et5't HX¡'7¼]ªo°#Xo¨·tbtX©htod5]Xª]¨[t]ktw·X·X't ] ª] dt°5t]X5ª]twb©Ft]5tt²Hj¨-tX]t5w'Xª]]®X]¯t5©h]HX]Xª]¨¯]kw¯©Ft5 w]EX¯tX¡wk X]ªott]S¶<5µ®XoµX¯t wo§ª] dt-;st¡ ];®tptD ]k]ªo,X¯t¡ kª] dtS ^LU V° U $_¸l©Ô®qtX'tXot¯j® ²ws¬X]=]k¬5£ ¶kX]t5-X]®Wª]wH§Xt]Xw S©lt]t HX¡- D D D D % & @ @ R W ,+ @ - @ R W R 3 H E W @(' ^*)
®X]
D
)
5
D
@ @R W E
D
D
¢© D @ W D W ^ @ K W U ¢ © @ W W T
D
D
M
Y@aK ¢© Y@ + @L-Y@GR W E ` @ K W k ¢© @ W $ W W D D D 5'®X] <X;w£¡ kXªowHtLtXtotX £N¶ tX;ª] Htt©2t5§t¡ kj¶ @2tX;ª] Htt©`tX;t ]E t5s'ªLk5X]W j¶ W X Y@2ttXk H©h]HX]Xª]]W ©¼Xt¡ kXªLkXX]F5¯tX Y't HX¡ªLkXX]j¶ t]k]ªot²w]¨H° wttX-]k¬5£j¨'tXbXt '©§5 d§XkLb]t] W tXwX¡ $ ®£F¬Q-]«XbX]XX]]tb£5]H]ª]£ k° ß5° EÊxÊ J !'&2( " &*)M+ ' # 2!#"/
X-X¬XXt]Xwt¯Xj¶wj° w°t¯Xk®ÏªowHtLt®<]kX-t5t]Xw`¶QªXXw¬Q-]Xtoµ¬H¨'HXb¬k]X¡ ° XtXXLXt]Xwª] dt£©`ªowXª]ot¯tX;¡wEQ]tªo]Xt ]tStªL`°Ñ<X§XXtX]t5wª]wHtL¬k]ªow'o s¡w]S¶FtX]HkÒjtotQwX¯ª]Xt² ,bwXX©ltw X£H² ]tL tkkX=XtX]tX `¶2§X®µµÕN¡k° T ¶k ¼ X tº]wHLQ£X;E5£¡ 'ª] Htt]²w]S°¸j'wX]®wX¶XEX¡wbtXXLXt]Xwª] dt]²wo£S¶wX;²H£kQtotQwX]§ Fk Q©htod5]Xª]]¬k]ªow'o§XX«H£]¨,X;bw_° ^ HXª]p²H£kt]k Xtoµ#tXptX5XtotX £ ªowHtLtbd² w²wo'HX·X¬w±L]ª]²wpX¡k¶b£bX¢½'ª]X¯t[Xt X¨dªLX XH¨HtªQ'otXHXE,bXtS°`¹®<]² ]¶Ho²w]btX X¡wb£x£xX¢½'ª]XEt׳kX×Xt]ªo£©hw¯Xs©h Et'HX]X¡k¶ <¡w]5]£¨¯¡ t]]ktX;]tt]bt]k Xt I;©h5Xª]t '©`X;tkts5©h]HX]Xª]¨X©hw®<0k®]sS® U D
D
" !R ®X] £tXt5XtX]tX #ª]wHtL¶ £tXª] dt;tX]t5wµ;X-tQ]ª]¢³kª©lt]HX]5ª]¨d¶NXX]«Hk X]H ²w]<¬Q]j®]] c$# qXc$# ßX°¯Ñ²wX©0c$# '-XtobtX®wt F° £tªSX¡, <5wtºw0©Yª]wXt] t%T ° D
D
E
H
EÊ&%Ê Î 1M2( ' 15!#)'J2()( ( 2( '(
]tX]¯ks£Hªtw5×X·ks©h]HX]Xªo£o¶¹§»;#t]tQw5X¯X¢¼ot]Ht¨#²w£ X- t]HtwX0©§t¯XY° ÛbX¬Q] dYf#g$iQjs¶ $5]' Xt]¯X¨dªLX XH¨Htª¨-kE¹»=' tt]5tt²w;tt¯X £¯X²wottªk5¯Xw£ºowH Xtoª]tw5¶FXttoXtt² -tbtt¯XXt5I +*-X
TSà ,*×Xt]ª]wXS°ÔÖ¢F]t]H´©ht Ük Q©htod5]Xª]¨]]ª]£²Hj¨H¶ t5¯¬kX5®£5tp©< t]Htwkt]]ª]²dj¨p²w£o=ªowX£5]¬X¨©ht ª]o£xtª]]j°¯Ûwtªª]];©hwÝ©h² EXµ5 X H©h²wSQª]wtªNt]¡ wXkS² =®X5¡w;©wt]HLt '¬kXX®Xtb©hw TYc-,² ]I T-2c-5]¡w]]¶Q®tbtX0']Xs ¬kXX®Xt¯¬Q]X¡,¬k X ',*_° ^]`¤5£XEX¾It UXt]¯ dX¡]«Hkot']H<-tX®VkE t]Htw¬kXX®Xt5 §²wt¨HX¡©ht ¬k X/ .=2à c,* c5° ת]kbt' .TY,*; T2Tw° à;ª]Q`° w'totXt5't5©Yª]EtQ¹§»=E<]Xt£² § t5I +*-X
TSà ,* t]HtwXoXª]w5¡ -t5-Xt0©³kt]§¯©lwXX¢F]todw£odL£ X c,* '¶ +*w1¶ 0 c,*¶k5 TSà +*w°xX ª] dt§]X£²dj¨©h5Xª]t btX- ¬Xd5§Xtoª]tw5§t¯L wotX©h tÝt'stlàw®tbX¢¼ot]H§Q']]tS° xÊ
Ì 32
2Ü 54][,Î76ÏÐ#
Ë
EÊlÉÊ 8 !'(149(X2(;:<*( 6 )5 !#)M1>= ! 15
[?Ð#
8Fb£]¬H¨X],ksdªSt µ #tX¯]tk5¶`X5wt t]ªo]Xt t¯ª#wX¨©ldªoX-w#X]-®pª]]#]¡ww5-©tX H² tk³k]`°VXªowtªª]o£bkHwX]tQwX©,£XX t t]ª]oXt tb©hHª]X]IwVXb']tk§Hª£ ÙX ©h tÝwX-ªLkXX]j°5]t¯,HXb]FªQXXo£tX5]µt5,L';k F©h]HX]Xªo¨¬k5`¶XLS¨d¶Q߯ª]¨Hª]]9?X]¡ t] ¶`¬X5 ©hHª]X]pwpX¢¼]]H;£Hªtw5§t5,]ª]]X²w³k]`°;5]tL©lwt ¶`X-©lt]HX]5ª]¨µ]tQw5t¯©²dkt¯XF£Xw; X¨ ¬kXHj£b£]µX¯©h]HX]Xªo¨#Xw¬XX,£tkª]Lj£Hª£ºo]#µX'k Xw`°¯ÕX ;]«X'5£ ¶kX¯©lt]HX]5ª]¨ totQwX=©`tX´³k«X£ ¯k dx£xªQª]totº]]¬H¨,X§j¨HXªkªowHtLtt5t]Xw¯©lXXª]£ 'tX®¯'ÕN¡k° T ¶w¬5XE©ltw t5§tQtsXXXwbw¡ ]X]j¨ ^LkEX5]Xwb]X `¶t5§X¡w©lt]HX]5ª]¨¯t]k Xt;®H©hXtXo§t]Hk=EtX]ª]ª]odtª]j¨¯©ltw t5©hHªXk dx£5ª]tt]S°EXEb52kxt]k Xt];EX§Lb= X¡wkksH©h]HX]Xªo¨¯£¯5ÒF]]H<HªwXEtX toª]]X£² -³Q]µ-¡w² ]tXo¬H¨5ÒF]]H§ªLk5X]¶QtHXXt²HXX¡'o²dXoXª]tk§t5-²H£kNªLkX5]×t-Qt®¨ t5X]'koª]¢³kª-tQtsF£Hªtw5°
Xª]wb'w5Ò¨Xt]#Õ5wX£o©h]HX]Xª]¨pk£¨H£¶X5®<]² ]¶N¡ww¬k`XHª]]t0®Xª¡w²w]§`tQts`ª] 'QwX]H t5§'®]¡wHtX¡Q°`¸jx£®]k HX®'<¹]t]H¬Q]t¡ C 5Xª]]Hj¨¯X£5ª]X§tQEX;]«Xª]dªSº£ ,¯¬Qw'tQts 5-©h]HX]Xªo¨¯XwX`ªSXX E¬Q§ªLX]²wo¯t¯XX]w5t¨F° UGU;5 #-¬QwtLXÚ©hwµ¶_^ $E®5£ªL< #-XtsTY®XX®] Õ5wX£o=Xj©h tp¶F®Ô;Xt² ]#tªLX]² ¯tX¯'©<tX¯¹]t]H¬Q]t¡pX]Hk£j¨H° #-¬k ;¡wtX¡ =®]'tHX0®£5]¨ X]µbHX]tX¨Hª5wXH¨HtªE]«Hkot']H°;¤2']]t©<X #0Xts®XX® ®]tªLXw]#§]tStªLXot7 C5tL©s ]]Xª]]S¶`5²wtw5<Xo¡wto];©2Hª£ºtw¯®],ªLX]² ]`V° U, Q¶H¬H¨'²wt¨HX¡tX #0Xtsb]H²w]wQ;kLb]t]¶ t5'ktt¬QXX© #-¬k -¡wLtX¡ -®]tb²w] XQ]#tµÏX¢¼]]H¯]«Ht]HS°X]tt¯t '¯'tX£#X#-¬k toXt]]Htw`°pÕN£tS¶£0£0X¢½'ª]X;tµk¨Hº]¯t5't¯X2®5wt©htod5]Xª]¨#]tQwX]©Y£x£#X¯²wotsXQ][¬kXN° H]ªowX`¶£5ª]t5 #0¬Qw0³kt]¯'[¸t¸t¦ØsH³k5££bXXt¯]tQw5t³kto¶tXXªtw[£¯tX]]5]V©h ,XLª]ª 'X]b]Ht`°QHX¶5tX-Hª£ºtw¯X E©lX£¨¯oXtX]#S©h]tXXªtw`° EÊ3xÊ
!#"$ '
*/! 15 0"21] '&( !!# ! 4()3(
X;o±LwE5Ò½'ªoXj¨¯©2¹»=b'HXo£X¡Q¶t5wX¡ '©lt]X]¡ ]ª]to¬H¨'tottªLX]¶FwtX;ª] 'X5w¯©tX;ª] Htt µªow'5£o«¡ ]°ªLX]t # C -ª]wH,5L³kX]#I T-¬k]#w#X¯tLtªStbkt]#®XªL#k;XtXª]9:F;G= 5 9:J@BA`°¯¸jpXt¨HªLX XH¨dª]«Hkot']H=®µ£HXwkE¡wLtX¡ ¶FX¯t¯X2'kS² ¯XXHX,Q Ù «HX' 5t X¡w#sbX,X'NXb£QXª]o°F¸j#-¬k ]«Hk]']HtS¶Hwt5-wX]kX`¶XX;ª]wH§XL³kXoµX-s¡w] tX5£ ¶w®XªL¯£Hªt]t5©hHªXk dS°2Õ5wxkXX¡ ]¶SX®]² ]¶HE]«Ht]']¨X¢½'ª]Xt-5L³kXtXª] Htt tXªo¯tX]';XXXHX¯w; ¬d²Hw5§«H£¯5ÜXp'XX Xb£QXª]0²wX];t¬Q¯t]ªowt5]`°ÕX =o«T'Xw¶5©h - w5LY5£b]X£ kQ¡wL£5¡,ª] 'Qw]'©?j®tHXt £QF®S²wL©h tbE®t'5ÒF]]H©h]HX]Xª]]G UGk N R E W TN ^ ª] 2 ^ Q N U ª]w U Qj# R - ®X] T <ß5°`X¡ tX¡;EtX®qÕN¡k° ßX°N¾#<]§kExk £HÑV®X]§t5t®Y²wt¨HX¡§®S²w7©hw ^ ª]w ^ Q <t'XXÞXbkXªow¶t5§ª] dt<5Xt«Ht]¨;]HkQt U K5L TH ^ ]¶H®X§k d Ù®5]t ª]w Q -§=«HH¶HX¯ª]wH;£-¬k X U KXL TFN ^ o°-XotL©h tw¶Nt5¯ª]wHtL=©<t5£;¡ X¡';X¢¼ot]H-]^² ]t¨H®X^ot X¡,X HjXtoª]twN¶XX¡wHH'5L³kXt ©2ª] HtttX X'¬Q,¬Xt¯kXX;tXªLª]°
B
A
- ÄÀ ,Ûwbk tt¡ X¡,o«T'X´©hwª]wH§ª] 'X5w`° HXª]pL T×£0XL³kXoÙ0tX¯Lt©ÔX'XbkXªo-X¢¼ot]XªoÏX#t5¯¬kªL H¡wwXX·k5wp£o²w]j¶N¬k t#²wXo t5wX'¬Q;w¬XLX]¢©`w5=®X]t¯5]²H£--¡ dHbXL³kX£ ©`ª] dt§bª]wbX]«,¡wo°F¹]td7fJg/iBj U ^ XL³QX]tX D ª] dt=<X' YtktsQ©h]HX]Xªo¨¬QX D D @ @ E 0 D D ®X] @ §X;³ktot]pѧÛWª]HL½'ª]]H-ktQ]ª]¢³kª0©ht]HXoXª]¨¬kX`¶F5 £tX¯Ö;Û º]]l©ht]HXoXª]¨X;²wX ° X'Ö;Û ²wX,;ª] 'XX]©ht t5¯®Xw£¡ w¶QwXLjHkt]S¶` -w5LY«d]]#X¬X¡w]S°,5]tL©lwt ¶tX;²wX XLY5]t]'X]X¯XwQX£² §,bd5]Xt5=ªowHtLt§EX¢F]t]H]t £5twX®¯tX]]tQ]ª]£² -tQª]Ll©h]HX]Xª]¨ Hªºw`°`¤N]3 UGkXt]£Hª£ºo]'ª] tX- ¡-³k]t¯XL³kX0DtX;ª] dt=tX YtktsQ©h]HX]Xªo¨¬k5 D
@ D @ E @ ' ^ @ W
T7c
XX]X 'ktwX't]k Xto-©hw £N©h]HX]Xªo£o-®<];kX¯t¡ ]©ht]HXoXª]¨p¬kXN°;¸j=Q;¡wHHµQX£² XwQ]tj¨tXªo=X;³k]t;t;®]¢YHªº]]Xbkoj©h]ªot¨t]ª] XttXªot²ww° < tI©=Xµ¬Q²wXXtHªLX]¯X¡w¡ ]t]Wtk¯tX¬QªL H¡wt XXIQXLt ·]²woªI¬Qt¯Xs]·¬H¨#X® ©h]HX]Xª]¨WtotQwXw¶;tXª]p']Xtot]Htp' t¡ w¬k²wtstw`° §Wt5µ tX]kX`¶XpX¡wHl©htod5]Xª]¨I]tQw5t ªot¯' t¯ wX¢F]todswQ]Lt °#55£LX²wH¡ '©§tX]µ5XtHªLX]S¶<5®<]² ]¶x,ktXt5]tª ©h t¯Xswt¯t5® £ª]w5]t]5ª]¯t¯X-ª] dt§5L³kXt XQS²ws¬Xw°N¸jt5;©hw®X¡k¶®<;t5® tktX-¹;w ®S²w]]X²H£5=¡wHH'HwF©lwtk©hw¯Xst `° X§®S²wo£oEtLXÚ©hw 5t²HX];¡wHH¯tkª]Ll©htod5]Xª]¨b£Hª£ºSt ,XwQ]tj¨ ^LW§X'ªS¯¬Q§'X]b]Ht]0¬d¨X£5¡ t5,¯X£ªLkXX] ³kt];¬kX H°-Û 'kª]t¨'XXQwt]p®ÔS² ]]t;XªL =X¯Ö=X¬Q]ªLX];³ktotS ^LW0ªp¬Q,'5£o']Hto ®t,ÕN¸t¦W³QXt£bXXt]tQwX?³kt]°Xtkª]Ll©htod5]Xª]¨¯Hªºtw;` Xt'º]o,bwX¡Hk t£¬5£ÕN¸t¦p³k]t ®tX¡w²w]£oX¡w©h §XqÖ;X¬koª5£o§³Q£]tS°-X¹= ®ÔS² ]]§;tXtbX]t¬kt©hXXªotwXª]wbkª]¨ t5Xk t]·®S²w]]©Y'¨w°;¸j;Xt²HX]'ªSk¬X£j¨btª] 'X5t-X¯ª]wH-Xtoª]t¨©ht t5¯t]k Xt]©t5¯£® 5¯X¡w©h]HX]Xª]¨btX¬5¬kX5°EÕ5wEX§¹;w®S²w]]S¶wX³k]<ªod7½'ª]]Htx©hwEX;®Ù5¯X¡w©h]HX]Xª]¨³kt]¬kX H ;¡w²w]¬H¨ + W E
^U c
+ ^ E
^ H U ^ c U
E HIT RGc R
wX]®£ E c R
E HIT R
tX]®tw¶
T TS Tß
totQ]ª]t² ]¨d°xѧtX';k§0Xtª]]t7Y£b;£5XXt¡ k £t5-tLtªt-ªowHtLtQt]t 9 :<;G= 9 :@BA
E
c c'R
X;totQwX] W W X ^ W t5c]t XtwS©h]³ktotX¡¯®t+ W X+ ^ ¶H]tQ]ª]²w]¨H¶k HIT 2ß 9 :F;G= W W E ^ M 9 :F;G= N 9 :@BA E HIT U c R 2ß 9 :J@QA E HIT ^ U ] 9 :F;G= H?9 :J@BA ^ W E c wX]®£w° X]N¶Xt5-ª]wH 5 W W
Tà
TSH T7
D
W t5-d]t²wE]HIT RGcw5Xctµ ³kX]totwXwª¬Q;ª]wbXXto¬H¨¯X-t© ^ W D 9 :F;G= H 9 :J@BA ^ W HIT # W E 9 :F;G= N?9 :J@BA E W W HIT ѧX T]ts]ª]w5³k5]tL;t]wX£ `¶XX£® ©h]HX]Xª]¨p¬kXt]k Xt W W §X®XLbX]'¬H¨j®<Q¶FXb©h]pHt
t5=Lb³kto§¬kX F°X;t]k Xt]-t
E
^ V^ E
ß29 :<;>= 9 :F;G= N?9 :J@BA
WV^
ß29 :@BA
9:F;G=IH?9:J@BA c
[H T E H T
T
E HIT
T"
H T2R
tX]®tw°
ѧ¡H`¶H®;ªª] 'XX§X-ª] dt§Xt]wX£ D
: @BA 9 :F;G= H 9 J ^ V^ I H T # ^ E 9 F : ;G= N?9 :JB@ A E W V^ I H T
Õ5w®£5¡=X®ÔS¨H¶ tX-ªowHtLt;tXjttotwXwª¬Q;ª]wbXXtoÏ D
9:F;G= H 9:J@BA ^ @ I H T @ E R E 9:F;G=hN?9:J@BA W @ I H T
T-
j° w°pX²dXX¡X'X¡ ·¬kX·]tQwX¬d¨#X® ¬QX#]tQwXµ E H T °#Õ`¡Q°2àXtt]tXª]w5tHjj to tw5tXª]t tt]wXt X° L max L min ...............
................ –1 (a) 1 ------- ( L max + L min ) 2
2L max
2L min ................
..............
1 ------- ( L max – L min ) 2 ........
........ –1
–1
(c)
(b) L max + L min
2L max
L max – L min
2L min ..............
..............
.......
........
–1
–1
(d)
(e) 2 ( L max + L min )
2 2L max
2 ( L max – L min )
2 2L min ..............
..............
.......
........
–1
–1
(f)
(g)
ÄÀ ×Û dtª]wbXXtwX£5¡;³kt]totQwX]¶Q®X]¯hw?£t5§w¡wk5ttªt;t¡wQj¶Xs¬Q<Xsªt£® 55£¡ '¬kXt]k Xto×tXIctt]wX£ `¶FsQ]¶` ]¶N©]X#s¡H=]tQw5t]-X T]§Xß5]t Xtw5° Xw5¡wtX;Xot²w£ '¬kt]5k 't5-tLtªt-Qt]tN¶Xª£,¬Q-X5£]¯'wª]wbX]«¯ªt]tXªLµ t5-]«XbX§Õ`¡Q°X߯t5®Ï¬k² w°E¾#;L w ^ E c #Vc2c/k¶ U E c$# c+wß2-X ^ E U E c # ß 5°X]t7©hww¶Ft5-ª]wHt ;QwHt;ÑÜX #ÕN£¡Q°Fß'Xw5£p¬QcX° ß'X?cX° àwà5¶Qt]k]ªot²w]¨H°'Õ5tw Q¢©sj¬kXX]ª] 'Qwt£ `¶QtX©jtÚY²wt¨HX¡ ª]w U Q®X¬Q§tokLto'©ltw ^ ª] 2 ^ Q<Et5=à']t £5tw`°EÕN¡k°$-tX®t5§®?X¯X¡wHl©h]HX]Xª]¨¯¬QX toU tQwX]§ ®]kEXª] 'XX]ª]wHtL°¾#t]tk2X¹= ®S²w]]EªSXt]5£ªo<Xª]wH<X¢F]todtQts Hª£ Xd5£-ª]ª]5]¨d° X]qt-]²w]LEwXtbXL³kX¯XtXª] Htt=X¢F]t]H;totwXwXS°§ÕN£t©<j¶X£5ª]-HX'ª] Htt toXtt²Hj¨,X¡w5£¨0X]Q]XX]H ,X§k H©h]HX]Xª]¨H¶ ¯XtXEª] dttª¯¬kXt]¯,5Xt]<5ÒF]]H<²wts£ X bX¢¼ot]Ht]wX£ Xª]wXp£¡ wV° UXk*H]ª] X`¶tXpXXª]otdj¨ XtXª]X]HXt]Xµ]tQw5t#IX¢F]t]H ©h]HX]Xª]¨¬kX5§tbkS²w;X¢F]tod;XXQwt]p5£j°Õ5XtX]tbww¶Q£®tX®tk§ªÏ©ht]HXoXª]¨ªLkXX]¹§»; kEtX¬k5X®Xt¯©2¬QwX T´dªoS²w ° UGkXX¨dXª®ÔS² ]]E5j©h t tj³ko<X]t;]HXt]b]HtkX£¨H°`ÕNk¨d¶ Q]j©hoª]t]ªowXtt5ª]twbEk t£¬5£®¯t]k Xt] ¬XX]©hw 5ÒF]]H<ª]S¶XX¯X0²dkXH©lwt£ ;®£X¬Qw XXX¡'X-Xdªo]tS°-¸jª] HttS¶k'Q]j©l]ª]t¨]ª] XttXª]t5-²H£kNH©hwtw¯XX¡'X #0¬Qw§Q¨Ht¶QF³k]t ¯X<kS² ;tX;'£oX¡wÏX`¶X§t]X¶XX;tkª]Ll©htod5]Xª]¨Hª£ºtwbXt kotj¨']/ k]«H¬Xw°
300
200
100 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
250
900 800
200
700
150
600 500 0
200
100 0
400
200
400
0.33 0.3 0.25 0.2 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
ÄÀ Þ¹= -5]ª]wbk tt µ©=Õ`¡ Xt'ß5°2 X'®S²w7©hwFb£5XLYL©l ® ©h]HX]Xªo¨·totQwXÏ-t5à totwXwN'XXLjt¡ d X¡w©h]HX]Xª]¨#]tQw5t-t5'àt#]t Xtw`¬Qwtw X¯t#sª] 'X5t]pª]wH0© t5]t-j®¯totQwX]°
Original Image
Wavelet Decomposition
Masking Effect
Suprathreshold R o Computation D
Compressed Image
Masking Effect
Wavelet Decomposition
Suprathreshold Computation Rc
ÄÀ h£HªL '5 ¡wL ©Et5=5twQw]Hk£j¨'tX;t¨Ht]µ° EÊxÊ 2 J"/(+ : *!#),1576
( !#" 02( "/6"$/(
XbXt k t][dQj¨'tX'¨dt]*£0tX®[£·ÕN¡k°X° wt[tXbw£¡ k<X#t5'XtD wt][£¡ ]-tbkt] t5tw5¡w¯t5t¨Ht] ©hwE5¨d5£ª¹= E®S²wo£o25]ª]wbk tt -©hwX t]HD twXS°2Û Htt C Etªow'5Xt]']²w]¨ X«H]<Xµo²w]¨µ]t £5tw#©<d]tot®£Ù T- ]°¯ÛwHtL-tX]t5wX D W ;ª#]t Xtw·tª]wbXX]µ²Hsphà ®tpt]koª],©ÔX];ª]]Hto-©h]HX]Xªo£o C °X¯ª] dt-Xt]Xw W ;t5]·±7Xt] ª]ª] tXX¡t#5d;;ª totwXw',XªowtQwD L=X§ dX¡;LF]ª]S°Hk£ " EtXD ]X]t¡w²wX;tX5XtotX £]tQwX;©hw tX ª] 'XX]'ªowHtLt C §XtX-S±LXt]ª]wH§Xt]XwX C ° 8F]0tX¬Xª]tX 5 btoXt]]H,X¯ª] 'X]t]·Xpt5¯wt¡ £Q`¡wo¶Qt]koª]t²wo£¨H°¯Xo`¶`X¯Hkj¨]tw 'St5t; % # T LR0 H Rwt "! R E T0 ' ^ ' ^ @(' ^ ®X] _X$ tX²w]tªkX0Xw£ºowHdº]]E©ktX¡w ¶]totQ]ª]t² ]¨d%¶ tXHX¯¬ko`©Q³ktotX¡§ªLkXX] t5©h XEXtoª]tw5¶HX' &<¯]'5£ªXQ']]E]sto't0tXX¨Hª5w'ottª´©hXXª]w¯XbXt ¬k¬Xj¨;tXbw 5¯£]<h -,XE®< t F° `'X]t5£X¡-]twx'tX E5£b]X£ X]t£5ª]tXª]wHEt]¢©`£Xb]Xt X]tS° %<Ê )(
, Ë
Ì ;
¯EÐ
X©hw®X¡¯Xt¨HªLX XH¨dª]«Hkot']H,®]tbª]w5XXª]]Vw· T "+*H£ªow #;XXª]ª]ww0¡wXXª¯Xt5 S¨"#-Ö;b T" FT T °;X£5'k5ª]-X¡w©tX¯XXsS¨'®-±7Xt]p©ht ¯ c -2, c .-'0K / U sªSXXo +?dQtoµb]t]L¬d¨XtX¡ ¤X t t]ªptQ]ª]t 5£ ']]°´X]t®]t,ß2, Xª]t],¡ S¨btª£o§X]t]H;tX-o«dQ]£b]HtS°X;t]stwXX
©EX-X'kXª]²w]tX;t5,¡ S¨'ª-bXt]pXL¬X5 t]'¬Q-XtotbtXj©l];tX-5£XsS¨w]¡ S¨H]²w] ªotk`X'kXª]w° %<ÊlÉÊ !#),1M+ ! 15. (I'&( !!# ! 4()3( HXª]0ª]wtªª]o£kS²w, #0XtsHjtQQ]toª]]X£ µ5t³Q£ ¶b^G^§£©htoXto =]²H£5]Xª]tk§X #-¬k ³kto ;XtL©l]¬X¯£pt5¯²d£ ]«HQ]t'odS°¯HXª]¯t5¯¹=w³kt]-5do-Xw;Qwt],X¯' #-XtsHjtkkoµkt¬kX 0tX #-¬Qw³kto-XH]¶ X¯S¨XtQ]ª]¯X'²w£Xj¨©X£5¡tX¯¹;w;³kt]0£#²Ht k¨Ht°2²wk-tX X,©<tX¹= ;®S²w]]S¶k®'tX]t5,ª] Htt-XtotX £p¬H¨XtX¡b¬k t #-¬Qw;Xp¹= ³Q£]toµktªLX]S°X tQts`©lt]HX]5ª]¨#X¡w©t]-ktªLX]®Ô©ht cXV° c+,0tP T0X° ߪ]¨Hª]]-Q]-X]¡ t] ¶®Xªpª]² ]t-²Htk¨tX¯®5w ©h]HX]Xª]¨¬kX®<-®w5£]Xt©ltwÝX¡wL`¡wo°E5,]tX;tX®£pÕ`¡Q)° X¶5®X],X,]X£²dj¨t5t]Xw`¶ XL³QX]Ù-t5'toª]XtHª<©§tX¯ª] HtttX]t5w`¶-Xwt]·,b©h5Xª]t #©tkts©lt]HX]5ª]¨d°5'ª]w]X]¯© t5]t;j®-ª]X²w]X®<kt5§¹= x³kt]kÔ;ªow'Q¬X<Q]Ú©hw5ª]§¯ª] 'ktt ,®tbtX #-¬Qw?³kt]S°X ]«HQ]t'odLF]tXª]£¨¯5]' Xt]§kX;¹= ³ktoª,¬Q-X]'X-Hkj¨¯t]t']Ht¨Ht]µ° 2
Sensitivity threshold
10
1
10
Haar filtering Gabor filtering
0
1
10
10 Spatial frequency (cycle/deg)
ÄÀ %<Ê3xÊ J !'&2( " &*)M+
-ÛwHtLt]Xt²H£j¨btX]t5w¬d¨bXtX¡¯X #-¬Qw§X'¹;w³kt]° !#"1
¸jH]ª]wµß5° ß5¶H®<שhw¯Xsto¯tX- dX¡×©hXXª]w#3 H¬d¨tt5'X¡-ktX-j®²wts¬X]©Et HX¡k¶ k']¨H¶tX ©h]HX]Xª]¨¯]kw¯X¯Xª]wHEt;¬koj®<]o't5¡w]X¯t ]¶tXX]Q]X5]HÔX¯t]Q¬Xw°§² ]t¢©h¨ tD 5£Ett5D 'X£ `¶SXD t¨HªLX XH¨dD ªXo«dQ]£b]Ht®]tª] XXXªot]bt³kXtXQ']]t©ktXEbHX]j°QXª]wHEt :F; K ¶H®X] :F; X t]X]todtX;ª] Htt©2t HX¡-Xbt¡wot¡wk¶HtotQ]ª]t² ]¨d¶55¡w]©ht cXV° ; ßXV° 5°E X;©lt]HX]5ª]¨t Y :F; K*N¶Xt5-'H®X£ ¶wLX¡ ]©hw H´àt'àHª]LS²w]S°¯£ws;£5X²dXQQL¼oª]tS¶`® ³kt³k«H]#t5-©h]HX]Xªo¨µLtQ¶¼X²wt]X¯ª]wH;©<ªLµ£¡ k'H²w]t¡dttXLF]ª]-©<tX¯ªowHtLt;LtQ° X;totX£t5®'ÕN¡k° "'lwo¶dX']«HQwX]H Q³ktX¡-©lXXª]£ ¯®Ô<5]t]'X]b©hw t5§kX°¾#tXo'²w] ¬Qwt¯X§ªowHtLt5¯tX©h]HX]Xªo¨¯wE©`¡w]X¯t HX¡t¡wk°Ö§5tX¡;tXª]wbXXLt -XtHª]ot¶5®<ª] ]«HQ]t'odLk¯®t]koª],'X];ª]wHtL=L£ -ª]ª] tXX¡btÕ`¡Q;° "h ]°;Xtª]µQtX®]p²w]¨tt X]²Hsw`¶Hd5£5Xª£5¡,k-5 d§-² ]t¨¡ dHXX«H££ ,¯tX;t HX¡-bHX]j°`5=b5<©?o«dQ]£b]H kpXp³ktX¡©hXXªotwX¯'X®·ÙÕN¡k° "· ¬k]¶x®XªV'#¡wHHÙ¡wto]']H®t#t5wt`_° ^LU.¨p³kt£5¡tX ]«HQ]t'odLF]tX¶Q®<; ¬X£ W E c # ßwß5¶ ^ E T,#VX¶ U E c$# ,ß "X¶ ` E T+# /à k¶ E c$#BT-X¶ $ E T,#V ßX¶X5 k E H c$# 2ß cX° Î 1M2( ' 15!#) (1(L(2(#' ( %<Ê xÊ
Xª] dttX]tX ·©lXXª]£ X¯0©hwXw]HwXM c+*w¶ ',* ¶ 0 c+*¶<X TSà +*],t'St5t]`° ¸j,tX®[¬d¨#o«w Q]t'odLNt]Xt;tk;tX],X'£¡ X¢³kªdX¢¼ot]Xªo¯¬k]j®]]pt5,ª] Htt;t5t]XwX;F © c,*bsX tº]wHLsX 0 c,* s² ]tªst¯Xj¶HX]t5];¬k]j®]]pt5t]XwX;J© ,*5 TSà +*-t¯Xj°EXX¢¼ot]Xªo¯¬k]j®]]pt5t]XwX;F © c,* ?,0 c+* 5 ' * ? T2à * t¯X`-X®µ#ÕN£¡Q° -X¶N®X]¯®<¯]'k0tX¯]Xt£²Hj¨ptX]tX #£;®];©h =5 ¡w kt¯XY° ¤L'ot]<µlàwt;w¬XLX]©ht t5§³QttX¡0©hX5ª]tw5°X]¨'t ^ E H c #Vc c+wß5¶ U E c #BT5¶ ` E c$# /ß k¶ ^ E H c #Vwà5¶ U E c #V ßX¶ ` E $à # ,ß -שhwXw£ºowH ?²w]tªFtX]tX X°;ÕX w¬XHX;tX]t5wX¶ b;kL'ot]§tX]©h ^ ¶* U 5 ` ¶X®5£ ^ E H c$# 2X¶ U E c # "+X¶ ` E à #Vc,5°
0.9
1 Experimental data Exponential fitting function
0.8
Sensitivity threshold change
Sensitivity threshold change
0.9
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7 Experimental data Fitting function 0.5 0.5
1 1.5 Contrast ratio (Cmask/C)
2
2.5
3
h
0.65 −3
−2
−1 0 1 Frequancy ratio f_mask/f (octaves)
¬k
2
3
Ä À ¸jXttw[©;tXt HX¡LF]ª] ]Xt£²Hj¨#t5t]XwIªLkX¡w]¯5XX]bX¢¼]]Hh ª]wHtL'X s¬Q ©h]HX]Xª]¨Lt °
2
Sensitivity threshold
10
1
10
0/90 degrees 45/135 degrees
0
1
10
10 Spatial frequency (cycle/deg)
2ÄÀ ;¹§ tº] dL?² ]tª`XXs¡w kQtoXtt²Hj¨¯tX]t5wX° %<Ê&%Ê J),1-'! 15./ '
2(" 2" 13 1 ! ( !#2 1>(L!' " ÛwbXtotto 8 ]k¡woF©Xtº]ß + Ôß2,´®<]<5t]0©hwN¡ `Hk£j¨;t]t']H¬kt]w- X X]®#Hk£j¨;t]t']H
t¨Ht]p°®<-j¨HQ]©ª]wbXtott 'tªLXo']®]t-XX]`° §5=tX-Ö;Ûjª]wbXt]t]bXtX¡t5H¤E# ¡ wtX j®-¬XEt] cX° /à ;¬X5'®t'¤ET¥=¦ E ß+X° dà ;¶XXc5° à c¬XXb®£'¤EH¥;¦ E ß 5° c T =° Xwt5]<®ÔS² ]]jjª] 'X]t] 8Fok¬d¨0XtX¡;t5 8`S¨wo Qotwt];ª]HXX¡¯, 8 FÛ¡w tt5 ª]HX]' c5° 2ß c¬X5,®t¯¤EH¥;¦ E ß,5° TE =°5tX]§¡w] ®]t- ¬Xtot²woµX;XtXª]-©`³k² ;t']t5-¡ <®X`° ÕX §X,Lb=ªow'5t]tw]ªLXXHXw¶`¤xH¥=¦AXtk£¨XXªt]tX²Htk`Q]j©h tXª]0d5£,®]j¶X£5ª],XªQj ªot]£tª]¯©§tXt¢©Yª]t,t¡woX]£¨pt5''w°"X'ª·LS©h]¨#LS¨µk0©hw0tXj®µÖ;ÛYª] 'X]t]·¡wo¶ X¡w5]=¤ET¥=¦ t]5t]]Ht¬k]t]0dQj¨d°¹§®]² ]¶Q©lw§5ÒF]]H=ªow'5t]tw]ªLXXHX]S¶2¤ET¥=¦ ©hto©Y£'X]Xª] t5Hk£j¨pwX]S°·¾#bª]wbk]·XdQj¨µb]t£ªo-©h ,XÖ;ÛYª] 'X]t]V¡ l¤EH¥;¦ E ,ß 5° Hà ¯X[tX 8 FÛxjª] 'X]t]#¡ ,l¤EH¥=¦ E ,ß X° T- ]°QѧXwX¡ t5]t¯j®£¡ ]§,ª] 'X]t]#=XX«dto£¨btX' ¤EH¥;¦[£o²w]j¶X]¨tX®VX¢F]t]HE²HtQXt¢©Yªo2ªLkª]t]ttª]S°EX-t¢©Yªo©hw®S²w]]ÚY¬Qto,ª]HXX¡-£¡ w£X' tX0tX¡wX¡'tÒ©jª]S¶X®XªLXQ=§tX5£o=wX5X-]5¡w]S°X§t¢©Yªo¶ktX X¡w¯]«H£t£Ö;Ûj¬k] ª] 'X]t£ `¶N£]t²Htk£¨µXX¨HX¡tk#tXb¬XHª HX¡µtÒ©jª]S°¹§®]²w]S¶-ª5Xw¬kbXtoXª]t]V¬H¨#¤EH¥=¦ ²w¢ X]S°;XXtt t£ ²wXo§©tX]¯j®<bª]wbXtottoµ¡w]¬H¨X£5¡'w5=5twQw]p'tXw¶Ft cXV° c ß ,0¯X c5° c T+-X¶
totQ]ª]t² ]¨d° HXª]X<¹»=0ª]wHEtoXtt²Hj¨;tX]tX ¯£NªLkLª]]tº]]b¬H¨-tXtQtsw©lt]HX]5ª]¨d¶ XL³QX]'Nª]¨Hª]]EQ]EXo¡wtow¶ w5=Xw5£]«HQ]ª]tX;Hkj¨¯'St5t;²w£o<®tX;,© ¶5tX;X5ª]-¬Q]j®<o]t5= ¬Xtot²wo=5X;¡ w¶ 5 ¶ tX®X¯©FtX¡w °k¾#X];Ö;ÛYªow'5t]t] 8 ]k;¡w§,cX° à/¬XX`¶H¤EH¥;¦ E ß,5° dà ÔX¯®ÔS² ]]j ª] 'X]t]? 8F]Q'¡w0XtX¡¯¬koXX] Q]wt]b¾·S²w]]h Q¾Þ0¡w ttXÓM c5° àw߯¬5X`¶¤EH¥=¦ E ß,-X° "w§;tX¯]t ¡w]S°EÕ`¡Q° 0tX®X-to tw¬Q]j®]]X-t'5X-Hk£j¨¯bXtw°xѧX-XtLXªo-¬koj®<]oµX-w¬5t]²w] 5tX¡w;Xª]tSto¶NtXtktsN©h]HX]Xªo£o-©<XX]£sX¡ ©htod5]Xª]¨pª]wbk X]HtL¬Q]ª] '-]² ]pX¡wX]; tQ-X¯²H£k¨dt])ttodQt p©Y§ªSXXtbtX¯ª] 'X]tw#t¢©Yª]S°X]t7©hww¶tX¯ott ,®X'Xt t5,²H]®X¡'5£Xª]£5ª]tt]S° §pt5, tX];kX`¶Qw5ª]¯tX²H]®X¡'X5ª],X]ª]]·bª]]p]«Ht]HS¶FtX ®X £X]L§©ÔX,¡w;XX«do2]² ]<tk]ª]]²w¬5£ °,5,Hk£j¨'St5t®£N¬ktHX-ªo£ tt¯ªowXH ®X]pt5,²H]®X¡¯XtLXªo,;t]<kpt5£XtLXª] ¶FXHt`X¹§»=pt]Hktwp§® ©htod5]Xª]]-L ,² ]= ]«Ht]'o£¨¯ªo£ t;XtLXªo]¶5®Xª®k®]tX;Q]tª]o£² ]]t ¬d¨-HX§tQ]«Ht]H°5 ¬kot *b²H£o®£5¡-XtLXª] t5®X;³k¡ Xt0£;¬QwX TYct']©EtX-¡w®X`¶X®5£ªLª] Xtt]H;®tX-t5£0©EtHX¯¬b£XLª]ª ¡w²H]®X¡,tktwXS° 0.03
0.025
Quality measure
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0 0
JPEG−compressed Lena image EZW−compressed Lena image 5
10 15 20 Ratio of viewing distance to image width
25
30
2ÄÀ k£j¨¯bXt;§0©h5Xª]t ©2X;²d]®X¡XtLXªo-t¯X;£¡ ®£5ttk°
¾#;ª,];©hwÜÕN¡k° 00tktX Q ¾Vjª]wbXt]t]£¡ <k§®<]Hkj¨¯]tw'tX§ktQ©tX d¤x#jª]wbXt]t]p¡ww¶X£Xw5¡wtXª] 'X]t£ 't]°X§ª]wXttod;®ttX-X¬w±L]ªot²w¯LX HX¡ ©HX¯w¬X]t² ]tS°
xÊ
Í Ì
Ð[ Ë Í Ì
¸jXt]ªN¶F®<0Xt k t]µ®ÔS² ]]§5XtHªLt'bHX]Ft5-HX'²HtkFt¨Ht] ¹§»=5]°X5-¹= §®S²wo£o®Ô t5®¯t;Xt²HX]«Xª]EHªXªowHtLtx²wX]EªL¯]t £5tw`¶H5¯ª]wbXXtwQwbHX]`©¼²HtkX'oªQXtb`®]t Xª] tQwt]#Htp'5]® dQj¨'tX]'odt¨Ht]µ°«HQ]t'od-t5®<]#k0¹=w³kt],kS² ¯¡wHH ¬X£j¨ t¯Xstt5-¹§»;F¶XXX-totXtX¡¯5]®Þb]tª§®t5ª]ª]]j©hXx£b'tXX¡,ªow'5t]t]¡w§t¢©Yª]tS°
xÊ
Ì Í
2
Î Ì
Xt]ªk¬ko]b©hXXXo¬H¨¯X§¸jHto¡wt]oXs,H¨Ht]bÔÛ]H]¶Q-¥;t kkTª]]Xª],Õ5w5Xkw'X¡ X]]£5¡ ¦ottªLqÛod]`®×XXt kXXQwt ©ht It5EѧX5]H¬k]¡-Û]Ht] ©hw`Û '¯XXªtwFXX²w]tj¨§©5TwXX]t Û¢©h tXs§X¯t5=Û¢©h tXsLX§X'Ûwb']ª]<Ñ¡w]5ª]¨d°5§XXw<®wX£ t-k5 qÖ° k'° 8FQ©`Hkt 8`¬N° ©h X<²w£Q¬X§5£ª]XtwX;XbtX5k t©lwt5£®w F° I Ì
¯
!#"%$#&('*),+-.!/102",354.&64!78,09;:%$=<>",35-$?35@ABC$D02!/135",EGF35",HI",HJ$?8%D02!#$LKM#4N4C"31&;"%$>B!#./@A$>",H24NOP' QSRNTVUPWXMTY[Z.\.T^]V_*T]`' a 4!/M[bN'Jc4(=d'Ne;e(f.dNf!g.h;f.diC'>jCjd
f ;N!#"%$#&(') H;EN8,35<=!/@ 4NO$L/27M4! ",HJ$ <>4.&;",#8%"8%$L&28,35",35-35",E4.7",HJ$HN02@A!& $>EC$' Q 31&Y Z.\ ;_ Z ! " #$%& Z.\ $ $ ' ( )+*, - X.&/* # W0 1 'Ne;e(32b h bfN'>jjf i J[$L#B$#&!&2O54/6V07I31/58%4!&I.&JO)8094.F.&(' );:0#",H2$L $>-35O$#&J<>$*7M4!7M4!0;V@A$=< H2!&;358%@A8V@A$>ON35",31&2B -358,354!& " ",H#$=8,HJ4./5O=< 8%$L&28,35",35-35",3 $=8"%4A<=4@e;/5$$ >B.#",31&2B8V.&JO !e[$L%354NON358%",35@`0;/13M' QRNT UPWXMT(Y[Z.\.TJ]V_T5' a 4!/M)?j;'e;e(@2BACd!h2@2BAb '=jNb!j; gC : 7D 9 C@e;9[$L/1/V.&JO " E 0/1-3 F4.F G8 FN3M' ) H %35$L&;"%C",354!&2!/*8%$L/5$><=",35-35",ES4!7 ",HJ$HN02@A.&S-358,02!/V8%EN8%"%$=@' Q6RNT I 1B Z&5T ' a 4./M ANb ' e;e([gCiNb hgJg 2 '(=j ?K? 2C :L 7 9 C@e;9[$L/1/M' ( E 0;/1-3 FN4.F G8 FN3M'!&2OI0 M($=-31&J8%4.&('*G) NH2$? $ O[$><>"V4.7 4!%35$#&;"%",354!&G4.&I",HJ$ -358,0J./#$>8%4!/102",354!&G4.7 B!#C",31&JBC8>' QGRNT I 1B Z &5T ' a 4!/M$ ANbN'e;e(2gNfCb hNgCi ?;'>j ?K? ?C :0 7L 9C@e9 $L/1/.&JO/ 6 4.9J8%4.&('V;) P e;e/135<=",354!&G4.Q7 :4.0%35$L*.&J./5EN8,358A"%4?",HJ$*-358,319;31/ 35" E4!7 B!#C",31&JBC8>' QIRNT I 1B Z &5T ' a 4!/M=jNb ' e;e(L 2K2 LRh 2B?K?'[.&(>Kj ?A b C SL 7 9 .&&24!&'!.5' ) $L#<>$L35-C$>OI<>4!&;",#C8%" 31&I",H2$7M4.-$> .&JO e[$L%31e;H2$L#E' QSRNT UPWXMT^Y Z!\.T]V_*T]`' a 4!/M f '[e;e( Bb ?Cd!hJ Bb ?KA' H <>"> >Kj A 2N A, 9 " 6V" 9.%/58%4!&'A) T31&2$LK F.-$",H;#$>8,H24!/5OG<>4!&;",#C8%",K,8%$#&J8,35",35-35" E 7 0;&J<=",354!L& $ 4!&GON358,e/5.EI8,#3 U>$' W Q VX[Y ] VQ@Z@ @[(' a 4!/M gi' e;e(0 ?b 2 Jh ?ACi'(=j Af j, TJ0 8 !/5EC' G) NHJ$V-358,319;/5$?O -3 O $L#$L&2<>$>8 e;#$>O 35<="%4!@< !&./5B4.%35",HJ@ 7 4!",HJ$*8%8%$=8%8%@A$L&;" 4.735@ABC]$ \2O;$L/135",E' Q 31&IY ^_Q Z! \ JJC ;` _ a" Z !b" #$%& Z. \ $ $ ' ( )* - .X &/*, M0W 1 'Ne;e(LhJc 2 '>jjf >d, d ) 8 .09[$=< H;35$>8>,' e!@gf0#\!.X $ Z ahi ZB$.X LR' T!d.PS'[>jCjNf 8 .0JBC@A!&'A;) N F4!K ON35@A$L&28,354!&2!/*8,e[$><=",#!/!&2!/5EN8,358 4!7",HJ$ <>4!#",35<=!/ #$><>$Le2",35-g$ \2$L/5OIe#4@\/5$>8>' j Q " Z V$$ \ I ' a 4./M f!d' e;e(0 ACgNb Jh A 2@?0' H <=">(>Kj Ad; .f C EA EAK 8 $ a ./54!358.&JO?+ % T F35G" F$>8>') T35@`0;/5"%!&2$>4!028 @ G8 FN31&2B31&;"%$L#<=",354!&28 9 $>",F$=$L& < H;#4@AC",35< .&JOA/102@31&J.&J<=$B.#",31&2B8>' Q RNTUPWXMT Y[Z.\.T[]V_T ' a 4!/M b!i';ee(CLh2$ A' !&(=j Ai; >iC 6V/ M/ 8 $ a !/54.358 .&J5O EA% EA% 8 $ a ./54!358>'Y)W N.X &" Z J' H>7M4.#O5k &;35-$L#8,35" E#$>8%8>'(=j AA; >g L S" :J4!/5$=E'*G) 4 02@A.&/10J@*31&J.&J<>$e2"%"%$#%&K -358,354!&6@ $>< H2!&;358%@A$8 @ACG8 FN31&JB$$ >e[$#%35@A$L&;"%8A#$>D0;31#$ &2$>F @A4NO$#/M' QGRNTU[WX TY[Z.\!T ]V_T]`' a 4!/M';ee( b =d!hJ b =j'!0;&J$A=jjg; @2 C 8 !9[4..' G) NH2$>4!#E?4!7<=4@A@V0&;35<>C",354!&' QIRNT !=XMT L\.XMT NT lmf[ Z )N Z n!' a 4!/M2ji;'e;e(2gNf!j.hNJg 2b '=jKg ? $?C SL P !#< p o .K,q $Lo #$$UC'm) Te2<=$LK -!.%35!&;"A-358,02!/ e;#4N<>$>8%8,31&2!B < 8,eJC",35!/1/5E/135@35"%$>OG-358,0J./ < H2!&;&2$L/58>' QGY)W NrX '&s Z ' a 4!/Mi'c 4 f ' e;e( f!j!h2>gf '(=j AKA .b C SL P !#< p o !K q $#o #$$U'V;) N H2$e[$##<>$L35-$=O 35@ABC$ jjf $AC S/ P*2 $>4!#BC$>8%4!&' ) 94!&;",#C8%" 4.-$##<>4!&28%"%!&2<>E' QRNT U[WX T(Y Z!\.T2]`_*T]`' a 4./M/ A;' e;e0 2b.j!Rh 2BA?;0' S !.>jj; >jC S0 P $=4!#B$=8%4!&!&2O0 8*L T0;/1/135-.!&'*) 94.&;",#8%" <=4!&28%"%!&2<>/E D02$L&2<>E < H2!&;&2$L/58>' Q RNT "I 1@$ Z &5T5' a 4!/M f 2fN'e;e(0 ?fb> h ? 2@?'>jNKb 2 f!d, TJ/ 4 $=< H;">' G) NHJ$V-358,02!/ON358%< H;&2$L /5.FV' v Q ubB2T "I 1@$ Z &5T5' a 4!/M b 'e2f!g;'(=jNf.g f C 6V( :L 4 $=8%8>(' P*[^#ON/5$>E'!&2 O M[ 354C",#4!F G8 FN3M'*) 94.&;",#8%",K <>4NON31&JB 31&I@V9;/5E4!e;35D d 0 8 -3 O[$L#$L&2<>$>831& ",HJ$&2$L0;#!/928,358*4!7 HN0J@A.& @V9;/5E4!e;35' Q Z.\.(T V T(Y Z!\.(T f[ Z )N Z 3Y (T w' a 4./M[f b ';eeJiCdj!hiiCd'>Kj Ai; ff / EV.358%$L.'a ] x @/!b % VXMyZ [" ZB$.X L'^31FN"H .z 0J8%$#.'^=jjg; f!i, TJ^ P*" E /5$L31&b' NV 9!%&2$>E' M^ !#B!H24!02",mK T "%$#31&('!&2_ O 9 7 NE/5$L.' ) TN$>-$L_ & S 4NO;$L/584.C7 S G8 FN31&2B' Q 31& Y {Q Z. \ ' |%} ;` _ a" Z y / #\.X Z / \ _ @ J !' :2$L9(>jCjNb f!g J+ / M$>BBC$';) P e 4!F $L /5.FS7M4!<>4.&;",#8%" O 358%<#%35@31&JC",3 4.&(' { Q " #$ Z yVQ$ \ I ' a 4!/M f ';eeJJg 2b>hNg ?b '=j AC f2 J+ / M$>BBC$V!&2O% S/ :J4./5$>E'm) 94!&;",#8%" @ACG8 FN31&JB?31& HN0J@ !&-358,354!&' QRNTUPWXMT(Y[Z.\.T[]V_T5' a 4!/M b!d;'e;e(> g 2@A!h2>gNbN'=j Ad; fB?+ J$L/13M' m) 9 4.&;",#8%"31&<>4C@e/5$ >35@ABC$>8>' QRNTU[WX T(Y Z!\.T[]V_*T[]`' a 4./M[bN'e;e( f!dif h f!dgCdL' H <>">[=jjd; fb + ^$#/13M'?) T0e;#",H;#$>8,H24!/5O <>4.&;",#8%"e $L#<>$Le2",354!&6C$>8?31&S@A$>.& /102@31&2!&2<>$ < $ O[$><="%8 4.7V8%",35@V0/10288,#3 U=$'ON35< H24!e2",35< e;#$>8%$L&;"%",354.&('!&2O/5$L&2B",H4.7O;!e2",354!&' QRNTUPWXMT Y Z!\.T2]`_*T[]`' a 4!/M.f ';ee/ A;.b> h ANf.i0' S .E >jC j 2 fBA+ $L/13M' M^ + P #$L&2O['Vb S ~^4.0&2B'!&2 O 6V 4./5O8%"%$L31&') 94!&;",#C8%"8%$L&28,35",35-35",E "%4 e2"%<%H68%",35@V0/1.3 <>"%84.7A8,e2",35./ 92!&2OF35O;",H.&JO "%$>@*e[4!#./(e;#$>8%$L&;"%",354.&(' Q YC/W N.X &" Z ' a 4./M[bN'Jc 4;['e;e(Lh2>g;'(>jCji; f!j 9 H31/1/131e28?!&2 O 4L 6V0 7 31/58%4!&'Am) H %35$L&;"%",354.&I9J.&JO;F35O",H28?4!7 8,e2",35./ @A$><%HJ.&358%@ 8A@A$>C8,0#$>O9;E @AG8 FN31&2B' QSRNT U[WX TY[Z.\!T ]V_T]`' a 4!/M'Neef@f ?!h f!iNfN/' :J$#9(>j ACg idC 6VL T ">4.H&'[ 0 N35@&2$>EL' EAJ+ 0 P #@A8%",#4.&JB;'[!&2 O P*J L T ULe2B F[') 9^H2!&2B$>8 31&e[$L#<>$#35-$>O<=4!&;",#8%"V4.78,0e;#",H;#$>8,H24!/5OIB!#C",31&JBC8 87 0;&J<=",354!&4!74.%35$L&;"%",354.&.&JO 8,e2",35./7 #$>D02$L&2<>E' QY)W N.X &Q" #$ Z ;' a 4!/M f 'Jc4;i';ee[fCf!i.h;f!if '=j ANbN iC P2 0 7"%8%4!&.&JO% P3 T 4./54@A4.&('V;) P @A4NO;$L/4!7-358,02!/ <>4.&;",#8%" BC!31&<>4!&;",#4./!&2OeJC"%"%$L%&@ACG8 FN31&JB;' Q e;gZ LWN)W RNT UPWXMT Y[Z.\.T[]V_T[]*T ' a 4./M(>g;'(=jjNbN