VOLUME
4
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of
World Cities
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of
World Cities VOLUME
4
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C. Edited by Jill Copolla and Susan Bevan Gall
J U N I O R WO R L D M A R K E N C Y C L O P E D I A O F W O R L D C I T I E S
U•X•L Staff Allison McNeill, U•X•L Senior Editor Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer Pamela A.E. Galbreath, Art Director This publication is a creative work copyrighted by U•X•L and fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The authors and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the following: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the information. All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L An imprint of the Gale Group All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
Printed in United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Cover photos (top to bottom): Paris, France: Louvre (EPD/Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp) Monrovia, Liberia: Redemption Day Celebration (EPD/Homer Sykes; Woodfin Camp) Tokyo, Japan: Kids with skateboards (EPD/Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp) Lima, Peru: Market (EPD/Robert Frerck; Woodfin Camp) Washington, DC: Lincoln Memorial (EPD/Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
Susan Bevan Gall and Jill Marie Coppola, Editors Timothy L. Gall, Executive Editor Mary Francis Sugar, Eleftherios E. Netos, Jennifer Wallace, James C. Woodring, Associate Editors Bridgette M. Nadzam, Graphics and Page Layout Gregory M. Hurst, Editorial Assistant Magellan Geographix, Cartographers
Contributors Olufemi A. Akinola, Ph.D. W.E.B. DuBois Institute, Harvard University Cynthia Andrews. Researcher/Writer, Suttons Bay, Michigan Mike Cikraji. Researcher/Writer, Bay Village, Ohio Patricia Hale. Researcher/Writer, West Hartford, Connecticut Bruce Heilman. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Jim Henry. Researcher/Writer, Chicago, Illinois William Hodgson. Researcher/Writer, Vancouver, British Columbia Dave Hribar. Researcher/Writer, Avon Lake, Ohio Ignacio Lobos. Journalist, Honolulu, Hawaii Deryck O. Lodrick, Ph.D. Visiting Scholar, Center for South Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley Lupa Ramadhani. University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Gail Rosewater. Researcher/Writer, Cleveland, Ohio Carmen Urdaneta, M.A. Researcher/Writer, Boston, Massachusetts Jeffrey Vance. Researcher/Writer, Brighton, Massachusetts Rosalie Wieder. Researcher/Writer, Cleveland, Ohio Steven Wolinetz, Ph.D. Memorial University, St. John’s Newfoundland
CONTENTS C I T Y F I N D E R TA B L E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii R E A D E R ’S G U I D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA ................................................ 1 P H O E N I X , A R I Z O N A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 P R A G U E , C Z E C H R E P U B L I C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 R I O D E J A N E I R O , B R A Z I L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 R O M E , I T A L Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 S A N F R A N C I S C O , C A L I F O R N I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 S E A T T L E , WA S H I N G T O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 S Y D N E Y, A U S T R A L I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 TO K Y O , J A P A N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 TO R O N T O , O N T A R I O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 VA N C O U V E R, B R I T I S H C O L U M B I A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 WA S H I N G T O N , D . C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 G L O S S A R Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 I N D E X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
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C I T Y F I N D E R TA B L E Volume number appears in brackets []
Toronto, Ontario .......................[4]151 Vancouver, British Columbia......[4]169
Africa
Mexico
Cairo, Egypt .............................[1]115 Johannesburg, South Africa ......[2]123 Lagos, Nigeria ...........................[2]139 Monrovia, Liberia........................[3]69 Nairobi, Kenya ..........................[3]115
Mexico City, Mexico....................[3]19
United States Atlanta, Georgia ...........................[1]1 Boston, Massachusetts .................[1]65 Chicago, Illinois ........................[1]145 Cleveland, Ohio ........................[1]161 Dallas, Texas .............................[1]177 Denver, Colorado.......................[1]191 Detroit, Michigan ..........................[2]1 Honolulu, Hawaii ........................[2]39 Houston, Texas ............................[2]57 Indianapolis, Indiana ..................[2]77 Los Angeles, California ..............[2]189 Miami, Florida.............................[3]37 Minneapolis, Minnesota .............[3]53 Nashville, Tennessee ..................[3]137 New Orleans, Louisiana.............[3]153 New York, New York ................[3]173 Phoenix, Arizona .........................[4]19 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania .............[4]1 San Francisco, California .............[4]85 Seattle, Washington....................[4]101 Washington, D.C..........................[4]18
Asia Bangkok, Thailand ......................[1]17 Beijing, China ..............................[1]33 Hong Kong, China.......................[2]21 Istanbul, Turkey ..........................[2]93 Jerusalem, Israel.........................[2]107 Manila, Philippines .......................[3]1 Mumbai (Bombay), India.............[3]99 Sydney, Australia .......................[4]117 Tokyo, Japan ............................[4]133
Europe Berlin, Germany...........................[1]49 Brussels, Belgium ........................[1]83 Istanbul, Turkey...........................[2]93 London, United Kingdom .........[2]169 Madrid, Spain ...........................[2]205 Paris, France ..............................[3]195 Prague, Czech Republic ...............[4]35 Rome, Italy ..................................[4]63
South America Buenos Aires, Argentina...............[1]97 Caracas, Venezuela ...................[1]131 Lima, Peru ................................[2]155 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ..................[4]49
North America Canada Montréal, Québec .......................[3]83
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R E A D E R ’S G U I D E this Reader’s Guide, all of whom offered substantive insights that were instrumental to the creation of this work. The editors are extremely grateful for the time and effort these distinguished reviewers devoted to improving the quality of this work. Sixteen researchers, many of whom live in the city they profiled, are listed on the staff page. Their well-researched profiles give users of Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities an opportunity to compare the history and contemporary life in 50 of the world’s greatest cities—from the ancient cities of Cairo, Egypt and Istanbul, Turkey, to the fast-growing modern metropolitan communities of Lagos, Nigeria; Sydney, Australia; and Seattle, Washington.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities presents profiles of 50 major cities from around the world, arranged alphabetically in four volumes. Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities is a new reference work organized under the Worldmark design. The Worldmark design assembles facts and data about each city in a common structure. Every profile contains a map, showing the city and its location. The challenging task of selecting the cities to be profiled in this first edition of Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities was accomplished with input from librarian advisors. From a list of over 100 candidate cities, 50 were selected to represent the continents and cultures of the world, with an emphasis on cities of the United States. Twenty-five cities from North America (including 21 U.S. cities) are profiled, 9 cities from Asia, 7 cities from Europe, 5 cities from Africa, and 4 from South America fill the four volumes. Profiles present text and graphical elements, including photographs, with the needs and interests of student researchers in mind. Recognition must be given to the many tourist bureaus, convention centers, city government press offices, and graphic agencies that contributed the data and photographs that comprise this encyclopedia. This edition also benefits from the work of the reviewers listed at the end of
Sources Due to the broad scope of this encyclopedia many sources were consulted in compiling the information and statistics presented in these volumes. Of primary importance were the official web sites posted by many of the cities’ government offices and tourist/convention bureaus on the World Wide Web. Also instrumental in the development of this publication was the web site of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, available at http://www.census.gov/. Finally, many fact sheets, booklets, and statistical abstracts were used to update
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READER’S GUIDE data not collected by federal or city governments. Profile Features The structure of the Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities entries—22 numbered headings—allows students to compare two or more cities in a variety of ways. Each city profile begins with the city name, state or province (where applicable), country, and continent. A city fact box provides information including dates founded and incorporated, city location, official city motto and flower, time zone, ethnic composition, city elevation, latitude and longitude, coastline (where applicable), climate information, annual mean temperature, seasonal average snowfall (where applicable), average annual precipitation, form of government, system of weights and measures used, monetary units, telephone area codes, and city postal codes. Where available, a picture of both the city seal and the city flag, with description, appear. With regard to the time zone, the standard time is given by time zone in relation to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). The world is divided into 24 time zones, each one hour apart. The Greenwich meridian, which is 0 degrees, passes through Greenwich, England, a suburb of London. Greenwich is at the center of the initial time zone, known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). All times given are converted from noon in this zone. The time reported for the city is the official time zone. Also provided in each article is a Population Profile box comparing the city proper with its greater metropolitan
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area, including suburbs (where available), and lists facts such as population, racial breakdown, and nicknames. Profiles also include a City Fact Comparison box, comparing daily costs of visiting the city with costs for visiting representative cities elsewhere in the world (Cairo, Egypt; Rome, Italy; and Beijing, China). City maps, locator maps, and photos complement the entries. The body of each city’s profile is arranged in 22 numbered headings as follows: 1
INTRODUCTION. The city’s location
is described. City features are outlined, sometimes citing key facts from city history and major attractions. 2
GETTING THERE. Information is pro-
vided on major highways offering access into and around the city, as well as information on bus and railroad service, airports, and shipping. 3
GETTING AROUND. Information is
outlined on means of transportation within a city, including bus and commuter rail service; some entries include transportation modes that will be less familiar to many student researchers, such as the three-wheeled tuk-tuk of Bangkok, Thailand. Both commuter and sightseeing transportation methods are included. 4
PEOPLE. A population count is pro-
vided for the city proper and its metropolitan area, along with an ethnic/racial breakdown of the populace. For many cities, population growth patterns, languages, and religions are also discussed 5 NEIGHBORHOODS. Location, characteristics, and attractions of city historic
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
READER’S GUIDE and ethnic neighborhoods, and business and cultural districts are described. 6 HISTORY. City history is detailed from its founding to the present. 7
GOVERNMENT. Style of government
is described, and elected offices are listed, along with a description of each office and length of an elected term. 8 PUBLIC SAFETY. Police, fire, and ambulatory services are outlined, as well as any special city safety projects. Crime rate statistics are also listed. 9 ECONOMY. This section presents the key elements of the economy. Major industries and employment figures are also summarized.
Topography, climate, and flora and fauna are described, as well as any environmental concerns, programs, or clean-up efforts. 10
ENVIRONMENT.
11 SHOPPING. Popular shopping districts and venues are described, as well as any specialty items for which the city is renowned. 12 EDUCATION. Information about public education and key universities and technical institutes is detailed. 13 HEALTH CARE. Hospitals and other health services are described. Alternative or non-Western health care practices are described in some city profiles. 14
MEDIA. City newspapers, magazines,
television, and radio stations are listed. Where applicable, government influence on media is discussed.
15 SPORTS. Professional and amateur sports—from auto racing and rodeo to cricket and baseball—sports venues, and championships held are listed. Annual sporting events, major international tournaments, and popular recreational sports are also described. 16 PARKS AND RECREATION. Popular recreational activities and city pastimes, from strolling in a city park to playing polo, and the venues where they can be enjoyed, are detailed. 17 PERFORMING ARTS. Performing arts offered in the city are described, as well as the theaters and performing arts halls where they are offered. Notable annual events are listed. 18 LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS. Notable libraries and descriptions of their holdings are described. Major museums, with information about their collections, are listed. 19
TOURISM. The importance of tourism
to the city is summarized, along with factors affecting the tourism industry. Key tourist attractions are listed. 20
HOLIDAYS AND FESTIVALS. Annu-
ally celebrated holidays and events are listed. 21
F A M O U S C I T I Z E N S . Famous peo-
ple who were born or lived in the city are listed, along with birth and death dates and short biographical descriptions. Bibliographic listings are provided at the end of each profile as a guide for accessing further information. Included are Web sites, 22
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
FOR
FURTHER
STUDY.
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READER’S GUIDE government offices, tourist and convention bureaus, major city publications, and books about the city and its history. Because some terms used in this encyclopedia will be new to students, each volume includes a glossary. A keyword index to all four volumes appears in Volume 4. Acknowledgments The editors are indebted to the following reviewers, without whom Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities would not have been possible. The individuals listed below were consulted on the content and structure of this encyclopedia. Their insights, opinions, and suggestions led to many enhancements and improvements in the presentation of the material. Ken Cornwell, Library Media Specialist, Northeast High School, Lincoln, Nebraska
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Cindy Doll, Librarian, Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus, Ohio Marilyn Eanes, School Library Media Specialist, Hopewell Middle School, Round Rock, Texas Jane Thomas, Library Manager, McNeil High School, Austin, Texas Glenda Willnerd, School Librarian, Lincoln High School, Lincoln, Nebraska Comments and Suggestions We welcome your comments on the Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities, as well as your suggestions for cities to be included in future editions. Please write: Editors, Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities, U•X•L, 27500 Drake Road, Farmington Hills, Michigan 48331– 3535; call toll-free: 1-800-877-4253; or send e-mail via www.galegroup.com.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, North America Founded: 1682; Incorporated: 1701 Location: Eastern Pennsylvania, between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers Flag: Outer vertical stripes of blue, with seal centered on center yellow stripe. Time Zone: 7 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 57.2%; Black, 39.9%; Native American, 0.2%; and Asian/Pacific Islander, 2.7% Elevation: 12 m (40 ft) Latitude and Longitude: 39º95'N, 75º16'W Climate: Continental climate moderated by the Appalachian mountains and the Atlantic Ocean; hot, humid summers Annual Mean Temperature: 12.5 ºC (54.6ºF); January 0.6ºC (33.1ºF); August 23.7ºC (74.7ºF) Seasonal Average Snowfall: 50.8 cm (20 in) Average Annual Precipitation (rainfall and melted snow): 105.2 cm (41.4 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. Telephone Area Codes: 215 Postal Codes: 19101–60
1
Introduction
Located in southeastern Pennsylvania, at the confluence of the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, Philadelphia is the state’s largest city and the fifth largest in the United States. Home of the Declaration of Independence and the Liberty Bell—and the first capital of the United States—Philadelphia has one of the nation’s greatest concentrations of historic sites, which play a major role in attracting some three million visitors to the city every year. Although it has ceded its one-time position as manufacturing capital of the nation, Philadelphia today is home to a vigorous
service-oriented economy as well as the number one freshwater port in the United States. Its central location in relation to the cities of the Eastern Seaboard, and the eastern United States as a whole, combined with its population, size, and cultural and recreational resources continue to make Philadelphia one of the nation’s major cities. 2
Getting There
Philadelphia is located in southeastern Pennsylvania, where the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers meet. The city’s fairly flat terrain resembles that of surrounding areas in New Jersey
1
Philadelphia
Philadelphia Population Profile
west of the city, connecting I-76 and I276 to the north with I-95 to the south. Bus and Railroad Service
City Proper Population: 1,524,249 Area: 349.6 sq km (135 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 57.2% white; 39.9% black; 0.2% Native American; and 2.7% Asian Nicknames: City of Brotherly Love
Metropolitan Area Population: 4,398,000 Description: Philadelphia and surrounding communities Area: 9,984.5 sq km ( 3,855 sq mi) World population rank1: 52 Percentage of national population2: 1.6% Average yearly growth rate: 0.4% Ethnic composition: 76.9% white; 20% black; 2.9% Asian/Pacific Islander ——— 1. The Philadelphia metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the United States’ total population living in the Philadelphia metropolitan area.
Philadelphia is one of the main stops on the Amtrak route that traverses the Boston-Washington corridor in the northeast of the country. Trains arrive at and depart from Penn Station. Intercity bus service is available on Greyhound and Peter Pan/Trailways. Intercity service to nearby destinations is provided by New Jersey Transit. Airports Philadelphia International Airport is a hub for Midway Airlines and US Airways. It also services the other major U.S. carriers, including American, Continental, Delta, Northwest, TWA, and United. Shipping
and Delaware rather than the hilly land characteristic of much of Pennsylvania’s interior. Highways The major interstate access to Philadelphia is via I-95, running from Boston and points north all the way down to Florida. Intersecting with I-95 is I-76 (the Schuylkill Expressway), which extends westward through southern Pennsylvania. Other major routes in the area are I-276 (the Pennsylvania Turnpike), and I-676 (the Vine Street Expressway), which links I-76 to Camden, New Jersey. I-476 (the “Blue Route”) runs along the suburbs to the
2
Penn’s Landing is the largest freshwater port in the United States. Together with facilities in southern New Jersey and Delaware, it constitutes the Ports of Philadelphia, operated by the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority. The jointly operated port complex handles the East Coast’s largest volume of international shipping freight. 3
Getting Around
The streets of Philadelphia are laid out in a grid pattern, with numbered streets running north-south. Many of the east-west streets were named—by founding father William Penn (1644– 1718)—for local plants and trees,
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Philadelphia
including Cherry, Chestnut, Walnut, Locust, Spruce, and Pine. The Delaware River to the east and the Schuylkill River to the west meet south of the city. Bus and Commuter Rail Service by
Public transportation is operated the Southeastern Pennsylvania
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Transportation Authority (SEPTA) and includes buses, trolleys, subways, and commuter trains. Bus lines include the PHLASH Bus service, which makes a loop through many of the downtown’s major commercial and cultural sites, the Ben FrankLine, the Mid-City Loop, and the Chestnut Street Transitway. The commuter rail line, PATCO, connects
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Philadelphia the city with Camden, New Jersey, via the Ben Franklin Bridge. Underground Rapid Transit lines intersect underneath City Hall. Sightseeing Bus tours of Philadelphia’s historic sights are offered by Gray Line Tours and American Trolley Tours, whose “trolleys” are actually double-decker buses. Candlelight walking tours of historic Philadelphia are available also, as well as tours by horse and carriage. Boat tours that offer views of the city’s skyline from the harbor are offered on the Spirit of Philadelphia and the Liberty Belle II. 4
People
In 1990, the population of Philadelphia was 1,586,000, of which 39.9 percent were black, 2.7 percent Asian, and 0.2 percent Native American. Hispanics (both white and black) accounted for 5.6 percent of the population. The population estimate for 1994 was 1,524,249. The population of the Philadelphia Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area was reported as 4,922,257 in 1990 and estimated at 4,940,653 as of 1997. The region’s racial composition was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1996 as 76.9 percent white; 20 percent black; and 2.9 percent Asian/Pacific Islander. The percentage of residents of Hispanic origin (an ethnic rather than a racial designation) was 4.3 percent.
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Neighborhoods
The historic central city is known as Center City. At its center lies Penn Square, the site of Philadelphia’s city hall. The surrounding area can be divided into four quadrants, each arranged around a central square (or, in the case of Logan Circle, the site of a former square). In the northwest quadrant, the gracious, tree-lined Benjamin Franklin Parkway passes through Logan Circle, in a district that includes the Franklin Institute Science Museum and the Academy of Natural Sciences. South of this section lies Rittenhouse Square, an urban park surrounded by buildings that reflect the district’s nineteenthcentury history as an exclusive neighborhood that was home to some of the city’s wealthiest citizens. In the southeast quadrant is Washington Square, where the city’s historic colonial district (also known as Old City) begins and stretches eastward to the Delaware River. This area includes Independence National Historic Park. Colonial architecture is also on display to the south, in the area known as Society Hill, a fashionable neighborhood of restored Federal, Georgian, and colonial homes. Further south is Queen Village, an area originally settled by Swedes that boasts the oldest church in the state of Pennsylvania. South Street, which lies between Society Hill and Queen Village, became a counterculture enclave in the 1960s and is still a trendy and sophisticated venue filled with bookstores, cafes, natural food stores, restaurants, and other businesses.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Philadelphia
City Fact Comparison Philadelphia (United States)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
4,398,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1682
753 BC
723 BC
$172
$129
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy) Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs
$118
$193
$44
$56
$59
$62
$2
$14
$15
$16
$164
$173
$246
$207
2
13
20
11
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
The Philadelphia Akhbar El Yom/ Inquirer Al Akhbar 428,895
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1829
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
South of Center City is South Philadelphia, the oldest section of Philadelphia. Today it is a colorful and ethnically diverse neighborhood with a strong Italian influence. West of the Schuylkill River lies University City, home of the University of Pennsylvania (“Penn”), which moved to this location in the 1870s, and Drexel University. In recent years, the university has helped gentrify the area by supporting the establishment of bookstores and other businesses. Northwest of Center City lie the residential communities of Chestnut Hill, Mount Airy, and Manayunk; the
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
latter has become a fashionable neighborhood graced by a lively assortment of galleries, restaurants, boutiques, and cafes. Chestnut Hill, originally a planned community designed by British architects in the mid-nineteenth century, has been designated a National Historic District thanks to its distinctive buildings. Other municipalities in the metropolitan Philadelphia area include Upper Darby, Levittown, Doylestown, and New Hope (all in Pennsylvania), as well as Haddonfield, Moorestown, and Merchantsville in New Jersey. Also geographically associated with
5
Philadelphia
Philadelphia skyline. (Jim McWilliams; Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau)
Philadelphia are a series of Pennsylvania communities known as the Main Line, including Merion, Wayne, Ardmore, Villanova, Haverford, and Bryn Mawr. 6
History
The Philadelphia region was first settled by Swedes in the first half of the seventeenth century. It was not until 1682 that the Englishman William Penn, having received a land grant from King Charles II, founded his settlement between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, north of the existing Swedish settlement. Penn planned a
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town with broad avenues and public squares. Settlers were attracted by the economic opportunities available in the new land, as well as by the promise of religious freedom guaranteed by Penn, a Quaker who had rejected the dictates of England’s established Anglican Church. By the eighteenth century, thanks to its fine port and good agricultural land, Philadelphia had become the foremost city in the 13 British colonies. Its considerable wealth, reflected in both its architecture and in the interior decor of its houses, also supported an impressive infrastructure and network of pub-
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Philadelphia lic services and cultural institutions. The first hospital in the future United States was opened in Philadelphia in 1755 (a project in which the city’s most famous son, Benjamin Franklin, participated). Franklin was also a driving force behind the founding of the University of Pennsylvania, the Free Library of Philadelphia, and the American Philosophical Society. Although the Philadelphians were more politically moderate than their neighbors in New England, they participated actively in the debate that preceded the adoption of the Declaration of Independence (which occurred in the city’s own Independence Hall, then known as the State House) and were heavily involved in the Revolutionary War (1775–1783), during which their city was occupied by British troops under General Howe between 1777 and 1778 before Howe’s army moved on to New York. The members of the Continental Congress fled to Lancaster, Pennsylvania, taking the Liberty Bell with them. After the war, Philadelphia was the site of the Constitutional Convention, at which the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787, and the city served as the capital of the new country in the 1790s before the completion of Washington, D.C. The nineteenth century brought continued prosperity and cultural advancement to the city. In 1805 the first permanent bridge over the Schuylkill River connected Philadelphia with the fertile farmland of the interior. In the 1820s and 1830s, seaport and rail
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
The Declaration of Independence was signed in Independence Hall, then known as the State House. (Marcia Conrad; Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau)
access made the Philadelphia the manufacturing capital of the United States, as well as one of its premier financial centers. Cultural progress continued also with the establishment of public education and the creation of such institutions as the Walnut Street Theater. Although the national capital had moved to Washington, Philadelphia remained the national center for the minting of money, shipbuilding, and weapons production. As an enlightened city, Philadelphia was a hotbed of antislavery senti-
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Philadelphia ment, although many of the city’s elite, dependent on Southern trade, opposed the war for economic reasons. War brought its own economic compensation as Philadelphia became a center for military supplies and transport equipment. However, nothing could compensate for the loss of thousands of Philadelphia’s native sons in the Civil War Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) in 1863. When Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865, his body lay in state in Independence Hall before traveling to its final resting place in Illinois. Immigration to Philadelphia, already heavy before the Civil War (1861–65), continued in the last decades of the century. New arrivals from Italy and Eastern Europe joined the large number of Irish immigrants who had arrived earlier and helped maintain Philadelphia’s position as the nation’s manufacturing capital, with a varied manufacturing base that ranged from sugar refining to hat manufacturing. In 1876 Philadelphia hosted the first World’s Fair held in the United States: the Centennial Exhibition in Fairmount Park, which included a demonstration of the telephone. Philadelphia went on to become a pioneer in the establishment of modern utilities, claiming the first residential and office electric lighting and the first telephone exchange, both in place by 1878. As the new century arrived, Philadelphians were prospering, with the greatest home ownership rate of any city in the world. During World War I
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(1914–18), the city boasted the largest shipbuilding plant in existence at the time. The city’s population continued to grow—from one million to two million between 1900 and 1930, an increase that included a large number of African Americans. However, the Great Depression of the 1930s signaled the end of Philadelphia’s predominance as a manufacturing center, even though the city’s economy rebounded with the advent of World War II (1939–45). In the post-war years, Philadelphia’s leaders have slowed migration to the surrounding suburbs with an ambitious program of urban renewal that restored Center City, preserving Philadelphia’s historic heritage while allowing for development that would draw businesses to the city. Like other urban centers in the United States, Philadelphia has seen the growth of a serviceoriented economy replace its former manufacturing base; today, manufacturing in this former industrial capital employs only about ten percent of the work force. As the twenty-first century began, the city continued to combine historic preservation with new development as the National Park Service worked on plans to transform Independence Mall, and a new National Constitution Center entered the planning stages as well. 7
Government
Both the city and the county of Philadelphia are administered by the same mayor-council government, established under a 1951 charter that
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Philadelphia served as a national model for big-city government, eliminating the administrative role of council and strengthening the powers of the mayor. The mayor and the 17 council members are elected to four-year terms, with ten council members elected by district and seven elected at large. The mayor may not serve more than two consecutive terms, although there are no limits on the number of non-consecutive mayoral terms. 8
Public Safety
Philadelphia is considered one of the nation’s safest large metropolitan areas. In 1995, the city’s incidence of reported violent crimes per 100,000 population was 1,436, including 28 murders, 51 rapes, and 889 robberies. The incidence of property crimes was 5,642 and included 1,057 burglaries and 1,556 motor vehicle thefts. 9
Economy
Like other cities in the Northeast, Philadelphia—once the manufacturing capital of the nation—has seen a decline in its traditional industrial base since World War II, as heavy industry moved to areas in the South and West. Until the 1980s, the city’s port and petroleum-refining plants contributed substantially to the economy, but since that time service industries have replaced manufacturing as the dominant economic sector. Manufacturing, which used to account for 50 percent of the city’s employment, now accounts for only about ten percent.
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Philadelphia’s City Hall at night. (R. Andrew Lepley; Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau)
Today’s leading economic sectors include advertising, financial services, law, and book publishing. The health care field is also a major income producer, with some 20 percent of the work force employed in health care ser-
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Philadelphia vices or the city’s growing biomedical and pharmaceutical industries. Philadelphia has also made a concerted effort to capitalize on its historic attractions by promoting tourism, most notably through the construction of a new $525 million convention center, completed in 1993, and developing its waterfront areas. Another target of the city’s economic planning has been the promotion of Philadelphia as a venue for corporate headquarters, and new buildings as well as entire office parks have multiplied rapidly along Route 202 just west of the city. Major corporations headquartered in the Philadelphia area today include SmithKline Beecham, Aramark, Advanta, and CIGNA. 10
Environment
The physical features of the Philadelphia region have determined many aspects of its history, from the fertile river-wash soil that drew its early settlers to begin farming the area to its ports, which guaranteed an abundant supply of water, encouraged the growth of shipbuilding, and have made the city a major transport and shipping center throughout its history. The Fairmount Waterworks, constructed in 1840 and still standing in Fairmount Park, was a state-of-the-art project that pumped water from the Schuylkill River into the community for residential and commercial use.
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Shopping
Philadelphia offers both traditional retail outlets in its historic neighborhoods and abundant mall and outlet shopping. For sheer size, the dominant shopping venue is the King of Prussia Court and Plaza north of the city, which is America’s second-largest shopping mall, superseded only by the Mall of America in Minnesota. The King of Prussia facility, which boasts 450 stores and 51 hectares (126 acres) of parking, offers major stores such as Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, and Bloomingdale’s, and specialty retailers including Tiffany, Williams-Sonoma, and Hermes. The Franklin Mills outlet mall northeast of Center City is a singlestory mall that attracts millions of shoppers annually with over 200 discount and outlet stores, including outlets for Saks Fifth Avenue, Nordstrom, and Burlington Coat Factory, as well as a 14-screen multiplex cinema. Popular traditional urban shopping venues include Liberty Place, a downtown skyscraper that contains over 70 stores; South Street, which has evolved from a 1960s hippie district into a trendy upscale commercial and entertainment center; University City, the area surrounding the University of Pennsylvania, west of the Schuylkill river, which is home to a variety of boutiques and specialty shops; and the community of Manayunk northwest of Center City. A new shopping center near Philadelphia International Airport also draws large numbers of shoppers.
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Philadelphia 12
Education
Philadelphia, home of the first public school in the United States (opened in 1698), was also a pioneer in the education of gifted children, establishing special admission schools to meet the needs of students with special abilities in a variety of areas. Today Philadelphia has the nation’s fifth-largest public school system, enrolling almost 220,000 students at all levels, from preschool through twelfth grade. In the fall of 1996, Philadelphia’s public school enrollment was 63.8 percent black, 19.8 percent white, 11.6 percent Hispanic, and 4.7 percent Asian/Pacific. The school system employed 11,144 classroom teachers and 23,216 staff personnel.
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Health Care
There are more than 100 hospitals in the Philadelphia metropolitan area and six medical schools, as well as schools of nursing, dentistry, and pharmacology. There are major teaching hospitals affiliated with both the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University. Pennsylvania Hospital, part of the University of Pennsylvania Health System, is the oldest hospital in the United States, established in 1751 by Dr. Thomas Bond (1712–84) and Benjamin Franklin (1706–90). This 505-bed facility was also home to the country’s first surgical amphitheater and was the first hospital in the country to treat mental illness.
The city of Philadelphia has about 20 post-secondary institutions, and its metropolitan area is home to nearly 90. The University of Pennsylvania, a private Ivy League college located in downtown Philadelphia, is over 250 years old. It was home to the nation’s first medical school (1765), law school (1790), and business school (1881) and pioneered the integration of a classical education with modern fields of study. Situated west of the Schuylkill River since the 1870s, the university enrolls over 20,000 students in four undergraduate and 12 graduate schools. Located nearby is Drexel University.
Temple University Hospital, affiliated with the Temple University Medical School, is a 514-bed facility that provided care to 20,000 patients and 150,000 outpatients in 1998. Its emergency department, a certified Level I regional trauma center, treats more than 37,000 patients a year. Community hospitals that belong to the Temple University Health System include Episcopal Hospital, Jeanes Hospital, Lower Bucks Hospital, Neumann Medical Center, and Northeastern Hospital. Also part of Temple’s hospital system is Temple University Children’s Medical Center.
Philadelphia is also home to the Curtis Institute, one of the nation’s top music schools.
Philadelphia is also home to Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Wills Eye Hospital, both considered
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Philadelphia among the best in the country in their respective specialties. 14
Media
Philadelphia’s major daily newspapers (with 1998 circulation figures) are the Philadelphia Inquirer, published seven mornings a week (weekdays, 428,895; Sunday, 880,918), and the Philadelphia Daily News, published Monday through Saturday evening (weekday circulation 175,448). (Both papers are now owned by the same company.) The Inquirer is better known for its national coverage, while the Daily News has more local news. City Paper and Philadelphia Weekly are free alternative weeklies with articles on local issues and entertainment listings. Monthly magazines include Philadelphia Magazine and Where Philadelphia Magazine. All major television networks have affiliates in Philadelphia, and the metropolitan region is home to more than 30 AM and FM radio stations providing news, music, and local features. The acclaimed interview program “Fresh Air,” hosted by Terry Gross, originates from WHYY, Philadelphia’s National Public Radio (NPR) affiliate, and is syndicated on NPR stations throughout the country. 15
Sports
Philadelphia—where the world’s first baseball game was played in 1860—fields teams in all major-league sports. The Philadelphia Phillies, who won the National League champion-
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ship in 1993 and advanced to the playoffs two years later, play at Veterans Stadium, which is also the home of the NFL’s Philadelphia Eagles. The Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association compete in the modern, $230 million First Union Center, as do the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League. As an area with one of the nation’s heaviest concentration of colleges, Greater Philadelphia has an active collegiate sports scene, many of whose games take place at Franklin Field and the Palestra in West Philadelphia. Every April, Franklin Field is the site of the Penn Relays, an intercollegiate and amateur track event. Also popular are regattas on the Schuylkill River. 16
Parks and Recreation
Fairmount Park, the largest landscaped park in the country, extends over 3,602 hectares (8,900 acres) northwest of Center City. In addition to 161 kilometers (100 miles) of hiking, bicycling, and bridle trails, the park also encompasses historic and cultural attractions, including the Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Philadelphia Zoo (the nation’s oldest), the historic Fairmount Waterworks, nearly 30 colonial mansions open to visitors, Japanese gardens and a teahouse, outdoor sculpture, and the Philadelphia Orchestra’s summer home, the Mann Music Center. Visitors to the park can use hike-and-bike trails; rent rowboats and canoes for use on the Schuylkill River, which runs
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Philadelphia through the park, dividing it into eastern and western sections; visit the waterworks, built in 1840; tour the historic houses, which include Lemon Hill, Mt. Pleasant, Laurel Hill, Strawberry Mansion, and Chamounix Mansion; take their children to Smith Playground; take in horticultural exhibits; or visit the 40-hectare (99-acre) Laurel Hill Cemetery. The metropolitan area has over 100 golf courses, five of which are 18-hole municipal courses operated by the city of Philadelphia. Tennis courts can be found in Fairmount Park, on the University of Pennsylvania campus, and at other locations. Philadelphia has 86 municipal swimming pools, and the Blue Cross River Rink at Penn’s Landing is a popular spot for ice skating. 17
Performing Arts
Anchored by its symphony orchestra and the renowned Curtis Institute, Philadelphia has a top-notch classical music scene. The Philadelphia Orchestra, which grew to greatness under maestros including Leopold Stokowski and Eugene Ormandy, remains one of the best in the world under music director, Wolfgang Sawallisch. The orchestra presents a regular season of concerts at the Academy of Music between September and May and also plays a six-week summer season at the Mann Music Center amphitheatre in Fairmount Park. The talented faculty and student of the Curtis Institute can be heard in regular solo recitals and chamber music concerts in the school’s concert hall in
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Visitors to Independence National Historic Park are transported back to the colonial period by tour guides in historic costume. (Nick Kelsh; Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau)
Rittenhouse Square. The Philadelphia Chamber Music Society presents concerts featuring well-known soloists and ensembles performing both classical and popular music. In addition, the city has its own chamber orchestra, the Concerto Soloists Chamber Orchestra, as well as a group that specializes in contemporary music, the Relache Ensemble. The Opera Company of Philadelphia presents four fully staged opera productions annually at the Academy of Music. Philadelphia presents varied opportunities for theater goers. In addition to traveling productions of Broadway plays, local audiences can attend productions by the resident company at
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Philadelphia the Walnut Street Theatre, the Philadelphia Theater Company, the Arden Theatre Company, and the American Music Theater Festival, which specializes in musical theater. The Wilma Theater is a respected troupe dedicated to presenting contemporary works, which are also the focus at the Philadelphia Festival Theatre for New Plays and the InterAct Theatre Company. The acclaimed Pennsylvania Ballet performs at the Academy of Music, the Annenberg Center, and the Merriam Theater, in a season that includes an annual performance of The Nutcracker in the original version choreographed by Balanchine. A variety of local groups make up the Philadelphia Dance Alliance. Movement Theatre International performances showcase dance and movement of all kinds, including mime and even circus acts. 18
Libraries and Museums
The Free Library of Philadelphia operates a central library downtown and 49 neighborhood branches. With a total of 7,983,088 items, the library has a circulation of over six million. Its special collections cover subject areas including fine prints and printmaking, automobiles, Judaica, choral music, jazz, Americana, British writer Beatrix Potter (1866–1943), and British illustrator Arthur Rackham (1867–1939). It also has an exceptional children’s library. The Philadelphia Museum of Art is the nation’s third-largest art museum
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and one of its best. Its collection ranges from the middle ages to the present and features special attractions, including a medieval courtyard and fountain, a Gothic chapel, and a Hindu temple. Both older and contemporary European masters are represented, as well as a broad array of American artworks, including the decorative arts, and a variety of special exhibits. The Museum of American Art, housed in a distinguished Victorian building designed by Frank Furness and George Hewitt and extensively refurbished for the 1976 American bicentennial and further renovated in 1994, houses an outstanding collection of works by American artists from colonial times to the present. The Philadelphia Art Alliance promotes all the fine arts, displaying paintings, sculptures, and photography and also serving as a venue for readings, concerts, and dramatic performances. With its rich history dating back to colonial times, Philadelphia is home to a variety of historic sites and historical museums. The Atwater-Kent Museum illuminates the city’s history through exhibits detailing changing urban life over the past three hundred years. The Civil War Library and Museum houses a collection of research materials and artifacts from the war years, including a weapons display. Independence Seaport Museum, located at Penn’s Landing, is devoted to the maritime history of the Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay. Independence Hall (where the Declaration of Independence was drafted), together with the nearby pavilion that houses the Liberty Bell, is Philadelphia’s
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Philadelphia
The Philadelphia Museum of Art is the third largest museum of its type in the world. (Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau)
most famous historic site. Nearby are the quarters occupied by the U.S. Congress and the Supreme Court in the 1790s when Philadelphia served as the nation’s capital. Another major historic attraction in Philadelphia is Gloria Dei Church. Built in 1700 by early Swedish colonists in the region, it is the oldest church in Pennsylvania. The former home of poet and short-story writer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49) has been turned into the Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site, which displays artifacts illuminating Poe’s life and work.
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The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology is devoted to the history of the world’s cultures, while the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies focuses on Philadelphia’s history as a major immigration center. In addition, several museums in Philadelphia are devoted to the history of specific ethnic groups. These include the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum, the National Museum of American Jewish History, the Polish American Cultural Center, the American Swedish Historical Museum.
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Philadelphia Philadelphia’s legacy as the home of statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin is reflected in the city’s distinguished science museums. Originally founded in 1824, the Franklin Institute Science Museum (also the site of the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial) was a leader in the development of hands-on science exhibits. The Academy of Natural Sciences has exhibits that include dioramas, hands-on experiments, and a gem and mineral display. The College of Physicians of Philadelphia sponsors both the C. Everett Koop Community Health Information Center and the Mütter Museum. 19
To u r i s m
An estimated three million tourists visit Philadelphia every year, drawn by the city’s historic and cultural attractions. The Philadelphia Convention Center, located in the central historic district, has boosted the city’s economy by creating new jobs in the service and retail sectors, as growing numbers of convention delegates visit Philadelphia.
Purim Festival Philadelphia Boat Show Philadelphia Flower Show
APRIL Historic Houses in Flower Penn Relays Springside School Antiques Show
APRIL–MAY Philadelphia Festival of World Cinema Philadelphia Open House Tours
MAY Chestnut Hill Garden Festival Blooms Flower & Garden Festival Devon Horse Show & Country Fair Jam Festival Jam on the River Pennsylvania Fair
MAY-SEPTEMBER Festival of Fountains
JUNE First Union U.S. Pro Championship Manayunk Arts Fest Midsommarfest Odunde African Street Festival & Marketplace Rittenhouse Square Fine Arts Annual
JUNE-JULY Welcome America
JULY Philadelphia International Film Festival
SEPTEMBER Yo Philadelphia Festival
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Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY
SEPTEMBER-MARCH Bach Festival of Philadelphia
OCTOBER-NOVEMBER
Mummers Parade
Philadelphia Museum of Art Craft Show
FEBRUARY
NOVEMBER
Black Writer’s Festival Chocolate Festival Junior Jazz Weekend Mardi Gras Jamboree PECO Energy Jazz Festival U.S. Hot Rod Grand Slam Monster Jam
Advanta Tennis Championships for Women
MARCH
Marian Anderson (1897–1993), singer.
Book & Cook Fair Maple Syrup Festival
Mary Cassatt (1844–1926), painter.
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DECEMBER Market Street East Holiday Festival
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Famous Citizens
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Philadelphia Wilt Chamberlain (1936–99), basketball player. W. C. Chamberlain (1879–1946), comic actor. Thomas Eakins (1844–1916), painter. Benjamin Franklin (1706–90), statesman and inventor. Grace Kelly (1929–82), screen actress and princess of Monaco. Margaret Mead (1901–1978), anthropologist. William Penn (1644–1718), founder of Pennsylvania.
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Philadelphia Convention Center 1101 Arch St. Philadelphia, PA 19107 (206) 447-5000 Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau 1515 Market St., Suite 2020 Philadelphia, PA 19107 (215) 636-3300
Publications Philadelphia Business Journal 400 Market St., Suite 300 Philadelphia, PA 19106 Philadelphia Daily News P.O. Box 7788 Philadelphia, PA 19101
Edgar Allan Poe (1809–49), author.
Philadelphia Inquirer P.O. Box 8263 Philadelphia, PA 19101
Betsy Ross (1752–1836), flag maker.
Books
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For Further Study
Websites Philadelphia City Net. [Online] Available http:// www.city.net/countries/united_states/ pennsylvania/philadelphia (accessed December 8, 1999). Philadelphia City Pages. [Online] Available http: //philadelphia.thelinks.com/ (accessed December 8, 1999). Philadelphia Liberty Net. [Online] Available http: //www.libertynet.org (accessed December 8, 1999). Philadelphia Online. [Online] Available http: // www.phillynews.com/ (accessed December 8, 1999).
Government Offices Mayor’s Office 215 City Hall Philadelphia, PA 19107 (206) 686-2181 Philadelphia City Hall Philadelphia, PA 19107 (215) 686-1776
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Adams, Carolyn. Philadelphia: Neighborhoods, Division, and Conflict in a Post-industrial City. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991. Cotter, John L., Daniel G. Roberts, and Michael Parrington. The Buried Past: An Archaeological History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1992. Davis, Allen F., and Mark H. Haller, eds. The Peoples of Philadelphia: A History of Ethnic Groups and Lower-class Life, 1790–1940. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998. Ellison, Elaine Krasnow, and Elaine Mark Jaffe. Voices from Marshall Street: Jewish Life in a Philadelphia Neighborhood, 1920–1960. Philadelphia: Camino Books, 1994. Gephart, Elizabeth S. Philadelphia with Children: A Guide to the Delaware Valley Including Lancaster and Hershey. Illustrated by Candace Stringer. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Camino Books, 1996. Hulin-Salkin, Belinda. Greater Philadelphia: Into the Future, a Contemporary Portrait. 1st ed. Chatsworth, CA: Windsor Publications, 1991. Hutchins, Catherine E. Shaping a National Culture: The Philadelphia Experience, 1750–1800. 1st ed. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994. Morrone, Francis. An Architectural Guidebook to
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Philadelphia Philadelphia. Photography by James Iska. 1st ed. Salt Lake City, UT: Gibbs Smith, 1999. Rockland, Michael Aaron. Snowshoeing Through Sewers: Adventures in New York City, New Jersey, and Philadelphia. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994. Seitz, Ruth Hoover. Philadelphia & Its Countryside.
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Photography by Blair Seitz ; foreword by James A. Michener. Harrisburg, PA: RB Books, 1994. Stevick, Philip. Imagining Philadelphia: Travelers' Views of the City from 1800 to the Present. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
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Phoenix Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America, North America Founded: 1864; Incorporated: 1881 Location: The Salt River Valley, south-central Arizona, United States, North America Motto: Ditat Deus (“God enriches,” state motto). Flag: Design adopted in 1990 features stylized symbol of the mythical bird, the phoenix, on a dark purple field. Flower: Blossom of the saguaro cactus (state flower) Time Zone: 5 AM Mountain Standard Time (MST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 91.2%; Black, 5.2%; American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, 1.9%; Asian and Pacific Islander,1.7%; Hispanic origin (may be of any race), 20%. Elevation: 332 m (1,090 ft) above sea level. Phoenix is located on flat desert land. Latitude and Longitude: 33º44'N, 112º07'W Climate: Desert climate with warm temperatures and low rainfall and humidity; very little wind except for storms in July and August. Hot summers and mild winters, with an average of 211 days of sunshine annually, one of the nation’s sunniest cities. Annual Mean Temperature: 22ºC (72ºF); January 11ºC (51ºF); August 32ºC (89ºF) Seasonal Average Snowfall: None Average Annual Precipitation: 19.5 cm (7.66 in) Government: Council-manager government Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. Telephone area codes: 602 Postal codes: 85001-85086
1
Introduction
When Phoenix, the capital of Arizona, was founded, its first settlers named it after a mythical beast that rises from the ashes, reflecting their hopes for the city that they rescued from decay by rebuilding a network of abandoned irrigation canals. People have always been drawn to the city by its year-round warm weather, sunny climate, and natural beauty, and in the twentieth century the development of air conditioning and the construction of major irrigation projects added to Phoenix’s appeal. Long regarded as a
magnet for retirees, Phoenix now attracts new residents of all ages and has been a major beneficiary of the wave of migration to the Sun Belt in recent decades. Its population today is 1.2 million and growing. It has become a leading commercial center of the Southwest, with a city government recognized as one of the nation’s most effective. 2
Getting There
Phoenix, the city between southern Texas and California, is located in the Salt River Valley in south-central Ari-
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Phoenix Bus and Railroad Service
Phoenix Population Profile City Proper Population: 1,246,712 Area: 1,225 sq km (473 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 20% Hispanic, 5.2% Black, 1.9%; American Indian, 1.7% Asian (minorities represented) Nicknames: Valley of the Sun
Metropolitan Area Population: 2,607,000 Description: Phoenix and Mesa, Arizona Area: 37,747 sq km (14,574 sq mi) World population rank1: 119 Percentage of national population2: 0.94% Average yearly growth rate: 2.1% Ethnic composition: 91.4% white; 4% black; 2.2% Asian; approximately 20% Hispanic (may be of any race) ——— 1. The Phoenix metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the United States’ total population living in the Phoenix metropolitan area.
zona. The Superstition Mountains and a series of lakes form the city’s eastern boundary, and the Phoenix Mountain Preserve encircles the city. Highways The major interstate highways running through Phoenix are I-10 (the Papago Freeway) and I-17 (the Black Canyon Freeway), which intersect in the city to form the Maricopa Freeway. (South of the city it becomes the Pima Freeway). State Route 89 (the Grand Avenue Expressway) enters the city from the northwest.
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Two Amtrak trains are available daily, and bus service is provided at the Greyhound/Trailways bus station on East Buckeye Road. Airports Phoenix has three airports, of which the major one is Sky Harbor International Airport, located five kilometers (three miles) southeast of downtown. The airport’s ongoing series of art exhibits, arranged by the Phoenix Art Commission, has been copied by other airports around the country. More than 23 airlines operate flights into and out of the city. Nearly 28 million people annually arrive at and depart from Phoenix by air. Shipping Phoenix benefits from its central location in relation to markets in Colorado, Utah, Texas, southern California, and Mexico, to which it is connected by a network of interstate highways. The city is served by more than 50 trucking companies, which provide commercial freight service to these and other locations. Two transcontinental rail lines provide rail freight service, and two airlines—American and American West— provide wide-body air cargo service. 3
Getting Around
The streets in the central part of the city are laid out in a grid plan, with numbered streets and avenues running north-south, and east-west streets named after presidents of the United
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Phoenix
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Phoenix
City Fact Comparison Phoenix (United States)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
2,607,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1864
753 BC
723 BC
$172
$129
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$82
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$40
$56
$59
$62
$2
$14
$15
$16
$124
$173
$246
$207
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs
$193
Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper
1
13
20
11
The Arizona Republic
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
435,330
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1890
1944
1976
1948
Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established 1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
States (including Washington, Adams, and Jefferson). The core of the downtown area can be found between Glendale Avenue and Maricopa Freeway. The Squaw Peak Freeway, a 16-kilometer (ten-mile) artery that connects downtown Phoenix with its northern suburbs, is lined with giant sculpted versions of Indian utensils in a public arts project that has drawn mixed reactions from Phoenix residents.
days only in Tempe and Mesa. The base fare is $1.25, and the average daily ridership is 112,400. The Reserve-a-Ride transportation program has served 196,000 elderly and disabled residents. Sightseeing In addition to the major attractions in the city itself, sightseers can take day trips by bus or charter plane to the Grand Canyon and other regional attractions.
Bus and Commuter Rail Service The Phoenix Transit System operates a fleet of 380 buses six days a week in the metropolitan area, and on week-
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4
People
In the decades following World War II (1939–45), Phoenix, together
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Phoenix with other areas of the Southwest, enjoyed a dramatic population increase as residents of northern cities moved westward. Phoenix itself has a population of 1,246,712, up from 983,403 (487,589 males and 495,814 females) in 1990; its rank has risen from ninth- to sixth-largest city in the nation. The population of the Phoenix-Mesa Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) was 2,238,498 in 1990, and an estimated 2,839,539 in 1997—an increase of over 25 percent—making it the fifteenthlargest MSA in the United States. In 1990, minorities represented in Phoenix’s population were Hispanics (20 percent), blacks (5.2 percent), American Indians (1.9 percent), and Asians (1.7 percent). As of 1996, the PhoenixMesa MSA was 91.4 percent white, four percent black, and 2.2 percent Asian. Hispanics (an ethnic category that crosses racial lines) make up about 20 percent of Phoenix’s population. Because of its large Hispanic presence, Phoenix has traditionally been a heavily Catholic city. Catholics still make up between one-fourth and onethird of the population, although this percentage has been declining. The next largest denominations are the Church of Latter-Day Saints, or Mormons (Phoenix has the nation’s thirdhighest Mormon population), Southern Baptists, and United Methodists. 5
Neighborhoods
Phoenix and its suburbs form a 2,072-square-kilometer (800-squaremile) grid of north-south and east-west
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
streets and avenues, surrounded by mountains and desert. Downtown Phoenix, the historic center of the city, is home to Arizona’s capitol building, the Phoenix Civic Center, Heritage Square, and other important sites. A newer neighborhood, called “midtown” serves as an extension of the downtown, housing the city’s main library, its art museum, and other museums, as well as office buildings. Phoenix is the hub of a rapidly growing metropolitan area that includes 23 satellite towns, all located along the Salt River Valley. Relatively low housing costs contribute to the popularity of Phoenix. In 1990 the average value of a single home was $77,100, well below the national average. In addition, Phoenix’s property taxes have been rated the ninth lowest in the nation by Money magazine. A number of government and private groups oversee urban redevelopment, including the Central Phoenix Redevelopment Agency, Phoenix Community and Economic Development Administration, and Metro Phoenix Economic Development Consortium. Since the late 1980s, the city has carried out a $1.1 billion redevelopment program that has included construction of the Arizona Center and Mercado shopping complexes and the 18,000-seat America West Arena, home of the Phoenix Suns. The city has 7,364 federally assisted housing units.
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Phoenix
The city of Phoenix. (Jessen Associates, Inc. Greater Phoenix Convention & Vistors Bureau)
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History
Native Americans occupied the site of present-day Phoenix hundreds of years ago, building a thriving community between 700 and 1400, establishing an agriculture-based civilization in the dry land of the region by developing an irrigation system that included over 161 kilometers (100 miles) of canals. By the middle of the fifteenth century, this civilization had vanished, possibly decimated by an extended period of drought. Their Native American successors called them the Hohokam (“the people who have gone”).
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By the sixteenth century, Hispanic conquistadors had arrived in Arizona, introducing new agricultural techniques, as well as horses and cows. Over the following centuries, Europeans began settling in the region, drawn by mining and trading opportunities. The modern city of Phoenix had its beginnings in the late 1860s when a small group of settlers formed a colony in the area and began building canals on the site of the former Hohokam irrigation system. Because the new settlement was rising from the ashes of a former civilization, the name “Phoenix” was chosen for it in 1868. In 1881, its local govern-
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Phoenix ment was changed from a village trustee system to one consisting of a mayor and a city council, and the city was incorporated. Its population was 2,500 at the time. Phoenix progressed rapidly. Within a decade it had a horsedrawn streetcar line and one of the earliest electric plants in the West, and the Southern Pacific railroad had arrived, promoting the economy of the growing city. The completion of the Theodore Roosevelt Dam in 1911 was a milestone in Phoenix’s history. The largest masonry dam in the world, it was also the first dam constructed to supply both water and electricity. The following year, Arizona became a state, and Phoenix became its capital. In the first two decades of the twentieth century, the city’s population grew from approximately 5,000 to 29,000 as Phoenix began to make the transition to a modern city. In addition to the railroad and the Roosevelt Dam, a third technological advance—the development of air conditioning—played an important role in the city’s continued growth. World War II (1939–45) brought large numbers of men to military bases in the area and contributed to the growth of industry, which rapidly replaced agriculture as the most important sector in the city’s economy. In the postwar decades, Phoenix prospered, growing more rapidly than ever. Since 1950, the city’s population has risen from 106,000 to 1.2 million, the seventh largest in the nation, and Phoenix has become the leading southwestern center for business and indus-
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try. In the 1990s, it experienced yet another in a series of population booms, as a number of Californians moved to the area. Although Phoenix has inevitably experienced some of the disadvantages of rapid growth, including urban sprawl and air pollution, its city government has been recognized as one of the most effective in the nation and is committed to maintaining the quality of life for its residents as the city’s growth continues into the twenty-first century. 7
Government
Phoenix government is structured as a council-manager system, with eight council members who are elected to four-year terms. The mayor is also elected to a four-year term. Phoenix’s municipal government has been widely recognized for its effective city management. In 1993 the city shared the Carl Bertelsmann Prize, an international prize for well-run local government, with Christchurch, New Zealand. 8
Public Safety
Phoenix has 2,320 sworn police officers and 1,138 sworn firefighters. The city is divided into six police precincts. In 1997 a total of 124,884 crimes were reported to police, down from 131,628 the previous year. Violent crimes accounted for 11,386 calls, and property crimes 103,306. Numbers for individual types of crime included arson, 116; homicide, 229; sexual assault, 825; robbery, 3,806; and burglary, 39,905.
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Phoenix Most recently, the high-technology and service sectors have also moved to the forefront—retail trade and services account for close to half of all employment in the city. More than 40 companies have corporate headquarters in Phoenix. Service-sector companies with headquarters in the city include Ramada, Best Western, Greyhound, and U-Haul. Financial services companies with a corporate presence in the city include Wells Fargo Bank, Chase Bank, American Express, Discover Card Services, and Bank of America. 10
Shoppers at one of Phoenix’s many malls. (Jessen Associates, Inc.; Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau)
9
Economy
With continuous population growth and an abundance of land and water, Phoenix has a thriving economy. In the decades since World War II, agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism have all played a major role in Phoenix’s economy, creating jobs to keep pace with the city’s growing population. Industries include agricultural chemicals, aircraft parts, electronic equipment, radios, air-conditioning equipment, leather goods, and Native American crafts.
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Environment
Phoenix has experienced some of the problems associated with urban growth, including air pollution. In 1995 Phoenix was among the cities failing to meet national ambient air quality standards for carbon monoxide and ozone for at least a few days of the year. The city of Phoenix collects 514,382 metric tons (567,000 tons) of solid waste annually and handles 395,887 metric tons (436,383 tons) as part of recycling programs in which 100,000 households participate. The city operates five water treatment plants, treating 270 billion liters (71.3 billion gallons) of wastewater annually. 11
Shopping
In addition to the standard department stores and specialty shops, Phoenix offers stores specializing in regional items, including Western-style clothing, copper products, Native American crafts, and leather crafts. The Arizona
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Phoenix Center in downtown Phoenix has some 500 shops and restaurants on two levels, as well as a one-hectare (three-acre) garden area; live entertainment also performs in the evenings. Also downtown, the Town and Country Shopping Center (Arizona’s first open-air mall) has about 70 shops, eateries, and service providers spread throughout an attractive setting with fountains and red brick sidewalks. The exclusive Biltmore Fashion Park features such nationwide chains as Saks Fifth Avenue, Macy’s, and Ann Taylor, as well as a variety of smaller clothing, jewelry, and specialty shops. Other downtown shopping centers include the Tower Plaza Mall and the award-winning Colonade Mall. A unique shopping experience is provided by the Mercado, a two-blocklong complex of commercial buildings adjacent to the Phoenix Civic Plaza that is modeled on a traditional Mexican village. The colorful buildings and courtyards of this Mexican-theme mall and cultural center house shops featuring Mexican arts, crafts, and clothing, as well as Mexican restaurants. A variety of specialty items can be found at the gift shops of the Phoenix Art Museum and the Desert Botanical Garden. Once a week farmers from the region come to sell their produce at the farmers’ market in the courtyard of Heritage Square, and American Park ‘N Swap—the largest outdoor flea market in the Southwest— is open for business all weekend and two days a week.
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Education
Phoenix has over 20 public school districts, with individual superintendents and school boards; altogether they operate more than 400 schools. The city’s largest school district, the Phoenix Union High School District, had 15 schools in the 1995–96 school year, with a total enrollment of 21,083 students. The Phoenix-Mesa metropolitan statistical area had a public school enrollment of 443,053 in 1994–95, up 12.6 percent from 1991–92. The region has a large magnet school program that offers intensive study in a variety of fields. There are 63 Head Start classroom sites in Phoenix, with 126 classrooms. Institutions of higher education in Phoenix include Grand Canyon University, a campus of Arizona State University, Phoenix College, DeVry Institute of Technology, Maricopa Community Colleges, Phoenix Institute of Technology, and South Mountain College. Maricopa Community Colleges is the country’s second-largest community college system. 13
Health Care
Health care plays an important part in Phoenix’s economy, employing over 33,000 people in the greater metropolitan region. The Phoenix-Mesa metropolitan statistical area had 3,927 officebased physicians in 1995. Phoenix’s largest hospital is St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, with 629 beds. Other facilities include the worldrenowned Barrow Neurological Insti-
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Phoenix vision station, and several cable outlets, as well as 27 AM and FM radio stations, some of which broadcast in Spanish. 15
Tourists escape the city to hike the Grand Canyon, only a short distance from Phoenix. (Jessen Associates, Inc.; Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau)
tute, Arizona State Hospital, Good Samaritan Medical Center, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix Indian Medical Center, and the Veterans Administration Medical Center.3 14
Media
Phoenix has two major daily newspapers: The Arizona Republic (morning) and The Phoenix Gazette (evening), as well as about 50 other daily and weekly publications. Also published in Phoenix are the Phoenix Magazine and Arizona Highways. The city has eight commercial television stations, one public tele-
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Sports
Phoenix is home to the National Basketball Association’s Phoenix Suns, who play at the America West Arena; the National Football League’s Phoenix Cardinals; the National Hockey League’s Phoenix Coyotes; and the International Hockey Leagues’ Phoenix Roadrunners, as well as baseball’s TripleA Firebirds. An expansion baseball team, the Arizona Diamondbacks, was launched in 1998. In addition, Arizona State University fields Sun Devils teams in baseball, basketball, and football. Other spectator sports include auto racing at the Phoenix International Raceway and the Manzanita Speedway, horse racing at Turf Paradise, and greyhound racing at Phoenix Greyhound Park. Phoenix is also the site of the following annual sporting events: five golf tournaments, including the Phoenix Open and the LPGA Turquoise Classic; the Formula One Grand Prix auto race; and the Phoenix Jaycees’ Rodeo of Rodeos. Almost ten major league baseball teams hold spring training in Phoenix and play exhibition games in March and early April.
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Phoenix
A hoop dancer performs at the Heard Museum. (Jessen Associates, Inc.; Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau)
16
Parks and Recreation
Phoenix’s parks, including Mountains Preserve, are comprised of 12,319
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hectares (30,441 acres). Reportedly the nation’s largest city park at 6,475 hectares (16,000 acres), South Mountain Park provides a scenic view of the city and offers hiking trails and horseback
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Phoenix riding. There is a boat lagoon at Encanto Park, which is located at 15th Avenue and Encanto Boulevard. The Margaret T. Hance Deck Park, part of the ongoing improvements to the downtown area, is a 12-hectare (29acre) strip of land between Third Street and Third Avenue with fountains, wooded areas, and a Japanese garden (a gesture toward Phoenix’s sister city of Hemeji, Japan). Other parks in the Phoenix area include Papago Park, Squaw Peak Recreation Area, Estrella Mountain Regional Park, and White Tank Mountain Regional Park. Phoenix has 663 kilometers (412 miles) of bicycle paths, 141 municipal tennis courts, 27 municipal swimming pools, and five municipal golf courses. Together, Phoenix and the surrounding Salt River Valley area have over 140 golf courses and more than 1,000 tennis and racquetball courts. Water sports are played at a variety of natural and artificial lakes in the region. Other outdoor activities enjoyed year round in the Phoenix area include hiking, mountain climbing, camping, and horseback riding. The Phoenix Zoo, situated on a hilly site covering 51 hectares (125 acres), houses over 1,300 animals, representing 300 different species both from the region and throughout the world, and including 150 animals classified as endangered. The animals are maintained in open settings that are as close as possible to their natural habitats, including facsimiles of mountains, rain forests, grasslands, and deserts. There is also a petting zoo for children.
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The Desert Botanical Garden displays over 2,000 species of desert plants, situated along a 2.4-kilometer (1.5-mile) trail. 17
Performing Arts
The performing arts are well represented in Phoenix and enhanced by the completion in 1989 of the downtown Herberger Theater Center, next door to the Phoenix Civic Plaza Convention Center. The complex houses the 820seat Center Stage and the 330-seat Stage West. The Phoenix Symphony performs both classical and pops concerts at Symphony Hall, which seats 1,400. The Phoenix Little Theatre, the city’s oldest theater company, was founded in 1920 and has operated continuously since that time. Theater groups that perform in the new theaters of the Herberger complex include the Arizona Theatre Company, Black Theater Troupe, Actors Theatre of Phoenix, Aurora Mime Theatre, and Musical Theater of Arizona. Phoenix is also home to the Centre Dance Ensemble and Opera Musical Theatre. The Arizona Opera also performs regularly in Phoenix, and a variety of touring artists appear at the Phoenix Desert Sky Pavilion, Celebrity Theatre, and Grammage Auditorium. The newly restored 1929 Spanish baroque-revival Orpheum Theatre is a showcase for the performing arts as well as civic events.
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Phoenix 18
Libraries and Museums
Phoenix’s first library, housed in two rooms of a building, was launched at the turn of the century, thanks to the efforts of the Phoenix Library Association, formed in 1899. Today the Phoenix Public Library has a collection totaling 1.8 million book volumes, as well as publications and other media. It has a main building downtown, and 11 neighborhood branches throughout the city. Altogether, Phoenix has more than 50 libraries of all types, including university libraries and research centers. The Phoenix Art Museum displays artworks by American, European, and Asian artists. Its permanent collection consists of some 18,000 objects, and it is noted particularly for its collections of Asian and Latin American art, and eighteenth-century French painting. The museum of the Arizona Historical Society offers interactive exhibits focusing on the history of central Arizona and includes life-size re-creations of stores and other buildings from the city’s early days. The Heard Museum of Anthropology and Primitive Art features an outstanding collection focusing on regional Native American cultures. Displayed are artifacts ranging from prehistory to the present, including tools, clothing, weapons, and Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni crafts. The Phoenix Hall of Flame is a firefighting museum with one of the world’s most extensive collections of fire-fighting gear, gathered from all over the world and ranging from horse-
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drawn equipment to state-of-the-art computerized dispatch systems. Other museums in the Phoenix area include the Phoenix Museum of History; the Arizona Museum of Science and Technology, an interactive museum geared primarily toward children; Arizona Mining and Mineral Museum; Cave Creek Museum; Pioneer Arizona Living History Museum; Arizona Military Museum; the Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park, which focuses on archaeology and the history of the Hohokam Indians, the first known inhabitants of present-day Phoenix; and the Plotkin Judaica Museum. The Arizona Hall of Fame, located in downtown Phoenix, honors individuals who have made a significant contribution to the state. Historic artifacts are on view in four turn-of-the-century homes located in Heritage Square: the Arizona Doll and Toy Museum, the Silva House, the Stevens-Haustgen House (home of the Pueblo Grande Museum described above), and the Rosson House, which features an exceptional collection of period furniture. 19
To u r i s m
Visitors from many areas have long been drawn to Phoenix’s dry, sunny climate and its year-round warm weather, making tourism one of the city’s top sources of income and the state’s second-largest source of employment. Phoenix receives almost ten million visitors a year from the United States and Canada. Visits by Japanese tourists were
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Phoenix (340,00-square-foot) Civic Plaza and Convention Center is Phoenix’s major convention facility. Other convention venues include Veterans Memorial Coliseum at Arizona State University.
20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Arizona Stock Show & Rodeo Copper World Classic Auto Racing Fiesta Bowl Phoenix Open Golf Tournament
FEBRUARY ARR Desert Classic Marathon Fountain Hills Festival of Arts & Crafts Fountain Hills Great Fair Lost Dutchman Days
MARCH Arizona’s Cactus League Spring Training Chandler Ostrich Festival Indy Racing League Phoenix 200 Scottsdale Arts Festival Phoenix hosts the Arizona Stock Show and Rodeo every January. (Jessen Associates, Inc.; Greater Phoenix Convention & Visitors Bureau)
boosted with the introduction of direct flights to and from Tokyo in 1991, and European tourism was increased when direct flights to and from London were started in 1996. The city has 83 hotels and resorts, with a total of 21,272 rooms. Phoenix has become an increasingly popular convention site in the past two decades, with convention attendees accounting for almost 40 percent of all visitors to the city. With a total seating capacity of more than 29,000, the 31,586-square-meter
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APRIL Easter Pageant Maricopa County Fair Music by Moonlight Concert Series Southwest Salsa Challenge
MAY Cinco de Mayo Festival Peach Festival Queen Creek Potato Festival
JULY July Fourth Festivities
OCTOBER Coors Light World Finals Drag Boat Racing Cowboy Artists of America Exhibition
NOVEMBER French Week in Arizona Holiday Out West Arts & Crafts Festival Hot Air Balloon Race & Thunderbird Balloon Classic
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Phoenix DECEMBER
Government Offices
Electro Magic Pueblo Grande Indian Market Tumbleweed Christmas Tree Lighting Ceremony
Mayor’s Office 200 W. Washington St., 11th Floor Phoenix, AZ 85003 602-262-7111
21
Famous Citizens
Joan Ganz Cooney (b. 1929), television producer. Barry Goldwater (1909–98), U.S. Senator and Republican presidential candidate. Stevie (Stephanie) Nicks (b. 1948), musician, member of the rock band Fleetwood Mac. Mare Winningham (b. 1959), singer and actress. 22
For Further Study
Websites DigitalCity WebGuide Phoenix. [Online] Available http://www.webguide.digitalcity.com/ phoenix. (accessed October 14, 1999). The Links.com. “Phoenix.” [Online] Available http://www.phoenix.thelinks.com (accessed October 14, 1999). Phoenix City Hall. [Online] Available http:// www.ci.phoenix.az.us. (accessed October 14, 1999). Phoenix City Net. [Online] Available http:// www.city.net/countries/united_states/ arizona/phoenix. (accessed October 14, 1999). Phoenix Guide. [Online] Available http:// www.phoenixaz.com. (accessed October 14, 1999). Phoenix Online. [Online] Available http://www. phoenixonline.com. (accessed October 14, 1999). Phoenix & Valley of the Sun Convention & Visitors Bureau. [Online] Available http:// www.arizonaguide.com-phxcvb. (accessed October 14, 1999).
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Phoenix City Hall 200 W. Washington St. Phoenix, AZ 85003 602-262-6659 Phoenix Community & Economic Development Department 200 W. Washington St., 11th Floor Phoenix, AZ 85003 602-262-5040
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Phoenix Civic Plaza Convention Center 225 E. Adams St. Phoenix, AZ 85004 602-262-7272 Phoenix and Valley of the Sun Convention & Visitors Bureau 400 E. Van Buren 1 Arizona Center, Suite 600 Phoenix, AZ 85004 602-254-6500
Publications Arizona Business Guide P.O. Box 194 Phoenix, AZ 85001 Arizona Republic P.O. Box 1950 Phoenix, AZ 85001 Phoenix Magazine 5555 N. 7th Ave., Suite B200 Phoenix, AZ 85013
Books Arizona Atlas and Gazetteer. Freeport, ME: De Lorme Mapping, 1993. Atchison, Sterwart, and Bruce Grubbs. The Hiker’s Guide to Arizona. Helena, MT: Falcon Press Publishing, 1991. Dolainski, Stephen. Hidden Arizona. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press, 1997. Freeman, Roger, and Ethel Freeman. Day Hikes and Trail Rides In and Around Phoenix. Phoenix, AZ: 1991.
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Phoenix Johnson, G. Wesley. Phoenix, Valley of the Sun. Tulsa, OK: Continental Heritage Press, 1982. Johnson, G. Wesley, ed. Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. Luckingham, Bradford. Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1989. Trimble, Marshall. Roadside History of Arizona.
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Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Co., 1996.
Videorecordings A Tour of Phoenix and the State of Arizona. [videorecording] Memphis, TN: City Productions Home Video, 1996.
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Prague Prague, Central Bohemia, Czech Republic, Europe Founded: 870 Location: North-central Czech Republic on both sides of the Vltava River, Central Bohemia, Europe Time Zone: 1 PM = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: Czech, Moravian, Slovak, German, Polish, Gypsy, and Hungarian Elevation: 300 m (1000 ft) above sea level Coastline: Vltava River Climate: Winters are cold, cloudy, and humid, with little snow and ice; summers are warm and sunny. Annual Mean Temperature: January, high of 0°C (32°F) and a low of 6°C (22°F); July, high of 24°C (76°F) and low of 56°F Government: Mayor and a city council Weights and measures: Metric Monetary Units: The koruna (Kc) equals 100 haleru. Telephone Area Codes: Country code 420; area code 02 (It is sometimes necessary to dial several times before making a connection because the system is old.)
1
Introduction
Often called the “City of a Hundred Spires,” Prague is an ancient European city, situated between hill and valley on the banks of the Vltava River. Renowned for its beauty, visitors travel from around the world to see the city’s medley of Gothic, Renaissance, baroque, and art nouveau architecture, its bridges, domes, palaces, and especially its spires. However, a great deal of construction in recent years has transformed Prague into a modern city as well, with state-of-the art public buildings, an underground railway, and a newly designed highway system. The capital and the largest city of the Czech Republic, Prague is the nation’s leading
center of commerce and industry, an economic, social, and cultural hub. 2
Getting There
Although the roadblocks of communism have only recently been lifted, Prague is not hard to access these days. Numerous flights, trains, and buses connect with the city every day, and the roads are getting better as the city strives to forge closer ties with the West. Highways Prague has been undergoing a major reconstruction project, including a redesigned highway system that will connect this "Eastern" country with
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Prague
Prague Population Profile Population: 1,225,000 Ethnic composition: Czech, Moravian, Slovak, German, Polish, Gypsy, and Hungarian World population rank1: 298 Percentage of national population2: 12.9% Average yearly growth rate: 0.1% Nicknames: Golden Prague, City of a Hundred Spires, The Only Medieval City Still Standing in the World, A Town Built of Stone and Mortar ——— 1. The Prague metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the Czech Republic’s total population living in the Prague metropolitan area.
the West. The speed limits have been raised to other European standards, 121 kilometers (75 miles) per hour on fourlane freeways, 88 kilometers (55 miles) per hour on open roads, and 48 kilometers (30 miles) per hour in built-up regions. Seatbelts are compulsory on all roads in Prague, a transportation system that covers over 55,557 kilometers (34,524 miles). Bus and Railroad Service The city of Prague is connected to most major European centers by rail and bus, especially to locations in the Czech Republic, including Plzen, Kutná Hera, and Brno. Most trains arrive at Praha Hlavmi Nadrczi (Main Station), or Praha Holesovice, Praha Sovichori or Praha Marsarykovo Nadrezi stations. The major bus companies, CAD and the express coach of the CEBUS firm and
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Czech National Express, have buses running from Prague to Brno and other destinations. Airports The airport serving Prague and the general vicinity is Ruzyne Airport, located about 15 kilometers (9 miles) northwest of the city center. Transportation to and from the airport is provided by Cedaz shuttle bus 119, taxis, and Belinda, a private shuttle company. Air France, Austrian Airlines, British Airways, Czech Airlines, Delta, Lufthansa, Sabena, Swissair, and other airlines operate at this airport. 3
Getting Around
The easiest way to get around Prague is by car, but it is relatively simple to see the city by foot and public transportation. Most guidebooks describe walking tours that allow plenty of time to enjoy the scenery. Bus and Commuter Rail Service There are three metro lines, trams, and buses that traverse Prague. Tickets can be purchased from automats, ticket booth attendants, or local Trafika shops that offer tickets good for three, seven, and 15 days. Transportation information centers are located at Karlovo Namesti, Muzeum, Mustek, and Nadrazi Holecovice metro stops. The underground operates from 5:00 AM until midnight.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Prague
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
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Prague Taxis Prices are not regulated for Prague taxis; therefore, rider and driver usually agree on a price before entering the car. It is necessary to call the taxi company in advance; AAA Taxi and ProfiTaxi are recommended companies. Sightseeing Parks, public gardens, and a zoo adorn the city of Prague, and weekend excursions to castles and historical cities are popular. The city’s many museums are accessible by bus and rail, especially close to the metro stations, and are sometimes located directly inside metro passageways. By train, one may also visit the famous Marianske Lazne spa town, a three-hour journey west from Hlavni Nadrazi train station. The Bohemian Express tour guide company organizes customized itineraries in Prague and the rest of the Czech Republic. 4
People
The population of Prague stands somewhere around 1,225,000, a number that has been declining since the 1980s. Despite a sizable number of immigrants and foreign workers, the city (like most advanced European societies) has an extremely low birthrate. Most Czech citizens are Roman Catholic (43 percent) while the minority are Protestant (15 percent), and a total of 82 percent are Christian. Most of the population consists of Czech nationals, Moravians, Slovaks, Germans, Poles, Hungarians, and an unknown number
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of itinerant Gypsies. The official language is Czech, but many know Russian as well, and many more would have known German if, after World War II (1939–45), around 2.5 million ethnic Germans had not been expelled from the Sudenten region in retaliation for wartime atrocities. 5
Neighborhoods
Prague is divided into sections that are formed directionally and according to the position of historical monuments. To the east lies Zizkov, an old quarter with little tourism and few attractions, but the Letecke Meuseum (Aviation Museum) and Zizkov TV Tower, with a restaurant 63 meters (207 feet) above ground, are worth visiting. In western Prague, the city suburbs take visitors into more rural areas, where the Grand Hvezda (Star) hunting lodge and Brevnov Monastery lie in pastoral solitude. To the north lie Troja Chateau, which is used as lecture, concert, and theater hall, as well as an exhibition space by the Gallery of the Municipality of Prague, and the zoo, known especially for its exhibition of the rare Przewalski horse. The south hosts the famous Velka Chuchle Horse Racing Course. The Old Town, at the very center of Prague, is the showpiece of the city, including Mala Strana (Little Quarter or Lesser Town) with a marketplace in front of the church of St. Nicholas below Castle Hill. This part of town used to hold the Jewish Ghetto, but today the only vestiges are the synagogues and Old Town Hall. Hradcany, Prague Castle, was built in the ninth
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Prague
City Fact Comparison Prague (Czech Republic)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
1,233,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
870
753 BC
723 BC
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$177
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$61
$56
$59
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$15
$14
$15
$16
$253
$173
$246
$207
15
13
20
11
Blesk
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
420,000
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
n.a.
1944
1976
1948
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established 1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
century, on one of the hills surrounding the community. Its rustic environs invite tourists to visit the ramparts and learn about Prague’s history. In contrast, the New Town is the commercial center, or “Golden Cross,” consisting of Wenceslas Square and the nearby roads, where in 1989, with the Soviet Union about to crumble, students gathered and demanded free elections in what came to be known as the "Velvet Revolution." Wenceslas Square is crossed by Narodni and Naprikope streets, making it the busiest shopping area with many markets.
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6
History
The erection of Prague Castle by Premyslid Prince Borivoj in 870 marks the first permanent settlement in Prague. Hradcany, or Prague Castle, then becomes the first seat of the Premyslid (Premyslovci) princes who rule the Kingdom of Bohemia after 894 (with the aid of the western Germans against the eastern Hungarian Maygars). During the next three centuries, the city is populated by many Germans and built up around the Vltava River, with Vysehrad Castle, the Gothic Cathedral of St. Vitus, and Judith’s stone bridge. The Bohemian Premsylid dynasty ends in
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Prague
A view of Prague from Berlin Hill. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
1305 when Vaclav II (r. 1280–1305) dies from consumption and excess, and his son is murdered, leaving no heirs. Czech nobles give the throne to John of Luxembourg and his son Charles IV (1346–1378), who also becomes Holy Roman Emperor. He brings a great time of prosperity to Prague, second only to Rome, by founding Charles University, the first one in Central Europe. This “Golden Age” is followed by a period of unrest as the Hussite Revolution, started by the burning of Jan Hus, brings a reaction against domination of the Germans and the Catholic Church.
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Ferdinand of Hapsburg is elected to the Crown of St. Wenceslas. As a result, the next three centuries are marked by the rule of the House of Catholic Hapsburgs, which experiences the opposition of a predominantly Protestant citizenry. There is a fire in 1541 at Prague Castle, Hradcany, and the Lesser Town, and many Bohemians lose property during anti-Hapsburg uprisings. However, this period also is known for its development of the arts under Emperor Rudolph II (1576–1612). In 1618, two Protestant churches are closed, precipitating the “Defenestration of Prague,” when Protestants throw two Imperial Governors out of
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Prague the windows of Prague Castle. This action, and the execution of 27 Protestant nobles, leads to the Thirty Years War (1618–48), pitting Catholics against Protestants, ending with the Peace of Westphalia and German-Catholic rule. Industrialization brings growth to the city, and in 1784 Emperor Joseph II (1741–90) merges the four towns: Old Town, New Town, Lesser Town, and Hradcany, into the contemporary Capital City of Prague. In 1848, riots in Prague bring about a Pan-Slavic Congress, which emancipates the Czech nation from the Austrio-Hungarian Empire, under Bohemian historian Francis Palacky. Thomas Masaryk (1850–1937) becomes the first Czechoslovakian President from 1918 to 1937, ruling Bohemia, Moravia, and Slovakia, but in 1939 Hitler occupies the Sudetenland, ending independent rule. By 1945, the Communist Party had grown considerably in the Czech nation under Russian influence, allying the government with the Soviet Union until the 1968 Prague Spring and revolution. Under President General Ludwik Svoboda (1895–1979), the country begins to liberalize, but the U.S.S.R. and the Warsaw Pact allies quell this rebellion by occupying Czechoslovakia with 650,000 troops. By 1989, the Soviet Union is ready to crumble. In what is known as the "Velvet Revolution," students gather on Wenceslas Square and demand free elections. In 1990, Vaclav Havel becomes president of Czechoslovakia and later of
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The St. Vitus Cathedral was built during the Bohemian Premsylid dynasty, which was part of the first permanent settlement of Prague. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
the Czech Republic. In 1993, Czechoslovakia splits into the more affluent, western, democratic Czech Republic and the eastern, left-leaning Slovakia, making way for Prague, as part of the Czech Republic, to enter the European Union. 7
Government
Prague’s city government is administered by a mayor and city council. The
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Prague
Although not too intimidating during the day, at night Old Town in Mala Strana is home to petty thieves and pickpockets. (Bernard Boutrit; Woodfin Camp)
mayor and city council members are popularly elected to four-year terms. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into ten districts that possess separate offices. Some major concerns of contemporary politicians include the housing shortage caused by communist neglect, pollution, and a recent rise in crime. Prague is one of eight regions of the Czech Republic, all governed by President Vaclav Havel (b. 1936) and Prime Minister Milos Zeman (b. 1944). 8
Public Safety
The rise in crime in Prague during 1999 is largely a result of the financial
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collapse of Russia, with Russian gangsters operating in most major central and eastern European cities. This kind of crime will not affect most travelers, but pickpockets and petty thieves abound in Wenceslas Square, Old Town Square, Charles Bridge, and near Prague Castle. In case of emergency, citizens and visitors can dial 158 for the police, 155 for an ambulance, and 150 in the event of a fire. Na Homolce Hospital has a foreigner’s clinic. 9
Economy
The monetary denomination of the Czech Republic is the Koruna (Kc),
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Prague which has an exchange rate of about 30.5 Kc to one U.S. dollar, remaining fairly stable since its inception. The city of Prague has a well-diversified, highly industrial economy. Main products are metals and machinery, aircraft engines, automobiles (Volkswagen AG), diesel engines, machine tools, refined oil products, electronics, beer, chemicals, and food. During the communist era, Prague and the surrounding countryside produced approximately 80% of the products it consumed, but recently there has been a boom in the newly privatized service sector as the country strives for free-market, democratic practice. Unemployment holds steady at about three percent, and inflation continues to level out through excellent economic planning, but the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is still below most other industrialized countries, at a purchasing power parity of about $10,000. The collapse of the Russian economy negatively affected the banking system and caused a short recession in 1999, driving away investors. However, eventual entrance to the European Union is expected to balance out the effects. The city still depends on Russia for its oil and gas, but officials are looking for alternatives, such as solar power, nuclear plants, and new sources of oil and gas. 10
Environment
Due to rapid industrialization during the twentieth century, there are serious levels of air, water, and soil pollution in Prague and its surrounding environment. The levels of air pollution
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are exacerbated during the winter months by the burning of soft coal to provide heat. For this reason, lung cancer is prevalent in the city, and in 1992 the country was measured as having the world’s highest industrial carbon dioxide emissions levels. The air is also contaminated by sulfur dioxide emissions, mainly from ore of lignite, also a popular heating fuel, which contributes heavily to the occurrence of acid rain throughout Europe. Acid rain floating over from Poland and Germany has also destroyed a large portion of forest in the northern part of the country. Western nations offered $1 billion to the Czech Republic for environmental reforms in the early 1990s, but economic growth was more important to the government at the time. Rich in natural resources, there are more than 15,000 lakes and ponds in the Czech Republic and 2,000 medicinal mineral springs in 30 spa towns, but unfortunately most of these are polluted. Clay, tin-tungsten, lead, zinc, and uranium mining adds to the agricultural deforestation and soil erosion of the land, and a nuclear power plant at Dukovany adds the danger of radioactive poisoning in the event of a nuclear meltdown. Prague also acts as the country’s transportation hub, making pollution from aircraft, trains, and boats prevalent. 11
Shopping
Most stores in Prague are open during the week from 9:00 AM until 6:00 PM (some until 9:00 PM) with lunch breaks, closed from noon until 4:00 PM on Saturday and closed all day Sunday. Prague
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Prague is well known for its beautiful glass works, most notably from Moser glassworks in Karlovy Vary, from Bohemia Podebrady, Crystalex Novy Bor, Lustry Kqmenicky Senov, Zelezny Brod, and Svetla nad Sazavou. Crystal, porcelain, and red garnet stones are also popular items that can be purchased in many tourist shops and city stores, especially near the center of town. The biggest shopping area is located at Wenceslas Square and the surrounding streets, with a number of daily markets. At restaurants, it is normal to tip around ten percent of the total bill, and it is better to tell the waiter how much you are tipping before he takes the payment. 12
Education
In Prague, children generally attend school from ages six to 11; they then have eight years of secondary schooling in the academic and technical tracks and for teaching careers. Twenty-three universities operate in the Czech Republic, and students must pay only one-quarter of the fees. Charles University, founded in 1348, is one of the oldest and best-known institutions of higher learning in Europe. The Czech Academy of Sciences and a large technical university also reside in Prague. For centuries, education in Prague has been heavily influenced, first by the Hapsburgs, who forced the German language on Czech natives, and then by the Communists, who forced socialist principals and the Russian language and banned religion. Now, education in Prague is notably free of religious and political persuasion. The International
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School of Prague, founded in 1948 for foreign students, teaches pre-kindergarten through eleventh grade, and the French Cultural Center teaches in French to nursery and kindergartenaged children. With 100 percent literacy levels since the early twentieth century, Prague’s educational system is more successful than those of many countries. 13
Health Care
Health care in Prague under communist control was under strict state administration. Standards were not high, and equipment was outdated in clinics and hospitals. Since 1990, privatization has improved services under the guidance of the Ministry of Health through the National Health Service. Factories and offices often still have onsite facilities for employees, but the government is encouraging private medical practices. Life expectancy is between 69 and 77 years, which is rising due to new medicines and inoculations, while the birthrate is falling. One interesting facet of Prague health care is that insurance companies are required by law to pay doctors within five days of treatment. Citizens and visitors can dial 155 for emergency medical service. 14
Media
The Prague Post puts out a weekly paper for English speakers; Prague Guide comes out monthly; and What, Where, When is also published monthly. Czech publications from Prague include Lidove Noviny, Mlada Fronta, Rude Pravo, Svo-
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Prague bodne Slovo, Prace Revolutionary Trade Union Movement, and ZN Noviny. Radio Prague broadcasts daily in five languages. Nova TV is the most popular television station but is also known for its low-brow programming. 15
Sports
Skiing and ice skating are popular winter sports in Prague, and most skiing hills are close enough for a one-day outing. Indoor and outdoor skating rinks are open to the public. Prague inhabitants also enjoy their natural surroundings by hunting, hiking, fishing, and camping, while water sports are enjoyed on the many lakes. There are three golf courses, Marianske Lazne, Lisnice, and Karlovy Vary. Tennis has become very popular because of Czech greats Martina Navratilova, Ivan Lendl, and Jana Novotna. Soccer, hockey, volleyball, and basketball are also played in Prague. 16
Parks and Recreation
Some of the most relaxing places to go in and near Prague are the spas and mineral springs whose waters boast medicinal properties. The well-known ones are Karlovy Vary spa, which is said to help disorders of the digestive system and which hosts the International Film Festival; Janske Lazne, which treats nervous diseases; and Luhacovice which offers unspecified treatment for the whole body. At Marianske Lazne, one can stroll through gardens, drink from the hot springs, walk in the nearby
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Most of Prague, including this old Jewish cemetery, survived World War II. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
woods with waterfalls, and view the gorgeous architecture. Other places to go are the Prague Zoo, Botanical Gardens (among the finest in Europe), Prague Castle, and the famous steeplechase at Pardubice. Walking through the city to see the historical sites and municipal parks is a recreational activity as well. There are 147 castles and mansions and 41 protected urban reservations in the Czech Republic. Most of Prague survived World War II relatively intact, so
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Prague its palaces and churches from the Renaissance (1450–1600) and Baroque (1600–1750) periods still stand as they have for centuries. 17
Performing Arts
The National Theater company, also producer of the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra (c. 1896), offers three types of ensemble: opera, ballet, and drama. These companies alternate performances at the National Theater, Theater of the Estates (Stavovske divadlo, which premiered Mozart’s Don Giovanni and the Clemency of Titus), and Kolowrat Theater, performing both classical and contemporary pieces. The Theater of the Estates is one of the only eighteenth-century theaters still in existence in Bohemia. The State Opera (c. 1783) has boasted such famous conductors as Maria von Weber, Gustav Mahler, and Carl Muck. The Spring International Music Festival holds a world-class competition in May. Smaller but still well-known theaters include Archa, Celetna Theater, Cerne Divaldo Jiriho Srnce, Labyrinth, Laterna Magika, Original Music Theater Prague, Theater Ta Fantastika, and Theater Image. Many perform in English and often provide experimental “Black Theater,” combining dance, music, and pantomime to tell a story. There are also marionette shows for children. 18
Libraries and Museums
The Prague National Library is one of the largest and best libraries in the
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world. Established in 1958, it is an amalgamation of six Prague libraries and holds a collection of Mozart’s papers and manuscripts. The National Museum of Prague holds permanent exhibitions on the prehistory of Bohemia, Moravia, Slovakia, Minerology and Petrology, Paleontology, Zoology, and Anthropology. Lubkowitz’s Palace, located at Prague Castle, is open to the public for a nominal fee. Naprstek’s Museum contains pieces from Australian and Oceanic Cultures, Indian Cultures of North and South America, and Asian Cultures. At Tyrs’s Museum of Physical Culture and Sport, the history of the Sokol physical education movement (1862–1992) is documented. There is also a Museum of Czech History and literature, as well as the fascinating Prague Wax Museum, featuring Prague’s celebrities through history. Many galleries and castles are closed on Mondays, and the National Museum is closed the first Tuesday of each month. 19
To u r i s m
There are many housing options for the holiday traveler visiting Prague, including hotels which are more expensive near the center of town, but which are closer to the major sights. Bed-andbreakfast inns offer a glimpse into the private lives of Czech citizens, as do private homes that rent rooms, but apartments near the city center afford more privacy. For the more adventurous, Youth Hostels are available in Prague, but there are very few. Camping sites are very cheap, and "Botels" float on the Vltava River not far from the city cen-
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Prague ter. As for the food, Czech cuisine is a bit fattening, consisting mostly of meat and potatoes. The most popular dishes are roast pork, sauerkraut and dumplings, and goulash, usually accompanied by a hearty Czech beer, like Pilsner Urquell or Budweiser Budvar. If visitors are lucky enough to be invited into a Prague native’s home for a meal, the hospitality should be overwhelming and the food more than ample. 20
Holidays and Festivals
APRIL Paleni Crodejnic (the Burning of the Witches)
MAY The Spring International Music Festival Labor Day
JULY
The Astrological Clock is found in Old Town square, the center of Prague. (Bernard Boutrit; Woodfin Camp)
Celebration of the arrival of Saints Cyril and Methodius (Byzantine priests who brought Christianity to Prague) Anniversary of Jan Hus’s death
OCTOBER Czech Independence Day
NOVEMBER Commemoration of the Velvet Revolution
DECEMBER St. Nicholas Day St. Stephen’s Day
Vaclav Havel (b. 1936), dramatist, statesman, and president. Jaroslav Heyrovsky (1890–1967), chemist and Nobel Prize laureate for polarography. Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415), religious reformer. Franz Kafka (1883–1924), writer.
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Famous Citizens
Eduard Benes (1884–1948), statesman. Karel Capek (1890–1938), author. John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educational reformer and theologian. Antonin Dvorak (1841–1904), composer.
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Ivan Klima (b. 1931), author. Oskar Kokoschka (1886–1980), artist and writer. Milan Kundera (b. 1929), writer. Thomas Garrique Masar yk (1850– 1937), founder-president of Czechoslovakia.
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Prague 22
For Further Study
Websites Office of the Government of the Czech Republic. [Online] Available http:// www.vlada.cz.index.eng.htm (accessed January 7, 2000). Official site of the Czech Republic. [Online] Available http://www.czech.cz (accessed January 7, 2000). Prague cybercafe. [Online] Available http:// www.cyberteria.cz (accessed January 7, 2000). Prague Post. [Online] Available http:// www.praguepost.cz (accessed January 7, 2000).
Government Offices Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic Consular Department 125 10 Prague 1 tel.: (12) 2418 2125 fax: (12) 2431 0018 U.S. Embassy Trziste 15 Mala Strana tel.: (12) 2451-0847)
Tourist and Convention Bureaus CKM: Zitna (Student Travelers) Tel.: (12) 2491-5767 Fax: (12) 2435-1297
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Prague Informtion Service (in Czech only) Staromestske nam 22, Napikoke 20er Betlemske nanesti 2 Tel.: (12) 264022 e-mail:
[email protected]. Ticketpro Salvatorska 10 110 000 Praha 1 Tel.: (12) 2481-4020 Fax: (12) 2481-4021 e-mail:
[email protected].
Publications The Prague Post Tel.: (2487-5016) Fax: (2487-5050) e-mail:
[email protected]. What, Where, When Tel.: (691-0905) Fax: (691-1497)
Books The Czech Republic and Economic Transition in Eastern Europe. San Diego, Calif.: University Press. Holy, Ladislav. The Little Czech and the Great Czech Nation: National Identity and the PostCommunist Transformation of Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. King, John and Richard Nebesky. Lonely Planet Prague. Hawthorne, Aus.: Lonely Planet, 1999. Skalnik, Carol. The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic: Nation vs. State. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997.
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Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, South America Founded: Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón is credited with being the first known European to sight Brazil when he landed near present-day Recife on January 26, 1500. The Portuguese Estácio de Sá founded the city in 1565 after expelling the French. Location: On a flat and narrow coastal plain, between the foothills of the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic Ocean, on the shore of Guanabara Bay, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the tropical zone in South America. Time Zone: 3 PM = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: African, White, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian Latitude and Longitude: 22º54'S, 43º10'W Coastline: 78 km (50 mi) Climate: Rio is in a tropical zone, and the weather is typically hot and humid. Cool ocean breezes temper the temperatures in the area. Temperature: Summer months of December to March are very hot, with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 to 39ºC (95 to 100ºF). During the rest of the year, temperatures range between 20 to 30ºC (68 and 86ºF). The annual average temperature is 23ºC (73ºF). Average Annual Precipitation: 1,080 mm (43 in), but some of the higher elevations get more than 60 inches. Government: Mayor and municipal council Weights and Measures: Standard metric Monetary Units: the Real (about 1.78 per one US dollar) Telephone Area Codes: Country code: 55; city code: 21
1
Introduction
Rio de Janeiro, the second largest city in Brazil, is often called Cidade Maravilhosa, the Marvelous City. Squeezed by the Atlantic Ocean and the verdant hills of Brazil, Rio’s dramatic natural setting has impressed visitors for decades. The energy of its residents is legendary. No one dances more exquisitely or parties longer than the cariocas (residents of Rio). Even within
Brazil, cariocas are known as fun, sensual, and easygoing. Their main playgrounds are the beaches of Copacabana and Ipanema, names that easily roll off the tongue. Yet, Rio is a great city of extremes, often cruel in its indifference to the poor. Next to five-star hotels, the poorest cariocas live in cardboard houses. The great favelas, shantytowns, reach high into the hills, where many residents are lost to poverty, drug abuse, and a life of crime. In the early 1990s,
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro Population Profile City Proper Population: 5,600,000 Area: 1,255 sq km (485 sq mi) Ethnic composition: African, White, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian Nicknames: Rio de Janeiro is Portuguese for “river of January.” They thought the large entrance of what is now known as Guanabara Bay was the mouth of a river. In Brazil, Rio is known as the Cidade Maravilhosa, the Marvelous City. Its residents are called cariocas. The word is of Tupi Indian origin (kari'oka, white house or house of white man).
Metropolitan Area Population: 10,556,000 Description: City of Rio and 16 other municipalities Area: Over 5,384 sq km (over 2,079 sq mi) World population rank1: 19 Percentage of national population2: 6.2% Average yearly growth rate: 0.7% Ethnic composition: African, White, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian ——— 1. The Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Brazil’s total population living in the Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area.
cariocas were shaken from their complacency to social problems when the media reported that corrupt police officers—paid by business owners— were murdering homeless children. The city lost its luster, as well as many of its tourists. In one of the most famous incidents, roaming bands of youths from the favelas descended on Copacabana Beach, robbing tourists and cariocas alike. Cidade Maravilhosa (marvelous city)? Perhaps only in geography. Yet, cariocas no longer appear complacent about their problems. The city is slowly
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trying to regain its streets from criminals and years of decay. Many favelas now have basic city services. Its social problems are daunting, but cariocas have an uncharacteristic optimism. 2
Getting There
Between the mountains and the sea, Rio is located on the western shore of Guanabara Bay. On a flat and narrow coastal plain adjacent to the foothills of the Brazilian Highlands, Rio is one of the most important transportation hubs in the country. Most international visitors arrive in Rio, one of the bestknown international cities in the world. Highways Rio’s imposing natural setting has its drawbacks. The city snakes along the coast and the mountains, and so do its streets. Cariocas are well known for aggressive driving, and navigating the city's roads is difficult for drivers unfamiliar with the terrain. Rio is connected by highway to major Brazilian cities. Bus and Railroad Service There is rail service to São Paulo and Belo Horizonte. Many bus companies offer international travel to the neighboring countries of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. Airports Two airports serve the city: Galeão for domestic and international services and Santos Dumont for domestic airlines.
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Rio de Janeiro
3
Getting Around
Bus and Commuter Rail Service Rio opened the first of two underground metro lines in 1979 and plans to continue expanding the system to alleviate traffic congestion. Two lines connect some parts of the city. An extensive bus system accounts for about 70 percent of all passenger trips. There
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are many taxis and thousands of private automobiles. Rail connects Rio to its suburbs and satellite cities. Motorboats, ferries, and hydrofoils serve communities across Guanabara Bay. Sightseeing Many visitors go to Rio strictly to enjoy the world-renowned beaches of Copacabana and Ipanema. Others go to
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Rio de Janeiro take part in the internationally famous Carnival and Carnival parade, celebrated for five days preceding Ash Wednesday (the first day of Lent), attracting thousands of visitors. However, there are many other sights to see in the Marvelous City. One of the most visited sites in Rio is Mount Corcovado, with its Christ the Redeemer statue. Another is Sugar Loaf, offering an impressive view of the city below. Many people go to the Quinta da Boa Vista, the park that is home to the National Museum, and the Zoological Garden. Also popular are the Botanical Gardens and Tijuca National Park, located in the Forest of Tijuca; the National Museum of Fine Arts; the Museum of Modern Art; and the Indian Museum. 4
People
During most of the twentieth century, Rio de Janeiro grew rapidly, mostly with Brazilian migrants from the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Espírito Santo. Growth began to level off in 1960 when Rio lost its status as the nation's capital. About two-thirds of Rio's residents are of African descent, a reflection of the nation's early history when millions of African slaves were brought to the New World to work on plantations. By the mid-1800s, there were two-and-a-half million slaves in Brazil. Like the nation, Rio is ethnically diverse, with widespread racial mixing. Many of the city's residents are of Portuguese, Italian, and Spanish roots.
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While the country prides itself on its racial harmony and tolerance, racial issues are much more complicated. In Rio, and Brazilian society in general, whites are better off economically and enjoy more privilege. In something as simple as television programming and advertising, blacks and native Brazilians are greatly outnumbered. In Rio, mostly whites live in the wealthier enclaves of Copacabana, Ipanema, and Leblon, while mostly blacks live in the favelas that surround the city. Although separated by class and race, Brazilians have many things in common. The dominant language is Portuguese. Most are Catholic, although many follow Afro-Brazilian religions like Umbanda and Condomble. All races dance to the same beat of the samba and other Afro-Brazilian sounds. The beach, especially in Rio, is the great equalizer. Here, where just about everybody wears skimpy swimsuits, it is difficult to pinpoint the elite from the poor masses. 5
Neighborhoods
Geography and class define Rio's neighborhoods. The rich live close to the water. The great masses of poor people have been pushed high into the hills. There, the poor have built favelas, shantytowns that lack basic necessities like water, electricity, and paved roads. Cariocas have also redefined their space periodically. As the city grew over difficult terrain, they leveled hills or bored tunnels through them. They reclaimed
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Rio de Janeiro
City Fact Comparison Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
10,556,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1565
753 BC
723 BC
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$142
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$62
$56
$59
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$15
$14
$15
$16
$219
$173
$246
$207
16
13
20
11
Largest newspaper
O Globo
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Circulation of largest newspaper
266,546
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1925
1944
1976
1948
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city
Date largest newspaper was established 1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
parts of Guanabara Bay to make room for the growing city. Today, Rio is divided into three distinct zones. The traditional historical center is sandwiched by the eastern base of the Serra de Carioca and Guanabara Bay. The Serra is a small coastal mountain range that runs east-west and cuts the city in half. West and north of the historic center is the northern zone, a large urban area of mostly lowincome housing, and factories. The southern zone, with the fashionable Copacabana, Ipanema, Leblon, and Gávea neighborhoods, is home to middle-class and wealthy cariocas. As the
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favelas inched closer down the slopes, many wealthy people abandoned the southern-zone neighborhoods. Copacabana, Leblon, and Ipanema experienced slight population decreases in the last decade of the twentieth century. Many wealthier residents have moved to Barra da Tijuca, further west along the coast. It is considered one of the city's most fashionable neighborhoods. Many of the favelas have become established neighborhoods with basic city services. From 1991 to 1996, the number of households in the city increased from 1.6 million to 1.7 mil-
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Rio de Janeiro
Situated between the Brazilian Highlands and the Atlantic Ocean, Rio attracts travelers from all over the world. (Stephanie Maze; Woodfin Camp)
lion. The occupancy rate went down, from 3.4 people per household to 3.3. 6
History
Long before Europeans arrived in what is now Brazil, the area was populated by many different groups of native people, including the Arawak and Carib. The Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (c.1460–c.1524) is credited with being the first known European to sight Brazil when he landed near present-day Recife on January 26, 1500.
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The Spaniards didn’t make a claim to the territory as it was assigned to Portugal under the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Under papal authority, the agreement divided the New World between Spain and Portugal. In theory, the other European countries were not allowed to colonize the New World. In April 1500, apparently blown off course, Portuguese navigator Pedro Alvarez Cabral (c.1467–c.1520) reached Brazil and formally claimed the area for Portugal. Explorers sighted what is now Rio in 1502, but the Portuguese didn’t build any permanent settlements. By
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Rio de Janeiro 1530, with other European nations eager to establish a foothold in the New World, the Portuguese monarchy strengthened its hold on Brazil, dividing the territory into 15 captaincies (administrative districts), each under the jurisdiction of powerful members of the court. If it hadn’t been for French interlopers, Rio may have never developed as a city. Salvador and Sao Paulo were founded several years before the Portuguese took any interest in the Rio area. While the Portuguese frantically built forts to keep other countries at bay, the French began to test Brazil’s defenses. French traders were after the valuable brazil wood, for which the country is now named. By the mid-1550s, they founded a settlement on one of the islands of Guanabara Bay and called it La France Antarctique (Antarctic France). Portugal’s monarchy sent Estácio de Sá, a nephew of Governor Mem de Sá of Brazil, to get rid of the French in 1565. For the next two years, the Portuguese and French waged bloody battles in what is now Rio de Janeiro. De Sá was killed during one of the skirmishes, but the French were finally ousted from the area in 1567. By 1568, Rio had begun to take formal shape with the construction of a citadel. As in many other early colonies, Rio survived by farming, especially sugarcane. By 1660, Rio had attained some degree of importance and was named the seat of government for the southern captaincies. About 8,000 people—mostly Indian and black slaves who were forced to
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work in the plantations—lived in the city. The discovery of gold, diamonds, silver, and other precious minerals in what is now the state of Minas Gerais (general mines), northwest of Rio, boosted the city’s fortunes during the 1700s. The Portuguese moved their capital city from Salvador to Rio in 1763, a symbol of its growing importance. Rio grew rapidly, with thousands of European immigrants attracted by diamonds and gold. By the late 1700s, Rio expanded beyond its protective walls. Rio’s growth faltered a bit by the 1790s. Dependent on an export economy, the city was facing formidable competition for its sugar from other colonies in the Americas, and the mines were showing signs of declining production. In just a few years, the value of exports shipped through Rio’s port was cut in half. Yet, Rio would not stay down for too long. During the Napoleonic wars (1799– 1815), Portugal remained faithful to England, earning France's scorn. Napoleon Bonaparte’s troops invaded Portugal. Maria I (r. 1777–1816) and her son, the future João VI, escaped to Brazil and established a government in exile in Rio de Janeiro in 1808. Outside the city, coffee production had replaced sugar as a main crop, and Rio was again on its way to economic recovery. With the monarchs in town, Rio reinvented itself, growing in population and in beauty. Older buildings were restored; hundreds of new mansions and smaller living quarters were built; streets were
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Rio de Janeiro paved and lighted. More land was reclaimed. The monarchs established the Royal Press, the Royal Library, and the Botanical Gardens, among many others. In 1808, the city's first newspaper was published. With the death of Maria I, who had been insane for the last 24 years of her life, her son João VI (r. 1816–1826) became king. João was initially popular in Rio and the rest of Brazil. Some Cariocas, perhaps sensing his importance to the city, did not want him to return to Portugal, where liberals demanded an end to the monarchy. Under growing political pressure, João accepted greatly diminished powers and returned to rule Portugal in 1821. His son, Pedro I (1798–1834; r. 1822–31), stayed in Brazil. Portugal attempted to reassert its authority over Brazil. But with British aid, Pedro declared Brazil’s independence and became emperor in 1822. By now, Rio had grown to more than 100,000 people. Pedro ruled until 1831 when he abdicated in favor of Pedro II (1825–1891), the five-year-old heirapparent. By 1840, Pedro II was old enough to rule and was named emperor. Under his leadership, Brazil continued to thrive with coffee, sugar, cotton, and rubber exports. Pedro II's administration oversaw the continued modernization of Rio. Rail, gas lighting, telephone, and steamboat service to other cities were all in place by the 1870s. However, Pedro would not last. He was against slavery and abolished it in 1888. The move cost him. He was overthrown in 1889, and a republic replaced the monarchy. Rio, which
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already had more than 500,000 residents, was named the capital of the republic. During the early years of the republic, Rio de Janeiro changed dramatically. The federal government set out to modernize the city, first bringing tropical diseases like yellow fever under control. By 1920, the city was becoming an important industrial center with a population that exceeded one million people. The city grew by reclaiming land from Guanabara Bay and leveling hills. By 1940, Rio had grown to nearly two million people with no signs of slowing down. By then, the government could no longer control growth. Skyscrapers and large apartment buildings replaced homes and small buildings. Poorer residents were pushed further into the fringes of the city. Rio was now under siege from national interests. Many of Brazil’s politicians wanted to develop the vast interior of the country. In 1957, Brazilians began to build the city of Brazilia, which replaced Rio as the national capital in 1960. Yet Rio remained an important center of politics, culture, and business. By the 1960s, the beachside residential areas of Copacabana and Ipanema were among the most desirable addresses in the world. Its importance would in time turn against the city. Because it offered so many more opportunities than other cities and towns, Rio continued to grow as Brazilians without jobs or education continued to move into the city. They built massive favelas (shantytowns) and contributed to massive social problems that continue to affect the city. Rio is
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Rio de Janeiro no longer growing through massive immigration, but serious urban problems, like crime, overcrowding, and pollution, continue to plague the city. 7
Government
The city is governed by a prefeito (mayor). The government is divided into several departments, each administered by a secretary who answers to the mayor, who is elected to a four-year term. The Municipal Chamber, whose members are elected proportionally from Rio's 24 administrative regions, dictates legislation. The city is divided into five planning areas and 158 neighborhoods. 8
Public Safety
In February 2000, Brazilian President Fernando Henrique Cardoso called for immediate action to curb crime after his wife's car was stolen. His presidential car had been stolen three months earlier. Compared to the atrocious public safety situation in Brazil, the theft of these cars was minor but symbolic of how crime touches all people throughout the country. In the 1990s, crime gangs controlled entire Rio neighborhoods. Corrupt police officers, hired by business owners, murdered homeless children and engaged in other criminal activity. By 1994, Rio had one of the highest murder rates in the world, at 61 per 100,000 people. While most crimes were directed at cariocas, tourists also suffered. The city saw a steady decline in the number of international visitors
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Tourism plays a large role in Rio’s economy. Celebrations and parades bring millions of tourists annually. (Stephanie Maze; Woodfin Camp)
in the 1980s and early 1990s, deterred by highly publicized crimes against tourists. Rio authorities created a special police force to protect tourists and have tried to underplay the crime situation. Whether Cardoso’s call for action will bring any changes remains to be seen. One of Brazil’s largest problems is the unrelenting poverty of its people, which is only augmented in cities like Rio, where shantytowns are built next to wealthy enclaves.
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Rio de Janeiro 9
Economy
Only São Paulo is more economically important than Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. With a major port and international airport, Rio is an important industrial, financial, and commercial center. The city has a large tourism industry that appears to be bouncing back after years of decline. Rio remains the economic engine for a large regional area that extends for several hundred kilometers (miles). Rio’s factories produce processed foods, textiles, furniture, chemicals, petroleum products, pharmaceuticals, and metal products. The manufacture of electronics and computers has begun to play a major role in the economy. The city is a leading financial and banking center. The country’s most active stock market, the Bolsa da Valores do Brasil, is located in Rio. 10
Environment
Guanabara Bay is highly polluted. Throughout the year, many of Rio's beaches, including the internationally known beaches of Ipanema and Copacabana, are off limits to swimmers because of high levels of fecal coliform bacteria. Poor sanitation in the favelas lead to the proliferation of many diseases. 11
Shopping
Rio is an important retail center. It has major shopping centers and countless small shops that specialize in different products. There are many street
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vendors. In Copacabana and Ipanema, street vendors sell men’s and women’s swim suits, towels, sunglasses, and just about anything needed on the beach. Some small boutiques specialize in native art from throughout Brazil. 12
Education
Brazil was expected to enter the twenty-first century with an illiteracy rate of 16 percent despite massive efforts to educate the population. About 25 percent of the poorest children do not attend school. In Rio, those numbers are better, with literacy rates at about 90 percent for people over ten years of age. Yet, many children in the favelas do not go to school, and thousands of homeless children lack any opportunity to better their lives. In Rio, there are 1,033 primary schools with 25,594 teachers and 667,788 students (1995). There are 370 secondary schools with 9,699 teachers and 227,892 students. There are 53 college preparatory schools with 14,864 teachers and 154,447 students. The city has six major universities and 47 private schools of higher learning. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, which offer graduate courses, and the State University of Rio de Janeiro are located in the city. 13
Health Care
The city has made major improvements in health, dramatically reducing high infant mortality rates in a short number of years, from 75.3 to 36 deaths
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Rio de Janeiro per 1,000 births between 1980 and 1987. The overall life expectancy has also increased, from 45 to 63 years between 1940 and 1980. Mortality rates have decreased by improving sanitary conditions throughout the city. Yet, some of those gains have been offset by increases in violence and accidents. There are more than 300 hospitals with 25,872 beds in metropolitan Rio. 14
Media
Rio remains one of the most important publishing centers in Brazil. The country’s first newspaper, Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, was published in Rio on September 10, 1808. Two of the country's leading newspapers today, O Globo and Jornal do Brazil, are published in Rio. Several daily and weekly newspapers, including the business daily Jornal do Commercio, are also published in the city. There are seven television stations and numerous AM and FM radio stations. 15
Sports
Capable of holding 200,000 people, Maracanã stadium is a symbol of Rio’s passion for sports. There are more than 130 sports associations in the city, several professional teams, and thousands of cariocas playing soccer, volleyball, and many other sports on any given day. Rio is host to several international events each year in surfing, beach volleyball, car, motorcycle, and horse racing. On weekends, the sprawling Copacabana beach is crowded with teams
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playing soccer on the sand. Brazilians are passionate about volleyball. The women’s national team won the gold medal in the Barcelona Olympics in 1988. Cariocas have even managed to combine their passion for soccer and volleyball into one game—futevolei. It is played on the sand with players kicking the ball over the net instead of using their hands. 16
Parks and Recreation
With more than 78 kilometers (48 miles) of coastline and 72 beaches, playing in the sand and water are among the most important recreational activities in Rio. The city has 33 parks and three natural reserves. It has 20 areas classified under environmental protection, ten permanent preservation areas, and three areas of ecological interest. Samba schools are a popular source of recreation, especially in the favelas. The schools act as neighborhood clubs where residents come to meet each other, learn how to dance, and work together. 17
Performing Arts
Rio is an important center for the arts. The city is home to the Companhia de Balé Clássico do Teatro Municipal, the ballet company, and the Orquestra Sinfônica Brasileira, the symphony orchestra. The nationally renowned School of Music is part of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. The Municipal Theater hosts ballet and operas. There are
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Rio de Janeiro
Christ the Redeemer stands atop Mount Corcovado, the most visited site in Rio de Janeiro. (Stephanie Maze; Woodfin Camp)
many theater groups in the city and dozens of cultural centers. Rio hosts many musical events, including jazz, dance, and cinema festivals. Rio has more than 60 art galleries, 75 bookstores and libraries, and dozens of cinemas, clubs and dance halls. 18
Libraries and Museums
The city’s National Library was founded in 1810 to house the remains of the Royal Library of Ajuda, brought to Brazil from Portugal after the 1755
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earthquake in Lisbon. There are many other libraries in the city. Despite losing its title as capital city, Rio remained a center of culture after 1960. The Brazilian Academy of Letters and the Brazilian Academy of Sciences are in the city. The National Museum of Fine Arts was founded in 1818 and houses important twentiethcentury works by leading Brazilian artists. The National Museum has a large collection of pre-Columbian ceramics, dinosaur fossils, and stuffed wildlife. Rio also hosts the National Historical
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Rio de Janeiro Museum, the Museum of Modern Art, and the Indian Museum. 19
To u r i s m
International arrivals increased from 8.3 million passengers in 1994 to 10.3 million in 1998 at Rio’s international airport. Domestic arrivals rose from 34.7 million to 63.7 million. Visitors come to the Cidade Maravilhosa for its beaches, restaurants, music, exhilarating city life, and the annual Carnival, one of the world's most famous festivals.
ited site is Sugar Loaf, which reaches a height of 395 meters (1,296 feet). At the entrance of Guanabara Bay, Sugar Loaf is only reachable by cable car. It offers impressive views of the city below. Many people go to the Quinta da Boa Vista, a park that is home to the National Museum, and the Zoological Garden. The historic Botanical Gardens (1808) and the Tijuca National Park are located in the Forest of Tijuca. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY
Celebrated for five days preceding Ash Wednesday, Carnival attracts thousands of visitors. While it is a national holiday, Carnival is often associated with Rio, which is consistently more exuberant than its neighbors. It is there that the major Carnival parade is held. Samba schools from the favelas and other Rio neighborhoods practice for months to prepare for the festival. On the night of December 31, Copacabana hosts hundreds of thousands of people who come to celebrate the New Year. According to tradition, people dress in white for good luck and offer a white flower to Yemanjá, the goddess of the seas. Residents party well into the morning hours. One of the most visited sites in Rio is Mount Corcovado, 704 meters (2,310 feet) high. On top, is Christ the Redeemer, a massive 907-metric-ton (1,000-ton), 30-meter (98-foot) statue standing with welcoming outstretched arms over Rio. Another frequently vis-
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Epiphany
FEBRUARY-MARCH Carnival (five days before Ash Wednesday)
APRIL Tiradentes Day
MAY May Day
JUNE Corpus Christi
SEPTEMBER Independence Day
OCTOBER Our Lady of Aparecida Day
NOVEMBER
All Soul’s Day Proclamation Day
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Famous Citizens
Olavo Bilac (1865–1918), Brazilian poet. Fernando Affonso Collor de Mello (b. 1949), became Brazil’s youngest president in 1990, with his promise to cut inflation and reform the economy, but was impeached in
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Rio de Janeiro 1992 by the Chamber of Deputies on charges of corruption. Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto (1881–1922), novelist and journalist. Antonio Carlos Jobim (1927–94), composer, guitarist, and pianist, who pioneered the musical style known as bossa nova (new wave). Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839–1908), great master of Brazilian literature.
Government Offices Embassy of Brazil 3006 Massachusetts Ave. NW Washington, D.C. 20008 Government of Rio de Janeiro. [Online] Available http://www.rio.rj.gov.br (accessed February 5, 2000).
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Ministry of Sport and Tourism. [Online] Available http://www.embratur.gov.br (accessed February 5, 2000).
Publications O
Oscar Niemeyer Soares Filho (b. 1907), one of Brazil's most important modern architects, known for the fluid lines of his buildings. Heitor Villa-Lobos (1887–1959), important twentieth-century composer, self-trained and influenced by the music of Native American people, credited with revolutionizing musical training in public schools. 22
For Further Study
Websites Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. [Online] Available http://www.ibge.gov.br (accessed February 5, 2000). Rio de Janeiro Modern Museum of Art. [Online] Available http://www.mamrio.com.br (accessed February 5, 2000). University of Texas Latin American Network Information Center. [Online] Available http:// www.lanic.utexas.edu (accessed February 5, 2000).
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Globo. [Online] Available http:// www.oglobo.com.br (accessed February 5, 2000). Jornal do Brazil. [Online] Available http:// www.jb.com.br (accessed February 5, 2000). Jornal do Commercio. [Online] Available http:// www.jornaldocommercio.com.br (accessed February 5, 2000).
Books Burns, E. Bradford. A History of Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. Fausto, Boris. A Concise History of Brazil. London: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Gay, Robert. Popular Organization and Democracy in Rio de Janeiro: A Tale of Two Favelas. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994. Levine, Robert M., and John C. Crocitti. The Brazil Reader. Raleigh: Duke University Press, 1999. McGowan, Chris, and Ricardo Pessanha. The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Rojas-Lombardi, Felipe. The Traveler’s Guide to Latin American Customs and Manners. New York: St. Martins Press, 1991. Skidmore, Thomas E. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
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Rome Rome, Italy, Europe Founded: 753 B.C.; Unified: 1870 Location: Lazio region in Italy, Europe, on a peninsula extending from southern Europe into the Mediterranean Sea, bordering France to the northwest, Switzerland and Austria to the north, Slovenia to the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south Time Zone: 11 AM = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Flag: Vertical bands of orange (left) and yellow. Ethnic Composition: Italian; German, French, Slovenes, Albanian-Italians, GreekItalians Elevation: 4,336 m (14,453 ft) above sea level Latitude and Longitude: 41°54’N, 12°30’E Climate: Temperate, mild winters and long, dry, hot summers Annual Mean Temperature: 7.4°C (45.3°F) in January; 25.7°C (78.3°F) in July Average Annual Rainfall: 890 mm (35 in) Government: Multi-party republic, headed by a president and prime minister, legislative power held by bicameral Parliament: Senate and Chamber of Deputies Weights and Measures: Metric Monetary Units: The euro (EUR). As of January 1, 1999, the lira became a subdivision of the Euro (conversion rate: 1,936.27 lira to one Euro; one Euro equals 100 cents.) Telephone Area Codes: Italy country code 39; Rome city code 6
1
Introduction
Near the banks of the Tiber River, 2,700 years ago on seven hills, the foundation of Rome was laid. It is one of the most ancient cities in Europe. Since then, it has been continuously inhabited and has grown into a city of almost three million people, covering 1,502 square kilometers (580 square miles). Rome is in southern Italy, in southern Europe, and has a parallel latitude with New York state.
Located inland about 27 kilometers (17 miles) from the Tyrrhenian Sea, Rome is the capital city of Italy. Within Rome’s enclave is Vatican City. The seat of the papacy of the Roman Catholic Church, Vatican City has been recognized as an independent state by the Italian government since 1929. The majestic dome of St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City dominates the Roman skyline. Once the center of the Roman Empire, Rome has been the capital of united Italy since 1871. The economy remains strong—essentially based on
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Rome
Rome Population Profile Population: 2,688,000 Area: 1502 sq km (580 sq mi) World population rank1: 115 Percentage of national population2: 4.7% Average yearly growth rate: 0.0% ——— 1. The Rome metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Italy’s total population living in the Rome metropolitan area.
tourism and government operations. After World War II (1939–45), the city developed a wide base of industries; thus, the Rome of today hosts the headquarters of many multinational corporations and agencies. Divided into two regions, the sprawling outer city is changing with suburban growth. The historical center is a small area, located on the eastern bank of the Tiber River and contains many monuments of Rome’s past greatness. The city is an unparalleled repository of monuments from all periods in European history. The legacy of the Roman Empire is extensive, witnessed from the preservation of the Pantheon, considered one of the finest surviving temples of antiquity, to the impressive Colosseum, an amphitheater that hosted gladiatorial combat and other spectacles. Ancient city walls, triumphal arches, public meeting places, churches, and palaces are scattered throughout Rome. With an extraordi-
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nary wealth of artwork, Rome is a major world center for creative study and performing arts. 2
Getting There
Italy is bound to the north by Switzerland and Austria, to the east by Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea, to the south by the Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, and Ligurian seas, and to the west by France. It covers 301,308 square kilometers (116,335 square miles), and Rome is located about halfway down Italy’s western coast. Highways Driving to and around Rome can be challenging. The main road linking Rome to the north and south of Italy is the Autostrade del sole, which connects with the ring road circling the city. The 13-kilometer (8-mile) Mount Frejus highway tunnel, integrating France and Italy through the Alps, opened in l980. The legal age for an auto rental is 21 years of age. There are several rental car agencies at both airports and a few at Termini Stazione. Bus and Railroad Service Train is by far the most efficient means of transportation for any land journey within Italy, to or from Rome. The Italian State Railways have several levels of service, from local trains that stop at every station, to the Pendolino, a fast, luxurious first-class-only train. From the airport, the Stazione Termini direct train runs hourly. The Stazione Termini, Rome’s main train station, is
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Rome
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Rome the hub of the urban transportation system. Beneath it is the only interchange between the city’s two Metro lines, and directly outside, on Piazza dei Cinquecento, is the central bus terminal, a stunning twentieth-century building. Buses run from 6:00 AM to midnight, with some services running throughout the night. The city’s Metro service has two lines, and both go through Termini. A bus ticket is also valid for the city’s subway and train services. Airports Rome is serviced by two international airports. Leonardo da Vinci, commonly known as Fiumicino, handles most scheduled flights and is about 29 kilometers (18 miles) southwest of the city. Ciampino is about 14 kilometer (nine miles) southeast and is used for charter flights. The national airline carrier Alitalia is 89.3 percent owned by the state. 3
Getting Around
Navigating the streets of Rome can be tricky. Often it is easiest to take advantage of the city’s public transportation. Tickets for city metros, buses, and trams must be purchased before boarding. Bus and Commuter Rail Service The Metro system is useful and simple to master. There are two lines, A and B, which cross at Termini. Metro trains run approximately every ten minutes, from 5:30 AM until 11:30 PM,
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12:30 AM on Saturday. Tickets for metros are valid for one single journey only. Daily and weekly travel passes are also available. For sightseers, favorite metro stops include the Spanish Steps, Spagna, Vatican Museums, Ottaviano, Colosseo, Circus Maximus, Bath of Caracalls, Circo Massimo, the Catacombs, and Colli Albani. The main bus terminal is outside Termini Stazione. Most day buses have only a driver while night buses usually have a conductor who issues tickets. Tickets are not sold on day buses, and passengers board from the rear. There are several bus lines that run from 5:30 AM until midnight. Night buses run from 1:00 AM until 5:30 AM. Tickets are time stamped and are valid for 90 minutes of travel. Rome’s public orange buses and handful of trams cover much of the city, but they do not travel through the narrow streets of the historic center. Several routes, however, are within a short distance of most main attractions. Communal stops include the Vatican, Spanish Steps, and Trevi Fountain. Official taxis in Rome are yellow and must bear the taxi sign on the roof. An expensive venture, taxis also charge extra for baggage, late night trips, Sunday travel, or public holiday travel. The fare may begin from the telephone request, not from the point of origin. Sightseeing The center of Rome is compact, and wandering the ruins on foot is a great way to see the city. Street life is
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Rome
City Fact Comparison Rome (Italy)
Cairo (Egypt)
New York (United States)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
2,688,000
10,772,000
16,626,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
753 BC
1613
723 BC
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$172
$193
$198
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$59
$56
$44
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$15
$14
$26
$16
$246
$173
$244
$207
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
20
13
10
11
La Repubblica
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
The Wall Street Journal
Renmin Ribao
754,930
1,159,339
1,740,450
3,000,000
1976
1944
1889
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
vibrant and constant. The architectural design is consuming, and close proximity of ancient sights make for a comfortable and convenient walk. For instance, the Colosseum is approximately oneand-a-half miles from the Spanish steps. One route travels by the Forum, Piazza Venezia, and several churches, passing through charming neighborhoods. A longer, more scenic route weaves from the Colosseum to the Vatican. Most major monuments are west of the train station. The Pantheon and Trevi Fountain are a short detour away. The Palatine Hill and the Forum are the center of ancient Rome. Via del Corso runs north from the Forum to Piazza del Popola, and Trevi Fountain is to the
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east. The Vatican is northwest of the Forum, across the Tiber River. Small patches of central Rome have sidewalks and streets closed to cars for use by cyclists and scooters. Bike tours from the north to the south of the city are actually a popular way to see the sights of Villa Borghese, Piazza del Popolo, Piazza Venezia, and the Spanish Steps. Conversely, the narrow streets combined with steep hills can make cycling a bit of a challenge. Mopeds and scooters, called Vespa or wasps in Italy because of the buzzing noise they make, are an efficient way to get around the narrow streets. Bikes and
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Rome
The dome of Saint Peter’s Basilica dominates the skyline of Rome. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
mopeds can be rented from Roma Rent and Scoot-a-Long, among others. For a gentler tour of the historic center, sightseers can hire a horsedrawn carriage. Trips can be taken for a half-hour, an hour, half-day, or a day, for up to five people. Prices for longer rides are negotiable and can be hired from Piazza di Spagna, the Coliseum, Trevi Fountain, St. Peter’s, Via Veneto, Villa Borghese, Piazza Venezia, and Piazza Navona. 4
People
Due to improved economic and social conditions in southern regions,
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and the influence of the media, differences between northern and southern Italians are diminishing. However, Italians still refer to one another by their city of origin (Milanese, Roman, Florentine), and some regional attitudes remain. Adopting practices of their German and Austrian neighbors, people in the industrialized north traditionally value punctuality, reliability, organization, and economic success. They view time as a precious resource not to be wasted. Communities take pride in maintaining a low tolerance for public corruption and escalating crime. Southerners tend to be gracious and known for their warm character
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Rome and friendliness. Neighborhoods and citizens of Rome value leisurely days and take their time conducting business. Family values prevail in the south and are often revered over economic success. Regional economic differences have contributed to tensions within the country. Northern Italians feel they are too heavily taxed for subsidized projects in the south. Southerners resent the higher income and better employment opportunities offered only in the north. Political movements that call for regional autonomy in a federal system have gained momentum in the north, but most Romans oppose any political separation. Social life and interaction is important to Romans. Citizens enjoy public events, parties, and celebrations. Humor, reliability, and success in business and social lives are all regarded more favorably than individual assertiveness. The dominant language in Rome and throughout the country is Italian. However, German and Ladin, a dialect of the Rhaeto-Romanic, are spoken in the Alto Adige region on the Austrian border; French is spoken in the Valle d’Aosta region bordering France and Switzerland; and Greek and Albanian are spoken in southern Italy. English is a common second language. 5
Neighborhoods
According to tradition, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. on one of the Seven
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Hills, a term coined to describe the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, and Palatine hills surrounding the old community. Archaeological evidence indicates, however, that human settlement dates from at least 1000 B.C. Capitoline Hill was long the seat of Rome’s government, and Palantine Hill was the site of the epic Palace of the Flavins, built by the Roman emperor Domitian. As a result of construction throughout the centuries, today most of the Seven Hills are hardly distinguishable from the adjacent plain. Rome is easily divided into two regions: the inner city, within the Aurealian Wall, built in the late third century to enclose the area around the Seven Hills; and the sprawling outer city, with its suburbs. The historical center is a small area, located almost entirely on the eastern bank of the Tiber River. Monuments of Rome’s past eminence are located mostly within the historical center and are a stark contrast to the modern districts. The street pattern of the city reflects its long and complex history. The Via del Corso traverses most of the historic center from Piazza Venezia, the geographic center of Rome, to the Piazza del Popolo at the foot of Pincio Hills. Its use dates from the Middle Ages when it was a horse-racing course. 6
History
Of all of Italy’s historic cities, Rome summons the most compelling fascination. There is more to experience in
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Rome
Rome’s streets are often narrow and busy, offering a vibrant city life. Here, a couple dodges the traffic on a moped, an efficient way of getting around town. (Ignacio Lobos; EPD Photos)
Rome than almost any other city in the world, with relics of more than 2,700 years of continuous occupation packed into a sprawling urban area. As a contemporary European capital, Rome has a unique sense of leadership. The city features are classical, the Colosseum, the Forum, and Palantine Hill, while relics from the early Christian period decorate ancient basilicas. The Baroque and Romanesque fountains and churches are only part of the picture. First headquarters of the Roman Empire, and then of the Catholic Church, Rome has had an immense impact on social customs throughout the world. Several European languages
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are based on Latin; many political and legal systems follow the ancient roman model of civil service, and buildings all over the world demonstrate styles and techniques perfected in Rome. The ancient city spaces are filled with layers of buildings spanning two millennia. Rome began as an Iron Age hut village founded in the mid-eighth century B.C. In 616 B.C., the Romans’ neighbors, the Etruscans, seized power but were ousted in 509 B.C. when Rome became a Republic. By the time Rome entered into the first of the three Punic wars in 264 B.C., its power in Italy spanned the whole peninsula as far north as Arimi-
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Rome num. The driving motivation behind all three Punic wars was for Rome to defeat the African city of Carthage and gain Mediterranean dominance. In 241 B.C. the Romans won Sicily. In the Second Punic War (218–201 B.C.), they defeated General Hannibal of Carthage (247–182 B.C.), and in the Third Punic War (149–146 B.C.) they seized the city of Carthage itself. Rome then went on to conquer Syria and Macedonia to gain dominance over the western Hellenistic world. The expansion of the empire provided opportunity for individuals to gain power and rule. However, leaders became abusive of their power, and the clashing of egos led to the crashing of democracy. Julius Caesar (c. 100–44 B.C.) ruled for a time as dictator, but the Roman Republic came to an end when he was assassinated in 44 B.C. Taking his place was the famous triumvirate: Mark Antony (c. 80–30 B.C.), Aemilius Lepidus (d. 13 B.C.), and Octavian Caesar (63 B.C.–A.D. 14). Octavian defeated Lepidus in 39 B.C. and Antony in 31 B.C. to become emperor of the Roman world. He then gave all his power to the Senate in an effort to create a “restored republic.” The Senate placed him in control of nearly all Rome’s military strength, and he was given the title Augustus. Upon Octavian’s death in A.D. 14, his chosen heir, Tiberius (42 B.C.–A.D. 37), took the throne. It was during the reign of Tiberius that Jesus Christ was crucified. Within a few years, the followers of Christ became legendary in Rome, but their teachings were perceived as a threat to public order,
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and many Christians were executed. Even so, the new religion spread through all levels of Roman society. By the time the apostles Peter and Paul had arrived in Rome, a small Christian community had been established, and in spite of persecution by the state, Christianity flourished. Having little success with the Senate, Tiberius withdrew himself from office and was succeeded by a medley of emperors, including Caligula (12–41), Claudius (10 B.C.–A.D. 54), and Nero (37–68). Nero’s suicide in A.D. 68 ended the Augustus reign of emperors, and Rome entered into a state of constant civil war. Sulpicius Galba (3 B.C.–A.D. 69), governor of Spain, seized control, but the throne changed hands four more times. It wasn’t until Diocletian (A.D. 245–313), a traditional militaristic Roman, took control in A.D. 284 that Rome was restored to order. He divided the empire in half and appointed two rulers for both east and west Rome. In A.D. 302, Diocletian banned Christians from the Roman Army, brought religion into the office of emperor, and made the position a “divine monarchy.” In A.D. 313, the Emperor Constantine (c. 274–337; r. 306–337), proclaimed ruler by Britiain, issued an edict granting Christians freedom of worship, and he founded the city of Constantinople as the new capital. Even after securing Rome’s position as the center of Christianity, its political importance waned in the fifth century, and the city fell to Goths and other invaders. For a while, Rome was reduced to a few thousand residents
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Rome and little power. But the next couple centuries uncovered a newfound strength. The growing importance of the papacy revived the city and rejuvenated its power. Conversely, ongoing conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor undermined the papacy. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries were among the bleakest in Roman history: violent conflict with invaders left Rome poverty stricken, and constant warring tore apart the city. In 1309, the papacy moved to Avignon, leaving Rome to slide further into squalor and strife. The city recovered spectacularly in the mid-fifteenth century. Pope Nicholas V (1397–1455; r. 1447–1455) came to power and groomed Rome to be a city worthy of the papacy and the center of Renaissance culture. Successors followed his lead, and the city’s appearance was transformed. The Classical ideals of the Italian Renaissance (1450– 1600) inspired artists, architects, and craftsmen, such as Michelangelo, Bramante, and Raphael. A newly confident Rome was nurturing a massive papal patronage of the arts. By the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church had accumulated extensive wealth and was therefore criticized by other reformed religions. Displays of grandeur and extravagance by the papal court contrasted vividly with the poverty of the people. Galileo (1564–1642), a physicist/astronomer, was condemned to death for heresy (beliefs opposed to the traditionally accepted beliefs of the church). Rome was also
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discovering a new style of its own in Baroque (1600–1750). Under Napoleon, Italy tasted unity but by 1815 was again divided into many small states, and papal rule was restored in Rome. The next 50 years experienced patriots struggling to create an independent, unified Italy, and Rome was briefly declared a Republic, but forces were driven out by French troops. The French continued to protect the Pope while the rest of Italy united as a kingdom under Vittorio Emanuel of Savor. In 1870, troops stormed the city, and Rome became the capital of the newly unified Italy. Twentieth-century Rome endured the dictator Benito Mussolini (1883– 1945; r. 1922–1945) and his dreams of recreating the immense order and power of the Roman Empire. In 1922, the fascist leader was appointed prime minister. In 1929, the Lateran Treaty brought over a century of tension between Church and State to an end by creating a separate Vatican State. During the World War II (1939–45), British forces captured much of Italy’s colonial empire. From 1947 to the early 1990s, Italy had no less than 57 governments, and the first non-Italian pope since the sixteenth century, Pope John Paul II (b. 1920), was appointed in 1978. Rome is in many ways the ideal capital of Italy. Each era in history added its own layer of culture to create a city unparalleled by any other in the world.
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Rome
Vatican City, the seat of the papacy, has been recognized as an independent state by the Italian government since 1929. (Robert Frerck; Woodfin Camp)
7
Government
The Italian Republic is divided into 20 regions, five of which (Sicily, Sardinia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle d’Aosta) enjoy a special status; there is a large degree of regional autonomy. Each locale has a council elected every five years by universal suffrage, and a Giunta regionale
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is responsible to the regional council. The regional council is a legislative assembly while the Giunta holds executive power. The regions are subdivided into a total of 95 provinces. Officers of the government include the president, who is chief of state, and the prime minister, who is head of government. The prime minister is gener-
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Rome ally head of a majority party or a majority coalition of parties but can also be appointed from other parties. A proposed prime minister must be approved by a parliamentary vote of confidence and can be removed from office at any time if parliament passes a vote of no confidence. 8
Public Safety
In Rome, speed limits are fixed at 50 kilometers (31 miles) per hour in urban areas, 110 kilometers (68 miles) per hour on main roads outside urban areas, 90 kilometers (56 miles) per hour on secondary and local roads, and 130 kilometers (81 miles) per hour on motorways. The new highway code recently introduced in Italy also stipulates that one must not drive at a speed which is so slow as to hinder the flow of traffic. There are speed limits of 80 kilometers (50 miles) per hour on all roads outside urban areas and 100 kilometers (62 miles) per hour on motorways for cars towing trailers or caravans. Drivers and passengers are required by law to wear seat belts in front and rear seats. Also, while driving, the use of portable telephones is prohibited if they require intervention by hand to function. Helmets are required by law for drivers on two-wheeled vehicles. Emergency breakdown services in Italy are run by ACI (Automobile Club d'Italia). The service operates 24 hours a day throughout the road network. On the motorways, breakdown services can be summoned using the yellow emergency posts located approximately
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every two kilometers (one mile). Information about breakdown service is provided by the 18 ACI representatives at the frontier posts for entry to Italy. 9
Economy
Since World War II, Italy has evolved from an economy based on agriculture into an economy of industrial ranking, with approximately the same total and per capita output as France and the United Kingdom. Yet, the country remains partially divided by the private companies developing in the industrial north and the public enterprise that governs the agricultural south. Rome is headquarters to many multinational corporations, including the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and several World Food programs. Service accounts for 48 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP), industry for 35 percent, public administration for 13 percent, and agriculture for four percent. Most raw materials needed by Italian industry are imported, including over 75 percent of energy requirements. In the early 1990s, Rome was unsettled at the prospect of not qualifying to participate in plans for European economic and monetary union; thus, the city’s financial imbalance was addressed, and subsequently the government adopted stringent budgets, abandoned an inflationary wage index system, and scaled back social welfare
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Rome programs, including pension and health care. Monetary officials were forced to withdraw the lira in September 1993 when it came under extreme pressure in currency markets; it was not re-engaged until in November 1996. On January 1, 1999, the euro (EUR) became the legal currency in Italy, and the lira became a subdivision of it, the irrevocable conversion rate being 1,936.27 lira to one euro. The euro, which consists of 100 (U.S.) cents, will not be in circulation until January 2002. With the start of the new millennium, Rome’s economy is strong, but familiar issues remain a concern: high unemployment figures, government deficit, tottering communications systems, and environmental concerns for the ongoing expansion and industrial integration of the European Union. 10
Environment
Italy has limited mineral resources but has consistently increased its production of mineral imports, like petroleum, lignite, iron ore, sulfur, mercury, and marble. The country is rich with deposits of natural gas; however, reserves are dwindling. Demanding energy requirements keep Italy dependent on oil. Cultivated hydroelectricity does generate some power, and there are several nuclear stations in the country. Roman industrial groups and environmental organizations have made a joint declaration to reduce the environmental impact of energy use, signed in December 1998. The declaration aims
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to reduce emission of carbon dioxide, improve electrical sector efficiency, diversify energy sources, reduce energy consumption in both urban and transport, and double production of renewable energy. 11
Shopping
Rome is a city full of treasures. The prime shopping area for fashion is along Via dei Condotti and Via Frattina, from Via del Corso to Piazza di Spagna, and all of the avenues in between. Shop windows are dressed with jewelry, footwear, and of course, Italian designer clothes. Moderately priced fashions coupled with quality workmanship make the area popular. The elegant Ludovisi District is lined with famous cafes, divine restaurants, and exclusive shops. Radiating out from one of the world’s most famous streets, Via Veneto, the surrounding area has a wealth and style all its own. Between Via Del Tritone and Via Nazionale, the scaled-down boutiques are competitive and of classic quality. The Trevi Fountain area shops are plentiful and quite shoe savvy. Antique shopping can be found between Via Margutta, Via Ripetta, Via dei Coronari, and Via Del Babuino. Across the Tiber River is the Via cola di Rienzo and the Via Ottaviano, and both avenues are lined with clever shops. The department stores in Rome range from the Coin and Rinascente to Upim and Standa. The Coin is in Piaz-
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Rome
Street markets add to the multitude of shopping opportunities in Rome. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
zale Appio at Porta San Giovanni, and La Rinascente is in Piazza Colonna and in Via del Corso. Both Upim and Standa are more accessible at various locations throughout the city. Stores close on Sundays and for a half day during the week (Thursday afternoon for food stores, Monday morning for most others); however, some tourist area shops will remain open on Sundays. During the summer, the half-day closing schedule is on Saturday afternoon. Some shops and most department stores have opted for nonstop operating hours.
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The markets are another facet of shopping in Rome, especially the flea markets. One of the most famous in Italy is the Porta Portese market, held every Sunday morning. Merchant wares that contain everything from antiques to the unlikely cover a three-kilometer (two-mile) stretch of streets, from the Porta Portese to the underpass that leads into Piazza della Radio. 12
Education
School attendance is compulsory from ages six to 14 in Italy. Classes may be held six days a week, and education is a serious matter. There are many uni-
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Rome versities, educational centers, and degrees available in higher education. Italy’s largest institution, the University of Rome, has an enrollment of 190,000 students. Founded in 1303, the university confers many degrees in international relations and communications. Due to an extraordinary wealth of art, Rome is a major center for studies in creative dance, dramatic arts, music, and art restoration. The oldest university in Europe was founded in Bologna in the twelfth century. Present-day academic institutions and educational centers near Rome include Istituto Guglielmo Tagliacarne, Istituto Quasar Design school, John Cabot University, Pontifical Athanaeum Regina Apostolorum, Pontifical University of Saint Bonaventure, Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Universita degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza, Universita degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Universita Popolare di Roma, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Libera Universita degli Studi Maria SS Assunta, Libera Universita, Internazionale Studi Sociali Guido Carli, Libero Istituto Universitario Campus Bio medico, Pontifico Ateneo della Santa Croce, Pontifica Universita Gregoriana, Pontifica Universita Lateranense, Libero Istituto Universitario San Pio V, and the Osservatorio Astronomico. 13
Health Care
The problems that plague Italy’s health care system are complex and deeply rooted in the nation’s political
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history and economy. The withdrawal of the lira from the monetary system signaled the beginning of a period of economic austerity. In an attempt to control spending by Rome, social benefits, including health care, were cut back. Despite Italy being the world’s fifth-largest economy, governmental intervention policy has strangled productive growth. Generally, health care services are coordinated through government agencies, and 95 percent of Italians rely on the public system for health care. The system provisions offer cradle-to-grave medical and surgical care at public facilities throughout the nation. Of those 95 percent relying on public health care, about five percent have private insurance, which debuted about three years ago, and they tend to live in the northern region of Italy. About one percent of the population pays privately for health services, and a small number of private hospitals and clinics exist to serve their needs. Italy spends about seven-and-a-half percent of its GDP on health care or, in terms of U.S. dollars, about $1500 per person. Large public hospitals are the prominent features of the Italian health care landscape. Managed by the government, medical universities, or the Roman Catholic Church, the number of services available and the quality of service at public facilities correlates with each hospital’s geographic location. Private urban hospitals that tout the best
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Rome equipment are rivaled by large public facilities in big cities. There are three types of hospitals in Italy: general care facilities, specialist centers, and psychiatric care hospitals. Facilities are further defined by the number of patients they intend to serve. Local or zone hospitals serve 25,000 to 30,000 people and are the most common facilities. Provincial hospitals serve about 400,000 people, and regional facilities, located in large urban areas, serve about one million and offer the most services. The Italian Ministry of Health’s National Health Service, known as the SSN, oversees the operation of all government facilities, but each hospital is governed directly by an administrative council whose members are locally elected. Overall, health care tends to be unevenly distributed in Italy; the north is equipped with a greater number of facilities and more professionals than the neighboring south. 14
Media
Rome’s two main newspapers are La Republica and Il Messaggero. British and American newspapers are readily available, and the International Herald Tribune is sold on the day of issue. British Broadcast Communications (BBC) world service can be heard on radio 15.070 MHz (shortwave) in the morning and 648KHz (medium wave) at night. Listeners can tune in to Vatican Radio on 93.3 MHz, and 105 MHz broadcasts news in English.
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The state television channels include RAI, Uno, Due, and Tre; all are politically aligned. Satellite dishes and cable TV allow for reception of various European channels, as well as channels for sports and news in English. 15
Sports
Romans are sports enthusiasts and play with passion. A peaceful afternoon may suddenly explode with the sounds of victory—cheers from excited crowds and honking car horns. Football, commonly known as soccer in North America, is the national sport. Playing for Rome in the Campionato Italiano (Italian championship league) are two teams, Roma and Lazio, and they take turns playing in Stadio Olimpico on Sundays at 3:00 PM. Spring in Rome is synonymous with tennis. For tennis players, there are an abundance of clubs from which to choose. For tennis fans, the International Tennis Championship meets for two weeks every May at Foro Italico. The event draws the world’s top tennis players to smash it out on clay courts. Spring also brings out golf enthusiasts. Golfers in Rome can play at several golf associations in and around the city. Some will accept a touring golfer with a home membership. Golf fans can also watch the National Championships in and around the city. The tournament play runs in October, and the Rome Masters is held in April. Rome also hosts a plethora of racing venues. For horseracing fans, the trotters run at the Ippodromo di Tor di
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Rome Valle. Steeple chase or flat races are run at Ippodromo delle Capannelle. Autoracing enthusiasts head to Valle Lunga, where Formula-1 and Formula-3 cars vie for the lead position on Sundays. Dogs race at the Cinodromo Track, where greyhounds run Wednesday and Thursday evenings, as well as Sunday mornings. Finally, for the fans of rowing, a British Oxbridge team challenges the historic Aniene team to race, alternately on the Thames and the Tiber rivers, in mid June. 16
Parks and Recreation
Rome’s perfect climate and stunning scenery beckon many people into the plentiful city parks. People don’t have to travel far to experience park settings and exquisite monuments. The Trevi Fountain, begun by Italian sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598–1680) in 1640, is a perfect example. The Roman Forum’s archaeological area is a public garden in itself that is open from morning until sunset. The largest park in Rome, Villa Doria Pamphilj, is located just south of the Vatacian. The park was designed in the mid-seventeenth century for Prince Camillo Pamphilj. A beautiful place to stroll, there is plenty of open space, a network of paths to explore, and three different tracks for walking dogs or jogging. On a hillside above Piazza del Popolo is another lush and inviting park, Pincio Gardens. The streets are skillfully terraced with umbrella pines,
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palm trees, and evergreen oaks to hide the zig-zag road that climbs up to the gardens. Villa Borghese, designed in 1605 for Cardinal Borghese, was the first park of its kind in Rome, with 400 planted pine trees and dramatic waterworks. The garden layout was often imitated by prominent Roman families. Honoring the eighteenth-century renovation, the intersections of paths and avenues are now marked by fountains and statues. Long avenues of trees are dotted with picturesque villas that double as museums and galleries. The woods, lakes, and grass cover a vast area. This park also offers a running track. A beautiful villa and garden, Villa Torionia was once the Mussolini family residence. Its well-maintained commons area contains a variety of exotic plants and ample trees. Another small, serene park villa with a scenic view of the city is Rome’s Villa Aldobrandini. The supreme Villa Celimontana is located between the Colosseum and the baths of Caracalla. Open dawn until sunset, only a part of another comely city park, Villa Ada, is open to the public. If exercise is on the agenda, bicycles are available for rent from many places, including Porta Pinciana in Villa Borghese, Collalti, and Via del Corso. Organized bike tours are advertised in various publications. For the indoor enthusiast, there are sport centers that offer swimming pools, gym facilities, and dance classes.
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Rome Some health clubs do require membership. 17
Performing Arts
Italy is considered by many to be a birthplace of the arts. Today Romans still enjoy cultural events and are proud of their country’s artistic heritage. Throughout the year there are numerous musical and artistic venues to experience, both indoors and outdoors. For classical music, the city’s churches host a range of choral, chamber, and organ recitals, many free of charge. For jazz and blues afficionados, the gardens at Villa Celimontana host premiere musicians for an evening of music under the stars. Throughout the year, the local Accademia di Santa Cecilia stages concerts, with either national artists or visiting orchestras, at Via dei Greci 18, and in the summer concerts are held at the Piazza del Campidoglio. Rome’s opera scene concentrates on the Teatro dell’ Opera. Winter season is conducted on the Via Firenze; for summer season, the ensemble moves outdoors to Villa Borghese park. Finally, for a colorful open-air theater, Janiculum Hill plays host to Teatro di Pulcinella Puppets on late afternoons and weekend mornings. Reflecting diverse styles, the magnificence of Rome is preserved through arts and culture. The city is host to hundreds of theaters throughout the streets, in open spaces, and among ancient ruins.
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Libraries and Museums
Italy has more than 2,400 public libraries and 3,442 museums that store and specialize in information. Some institutions circulate only materials that cover a particular field of study— archaeology, ancient art, bio-medics, to name a few. With a history as rich as Rome’s, it takes numerous institutions to house and display all the ancient treasures. The following is only a partial list of the many libraries: Accademia Dei Lincei, Accademia di Danimarca, Accademia di Ungheria, Accademia Spagnola di Storia, Biblioteca A. Sarti, Angelica, Casanatense, Comunale Rispoli, Belle Donne, Di Storia Moderna E Contemporaena, Raccolta Teatrale Del Burcardo, Nazionale Centrale, Universitaria Alessandrina, Vallicelliana, Vaticana, British Council, Centro Studi Americani, Fondazione Lelio Basso, Fondazione Luigi Einaudi, Goethe Institut, Istituto Austriaco Di Cultura, Istituto di Norvegia a Roma, and Istituto Svizzero Di Roma. Rome also hosts more than 50 different visual art museums and galleries. Not all are inside structures; some museums operate within the very structure they represent, like the Catacombs. The oldest art collection in Rome, housed in the Capitoline Museum, was established in 1471 and contains exceptional antiquities. Other Roman museums are the National Museum of the Villa Giulia, which has an outstanding collection of Etruscan and Roman art, and is located in the mid-sixteenth-cen-
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Rome
The Pantheon, a temple, survives from the era of the Roman Empire. (Robert Frerck; Woodfin Camp)
tury country house of Pope Julius II (1443–1513). The Borghese Gallery, a museum of paintings and sculpture is housed in an early seventeenth-century palace. The National Roman Museum, designed by Michelangelo (1475–1564), features exhibits of Greek and Roman sculpture, including the Ludovisi collection of antiquities. Important collections of art and decorative pieces can also be seen in the city’s other palaces. Among these are the Farnese Palace, built between 1514 and 1589; the midfifteenth-century Venetian Palace, with a noted collection of small renaissance bronzes; and the Palazzo Barberini, a
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seventeenth-century Baroque palace with a remarkable picture gallery. The Vatican Museum, Viale Vaticano, is open from March through October and offers student pricing. Archaeological museums tend to be closed on Mondays. Several within the city include Antiquarium Comunale, Museo Barracco Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Capitoline Museums Piazza del Campidoglio, Museo Della Civilta’ Romana Piazza Giovanni Angel, Museo Nazionale Romano, and Museo Preistorico ed Etnografico L. Pigorini. For inspirational art, visitors should see Museo Gregoriano Profano,
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Rome Museo Pio Clementino, Museo Chiaramonti, Museo Gregoriano Etrusco, Museo Storico, Castel Sant’Angelo Museum, National Roman Museum of the Thermae, Museum of Roman Civilization, Natural History Museum, Napoleonic Museum, Palazzo delle Esposizioni Via Nazionale, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Antica, Galleria Nazionale d’Arte Moderna, Galleria dell; Accademia, Galleria Colonna Via della Pilotta, and Galleria Doria Pamphili. Museums and monuments to the deceased are also popular places to visit in Rome. One rather unusual place is an eclectic museum devoted to the dead souls trapped in purgatory who leave messages for the living. Admission is free at Museo delle Anime dei Defunti. Near the Pantheon on Piazza della Minerva is Santa Maria Sopra Minerva. Here lies the body of St. Catherine. After her death in 1380, her body was severed from her head, which remained in Siena, the town of her birth. The Saint Maria della Concezione’s Cappuccini monk cemetery is elaborately decorated with the bones of 4,000 monks and a Barberini princess. Located on Via Vittorio Veneto, it is a place of startling spirituality. 19
To u r i s m
A great number of tourists are attracted to Rome by its Alpine and Mediterranean scenery, sunny climate, archaeological remains, medieval and Baroque churches, Renaissance towns and palaces, painting, sculpture, and
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famous opera houses. Each province of Italy has a Board of Tourism; in addition, there are more than 300 supplemental listings for further information in Rome. The latest figures indicate that close to 60 million people visit Italy every year. Tourist dollars spent in 1996 amounted to more than 46 million lira. City authorities estimate more than 40 million pilgrims traveled to Rome during the year 2000. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Epiphany
FEBRUARY Lenten season
MARCH Ides of March
APRIL Easter (The Pope says mass on Holy Friday at the Colosseum.) Natale di Roma (Rome’s birthday is celebrated with fireworks.) Liberation Day International Horse Show Rome Masters Golf Tournament
MAY Labour Day Foro Italico (Roman International Tennis Championship) Spanish Steps Azaleas Display
JUNE Derby Horse Racing Anniversary of the Republic St. Peter’s Square papal benediction (Sundays) Crew race between teams Oxbridge and Aniene
JULY Expo Tevere (artisan fair)
AUGUST Assumption of the Virgin Mary
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Rome OCTOBER
Enrico Caruso (1873–1921), tenor.
National Golf Championship
NOVEMBER All Saints Day National Unity Day Premio Roma horse race
DECEMBER Birth of the Virgin Mary Feast of St. Stephen
Saint Clare of Assisi (1198–1253), revered female of the early Franciscan Order. Dante (1265–1321), poet and founder of modern Italian literature with his The Divine Comedy. Federico Fellini (1920–93), film director.
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Famous Citizens
Francisco Accorso Accursius (c. 1182–c. 1260), jurist and professor, compiled Glossa Magna on Roman law.
Saint Francis of Assisi (1182–1223), religious figure, founder of the Franciscan Order (1209).
Saint Ambrose (340–397), patron saint.
Augustus William Hare (1792–1824), author of guidebooks and travelogues of Italy and the Mediterranean.
Fra Angelico (1387–1455), renaissance painter.
Pope John Paul I (Albino Luciani, 1912– 1978), Catholic Pope.
Saint Anthony of Padua (1195–1231), Franciscan preacher, who holds the record for being canonized in the shortest period of time after his death, less than one year.
Julius Caesar (c. 100–44 B.C.), assassinated a month after being named imperial Roman dictator for life.
Alfieri (1749–1803), poet.
Saint Augustine (354–430), bishop whom scholars call the greatest thinker in the Latin language. Augustus Caesar (63 B.C.–A.D. 14), the first and perhaps greatest Roman emperor. Dario Bellezza (1944–95), poet and novelist. Saint Benedict (c. 480–c. 547), founder of the Benedictine monastic order, patron saint of engineers. Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), architect and sculptor.
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Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527), author. Angelo Mariani (1821–73), music director, collaborator of Verdi. Saint Mark (d. 68), patron saint of Venice. Giulietta Masina (1920–94), actress, wife of Federico Fellini. Marcello Mastroianni (1924–96), actor, discovered by Fellini. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), painter, sculptor and architect, who rejected the restrictions of classical design theory and generated an
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Rome imaginative approach to architectural composition.
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For Further Study
Websites Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643), composer. Niccolo Paganini (d. 1840), violin virtuoso. Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Montini, 1897– 1978), Catholic pope. Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924), composer. Raphael (1483–1520), artist. Gioacchino Rossini (1792–1868), composer. Tintoretto (1518–1594), Venetian painter. Arturo Toscanini (1867–1957), conductor. Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), composer. Gianni Versace (1946–97), fashion designer. Virgil (70–19 B .C .), Rome’s champion epic poet, wrote literary masterpiece the Aeneid.
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Enjoy Rome. [Online] Available http:// www.enjoyrome.com (accessed February 7, 2000). Northern Italy. [Online] Available http:// www.northernitaly.com (accessed February 7, 2000). Theodora. [Online] Available http:// www.theodora.com (accessed February 7, 2000).
Government Offices Consiglio Superiore della Magistratura Piazza dell’ Indipendendza 6, 00185 Rome Francesco Paolo Fulci Ambassador to United Nations Unione Italiana delle Camere di Commercio Piazza Sallustio 21, 00187 Rome Tel: (6) 47041 U. S. Embassy Via Veneto 119A/121 Tel.: 467 41
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Dipartimento del Turismo: Via della Ferratella in Laterano 51, 00184 Rome Ente Nazionale Italiano per il Turisom (ENIT) Via Marghera 2, 00185 Rome
Books Absalom, R. Italy since 1880: A Nation in the Balance. Harlow, 1995. Smith, D.M. Modern Italy: A Political History. Yale University Press, 1997.
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San Francisco San Francisco, California, United States of America, North America Founded: 1776; Incorporated: 1850 Location: The Pacific coast of northern California, United States, North America Motto: “Gold in Peace and Iron in War” Flower: Dahlia Time Zone: 4 AM Pacific Standard Time (PST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 67%; Black, 11%; American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut, 0.5%; Asian and Pacific Islander, 29%; Hispanic origin (may be of any race), 14% Elevation: 47 m (155 ft) Latitude and Longitude: 37º77'N, 122º41'W Coastline: 40–50 km (25–30 mi) Climate: Mediterranean-type climate with consistent, moderate temperatures. The year is divided into distinct dry and wet seasons, with most precipitation occurring between November and March. A distinguishing climate feature is the fog that rolls in from the Pacific Ocean. Annual Mean Temperature: 15ºC (59ºF); January 12ºC (53ºF); August 18ºC (65ºF) Average Annual Precipitation (rainfall and melted snow): 49 cm (19.33 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. Telephone Area Codes: 415 Postal Codes: 94101-88
1
Introduction
Situated on a peninsula separating San Francisco Bay from the Pacific Ocean, San Francisco is a uniquely picturesque city, whose scenic attractions include the largest cultivated urban park in the country, Golden Gate Park. Its notoriously steep streets, traversed by the famous cable cars, are home to a remarkably diverse ethnic population, and the city’s reputation for tolerance and diversity is also evident in its history as a mecca for the gay community. Known for sophisticated cultural innovation and experimentation, San Fran-
cisco was the gathering place of the “beat” generation in the 1950s and a focal point of the 1960s counterculture, a hotbed of political protest and the birthplace of the “San Francisco Sound.” Still known for its cultural attractions, today the Bay Area is also famous for its concentration of cuttingedge high-technology firms, which have drawn even more new residents to this populous region. 2
Getting There
The city of San Francisco is situated at the tip of a peninsula surrounded by
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San Francisco Bus and Railroad Service
San Francisco Population Profile City Proper Population: 724,000 Area: 122 sq km (47 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 59.5% white; 29.1% Asian or Pacific Islander; 10.9% black; and 0.5% Native American Nicknames: The Golden Gate City, Baghdad in the Bay
Metropolitan Area Population: 4,051,000 Description: San Francisco and surrounding communities World population rank1: 59 Percentage of national population2: 1.5% Average yearly growth rate: 1.0% Ethnic composition: 67% white; 25% Asian or Pacific Islander; 7% black; 1% other ——— 1. The San Francisco metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the United States’ total population living in the San Francisco metropolitan area.
the Pacific Ocean on the west, the San Francisco Bay on the east, and the Golden Gate, a narrow marine passageway between San Francisco and Marin County to the north. Highways Several interstate highways provide easy access to the city, including U.S.101 and State Route 1 (the Pacific Coastal Highway). I-5, the north-south highway that runs from Canada to Mexico, reaches San Francisco through Loops 580 and 680. U.S.-50 also passes through the city.
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Amtrak provides service to San Francisco on the California Zephyr, which runs through Salt Lake City, Denver, and eastward to Chicago, and the Coast Starlight, which runs between San Francisco and Los Angeles. Trains with regional routes through California include the Capitols and the San Joaquins. Airports San Francisco International Airport, one of the nation’s busiest, handles most domestic and international flights to and from the city. It services flights from about 50 major carriers. Shipping With 40 deep-water piers, San Francisco is one of the leading port cities on the Pacific coast, handling about onethird of the country’s West Coast trade, amounting to more than 200,000 tons of cargo annually. It has been designated a U.S. Port of Entry and a free trade zone. Freight is also carried to and from the region by a number of major rail carriers and trucking companies, and all major air freight carriers land at San Francisco International Airport. 3
Getting Around
Situated on 40 hills of varying heights—among the highest are Telegraph Hill, Nob Hill, and Russian Hill— San Francisco is known for its steep streets, many of which ascend and descend hillsides, the result of insis-
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San Francisco
tence by early planners on imposing a strict grid pattern on the city rather than following the natural contours of
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the land. The two hills of Twin Peaks mark the geographic center of the city, which is divided into a number of dis-
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San Francisco Sightseeing
San Francisco’s historic cable cars cover a 16 kilometer (10-mile) route. (Carol Simowitz; San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau)
tinct neighborhoods, many of whose streets are laid out in grid patterns. Bisecting much of the city from southwest to northeast is Market Street, whose southwestern-most portion is called Portola Drive. The Golden Gate Bridge runs northward across the Golden Gate straight; the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge runs northeastward across San Francisco Bay. Bus and Commuter Rail Service The Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) provides commuter rail service between the city and 26 stations in the East Bay area. The Municipal Railway System (Muni) operates San Francisco’s famed cable cars—popular with both commuters and tourists—and a system of aboveand underground light-rail vehicles. There is also ferry service between San Francisco, Oakland, and Berkeley.
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Many of the sights in downtown San Francisco can be covered on walking tours. Areas for which tours are available include Chinatown and Pacific Heights. Among the tours focusing on specific areas of interest are Victorian homes tour and a Dashiell Hammett tour that covers sites linked to his detective, Sam Spade. The city’s restored cable cars—which have been declared a historical landmark—carry visitors over a 16-kilometer (ten-mile) route. Bus tours of San Francisco and the Bay Area are also available, as are scenic cruises of San Francisco Bay, which offer views of the San Francisco skyline, the Golden Gate Bridge, and Alcatraz prison. 4
People
Known for its ethnic diversity, San Francisco has one of the country’s highest concentrations of new immigrants. The 1990 census recorded a population of approximately 724,000 in the city of San Francisco, of which 59.5 percent were white, 29.1 percent Asian or Pacific Islander, 10.9 percent black, and 0.5 percent Native American. The surrounding area, designated by the Census Bureau as San Francisco’s Primary Statistical Metropolitan Area (PMSA), had a 1990 population of 1.6 million. In 1996 its population was still under 1.7 million, and its racial composition was 67 percent white; 25 percent Asian or Pacific Islander; and seven percent black.
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San Francisco
City Fact Comparison San Francisco (United States)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
4,051,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1776
753 BC
723 BC
$172
$129
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy) Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs
$139
$193
$44
$56
$59
$62
$2
$14
$15
$16
$185
$173
$246
$207
Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
2
13
20
11
San Francisco Chronicle
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
475,324
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1865
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
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Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods in the northern part of San Francisco include the wealthy Pacific Heights district, whose mansions provide dramatic views of the Bay; Nob Hill, site of the “crookedest street in the world” (Lombard Street); North Beach and Chinatown, home to the largest single concentration of Chinese outside of China; the financial district, dominated by the TransAmerica Pyramid and the Bank of America building; and the Western Addition, with its gracious restored Victorian homes. Districts close to the center of the city include Haight-Ashbury, cradle
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of the 1960s counterculture; the Mission District, site of the historic Mission Dolores and home to the city’s largest Hispanic population; the Central area, home of the Castro, for decades a gay and lesbian mecca; and the South of Market district, a heavily commercial area that has attracted many high-technology start-up firms. To the south lie South Bayshore, which combines residential and commercial properties and is also home to the city’s produce markets; the largely working-class South Central area; and the pricier Ingleside, near San Francisco State University and San Francisco City College.
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San Francisco
A view of San Francisco from across the San Francisco Bay. (Glen McLeod; San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau)
6
History
The fog that rolls in off the Pacific Ocean hid the present-day site of San Francisco from Spanish conquistadors for two centuries after they first discovered California. A small party of explorers traveling overland from Mexico toward Canada and led by Sergeant José Ortega first stumbled on the area in 1769, and settlement began in 1776. A small town, called Yerba Buena, was established, but for over half a century it attracted little attention and was populated mostly by missionaries. The United States claimed it in 1846, during the Mexican War, and its population
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nearly doubled with the arrival of over 200 Mormon settlers. The town’s situation changed dramatically with the discovery of gold in 1848 at Sutters Mill, about 225 kilometers (140 miles) away, and the onset of the California Gold Rush. The Gold Rush brought wealth and expansion to the city as it grew to accommodate the thousands of prospectors arriving to seek their fortunes, many of whom later settled permanently in the area. However, the Gold Rush also created a wave of lawlessness as saloons, gambling joints, and brothels were opened to serve thousands of temporary settlers who considered themselves outside the
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San Francisco law. San Francisco was incorporated in 1850, and the city’s permanent residents began forming vigilante groups in the 1850s to clean up the town, eventually restoring order. San Francisco continued to grow in the latter half of the nineteenth century, receiving a major boost from the completion of the transcontinental railway in 1869, as well as a silver boom in Nevada. By the turn of the century, it was home to about a third-of-a-million people. The new century, however, soon brought disaster in the form of the great earthquake of April 18, 1906, in which over 500 people perished. Ten square kilometers (four square miles) of the city were destroyed as fires raged out of control for three days. However, the people of San Francisco forged ahead in the face of tragedy and rebuilt their city, with the help of donations that poured in from many quarters following the disaster. By 1915 the city triumphantly hosted its first world’s fair, the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in honor of the completion of the Panama Canal. The first half of the twentieth century was a period of continued growth spearheaded by the completion of major buildings and infrastructure projects, including the damming of the Tuoloumne River at the Hetch Hetchy Canyon and the construction of two great bridges completed within a year of each other: the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (1936) and the Golden Gate Bridge (1937). With the growth of industry came the development of an active labor movement, which became
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one of the dominant powers in the city. The longshoremen’s strike in 1930 was the largest in U.S. history. World War II (1939–45) further boosted industrial production in the city, although the period was marred by the forced relocation of thousands of Bay Area Japanese Americans and their detention in internment camps for the duration of the war. The postwar period has seen continued economic growth and civic expansion, but the city has also had to confront problems typical of major urban areas, including flight to the surrounding suburbs, and the blight and decay of downtown areas. Urban renewal began in the 1960s and 1970s; the downtown area was redeveloped, and the Rapid Transit System was introduced to make the central city more accessible to those on the periphery. During this period, the Bay Area became a focal point of the youth counterculture that was sweeping the nation, and a center for student protest against the Vietnam War (1945–1973) and other types of activism, including the struggle for gay rights. The 1970s ended on a somber note with the 1979 assassination of Mayor George Moscone and the city’s first openly gay city supervisor, Harvey Milk. That same year San Francisco elected its first woman mayor, Dianne Feinstein. In 1989 San Francisco experienced another major earthquake. However, the city moved forward in the following decade. Its city hall was refurbished, and important new facilities were built,
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San Francisco
Because of its location on a natural harbor, shipping has played an important part in the history of San Francisco’s economy. Today, the Fisherman’s Wharf is a popular tourist attraction. (Mark Gibson; San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau)
including a museum of modern art, a new main library, and an arts center. 7
Government
San Francisco, which is both a city and a county, has a mayor-council form of government. The mayor, who serves as the chief executive, is elected to a four-year term, as are the 11 members of the city council. The city administrator and controller are appointed by the mayor. Elected officials include the city assessor, public defender, district attorney, sheriff, and attorney. In 1995 San
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Francisco’s municipal government employed 26,000 persons. 8
Public Safety
In 1995 San Francisco had a total crime index figure of 8,190 crimes reported to police per 100,000 residents. A total of 1,737 reports were violent crimes (murder, 17; rape, 69; robbery, 653; and aggravated assault, 998), and 6,713 were property crimes (burglary, 965; larceny, 4,625; and motor vehicle theft, 1,123).
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San Francisco In May 1999, the city of San Francisco, together with three other California municipalities and two counties, sued gun manufacturers for promoting the illegal sale of guns that are ultimately used to commit crimes. Three industry trade associations and 28 gun makers were named in the suit, which charged them with creating an illegal secondary market for guns and deliberately producing enough guns to perpetuate it; designing guns to make them attractive to criminals; falsely advertising the safety of their products; evading state and federal gun control laws; and selling defective and unsafe weapons. The gun-industry suit follows the precedent set in 1996 when San Francisco became the first city in the United States to sue the tobacco industry, also under California’s unfair business practices law. Under the terms of the 1998 settlement of that suit, California became the only state in which cities were to receive direct compensation from the tobacco industry. 9
Economy
San Francisco’s coastal location and natural harbor have made it an important shipping center throughout its history, and it is still one of the major port cities on the West Coast, although today most shipping activity actually occurs in nearby Oakland. Since the nineteenth century, San Francisco has been known as a financial center. Today it is home to leading banks (Wells Fargo) and insurance companies (TransAmerica, Fireman’s Fund)
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and the site of the Pacific Stock Exchange, as well as branches of the Federal Reserve and United States Mint. Some 500 Fortune 500 companies are headquartered in the city, including Charles Schwab & Co., Bechtel Engineering, Chevron Oil, and Levi Strauss & Co. San Francisco’s newest growth areas are computers and electronics, and biotechnology. The city’s history of involvement in defense-related industries and its location near such hightech centers as Stanford University and the famed Silicon Valley have created a boom in computers, scientific instrument, and other electronics fields. Home of the pioneering Genentech firm, founded in the 1970s, San Francisco is also on the cutting edge of the biotechnology industry, with some 500 companies in the area specializing in pharmaceuticals, medical electronics, bionics, and related areas. The cost of living in the Bay Area is substantially higher than the national average. In 1996 the median sale price for a single-family home was $319,985, well above the national average, and apartments rent from $550 per month for a one-room studio to $1,500 for two- and three-bedroom apartments or houses. However, the income of the area’s residents is also above average— their wages and salaries are among the highest in the nation, partly as a result of their relatively high level of education and the concentration of jobs in well-paid areas, including high-technology fields and the professions.
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San Francisco 10
Environment
San Francisco is situated on a peninsula that forms the western boundary of the 1,285-square-kilometer (496square-mile) San Francisco Bay. Its hilly terrain is part of the Coast Ranges, which extend from Oregon southward to Santa Barbara County. Among the highest peaks in the region are Mount Tamalpais (784 meters/2,571 feet) and Mount Diablo (1,173 meters/3,849 feet). Other than its harbor, the outstanding natural feature of the Bay Area—and the one with the greatest potential to affect the lives of its residents—is the region’s location on top of a network of fault lines, which has led to two major earthquakes in this century, in 1906 and 1989. The San Andreas is the best known of these tectonic faults, where portions of the earth’s crust slide past each other. Normally these motions amount to an imperceptible five centimeters (two inches) per year; occasionally, however, excess pressure builds up against these plates, and when it is released, an earthquake occurs. In 1994 the city inaugurated a 50year plan to dispose of the millions of tons of sediment that wash into San Francisco Bay annually, threatening shipping and other activities. 11
Shopping
San Francisco offers a varied and eclectic shopping experience. Union Square, in the northeastern part of the
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city, is the major shopping district and home to most of the city’s department stores, including Macy’s, Neiman Marcus, Gump’s, and Nordstrom, which anchors the huge San Francisco Shopping Centre, site of over 100 stores and restaurants. The Embarcadero Center, located in the financial district, is a four-hectare (ten-acre) commercial complex of shops and restaurants. Also located in the financial district is the exclusive Crocker Galleria, featuring designer clothing and specialty shops. The Jackson Square Historic District offers over 20 antique stores. In addition to souvenir shops and specialty museums, Fisherman’s Wharf offers four major retail complexes: Ghirardelli Square, anchored by a chocolate factory, the Cannery (a converted canning factory), Pier 39, and the Anchorage. For the budget-minded, the South of Market neighborhood offers a variety of bargain outlets and secondhand shops. San Francisco’s ethnic neighborhoods provide a colorful shopping experience: goods from throughout Latin America can be found in the heavily Hispanic Mission District, and Chinatown offers all types of Asian goods, some in open-air markets. San Francisco is also widely known as a bookstore lover’s paradise. 12
Education
The San Francisco Unified School District has approximately 105 public schools covering kindergarten through grade 12, with an average daily attendance of 63,900. The city’s private and
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San Francisco
Visitors pass under the gate to Chinatown, one of San Francisco’s many ethnic neighborhoods. (Kerrick James; San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau)
parochial schools, numbering about 140, enroll an additional 23,600 students. Altogether, there are more than 35 colleges and universities located in the Bay Area, including the University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco State University, the University of San Francisco, Golden Gate University, and the University of California at Berkeley. Specialized educational facilities include the Hastings College of Law, the California School of Professional Psychology, the San Francisco Art Institute,
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and the San Francisco Conservatory of Music. 13
Health Care
San Francisco offers state-of-the-art health-care facilities. The San Francisco metropolitan statistical area had 5,209 office-based physicians in 1995 when its 23 community hospitals had 4,999 beds. San Francisco’s largest hospital is San Francisco General Medical Center, with 550 beds and a highly respected emergency and trauma center. The hospital was also the site of the first specialized AIDS unit in the country. In 1996–
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San Francisco 97, it had 23,764 admissions, 391,661 outpatient visits, and employed 3,239 people. Other health-care facilities include the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, St. Francis Memorial Hospital, and Seton Medical Center. 14
Media
San Francisco has two major daily newspapers: the San Francisco Chronicle (morning) and the San Francisco Examiner (evening); both papers jointly publish the Sunday paper, the San Francisco Examiner and Chronicle. Neighborhood publications include the Richmond Review, San Francisco Downtown, the Haight Ashbury Free Press, and the New Mission News. San Francisco Business magazine is published by the city’s chamber of commerce, while San Francisco Focus is a regional-interest magazine. San Francisco is also the book publishing capital of the West Coast. The major commercial networks, public television, and foreign-language stations are all represented among the city’s nine television stations, and there are 33 AM and FM radio stations. 15
Sports
The Bay Area is home to major league teams in all the major spectator sports. In baseball, there are the National League’s San Francisco Giants and the American League’s Oakland Athletics (“Oakland A’s”). Teams from both San Francisco and Oakland also play in the National Football League (NFL): the San Francisco 49ers and the
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Oakland Raiders. In basketball, Oakland’s Golden State Warriors play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). All the San Francisco teams play in 3Com Park (formerly Candlestick Park); the Oakland teams play at the Oakland Coliseum. Also in the Bay Area are the National Hockey League’s San Jose Sharks. San Francisco is also home to the nation’s third-largest marathon, the San Francisco Marathon, held annually in July. Other spectator sports include horse racing at Golden Gate Fields and Bay Meadows and auto racing at Baylands Raceway Park and other venues. 16
Parks and Recreation
Golden Gate Park, stretching five kilometers (three miles) inland from Ocean Beach toward the heart of the city, is the nation’s largest cultivated urban park. Covering a total area of over 405 hectares (1,000 acres), it has 43 kilometers (27 miles) of footpaths and 12 kilometers (seven-and-a-half miles) of equestrian trails. Its varied landscape includes gardens and woods, as well as man-made lakes and waterfalls. San Franciscans use the park for everything from quiet strolls and picnics to outdoor sports. Located within its boundaries are an arboretum, a glass flower conservatory housing over 20,000 species of rare plants, a Japanese tea garden, an eight-hectare (20-acre) rhododendron garden, and a children’s playground.
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San Francisco Situated on both sides of the Golden Gate waterway between the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay, and connected by the Golden Gate Bridge, is the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the world’s largest urban park. Covering a total of 28,329 hectares (70,000 acres), it offers hiking trails, beaches, campgrounds, nature preserves, and scenic lookouts over both the ocean and the bay. Outdoor activities available in San Francisco year round include hiking, camping, bicycling, horseback riding, hang gliding, and golf. Popular water sports include swimming, fishing, boating, water skiing, and surfing. 17
Performing Arts
San Francisco is known for its rich and varied cultural scene, which embraces both European (Western) and non-Western traditions in the performing arts. Its flagship musical institution is the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1911. Appointed in 1995, music director Michael Tilson Thomas has expanded the group’s repertoire to include a greater number of twentieth-century works, as well as the standard classical and Romantic offerings. Other well-known musical ensembles founded in San Francisco include the Kronos Quartet and the male choir Chanticleer. The San Francisco Opera, widely considered the leading opera company in the western United States, was founded in 1923, making it one of the nation’s oldest opera companies. Jazz has flourished in the Bay Area since
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The Palace of Fine Arts provides a naturally beautiful setting for all sorts of recreational activities. (Glen McLeod; San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau)
the 1940s and 1950s, the heyday of area native Dave Brubeck (b. 1920). The 1960s made San Francisco one of the nation’s rock capitals, birthplace of the “San Francisco Sound,” exemplified by the Grateful Dead, the Jefferson Airplane, and Janis Joplin’s band, Big Brother and the Holding Company. The San Francisco Ballet, the country’s oldest resident ballet company, has a wide repertoire of works by both classical and twentieth-century choreographers, and the Oakland Ballet has also made a name for itself in the region. San Francisco’s modern dance troupes include Contraband.
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San Francisco San Francisco’s American Conservatory Theatre is considered one of the country’s leading regional theaters and also runs a highly regarded drama school. The San Francisco Mime Troupe, founded 40 years ago, is still popular with local audiences and tours widely. 18
Libraries and Museums
The San Francisco Public Library, founded in 1878, serves a population of nearly 800,000 from a main building and 26 branches. With almost two-anda-half million book volumes, it has an annual circulation of close to five-anda-half million. The library has special collections in the areas of Chinese language, calligraphy, gay and lesbian history, science fiction, and humor. San Francisco’s premier art museum is the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, located in a striking modern building designed by Swiss architect Mario Botta (b. 1943), opposite the Yerba Buena Gardens, after moving from its longtime site in the Civic Center. The museum, which houses more than 17,000 pieces of art, is known locally as “Sf-MOMA.” Other major art collections are found at the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, which features European paintings; it is located in Golden Gate Park, where it shares a building with the Asian Art Museum. San Francisco is also home to an eclectic array of specialty museums, including the American Carousel Museum, the National Maritime
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Museum, the San Francisco International Toy Museum, the Old Mint, the Telephone Museum, the San Francisco Fire Department Museum, the Chinese Culture Center Museum, and the San Francisco Crafts and Folk Art Museum. 19
To u r i s m
San Francisco’s natural beauty, mild weather, and cultural attractions have made tourism one of the city’s leading industries, and there are some 30,000 hotel rooms available for visitors. In addition to vacationers and sightseers, about one-and-a-half million visitors to the city attend conventions and trade shows in the city every year. They are served by an outstanding array of meeting facilities, including the Civic Auditorium, which seats nearly 8,000 people; the Brooks Exhibit Hall, which provides 8,361 square meters (90,000 square feet) of exhibition space; and the 55,740-square-meter (600,000-squarefoot) Moscone Center, undergoing an expansion slated for completion in 2000. In 1995 San Francisco attracted two-and-a-half million foreign visitors, the fourth-highest number of any city in the United States. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Chinese New Year celebration Sports & Boat Show
FEBRUARY Arts of the Pacific Asian Show Pacific Orchid Exposition
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San Francisco MARCH Bouquets to Art Contemporary Crafts Market International Asian Film Festival Tulipmania St. Patrick’s Day Parade San Francisco Garden Show
San Francisco Fringe Theater Festival San Francisco Blues Festival
OCTOBER Fleet Week Great Halloween and Pumpkin Festival Viva Mexico
MARCH-APRIL
LATE OCTOBER-EARLY NOVEMBER
Easter Parade and Hat Promenade
San Francisco Jazz Festival
APRIL
NOVEMBER
Cherry Blossom Festival Macy’s Flower Show
Polka Festival Weekend (Thanksgiving Weekend) and Polka Hall of Fame Induction
LATE APRIL-EARLY MAY San Francisco International Film Festival
MAY Carnaval Cinco de Mayo Celebrations Traditional Music and Dance Festival Spring Festival Arts & Crafts Fair San Francisco Examiner Bay to Breakers Race Norway Day Festival
JUNE Ethnic Dance Festival Union Street Festival Street Performers Festival North Beach Festival
MID-JUNE TO MID-AUGUST Stern Grove Midsummer Music Festival
LATE JUNE-JULY San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival
JULY Fillmore Street Festival Fourth of July Waterfront Festival Jazz and All That Art Jazz and Wine at Embarcadero Center San Francisco Marathon
JULY-EARLY OCTOBER San Francisco Shakespeare Festival
21
Famous Citizens
Ansel Adams (1902–84), photographer. The “Beat” writers who were based in San Francisco in the 1950s, including Lawrence Ferlinghetti (b. 1920), Jack Kerouac (1922–69), and Allen Ginsberg (b. 1926). Ambrose Bierce (1842–1914), satirist. Herb Caen (1916–97), columnist. Philo Taylor Farnsworth (1906–71), inventor of the first all-electronic television. U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein (b. 1933). Jerry Garcia (1942–95), leader of the rock group the Grateful Dead. Bill Graham (b. 1931), rock and roll promoter. Bret Harte (1836–1902), local-color author.
AUGUST A la Carte A la Park Nihonmachi Street Fair
SEPTEMBER Festival of the Culinary Arts Ghirardelli Square Chocolate Festival
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William Randoph Hearst (1863–1951), founder of a newspaper empire. Jack London (1876–1916), adventure writer.
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San Francisco John Muir (1838–1914), naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club. Frank Norris (1870–1902), naturalist. Randy Shilts (1951–1994), journalist, author, and AIDS activist. Leland Stanford (1824–93), businessman and philanthropist. Amy Tan (b. 1952), author. 22
For Further Study
Websites Cityguide Online. [Online] Available http:// www.ctguide.com/. (accessed October 14, 1999). Convention and Visitors Bureau. [Online] Available http://www.sfvisitor.org. (accessed October 14, 1999). San Francisco Guide. [Online] Available http:// www.sfguide.com/. (accessed October 14, 1999). San Francisco home page. [Online] Available http://www.wco.com/chldress/sfhome/ (accessed October 14, 1999).
Government Offices City Hall 401 Van Ness Avenue San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 554-4000 Mayor’s Office 401 Van Ness Avenue, Rm. 336 San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 554-6141 San Francisco Planning Commission 1660 Mission St. 5th Floor San Francisco, CA 94103 (415) 558-6414
Publications Golden State R.H.L./Golden State Inc. 555 Nineteenth St. San Francisco, CA 94107 San Francisco Business Times Magazine 275 Battery St., Suite 940 San Francisco, CA 94111 San Francisco Chronicle 901 Mission St. San Francisco, CA 94103-2988 San Francisco Examiner 110 Fifth St. San Francisco, CA 94103
Books Barrett, Liz. Frommer's Irreverent Guide to San Francisco. 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Travel, 1998. Benton, Lisa M. The Presidio: From Army Post to National Park. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998. Caen, Herb. Baghdad by the Bay. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1949. Chester, Carole. San Francisco. New York: Longmeadow Press, 1994. Doss, Margot Patterson. The New San Francisco at Your Feet: Best Walks in a Walker's City. 3rd ed. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991. Fong-Torres, Shirley. San Francisco Chinatown: A Walking Tour. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals, 1991. Gold, Herbert. Bohemia: Where Art, Angst, Love, and Strong Coffee Meet. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. O’Reilly, James, Larry Habegger, and Sean O'Reilly. Travelers' Tales San Francisco. 1st ed. San Francisco: Travelers' Tales, Inc., 1996. Twain, Mark. Mark Twain’s San Francisco. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
Videorecordings Tourist and Convention Bureaus San Francisco Convention and Visitors Bureau Convention Plaza 201 Third Street, Suite 900 San Francisco, CA 94103 (415) 974-6900
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Jaffe Productions in association with Hearst Entertainment Television. Golden Gate Bridge. [videorecording]. New York, NY: A&E Home Video, 1995. 50-min videocassette. Going Places. San Francisco. James Avery, host. MPI Home Video, 1998.
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Seattle Seattle, Washington, United States of America, North America Founded: 1851; Incorporated: 1869 Location: Washington State, on the eastern shore of Puget Sound Motto: Alki (“By and by,” state motto) Flower: Western rhododendron (state flower) Time Zone: 4 AM Pacific Standard Time (PST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 75.3%; Black, 10.1%; Native American, 1.4%; Asian 11.2% Elevation: sea level to 137 m (450 ft) Latitude and Longitude: 47º60'N, 122º33'W Climate: Mild winters and cool summers, with a pronounced rainy season Annual Mean Temperature: 10.7ºC (51.3ºF); January 3.9ºC (39.1ºF); August 33.6ºC (65.6ºF) Seasonal Average Snowfall: 38 cm (15 in) Average Annual Precipitation (total of rainfall and melted snow): 91.8 cm (36.2 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. Telephone Area Codes: 206 Postal Codes: 98060; 98101–09; 98111–99
1
Introduction
Located on the eastern shore of Puget Sound, Seattle is the largest city in the state of Washington. Formerly a staid, conservative town built on the lumber, shipping, and aircraft industries and little known outside its immediate region, today Seattle has become one of the hottest locations in the country, a mecca for the computer software industry and a cultural trendsetter that originated the grunge rock of the early 1990s and the coffee craze that has swept across the United States. Its newfound business and cultural attrac-
tions, combined with a picturesque setting and mild climate, have created a population boom and made Seattle the commercial and cultural hub of the Pacific Northwest, as well as one of the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the United States. 2
Getting There
Seattle is a city surrounded by both water and mountains. It is situated on a narrow but hilly isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington. To the west lie the Olympic Mountains; Mount Rainier rises in the south; and
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Seattle
Seattle Population Profile
Route 520 also reaches Seattle from the east. Bus and Railroad Service
City Proper Population: 536,000 Area: 217 sq km (84 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 75.3% white; 10.1% black; 1.4% Native American; 11.2% Asian Nicknames: The Emerald City
Amtrak provides passenger service between Seattle and major destinations in the United States, and a variety of buslines connect Seattle with major cities in the United States and Canada.
Metropolitan Area Population: 2,084,000 Description: Seattle-Bellevue-Everett Area: 11,461 sq km (4,425 sq mi) World population rank1: 150 Percentage of national population2: 0.8% Average yearly growth rate: 1.5% Ethnic composition: 85.7% white; 4.6% black; 8.5% Asian/Pacific Islander ——— 1. The Seattle metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the United States’ total population living in the Seattle metropolitan area.
the Cascade mountain range is found to the east. In addition to the water that surrounds it, Lake Union and the Lake Washington Ship Canal run through the city.
Highways I-5, leading north to Portland and south toward Mexico, is the major north-south route that passes through Seattle; I-405 also runs north-south, but passes just east of Seattle, through Bellevue. From the east, I-90 is the major route offering access to the city. State
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Airport Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, located 21 kilometers (13 miles) from downtown Seattle’s business center, is the closest airport to Asia in the continental United States. In 1997, 24.7 million passengers passed through Seattle-Tacoma (also known as Sea-Tac), which is served by 41 airlines. Shipping Seattle boasts the fifth-largest container port in the United States. Encompassing over 182 hectares (450 acres) of handling space, it is served by 27 steamship lines and annually serves as a conduit for goods worth $37 billion. Fishmen’s Terminal is the home port for the U.S. North Pacific fishing fleet. Transcontinental rail service is provided by the Union Pacific and Burlington Northern railroads, which operate three inter-modal shipyards in Seattle. 3
Getting Around
The streets of the downtown area— which extends roughly north-south from Denny Way to Yesler Way, and east-west from Broadway to Elliott
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Seattle
Bay—are arranged in a grid pattern. Running parallel to the shoreline (beyond the first two streets, Alaskan Way and Western Avenue) are numbered avenues; named streets run perpendicular to the avenues.
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Bus and Commuter Rail Service A county-wide bus system serves the Seattle area, providing free service downtown. A transit plan, when implemented, will integrate public transpor-
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Seattle tation in the metropolitan area using light rail and commuter rail service. Sightseeing Bus tours of Seattle are offered by Gray Line tours. A variety of boat tours are available, including an all-day cruise of Puget Sound, as well as walking tours and a rail tour. 4
People
In 1990, the population of Seattle was 516,259, of which 75.3 percent were white, 11.2 percent Asian, 10.1 percent black, and 1.4 percent Native American. Hispanics (both white and black) accounted for 3.6 percent of the population. The population estimate for 1997 was 536,600, and the estimate for 2010 was 580,591. The population of the Seattle Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area was reported as 2,033,128 in 1990 and estimated at 2,268,126 for 1997. The region’s racial composition was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1996 as 85.7 percent white; 8.5 percent Asian/ Pacific Islander; and 4.6 percent black. The percentage of residents of Hispanic origin (an ethnic rather than a racial designation) was 3.7 percent. Seattle has the second-highest percentage of baby boomers of any major U.S. city—31.5 percent (surpassed only by Denver, which has 32.8 percent). 5
Neighborhoods
Seattle’s main downtown retail area, situated atop a series of steep hills,
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runs roughly north-south from Pike Place Market to Pioneer Square and east-west from Seventh to First avenues. It combines historic buildings with steep skyscrapers and boasts a sophisticated array of retail establishments. At the southern edge of the downtown area is Pioneer Square, the historic heart of the city, where restored nineteenthcentury buildings house a colorful array of shops, galleries, and restaurants. Immediately to the southeast, the International District is home to the majority of the city’s substantial Asian population. In addition to a market brimming with fresh local produce and fish, the Pike Place Market area northwest of the main business district is also home to a variety of arts and crafts stores and restaurants, and a favorite haunt of street performers. Further north is Belltown, a “gentrified” former warehouse neighborhood whose lively assortment of restaurants and clubs makes it one of the prime centers of nightlife in the city. Still further from downtown, and just north of the Seattle Center, is the prestigious Queen Anne neighborhood. Yet further north, beyond the Lake Washington Ship Canal, lie Fremont, an interesting district known for its artists’ studios, ethnic restaurants, and offbeat shops, and Ballard, a former Scandinavian enclave that today is a popular entertainment venue. East of Fremont, the University District surrounding the University of Washington (or the U District, as it is known to locals) has the typical features of a college neighborhood. Nearby is Walling-
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Seattle
City Fact Comparison Seattle (United States)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
2,084,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1851
753 BC
723 BC
$172
$129
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy) Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs
$104
$193
$44
$56
$59
$62
$2
$14
$15
$16
$150
$173
$246
$207
Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
3
13
20
11
The Seattle Times
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
227,715
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1896
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
ford, an increasingly fashionable area known for its shops and restaurants. The Capitol Hill district northeast of downtown is a bastion of the area’s youth culture and also the center of its gay community. The upscale Madison Park neighborhood, located on the western shore of Lake Washington, is home to the University of Washington Arboretum. 6
History
Exploration of the Seattle region began in 1792, with the British captain George Vancouver (whose name today
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graces cities in both Washington state and British Columbia). However, the first permanent European settlers didn’t arrive until 1851, when a party of farmers from Illinois formed a community at the present-day site of Alki Point, west of the city. By the following year, they moved to the current site of downtown Seattle, east of Elliott Bay and gave it its present name in honor of Chief Sealth of the Suquamish Indians who were indigenous to the region. Although the first settlers were farmers, it soon became apparent that the region’s primary natural resource was lumber. Sawmills were built, and the city’s fledging timber industry
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Seattle
Mount Rainier provides a backdrop for the skyline of Seattle. (Nick Gunderson; Seattle-King County News Bureau)
found a ready market for its logs in San Francisco, which was enjoying a building boom following the 1849 gold rush. Seattle was incorporated in 1869. By 1889, it had a population of over 25,000 and was one of the major cities of the northwestern United States. However, that year disaster struck when the city’s entire business district—a total of 25 city blocks—burned down in a fire. The rebuilding of the city proved to be not only a reconstruction effort but also a major improvement, as a large-scale regrading of the city’s hills was done to resolve drainage and waste disposal problems, and the new streets
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were built on higher land. One of Seattle’s original seven hills—Denny Hill— was leveled altogether; today its name graces the neighborhood where it once stood. An important chapter in Seattle’s history opened with the discovery of gold in Alaska’s Yukon Valley (1898). The resulting Klondike gold rush brought new prosperity to Seattle, as prospectors stopped in the city to stock up on their way north and returned to spend much of their newfound wealth on their way back home. Seattle’s population grew to 80,600 by 1900 and tripled within the next decade. Seattle’s
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Seattle aerospace industry, which dominated the city’s economy for much of the century, had its beginnings in 1916, with the launch of the first airplane produced by William Boeing, an event that laid the foundation for the eventual establishment of the Boeing Company, which is still Seattle’s single-largest employer. The world wars brought new bursts of economic activity to Seattle. The city’s lumber resources were in demand during World War I (1914–18); during World War II (1939–45) Boeing won defense contracts for the B-17 and B-29 bombers and other weapons. Seattle’s population grew rapidly as new residents arrived from other parts of the country, attracted by jobs in the aerospace and shipbuilding industries. By the end of World War II the city’s population had reached almost half a million. In the post-war years, the growth of commercial aviation—Boeing once again at the forefront with the 707— provided an additional boost to Seattle’s economy. A landmark in Seattle’s twentieth-century history was the 1962 World’s Fair, which drew almost ten million visitors and left the city with its dominant landmark, the Space Needle (as well as the Monorail). The drawbacks of heavy dependence on a single economic sector were brought home in the 1970s, when reduced defense spending resulted in employment cutbacks at Boeing, leaving some 60,000 Seattle workers jobless and depressing the local economy for years. An increase in defense contracts
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A futuristic icon that gave Seattle a taste of the big league in the World’s Fair of 1962, the Space Needle has become a city symbol. (Nick Gunderson; Seattle-King County News Bureau)
and a booming Asian market for aircraft triggered a rebound in the 1980s. By then a new high-tech field—computers—had also entered the picture. In the last decades of the twentieth century, Microsoft, located in nearby Redmond, and a multitude of other software and computer-related firms that sprang up in the area added a major new feature to Seattle’s image and economy. As a new century dawned, Seattle found itself in the midst of a period of prosperity, growth, and development, as
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Seattle new technology helped it fulfill the futuristic promise plotted out years earlier. 7
Government
Seattle is governed by a mayor and a nine-member city council, all elected for four-year terms in nonpartisan elections held every odd-numbered year. Both the city’s revenues and its appropriations for fiscal year 1998 totaled $1.9 billion. 8
Public Safety
The Seattle Police Department is divided into north, south, east, and west precincts. The rapid population growth of the 1990s has brought with it a rising crime rate. In 1995, Seattle’s incidence of reported violent crimes per 100,000 population was 926, including eight murders, 49 rapes, and 418 robberies. The incidence of property crimes was 9,556 and included 1,452 burglaries, 6,793 cases of larceny/theft, and 1,311 motor vehicle thefts. 9
Economy
The Greater Seattle area is a leader in high-technology fields including computer software, electronics, environmental engineering, and biotechnology. Among its advantages as a business center are a well-educated and skilled work force, high-quality transportation and infrastructure resources, and strong manufacturing capabilities. The 469,802 full-time equivalent positions recorded for Seattle in the 1990 census are expected to grow to 521,878
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High technology companies have sprung up all around Seattle’s scenic Puget Sound. (Nick Gunderson; Seattle-King County News Bureau)
by 2000 and 597,836 by 2010. Seattle has a strong service-sector economy. Services account for 29 percent of Seattle’s jobs, wholesale and retail trade for 24 percent, and government for 16 percent, the same percentage as manufacturing. Top industrial fields are wood products, transportation equipment, food products, fish processing, and apparel design. Seattle is home to Microsoft, the world’s largest personal computer software company, and the region is also home to over 2,000 other software development companies. Also headquartered in Seattle is Boeing, the world’s biggest aircraft manufacturer. Other major companies located in Seat-
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Seattle tle include Costco, Weyerhaeuser, Paccar, Safeco, Nordstrom, Airborne Freight, and Starbucks. Seattle’s biotechnology enterprises generate revenue of over $2 billion a year, a figure that is expected to more than double by 2005.
More than 90 percent of Seattle’s residents participate in the city’s model curbside recycling program, which has reduced the volume of household-generated landfill waste by 40 percent.
The median family income for metropolitan Seattle in 1998 was $59,000.
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Environment
Environmental issues have a strong impact on Seattle, which was built on resource-based industries such as lumber and fishing. Even with the current dominance of the aerospace and hightech fields, these older industries continue to play an important role in the region’s economy. In recent years, logging practices—most notably clear-cutting—have come under fire from environmentalists, who have also raised the ire of those involved in the timber industry with their campaign to protect the forest habitat of the spotted owl. To save the old-growth forestland that serves as the birds’ habitat, logging on federal lands in the region has been restricted since the late 1980s. Salmon fishing has also raised environmental issues, including the debate over what to do about sea lions that feed on fish slowly making their way through the fish ladders built to facilitate their progress through the locks of area canals. When conservative efforts to discourage the sea lions failed, heated controversy arose over plans to have them killed.
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Shopping
With its mix of major department stores and smaller retailers, Seattle provides abundant shopping opportunities. Seattle’s premier shopping attraction is the Pike Place Market, which features dozens of stalls selling every kind of locally available produce and food item, as well as a wing devoted mostly to crafts by local artisans and a lower-level area featuring an eclectic variety of small specialty shops. The market neighborhood is also a center for household furnishings and furniture retailers. Seattle is the home of the nationwide Nordstrom chain, and Nordstrom’s flagship store at Pine Street and Fifth Avenue is one of two department stores that anchor the downtown shopping area—the other is Bon Marche. There is also a Nordstrom outlet for close-outs and returned merchandise called Nordstrom Rack. Also found in the downtown area is the main store of another Seattle-based retailer that has gone national—Eddie Bauer. Pioneer Square is home to a variety of small art galleries and independent shops, including antique stores, Oriental rug dealers, and the region’s premier bookstore, Elliott Bay Book Company.
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Seattle As of fall 1997, Seattle had a total enrollment of 47,457 in its public schools, with a racial and ethnic composition that was 40.6 percent white, 24.8 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, 23 percent black, 8.5 percent Hispanic, and 3.1 percent Native American. The public school district operated 116 schools and employed 2,450 classroom teachers and 4,636 support staff. There are over 300 private and parochial schools in the city. Seattle’s major universities (with their fall 1997 enrollments) are the University of Washington (34,368), Seattle University (5,091), and Seattle Pacific University (3,293). Community college enrollment on the three Seattle campuses totaled 25,545. Major research centers in the Seattle area include the Battelle Memorial Institute and the Washington Technology Center. Shopping opportunities are abundant in Seattle. Unique gift shops and art galleries can be found at Pioneer Square. (Nick Gunderson; Seattle-King County News Bureau)
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Education
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Seattle ranks well above the national average in terms of the educational level of its population. Of persons age 25 or over, 86.4 percent have graduated from high school, and 37.9 percent have a bachelor’s degree or higher (compared with national averages of 82 percent and 23 percent, respectively).
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Health Care
With 26 acute-care hospitals and four specialized facilities, the Seattle metropolitan area is the leading health care center for the Pacific Northwest region. Altogether, the city has 4,500 hospital beds and some 3,000 physicians in clinical practice. The premier teaching hospital is the University of Washington Hospital. In 1997 the hospital, with 348 staffed beds, admitted 15,117 patients and logged 314,580 outpatient visits. Other well-known health care institutions are Children’s Hospital and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. Seattle is also the
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Seattle home to a large number of free clinics and the Bailey-Boushay House, which has pioneered an inexpensive treatment setting for patients with AIDS. 14
Media
Seattle’s major daily newspapers (with 1998 circulation figures) are the Seattle Times (weekdays, 227,715; Sunday, 504,259) and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer (weekdays, 196,2271; Sunday, 504,259). The Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, published Monday through Saturday covers the business community (1998 circulation 5,047). The Seattle Weekly and The Stranger are both alternative weekly newspapers with entertainment listing and local features. Papers serving Seattle’s ethnic communities include La Voz (15,000), the Korea Times (10,000), the Seattle Chinese Post (10,000), the Northwest Asian Weekly (10,000), and the Korea Central Daily (7,000). All major television networks have affiliates in Seattle, which has a total of eight commercial television stations, as well as cable channels offered by Viacom and TCI. Broadcasts by about 40 AM and FM radio stations provide news, music, and local features to the Seattle area. KUOW radio broadcasts programming by National Public Radio (NPR) and the BBC World Service. 15
Sports
Seattle fields teams in all majorleague sports. The American League’s Seattle Mariners played in the Kingdome from 1990 to 1998, when they
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moved to the new Safeco Field. The Kingdome, which was imploded on March 26, 2000, was also the home of the National Football League’s Seattle Seahawks. A new stadium for footbal and soccer is scheduled to open in 2002. The Seattle Super Sonics of the National Basketball Association compete in the Seattle Center Auditorium. Seattle also has a women’s basketball team, the Reign. The Seattle Thunderbirds Hockey Club also plays at the Seattle Center. Also popular with Seattle sports fans are the University of Washington Huskies football team, which plays at Husky Stadium, and the university’s women’s basketball team. 16
Parks and Recreation
Seattle’s public park system extends over more than 2,024 hectares (5,000 acres). Landscape architects John Charles Olmsted and Frederick Olmsted Jr. (sons of famed planner Frederick Law Olmsted, 1822–1903) designed many of the city’s parks, which today number around 400. Among the most popular parks are Waterfall Gardens (which boasts a seven-meter/22-foot waterfall in the heart of downtown); Volunteer Park (a graceful park that includes lily ponds and a conservatory); Green Lake (whose paved five-kilometer/3.2-mile path is popular with joggers and in-line skaters); Discovery Park (a 208-hectare/ 513-acre wilderness park that encompasses broad meadows, dense forests, and steep sea cliffs); and Gas Works
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Seattle Park (created on the former property of a gas-processing plant). Alki Beach on the shore of Puget Sound is a popular summertime site for swimming, picknicking, and volleyball. Seattle also abounds in outstanding garden centers, including Bloedel Reserve, the Herbfarm, Kubota Gardens, Pacific Rim Bonsai Collection, Rhododendron Species Botanical Garden, the University of Washington Medicinal Herb Garden, Woodland Park Rose Garden, and the Carl S. English Jr. Botanical Gardens. The Seattle Tilth Demonstration Gardens offer instruction to gardeners at all levels. Popular outdoor pursuits in the Seattle area include bicycling, golf (with more than a dozen public courses), and hiking in the surrounding region, which includes three national parks. The city’s maritime location makes an excellent location for such water sports as fishing, kayaking and canoeing, sailboarding, and sailing. 17
Performing Arts
Seattle has a lively theater scene, with flourishing mainstream and experimental troupes. The city’s best-known theater company is the Intiman Theatre, which staged the area premiere of Tony Kushner’s Pulitzer Prize-winning drama Angels in America. A Contemporary Theatre, housed in Queen Anne Hall, an elegant historic facility with three contrasting performance spaces, displays the talents of local actors and, occasionally, big-name guest stars. Seattle Repertory Theatre, the city’s oldest,
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is known for its lavish, high-quality productions. Alternative theater groups include the Empty Space Theatre, Printer’s Devil Theatre, and A Theatre Under the Influence. Seattle is also known for its annual three-week Seattle Fringe Theatre Festival. Improvisation can be seen regularly at Theatre-Sports, and the Comedy Underground is the city’s major comedy club. The Seattle Symphony, which performs at Benaroya Concert Hall, has distinguished itself under the direction of Gerard Schwartz, who has been its musical director since 1984. Seattle also supports the only chamber orchestra in the Pacific Northwest, the Seattle Orchestra, which performs works for small ensembles written between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. The Seattle Opera stages full-scale productions of five operas every year, including a summertime performance of the Ring cycle by Richard Wagner. The Pacific Northwest Ballet, which performs at Seattle’s Opera House, is the region’s premier ballet troupe. Seattle is also home to the Allegro Dance Festival, a dance ensemble that focuses on ethnic dance and new works by area choreographers. The home of the “grunge rock” of the early 1990s, Seattle has a lively popular music scene that encompasses jazz, rock, and “world beat” as well as Latin, Celtic, and other types of ethnic music, reflecting the growing diversity and cultural sophistication of its population. Popular music is performed at numerous venues throughout Seattle, including the area’s many cafes and pubs.
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Seattle
Seattle’s prime location on the waterfront offers residents and guests alike a variety of outdoor recreational activities such as sailing, fishing and kayaking. Visitors can tour the waterways in a more relaxed fashion on many of Seattle’s guided tour cruises. (Nick Gunderson; Seattle-King County News Bureau)
In addition to the standard complement of modern multiplex movie theaters, Seattle has a good selection of art houses that show foreign films and revivals, and the Seattle International Film Festival entertains movie buffs annually for three weeks in late May and June. 18
Libraries and Museums
Founded in 1891, the Seattle Public Library operates a central library downtown and 23 neighborhood branches.
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With a total of 865,732 book titles and 1,776,672 volumes, the library serves a population of more than half a million and employs a staff of 421. Its special collections cover subject areas including aviation history, genealogy, and Seattle history. Annual circulation totals nearly five million items. Located in the center of downtown, the Seattle Art Museum is housed in a striking building designed by architect Robert Venturi (b. 1925) and completed in 1991. The museum is known especially for its Asian, African, and
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Seattle modern art collections. The facility includes a large gallery for locally mounted special exhibitions and traveling exhibits, a 300-seat auditorium, and a Japanese gallery with an authentic teahouse. (Currently, the museum’s outstanding Asian collection is actually housed in its original building, which has been renamed the Seattle Asian Art Museum.) The Charles and Emma Frye Art Museum, remodeled and expanded in 1997, houses the nineteenth-century painting collection of its founders, as well as a variety of other nineteenthand twentieth-century paintings and presents an eclectic schedule of musical performances, poetry readings, and other activities, as well as temporary exhibits. The Bellevue Art Museum specializes in works by regional artists, and the newly expanded Henry Art Gallery at the University of Washington features an excellent permanent photography collection, as well as exhibits highlighting a variety of new media, including video. The Museum of Flight (often referred to as the Boeing Museum of Flight) honors Seattle’s history as a capital of aviation. The museum’s exhibits retell the history of flight and include replicas of the early glider flown by the Wright brothers, the Apollo and Mercury space capsules, and Air Force One. The Seattle Center is home to the Pacific Science Center and the Children’s Museum, both of which feature hands-on exhibits for children and adults.
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To u r i s m
Seattle’s relatively recent transformation into a trend-setting, high-profile city has brought an increase in tourism and tourist facilities. In addition to the city’s mild climate and picturesque location amid water, forestland, and mountains, visitors are drawn by its bustling cultural and commercial life, the recreational opportunities that are available, and Seattle’s growing reputation as a mecca for contemporary youth culture. Today the metropolitan area boasts 17,500 hotel and motel rooms. The Seattle Center, the city’s main conference and convention facility, offers 3,995 square meters (43,000 square feet) of exhibition space, eight large conference rooms, and banquet seating for 1,500 people. Seattle is also the site of the Washington State Convention and Trade Center, conveniently located on I-5, the major artery that passes through the city. The Battelle Conference Center on the University of Washington campus is often used to host meetings, and the Kingdome sports stadium is a popular venue for trade shows. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Seattle International Boat Show
FEBRUARY Festival Sundiata Northwest Flower & Garden Show
MARCH Seattle Fringe Festival
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Seattle APRIL Cherry Blossom & Japanese Cultural Festival Imagination Celebration
MAY Cinco de Mayo Celebration Northwest Folklife Festival University District Street Fair
MAY-JUNE Seattle International Film Festival
JUNE-AUGUST AT&T Summer Nights at the Pier
JULY-AUGUST Seafair Summer Festival
JULY Bite of Seattle Family Fourth at Lake Union Indian Pow Wow Fourth of Jul-Ivars at the Waterfront Pioneer Square Fire Festival
AUGUST Bubble Festival Eatonville Arts Festival
AUGUST-SEPTEMBER Bumbershoot Festival
SEPTEMBER Fiesta Patrias
OCTOBER Salmon Days Festival
NOVEMBER Hmong New Year’s Celebration Seattle Marathon
DECEMBER Holiday Parade of Boats Cruise Winterfest
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Famous Citizens
Novelist and essayist Mary McCarthy (1912–89). Rock star Kurt Cobain (1967–94). Microsoft founder Bill Gates (b. 1955).
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Founder of Boeing Aircraft, William Boeing (1881–1956). Singer/songwriter Judy Collins (b. 1939). Guitarist Jimi Hendrix (1942–70). Novelist and satirist Tom Robbins (b. 1936). Entertainer Gypsy Rose Lee (1914–70). 22
For Further Study
Websites Greater Seattle InfoGuide [Online] Available http: //www.seattleinfoguide.com/ (accessed December 8, 1999). Seattle City Net. [Online] Available http: // city.net/countries/united_states/ washington/seattle/ (accessed December 8, 1999). Seattle Home Page. [Online] Available http: // www.seattle.net/SeattleHome.html (accessed December 8, 1999).
Government Offices Seattle City Hall 600 4th Ave. Seattle, WA 98104 (206) 386-1234 Mayor’s Office 600 4th Ave., 12th Fl. Seattle, WA 98104 (206) 684-4000 King County 516 3rd Ave., Rm. 400 Seattle, WA 98104 (206) 296-4040
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Seattle-King County Convention & Visitors Bureau 520 Pike St., Suite 1300 Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 461-5840
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Seattle Washington State Convention & Trade Center 800 Convention P. Seattle, WA 98101 (206) 447-5000
Publications Puget Sound Business Journal 720 3rd Ave. Suite 800 Seattle, WA 98104 Seattle Post-Intelligencer 101 Elliott Ave. W Seattle, WA 98119 Seattle Times P.O. Box 70 Seattle, WA 98111
Books Beebe, Morton. Cascadia: A Tale of Two Cities, Seattle and Vancouver, B.C. Photographs by Morton Beebe; essays by J. Kingston Pierce. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1996. Crowley, Walt. Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1995. Egan, Timothy. The Good Rain: Across Time and Terrain in the Pacific Northwest. New York: Knopf, 1990.
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Morgan, Murray. Skid Road. New York: Viking Press, 1960. Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl, ed. Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1994. Reed, Wilson Edward. The Politics of Community Policing: The Case of Seattle. New York: Garland, 1999. Roe, Jo Ann. Seattle Uncovered. Plano, Texas: Seaside Press, 1995. Smith, Giselle. Seattle Best Places. Seattle, Washington: Sasquatch Books, 1999. Taylor, Quintard. The Forging of a Black Community. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994. Tisdale, Sallie. Stepping Westward: The Long Search for Home in the Pacific Northwest. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
Videorecordings Alki, Birthplace of Seattle. Produced, directed and written by B.J. Bullert; a presentation of the Southwest Seattle Historical Society and KCTS Television. Seattle, Washington: Distributed by Wehman Video, 1997. 1 videocassette (28 min.): sd., col.; 1/2 in.
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Sydney Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Founded: 1788; Incorporated: 1842 Location: Southeastern Australia Flower: Banksia Ericifolia Time Zone: 10 PM Australian Eastern Standard Time (AEST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Elevation: 42 m (138 ft) above sea level Latitude and Longitude: 33º55'S, 151º10'E Coastline: 60 km (37 mi) Climate: Temperate with mild winters and warm to hot summers Annual Mean Temperature: 12ºC (54ºF); January 9ºC (48ºF); July 23ºC (73ºF) Average Annual Precipitation (total rainfall): 1,140 mm (45 in) Government: Local councils Weights and Measures: Metric system Monetary Units: Australian dollars Telephone Area Codes: 2 (Sydney area code); 61 (country code for Australia) Postal Codes: 2000–2060
1
Introduction
In the space of two centuries, Sydney has transformed itself from a British penal colony to a thriving cosmopolitan metropolis, a financial capital of the Asia-Pacific region, and an international tourist center with a population of close to four million. Located near the southern end of Australia’s eastern coast, it is the largest city on the Australian continent, the capital of New South Wales, and one of the world’s largest metropolitan areas. The city’s dominant feature has always been its stunning physical location on one of the world’s most beautiful harbors.
In the second half of the twentieth century, Sydney grew from a primarily Anglo-Saxon enclave to a multiethnic city whose cultural sophistication is symbolized by the unique outlines of its famous harbor-front opera house. The twenty-first century was ushered in dramatically with the 2000 Olympic Games, which spurred the city to reinvent itself yet again for a new millennium. 2
Getting There
Centered around the Port Jackson harbor on Australia’s east coast, Sydney is 870 kilometers (540 miles) north of Melbourne and nearly 1,000 kilometers
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Sydney
Sydney Population Profile Population: 3,665,000 Area: 1,735 sq km (670 sq mi) World population rank1: 71 Percentage of national population2: 19.5% Average yearly growth rate: 0.4% Nicknames: CBD (central city), Sidneysiders (residents), Oz (Australia) ——— 1. The Sydney metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Australia’s total population living in the Sydney metropolitan area.
(621 miles) south of Brisbane. The greater metropolitan area encompasses Botany Bay to the south, reaches to the foothills of the Blue Mountains in the west, and extends into an area of national parks to the north. Highways Four main highways provide access to Sydney: the Pacific Highway/Sydney Newcastle Freeway (Route 1 north of the city) leads northward to Newcastle and Brisbane; the Western Motorway (Route 44) leads westward to Strathfield and the Great Western Highway; Princes Highway (Route 1 south of the city) leads to Wollongong and the south coast; and the Hume Highway leads southwest out of the city to Mittagong and eventually Melbourne. Bus and Railroad Service vice
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Greyhound Pioneer provides serbetween Sydney and points
throughout Australia. The smaller McCafferty’s and Kirkland’s lines also service Sydney but do not run nationwide. Both interstate and regional train service is available. The State Rail Authority of New South Wales provides passenger rail services throughout Greater Sydney and other population centers in the state. Its Countrylink service provides long-distance service throughout New South Wales, and also interstate service to Canberra, Melbourne, and Brisbane on an updated fleet of high-speed XPT and Explorer trains, transporting more than 2.6 million people annually. Airports The Kingsford Smith Airport, located about ten kilometers (6.2 miles) south of Sydney’s central business district, is Australia’s busiest airport. It is served by some 45 international passenger and cargo carriers. Shipping Sydney is served by Port Jackson, one of Australia’s busiest ports, as well as a newer port in Botany Bay devoted exclusively to petroleum products. 3
Getting Around
Sydney is built around a vast harbor with many coves, bays, and inlets. The harbor runs through the city, dividing it into northern and southern sections, which are connected by the Harbour Tunnel and the Sydney Harbour Bridge. The central business district and heart of the city is contained
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Sydney
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Sydney within the 13 square kilometers (five square miles) of a narrow peninsula in the southern half. Bus and Commuter Rail Service Sydney Buses operates buses throughout the city. Bus service is divided into seven zones, with the main terminals located at Circular Quay, Wynyard, Town Hall, and Central Station. Buses serve some areas, including the suburbs of Watsons, Rose Bay, and Vaucluse, which are not on rail lines. CityRail, operated by the State Rail Authority, provides suburban and intercity rail service over a 3,218-kilometer (2,000-mile) network throughout New South Wales. With 301 stations and over 2,000 trips per day, CityRail carried 266.5 million passengers in 1997–98. Sydney also has a light rail line providing tram service from Central Station to stops in the central city and a monorail that loops through the central business district. Ferries Sydney’s popular ferry service, operated by the Sydney Transportation Authority, provides a picturesque and inexpensive mode of local transportation. Ferries cross Sydney’s harbor between Circular Quay and the north bank, also traveling to points eastward and westward. Sightseeing A variety of organized tours of Sydney are offered. Popular tour lines include Australian Pacific, AAT King’s,
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Newmans, Murrays, Great Sights, and Clipper Gray Line tours. Tours are offered to a variety of sites outside the city. These include tours focusing on Aboriginal culture and Australian wildlife. In addition, Sydney’s ferries afford a unique sightseeing experience. Harbor cruises take visitors to the area’s parks, beaches, coves, suburbs, and other sites. Cruises with commentary are offered regularly on the city-operated ferries on both weekdays and weekends. Harbor cruises are also offered by commercial lines. 4
People
With its population of 3,738,500, Sydney is at the center of the largest concentration of population in the sparsely populated country of Australia. It is home to more than two-thirds of the population of New South Wales, and about a quarter of the country’s total inhabitants live within 150 kilometers (93 miles) of the city. Since World War II (1939–45), the city, formerly inhabited mostly by descendants of white settlers from the British Isles, has become increasingly diverse ethnically and racially. Following the war, there was an influx of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe, especially Italy and Greece, as well as Turkey and Yugoslavia. The period since the 1960s has seen a rise in Asian immigration from countries including Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, and the Philippines. Today, about 30 percent of the population is foreignborn. Sydney’s inner-city district of
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Sydney
The City Rail is an easy way to get around the city. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
Redfern is an Aboriginal enclave, populated by a group known as Koories. 5
Neighborhoods
Thanks to the spread of new suburbs along the estuaries of the Georges and Parramatta rivers during the twentieth century, the greater Sydney area encompasses some 600 suburbs between the Pacific Ocean, the Blue Mountains, and the national parks that border it on the north and south, covering a total area of nearly 1,813 square kilometers (700 square miles). This makes it one of the world’s largest urban areas, surpassed only by Los Angeles and a few others. Traditionally, well-to-do Australians moved outward to the suburbs, leaving the inner core to
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immigrant populations from Europe and Asia. Today, however, many are returning to the historic districts first established by their forebears, sparking a wave of urban renovation and gentrification. Sydney’s major urban center is the Central Business District, located on the south bank of the Parramatta River at Port Jackson. In addition to government buildings, office towers, and shops, it is also the site of the city’s major tourist attractions, including its opera house and major museums, and the Royal Botanic Gardens. Urban neighborhoods close to this central core include King’s Cross, a district of hotels, restaurants, and hostels that has historically had a reputation as the city’s “vice capital”; the historic Woolloomooloo
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Sydney district, restored since the 1970s; trendy Darlinghurst, home to numerous sidewalk cafes and Sydney’s “Little Italy”; the multicultural, gentrified Surry Hills area; and the residential suburb of Paddington. Further south is the workingclass suburb of Redfern, which has a large and sometimes vocal Aboriginal community. To the east are a series of upscale suburbs including Darling Point, Edgecliff, Double Bay, and Vaucluse, the most exclusive one. The innermost suburbs to the west include the fashionable Balmain district, formerly a working-class and bohemian neighborhood; the traditionally Italian and now diverse neighborhood of Leichhardt; Glebe, located near the University of Sydney; and the hip university district of Newtown. Across the Parramatta River, the Lower North Shore, north of the Harbour Bridge, encompasses a business district and harbor-front suburbs, including Kirribilli, Milson’s Point, and McMahons Point. 6
History
Sydney’s first European settlers arrived in 1788, when English navigator Captain Arthur Phillip’s First Fleet arrived in Botany Bay to the south. Finding the bay too exposed, Phillips and his men traveled northward to Port Jackson, proclaiming the colony of New South Wales and establishing a settlement on a cove they named for Britain’s Home Secretary, Lord Thomas Townshend, First Viscount Sydney (1733– 1800). Of the more than 1,000 people
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aboard the fleet’s ships, most were British convicts transported to the new land to relieve prison overcrowding now that the British colonies in North America had won their independence and could no longer be used for this purpose. The first free settlers arrived in 1793. Under the leadership of Governor Lachlan Macquarie (1761–1824; governor, 1810–1821), the new settlement prospered. Many convicts, pardoned and given parcels of land, became useful members of society. Free settlers continued to pour in, lured by promises of free land and convict labor and by Sydney’s growing reputation as a thriving port city. Between 1831 and 1850, some 200,000 immigrants arrived from Britain, fleeing the social ills of the Industrial Revolution. Exploration of the interior led to the discovery of a route over the Blue Mountains, providing access to the rich pastureland beyond. Sydney was incorporated in 1842. The discovery of gold west of Sydney, at Bathurst, in 1851 spurred a decade-long gold rush that helped bring the city’s population to 300,000. Rail service from Sydney to Parramatta was launched in 1855. As Sydney became a bustling commercial center, its original central district acquired some of the same problems that settlers had fled Britain to escape—overcrowding, poverty, crime, and unsanitary conditions. In the second half of the century, overcrowding spurred the growth of densely populated suburbs around the city, creating the greatest population explosion
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Sydney
Sydney skyline. (G. Clifford; Woodfin Camp)
to date—from 60,000 to 400,000. Shortly after the end of World War I (1914–18), Sydney, now part of the Commonwealth of Australia, recorded a population of one million. The Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Project, begun after World War II (1939–45), brought important changes to Sydney. Most notably, the resulting demand for manpower sparked immigration policy changes that led to growth in immigration from southern Europe, permanently changing the ethnic makeup of the city. Further changes came with the rise in immigration from Southeast Asia in the 1970s and 1980s.
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During this period, Sydney, along with the rest of Australia, grew increasingly cosmopolitan, becoming a financial center for the Asia/Pacific region. Sydney’s most famous landmark, the harbor-front Sydney Opera House, was completed in 1973. In 1988 the city staged a spectacular celebration of Australia’s bicentennial. Landmark events of the 1990s included the 1993 announcement that the city would be the site of the 2000 Olympic Games and the opening of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel in 1994. Preparations for the Games spurred further municipal development and civic pride
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Sydney
City Fact Comparison Indicator
Sydney (Australia)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
3,665,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1788
753 BC
723 BC
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$114
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$74
$56
$59
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$18
$14
$15
$16
$206
$173
$246
$207
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city
11
13
20
11
Largest newspaper
Sunday Telegraph
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Circulation of largest newspaper
1,800,000
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1939
1944
1976
1948
Date largest newspaper was established 1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
throughout the decade as Sydney prepared for the most extensive display of pageantry and celebration in its history. 7
Government
As capital of New South Wales, Sydney is the seat of its government and parliament. More than 40 city councils throughout Sydney handle local matters although the state government retains authority in some areas, including transportation and public safety. In addition, some of Sydney’s land is under control of Australia’s federal government. The City Council of Sydney has jurisdiction over a 13-square-kilometer (five-square-mile) core area that
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includes the Central Business District and some inner suburbs. The Sydney Statistical Division, established in 1976 and covering 12,407 square kilometers (4,790 square miles), corresponds to territory that was expected to undergo urban development over the next two decades. It was created from a combination of developed and rural land. 8
Public Safety
For a major city, Sydney has a low crime rate. Few people own firearms, which are strictly regulated, and it is even illegal to carry a knife in a public
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Sydney place without a special reason. Occasional muggings have occurred in the Central Business District, and drug activity has been reported in the Kings Cross and Cabramatta areas. Sydney is served by the New South Wales Police Service, Australia’s oldest law-enforcement organization. With more than 13,300 sworn police officers and 500 police stations, it is also one of the largest in the English-speaking world. In addition to its regular duties, the New South Wales Police force was assigned the task of coordinating security for the Sydney 2000 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The City of Sydney has adopted the Safe City Strategy to improve security even further through urban design: improved lighting, closed circuit television cameras, emergency video phones, a city safety task force, and community safety education. 9
Economy
Sydney is Australia’s financial, commercial, shipping, and industrial capital. About 75 percent of the manufacturing jobs in New South Wales are in Sydney although manufacturing accounts for between one-third and one-half of the city’s total employment. Sydney primarily has a service economy, fueled by government, commerce, retailing, transport, entertainment, finance, and tourism. Oil refining is another major industry in the region. About half of Sydney’s work force is employed in manufacturing.
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10
Environment
Water pollution from refuse and industrial effluents has been a problem in Sydney’s harbor, especially from the overflow caused by heavy rain. The city has installed pollution traps and litter booms to deal with the problem. Residents who live near the Kingsford Smith Airport have been affected by aircraft noise, a problem that authorities have attempted to respond to by rearranging aircraft flight paths. Awareness of air pollution is promoted by the publication of pollution levels daily in the newspaper as part of the weather report. Increased use of public transportation has helped reduce emission levels. In 1995 the City of Sydney announced its goal of reducing waste 60 percent by 2000 through the Waste Minimization and Management Act. The government encourages citizens to avoid waste wherever possible, reuse items, and recycle. Commercial waste services provided to the city’s businesses include seven-day-a-week collection, glass and paper recycling, bulk waste removal, and varied container sizes. Preparation for the 2000 Olympic Games included several environmental measures, including a cleanup of the city’s beaches and waterways. In addition, all power to the Olympic Village was provided by solar energy.
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Shopping
The major shopping area in the central city is located between Park and King streets, on George, Castlereagh, and Pitt streets. The heart of this district is the Pitt Street Mall between Market and King streets, a pedestrian mall with chain stores and several arcades. The historic and beautiful Queen Victoria Building on George Street offers four levels of shops, including designer outlets, duty-free shops, and craft and souvenir stores, as well as cafes and restaurants. Shopping in an elegant historic venue is also available at the Strand Arcade, a lovingly restored 1892 structure with shops on three levels. Also located in this district are the Royal, Imperial, and Centrepoint arcades. Located on Castlereagh Street are the Skygarden, which features both stores and art galleries on seven levels; the upscale Chifley Plaza; Piccadilly; the exclusive MLC Centre; and Sydney’s premier department store, David Jones’. The two other main shopping areas in central area are the Rocks, a historic harbor-front district to the north, where the largest retail complex is the Argyle Centre, and at the western end of the city, the Darling Harbour Area where the Harbourside complex offers some 200 shops. Also located in this area is Chinatown, whose retailers stock clothing, housewares, and ethnic foods. In North Sydney the largest shopping complex is Greenwood Plaza. Additional shopping is available at Sydney’s colorful markets. Some of the best flea markets are located in the east-
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ern suburbs of Paddington, Woollahra, and Surry Hills. The most famous and eclectic is the Paddington Bazaar, which actually operates at two locations. The Balmain Market also provides great variety, together with the local color of this historic district. Aboriginal art, although largely produced in other parts of Australia, is available in several of Sydney’s shops and galleries. 12
Education
Public education in Sydney, as elsewhere in Australia, is managed and mostly funded at the state level, with the federal government also providing some funding. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, with students required to attend school between the ages of six and 15. Students may attend either public or private (mostly Roman Catholic) schools. The Sydney metropolitan area is home to three universities: the University of Sydney (founded in 1850), Australia’s oldest university and an internationally respected teaching and research institution; the University of New South Wales, which enrolls over 32,000 students in its 75 schools; and Macquarie University. 13
Health Care
Like other parts of Australia, Sydney has excellent medical care and facilities, and universal health care for all its residents. Sydney’s public hospitals are New Children’s Hospital, Prince
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Sydney Henry Hospital, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney Hospital & Sydney Eye Hospital, and Sydney Children’s Hospital. There are also six teaching hospitals connected with the medical program at the University of New South Wales. 14
Media
Sydney’s oldest and most respected newspaper is the Sydney Morning Herald, which is regarded as one the top newspapers in the country. Established in 1831, it is published six times a week; in 1998 the Herald had a circulation of 266,000 on weekdays and 400,000 on Saturday. The Herald publishes detailed entertainment guides every Friday and Saturday. Sydney’s other daily newspaper is the Daily Telegraph Mirror, a tabloid publication also published six days a week, with 1998 circulation figures of 442,980 weekdays and 331,666 Saturdays. The Australian Financial Review (circulation 78,000), published daily five days a week, is a national newspaper and Australia’s most authoritative source for business news. Also published in Sydney is the national conservative daily, the Australian. Sydney also has another business newspaper, the Daily Commercial News. A number of weekly newspapers serve Sydney’s varied ethnic communities, and the free weekly On the Street offers popular music listings. The national news magazine the Bulletin is also published in Sydney.
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Sydney has five television channels, two of which are noncommercial and government funded. Among Sydney’s more than 20 radio stations are regular and youth-oriented public broadcasting stations, a classical music station, an Aboriginal station, and a multilingual station. 15
Sports
The most popular spectator sport in Sydney is one of the four types of rugby: rugby league. Major matches, including the Optus Cup championship games, are held at the Sydney Football Stadium. Also played in Sydney is the unique football game known as Australian (“Aussie”) Rules, for which the city fields the Sydney Swans, the only team in New South Wales. Another favorite is the summertime sport of cricket, played at the Sydney Cricket Ground at Moore Park. Other spectator sports include tennis, for which the major tournament is the New South Wales Open, professional golf, horse racing, greyhound racing, and boat races in the harbor. In 1999, Sydney prepared to host the biggest sporting and cultural event in its history—the XXVII Olympiad. The Olympic Games placed Sydney in the spotlight before some 3.5 billion television viewers worldwide, plus as many as half a million guests from elsewhere in Australia and around the world. The Olympiad was followed on October 18 by the Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities.
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Sydney 16
Parks and Recreation
The steel and concrete of Sydney’s urban landscape are relieved by a number of city parks. Three contiguous parks are located in the eastern part of the Central Business District: the Royal Botanic Gardens, established in 1816 and covering 30 hectares (74 acres), mark the site of Sydney’s first farm. They include a rose garden, a lake, tropical greenhouses with an extensive collection of plants from the South Pacific, a bat colony, and a cactus garden. To the south lies a large park known as the Domain, which serves as a popular setting for picnics, lunch breaks, public speakers of all kinds, and a variety of free events. Further south, and bisected by Park Street, is Hyde Park, which includes formal gardens, fountains, and walkways, and is also a popular lunchtime spot for urban workers. Smaller parks in the central city include Wynyard Park, Lang Park, First Fleet Park, and Observatory Park. South and east of the Central Business District, Centennial Park in Paddington is Sydney’s largest park, at 220 hectares (544 acres). In addition to picnicking and swimming in its lake, visitors can take advantage of both bicycling and bridle paths or rent inline skates. Adjacent Moore Park, bordering Surry Hills, has walking and bicycling trails, a golf course, and playing fields. It is also the location of the Sydney Cricket Ground and Sydney Football Stadium. The most recent addition to Moore Park is Fox Studios’ Bent Street
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entertainment complex, which gives visitors a behind-the-scenes look at movie and television production, including movie props and other memorabilia, special effects, and animation. Sydney Olympic Park was in the suburb of Homebush Bay, located 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) west of the central city, built for the 2000 Olympic Games. The park encompassed Sydney International Athletic Centre, Sydney International Aquatic Centre, as well as the Leisure Garden featuring a variety of natural habitats. In addition to its own urban and suburban parks, Sydney is ringed by national parks. The KuRing-Gai Chase National Park is located to the north, and the Royal National Park is situated to the south. To the west is the Blue Mountain National Park, and even more parks ring the region further away. Sydney’s waterfront location makes it a paradise for water sports. Residents and visitors can enjoy canoeing, kayaking, windsurfing, sailing, scuba diving, surfing, and swimming at any of more than 30 beaches. Other popular outdoor activities include bicycling, golf, horseback riding, walking and jogging, rock climbing, squash, and tennis. A unique recreational sport launched in 1998 is climbing the 503-meter-long (1,650-foot-long) arch of the Harbour Bridge. Climbers sign a release form and undergo an orientation session before beginning the two-hour trek. The summit of the bridge affords a panoramic view of the harbor.
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Sydney 17
Performing Arts
The Sydney Opera House, an architectural landmark completed in 1973 after 14 years of construction, is the city’s performing arts headquarters, encompassing an opera theater, concert hall, and playhouse. The complex consists of three interconnected sections that cover 1.8 hectares (4.4 acres) and can seat more than 5,100 people altogether. It provides a performance venue for the Australian Opera, the Australian Ballet, the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre, the Sydney Philharmonia Choir, Musica Viva Australia, and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. The Sydney Symphony Orchestra gives more than 140 concerts a year (many at Town Hall on George Street). In addition to concerts by the Symphony Orchestra, Musica Viva, and the Philharmonia Choir, classical music can also be heard regularly at the Conservatorium of Music and at Sydney’s universities.
The concrete setting is broken up by the multitude of parks that are scattered throughout Sydney. Luna Park offers fun for everyone. (Robert Frerck; Woodfin Camp)
The Australian Ballet, which has an international reputation, presents four concerts a year at the Sydney Opera House and tours throughout Australia. The Sydney Dance Company (SDC) is Australia’s premier modern dance troupe, performing at both Pier Four and the Opera House. The Sydney Theatre Company performs both plays from the standard repertory and works by Australian authors. Beside the Opera House, Sydney’s other major theater venues are Her Majesty’s Theatre, the Seymour Theatre Centre,
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Theatre Royal MLC Centre, and Wharf Theatre Pier 4. Smaller theaters around town offer experimental theater. Aboriginal dance is performed by Bangarra Dance Company, the Aboriginal Dance Theatre, the Aboriginal Islander Dance Theatre, Gavala, and other groups. Sydney also has a thriving jazz scene, based at clubs such as Kinselas, the Basement, and the Harbourside Brasserie.
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Sydney
The Sydney Opera House is an architectural landmark housing the Australian Opera, the Australian Ballet, the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre, the Sydney Philharmonia Choir, Musica Viva Australia, and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
18
Libraries and Museums
The City of Sydney Library, founded in 1826, has three branches: the newly renovated Town Hall branch, Haymarket, and Ultimo. A total of over 250,000 items are found in the library’s catalogue. The three branches are used by an average of 3,000 people a day, and between 50,000 and 60,000 items are borrowed every month. The Jessie Street National Women’s Library focuses on promoting awareness of the cultural heritage of Australian women
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by collecting and preserving documents relating to the lives and experience of women from all ethnic and racial backgrounds, highlighting their contribution to Australian history, and providing information on current resources for women. The Australian Museum houses the country’s largest natural history collection. It includes a gallery devoted to Aboriginal history. The Art Gallery of New South Wales, at the edge of the Domain park in the central city, has permanent European, Japanese, and
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Sydney Australian collections and temporary exhibits. The Museum of Contemporary Art, fronting the Circular Quay, is noted for its collection of modern art, and the Museum of Sydney, near Macquarie Place, focuses on all aspects of the city’s early history. Sydney’s other museums and galleries include the Justice & Police Museum, Artspace, the Australian Centre for Photography, Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co-operative, The Cartoon Gallery, and Coo-ee Aboriginal Art Gallery.
JUNE Sydney Film Festival Sydney Biennale
JULY Yulefest
AUGUST City to Surf Run
SEPTEMBER Royal Botanic Gardens Spring Festival Festival of the Winds Taylor Square Art Festival Rugby League Grand Final
OCTOBER
To u r i s m
19
As the principal arrival point for visitors to Australia, Sydney has become a major tourist center, with numerous hotels, motels, and restaurants. During the Australian bicentennial in 1988, an estimated one million visitors joined the city’s harbor-front festivities. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Sydney Festival & Carnivale Great Ferry Boat Race Survival Festival
JANUARY-FEBRUARY Chinese New Year
FEBRUARY-MARCH
Manly Jazz Festival
NOVEMBER Kings Cross Carnival
DECEMBER Christmas Party Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race New Years Eve Fireworks
21
Famous Citizens
Lachlan Macquarie (1762–1824), governor. Convict-turned-designer Francis Greenaway (1777–1837), Sydney’s first architect. Authors Thomas Keneally (b. 1935), Peter Carey (b. 1943), and Patrick White (1912–90).
Gay & Lesbian Mardi Gras Hunter Vintage Walkabout
Playwright David Williamson (b. 1942).
MARCH
Artists Sidney Nolan (b. 1917), Arthur Boyd (b. 1920), and Brett Whiteley (1939–92).
Golden Slipper
MARCH-APRIL Royal Easter Show
APRIL Sydney Cup
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Film director Peter Weir (b. 1944). Novelist Colleen McCullough (b. 1937).
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Sydney 22
For Further Study
The Sydney Morning Herald Level 19 Darling Park
Websites City of Sydney. [Online] Available http:// www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au (accessed December 27, 1999). Excite Travel. [Online] Available http:// www.excite.com.../australia/ new_south_wales/sydney/ (accessed December 27, 1999). Official Site of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. [Online] Available http://www.olym.../ sydney/virtual_sydney/sydney.html (accessed December 27, 1999).
Government Offices Governor, New South Wales Level 3, Chief Secretary’s Building 121 Macquarie Street Sydney, NSW 2000
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Australian Tourist Commission Level 4, 80 William St. Woolloomooloo, Sydney NSW 2011 NSW Travel Centre 19 Castlereagh Street Sydney, Australia Sydney Visitors Information Centre 106 George St. Sydney, Australia
201 Sussex S, 2001
Books Clark, Manning. A Short History of Australia. New York: NAL Penguin, 1987. Drew, Philip. Sydney Opera House: Jorn Utzon. London: Phaidon Press, 1995. Hughes, Robert. The Fatal Shore. New York: Knopf, 1986. Kirkpatrick, Peter. The Sea Coast of Bohemia: Literary Life in Sydney's Roaring Twenties. St. Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland, 1992. Lindsay, Jack. The Roaring Twenties: Literary Life in Sydney, New South Wales in the Years 1921– 6. London: Bodley Head, 1960. Matthews, Anne. Sydney and New South Wales. Passport Books. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Publishing Group, 1993. McHugh, Evan. Sydney. The National Geographic Traveler. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1999. Morris, Jan. Sydney. New York: Random House, 1995. Polin, Zena L., and Stephen G. Gatward. The Other Side of Sydney: An Independent Traveler's Guide to Wonderful Australia's Largest City. Saint Paul, MN: Marlor Press, 1996. Spindler, Graham. Uncovering Sydney: Walks into Sydney's Unexpected and Endangered Places. Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1991.
Publications The Australian Level 19 Darling Park 201 Sussex S, 2001 Daily Telegraph Mirror 2 Holt St. Surry Hills, 2010
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Videorecordings Sydney [videorecording]. Hosted by Al Roker. Thirteen/WNET production by Engel Brothers Media Inc. MPI Home Video, 1997. Copyright held by Educational Broadcasting Corporation. 1 videocassette (ca. 58 min.): sd., col.; 1/2 in.
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To k y o Tokyo, Japan, Asia Founded: c. 1150 Location: Eastern central Honshu, Tokyo Prefecture, Japan Motto: Changes with each governor; currently, “My Town Tokyo.” Flag: White symbol on purple field. Flower: Somei-Yoshino (a kind of cherry blossom) Time Zone: 9 PM = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT); Daylight Saving Time is not observed. Ethnic Composition: 98% Japanese; 2% Other (including American, Brazilian, British, Chinese, Korean, Peruvian, and Southeast Asian) Latitude and Longitude: 35°40´N, 139°45´E Climate: Temperate; winter is dry and mild, while summer is warm and humid. A rainy season occurs from mid-June to about mid-July, and September through November is the typhoon season. Average Temperatures: Winter 29–52ºF (–2 to 11ºC); Summer 70–83ºF (21–28ºC). Seasonal Average Snowfall: Snowfall is very rare—a single snowfall per year with virtually no accumulation. Average Annual Precipitation: 1334mm (1996 est.) Government: Tokyo Metropolis is comprised of 23 wards, 26 cities, seven towns, and eight villages. Incorporated cities all have mayors. Legislative authority in the metropolis belongs to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, numbering 127 members elected for terms of four years. The prefectural governor is the principal elected official, presiding over several administrative commissions and their commissioners. Each ward elects a council and a ward head who deal with certain local matters. Weights and Measures: Metric system Monetary Units: The yen of 100 sen is issued in coins of 1,5,10,50,100, and 500 yen, and notes of 500, 1,000, 5,000, and 10,000 yen. Telephone Area Codes: 03–23 special ward area (ku-bu); 0426, 0425, 0422, 0428, 0423, 0424, 0427, 0428 city area (Shi-bu); 04992, 04996, 04998 island area (Tou-bu)
1
Introduction
Greater Tokyo is the world’s most populous metropolitan area and is the center of Japanese culture, finance, and government. A bustling cosmopolitan city, Tokyo is also a major transporta-
tion hub and a world economic and industrial center. The city boasts a large number of world-class institutions of higher education, the highest concentration of universities in Japan. Tokyo was known as Edo until 1868, when the Japanese imperial family was moved
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Tokyo
Tokyo Population Profile
of the four main islands comprising Japan. Airports
City Proper Population: 11,781,000 Area: 2,820 sq km (1,090 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 98% Japanese; Others<1% (Korean; Chinese; Southeast Asian; British; American; Brazilian; Peruvian) Nicknames:
Metropolitan Area Population: 28,025,000 Description: comprised of the four prefectures of the Kanto region: Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama, and Chiba World population rank1: 1 Percentage of national population2: 22.2% Average yearly growth rate: 0.8% ——— 1. The Tokyo metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Japan’s total population living in the Tokyo metropolitan area.
there from Kyoto. Metropolitan Tokyo is generally defined as the four prefectures of Tokyo, Saitaima, Kanagawa, and Chiba, while the city of Tokyo proper usually refers to the 23 wards in Tokyo prefecture itself. The metropolitan area includes the major cities of Yokohama (the second largest city in Japan), Kawasaki, and Chiba, as well as rural mountain regions west of the city, the Izu Islands outside Tokyo Bay, and the Bonin Islands to the southeast in the Pacific Ocean. 2
Getting There
Tokyo is located on the Pacific on the eastern coast of Honshu, the largest
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Since Japan is an island nation, the most efficient means of access is by air. Flights originating from abroad almost always land at New Tokyo International Airport at Narita. From Narita, it is still a considerable distance to central Tokyo, and the traveler has the choice of two trains. The Keisei Skyliner reaches Nippori Station and Keisei Ueno stations in about an hour; from both of these points transfers can easily be made to other destinations in Tokyo. Japan Rail (JR) runs a Narita Express that arrives at Tokyo Station in under an hour and Shinjuku and Ikebukuro Stations in about an hour-and-a-half. All these stations are major transfer points to both trains and subways. There is also a limousine bus service to Shinjuku and Tokyo Stations and to Haneda Airport. Domestic flights, as well as China Airlines international flights, serve the much more conveniently located Haneda Airport. Haneda is a half hour’s drive from central Tokyo. Easiest access to the city is by the monorail that connects Haneda Airport with JR’s Yamanote line at Hamamatsucho Station. The Yamanote line is a circular line that connects with many major transfer points around Tokyo. Bus and Railroad Service While the subway system is continually being extended out into the grow-
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Tokyo
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Tokyo
Public transportation in Tokyo is clean, inexpensive, and the most reliable way to get around the city. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
ing suburbs of Tokyo, its reach is limited. The best way to access the city from other parts of Japan is by rail. The various Japan Rail companies, of which there are seven, have lines that reach Tokyo from every part of the country, save the small islands. By far the most efficient means of rail travel to Tokyo is the Shinkansen, the high-speed express trains run by Japan Rail. The Shinkansen also offers access to Tokyo from the north and west, though it is an express, and local connections may be necessary before reaching a Shinkansen line.
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3
Getting Around
An ancient city that has grown organically rather than according to an imposed plan, Tokyo exhibits a layout that differs radically from the grid-like patterns of cities like Washington, D.C., or Chicago. The streets follow no discernible pattern, though they might approximate a spiderweb, with concentric circles like Meiji-dori intersected by radiating streets like Shinjuku-dori and Yamate-dori. The geographical center is arguably Chiyoda-ku, where the Imperial Palace is located, though Chiyoda-
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Tokyo ku, with its abundant public park space, hardly qualifies as Tokyo’s “downtown.” No other area qualifies as downtown either; instead, the city has several concentrated “centers,” such as Shibuya, Shinjuku, and Ikebukuro. Other hubs include Setagaya, the Ginza, and Ueno. Bus and Commuter Rail Service The fact that each of these areas, with their distinctive characteristics, shares its name with a major train or subway station points to the primary means of travel in Tokyo. The government-operated Japan Railways operates several lines within Tokyo, the central line being the Yamanote line, which runs in a large circle around the city and intersects with most of the other train and subway lines en route. There are also several private train lines operating in Tokyo. Besides the trains, which run above ground, there are two subway companies, the Toei and the Teito. The subway lines are constantly being extended out to the suburbs, where they often emerge to run above ground like the trains. An extensive bus system fills in the areas not covered by the different rail systems. Rather inexplicably in a city as large and as lively as Tokyo, public transportation stops running sometime between midnight and 1:00 AM and resumes again at 5:00 AM. All public transportation in Tokyo, as in the rest of Japan, is relatively inexpensive, clean, and famous for being reliable and on schedule.
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4
People
In striking contrast to the ethnic and racial diversity that characterize large American cities, Tokyo, like the rest of Japan, is overwhelmingly monoracial. The largest non-Japanese minorities that live in Tokyo as Japanese citizens are Korean and Chinese nationals, who are never considered Japanese even though some of these families have lived in Japan for centuries. Tokyo has always attracted Japanese from areas beyond its borders, mostly people from the rural areas to the north and east who come in hopes of benefiting from Tokyo’s economic prosperity, which is often in stark contrast to the depressed economies of much of rural Japan. Many of these newcomers, and many native Tokyoites, are young people, who throng the streets at all hours of the day and night, infusing the city with an atmosphere of youthful vitality. 5
Neighborhoods
Lacking a defined center and encompassing a number of areas with a distinctive flavor, Tokyo has often been described as a city of cities. At Tokyo’s heart is old Edo, with the Imperial Palace grounds and public parks and gardens. Asakusa is another area that gives a glimpse of a Tokyo that is fast disappearing; there one finds cobbled streets and small shops selling traditional wares, all centered on the beautiful Sensoji Temple, Tokyo’s oldest. At the opposite pole of extreme modernity is Akihabara, which is renowned for its plethora of supposedly discounted elec-
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Tokyo
Tokyo, a cosmopolitan city, is the center of Japanese finance, government, and culture. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
tronic goods and which becomes flooded with people at the release of the latest software. Shinjuku is the site of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Office, housed in a 48-story building with twin towers that is just one of many such structures in Shinjuku that makes the area the part of Tokyo that most resembles a modern American metropolis. There one also finds Shinjuku Station, Japan’s (and perhaps the world’s) busiest train station with well over a million passengers catching trains there each day. In contrast to its skyscrapers’ clean lines and the open spaces surrounding them, Shinjuku also
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includes Kabukicho, a sometimes seedy entertainment district. Shibuya is another area with a huge train station, department stores, eateries, and bars, though Shibuya is a bit cleaner than Shinjuku and considerably trendier, with hordes of young people crowding its streets. But Shibuya cannot compete with the opulence of the Ginza, Tokyo’s preeminent shopping district and the site of many upscale restaurants, galleries, and bars. 6
History
Although the site of Tokyo has been inhabited since prehistoric times,
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Tokyo the first recorded mention of a settlement is a twelfth-century reference to an obscure village called Edo, meaning “Gate of the Inlet,” situated where the Sumida River empties into Tokyo Bay. The temple at Asakusa, east of Ueno station and near the Sumida, dates from perhaps the late seventh century, though the present-day structures have been built since World War II. A provincial general erected a fortified castle at Edo around 1457, but the village remained insignificant until Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542–1616) took it over in 1590. Edo was made the capital of the shogunate in 1603 and remained so until 1868, though for the time being the court aristocracy remained in Kyoto, which retained its cultural preeminence throughout the early Tokugawa period. Edo grew rapidly through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and appears to have become the largest city on the planet by the end of the 1700s. Edo also overtook Kyoto to become the center of national culture, as theater (in particular, kabuki) reached a high level of sophistication during this time. The growth of the city was also accompanied by difficulties, such as the fire of 1657, in which two-thirds of the city was destroyed, and more than 100,000 people died. In 1868, the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, the name of Edo was changed to Tokyo, meaning “Eastern capital,” when the imperial court was moved there following the fall of the shogunate. Tokyo’s population fell dur-
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The Imperial Palace. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
ing the political unrest of the times, but it recovered and surpassed two million by the end of Meiji period. In 1872, a devastating fire ravaged the city and inflicted heavy damage on the Ginza and Maronouchi districts, which were subsequently rebuilt with Western-style brick structures. The rebuilding program reflected a larger trend in the nation, an effort to catch up with other nations in the world, in the process of which Japan and its capital were increasingly receptive to Western influences. By the end of the Emperor Meiji’s reign, Japan was allied with England and had been victorious in war against China and Russia. Tokyo has not only been prone to fires, the city’s most common disaster
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Tokyo
City Fact Comparison Tokyo (Japan)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
28,025,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
c. 1150
753 BC
723 BC
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$185
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$105
$56
$59
$62
$26
$14
$15
$16
$316
$173
$246
$207
31
13
20
11
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
Akhbar El Yom/ Yomiuri Shimbun Al Akhbar 10,220,512
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1874
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
historically, but has also suffered from earthquakes. The great 1923 earthquake, which destroyed most of the city, was the worst disaster in modern Japanese history. Reconstruction took seven years and included more than 200,000 new buildings, seven reinforced concrete bridges on the Sumida River, and a number of parks, in one of which the Hall of the Nameless Dead was constructed as a memorial to the estimated 30,000 casualties in Tokyo alone.
Japan’s surrender, U.S. troops occupied Tokyo until April 1952. The decade following 1954 was a time of rapid expansion and renovation, culminating in Tokyo’s hosting of the summer Olympics in 1964. Tokyo observed its 500th anniversary in 1957. Since then Tokyo’s growth has continued unabated, keeping pace with its increasing stature as one of the most important cities in the world.
Tokyo also incurred heavy damage from Allied bombings in World War II, when U.S. Air Force raids reduced large sections of the city to rubble. After
In 1932, the city limits of Tokyo were broadened to coincide with the prefectural boundaries, except in the west, where a county system persisted.
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7
Government
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Tokyo The rest of the prefecture is divided into wards. In 1943 Tokyo was made a metropolitan prefecture, constituting a special administrative unit, known as Tokyo Metropolis, comprising 23 wards, 26 cities, seven towns, and eight villages. Hence, the city of Tokyo is a technical misnomer, since city and prefecture were combined in the creation of the metropolitan prefecture. The county section now consists largely of incorporated cities, all of which have mayors. Legislative authority in the metropolis belongs to the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, numbering 127 members elected for terms of four years. The prefectural governor is the principal elected official and presides over several administrative commissions and their commissioners, including the fire department and public works departments. Each ward elects a council and a ward head who deal with certain local matters. 8
Public Safety
The huge metropolis of Tokyo enjoys a low incidence of crime that would be the envy of a city a fraction of Tokyo’s size. While crime does occur, the streets are generally quite safe at all hours of the day and night. Police are stationed at booths called koban at many street corners throughout the city, though they spend most of their time providing information to people looking for homes and businesses, a necessary service in Tokyo, which does not have a systematic layout or street address system.
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One of the primary concerns for public safety in Tokyo is the expectation of the next big earthquake, which is overdue considering large quakes occur every 70 years on average and the last was in 1923. Earthquake drills are held on the anniversary of the 1923 earthquake, when people are reminded to turn off open flames and take proper shelter. Open spaces in the form of parks are maintained throughout the city to accommodate expected populations rendered homeless by a quake. 9
Economy
The Tokyo region is Japan’s leading industrial center, with a highly diversified manufacturing base. Heavy industries are concentrated in Chiba, Kawasaki, and Yokohama, while Tokyo proper is strongly inclined toward light industry, including book printing and the production of electronic equipment. More significantly, perhaps, Tokyo is Japan’s management and finance center. Corporations with headquarters or branches or production sites in other parts of the country often have large offices in Tokyo, Marunouchi being the location of many of these. The close relationship between government and business in Japan makes a Tokyo location advantageous if not necessary. To the north of Marunouchi is Otemachi, where Japan’s leading financial institutions and insurance companies are located. Otemachi is also home to NTT, the communications giant. Of course, Tokyo is also the site of the
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Tokyo Tokyo Stock Exchange, located in Kabutocho. Tokyo was particularly affected by an economic boom in Japan in the 1980s when the country emerged as a global financial center rivaling Europe and the United States. The economic upswing led to speculation, and especially to real estate speculation. Land prices soared at the time, as did the value of the yen. The economy leveled out by the early 1990s, but Tokyo real estate remained the most expensive in Japan and held a similar rank on a global scale. In the latter half of the 1990s, Tokyo was again affected by the national economy—only this time it was not an economic boom. In 1999 Japan began a tentative recovery from its longest and most severe recession since the end of World War II. 10
Environment
Situated on the Kanto Plain, Tokyo is one of three large cities, the other two being Yokohama and Kawasaki, located along the northwestern shore of Tokyo Bay, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean on east-central Honshu, the largest of the islands of Japan. The central part of the city was once marsh and lagoons that were filled in when Ieyasu took over. This area is called shitamachi, or “low city,” site of the original Edo. The terrain becomes increasingly hilly to the west of the city’s center until it becomes the Musashino Plateau, where Yoyogi Park, the Meiji Shrine, Roppongi, and fashionable Harajuku are located. Other
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notable places on the west side are the nightclub district of Roppongi and the high-fashion districts of Aoyama and Harajuku. Tokyo is intersected by the Sumida River and has an extensive network of canals. There is a large man-made port at the mouth of the Sumida, the development of which has enabled Tokyo to compete with Yokohama, the area’s foremost port. Land reclamation projects have added to Tokyo’s available surface area by filling in the bay and providing room for waste disposal, additional port facilities, and new residential areas. Pollution of the environment is regarded as a matter of public offense. While the national government is often slow to address environmental issues, growing public pressure has led to legislation requiring industrial polluters to rectify any environmental damage for which they are responsible. In spite of widespread use of bicycles and public transportation, automobile exhaust is a problem in Tokyo. The imposition of emission standards has lately eliminated some of the smog that has plagued the city. 11
Shopping
Tokyo stores bring the goods of the world home to the domestic market. At the fashionable shops of the Ginza, Harajuku, Aoyama, and Shibuya, discerning Tokyoites can procure the clothing and merchandise of designers from London, Paris, New York, and of course Tokyo. Large, well-supplied
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Tokyo department stores can be found throughout the city, like Tokyu, Seibu, and Parco in Shibuya, and Keio, Mitsukoshi, and Isetan in Shinjuku. Ikebukuro is the location of the Tobu department store, which promotes itself as the world’s largest. Certain areas of Tokyo specialize in particular lines of merchandise. Akihabara, for example, is an electronics market and is the first place to sell the latest offerings from Japan’s unsurpassable electronics industry. Nearby Kanda, in the vicinity of Meiji University, has some 100 shops specializing in secondhand books. Kanda also has a concentrated area of sporting goods stores. Wherever one shops, and whatever one shops for, one thing is universal throughout Tokyo and all of Japan: high-quality, attentive service from Japanese merchants. In this regard, the invariably helpful and polite proprietor of the smallest shop is in no way outdone by even the most expensive boutique in the Ginza or the larger department stores of Shibuya and Shinjuku, with their “greeters” at the doors and their abundant sales personnel. 12
Education
Tokyoites have been subject to the same national education system as the rest of Japan since the Meiji period, when elementary schooling was made compulsory for children beginning at the age of eight. Further reformed after World War II, the system has produced one of the world’s most literate and educated populations. While private
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elementary and secondary schools exist, virtually all Japanese are educated in public schools. The central aim of primary and secondary education in Japan is to win entry into the country’s most exclusive universities. Entrance examinations are tough, and about two million prospective students sit for the exams each year in Tokyo between January and March. Tokyo boasts the world’s highest concentration of institutions of higher learning with over 100 universities and colleges, about a quarter of Japan’s total. One-third of Japan’s university students are enrolled in Tokyo schools. Tokyo University, founded in 1877, is the nation’s most prestigious, but it is joined by other top-ranking schools such as Keio-Gijuku University (established in 1867), Rikkyo University (1883), Waseda University (1882), and Tokyo Women's College (1900). The high concentration of such schools in Tokyo does present some difficulties, as Tokyo’s Metropolitan Board of Education has restricted the schools’ expansion to curb overcrowding in the city and encouraged them instead to locate additional facilities in outlying areas. 13
Health Care
Health standards in Tokyo are comparable to those found in other highly industrialized countries. Restaurants are most often impeccably clean, and the food is safe to eat and the water safe to drink everywhere.
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Tokyo Noise and smog are persistent problems in the city. Electronic billboards report sound levels and air pollution indices. Air quality has improved in recent years and continues to improve. Medical insurance in Japan is of two types. Private insurance is usually held through one’s employer or labor union. Public health insurance is available to everyone through the government’s National Health Insurance. Policy holders of the latter pay 30 percent of costs, and while most doctors and medical and dental establishments subscribe to the program, not all do. Certain expensive materials (like gold fillings) are not covered, though the plan does provide for expensive procedures. Health care is provided on a level comparable to that in any other highly industrialized nation. There are many hospitals in Tokyo, several of which are associated with the universities there, while others are private or run by religious groups. Some of the more prominent are Kosei General, University of Tokyo, Showa University, Tokyo Adventist, and St. Luke’s International Hospitals. 14
Media
As Japan’s nerve center, Tokyo is also a national media center. Television and radio stations and programs abound in Japanese and many other languages, with English predominating. Televisions are engineered for bilingual broadcast when available.
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The most famous television network is Japan Broadcasting Corporation, or Nippon Hoso Kyokai, known as NHK. The government-sponsored network produces and broadcasts a wide variety of high-quality programs from their studios near Harujuku. Tokyo is also home to several newspapers, notably Asahi Shinbun, the Mainichi Daily News, the Japan Times, and Yomiuri Shimbun, which boasts the world’s largest circulation. 15
Sports
Japan’s traditional national sport is sumo, where huge wrestlers compete against each other in a five-meter ring. Six tournaments are held annually, about every other month, and are broadcast on national television. The center of sumo in Tokyo is the Ryokugo Kokugikan. In terms of popularity, sumo is outstripped by baseball, which has been played in Japan since the 1870s and has been known as yakyu (“field ball”) since World War II. Six teams are based in the Tokyo area, most with sponsorship from large corporations. Two of these teams, the Tokyo Giants and the Nippon Ham Fighters, play in the Tokyo Dome, Japan’s first indoor stadium, with a capacity of 56,000, at Korakuen. Golf is also a major athletic preoccupation for Tokyoites, though golfers who can afford membership in a club have to travel two hours outside the city.
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Tokyo
Skateboarding is enjoyed by teens worldwide. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
16
Parks and Recreation
For such a crowded and heavily built-up city, Tokyo boasts a surprising number of parks, many of them quite beautiful. There are over 6,000 different parks and gardens covering more than 1,000 hectares (2,471 acres) in the city. The most impressive green spaces in Tokyo tend to be in the northern and eastern areas of the city. These are the places to which modern Tokyoites repair for such traditional seasonal activities as cherry-blossom viewing (hanami), when people gather to drink sake and picnic beneath flower-laden
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branches in the spring. Ueno Park, along with the Sumida embankment, has remained the most popular spot for hanami since the days of old Edo. Ueno also contains a renowned peony garden, a zoo, and Shinobazu Pond, where visitors can boat among abundant water fowl and lotus blossoms. Inokashira Park is another large green space with a beautiful pond. Many parks are associated with shrines and temples. The Meiji Shrine is situated in a deep wood with very large trees. The shrine also has a famous iris garden. Other gardens can be found at Nezu Shrine (azaleas), Nishiarai Daishi
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Tokyo Temple (peonies), and Kameido Shrine (wisteria). 17
Performing Arts
Modern Tokyo is host to the latest trends of global popular culture, and Tokyo Dome is the usual venue for performances by the likes of the Rolling Stones and Mariah Carey. Of course, Japan has evolved many types of performance that are uniquely Japanese, and Tokyo is one of the best places to experience these. Noh drama, slow-paced and minimalist and rooted in Zen Buddhism, can be seen at the new National Noh Theater in Sendagaya. Noh is also performed at night by torchlight at places like Meiji Shrine. But the National Theater, across the moat from the Imperial Palace, is the major venue for traditional performance art in Tokyo. There one can experience traditional court music called gagaku, which dates back many centuries to the Heian period. The National Theater also holds performances of bunraku, dramas in which the “actors” are three-quarter-life-size puppets manipulated by men covered with black cloth. And performances of kabuiki, the marvelously stylized operalike dramas as elaborate as any from the heart of Italy, are part of the program at the National Theater, though one can also see these at the Kabukiza in the Ginza and the Simbashi Embujo Theater.
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Libraries and Museums
A large number of Tokyo’s prestigious museums are located in the vicinity of Ueno Park. Among these are the Tokyo National Museum (which is Japan’s largest art museum), the National Museum of Science, the National Museum of Western Art (in a building designed by Le Corbusier and housing nineteenth- and twentiethcentury Western painters, with a focus on Monet), and the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum (with exhibitions based on its own extensive collections and exhibits of contemporary Japanese art). Near the Imperial Palace are the National Museum of Modern Art and the Nezu Art Museum. Tokyo’s metropolitan region also abounds in smaller galleries and museums, with perhaps the largest concentration around the Ginza. Many small museums are specialized: Zen calligraphy in the Idemitsu Art Gallery in Marunouchi, a large print collection in the Ukiyoe Ota Memorial Museum of Art in Harujuku, and tea ceremony utensils at the Nezu Institute of Fine Arts in Minami-Aoyama. While each of the major universities of Tokyo has a notable library collection, two other libraries are of note. These are the National Diet Library and the National Archives, both near the Imperial Palace.
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Tokyo 19
To u r i s m
Entry into Japan is subject to the complex policies of the Immigration Bureau of the Ministry of Justice. Visitors from the United States who will be staying in Japan for a period of less than 90 days need to have a valid passport and obtain a short-term visa. Longer stays require an extension or a commercial or student visa. Standard electrical voltage in Tokyo as in the rest of Japan is 100 volts AC, 50 cycles. Appliances designed to operate on 110–120 volts AC will work on Tokyo’s 100 volts but will not run as well and eventually will burn out, though this occurs only with long-term use and not during a short stay. Major hotels in Tokyo have 110- to 120-volt and 220-volt outlets as well and can usually supply adapters if appliance plugs will not fit the outlets provided. Travel in Tokyo is safe, easy, and efficient, and getting around is relatively inexpensive. The subway and train system is extensive, though transferring between the two different subway systems is more costly than traveling on only one. Transfers are sometimes a bit more complicated between JR lines and private railways. English-language signs abound, and English-language subway and train maps are available at major stations. Tickets are dispensed from vending machines, though there is always an attendant on hand (who usually speaks little if any English). There are many services to aid the foreign traveler,
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The Asakusa Shrine Festival is one of the many holidays and festivals that Japan celebrates. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
among them the Japan National Tourist Organization. 20
Holidays and Festivals
Japan has many national and local holidays and festivals (matsuri). The Sanjamatsuri at Asakusa Shrine in May, the Kandamatsuri at the Kanda Shrine in the same month, and the Sanno-sai at Hie Shrine in June are the three major Tokyo festivals.
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Tokyo JANUARY New Year’s Day (Shogatsu) Coming of Age Day (Seijin no Hi)
FEBRUARY Setsubun National Foundation Day (Kenkoku Kinen no Hi)
MARCH Girls’ Day (Hinamatsuri) Spring Equinox Day (Shumbun no Hi)
APRIL Cherry Blossom Viewing (Hanami) Birthday of the Buddha (Hanamatsuri) Flower and Greenery Day (Hana to Midori no Hi)—beginning of Golden Week, a national holiday of several days’ duration
MAY Constitution Day (Kempo Kinembi) Children’s Day (Kodomo no Hi) Sanja Festival (Sanjamatsuri) Kanda Festival (Kandamatsuri)
JUNE Sanno-sai Tanabata-matsuri
JULY Sumida River fireworks display
AUGUST Festival of the Dead (Obon)
SEPTEMBER Respect for the Aged Day (Keiro no Hi) Autumnal Equinox Day (Shubun no Hi)
OCTOBER Sports Day (Taiiku no Hi) Chrysanthemum Viewing (at various temples and shrines)
NOVEMBER Culture Day (Bunka no Hi) Three-Five-Seven Day (for children) (Shichi-GoSan) Labor Thanksgiving Day (Kinro Kansha no Hi)
DECEMBER Gishi-sai
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Famous Citizens
Yukio Mishima (1925–78), born Hiraoka Kimitake, one of Japan’s outstanding twentieth-century novelists. Ernest F. Fenollosa (1853–1908), American Orientalist and lecturer at Tokyo University, one of the founders of the Tokyo Fine Arts School in 1887. Junichiro Tanizaki (1886–1965), leading figure in twentieth-century Japanese letters. Soseki Natsume (1867–1916), born Kinnosuke Natsume, the preeminent novelist of the Meiji era. Edwin O. Reischauer (1910–90), American historian and Orientalist, born in Tokyo, served in military intelligence during World War II, and authored several important books aimed at increasing understanding of Japan in the United States. Shigeru Yoshida (1878–1967), prime minister of Japan during the country’s post-Occupation transition to democratic self-rule. Shinichiro Tomonaga (1906–79), physicist at what is now the Tokyo University of Education, won the Nobel prize for physics for research in quantum electrodynamics. Akio Morita (1921–99), world-renowned innovator in the electronics industry who founded the Sony Corporation and designed the hugely successful Walkman.
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Tokyo Akira Kurosawa (1910–98), one of the world’s greatest film directors. Sadaharu Oh (b. 1940), one of Japan’s most outstanding baseball players, played for the Tokyo Giants. Issey Miyake (b. 1938), leading figure in Japanese and international fashion design, studied at Tama Art University in Tokyo and set up his studio there in 1971. 22
For Further Study
Websites Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO) Website. [Online] Available http:// www.jnto.go.jp (accessed November 29, 1999). Planet Tokyo. [Online] Available http:// www.pandemic.com/tokyo (accessed November 29, 1999). Tokyo Meltdown. [Online] Available http:// www.bento.com/tleisure.html (accessed November 29, 1999). Tokyo Metropolitan Government New York Representative Office. [Online] Available http:// www.tokyo-gov.org (accessed November 29, 1999). Tokyo Travel Guide. [Online] Available http:// www.asahi-net.or.jp/~by3s-fet/english.htm (accessed November 29, 1999).
Government Offices Tokyo Metropolitan Government Offices Information 2–8–1 Nishi Shinjuku Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo Tel. (03) 5321–1111 Tokyo Regional Immigration Bureau Otemachi Office Complex, Building No. 1 1–3–1 Otemachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tel. (03) 3213–8111 Foreign Nationals’ Affairs Division 2–2–1 Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tel. (03) 3503–7045, ext. 6
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U.S. Embassy 1–10–5 Akasaka Minato-ku, Tokyo Tel. (03) 224–5000
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Japan National Tourist Organization (JNTO) 2–10–1, Yurakucho Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tel. (03) 3502–1461 Japan National Tourist Organization One Rockefeller Plaza, Suite 1250 New York, NY 10020 (212)757–5640 Japan National Tourist Organization 401 North Michigan Ave., Suite 770 Chicago, IL 60611 (312) 222–0874 Japan National Tourist Organization 515 South Figueroa St., Suite 1470 Los Angeles, CA 90071 (213) 623–1952 Tourist Information Center Tokyo International Forum, Building No. 1 3–5–1, Marunouchi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo Tel.(03)3201–3331
Publications The Japan Times Ltd. 5–4, Shibaura 4–chome Minato-ku, Tokyo 108 Kodansha International Ltd. 17–14, Otowa 1–chome Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112 Charles E. Tuttle Co. Inc. 2–6 Suido 1–chome Bunkyo–ku, Tokyo 112
Books Bower, Faubion. Japanese Theater. Greenwood Press, 1976. Christopher, Robert C. The Japanese Mind: The Goliath Explained. New York: Linden Press/ Simon & Schuster, 1983. Conner, Judith and Mayumi Yoshida. Tokyo City Guide. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1985. The Japan Travel Bureau. A Look into Tokyo. (6th ed.) 1991.
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Tokyo Kennedy, Rick. Home, Sweet Tokyo: Life in a Weird and Wonderful City. Tokyo: Kodansha, 1988. Reischauer, Edwin O. Japan: The Story of a Nation. New York: Knopf, 1991. Reischauer, Edwin O. The Japanese Today. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1993. Sadler, Arthur. The Maker of Modern Japan: The Life of Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Tokyo: Tuttle: 1987. Schiffer, Robert L. The Exploding City. New York: St. Martin’s Press: 1989.
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Seidensticker, Edward G. Low City, High City: Tokyo from Edo to the Earthquake, 1867–1923. New York: Knopf, 1983. Seidensticker, Edward G. Tokyo Rising. New York: Knopf, 1990. Vardaman, James M. and Michiko Sasaki Vardaman. Japanese Etiquette Today: A Guide to Business and Social Customs. Tokyo: Tuttle, 1994. Waley, Paul. Tokyo, Now and Then: An Explorer's Guide. Weatherhill: 1984.
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To r o n t o Toronto, Ontario, Canada, North America Founded: 1720; Incorporated: 1834 Location: Northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, Ontario, Canada, North America Flag: Blue field with white “T” design and red maple leaf. Time Zone: 7 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: more than 80 ethnic groups from Africa, Asia, and Europe Elevation: 194 m (636 ft) Latitude and Longitude: 43º40'N, 79º22'W Climate: Continental climate moderated by Lake Ontario, with cold, damp winters, sunny springs, warm summers with some very hot days, and crisp autumns Annual Mean Temperature: January -4ºC (24ºF); July 21.7ºC (71ºF). Seasonal Average Snowfall: 141 cm (55.5 in) Average Annual Rainfall: 64 cm (25 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Metric Monetary Units: Canadian dollars (Can$) Telephone Area Codes: 416, 905 (647 to be added in March 2001) Postal Codes: Range of postal codes beginning with M5
1
Introduction
Located on the northwestern shore of Lake Ontario, Toronto is a city that has undergone a major transformation in the second half of the twentieth century, evolving from a staid, conservative, largely Anglo-Saxon enclave to a dynamic, multiethnic metropolis that is one of North America’s major cities. Throughout, it has retained an enviable degree of livability, boasting safe streets and a clean, efficient subway system amid restored Victorian houses and a renovated waterfront. Toronto’s leaders have worked successfully to protect the city’s heritage and its residents’ quality of life from the effects of unrestrained development, even as Toronto has con-
tinued to grow into a major financial and cultural center. 2
Getting There
Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario, is located on the northwestern short of Lake Ontario. Although it is a Canadian city, it is located further south than many points in the United States, including much of New England and the northern Midwest, and is highly accessible by both Canadians and Americans. Highways Toronto is accessible by several major highways running parallel to the Lake Ontario shore: Highways 401 and
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Toronto
Toronto Population Profile City Proper Population: 653,734 Area: 95.8 sq km (37 sq mi) Ethnic composition: More than 80 ethnic groups from Africa, Asia, and Europe Nicknames: Toronto the Good
Metropolitan Area Population: 4,657,000 Description: Toronto, Etobicoke, York, North York, Scarborough, and East York Area: 634 sq km (245 sq mi) World population rank1: 49 Percentage of national population2: 15.2% Average yearly growth rate: 1.5% Ethnic composition: More than 80 ethnic groups from Africa, Asia, and Europe Nicknames: Metro Toronto ——— 1. The Toronto metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Canada’s total population living in the Toronto metropolitan area.
402 enter Toronto from both the east and west, and the Queen Elizabeth Way enters the city from the west. Highway 400 enters the city from the north and connects with Highway 401. Bus and Railroad Service Toronto is on a number of major bus routes covered by both regional and national bus lines. Its bus terminal, located at 610 Bay Street, is the site of arrivals and departures to and from points in Ontario, elsewhere in Canada, and the United States. Canada’s nationwide VIA Rail System provides service
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between Ontario and points throughout Canada. Service to the United States is provided through connections with Amtrak in Niagara Falls (on the U.S. side). Airports Toronto’s Lester B. Pearson International Airport, located in the northwest part of Greater Toronto, serves major domestic and international airlines, including Air Canada, Canadian Airlines, American Airlines, United Airlines, USAir, British Airways, Air France, KLM, Alitalia, Lufthansa, Korean Airlines, and others. In 1997, the airport handled 26.1 million passengers, of which nearly half were from Canada and almost one-third from the United States. Toronto can be reached within a 90-minute flight by about 60 percent of the U.S. population. The Toronto City Centre Airport, located on an island in Toronto Harbour, handles scheduled, private, and corporate flights. Shipping Toronto is one of the major port cities of the Great Lakes region. About 1.8 million metric tons (two million tons) of cargo move through its port annually. 3
Getting Around
The major streets of Greater Toronto are arranged in a north-south and east-west grid pattern. At approximately 1,800 kilometers (1,200 miles), Yonge Street, the city’s main north-south thor-
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Toronto
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Toronto oughfare, is the world’s longest street. The main east-west street is Bloor Street. Toronto also has an extensive network of underground walkways connecting its major public buildings and shopping facilities. Bus and Commuter Rail Service The Toronto Transit Commission operates bus, subway, rapid transit, and streetcar lines covering a total of almost 4,000 kilometers (2,486 miles). The main lines of Toronto’s clean, efficient, U-shaped subway system are BloorDanforth and Yonge-University-Spadina.
about 100 different languages are spoken in the city. In the course of its history, Toronto has absorbed 350,000 Chinese immigrants, 400,000 Italians, 127,000 Greeks, and significant numbers of West Indians, Latin Americans, Indians, Sri Lankans, and Koreans. Nearly two-thirds of those who reside in Greater Toronto were born and raised elsewhere. The metropolitan area population includes the most extensive Portuguese population in North America, the largest Chinese population in eastern Canada, a half million Italians, and many other groups. 5
Sightseeing Double-decker bus tours of Toronto’s major sites are available between the spring and autumn months. Also offered are one-hour boat tours of the city’s port and its islands in Lake Ontario, as well as cruises on the 29meter (96-foot) schooner The Challenge. Walking and bicycling tours of various Toronto neighborhoods are also available, as are helicopter tours featuring an aerial view of the city. 4
People
Having recently expanded to include the municipalities of North York, Scarborough, Etobicoke, York, and East York, Metropolitan Toronto now has a population of some 4.2 million people, while the central city has over half a million. Known for its ethnic diversity, Toronto’s population includes more than 80 different ethnic groups;
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Neighborhoods
Toronto’s financial district, home to the city’s major banks and insurance companies, is bordered by Front Street, Queen Street, Yonge Street, and York Street. The King Street West theater district between Front and Queen streets contains a heavy concentration of cultural facilities, including the Royal Alexander Theatre, Roy Thomson Hall, the Canadian Broadcasting Company building, the city’s convention center, and the Princess of Wales Theatre. Chinatown is bounded by Dundas Street, University Avenue, Spadina Avenue, and College Street. Toronto’s Little Italy, with its colorful coffee bars and trattorias, is located along College Street between Euclid and Shaw. The area from College Park to Bloor Street, between Spadina Avenue and Yonge Street is home to many of the University of Toronto Buildings and the Ontario Legislature.
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Toronto
City Fact Comparison Indicator
Toronto (Canada)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
4,657,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1720
753 BC
723 BC
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$129
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$60
$56
$59
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$15
$14
$15
$16
$204
$173
$246
$207
4
13
20
11
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
Akhbar El Yom/ The Toronto Star Al Akhbar 460,654
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1892
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
To the east of Parliament Street and between Bloor and Gerrard streets is an area traditionally known as Cabbagetown because of the cabbages planted on the lawns of the nineteenth-century Irish immigrants who were its original settlers. Having undergone gentrification, today it is an upscale urban enclave. The Yorkville area northwest of the intersection of Bloor and Yonge streets became a haven for the counterculture beginning in the 1960s; today it is a high-rent district boasting an array of fashionable galleries, boutiques, restaurants, and cafes.
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Residential neighborhoods include the Annex, between Bloor and Bernard streets; the exclusive Rosedale area; Forest Hill; the Beaches, formerly a summer resort; East End/Danforth, a heavily Greek enclave; and the popular redeveloped North York neighborhood. 6
History
The first known European to set foot in the area of present-day Toronto was a Frenchman, Étienne Brulé (c. 1592–1633), in 1615. The plain between the Don and Humber rivers had been traversed for hundreds of years by hunters and warriors of native groups including the Hurons, Iroquois,
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Toronto
Toronto skyline. (Bernard Boutrit; Woodfin Camp)
Ottawas, and Mississaugas. The French established a trading post at the site in 1720 and a settlement, Fort Rouille, in 1751. Twelve years later, French rule of Canada was ended by the Treaty of Paris, and the entire territory came under British control. In 1793 the British built the settlement that was to become Toronto. Called York, it became the capital of the British province of Upper Canada. Present-day Toronto’s main street, Yonge Street, was laid out in 1796. During the War of 1812, the British captured the town and burned its parliament buildings. (The British retali-
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ated by attacking the fledging U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., and burning the president’s residence, which received its present name—the White House—after being whitewashed to hide its charred exterior.) But the town rebuilt and continued to grow, aided by growing immigration and the extension of the Erie Canal to Lake Ontario. In 1834 it was officially incorporated as the city of Toronto. The following decades saw a dramatic improvement in the city’s infrastructure—including water works, gas lines, and, by 1884, electricity, as well as the coming of the railroad. Toronto became a major trade center for lumber and grain, and its first
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Toronto financial institutions were established. With Canadian independence from Britain in 1867, the city became the capital of the new province of Ontario. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Toronto’s population grew rapidly, reaching 181,000 by 1891. The city became a major business center, with large fortunes amassed by a number of self-made entrepreneurs, including Timothy Eaton (1834–1907) and Robert Simpson, who laid the groundwork for retail empires that were to flourish in the twentieth century as well. With new wealth came the establishment of cultural institutions such as the Toronto Philharmonic Society and others. As the new century opened, the city flourished economically, attracting a new wave of immigrants from Russia, Italy, and Eastern Europe and also experiencing some of the social problems that came with increased industrialization. Thousands of Canadians fought in both world wars, and the domestic economy expanded to meet wartime production needs. After World War II (1939–45), suburban expansion became a major social and economic phenomenon, much as it did in the cities in the United States. The Metro Council, established in 1953, allowed representatives of both the city and its suburbs to unite in working for the development of the metropolitan area; expanded highways and the creation of a subway system were important factors in this development. The post-war years also changed Toronto’s ethnic and racial makeup dramatically, and ethnic
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enclaves multiplied in a city whose population had been primarily AngloSaxon. Restrictions were eased on immigration from China, Eastern Europe, and Italy and additional immigrants arrived from Latin America, the Caribbean, India, Pakistan, and Southeast Asia. By 1961, 42 percent of Toronto’s population was foreign-born. Urban renewal was sparked in the 1960s as area residents began moving from the suburbs back to the city, and the Yorkville area temporarily became a counterculture mecca. By the 1970s Toronto surpassed Montreal as Canada’s top financial center. It boasted the largest number of corporate headquarters in the country, as well as its major stock exchange and the capital of its publishing industry. A growing number of skyscrapers changed city’s skyline, and waterfront commercial development was begun with the development of Harbourfront. Some of the city’s top attractions, including the zoo, the Ontario Science Centre, and Ontario Place, were also built during this period. Since then Toronto has continued to grow into a major business and cultural center, becoming home to one of North America’s leading theater districts as well as the world’s first sports stadium with a fully retractable roof, the Skydome, completed in 1989. The 1990s have seen the expansion of the Metro Toronto Convention Center, the construction of a new National Trade Center and sports arena, and a major renovation of the Royal Ontario Museum. In 1998 a major government reorganization took place, uniting six
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Toronto municipalities into an expanded City of Toronto. 7
Government
In January 1998 the City of Toronto was enlarged to include four neighboring cities (Etobicoke, North York, York, and Scarborough) and the borough of East York. The new city has a mayor-council form of government, with both the mayor and council members elected to three-year terms, representing 28 wards. 8
Public Safety
Toronto is known as one of the safest major cities in North America. Its subways are clean and safe and even have special camera-monitored safety areas. Criminal law in Toronto is determined by Canada’s federal government and is the same throughout the country, as opposed to civil law, which varies from one province to another. The Metro area is protected by a police force of approximately 5,000, supplemented by a unit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, which enforces federal laws, such as those involving drug smuggling and tax evasion. The Ontario Provincial Police patrol the highways that ring the city. Uniformed police officers wear guns although gun use by the police is extremely rare. 9
Economy
Toronto is the economic heart of Canada. It is home to over 80,000 businesses, including more than one-third of the country’s top 500 industrial
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firms. With over 8,000 industrial plants, Toronto is Canada’s manufacturing capital. It is also Canada’s major center for banking and finance. Five of the country’s ten chartered banks are headquartered in the city, and more than 40 foreign banks have offices there. In addition, many of the nation’s top insurance and investment firms also have offices in Toronto. Like New York—its economic counterpart in the United States—Toronto is also the major media and communications center of its country, as well as its major metropolitan retail market. Major companies with offices in Toronto include American Express Canada, the Bank of Montreal, Bell Canada, Eaton’s, Famous Players, Hewlett-Packard Canada, IBM Canada, Labatt Breweries, Molson Breweries, Sears Canada, Sprint Canada, and Toronto Dominion Bank. 10
Environment
The forests of southern Ontario, within easy access of Toronto, are rich in flora and home to abundant wildlife, including many bird species and large mammals, such as moose, deer, and bear. Gulls, ducks, and Canada geese inhabit the shores of Lake Ontario, and the abundant marshes and pools of southern Ontario are home to many wetland species, including herons, woodcock, teal, wood duck, kingfishers, and ospreys, plus a variety of amphibians and such mammals as the muskrat. The Ontario Environmental Network serves as a referral service for some
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Toronto
Old City Hall at Nathan Hawkins Plaza. (Bernard Boutrit; Woodfin Camp)
500 environmental groups of all kinds in the province of Ontario. 11
Shopping
Downtown Toronto is the thirdlargest retail center in North America, surpassed only by New York and Chicago—it has 929,000 square meters (ten million square feet) of retail space and some 4,500 stores. Its major department stores are Eaton’s and the Hudson’s Bay Company (formerly Simpson’s). The major downtown shopping venues are the trendy Bloor/ Yorkville area, Queen Street West for bookstores, antiques, and boutiques,
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and several malls. The Eaton Centre on Yonge Street in downtown Toronto is a mammoth, four-level mall complex with a glass-domed galleria and more than 360 shops and restaurants. Other downtown malls include the smaller College Park Shops, the upscale Hazelton Lanes, Royal Bank Plaza, and Queen’s Quay Terminal, located in a converted waterfront warehouse. Large shopping centers in the metropolitan area include the Yorkdale Shopping Center, Scarborough Town Centre, and Dufferin Mall. Toronto is known particularly for its retail selection of Canadian arts and
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Toronto crafts. The city has two major outdoor produce markets: Kensington Market and the St. Lawrence Market. 12
Education
Toronto’s public school system operates more than 500 elementary and secondary schools, which have an enrollment of approximately 280,000 students. About one-third as many students attend parochial and private schools. With an enrollment of over 50,000, the University of Toronto is the largest university in Canada. Ranked Canada’s top research university by Maclean’s magazine, the University of Toronto is also known for the quality of the liberal arts education it provides to its graduates. With nine colleges, the university offers 300 undergraduate, 148 master’s, and 95 doctoral programs. Other colleges and universities include the National Ballet School, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, Ontario College of Art, and the Royal Conservatory of Music. 13
Health Care
With more than 50 hospitals, and some 130,000 people employed in the health care industry, Toronto is Canada’s major health care center. With a total of approximately 1,000 beds, the University Health Network (formerly The Toronto Hospital) is one of Canada’s largest acute-care teaching organizations and the primary teaching hospital for the University of
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Toronto. The network consists of three separate hospitals (Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Western Hospital, and Princess Margaret Hospital) and Toronto Medical Laboratories. In fiscal year 1998–99, University Health Network logged 38,853 admissions (of adult patients), 559,269 ambulatory visits, 66,730 emergency visits, and 16,587 surgeries. Mount Sinai Hospital, also affiliated with the University of Toronto Medical School, is another Toronto hospital that is highly regarded throughout Canada. The 388-bed hospital is recognized in particular for the quality of its nursing care. In 1997–98 Mount Sinai admitted 18,174 patients and recorded 3,925 births, 28,224 emergency visits, and 518,897 ambulatory care visits. During the same period, the hospital employed a full-time staff of 1,299. Another prestigious Toronto medical facility is the Hospital for Sick Children, which has an international reputation for clinical care and research. The hospital has been the site of many pioneering discoveries and procedures in recent decades, including the first bone marrow transplant program and major research in the area of hereditary diseases. Other hospitals in Greater Toronto include Centenary Hospital, Central Hospital, The Doctors’ Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Queensway General Hospital, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto East General and Orthopaedic Hospital, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto Rehabilitation Centre, and West Park Hospital.
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Toronto
Eaton Centre is one of the largest mall complexes in Toronto offering more than 360 shops and restaurants. (Mike Yamashita; Woodfin Camp)
Toronto is also the home of Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, and the Eye Bank. 14
Media
In addition to the Globe and Mail, Canada’s national newspaper, two other major dailies are published in Toronto—the Toronto Star (weekday circulation 460,654; Sundays 469,811) and the Toronto Sun (weekdays 240,164; Sundays 403,316). Also published in the city are The Financial Post, a business newspaper, and hundreds of other business publications of all kinds. Toronto
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also houses the corporate headquarters of Thomson Publishing, one of the world’s largest book publishers. Major magazine publishers Maclean Hunter and Southam Business Communications are also located in the city. Toronto has seven television stations and 24 AM and FM radio stations. 15
Sports
Toronto residents are avid sports fans, and professional sporting events are usually sold out months in advance. Hockey is played by the Maple Leafs at the new Air Canada Centre, which is
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Toronto Thoroughbred racing takes place at Woodbine Racetrack. Toronto also hosts several annual spectator sports events: the Molson Indy auto race, a canoeing and rowing regatta on Long Pond, both in July, and the Player’s International Canadian Open tennis championship tournament every summer. 16
The sculpture garden at St. James’ Cathedral. (Bernard Boutrit; Woodfin Camp)
also home to the Raptors of the National Basketball Association. The Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum is located in downtown Toronto. The Toronto Blue Jays baseball team, which won the 1992 and 1993 World Series, plays home games in the Skydome, an outdoor stadium with a retractable roof. The Argonauts of the Canadian Football League also play in the Skydome; in 1996 the Argonauts won the sport’s prestigious Grey Cup national championship.
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Parks and Recreation
Toronto’s extensive park system offers tennis courts, swimming pools, playing fields, and ice-skating rinks. The 178-hectare (440-acre) High Park in the city’s West End includes Grenadier Pond (actually a large lake), a swimming pool, a modest-sized zoo, playing fields, tennis courts, bowling greens, and extensive open areas for picnicking, baseball, and other activities. Toronto is also home to two public gardens: the Allan Gardens between Jarvis, Sherbourne, Dundas, and Gerrard streets and the Edwards Garden (Lawrence Avenue at Leslie Street), a formal garden with a creek running through it. Almost directly across Lake Ontario is Niagara Falls, one of North America’s most spectacular natural wonders (and major tourist sites), and some 322 kilometers (200 miles) north of the city lie the 7,700 square kilometers (3,000 square miles) of wilderness lands that make up Algonquin Provincial Park. Toronto has an exceptional zoo— the Metropolitan Zoo (or Metro Toronto Zoo), located in Scarborough. Uncaged animals roam over 287 hect-
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Toronto ares (710 acres) that have been transformed into settings resembling their natural habitats, including African savannah, Malaysian rainforests, and Western prairies. A monorail and Zoomobile, as well as some ten kilometers (six miles) of walkways, help visitors traverse the zoo’s vast expanse, which also includes a large botanical collection. Toronto provides many opportunities for outdoor recreation, including water sports on Lake Ontario. There are bicycle trails in park areas, and bicyclers can also be seen—together with walkers, runners, and in-line skaters—on the city streets and at the lakefront during the warm-weather seasons. Tobogganing and cross-country skiing are popular during the winter months; Nathan Phillips Square and Harbourfront are popular ice-skating venues. The Kortright Centre for Conservation offers naturalist-guided hiking and other activities. 17
Performing Arts
Toronto is widely known for the abundance and variety of its performing arts scene. In particular, it is one of the English-speaking world’s major theater venues, surpassed only by New York and London. Its major performing arts centers include the Elgin and Winter Garden Theatres, venues for all types of theatrical and music performances and extensively renovated in the 1980s. Broadway musicals are seen at the restored Pantages Theatre, the
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Royal Alexandra Theatre, and the Princess of Wales Theatre. The city’s theater companies include the Canadian Stage Company, which performs at the St. Lawrence Centre and gives free outdoor Shakespeare performances in the summer; the Factory Theatre and Tarragon Theatre, known for their productions of works by Canadian playwrights; Young People’s Theatre, which is dedicated to presenting theatrical works for children; Theatre Passe Muraille, a leading alternative theater; Buddies in Bad Times, a gay theater whose plays deal with issues of gender and identity; and the Native Earth Performing Arts Theatre, whose productions address issues of importance to Native Canadians. Toronto is also famous as a center for live comedy; many major comedic talents—both Canadian and American—who went on to success in the United States honed their skills at Second City Toronto and in comedy clubs such as Yuk Yuk’s. The Toronto Symphony performs in Roy Thomson Hall, with the Mendelssohn Choir participating in programs that include choral works. In the summer, the orchestra performs outdoors at Ontario Place at the lakeshore. The Canadian Opera performs at the Hummingbird Centre for the Performing Arts. Toronto’s other musical groups include the Orford String Quartet, Tafelmusik, and the Elmer Isler Singers. Many types of popular music are heard in clubs and concerts, many held at the Molson Amphitheatre.
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Toronto Toronto is the home of Canada’s premier dance troupe, the National Ballet of Canada, founded nearly 50 years ago. The company performs both ballet classics and modern works at the O’Keefe Theatre in Toronto and also tours throughout Canada and the United States. Toronto’s leading contemporary dance ensemble is the Toronto Dance Theatre, which performs at the Premiere Dance Theatre. 18
Libraries and Museums
Founded in 1883, the Toronto Public Library System serves a population of 2,300,000. The library’s book holdings total 9,132,159 volumes. The library system has an annual circulation of more than 28,376,411 items. Special collections include Canadiana, the Arthur Conan Doyle Room, Native People Collection, Puppetry, and Urban Affairs. The University of Toronto Library System holds more than eightand-a-half million volumes and subscribes to more than 40,000 electronic journals. Subject of its special collections include English Literature, Australiana, History of Science and Medicine, and Canadian and Provincial Documents. With art, archaeology, and science collections containing more than six million items, the Royal Ontario Museum, known locally as ROM, is Canada’s largest museum. It is particularly renowned for its extensive Chinese collection, which includes over 1,000 artifacts. Other notable features
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of the museum are the textile collection, the display of early Canadian decorative arts, the Roman Gallery, and exhibits featuring the cultures of Native Canadians. Children enjoy the museum’s Bat Cave and Dinosaur Gallery. The Art Gallery of Toronto exhibits all types of artworks from the Middle Ages through the twentieth century. The George R. Gardiner Museum of Ceramic Art is the only museum in North America devoted exclusively to ceramics and includes both European and pre-Columbian collections. The McMichael Collection, located north of the city in Kleinburg, displays works by a group of famous Canadian landscape painters in a picturesque woodland setting. The Ontario Science Centre contains a large and varied selection of exhibits, many of them interactive. In addition to its art and science museums, Toronto is also home to the Hockey Hall of Fame and Museum and collections featuring history and design, as well as such unusual categories as telephones, sugar, and shoes. 19
To u r i s m
According to Tourism Toronto, visitors made an estimated 20.2 million trips to Toronto in 1997—44 percent from elsewhere in Ontario, 14 percent from Canada’s other provinces, 27 percent from the United States, and the rest from overseas. Of these visitors, 37 percent came for pleasure trips, 32 percent were visiting friends or family, 23 percent came on business trips, including conventions, and the remainder
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Toronto were unclassified. Total direct visitor expenditures in 1997 totaled Can$4.96 billion. The city’s 32,250 hotel rooms had a 72 percent occupancy rate. Toronto’s major convention and exhibit facilities include the National Trade Centre (101 square meters/1,086 square feet of marketing and exhibit space), Toronto Congress Centre (46 square meters/500 square feet), International Centre (43 square meters/468 square feet), and Metro Toronto Convention Centre (43 square meters/460 square feet). In 1997, 911 meetings, conventions, and trade shows were held in the city, with an economic impact of Can$1.086 billion. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY-MARCH
Toronto greets over 20 million visitors a year. (Timothy Eagan; Woodfin Camp)
JUNE-JULY Benson & Hedges Symphony of Fire Fireworks Competition
Stages Celebration
JUNE-SEPTEMBER
FEBRUARY
International Marketplace
Winter Carnival
JUNE-OCTOBER
MARCH
Wednesday’s Soundsational Concert Series
International Home & Garden Show Milk International Children’s Festival of the Arts Toronto St. Patrick’s Parade
JULY
Big City Hoedown 8 Toronto Jewish Film Festival
Beaches International Jazz Festival Fringe of Toronto Festival CHIN (Canadian Heritage Information Network) Picnic International & Shopping Bazaar Outdoor Art Exhibition Scream in High Park—a Carnival of the Spoken Word Toronto Harbour Parade of Lights Toronto Molson Indy
JUNE
JULY-AUGUST
APRIL Images Festival of Independent Film and Video
APRIL-MAY Music Hall at Snug Harbor
MAY
Gay Pride Week International Dragon Boat Race Festival Medieval Renaissance Festival Metro International Caravan North by Northeast Music Festival Toronto Lion Dance Festival
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Caribana Festival
AUGUST Great Canadian Volkswagen Bug Show Hot & Spicy Food Festival Taste of the Danforth
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Toronto AUGUST-SEPTEMBER Canadian National Exhibition
SEPTEMBER Bell Canadian Open Canadian International Air Show Country Harvest Festival Hunting & Outdoors Show Italian Celebration Ontario Place Offshore Challenge Toronto Downtown Jazz Festival Toronto Fall Gift Show Toronto International Film Festival Vegetarian Food Fair
OCTOBER Canadian International Marathon Creative Sewing & Needlework Festival Fall Classic Collector Car Auction & Swap Meet HarvestFest International Creators Art & Craft Show International Festival of Authors International Home Show Toronto Fall Home Show
NOVEMBER Mennonite Christmas Festival Royal Agricultural Winter Fair Santa Claus Parade
NOVEMBER-DECEMBER Christmas in the Village Country Christmas at Gibson House Museum One of a Kind Christmas Canadian Craft Show & Sale
NOVEMBER-JANUARY Cavalcade of Lights Trees Around the World
DECEMBER First Night Toronto International Christmas Fair & Marketplace Toronto Christmas Story
DECEMBER-JANUARY Victorian Christmas Flower Show
21
Famous Citizens
Margaret Atwood (b. 1939), novelist and poet.
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Robertson Davies (b. 1913), one of Canada’s most popular and acclaimed novelists. Glenn Gould (1932–82), pianist. Paul Kane (1810–71), nineteenth-century artist and explorer. William Lyon Mackenzie (1795–1861), Toronto’s first mayor. Marshall McLuhan (1911–80), culture critic and media theorist. Charles G. D. Roberts (1860–1943), poet and author of animal stories. Goldwin Smith (1823–1910), author. 22
For Further Study
Websites Toronto City Guide. [Online] Available http:// www.math.toronto.edu/toronto/. (accessed October 14, 1999). Toronto City Net. [Online] Available http:// www.city.net/countries/canada/ontario/toronto. (accessed October 14, 1999). Toronto Info Guide. [Online] Available http:// www.theinfoguide.com/guideme.htm. (accessed October 14, 1999).
Government Offices Mayor’s Office 55 John St. Metro Hall, 7th Fl. Toronto, ON M5V3C6 (416) 395-6464 Toronto City Hall 100 Queen St. W Toronto, ON M5H2N1 (416) 392-7341
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Metropolitan Toronto Convention & Visitors Association 207 Queen’s Quay W Toronto, ON M5J1A7 (416) 203-6753
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Toronto Metro Toronto Convention Centre 255 Front St. W Toronto, ON M5V2W6 (416) 585-8000
Publications Financial Post 333 King St. E Toronto, ON M5A4N2 The Globe and Mail 444 Front St. W Toronto, ON M5V2S9 Toronto Star 1 Yonge St. Toronto, ON M5E1E6 Toronto Sun 333 King St. E Toronto, ON M5A3X5
Books Arthur, Eric Ross. Toronto, No Mean City. 3rd ed. Rev. by Stephen A. Otto. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986. Dendy, William. Lost Toronto: Images of the City's Past. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1993.
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Filey, Mike. Discover & Explore Toronto's Waterfront: A Walker's, Jogger's, Cyclist's, Boater's Guide to Toronto's Lakeside Sites and History. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998. Fulford, Robert. Accidental City: The Transformation of Toronto. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996. Fulford, Robert, and Megan Oldfield. Toronto Tapestry. Sponsored by the Board of Trade of Metropolitan Toronto. Memphis, TN: Towery Pub., 1997. Holloway, Anne. Toronto with Kids: The Complete Family Travel Guide to Attractions, Sites, and Events in Toronto. Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1995. Kilbourn, William. Toronto Remembered: A Celebration of the City. Toronto: Stoddart, 1984. Kluckner, Michael. Toronto the Way It Was. Toronto: Whitecap Books, 1988. Martyn, Lucy Booth. Toronto, 100 Years of Grandeur: The Inside Stories of Toronto's Great Homes and the People Who Lived There. Toronto: Pagurian Press, 1978. Mitchell, Scott. Secret Toronto: The Unique Guidebook to Toronto’s Hidden Sites, Sounds, & Tastes. Toronto: ECW Press, 1998.
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Va n c o u v e r Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, North America Founded: 1867; Incorporated: April 6, 1886 Location: Southwestern British Columbia on the Pacific Coast of Canada Flag: Green triangle (left) with yellow emblem; white field with blue waves. Motto: “By Sea, Land and Air We Prosper.” Flower: Rose in all its forms (floribunda, hybrid tea, grandiflora and climbers) and of no specific color Time Zone: 4 am Pacific Standard Time (PST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time Ethnic Composition: 21% Chinese; 11% English; 4% East Indian; 72% of single origins; 28% of multiple origins (1991 est.) Latitude and Longitude: 49º16’N, 123º7’W Coastline: Bordered by the Pacific Ocean, Fraser River, and the Burrard Inlet Climate: Winters are generally wet and mild while summers are warm and dry. The city’s climate is influenced by the Pacific Ocean, which moderates the temperature and is responsible for precipitation. Annual Mean Temperature: 11.0ºC (51.8ºF) Seasonal Average Snowfall: 8.0 cm (3.1in) Average Annual Precipitation (rainfall and melted snow): 94 cm (37 in) Government: Mayor and ten-member council Weights and Measures: Metric Monetary Units: Canadian dollar (Can$) Telephone Area Codes: 604
1
Introduction
Vancouver is located on the Pacific Coast in southwestern British Columbia. Covering 114 square kilometers (44 square miles), it is the second-smallest area of eight major Canadian cities. The metropolitan area of 2,787 square kilometers (1,076 square miles) is the thirdlargest metropolitan area in Canada. In March 1995, the city of Vancouver won a silver medal as the second-best city in the world. Vancouver was incorporated in 1886 and named after Captain George
Vancouver (1757–98), who first sailed round Vancouver, exploring and charting Burrard Inlet and adjacent waters. Vancouver is known as one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Bordered by the Pacific Ocean, the Fraser River, the Burrard Inlet, and the Coast Mountains to the east, the city is surrounded by shimmering waters and towering trees. With 44 percent of its population comprised of visible minorities, Vancouver is truly a multicultural city. It is home to Canada’s largest Chinatown,
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Vancouver
Vancouver Population Profile
1997, the city cemented its place in Pacific Rim trade. 2
City Proper Population: 514,000 Area: 114 sq km (44 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 21% Chinese; 11% English; 4% East Indian; 72% of single origins; 28% of multiple origins Nicknames: Lotus Land; Hollywood North
Metropolitan Area Population: 1,987,000 Description: Vancouver and surrounding communities Area: 1,076 sq mi World population rank1: 166 Percentage of national population2: 6.5% Average yearly growth rate: 1.9% ——— 1. The Vancouver metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of Canada’s total population living in the Vancouver metropolitan area.
its largest gay community, and boasts numerous ethnic neighborhoods, such as Little India and Little Italy. However, all Vancouver residents are called Vancouverites. In 1986, the city played host to the World Expo. Since then, tourism has grown considerably and now draws more than five million visitors to the region each year. The Port of Vancouver, a worldclass port situated on Burrard Inlet, is one of the busiest in North America. The port situates Vancouver as Canada’s gateway to Asia. By hosting the AsiaPacific Economic Conference (APEC) in
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Getting There
Vancouver is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Fraser River to the south, and the Burrard Inlet to the north. It borders the city of Burnaby to the east, aptly separated by Boundary Road. It is accessible by land, sky, and water. Highways Two major highways lead to Vancouver: the Trans-Canada Highway, Highway 1, funnels drivers into the city from the east; Highway 99, which becomes I-5 at the United States-Canada border, brings in traffic from the south. Vancouver is a 12-hour drive from Calgary, Alberta’s capital city, and a five-day drive from Montreal. Vancouver is only three hours north of Seattle, in Washington State. Bus and Railroad Service Pacific Central Station, the terminus for transcontinental passenger rail and bus service, is located at Main Street and Terminal Avenue in downtown Vancouver. VIA Rail, BC Rail, the Rocky Mountaineer, and Amtrak offer regularly scheduled passenger rail service to Vancouver. VIA Rail has transcontinental services from Toronto three times a week. Greyhound Lines serves Vancouver from numerous cities in the United States and Canada. Also serving the market are International Stage Lines,
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Vancouver
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Vancouver Pacific Coach Lines, and Gray Line of Vancouver. Airports Vancouver International Airport serves both international and domestic airlines. Currently, 19 major carriers, 11 regional and local airlines, and several charter companies fly into Vancouver International Airport. Americans have a choice of 70 non-stop flights daily from 21 cities in the United States. Direct flights from the United Kingdom, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and the Asia Pacific region (Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan) are offered. Shipping Vancouver is accessible by water from Seattle, Victoria, the Gulf Islands, and parts of coastal British Columbia. Cruise ship facilities at Canada Place serve as a departure point for journeys to Alaska by major cruise lines. There are more than 250 cruises each year from May to early October. 3
Getting Around
Vancouver is a city that is easy to navigate. It is laid out on a grid system of avenues running east-west and streets running north-south. Main Street is the dividing line between the east and west parts of the city. Avenues, starting at False Creek, are numbered while both streets and avenues in downtown Vancouver are named. Both the city of Vancouver and Greater Vancouver are served by public transportation. Some routes are also served by
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ferry (Sea Bus) and monorail (Sky Train). Numerous bridges span the numerous waterways that surround Vancouver. The Burrard Inlet, which separates North and West Vancouver—both part of Greater Vancouver—from the city is spanned by the resplendent Lions Gate Bridge. Further east is the Second Narrows Bridge, connecting the eastern part of the city with North Vancouver. The Cambie Street Bridge, Burrard Street Bridge, and Granville Street Bridge all span False Creek. Crossing the Fraser River to the south are the Arthur Laing Bridge, the Oak Street Bridge, the Knight Street Bridge, the Alex Fraser Bridge, the Puttallo Bridge, and the Port Mann Bridge. Bus, Commuter Rail, and Ferry Service TransLink operates the public transit system in Greater Vancouver. Its network of buses, combined with the Sky Train and Sea Bus fleet, covers more than 1,800 square kilometers (695 square miles). Greater Vancouver is divided into three fare zones, one of which is formed by the city of Vancouver. Major bus routes run from 5:00 AM to 2:00 AM. Most major bus routes in Vancouver run through the downtown core along Granville Street. Sky Train is a monorail system that moves passengers along a single line which runs back and forth from Surrey, a city just outside of Vancouver across the Fraser River, to the terminal located at the foot
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Vancouver
City Fact Comparison Indicator
Vancouver (Canada)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
1,987,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1867
753 BC
723 BC
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy)
$152
$193
$172
$129
Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
$73
$56
$59
$62
Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.)
$18
$14
$15
$16
$243
$173
$246
$207
Total daily costs Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
2
13
20
11
The Vancouver Sun
Akhbar El Yom/ Al Akhbar
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
189,823
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1886
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
of Granville Street. From here, the Sea Bus, part of the TransLink network, moves passengers to and from North Vancouver across the Burrard Inlet from the terminal. Physically-challenged residents who have special transportation needs are served by the van-sized HandyDART buses. Aquabus, a smaller fleet of privately operated small walkon ferries, transports shoppers from famous Granville Island to the downtown core. Sightseeing Vancouver’s four most popular attractions are Chinatown, Stanley Park, Granville Island, and Gastown.
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Chinatown is the largest of its kind in Canada and the third largest in North America. It is a vibrant and vital neighborhood, home to Asians of many different ethnic groups. With architecture dating back to the early 1900s, it is one of the oldest sections of Vancouver. Stanley Park, a 405-hectare (1,000-acre) park and forest that juts out into the Burrard Inlet, was once home to Vancouver’s original inhabitants, the Coast Salish. Granville Island, which is a human-made island, was transformed from an industrial section of Vancouver into a fresh-food market and artisans’ community by the federal government in the 1970s. Gastown, a historic site,
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Vancouver later became the town of Granville, which then became the city of Vancouver. 4
People
The City of Vancouver was home to 514,000 residents in 1998, with Greater Vancouver supporting a population of 1.9 million. During the early 1990s, Greater Vancouver experienced a 14 percent growth in population. It is the third-largest city in Canada behind Toronto and Montreal. Some predict visible minorities will form the majority of the city’s population during the first decade of the twenty-first century. Truly a multicultural city, Vancouver residents find their origins in more than 40 different ethnic and cultural groups. More than 100 different languages are spoken. Almost half of the city’s population, 44 percent, is of a visible minority. In 1991, it was estimated that there were more citizens of Chinese ancestry living in the city than any other single cultural or ethnic group. Residents of Chinese descent first came to Vancouver during the gold rush in 1858. Later, immigrants from China’s southern Guangdong province arrived as laborers to help build Canada’s transcontinental railway. Today, the majority of Chinese immigrants are from Hong Kong. Residents of English descent form the second largest ancestry group, and those of East Indian descent form the third largest group. Scottish, German, Filipino, Italian, and Irish account for
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the other major groups of ethnic ancestry. Most religions and denominations are represented and practiced in Vancouver. Christian, Animist, and Pagan worshippers live a harmonious existence beside those who practice Asian or middle-eastern religions like Islam and Hindu. 5
Neighborhoods
Vancouver is one of Canada’s most expensive cities in which to live. At the turn of the twenty-first century, modest single-family houses on the less expensive east side of the city hovered around the $300,000 mark. On the west side of Vancouver, the median price for a single-family home was around $500,000. Consequently, condominiums and loft developments with moderate mortgages sprung up throughout the city during the 1990s. In 1997 there were close to 4,000 condos sold on Vancouver’s west side. In 1998, near the end of the condo boom, this figure decreased to 2,500. In 1998, Vancouver’s apartment vacancy rate hovered just below three percent. There are a number of neighborhoods in the city whose names are often associated with the cultural or ethnic identity of their residents. Main Street between Forty-ninth Avenue and Fifty-first Avenue is the center of IndoPakistani Punjabi culture. In “Little India” one can find many shops, bazaars, and restaurants catering to East Indian residents. “Little Italy” on Commercial Drive is home to many of Van-
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Vancouver
Vancouver skyline. (George Hall; Woodfin Camp)
couver’s Italian Canadians. Chinatown is home the third-largest Chinatown in North America. Kitsilano, a middle-class neighborhood in the early 1900s, is bordered by Alma Street to the west and Arbutus Street to the east. At its most northern point lies one of Vancouver’s most famous beaches, Kits Beach, where sports enthusiasts and sun-worshippers gather during the summer months. The West End, which borders Stanley Park and English Bay, is home to Vancouver’s gay community, the largest of its type in Canada.
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6
History
The Coast Salish, a First Nations people, lived in what is now known as Greater Vancouver for more than 5,000 years. In the latter part of the 1700s, their main settlements were in Stanley Park, along the shores of the Burrard Inlet, along the Fraser River to the south, and at Larcarno Beach. In 1820, there were 25,000 Salish living on the banks of the Fraser River. The Salish had a highly developed culture and were known for their carpentry skill and canoe-making ability.
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Vancouver The first European to arrive in the area was José Maria Narváez, who sailed into the Burrard Inlet in 1791. However, in 1792 Capt. George Vancouver, in search of a northwest passage to Asia, stepped ashore and claimed the land for Britain. Although he only spent one day on the site, the city was later named after Capt. Vancouver. A fur trader named Simon Fraser (1776–1862) was the first explorer to make it to Vancouver by an inland route. In 1808, Fraser navigated the treacherous Fraser River, which spills into the Pacific Ocean at Vancouver. The first settlement in the area was 48 kilometers (30 miles) east of Vancouver. Fort Langley, as it is still known today, was an outpost for the Hudson’s Bay Company, a fur trading company whose original charter from the English Crown stated they were to control all land whose rivers and streams drained into Hudson’s Bay. The next wave of settlers arrived with the gold rush of 1858 when gold deposits were found in the sandy banks of the Fraser River east of Vancouver. Dreams of riches brought 300,000 prospectors to the area in search of wealth. In 1862 the first sawmill in the area was established at a site then called Moodyville. Three years later, the Hastings Mill was built in Chinatown to process the abundant fir, spruce, and cedar trees that filled the surrounding landscape. John Deighton, nicknamed “Gassy Jack” for his talkative nature, built a
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saloon near Hastings Mill. The community that grew around the saloon became known as Gastown. It was incorporated as the town of Granville in 1869, named after the British Duke of Granville, and today is one of Vancouver’s oldest neighborhoods. In 1886, the town of Granville became the city of Vancouver. The name was suggested by William Van Horne, vice president of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), in honor of the English explorer Capt. George Vancouver, who charted Burrard Inlet and adjacent waters in 1792. That Van Horne was able to name the new city illustrates the power the railway enjoyed during Vancouver’s formative years. The Vancouver Incorporation Act made Vancouver unique among British Columbia’s cities as it was granted its own charter rather than being governed by the Municipal Act. The second momentous occasion for the new city occurred in 1886 when a forest fire swept through the city and burned it to the ground. It was during this year that the city leased 405 hectares (1,000 acres) of land from the federal government for Stanley Park, Vancouver’s most famous landmark. One year later, the Canadian Pacific Railway made its way to the city, making Vancouver the last stop on Canada’s transcontinental railway. Its arrival was to have a dramatic affect. Still a small town with a modest 12,000 residents in 1886, Vancouver’s population boomed to over 120,000 by 1911.
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Vancouver At the turn of the twentieth century, the city’s focus began to shift from Gastown to the rail yards at the foot of Granville Street. Stone banks and department stores soon sprang up in the area to serve residents, many of whom still relied on forestry and fishing for their livelihood. The 1930s were a difficult period for Vancouver. Between 1932 and 1933, 15 percent of the population was living on relief or unemployment benefits. Cargo shipped from the port had been reduced by 30 percent from levels experienced in the roaring twenties. Just two years later, the city was on the verge of bankruptcy. Fortunately, the worst of the depression was over, and Vancouver soon experienced an upturn in its economy. Vancouver’s population grew rapidly after the end of World War II (1939–45). By 1951, the city was home to 345,000 residents. Cargo shipments from the port finally surpassed the highs experienced in the 1920s, and Vancouver began a period of rapid economic growth. 7
Government
Vancouver has a mayor and ten council members elected at-large. The municipal government is ruled by the powers and responsibilities set out by provincial legislation in the form of the Vancouver Charter. Including the police and parks staff, Vancouver has more than 5,100 full-time and 3,000 parttime staff with an annual municipal budget of over $500 million.
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There are nine trustees elected to the Vancouver School Board, which is responsible for setting policy for the city's primary and secondary schools and adult education programs. The Board of Parks and Recreation members oversee 169 parks and public recreation programs in Vancouver. Mayor, councilors, trustees, and board members are elected and serve three-year terms. 8
Public Safety
The Vancouver Police Department is responsible for most law enforcement issues in the city. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police also serve a role in law enforcement. There are 1,149 police members, 273 civilian members, 18 custodial guards, and eight police nurses on the force. The police are governed by the Vancouver Police Board under the authority of the British Columbia Police Act. The Police Board, which meets monthly, consists of the mayor and six other representative citizens of the city. The majority of policing carried out by the force is related to property theft, accounting for 87.2 percent of all crimes. Violent crime only accounted for eight-and-a-half percent. 9
Economy
Forestry, fishing, mines, and minerals have been Vancouver’s dominant resource-based industries for decades. Today, the city’s world-class port and proximity to Asia situates Vancouver as Canada’s gateway for goods imported
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Vancouver from Asia. Vancouver has been the leader in British Columbia’s focus on trade with Pacific Rim nations. Its lead role was set in stone when the city hosted the Asia-Pacific Economic Conference (APEC) in 1997. The port is one of North America’s busiest in terms of volume of foreign cargo. It exports more than 64 million metric tons (70 million tons) and imports more than nine million metric tons (10 million tons) each year. The harbor is also the leading dry-cargo port on the Pacific Coast shipping grain, coal, potash, sulfur, asbestos, metals, and other Western Canadian materials, such as wood and wood by-products. Tourism, the world’s fastest growing industry, has become a major force in the economy since Vancouver hosted the World Expo in 1986. Now, millions of visitors from all over the world flock to the city each year to enjoy its vibrant culture and natural beauty. Most head offices for provincewide business activity, and financial institutions are located in Vancouver. Vancouver is also home to a thriving motion picture business, which has earned the nickname of Hollywood North. Vancouver’s high technology sector is strong but lags behind that of other major Canadian cities. Greater Vancouver is the largest manufacturing center in British Columbia.
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10
Environment
Greater Vancouver was once lush with flora, fauna, and minerals. The North West Company, founded in Montreal in 1784, was the first to exploit the area’s animal life through its lucrative fur trade. The company was taken over by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1827. An outpost was established by the company in Fort Langley, some 48 kilometers (30 miles) from the city of Vancouver. When gold was discovered in the bed of the Fraser River just outside Greater Vancouver in 1858, the area experienced its first real growth. In 1865, Hastings Mill was built in Chinatown to process the harvest of abundant fir and cedar logs that forested the mountains around the city. For the past 150 years, Vancouver has benefited from and relied on the forests of British Columbia to drive its economy. Vancouver’s natural harbor and the arrival of the railway by 1890 proved beneficial to the city in its role not only as a processing center but as a hub of export for British Columbia’s natural resources. The abundance of the Pacific Ocean fishery was a resource that benefited the Coast Salish in Vancouver long before the Europeans arrived and provided stable employment harvesting shellfish, salmon, halibut, red snapper, and other sea foods. Today the thriving fishery has all but vanished from the city.
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Vancouver Industry in Vancouver has been tied to the natural resources of its surrounding environment since it was first settled. Industry prospered by harvesting the rich forests and the plentiful food fishery in the Pacific Ocean. The city’s ability to transport goods to markets around the world has led to the development of the region’s industrial base, the largest in British Columbia. Since the forestry industry is an export-based economy, Vancouver continues to play a pivotal role. The Port of Vancouver provides the western provinces with access to major markets in the United States and Pacific Rim countries. 11
Shopping
The heart of Vancouver’s shopping district is its downtown core. The Pacific Centre and the Vancouver Centre are two conjoined underground malls with more than 300 hundred stores, including the Bay, Canada’s major department store. Above ground is Robson Street, a major retail strip that is home to many upscale shops bustling with shoppers from morning to night. Historic Gastown caters to tourists in the market for Vancouver souvenirs and First Nations art and crafts. Along Commercial Drive in East Vancouver, shoppers will find a mix of cultures and funky stores aimed at more adventurous tourists.
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Granville Island, in the False Creek neighborhood, is home to artisan studios and a famous market often featuring free live entertainment that reflects the multicultural tastes of Vancouverites. Potters, glass blowers, sculptors, print makers, and a variety of other artisans work in their studios on the island, and many of their wares are available for sale. 12
Education
The Vancouver School Board, overseeing the largest school district in British Columbia, is responsible for the operation and administration of the city's primary and secondary schools, as well as its adult education programs. Children over the age of seven and under the age of 15 are required to attend school. The school year begins the day after Labour Day for primary, junior, and senior high schools. A school day usually runs from 9:00 AM to 3:00 PM, Monday through Friday. Vancouver’s first public school, Granville School, opened on the shores of the Burrard Inlet in 1872. Today, there are more than 56,000 students enrolled in Vancouver’s 73 elementary schools, 18 primary annexes, and 18 secondary schools. The board has a yearly operating budget of over $350 million and employs more than 3,200 teachers. Reflecting the multicultural make-up of the city, Vancouver schools have the highest percentage of English as a Second Language (ESL) students in the province, who represent more than 100
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Vancouver different language groups. Continuing education programs administered by the board are attended by more than 80,000 adults each year. The University of British Columbia, only 30 minutes from downtown Vancouver, is home to the Museum of Anthropology, the Chan Centre for the Arts, and the UBC Botanical Garden. The university opened its doors in 1915 with three faculties: Arts and Science, Applied Science, and Agriculture. Enrollment has grown from a meager 379 students in 1915 to 51,227 in 1998. Simon Fraser University serves 17,000 students with more than 100 programs. The main campus is located on top of Burnaby Mountain, only 13 kilometers (eight miles) from Vancouver, with a satellite campus at Harbour Centre in downtown Vancouver. In addition, there are numerous private schools, colleges, and universities in the Greater Vancouver region. 13
Health Care
Like all Canadian citizens, Vancouver residents enjoy a government subsidized health care program. In Vancouver, health care services are administered by the Vancouver-Richmond Health Board, a number of hospital boards, health centers, other health service groups, and community health groups. Vancouver is also where many medical associations, such as the British Columbia (B.C.) College of Physicians and Surgeons, locate their head offices. British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital and B.C. Women’s Hospital are
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two facilities providing services that cater to the specialized needs their patients. Research facilities at the University of British Columbia and the B.C. Cancer Research Centre continue to secure British Columbia’s role as a leader in health care research in Canada. 14
Media
Vancouver is home to a thriving publishing industry. Two major newspapers—The Province, a tabloid format, and The Vancouver Sun—are published daily. A free, weekly entertainment guide, The Georgia Straight, is distributed every Thursday. In 1997, there were 42 publications serving Vancouver’s ethnic communities. There are 15 major radio stations in the Greater Vancouver market. While Vancouver has access to as many as 70 television stations, only eight originate in Greater Vancouver; three of the eight have their offices in the city of Vancouver. 15
Sports
Vancouver’s most famous sporting event took place on August 7, 1954, when runners Roger Bannister and John Landy competed during the British Empire Games (an inter-Empire sports meet now known as the British Commonwealth Games). This was the first time two men had broken the fourminute mile in the same race. Vancouver, a sporting town, is home to a number of professional sports teams. The Vancouver Canucks
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Vancouver have played in the National Hockey League since 1968. The team draws crowds of up to 18,000 fans. The team came close to winning the Stanley Cup in 1994 when the series against the New York Rangers went to seven games. The B.C. Lions have won three Grey Cups since joining the Canadian Football League in 1954. The Vancouver 86ers, the city’s soccer team, compete in the American Professional Soccer League. The team has won the North American title once. Annually during the last weekend in August, Pacific Boulevard in downtown Vancouver is turned into a Formula One racetrack while the city plays host to the Molson Indy Vancouver. Cars reach speeds upwards of 306 kilometers (190 miles) per hour during the two-hour, 290-kilometer (180-mile) race. The Vancouver Grizzlies joined the ranks of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in the 1995–96 season as part of the league’s expansion into Canada. Vancouver and Toronto became the first non-U.S. cities to join the league since 1946–47, when the Toronto Huskies were one-year members of the NBA’s forerunner, the Basketball Association of America. After being officially accepted into the fold by the NBA’s Board of Governors on April 27, 1994, Vancouver became the league’s twenty-ninth franchise.
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Water activities such as sailing can be enjoyed in Vancouver’s natural harbor. (George Hall; Woodfin Camp)
16
Parks and Recreation
Stanley Park is the most famous park in Vancouver. Its 405 hectares (1,000 acres) of parkland were leased from the federal government in 1886. Named after Lord Stanley, Governor General of Canada when the park opened in 1888, it plays host to an estimated eight million people each year. Tourists enjoy the park’s lush forest, pitch and putt golf course, many
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Vancouver beaches, heated ocean-side swimming pool, 8.85-kilometer (5.5-mile) seawall walk that circles the perimeter of the park, and the Vancouver Aquarium. Lost Lagoon, another popular area in the park, is a freshwater pond, home to many resident and migratory birds throughout the year. The 53-hectare (130-acre) Queen Elizabeth Park is one of the most beautifully maintained public parks in the world. It receives nearly six million visitors a year. It is known for its lush gardens and view of the city. There are 169 parks and public recreation programs in Vancouver. 17
Performing Arts
Vancouver is renowned for its rich cultural fabric. The performing arts are an integral part of the quality of life enjoyed by Vancouver residents and tourists alike. In Greater Vancouver there are 670 non-profit cultural organizations, 120 theatres, 110 motion picture production and studio companies, 91 dance schools, 90 music schools, 24 theatre schools, 21 municipally-owned cultural centers/art studios, 15 television production companies, and eight television stations. Studies indicate that as many as 80 percent of the region’s adult residents attend cultural events each year. Many travel from within the region to Vancouver where major events are held in the city’s numerous venues.
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The Orpheum, built in 1927, is home of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra and several choirs. Performances entertain 400,000 patrons, 200 nights every year. The Ford Centre for Performing Arts, which opened in 1995, features large touring productions, such as the Phantom of the Opera, Ragtime, and Riverdance. The Queen Elizabeth Theatre and Playhouse is where smaller touring Broadway musicals, opera, and dance performances are staged. It also is home to the Vancouver Playhouse Theatre Company. 18
Libraries and Museums
The Vancouver Public Library, located downtown at 350 West Georgia has more than eight million volumes in its collection. This translates to almost 16 volumes per resident. It is the second-largest collection in Canada, with 20 library branches scattered throughout the city. Vancouver’s favorite museum, the Museum of Anthropology, located on the University of British Columbia grounds, houses artifacts from all over the world with a focus on the art of First Nations peoples. The city’s nautical past is explored in the Vancouver Maritime Museum. The museum’s highlight is a completely restored two-masted schooner, the 1928 St. Roch, the first ship to sail the difficult and deadly Northwest Passage. The
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Vancouver voyage took the crew two years to complete. The museum also houses original maps from Capt. George Vancouver’s journeys. The Vancouver Museum, another major museum, celebrates the cultural heritage and natural history of the Lower Mainland. The Pacific Space Centre is where Vancouver reaches to the stars and explores the solar system and space flight. 19
To u r i s m
Tourism is becoming the backbone of Vancouver’s economy. Tourists added $2.5 billion in spending to the city’s economy in 1998. Since the world discovered Vancouver during the 1986 World Expo, the number of tourists coming to the city each year hovers around the six million mark. In fact, in the year prior to hosting the World Expo, Greater Vancouver played host to about 3.8 million tourists. During 1986 and since, the number of visitors has not fallen below 5.7 million. The city has also capitalized on its proximity to America to the south and the low Canadian dollar (U.S.$0.65 = Can$1 in 1999), drawing American tourists with bargain prices. The city is well situated to funnel tourists heading to popular destinations, like the Gulf Islands and Vancouver Island to the west. With two ski mountains just minutes from the city
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and two world-class resorts just hours away, Vancouver also enjoys a brisk winter tourist season. The bulk of tourist activity, however, is during the spring, summer, and fall months when precipitation is minimal, and temperatures are comfortable. A walking tour of Gastown, Chinatown, and the smaller Japantown highlights the early history of Vancouver. On route in Gastown is a statue of John Deighton, nicknamed “Gassy Jack” for his talkative nature and for whom the neighborhood of Gastown is named. Also of interest is Gallery Row, between Sixth Avenue and Fifteenth Avenue on Granville Street where a number of private galleries show internationally celebrated local artists. The Vancouver Art Gallery in the heart of downtown Vancouver houses a permanent collection that celebrates the art of famous British Columbia artists such as Emily Carr (1871–1945), a contemporary of Canada’s famous Group of Seven (a group of artists that believed Canadian art must be truly inspired by Canada itself). The building, once Vancouver’s courthouse, was built in 1911 and transformed into an art gallery in 1983.
20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Polar Bear Swim Chinese New Year Women in View Festival
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Vancouver FEBRUARY Spring Home Show Groundhog Day
MARCH B.C. Great Outdoors Show Vancouver Storytelling Festival St. Patrick’s Day
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Famous Citizens
Brian Adams (b. 1959), rock star. Kim Campbell (b. 1947), Canada’s first female Prime Minister.
APRIL
Glen Clark (premier 1996–99), former Premier of British Columbia.
The Vancouver Sun Fun Run The Vancouver Playhouse International Wine Festival
Bill Reid (1920–98), world-renowned native artist.
MAY Victoria Day, third Monday in May Vancouver International Children’s Festival Vancouver International Marathon
JUNE International Dragon Boat Festival Vancouver International Jazz Festival Bard on the Beach
JULY Canada Day Symphony of Fire Vancouver Chamber Music Festival Vancouver Early Music Festival Theatre Under the Stars
AUGUST British Columbia Day Vancouver Folk Music Festival Vancouver International Comedy Festival Greater Vancouver Open
SEPTEMBER Labour Day Molson Indy Vancouver Terry Fox Run
OCTOBER Thanksgiving Vancouver International Film Festival Vancouver Writers and Readers Festival
NOVEMBER Annual Antique Show All Saints Day
DECEMBER Christmas Carol Ship Parade VanDusen Garden’s Festival of Lights
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For Further Study
Websites City of Vancouver. [Online] Available http:// www.city.vancouver.bc.ca. (accessed December 13, 1999). DiscoverVancouver. [Online] Available http:// www.discovervancouver.com (accessed December 13, 1999). Greater Vancouver Regional District. [Online] Available http://www.gvrd.bc.ca (accessed December 13, 1999). TourismVancouver. [Online] Available http:// www.tourism-vancouver.org (accessed December 13, 1999). Vancouver Convention and Exhibition Centre. [Online] Available http://www.vtcc.com (accessed December 13, 1999).
Government Offices City of Vancouver 453 W. 12th Ave. Vancouver, British Columbia V5Y 1V4 604 873–7011 Economic Development Commission 608 West Cordova Vancouver, British Columbia V6B 5A7 604 632–9668 fax: 604 632–9788 Greater Vancouver Regional District 4330 Kingsway Burnaby, British Columbia V5H 4G8 604 432–6200
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Tourism Vancouver The Greater Vancouver Convention and
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Vancouver Visitors Bureau 200 Burrard Street, Suite 210 Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3L6 Tel: 604.682.2222 Fax: 604.682.1717 Vancouver Convention and Exhibition Centre 999 Canada Place, Suite 200 Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3C1 Tel: (604) 689-8232, Fax: (604) 647-7232 Vancouver Tourist Info Centre 200 Burrard Street, Plaza Level Vancouver, British Columbia V6C 3L6 Tel: 604.683.2000 Fax: 604.682.6839
Publications The Province 200 Granville Street Vancouver, B.C. V6C 3N3 604 605–2222 Vancouver (magazine) 555 W12th Ave Vancouver, B.C. V5Z 4L4 604 877–7732 The Vancouver Sun 200 Granville Street Vancouver, B.C. V6C 3N3 604 605–2111
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Books The Arts in Vancouver: A Multi-million-dollar Industry. Vancouver: Community Arts Council of Vancouver, 1976. Baker, Carol. Essential Vancouver and British Columbia. Basingstoke, Hampshire: AA Publishing, 1996. Garber, Anne, John T. D. Keyes, Lorraine Gannon. Exploring Ethnic Vancouver. Burnaby: Serious Publishing, 1995. Hacking, Norman R. History of the Port of Vancouver. Vancouver: Port of Vancouver, 1977. Hull, Raymond, Gordon Soules, Christine Soules. Vancouver’s Past. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1974. Kloppenborg, Anne, Alice Niwinski, Eve Johnson. Vancouver’s First Century. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1985. Lees, Judi, Terri Wershler. Vancouver, The Ultimate Guide. Vancouver: Greystone Books, 1999. Longus, Pierre, Paul-Eric Dumontier, François Rémillard. Vancouver. Ulysses Travel Publications, 1998. McDonald, Robert A. J., Jean Barman. Vancouver Past, Essays in Social History. Vancouver: UBC Press, 1986. Paterson, T. W. Disaster: Tales of Heroes and Hardship in the Face of Catastrophe. Burnaby: Solitaire Publications, 1973. Robson, Reginald A. H. Ethnic Conflict in Vancouver. Vancouver: B.C. Civil Liberties Assoc., 1985.
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W a s h i n g t o n, D.C. Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, North America Founded: 1790; Incorporated: 1790 Location: Potomac and Anacostia Rivers, United States, North America Motto: Justitia omnibus (“Justice for all”) Flower: American Beauty rose Time Zone: 7 AM Eastern Standard Time (EST) = noon Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Ethnic Composition: White, 32.2%; Black, 65.8%; Asian/Pacific Islander, 1.8% Elevation: 7–128 m (25–420 ft) above sea level Latitude and Longitude: 38º89'N, 77º03'W Climate: Mild winters; hot, muggy summers with high humidity; pleasant fall and spring weather Annual Mean Temperature: 12.2ºC (54.0ºF); January 2.0ºC (35.6ºF); July 25.9ºC (78.7ºF) Seasonal Average Snowfall: 5 cm (2 in) Average Annual Precipitation (total rainfall and melted snow): 99 cm (39 in) Government: Mayor-council Weights and Measures: Standard U.S. Monetary Units: Standard U.S. Telephone Area Codes: 202 Postal Codes: 20001–99; 20101–04; 20201–99; 20301–34; 20336; 20501–99
1
Introduction
Washington, D.C., the nation’s capital, is located on the bank of the Potomac River, between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay. Although it has been the seat of the United States government since 1800, it took over a century until the dream of the city’s late-eighteenth-century planners—a sophisticated capital with gracious avenues and classic architecture— was realized. In the twentieth century, Washington became a major nexus of national power and influence. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, it is also a cosmopolitan cultural center that draws millions of visitors annually to
such sites as the Smithsonian museums, the Library of Congress, and the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, as well as to its historic monuments and government buildings. 2
Getting There
Washington, D.C., is situated along the Potomac River, on the Atlantic coastal plain between the Chesapeake Bay and the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is bordered by Maryland on three sides and by Virginia on the fourth. Highways Major interstate routes that access Washington, D.C., include Routes 540
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Washington, D.C.
Washington D.C. Population Profile City Proper Population: 567,000 Area: 159 sq km (61.4 sq mi) Ethnic composition: 32.2% white; 65.8% black; 1.8% Asian/Pacific Islander Nicknames: The Capital; The Beltway; The City of Trees
Metropolitan Area Population: 3,927,000 Description: The District of Columbia and surrounding communities Area: 16,861 sq km (6,510 sq mi) World population rank1: 61 Percentage of national population2: 1.4% Average yearly growth rate: 1.3% Ethnic composition: 68.1% white; 25.4% black; 6.2% Asian/Pacific Islander ——— 1. The Washington D.C. metropolitan area’s rank among the world’s urban areas. 2. The percent of the United States’ total population living in the Washington D.C. metropolitan area.
and 50/301 from the east; Routes 7, 50, I-66, and 29/211 from the west; I-270 and I-295 from the north; and Routes 301 and 1 from the south. All other highways reach the city through the Beltway (I-459 and I-95). This heavily traveled and often congested 106-kilometer (66-mile) highway encircling Washington has led to the popular practice of describing events or trends in the capital as “inside the Beltway.” Bus and Railroad Service With its terminal at First Street N.E. and L Street, Greyhound offers bus ser-
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vice to Washington from almost any point in the nation. Amtrak trains arrive in Washington daily from New York, Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles (via Chicago). The capital’s train depot, the historic and stately Union Station on Massachusetts Avenue, underwent an elaborate restoration in the 1980s and is the site of a three-level mall featuring a variety of shops and restaurants. Airports Three airports serve the Washington area—Washington Dulles International Airport, Washington National Airport, and Baltimore-Washington International Airport. Washington National and Baltimore-Washington have recently been renovated, and Dulles airport is in the midst of a major long-term expansion project that will add an underground “people mover” system to transport passengers to and from terminals. All of the major domestic carriers and international carriers, including Air Canada, Air France, British Airways, KLM, Lufthanse, Swissair, and Virgin Atlantic, serve the Washington, D.C., airports. Both Delta Airlines and US Airways operate shuttle flights between Washington and New York City. Frequent weekday service is also available to Boston and Chicago. Shipping All three of Washington’s airports handle air freight, and the city has a shipping port on the Anacostia and Potomac rivers. Most of its shipping is done, however, through ports in the
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D.C. neighboring states of Maryland and Virginia, in the cities of Baltimore, Norfolk, and Alexandria. 3
Getting Around
Laid out by engineer Pierre L’Enfant (1754–1825), Washington, D.C., was planned as a network of eastwest and north-south streets intersected diagonally by wide avenues named for the states. The east-west streets are designated by letters of the alphabet; north-south streets by numbers. The Capitol Building is the central point from which the city is divided into quadrants (Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest). The 1.6kilometer- (one-mile-) long National Mall runs westward from the Capitol, bounded by Constitution Avenue on the north and Independence Avenue on the south. Traffic circles, graced by monuments, fountains, and statues, are located at various intersections, with streets radiating outward diagonally from each one. Bus and Commuter Rail Service Regional rail and bus service in the Washington area is operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), created in 1967. Ridership in 1998–99 averaged 383,000 rail, 214,000 bus, and 156,000 combined rail-bus trips. The Metrorail commuter rail service operates on 149 kilometers (92.4) miles of rail line and has 78 stations. The bus system operates a fleet 1,314 buses, with 12,000 bus stops and 1,000 bus shelters.
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Sightseeing Organized sightseeing tours of Washington are available on every conceivable mode of transportation— including bus, trolley, helicopter, boat, and even “duck” tours on amphibious vehicles—and including a variety of specific theme tours, such as historic houses and even a popular “Scandal Tour.” Some tours include sights somewhat further afield, such as Mount Vernon, Alexandria, and Arlington National Cemetery. A number of boat companies offer cruises of the Potomac River that include narrated tours of the famous sights visible on shore. In addition, many of the capital’s historic sights can be toured on foot. 4
People
In 1990, the population of Washington, D.C., was 697,000, with the following racial composition: 65.8 percent black, 32.2 percent white, and 1.8 percent Asian/Pacific Islander, with other groups accounting for percentages of less than one percent. Hispanics (an ethnic rather than a racial designation) accounted for 5.4 percent of the population. The 1994 population estimate was 567,000. The population of the Washington, D.C., Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area was estimated at 4,603,030 as of 1997. The region’s racial composition was listed by the U.S. Census Bureau in 1996 as 68.1 percent white, 25.4 percent black, and 6.2 percent Asian/Pacific Islander. Hispanics accounted for 6.8 percent of the metropolitan area population.
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Washington, D.C.
City Fact Comparison Washington D.C. (United States)
Cairo (Egypt)
Rome (Italy)
Beijing (China)
Population of urban area1
3,927,000
10,772,000
2,688,000
12,033,000
Date the city was founded
1790
753 BC
723 BC
$172
$129
Indicator
Daily costs to visit the
AD
969
city2
Hotel (single occupancy) Meals (breakfast, lunch, dinner) Incidentals (laundry, dry cleaning, etc.) Total daily costs
$118
$193
$44
$56
$59
$62
$2
$14
$15
$16
$164
$173
$246
$207
2
13
20
11
La Repubblica
Renmin Ribao
Major Newspapers3 Number of newspapers serving the city Largest newspaper Circulation of largest newspaper Date largest newspaper was established
The Washington Akhbar El Yom/ Post Al Akhbar 759,122
1,159,339
754,930
3,000,000
1877
1944
1976
1948
1 United
Nations population estimates for the year 2000. maximum amount the U.S. Government reimburses its employees for business travel. The lodging portion of the allowance is based on the cost for a single room at a moderately-priced hotel. The meal portion is based on the costs of an average breakfast, lunch, and dinner including taxes, service charges, and customary tips. Incidental travel expenses include such things as laundry and dry cleaning. 3 David Maddux, ed. Editor&Publisher International Year Book. New York: The Editor&Publisher Company, 1999. 2 The
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Neighborhoods
The Adams-Morgan neighborhood, clustered around Eighteenth Street and Columbia Road N.W., is a colorful multi-ethnic community, one of the first in the country to integrate its public schools. With its distinctly Latin atmosphere, it is known for its ethnic grocery stores, street vendors, galleries, shops, and boutiques, and its restaurants feature a wide variety of ethnic cuisine. Capitol Hill, or “the Hill,” includes not just the Capitol itself but also the Library of Congress, the Senate and House Office Buildings, the Folger
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Shakespeare Library, Union Station, and the Supreme Court Building. Surrounding these buildings is a quiet residential neighborhood of Federal and Civil Warperiod homes, as well as many art galleries, shops, cafes, and restaurants, as well as a farmer’s market. Washington’s “downtown” is its business district. In addition to the White House and Lafayette Park, it includes government office buildings, shops, restaurants, theaters, hotels, and Washington’s Chinatown. DuPont Circle, located at the intersection of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire avenues, is a popular cultural hot spot that is home to museums, galleries, bookstores (includ-
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Washington, D.C.
The Washington Monument (tall obelisk, left) and the Jefferson Memorial (round monument, center) are two well-known Washington landmarks. (Dick Durrancell; Woodfin Camp)
ing some open 24 hours a day), and movie theaters, in an atmosphere of aristocratic rowhouses. Historic Georgetown—settled c. 1665, during the Colonial era, before the city of Washington itself—has long been one of the Capital’s most upscale neighborhoods and the residence of many leading government figures and other prominent Washingtonians. The Foggy Bottom area, between the White House and Georgetown, gets its name from the marshlands that were formerly located there. Today it is the
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site of the State Department, the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, and George Washington University. The historic Brookland and Shaw communities have been home to many prominent African Americans, including jazz musician Edward “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974), singer Pearl Bailey (1918–1990), and Nobel Peace Prize winner Ralph Bunche (1904– 1971). Embassy Row, on Massachusetts Avenue, is home to most of the capital’s
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Washington, D.C. 150 foreign embassies, many housed in palatial mansions that are former homes of the Washington social elite. 6
History
In the early years of the Republic, Congress met in more than half a dozen cities before arrangements were made for a permanent capital. The nation’s lawmakers eventually proposed the construction of an entirely new city, to be built expressly for the purpose of serving as capital of the fledgling country. The choice of a location necessitated compromises between the different regions of the new country. The Potomac River was settled on as the general region, and George Washington was appointed to select the exact site, to be no larger than 26 square kilometers (ten square miles) in area. French military engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant was hired to design the city, and in 1791 he laid out the capital’s pattern of broad avenues radiating outward from central circles and squares graced by monuments and fountains. Unfortunately, L’Enfant proved difficult to work with; the Frenchman was fired after one year, and his plans were completed by surveyor Andrew Ellicott, with the aid of Benjamin Banneker, an African-American mathematician and astronomer. By 1800 one wing of the Capitol building had been completed. Abandoning the previous capital site in Philadelphia, the Congress moved into its new quarters, and President John Adams moved into the Executive Mansion.
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The city was incorporated in 1802, and a local government—whose structure and operations were to change many times over the years—was formed. However, it took many years until the muddy swampland on the shores of the Potomac conformed to the dreams of the city’s founders. The city received a major setback soon after its founding when many of its buildings—including the Capitol building and the executive mansion—were burned down by the British in the War of 1812. Citizens were determined to rebuild, however, and the charred walls of the executive residence were painted white, giving the building its present name, the White House. Development of the region remained slow in the first half of the nineteenth century, and foreign diplomats and other visitors regularly chided the Americans for the provincial nature of their capital city. During the Civil War (1861–65), the capital became an important supply center for the Union army, as well as a medical base and a refuge for former slaves. Wartime traffic doubled the city’s population, from 60,000 to 120,000. At the war’s end, Washington was also the scene of one of our great national tragedies, as President Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865; president 1860–65) was assassinated while attending a performance at Ford’s Theatre in April 1865. Washington underwent significant improvement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, thanks largely to the efforts of two men. Alexander “Boss” Shepherd, an influential
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Washington, D.C. lier by the city’s original planners. The McMillan Commission (which included noted landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted [1822–1903] and architect Charles McKim [1847–1909], among others—was responsible for numerous improvements. The city’s park system was expanded; the Lincoln Memorial and other buildings were designed; the Mall was improved; and Union Station was designed and built. In 1910 President William Howard Taft (1857–1930; president 1909–13) appointed a Commission of Fine Arts to design the monuments and fountains called for in the initial plans drawn up by L’Enfant. The construction of public buildings in the capital received a further boost from the creation of the Works Progress Administration during the 1930s.
The U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. is the home of the U.S. Congress, the law-making branch of the national government. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
political figure during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885; president 1868–77), and governor of the District of Columbia from 1873, was the driving force behind major infrastructure improvements, including street paving and lighting, sewer construction, and the creation of city parks. In the early 1900s, Michigan Senator James McMillan was instrumental in establishing a commission charged with completing the great monuments and public spaces envisioned a century ear-
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World War II (1939–45) brought further expansion to the capital, and as the postwar decades unfolded, Washington, now a major urban center, began to experience some of the same problems as its counterparts—crime, budget problems, and flight to the surrounding suburbs. The capital also became a focal point for major public controversies. Thousands marched on Washington to protest racial inequality in 1963 when the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. (1929–68) delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech at the Lincoln Memorial; race riots erupted after the assassination of King in 1968; and the city became the scene of massive public demonstrations against the Vietnam War (1954–1975). Washington’s local government has been attended by scandal and con-
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Washington, D.C. troversy with the mayoral terms of Marion Barry, Jr., who was returned to office in 1994 after serving time in prison for drug possession. The city’s financial woes, which have brought it to the brink of bankruptcy, have resulted in federal control of its finances since 1995. However, in spite of its problems, Washington remains a vital and muchvisited city. It added the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and the Korean War Veterans Memorial to its roster of major public commemorative sites in the 1990s. 7
The District of Columbia Fire Department is composed of 32 engine companies, 16 truck companies, and three heavy-duty rescue squads. The department also operates a hazardous materials unit, an air unit, and two fireboats. Its six battalions protect an area of 179 square kilometers (69 square miles) and a daytime population of more than one million.
Government
The District of Columbia is unique in that it is governed as a city, county, and state all at the same time. Since 1790 the government of the district has alternated between federal and local control. Under the terms of a 1973 charter, the capital is currently governed by a mayor and a 13-member council, both popularly elected. Eight council members are elected from specific wards and the rest at large. However, Congress must still approve all laws passed by the local government, as well as its budget. Residents of Washington, D.C., won the right to vote in presidential elections in 1961 and the right to a single non-voting Congressional delegate in 1970. 8
vated assaults. Property crimes totaled 9,505 and included 1,838 burglaries, 5,827 cases of larceny/theft, and 1,840 motor vehicle thefts.
Public Safety
In 1995, violent crimes reported to police (per 100,000 population) totaled 2,662 and included 65 murders, 53 rapes, 1,239 robberies, and 1,305 aggra-
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Economy
In recent decades the private sector has played a growing role in Washington’s economy. In the 1990s less than 20 percent of the capital’s work force was employed by the federal government. Important contributors to the District’s economy include the service sector (which employs one out of every three workers), high-technology companies (for whom the federal government provides the world’s largest market), financial institutions, printing and publishing, and telecommunications. The largest non-government employers are George Washington University, the Potomac Electric Power Company, Georgetown University, Howard University, The Washington Post, Bell Atlantic Washington, and the Federal National Mortgage Association. In addition, a substantial segment of the capital’s business is conducted by the 1,000-plus special-interest groups
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Washington, D.C. and national associations who maintain headquarters there. 10
Environment
The Chesapeake Bay, which dominates the ecology of the Washington, D.C., area, is an estuary (a meeting place for freshwater and saltwater). It occupies a delta composed of some 48 navigable rivers and numerous streams known collectively as the Tidewater. Pollution of the bay has long posed a threat to the regional environment. Historically, the major contaminant was raw sewage; today agricultural runoff and industrial pollutants are causes for concern. Since the 1970s environmental groups, notably Save the Bay and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, have led the fight to preserve the quality of the Bay’s water and the ecological balance of the region. 11
Shopping
The Washington area has a wide variety of stores. The city’s major shopping venue is the refurbished Union Station, whose three-level arcade abounds in stores of all kinds, as well as numerous restaurants. During the week, Connecticut Avenue N.W. is also a bustling retail center featuring many major chain stores, from Brooks Brothers and Talbot’s to Filene’s Basement. Other areas popular with shoppers are AdamsMorgan, with its multicultural atmosphere, fashionable Georgetown, and the shopping district on Upper Wisconsin Avenue N.W., in the residential district known as Friendship Heights (and
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Chevy Chase on the Maryland side), which features upscale stores including Saks Fifth Avenue, Lord & Taylor, Neiman-Marcus, Tiffany’s, and Gianni Versace. 12
Education
Washington, D.C., has a well-educated population—more than 25 percent of the population 25-years-old and over have at least an undergraduate college education. In the fall of 1996 the District of Columbia Public School System enrolled 78,648 students in grades K through 12; 3.9 percent were white, and 96.1 percent belonged to minorities. The school system operated 184 schools with 5,288 teachers; pupilteacher ratio stood at 14.9 to one, and staff totaled 9,318. Washington, D.C., is home to a number of well-known colleges and universities, including Georgetown University, the country’s oldest Roman Catholic university, renowned for its school of international affairs and other departments; Howard University, which has a distinguished tradition as an educational institution for African Americans; Gallaudet, the world’s only liberal arts college for the deaf and hearing impaired; and Johns Hopkins University, known for academic excellence in medicine and other fields. Other well-known colleges and universities in the Washington, D.C., area include American University, George Washington University, Catholic University, Mount Vernon and Trinity colleges, and the University of the
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Washington, D.C. District of Columbia. The capital is also home to a number of licensed technical and trade schools. Nearby Maryland is home to the U.S. Naval Academy and the unique St. John’s College, the “Great Books School,” which offers a rigorous and unorthodox curriculum of Greek and Latin classics studied in their original languages, as well as great works from later eras. 13
Health Care
The major health-care institution in the Washington, D.C., area is Georgetown University Medical Center, which encompasses a hospital, a physician practice, research facilities, a nursing school, a cancer center, and an institute for neuroscience research. In its centenary year, the university hospital, founded in 1898, had 335 staffed beds and recorded 14,603 admissions and 175,322 outpatient visits. More than 2,000 persons were employed at the facility. Altogether, the healthcare system affiliated with the university offers services by 1,500 providers at 18 facilities in the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. Children’s National Medical Center, an integrated health-care system dedicated solely to treating children, is recognized internationally as a leader in pediatric care. Its medical staff of more than 200 consists of faculty members at the George Washington University School of Medicine. Washington, D.C., is also home to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center,
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the U.S. army’s largest health-care facility. In 1995, the Washington, D.C., metropolitan statistical area was served by 9,627 office-based physicians and 42 community hospitals, with a total of 9,836 beds. 14
Media
The capital’s major newspaper is the nationally influential Pulitzer Prizewinning Washington Post, which combines local articles with coverage of federal government activities and national issues. In 1998 it had a circulation of 709,578 daily and 1,080,082 on Sunday. Also published daily is the smaller and more conservative Washington Times. The national daily newspaper USA Today is published in nearby Arlington, Virginia. Hundreds of specialized periodicals are published in the Washington, D.C., area. The major regionalinterest monthly publication is Washingtonian Magazine. The capital has six television stations and more than a dozen AM and FM stations. Washington is also the site of National Public Radio’s headquarters, from which major news programs, such as Morning Edition and All Things Considered, are broadcast. 15
Sports
The popular Washington Redskins of the National Football League played at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium until 1997 when they moved to the newly completed 78,600-seat Jack Kent Cooke
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Washington, D.C. Stadium in suburban Maryland. Washington, D.C., has not had its own major league baseball team since the Senators left for Texas two decades ago, so the area’s baseball fans have transferred their allegiance to the Baltimore Orioles of the American League, who play at the historic Camden Yards ball park. In basketball, the Washington Wizards (formerly the Washington Bullets) play at the modern MCI Center in downtown Washington, which is also home to the Washington Capitals hockey team of the NHL. Georgetown University’s basketball team, the Hoyas, has a loyal following among Washingtonians. Washington also has a major league soccer team, DC United, which won the first U.S. national soccer championship in 1996. 16
Parks and Recreation
The Washington, D.C., area has thousands of acres of parkland. East and West Potomac Parks, located on either side of the Tidal Basin, are famous for their cherry trees, which bloom in early spring every year. Altogether, the two parks have more than 3,000 of these trees. The parks also offer facilities for hiking, bicycling, tennis, golf, swimming, and picnicking. Located in West Potomac Park are the Lincoln, Jefferson, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Korean, and Vietnam memorials, a reflecting pool, and a small island inhabited by ducks.
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The 708-hectare (1,750-acre) Rock Creek Park, also located within the District of Columbia, stretches from the Potomac River to the Maryland border. The park offers hiking trails, a variety of sports facilities, playgrounds, an amphitheater, and a nature center. Another outdoor venue popular with Washington’s residents and visitors is Theodore Roosevelt Island, a wilderness preserve covering 36 hectares (88 acres). The C&O Canal features a 296-kilometer (184-mile) towpath and is used by walkers, joggers, cyclists, picnickers, and boaters. In addition to its parks, Washington’s scenic attractions include several exceptional gardens that are open to the public. The Enid A. Haupt Garden has two underground museums and features elaborate plantings of trees and flowers. The historic United States Botanic Garden, planned by George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison and opened in 1820, offers greenhouses, a conservatory, and other buildings. The 180-hectare (444acre) United States National Arboretum, geared primarily toward education and research, includes the National Bonsai and Penjing Museum featuring miniature trees from Japan; the nation’s largest planting of azaleas; a Japanese garden; and an herbarium and herb garden. 17
Performing Arts
The Washington Symphony Orchestra, declared the official symphony orchestra of Washington, D.C.,
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Washington, D.C. in 1993, has a history dating back to 1934, when the ensemble was formed under the name Washington Civic Symphony. In the past decade, under music director Martin Piecuch, the orchestra has attracted increasing audiences and performed with a number of internationally known soloists, including Robert Merrill and Victor Borge. The group has also continued to evolve its mission of community outreach, with both philanthropic and audience support. The orchestra performs in the concert hall of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. The Kennedy Center’s opera house is the home of the Washington Opera, which stages its smaller-scale productions in the center’s Eisenhower Theater. The capital has a lively and varied theater scene, which includes previews of many Broadway productions, as well as performances by local repertory companies. The Arena State, the area’s oldest theater ensemble, gives eight subscription performances a year on two stages. In addition to performing classic dramas, the troupe is committed to the advancement of multicultural and contemporary theater. The Shakespeare Theatre, which formerly performed at the Folger Shakespeare Library, performs Shakespeare and modern theater classics and offers free summer productions at the Carter Barron Amphitheatre in Rock Creek Park. The Source Theatre Company performs both standard and new plays, with a special focus on new plays. Two more groups that specialize in contemporary
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Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on June 23, 1963. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
theater are the Studio Theatre and the Woolly Mammoth Theatre Company. After being closed for more than a century, Ford’s Theatre—where President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in 1865—was reopened in 1868, refurbished in a style intended to duplicate its original nineteenth-century furnishings, down to the presidential box in which the president was shot. Original productions are presented most of the year, and there is a performance of A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens at Christmas time.
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Washington, D.C.
Visitors relax outside the National Gallery of Art’s distinctive East Wing, designed by I.M. Pei with financial support from Paul Mellon. The East Wing opened in 1978. (Catherine Karnow; Woodfin Camp)
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Libraries and Museums
Founded in 1896, the District of Columbia Public Library System serves 543,000 people, with an annual circulation of 1,476,935. Its book holdings total approximately 2,863,296 volumes. The library system also operates 25 neighborhood branches. The areas in which it holds special collections include Illustrators of Early English and American Children’s Books, Local History and Local Authors, and the Washington Star Newspaper Collection.
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The Library of Congress, which celebrated the bicentennial of its founding in 2000, is the world’s largest library, with approximately 17 million books, 12 million photographs, two million recordings, and a multitude of other items housed on some 853 kilometers (530 miles) of shelves. Early in its history, the museum purchased the contents of Thomas Jefferson’s personal library; much of this great treasure was lost, however, in 1851, when two-thirds of the collection was destroyed by fire (the museum’s second major fire; most of its original holdings had been incinerated in an 1814 conflagration). Today
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Washington, D.C. the library owns books and periodicals published in some 460 different languages. Included within its collections are the world’s largest law library; the largest rare book collection in North America; the papers of 23 presidents; the largest comic book collection in existence; the world’s largest collection of American music; and the world’s most extensive collection of films and television broadcasts produced both in the United States and abroad. The Folger Shakespeare Library, a privately funded institution established in 1932, is home to the world’s largest collection of the printed works of English playwright-poet William Shakespeare (1564–1616). Its 280,000 books and manuscripts also include thousands of other Renaissance books and manuscripts, and the library functions as a major academic research center for scholars and graduate students throughout the world. Every year the museum is opened to the public in April when Shakespeare’s birthday is commemorated. The Folger also serves as a performing arts venue, with concerts and plays presented in its Great Hall and Elizabethan Theatre. The Smithsonian Institution, established by the federal government in 1846, operates 14 museums in the nation’s capital, nine of them located on the Mall, including the National Air and Space Museum; the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, which is dedicated to modern and contemporary art; the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, a museum of Asian art; and the National Museum of African Art.
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Among the museums located off the Mall are the National Portrait Gallery, which features portraits of persons who have made significant contributions to the country; the Renwick Gallery, which displays American crafts; the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum; and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, a memorial to the millions of Jews and non-Jews killed by the Nazis during World War II, and an international center for study and documentation of the Holocaust. The privately operated Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington’s oldest art museum, features American paintings but also includes European artworks dating as far back as the Middle Ages. Other private museums in the capital include the National Museum of Women in the Arts, the National Building Museum, and the Textile Museum. 19
To u r i s m
Washington, D.C., is one of the nation’s most popular tourist destinations, attracting nearly 20 million visitors annually. The busiest tourist season runs from April (when the cherry blossoms bloom) to September, and April is the single most popular month to visit the capital. In 1995 approximately 1,589,000 foreign travelers visited the city, ranking it eighth nationally in this category. 20
Holidays and Festivals
JANUARY Martin Luther King, Jr., birthday observance
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Washington, D.C.
The White House, home to every U.S. president since the second president John Adams, hosts public tours and events throughout the year. (Timothy Eagan, Woodfin Camp)
FEBRUARY
APRIL
Chinese New Year Parade Washington Boat Show Washington International Flower & Garden Show
Dulles International Antiques Show & Sale National Cherry Blossom Parade Smithsonian’s Craft Show White House Easter Egg Roll White House Spring Garden Tours
MARCH
APRIL-MAY
FEBRUARY-MARCH
D.C. Spring Antiques Fair Harambee Carnival Patuxent Wildlife Art Show & Sale Smithsonian Kite Festival St. Patrick’s Day Parade Washington Flower & Garden Show
MARCH-APRIL National Cherry Blossom Festival Spring Flower Show
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Washington International Filmfest
MAY Candlelight Vigil Goodwill Embassy Tour International Gem & Jewelry Show Memorial Day Ceremonies at Arlington National Cemetery Washington National Cathedral Flower Mart
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Washington, D.C. JUNE-JULY Festival of American Folklife
JUNE-AUGUST Jazz Art Festival
JULY Founder’s Day Water Lily Festival Independence Day Parade
JULY-AUGUST Washington Theatre Festival
SEPTEMBER Adams-Morgan Day
OCTOBER Marine Corps Marathon Taste of D.C.
DECEMBER D.C. Winter Antiques Fair National Christmas Tree Lighting/Pageant of Peace Washington Craft Show White House Christmas Tours
DECEMBER-JANUARY Capital Area Auto Show Christmas on “S” Street Victorian Holiday Festival in Historic Georgetown
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Famous Citizens
Humor columnist Art Buchwald (b. 1925). Escaped slave and abolitionist Frederick Douglass (1818–1895). Jazz legend Edward “Duke” Ellington (1899–1974). Newspaper publisher Katharine Graham (b. 1917). Actress Helen Hayes (1900–93). French-born architect Pierre Charles L’Enfant (1754–1825), who designed the plan for the nation’s capital.
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First Lady Dolley Madison (1769–1849). Socialite Perle Mesta (1891–1975). Englishman James Smithson (1765– 1829), who donated the funds for the founding of the Smithsonian Institution. Composer John Philip Sousa (1854– 1932). Poet Walt Whitman (1819–1892). 22
For Further Study
Websites District of Columbia. [Online] Available http:// www.dc.thelinks.com/ (accessed October 14, 1999). Washington DC City Pages. [Online] Available http://www.dcpages.com/ (accessed October 14, 1999). Washington DC Home Page. [Online] Available http://www.ci.washington.dc.us (accessed October 14, 1999). Washington Web. [Online] Available http:// wwwwashweb.net/(accessed October 14, 1999).
Government Offices Mayor’s Office 441 4th St. NW Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 727-2980 Washington City Council 441 4th St. NW Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 724-8000 Washington Economic Development Dept. 441 4th St. NW, Rm. 1140 N Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 727-6365
Tourist and Convention Bureaus Washington Convention Center 900 9th St. NW Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 789-1600
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Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. Convention & Visitors Association 1212 New York Ave. NW, Suite 600 Washington, D.C. 20005 (202) 789-7000
Publications Washington Post 1150 15th St. NW Washington, D.C. 20071 Washington Times 3600 New York Ave. NE Washington, D.C. 20002
Books Abbott, Carl. Political Terrain: Washington, D.C., from Tidewater Town to Global Metropolis. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Alsop, Stewart. The Center: People and Power in Political Washington. New York: Harper & Row, 1968. Bernstein, Carl, and Bob Woodward. All the President’s Men. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974. Brinkley, David. Washington Goes to War. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1988. Butler, J. George. Simpler Times: Stories of Early
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Twentieth Century City Life. Arlington, VA: Vandamere Press, 1997. Caroli, Betty Boyd. Inside the White House: America’s Most Famous Home. Pleasantville, NY: Reader’s Digest Association, Inc., 1999. Cary, Francine Curro, ed. Urban Odyssey: A Multicultural History of Washington, DC. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996. Cutler, David. Literary Washington: A Complete Guide to the Literary Life in the Nation’s Capital. Lanham, MD: Madison Books, 1992. Evelyn, Douglas E., and Paul A. Dickson. On This Spot:Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C. Washington, DC: Farragut Pub. Co, 1992. Fitzpatrick, Sandra, and Maria R. Goodwin. The Guide to Black Washington: Places and Events of Historical and Cultural Significance in the Nation’s Capital. New York: Hippocrene Books, 1999. Graham, Katharine. Personal History. New York: Knopf, 1997. Lewis, Roger K. Shaping the City. Washington, DC: AIA Press, 1987. Seidenberg, Robert. Discover the Sidewalks of Washington, D.C. Photography by Kevin Vandiver and Joe Viesti. New York: Gallery Books, 1989. Styron, William. The Confessions of Nat Turner. New York: Random House, 1967.
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Glossary ABOLITIONIST: Person or organization that opposes slavery. When slavery was legal, abolitionists fought to have laws created to make keeping slaves illegal. ADMINISTRATION: Government officials and the policies by which they govern. AIR POLLUTION: Harmful chemicals discharged into the air, making it unclean and sometimes unsafe. ALLIES: Groups or persons who are united in a common purpose. Typically used to describe nations that have joined together to fight a common enemy in war. In World War I, the term Allies described the nations that fought against Germany and its allies. In World War II, Allies described the United Kingdom, United States, the USSR and their allies, who fought against the Axis Powers of Germany, Italy, and Japan. AMALGAM: A mixture of different things. ANCHORAGE: Settling or staying in place by means of holding on to something. ANNEXATION: The act of adding on a smaller thing to a larger thing. ANNUAL MEAN TEMPERATURE: The temperature that falls at the middle of the range of high and low temperatures for the entire year. ANTI-SEMITISM: Fear or hatred of Jews. APARTHEID: The past governmental policy in the Republic of South Africa of separating the races in society. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS: Relics and artifacts left by past cultures. BOROUGH: District or large section of a city, especially New York, New York. BUDDHISM: A religious system common in India and eastern Asia. Founded by and based upon the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, Buddhism asserts that suffering is an inescapable part of life. Deliverance can only be achieved through the practice of charity, temperance, justice, honesty, and truth. CABARET: A restaurant or nightclub with short musical performances with singing and dancing as entertainment. CADENCE: Any rhythmic flow of sound or measured movement to a rhythm or beat. CANTON: A territory or small division or state within a country. COMMUNISM: A form of government whose system requires common ownership of property for the use of all citizens. All profits are to be equally dis-
tributed and prices on goods and services are usually set by the state. Also, communism refers directly to the official doctrine of the former U.S.S.R. COSMOPOLITAN: Containing elements of all or many parts of the world. COUT D’ÉTAT OR COUP: A sudden, violent overthrow of a government or its leader. CULTURE: The ideas and typical habits of a group of people. DAILY CIRCULATION: Number of newspapers or other publications that are distributed each day. DIALECT: One of a number of regional or related modes of speech regarded as descending from a common origin. DIVERSITY: Variety; a mixture of different or dissimilar elements, items, or people. ENDEMIC: Anything that is peculiar to and characteristic of a locality or region. ENTREPRENEUR: Someone who starts and operates a small business. ETHNIC: Referring to a group of people with the same cultural heritage. FEDERAL: Pertaining to a union of states whose governments are subordinate to a central government. FEZ: A cone-shaped felt hat with no brim and a flat top, from which a long tassel hangs; the national headdress for men in Turkey. FUNICULAR: Hanging from or worked by pulling up and lowering of ropes or cables. GLOBAL ECONOMY: Relating to the economic situation (management of wealth and resources) of the whole world as a single community. GOLD RUSH: Describes people traveling in a hurry to a place where gold was discovered. GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT): Mean solar time of the meridian at Greenwich, England, used as the basis for standard time throughout most of the world. The world is divided into 24 time zones, and all are related to the prime, or Greenwich mean, zone. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): A measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within the boundaries of a nation, regardless of asset ownership. Unlike gross national product, GDP excludes receipts from that nation’s business operations in foreign countries. GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT (GNP): A measure of the market value of goods and services produced by the labor and property of a nation. Includes receipts from that nation’s business operation in foreign countries
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GLOSSARY HERESY: An opinion believed to contradict a basic
NATIONALIST: Person or government policy that
law of a religion. INDIGENOUS: People, plants, and animals that lived in a place from ancient times. Also called native people, plants, and animals. INHABITED: Lived in. INQUISITION: A general tribunal, or court, established in the thirteenth century for the discovery and suppression of heresy and the punishment of those who were guilty of heresy (called heretics). ISLAM: The religious system of Mohammed, practiced by Muslims and based on a belief in Allah as the supreme being and Muhammad as his prophet. The spelling variations, Moslim and Mohammed, are also used. Islam also refers to those nations in which it is the primary religion. LABYRINTHINE: Curving in an intricate or confusing pattern; curvy, like a snake. MAGNATE: Important person, or person with special influence. MELANESIAN: The native or original inhabitants of islands in the Pacific Ocean south of the equator, including the Fiji Islands. METRO: Short form of metropolitan, usually used with a city name. For example, metro Detroit describes the city of Detroit and its surrounding area. METROPOLIS: Large city or center of population. METROPOLITAN: Term used to describe a city and its area of influence. For example, “metropolitan Detroit” refers to the city of Detroit and its surrounding area.
puts the needs and interests of the country first over the needs and interests of the other countries or international groups. PER CAPITA: Literally, per person; for each person counted. PHILANTHROPIST: Person who gives large sums of his or her own money to benefit community organizations or institutions. POLYNESIAN: The native or original inhabitants of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga, Tahiti, and New Zealand. PRE-COLUMBIAN: Refers to the time in the history of North and South America before the arrival of Europeans (before 1492). Named for the first European to reach the Western hemisphere, Christopher Columbus. PROGRESSIVE: Person or government that is open to new ideas and willing to move forward or change habits or practices. PROTESTANT: A member or an adherent of one of those Christian bodies which descended from the Reformation of the sixteenth century. Originally applied to those who opposed or protested the Roman Catholic Church. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH: The designation of the church of which the pope or Bishop of Rome is the head, and that holds him as the successor of St. Peter and heir of his spiritual authority, privileges, and gifts. RURAL: Describes landscape of the countryside, with large areas of open space and few roads and buildings covering the land. SOUTHEAST ASIA: The region in Asia that consists of Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. SUBURB: Community on the edge of a large city where people live. People who live in a suburb usually travel to the city to work. SULTAN: A king of a Muslim (Islamic) state. TREATY: A negotiated agreement between two governments. URBAN: City landscape, with streets and buildings covering most of the area. VISIONARY: Person who can imagine positive changes and can explain the possible results to others. XENOPHOBIA: Fear or intense dislike of people from other places. ZENITH: The high point.
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA (MSA): Official term used by government agencies to define the city and its surrounding communities. The MSA describes the area included when gathering and reporting statistics. MILITARY COUP: A sudden, violent overthrow of a government by military forces. MILLENNIUM: 1,000 years. Also used to refer to the one-thousandth anniversary of an event. MISSIONARIES: People who travel to, and often live in, another area for the purpose of teaching the inhabitants there their religious beliefs. MOBILITY: The freedom and ability to move from one area or region to another. MOSQUE: An Islam place of worship and the organization with which it is connected. MUSLIM: Name used to describe people who observe the religious rules of Islam.
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Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index This index contains terms from all four volumes of Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities. The number of the volume is enclosed in brackets. The volume number is followed by the page number. For example, the reference [3]80 means that the indexed term can be found in volume three on page 80.
A Aaron, Henry Louis “Hank” [1]14 Aberdeen Harbor, Hong Kong (photo) [2]26 Aborigines (Sydney, Australia) [4]121 Accursius, Francisco Accorso [4]83 Adams, Ansel [4]99 Adams, Brian [4]184 Adams, John [4]193 Adamson, Joy [3]132 Addams, Jane [1]148, [1]159 Adebola, Alhaji H. P. [2]154 Adelphia Coliseum [3]148 Adriano, Numeriano [3]15 Adulyadej, Bhumibol [1]31 Aelia Capitolina [2]112 Aemilius Lepidus [4]71 Aeroparque Jorge Newbery [1]100 Africa Cairo, Egypt [1]115–[1]130 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]123–[2]138 Lagos, Nigeria [2]139–[2]154 Monrovia, Liberia [3]69–[3]82 Nairobi, Kenya [3]115–[3]135 African Heritage Center [3]127 Africana Museum (Monrovia, Liberia) [3]80 Africa’s Manhattan see Johannesburg, South Africa Agnon, S. Y. [2]121 Al-Ahram Weekly [1]125 al-Aqqad, Abbas [1]129 Ala Wai Canal [2]43 Al-Azhar University (photo) [1]124 Albert II [1]95 Alcott, Louisa May [1]71 Alexandria, Egypt [1]115, [1]116 Alfonso VI of Castile and León [2]211 Alfred of Wessex, King [2]176 al-Fustat see Cairo, Egypt
Algonquin Indians [3]89 Allen, Augustus C. [2]64 Allen, John K. [2]64 Allen, Tim [1]205 Allen, Woody [3]192 Allenby, Edmund [2]113 Allman, Greg [3]152 al-Mansuriyah see Cairo Alouettes, Montreal [3]95 al-Qahirah see Cairo Al-Quds University [2]116 Ambassador Bridge [2]4, [2]8 American Civil War see Civil War, U.S. Amichai, Yehuda [2]121 Amr ibn al-’As [1]118 Anaheim Angels [2]199 Anders, William Alison [2]36 Anderson, Marian [4]16 Andes Mountains [1]136 (photo), [1]138 Anglo-Boer War [2]128 Anikulapo-Kuti, Felá [2]154 Antoine Joseph Sax [1]95 Appelfeld, Aharon [2]121 Aquino, Benigno [3]8 Arabian Sea [3]99 Araneta Coliseum (Manila, Philippines) [3]12 Arc de Triomphe (Paris, France) [3]200 Argentina, Buenos Aires [1]97–[1]114 Arizona Diamondbacks [4]28 Arizona Doll and Toy Museum [4]31 Arizona Hall of Fame [4]31 Arizona Mining and Mineral Museum [4]31 Arizona, Phoenix [4]19–[4]34 Armstrong, Louis [3]170 Arnold Arboretum [1]75, [1]77 Arsenal of Democracy see Detroit, Michigan Art Institute of Chicago [1]155, [1]157
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Index Asakusa Shrine Festival (photo) [4]147 Ashmun, Jehudi [3]73, [3]81 Asia Bangkok, Thailand [1]17–[1]32 Beijing, People’s Republic of China [1]33–[1]48 Hong Kong, China [2]21–[2]38 Istanbul, Turkey [2]93–[2]106 Jerusalem, Israel [2]107–[2]122 Manila, Philippines [3]1–[3]17 Mumbai, India [3]99–[3]114 Sydney, Australia [4]117–[4]132 Tokyo, Japan [4]133–[4]150 Asia-Pacific Economic Conference (APEC) [4]170 Assassinations Aquino, Benigno [3]8 Dallas, Texas [1]188 Kennedy, John F. [1]183 Kennedy, Robert F. [2]195 Lincoln, Abraham [4]193, [4]199 Mboya, Tom [3]134 Astrodome (photo) [2]72 Atahualpa [2]161 Ataturk International Airport [2]95 Athens of the South see Nashville, Tennessee Atlanta, Georgia [1]1–[1]16 Atlanta Braves [1]8, [1]11 Atlanta Falcons [1]11 Atlanta Hawks [1]11 Atlanta Thrashers [1]11 Atlantic Ocean [1]49, [1]65, [1]97, [3]173 Atwater-Kent Museum [4]14 Audubon Living Science Museum [3]169 Audubon Park and Zoo [3]157 Auguste, Philippe [3]209 Augustus Caesar [4]83 Aungier, Gerald [3]105 Australia, Sydney [4]117–[4]132 Austria [1]55 Automotive industry (Detroit, Michigan) [2]12 Auto racing Atlanta, Georgia [1]11 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]134 Miami, Florida [3]48 Paris, France [3]206 Phoenix, Arizona [4]28 Rome, Italy [4]79 San Francisco, California [4]96 Santa Fe Speedway (Chicago, Illinois) [1]155 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]181
208
Autry Museum of Western Heritage [2]200 Ayasofya (Saint Sophia) Museum [2]97, [2]104 Ayutthaya see Bangkok, Thailand Ayyubid dynasty [1]119 Azikwe, Nnamdi [2]154 Aztec Empire (photo) [3]26
B Babelsberg Palace [1]60 Babylonians [2]112 Bacchhan, Amitabh [3]113 Back Bay [1]65, [1]66, [1]71, [1]74, [1]75, [1]77, [1]78 Bacon, Francis [2]186 Bahadur Shah [3]105 Balanchine, George [3]189 Baltic Sea [1]49 Baltimore Orioles [4]198 Baltimore-Washington International Airport [4]188 BAND—Black Arts National Diaspora, Inc. [3]169 Bangkok, Thailand [1]17–[1]32 Bannister, Roger [4]180 Bardot, Brigitte [3]211 Barenboim, Daniel [1]60 Bargash, Seyyid [3]121 Barney, Lem [2]16 Barrow, Clyde [1]190 Barrow, Joseph Louis see Louis, Joe Barry, Dave [3]51 Barry, Marion Jr. [4]195 Baryshnikov, Mikhail [3]189 Basa, Jose Maria [3]15 Baseball [2]182 Anaheim Angels [2]199 Arizona Diamondbacks [4]28 Atlanta Braves [1]8, [1]11 Baltimore Orioles [4]198 Caracas [1]141 Cobb, Ty [2]8 Colorado Rockies [1]200 Denver, Colorado [1]197 Detroit Tigers [2]8 Florida Marlins [3]47 Houston Astros [2]60 Indianapolis Indians [2]86 Indians [1]171 Los Angeles Dodgers [2]199 Minnesota Twins [3]63 Montreal Expose [3]95 Nashville Sounds [3]148
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index New Orleans Zephyrs [3]167 New York Mets [3]187 New York Yankees [3]187 Nippon Ham Fighters [4]144 Oakland Athletics (“Oakland A’s”) [4]96 Philadelphia Phillies [4]12 San Francisco Giants [4]96 Seattle Mariners [4]111 Texas Rangers [1]185, [1]187 Tokyo Giants [4]144 Tokyo, Japan [4]144 Basketball [2]16, [2]182 Atlanta Hawks [1]11 Chicago Bulls [1]155 Cleveland Cavaliers [1]171 Cleveland Rockers [1]171 Dallas Mavericks [1]187 Denver Nuggets [1]201 Detroit Pistons [2]16 Detroit Shock [2]16 Golden State Warriors [4]96 Houston Rockets [2]71 Indiana Pacers [2]86 Jerusalem [2]118 Los Angeles Clippers [2]199 Los Angeles Lakers [2]199 Manila Metrostars [3]12 Miami Heat [3]47 Minneapolis Timberwolves [3]64 New York Jets [3]187 New York Knicks [3]187 Philadelphia 76ers [4]12 Philippine Basketball Association [3]12 Phoenix Suns [4]28 Seattle Super Sonics [4]111 Vancouver Grizzlies [4]181 Bastille, Place de la [3]207 Bay Area see San Francisco, California Bayou City see Houston, Texas Bayside Exposition Center [1]79 Beacon Hill [1]66, [1]70 Bear Creek Lake State Park (Denver, Colorado) [1]202 Becket, Thomas à [2]186 Beecher, Henry Ward [3]192 Beijing, People’s Republic of China [1]33–[1]48 Belgian Comic Strip Centre [1]94 Belgium, Brussels [1]83–[1]96 Belle Isle [2]16 Bellezza, Dario [4]83
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Bellow, Saul [1]159 Benes, Eduard [4]47 Ben-Gurion, David [2]121 Ben Gurion International Airport [2]108 Benin Empire [2]145 Benito Juárez International Airport [3]20 Benjamin Franklin National Memorial [4]16 Benny, Jack [1]159 Bensusan Museum of Photography [2]136 Berkeley, Busby [2]203 Berlanga, Rosario Robles [3]28 Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport [1]50 Berlin, Germany, Europe [1]49–[1]63 Berlin Wall [1]49, [1]53, [1]63 (photo) Bernini, Gian Lorenzo [4]79 Beverly Hills, California [2]193 Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design [2]116 Bhabha, H. J. [3]112 Bhumibol (King) [1]24 Bible Lands Museum [2]119 Bicentennial Capitol Mall State Park [3]140, [3]148 Bicycling, Tour de France [3]206 Bierce, Ambrose [4]99 Big Tex (photo) [1]189 Bilac, Olavo [4]61 Bing, Dave [2]16 Biosphere (Montréal, Québec) [3]95, [3]96 Bird, Larry [1]80 Bishop Museum and Planetarium [2]52 Bizet, Georges [3]211 Black, Charles H. [2]83 Black American West Museum and Heritage Center [1]203 Black Heritage Trail [1]79 Blackmun, Harry [3]67 Black Sea [2]93, [2]98 Blaisdell, Neal S. Center [2]52 Blake, William [2]186 Blixen, Karen [3]132, [3]134 Blixen-Finecke, Baroness Karen see Blixen, Karen Blue Ridge Mountains [4]187 Blues Capital of the World see Chicago, Illinois Bly, Robert [3]67 Boeing, William [4]107, [4]115 Boer republic [2]128 Boer War [2]136 Bohai Sea [1]33 Bolívar, Simón [1]131, [1]137, [1]143, [1]144, [2]162 Bolivia [1]100
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Index Bombay Harbor [3]104, [3]111 Bombay, India see Mumbai, India Bonaparte, Joseph [2]211 Bonaparte, Napoleon [1]105, [1]120, [2]162, [2]211, [3]199, [3]202, [3]210, [4]55, [4]72 Bond, Dr. Thomas [4]11 Bond, Ward [1]205 Bong Mining Company [3]79 Bonifacio, Andres [3]7, [3]8, [3]16 Bonn, Germany [1]56 Bonnie and Clyde see Barrow, Clyde and Parker, Bonnie Boomalli Aboriginal Artists Co-operative [4]131 Borges, Jorge Luis [1]113 Borivoj, Prince [4]39 Boroughs see New York, New York Bosporus [2]93, [2]99 (photo) Boston Marathon [1]77 Boston, Massachusetts [1]65–[1]82 Boswell, James [2]186 Botanical Gardens (Rio de Janeiro) [4]61 Botany Bay (Sydney, Australia) [4]118 Botta, Mario [4]98 Bourassa, Henri [3]98 Boxer Rebellion [1]39 Boxing [2]5, [2]8, [2]16 Boyd, Arthur [4]131 Brandeis, Louis D. [1]80 Brandenburg Gate [1]49, [1]50, [1]52, [1]57 (photo), [1]61 Brazil, Rio de Janeiro [4]49–[4]62 Brazos Bend State Park, Houston [2]64 Breach Candy Club (Mumbai, India) [3]110 Brecht, Bertolt [1]55 Brickell, William [3]42 British Columbia Lions [4]181 British Columbia, Vanouver [4]169–[4]185 British East Africa Company [3]121 British East India Company [3]105 Bronx Zoo [3]188 Brooklyn see New York City Brooklyn Botanic Garden [3]188 Brooklyn Bridge [3]181 Brooklyn Historical Society [3]190 Brooklyn Museum [3]190 Brown, Captain William [2]45 Brown, Molly House and Museum [1]203 Brown, Paul [1]175 Brown Bomber see Louis, Joe Browning, Elizabeth Barrett [2]186
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Browning, Robert [2]186 Brubeck, Dave [4]97 Brugge, Belgium [1]84 Brunelleschi, Filippo [4]83 Brush, Charles [1]175 Brussels, Belgium [1]83–[1]96 Bruxelles see Brussels, Belgium Bryan, John Neely [1]177, [1]181 Bryant, William Cullen [3]192 Buchanon, Edna [3]51 Buchwald, Art [4]203 Buckingham Palace [2]175, [2]182 Buddhism [1]21 Buddhist Mauryan Empire [3]104 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]97–[1]114 Buffalo Bill’s Grave and Museum [1]203 Bulfinch, Charles [1]80 Bullfighting [2]211, [2]215 Bunche, Ralph J. [2]19 Bundestag [1]61, [1]62 Bunker Hill Monument [1]79 Buonarroti, Michelangelo [4]72, [4]81, [4]83, Burger, Warren [3]67 Burggraf of Nuremberg [1]54 Burr, Aaron [3]192 Byzantine Empire [2]93, [2]94, [2]98 Byzantium see Instanbul
C Cable, George Washington [3]170 Cabral, Pedro Alvarez [4]54 Cadillac, Antoine de la Mothe [2]1 Caen, Herb [4]99 Caesar, Augustus [4]83 Caesar, Julius [3]201, [4]71, [4]83 Caesar, Octavian [4]71 Cairo, Egypt [1]115–[1]130 Cajuns, New Orleans, Louisiana [3]159, [3]162 Calderón de la Barca y Henao, Pedro [2]217 California Los Angeles [2]189–[2]204 San Francisco [4]85–[4]100 California Gold Rush [4]90 Campbell, Kim [4]184 Camus, Albert [3]211 Canada Montréal, Québec [3]83–[3]98 Toronto, Ontario [4]151–[4]167 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]169–[4]185
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Canadian Football League (CFL) [3]95, [4]181 Canadian National Railway [3]89 Candlestick Park see 3Com Park Cao Zhan [1]47 Capek, Karel [4]47 “Capital of Europe” see Brussels Capital Hospital [1]43 “Capital of Latin America” see Miami, Florida Capitol Hill [4]191 Capitoline Museum [4]80 Capone, Al [1]151 Capote, Truman [3]170 Caracas, Venezuela, South America [1]131–[1]144 Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc [3]28, [3]29 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique [4]57 Carey, Peter [4]131 Cariocas (citizens of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) [4]50 Carnegie, Andrew [3]192 Carnegie Hall [3]177 Carr, Emily [4]183 Cartier, Jacques [3]83, [3]89 Caruso, Enrico [4]83 Casa Manila Museum [3]14 Casa Rosada [1]103 Cascade Mountains [4]102 Casino gambling [2]12, [3]95 Cassatt, Mary [4]16 Castro, Fidel [3]37 Cathedral of Mexico [3]22 Catherine of Branganza [3]105 Cavanaugh, Jerome P. [2]5, [2]6, [2]8 Central Ballet of China [1]46 Central Highlands, Africa [3]115 Central Park (New York) [3]184, [3]187 (photo) Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de [2]217 Chalmette Plantation [3]162 Chamberlain, Wilt [4]17 Champollion, Jean-François [3]211 Channing, William Ellery [1]80 Chao Phraya River [1]17, [1]18, [1] 22 (photo), [1]23, [1]29 Chaplin, Charlie [2]187 Chapultepec Castle and Park [3]33, [3]34 Charlemagne [3]201 Charles II [3]105, [4]6 Charles III, King [2]211 Charles IV [4]40 Charles V [1]88 Charles of France [1]87
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Charles River [1]66, [1]70 (photo), [1]74, [1]75, [1]78 Charlestown [1]66, [1]70, [1]71 Charoenpura, Mai [1]31 Chattahoochee River [1]12 Chatuchak Park [1]26 Chaucer, Geoffrey [2]186 Cheekwood Museum of Art [3]150 Chene Park [2]16 Cherokee Indians [1]5, [3]142 Chesapeake Bay [4]187, [4]196 Chevalier, Maurice [3]211 Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport [3]100 Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus [3]100 Chiang Kaishek [1]39 Chicago, Illinois [1]145–[1]160 Chicago Academy of Sciences [1]158 Chicago Blues Festival [1]157 Chicago Board of Trade [1]152 Chicago Children’s Museum [1]158 Chicago Historical Society [1]158 Chicago Mercantile Exchange [1]152 Chicago Opera Theater [1]157 Chicago Public Library [1]157 Chicago River [1]147, [1]152 Chicago White Sox [1]156 Chickasaw Indians [3]142 Chile [1]100 China, People’s Republic of Beijing [1]33–[1]48 Hong Kong [2]21–[2]38 Ching-shan Park [1]44 Chor Bazaar (Mumbai, India) [3]108 Chowpatty Beach (Mumbai, India) [3]110, [3]112 Christ the Redeemer statue [4]52, [4]61 Chung-shan Park [1]44 Churchill, Winston [2]187 Church of the Sepulchre [2]110 Cidade Maravilhosa see Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Cinquantenaire Museum of Classical Art and History [1]93 Citadel Museum of the History of Jerusalem [2]119 City of Big Shoulders see Chicago, Illinois City of Gold see Johannesburg, South Africa City of a Hundred Spires see Prague, Czech Republic City of Lakes see Minneapolis, Minnesota City Museum (Istanbul, Turkey) [2]105 City Park (Denver, Colorado) [1]202
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Index City Stadium (Nairobi, Kenya) [3]129 City in the Sun see Nairobi, Kenya Civic Center Park (Denver, Colorado) [1]195 Civil rights movement Atlanta, Georgia [1]7 Cleveland, Ohio [1]168 Civil war, Liberia [3]76, [3]80 Civil War Library and Museum [4]14 Civil War, U.S. [1]69, [1]71 Atlanta, Georgia [1]6 Dallas, Texas [1]177, [1]180, [1]181 Denver, Colorado [1]197 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]82 Miami, Florida [3]42 Nashville, Tennessee [3]143, [3]151 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]162, [3]163 New York, New York [3]181 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]8 Washington, D.C. [4]193 Clark, John Pepper [2]153 Cleaveland, Moses [1]166 Cleveland, Grover [2]46 Cleveland, Ohio [1]161–[1]176 Cleveland Center for Contemporary Art [1]174 Cleveland Metroparks Zoo [1]172 Cleveland Museum of Art [1]174 Cleveland Museum of Natural History [1]174 Clinton, Hillary Rodham [1]159 Cobain, Kurt [4]115 Cobb, Ty [2]8 Cobo, Albert [2]6 Cockfighting [3]12 Codman Square [1]70 Coen, Ethan [3]67 Coen, Joel [3]67 Cohan, George M. [3]192 Cold War [1]49 Collins, Judy [4]115 Cologne [1]84 Colonia [1]100 Colón Theater Opera House (photo) [1]112 Colorado Avalanche [1]201 Colorado Ballet [1]202 Colorado, Denver [1]191–[1]206 Colorado History Museum [1]203 Colorado Rockies [1]195 Comenius, John Amos [4]47 Comerica Park [2]16 Comiskey Park (Chicago, Illinois) [1]156
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Comnena, Anna [2]105 Confederacy Atlanta, Georgia [1]6 Nashville, Tennessee [3]143 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]163 Confederate Museum [3]169 Confucius [2]35 Connally, John [1]183 Connecticut [1]66 Connick, Jr., Harry [3]170 Constantine [4]71 Constantine I [2]98, [2]102 Constantine the Great [2]94, [2]104, [2]105 Constantinople see also Instanbul Continental Divide [1]191 Coogan, Jackie [2]203 Cook, Captain James [2]45 Cook, William D. [1]181 Cooney, Joan Ganz [4]33 Cooper, Jackie [2]203 Coors Field [1]195, [1]197, [1]200 Copacabana Beach [4]50 Copley, John Singleton [1]80 Coppola, Francis Ford [2]19 Cortés, Hernán [3]26 Cotton Bowl [1]187 Country Music Hall of Fame [3]141, [3]145, [3]150 “Cradle of the American Revolution” see Boston, Massachusetts Crane, Hart [1]175 Crawford Auto-Aviation Museum (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]174 Crawford Market (Mumbai, India) [3]102, [3]108 Creek Indians [1]5 Creek War [3]143 Creoles (New Orleans, Louisiana) [3]159, [3]162, [3]166 Crescent City see New Orleans, Louisiana Cricket [2]182, [3]130 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]134 Miami, Florida [3]48 Mumbai, India [3]110 Sydney, Australia [4]127 Crime Atlanta, Georgia [1]8 Los Angeles, California [2]196 Mexico City [3]29 Montréal, Québec [3]91 Nairobi, Kenya [3]125 Nashville, Tennessee [3]144
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index New Orleans, Louisiana [3]163 New York, New York [3]182 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]9 San Francisco, California [4]92 Seattle, Washington [4]108 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]177 Cromwell, Oliver [2]186 Cruise Capital of the World [3]40 Crusades [2]99 Cuauhtémoc [3]26 Cuffe Parade [3]104, [3]108 Cumberland River [3]137, [3]138, [3]145 Cumberland Science Museum [3]151 Cunningham, Merce [3]189 Cuomo, Mario [3]192 Cuyahoga River [1]161, [1]162, [1]164, [1]170 Czech Republic, Prague [1]55, [4]35–[4]48 Czechoslovakia see Czech Republic
D Dadu [1]38 Daley, Richard J. [1]151, [1]159 Daley, Richard M. [1]151 Dallas, George Mifflin [1]181 Dallas-Fort Worth Airport [1]178, [1]183 Dallas, Texas [1]177–[1]190 Dallas Aquarium [1]188 Dallas Area Rapid Transit System (DART) [1]180 Dallas Burn (soccer) [1]187 Dallas Historical Society [1]188 Dallas Museum of Art [1]188 Dallas Symphony Orchestra [1]188 Dallas Zoo [1]188 Damascus Gate [2]108 Damonen Saduak (photo) [1]27 Dana Farber Cancer Institute [1]76 Dante [4]83 Dante B. Fascell Port [3]38 David, King [2]112 David Sassoon Library (Mumbai, India) [3]111 Davies, Robertson [4]166 Dead Sea [2]115 de Almagro, Diego [2]161 de Almeida, Francisco [3]105 Dealy, G. B. Library [1]188 de Assis, Joaquim Maria Machado [4]62 de Beauvoir, Simone [3]211 de Bienville, Jean Baptiste le Moyne [3]161 de Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel [2]218
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Declaration of Independence [4]1, [4]7 de Cuellar, Javier Pérez [2]167 de Garay, Juan [1]105 de Gaulle, Charles [3]203, [3]211 Deighton, John [4]176, [4]183 de la Rúa, Fernando [1]107 de León, Juan Francisco [1]136 de Lima Barreto, Afonso Henriques [4]62 de Losada, Diego [1]131, [1]135 de Mello, Fernando Affonso Collor [4]61 de Mendoza, Pedro [1]105 DeMille, Cecil B. [2]195, [2]204 de Miranda, Francisco [1]136 De Morgen [1]92 Deng Xiaoping [1]47 Denver, Colorado [1]191–[1]206 Denver Art Museum [1]203 Denver Botanic Gardens [1]202 (photo) Denver Broncos [1]201 Denver Free University [1]199 Denver International Airport [1]192, [1]197 Denver Museum of Natural History [1]204 Denver Nuggets [1]201 Denver Symphony Orchestra [1]202 Denver Theater Company [1]202 Denver Zoo and Natural History Museum [1]202 Denver, James [1]197 de Pimentel, Juan [1]135 de Porres, Saint Martin [2]167 de Sá, Estácio [4]49, [4]55 de San Martín, Jóse [2]162 Descartes, René [3]210 Desert Botanical Garden (Phoenix, Arizona) [4]30 de Sintra, Pedro [3]72 de Sorbon, Robert [3]210 de Soto, Hernando [3]161 De Standaard [1]92 Detroit, Michigan [2]1–[2]20 Detroit Historical Museum [2]18 Detroit Institute of Arts [2]8, [2]18 Detroit Lions [2]8 Detroit Pistons [2]16 Detroit Public Library [2]17 Detroit Red Wings [2]8, [2]10, [2]15 (photo) Detroit River [2]1, [2]6, [2]7, [2]12 Detroit Science Center [2]18 Detroit Shock [2]16 Detroit Tigers [2]8 Detroit Vipers [2]16
213
Index Detroit-Windsor Tunnel [2]4 de Vega, Lope [2]217 De Wildt Cheetah Research Centre [2]134 DFW Metroplex see Dallas, Texas Diamond Head [2]52 d’Iberville, Pierre le Moyne [3]161 Dickens, Charles [2]186 Die Welt [1]59 Dillinger, John [1]151 DiMaggio, Joe [3]187 Dinesen, Isak see Blixen, Karen Ding Ling [1]47 Dinkins, David [3]182, [3]192 Disney, Walter Elias (Walt) [1]159 Disney amusement parks [2]24, [2]35, [2]201, [3]207 District of Columbia [4]187–[4]204 Dittrick Museum of Medical History [1]174 Dix, Dorothea [1]80 Dix, Otto [1]61 Dixit, Madhuri [3]113 Doe, Samuel K. [3]75, [3]76, [3]81 Dome of the Rock [2]110, [2]118 (photo) Donelson, John [3]142 Dorval Airport (Montréal, Québec) [3]84, [3]86 Douglass, Frederick [4]203 Drago, Luis Maria [1]113 Drapeau, Jean [3]88, [3]98 Dreyfus, Alfred [3]211 Dryden, John [2]186 du Bois, W. E. B. [1]6 du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point [1]150 Du Sable Museum of African American History [1]158 Dutch East India Company [3]180 Dvorak, Antonin [4]47
E Eagle Creek Park [2]87 Eakins, Thomas [4]17 Earhart, Amelia [3]67 Earthquakes Lima, Peru [2]159 Los Angeles, California [2]196 Mexico City, Mexico [3]28 San Francisco, California [4]91, [4]94 Tokyo, Japan [4]141 East Africa (Nairobi, Kenya) [3]115–[3]135 East Germany see Germany East River [3]176 Ecevit, Bulent [2]106
214
Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Jose [2]217 ECOMOG see Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) [3]75 Eddy, Mary Baker [1]69, [1]80 Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site [4]15 Edo see Tokyo Edward the Confessor, King [2]176 eGoli see Johannesburg, South Africa Egypt, Cairo [1]115–[1]130 Egyptian Revolution [1]121 Eiffel, Alexandre Gustave [3]211 Eiffel Tower [1]93, [3]200, [3]203, [3]209, [3]211 Eiteljorg Museum of American Indian and Western Art [2]87, [2]89 Èkó see Lagos, Nigeria El Al Airlines [2]108 El Desierto de los Leones [3]34 Elephanta Island [3]102, [3]104, [3]111 Eliot, T. S. [2]187 Elizabeth I [2]169, [2]177, [2]186 Elizabeth II [2]187 Ellicott, Andrew [4]193 Ellington, Edward “Duke” [4]203 Ellis Island [3]181 El Museo del Barrio [3]190 El Niño [1]58 El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historic District [2]193 El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora la Reina de los Angeles [2]194 Emma, Queen [2]54 Emerson, Ralph Waldo [1]71, [1]80 Empire State Building [3]182 England, London [2]169–[2]188 English Channel [1]84 Enrico Fermi Institute [1]154 Enron Field, Houston [2]60 Enver, Pasha [2]106 Erie Canal [2]7, [3]181 Ernest Tubb’s Record Shop [3]150 Estadio Azteca (stadium) [3]33 EuroDisneyland [3]207 Europe Berlin, Germany [1]49–[1]63 Brussels, Belgium [1]83–[1]96 Instanbul, Turkey [2]93–[2]106 London, England [2]169–[2]188 Madrid, Spain [2]205–[2]217
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Paris, France [3]195–[3]212 Prague, Czech Republic [4]35–[4]48 Rome, Italy [4]63–[4]84 European Union [1]57, [1]83, [1]86, [1]88, [1]89 Ewan, J.W. [3]42 Expos, Montreal [3]95 Ezeiza International Airport [1]100
F Fairbanks, Sr., Douglas [1]205, [2]204 Fairmount Waterworks [4]12 Fair Park (Dallas, Texas) [1]187 Fajardo, Francisco [1]135 Faneuil Hall Marketplace [1]72, [1]75, [1]79 Farnsworth, Philo Taylor [4]99 Faruk, King [1]129 Feinstein, Dianne [4]91, [4]99 Fellini, Federico [4]83 Fenollosa, Ernest F. [4]148 Fenway Park [1]74, [1]77 (photo) Ferdinand of Hapsburg [4]40 Ferlinghetti, Lawrence [4]99 Fermi, Enrico [1]151 Fiedler, Arthur [1]80 Field hockey [3]130 Field Museum of Natural History [1]155, [1]157 Film City see Mumbai, India Fires Atlanta, Georgia [1]6 Detroit, Michigan [2]7 San Francisco, California [4]91 First City in India see Mumbai, India First Colony, Houston, Texas [2]64 Fisherman’s Wharf [4]92, [4]94 Fitzgerald, F. Scott [3]67 Fiumicino (airport) [4]66 Flagler, Henry [3]42 Flanders Province [1]88 Fleet Center [1]77 Flora Fountain (Mumbai, India) [3]104 Florida, Miami [3]37–[3]52 Florida Marlins [3]47 Florida Philharmonic Orchestra [3]49 Flying Doctors [3]128 Fogg Art Museum [1]78 Folger Shakespeare Library [4]201 Folies Bergères [3]201 Football see also Soccer Atlanta Falcons [1]11
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
B.C. Lions [4]181 Dallas Cowboys [1]187 Denver Broncos [1]201 Detroit Lions [2]8 Indianapolis Colts [2]86 Los Angeles Rams [2]199 Miami Dolphins [3]47 Minnesota Vikings [3]64 Montreal Alouettes [3]95 New Orleans Saints [3]167 New York Giants [3]187 Oakland Raiders [4]96 Philadelphia Eagles [4]12 San Francisco 49ers [4]96 Seattle Seahawks [4]111 Sugar Bowl [3]167 Sydney Swans [4]127 Tennessee Titans [3]148 Washington Redskins [4]197 Forbidden City [1]34, [1]37, [1]44 Ford II, Henry [2]10 Foster, Jodie [2]203 442nd Regimental Combat Team [2]49 Fragrant Harbor see Hong Kong France, Paris [3]195–[3]212 Francisco, Miranda [1]144 Francisco, Narváez [1]143 Franco, Francisco [2]206, [2]212 Franken, Al [3]67 Franklin, Benjamin [4]11, [4]17 Franklin Field [4]12 Franklin Institute Science Museum [4]4, [4]16 Franklin Park [1]75, [1]78 Fraser River [4]169, [4]170 Fratianne, Linda [2]203 Frederick the Great [1]55 Freed, Alan [1]175 Freedom Trail [1]68, [1]79 Free University of Brussels [1]91 Freie Universität Berlin [1]59 French Canadians [3]87 French and Indian War [2]7, [3]89 French Quarter (New Orleans, Louisiana) [3]165, [3]169 Fu-hsing Gate [1]43 Fujimori, Alberto [2]163, [2]168 Fuldheim, Dorothy [1]175 Fung Ping Shan Museum [2]35
215
Index G Galeão Airport [4]50 Galeries Royales Saint-Hubert [1]91 Galileo [4]72 Gallier House Museum [3]169 Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [3]106 Garcia, Jerry [4]99 García Lorca, Federico [2]218 Gardel, Carlos [1]97, [1]113 Garfield Park [2]87 Garrison, William Lloyd [1]71, [1]80 Garvey, Marcus [3]192 Gastown (Vancouver, British Columbia) [4]173, [4]179 Gates, Bill [4]115 Gateway of India [3]102, [3]111 Gathering Place see Honolulu Gatwick Airport [2]170 Gauls [3]201 Gauteng Province [2]124 Gavaskar, S. M. [3]113 Gazirah [1]125 Genghis Khan [1]38 Genocide [3]125 Gentlemen of St. Suplice [3]89 George V, King [3]111 George Bush Intercontinental Airport [2]58, [2]63 George Observatory (Houston, Texas) [2]64 Georges River Georgia, Atlanta [1]1–[1]16 Georgia Dome [1]11 German Women’s Teacher’s Association [1]62 Germany, Berlin [1]49–[1]63 Getty, J. Paul [3]67 Gettysburg, Battle of [4]8 Ghent [1]84 Gilbert, William [2]187 Ginastera, Alberto Evaristo [1]113 Ginsberg, Allen [3]192, [4]99 Giuliani, Rudolph [3]182 Giza pyramid [1]117 Glienicke Palace [1]60 Globe Theatre [2]183 Goa, India [3]100 Gobelins’ Tapestry Factory [3]209 Goldberg Sports Hall [2]118 Gold Coast Railroad Museum [3]49 Golden Gate Bridge and Park [4]85 [4]96 Golden Horn [2]93, [2]96, [2]99 (photo) Golden Prague see Prague, Czech Republic
216
Golden State Warriors [4]96 Gold mining Denver, Colorado [1]197, [1]204 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]128 San Francisco, California [4]90 Vancouver, B.C. [4]178 Gold Museum of Peru [2]167 Goldwater, Barry [4]33 Golf Hong Kong [2]33 Nashville, Tennessee [3]148 Phoenix, Arizona [4]28 Rome, Italy [4]78 Tokyo, Japan [4]144 Gomes, Mariano [3]15 Gongren Ribao [1]43 Goodman, Benny [1]159 Gordimer, Nadine [2]137 Gordy, Berry [2]8, [2]18 Gore, Al [3]152 Gospel Music Hall of Fame [2]18 Gottschalk, Louis Moreau [3]170 Gould, Glenn [4]166 Grady, Henry W. [1]14 Graham, Bill [4]99 Graham, Katharine [4]203 Graham, Robert [2]4 Grain Coast see Monrovia, Liberia Grand Canyon (Phoenix, Arizona) [4]28 Grand Central Railroad Terminal [3]174 Grand Ole Opry [3]137, [3]144, [3]145 (photo) Grand Ole Opry House [3]150 Grand Ole Opry Museum [3]151 Grand Palace (Bangkok, Thailand) [1]29 Grand Place [1]83, [1]86, [1]88 (photo), [1]91, [1]94 Grand Sablon Square [1]86 Grand Trunk Railways see Canadian National Railway Grant, Ulysses S. [4]194 Grant Park (Chicago, Illinois) [1]155 Granville Island [4]173, [4]179 Grateful Dead [4]97 Graystone Jazz Museum [2]18 Great Britain see United Kingdom Great Depression [1]55, [1]56, [1]71, [1]73 Chicago, Illinois [1]151 Cleveland, Ohio [1]167 Detroit, Michigan [2]8 New York, New York [3]182 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]8
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Great Lakes [3]83, [1]161, [3]181 Great Lakes Science Center (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]173 Great Wall [1]36, [1]47 (photo) Greece [1]92 Greeley, Horace [3]192 Greenaway, Francis [4]131 Greenfield Village [2]18 Greenwich Village (New York) [3]179 Grévin Museum [3]209 Greyhound racing [3]48, [4]28 Griffith Observatory and Planetarium [2]200 Grooms, Red [3]152 Gross, Terry [4]12 Grossman, David [2]121 Grosz, George [1]61 Grunewald [1]50 Grunge rock [4]101, [4]112 Guanabara Bay [4]49 Guanyuan Market [1]42 Guggenheim Museum [3]190 Guiare River [1]138 Gujarat (Mumbai, India) [3]105 Gulf of Mexico [2]57 Gulf of Thailand [1]17, [1]18 Gurley, Ralph Randolph [3]81 Guthrie Theatre [3]65
H Haas Sherover Promenade [2]118 Haffkine, W. M. [3]113 Haghia Sophia [2]99 Hahn, Otto [1]62 Haji Ali's Mosque [3]102, [3]111 Hall of Members Cemetery [2]120 Hall of the Nameless Dead [4]140 Hamid, Sultan Abd al- [2]101 Hamill, Pete [3]192 Hamilton, Alexander [3]192 Hamilton, Edward N. [2]16 Hancock, John [1]80 Haneda Airport [4]134 Hanff, Helene [2]180 Hanging Gardens (Mumbai, India) [3]103, [3]110 Hannibal [4]71 Hapoel Jerusalem [2]118 Harbour Tunnel (Sydney, Australia) [4]118 Hare, Augustus William [4]83 Haring, Keith [3]192 Harlem Renaissance [3]181
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Harold Washington Library Center [1]157 Harris, Jeremy [2]40 Harris, Joel Chandler [1]14 Harris, John Richardson [2]64 Harrisburg, Texas [2]64 Harrison, Benjamin [2]90 Harrison, George [2]128 Harry, Debby [3]52 Harte, Bret [4]99 Hart, William [2]10 Hart Plaza (Detroit, Michigan) [2]4 Hartsfield International Airport [1]7 Hartsfield, William [1]6 Hartzler-Towner Multicultural Museum [3]151 Harvard University [1]65, [1]66, [1]71, [1]75, [1]76, (photo), [1]79 Hatch Shell [1]78 Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugène [3]203, [3]211 Havel, Vaclav [4]42, [4]47, [1]53, [1]59 Hawaii, Honolulu [2]39–[2]55 Hawaii Maritime Center [2]52 Hawaiian Airlines [2]40 Hawaiian Islands [2]44 Hayes, Helen [4]203 Heard Museum (Phoenix, Arizona) [4]31 Hearns, Thomas [2]16 Hearst, William Randolph [2]8, [4]99 Heathrow Airport [2]170 Hebei Province, Beijing [1]33–[1]48 Hebrew Union College [2]116 Heliopolis [1]118, [1]125 Hellman, Lillian [3]171 Hemingway, Ernest [2]218 Hendrix, Jimi [4]115 Hennepin, Father Louis [3]58 Henri IV, king of France [3]207 Henry VIII, King [2]186 Henry Ford Museum (photo) [2]9 Herald Square (New York) [3]177 Hermann-Grima Historic House [3]169 Herriman, George [3]171 Herzl, Theodore [2]111 Heyrovsky, Jaroslav [4]47 Higgins, Marguerite [2]36 High Museum of Art [1]13 Hines, Harry [1]190 Hippodrome (Istanbul, Turkey) [2]103 Hitchcock, Alfred [2]187 Hitler, Adolph [1]49, [1]55, [2]212
217
Index Hitsville USA/Motown Historical Museum [2]18 HKSAR see Hong Kong Hobby, William P. Airport [2]58 Hockey Anaheim Mighty Ducks [2]199 Atlanta Thrashers [1]11 Dallas Stars [1]187 Denver, Colorado [1]201 Detroit Red Wings [2]8, [2]10, [2]15 (photo) Detroit Vipers [2]16 Indianapolis Ice [2]86 Los Angeles Kings [2]199 Montreal Canadiens [3]95 Nashville Night Hawks [3]148 New Orleans Brass [3]167 New York Islanders [3]187 New York Rangers [3]187 Philadelphia Flyers [4]12 Phoenix Coyotes [4]28 Phoenix Roadrunners [4]28 San Jose Sharks [4]96 Seattle Thunderbirds Hockey Club [4]111 Vancouver Canucks [4]181 Hoffman, Dustin [2]203 Hogarth, William [2]186 Hog Butcher to the World see Chicago, Illinois Hogg, James [2]61 Hogg, Mike [2]61 Hogg, Will [2]61 Hohenzollerns [1]54, [1]59 Holliday, John H. ("Doc") [1]189 Hollywood, California [2]193 Holmes, Oliver Wendell [1]71 Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, D.C.) [4]195 Hong Kong, China [2]21–[2]38 Hong Kong Coliseum [2]25, [2]33 Hong Kong History Museum [2]35 Hong Kong International Airport [2]22 Hong Kong Marathon [2]33 Hong Kong Museum of Art [2]35 Hongqiao Market [1]42 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]39–[2]55 Honolulu Academy of Arts [2]52 Honolulu International Airport [2]40 Honolulu Symphony Orchestra [2]52 Hoosier Dome see RCA Dome Hope, Bob [1]175 Horniman Circle (Mumbai, India) [3]104
218
Horse racing [2]33 Chicago, Illinois [1]155 Los Angeles, California [2]199 Manila, Philippines [3]12 Miami, Florida [3]48 Mumbai, India [3]110 Nairobi, Kenya [3]131 New Orleans [3]167 New York, New York [3]187 Paris, France [3]207 Phoenix, Arizona [4]28 Rome, Italy [4]78 Hôtel de Cluny Museum [3]209 Hotel de Ville [1]86 Houde, Camillien [3]90, [3]91 Houston, Sam [2]65 (photo) Houston, Texas [2]57–[2]76 Houston Astros [2]60, [2]71 Houston Museum of Natural Science [2]60 Houston Oilers see Tennessee Titans Houston Rockets [2]74 Houston Zoological Gardens [2]60 Huáscar [2]161 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome [3]63 Hudnut, William H. [2]83 Hudson, Henry [3]180 Hudson Institute [2]89 Hudson River [3]176 Hughes, Adella Prentiss [1]175 Hugo Chávez [1]138 Hugo, Victor [3]207, [3]210, [3]2111 Hull House [1]148, [1]159 Humble, P. S. [2]63 Humphrey, Hubert H. [3]67 Hurricanes [3]44 Hus, Jan [4]47 Husayn, Taha [1]129 Hussein, M.F. [3]113 Hyde Park [2]176, [2]182 Hynes, John B. [1]70
I Iberian Peninsula (Madrid, Spain) [2]206 Ibrahim Palace Museum [2]97, [2]105 Idris, Yusuf [1]129 Ieyasu, Tokugawa [4]139 Iglesias, Julio [2]217 Ile de la Cité (Paris, France) [3]202 Illinois, Chicago [1]145–[1]160
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEA) [3]121 Imperial Palace (Beijing, China) [1]39, [1]46 Imperial Palace (Tokyo, Japan) [4]139, [4]146 Imperial Sugar [2]64 Inca Empire [2]160 Independence Hall (Philadelphia, Pennsylania) [4]7 Independence National Historic Park [4]4, [4]13 Independence Park (Gan Ha’Atzmaut) [2]118 Independence Seaport Museum [4]14 India, Mumbai [3]99–[3]114 Indiana, Indianapolis [2]77–[2]91 Indiana Pacers [2]86 Indianapolis 500 [2]77, [2]84 (photo), [2]86 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]77–[2]91 Indianapolis Colts [2]86 Indianapolis 500 [2]77, [2]84 (photo), [2]86 Indianapolis Ice [2]86 Indianapolis Indians [2]86 Indianapolis International Airport [2]78 Indianapolis Motor Speedway and Hall of Fame Museum [2]77, [2]83, [2]89 Indianapolis Museum of Art [2]89 Indianapolis Symphony Orchestra [2]88 Indianapolis Zoo [2]87 Indiana State Museum [2]89 Indian Ocean [3]115 Indians see Native Americans Industrial Revolution [1]54, [1]56, [2]169 Indy 500 see Indianapolis 500 Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) [3]28 International Center of Photography [3]190 International Dragon Boat Races [2]33, [2]36 (photo) International Hockey League [2]16 International Monetary Fund [1]25 International Museum of Surgical Sciences [1]158 Iolani Palace [2]42, [2]53 Ireland [1]71 Iron Age [4]70 Iroquois Memorial Steeplechase [3]148 Irving, Washington [3]192 Isabella [1]88 Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum [1]78 Islamic Art Museum [2]119 Ismail, Khedive [1]125 Israel, Jerusalem [2]107–[2]122 Israel Museum [2]111, [2]119 Istanbul, Turkey [2]93–[2]106 Italy [1]92 Rome, Italy [4]63–[4]84
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
J Jabel Park [1]93 Jack Kent Cooke Stadium [4]197 Jackson, Andrew [2]7, [3]137, [3]142, [3]152, [3]162 Jackson, Jesse [1]159 Jackson, Phil [1]155 Jacobo Borges [1]143 Jacobs Field (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]168 Jaffa Gate [2]108 Jai-alai [3]12, [3]48 Jakande, Alhaji Lateef [2]154 Jamaica Plain [1]70, [1]75 James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History [3]66 James L. Knight International Center [3]50 Japan, Tokyo [4]133–[4]150 Jawhar [1]118 Jazz [3]168 Jeejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee [3]113 Jeepneys [3]4, [3]15 (photo) Jefferson, Blind Lemon [1]190 Jefferson, Thomas [4]200 Jefferson Memorial (photo) [4]192 Jerusalem, Israel [2]107–[2]122 Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra [2]119 Jesus Christ [4]71 Jevanjee, A.M. [3]134 Jewish Museum [3]190 Jijamata Garden [3]110 Jinnah, M. A. [3]113 João VI [4]56 Jobim, Antonio Carlos [4]62 Joe Louis Arena [2]10, [2]16 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]123–[2]138 Johannesburg Aquarium and Reptile Park [2]134 Johannesburg International Airport [2]124 Johannesburg Public Library [2]135 Johannesburg Stock Exchange [2]126 Johannesburg Zoological Gardens [2]134 John B. Hynes Veterans Convention Center [1]79 John the Baptist [2]111 John F. Kennedy International Airport [3]174 John F. Kennedy Library [1]78 John Hancock Building [1]70, [1]79 John of Luxembourg [4]40 John Paul I [4]83 John Paul II [2]6, [4]72 Johnson, Philip [3]192 Johnson, Prince [3]75 Johnson, Samuel [2]186
219
Index Johnson Space Center [2]63 Jomo Kenyatta International Airport [3]118 Jones, Robert Tyre “Bobby” [1]14 Jonsson, J. Erik Central Library [1]188 Jordan, Michael [1]155, [1]159 Jordan Hall [1]78 Jordan River [2]107 Jorge Chávez International Airport [2]156 Joseph II [4]41 Judaean Desert [2]108, [2]118 Judaean Hills [2]107 Judaica [2]119 Judiciary History Center (Honolulu, Hawaii) [2]52 Juju Beach (Mumbai, India) [3]110 Justinian [2]99, [2]104
K Kaaitheater [1]93 Kafka, Franz [4]47 Kahlo, Frida [3]34, [3]35 Ka’iulani, Princess [2]54 Kalakaua, King [2]46 Kaline, Al [2]20 Kamala Nehru Park [3]110 Kamehameha III [2]39, [2]45, [2]52 Kam Tin Walled Village [2]24, [2]35 Kane, Paul [4]166 Kanheri Caves [3]110 Kapoor, Prithviraj [3]110 Kasarani Stadium [3]129 Keillor, Garrison [3]67 Keino, Kipchoge “Kip” [3]129 Kelly, Grace [4]17 Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk Keneally, Thomas [4]131 Kennedy, John Fitzgerald [1]68, [1]80, [1]183 See also John F. Kennedy Kennedy, Robert F. [2]195 Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park [1]12 Kenya, Mombasa [3]116 Kenya, Nairobi [3]115–[3]135 Kenya National Museum [3]132 Kenya Safari Rally [3]129 Kenyatta, Jomo [3]134 Kerouac, Jack [4]99 Kessler, George [1]182 Kew Gardens [2]182 Key Biscayne Bay [3]37, [3]50 (photo) Khan al-Khalili Bazaar [1]122, [1]123 (photo)
220
Khanbaliq [1]38 King David [2]112 King Dome [4]111 King George V [2]152 King, Dr. Martin Luther Jr. [1]7, [1]14, [2]5, [2]8, [4]194, [4]199 King, Rodney [2]196 Kings Adulyadej, Bhumibol [1]24, [1]31 Alfred of Wessex [2]176 Charles III [2]211 David [2]112 Edward the Confessor [2]176 Faruk [1]129 George V [2]152 Henry VIII [2]186 Kamehameha III [2]39, [2]45, [2]52 Louis XIV [1]88, [3]207, [3]210 Rama I [1]23, [1]30 Rama II [1]23 Rama IX [1]28 Rama V [1]23 Ramiro II of León [2]211 Solomon [2]112 Kingsford Smith Airport [4]118, [4]125 King Solomon [2]112 Kipling, Rudyard [3]113 Klima, Ivan [4]47 Knesset [2]111, [2]113. [2]115 (photo) Koch, Ed [3]182, [3]192 Kokoschka, Oskar [4]47 Kollek, Teddy [2]117, [2]121 Korean War Veterans Memorial [4]195 Kress Collection of Italian Renaissance Art [2]52 Ku, god of war [2]42 Ku’damm see Kurfürstendamm Kublai Khan [1]38 Kundera, Milan [4]47 K’un-ming Lake [1]44 Kurosawa, Akira [4]149 Kushner, Tony [4]112
L La Brea Tar Pits [2]200, [2]202 (photo) Lagos, Nigeria [2]139–[2]154 Lagos City Stadium [2]152 LaGuardia, Fiorello [3]182, [3]192 LaGuardia Airport [3]174 La Horrible see Lima, Peru
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Lake Erie [1]161, [1]162, [1]164, [1]170 Lake Michigan [1]147, [1]152, [1]155 Lake Pontchartrain [3]153, [3]161 Lakers, Los Angeles[2]199 Lakes Great Lakes [3]83, [3]181 Lake Erie [1]161, [1]162, [1]164, [1]170 Lake Michigan [1]147, [1]152, [1]155 Lake Pontchartrain [3]153, [3]161 Lake Washington [4]101 Lake Washington [4]101 Land of 10,000 Lakes see Minneapolis, Minnesota Lang, Fritz [1]55 Lange, Helen [1]62 Lao She [1]47 la Salle, Robert Cavalier de [3]161 Lateran Treaty [4]72 Lawn bowling [3]206 LAX see Los Angeles International Airport Lazio soccer team [4]78 Leacock, Stephen [3]98 League of Nations [2]113 Leakey, Richard [3]134 Lee, Bruce [2]36 Lee, Gypsy Rose [4]115 Lei Cheng Uk Museum [2]35 le Moyne brothers (New Orleans, Louisiana) [3]161 L’Enfant, Pierre Charles [2]82, [4]190[4]193, [4]203 Leonardo da Vinci Airport [4]66 Leopold I [1]88 Lerma, Orencio [3]16 Le Sueur, Meridel [3]68 Letecke Meuseum (Aviation Museum, Prague) [4]38 Letterman, David [2]90 Lévesque, René [3]88, [3]90, [3]98 Liberia, Monrovia [3]69–[3]82 Liberty Bell (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) [4]1, [4]7 Liberty Bell Park (Jerusalem, Israel) [2]118 Licinius [2]98 Li Dazhou [1]48 Lili’uokalani, Queen [2]46, [2]49, [2]54 Lilly, Eli [2]90 Lima, Peru [2]155–[2]168 Limeños (Lima, Peru) [2]166 Lincoln, Abraham [1]150, [4]193, [4]199 Lincoln Center (New York) [3]177, [3]180 Lincoln Memorial [4]194, [4]199 (photo) Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago, Illinois) [1]156 Lindbergh, Charles [2]19
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Lockerbie Square (Indianapolis) [2]80 Lockfield Gardens [2]83 LoDo District (Denver, Colorado) [1]195, [1]201 Logan International Airport [1]66, [1]73 Londinium see London London, England [1]34, [1]84, [2]169–[2]188 London Bridge [2]174 London Stock Exchange [2]175 London Underground [2]172 London, Jack [4]99 Long’s Peak [1]198 Longue Vue House and Gardens [3]169 Lono, god of fertility [2]42 Lopez de Legaspi, Miguel [3]7 Lopez Museum [3]14 Lorring, Joan [2]36 Los Angeles, California [1]34, [2]189–[2]204 Los Angeles Clippers [2]199 Los Angeles Dodgers [2]199 Los Angeles International Airport [2]190 Los Angeles Kings [2]199 Los Angeles Lakers [2]199 Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra [2]201 Los Angeles Public Library [1]78 Los Angeles Zoo [2]200 Lotz House Museum [3]151 Louis, Joe [2]5, [2]8, [2]16, [2]19 Louis XIV [1]88, [3]207, [3]210 Louisiana, New Orleans [3]153–[3]172 Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra [3]169 Louisiana Purchase [3]160, [3]161 Louisiana State Museum [3]169 Louisiana Territory [3]161 Louvre (photo) [3]208 Love Field [1]178 Lower East Side Tenement Museum [3]190 Lumphini Park [1]28 Lutetia see Paris, France Luxembourg [1]84 Luxor, Egypt [1]115 Lu Xun [1]46, [1]48 Luzon, Manila, Philippines [3]1–[3]17
M Macauley, Herbert [2]154 Macauley, T. B. [2]150 Macedonia [2]101 Machiavelli, Niccolo [4]83 Mackenzie, William Lyon [4]166
221
Index Macquarie, Lachlan [4]122, [4]131 Madiba see Mandela, Nelson Madiba Freedom Museum [2]136 Madison, Dolley [4]203 Madison Square Garden [3]187 Madonna [2]19 Madrid, Spain [2]205–[2]217 Madrileños [2]206 Magnificent Mile (Chicago, Illinois) [1]149, [1]153 Maharashtra [3]99 Maharashtra State, Mumbai, India [3]99–[3]114 Mahatma Gandhi see Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Mahfouz, Naguib [1]129 Mailer, Norman [3]192 Maine [1]66 Major League Baseball Anaheim Angels [2]199 Arizona Diamondbacks [4]28 Atlanta Braves [1]8, [1]11 Baltimore Orioles [4]198 Colorado Rockies [1]195 Detroit Tigers [2]8 Los Angeles Dodgers [2]199 Montreal Expos [3]95 New York Mets [3]187 New York Yankees [3]187 Oakland Athletics (“Oakland A’s”) [4]96 Philadelphia Phillies [4]12 San Francisco Giants [4]96 Seattle Mariners [4]111 Texas Rangers [1]185, [1]187 Makeba, Miriam [2]137 Malacanang Palace (Manila, Philippines) [3]14 Malcolm X [1]80 Mall of America (Minneapolis, Minnesota) [3]63 Mamluks [1]119 Mandela, Nelson [2]136, [2]137 Manet, Edouard [3]211 Mangaldas Market [3]108 Manhattan [3]177, [3]178 see also New York, New York Manila, Philippines [3]1–[3]17 Manila Bay [3]9 Manila Metrostars [3]12 Manneken Pis [1]93 Manzanares River [2]210 Mao Zedong [1]33, [1]39, [1]48 Maracaibo basin [1]137, [1]138 Maracanã stadium [4]59 Marcos, Ferdinand [3]8
222
Mardi Gras celebration [3]153, [3]170 Margaret of Austria [1]88 Margarita Island [1]135 Maria I [4]56 Mariani, Angelo [4]83 Mariette, Auguste [1]129 Mark Antony [4]71 Market Square Arena [2]86 Marlins [3]47 Marriner, Sir Neville [3]65 Marsalis, Branford [3]171 Marthasville see Atlanta, Georgia Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site [1]14 Marvelous City see Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Marzahn [1]50 Masaryk, Thomas Garrique [4]41, [4]47 Masina, Giulietta [4]83 Massachusetts Bay [1]65, [1]66 Massachusetts Bay Colony [1]71 Massachusetts General Hospital [1]71, [1]76 Massachusetts Institute of Technology [1]65, [1]71, [1]75 Massachusetts Port Authority [1]67 Mastroianni, Marcello [4]83 Matatus (minibuses) [3]118 Mathare United [3]129 Mather, Cotton [1]80 Maura, Carmen [2]217 Max Müller Bhavan library [3]111 May Weber Museum of Cultural Arts [1]158 Mboya, Tom [3]134 McCarthy, Mary [4]115 McCord Museum [3]97 McCullough, Colleen [4]131 McKim, Charles [4]194 McMahon, Ed [2]19 McQueen, Steve [2]90 Mead, Margaret [4]17 Meadowlands Sports Complex [3]187 Medici, Marie de’ [3]207 Mediterranean Sea [2]98, [4]63 Mehemet ’Ali [1]120 Mehmed II [2]100 Mehta, Zubin [3]110, [3]113 Meiji Restoration [4]139 Meiji Shrine [4]142, [4]145 Mei-shan Park see Ching-shan Park Mellon, Paul [4]200 Menem, Carlos [1]102
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Mercer Arboretum, Houston, Texas [2]72 Mérida, Venezuela [1]135 Mesquite Symphony Orchestra [1]188 Mesta, Perle [4]203 Mestizos [3]22 Mesurado River [3]69 Metropoulos, Dmitri [3]65 Mets [3]187 Meuse River [1]89 Mexican-American War [3]27, [3]33 Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum [1]158 Mexican Revolution (1910–17) [3]27 Mexican War [4]90 Mexico, Mexico City [3]19–[3]36 Mexico City, Mexico [3]19–[3]36 Miami, Florida [3]37–[3]52 Miami City Ballet Company [3]41, [3]52 Miami Dolphins [3]47 Miami Freedom [3]48 Miami Grand Prix [3]48 Miami Heat [3]47 Miami International Airport [3]38 Miami Museum of Science and Space Transit Planetarium [3]49 Miami River [3]37 Miami Youth Museum [3]49 Michelangelo see Buonarroti, Michelangelo Michigan, Detroit [2]1–[2]20 Microsoft [4]107 Middle East [2]107–[2]122 Midwest Stock Exchange [1]152 Mighty Ducks [2]199 Mile High Stadium [1]200 Milk, Harvey [4]91 Milton, John [2]169, [2]186 Ming dynasty [1]45 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]53–[3]68 Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport [3]54 Minnesota History Center [3]66 Minnesota Timberwolves [3]64 Minnesota Twins [3]63 Minnesota Vikings [3]64 Minnesota, Minneapolis [3]53–[3]68 Minnesota River [3]53 Mishima, Yukio [4]148 Missionaries [2]45 Mission Houses Museum [2]52 Mississippi River [3]53, [3]168 Mitchell, Margaret [1]10, [1]15
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Mitre, Bartolomé [1]112 Mitre Museum (Buenos Aires, Argentina) [1]112 Miyake, Issey [4]149 Moctezuma [3]26 Moffat Tunnel [1]197, [1]202 Moi, Daniel arap [3]134 Molenbeek-St. Jean [1]86 Molière [3]210 Molly Brown see Brown, Molly Mombasa, Kenya [3]116 Mondale, Walter F. [3]67 Monet, Claude [3]207, [3]211 Monk, Meredith [2]168 Monroe, James [3]69, [3]73, [3]74 Monroe, Marilyn [2]203 Mons [1]84 Montefiore, Moses [2]113 Monteverdi, Claudio [4]84 Montevideo [1]100 Montmartre [3]201 Montréal, Québec [3]83–[3]98 Montreal Alouettes [3]95 Montreal Canadiens [3]95 Montreal Expos [3]95 Montreal Forum [3]95 Montreal Museum of Fine Arts [3]97 Mont Tremblant [3]96 Moody Gardens, Houston, Texas [2]60 Moorer, Michael [2]16 Moors [2]206, [2]210 Moraes, Dom [3]113 More, Thomas [2]186 Morgan, J. Pierpont [3]192 Morita, Akio [4]148 Morocco [1]92 Morrison, Toni [1]175 Morton, Jelly Roll [3]171 Mosaic Museum [2]97, [2]105 Moscone, George [4]91 Moses, Robert [3]192 Motor City see Detroit, Michigan Motown see Detroit, Michigan Motown Music [2]8 Mount Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) [4]52, [4]61 Mount Evans [1]198 Mount of Olives [2]108, [2]111 Mount Rainier [4]101 Mount Royal [3]88, [3]95 Mount Scopus [2]108, [2]111, [2]116, [2]117
223
Index Mubarak, Hosni [1]121 Mubarak, Suzanne [1]123 Muir, John [4]100 Mumbai, India [3]99–[3]114 Mumbai Devi [3]99 Mumbai Central [3]100 Mumbai Harbor [3]102, [3]105 Mumbai Island [3]99, [3]100, [3]103, [3]105 Mumbai Zoo [3]110 Murtala Muhammed Airport (Lagos, Nigeria) [2]142 Musashino Plateau [4]142 Museum Island [1]52, [1]60, [1]61 Music Atlanta, Georgia [1]12 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]110 Czech Republic [4]46 Liberia [3]80 Nairobi, Kenya [3]131 Nashville, Tennessee [3]149 New Orleans [3]169 New York, New York [3]189 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]12 Phoenix, Arizona [4]30 Rome, Italy [4]80 San Francisco [4]97 Seattle, Washington [4]112 Sydney, Australia [4]129 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]182 Musical Theatre Berlin [1]61 Mussolini, Benito [2]213, [4]72 Mwangi, Meja [3]134 Mystic River [1]74
N NAACP see National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Nairobbery see Nairobi, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya [3]115–[3]135 Nairobi Arboretum [3]130 Nairobi National Park [3]130 Namur [1]84 Nanjing [1]39 Naoroji, Dr. Dhadabhai [3]113 Napoleon [4]72 Napoleon III [1]120 Napoleonic Wars Madrid, Spain [2]211 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [4]55 Narváez, José Maria [4]176
224
NASA see National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA Johnson Space Center [2]63 Nash, Francis [3]142 Nashville, Tennessee [3]137–[3]152 Nashville Toy Museum [3]151 Nashville Zoo [3]141 Nasser, Gamal Abdel [1]118 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [2]66, [3]162 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), founding of [1]6 National Basketball Association (NBA) Atlanta Hawks [1]11 Chicago Bulls [1]155 Cleveland Cavalies [1]171 Dallas Mavericks [1]187 Denver Nuggets [1]201 Detroit Pistons [2]16 Golden State Warriors [4]96 Houston Rockets [2]71, [2]74 Indiana Pacers [2]86 Los Angeles Clippers [2]199 Los Angeles Lakers [2]199 Miami Heat [3]47 New York Jets [3]187 New York Knicks [3]187 Philadelphia 76ers [4]12 Phoenix Suns [4]28 Seattle Super Sonics [4]111 Vancouver Grizzlies [4]181 National Football League (NFL) Atlanta Falcons [1]11 Chicago Bears [1]155 Cleveland Browns [1]162 Denver Broncos [1]201 Detroit Lions [2]8 Houston Oilers [2]72 Indianapolis Colts [2]86 Miami Dolphins [3]47 Minnesota Vikings [3]64 New Orleans Saints [3]167 New York Giants [3]187 Oakland Raiders [4]96 Philadelphia Eagles [4]12 San Francisco 49ers [4]96 Seattle Seahawks [4]111 Tennessee Titans [3]148 Washington Redskins [4]197
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index National Hockey League (NHL) Atlanta Thrashers [1]11 Chicago Black Hawks [1]155 Colorado Avalanche [1]201 Dallas Stars [1]187 Detroit Red Wings [2]8, [2]10, [2]15 (photo) Los Angeles Kings [2]199 Mighty Ducks [2]199 Montreal Canadiens [3]95 New York Islanders [3]187 New York Rangers [3]187 Philadelphia Flyers [4]12 Phoenix Coyotes [4]28 San Jose Sharks [4]96 Vancouver Canucks [4]181 National Jewish Hospital [1]199 National Palace (Mexico City) [3]22 National Public Radio [4]197 National Theater of Germany (photo) [1]60 Native Americans Algonquin Indians [3]89 Cherokee Indians [1]5, [3]142 Chickasaw Indians [3]142 Coast Salish [4]175 Creek [1]5 Seattle [4]105 Sioux [3]58 Tupi Indians [4]50 NATO see North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navy Pier (Chicago, Illinois) (photo) [1]158 Nayong Pilipino [3]14 Nehru Centre (Mumbai, India) [3]110 Nero [4]71 Ness, Elliot [1]175 Netherlands [1]88 New Amsterdam (New York) [3]180 Newark International Airport [3]174 Newberry Library (Chicago, Illinois) [1]157 Newbury Street [1]75 New England Conservatory of Music [1]71, [1]75, [1]78 New Hampshire [1]66, [1]68 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]153–[3]172 New Orleans Brass [3]167 New Orleans Museum of Art [3]169 New Orleans Saints [3]167 New Orleans Zephyrs [3]167 New Rome see Istanbul, Turkey New South Wales, Australia [4]124 Sydney, Australia [4]117–[4]132
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
New York, New York [1]34, [1]66, [3]173–[3]193 New York Giants [3]187 New York Islanders [3]187 New York Jets [3]187 New York Knicks [3]187 New York Mets [3]187 New York Public Library [1]78 New York Rangers [3]187 New York Shakespeare Festival [3]188 New York Transit Museum [3]190 New York Yankees [3]187 Nezu Art Museum (Tokyo, Japan) [4]146 Ngong Race Course [3]129 Nicholas V, Pope [4]72 Nicknames Africa’s Manhattan (Johannesburg, South Africa) Arsenal of Democracy (Detroit, Michigan) Athens of the South (Nashville, Tennessee) Bay Area (San Francisco, California) Bayou City (Houston, Texas) Blues Capital of the World (Chicago, Illinois) Capital of Europe (Brussels, Belgium) Capital of Latin America (Miami, Florida) City of Big Shoulders (Chicago, Illinois) City of Gold (Johannesburg, South Africa) City of a Hundred Spires (Prague, Czech Republic) City of Lakes (Minneapolis, Minnesota) City in the Sun (Nairobi, Kenya) Cradle of the American Revolution (Boston, Massachusetts) Crescent City (New Orleans, Louisiana) Film City (Mumbai, India) First City in India (Mumbai, India) Fragrant Harbor (Hong Kong, China) Gathering Place (Honolulu, Hawaii) Grain Coast (Monrovia, Liberia) Hog Butcher to the World (Chicago, Illinois) La Horrible (Lima, Peru) Land of 10,000 Lakes (Minneapolis, Minnesota) Marvelous City (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Motor City (Detroit, Michigan) Motown (Detroit, Michigan) New Rome (Istanbul, Turkey) Paris of Latin America (Buenos Aires, Argentina) Peachtree (Atlanta, Georgia) Pearl of the Orient (Manila, Philippines) Queen City of the Plains (Denver, Colorado) Rice Bowl of Asia (Bangkok, Thailand) Twin Cities (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
225
Index Village of Wild Plums (Bangkok, Thailand) Wall Street of the Midwest (Chicago, Illinois) Windy City (Chicago, Illinois) Nicks, Stevie (Stephanie) [4]33 Nicollet Mall (Minneapolis) [3]60, [3]62 (photo) Nigeria, Lagos [2]139–[2]154 Nile River [1]115, [1]116, [1]120 (photo) Nobel Prize [2]19, [2]136, [2]153 Nob Hill (San Francisco, California) [4]86 Noguchi, Isamu [2]203 Noh drama [4]146 Nolan, Sidney [4]131 Norman Conquest [2]176 Norris, Frank [4]100 North America Atlanta, Georgia [1]1–[1]16 Boston, Massachusetts [1]65–[1]82 Chicago, Illinois [1]145–160 Cleveland, Ohio [1]161–[1]176 Dallas, Texas [1]177–[1]190 Denver, Colorado [1]191–[1]206 Detroit, Michigan [2]1–[2]20 Houston, Texas [2]57–[2]76 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]77–[2]91 Los Angeles, California [2]189–[2]204 Mexico City, Mexico [3]19–[3]36 Miami, Florida [3]37–[3]52 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]53–[3]68 Montréal, Québec [3]83–[3]98 Nashville, Tennessee [3]137–[3]152 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]153–[3]172 New York, New York [3]173–[3]193 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]1–[4]18 Phoenix, Arizona [4]19–[4]34 San Francisco, California [4]85–100 Seattle, Washington [4]101–[4]116 Toronto, Ontario [4]151–[4]167 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]169–[4]185 Washinton, D.C. [4]187–[4]204 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) [1]83, [1]86, [1]88, [2]102 Nostradamus [3]210 Notre Dame Cathedral (Paris, France) [3]202 (photo), [3]205, [3]209 Nyayo Stadium [3]129
O Oahu, Honolulu, Hawaii [2]39, [2]44 (photo), [2]49 Oakland Athletics (“Oakland A’s”) [4]96
226
Oakland Raiders [4]96 Oba Adeyinka Oyekan II [2]154 Oba of Lagos monument [2]143 Oceania, Sydney, Austrialia [4]117–[4]132 Odinga, Jaramogi Oginga [3]134 Oh, Sadaharu [4]149 O’Hare International Airport (Chicago, Illinois) [1]146 Ohio River [2]82 Old Bangkok [1]23 “Old Ironsides” see USS Constitution Old Montreal [3]88, [3]92 (photo) Old North Church [1]79 Old Royal City (Bangkok, Thailand) [1]22 Old South Meeting House [1]79 Old Woman's Island [3]105 Oliver, Joseph “King” [3]171 Olmedo, Dolores Museum [3]34 Olmsted, Frederick Law [1]74, [1]81, [2]16, [3]95, [3]188, [3]192, [4]194 Olmsted, Frederick Law Jr. [4]111 Olmsted, John Charles [4]111 Olympic Games [1]55 Atlanta, Georgia (1996) [1]1, [1]8 Mexico City, Mexico [3]28 Montréal, Québec [3]95 Sydney, Australia [4]117, [4]123, [4]125 Tokyo, Japan [4]140 Olympic Mountains [4]101 Olympic Stadium (Montréal, Québec) [3]95 Onassis, Jacqueline Kennedy [3]192 O’Neill, Eugene [3]192 Onikan National Museum [2] 152, [2]153 Ontario, Toronto [4]151–[4]167 Opium War [1]39, [1]40, [2]27 Opryland Theme Park [3]144 Orly Airport [3]196 Ormandy, Eugene [3]65, [4]13 Orozco, José Clemente [3]34, [3]36 Ortega, José [4]90 Osman [2]100 Osofisan, Femi [2]153 Oswald, Lee Harvey [1]183 Otero, Alejandro [1]143 Ottawa River [3]83 Ottoman Empire [1]120, [2]93, [2]94, [2]100, [2]101, [2]113 Oval Maidan [3]104 Owens, Jesse [1]175
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index P Pacific Northwest see Seattle, Washington Pacific Ocean [2]40, [2]189, [4]85, [4]169 Pacific Space Centre [4]183 Paganini, Niccolo [4]84 Pakenham, General Sir Edward [3]162 Palace of Auburn Hills [2]15, [2]16 Palace of Fine Arts (Mexico City) [3]33, [3]34 Palace Museum [1]46 Palace of Justice [1]91 Palacio de Gobiernor (photo) [2]163 Palais des Beaux-Arts [1]92 (photo), [1]93 Palestinian Arab Folklore Centre [2]119 Palestinian Authority [2]108 Palos Verdes Peninsula [2]193 Panama Canal, designer of [3]211 Panama-Pacific International Exposition [4]91 Pan American Games [2]87 Pantheon (Paris, France) [3]210 Pantheon (Rome, Italy) [4]67, [4]81 (photo) Papp, Joseph [3]188 Paraguay [1]100 Parc de Tervuren [1]93 Pardo de Taverna, Trinidad [3]16 Paris, France [3]195–[3]212 Paris of Latin America see Buenos Aires Parker, Bonnie [1]190 Parker, Dorothy [3]192 Parks Atlanta, Georgia [1]11 Bangkok, Thailand [1]26 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]111 Cairo, Egypt [1]125 Chicago, Illinois [1]153 Cleveland, Ohio [1]172 Dallas, Texas [1]187 Detroit, Michigan [2]16 Hong Kong [2]33 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]52 Houston, Texas [2]60, [2]64 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]87 Istanbul, Turkey [2]103 Jerusalem, Israel [2]118 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]134 London, England [2]182 Los Angeles, California [2]200 Madrid, Spain [2]215 Manila, Philippines [3]13 Mexico City [3]33
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Miami, Florida [3]48 Montréal, Québec [3]95 Mumbai, India [3]110 Nairobi National Park [3]130 Nashville, Tennessee [3]148 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]167 New York, New York [3]188 Paris, France [3]207 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]12 Rome, Italy [4]79 San Francisco, California [4]96 Seattle, Washington [4]111 Sydney, Australia [4]128 Tokyo, Japan [4]145 Washington, D.C. [4]198 Parks, Rosa [2]2 Park Street Church [1]79 Parramatta River [4]121 Parsi Towers of Silence [3]102, [3]111 Parthenon (Nashville, Tennessee) [3]146, [3]147, [3]148 Pasha, Ismail [1]120 Pasteur Institute [1]29 Pauley, Jane [2]90 Paul Revere Monument (photo) [1]80 Paul VI [4]84 Payutto, Venerable P. A. [1]31 Paz, Octavio [3]35 Peachtree see Atlanta, Georgia Pearl, Minnie [3]152 Pearl Harbor [2]42, [2]47, [2]48 (photo), [2]53 Pearl of the Orient see Manila, Philippines Pedro I [4]56 Pedro II [4]56 Pei, I.M. [1]78, [3]208, [4]200 Pei Hai Park [1]44, [1]46 Peking see Beijing, China Pele, goddess of the volcano [2]42 Penn, William [4]2, [4]6, [4]17 Penn Relays [4]12 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia [4]1–[4]18 People Mover (Detroit, Michigan) [2]4, [2]10 People’s Republic of China see China People’s University of China [1]43 Pepsi Center (Denver, Colorado) [1]196, [1]201 Pera Plateau [2]97 Perón, Eva [1]104, [1]113 Perón, Juan Domingo [1]98, [1]113 Peru, Lima [2]155–[2]168 Peter’s Colony see Dallas, Texas
227
Index Petrochemical industry [1]183, [2]66 Pewabic Pottery [2]14 Pheroze Shah Mehta Gardens [3]110 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]1–[4]18 Philip II [1]88, [2]205 Philip the Bold [1]87 Philippe Auguste, King [3]201 Phillip, Arthur [4]122 Phillippe, duc d’Orleans [3]161 Philippine-American War [3]8 Philippine Basketball Association (PBA) [3]12 Philippine Museum of Ethnology [3]14 Philippine Philharmonic Orchestra [3]13 Philippines, Manila [3]1–[3]17 Phoenix (symbol of Atlanta, Georgia) [1]6 Phoenix, Arizona [4]19–[4]34 Piaf, Edith [3]211 Picasso, Pablo [2]216 Pickford, Mary [2]204 Pidgin [2]43 Piecuch, Martin [4]199 Pike’s Peak [1]197, [1]198 Pinzón, Vicente Yáñez [4]49 Pinzón, Yáñez [4]54 Pioneer Arizona Living History Museum [4]31 Pioneer Square (Seattle, Washington) [4]104 Pitot House Museum [3]169 Pizarro, Francisco [2]160, [2]161 (photo), [2]168 Planck, Max [1]62 Plata, Teodoro [3]16 Plaza Bolivar (photo) [1]143 Plaza de Mayo [1]98, [1]101, [1]103, [1]104 Plaza of Three Cultures (Mexico City) [3]31 Plotkin Judaica Museum (Phoenix, Arizona) [4]31 Plymouth Rock [1]71 Poe, Edgar Allan [4]15, [4]17 Poitier, Sidney [3]52 Po Lin Monastery [2]35 Polka Hall of Fame (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]172 Polo [3]130 Pompidou Center [3]209 Pontchartrain, Lake [3]153, [3]161 Pope, Alexander [2]186 Pope John Paul II [2]6 Port Jackson [4]117, [4]118 Portman, John C. [1]15 Portugal [1]92 Post Oak Galleria (photo) [2]74 Potomac River [4]187
228
Potsdam [1]60 Potsdamer Platz [1]52 Potter, Beatrix [4]14 Powerboat racing [2]5 Prado Museum [2]216 Prague Castle [4]39 Prague, Czech Republic [4]35–[4]48 Preacher Saint Gorik [1]87 Prenzlauer Berg [1]58 Preservation Hall (New Orleans) [3]168 Prince [3]68 Prince Rogers Nelson [3]68 Prince of Wales Museum (Mumbai, India) [3]111 Prithvi Theater (Mumbai, India) [3]110 Pro Football Hall of Fame (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]174 Pro Player Stadium [3]47 Providence [1]68, [1]70 Prudential Center [1]70, [1]72 Puccini, Giacomo [4]84 Puerto Madero (photo) [1]110 Puget Sound [4]101 Puig, Manuel [1]113 Punchbowl Crater [2]42, [2]53 Punic Wars [4]71 Purcell, Henry [2]186 Pyramids [1]117
Q Qing Dynasty [1]39, [1]42 Qinghua University [1]43 Québec, Montréal [3]83–[3]98 Québec Liberation Front (FLQ) [3]90 Québecois [3]87 Queen City of the Plains see Denver, Colorado Queen Elisabeth International Music Competition [1]93 Queen Elizabeth Park [4]182 Queen Elizabeth Stadium [2]33 Queen Emma Summer Palace [2]42, [2]53 Queens Elizabeth I [2]169, [2]177, [2]186 Elizabeth II [2]187 Emma [2]54 Lili’uokalani [2]46, [2]49, [2]54 Victoria [2]187 Queens see New York, New York Quezon City, Philippines [3]6
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index R Rackham, Arthur [4]14 Radio City Music Hall [3]177, [3]179 Rafael Larco Herrera Museum [2]158, [2]167 Ralston, Alexander [2]82 Rama I, King [1]23, [1]30 Rama II [1]24 Rama II, King [1]23 Rama III [1]24 Rama V, King [1]23 Rama IX, King [1]28 Ramiro II of León, King [2]211 Raphael [4]72, [4]84 Rashtrakuta dynasty [3]104 RCA Dome [2]86, [2]87(photo) Reasoner, Harry [3]68 Redemption [3]78 Red Sea [1]116 Reese, Della [2]19 Reichstag [1]50, [1]52, [1]61 Reid, Bill [4]184 Reina Sofía [2]216 Reischauer, Edwin O. [4]148 Renaissance Center (Detroit, Michigan) [2]10 Reno, Janet [3]52 Renoir, Pierre Auguste [3]211 Rese, Bishop Frederick [2]5 Revere, Paul [1]65, [1]79, [1]81 Reverón, Armando [1]143 Revolutionary War, U.S. [3]142, [3]180, [4]7 Reynolds, Sir Joshua [2]186 Rhode Island [1]66, [1]68 Riachuelo River [1]104, [1]108 Rice, Anne [3]171 Rice Bowl of Asia see Bangkok, Thailand Rift Valley [2]115, [3]125 Riis, Jacob [3]192 Riley, James Whitcomb [2]80, [2]88, [2]90 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [4]49–[4]62 Río de la Plata [1]100, [1]101, [1]103 Río Riachuelo [1]105 Rivera, Diego [2]18, [3]34, [3]35 Rivers Anacostia River [4]187 Chao Phraya River [1]17, [1]18, [1]23, [1]29 Chattahoochee River [1]12 Cumberland River [3]137, [3]138, [3]145 Cuyahoga River [1]161 Delaware River [4]1
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Detroit River [2]1, [2]6, [2]7, [2]12 East River [3]176 Fraser River[4]169, [4]170 Georges River [4]121 Guiare River [1]138 Hudson River [3]176 Jordan River [2]107 Manzanares Rive [2]210 Mesurado River [3]69 Miami River [3]37 Minnesota River [3]53 Mississippi River [3]53, [3]168 Nile River [1]115, [1]116 Ohio River [2]82 Ottawa River [3]83 Parramatta River [4]121 Potomac River [4]187 Riachuelo Rive [1]104, [1]108 Río de la Plata [1]97, [1]100, [1]101, [1]103 Río Riachuelo [1]105 Saint Lawrence River [3]83, [3]93, [3]95 Saint Paul River [3]77 Scheldt River [1]89 Schuykill Rivers [4]1 Seine River [3]207, [3]209 Senne River [1]83, [1]87 South Platte River [1]191, [1]196 Spree River [1]49 Sumida River [4]140 Thames River [2]169, [2]172 Tiber River [4]79 Trinity River [1]177, [1]182 Vltava River [4]39 West Bank (Jordan River) [2]107 White River [2]77, [2]85 Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) [2]30 Rizal, Jose [3]13, [3]14 Rizal Memorial Stadium (Manila, Philippines) [3]12 Robbins, Jerome [3]189 Robbins, Tom [4]115 Robert F. Kennedy Stadium [4]197 Roberts, Charles G. D. [4]166 Roberts, Joseph Jenkins [3]81 Robertson, James [3]142 Robeson, Paula [3]152 Robinson, William “Smokey” [2]19 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]161, [1]172, [1]173 Rockefeller, John D. [1]154, [1]167, [1]175, [3]192
229
Index Rockefeller, Nelson [3]192 Rockefeller Center [3]179, [3]182 Rockefeller Museum [2]119 Rocky Mountains [1]191, [1]196 (photo), [1]197, [1]198 Rodeo Drive [2]197, [2]198 (photo) Rodeos [1]187, [4]28, [4]32 Rodgers, John [2]40 Rodin, Auguste [2]18, [3]209 Rodríguez Suárez, Juan [1]135 Roissey-Charles de Gaulle airport [3]196 Roman Empire [2]94, [4]72 Roma soccer team [4]78 Rome, Italy [4]63–[4]84 Roosevelt, Franklin D. [2]47 Rose, Bella [2]15 Rosetta Stone, discoverer of [3]211 Ross, Betsy [4]17 Ross, Diana [2]19 Rossini, Gioacchino [4]84 Royal Albert Hall [2]184 Royal Ballet Company of Brussels [1]93 Royal Botanic Gardens [4]121, [4]128 Royal Canadian Mounted Police [4]177 Royal Flemish Theater [1]93 Royal Hawaiian Band [2]52 Royal Library of Brussels [1]94 Royal National Theatre [2]183 Royal Palace [1]88 Royal Square [1]86 Rubin Academy of Music [2]116 Ruby, Jack [1]183 Rudolph, Wilma [2]90, [3]152 Rudolph II [4]40 Rugby [2]33, [2]133, [2]182, [3]130 [4]127 Ruiz, Lorenzo [3]15 Rush, Barbara [1]205 Rushdie, Salman [3]113 Russian Hill (San Francisco, California) [4]86 Ruth, Babe [3]187 Ryman Auditorium [3]150
S Sablon Square [1]86, [1]94 Sacré Coeur (basilica) [3]201 Sadler’s Wells Theatre [2]184 Safeco Field [4]111 Saint Alphonsus Art and Culture Museum [3]169 Saint Ambrose [4]83 Saint Anthony of Padua [4]83
230
Saint Augustine [4]83 Saint Benedict [4]83 Saint Clare of Assisi [4]83 Saint Exupéry, Antoine de [3]211 Saint Francis of Assisi [4]83 Saint-Gilles [1]86 Saint-Gorik [1]87 Saint James’s Park [2]175, [2]182 Saint-Josse-Ten-Noode [1]86 Saint Lawrence River [3]83, [3]93, [3]95 Saint Mark [4]83 Saint Paul, Minnesota [3]53 Saint Paul River [3]77 Saint Peter’s Basilica [4]63 Saint Rose of Lima [2]167 Saint Vitus Cathedral [4]41 Saints Hall of Fame [3]169 Saladin [1]119 Salonen, Esa-Pekka [2]201 Salsette Island [3]100 Sam Houston Park [2]60 Samphran Elephant Grounds & Zoo [1]28 San Andreas fault [2]197, [4]94 San Augustin Museum [3]14 Sandburg, Carl [1]145 San Francisco, California [4]85–[4]100 San Francisco Bay [4]85, [4]94 San Francisco 49ers [4]96 San Francisco Giants [4]96 San Francisco Marathon [4]96 San Gabriel Mountains [2]189 Sanjay Gandhi National Park [3]110 San Jose Sharks [4]96 San Martin Square (Lima, Peru) [2]160 Santa Anna [2]64, [2]65 Santa Monica Mountains [2]189 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium (Madrid, Spain) [2]215 Santiago de León de Caracas [1]135 Santos Dumont airport [4]50 Saqqara pyramid [1]117 Sargent, John Singer [1]78 Sartre, Jean-Paul [3]211 Sassoon, Sir David [3]113 Satavahna dynasty [3]104 Sawallisch, Wolfgang [4]13 Scheldt River [1]89 Schloss Bellevue [1]50 Schoenheimer, Rudolf [1]62 Scholem, Gershom [2]121
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Schroder, Louise [1]62 Schulz, Charles [3]68 Schuster, Joe [1]175 Schuylkill River [4]11 Scollay Square [1]70, [1]72 Scott, George C. [2]19 Scott, William Fred [1]12 Sea of Galilee [2]108 Sealife Park (photo) [2]50 Sealth, Chief of the Suquamish Indians [4]105 Sea of Marmara [2]93 Seaquarium (Miami, Florida) [3]50 Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, [4]102 Seattle, Washington [4]101–[4]116 Seattle Art Museum [4]113 Seattle International Film Festival [4]113 Seattle Mariners [4]111 Seattle Super Sonics [4]111 Seattle Thunderbirds Hockey Club [4]111 Seger, Bob [2]19 Seine River [3]207, [3]209 Seinfeld, Jerry [3]192 Selim I [1]120 Selleck, Tom [2]19 Seminole Indians [3]42 Senne River [1]83, [1]87 Sensoji Temple [4]137 Sevareid, Eric [3]68 Seven Years’ War [3]7 Severus, Septimus [2]98 Shaka dynasty [3]104 Shakespeare, William [1]46, [2]169, [2]182, [2]186 Shanghai [1]34, [1]41 Shawmut Peninsula [1]74 Shea Stadium [3]187 Shepherd, Alexander “Boss” [4]193 Sherman, William Tecumseh [1]6 Shijiazhuang [1]34 Shilts, Randy [4]100 Shining Path [2]163 Shitta-Bey Mosque [2]153 Shiva [3]111 Shiv Sena [3]106 Shore, Dinah [3]152 Shouson Theater (photo) [2]34 Shrine of the Book (photo) [2]115 Siam see Thailand Siegel, Jerry [1]175 Silva House [4]31
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Silverdome [2]10 Silver mining [1]191, [1]197 Simmons College [1]75 Simon, Neil [3]192 Simpson, Alan K. [1]205 Simpson, O. J. [2]196 Sinai Peninsula [1]116 Sinan, Mimar [2]101, [2]106 Singer, Isaac Bashevis [3]51 Sioux Indians [3]58 Siqueiros, David Alfaro [3]34, [3]36 Sirikit, Queen [1]31 Six Day War [2]107, [2]110, [2]114, [2]119 Six Flags Over Texas [1]188 Skotnes, Cecil [2]137 Slatkin, Leonard [2]203 Slave trade [2]140, [4]55 Smith, Goldwin [4]166 Smithson, James [4]203 Snake Farm (Nairobi, Kenya) [3]132 Snyder, Duke [2]203 Soares Filho, Oscar Niemeyer [4]62 Soccer [1]187, [2]182 Detroit, Michigan [2]10 Jerusalem, Israel [2]117 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]134 Mathare United [3]129 Mexico City, Mexico [3]33 Miami, Florida [3]48 Monrovia, Liberia [3]79 Nairobi, Kenya [3]129 Paris, France [3]206 Rome, Italy [4]78 Vancouver 86ers [4]181 Society for the Conservation of Nature of Liberia (SCNL) [3]77 SoHo neighborhood (New York) [3]179 Soldier Field (Chicago, Illinois) [1]155 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Monument (Indianapolis) [2]78, [2]82 (photo) Solomon, King [2]112 Sorbonne (University of Paris) [3]210 Sousa, John Philip [4]203 South Africa Breweries Museum [2]136 South Africa, Johannesburg [2]123–[2]138 South Africa Museum of Military History [2]136 South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) [2]133 South African Stock Exchange [2]131 South African Transport Museum [2]136
231
Index South America Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]97–[1]114 Caracas, Venezuela [1]131–[1]144 Lima, Peru [2]155–[2]168 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [4]49–[4]62 South Platte River [1]191, [1]196 South Station [1]66 Southern Methodist University [1]181 Soviet Union [1]56 Soweto, South Africa [2]127 Soyinka, Wole [2]153 Space Center Houston [2]60, [2]63 Space Museum (Hong Kong) [2]35 Space Needle [4]107 (photo) Spain, Madrid [2]205–[2]217 Sphinx [1]117 Spice Bazaar (photo) [2]102 Spree River [1]50, [1]52, [1]54, [1]56, [1]57, [1]61 Spriggs-Payne Airfield [3]70, [3]72 Stadio Olimpico [4]78 Stanford, Leland [4]100 Stanley Cup [1]187, [1]201, [2]8, [2]10, [2]15 Stanley Park (Vancouver) [4]173, [4]181 Staples Center [2]199 Statue of Liberty (photo) [3]181 Steinbrenner, George [3]192 Sterkfontein Caves (Johannesburg, South Africa) [2]134 Stevens, John L. [2]46 Stewart Museum (Montréal, Québec) [3]97 Stokes, Carl B. [1]175 Stokowski, Leopold [4]13 Strake, George [2]62 Stratton, Mary Chase Perry [2]14 Strauss, Annette [1]190 Strawberry, Darryl [2]203 Stuart, Gilbert [1]78 Suez Canal [1]116, [1]122, [3]105 Suffolk Downs [1]77 Sugar Loaf [4]61 Sugar plantations (photo) [2]46 Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve [2]134 Sukhumvit, Thailand [1]22 Sulayman, Rajah [3]7 Suleyman the Magnificent [2]101, [2]113 Sullivan, Arthur [2]187 Sulpicius Galba [4]71 Sultan of Zanzibar [3]121 Sumida River [4]140 Summer Palace [1]36, [1]39, [1]40 (photo), [1]44
232
Sumo wrestling [4]144 Sung Dynasty Wax Museum [2]35 Sun Yat-sen [2]35 Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall [1]44 Super Bowl [1]201, [1]187 Suquamish Indians [4]105 Surat (Mumbai, India) [3]105 Svoboda, Ludwik [4]41 Swedish American Museum Center [1]158 Sydney, Australia [4]117–[4]132 Sydney Football Stadium [4]127 Sydney Harbour Bridge [4]118 Sydney Opera House [4]129, [4]130 (photo) Sydney Swans [4]127 Szell, George [1]175
T Taft, Seth [1]175 Taft, William Howard [1]175, [4]194 Taihang mountains [1]33 Tai Mo Shan [2]30 Taj Mahal Hotel [3]104, [3]108 Tamayo, Rufino Museum [3]34 Tambo, Oliver [2]137 Tammany Hall [3]181 Tan, Amy [4]100 Tanggu [1]34 Tanglewood Festival [1]78 Tangshan [1]34 Tanizaki, Junichiro [4]148 Tarkington, Booth [2]90 Tata, J. N. [3]113 Taylor, Charles [3]75, [3]76, [3]81 Teatro Colón [1]106, [1]111 Teddy Stadium (Jerusalem, Israel) [2]117 Tegel airport [1]50 Tel Aviv, Israel [2]108 Telegraph Hill (San Francisco, California) [4]86 Teltow Canal [1]50 Tendulkar, Sachin [3]113 Tennessee Centennial Exposition [3]143 Tennessee, Nashville [3]137–[3]152 Tennessee State Museum [3]151 Tennessee Titans [3]148 Tennessee Valley Authority [3]143 Tennis [2]133 New York, New York [3]188 Paris, France [3]206 Rome, Italy [4]78
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Terminus see Atlanta, Georgia Texas Dallas [1]177–[1]190 Houston [2]57–[2]76 Texas Instruments [1]184 Texas Rangers [1]185, [1]187 Texas School Book Depository [1]183, [1]188 Texicans [2]64 Thackeray, Bal [3]106 Thackeray, William Makepeace [2]186 Thailand, Bangkok [1]17–[1]32 Thames River [2]169, [2]172 Thana Creek Bridge [3]100 Thatcher, Margaret [2]178, [2]187 Theaters Atlanta, Georgia [1]5, [1]12 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]106 Cairo, Egypt [1]126 Chicago, Illinois [1]156 Cleveland, Ohio [1]172 Dallas, Texas [1]188 Denver, Colorado [1]202, [1]203 Detroit, Michigan [2]17 Hong Kong, China [2]33 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]52 Jerusalem, Israel [2]119 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]135 Los Angeles, California [2]201 Miami, Florida [3]49 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]65 Montréal, Québec [3]96 Mumbai, India [3]110 Nairobi, Kenya [3]131 Nashville, Tennessee [3]149 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]169 New York, New York [3]188 Phoenix, Arizona [4]30 Prague, Czech Republic [4]46 Rome, Italy [4]80 San Francisco, California [4]98 Seattle, Washington [4]112 Tokyo, Japan [4]146 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]182 Washington, D.C. [4]199 Theodosius [2]98 Theodosius II [2]103 Thiong‘o, Ngugi wa [3]134 Thirty Years War [4]41 Thomas, Michael Tilson [4]97
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Thompson, Jim [1]31 Thompson, Lea [3]68 Thon Buri, Thailand [1]23 Thoreau, Henry David [1]71 3Com Park [4]96 Thunderbirds Hockey Club [4]111 Tiananmen Square [1]36, [1]38 (photo), [1]39, [1]42, [1]44, [1]46 Tiberius [4]71 Tiber River [4]79 Tibet [1]34 Tientsin [1]41 Tiergarten [1]50, [1]52, [1]60 Tierra del Fuego [1]100 Tiger Stadium [2]7, [2]16 Times Square (New York) [3]177, [3]189 (photo) Tintoretto [4]84 Tinubu, Madam Efunroye [2]154 Tokyo, Japan [4]133–[4]150 Tokyo Bay [4]134 Tokyo Dome [4]144, [4]146 Tokyo Giants [4]144 Tokyo Metropolis [4]141 Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum [4]146 Tokyo National Museum [4]146 Tolbert, William R. [3]75 Tomonaga, Shinichiro [4]148 Topkapi Palace (photo) [2]100 Toronto, Ontario, Canada [4]151–[4]167 Toscanini, Arturo [4]84 Tour de France [3]206 Tower of David [2]113 Tower of Pisa [1]93 Towers of Silence [3]103 Track and field [3]129 Trafalgar Square [2]183 Trail of Tears [1]5 Transvaal [2]128 Trask, Haunani-Kay [2]47 Travis, William B. [2]64 Treaty of Lausanne [2]102 Treaty of Paris [3]89 Treaty of Tordesillas (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) [4]54 Trees Atlanta [1]8 Tren de la Costa (photo) [1]109 Trevi Fountain (Rome, Italy) [4]79 Trinity River [1]177, [1]182 Triumphal Arch [1]86 Trudeau, Pierre Elliot [3]90, [3]98
233
Index Truffaut, François [3]211 Tsang, Daniel C. [2]36 Tsavo National Park [3]132 Tsing Ma Bridge [2]22 Tsui, Kitty [2]37 Tube see London Underground Tufts University [1]75 Tuilerie Gardens (Paris, France) [3]204 Tuileries [3]207 Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) [2]163 Tupi Indians [4]50 Turkey [1]92 Istanbul [2]93–[2]106 Turner, J. M. W. [2]89 Turner, Joseph [2]186 Turner, Robert Edward “Ted” [1]15 Turner, Ted [1]8 Turner Field [1]11 Tuttle, Julia Sturdivant [3]42 Tutu, Desmond [2]137 TVA see Tennessee Valley Authority Twin Cities see Minneapolis, Minnesota
U Uhry, Alfred [1]15 Uhuru Park [3]130 Ukrainian National Museum (Chicago, Illinois) [1]158 Underground Atlanta [1]5, [1]9 Underground Railroad [1]69, [1]79, [2]7 Union Square (New York) [3]177 United Kingdom, London, England [2]169–[2]188 United Nations [1]90, [3]183 (photo) United Provinces of Río de la Plata [1]106 United States of America [1]56, [1]100 Atlanta, Georgia [1]1–[1]16 Boston, Massachusetts [1]65–[1]82 Chicago, Illinois [1]145–160 Cleveland, Ohio [1]161–[1]176 Dallas, Texas [1]177–[1]190, [1]191–[1]206 Denver, Colorado [1]191–[1]206 Detroit, Michigan [2]1–[2]20 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]39–[2]55 Houston, Texas [2]57–[2]76 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]77–[2]91 Los Angeles, California [2]189–[2]204 Miami, Florida [3]37–[3]52 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]53–[3]68 Nashville, Tennessee [3]137–[3]152 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]153–[3]172
234
New York, New York [3]173–[3]193 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]1–[4]18 Phoenix, Arizona [4]19–[4]34 San Francisco, California [4]85–[4]100 Seattle, Washington [4]101–[4]116 Washington, D.C. [4]187–[4]204 Universal Studios (Los Angeles, California) [2]193 Universities Atlanta, Georgia [1]10 Boston, Massachusetts [1]75 Berlin, Germany [1]59] Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]109 Cairo, Egypt [1]118, [1]124 Caracas, Venezuela [1]136, [1]140, [1]141, [1]142 Chicago, Illinois [1]154 Cleveland, Ohio [1]170, [1]173 Denver, Colorado [1]199 Detroit, Michigan [2]11, [2]14 Hong Kong, China [2]32, [2]34 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]50 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]85 Istanbul, Turkey [2]103 Jerusalem, Israel [2]116 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]132 Lima, Peru [2]165 London, England [2]181 Los Angeles, California [2]198 Madrid, Spain [2]215 Manila, Philippines [3]11 Mexico City, Mexico [3]32 Miami, Florida [3]46 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]65 Monrovia, Liberia [3]78 Montréal, Québec [3]94 Mumbai, India [3]109 Nairobi, Kenya [3]128 Nashville, Tennessee [3]143, [3]146 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]166 New York, New York [3]185 Paris, France [3]205 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]5 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [4]58 Rome, Italy [4]77 San Francisco, California [4]95 Seattle, Washington [4]110 Tokyo, Japan [4]143 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]180 Washington, D.C. [4]196 Uruguay [1]100
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index USS Arizona [2]42, [2]47 USS Constitution (photo) [1]72
von Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm [1]62 Vonnegut, Jr., Kurt [2]90
V
W
Vaclav II [4]40 Vancouver, British Columbia [4]169–[4]185 Vancouver Aquarium [4]182 Vancouver Art Gallery [4]183 Vancouver Canucks [4]181 Vancouver 86ers [4]181 Vancouver Grizzlies [4]181 Vancouver International Airport [4]172 Vancouver Maritime Museum [4]182 Vancouver Museum [4]183 Vancouver, George [4]105, [4]169, [4]176 Van Damme, Jean-Claude [1]95 Vanderbilt, Cornelius [3]192 Van Sweringen brothers (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]166 Vatican [4]73, [4]81 Vaux, Calvert [3]188 Venezuela, Caracas [1]131–[1]144 Venezuela, National Capital of (photo) [1]137 Venturi, Robert [4]113 Verdi, Giuseppe [4]84 Versace, Gianni [3]43, [4]84 Versailles palace [3]207, [3]210 Versailles Treaty [1]39 Victor Horta House [1]94 Victoria, Queen [2]187 Victoria and Albert [2]185 Victoria Peak [2]21, [2]24, [2]30 Victoria Station (photo) [3]102 Victoria Terminus [3]103 Victory Field [2]86 Vietnam War [1]23, [4]91 Villa, Ernesto “Pancho” [3]28 Village of Wild Plums see Bangkok Villa-Lobos, Heitor [4]62 Villanueva, Carlos Raúl [1]142 Villella, Edward [3]49, [3]52 Ville Marie [3]83, [3]88, [3]89 Virgil [4]84 Vittorio Emanuel of Savor [4]72 Vltava River [4]39 Voinovich, George [1]168 Volcanoes [2]42, [3]19 Volleyball [4]59 von Bismarck, Otto [1]54 von Hohenzollern, Fredrich [1]54
Wadi Qelt [2]118 Waikiki Beach [2]42, [2]43, [2]53 (photo) Walloon Province [1]88 Wall Street of the Midwest see Chicago, Illinois Wangfujing Market Street [1]42 Wankhede Stadium (Mumbai, India) [3]110 War of 1812 [1]72 Detroit, Michigan [2]7 Nashville, Tennessee [3]143 New Orleans, Louisiana [3]161 Warhol, Andy [3]192 War of Independence (Spain) [2]212 War Memorial Plaza [3]140 War of the Pacific [2]162 Warren, Earl [1]183 Washington, District of Columbia [4]187–[4]204 Washington Dulles International Airport [4]188 Washington Monument (photo) [4]192 Washington National Airport [4]188 Washington Redskins [4]197 Washington, George [1]78, [2]7, [4]193 Washington, Harold, Library Center [1]157 Washington, Seattle [4]101–[4]116 Wat Arun [1]23 Watermael-Boitsfort [1]86 Wat Pho [1]23, [1]29, [1]30 Wat Phra Kaeo [1]23, [1]29, [1]30 Wat Traimitr [1]30 Wat Yan Nawa [1]23 Wayne County Metropolitan Airport [2]2 Weah, George [3]81 Webber, Chris [2]16 Weeks Air Museum (Miami, Florida) [3]49 Weir, Peter [4]131 Wenceslas Square (Prague, Czech Republic) [4]42 West Africa (Lagos, Nigeria) [2]139 West Bank (Jordan River) [2]107 Western Ghats [3]108, [3]111 Western Reserve Historical Society (Cleveland, Ohio) [1]174 Western Wall, Jewish Temple [2]110 West Germany see Germany Westminster Abbey [2]175 White, Michael R. [1]168 White, Patrick [4]131
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
235
Index White House [4]191, [4]202 (photo) Whiteley, Brett [4]131 Whiteman, Paul [1]205 White River [2]77, [2]85, [2]86 White Rock Lake (Dallas, Texas) [1]188 Whitman, Walt [4]203 Wilhelm I [1]54 Wilkins, Roy [3]68 William, Duke of Normandy [2]176 William of Orange [1]88 William P. Hobby Airport [2]58 William the Conqueror [2]169 Williams, Robin [2]19 Williams, Ted [1]81 Williamson, David [4]131 Willingdon Sports Club [3]110 Windsor, Ontario [2]6 Windsor Tunnel [2]8 Windy City see Chicago, Illinois Winfrey, Oprah [1]155 Winningham, Mare [4]33 Wintergarten [1]61 Witwatersrand, South Africa [2]128 Wohl Rose Garden [2]118 Woluwe-St.-Lambert [1]86 Woluwe-St.-Pierre [1]86 Women’s National Basketball Association (WNBA) Cleveland Rockers [1]171 Detroit Shock [2]16 Wood, Gar [2]5 Woodruff, Robert W. [1]15 Woolf, Virginia [2]187 Workers’ Museum [2]136 Works Progress Administration (WPA) [3]143 World Series [2]8 World Trade Center [1]79, [3]176, [3]108 World War I [1]39, [1]55, [1]88 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]106 Cairo, Egypt [1]121 Istanbul, Turkey [2]101 Jerusalem, Isael [2]113 New York, New York [3]181 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]8 Seattle, Washington [4]107 World War II [1]39, [1]49, [1]55, [1]56, [1]60, [1]65, [1]71, [1]73, [1]88 Bangkok, Thailand [1]23 Buenos Aires, Argentina [1]106
236
Cairo, Egypt [1]121 Dallas, Texas [1]184 Denver, Colorado [1]197 Hong Kong, China [2]27 Honolulu, Hawaii [2]47 Indianapolis, Indiana [2]83 Istanbul, Turkey [2]102 Jerusalem, Israel [2]111 Johannesburg, South Africa [2]129 Lima, Peru [2]163 London, England [2]169 Los Angeles, California [2]195 Madrid, Spain [2]208, [2]209, [2]210 Manila, Philippines [3]5 Mexico City, Mexico [3]28 Miami, Florida [3]43 Minneapolis, Minnesota [3]59 Monrovia, Liberia [3]74 Montréal, Québec [3]91 Nashville, Tennessee [3]143 New York, New York [3]182 Paris, France [3]198, [3]203 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [4]8 Prague, Czech Republic [4]38 Rome, Italy [4]72 San Francisco, California [4]91 Seattle, Washington [4]107 Sydney, Australia [4]120, [4]123 Tokyo, Japan [4]139, [4]143 Washington, D.C. [4]194 WPA see Works Progress Administration Wren, Christopher [2]186
X Xidan [1]36
Y Yad Vashem [2]120 Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial [2]110, [2]111 Yakyu see Baseball Yamamoto, Isoroku [2]47 Yangtze Valley [1]41 Yankees, New York[3]187 Yan Kingdom [1]38 Yanshan Mountains [1]33 Yehoshua, Avraham B. [2]121
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Index Yemin, Moshe [2]112 Yeni Mosque (photo) [2]99 Yoshida, Shigeru [4]148 Young, Coleman [2]6, [2]10 Young’s Wax Museum [2]35 Yutang, Lin [2]37
Z Zaghlul, Saad [1]129 Zapata, Emiliano [3]28 Zeman, Milos [4]42
Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of World Cities
Zhangliahou [1]34 Zhang Tianyi [1]48 Zhang Yimou [1]48 Zhaveri Bazaar (Mumbai, India) [3]108 Zhou Enlai [1]40, [1]48 Zhou Zuoren [1]48 Zhu Jiang (Pearl River) [2]30 Zion Square [2]111 Zoological and Botanical Gardens (Hong Kong) [2]33 Zoologischer Garten [1]60 Zwilich, Ellen [3]52
237
