byRosemaryRobertson. Polychrome pithos,Tomb 285.40,withlid 56. Watercolour
KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM and H. W. CATLING, Editors VOLUMEI
THE TOMBS, andCATALOGUEOF FINDS
with Carington-Smith J. W. G. Cavanagh J. M. Cocking R. D. G Evely R. A. HlGGINS R. J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE
N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.
SUPPLEMENTARYVOLUME NO. 28 Published by
THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1996
Publishedand distributed by The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHoPY The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 904887 17o
ProducedbySuttonPublishingLtd, Stroud,Glos. Printedby WBC Limited,Bridgend
IN MEMORY OF
JAMESKINGDOM BROCK AND
DAVID SMYTH
CONTENTS ix xvi
Editors' Preface Abbreviations
i i 3
Chapter i
THE TEKE SITE Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs
Chapter 2
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs
Chapter 3
THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS Circumstancesof excavation The Tombs
284 284 284
Chapter 4
SPORADIC
FINDS
291
53 53 56
EDITORS' PREFACE EXCAVATION, RECORDING
AND REPORTING
More than twentyindividuals shared, forvaryinglengthsof time, the task of supervisingthe excavations of the Dark Age tombs described here. Overall responsibilityfor the excavation rested with J. Carington-Smith, Field Director, and H. W. Catling, Director, who also personallysupervisedthe excavation of many individual tombs. Such supervisionentailed the control of workmen, keeping the Day Books, planning tombs and their finds in situ,and packing and labelling objects as they were lifted. Tomb descriptions published here were written by J. Carington-Smith, H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh and R. J. Howell, with chronological advice fromJ. N. Coldstream and E. Moignard. The descriptions were subsequentlyedited foruniformity by H. W. Catling. included the Supervisors following(* = a prolonged period of supervision,1= supervisionof tombs at Teke,2 = supervision of Fortetsa 1967 tombs): M. Alden; C. J. M. Catling; W. G. Cavanagh*; J. N. Coldstream2; E. Donoghue; L. Fitton; R. J. Heyhoe; R. J. Howell1*; G. L. Huxley2; R. E.Jones; C. F. Macdonald; C. B. Mee; N. Platon1; M. R. Popham1; E. M. Preston;H. C. Ridley; L. H. Sackett1;A. Thomas*; S. Wall; P. M. Warren;J. M. Webb; S. H. Young. Individual tombswere supervised,and reportswrittenas follows:TOMB SUPERVISOR B L. H. Sackett,M. R. Popham A, C L. H. Sackett D L. H. Sackett,M. R. Popham E L. H. Sackett F M. R. Popham G N. Platon, R.J. Howell H,J, K, L, M R.J. Howell N N. Platon, R.J. Howell O R.J. Howell,J. Carington-Smith R. J. Howell P, Q, 1, 2, 8, 9, 13 J. Carington-Smith M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith 14 16 J. Carington-Smith 18 M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith C. J. M. Catling,J. Carington-Smith 19 E. Donoghue 24 E. Donoghue, R.J. Heyhoe 25 E. Donoghue, J. Carington-Smith 26 28 J. Carington-Smith 30 R.J. Heyhoe,E. Donoghue,H. W Catling 31 J. Carington-Smith E. Donoghue, R.J. Heyhoe, A. Thomas 34
REPORT R. J. Howell R. J. Howell L. H. Sackett R.J. Howell N. Platon, R.J. Howell R.J. Howell N. Platon, R.J. Howell R.J. Howell,J. Carington-Smith R. J. Howell J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling
x
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
TOMB
SUPERVISOR
REPORT
40, 44 45 48 55 56557?59 60 61 63 69 75 76, 78 79 80, 82 85 86 98 100
J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh
113 121,123 125 126 129, 132 134 135 138 146 149 152 153, 157 159 160 163, 168 175 176, 182,
J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith A. Thomas W. G. Cavanagh E. Preston,H. W. Catling M. Alden,J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith,E. Preston A. Thomas J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh E. Preston W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling, W. G. Cavanagh A.Thomas W. G. Cavanagh L S. H. Young W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith E. Preston E. Preston W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh A. Thomas W. G. Cavanagh C. F. Macdonald W. G. Cavanagh ' A. Thomas C. F. Macdonald A. Thomas
207 208 218
J. Carington-Smith A. Thomas J. Carington-Smith
J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith
103 104 105 107 112
186, 200-2
W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling' W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith H. W. Catling H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling W. G. Cavanagh H. W. Catling H. W. Catling H. W. Catling
EDITORS'
PREFACE
xi
TOMB
SUPERVISOR
REPORT
219
J. Carington-Smith,M. Alden, L. Fitton,S. Wall L. Fitton S. Wall J. Carington-Smith,P. M. Warren M. Alden M. R. Popham J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith,H. W. Catling J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith,H. C. Ridley J. Carington-Smith
J. Carington-Smith
J.N. Coldstream,G. L. Huxley
J. N. Coldstream,G. L. Huxley
221 222 229 242 247 280, 282-3 285 287 292 293-4, 306,
W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh W. G. Cavanagh J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith J. Carington-Smith
310
F67/1-15
STUDY AND PUBLICATION
on thescale oftheNorthCemeteryexcavation,studyand publication, Duringan undertaking to thedifferent it is naturalthata verylargenumberofpeople willhave contributed stagesof thework.Though the Editorshave endeavouredto mentionall thosewho tookpart,and to whomthanksare bothdue, and herewarmlyexpressed,it is possiblethatsome participants have been overlooked.If so, the Editorsoffertheirsincereapologies,and theirthanksfor was contributed. whatever oftombsat theTeke site thepiecemealdiscovery to theSchoolto investigate The invitation and Classical of when was made by Dr. (now Professor) Ephor Prehistoric StylianosAlexiou, as Ephor, Alexiou Professor who succeeded Dr. in Herakleion. AngelikiLembessis, Antiquities of Crete'sMedical Facultysiteand, withthe the University invitedthe School to investigate forpayingthe work-force, staffof the Ephorate,undertookresponsibility administrative 's casual labourforce. of the from the wider from recruited Knossos,partly Ephorate pool partly Dr. YannisTzedakis,in chargeoftheEphorate,continuedto In thelaterstagesoftheexcavation Museum offerall necessaryhelp.Duringthesubsequentstudyof materialin the Stratigraphie when available was then and theHerakleionMuseum,Dr. YannisSakellarakis, by Ephor, always assistancewas required.Duringthe finalstagesof studyin 1995,the Ephor,Dr. Alexandra was most in 1978,had closelyfollowedtheexcavation's Karetsou(who,as Epimeletria progress) Museum. in Herakleion finds stored the in us access to helpful allowing In the earlystagesof the excavation,at Teke,the Niotakisand Koiladi familiesraisedno the building objectionwhen the School respondedto the Ephorate'srequestto investigate authorities site the Medical At the on their gracefully University Faculty properties. plots acceptedthe need foran excavationin advance of building,and forthe inescapabledelays thusentailed.Their assistancein the provisionof earth-moving plant,and theirwillingness contributions to the also to pay fortheremovalof topsoilfromthe site,weremostimportant of the excavation. success releasedthematerialhe had recovered The late Professor NikolaosPlatonmostgenerously an ofdiscovery; an accountofthecircumstances at theTeke sitein 1943,and has contributed here. of his text is translation original published English
xii
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
The Managing Committeeof the School endorsed the School Director's decision to The Chairman,thelateDr. R. to the1978requestoftheGreekauthorities. respondpositively The lateProfessor A. Higgins,followedtheprogressoftheworkcloselyand supportively. J. M. a visit to Cook was VisitingFellowat thetime,and muchencouragedparticipants by special Knossos duringthe excavation.The Directorof the School, H. W. Catling,had overall and to theManagingCommitteefortheconductofthe to theGreekauthorities, responsibility to excavationand forarranging thesubsequentstudy. J. N. Coldstreamacceptedtheinvitation in the in from the Dark tombs and the chief role a role the of Age study pottery play major ofthesevolumes. preparation ofKnossosFellowat thetimeoftheMedical Dr.JillCarington-Smith heldtheappointment FacultySite excavation.In thatpostshe undertookdirectionof theexcavationin thefield,a whichlastedmanymonths,and entailedlong hoursof strenuousand exacting responsibility work.She had, perforce, to makethebestofa constantly changingseriesoftombsupervisors, and a labour forceof limitedexperienceand skill- apart fromthe Foreman,the late Mr conducted AntonisZidianakis,and one or two old Knossian hands. Dr. Carington-Smith herselfwith the greatestskill and energy,and a great debt is owed her for her huge contribution. We pay tributeelsewhereto thememoryofDavid Smyth,theSchool'sHonorarySurveyor, was the who tooka largepartin recording theTeke tombsin 1975-76.His greatachievement siteplan ofthe1978excavation,forwhichhe laid downtheoriginalgridand keptcontrolofit witha bulldozerand a JCB. createdby workinghand-in-hand despiteenormousdifficulties on the He tiedeverytombintothegrid,and relatedthe resulting Survey, plan to the Knossos Second Edition of which he had recentlyworkedin collaborationwithM. S. F. Hood. he preparedthecemetery Subsequently, plan and theplansoftheindividualtombspublished hereas figs.1-55. Duringthebusiestweeksof the 1978excavation,in May andJune,verylargequantitiesof Museumforfuture materialwererecoveredeveryday and broughtback to the Stratigraphie which were transferred attention,alwaysexceptingpreciousobjects straightaway to the HerakleionMuseum.Receptionofmaterialwas organisedbyE. A. Catling,assistedfromtime to timebyM. Alden,L. Cavanagh,C. Mee and C. Rees. The hugetaskofcleaninghundreds ofbasketsofbrokenpottery, as wellas a greatmanycompletevases,was theworkchieflyof Mrs Eleni Petraki.Her husband,the late PetrosPetrakis,Hon. MBE, School vase-mender, thousandsof vases in the workshopof the undertookthe enormoustaskof reconstructing a skill and with speed that astonishedeven those long StratigraphieMuseum, working accustomedto hisexceptionalqualities. firstby V workon metalsand faiencewas undertaken Duringlaterseasons,conservation Cameron and at P. successive were assisted later Cataloguers Knossos, by Kelly, byJ. Lee; they C. Morris. whichhad to be spreadand Manytombscontainedverylargequantitiesofbrokenpottery in sortedto prepareit forthe vase-menderand subsequentprocessing. Amongparticipants thisworkwere L. Bloementhal;E. A. Catling;H. W. Catling;E Cawsey (Mrs Dick);J. N. Coldstream; S. Huxley; S.Johnson; C. Morris (Mrs Peatfield);A. Peatfield;S. Raven; T. Rombos(MrsSamaras). at theTeke sitewas theworkofR. J. Howell,M. R. Pophamand Excavationphotography and weretakenbyJ. Carington-Smith sitephotographs L. H. Sackett.At theMedical Faculty, H. W. Catling.The major taskof object photographyduringstudywas sharedby H. W. H. W. Catling,D. Evely,D. Catling,J. N. Coldstream,E. Moignard,and S. Raven (pottery),
KI) ITO RS' PR E FACH:
xiii
Hibler, R. J. Howell, A. Peatficldand S. Raven (other objects); all those named have to a greateror lesserdegree,to VolumeIV Negativesmade by the above were contributed, Institute ofArchaeology at the School in Athens(S. Raven),at theLondonUniversity printed of and at the Oxford Institute (R. L. Wilkins). Archaeology (S. Laidlaw;L. Morgan) University in the illustrations and draughtswomen is represented The workofnumerousdraughtsmen of Potteryand Other Objects reproducedin VolumeIII. Originaldrawingswere made by: Mrs KatharineBaker (Orientalizingpottery);Mrs Elizabeth Catling(Subminoanpottery; bronzes; iron objects); Mr JeffClarke (the Wild Goat oinochoe, T. 56. 11); Dr. Nicola and Geometricpottery); Miss Emma Faull Coldstream(thegreaterpartoftheProtogeometric - theWildGoat dinos,T. - Subminoanpottery); Miss Zillah Pettit(MrsRichards (MrsSpring 34. 18, the Cretan LO dinos,T. 56. 13); Miss RosemaryRobertson(Orientalizingpottery, in the FRONTISPIECES) and Mrs Ann Thomas (Geometricpottery). includingthewatercolours were made by Miss Susan Bird; Mrs The finaltracingsof thesedrawingsforreproduction Miss ElizabethCatling;Miss Emma Faull(MrsSpring);Mrs Davina Huxley;Mrs Sara Parfitt; Diana Robertson and Mrs Wardle. Rosemary Museum,participantswere greatly Duringthe manyyearsof studyin the Stratigraphie A. A. A. D. Peatfieldand C. assistedby theSchool'sKnossosstaff, includingJ. MacGillivray, F. Macdonald (successiveCurators),and P. Cameronand C. Morris(successiveCataloguers). Mrs Cameron undertookthe onerous task of enteringall thismaterialin the Accessions Museum. She and Dr. MacGillivrayfacilitated the systematic Registersof the Stratigraphie transfer of manytombgroupsfromthe Stratigraphie Museum to the HerakleionMuseum duringtheearly1980's,at thedirectionoftheEphor,Dr. YannisSakellarakis. Many authorshave contributedto these volumes. It has been explained suprathatJ. W. G. Cavanagh, H. W. Catlingand R. J. Howell betweenthemdrafted Carington-Smith, all the tomb nearly descriptions.The catalogue entriesaccompanyingthe descriptionof each tomb were writtenby the individualspecialistsresponsibleforthe corresponding - H. W. Catling; Other analyticalsectionsin Volume II, as follows:Subminoan Pottery Subminoan Objects- H. W. Catling; Protogeometricand Geometric Pottery- J. N. - E. Moignard;Iron- A. M. Snodgrass;Bronze- H. W. Coldstream;OrientalizingPottery A. Catling; Jewellery |R. Higgins; Faience, Egyptian Blue and Glass- V Webb; - |R. A. Terracottas Higgins; Other Materials- R. D. G. Evely.In addition, the tomb draw on information descriptions providedby R. D. G. Evely(OtherMaterials),J. Cocking H. (Textileremains), J. Musgrave(Human remains)and S. Wall-Crowther (Animalremains), whilethe Catalogue includesinformation fromD. Liddy'schemicalanalysisof pottery. Dr. R. E. Jones,formerDirector of the Fitch Laboratory,kindlyrevisedDr. Liddy's report beforepublication.Valuable advice on a Minoan seal was receivedfromDr.J. Bettsand Dr. I. Pini. Mentionhas alreadybeen made ofthesubstantial financialcontributions made duringthe excavationby the Ephoria of Prehistoricand Classical Antiquities,Herakleion(workmen's ofCrete(earth-moving wagesand I. K. A insurance)and theUniversity equipmentand spoil in manyways,notleastin theemoluments disposal).The BritishSchool at Athenscontributed of theofficers who participatedin different aspectsof thework(Director,AssistantDirector, Directorof the FitchLaboratory,Knossos Fellow,Curatorsat Knossos, Fitch Laboratory Fellow,Cataloguersat Knossos).The School also providedaccommodationand maintenance forexcavationsupervisors,and generoussupportsubsequentlyduringthe Knossos study seasons.The Managing Committeemore recentlyapproveda generousgrantto meet the expensesincurredin thefinalstagesofthepreparationofthisreportforthepress.The British
xiv
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Academyin 1980,1981and 1982made grantstoJ. N. Coldstreamand E. Moignardforstudy seasonsat Knossos. to discbyV Battenand L. Steel,with The entiretextofthesevolumeshas been committed efforts towardsthispublication. assistancefromN. Wardle.We thankthemfortheirstrenuous *
#
#
#
*
We distinguish the tombsthus:forthe Teke plots,the lettersA-Qj forthe University site, simplearabicnumerals1-310;fortheFortetsatombs,F/67followedbyarabicnumbers1-15. In thecatalogues,thefindsare numberedin theorderin whichtheycame out oftheearth, and are markedwiththe numbersassignedto themby the excavators.In any but the least disturbedtombsit is hardlysurprisingthat different parts of the same object will have occurrenceofvacatagainstmany numbers;hencethefrequent acquiredtwoor moredifferent entriesin thecatalogues,underwhichreference maybe made to theheadingunderwhichthe reunitedobject is described.For mosttombs,the catalogueswill outrunthe numberingof objectsobservedduringthe excavation;the additionalfindswerelatermendedfromdisiecta membra withinthe tomb. The catalogues also include findsof later periods, infiltrating especiallyfromHellenisticor Roman burials;theseare mentioned,but withoutdescription. Theirfullstudyis reservedfora laterpublication. We referto each individualfind,in discussion,by its tombnumber(or,forTeke,letter) a numberprecededby f fora smallfind. followedby a simplearabic numeralforpottery, of thetomb,thetomb Withintheentryforeach tombin PartI, especiallyin thedescription numberor lettermaybe omitted. In the tomb descriptions,all measurementsare given in metres;in the catalogues,in centimetres. will to FIGS,and PLATES Foreach entryin thecatalogueforsmallfinds,individualreferences own FIG. will likewise bear their be given.Entriesforpotteryvesselsillustrated by drawings but sincethe photographsare arrangedin the same orderas the tombs(PLATES references; 45-262), we give general PLATEreferencesat the head of each potterycatalogue, and individualreferenceto PLATESonly where the photographoccurs on a page well out of numericalorder.An asterisk againsta vesselindicatesthatno photographis included. forthedatingof theotherobjectsand foundation Since potterysuppliesthechronological of thetombs,a phase inJ. K. Brock'ssystemis suggestedwitheach catalogue forthehistory betweena entry.Whereascriptionto a singlephase is not possible,we make a distinction either to which could a vessel LG-EO denotes an thus and period, belong oblique: hyphen to a brieftransitional butLG/EO refers phasebetweenthetwoperiods(see GGP245-6,330). In our references to comparativematerialwe do not includeany publicationappearing themselves. after1994,otherthanarticleswritten bythecontributors thetombsand findsofa verylarge Whenmorethana dozenscholarsanalyseand interpret on thevariousquestions conclusions form different will inevitable that it is very they cemetery, whichmay arise. We have no wish to projectany 'orthodox'approach to such questions; views instead,we attemptthrougheditorialfootnotesto alertthe readerto any alternative in other chapters. expressed We dedicatethesevolumesto honourthememoryoftwomenwho,in different ways,have forthisworkon theNorthCemetery. laid thefoundations ofJamesBrock, achievement We haveall appreciated,withenhancedrespect,themasterly Knossian of the thefirstscholarto charta reliablecoursethroughtheterra EarlyIron incognita
EDITORS'
PREFACE
xv
has Age. His chronological sequencehas stoodthe testof time;and, forall of us, his Fortetsa on everykindof materialfromthe North been an indispensablesource of enlightenment Cemetery. We also rememberwithprofoundgratitudeand admirationthe sterlingworkof David Smyth,formanyyearstheBritishSchool'sHonorarySurveyor. Throughouttheexcavationof the Teke and Medical Facultysites he was our architect,and is thus one of the major contributors to thisreport.As wellas makingthe sitesurvey, on whichall excavatedfeatures are recorded,includingthe tombsreportedhere,he made fielddrawingsof the plans and sectionsofmanyof thetombs,oftenunderharassingconditions, takingendlesstrouble,even in the mostabundantlyrichtombs,to markeven the smallestobject in its correctposition. Later,he preparedthefinished drawingsofall thetombspublishedhere. H. W. C. J. N. C.
ABBREVIATIONS PERIODICALS AAA AD AE AJA AM Ann. Ant.K. AR Arch.J. AS BA Besch
AthensAnnals of Archaeology ArchaiologikonDeltion ArchaiologikeEphemeris AmericanJournal of Archaeology Mitteilungendes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts,atthenischeAbteilung Annuario della R. Scuola Archaeologica di Atene AntikeKunst Archaeological Reports ArchaeologicalJournal Anatolian Studies Bulletin van de Vereeniging tot Bevordering der Kennis van de Antieke
Beschaving BASOR Bulletinof the American Schools of Oriental Research BAR BritishArchaeological Reports BCH Bulletinde correspondence hellénique BritishMuseum Quarterly BMQ B. d. A. Bolletino dell'arte BRGK Berichtder Römisch-GermanischenKommission BSA Annual of the BritishSchool at Athens Bull d'Arch.Marocaine Bulletind'archéologie marocaine BMMA Bulletinof the Metropolitan Museum of Art,New York Cronache d'Archeologia Cron.d'Arch. Dial. Arch. Dialoghi di Archeologia EA Ephemeris Archaiologike GRBS Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies IM Mitteilungendes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts,AbteilungIstanbul Journal of Archaeological Science JAS Jahrbuchdes Deutschen ArchäologischenInstituts Jdl JEA Journal of EgyptianArchaeology Journal of Glass Studies JOS Journal of Hellenic Studies JHS Journal of Near Eastern Studies JNES JOAI Jahresheftedes ÖsterreichischenArchäologischenInstitutsin Wien Kretika Chronika (Herakleion) K. Ch. Monumenti antichi pubblicati per cura della (Reale) Accademia Nazionale dei MA Lincei Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome MAAR Notizie degli scavi d'antichità JV.Se. Ath. Opuscula Atheniensia Op. Praktikates Akademias Athenon PAA Praktikates en Athenais ArchaiologikesEtaireias PAE PPS Proceedings of the PrehistoricSociety PrähistorischeZeitschrift P£ Revue archéologique RA RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities,Cyprus
ABBREVIATIONS RG^M RM St. Etr. %PE
xvii
Jahrbuchdes Römisch-GermanischenZentralmuseum,Mainz Mitteilungendes Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts,römischeAbteilung Studi etruschi ZeitschriftfürPapyrologieund Epigraphik
OTHER WORKS Aegyptiaca AGF Alaas Alasia I Alasia III Antro Arkades Atsalenio Ay.Ioannis Ay.Paraskies Blinkenberg BMC Jewellery BMC Terr II Bossert Bouzek Catalogue Cavanagh1987 CBMW CCO CGA CMS Corinth vili Corinth XV.i Corinth XV.2 Corinth XV.3 Cyprusand Crete DAG Délos X Délos XV DorianKnossos ECr EGAW
J. D. S. Pendlebury,Aegyptiaca (Cambridge, 1930) V Webb, ArchaicGreekFaience(Warminster,1978) V Karageorghis,Alaas: a Protogeometric in Cyprus(Nicosia, 1975) Necropolis C. E A. Schaeffer(ed. ), MissionArchéologique d'AlasiaIV Alasia I. (Paris, 1971) d'Enkomi(Paris, 1984) J-C. Courtois, Alasia III. Les ObjetsdesNiveauxStratifies E Halbherr,Antichità dell'Antro di Zeus Ideo (1888) D. Levi, Arkades: una città cretese all'alba della civiltà ellenica', Ann. 10-12 (1927-29), 1-723 K. Davaras, 'Two Geometrie Tombs at Atsalenio near Knossos', BSA 63 (1968), 133-46 J. Boardman, 'Protogeometric graves at Agios Ioannis near Knossos', BSA 55 (i960), 128-48 N. Platon, 'Geometrikos Taphos Agion Paraskion Herakleiou', AE 1945-47, 47~97 C. Blinkenberg,Fibulesgrecques etorientales (Copenhagen, 1926) F. H. Marshall, CatalogueoftheJewellery, Etruscanand Roman,in theDepartments Greek, British Museum ofAntiquities, (London, 1911) R. A. Higgins, Catalogueof the Terracottasin theDepartmentof Greekand Roman BritishMuseumii The PlasticVases(London, 1959) Antiquities, H. T. Bossert,AltSyrien (Tübingen, 1951) in the2nd Millennium J. Bouzek, The Aegean,Anatoliaand Egypt:Culturalinterrelations B C (Prague, 1985) duMuséeNationald'Athènes J. Poursat, Cataloguedesivoires Mycéniens (Paris, 1977) W. G. Cavanagh, 'Cluster Analysis of Mycenaean chamber tombs', in R. Laffineur(ed.), Thanatos:les coutumes en Egée à l'Agedu Bronze.AegaeumI funéraires (Liège, 1987), 161-9. H. W. Catling, Cypriot in theMycenaeanWorld(Oxford, 1964) Bronzework J. Boardman, The CretanCollectionin Oxford.The Dictaean Cave and IronAge Crete (Oxford, 1961) P. Courbin, La céramique de l'Argolide géométrique (Paris, 1966). der minoischen und Corpus mykenischenSiegel S. S. Weinberg,Corinth vil.i: The Geometric and Orientalizing (Harvard, 1943) Pottery A. N. Stillwell,Corinth XV.i: The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. (Princeton,1948) A. N. Stillwell,Corinth XV.2: The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. (Princeton,1952) A. N. Stillwell,Corinth The Potters' The Terracottas Quarter. XV.3: (Princeton,1984) ActsoftheInternational 'The Relationsbetween Archaeological Symposium Cyprusand Crete, ca. 2000-joo B. C ed. V Karageorghis (Nicosia, 1979) A. M. Snodgrass, TheDarkAgeofGreece (Edinburgh, 1971) C. Dugas, Délos X. Les vasesde l H eraion(Paris, 1928) C. Dugas and C. Rhomaios, Délos XV. Les vasespréhelléniques etgéométriques (Paris, !934) J. N. Coldstream, 'Dorian Knossos and Aristotle'sVillages', in C. Nicolet (ed.), Aux origines de l'héllénisme: la Crèteetla Grèce.Hommageà H. vanEjfenterre (Paris, 1984), 311-22 EtudeCretoises (Paris) A. M. Snodgrass, EarlyGreek Armour and Weapons(Edinburgh, 1964)
xviii
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
K Platona(Herakleion, 1987) già tonKathegete Eilapine.TomosTimetikos tesEleusinos(Athens,1975) G. E. Mylonas, ToDutikonJVekrotapheion P. Dikaios, Enkomi:Excavations 1948-1958 I- III (Mainz, 1969-71) Schaeffer,Enkomi-Alasia (Paris, 1952) Eumousia: ceramicand iconographiestudies in honourof A. Cambitoglou,ed. J.-P. Descoeudres, Mediterraenan Archaeology Supp. 1 (Sydney,1990) E EarlyGreekTombsnearKnossos.BSA Supp. 2 (Cambridge, 1957) J. K. Brock,Fortetsa: DarkAges(London, 1972) V R. d'A. Desborough, The Greek GDA Greece GG (London, 1977) J. N. Coldstream, Geometric a survey GGP oftenlocal stylesand theirchronology Pottery: J. N. Coldstream, GreekGeometric (London, 1968) J. N. Coldstream, 'Gift Exchange in the 8th Century B. C, in R. Hägg (ed.), The GiftExchange and innovation B. C: tradition GreekRenaissanceof the8th Century (Stockholm, 1983), 201-07 andEarlyRomanGlass(Corning 1979) S. M. Goldstein,Pre-Roman Goldstein Roman 2nd ed. (London, 1981) and Greek A. R. Jewellery, Higgins, GRJ'2 J. N. Coldstream et ai, 'Knossos: an early Greek tomb on Lower Gypsades Hill', Gypsades BSA 76 (1981), 141-65 M. Hartley,'Early Greek Vases fromCrete', BSA 31 (1930-31), 56-114 Hartley P. Ástrom,D. M. Bailey and V Karageorgis, Hala SultanTekkeI H ST Excavations HSTl ^97-W1 (Göteborg, 1976) Hala SultanTekkeIV. G. Huit ExcavationsinArea8, 1974-75. D. Me Caslin, The 1977 HSTlV Underwater Report(Göteborg, 1978) P. Ástrom, E. Àstrom, A. Hatziantoniou, K. Niklasson, U. Obrink, Hala Sultan HSTvill Vili Excavations Tekke 1971-79(Göteborg, 1983) withEuropeandAsia (Oxford, 1956) P.Jacobsthal, GreekPinsand theirconnections Jacobsthal B. C PlasticArt in the VIM Century Dorian A Dedalica. R. J. H. Jenkins, Studyof Jenkins (Cambridge, 1936) K. F.Johansen,Les vasessicyoniens (Paris, 1923) Johansen Kaloriziki (Göteborg, 1973) ofKaloriziki J. L. Benson, TheNecropolis A. Kanta, The Late Minoan HI periodin Crete.A Surveyof Sites,Potteryand their Kanta Distribution (SIMA 58) (Göteborg, 1980) vonMykenai(Munich, 1930) G. Karo, Die Schachtgräber Karo SG KitionandAmathus J. N. Coldstream, 'Kition and Amathus: some reflectionson theirwestwardlinks during the Early Iron Age', in V. Karageorghis (ed.), Acts of theInternational andtheOrient' theOccident between (Nicosia, 1986), 321-9 'Cyprus Symposium Archaeological G. Clerc, V Karageorghis, E. Lagarce andj. Leclant, Fouillesde KitionII. Objets Kitionii etégyptisants (Nicosia, 1976) égyptiens V Karageorghis (ed.), FouillesdeKitionIV. The non-Cypriote Kitioniv (Nicosia, 1981) Pottery deKtima(Paris, 1958) Ktima J. Deshayes, La Nécropole M. S. F. Hood and D. Smyth,Archaeological KS2 SurveyoftheKnossosArea,2nd ed. BSA 198 1) Supp. 14 (London, BSA Supp. 8 (London, 1973) KSD ofDemeter, J. N. Coldstream etai, Knossos:theSanctuary Kretische E. Kunze, Kunze KB (Stuttgart,1931) Bronzereliefs BSA The Cemeteries. M. R. Popham et al, LejkandiI. The IronAge: The settlement. I Lefkandi 11 Plates, 1979) 1980; (Text, Supp. and theirSuccessors V. R. d'A. Desborough, TheLast Mycenaeans LMTS (Oxford, 1964) Kreten: B. Mastambas Anatoliken eis ereunai A. Lembesi, 'Anaskaphikai Mastambas Herakleiou', PAE 1970 (1972), 270-97 derkretisch-mykenischen H. Matthäus, Die Bronzegefässe Kultur,PBF II, 1 (Munich, Matthäus1980 1980) Eilapine Eleusis Enkomi Enkomi-Alasia Eumousia
ABBREVIATIONS Matthäusig8j
xix
Metallurgy
H. Matthäus, Metallgefässeund Gefässunters und ätze derBronzezeit,dergeometrischen archäischen PeriodeaufCypern, PBF II, 8 (Munich, 1985) J. D. Muhly, R. Maddin, V. Karageorghis (eds.), Early Metallurgyin Cyprus,
NaukratisI il JVaukratis Necrocorinthia Nichoriaill
W. M. F. Pétrie,NaukratisI (London, 1886) E. A. Gardner,NaukratisII (London, 1888) H. G. G. Payne,JVecrocorinthia (Oxford, 1931) W. A. McDonald, W. D. E. Coulson, J. Rosser (eds.), Excavationsat Nichoriain SW
OlympiaIV Payne PBF I Perachora Perachora II
4000-500B. C. (Nicosia,1982)
Greece III.DarkAgeandByzantine (Minnesota,1983) Occupation
W. Furtwängler,OlympiaIV Die Bronzen(Berlin, 1890) H. G. G. Payne, 'Early Greek Vases fromKnossos', BSA 29 (1927-28), 224-98 Prähistorische Bronzefunde (Munich, etc) H. G. G. Payne etai, Perachora I. The Sanctuaries ofHera Akraiaand Limenia(Oxford,
!94°)
T. J. Dunbabin (ed.), PerachoraII. Pottery, Ivories,Scarabsand OtherObjects fromthe Votive Hera Limenia Depositof (Oxford, 1962) Perati S. Iakovides, Perati:ToNekrotapheion I- III (Athens,1969) PGP V R. d'A. Desborough, Protogeometric (Oxford, 1952) Pottery PictorialPottery M. Iakovou, The PictorialPottery B. C Cyprus(Göteborg, 1988) ofnth Century Pieridou PGRK A. Pieridou, O Protogeometrikos en Rythmos Kypro(Athens,1973) Pini I. Pini, Beiträge Gräberkunde zurmimischen (Wiesbaden, 1968) PM A. J. Evans, The Palace ofMinos at KnossosI-IV (London, 1921-35) The Palace ofNestorat Pylosin Western MesseniaI, C. W. Biegen and M. Rawson PJV (Princeton, 1966); II, M. Lang (Princeton, 1969); III, C. W. Biegen, M. Rawson, W. D. Taylour,W. P Donovan (Princeton,1973) Protohippalektryon J. N. Coldstream, 'The Knossian Protohippalektryon', in Festschrift für N Himmelmann (Mainz, 1989), 23-6 Protokorinthische H. G. G. Payne, Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei Vasen,Heft 7) (Berlin, (BilderGriechische Vasenmalerei 1933) PTK A. J. Evans, 'PrehistoricTombs at Knossos', Archaeologia 59 (1905), 392-525 Reflexions J. N. Coldstream, 'Some Minoan Reflexions in Cretan Geometrie Art', in J. H. II Betts,J. T. Hooker and J. R. Green (eds.), Studiesin Honourof T B. L. Webster (Bristol,1988), 23-32 G. Rizza, 'Gli scavi di Prinias e il problema della origini dell'arte greca', in Un Rizza 1978 decenniodi RicercheArchaeo logiche,Quaderni de 'La Ricerche Scientifica' (CNR, Rome, 1978) I, 85-138 SamosV H. Walter, Samos V FrühesamischeGefässe:Chronologie undLandschaftstile ostgriechischer Gefässe(Bonn, 1968) Inseln.PBFXYV. 4 (Munich, 1978) Sapouna-Sakellaraki E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, Die Fibelndergriechischen SchäferReliefpithoi J. Schäfer,Studienzu dergriechischen des 8-6 Jahrhunderts v. Chr.aus Kreta, Reliefpithoi Rhodos,TenosundBoiotien(Kallmunz, 1957) SCE E. Gjerstad et ai, The Swedish CyprusExpeditionI - III, IV in several parts, (Stockholm,Lund, 1934-1972) SchachermeyrKreta Schachermeyr, F., Die ÄgaischeFrühzeitIII: Kretazur £eit der Wanderungen (Wien, 1979)Schweitzer GKG B. Schweitzer,Die geometrische KunstGriechenlands (Cologne, 1969) Shales V Karageorghis, Palaepaphos-Skales: an IronAgecemetery in Cyprus(Konstanz, 1983) SteleKontoleontos Stele:tomoseis mnemen N Kontoleontos (Athens,1980) A. Xenaki-Sakellariou, / ThalamotiTaphitonMykenon Taphi (Paris, 1985) Teketholos R. W Hutchinson and J. Boardman, 'The Khaniale Tekke tombs', BSA 49 (1954), 215-28
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
xx TheAgesofHomer Theraii Tocral UM I UM II UrbanNucleus UrnswithLids I Vergina Vrokastro Wide Ton OTHER
A AAS Bich. BoR C CG D. DA DB. Dh. DR. E ECh EIA ER FL g. H. HL KMF KNC L. LC LR N NAA
toE. T. Vermeide,]. B. Carter, S. P. Morris (eds.) (Austin, TheAgesofHomer:a tribute Texas, 1995) Gräber(Berlin, 1902) H. von Gaertringen(ed.), ThemII. Theräische J. Boardman and J. Hayes Tocra 1963-5: The ArchaicDeposits I. BSA Supp. 4 (London, 1966) Mansion at Knossos.BSA Supp. 17 M. R. Popham et al., The Minoan Unexplored (London, 1984) excavations at theUnexplored L. H. Sacke ttetai, Knossos, fromGreekcitytoRomancolony: Mansionat KnossosII. BSA Supp. 21 (London, 1992) J. N. Coldstream, 'Knossos: an Urban Nucleus in the Dark Age?', in D. Musti dal Miceneoall'AltoArcaismo:dal palazzo alla città and A. Sacconi (eds.), La transizione (CNR, Rome, 1991),287-99 J. N. Coldstream, 'Urns with lids: the visible face of the Knossian "Dark Age'" in : D. Evely,H. Hughes-Brock and N. Momigliano (eds.) Knossos,a Labyrinth ofHistory honour S . in Hood, 105-122 (Oxford, 1994). of paperspresented tonTymvon I. ToMekrotapheion M. Andronikos,Vergina (Athens,1969) the E. D. Hall, 'Excavations in Eastern Crete: Vrokastro', University ofPennsylvania, Publications III. 3 (1914) MuseumAnthropological S. Wide, 'Geometrische Vasen aus Griechenland',J¿//14 (1899) 188-215 IL La TombeT I du XIe siècleavantJ. C. (Paris, 1971) M. Yon, Salaminede Chypre
to thefollowing signify Early,Middleand Late) (E, M and L whenprefixed
Archaic AtomicAbsorptionSpetroscopy Bichrome Black-on-Red Classical Cypro-Geometric Diameter DarkAge Diameterofbase Diameterofhole (beadsetc) Diameterofrim East EarlyChristian EarlyIronAge EarlyRoman FitchLaboratory grams Height Hellenistic KnossosMedicalFaculty KnossosNorthCemetery Length Late Cypriot Late Roman North NeutronActivation Analysis
ABBREVIAI' IONS
OES PA PC PH. PL. PWP RLAHA RS S SMyc. SM-LO T. Th. w W. WP Wt. XRF
Optical Emission Spectroscopy Proto-Attic Proto-Corinthian Preservedheight Preservedlength Proto White Painted Research Laboratory forArchaeology and Historyof Art (Oxford) Red Slipped South Sub-Mycenaean Subminoan- Late Orientalizing,as in F. 214 Tomb Thickness West Width White-painted Weight X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis
xxi
CHAPTER 1 THE TEKE SITE Circumstances
of Excavation
When Sir Arthur Evans established himself at Knossos,he acquireda considerableestate, some of which comprisedthe Palace and its immediatesurrounds,where he excavated The restofhisland (apartfromthaton whichhe builttheVilla Ariadneand laid thoroughly. out itsgardens)had greatamenityvalue withinthe milieuwhichhe thuscreatedforhimself and hiscolleagues.Duringhislifetime, he transferred theownershipofthewholeofthisestate to theBritishSchoolat Athensto providea permanentcentreforthecontinuation ofhiswork at Knossosand land in themiddleoftheKnossosarchaeologicalarea sufficient forexcavation fora verylongtimeto come. SirArthur's calculationscouldtakeno accountoftheSecondWorldWar,and theeconomic difficulties which it was followed.The end of the war foundtheVilla Ariadnein need of by care and maintenance work,whilethe land had to be takenin hand. The School's costly Committee faced similar anxietiesat the School,in Athens.This was in theperiod Managing before Sir MortimerWheeler, as Secretary of the BritishAcademy, had persuaded Government to place the financesof all the BritishSchools and Institutes overseason a far sounderfooting. The School accordingly invitedthe GreekStateto accept ownershipof the Villa Ariadne and the land that had formedthe Evans' Estate. Ownershipwas duly transferred after detailednegotiations, and the School's financialresponsibilities wereconsiderablyeased. At the timeofthe transfer, it was agreedbetweenthe Greekauthorities and the School that,in consideration ofthegift,the School shouldin futurebe consultedby theHerakleionEphoria chancediscoveries or impending rescueexcavationsin theKnossosArchaeological concerning extensivezone,thepreciseboundariesofwhichwereratherlooselydefined.And area, a fairly so it was thatformanyyearsafterthe transfer of the Evans Estatethatthe School, at the requestoftheEphoria,wouldexcavateand publishrescuesitesin theKnossosarea. This understanding was stillin forcein 1978when a decisionwas reachedby the Greek authorities to build a substantialpart of the new University of Crete in an olive groveone kilometre north-north westoftheMinoan palace, east ofthemainHerakleion-Knossos road, and northof the Venizeleion Hospital. Previousarchaeological discoveriesin the area1 strongly suggestedthatthisolivegrovemustcontainburiedancientremains.This beliefwas onlystrengthened by discoveriesmade earlier,to the Northof the threatenedsite,wherein 1939-40R. W. Hutchinsonhad excavatedtheKhaniale Teke tholos,and othertombs.2Much morerecently, the School had excavated,piecemeal,a seriesof Dark Age chambertombsin theNiotakisand Koiladhiplotswhichbuildingactivitiesbroughtto lightin thebankbeyond
1MSF Hood, KS', gridsquaresG4, G5. a Hutchinson and Boardman, BSA 49 (1954), 215-22;
Boardman,BSA 62 (1967),57-75.KS*,Site46.
2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
thenorthfringeoftheUniversity site,as it was firstcalled.3A tombhad been foundherein the and had been rescuedby Dr. Nikolaos Platon,at thattime 1943 by occupyingforces, of Herakleion.4 These tombs,whichcame to be knownas theTeketombs,are included Ephor in thisreport,designatedby lettersof the alphabet.Amongthose who took part in their excavationare R. Howell,M. R. Pophamand L. H. Sackett.Severalofthemwereplannedby D. Smyth,the School's HonorarySurveyor, who was to play so major a role in the main as itwillhereafter be described. excavationon theUniversity site theNorthCemetery, H. W. C. The road fromKnossos to Herakleion,afterpassingthe VenizeleionHospital,descendsa steepslope at thebase ofwhichone road leads w to the hamletof Teke and anotherE to a numberof suburbanhouses.Buildingin 1975and 1976on the hillslope on the S side of the latterroad uncoveredremainsof fourteenchambertombsof the PG, G and O periods.As thesewereuncovered,the BritishSchool at Athenswas invitedby Dr. S. Alexiou,Ephor of In 1975,M. R. Popham CentralCreteand Keeper oftheHerakleionMuseum,to investigate. and L. H. SackettexcavatedTs. A, B, D, E and F on the A. Koiladhi plot. In 1976,R. J. Howell,assistedby D. Smyth,excavatedTs. G, H, J,K, L, M, N and O on the adjacentM. Niotakisplot, in the angle betweenthe main and the secondaryroads. T. G was already ofa bunkerby occupyingsoldiersin knownsinceit had been discoveredduringconstruction on WorldWar II. NikolaosPlaton(laterProfessor Platon) behalfof the HerakleionEphoria, rescuedmostof the materialfromthe tombat thattime.Duringthe presentexcavationsit became clear thatthe bunkerhad cut partlythroughanothertomb,T. N, and thatsome materialfromthishad been includedin thatrecoveredbyN. Platon.(A smallsegmentofthe sametomblayin theKoiladhiplot,and had been excavatedas T. C byL. H. Sackettin 1975). ofT O could be excavatedsincetheremainderofthe In 1976onlya shortpartofthe dromos in tombwas in theS. Koiladhiplot,to theS. Excavationwas completedbyJ. Carington-Smith S of the in Koiladhi in the A. R. Howell T. excavated plot,immediately 1976 by J. 1980. Qwas Koiladhihouse. A primaryschoolstillstoodon thesiteduringN. Platon'sexcavationin 1943.The entrance to the bunkerwas stillapparentbeforethe mechanicalexcavatorbegan work.It penetrated the hillsideat rightanglesto the secondaryroad, close to the boundarywiththe Koiladhi of T. N, the tunnelturnedat rightanglesto cut Aftercuttingthroughthe dromos property. ofT. G (FIG.9). From N and then of T. the chamber partsofthechamberand dromos through led off,at rightangles,to the SE, cuttingdeeplyinto the thispassage a roundwell-shaft chamberof T. G, thefloorofwhichwas at least 1.00 above thefloorof thebunker(FIG.10). and leaningagainstthesideofthewellwerethe Therewas an ironcannonballin thewell-fill, remainsofa shovelwiththehead ofa pickaxeat itsfoot.The remainsofanothershoveland a werefoundon thefloorofthetombchamber.Possibletracesofanotherbunkerwere pitchfork witha probableshovelhandlein it.The foundcutintotheWedge ofthesametomb-chamber to the have been similar bunkermay example in the groundsof the Villa well-preserved Ariadneat Knossos.
*AR 23 (1977),11-17.L. H. Sackettin BSA 71 (1976)117-36. KS' Site47.
+ KCh1 (1947),633.J//S64(1944),86.
THE TEKE SITE - T. A.
3
Whenworkbegan,theNiotakisproperty compriseda walledgardenwitha fewfruittrees. Withinlivingmemorytherehad been a baker'shut at the top of the slope. The machine uncovereditssquarefoundations as surfacesoilwas removed.Remainsoftwopitswithtraces of burningfoundnear T. L were possiblyconnectedwiththe bakery'sovens.There was a filledand levelledstone-built wellin theNWcorneroftheplot.Therewerehighwallson theS and Woftheproperty. As wellas theslope downto theN therewas a slopeto theWdownto thelevelofthemain road. AftertheW wall had been removedand theland behindlevelled, was found,withwall foundations partofan earliercobbledroad,or kalderimi, borderingit on theE. The kalderimi was onlyexposedfora shortdistance,butappearedto be on a moreN axis than that of the modern road which runs NWtowards Herakleion. There was a stone cannonballin thewallfoundations {supra). Afterthe removalof the wall on the S side of the property, Ts. M and O were foundto extendbeneathtwowell-built of stone to flights stepsleadingup whatmustonce havebeen a little villa to the local charming belonging Agha. The ruinsof thisbuildinglay at the top of theslope.
R.J. H. THE TOMBS Tomb A (fig. 2) No dimensionsand no featuresof the tombcould be distinguished. The tomblay at theNW cornerof the Koiladhi plot. It had been almost entirelydestroyedby one of the square foundation pitssunkbythemechanicalexcavator. In theE faceofthepitpottery was retrieved fromtwopocketsofearth,neitherpenetrating morethan0.25 intothe rock.The first(1.2 below modernsurface)may have been partof a of threelargevessels,1-3. The secondpocket(at 1.70below) niche;it containedfragments marks the tomb floor. Sherds werecollectedfromthemachine'sspoil. possibly POTTERY (PLATE 45) 1. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 30. Rim to belly.Cream slip.Ridge below rim,anotherbetween neckand shoulder.Band on rimand at junctionwith shoulder,neck otherwiseplain. Shoulder: sextuple circles enclosinga zone of oblique bars, the outer circle thickened;band below. A large non-joining *bodyfr.showsa plain bellyzone,withanotherband below. Handle: bars between vertical lines. Band insiderim.PGB. Forbarswithincirclescf.283.54. 2. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 24. Nonjoiningfrs.,base missing.Insetlip; partof bucranium handleand stumpsof verticalstrap.Dark ground.In reservedpanel,tracesof complexmeander(cf.krater, G 80), singlezigzag below.Bands and lines.Bars on bucranium.MG, early. 3. *TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 31. DR. c. 16.
Non-joining frs.,but with complete profile.Rim slightlyraised, concave lip. Flattened handles, flat base. Dark ground.Reservedpanel: double zigzag, interlaced, flanked by verticals. Bands and lines. Curvedstripeson handles,on both surfaces.LG. Cf. BSAxii (1905-06)37,fig.16,L. 4. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 31. Nonjoining frs.,rim missing.Grittyred clay,pale buff wash, unpainted. Horizontal round handle on shoulder,ovoid body,flatbase. Four shallowgrooves at handlelevel.EG (?). Cf.M 20. 5. CONICAL LID. D. c. 20. Rim to near centre. Evertedlip. EarlyLG. FitsA 3. 6. OINOCHOE. Frs. of handle,neck,and shoulder. On shoulder,tracesofmultiplezigzag,rowoftongues withmidrib;barson handle.Plump.LG.
4
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
7. LEKYTHOS. DR. 3.7. Frs.,base and neck with handle. Soft porous buffclay, matt black and red paint.Ridgeon neck,roundhandle;lowfoot,concave below.Red band underrim,threeblacklineson neck.
Handle: blackbarsbetweenverticallines.Abovefoot, traces of broad red circle on eitherflank.Cypriot BichromeIII 'juglet'.Cf. SCE IV 2, fig.22, 11.RDAC 1984,127no. 8.
Tomb B (fig. 2) No dimensionsand no featureof the tomb could be distinguished. The 'tomb' appeared S ofT. A, in theNWcorneroftheKoiladhiplot.It was observedin theWwall of immediately a foundationpit, only 0.50 deep. Full clearance was impossibleas the shuttering forthe concretecolumnhad alreadybeen constructed. of T. N, largely The featureobservedwas a nicheand mighthave belongedto the dromos destroyed bythewartimebunker.The pottery(i, PGB coarsepithos,2, PGB jar, 3, M-LPG in T. N. is slightly earlierthananything bell-skyphos) POTTERY (PLATE 45) 1. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 40. DR. c. 35. Rim to belly. Fabric as A 4. Undercut lip, strap handle,threegrooveson shoulder.PGB. 2. DRINKING JAR (fig. 56). H. 9.5. Virtually
complete. Heavy fabric. Base rough underneath. PGB. 3. *LARGE BELL SKYPHOS. PH. 10.5. Wall and handle.Dipped. M-LPG. As D 7.
Tomb C (figs. 2, 9) No dimensions. Identified as partofT. N. The featurewas observed,as a niche,1.50deep,in theSWcornerofthefoundation pitin whichT. B was seen. Tomb D (figs. 2, 7, plate 6 a-b) Overall dimensions:5.75 Dromos:L. 4.50 W. 1.15-1.20. Stomion:destroyed.Chamber: 1.80X1. 20.
The dromos may not have been fullyexcavated.It widenedveryslightlyfromits end to and blocking had been the chamber. There is no record of its gradient. The stomion intothechamber.The chamberwas oval There was a stepdownfromthe dromos destroyed. in plan. the was ESE-WNW; The tombwas on theextremeE sideoftheKoiladhiplot.Its orientation chamberwas at theE end ofthedromos. at an oblique The tombwas foundwhen a mechanicalexcavatorcut across the dromos angle.The tombhad been robbed. floor2.50-2.70fromtheentrance;therewereother Severalstoneswereinsituon thedromos disturbedslabsin thefillnearby.There mayhave been a repiledblockingsetwellback from in the secondcent.A.D., theentrance.The chambermayhave been enteredfromthe dromos Afterthe robbing,the roofcollapsed,filling judgingfromthe sherdsin the upperdromos-ñW. the chamberwithcrushedkouskouras, tightlycompactedby a lateroverlayof 3.00-4.00 of accumulatedsoil.1-3 werein thechamber,c. 0.50 abovethefloor.5 was on thefloorin theSE ofthechamber.Othervesselshavebeen recomposedfromsherdsfoundscatteredin chamber and dromos.
THE TEKE SITE POTTERY (PLATES 45-7) 1. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;.56). H. 5.8. DR. 11.7. Nearlycomplete.Reflexroundhandles.Thickbarson rim;horizontalstripeson handles.PGB. 2. SMALL LID. H. 7.6. D. 15.5. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Two opposed suspensionholes. Spatter inside,bars on rim.PGB-EG. Cf. AJA5 (1901)pl. 9, !7-
3. CUP (fk;. 56). H. 8.8. DR. 10.8-12. Base with PGB. Cf.F. no. 434. string-mark. 4. Vacai. 5. BELL-KRATER (fk;.57; plate 46). H. 33.9. D. 35. Three-quarters preserved. Thin cream wash. rim,ridgebelow,roundhandles,low Outward-sloping conical foot.Thick bars across rim,band; ninefold concentric circlesflanking rectilinear panel withsingle zigzag,solidtrianglespointingdownwards,twocrosshatchedhourglasses,and check pattern;bands and lines, interveningreservedarea. Paint on handle stumps.Inside: band at rim,spatterbelow. LPG, a littlelaterthanE no. 221. 6. SKYPHOS (fk;. 56). H. 7.8. D. c. 9.2. Two-thirds preserved.Hard orange-buff clay,greygrits,black paint. Solid paint down to lower body, with decoration in added white. PGB. An early use of whitepaint. 7. LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS (fk;. 56). H. 18.7.DR. 16. Nearly complete. Round handles, high conical foot.Dipped. LPG. Cf.Ay.Ioannis1.13and 1.17. 8. OINOCHOE (piafe 47). H. 14/Nearlycomplete. Thin fabric,micaceousred.Ellipticalhandle,discfoot with string-mark.Three grooves at base of neck. PGB-EG. 9. CUP (FIG. 56). H. 5.9. DR. 9. Three-quarters preserved.Single horizontalroundhandle. Blobs on rimand handle.PGB. 10. CUBOID. 9.2 X 8.8 X 6.6. One cornermissing. Cream wash. Solid, roughlysquared. On fourlong rectangularsides, two rows of fourdouble circles, bands above and below.On uppersquare side,three rowsof threesets,tracesof a thirdand thickercircle being visiblein the centralrow.Base undecorated. LPG PGB. 11. STIRRUP JAR, open mouth. H. 23.8. Spout brokenoff.Strap handles, low conical foot.Bands underrimand at base of neck,enclosingtwo crosshatchedtrianglesoppositespout. Shoulder:in front, two cross-hatchedtriangles,tripleconcave outline; two cross-hatchedlozenges opposite spout. Band between lines; three lines; band round foot. Ring roundspout,wavyverticalon each handle,band in rim.LPG. Cf.E no. 248. 12. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fk;. 57). H. 28.5. DR. 21.8. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Flattened handles.Painton rim,lip reserved.Two singlezigzags on shoulder.Body: A, two rosetteswithindouble
Ts. AD
5
centralmeanderwithperpendicular outline,flanking hatching; B, similar,but with rectilinearcable in centre,and stripsof singlezigzagsabove each rosette. Rosetteto L. ofA. has petalsin double outline;in all others,solidpetalswithoutline.Handlesfullypainted. PGB. Lid D 21willfit.SteleKontoleontos 410 pl. 194. 13. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fk;. 57). H. 39.3. DR. 35. Nearlycomplete.Deep orange-brownclay, paintblack outside,browninside.Round bucranium handles.Dark ground.A: two rowsof solid triangles pointingdownward,cross-hatched lozenges,hatched meander,tworowsofsolidtriangles pointingupwards. B: fiverowsof solid triangles,all pointingupwards. Singlezigzag zone roundfoot.Chevronsdowncentre ofbucraniumhandles.PGB. Op.cit.410 f.pl. 195. 14. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fk;. 58). H. c. 66. DR. 22.5. Five largefrs.preserving wholeprofile. Chocolate-greyclay,misfired;whiteand black grits; streakybrown-blackpaint. Groove on rim, round bucraniumhandles,ringfoot.Dark ground,bands at outer and inner edges of rim. Neck: four birds withfourgriddeddiagonalcrossesand four alternating cross-hatched each birdhas a janiformhead, triangles; triangularcross-hatchedbody,hatchedwingsabove and below,and fan tail. Shoulderzone dividedinto panels containing(i) cross-hatching, (ii) opposed solid dots in the field,largerdownward-pointing triangles, trianglesbelow,(iii) two singlezigzagsbetweenlines. Belly:griddedand checkedmeander.Handlesbarred. Band insiderim.PGB. Op.cit.409 pl. 192c. 15. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 58. DR. 20. Half preserved. Cream slip. Angular lip, strap handles,flatbase. Lightground:spaced bands, two diagonalcrosspanelson each handle.As Ay.IoannisI. 14.LPG. 16. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 17.4. Rim to belly.As D 15, but witha singleelongated crosson each handle.LPG. 17. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 18.Rim to belly.As D 15. LPG. 18. *BELL-KRATER. H. 33.5. D. c. 34. Two-thirds in the preserved.As D 5, exceptforminordifferences design:each set of circleshas a checkedcentre,and barsbetweenthesecondand thirdcirclesfrominside; onlyone band underthe handles;paint underbase. LPG. 19. *BELL-KRATER (fk;.57). PH. 33. D. 34. Rim to lowerbody.Thin creamwash. Shape as D 5. Band; eleven-fold concentric circles enclosing Maltese crosses,the two setsconnectedby row of alternating solidtriangles; band,twolines.Painton handles,band insiderim.LPG. Cf.Ay.Ioannis1.8. 20. CONICAL LID (fk;. 56). H. 12.3. D. 19.5. Half preserved. Knob as miniature pyxis, with single zigzag;band,lines,band. PGB.
6
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
21. CONICAL LID (fig. 56). H. 12.5. D. 26. Half Umbilicalknob,smallcircleon top.Bands; preserved. bars, spacedbillets.PGB. FitsD 12. Forknob oblique cf.G 9. 22. *KALATHOS-LID. D. 22. Rim and body frs., non-joining.Deep orange clay, chocolate paint. Everted lip, sharp ridge. Band at rim, traces of griddedzigzag;spacedbandsinside,groupsofbarson no. 133and E no 492. lip.PGB. Close to Payne 23. *KALATHOS-LID. Wall fr.Trace of gridded zigzag,singlezigzagbelow.PGB. 24. *KALATHOS-LID (fig. 56). H. 7.1. D. 18.6. Two-thirds preserved,rootof roundhandle. Everted lip, ridge.Outside: pendentwavyline betweensolid linesto base. Billetson rim,rough invertedtriangles, griddingunderbase,bandsinside.EG. 25. PYXIS (FIG. 58). H. 8.5. DR. 7.7. Nearly complete.Coffee-brownclay,on one side misfired darkgrey.Concave lip,twopairsof suspensionholes. Round handles,disc foot.Dark ground;singlezigzag panel.Band insiderim.LPG. 26. *PYXIS (fig.58). PH. 13. DR. 10. Rim to lower body. Vestigial everted lip. Lines and bands, intersectingtenfoldsemicircles,paint on handles. Band insiderim.LPG-PGB. 27. PYXIS (fig. 58). H. 9.6. DR. 8.6. Nearly surface.A smallerversion complete.Greenish-yellow ofD 26. LPG-PGB. 28. *PYXIS. H. 1i.i. DR. 8. Non-joiningfrs.butwith whole profile.As D 27 but the semicirclesdo not LPG-PGB. intersect. 29. OINOCHOE. H. 18.5.Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Straphandle,low conicalfoot.Painton lip. Band at base of neck,withgroupsof pendentlanguettes. Four bands below.Verticalline down handle. Paint underfoot.PGB. 30. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 9.6. Nearlycomplete. Cream slip. Round handle,concave base. Lines and
bands,pendentsolidtrianglesat handlelevel.Handle barred.PGB-EG. Cf.E no. 1376. 31. *OINOCHOE (FIG.58). PH. 17. Base to neck. Cream slip.Lightground.Shoulder:zone of hatched leaves. Spaced bands and lines, belly reserved. PGB-EG. Thickbarson handle. 32. *OINOCHOE (FIG.58). PH. 11. Neck to lower body, mouth missing. Greenish-yellowsurface. Sextuplecircles,band and lines.LPG. 33. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 9. Base to neck.Cream wash. Root of roundhandle,flatbase. Band on neck, flanksdipped.LPG PGB. Cf. Q4. 34. PEDESTALLED KANTHAROS (fig.56). H. 14. DR. 17. Half preserved.Fine orange-buff clay,small chestnut-brown grits,thicklustrousblackpaint.Strap handles, high conical foot with two ridges. Dark ground:hatchedmeanderpanel. Reservedline inside rim.AtticEG II-MG I. SteleKontoleontos 409 pl. 193a. 35. CUP (FIG.56). H. 5.8. D. 10.5. Nearlycomplete. Strap handle. Band, zigzag, lines to base, barred handle. Inside: deep band at rim, a few drops of spatterbelow.PGB. 36. *CUP. H. 6.4. Half. As D 35, but fullypainted inside.PGB. 37. *CUP. H. 6.3. Half.As D 36. PGB. 38. *CUP. H. 5.5. Half.As D 36. PGB. 39. CUP (FIG.56). H. 8. D. 12.8. Nearlycomplete. Strap handle; uneven disc foot with string-mark. Upper part dipped on each flank.LPG. Cf. E no. 1408. 40. *CUP. H. 8.5. Half.As D 39. LPG. 41. *CUP. H. 7.2. Half. Grittyorangeclay.Shape as D 39; rimonlydippedin paint.LPG. 42. CUP (FIG.56). H. 9.4. DR. 11. Three-quarters. Porousyellow-green clay.Straphandle,disc footwith string-mark. Dipped as D 39. PGB. 43. *CUP. H. 8. Half.Profileas D 39; double-reeded handle.No traceofpaint.LPG.
SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY BEAD (fig.157).H. 1.6.D. 2. Dh. 0.5. Badly cracked. Pale brown to mid brown-greyfabric. Depressed sphere. Incised pattern in three zones divided by lines: fringeof dashes eitherside of six domedcircles(impressed). slightly 2. BRONZE RIVET. L. 1.1.D. 0.15. Oxidised.From knifehaft?Perhapshead and uppershaftofsmallpin. 3. IRON SPEARHEAD fr(fig. 156;plate 269). Two pieces: (a) L. 11. W. 4.5. (b) L. 3.5. W. 3.5. Heavily oxidised; dirty.Part of mediumsized weapon with sharp angles at the join with the socket (which is lost).Shallowmidrib. completely FIBULA (fig.157;piate 268). L. 4.6. H. BRONZE 4. 2.6. Heavilyoxidised;crustypatina. In threepieces (springdetachedfromspringarm, pin fromspring).
on Evenlyshapedheavilyswollenbow,threemouldings asymmetric. Catch-plate springarm,twoon forearm. 5. BRONZE COIN. 6. BRONZE FLAKE. 1 X 1.4. Th. 0.1. Featureless. Fromtombfloor. 7. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 2.3. W. 0.6. Th. less than 0.1. Oxidised,in twopieces.Could be partof a ring, Tomb floor,underpot 1. flattened. 8. BRONZE fr.1.8 X 2. Featurelessfr.of thinsheet, oxidised.Fromtombfloor. 9. BRONZE SHEET OR STRIP frs.Seven frs.(four in two pieces each). Largest 2 X 1.6. Th. c. 0.1. Smallesti.i X 1.2.Th. c. 0.1. Possiblyall partofsame object.Fromtombfloor. D 10. 10. CLAY CUBOID. Cataloguedas pottery,
THE TEKE
SITE
Ts. D-F
7
Tomb E (figs. 2, 8, plate 6 c) Remainsof chamber:i.6o wide,0.58+ deep. H. 1.30.Dromos seen in sectiononly,0.80 wide. Chamberfloorwas 0.60 lowerthantheobserveddromos fragment. All thatremainedwas theback halfofthechamber.The tombwas foundwhenmuchofit and thedromos was dug awayin themechanicalexcavationofa foundation pitin thecentreof N of the circuit the Koiladhiplot. It was probablyorientatedESE-WNW; the chamberwas at theE end ofthedromos. Where observed,the dromos-ñil was hard, compact brownearth,with no sherds.The chamberwas fullofkouskouras fallenfromtheroof.A groupoftenLPG vasesremainedon the tombfloor,includingi, amphora,2, jug, 3, bell-krater withfigureddesign,4-55 7-95 bell6, 10, cups.In 3, as a secondaryburial,weretheunburntbonesofa girl,18-21years skyphoi, old. Otherunburntboneswerefound1.00awayfrom3, neartheNEwall,possiblyofa young male. The findsfromthistombhavealreadybeen fullypublishedbyL. H. Sackett,A newfigured kraterfromKnossos',BSA 71 (1976)117-50.Referenceto the figuredkrater3 is made below, pp. 370-1. Tomb F (figs. 2, 7, plate 6 d-e) L. 4.05.W. 1.15-1.25.Stomion: Lengthoverall:5.25.Dromos'. 1.15X c.0.15.Chamber:1.20 X 1.32, up to 0.60 high. The nearlyparallelsidesofthe dromos wereveryslightly undercut.The dromos rose0.80 in verticaldistancein fourshallowsteps,the firstat a mean angle of 8°, the secondat 40, the thirdat 8°, thelastat 160.The stepfromstomion to chamberwas 0.08 deep. The stomion was the had The chamber was in little wider vestigial, blocking disappeared. sub-rectangular plan, thanthedromos. The tomb was on the NE limitof the group of Teke tombs,N by W of T. D - the two chamberswere7.00 apart.The orientation was ESE-WNW; thechamberwas at theE end ofthe dromos.
The tomb was found aftera quantityof potteryappeared during the excavation of foundation pitsin theNEcorneroftheKoiladhiplot.It had been looted. Excavationof the dromos showedtherewas a depositof potterybetweenitsfarend and a line of stones1-2 courseshigh,1.80 towardsthe entrance,perhapsa blockingwall. On theE side of thiswall was a groupof PGB vases- 1, bell-krater withfigures, 2, coarse pithos,3, while was 1.00 further the near its S face.Between4 dromos, bell-skyphos, 4, bell-skyphos along and theentranceweresomesmallstonesand a largeboulder(0.50 long).In theentrancewere moresherds,one at leastbelongingto a vase of whicha fragment had been foundat the W end of the dromos. The chamberwas empty.It is not clear whetherthe dromos vases werein theiroriginalpositionas partoftheofferings fortheearliestknownburialin thechamber,or whethertheyhad been removedfromthechamberto makewayfora subsequentinterment. The contentsof the chamberhad been removedto the farend of the dromos by the robbers. Neithertheynor thosewho made thelatestburialshad entirely clearedthe dromos to itsrock floorand theyhad notonlyleftthebottomcoursesofa blockingwall in place,butthenearby fillup to 0.30 deep. dromos 1.00 NEoftheend ofthedromos was a roughlycirculardepression, 0.05-0.20 belowmodern surface.The originaldepthofthepitwas unknown,sincethevirginrocksurfacehad already been bulldozedforthe house foundations. The depression/grave-pit was seen to containthe
8
KNOSSOSTHE NORTHCEMETERY
skeletonofan equid. Subsequentstudyofthebonesby Miss SheilaghWall partlyarticulated revealed theremainsoftwohorsesand twodogs,showingthatthiscomplex (Mrs.Crowther) had originallycomprisedthe deliberateburialof horsesand dogs of the same kindas the muchbetterpreserved T.79 [infra). W of T. F was a pit withmuchanimalbone and some sherds.It was oval, 1.00 X 1.80 in vertical.StudybyMissWall plan,itsfloorslopingto 0.40 at theS; itsE and Wsideswerefairly in a of an ox of the bones showedtheycomprisedthe skeleton good stateof preservation, whichshe consideredmightwell be modern.The entirefeatureis therefore likelyto be of recentorigin. POTTERY (PLATE 48) 1. BELL-KRATER (fig. 59). H. 39. D. 37.5. Nearly surface,black complete.Red-brownclay,coffee-brown paint. Evertedrim,slopingoutwards;ridge below. bars on rim, and twenty seventeen, Groupsof fifteen, band down to ridge.On eitherside, two eleven-fold circles with cross in centre, flanking elaborate rectilinearcompositionsof alternatingmotifs:A, B, mainly mainlycheckpatternand cross-hatching; and combinationsof solid hourglasses cross-hatching and double axes withoutlines.Figuredscene,above the circles:A, a warriorlevelsa spearwithone hand and raisestheother;he wearsa crestedhelmet,and a short tunic with zigzag across the shoulder,and tasselledhem. Anotherspear has hit the back of a wild goat which tottersto the ground. To right,a a deer,and a large hound. B, a warrior marsh-bird, levels a spear with one hand, and with the other carriesa net shownas a griddedsquare; his dressis similarto thatof thewarrioron side A. Below,broad band and spaced lines,band at foot.Painton handle. Inside: band below rim,spatterbelow.MPG. AR 23 A, 70-3, (1977)15f.figs.34-5 and cover.IV Cret.Congr. pls. 13b, 14. 2. "'COARSE PITHOS. PH. 17. D. of base 16. Base and lower body. Gritty orange clay. Sharply PG. discfoot,veryunevenunderneath. articulated 3. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 59). H. 9.3. D. 9. Nearly complete.Round handles but veryuneven; conical footwithunevenridge.Dipped. LPG. 4. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 59). H. 8.5. D. 8. Nearly complete.Pale buffclay.Verticalwallturningabruptly towardshighconical foot,roundhandles.Dipped to below.LPG. Cf. E no. 435. lowerbody,trickle 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 18. Rim to shoulder,body and base frs.,non-joining.Red clay, thinbrown-black paint.Flat evertedlip, ridgebelow. horizontalhandle. Ring foot. of one round Stump Dark ground. Neck: groups of fourvertical bars. Shoulder: two narrow zones of dogtooth. Belly: a column circleswithMaltesecross,flanking sevenfold Painton rim,butnotinside.LPG. ofchevrons. 6. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 39. Nonjoining frs., giving whole profile. Single round
handles,ringfoot.Painton lip. Handle panels:A-C, hatchedverticalbattlementbetweenverticalcables withcentraldot; D, hatched meander above triple zigzag. Below,double axes and verticalbars; bands and lines.Strap handlesbarred,paint on horizontal handle.MG. By thesame hand as E no. 693. 7. *FOUR(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 32. Nonjoining frs.,rim to lower body. Inset rim,traces of roundhorizontalhandle,flatbase. Hatchedmeander onlyin handlepanel;bandsand lines.MG. 8. *TWO(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 22. Body fr. Red clay.Gross-hatched lozenges,hatchedmeander, horizontal S's; zone of triple white circles below. Bandsand lines.LG. Near to Paynenos. 19and 26. 9. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 35.6. Nonjoining frs.,base missing.Red clay,greycore, dull brown-blackpaint. Inset rim with reservedband. Band below shoulder with added white: single circles between lines. Handle zone: triple circles, dots withinthe outermostcirclewhichis thickened, various quatrefoil designs in the centre; to left, column withtwo arcaded tonguesand two rowsof lozenges. Body below fullypainted, with added whiteon belly:zone of singlecirclesbetweenlines; below each handle,threecolumnsof double circles betweengroupsof verticallines. Below,threesetsof reserved lines; the firsttwo sets are bordered by white lines, and between them is a zone of white double circlesbetweenwhitelines. Handles barred. EO. 10. *POLYGHROME PITHOS. Two bodyfrs.Thick whiteslip insideand outside.Traces of handlestump above. Sextuple circles,the outer circle thickened, blue and red; below,threeblue lines,one alternately red.O. 11. DOMED LID. Rim missing.Slightdepressionin centre.Three zones of runningspiral,band below. EG. Perhapsomphaloid,likeN7 and N8. 12. *DOMED LID. D. c. 18. Rim to near centre. Evertedrimwithcarination.Faint tracesof double circlesin white,on dullblackground.EO. 13. *TRAY. H. 2.1. D. c. 37.5. One third.Coffeebrownclay,dullblackpaint.End ofreflexhandle.Flat
THE TEKE SITE - Ts. F-G rim;grooveoutside,above flatbase. Bars on rim;solid paint outside;thickcircleson floorand underneath. LG-EO. 14. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.2. Body only.Trace of
Tomb
G (figs.
g
creamslip.Thick-walled.Stumpof handle;ringfoot. No trace of ornamenton shoulder.Four lines under handle;twolines;one lineabove foot.LG-EO. E 158, classIIB (iii).
2, 9-10,
plate
7 a-b)
Introduction
FindsfromtheBSA'sexcavationofthistombincludeda trenching toolofmodernappearance. Hence arose a suspicionthatthe areas exploredin 1976 belongedto a tombbroachedby excavatedbyDr. foreign occupyingsoldiersduringtheSecond WorldWar,and thenpromptly N. Platon,thenEphor of Antiquitiesin Crete- a tomb of whichthe preciselocationwas lost.Our suspicionwas confirmed whensherdsgatheredin 1976weretakento subsequently thereservesoftheHerakleionMuseumto be comparedwiththosefromPlaton'stomb.When severaljoins were noticedbetweenthe findsfromthe two excavations,Dr. S. Alexiou,then Ephor of Antiquitiesin centralCrete,kindlyagreed thatall the boxes of potteryfoundby Platonshouldbe temporarily transferred to the Stratigraphical Museumat Knossos,so that thepossibility ofmakingmorejoins could be explored.Duringthestudyseasonof 1979,sixty morevessels(here82-141) could be reconstituted. All materialfromthistomb,as fromthe otherTeketombs,is nowstoredin theHerakleionMuseum. During a visitto Knossos, ProfessorPlaton generouslyagreed thathis tomb shouldbe includedwiththeBSA'spublicationoftheotherTeke tombs.Workingfromhis notesin 1943 and fromour catalogueand photographs ofall thepottery(includingthenewlyreconstituted in Greekthe following detailedaccountof his excavation,conducted vessels),he contributed in difficult circumstances.His textappears here in EnglishtranslationpreparedbyJ. N. Coldstreamin consultation withR. J. Howell who thendirectedthe BSA's excavations.It is followedbyMr Howell'saccountofhisownexploration ofthetombin 1976. The 1943 Excavation
At theend ofJuly1943a Germanmilitary unitstationedin theneighbourhood ofTeke,with theirheadquartersin the house of Dr. EvanghelisHatzakiswhoseland commandeda view overthe main Herakleion-Knossosroad, constructed an anti-aircraft shelter.Its foundations weredug intosoftkouskouras rockat the footof the wall enclosingthe Teke PrimarySchool, situatedon a low riseexactlyat thecornerformedby themainroad to Knossosand thelane leadingeastwardstowardsthe localityKephali. Whilediggingthe galleriesof the shelterthe Germansoldierscame upon the dromoi and theedgesofthechambersoftwoPG-EG tombs, laterdesignatedwiththe lettersN and G duringthe excavationsby membersof the British School in 1976.The officers in commandof the unitinvitedme, as a representative of the GreekArchaeologicalService,to studythe chance findswhichthuscame to light,and to conductan inspectionof the site in order to establishthe characterand the date of the structures fromwhichthefindshad been collected.In theunit'sofficeI was showna groupof aboutfifteen vases,mainlypouringvesselsand hydriaiofmediumsize,a decoratedneckofa largeamphora,and a largequantityof sherds,all of the Geometricperiod.I asked the unit commanderthatthe antiquitieswhichhad been collectedshould be handed over to the
I0
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
HerakleionMuseum. He readilyagreed to do so, withthe exceptionof about fiveor six unbrokenpouringvesselswhichwereduplicates,whichhe wishedto keep as souvenirs.This ofthe was agreed,on conditionthatthesoldiersshouldallowand assistwiththeinvestigation a of the shelter. halt to the tomb,calling temporary digging An inspectionofthesite(FIGS.9, 10)establishedthatthegallerywhichled fromN to S into the shelterhad been openedwitha widthof c. 1.00 fromN-S,witha slightdownwardslope and endingin foursteps.The passage thenturneda rightangle towardthe SWon thelevel, and withapproximately thesame width.A littlewaybeyondtheturn,thetwowallsrevealed the sectionof the dromos of the tombwhichwas latercalled Tomb G, in the N wall at 1.10 above thepassagefloor,but in the S wall fromrightat thepassagefloor.In the S wall it was of the tombchamber.At thispointthe upper clearthatthe dromos had arrivedat the stomion levelin thefront partofthechamberhad been tunnelledoutbytheGermansoldiers;and the sunkwell,clearlyconstructed tombhad also been disturbednear the stomion by a vertically afterthechamberhad passed out ofuse. Sherdsremainedscatteredall overthe surrounding the Germans had begun to area. At a distance of 1.00 fromthe W flankof the stomion, anotherpassage-gallery ofthesamewidth,at rightanglesto themainshelter, construct clearly withthepurposeofusingitas an approachto themainshelter. Duringthediggingofthisfork theNWcornerofthetombchamberhad been cutawayand clearlyfromthisopeningsomeof disturbedfromthis the contentsof the tombhad been removed.The tombwas afterwards The Germanshad continuedthe main directionand also fromthe frontpartof the stomion. a secondexit,perhapstowards passagebeyondthe S fork;clearlytheiraim was to construct workwas stoppedin was laterbuilt.Duringthisinspection, thesidewherea woodenperíptero bothpassages. made in the entrancegalleryof the shelterwithitssteps,and from Fromthe observations a of ash descendinggentlyin thewallsofthepassage,it becameclearthatthe following layer of anothertomb,later called Tomb N. Clearlythe with the dromos had coincided gallery ran obliquelyin relationto theaxis oftheentrancegalleryoftheshelter. courseofthisdromos A littleway beyondthe stepsmanystoneshad been removed,whichclearlyhad come from Some of themremainedin situhighup in the cornerof the theblockingwall of the stomion. In at the the section corner,at a relatively highlevel- higherthanthe openinginto gallery. theentranceofthe othertomb- thereappeareda sectionofthe tombchamberwithpartof of whichothersherdswerescatteredon the floorof the passage.Clearlyit was itscontents, the entranceand the cornerof the feasible to excavatethistombwithoutdestroying not was therefore this excavation shelterpassage; postponed.(The chamberof Tomb N was of a when the foundations later buildingwerelaid near it,to the E of it,and cut recognised tookplace withthespecialpermissionof which excavation Also the subsequently throughit.) workon the under achieved was commander theunit greatpressuresinceit interrupted only a limited with half and a two It lasted of the shelter. personnel,namelyZacharias days digging of the foreman the of the chief Kanakisthe Museum,and thephylax Museum, draughtsman area. oftheKnossosarchaeological ofpotterythrownout withthesoil Beforeworkbegan,thediscardedsherdsand fragments had been scatteredover the shelter that as those well as were fromthe shelter collected, of Tomb N. and stomion dromos from the come had of them was clear that It many passages. it was reason for that and was collected thus vessels of The quantity fragmentary verylarge, were until of vessels and the number to determine difficult eventually they shape extremely mended. They could not be mended at the time since the Herakleion Museum and its The whole potterycollectedby the Germansclearly workshopwere not thenfunctioning.
THE TEKE
SITE
T. G
n
came fromthew partofTomb G, fromtheopeningwhichhad been createdthere.A smaller numberwouldhavecome fromtheupperlayerofthefrontpartofthechamber,and fromthe stomion. That would explainwhy,duringthe excavation,veryfewpots were foundin the W of the chamber,and also whysome ofthosefoundin the E partwerefoundincomplete, part and were later completedwithsherdsthrownout withthe earth and on the floorof the chamber. Few sherds came fromthe stomion which, as has been mentioned,had been disturbed thoroughly bythewellsunkfromabove.The tombfloorwas 0.40 above thelevelof thepassage.This indicatesa steepinclineforthe dromos, whosefloorwas 1.10above thelevel of thepassage on itsN side,as has been mentioned.It seemsverylikelythattherehad been threestepsin frontofthestomion, ofwhichtracesoftwoweredetected. From the plans of Tombs G and N which were prepared afterthe BritishSchool's the excavation,it emergedthatthe Germanshad changedtheirintentionof constructing mainchamberoftheshelterat theend oftheS fork, whichcutoffa smallpartofthechamber ofTomb G. They wereassistedby the existenceofthe tombchamber,and opened up (their) chamberwithitsfloorone metrelowerdown.They did notopen thisup to thefullextentof the tomb'schamber,the floorof whichwas thusleftat a higherlevel. At firstthe shelter chamberhad not yetbeen opened and consequentlyhad not damaged the contentsof the tomb.Moreoverit appearsthattheGermansdeepenedtheiroriginalpassage,sinceoriginally thechamberfloorofTomb G was found0.40 belowtheleveloftheshelterfloorwhichcutits I did not followthe workforthe completionof the shelter,and the conclusions dromos. itsfinalformcome onlyfromthedetailswhichemergedfromtheBritishSchool's concerning excavation. TheExcavationofTombG
Excavationbeganfromthetomb'sstomion, ofwhichtherightsidewas preservedto a widthof while the left had been cut off the well 0.50, by (FIG.9). The latterhad also encroachedslightly on thefrontpartofthechamber.Clearlyit had been vertically sunkat a periodlaterthanthe latestvases depositedin the stomion of the tomb.Sherdsof thesevases were collectedin the area. Owing to the restricted resourcesthenat upperfillof thewell and in the surrounding our disposaland theurgencyofthework,it was notfeasibleto clearthewellentirely. A little waydownthe sherdsceased. At a slightly deeperleveltherewas onlyan ironball, clearlyof Venetianor earlyTurkishdate,indicating therelatively latedate ofthewell. The chamberprovedto be ofhorseshoeor mushroomshape,2.80 wide on itsNWside,and not more than 2.10 deep. Because the confinedspace did not permitany easy view of the whole chamber,it was verydifficult to make an accurate generalplan. Neverthelessthe impressionwas given that the NE side of the chamber was relativelycontracted,and The w partof the NWside was 1.10long,and symmetrically placed in relationto the dromos. thatwhichsurvivedoftheE partaftertheopeningofthewellwas only0.25; thelengthofthe whole(NW)side did not exceed 2.80-2.90,takingaccountof the portionshavedoffat the W corner.The greaterpartof the roofhad collapsed,and a greatmass of kouskouras had fallen intothemiddleoftheWsideofthechamber.It was thusverydifficult to calculatetheoriginal itscurvature was detected,showingclearly height;towardstheback ofthechamber,however, thattheheightcannothavebeen verygreat. In thetombplan are markedthevasesfoundinsituduringtheexcavation.Theirpositionis shownonlyapproximately, sincetheconfinedspace did notallowa generalviewwhichwould have establishedthe relativepositionof the vases. Clearlycertainvesselshad alreadybeen removedbytheGermanworkmenfromthefrontpartofthetomb,and especiallyfromthew
I2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Mostofthecremationurnswerefoundsmashed,but partbeyondthefallenmassofkouskouras. theirfragments remainedinsituand werecollected.Because oftheurgencyoftheexcavation, aftermending.These notesproved onlygeneralnoteson thevaseswerekept,forrecognition in the end to be insufficient, sincethe piles of sherdsproducedmanyvesselssimilarto one another.Almostall the urnscontainedburntbones,manyofwhichhad been scatteredwith thecollapseof thevesselswhichcontainedthem.The largekraterH and thevase N (which appears to be a large amphora)containedno bones. Near or insidethe urnswere found smallerpots whichaccompaniedthe burials.Most were foundin the smallurn I. In cases wherethepotswerefoundeitherinsideor outsidethe urns,but had got mixedup withthe oftheurnswhenthelatterhad been broken,theirexactassociationis notcertain. fragments withfineshingle(tsaihi). The tombfloorhad been sprinkled The markingof the tombvases followsthe lettersof the Greekalphabet,but nevertheless theywereextractedin theordergivenbelow.By mistaketheletterH was givento twovases, thelargekraterand thelargeoinochoewithscale decoration;thelatteris nowmarkedHi. but its G 80 (HM 12149).Large pedestalledkrater.Brokeninto manyfragments, conicalfootremainedinsitu.Aboveitwerefoundfrs.ofa one-handledcup coatedin brownpaint and witha conical projectionon the base and lightdecorationinside. Near the kraterwas collecteda large and curiousbone of cylindricalshape. In the itappearsbrokenin two. photograph B= G 6-7 (HM 12074-5)Straight-sided pithosand conicallid. F= Gii (HM 12079)Smallnecklessovoidpithos. A= G 8-9 (HM 12076-7)Largenecklessovoidpithos,conicallid. Z = (Not mendedor photographed)Small pithosof coarse brownclay withdomed lid vase Hi fellintoit. brokenabovetheknob.The neckofthefollowing Hi = G 14 (HM 12082)Large oinochoe.Fromnear its neckwas collectedanothersmall decoratedoinochoefoundcomplete(?). Withinthespace ofHi was founda thickbase ofa vase witha centraldepression. A= G 10 (HM 12078)Small necklessovoidpithos.Near by was founda smallunbroken oinochoewithsimilardecoration,i.e. a zigzagpanel on theneck,bands and lineson bronzebowl which the body.5In frontof thisurn had been placed a hemispherical containeda clayvessel(S), wellpreserved.(The bronzebowlwas probablypreserved frs.) whole,and maynotbe thesameas thephotographed = Foundin frs.,partlymixedwiththefrs.ofB and F. M ?G 12 (HM 12080)(Butsee infra) Fromthedrawingit seems to identify. Not describedin theday-book,and so difficult a small urn. to be Hi, Z & M restedon stoneslabs. G 1 (HM 12069)Largeneck-handled ©= amphora. = K G 54 (HM 12123)Kalathos,behindamphora0. I= G 13 (HM 12081)Smallovoidpithos,ribbonhandles.It containedmanysmallvessels, well-preserved: relatively G 23 (HM 12092),oinochoe 1. G 26 (HM 12095),oinochoe 2.
H=
5 The onlyunbrokenoinochoeofthisdescription is G 22, HM 12091:JNC.
THE TEKE SITE
N=
T. G
13
3-6. G 27-30 (HM 12096-9);ofwhichG 29 HM 12098 is not certain.Ribbed oinochoai.One intact,a secondslightly damaged,a thirdlackingneck,a fourth lackinghandle. 7-10. PerhapsG 71, 74, 75 (HM 12140,12143,12144)and 130. Cups: one coatedin blackwitha hole in itsbase, anotherintact,but withpoorlypreservedpaint, twomorein frs. ?G 3 (HM 12071)Belly-handled amphora.Only the lowerpartwas foundin situ.It appearsto be the amphoraof whichthe Germansfoundthe decoratedneckin two withG 3 sinceno otherlargeamphorafromthe pieces.If so, it shouldbe identified tombhad a decoratedneckexceptforG 83 whichhas no base, and G 82 whoseneck bearsonlya narrowzone of trianglesand was smashedintomanyfrs.The amphora G 3 has a deeplyhollowed-out conicalfootwhichis describedin theday-book.
It seemsverylikelythattheotherlargeamphoraemendedfromfragments also came fromthe Wpartofthechamberwhichwas foundempty, i.e. G 2 (HM 12090),G 5 (HM 12073)and G 4 state:G 82 and G 83. (HM 12072).Two othersimilaramphoraewerefoundin a fragmentary Threemorecremationurnsweremendedfromfragments: G no (similarto A), G 105 with lid G 89,6 and G 12 (HM 12080?)withPG decoration.Perhapsbell-skyphoi likeG 77-9 (HM 12146-8)and G 122 constituted thecontentsofthisPG urn,as in othercomparableKnossian cemeteries. Perhapsthe positionof G 12 was in the SE corner,whereotherPG vesselswere also found.If theuse ofthetombbegan in thatcorner,thatwouldbe thesourceofotherPG vesselsliketheoinochoeG 92, thekalathoiG 54 (butG 54 = K above-JNC),55 and 90, the oinochoaiG 24-5, thejug-aryballoiG 107-09, the skyphoiG 41, 123-4 and 128 and the withreflexhandlesG 39, 42, 45-65 1067),117-9 and thepyxidesG 52-3. skyphoi It is not possibleto determinethe positionin the chamberand stomion of the otherlater vaseswhichwerecollectedwholeor in fragments and thenrestored.These include:thevery urnsG 84, 86-7, and 134; a groupofhemispherical fragmentary cupswithlow lip likethose foundin urnI (G 69, 70 72-3, 76, 130); cupswithbroaderstraphandleand moreonsetlip, somedecoratedbutmostfullycoated (G 58-9, 61-4, 131-2); themoreopen decoratedcup G 60; skyphoiwithmoreor less offsetlips G 40, 43-4, 48, 126; the skyphos125 witha zigzagpanel liketheurnsA and G no; the skyphosfrs.G 121 and 1275 also thejug G 68 and theincisedoinochoai138-40, and theotherribbedoinochoaiG 31-2 (?) (likeG 27-30 foundin the urn I); the oinochoai G 93-5; the frs.G 98, 100, 101, 103 and 104; the oinochoaiG 15-17, 20, 21; and thehydriaiG 33-5 and 137. It can be consideredalmostcertainthattheintactor almostintactoinochoaiand hydriaiG 16, 17 and 33-5 were among the vases collectedand handed overby the Germans,but I cannotremember whethertheoinochoeG 20 (HM 12089)was amongthem.This lastseems to be of the Orientalizingperiod; nevertheless its shape is derivedfromLG, to whichthis oinochoecould be assignedbecause of its double handle and itsband of decorationon the neck. It would thusbelong to the same stage as the oinochoe G 21, mended frommany The seriesofpouringvesselsand hydriaiwouldhavebeen foundin theWand front fragments. partsofthetombon theNWwhichweredisturbed bytheGermans.
()This is a pyxis- JNC.
7This is a pyxis- JNC.
!4
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
G 37 (HM Amongtheamphorae,G 38 was foundcomplete,butG 99 is onlya fragment. 12106)is a LM I A vesselofwhichhardlya quarteris preserved;itsdiscovery perhapsin the dromos earthdoes notpresenta seriousproblem,sincetherewereMinoan tombsin theTeke area. G ofanothersimilar, Othervasescollectedinsidethedoublevase G 49 and thefragments G dish G G the krater foot the 88 krater 112, 113, 135, withitslid G 136; thefragmentary (cf.G 51), thesmallconicallid G 67, and thetrayG 50. A fewpiecesofbronzevessels,from handles,lips,embossedwallsand bases,etc.,perhapsfellintotheNEcornerofthechamberof TombG fromthechamberofTombN whichhad been breachedat thispoint. TombG was usedfromPG timesuntilthebeginningoftheGeometricperiod. N. P. The 1976 Excavation
estimated0.67-0.60 Chamber 2.06 W. 1.06Stomion: ExtantL, overall:5.00 ExtantL ofDromos: X c. 2.20 3.15 Whatremainedofthedromos appearedto rise0.45 in verticaldistanceat an angleof 12.50. and N of which had been destroyed) side The stomion appearedto widenbetweendromos (the chamber.The surviving(s) jamb was unusuallydeep. A slightthresholdwithinthe stomion Its createda step0.10 downintothe chamber,whoseplan was roughly'mushroom'-shaped. floorwas strewnwithsand and smallpebbles.The chamberwall was preservedto a greatest H. of0.88. The tombwas part of the NE-SWline of chambertombsfoundin the Niotakisplotwas SE-NW,the chamberon the SWof T. N. The orientation N-G-H-J-L-K - immediately SE sideofthedromos. ofa bunkerbytroops The tombwas foundbychanceinJuly1943,duringtheconstruction at N. the late of the OccupyingPower,and was investigated Platon, thattimeEphor of by account of his work).Its Platon's of N. translation in Herakleion (see, supra, Antiquities at theNiotakisplot, was undertaken excavation when rescue in re-identified was 1976 position and was destroyed afterpartsof the sitehad been bulldozed,whentheNWend of the dromos some undetermined At was removed. had that it chamber roof of the the survived) (assuming time,a well-shafthad been sunk which passed throughthe frontpart of the chamber, frompotsonce in theprocess;itsfillcontainedsherds,apparently destroying partofthestomion in thechamber. fromthat closeto thestomion; One ofthegalleriesofthebunkerhad cutthroughthedromos in the stomion the destruction added to had which excavated had been gallerya smalldug-out had and tomb roofs of The chamber. and the frontof the collapsed, subsequently dug-out filleduntilthebulldozerbegan work. thoughtheareas belowmaynothave been completely The SWcornerofthechamberhad also been dug away,perhapsbyanotherdug-out.(The end - was founduprightat thesideofthiscutting.) ofa modernwoodenhandle- Pshovel offallenkouskouras of a block fillconsisted The dromos 0.32 thickwithred soil above.There close to thestomion, ofthedromos, in S wall the or mayhavebeen a smallside-chamber, niche, of the dug-outwas Some the had been for it gallery. mostlydestroyedby thoughevidence In thefill not uncovered. was chamber the below 1.00 at least floor, removed,thoughitsfloor, sherds a few and bronze of small as as well and weremodernsherds rubbish, fragments many into the had which of a corner T. from laterseento havefallen dug-out.Upright N, collapsed
THE TEKE SITE
T. G
15
againstthe NE side of the dug-outwas a wooden-handledshovel,witha heavyN European typeofpickaxehead at itsfeet. The soldiershad obviouslyremovedsome ofthecontentsofthechamberwhileexcavating theirdug-out;therestof thetombseemsto have been clearedsubsequently, sincepractically was found on its from a modern shovel and two of floor,apart nothing parts an ironfork.A of sherds found close to the of the chamber a fewscrapsof bronze and group edge (G 83) foundsomewayabove thefloormayhavebelongedto thetomb,f 1, smallbronzefragment, was on the remainingnarrowstripof floorbetweenthe dug-outand the NE edge of the chamber(in thisposition,of course,f 1 mighthave fallenfromT. N). A fewmoreflakesof bronzelayon theflooron theS sideofthechamber. POTTERY (PLATES 49-60) 1. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12069).H. 64. DR. 20. Partsof body restored.Angularoblique rim,slightridgebelow.Strap handles.Disc foot,the edge bevelled.Dark ground.Neck:A, centralhatched cross, columns of dotted lozenge to L., hatched lozengeto R., singlezigzagabove and below;B*, four horizontalstrips,the thirdof dottedlozenge,the rest of singlezigzag. Shoulder:large zigzag,spaces filled by hatched triangles. Bands and lines. On each handle, two panels with diagonal crosses, bars between.Band insiderim.EG. 2. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12070).H. 70. DR. 19. Footand partsofbodyrestored.Shape as G 4. Neck: reserved zone of checked triangles. Shoulder:checkedzigzag,band betweenlines.Belly: A, two tenfoldcircleswithcheckedcentre,flanking rectilinearpanel withthreehorizontalstrips:check, alternatingdiagonals,check; B*, similarcircles,but central panel with checked triangles,check, and checked triangles. Reserved area on lower body. Handlesbarred.Painton rim,just overlapping inside. EG. 3. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12071).H. 79. DR. 23. One handleand partsof neckand body restored.Pink-brownclay,black grits,buffsurface, lustrousblack paint. Evertedrim,slopingoutwards; ridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles.High ringfoot.Dark ground.Neck: quadruple zigzag, hatchedmeander, dogtooth(overone handlethemeanderis interrupted by a singlebattlement). Group of threereservedlines on shoulder.Belly: on both sides, two panels with sextuplecirclesalternatewiththreehatchedvertical meanders. Dogtooth strips above and below the circles,which enclose reservedcrosses. On B* the centralmeanderis flankedeitherside by columnsof single steep zigzag, and quadruple zigzag. All ornamentdrawnfreehand.Group of threereserved lineson lowerbody.Handles barred.Paintcontinues just insiderim.AtticMG I. Cf. Athens216,AJA44 (1940)pl. 23,3. 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12072).H. 68. DR. 17. One handle and partsof rimand body
restored.Evertedlip, slopingoutwards;ridgebelow. Bucraniumhandles. Ring foot.Dark ground,neck fullypainted,upper shoulderreserved.Belly:A, two setsof thirteen-fold and sixthcircles circles,the fifth enclosing a zone of bars; solid lozenges running betweenthe circles:doubleabove,and the following outline cable, hatched cable, double-outlinecable, solidlozengeswhichrununderthe R. circle;pendent hatched chevron to L. of L. circle. B, two sets of thirteen-foldcircles, the fourthand fifthcircles enclosingladderpattern;zones of bars runningabove and below; betweencircles,griddedlozenge chain, mill-sail, griddedlozengechain.In cornersofpattern, hatcheddiagonalabove,cross-hatched trianglebelow. Two curved stripeson handles. Groups of bars on rim,band inside.EG. 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (HM 12073).H. 70. DR. 19. Partsof bodyand neckrestored.Lip flat on top, shape otherwiseas G 4. Dark ground,neck fullypainted, upper shoulder reserved. Belly: A, hatched meander between check pattern;B, three sextuplecirclesenclosingbilletsand quintuplecircles, and encasedwithina hatchedcable; spaces filledwith lozenges and chevrons.Set of reservedlines below. Rim: groupsof fiveto eightbars,band inside.Three curvedstripeson handles.EG. 6. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (HM 12074). H. 58.5. DR. 22.5. Partsof body and handlesrestored. Cream slip.Verticallip,ridgebelow.Shoulderslightly convex in profile;sharp carination. Body convex above, concave below.Flat base. Double roundloop handles. Paint on lip and upper shoulder:hatched arcsabove and belowhorizontalladder;solidtriangles immediatelyabove carination.Body: massed scale patternof double arcs, band betweenlines,rowsof runningspiral, lines, band. Handles barred. Paint insiderim.EG. Cf. Hartley no. 10. UrnswithLids,112, pl. 14a. 7. CONICAL LID (HM 12075). H. 43. DR. 37. Slightlyrestored.Knob in the formof a miniature lekythoswith strap handle, conical and carinated body,and slightridgeat base. Sharp ridgesabove and
ï6
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
below concave stem; two opposed holes below, perhaps for firing.Tall profile, slightlyconvex. band insiderim,zigzagbetweenlines Lekythos-knob; on neck, hatched outlinedtrianglesand zigzag on shoulder.Stem: solid triangles,solid lozenges,bars. Band and lines, net patternwithhatched arcs, net patternwithsinglearcs,band. EG. WithpithosG 6. Urnswith Lids,112,pl. 14b. 8. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12076).H. 62. DR. 21. Nearly complete; small patches of design restored.Large whiteand greygrits,buffslip. Inset lip, two holes close together.Twin loop handles, flattened. Ring foot.Painton lip. Dark ground.Tall singlebattlementabove and below main panels: A, elaborateverticalmeanderin centre,flankedeither side bybold zigzag,squareofmassedrunningspirals, bold zigzag,and cross-hatched lozenges;outerframe of bold zigzag above and below, double zigzag at eitherside. B, centralcolumn of mill-sail,flanked eitherside by double zigzag,huge rosettein double outline (petals hatched to L., solid to R.) with swastikasas cornerfill;outerframeof double zigzag aboveand below,cross-hatched lozengesbetweenbold zigzagsat eitherside.Handlesbarred.Bandsand lines on lowerbody.EG. GGP239 ff.pl. 52 a; GG 99 fig.31 a. 9. CONICAL LID (HM 12077).PH. 9. D. 27. Partly at rim. restored,knobbrokenoff.Curvingin slightly One ridge under break, hole through stem immediatelybelow. Dark ground: horizontal S's withmill-sail.EG. WithpithosG 8. alternating 10. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM clay,a little 12078).H. 23.1. Complete.Orange-buff brownmica,tracesofpolishedsurface,semi-lustrous black paint. Short insetlip, sloping inwards.Twin loop handles, round. Ring foot. Dark ground: reservedhandlepanels withquadruplezigzag,bands and lines. Curved stripes on handles. PGB-EG, Atticizing. 11. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12079). H. 20.4. DR. 10.7. Nearly complete.Black grits,tracesof creamwash. Concave insetlip, rising inwards.Twin loop handles,round.Ring foot.Dark ground.Panels:A, meanderbetweensinglezigzags;B, threequadruplecircles,checkedcentres.Bands and linesbelow.Handlesbarred.EG. 12. SMALL NECKED PITHOS (HM 12080).H. 25. DR. 14.2.Nearlycomplete,partsofshoulderrestored. Greygrits,creamslip.Squared rim,flaton top; ridge below neck. Round handles. Base slightlyconvex underneath,and withoutany sharp edge. Band on neckand above base. Belly:twoquintuplesemicircles each side,enclosing(A) twosolidtriangles, twice,and threesolid triangles;three (B) two reservedtriangles, bandsbelow.Painton handles.Groupsofbarson rim, band insidewitha fewspattered dropsbelow.EG.
13. SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (HM 12081). H. 29.8. DR. 12.5. Parts of body restored. Creamslip.Insetlip,ridgeon shoulder.Straphandles. Ring foot,circulargrooveunderneath.Dark ground: reservedline round lip, bars above ridge. Handle zones: mill-sail,some diagonalscurved;lines,paintto base. Handles: solid triangles, pointingalternately up and down.EG. 14. OINOCHOE (HM 12082).H. 64.5. Partsofbody restored.Straphandle,anglebelowrim,ridgeat base ofneck.Two bosseson frontofshoulder.Low conical foot. Opposed hatched trianglesbelow rim. Neck: vertical panels with complex meander at centre, flankedby columnsof cross-hatchedlozenges,and scale pattern.Bars above ridge. Net patternfrom shoulderto belly,paintbelow.Handlesbarred.EG. 15. OINOCHOE (HM 12083).H. 40.5. Mouth and partsof neckand bodyrestored.Broad straphandle, broad and low ringfoot.Neck; millsailwithcurved diagonals; above and below,double runningspiral, hatchedwithineach loop. Shoulder: pendentsolid triangles, dotted double zigzag. Belly: complex meanderwithperpendicularhatching,double dotted zigzag; paint to base. Handle: chevronsbetween verticallines.EG. 16. OINOCHOE (HM 12084). H. c. 38. Neck and partoffootrestored.Creamwash.Straphandle.High conical foot.Shoulder:scale patternof double arcs. Belly:cable filledwithbillets;paintto base. Handle: and bars.PGB. columnsofbars,chevrons, 17. OINOCHOE (HM 12085).H. c. 30. Mouth and neckrestored.Straphandle,low conicalfoot.Massed runningspiralson shoulderand belly,also on base of neck;paintbelow.Handle barred.EG. 18. OINOCHOE (HM 12087).H. 25. Partsof body and mouthrestored.Orange-buff clay,mottledredblack paint. Strap handle, ringfoot.Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag in neck panel; bands and lines. V 1,pl. 74 Handle barred.AtticMG I. Cf. Kerameikos no. 1253. 19. OINOCHOE (HM 12088).H. 27.5.Partsofbody and mouthrestored.Fabricas G 18 but withbrown grits.Quintuplezigzagon neck;shape and decoration as G 18. AtticMG I. otherwise 20. OINOCHOE (HM 12089). H. 23.3. Complete. Broad trefoillip, round handle,flatbase. Shoulder: arcaded tonguesbetweenbars. Handle: threebars at upper and lower attachments,three verticallines between.Otherwisefullypainted. Paint inside rim. fromtombG; v.p. 13.)O. Cf.F. no. 1524. (Notcertainly 21. OINOCHOE (HM 12090).H. 34. Lip and parts of handle and body restored.Semi-lustrousblack paint. Holes on neck and strap handle, indicating a ancientrepair.Ridge on shoulder,ribbedimitating under Reserved foot. low conical lip. pomegranate, Neck: diagonal bars, gridded zigzag, tall single
THE TEKE SITE battlement.Shoulder: bars above ridge,downwardzigzag.Nine ribspaintedwith pointingsolidtriangles, a varietyof patterns:stackedarcs, 'tree of life'with spiralcurls,net of verticaland horizontaldouble or triplearcs.Below,paintto base. Handle barred.EG. 22. OINOCHOE (HM 12091).H. 15.7.Partofmouth restored.Orange-buff black paint. clay,semi-lustrous Strap handle, ring foot. Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag on neck,set of reservedlineson belly.Handle barred.AtticMG I. 23. OINOCHOE (HM 12092). H. 12.1. Complete. Cream wash. Round handle attached inside rim. Concave base withstring-mark. Lightground.Paint on rim. Shoulder: pendent solid triangles,crosshatching;linesto base. Handle barred.PGB. 24. OlkoCHOE (HM 12093). H. 10.8. Complete. Strap handle,flatbase. Lightground.Paint on lip, wavyline on neck.Shoulder:cross-hatched triangles, verticalbarsjoiningapicesto band above.Band,lines, band. Handle barred.PGB. 25. JUG-ARYBALLOS (HM 12094). H- 8.1. Complete. Strap handle, flat base. Dark ground. Reservedlineson belly,handlebarred.EG. 26. LEKYTHOS (HM 12095). H. 8.8. Nearly complete.Round handle,concave base. Painton lip, wavyline on neck.Lightground.Detached dogtooth on shoulder;band,lines,band. Handle barred.EG. 27. OINOCHOE (HM 12096). H. 13.3. Complete. Deep red clay,much silvermica, unpainted.Round handleattachedinsiderim,disc foot.Twelvegrooves on neck, ten near-verticalribs applied to body. PGB-EG. Cf. F. nos.473, 1046. 28. OINOCHOE (HM 12097). H. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fabricand shape as G 27. Fifteengrooves on neck,tenverticalribson body.PGB-EG. 29. *OINOCHOE (HM 12098). H. c. 13. Most of mouth restored.As G 27 but with round handle, fourteen EG. grooves,nineverticalribs.PGB--30. *OINOCHOE (HM 12099). H. c. 12. Mouth, As G 27. PGB-EG. neck,and handlerestored. 31. OINOCHOE (HM 12100). H. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fabric as G 27. Round handle,disc foot. Fourlightgroovesat base ofneck.Sixteenribsapplied to body,somevertical, mostcurvingto right.PGB-EG. 32. *OINOCHOE (HM 12101). H. '. 13. Mouth, handle,and mostof neckrestored.As G 31, butwith fifteen ribs.PGB-EG. 33. HYDRIA (HM 12102).H. c. 27.7.Mouth,handle, and most of neck restored, otherwise complete. Cream slip. Verticalstraphandle, horizontalround handles,low conical foot.Massed runningspiralson neck and shoulder,detached gridded chevronson belly,painton lowerbody.Barredhandles.EG. 34. HYDRIA (HM 12103).H. c. 24.8. Mouthand top of neck restored.Cream slip. Handles as G 33, flat base. Gridded ladders on neck, massed running
T. G
17
spirals on most of body, lines and band below. Handlesbarred.EG. 35. HYDRIA (HM 12104).H. 25.8. Part of lip and one horizontalhandlerestored.Cream slip.Shape as G 33. Diagonal barson lip.Spiralhooks,one zone on neck,threeon shoulder.Blank bellyzone, lines and paint below.Bars on verticalhandle,otherspainted. Band insiderim.EG. 36. HYDRIA (HM 12105).H. 18.2. Most of mouth restored.Handles as G 33, disc foot.Spaced bands, cross-hatched triangleson shoulder,bracketson belly bothsides.Painton horizontalhandles,wavyline on verticalhandle.Thickband insiderim.LPG. 37. OVAL-MOUTHED JAR (HM 12106).H. 21.5. Base missing,much of body restored. Traces of burnished surface. Strap handles. Paint on rim. Barred handles,loops round theirroots.Shoulder: detachedirisblooms.Belly:widelyspaced columnsof threeopposed spiralhooks,stipplingin between.LM II. UrnswithLids,114,pl. 14c. AMPHORISKOS (HM 38. NECK-HANDLED 12107).H. 7.6. Complete.Straphandlesto rim,rough base withstring-mark. Unpainted.PGB-EG. 39. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12108).H. 15. DR. 22. Parts of body restored.Large black and white grits,cream wash. Shape as G 115; two rounded reflexhandles,fourconcentricgroovesunder base. Dark ground.Pendentarcsin handlezone; bandsand lines.Barredhandles.Reservedon upper lip surface, band inside;interior otherwise unpainted.PGB. 40. SKYPHOS (HM 12109)(fig.60). H. 9. DR. 15.8. Half rimand one handle restored.Fine orange-buff black paint. Offsetlip, ringfoot. clay,semi-lustrous Reservedline insideand outsiderim,reservedcircle on floor,otherwise fullypainted.AtticMG. 41. SKYPHOS (HM 12110) (ik;. 60). H. 10.5. DR. 14.3. Part of lip restored.Offsetlip, base slightly concave. Groups of bars on rim. Diagonal bars in reservedhandle panel, reservedlines below.Handles and interior fullypainted.PGB-EG. 42. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12111). H. 15. DR. 20. Parts of body restored.Cream wash. Flat rim, groovebelow.Round handles.Three circularridges underbase. Pendentsolid triangles,lines and bands. Handlesbarred.Band insiderim,spatterbelow.PGB. 43. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (HM 12112).H. 8.8. DR. 16. Partsof rim,handles,and body restored.Brown clay.Flat rim,groove,and carination.Strap handles, concavebase. Fullypainted.EG. 44. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (HM 12113). H. 10. DR. 18. Partsof rim,body,and base restored.Clay wash. Hat rim, groove, and carination. Reflex round handles,concave base. Small pendentarcs in handle zone, bands and lines. Bars on handles,continuous bars on rim. Inside, bands in rim and lower body, spatterelsewhere.EG.
!8
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
45. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12114). H. 15.3. DR. 21. One handle and parts of rim and body restored. Large black and white grits, cream wash. Short everted lip, flat on top; groove, carination. Round reflex handles. Four concentric grooves under base. Single-line battlement in handle zone, bands and lines. Barred handles. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB-EG. 46. SHALLOW KRATER (HM 12115). H. 14. DR. 20.5. Parts of rim and body restored. Cream wash. Short vertical lip, flat on top; sloping shoulder, with carination. Round reflexhandles. Ring foot. Oblique bars on shoulder and between handles, bands and lines. Barred handles. Band inside rim, no paint below. PGB-EG. (HM 12116). H. 9.9. DR. 13.2. 47. SKYPHOS Complete. Lip less articulated than G 41. Round handles, disc foot. Zigzag in reserved handle panel, bands and lines, paint overlapping under base. Handles and interiorfullypainted. PGB-EG. (HM 12117). H. 5.4. DR. 9.8. One 48. SKYPHOS handle restored.Poorly articulatedlip, flattenedround handles, flatbase. Fully coated. EG. STRAIGHT-SIDED DOUBLE 49. COARSE PYXIS (HM 12118). H. 13.4. DR. 6.6. Two handles and much of one mouth restored. Gritty red clay, some mica, thick walls. Round handles with knobs. Vertical lips, sharp carination at shoulders, flat bases. No interconnectionbetween the two bodies. Traces of horizontal lines in added white. PGB-EG. 50. SMALL TRAY (HM 12119). H. 2.5. D. 13. Complete. White and brown grits.Thick-walled. Rim rounded on top, to which two reflex lug handles are attached; two holes pierced vertically through each handle. Unpainted. PGB. 51. SMALL LID (HM 12120). H. 5.7. D. 14.7. Twothirds. Cream wash. Rim flat underneath, groove above. Band, lines; bars under rim,band inside. PGB. 52. PYXIS (HM 12121).H. 13. DR. 10. Parts of body restored.Short everted lip, two diametricallyopposed suspension holes. Base uneven and slightlyconcave. Dark ground, two zones of verticalbars. PGB. 53. PYXIS (HM 12122) (fig. 60). H. 10. DR. 9. Complete. Cream wash. Round handles, disc foot. Dark ground; panels between handles, A, crosshatched triangles, B, single zigzag. Paint on rim. PGB-EG. (HM 12123). H. 7.6. D. 22. 54. KALATHOS-LID Parts restored. Cream wash. Everted rim, convex body, high disc foot, flattened round handles. Quadruple zigzag in handle zone, bands and lines; Maltese cross under base. Paint on handles. Bands on lip and inside. EG. (HM 12124). H. 7.8. D. 22.5. 55. KALATHOS-LID Parts restored. Cream wash, uneven surface. Everted lip, concave body, flat base, round handles. Solid
CEMETERY
triangles with outline, bands. No paint under base. Paint on handles. Band inside rim, no paint below. PGB. (HM 12125). H. 8. D. 19.5. 56. KALATHOS-LID Cream wash. Everted concave lip, Nearly complete. ridge below. Concave body, round handles. Band, eight-foldpendent semicircles,bands; no paint under base. Paint on handles. Groups of bars on flat rim, bands inside. LPG. Cf. F. nos. 358, 1018. 57. SMALL CONICAL LID (HM 12126). H. 6. D. 7.6. Nearly complete. Squared rim. Three zones of oblique bars. PGB-EG. Cf. E no. 508. 58. CUP (HM 12127). H. 10. 1. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Elliptical rim, strap handle attached inside, flatbase with string-mark.Fully coated. PGB-EG. 59. CUP (HM 12128) (fig. 60). H. 9.5. DR. 12.6. Handle and part of rim restored. Strap handle attached inside rim. Short offsetlip, flat base with string-mark.Fully coated. PGB-EG. 60. CUP (HM 12129) (fig. 60). H. 6.1. DR. 8.5. Part of rim restored. Cream slip. Strap handle, concave base. Reserved panel: three rows of dots. Handle: Four vertical lines, bars above and below. Otherwise fully coated. EG. 61. CUP (HM 12130). H. 7.2. DR. 8- 11. Nearly complete. Elliptical rim. Fully coated. PGB-EG. 62. CUP (HM 12131). H. 7.2. DR. 9.4-1 1.4. Nearly complete. As G 61. PGB-EG. 63. CUP (HM 12132). H. 7.2. DR. 10.7-12. Nearly complete. As G 61. PGB-EG. 64. SMALL CUP (HM 12133). H. 4.1. DR. 6.1. Complete. Hard orange-brown clay, white grits,fully coated in brown paint. Concave offsetlip, flattened round handle attached inside. Flat base with stringmark. PGB-EG. 65. CUP (HM 12134). H. 8.8. DR. 11.6. Complete. As G 66. LPG. 66. CUP (HM 12135)(FIG. 60). H. 8.2. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Flattened handle attached inside rim, rough base with string-mark. Front dipped in red-brown paint. LPG. 67. CUP (HM 12136) (FIG. 60). H. 7.2. D. 12.4. Complete. Shallower than G 66. Each flank dipped in black paint, down to lower body. LPG. 68. SMALL JUG (HM 12137)(fig. 60). H. 7.5. DR. 6. Complete, burning on rim opposite handle. Gritty orange-red clay, some mica. Round handle, rough base, unpainted, six grooves on neck. PG-EG. 69. *CUP (HM 12138). H. 5.5. DR. 9. Nearly complete. As G 71. Attic MG I. 70. *CUP (HM 12139). H. 5.2. DR. 9.3. Part of rim restored. On handle, diagonal cross between bars; otherwiseas G 71. Attic MG I. 71. CUP (HM 12140) (FIG. 60). H. 5.4. DR. 8.8. Parts of lip and base restored. Fine orange-buffclay, a little mica, chestnut-browngrits,lustrousblack paint. Short
THE TEKE SITE - T. G offsetlip, strap handle, flat base. Handle barred; reservedline inside and outside lip, small reserved circleon floor,no paint under base; otherwisefully coated.AtticMG I. 72. *CUP (HM 12141). H. 5.2. DR. 9. Nearly complete.As G 70. AtticMG I. 73. *CUP (HM 12142).H. 4.5. DR. 9.5. Complete.As G 70, butcrosson handlemoreelongated.AtticMG I. 74. CUP (HM 12143)(FIG.60). H. 5. DR. 9.4. Nearly AtticMG I. complete.As G 71 butshallower. 75. CUP (HM 12144).H. 5.1. DR. 9.5. Complete.As G 74. AtticMG I. 76. *CUP (HM 12145).H. 5.4. DR. 9.2. Partsof rim and bodyrestored. As G 71. AtticMG I. 77. BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12146)(11c;.60). H. 11. DR. 10.6.Much ofrimrestored.Round handles,high conicalfootwithirregular paring.Paintdownto lower body,and all overinside.PGB. 78. BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12147).H. 9.1. D. 9.7. Complete. Micaceous red-brownclay,black paint. Roundhandles,low conicalfoot.Paintas G 77. PGB. 79. *BELL-SKYPHOS (HM 12148)(fig. 60). H. 9.1. D. 7.8. Complete. Lower body more rounded, otherwise as G 77. PGB. 80. PEDESTALLED KRATER (HM 12149).H. 69. DR. 49. Partsofrim,handles,body,and footrestored. Many largewhiteand greygrits,especiallyin handles and foot; cream slip. Thickened rim, flat on top; concavelip,offset. Bucraniumhandlesattachedto rim by verticalstraps,each strapflankedby roundcoils whichcurveoutwardsand followtherimat theupper attachments. Eightribson thestembelow.Continuous barson rim,painton neck.Main panels:A, columnof multiplezigzag at either side, complex meanders above and below,framing thefollowing centraldesign: hatcheddiagonal cross,each arm endingin a spiral hook with cross-hatchingin the field,flanked by millsail,verticalmeander,and millsail;B, columnof meanderat eitherside,horizontalmeanderand thick thefollowing central zigzagabove and below,framing design:fourspiralcrossesas on A, the fieldfilledby and nets of diagonal check pattern,cross-hatching, solid and outlinedlozenges.Paint below,interrupted onlyby quintuplezigzag roundfoot.Handles: setsof fourbars separatingdouble axes and hour-glasses on the straps,horizontalbars alternating alternately; withverticallines,and diagonalstrokeson the round coils. Below the handles, panel of thick zigzag. Arcadedrosettesin cornersbetweenstrapsand main panels,petalshatchedon one side,solidon theother. EG. GGPpi 52 D. 81. Vacat. 82. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fkì. 61). H. 66.5. DR. 22.5. Parts of body and neck restored. Shape as G 5. Neck fullypainted,upper shoulders reserved.Belly:A, (FIG.61), two largesextuplecircles
ig
enclosingbilletsand triplecircles,largedotsat centre; in between, net of hatched double arcs enclosing hatchedtrianglesor lozenges,the cornersfilledwith zigzag or complex triangles.B, two rows of seven quintuple circles in hatched cables, the innermost circlesthickened;at leftoflowerrow,semicircles only; small solid trianglesin intersticesabove and below, hatchedwave patternalong centre.Bands and lines below. Groups of bars on rim,band inside.Curved stripeson handles.EG, bysame hand as G 5. 83. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 51. DR. 23. Rim to lowerbody.Orange-brown clay,largeredbrowngrits,lustrousbrown-black paint. Shape as G 3. Dark ground.Neck: meander,betweenzones of double axes with vertical bars. Belly: two octuple circles in square panels, alternating with three columnsof M pattern;the circlesenclose a double crosswithchevronsin quadrants;dot rosettesin the panel corners.Same designon bothsides.Aboveand below,zones of double axes withverticalbars. Bands and lines on lower body. Handles: bars between curvedstripes.AtticMG I. 84. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 40. DR. 14.5. Frs.,rimto lowerbody.Large whitegrits,creamslip. Thickened rim,leaning inwardsand slightlyoffset; roundhandles,plumpovoidbody.Continuousbarson rim,band below. Massed runningspiralsin handle panels,band and lines,largesinglespiral,solid paint on lowerbody.Handlesbarred,paintinsiderim.EG. 85. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 37. DR. c. 16. Three-quarterspreserved.White and browngrits, cream slip. Rising concave lip, bucraniumhandles, ringfoot.Dark ground.Meanderabove cross-hatched lozenges in all four panels; meander below, interrupted onlyby paint underbucrania(to lefton withirregularfilling).Bands and reverse,battlement lines.All handlesbarred.MG, early. 86. *PITHOS fr.,belly.PH. 16. Bands and lines. Similarto G 85. MG. 87. *PITHOS fr.,base. DB. 14.Cream slip.Flat base. Bands and lines. (Wall frs.of several more similar pithoi.)MG. 88. *SMALL LID. H. 6.3. D. c. 13.5. Two-thirds preserved.Flat top, squared rim,suspensionhole; Lines all over,thickbars on rim,band hemispherical. inside.PGB/EG. As G 51 butdeeper. 89. SMALL LID (plate 60; fig. 61). H. 6.6. D. 10.6. Nearly complete. Tall conical shape, truncated biconicalknob.Gear patternabove rim,billets,lines. PGB. FitsthepyxisG 105. 90. *KALATHOS-LID (fig.61). H. 7.2. D. 20.4. Half preserved. Red paint. Concave everted lip with carination.Roots of roundhandles.Flat base. Band, griddedzigzag,lines,band,checkpatternunderbase. Handles painted.No paintinside.PGB. Cf. Payneno. !33-
20
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
91. *KALATHOS-LID (fig.61).PH. 3.8. D. c. 15.Rim fr.Gentlyevertedlip,flatabove.Band,opposedrowsof diagonals,twozones of zigzagwithchevronfill.Bars on rim,twospacedbandsinside.LPG. Cf.E no. 485. 92. OINOCHOE orJUG. PH. 10. Bodyonly.Small browngrits,cream slip. Uneven surface.Flat base. Lightground:quadruple circleson shoulder,band, spacedgroupsoflines.LPG. 93. OINOCHOE. PH. 31. Most of body preserved, mouthand neck missing.Cream slip. Strap handle, low conical foot.Trace of multiplezigzag on neck. Shoulder:quintuplezigzag,chevronsin spaces below. Three zones of diagonal crosses and verticalbars. Belly: interlockingtriangleshatched in alternate directions. Paintbelow.Handle barred.MG, early. frs.ofbody, 94. OINOCHOE. PH. c. 26. Non-joining neckand mouthmissing.Cream wash. Straphandle, ovoidbody,conicalfoot.Shoulder:opposedtriangles, two zones of oblique lines,slopingto cross-hatched; leftand rightrespectively; millsail;oblique lines as above. Paintbelow.Verticallines down handle,bars acrosscentralpart.PGB. 95. *OINOCHOE (fig. 61). H. c. 26.5. ThreeThin fabric; quarterspreserved;base fr.non-joining. orange-redclay,greycore, some mica, mottledred paint. Strap handle, ring foot. Dark ground. Quadruple zigzag in neck panel; bands and lines. Handle barred.AtticMG I. 96. *OINOCHOE (fig. 61). PH. of main fr.10.8. Non-joiningfrs.of lip, neck,handle,and shoulderto base. Burnt grey clay, brown-blackpaint, soapy surface.Straphandle,ringfoot.Dark ground.Triple zigzag on neck; squat body withone set of reserved lines.Handle barred.AtticMG I. 97. ♦OINOCHOE. PH. 9.5. Neck and shoulder. Fabricas G 95. Straphandle,barred;triplezigzagin neckpanel.(Frs.ofat leasteightmore,as G 96 and G 97.) AtticMG I. 98. OINOCHOE. PH. 8. Neck fr.Small whitegrits, cream slip. Ridge at junction with shoulder.Dots, sigmas,obliquebars;dotson ridge.MG. 99. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 11.2.Neck and shoulder,mouthmissing.Fabricas G 98. Ridge below rim.Strap handles.Neck: A, meanderand B, battlement, both with perpendicular hatching, carelesslyexecuted. Handles barred, with central panelofthreeverticallines.MG. 100. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 8.6. Neck fr.,mouthmissing.Fabricas G 98. Neck panel: MG. meander,perpendicular hatching. 101. HYDRIA. PH. 21.5. Half preserved, neck Creamwash.Fr.ofverticalstraphandle,nonmissing. joining; roundhorizontalhandles,low conical foot. Scales on shoulder; two zones of vertical bars in spaced groups;stackof threechevrons,spaced; lines, paintbelow.All handlesbarred.PGB.
102. HYDRIA. PH. 13.Neckto body,mouthmissing. Attachmentof verticalstraphandle,rootsof round horizontalhandles.Neck: two zones of singlezigzag. Shoulder: three zones of oblique bars, leaning in alternatedirections.Belly:traceof chevronsas on G 101. Handle barred.Paintinsideneck.EG. 103. HYDRIA (?). Frs.,mouthto belly.Cream wash. Verticallip, flaringneck.No handlespreserved.Bars on lip. Massed spirals,separatedby singlelines,on neck, shoulder,and belly; lines below. Two bands insiderimand neck.EG. 104. JUGLET. PH. 7. Rim to lowerbody.Hard red clay,browngrits.Strap handle attachedoutsiderim. Sets of three lines alternatingwith dots, handle barred.EG. 105. PYXIS (fig. 61). PH. 8. DR. 8.2. Upper part. Inset concave rim,two suspensionholes,no handle. Solid triangles,single zigzag, check pattern,single zigzag.PGB -EG. The lid G 89 fits. 106. PYXIS. H. 10. Three-quarterspreserved.Pale orangeclay flaking;fainttrace of decorationin thin blackpaint.Flat lip,slightcarinationat shoulder, ring foot.The onlyvisibledecorationis a zone of hatched obliquebarson shoulder.PGB-EG. 107. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.5. Base to shoulder. CrossThick fabric.Concave base withstring-mark. on shoulder, hatchedtriangles lines,paint.EG. 108. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 7.8. Neck and body; mouthand base missing.Straphandleattachedinside rimand risingabove it. Wavylineson neck,gridded chevronon shoulder,band, lines. Handle barred. PGB. Cf. 0,40. 109. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 5. Upper part. Strap handle attachedinside rim. Neck unpainted,crosson shoulder.S on handle.EG. hatchedtriangles no. *SMALL TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 61). H. 21.3.DR. c. 13.Almostcomplete.Orange-redclay, brown-blackpaint. Inset lip, slopinginwards,twin loop handles, ring foot. Decoration as G 10. PGB EG. in. BIRD ASKOS. PH. 6. PL. 9. Rear part. Pinkbrownclay,yellowcore; creamslip.Partsofbodyand tail; rim preserved on one flank. Trace of some attachmentat tail. Feet missing.Wheel-made and squashed. Oblique strokes, thin meander with hatching, paintbelow.EG. perpendicular 112. "KRATER (FIG.62). PH. 12.8. DR. c. 30. Pale brown-black buffclay,pinkcore,fugitive paint.Roots ofstirruphandle,flatrim,slightridgebelowlip. Dark ground;reservedpanel withmeander.EG. Perhaps pedestalled. 113. PEDESTALLED KRATER. PH. 12. DB. 16.2. Pedestalonly.Evertedbase, two slightridgesabove. Bandsand lines.No painton floorofbowl.EG. 114. CAULDRON-KRATER (fig. 62). H. 19.5.DR. preserved.Cream slip.Flat rim,slight 17.Two-thirds
THE ÏEKE ridge below, stronglycarinated shoulder. Round reflex horizontal handles, flat base. Gridded ladder pattern, vertical bars at handle level, bands and lines. Handles barred. Band inside rim, spatterbelow. PGB EG. 115. ^SHALLOW KRATER (fk;. 62). H. 15.3. DR. 27. Two-thirdspreserved. Cream slip. Deeply concave lip, ridge below. Round handles, flatbase. Four sets of sextuple pendent semicircles each side; bands and lines. Thick bars on handle. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB. 116. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. PH. 8. DR. c. 19. Two frs., upper part. Cream slip. Rim slopes outwards. Concave lip and carination, reflex handles. Bars on rim. Quadruple semicircles, alternately standing and pendent; band, lines. Handles barred. Band inside rim,a fewdrops below. EG. (fk;. 62). H. 16.8. DR. 117. CAULDRON-KRATER c. 19. Two-thirdspreserved. Red core, cream slip. Flat rim, concave lip with carination, reflex handles, concentric grooves under base. Pendent arcs in three zones, band, lines, two zones of standing arcs, lines, band. Handles barred. Band inside rim, spatterbelow. (Frs. of two more, with similar decoration.) PGB EG. 118. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 10.3. DR. 16.5. Three-quarters preserved. Fabric as G 117. Offsetlip, round handles, slightlyconcave base. Band, lines, pendent arcs; bands and lines. Handles painted. Reserved inside rim,band and spatterbelow. EG. 119. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.8. DR. 18.8. Non-joining frs.with complete profile.Fabric as G 117. Offset lip, reflex handles, flat base. Bars on rim, band, pendent arcs; lines, band. Thick bars on upper surface of handle, line below. Thick band inside lower body. EG. 120. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.7. DR. 14.6. Base to shoulder. Mottled red-black paint. Offset lip, traces of reflexhandles, concave base. Decoration as G 119, but no bars on lip. Band inside lip. EG. 121. *SMALL CAULDRON-KRATER (fk;. 63). PH. 8.8. DR. c. 18. Rim to lower body. Red-brown clay, white grits,cream slip. Flat rim, straightshoulder with carination below, reflexhandles. Band, lines, running spiral, bands and lines. Thick bars on handles, band inside rim. PGB EG. 122. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 10.4. D. 9.5. Two-thirdspreserved. Conical foot. Dipped to below handles. Incised cross under foot. PGB. 123. SKYPHOS (FIG. 63). H. 9.2. DR. 15. Fine orange-brown clay, lustrous red-black paint. Sharply offset lip, round handles, high ring foot. Band, fourteen-foldinterlockingpendent semicircles, paint below; daub over handles. Inside: reserved line under rim, reserved circle on floor. Euboean SubPG III. Semicircle Eumousia, 26, fig. 2. Kearsley, The Pendent[BIGS Supp. 44, 1989) 40 fig.21 a. Skyphos 124. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 9.3. DR. 15.9. Frs.,
SITE
T. G
2I
with whole profile.Soft orange-brown clay, red paint. Shape as G 123. Band, fourteen-fold interlocking pendent semicircles, paint below and on handles. Interior as G 123. (Frs. of four more similar skyphoi.) Euboean SubPG III. Eumousia,23, fig.3. R. Kearsley, op. cit.40 fig.21 b. 125. SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 6.6. DR. 14. Half preserved. Red clay, grey core, mottled red-black paint; thin fabric. Offset concave lip, round handles, low ring foot. Lines on lip, reserved panel of quadruple zigzag, paint to base and on handles. Reserved band inside lip with groups of bars drawn freehand. EG. 126. SKYPHOS. H. 9. DR. 16. Nearly complete. Soft buffclay, red-black paint. Concave offsetlip, round handles, disc foot. Reserved under handles, and outside and inside lip; otherwise fullycoated. (Frs. of six more, similar.)EG. 127. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). PH. 8.4. DR. 12. Two frs., base missing. Tall concave lip curving into shoulder; round handle. Line on lip, reserved panel of diagonal S's; paint on handles. Reserved line inside rim. MG. 128. SKYPHOS (fk;. 63). H. 8.7. DR. c. 12. Threequarters preserved. Hard red clay, white grits. Shape as G 127, base slightly concave. Decoration worn: lines on lip, reservedpanel of thicksingle zigzag, paint below with two reserved lines. Paint on handle. Reserved line inside rim. PGB-EG. 129. *CUP. H. 7.6. DR. c. 11.5. Two-thirdspreserved, handle missing.As G 67. (Frs. of three more, similar.) LPG. 130. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 5.2. DR. c. 10.5. Threequarters preserved. Fine orange-red clay, semilustrousblack paint. Short everted lip, not offset;strap handle, concave base. Handle barred, reserved line inside rim, otherwise fully coated. (Frs. of fourteen more, similar.)Attic MG. 131. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 7.9. DR. 11.5. Nearly complete. Thin-walled; thick strap handle attached inside short offsetlip. Rough base with string-mark. Fully coated. PGB- EG. 132. *CUP (fk;. 63). H. 8.1. DR. 11.7. Nearly complete. As G 131 but with thicker fabric. (Frs. of fivemore, similar.)PGB EG. 133. SMALL CUP. H. 4.8. DR. 7. Handle missing. Brown grits.Concave lip, slightlyoffset;concave base. Unpainted. EG. 134. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS (fk;. 62). PH. 15.5. DR. 18.5. Frs. of upper part. Hard orange-brown clay,large brown grits,cream slip. Offsetneck, groove below; round handles, six grooves at handle level. EG. PYXIS. PH. 135. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED 9.5. DR. 7.5. Rim to body, roots of one rising handle. Fabric and shape as G 49, possibly fromdouble vase. PGB EG. 136. *SMALL COARSE LID. H. 3.3. D. 10. Two-
22
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
thirdspreserved.Grittypurple-redclay,some mica, smoothed.Low conical shape, rootsof straphandle acrosstop,lid turneddownwards.WillfitG 1355but theclayis different. PGB-EG. 137. COARSE HYDRIA (fig. 64). H. 16.1.Most of neck and one horizontalhandle missing.Grittyand micaceousredclay,wellsmoothed.All handlesround; disc foot.Incised foliatebands,one at base of neck, twoon shoulderamongthreegrooves.PGB-EG. 138. COARSE OINOCHOE (fig. 64). H. 13.5. Half preserved,withhandle roots.Fabric as G 137. Broad neck, round handle, disc foot.Foliate bands betweengroovesat base of neck and on shoulder. PGB-EG.
139. COARSE OINOCHOE (fig. 64). H. 14. Onelowerneckmissing.Fabricand shape thirdpreserved, as G 138. Incised decoration on shoulder: foliate band,threegroovesbelow.PGB- EG. 140. COARSE JUG. PH. 7.5. Upperpart.Thin gritty orange clay,some mica, smoothed.Handle rounded inside,fiatoutside,and attachedinside rim. Three groovesat base ofneck.PGB-EG. 141. COARSE TRIPOD BASIN (fig. 62). H. 19.8. DR. 27. Much of body and one leg restored.Gritty red clay,some mica,wellsmoothed;verythickfabric. Two lug handles below lip; ridge and carinationat handlelevel,withinciseddiagonalbars between.Flat base,flattened tripodfeet.PGB EG.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL frs.(fig. 156; PLATE269). D. (restored)20. H. (restored)5. Non-joiningfrs.of rim/walland base. Raised from disc casting.Thick, angular lip. Horizontal band of rilling outside below lip. Simple traced horizontalguilloche band below lip inside. Trace of figureddesign below guilloche band (illegible). Base fr. decorated inside with a many-petalled rosette, the centre lightlyembossed, the petals traced. 2. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (fig. 156). D. 16. H. c. 6.5. Nearly three-quartersof the rim, about halfthewall. Distorted.Raised fromplain disc casting.Sharplyprofiledlip. Stringhole pierced in belowlip.Plain. wallimmediately 3. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (fig. 156). rimand one thirdwall D. 16. H. 6.2. Aboutone fifth Raised fromplaindisccasting.Fairlyangular survives. lip.Plain. 4. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 156; plate 269). H. 9.5. Handle H. 4.8. Handle W 7. Handle and part of neck of narrow mouthed vessel with swinging handle mounted on rim. Flat, hammered strip workedto shape for handle, terminalshammered to round section and bent backwards on - threaded througha hole on a small themselves risesabove the completelyplain lip. Cf. that tongue 285.f34. 5. BRONZE LOTUS-HANDLED SQUAT JUG fr. (FIG. 156; PLATE268). Handle W. 7. H. 5.8. Two non-joiningfrs.of handle and a non-joiningrim Five largedomed rivetheads on and neckfragment. the inside of the mouthwithinthe handle span of *which only the two outer in factsecure the handle to the vessel. Fairlylow reliefon what remainsof the lotus ornament. Made by investmentcasting (lostwax)? 6. REMAINS OF BRONZE CAULDRON (fig. 156; PLATE268). Handles L. 10.7. H. 2. Th. 1.6. Many
body fragmentsof a very thin-walledvessel fitted forswing with two horizontalhandle-attachments handles (lost). Probably plain-lipped and round based. An elderly vessel at the time of burial as numerous tinkered patches. Original shape irrecoverable. 7. BRONZE LOTUS-HANDLED SQUAT JUG fr. (FIG. 156; PLATE269). H. 4.8. W. 0.75. Handle fr., brokenaway top and bottom;trace of round lower attachment.Probably to be seen as tripartite,but tracedverticaldivisionsratherthan the originalwax cartoonhavingbeen made of threeroundbars laid sidebyside.A roughishpiece. 8. BRONZE PHIALE fr.(fig. 156; plate 268). 7.1 X 6.8. Floor fr.of reeded phiale (includingcentre). Three joining pieces of vessel raised froma disc casting; reeding hammered. Omphalos not pronounced; the reeding radiates from the omphalos.Could belongto same vesselas thephiale rimfg. 9. BRONZE PHIALE frs.(FIG.156).(Largest)4.5 X 1.7.Nine pieces,all rim.Reedingterminalsrelatively verybroad (1.2).Rim shape suggeststhe shallow,flatbased variety.Could belong to same vessel as the phialefloorfB. 10. BRONZE BOWL frs.L. 13. Two joining rim pieces, much distorted,seem to belong to a bowl distinctfromÍ2 and £3. There are six other rim whichcould belong to Í2 and fj, or this fragments piece- or stillother(s). 11. CLAY LOOM-WEIGHT (fig. 188). H. 5.6. W base 3.6, top 1 X 0.8, Dh. 0.7. Chipped on side and base. Pale brownfabric,some smallstone.Pyramidal, four-sided. 12. CLAY LOOM-WEIGHT. H. 4.5. W base 3.7. X 3.5, top 1.6 X 1.25,Dh. 0.4. Battered,top missing. four-sided. fabric.Pyramidal, Brown-red 13. STONE frs.includingobsidianpieces (five)and marble/limestone (four)up to L. 7.
THE TEKE SITE
Ts. G-H
23
Tomb H (figs. 2, 8, plate 7 c-e) ExtantL. overall3.30 Dromos: extantL. 2.28 W. 0.80-1.18 (at thestomiori) Stomion: 0.72 X c. 0.37 Chamber:1.06 X 0.85. MaximumextantH. 0.57. The NWend ofthe dromos was lost.The dromos wallswerepreservedup to 0.12. The dromos floordescended0.04 vertically fromthestomion as faras itwas preservedat a mean angleofc. wereeccentricand irregular. Therewas a shallowstepup 50. The jambs oftheshallowstomion fromthedromos to thestomion varying0.09-0.12in height.A largeporosblockingslab 0.74 X X 0.48 0.20 lay in the entranceto the chamber,displacedand tiltinginwardsat an angle of 61° fromthe vertical.The roofof the small oval chamberwas lost. The floor,whichwas coveredin coarsesand and smallpebbleswas c. 2.70 belowmodernsurface.A relatively large in plan, had been cut intothe W face of the dromos, 1.62wide, side-chamber, sub-rectangular 0.92-0.71deep fromN-S. Its w wall stood0.34 high;itsfloorwas 0.07-0.12above the dromos floor. The tombwas in the middleof the NE-SWline of chambertombson the Niotakisplot it fromits fellows,and it was set (N-G-H-J-L- K). Its SSE-NNWorientationdistinguished further intotheslopeofthehill.The chamberwas at theSE end ofthedromos. The tombwas foundin investigating theplotaftera bulldozerhad been at work.This work and removed the chamber roof. The tomb had destroyedthe NNWend of the dromos, been looted. previously and chamberpointedto looting.There were Large sherdsscatteredin the area of dromos in stone slabs the dromos which came from thechamberblocking,concentrated nearthe large stomion. while One, of squaredporos (0.47 X 0.25 X o.10) was NWof the main slab [supra), another,to the W,had been squared on one side only.On top of the W end of the largest of a cup, 2, oinochoe,3, werefurther N. lid, 1. Fragments blockingstonewas a fragmentary E of were of main the stone. There was a scatter of sherds Largepieces 4, pithos-urn, blocking and someburntbone in thechamberat thelevelofthetop oftheblockingstone.At thesame levelweretwoseparatedhalvesof a glassbead, £2. Near the centrewerethreefragments of ironpins(fj); Í4, 5, ironpins,werein the same level.Underthesherd-scatter was a layerof soil withfewersherds;here was f65 ironfragment c. 0.05 below the otheriron.There was anothergroupofsherdsand burntbonejust above thefloor.Two lids,5, 6, wereon thefloor on thew sideofthechamber. In theNWcorneroftheside-chamber was a pile offourstones,perhapspartoftheblocking wallofthemainchamber.Otherwise, a fewsmallsherds,a fragment ofan incisedstoneobject above the and a reddish-black brick floor, small,partlyfired, (fi) 0.15 (0.18 X o .12 X 0.035) across the were the finds. lying step only POTTERY (PLATES 6 12) 1. '"CONICAL LID (FKJ.64). H. 13.8. D. 20. Nearly concave,rimturninginward. complete.Knob slightly White on dark: circles on knob, band and lines, detachedgroup of quadruple chevron,two zones of triplecircles.EO. Cf. E no. 776. 2. *CUP (FIG.64). PH. 7.2. DR. 11.2. Rim to near base: handle, non-joining.Deep orange clay,some polishinginside and out. S-profile,hemispherical; straphandle.Unpainted.LM III? 3. OINOCHOE. H. 19.7. Two-thirdspreserved. Polished surface, thin brown paint. Slight ridge
between neck and shoulder,double-rolledhandle, concavebase. Bands at base of neck.On each flank, large triple circle enclosing various zones: A, six wheels,quadruple circle,billets,double circle with centraldot; B, tracesofarcadedrosette.Band at base. Paint on handle and rim. LG EO, Creto-Cypriot type. 4. *TWO(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 39. DR. c. 18. Body fr.,base missing;rimfr.,non-joining.Inset rim,rootsof horizontalhandle. Decorationin white on dark: at handle level, columns of triplecircles
24
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
beside ladder,zones of triplecircles betweenlines aboveand below.Lowerbody:bandsand lines,always borderedbywhitelines;twogroupsof whitelineson solidpaintbelow.EO. 5. DOMED LID (fig. 64). H. 3.8. D. 14.7. Nearly complete.Slightnippleat top,gentlyevertedlip,two suspensionholes. White on dark: tongues,double A 48 and A 51. circles.EO. Cf.Atsalenio 6. "'CONICAL LID (fig.64). H. 10.9.D. 20.5. Nearly complete. Conical knob, concave on top. Knob: circles enclosing cross with dotted chevrons in quadrants. Bands and lines, fainttraces of white doublecircleson twolowestbands.LG, late. 7. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 16. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, ringfoot.Dark ground. Handle panels,similaron each side:(i) sextuplezigzag (quintuple on B); (ii) tongues with midrib,zigzag below,flankedby diagonal crosseswithchevronfill; (iii)thinhatchedleaves,flankedbycrossesas (ii).Each panel flankedby columnof fourwhitedoublecircles. Bands and lines below, the upper two bands with whitedoublecircles.Painton handles.LG. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.2. DR. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, disc foot.Dark ground. Panels:A, triplezigzag,lozengechainin tripleoutline withdoublechevronsoutside,hatchedbattlement; B, pointedtongues,lozengechain in tripleoutlinewith single chevrons and dots outside, double axes withopposedverticalarcsand hatchingin alternating between;C, triplezigzag,solid leaves,double zigzag, hatchedbattlement; D, doublezigzag,lozengesas in B but in double outline, hatched battlement.White doublecircleson band below,and in columnsflanking horizontalhandles. Bands and lines on belly and lowerbody,paint on horizontalhandles; on straps, diagonal cross between bars, double zigzag below roots.Band insiderim.LG, late.Cf. E nos.691,831. 9. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 31.5. DR. 16. Base missing.Inset lip, painted. Handle panels: jewellerypattern,composed of fourdouble dotted lozengeswithconcavesidesenclosedwithina chainof arcs; pairs of double circlesattachedto apices above and below.Bandsand lines;painton handles.EO. 10. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.3. DR. c. 15. Handles and part of rim missing.Inset lip, rising above shoulder;ringfoot.Paint on lip. Band, lines reinforcedin white. Panels: two hatched leaves alternatingwithstackedW's; tongueswithmidrib, double axe to left,hourglassto right;each whole panel framedon threesides by whitedouble circled betweenwhitelines.Bands and linesbelow,the two in white.LG. Cf. E uppermostsetsoflinesreinforced no. 781. 11. CUP (FIG.64). H. 5.7. DR. 7.2. Half preserved, on base. Fullycoated.LG. handlemissing. String-mark 12. *DOMED LID (FIG.64). H. 4.8. D. c. 18. One-
thirdpreserved.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:octopus, 29, lozengechain,double circled.LG/EO. Reflexions, fig.2.3. UrnswithLids,119,fig.14. 13. *LEKANIS. H. c. 7.5. DR. 19. Three non-joining frs.Hard orangeclay withgreycore,polishedinside and out.Shape similarto H 14. Unpainted.O. 14. LEKANIS (fig.64). H. 7.2. D. 22. Three-quarters preserved.Soft pale orange clay,brownand white grits.Lug handlesat rim,piercedwithtwosuspension holes.Evertedlip,flatbase. Unpainted.O. 15. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS (hg. 64). H. c. frs.ofmouthand 11.Neck to lowerbody,non-joining base. Orange-brownclay,coveredin dull red-brown paint; decorationin mattgrey-black.Surfacebadly pitted.Flaringlip, ridgeon neck,two roundhandles fromridgeto shoulder.Globular body,base slightly concave. Band under rim,horizontallines on neck. Two verticallineson each handle.Quadruplecircles on shoulder,one set in centre,two adjacent sets to each side. Belly:fourlines,reservedzone, one band. No painton lowerbody.CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984, 128,no. 17. 16. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.8. Half preserved,neck missing.Polished.Strap handle,flatbase. Groupsof linesabove and belowbelly.Handle barred.LG-EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 17. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.2. Nearlycomplete.Polished. Straphandle,flatbase. Unpainted.MG. E 158,class II D.
18. LEKYTHOS. PH. 8. Upper half.White grits. Round handle,neck ridge.Lines on rim,ridge,and base of neck;handlebarred.Shoulder:singlezigzag, single-outlineleaves. Three lines above and below belly.LG. 19. ARYBALLOS. H. c. 7. Frs.ofmouthwithhandle, shoulderto belly,and base. Strap handle,flatbase. Badlyworn.Lineson neck,barson handle.Shoulder: reservedpanel of quadruple zigzag. Groups of lines below.Band insiderim.LG. 20. *ARYBALLOS. H. c. 8.5. Non-joiningfrs.Strap handle,flatbase. Verticallineson handle.Body:three lines,one line,band at base. EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 21. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.5. Upper half.Straphandle. Neck and handlepainted;fourlinesabove and below belly,the outerlinesthickened.EO. E 158,class II B (iii);cf.no. 883. 22. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.2. Shoulder to base. Polished.Flatbase. Unpainted.LG. E 158,classII D. 23. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.8. Base missing,surface worn.Strap handle.Traces of linesabove and below belly.LG/EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 24. CUP (fig. 64). H. 6. DR. c. 6.8. Half preserved. Roughbase, straphandle.Dark groundwithreserved panel: two singlezigzags.Handle: bars and diagonal cross.EO. Forshapecf.F. no. 1130. 25. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5. Mouth to belly. Strap
THE TEKE SITE handle. Bands on neck. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles on double outline. Lines, paint below. Verticallineson handle.Two linesinsidelip. M--LG. E 158,classII C. 26. ARYBALLOS. PH. 4. Shoulder to base. Strap handle,flatbase. Shouldertrianglesas H 25, lines, paintbelow;handlebarred.M-LG. E 158,classII C. 27. *CUP. DR. c. 8.4. Rim and shoulder.Offsetlip, carinatedshoulder.Wavy line on lip, rough zigzag panel on shoulder.M-LG. 28. *CUP. DR. c. 8. Frs., rim to belly.Lip gently sidesdippedin paint.PGB. Cf.D 42. offset, 29. *ARYBALLOS. H. c. 9.3. Frs. Strap handle,flat base. Band underlip, two lines on neck,threelines above and below belly. Handle barred. Two lines insidelip.LG-EO. E 158,classII B (iii). 30. *CUP. Rim and body frs.Trace of ringfootand straphandle.Shape similarto H 11. Fullycoated. 31. *LEKANIS (fig. 64). H. 3.8. D. 13.6. Grittyand micaceous orange clay. Evertedrim,groovebelow; flatbase. Double lug handles,each projectionpierced. Incisedzigzaginsiderim.O. 32. NECK- HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 11.Rim and bodyfrs.Creamslip.Groupsofbarson rim.Dark ground:neckpanel notpreserved.Shoulder:diagonal crossesand verticalbars.Bands and lines.Band inside rim.LG. Cf. Payneno. 69; E no. 663. 33. *OINOCHOE (?). PH. 4.8. Neck fr. Tall battlement in single outline. From tall-necked
Ts. H-J
25
pouringvesselas G 17 or 21. EG. Motifas on belly ofG 8. no lip. 34. *SMALL CUP DR. 5. Rimfr.Hemispherical, 35. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 7.5. Rim and body frs.Cream slip. Dark ground.Bands and lines.Band insiderim.MG-LG. 36. *FOUR-HANDLED POLYCHROME PITHOS. Worn frs.of rim, handles, body, and flaringfoot. Almost all decoration obliterated. Traces of the zones: (i) below rim,whitearcaded tongues following on red ground;(ii) blue lozengechain in tripleoutline on red ground,quartered,each quartercontaining smallwhitelozenge;(iii)sextupleredcircleswithsolid centreon whiteground,blue linesabove and below; (iv) on whiteground,blue tongueswithdouble red outline enclosing red dots. Narrower intervening all zones in solidredbetweenblue lines.Not certainly fromthesamevessel.O. 37. *DOMED POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 16. Worn frs.No decorationpreserved.O. WouldfitH 36. 38. *LEKYTHOS (?). PH. 7. Neck and handle,much worn.Tall neck,straphandleto mouth;hole pierced throughsolid top. Bars on handle; large vertical chevronsbetweenlineson neck.EG. 39. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. c. 19. Neck and base frs.Many greygrits,creamslip insideand out. Root of verticalstraphandle attachedto neck. Flat base, ridge above. Stamped circles on handle and neck, borderedbypin-pricks.
SMALL FINDS 1. MINIATURE LIMESTONE ALTAR (?) (fk;. 185: PLATE303). H. 6. W. 5.5. Th. 2. Chipped,partof top missing,generallyworn. Softwhite.Face has handdrawnmotif(horse?foot/leg); sidesplain;top,a linear scratched pattern surface; base with two square protrudingfeet; reverse, with buttons and lost projectionat base, carriesscratchedpatternofbird(?) head. 2. GLASS BEAD. Sub-spherical(fk;. 157).D. 1.5 1.6. L. 1.3. Dh. 0.6. Pale green transparent,withsome goldsurfacecorrosion.LG/EO. 3. IRON PINS (fk;. 157;platk 269). L. of group4.5.
Individualpins (muchof shaftslost)withdisc heads, traceoffinial,bulbbelowhead. 4. IRON PIN fr(fk;. 157;plate 269). L. 3.7. Head D. 1.2. Much oxidized, most of shaftlost. Disc head, perhaps with finial; indistincttraces of mouldings below.Copious clothremains. 5. IRON PIN (?) fr.L. 2.8. W. (of accretion) 1.8. Perhaps lower shaftof pin and a mass of accretion amongwhichare copiousclothremains. 6. IRON PIN (?) fr.L. 3.8. W. 1. Much oxidized.Part of the shaftsof two pins adhering by oxidization. Largepatchofclothremains.
TOMBj (FIGS. 2, 11, PLATE 8) ExtantL. overall:3.06 Dromos: extantL. 1.64W. 1.06 Stomion: 1. 00 wide,0.47 deep Chamber: 1.95 X 1.16 Chamberwall preservedup to 0.90. Chamber floor2.00-3.00 below modern surface. Whatwas preservedofthedromos was irregular. The floorrosea verticaldistanceofc. 0.20 at a mean angle of 50. The stomion was evidently damagedsincetherewas a jamb c. 0.45 on theS side,none on theN; therewereno blockingstones.An irregularly cut step0.14 highled
26
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
downfromstomion to chamber.The sub-rectangular chamberwas unevenlycut.The chamber floorslopeddownfromdoor to back wall,moresteeplyin thefront, levellingofftowardsthe back. In the E cornerwas a roughlysquaredstonestand0.33 X 0.28 X 0.11,one cornerof whichhad been roundedto fitthechambercorner. The tombwas near the middleof the NE-SWline of chambertombson the Niotakisplot was SE-NW,thechamberon theE sideofthedromos. (N-G- H-J-L-K). Itsorientation The tombwas foundafterthemechanicalclearanceofthebuildingplot.Its upperpartwas removedby the machine,slightly damagingtwo of the vesselsstillupright.It was otherwise itscontentsinsitu. undisturbed, near itspresentmouth,was a bronzepin fragment, Justoutsidethe dromos^ fi3, perhaps Fromsherdsfoundflatand troddenintothe dromos floor partofthe originaltombfurniture. thekantharos56 was recomposed.In thechamber,on thestonestandin the E corner{supra) was an EPG coarsepithos,2, highenoughforitsrimto havebeen damagedbythemachine. - a swept-upinhumationof a woman of c. 22 It containedthe remainsof two interments at the top of the urn,partof the skull,withmaxillaand mandibledetachedand including, towards theside.Beneathwas thecremationofa female,probablyunder30. On the displaced SE side of the skullwere two pieces of a bronzedresspin, laterfoundto have been silverplated,£3.Justunderthe mandiblewas a gold pin,fj, itspair £7was a littlelower,on the othersideoftheurn.Slightly on thesame side,was a roundedstonepellet£5;closerto higher, the skullwas a rockcrystalbead, f6. Among the cremationwas a miniaturerockcrystal doubleaxe, £8, an amethyst bead, £9, a LM III B steatitesealstone,fio and, lowestof all, a burnt.A carnelianbead, fi2, was foundwhentheurn bone pierced plaque, fu, apparently contents weresieved. The unburntremainsperhapsbelongedto an earlierburialwhichwas sweptup and placed in 2, on topofthecremation.Possiblythegravegoodsin theurn,exceptfu, belongedto this secondaryburial, even if some of themhad workedtheirway to the upper level of the cremation. Perhaps,too,thekalathos53, in theWcornerofthechamberbehindtheamphora in thedromos and the 4, (supra) belongedto theearlierburial. fragments In the middle of the chamber,at the back, was the MPG amphora 1 with,inside it, of a MPG stirrup-jar 55, evidentlyplaced as a stopperin i's mouth.In the W fragments vases cornerwas thelargeEPG amphora4, an amphoriskos 3, in itsmouth.The remaining werearrangedbetweenthesethreelargevases(1, 2, 4), roundtheedge ofthechamber.Near theS wallwas theMPG amphora55 betweenitand 1 werean amphoriskos 65 an oinochoe8, witha cup 39), former nested a lid 10, skyphoi11, 15 (the 7, 16, pyxides9, 13, stirrup-jars and cups 12, 14. E ofthese,partlyunder15 and behind1, claybeads (£2)werescatteredin two lines. One, withplainerbeads, was close to the wall; the other,withmore decorative beads,to the W,thoughthisincludedsome plain beads and one of glass.Othersweremore that widelyscatteredto theNEand in thecentre.The twolineswereperhapsseparatestrings in front of extent scattered. and to some were eventuallybroken 1, an Immediately a concentration 1 was and 18. Between 2 a special 17 was inside shallowskyphos amphoriskos These included ofvases,especiallyaround2 wheresomeseemto havebeen stackedoriginally. MPG with a a MPG stirrup-jar 20, cups47, 48 beneathit;also pyxis21, 19, an amphoriskos a shallow an a skyphos22, skyphos24 in whichthe cup 40 was 23 overlying amphoriskos beads were four There nested(partof22 was under24). (£2)in theMPG amphoraclose clay in of was the front 2 to the back wall.Just 35. A tripodcookingpot 46 stood amphoriskos - high-footed stack ofvessels was a fallen and 2 between35 and 21. Between21 skyphos50 was above The cup 45 50, the high-footed cup 49 cups 51 and 54. containinghigh-footed
THE TEKE SITE - T. J
2y
below it. On the floor,betweeni and 38, was the bronze bowl (fi) withthe Phoenician inscription. In frontof 2, againstthe N wall, was a kalathos37, piled high witha heap of vessels on top,high-footed including, skyphoi(27, 31, 34), cups (28-30, 32-3), an amphoriskos (35) withmorecupsbelow(41, 43-4), and a high-footed cup (42). SWof37 stoodtheoinochoe26 with,just beyondit,thetray25. In theWcorner,piledup, behind4, werea kalathos52, and a cup 53. POTTERY 1. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 60. DR. 22. Partsof mouthand neck missing.Large whitegrits. Sharp rim, everted lip, ridge below. Bucranium handles. Foot roughlyarticulated,flatunderneath. Neck: zone of solid triangles, otherwisefullypainted. Shoulder:cross-hatched lozenges.Bellyzone,between broad bands: eleven-fold circles, flanking (A) horizontallydivided panel of lozenges,nine-square checkerboard,lozenges, all cross-hatched,and (B) verticallydivided panel of cross-hatchedlozenges, cross-hatching,and herring-bone.Band at foot, stoppingshortof base. Paint on handles and inside rim.MPG. SteleKontoleontos 408 09, pl. 192a-b. 2. COARSE-NECKED PITHOS. PLATE. PH. 31.5. Base to neck, with stump of one vertical handle. Gritty orange clay, pale orange surface. Ridge betweenneckand shoulder,threegroovesabove belly. Disc foot.E-MPG. 3. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 20.7. DR. 10. Nearly complete. Concave neck, rather uneven.Low conicalfoot.Painton neck,handles,and foot.Flattenedwavy line on shoulder;band, lines, irregularsmears below. Inside, band below neck. EPG. As E 161,'small kraters'group A (EPG), but slimmer. Foundin mouthofj 4. 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c. 60. DR. c. 21. Largelydisintegrated except forneck,base, and belly fr.withhorizontalhandle. Friable red-brown black paint. Flaring rim,flaton clay,semi-lustrous top. Concave neck withmanyrivetholes indicating repair in antiquity.Plump ovoid body, ring foot. Groupsof bars on rim.Neck: singlezigzag between lines, otherwise fullypainted. Shoulder: tenfold semicirclesenclosingsolid triangle;bands and lines. Bellyzone plain, two lines below. Band round foot. Curvedstripeson handle.EPG, perhapsimported:cf. E no. 154. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 47.3. DR. 14. Virtuallycomplete.Rounded rim,straphandles, flat base. Groups of thick bars on lip, neck fully painted, S on handles with circles round lower attachments.Shoulder: quintuplecircleswithsolid centre:splashed on one side. Band above belly,no paint below.Band insiderim.MPG. Cf. F. nos. 157, 212.
6. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 23.2. DR. 12.6. Part of footmissing.Rim slopes inwards; oflidJ 10. Slight just below,twoholesforattachment ridgebelowneck,highspreadingfoot.Neck: irregular wavyline in reservedzone. Shoulder:hatchedzigzag (otherside empty).Bands and lines below.Paint on foot,on handles,and insiderim.EPG. 7. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.65). H. 19.5.Complete.Small whiteand black grits.Spike on disc, airhole,conical mouth.Conical foot,uneven.Painton disc and inside mouth.Handles barred. Rings round bases of both necks and handles. Shoulder: column of blobs, runningup neck; cross-hatchedtrianglesin frontof either side; behind, verticalsbetween wavy lines, flankedby lozengesenclosingintersecting chevrons. Bands betweenlines,line below,painton foot.MPG. AR 23 (1977)r3>fig-31»bottomright. 8. OINOCHOE. H. 16.5. Frontof mouthmissing. Fine orange-buffclay, lustrous black paint. No articulation betweenneckand body.Low conicalfoot. Dark ground. Shoulder: three thirteen-fold semicircles,one cross-hatchedtrianglewith extra outline. Three lines, paint to base. Strap handle, barred.Line insidelip.AtticLPG. AR 23 (1977)12,fig. 30, bottomcentre. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. H. 13.6. DR. 8.4. Complete. Black grits.Sharply carinated shoulder, round handles,flatbase. Neck painted. Belly:wavy linesbetweenbands; linesbelow,band at base. Paint on handles,daub belowroots.Paintinsideneck,a few splashesbelow.E-MPG. For shape cf. BSA 58 (1963) 37» n 4> % 8- AR 23 (1977)!3> fl& 31»bottom,third fromleft. 10. SMALL LID (fig. 65). H. 6. D. 12.2. Complete. Many black grits.Mastoid shape, slightridge near toJ 6. Bands and lines, rim;twoholesforattachment no paintinside.EPG. Forshapecf.E no 508. 11. SKYPHOS (fig. 65). H. 8.9. DR. 12.5. Nearly complete. Fine buffclay, small black grits,semilustrousblackpaint.Shortlip,ringfoot.Dark ground, with reservedpanel: solid trianglesbetween lines. Fullypainted inside. MPG. AR 23 (1977) 12, fig.30 bottomright. 12. CUP (fig. 65). H. 5.1. D. 9. Complete,but for piece of rim. Thin fabric. Slanting rim, handle
28
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
attached inside. Flat base, with string-mark. Fully painted.MPG. 13. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 7.2. Virtually complete. Asymmetricalneck, sharply carinatedshoulder,roundhandles,flatbase. Painton neck,stoppingshortof rim on one side. Shoulder: groups of pendent bars. Belly wavy line between bands; lines below, band at base. Inside as J 9. E-MPG. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,secondfromleft. 14. GUP (fu;. 65). H. 5.8. D. 9. Red paint.Lip slightly offset;disc foot,roughunderneath.Flanks dipped. MPG. Cf.Ay IoannisI 47. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,top, secondfromleft. 15. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 13.9. D. 15. Virtually complete.Fine orange-buff clay,smallbrown grits,lustrousblackpaint.S-profile, highconicalfoot. Band and linebelowrim;cross-hatched panel flanked circles.Linesbelow,paintto base. Curved bynine-fold stripeon each handle,carrieddown to lowerpaint. Thin reservedline insiderim;otherwisefullypainted, but forsmallcircleon floor.AtticLPG. Cf. E no. 58 withreferences. AR 23 (1977)12,fig.29 b. 16. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.65). H. 22. Complete.Fabric and shape as J 7. Circleroundspike,bars at edge of disc and on handles. Horizontal dashes in frontof spout.Paintinsidemouth.Ringsroundbases of both necksand handles. Comb ornamentscatteredover shoulder.Band, lines;line below,painton foot.MPG. AR 23 (1977) 13, fig.31, top right.Cyprusand Crete 258-9,pl. 44.5. 17. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 13.8. DR. 9.3. Complete. Conical foot.Dots round rim, neck fullypainted.Shouldergroupof pendentbars, twoshortrunsoffloatingzigzag.Band, twolines;line below.Painton handlesand insideneck.EPG. Cf. E no. 60. 18. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS. H. 6.9. DR. 15.6-16.9. Complete.AsJ 31. M-LPG. 19. OINOCHOE. H. 19.5. Part of mouthmissing. Thin greyfabric,over-fired, shoulderflattenedby excessiveheat.Straphandle,flatbase. Band at base of neck. Shoulder: eightfoldsemicircles.Band, three lines;twolinesbelow,band at base. S on handle,line insiderim.MPG, betweenE nos. 225and 487. 20. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 23. DR. 7.1.Nearlycomplete.Small blackgrits.Flattened handles,flatbase. Neck: wavyline,band. Shoulder: flatterwavy line, band between lines. Two bands below,broadband at base. S on handles,paintinside rim.EPG. SmallerversionofE no 205. 21. PYXIS. H. 16.7. DR. 12.2. Virtuallycomplete. Orange-brownclay,black grits.Flattenedrim,very uneven;slightcarinationbetweenneckand body.Base concaveand veryrough.Groupsof thickbars slightly on rim,painton neck.Neck:fourquadrupletriangles, thickenedinside, fringedoutside. Bands and lines
below,paintstoppingshortof base. Painton handles and insideneck,muchspatterbelow.MPG. Forshape cf.Ay.IoannisI 56. 22. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 14.6. D. 15.7. Virtuallycomplete.Softbuffclay,brownand black blackpaint.Shape asJ 15. Band and line grits,flaking below rim;columnof cross-hatched lozengesflanked bytenfoldcircles.Three linesbelow,paint,threelines above base. Inside as J 15. AtticLPG. Cf. Kerameikos IV,pl. 23 no. 2102.AR 23 (1977)12,fig.29 a. 23. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 19.3. DR. 9. Virtuallycomplete. Orange-buffclay, smallbrowngrits,lustrousblackpaint.Straphandles, low conicalfoot.Dark groundwithreservedshoulder panel: on bothsides,groupsofopposeddiagonalbars below,scribblein thinned separatedbysolidtriangles; brownpaint. Handles barred,paint insiderim.Attic LPG; smallversionof GGPpl. 1 a. AR 23 (1977)12,fig. 30, bottomleft. 24. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. H. 7.5. DR. 17.7. Complete.Small black grits.AsJ 31, but withthree circleseach side.M-LPG. eightfold 25. TRAY (FIG.65). H. 5.2. D. 33. Virtually complete. White and black grits.Three round handles rising fromthe rim,slopingwall,flatbase; undersiderough and uneven,twoirregulargroovesnear centre.Three pairs of holes indicatingrepair in antiquity.Bars roundrim,paint on handles.Inside paintedbut for centre of floor: quintuple circle enclosing curved Maltese cross,two freehandarcs in each quadrant. Outside:detachedfloatingzigzag betweenbands: on one side only, line and band below. No paint E-MPG. Cf.E no. 90 forshape. underneath. Small 26. OINOCHOE. H. 15.6.Frontoflip missing. black grits.Concave base. Line on and inside lip, band at base of neck.Shoulder:threegroupsof three pendentbars. Band, threelines;line below,bandjust above base. S on handle. MPG. For shape cf. E no. 211.AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31,bottomleft. 27. *HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 9.3. DR. 9. Partof rimmissing. AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 28. CUP (fig. 65). H. 6.2. DR. 8.8. Rim chipped. Short Fabricas J 29, streakyblackpaint;underfired. lip, not offset.Flat base. Fully coated outside, otherwise paintedasJ 29. AtticLPG. 29. CUP (FIG. 65). H. 6.2. DR. 8.2-9. Virtually clay,browngrits,semi-lustrous complete.Orange-buff black paint, streakyin parts. Straightlip, slightly concave.Handle barred.Outside offset;base slightly fullycoated but forreservedline below rim.Inside: reservedline under rim, reservedcircle on floor, otherwise fullycoated.AtticLPG. 30. *CUP. H. 6.2. DR. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.AsJ 29. AtticLPG. 31. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig. 65). H. 7.9. DR. 15.2. Complete.Buffclay,whitegrits.Shortoblique
THE TEKE SITE lip, strap handles, disc foot. Band, four sextuple pendent semicircles,paint to base. Wavy line on handles.Paintunderbase. Inside: broad band under rim.M LPG. 32. *CUP. H. 6.2. DR. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.AsJ 29, butwithtworeservedlinesbelowrimoutside,and the exterior paintstoppingshortofbase. AtticLPG. 33. *CUP. H. 5.9. DR. 8.6. Virtuallycomplete.As J AtticLPG. 29, butthelip is lessclearlyoffset. CUP. H. 9.4. DR. 9.6. 34. *HIGH-FOOTED Virtually complete.AsJ 29. AtticLPG. 35. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 20.9. DR. 7.2. Nearlycomplete.Small whitegrits.Everted lip, strap handles to rim,uneven lower body,high conical foot. Neck: hand-drawn pendent triple semicircles belowband; band betweenneckand body. Shoulder:eleven-foldsemicircles.Band, threelines, painton lowerbodyand foot.Verticalwavyband on handles. Inside, thin band below rim. Paint under foot.MPG. Cf.AJA5 (1901)pl. 9 no. 15. 36. HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 8.9. DR. 9. Virtually complete.AsJ 5. AtticLPG. 37. KALATHOS (fig. 65). H. 14.2.D. 31. Complete. White and black grits,red-brownpaint. Flat rim, ridgebelow,flatbase. Groupsofbarson rim.Band on lip,linebelow.Two sextuplecircleson each side;three lines,band at base. Painton handles,daub carriedto base. Insidepaintedtojust abovefloor.EPG. Urnswith Lids,no, pl. 13b. 38. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 33. DR. 13. Virtuallycomplete.Black grits.Rounded lip, slight angle betweenneck and shoulder,low conical foot. Oblique bars roundrim,neck all painted.Shoulder: two cross-hatched and outlinedtriangleseach side,a small swastikaat each end of panels. Bellypainted, threelines; paint on foot. Handles barred, circles roundlowerattachments. Paintinsiderim.MPG. 39. *CUP. H. 5.8. DR. 8.5. Complete.Thicklustrous black paint; no reservation below lip outside, otherwise asJ 29. AtticLPG. CUP. H. 9.1. DR. 9.1. 40. HIGH-FOOTED Complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 41. CUP. H. 5.8. DR. 9. Virtuallycomplete.Exterior paint stops shortof base, otherwiseas J 29. Attic LPG. 42. HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 9. DR. 9.1. Virtually complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 43. CUP. H. 5.7. DR. 8.4. Rim chipped. Lip not clearlyoffset,exteriorpaint stops far shortof base, and no reservationoutside rim or inside on floor; otherwise asJ 29. AtticLPG. 44. HIGH-FOOTED CUP H. 9.1. DR. 9.2. Virtually complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. CUP. H. 9. DR. 9.3. 45. *HIGH-FOOTED Complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 46. TRIPOD COOKING POT (fig. 65). H. 11.DR.
T. J
2g
7.9 8.3. Complete. Grittybrick-redclay, lumpy surface.Rim aslantand elliptical.Strap handle,legs squarishin section.PG. AR 23 (1977) 13, fig.31, top centre. 47. *CUP (fig.65). H. 6.7. DR. 9.3. Nearlycomplete. asJ 28. Attic Streakypaint.Slightdiscfoot,otherwise LPG. 48. *CUP (FIG.65). H. 6.5. DR. 9.5. Nearlycomplete. AtticLPG. AsJ 29, butlip moreclearlyoffset. 49. *CUP (FIG. 65). H. 5.9. DR. 9. Complete. As J 29. AtticLPG. AR 23 (1977)12,fig.30, topleft. 50. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig. 66). H. 15.8. D. 15.6. Complete.Softorange-buff clay,brownand black grits,a littlemica, semi-lustrous black paint. Rim slightlyelliptical, ten circles in each set. OtherwiseasJ 15. AtticLPG. 51. *HIGH-FOOTED CUP. H. 8.8. DR. 9. Nearly complete.AsJ 54. AtticLPG. 52. *KALATHOS. D. c. 38. Rim fr.Fabricand shape asj 37. Groupsofbarson rim;band, ninefoldcircles. EPG. 53. CUP. H. 5.8. D. 11.Complete.Thick orangeclay, red paint.Straphandleto rim;thewall to whichit is attached has been pushed inwards.Flat base, very verticalbars.Wavy rough.Reservedpanel ofirregular line down handle. Inside fullypainted. E- MPG; revivalofa Minoan type?Cf.Ay.IoannisV 20. 54. HIGH-FOOTED CUP (fig.66). H. 9.1. DR. 9.4. Complete. Fine orange-buff clay,browngrits,thick and oftenlustrousblackpaint.Clearlyoffset lip. Strap handle,crispconical foot.Reserved:twolinesoutside lip, one inside; circle on floor;line at base of foot; otherwise fullypainted.Handle barred.AtticLPG. 55. STIRRUP-JAR(fig. 66). H. 26.5. Partof mouth and one handlemissing.Blackgrits.Spikeon concave disc, airhole,convexmouth,straphandles,attached slightlyabove disc. Conical foot.Paint on disc and insidemouth.Handles barred.Ringsroundbases of both necksand handles.Cross-hatchedtriangleson shoulder.Band, threelines;line on lowerbody,paint on foot.MPG. Cf. F. no. 245. AR 23 (1977)13,fig.31, topleft. 56. KANTHAROS (?) (fig.66). H. 15.DR. c. 18. Half preserved,with one handle. Soft orange-buffclay, brown grits,red-brownpaint. Reserved exactlyas J 54. AtticLPG. 57. BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 7.9. DR. 6.9. Foot and part of body missing.Purplish-brown clay dipped in chocolate-brown paint. S-profile. Lower body reserved.E MPG. 58. *JUG. PH. 9.8. Two frs., non-joining; base missing. Neck slightly concave, strap handle, depressedglobularbody.Paint on neck,overlapping insiderim.Shoulder:groupsof pendentverticalbars. S on handle. Single bands above and below belly. MPG. Similarto E no. 119.
30
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
59. *TRIPOD COOKING POT. Frs.ofdisintegrated vesselsimilartoJ 46. PG. 60. *JUG. PH. 13. Two frs.,base to shoulder,and shoulder with handle stump; neck missing. Soft Pendentlanguetteson orange-grey clay,underfired. threelines,band on lowerbodyand at base. shoulder, MPG. Handle barred,circleroundlowerattachment. Shape similartoJ 58. 61. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 4.5. Shoulderto lowerbody, withhandlestump.Deep orangeclay,whiteand dark browngrits,brownpaint.Depressedglobular.Crosshatchedtriangleson shoulder,band betweenlines; band on lowerbody.Painton handle.(Not certainly fromthis tomb.) LPG PGB. Possiblyfroma jugaryballosas Q, 11. 62. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 4.5. DR. 6.8. Rim to bellywithone handle.AsJ 57. E MPG. 63. NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 38. DR. c. 25. Half preserved,edge of footmissing.Orange-brownclay, whitegrits,cream wash. Ridge below rim, round
handles, high ring foot. Bars on rim,band below. flanking Large singlecircleswithMaltesecrossfilling, a centralpanel of verticallinesbetweenbands. Paint on handles.Below,band,fourlines;twolines;band on foot.Band insiderim,spatterbelow.E-MPG. 64. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 30. DR. c. 17. Neck and shoulderwith one handle, rim frs. Black grits. Groups of bars on rim, neck fully painted,shoulderreserved.S on handle,circleround lowerattachment. Below,band, threelines.E-MPG; laterPG amphoraehave plain necks.For shape cf.F. no. 212.
65. BELL-KRATER. D. c. 34. Rim and body frs. Orange-brownclay,whiteand black grits.Projecting below.Groups rim,roundedabove; slightthickening of bars on rim,broad band below. Main zone: in centre,verticalband, threeverticallines eitherside, fringedwithhorizontalchevrons.Sextuplecircleson each side.Band below.Inside,broadband belowrim, spatterelsewhere.E-MPG.
SMALL EINDS 1. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (1k;. 157). H. 6.7. D. 15. Complete and intact; surface oxidization.The heavy lip and thickwalls suggest castingratherthanraisingfroma disc. Below thelip, twelve-letterinscriptionflankedby sketchyropepatternin a horizontalzone definedtop and bottom by bands of short, close-set strokes. Text and decorationlightly traced.AR 23 (1977)12,figs.27, 28. Kadmos18 M. Sznycer, On thePhoenicianinscription: (1979)89 932. CLAY BEADS. Over thirtysix, arranged in group by tomb edge, probably froma necklace. Conoid (at least twentythree),biconical (three)and spherical(at least ten) represented.Up to H. 2; D. 2.5; Dh. 0.35. Some of the spherical ones carry incisedpatterns,triplezones of dashes eitherside of concentriccircles;medial zigzags,plain dashes. Cf. D. fi. 3. METAL PIN (flati; 266). L. 5.5. D. sphere0.4, shaft0.25. Tip lost,corrodedsurface.Silvercoated bronze.Two sphericalswellingsat head end, lower moreprominent. 4. 7. PAIR OF GOLD PINS (1k;. 153;flati: 263). L. 6.7. Hammered and workedfromcast wire.AR 23
(1977)13»fi&255. STONE PELLET. 6. STONE BEAD (flail 303). H. 1.D. 1.35.Dh. 0.35. Chipped.Smokyrockcrystal.Spherical. 7. See 4. 8. STONE PENDANT (?) (fig. 184; flail 303). L. 4.05. W. middle1.6, edges 2.1. Th. 0.4 centre.Small chips,unpolished.Rock crystalor quartz.Double axe shape,butno suspensionhole. 9. AMETHYST BEAD, (flail 303). D. 1.1.Dh. 0.15. Chipped.Spherical. 10. SERPENTINE SEAL (HM 2620) (fig. 193;piai l 303). Th. 0.7. D. 1.75. Dh. 0.25. Abraded. Black. Lentoid.Horned goat,withhead turnedback to lick near foot.Guide-lineon edge. Minoan (LM III). AR 23 (1977)12,fig.26. 11. BONE PLAQUE. L. 2.7. W. 2.4. Dh. 0.75. Cornerslost,abraded. Flat plaque withpatternsof dot-and-circlemotifs(rows of two or three) along diagonalsfromcornerto centralhole. 12. CARNELIAN BEAD, (flail 303). H. 0.65. D. 0.75.Dh. 0.17.Chipped.Spherical. 13. BRONZE PIN, fr. 14. CLAY BEADS.
Tomb K (eig. 2) A smallsegmentofthechamberalone remained.It had been strewnwith No measurements. coarsesandand smallpebbles. The tombwas at theSWend oftheNE-SWline ofchambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) in the is unknown. Niotakisplot,about i.oo SWofT. L. Itsorientation
THE TEKE SITE
Ts. J L
^1
What remainedwas foundfollowing the mechanicalclearanceof the plot. The floorwas than T. but most of it had been erodedon thehillslopeto theW.A fewsherds L, 0.45 higher whichmighthavebelongedwerefoundin thearea ofthechamber. POTTERY (PEATE 67) 1. *BELL-KRATER. fk;. 69. H. 41. DR. 34.5. Twothirdspreservedwithone handle; decorationfaded. Red-brownclay,smallwhitegrits.Roundedrim,ring foot.Painton rimand handle(s).Tenfoldcircleswith hourglasscentre,flankinga rectilinearpanel which containsthreenarrowzonesofsinglezigzag,separating apparentlyemptyspaces. Band and two linesbelow. EPG. Inside,broadbandbelowrim,spatterelsewhere. 2. LID OF PYXIS (fig.66). H. 4.7. D. 10.Two-thirds preserved.Fabricas K 5, to whichitbelongs.Conical;
evertedlip,depressionon knob.Two suspensionholes nearrim.Bandsand lines,no painton knob.LPG. Cf. lid ofE no. 1470. H. 8.5. DR. c. 6. Half 3. BELL-SKYPHOS. preserved.Well-turnedconical foot.Paint down to lowerbody;insidefullypainted.EPG. 4. *BELL-SKYPHOS, rimto belly.As K 3. EPG. 5. PYXIS (fk;. 66). D. 10. Rim frs.Pink-brown clay, whitegrits.Evertedlip, flaton top. Bars across rim, band belowlip,reservedarea. M LPG.
Tomb L (figs. 2,8, plate 9 a) Extant L. overall: 2.50 Dromos:L. preserved: 1.35. W. 0.84-0.97. Stomion: 0.65 X 0.29. Chamber:1.75X c. 1.45.Chamberwallwas preservedup to 0.48. The outlineofwhatremainedof the dromos was irregular; it narrowedtowardsthestomion. Whatremainedrosea verticaldistanceof0.06 at an angleof50. A prominent jamb survived on theS side ofthestomion, whichled downto thechamberby a curvedstep0.06-0.08. The chamberseemsto havebeen roughlymushroom-shaped in plan. The tombwas near the sw end of the NE-SWline of chambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) in theNiotakisplot.Itsorientation was SE-NW;thechamberwas on theSE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundfollowing themechanicalclearanceof theplot,whichremovedtheS of the chamber and three stones whichmighthave been partoftheblocking.The floor edge had not been farbelow modernsurface,whichsloped down steeplytowardsthe main road, just W ofthetomb.The chamberhad been partlydestroyed longbefore,and itsoutline,and thedromos, could be made out onlywithdifficulty, forthekouskouras herewas muchweathered and probablydisturbedby rootactivity. The tombhad been looted.Traces ofa modernfireand stomion floor. pitwerefoundin theareajust abovedromos One of the stones(0.44 X 0.39 X 0.13) pulled out by the machineseemedto have come fromthedromos] theothertwomayhavecome fromthesame spotand perhapswereoriginally part of the door blocking.Scatteredsherdswere foundin the dromos, includinglargepieces near the dromos and stomion floor.In the chamber,especiallyin the NE part, therewere at floorlevel,includingpartsofa stirrup-jar, 16. On theE side a kouskouras fallhad fragments crusheda pyxisand lid,1; beneath,and nearerthewall,thebase ofan amphora,7, suggested thechamberhad been robbedbeforethefall.A fewapparently unburntbone fragments were foundon thefloor. POTTERY (PEATE 67) i. PYXIS (Fid. 66). H. IO.2. DR. 9.5. Complete. Yellowslip.Evertedlip,flaton top; twoholesthrough rim,oppositeone another.Ringfoot.Bands and lines. M LPG. Cf.E no. 1470. ia. SMALL LID forPYXIS (fk;. 66). H. 4.8. DR. 10.2. Complete. Fabric as L 1, which it fits.Knob
handle with concave depression, a hole pierced horizontally throughitsroot.Conical shape. Painton and belowknob,linesnearrim.M LPG. 2. *PYXIS (fk;. 66). H. c. 12.9. DR. 10.4. Base to shoulder,and non-joiningrim fr.,much worn. One Flat suspensionhole.Softyellow-grey clay,underfired.
Q2
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
everted lip, depressed globular body, low conical foot. Bands and lines. M-LPG. (fig. 66). H. 9.6. DR. 7.4. Two3. *BELL-SKYPHOS thirds preserved. Red-brown clay, yellow slip. High conical foot. Dipped in paint to lower body, and all over inside. MPG. H. 9.2. DR. 7. Nearly 4. BELL-SKYPHOS. complete. As L 3. MPG. H. 9. DR. 7. Nearly complete. 5. BELL-SKYPHOS. Soft brown clay,otherwiseas L 3. MPG. 6. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. c. 9 DR. 7. Frs. As L 5. MPG. AMPHORA. H. 49.5. DR. 7. BELLY-HANDLED 20. Two-thirdspreserved. Red-brown clay, white and brown grits. Flaring lip, flat on top. Ring foot. Neck painted, with two reserved lines. Shoulder: zone of thirteen-foldsemicircles interruptedby (A) two panels of cross-hatching and (B) one large cross-hatched lozenge. Band between lines. Bands on lower body and on foot. Curved stripes on handles. Groups of bars on rim, band inside. EPG, perhaps imported; cf. E no. 154. or JUG. PH. 12. Body frs. only. 8. *OINOCHOE Porous buff clay, small brown grits. Plump ovoid. Ninefold semicircles on shoulder, band, three lines; two lines, band. LPG. As AJA 5 (1901) no. 8 and similarto G 92. 9. *NECKED PITHOS (fig. 67). PH. 17. DR. c. 13.5. Rim to lower body with one vertical strap handle. Purplish-brownclay,traces of cream slip. Uneven rim, with thick bars in groups. Neck painted. Quintuple circles, three bands. Bars and diagonal cross on handle. Band inside rim,spatterbelow. PGB. AMPHORA. Neck and 10. ♦NECK-HANDLED body frs.Spaced bands. LPG. As D 15. 11. TRAY (fig. 66). H. 3.8. D. c. 25. Rim to near centre. Buff-purpleclay, large white grits,cream slip. Roots of rising horizontal handle on rim. Concave wall passing gradually into flat base. Outside: band,
CEMETERY
lines, band; eleven-fold semicircles round edge of base, a larger set of circles in the centre. Bars on rim. Inside: band on wall; four lines, band, circles at centre. LPG. AMPHORA. Neck fr.,same 12. *NECK-HANDLED type as L 10. LPG. PITHOS. Frs. Vertical 13. *COARSE NECKED handle(s), grooves below lower attachment. M-LPG. Of same type as E no. 242 and O 6. 14. *COARSE PITHOS, base only. PH. 8.8. DR. c. 20. Rim 15. CAULDRON-KRATER. to belly, no trace of handle. Porous grey-buffclay, white grits. Short concave lip, rim sloping outwards; slight carination below. Band, lines, solid triangles, lines, band. Inside: band below rim, another at lower break. LPG. 16. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 67). H. c. 21.5. Upper twothirds preserved, true neck missing, base restored. Orange-brown clay,white grits.Spike on disc, airhole. Paint on disc, S on handles, loop round handle roots, line at base of false neck. Shoulder: four triangles in double outline, containing checked lozenge and two smaller hatched triangles. Band, lines; band on lower body. MPG. Between E no. 158 and Payneno. 1. PH. 24. DR. c. 33. Two frs., 17. BELL-KRATER. rim to lower body; decoration faded. Red-brown clay, black grits, yellow slip. Flat rim, ridge below; roots of horizontal handle. Band above ridge. Sextuple circles with Maltese cross filling,linked to a central rectangular panel by a diagonal tangent; diagonal strokes in the angle between the tangent and the panel. Paint on handle. Inside: band below rim, spatter elsewhere. PGB. For the design cf. Payne no. 4. 18. SMALL BELL-KRATER. PH. 15. DR. 22. Frs., rim to lower body. Small white grits.Flaring concave lip, slight carination below. Band below rim. Quintuple circles, three lines, paint on lower body. Paint on handles. Band inside rim. PGB.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON OBJECT (fig. 157).L. 3.8. W. 3. Fr.of 'double hook' only one prong of which survives. Doubtless brokenfromsome largerobject. Function not clear. 2. WOOD frs. (Largest piece) 6.5 X 2.4. Th. 0.8.
Solid wood with a charred surface- can this possibly be ancient? 3. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 1.2 X 0.6. Th. 0.1. Three verysmall shapeless scraps of sheet.
Tomb M (figs. 2, 8, plate 9 b-c) extantL. 0.57.W. c. 0.86. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:1.75.Dromos: 0.50 X 0.23 deep. Chamber: 0.80 X to was wall The chamber high. up preserved 1.25 0.96. It lost c. 0.04 in What remainedof the dromos appeared to be wideningfromthe stomion. had a wellat an angle of c. 2°. The NE side of the stomion verticaldistancefromthe stomion, A which SW. on the no was which there of originally 0.05 may step, counterpart squaredjamb
THE TEKE SITE - Ts. L-M
gg
have been as muchas 0.26, led fromthe stomion into the mushroom-shaped chamber,with levelfloor. The tombwas on theSWedge oftheNiotakisplot,perhapspartofa NE-SWbankoftombs to whichTs. O and Qalso belonged.Its orientation was SE-NW,thechamberon theE sideof the dromos.
The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearingoftheplot,whenitsdromos was seen in the scarp leftby the machinein frontof the lowerflightof stairsthatled to the Agha's ruined house.The chamberwas directlybelow the steps;its roofmusthave been destroyed before floormayrepresent theremains theywerebuilt.A channelcut 0.16 belowtheoriginaldromos of a robbingtunnelinto the tomb. The S side of the dromos seems to have been largely destroyed, perhapsat thesametime.The tombhad been ransacked. in thearea ofthestomion Therewas a massofbrokenpottery and dromos, including1, a tray, and 3, anothertray,to 2, a lid foundundera largestoneovertheruinedWside ofthedromos, theE. Intothechamberwas 4, base ofan urnlyingon edge. Partsofthesevesselswerefound strewnacrossthe tomb,fi, ironfragment, was on the E side of the stomion. There was more W W ofthesewas on the two halves of a To the side, pottery including5, skyphos0.15 apart. thebase ofa bell-krater, ofa lid. 6, twoaryballoi,7 and 8. On theNE side was 9, fragments all were found over the chamber and All to these stomion, Fragments possiblybelonging 4. itemsseemedto be 0.05-0.10abovethechamberfloor. Amongthe sherdswereseverallargestones,perhapsremainsof the blockingwall. Under thegenerallevelof sherdswas a scatterofburntbones,withone concentration in thestomion E associatedwithsherdsof a thin-walled another on the side of the chamber near the vessel, entrance.These probablyrepresent where ash-urns were the robbers. points emptiedby POTTERY (PLATES 68-9) 1. TRAY (fig. 67). H. 4.6. DR. 20. Complete base with one third of wall. White grits. Two round horizontalhandles,ridgebelow rim,carinatedbody, concave base. Outside: band, lines, band; handles barred.Concentriczones underneath:spiral,hatched circleat zigzag,spiral,solid triangles,cross-hatched centre.Band insiderim,threespaced circularbands on floor.EG. 2. SMALL LID (fig. 67; plate 69). H. 2. D. c. 10. Three-quarterspreserved.Orange clay,large white grits,redpaint.Domed, withevertedlip.Billetson lip, hatchedtriangles,reservedrosettewithsolid centre. MG. FitsthepyxisM 13. 3. TRAY (FIG. 67). H. 2.7. D. 22. Half preserved. Pinkishclay,pale browngrits,creamslip.Two round horizontalhandlesattachedto rim.Slopingwall, flat base. Outside:band, horizontalS's; painton handles. Underneath,two concentriczones of large hatched chevrons;doublecircleat centre.Inside:bars on rim, broad band, hatched cross with threediminishing chevronsin each quadrant.EG. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.8. DR. 12. Two-thirdspreserved,one handle missing.Small whiteand greygrits.Inset rim,risingslightlyabove shoulder.Ringfoot.Painton lip,lines.Panel (onlyone side preserved):quintuplezigzag,solid petals,outline
tongueswithmidrib,and sextuplezigzag,all flanked by columnsof W-pattern(double chevron).On three sides,outerframeof double circlesin whiteon dark. Handles painted,withbars in reservedstripe.Bands and linesbelow.LG. 5. SKYPHOS (FIG. 67). H. 8.2. DR. 11.3. Nearly complete.Lip gentlyoffset,disc foot.Lines on lip; panel of vertical chevron stopped by bars, lines underneath.Painton lowerbodyand handles.Inside fullypainted but forreservedband below rim and reservedcircleon floor.MG. 6. *BELL-KRATER (?). Base fr.Edge of footbroken all round.Spatterinside.PG. 7. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.2. Nearly complete, but surfacecracked. Polishedbuffsurface,wheel-made. Slightridgeon neck,flatbase. Unpainted.MG. F 158 classD. 8. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 10. Nearly complete. Orange-brown clay,brownpaint.Flaringlip,flatbase. Two lineson neck.Shoulder:threehatchedchevrons, one hatchedtrianglein double outline.Lines,band, lines,paintto base. Handle: bars,interrupted by two diagonalcrosses.Line insiderim.EG. 9. DOMED LID. H. 4.7. D. 20. Centre missing. Whitegrits.Low domed shape,plain rim.Bands and lines.LG. FitsthepithosM 4. Cf. Payneno 29.
34
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
10. BELL-KRATER. PH. 28.5. DR. 27.5. Half base and one handlemissing.Whitegrits, preserved, smallgrainsof mica. Sharplyevertedlip,sharpridge below.Band; ninefoldcirclesenclosingten-petalled rosette in outline, and flankingvertical hatched meander;band, lines.Painton handle(s).Band below riminside,no spatter.PGB. SteleKontoleontos 410 ff.,pl. !93b. 11. DOMED LID. PH. 7. D. c. 23.5. Rim to near centre,frs.Cream slip. Evertedlip and carination. Band on lip, zigzag, blank zone, zigzag. Inside painted,withreservedline underrim.MG. Cf. E no. 389. 12. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fig. 67). PH. 6.3. DB. 20.8. Base of flaring pedestal, seven ribs preserved. Two lines at base, solid paint above. M-LG. Cf. Teketholos no. 19. 13. PYXIS (fig.67). PH. c. 12.6.DR. 7.4. Frs.,rimto belly,and base. The lower body has disintegrated Insetlip,risingabove shoulder. throughlayerflaking. Two lug handles,verticallypierced,one suspension hole throughlip by each handle. Flat base. Dark ground,horizontalS's in handle panel. Paint stops shortofbase. MG. Forbodyshape and decorationcf. Ann.52-3 (1974-75)23! f-%• 85 fr°mPhaistos. 14. *OINOCHOE or JUG. PH. 14. Shoulder to lowerbody.Buffclay,greycore,tracesofcreamwash. Three spaced bands. Cf. E no 225 (MPG), but probablylater. 15. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 15.Frs. of rim,body,and handle; base missing.Soft pinkbrownclay,dullbrownpaint.Thickenedrim,concave inside; vertical rope handles, ovoid body. Dark ground.Trace of reservedpanel on neck,linesabove. Bandsand lineson body.E-MG. Cf. GGPpi 52 c. 16. NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 31. DR. c. 22. Frs.,rim to belly,lowerbody,base. Creamwashinsideand out, red-brownpaint. Short concave neck, slightridge
below.Root of horizontalhandle.Flat base. Band on neck. Quintuplecirclesclose together, possiblythree eitherside. Two bands above and below belly,band EG. Cf.AD 14 abovebase. Band insiderim,no spatter. (1931-32)3 if.fig.1,5 fromPhoinikia. 17. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Part of handle and mouth missing.Buffclay, polished yellow surface, wheel-made.Unpainted.MG. 18. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 33. DB. 13.5. Frs., belly to lower body, base, and handle. largewhiteand greygrits. Yellow-grey clay,misfired; Stumpof risinghorizontalhandle,plumpovoidbody, ringfoot.Solid painton belly;below,regularbandsto base. Handle painted,withbars in reservedstripe. E-MG. preserved, 19. NECKED PITHOS. H. 37. Two-thirds handlesbrokenoff.Red-brownclay,manywhiteand brown grits. Concave neck, slight ridge below. Attachmentsof two vertical strap handles from shoulderto belly.Flat base. Groups of bars on rim, paint on neck. Two sextuplecircleseach side, two bands; singlebands on lowerbody and above base. Inside:band below rim,spatterelsewhere.EG. Cf. E no. 457. 20. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 37.5. DR. 18.5.Nearlycomplete.Coarse orangeclay,manylarge whiteand greygrits,tracesof creamslip,fadedblack paint. Concave rim,flatabove. Flat base. No paint visible on body or handles. Three grooves below B 5. EG. Cf.E no. 391,Atsalenio handleattachments. 21. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. c. 40. Base to neck, rim missing. Fabric as M 20. Roots of horizontal handle(s), six grooves below. No paint visible.EG. Shape as M 20. 22. JUG-ARYBALLOS.PH. 4.5. Frs.,base to shoulder, and handle. Orange-brown clay, brown paint. Globular,flatbase. No decorationvisibleon shoulder, threelines,twobands,handlebarred.MG (?).
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON fr.1.8 X 1.8.Chip ofweaponblade? 2. CARBONIZED FRUIT. 1.2 X 0.9. Verysmallfig
or largegrape?Burntand broken.Small spherewith kernelvisible.
Tomb N (figs. 2, 9-10, plate 9 d) withT. G, see T. G, supra) and relationship ofdiscovery, (Forgeneralcircumstances extantL. 0.80. W. c. All dimensionsare largelyconjectural.ExtantL. overall:3.00. Dromos: wall Chamber 2.20 Chamber:3.00 wide, irrecoverable. 1.00. Stomion: preservedup to deep. 0.85. The chamberwas probablymushroom-shapedin plan. Other featuresof the tomb's are conjectural. architecture
THE TEKE SITE
Is. M-N
35
NE of the NE-SWline of chambertombs(N-G-H-J-L-K) on the The tombwas furthest so close to T. G (thoughitsfloorwas 0.78 higherthanthat Niotakisplot.It was constructed The orientation that the two chambers must almosthave- if not quite- intersected. tomb) E at the end of the dromos. seemsto havebeen SE-NW,thechamber The tomb'sexistencewas graduallyappreciatedduringthe excavationof theNiotakisplot mechanicalclearance,thoughtheNEarc ofthechamberwas partlydug as T. C the following previousyear,1975,duringemergencyexcavationon the Koiladhi plot. In 1976,fromthe Niotakisplot perspective,it was at firstthoughtto be T G's side-chamber(thoughit was understoodthatithad been designatedT C in 1975).It had had a turbulent history, including looting,probablyin antiquity. The galleryforthe wartimebunkerhad penetratedthe hillside fromthe NW,slicing the dromos at an oblique angle, beforeits rightangled turnSW,cuttingthroughpart of the chamber, and continuing towards the dromosof T. G. The 1976 bulldozer had furtherdamaged the dromos,almost totally destroyingit. The bunker-diggersmust have removedsome of the contentsof T. N's chamber,since part of its floorhad been cut away (though a large stone slab 0.32 above the floor had apparently remained undisturbed). Perhaps the bunker which had cut into G's chamber had also sliced throughthe extremeSWcornerof T. N. Sometimeafterthe bunkerwas abandoned the W cornerof N's chambercollapsed into it, leavingthe W part of its floorslopingdown towardsT. G at a gradientof 1 in 2. The firstpart of T. N to be excavatedwas thatwhichhad fallen intothe bunker,followedby the area above the slopingpart of the floor.An ash-urnmay have stood here originallysince small fragmentsof burnt bone were found above the sloping floor,and more in the bunker fill. Small flakes of bronze were found in the bunkerfill(samples 1-5), whichprobablybelonged to a bronze object part of which,fi, was crushedunder a stone which had fallenfromN into the bunker,where it lay,0.12 above the bunkerfloor,in an arc 0.27 wide. Many other small bronze fragmentswere found nearby,probably belonging to the same object. f25 a gold boss, was found adhering to the same stone. Just S, on the same side of the stone, was a patch of powderedcopper oxide; a coarse sherd- ?partof the ash-urn- also had adheringcopper oxide. Some of the burntbone fromhere was also stainedwithcopper. FurtherE, a gold ornament,£4, was found0.14 overthe slopingfloor,withi, base of an aryballos,nearby. NEwas an ironspearhead,£5,withf6, ironobject, SE near the chamberwall.JustNEwas f8, anotherpiece of iron. The upperpartof the chamberhad been removedby the machine,but a groupof large stoneblockingslabs stilllay wherethe lootershad leftthem,scatteredacrossthe centreof the tomb.At thislevel,0.50 above floor,werelarge sherdsN and S of the stones.To the S, near the wall, groupsof sherdsbelonged to specificpots (2-4), but elsewheretheywere inextricably jumbled. Patchesof bronze fragments (Samples 6-7, 9) were foundat several floornear thestomion pointsin thechamberand, in one case, in whatremainedofthedromos (Sample 10).A bronzepin fragment, fg, was 0.10 above floorat thechambercentre;bronze fio, were found0.20 above flooron the E side, and therewere others,fu, fragments, towards the centre. A bronze pin fragment,fi2, was found on the E side, with a concentrationof bronze flakesaround it. There were large sherdsin the same area, and there may be others in that part of the chamber inaccessible to excavation under the foundations ofthenew buildingto theE. SherdsfromT. C (1975)belongedto vases foundin T. N.
36
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
CEMETERY
POTTERY
(PLATES 70-72) 1. *JUG (?)-ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.7. Base to shoulder. Yellow slip. Depressed globular body, flat base. Three spaced bands. EG. As 13.21. 2. PEDESTALLED (?) KRATER (fig. 69 (side A)). PH. 37. DR. 42. Half preserved, base and most of one handle missing. Red-brown clay, large white and grey grits (especially in handles), cream slip inside and out, fugitiveblack paint. Projecting rim, sloping outward; ridge below. Bucranium handles. The lower body has a straight profile, suggesting a pedestal below. Band between rim and ridge, three lines. A: column of cross-hatched lozenges, hollow rectangle of check pattern, column of hollow gridded lozenges with gridded chevron below; large central battlement with perpendicular hatching; column of smaller cross-hatched lozenges, hollow rectangle of check pattern, column of cross-hatched lozenges. B: hollow checked rectangle with vertical strip of check pattern down the centre, hollow gridded lozenges; scant trace of central motif, which includes sets of diagonals alternating with triangles of solid paint; hollow gridded lozenges, hollow checked rectangle with column of hatched vertical zigzag down the centre,ladder pattern. Handles: bars between curved stripes. Below, lines, band, downward-pointing solid triangles with vertical bars on their apices, solid paint down to lower break. Band inside rim, spatter below. PGB. 3. HYDRIA. (plate 72). H. 23.4. Nearly complete. Vertical rim, sharp angle below. Base slightlyconcave. Billets on rim. Neck: lines, running spiral with hatched loops, lines, band. Shoulder: four hatched chevrons with vertical bars on their apices. Billets between lines. Belly: three columns of stacked chevrons on each side; lines, band at base. All handles barred. Band below rim inside. PGB. Cf. AJA5 (1901) P1-9> 54. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 12.6. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Sharply everted rim, sloping outward, suspension holes. Two broad grooves,just above flat base. Dark ground: check pattern on shoulder, bands and lines below. Band inside rim. EG. LID (fig. 68). H. 10.2. D. 23. Half 5. CONICAL preserved. Fabric as N 7. Conical knob, flat on top, hole pierced verticallythroughthe centre. Knob: four double chevrons. Dark ground, with two zones of meander with perpendicular hatching.EG. AMPHORA. 6. BELLY-HANDLED Many frs., shoulder to lower body. Orange-buffclay, many mica grains and small black grits. Red-black paint. Attachment of neck at uppermost edge, ovoid body, bucranium handle(s). Dark ground. Shoulder: group of three reserved lines. Between ancillary zones of triple zigzag and dogtooth lies the main belly decoration, seen on the large frs.: (i) vertical
meander, circles, triple zigzag, vertical meander, triple zigzag; (ii) trace of handle attachment, vertical meander, circles, triple zigzag, vertical meander; (iii) circles, meander, trace of handle attachment. The circles are sevenfold, with checked centre, and dot rosettes in the corner of each panel. Solid paint below. If the design were strictlysymmetrical, as is usual in such a vase, the complete composition on each side would be: meander, circles, triple zigzag, meander, triple zigzags, circles, meander. Attic MG I. Cf. G 3. LID. H. 7.4. D. 27.2. Three7. OMPHALOID quarters preserved. Red-brown clay, cream slip, black paint. Central depression surrounded by ridge. Sharp angle at edge of omphalos, concave below. Flaring rim, one handle. Circles at centre, dotted scales, lines; paint at and below carination, scales without dots, lines, band at rim. Barred handle. EG. Cf. E no. 401. LID (fig. 68). H. 8.5. D. 26. 8. OMPHALOID Three-quarters preserved. Fabric as N 7; shape similar too, but with more prominentomphalos. Paint at centre, circles, interlockinghatched triangles;lines, band, lines, scales, lines, band at rim. Handle barred. EG. UrnswithLids, 119,fig.8. PITHOS (fig. 69). H. c. 51. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED DR. c. 24. Rim to below shoulder, and many frs. of body and base. Orange clay, white grits,cream slip, faded black paint. Rounded rim, slight ridge below neck, straight shoulder with carination, fiat base. Traces of risinghorizontal handle at carination. Neck painted. Shoulder: solid triangles, band, hatched leaves, lines. Check pattern in handle zone, bands and lines below. Band inside rim. EG. 10. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 14. Neck and part of body Soft missing. deep orange clay, brown paint. Round handle, globular body, fiat base. Shoulder: solid triangles pointing downward. Bands and lines below, reservedat base. PGB. II. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 17.1. Half preserved. Orangebrown clay,splittingin layers. Everted rim,flaton top. Trace of horizontal handle. Ring foot. Dark ground, zone of solid lozenges on shoulder. Band inside rim, the upper surface reserved. PGB. For shape cf. E nos. 529, 1030. 12. PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. 8.3. Nearly complete. Cream slip, brown paint. Everted rim, sloping outwards. Flat base. Lines, cross-hatchedtriangles,band, lines, band; paint on handles. Band inside rim. LPG EG. For no. 53. shape cf. Gypsades H. 8.8. DR. c. 7.5. Red-brown 13. BELL-SKYPHOS. in black paint down to lower body,and all clay,dipped over interior.LPG. (?) (fig. 68). PH. 9.5. Frs., base to 14. *LEKYTHOS shoulder. Red-brown clay, yellow slip. Hemispherical
THE TEKE body, ring foot with groove underneath. Quadruple chevron on shoulder,spaced bands. PGB(?). 15. *SHALLOW SKYPHOS (no. 68). PH. 9. DR. 17.3. Rim to lower body. Cream slip, brown paint. Offset lip, leaning inwards. Round reflex handles. Bars on rim, band on lip. Lines, thick zigzag, bands and lines. Handles barred. Inside: band at rim, another below the handle. EG. 16. *KALATHOS-LID. PH. c. 8. Two body frs.with handle. Concave profile.Two sets of sevenfoldcircles, band below, paint on handle. Three broad bands inside. LPG. Cf. lid of E no. 691. 17. CUP (fig. 68). H. 8.8. DR. 12. Half-preserved, handle missing. Offsetlip, flat base with string-mark. Reserved panel with two lines, otherwisefullypainted. Interiorall painted. PGB EG. 18. *CUP (FKi. 68). H. 4.8. DR. 9.6. Two-thirds preserved. Fine orange-buff clay, small white grits, semi-lustrous black paint. Short lip, flat base. Reserved line inside and outside rim, barred handle, otherwisefullypainted. Attic MG I. 19. CUP. H. 5.2. DR. 9.2. Nearly complete. As N 18. Attic MG I. 20. *PYXIS. PH. 5. Upper body frs. Depressed globular shape. Dark ground. Panel with single zigzag and two lines. MG. Probably as E no. 643. PH. 8. Upper body with handle 21. *OINOCHOE. root, and frs.of lip. Paint on lip, band at base of neck. Cross-hatched triangles on shoulder, two lines, band. PGB. Similar to E no. 1034. 22. *PYXIS. PH. 12. Neck to lower body. Orange-red clay Globular shape, root of horizontal handle. Band on neck. Shoulder: indistinctmotif,lines below, paint on lower body. Spatter inside. PGB-EG. 23. TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. PH. 45. Base and body frs. White grits, flaking grey-black paint. Plump ovoid body, root of one handle, disc foot. Panels, in dark ground: A: zigzag, meander, zigzag; B: horizontal S's, outline leaves. Bands and lines below. MG, early. Cf. E no 867, and no. 764 for decoration. PITHOS. DB. e. 24. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED 40. Many frs. Hard, grittyand micaceous red clay, traces of cream slip. Short vertical lip, carination below shoulder,risinghandles elliptical in section, flat base. PGB-EG. Similar to Fortetsa A 5 (v. sub N 26). PGB. 25. »COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 22. Frs. of upper part. Gritty grey clay, buff surface. Concave neck, plump ovoid body, root of horizontal handle. Slight ridge at base of neck; groove on shoulder, level with handle root. EG. Probably similar to M 20. 26. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. Frs. of vessel similar to Fortetsa A 5, BSA 56 (1961) 72, pl. 10. PGB.
SITE
- T. N
37
27. CONICAL LID (fig. 68). H. 9.8. D. 22.5. Half preserved. Fabric as N 7. Knob flat on top, two ribs on stem. Dark ground, cross-hatched lozenges between lines. Cross-hatched check on knob. MG. Cf. E no. 837. LID (FKi. 68). H. 7.4. D. c. 26. Half 28. DOMED preserved. Red-brown clay, grey core, cream slip. Central nipple, flaring rim, root of handle near rim. Paint at centre, four zones of billet between lines, band at rim. Bars on handle root. MG. PH. 5. D. c. 20. Two rim frs. 29. *KALATHOS-LID. Everted lip with carination, deep conical shape. Band, two lines,jagged zigzag, two lines, band. Inside: band under rim. EG. Similar to 13.34. 30. *CUP. PH. 3. DB. 5. Base fr. Burnt grey clay, black paint all over. Concave base. 31. *COARSE CONICAL LID (fig. 68). PH. 3.6. D. c. 30. Two rim frs. Clay as N 24, surface smoothed. Inverted rim with carination. Probably belongs to N 24 or N 26. PGB. 32. NECKED (?) PITHOS. PH. 12.5. DB. e. 12. Frs., base to belly,part of horizontal handle. Globular body passing without articulation into flat base. Trace of circles in handle zone, bars between stripeson handle. Spaced groups of two lines and one band. Spatter inside. EG. 33. *PYXIS. Frs., shoulder to lower body. Pink-brown clay, cream slip. Globular. Band, dots, line, broad bands. E-MG. PH. 6.8. DR. c. 10. Rim to 34. *BELL-SKYPHOS. belly.Buffclay,black paint all over. LPG-PGB. 35. *CUR PH. 4.9. DR. 8.5. Rim to lower body. Short concave lip, offset.Band, zigzag, lines. Inside, bars below rim, solid paint below. PGB. Similar to 0,3536. *FEEDING JUG. PH. 8.5. Mouth to lower body: two frs. with round handle and spout. Orange clay, unpainted. Since the frs.do not join, the spout was on the front, not on the side. For shape cf. BSA 12 (1905-06) 49 no. 3210 fig.22. PGB-EG. 37. *PYXIS (FIG. 68). H. c. 14. Frs., base to shoulder. Cream slip inside and out. Trace of horizontal handle, flat base. Band on shoulder; dotted triangles between lines, band; line, paint at base. Spatter inside. LPG-PGB. Cf. E no. 361. Mouth and shoulder frs.Orange 38. *OINOCHOE. clay, grey core, cream slip. Thick handle, elliptical in section. Faint trace of semicircles on shoulder. LPG PGB. 39. *CUP. PH. 4.2. DR. c. 9.8. Rim to belly. Flaring lip, flankdipped in paint. LPG-PGB. D. c. 20. Rim fr.Ridge below 40. *KALATHOS-LID. rim. Groups of bars on rim. Band, wavy line. Inside: band, wavy line. PGB-EG. * 41. PYXIS. Body frs.Fabric, shape, and decoration as N 4.
38
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE frs.Fivecartonsare markedeither'SF i' or '= SF i' or 'partofSF i' or 'partofSF i?' 1 Cartonmarked'SF i' has 80 verysmallscrapsof thin sheet metal, much the largest3.2 X 2.5. Thereare no featurepieces. 2 Cartonmarked'SF 1' has twofrs.ofwhichone is the lip of a hemisphericalbowl or phiale with plainlip 2 X 2.1. 3 Cartonmarked'partofSF 1?' has 25 frs.,largest 4.8 X 2.8. Includesplain rimof bowl or phiale D. 20). All otherpiecesfeatureless. (restored 4 Cartonmarked'= SF 1' has ninesmallshapeless piecesofsheet,largest1.7 X 1.2. 5 Cartonmarked'partofSF 1' has 50 frs.+ chips, all shapelesspiecesofsheet(largest3.1 X 3). Also (a) phialerim2.1 X 1.4,and (b) tworimscrapsof small cauldron(?), larger3 X 2.4, plain, quite sharpcut. The tinyproportionof rimfrs.amongthiscollection makesitdoubtful whether ithas anyinnercohesion.Ifit and smallcauldron) has,at leasttwovessels(phiale/bowl are involved.(NB: an additionalcartoncontaining40 smallto tinyfrs.ofsheet(largest 3.2 X 1.7)maybe part of the same complexof material.The pieces are all butcouldhavecomefroma vessel.) formless, ia. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2. D. 0.15. Fibula (?) from withouttaper. mid-shaft, 2. GOLD CIRCULAR ORNAMENT (fig. 153; PLATK263). D. 5.5. Beaten fromsheet gold. Dotrepoussédecorationroundrim.Holes forattachment: and twoon rim. one in centre-boss 3. IRON 'PRONG', (piau: 269). L. 23. D. 0.8. Bent; muchoxidized.Supposedto be brokenfromthe fork used duringthe German occupationin diggingthe Teke air raid shelter.This explanationoverlooksthe factthatforksare unknownin Greece and do not,as far as I am aware, belong to eitherAllied or Axis entrenching equipment. 4. GOLD POMEGRANATE ORNAMENT (1kï. 153; PLAIE263). H. 1.5. Damaged. Embossed from thinsheetgold.Froma pin-head(?). 5. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.L. 3.2. D. 1.5.Bottompart ofsocketonly. 6. IRON BLADE fr.D. 2.6. W. 1.4. Th. 0.2. Much oxidized.Probablypartofa smallknife.
7. BRONZE frs.(Largest) 3.5 X 2.5. Four heavily oxidizedfeatureless piecesofsheet. 8. IRON KNIFE (?) fr.3.5 X 2.6. Th. 0.4. Oxidized. Part of blade; littletrace of midrib,and therefore likelyto be knife. 9. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 8. D. 0.4. Oxidized;in two pieces. Plain shaft;no trace of mouldings.NB there are two morefrs.in a separatecarton(L. 3.5) which join,and maybelongto thisobject. 10. BRONZE VESSEL HANDLE (?) (fk;. 157;plate 269). L. 3.5. W. i.i. Th. 0.3. Oxidized. Threeribbed- froma lotusjug? 10a. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.5and 2.8. D. 0.4. Two nonjoining,oxidized,frs.of shaft.There maybe tracesof mouldingon thesmallerpiece. plainhorizontal flakeofmetal. 10b. BRONZE fr.2.4 X 1.5.Featureless 11. BRONZE frs.3.5 X 2.5 and 2.3 X 1.5.Featureless oxidizedscrapsofsheetmetal. 12. BRONZE fr. 0.6 X 0.7. Th. 0.1. Oxidized, shapelesspiece ofsheetmetal.W sideofchamber. 13. BRONZE frs.Two chipsofverythinsheetbronze. scrapofsheet. 14. BRONZE fr.1.8 X 0.5. Featureless 15. BRONZE frs.(Largest)1.4 X 1.2. Four chips of thinsheet. 16. BRONZE frs.(Largest)3 X 1.7.18 smallpiecesof sheetor strip;oxidized,shapeless. 17. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2.3 X 2.1. Eightoxidized, shapelesspiecesofmetal. 18. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2.2 X 2. Three shapeless, oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 19. BRONZE frs.(a) (Largest)2.7 X 2.1,(b) (Largest) 4.8 X 3. (a) Three rimfrs.of smallbowlsor phialai withplainlips.Could all be partofsame vessel,(b) 25 bodyfrs.ofsheetmetal(Chamber). 20. BRONZE frs.(Largest)4.7 X 3.1. Eightshapeless, oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 21. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 3.7 x 3.3. Sixteen shapeless,oxidizedpiecesofsheet. 22. BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 4.4. H. 2.2. Th. at rim of rimof hemispherical 0.2. Much oxidizedfragment thickened. bowl(?); plainlip,slightly 23. BRONZE frs.(Largest)2 X 1.2. Four scraps of oxidizedsheetmetal. 24. BRONZE frs.(Larger)3.2 X 2.8. Two scrapsof sheetmetal.
Tomb O (figs. 2, 1 1, plate 9 e-f) existed.N chamber: extantL. 1.90. W. 1.14-0.90.No stomion ExtantL. overall:4.60. Dromos: 2.00 X 1.50.S chamber:1.15X 1.55.H. 0.90. This tomb,exceptionally, comprisedtwo chambers(n and s) in tandem,the S apparently loss oftheN chamber'sroof,thelatteressentially added aftertheirretrievable becomingpart former. to the ofthedromos leading
THE TKKK SITE
Is. N ()
gg
in itslaterphase rose 1.05 in verticaldistance,at a mean angle of 180.In the The dromos earlierphase (assumingthe X halfwas not thenreçut)it rose 0.44 in verticaldistanceat a mean angle of 190.There had apparentlybeen two stepsout of the chamberthroughthe stomion whenthe X chamberstood,0.95 beyondwhichwas a singlestep and an increasein dromos gradient(from70 to 24o).The entranceto theS chamber,downintowhichtherewas a a smalldistanceintowhathad been the floorof the N chamber.The wallsof extended step, the dromos inwardstowardsthe top; it narrowedsomewhatas it reachedthe N slopedslightly X chamber.The chamberhad been oval in plan; its originalcuttingwas veryclear up to c. itswallswereveryirregular, 0.30 above thefloor,butthereafter havingfallenaway.On the'V in sucha manneras to side froma heightofc. 0.90 above floorthekouskouras was cut straight continuethe line of the dromos. The S chamberwas cut fromthe X chamber'sback wall. Its floorwas c. 0.30 belowtheX chamber.It had roughlystraight sidewalls,a roundedback wall. A flatstone0.38 X 0.48 X 0.08 was in situin its entrance,no doubt the foundationof its blockingwall.The roofwas largelyintact,butwas missingoverwhatwillhavebeen itsstomion. in itsE facewas Niche 1,c. 0.65 ofwhosewidthwas excavated;it At theX end ofthedromos was at least0.45 deep. Its floorwas 0.60-0.70 above dromos floor.Niche 2 was cut intothe S end oftheE dromos wall and intotheadjoiningwall oftheX chamber,c. 0.65 wide,0.40 deep. Thereis no noteoftheheightofitsfloorabovetheadjacentfloors. The tomblayastride(tothex) theNiotakisand (tothes) Koiladhiplots,mostS oftheTeke was tombs,perhapspartofa XE-SWbankto whichTs. M and Qalso belonged.Its orientation SE-XW,thechamber(s)on theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas found(in 1976)whenthemachinediggingfoundations on theNiotakisplotcut theX end ofthedromos and grazedtheX end ofNiche1.A 1.10lengthofthedromos and Niche1 werethenexcavated. ran the dromos under a concrete staircase on the Koiladhi Beyondthat, heavy further excavation too the staircase had been removed and itwas plot,making dangerous. By 1980 the of Mr. S. to excavate that of the tomb that on Koiladhis, possible, through goodwill part lay his in the a of the stair and a concrete to theS. property, processdestroyingremaining part courtyard Betweenthe1976and 1980excavations some0.75ofthedromos musthavebeen destroyed at the sametimeas thestaircase, of construction the which had now been probablyduring building by erectedon theNiotakisplot,covering the1976excavation. The modernstructures {supra) probably datec. 1900.Partsofthemrestedon kouskouras bedrock, exceptwherethegap in thebedrockover theX chamberexisted,and heretheywerefoundedon thehardreddishearthwhichfilledboth chambers. Withtheexception ofNiche1,thetombhad beenrobbedinantiquity. The reddishfill,containingG sherdsofmixedperiods,whichbecamelarger,lesswornand morenumerousas theexcavationwentdown,provedto be robbingspoil,almostcertainly R. There werefragments of R lamps,pots and tilethroughout, but nothinglater.The robbers downintotheX chamber,thenceto theS chamber,ignoringthedromos mayhavedug straight and Niche 1.TheymayhavefoundtheblockingoftheS chamberintact.A numberofsmallto mediumstoneshad been piledto theE oftheentranceto theS chamber,on orjust above the flooroftheX chamber,and one or twohad also beenpushedinsidetheS chamber. The floorand muchofthewallsoftheS chamberwerecoatedwitha thinlayeroffinegreybrownsiltymud, separatingthe kouskouras fromthe robbingfill,whichgrewprogressively harderfromtop to bottom,and was hardestin the S chamber.This suggested8thatthe S
8 The lati*Antonis thisinterpretation ofthesilt. Zidianakis,theSchool'sForemanat Knossos,whodug thistomb,offered
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
40
chamberhad been floodedand thendriedout and thatthetombhad been lootedand backin winter. In thedromos, on dromos-ftll, filledin wetconditions, therefore, parallelwith probably, wall. Below the levelof itsstoneswas 25 PG oinochoe.Among Niche i, was a low retaining thestoneswas 9, sherdofan EG amphora(?). On theWsideofthedromos, oppositetheniche, lowerthan its floor,was 6, an ash-urn,inverted,stillcontainingburntbone. Ash was also foundstrewnin the dromos at thislevel. Near it, 0.66 above the dromos floor,was a PGB ofan LPG bell-krater, oinochoe,10. Beneath6 was an AtticLPG jug, 7. Fragments 12, were also foundin thedromos. On the On thestepleadingfromthedromos to theN chamberwas 29, PG jug (unbroken). flooroftheN chamber, just W ofthe entranceto the S chamber,in a thinlevelof apparently of25, and fewerstones,werefragments brownerand softer earth,withmorekouskouras lighter, a plain pithosperhapsinsitu.Justto the S, stillnearerthe S chamber,weresherdsof 24, O polychrome pithos,in a heap withsherdsofotherpithoi.Also on thefloor,nearerthecentre, roofO aryballoi,22, 23. This thinlevelmayhavebeen a pre-robbing werethefragmentary of falllevel,thoughthechangewas notparticularly clear.Somewhatabove 24 werefragments thebase ofthe LG pithos,19 (manyofwhosebodysherdswerein the S chamberfill).In its ofcoarsepithoi,c. 0.30 above floor,19's base sherds area wereamphora(?) 17, 18, fragments in N part,was a massofsmashedpottery the the below 18's. c. above floor, including 0.40 just above the of dromos), 15 (EG ash-urn),16 (plain pithos). fragments 14 (MG pithos partly Therewas a heavyscatterofburntbone aroundand below 15; one ofitspieceswas foundc. 0.30 higherin the robbingfill.There was a predominanceof O materialon the N chamber floor,withLG sherdsabove them,MG or even earlierpieces above those,in the reverseof order. properchronological In theS chambertheupperhalfofa MPG stirrup jar, 28, wasjammedbetweena stoneand thebackwall,nextto 27, base ofa LG pithos.£5,partofan ironjavelinhead on theE sideof was empty.Though theentrance,mayalone havebeen insituin thischamber.Niche 2 {supra) the contentsof Niche 1 had been disturbedwithintheperiodof the tomb'suse, itsash-urns and theirlids werein situ.At the S end of the nichewerethe EG pithosand lid, 4, 5, and, identified inside,aryballos,8, and threeironfragments, duringthestudyofthecremation.1, in theN end oftheniche,was a MG pithos,containing 3, a MG aryballos. In thelightoftheevidencedescribedaboveitis suggestedthatafterthetomb'sfirst use,the 1 was cut Niche interment. for fresh out was not dromos probably quite every dug completely all thefill,so thatwhenpotswhichmay wallto avoidtheneed forremoving highin thedromos have been in the nichewerethrownout to makeway forothers,theyfellnot on the dromos thatash was also foundat floor,butwheretheywerefound,0.60-0.70 above thefloor(supra)', reconstruction. this thesamelevelhelpscorroborate Dromos and Niche 1 suggeststwo 'springcleanings'.In EG it was necessaryto rehousePG and EG interments (4, 6, 12). At the end of MG or earlyin LG, 6 and 12 and the smaller to makeroomin theniche dromos potsfoundnearthemwerethrownintothepartly-excavated for1 and itscontents. thus:A theoretical maybe summarised history 1 2 3 4
and N chamberdugin thePG period. Dromos Used in PG. in EG; PG and EG potsremovedto Niche 1. Overcrowded S chamber EG-MG. Collapse of N chamber;convertedinto S extensionof the dromos. have been interment 15. may dug;itsfirst
THE TEKE SITE
T. O
4I
5 S chamberfilledwithinLG. i movedto Niche i; 6, 9 and varioussmallpotsthrowninto S chamberperhapsnow used forinterments in 19 and, later, partlyexcavateddromos. which have final been the use. 24, may 6 Tombrobbed- ?R. POTTERY (PLATES 73-7) 1. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.4. DR. 13.7.Half preserved.Verticalhandlesmissing.Panels identical: triple zigzag, cross-hatched lozenges, meander.MG. 2. OINOCHOE. H. c. 15.5.Base to shoulder,frs.of neck and handle. Cream wash. Round handle, low conicalfoot.Shoulder:pendenthatchedlozengeswith all linesproduceddownward;spaced bands. Painton rim,noneon handle.EPG. 3. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Complete. Handmade. concave.Unpainted.Inside Straphandle,base slightly O 1. CorinthianMG. 4. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 70). H. 36.3. Dr. 18-19. Complete.Unevenrim,slightridgebelow.Flat base. Two roundhandles.Verticalpanel in centreonly,as illustrated,same on both sides. Bands; paint on handles.EG. 5. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 70). H. 8. D. 20.5-22. Nearlycomplete.Straphandles.WithO 4. EG. 6. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 29. Complete.Reddishclay,largegrey-brown grits,cream wash. Unevenrim,flaton top, ridgebelow; another ridge between neck and shoulder. Strap handles, circulardepressionat each root. Sets of grooveson body.Largediscfoot.E-MPG. 7. SMALL JUG (fig. 70). H. c. 9.3. Neck and body muchofsurfacewornaway.Fineorange-buff restored, black paint. High clay,red-brown grits,semi-lustrous strap handle, barred. Reserved zone on belly with scribblein dilutedpaint.WithO 6. AtticLPG- EG. 8. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.6. Complete.Highlypolished grey-brownsurface.Shape as O 3. Unpainted. In O 4. MG. 9. AMPHORA (?) frs(fig.70). PH. 19.5.Cream slip. Battlement and birdin partof bellyzone. Otherfrs* preservepartofhorizontalhandle,a handlerootwith a panel ofdiagonalcheckpattern,a verticalmeander withvarioushatchings, and the beak of anotherbird facingleft.A neckfr.witha hatchedbattlement may also belong.PGB-EG. 10. COARSE OINOCHOE. H. 11.6.Frontofmouth missing; trace of trefoillip. Grittyred clay, well smoothed.Strap handle. Groovesbetweenneck and shoulder.Disc foot.UnderO 6. PGB-EG. 11. DOMED LID (fig. 70). H. 7.2. D. 19-20.4. Half preserved.Elliptical rim. Pair of suspensionholes. Some piecesfoundin O 1. MG. 12. BELL-KRATER. PH. 18.7.D. c. 35. Rim fr.,and other*body frs.withone handle. Cream slip. Rim
slopinginwards,ridgebelow.Groupsof bars on rim. On body,traceofcentrallozengedesign.Inside:band belowrim,spatterbelow.LPG. Cf.F. no. 1467. 13. LEKYTHOS, top. PH. 5. Flaringmouth,handle attachedto neck.On neck,wavyline,twolinesabove and below.Decoratedas open-neckedstirrup-jars like D 11. LPG. 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 35. DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,body,and base, withbucraniumhandle. Plump shape, ringfoot.Paint on insetlip. Traces of panels: tongues,cross-hatched trianglesand lozenges; meanderbelow.MG, HorseWorkshop. 15. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 19. One handle and parts of body and foot restored. Cream slip. Inset lip, slightneck. Twin horizontal round handles,risinghigh above rim; small vertical straps,returningsharply.Ring foot. Paint on rim. Panel: A, B, cross-hatchedMaltese crosses, triple circleat centre;C as A butin theformofa millsail;D as A, with chevron column to L. Meander below. Horizontal handles barred on upper surface, otherwisefullypainted; tall cross and chevronon straps.EG. 16. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 41. Half preserved.Orange-brown clay,greycore,smallwhite and greygrits,yellowslip. Squared lip, flaton top, with attachmentof verticalhandle; shortconcave neck,belliedglobularbody,flatbase. Lip: alternating sets of three diagonal bars; continuous diagonal strokesbetween neck and shoulder; four grooves betweendiagonalstrokeson belly.LPG-PGB. 17. *AMPHORA (?), base only.DB. 16. Softorange clay,greycore,orange-brown paint.Low conicalfoot, fullypaintedbut forreservedline whereitjoins body. EG (?). Cf. G 82. 18. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS, base withfrs.of upper body.DB. 23. Brick-redclay,large greygrits, yellowslip.Flat evertedrim,shortconcaveneck,roots of horizontalhandle on shoulder,plump body,flat base. Fourgroovesat handlelevel.PGB (?). As 13, 19. 19. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 70). H. 53.2, includingfeet.DR. 19.8. Nearlycomplete.Insetlip, almoststraight,risingslightlyabove shoulder.Ring base. Of the threelooped strapfeet,one is too short so thatthe vesselstandsat a list.Paint on lip, triple zigzag.Dark band withpanels:bird,octopus,hatched lozenge crosswithdots,guilloche,octopus,hatched lozengecross,brokenquadruplespiral,bird. Panels: and B, three-headed A, quatrefoil, birds,as illustrated;
a2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
C, checkpattern;D, masseddouble lozenges.Under each horizontalhandle a two-headedbird,grazing and regardant.Below,a secondzone ofwhite-on-dark panels: hatched lozenge cross, broken quadruple spirals,six indistinctpanels, hatchedlozenge cross, lozenge cross with dots, octopus, guilloche, one indistinctpanel; under vertical handle, opposed hatchedchevrons;octopus,guilloche,hatchedlozenge cross,six indistinct panels,brokenquadruple spiral, guilloche,one indistinct panel,hatchedlozengecross, lozenge cross with small lozenges in quarters, quadruplebrokenspiral,octopus,octopus,guilloche, LG-EO, BirdWorkshop. Reflexions, 29, cross-hatching. fig.2.4,pl. 2.7-8.AR 29 (1983)52, figs.95-6. 20. *SKYPHOS (fig. 70). H. 5.5. DR. 8.8. Most of inside.Reservedcircle rimmissing. Paintsemi-lustrous on floor.MG. 21. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11.2. DR. c. 9. Half Low conicalfoot.Paintdownto belly,solid preserved. inside.LPG. 22. *LEKYTHOS, frs.of lip,handle,and bodywith base. Shape and decorationas F. nos.893-5. EO. preserved. 23.*ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Three-quarters Grey clay,polished. Round handle, concave base. Slight ridge under lip, continuous grooves from shoulderto lowerbody.O. 24. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 14.2. Concave Cream slip,decorationin red and blue-grey. inset rim, ring base, double and round loop feet. Decorationmuchworn.Tonguesabove handles,inner blue and outerred outlines,emptycentres.Panels,all four flanked by blue chevron columns: A, bird, reverted(head missing),solid body and legs in blue, red forinneroutlineof neckand body,extraoutlines added in blue. B, lotus,red outlinedin blue. C, traces ofbird.D, lotus,veryworn.Below,zone oftongues,as above;deeperzone oftongues;zone ofsquarelozenge panels alternatingwithemptyspaces, each lozenge having a thick red outline enclosing a thin blue outline,and a smalllozenge(red enclosedin blue) at centre.Blue paintto base. Blue and redcurvedstripes on horizontalhandles;on straphandles,blue diagonal crosses and bars. On loop feet,red vertical lines borderedin blue.O. The lid O 47 fits. 25. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS, frs.Orangebrown clay, white and brown grits, cream slip. Squared lip withstampedtriplecirclesoutside;tall concaveneck,verticalhandlerooton shoulder,ovoid body,disc foot.Ridge betweenneck and shoulder; raisedband withstampedtriplecirclesbelow handle root.PGB. Cf. 18.8. forshape. 26. *CUP (fig. 70). H. 6. DR. c. 7.8. Half preserved withouthandle.Fullycoated.LG. Cf.H 11. 27. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 52. DR. 16.5. Two-thirds preserved.Straightinsetlip,risingslightly to rim. Ring base. Three straploop feet.Shoulder,
whiteon dark:hatchedzigzag betweenlines.Panels: A, two-headedbird,hatchedbody and wing,double lozengecolumnto L.; B, as D; C, top of two-headed bird preserved;D, massed double lozenges. Below, zone withwhite-on-dark panels: lozenge crosswith dotted quarters, alternating double lozenge intersected by lateralarcs. Bars on handlesand feet. LG, late.BirdWorkshop. 28. STIRRUP-JAR,top. PH. 8.6. Cream slip. Real neck missing.Spike on disc, trace of airhole.Circles on disc, handles barred, dashes on false neck. Shoulder: tracesof sextuplesemicircles,the centres filled.MPG. 29. JUG. H. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Buffslip. Strap handle.Flatbase. Threegroupsofpendentlanguettes, spacedbands.Paintinsiderim.EPG. Cf.J 58. 30. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 50.8. DR. 16.5. Three-quarterspreserved.Inset lip, broad and flat. Ring foot.Lip unpainted.All fourpanels identical. LG, earlierthanE no. 700. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35.3. DR. 14.3. Disc foot. Nearlycomplete.Inset lip, risingslightly. Lip unpainted.Four identicalpanels. Shortpanel of LG. singlezigzagunderverticalhandlenotillustrated. 32. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 13.5. Partsofbodyrestored.Risinginsetlip,ringfoot.Paint on lip. Identicalpanels outlinedin white,surrounded on three sides by white quadruple circles,widely spaced. Sets of reservedlines,whiteline above and beloweach set.LG/EO. 33. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47. DR. 15. Partsofbodyrestored.Broad insetlip,highringfoot. Paint on lip. Identicalpanels: triplewhitecirclesat eitherside, above handles,and in zone below.Paint on handles,withwhitecurvedstripes.Below,groups ofreservedlinesborderedin white.LG, late. 34. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Base and frs.of upper body.Insetlip, flat;straphandlewithvertical line; ringfoot.Band at rim,lip otherwisereserved, two whitelines below shoulder.Panels: W-columns motifs: alternative thefollowing lozengecross flanking withsmalldottedlozengein each quadrant;diamond offourhatchedleaveswithsmallcentrallozenge.LG, late; perhaps Bird Workshop.For leaf patterncf. A 4. Atsalenio 35. *BELL-KRATER, rimand upper body frs.PH. 19.5. DR. c. 36. Yellow slip. Rim flaton top, ridge below.Band betweenrimand ridge.Ninefoldcircles enclosingMaltese cross,no trace of centralpanel. Paint on handle. Band insiderim,no spatter.Small similar.LPG. frs.ofanother, 36. AMPHORA (?), twofrs.of bellyand lowerbody. PH. 24. Red-brownclay, large white grits.Belly: to centralrectilinear panels,birds(feetonlypreserved) R. Daub belowhandleroots.EG. 37. NECKED PITHOS (fig.69). H. 38.5. DR. c. 20.
THE TEKE SITE - T.O, T. Half preserved. Large white grits, yellow slip. Bucraniumhandles. Dots round edge of lip. LPG. UrnswithLids,no, fig.3. 38. *PYXIS. H. 15. DR. c. 8.8. One-quarter preserved.Reddishclay,whitegrits,creamslip.Short neckwithprojectinglip, horizontalhandles,globular body, false ring foot. Band on neck, decoration otherwiseas on D 26. band on lowerbody,stopping shortofbase. LPG-PGB. 39. CONICAL LID. PH. 9. DR. 24.5-26.2. Knob handle missing.Ellipticalrim.Convex profile.White zigzag on band at rim,bands and lineswithchain of smalllozenges.LG/EO. Cf.E no. 888. 40. *CONICAL LID. H. 12. D. 21. Half preserved. Circles on knob. Traces of whiteabove and below groupsofreservedlines.LG. 41. DOMED LID. PH. 4.2. D. 20.3. One-third centremissing.Evertedlip,twosuspension preserved, holes. White on dark: dots, double circles,tongues. LG. Cf. 218.61. 42. AMPHORA. Frs.ofrim,bodyand base; no trace of handles.Deep orangeclay,some mica,thicksemilustrousbrown-blackpaint. Surface much worn. Projectingrim,flaton top; low concaveneckpassing gentlyinto body; falseringfoot.Groups of eightor nine bars on rim,freehand.Dark ground.Shoulder: lines,sevenfoldsemicircles,band, groupsof oblique bars sloping in alternate directions,band. Belly
P
43
missing,reserved lines below. Paint inside neck. CycladicSub PG. 43. *COARSE PITHOS. Lower part only. Redbrownclay,small whiteand greygrits,cream slip. Trace of horizontalroundhandle,globularbody,flat base. Incisedverticalchevronsat handle level,three groovesabove and below.PG. 44. *HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fkj.70). H. 12.8. DR. c. 16.Halfpreserved.Creamwash.LPG. 45. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.9. DR. 7.9. Half preserved.Irregularconicalfoot.Paintto lowerbody, and insideonlyon upperpart.LPG. As N 13. 46. *LEKYTHOS. Body frs.,mainlyshoulder.Soft granular orange-buffclay, orange-brownpaint all over.Trace of handle root,and of double circleson shoulderin darkpaint;line above belly.CypriotBoR 1.As 292.62. 47. CONICAL LID. H. 11. DR. 18.2. Two-thirds preserved.Cream slip, decorated in matt red and blue-grey.Knob flaton top. Red and blue lines on solidblue,and redoutlinedin stem;leaves,alternately blue; panels of blue cross-hatching alternatingwith emptypanels, and barred offby red lines between blue; emptyzone; on lip, red line betweenblue. O. FitspithosO 24. 48. DOMED LID. PH. 6.2. D. 22. Half preserved, centremissing.Lip slightlyeverted.White on dark: tonguesin doubleoutline.LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON fr.3 X 2.7. The. 0.8. Scrap brokenfrom blade of largespearor sword.Less likely, fromhiltof largeknife. ia. IRON PIN fr. Two pieces L. 3.8 and 2.5. Oxidized;featureless. 2. BRONZE OBJECT. L. 1.3. W 0.5. Oxidized. Perhapsoval mouldingfromshaftofpin or,lesslikely, bow offibula. 2a. GLASS BEAD (fig. 183).Spherical(?) D. 1.4. L.
2. Dh. 0.4. Only halfsurvives.Pale greentransparent glass.Shape distorted (byheat?). 3. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 155;piafe 269). Ext. L. 25.5.SocketL. 9. Blade W 2.7. Much oxidized.Socket continuesinto blade as round, quite slightmidrib. ?Socketdivided. 4. CLAY MUD BRICK. 4.2 x 3.3 x 3.2. Lump. Grey bakedwithchaffand smallstone. fabric,lightly 5. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.
'Tomb5 P WofT. O, whatat firstappearedto be thedromos ofanothertombturnedout to be a modern shaftdug fora fruittree.At the bottom,on itsside,lay the pyxis1, evidently broughtfrom elsewhere. POTTERY (PLATE 77) 1. PYXIS. H. 14.8. Three-quarters preserved. Purplish-brown clay,whiteand greygrits,creamslip. Everted lip, Oat on top. Flat base. Band, sextuple bands and lines,band at base, paint on semicircles,
handles.LPG PGB. Cf.D 26-7. 2. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.ofbase and wall.Spaced bands.LPG. As E no. 285.
44
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb Q (figs. 2, 12, plate 10) GreatestextantoverallL. 4.12. Dromos:extantL. 1.34. W. 1.29 (base); 1.23 (top). Stomion: 0.83-0.80wide,0.53 deep. Chamber:2.51 X 2.26. GreatestH. ofchamber1.25. This tomb was excavated in very difficultcircumstances,which preventedits full and S side-chamber. The dromos had been cut down of the dromos investigation, particularly than fromthetop ofthekouskouras, havebeen narrower 2.62 above itsfloor.It mayoriginally its 1.23at thetop,sinceby thetimeofthelatestfill,partsofthe dromos and stomion wallshad througha spalledoff.The dromos mayhave been cut fromanother0.60 above thekouskouras, fill of hard red as the dromos was it was difficult to earth,though layer verysimilar, upper decide. The dromos floorrose a verticaldistanceof 0.06 fromthe stomion as faras it was formedthe excavated,at an angle of 50. A 0.04 stepcut in the kouskouras up fromthe dromos in thestomion, threshold witha 0.08 stepdownintothechamber.The E side ofthethreshold was 0.14higherthantherestforan area 0.15wideon thedromos side,and 0.14on thechamber raised to the same height,by the use of side.The wholethreshold have been mayoriginally stone removed the robbers. The stomion was blocks, squared by preservedto a greatestheight of0.62 above thethreshold on theW side,and up to thatpointcould be seen curvingin with an overhangof 0.06 over the base. The chamberwas an irregularoval in plan, though, to trace.Partat leastofthechamber becauseofcollapsedsides,itspreciseoutlinewas difficult werefoundinsitu.Others floorseemsto havebeen paved,sincesixslabs,mostlyoflimestone, werein therubblefillin thefrontpartofthechamberand mayhavebeen displacedfromthe from0.04-0.10,and the floor frontand E side of the chamber.The slabsvariedin thickness floor.Slabs were0.50 X 0.35,0.45 X 0.35, theyformedwas e. 0.11abovetheoriginalkouskouras X 0.24. The SE-mostslab of red sandstone,0.04 thick,was unique. The heightof the 0.36 chamberwas difficult to determinebecause the roofhad fallen.The fillin the frontof the chamberwas 1.90above thefloor,butpossiblypartoftheroofhad alreadyfallenbeforethat fillwas deposited.This pointwas 2.50 belowmodernsurface.The ancientgroundsurfacewas hardto determine, sincethelayersoverbedrockhad been removedbeforeexcavation.The S Its ground plan may have been roughly side-chamberopened 0.55 fromthe stomion. rectangular,1.76 deep, and more than 0.70 wide. Its floorseemed to slope down slightly There was a slightniche0.09 deep in the chamber'sS wall; 0.80 above towardsthe interior. thefloortheS wallhad been cutback to forma shelf0.30 wide.The roofwas 1.90highat the butdiminished to 1.62at thelowestpointuncovered. front, SE oftheTekegroup,perhapspartofa NE-SWbankto whichTs. The tombwas thefurthest was approximately M and O also belonged.Its orientation SE-NW,thechamberbeingon the E side of the dromos. It lay immediatelySE of the house belongingto Mrs. A. Koiladhi, S oftheplotin whichTs. A-F had been found. immediately of a cesspitnear the SE cornerof The tombwas foundby chanceduringthe construction theKoiladhihouse.A 3.0 m2pitwas dug througha layerof hard red earthto thekouskouras bedrock,whichappeared1.20belowsurface,slopingdownfairlysteeplyto the SE,as though filledwiththesame hard theremayonce havebeen a gullythere.A cuttingin thekouskouras, red earthwas thenapparenton the E side ofthepit. Sherdswerefoundbothabove bedrock and in the fillof the cuttingwhich,once removed,could be seen to be the fillabove a collapsedchambertomb. Near thetop ofthefillweresome sherdsand a piece ofiron,fi (2.17belowsurface)and a piece ofworkedmarble,f2 (2.19below).At c. 2.50 below surface(1.90 above chamberfloor), the originalfillof the chamberbegan to appear,withmanysherdsin the frontpart of the chamber.In the inner,S partthe red earthfillcontinuedto a layerof denselypackedstones
THE TEKE
SITE
T.Q.
45
perhapsusedto helpfillthehollowcausedbythecollapsedroof.Belowthestonelayerwas the rooffall,reachingdown to the chamberfloorin its S edge, but graduallyrising kouskouras towardsthe centreabove the originalchamberfillwhichseemsto have spilledin fromthe beforethe rooffell.The chamberfloorwas 4.40 below surface,and was eventually dromos and a short uncoveredcompletely.The limitsimposed by the cesspitallowed the stomion to be investigated. intothe N edge of thepit the S partof sectionof the dromos By tunnelling further workthere. couldbe excavated;theriskofcollapseprevented theside-chamber In bothdromos and side-chamber thereweretwodistinctstrata,an upperlayerofred earth, The relationship ofthe a lowerofcrumbledkouskouras, bothcontainingmuchbrokenpottery. and frontof the chamber two stratawas not immediatelyobvious. The fillin the stomion moremixed.Materialfromthe lootedtomb but was slightly resembledthe upperdromos-ñ'l, in and the dromos the front of the the stomion to chamber, 2.50 below the part began appear twolargefragments oftheside ofa LM surface(1.90above floorlevel).Lowerin thefill(infra) acrossthe frontof the stomion, III decoratedlarnax 116 were foundstretching dividingthe fillofthe dromos red fromthemoremixedbutpredominantly kouskouras lower,predominantly was an fillofthestomion nearthestomion, and frontofthechamber.On theS sideofthedromos, O aryballos,2, 0.99 above floor.Two smallpieces ofbronze£3,werenear,0.94 above,with another piece to the NW. At the same level, near the side-chamber entrance was a Withthemwere £5, fragmentof a zoomorphic concentrationof coarse pithosfragments. bronze above while floor, askos,114, 0.79 f4, pin,was 0.65 above. These findsappearedas in The lower dromos out of the side-chamber. fill,behindthelarnaxfragments thoughspilling was mainlycrumbledkouskouras and a jumbledmass of sherds,includingsome of the stomion coarsepithoi.fu, piece ofa bronzepin,was near theouterlarnaxfragment, 0.54 above the in Several small small terracotta was front of the side-chamber. and bead, floor, fi2, of the area of the as of bronze seemed to have out side-chamber, did muchof fragments spilled A terracotta was found thematerialin thedromos. bead, fi3, 0.03 above flooron theN side of the dromos. The greatestconcentration of sherdsin the dromos was in the lowestpart of the on S near the side-chamber. kouskouras the fill,especially side, Amongthe sherdswere small flakesofbronzeand a piece ofa bronzepin,£14. The upper part of the looted chamberfillwas mostlyred earthwithsome patches of kouskouras and manystonesof varyingsizes (a large squaredblockwas 0.42 X 0.40 X 0.30) were probablyfromblockingwalls.Throughoutthe fillin frontof the chamberand stomion smallflakesofbronze.Some largefragments ofpotteryincluded manysherdsand, frequently, the upturnedbase of a large O pithos-urn,1, (1.53 above chamberfloor),withtwo small pieces ofbronzenearby.At thislevelsome larnaxfragments (supra,infra) began to appear.A largesidepiece was foundfairlyhighin thefillin thefrontofthechamber.Also in thefront, neartheWwall,0.70 above thefloor,was 3, partofa coarsepithos-urn, otherpiecesofwhich werelowerin the fill.Some pieces ofburntbone werein the same area. There wereseveral piecesofburntclayamongthestonerubblein thesame area and level,perhapsonce used as Anothershapedpiece of burntclaywas foundnear 3. Slightlylowerwas a small rendering. were piece of bronze,and a piece of blue glass -?R intrusion.More smallbronzefragments foundclose to thelarnaxfragment, in the stomion, reachingdown almostto floorlevel.Here was also foundthefoot(fy)ofa zoomorphicvessel,0.10 abovestomion floor(? partof114) and, closeS, partofa bronzepin,:P6. BesidetheWwall ofthechambera smallgroupofvaseswas foundon thefloorundersome kouskouras that had presumablyfallenfromthe roofbeforethe tomb was robbed. These includean aryballos,4, an amphora,5, a jug, 6, a cup witha smalloinochoeinside,8, 9,
46
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
witha jug stackedon top,7. Underthecup was thefootofa zoomorphicvase resembling 114 {supra).
On thekouskouras floorSE ofthepavedarea {supra) was thefootofa zoomorphicvessel,with a crystalbead at the E edge. Seven morebeads (f8) of the same shape but of different sizes were scatteredover a 0.30 arc along the S chamber wall, evidentlypart of a necklace overlooked bythelooters.A goldleaf-shapedornament, fg, was foundon theSE-mostpaving slab,a goldringwithplainbezel,fio, wasjust E ofthearc ofbeads. As we haveseensupra, thesidechamberwaspartly excavated intotheNfaceofthe bytunnelling Thisfollowed thelengthoftheS wallat itsbase,as wellas a shortstretch ofitsWreturn. cess-pit. The shelfcut0.80 up in theS wall{supra) couldnotbe followed farintothechamber. The deposit kouskouras witha massofsherdsthatseemedto slopedowninto justabovetheshelfwas essentially thedromos. Much oftheside-chamber fillhad to be leftinsitu,foritwas dangerousto maketoo largea tunnel.At floorlevelin frontofthechamberweretwolargishstonesapparently slightly displacedfroman originalpositionin theblockingwall (thelargerwas 0.68 X 0.38 X 0.25). - behindthemwas £15,ironfragment Behind,underand betweenweresmallerpackingstones and fi6, ?partofa pin.Alsoin thefront oftheside-chamber were£17,ironknifefragment, and, W of to of the larnax NE bead. Close the the base to Its narrow it, fi8, last, just glass began appear. the end,and partofthelongsidefacingintothechamberhad beenbrokenoffto use in blocking S fill stomion it had been the wall. It had four The wide, {supra). 1.34long,0.48 legs. placedagainst overthelarnaxbase was mostlycrumbledkouskouras there seemed more red though slightly clay mixedwithit in thearea thathad originally been theinterior of thelarnax.There was a fair amountofburntbonein thefillas wellas a fewpiecesofcharcoal.Alsotwofragments ofan iron a and head and several of of Around (£22), pin(£21) pin fragmentsbronze,perhapspart £19{infra). thelarnaxthefillnearfloorlevelwas redderand harder,as thoughwelltrodden.Therewere severalfragments ofbronzebetweentheS walland thelarnax,and onelargepiecenearitstopwas a of shallow part pan (£19)withitsrimpressedagainsta recesscutinthechamberwall. a miniature io, jug, was foundon the flooragainstthe S wall of the chamberand the vesselsappeared larnax On lifting thebase ofthelarnax,a numberofminiature foot. adjacent had been undisturbed on their where sides, by looters). 11 and 12, they (mostlylying in miniature front of the with were larnax, 21, juglet,then(partlyunderthe aryballoi, just Under the front were 14 (kalathos),16 (aryballos),17 (cup),18 larnax)aryballoi13, 15. part oinochoe)and 24 (kalathos). 23 (miniature 19-20, 22, 25 (aryballoi), (lekythos), Underthecentralsectionweremassed26-27 (cups),28-30, 32-33 (aryballoi), 31 (lekythos), while34 (lekythos) was inside35 (cup).Beneath35 werebronzefragments perhapspartoffig and theleg ofthezoomorphicaskos115. Othervesselswerea juglet,36, twominiature {supra) aryballos, lekythoi, 37-38, aryballoi,39-40, 42, a cup, 41, beneathwhichwerea miniature a smallconicalcup,45. Underthefarsectionofthelarnaxbase werea kalathos, inside 43, 46, overa miniature 47, a pyxisand lid,44, and a bronzeflake,perhapsfromfig. There aryballos, was a miniature 48, neartheN edge ofthelarnaxand a vesselhandlewitha small aryballos, on modelled bull,£25,and a smallstrainerit,£245W of£24was a smallterracotta hedgehog vase in the the floor was in a small To the S, splendidhippalektryon depression spoutedjug,49. detached which were found of small mounted on its miniature tail, Bythe nearby. parts 115, jug SEfootofthelarnaxwas50, miniature hydria. Betweenthelarnaxand thew wallwas an amphora,51, witha skyphos, 52, jammed in its SW were larnax's foot the its cover. mouth,possibly 53, 56, aryballoi,54, smallskyphos, By as them above with iron (onlypartofwhichcouldbe retrieved 55, lekythos, f26, javelinhead, of the side-chamber into the inaccessible itextended fill). part
THE TEKE SITE POTTERY (PLATES 78-86) 1. PITHOS, lower part. PH. 29. Cream slip. Flat base. Trace ofcirclesat upperbreak.O. 2. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.7. Base missing. Round handle, mouth almost flat. Detached solid petals round the mouth;neck painted. Shoulder: rosettes withsolid petalsattachedto freehanddouble circles. Fourwhitelineson lowerpaint.LO. 3. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. of neck 18. DR. 34. DB. 18. Neck and shoulders,bodyand base frs.Grittyorangeclay,greycore,creamslip.Squared rim,flaton top; concaveneck,ovoid body,disc foot; roots of vertical strap handle on lower neck and shoulder.Slight ridge between neck and shoulder. Two setsofthreegrooveson belly.PGB-EG. 4. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.7. Complete. Round handle attached inside rim. Base veryrough,with Upper parts of neck and handle spiralstring-mark. and bothflanksdippedin paint.LPG PGB. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 25.2. DR. 8.5. Nearlycomplete.Buffwash. Rounded lip, concave inside. Strap handles, ring foot. Small pendent arcs on neck. Bars on handles. Inside: reservedlinebelowrim;band. LPG. 6. OINOCHOE. H. 19.Virtually complete.Flattened handle, base slightlyconvex. Paint on and inside mouth.Spaced bands, groupsof pendentlanguettes on shoulder, S on handle.MPG. 7. OINOCHOE. H. 25.2. Complete.Round handle. Conical foot.Paint on mouth.Rectilinearpanel on shoulder:thickzigzag,checkpattern,one and a half lozenges in double outline with solid trianglesin upper corners,cross-hatchinginside the complete lozenge,and cross-hatched triangleselsewhere.Wavy lineon handle.LPG. 8. CUP (fk;. 70). H. 9. DR. 13.4. Nearlycomplete. on Large whitegrits.Straphandle,spiralstring-mark base. Dipped. LPG. 9. OINOCHOE. H. 10.2. Part of mouth missing. Round handle, slight ridge between neck and Exterior shoulder;flatbase, rough,withstring-mark. fullycoated.M LPG. 10. OINOCHOE. H. 15.3. Part of mouthmissing. Grittyand micaceousbrick-redclay.Round handle. Grooves on neck. Disc foot, rough underneath. PGB-EG. Cf.D 8. 11. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete. Strap handleattachedinsidelip. Flat base. Bars on handle. Paintinsiderim.PGB. 12. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Part of mouth underbase, otherwiseas Q 11. missing. " String-mark PGB. 13. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete.As Q, 11, butwithbilletson shoulderinsteadoftriangles. PGB. 14. KALATHOS-LID (fkí. 70). H. 7.1. D. 16.4. Complete.Cream slip.Round handles.Lozengessolid
T.Q.
47
on one side, cross-hatchedon the other. Interior spatterapplied when the vessel was turningon the wheel.PGB. 15. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete. Solid triangleswithattenuatedapices, otherwiseas Q 11. PGB. 16. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Part of mouth missing.Saggingshape, handle attachedoutsidelip, as Q, 11. PGB. on shoulder, otherwise emptytriangles 17. CUP. H. 3.6. D. 6.4. Complete. Strap handle attachedinsiderim,twoirregulargroovesbelow.Flat base withstring-mark. Dipped. MPG. 18. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.6. Complete.Mouth flaton top.Round handle.Footconicalunderneath.Painton lip, wavy line on neck. Shoulder: cross-hatched withconcavesidesand taperingapices.Blobs triangles on handle,paintinsidemouth.PGB. 19. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 20. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.4. Complete.Pale yellowclay, slightly polished. Strap handle, concave base. Unpainted.PGB. 21. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.5. Partoflip missing. Grey-browngrittyclay with mica. Four groovesat base of neck; handle slightlyflattened;verticalribs appliedto body.High foot,flatunderneath.PGB EG. 22. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete. Spiral underbase,otherwise as Q 11. PGB. string-mark (fig. 71). H. 7.9. 23. SMALL OINOCHOE Complete. Flattened handle. Shoulder: three monstrousanimalswalkingto R.: (i) withfelinetail, fourlegsand articulatedfeet,gapingmouth,and high ear; perhapsa griffin, (ii) withdouble wavytail,two articulatedhindlegs and threeunarticulated forelegs, bird-like bodywithsix feathers, equine head and neck withmane,(iii)like(ii)butwithfourforelegs and some hatchingwithinthe body.PGB, based on AtticMG I A, 68, pl. 11b. shape.IV Cret.Congr. 24. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 71). H. 7.9. D. 20. Complete.Largewhitegrits.Roundhandles.PGB. 25. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Complete.Triangles withadditionaloutline,otherwise asQn. PGB. 26. CUP (fk;. 71). H. 5.8. D. 9.8. Virtuallycomplete. White slip. Strap handle. String-markunder base. Handle barred.PGB. 27. CUP. H. 7-8. DR. 10.3-11.9. Complete.Standsat a list;flattened handleattachedinsideoval rim.Fully coated.PGB EG. 28. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.9. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 29. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Complete. Handle attachedoutsidelip,squat shape,otherwiseas Q, 25. PGB. 30. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Complete.String-mark underbase,squatshape,otherwise as Q, 11. PGB.
48
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
31. LEKYTHOS (FIG.71). H. 10.2. Fine pale yellow convexon top. clay,polishedsurface.Mouth slightly Straphandle.LPG. 32. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.8. Complete. as Q, 11. on shoulder, otherwise Diminishing triangles PGB. 33. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Complete.Asftn butwithtallerneck.PGB. 34. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.9. Complete.Shoulder:one cross-hatchedtriangleand threegriddedchevrons; otherwise as Q, 18. PGB. 35. *CUP (fig. 71). H. 6.2. D. 9.3-9.9. Complete. Cream wash. Strap handle attachedinsideoval rim, underbase. PGB. Cf. Q, 27. string-mark 36. OINOCHOE. H. 8.7. Complete.Strap handle, flatbase. Painton rim,wavyline on neck.Shoulder: cross-hatched triangle with concave sides and attenuated apices.Barson handle.PGB. 37. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.3. Part of rim missing.As Q, 18. PGB. 38. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.4. Complete.As Q, 18. PGB. 39. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete.As Q, 11. PGB. 40. JUG-ARYBALLOS.H. 8.3. Complete.Biconical, at belly;griddedchevrons on shoulder; slightcarination handlefully as 11. PGB. otherwise painted; Q, 41. *CUP. H. 5.5. D. 10.Complete.As Q35. PGB. 42. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Complete.As Q, 11 butwithtallerneck.PGB. 43. KALATHOS-LID (fig.71). H. 5.9. D. 14. Nearly complete.Roundhandles.Inside,spatterbelowbands. PGB. 44. FLAT PYXIS (fig. 71). H. with lid 7.6. D. 11. Complete.Thick fabric.Lid withverticallip inset, and flangerestingon the vessel'srim;the lid will fit the body only in one position. All surfaces fully decoratedas shown,butno paintinside.PGB. 45. CONICAL CUP. H. 4-4.8. D. 8. Nearly clay,largewhitegrits,somemica. complete.Brick-red Poorly articulated foot, very rough underneath. Unpainted.ProbablyLM. 46. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 4.4. Virtuallycomplete. Pale orange clay,cream wash. Strap handle,flatbase, wavyline on neck,six small fishon shoulder,single zigzag. Band at base, cross Barredhandle,band insidemouth.PGB. underneath. 47. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 4. Partof mouthmissing.Fabricas Q, 46. Strap handle,slight convex.Shoulder: angleat belly;narrowbase, slightly solid quatrefoilsalternatingwith panels of crosshatching; zone of verticals below. Band at base. Barredhandle,lineinsideneck.PGB. 48. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 3.4. Complete.Fabric as Q, 46. Strap handle,flatbase. Single zigzag on neck, threefloatingswastikason shoulder.Barredhandle,no paintinside.PGB.
49. STRAINER JUG. H. 9.8. Side-spoutbrokenoff, otherwisecomplete.Five holes throughstrainertop, slightlyaslant. Strap handle,flatbase. Paint on top. Neck: horizontal S's. Shoulder: tall cross-hatched Verticallineson handle.PGB. triangles. 50. HYDRIA. PH. 12.5. Mouth and horizontal handles missing.Low conical foot,circulargroove underneath. Neck: cable between wavy lines. Shoulder: single zigzag, hatched arcs with solid pendenttrianglesabove and solid leaves below; two more zones of singlezigzag. Belly:columnof three floatingchevrons.Verticalhandle barred.PGB. Cf. B 2. Atsalenio 51. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 40.6. DR. 13.5.Virtuallycomplete.Slopinglip withsharplower edge. Strap handles, slightridge level with upper attachments. Ring foot.Handles: bars and diagonal crosses.Inside:reservedlinebelowrim,band. MG. 52. SKYPHOS (FIG.71). H. 5.4. DR. 5.6. Complete. Uneven rim. Chevrons drawn with quadruple multiplebrush.LG. 53. *ARYBALLOS, shattered. Similar to Q, 56. M-LG. 54. SKYPHOS (fig. 71). H. 6.6. DR. 9. Nearly complete.Fullycoatedwithwhitepainteddecoration. EO. 55. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.9. Much of mouthmissing. Bars on Strap handle, flat base with string-mark. handle,no paintinside.EG. 56. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.9. Mouth,handleand base clay.Lines on neck,crossmissing.Friablered-brown hatchedtriangleson shoulders,solid paint on lower body.M-LG. 57. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 58. DR. 41. Nearlycomplete.Brickred clay,largewhiteand grey grits,thinbuffwash. Squared rim,flaton top. Strap handles,disc foot.Ridge betweenneckand shoulder, threegroovesaboveand belowbelly.LPG-PGB. 58. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of upper part.As Q,57 butwithhigherneck,and a raisedridge at base of neck with incised diagonal strokes. PGB EG. 59. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Frs.Orange-grey grits,cream slip. Ring foot,thumb clay,grey-brown at handleroots.PGB-EG. impressions 60. *COARSE BASIN. Frs.ofbase,wall and handles. Red clay,greycore, large whitegrits,outersurface smoothed.Flat base; horizontalhandles,ellipticalin section,and risingsteeply. PGB-EG(?). 61. KALATHOS. H. 14. D. 33. Three-quarters preserved.Browngrits.No bars on rim,fullypainted asJ 37. EPG. inside,otherwise 62. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 58.5. DR. 22. Partsof neck and body restored.Orange-brown paint.Flaringrim,flaton top, clay,mica,brown-black slightridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles,ringfoot.One
THE TEKE SITE - T.Q, reservedline on neck. Shoulder:centralpanel with cross-hatchedlozenge net, tenfold three-quarter above.Belly: circleselsewherewithpendentlanguettes on each side,threetenfoldcirclesalternating withfour columnsof cross-hatchedlozenges.Bands and lines below.Groupsof bars on rim,band inside.Painton handles.MPG, imitation ofCycladictype. 63. BELLY-HANDLED amphora.H. 68. DR. c. 23.5. Three-quarterspreserved,much of neck missing. Orange-brown clay,smallblack grits,a fewgrainsof mica;blackpaint.Evertedrim,convexon top,sloping outwards.Singleroundhandles(brokenoff),ringfoot. Painton and insiderim.Neck: quintuplebattlement. Shoulder:solid triangles.Belly:foursevenfoldcircles eitherside,enclosingreservedcrosses,and interrupted by rectilinearpanel: A, as illustrated;B, as A but withoutthe outer verticalzigzags. Cycladic EG I, 408 pl. 191, perhaps Melian. Stele Kontoleontos, theotherside.Eumousia, 26, pl. 6.1. illustrating 64. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 64. DR. 23. Partsof neckand bodyrestored.Fabricand shape as Q 63, paintstilllustrousin parts.Painton and inside rim.Neck: opposed groupsof diagonalsseparatedby solid triangles.Shoulder: central panels of crosssemicircles elsewhere.Belly:on thirteen-fold hatching, each side, fivesevenfoldcircles enclosingreserved crosses,the thirdset flankedby (A) columnsof small solidlozenges,(B) columnsof diagonalbars. Handles barred. Cycladic EG I, perhaps Melian: cf. Kunze, 27,pl. 6.3. JOAI39 (1952)54 fig.fromMelos. Eumousia, (not'6.2' as in text). 65. KALATHOS (FIG. 71). H. 12.3. D. 20. Threequarters preserved. Brown grits. A few drops of spatterinside.E-MPG. 66. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 27. Rim to belly.Fabricas Q62. Evertedlip,flaton top; fr.of bucranium handle. Reserved band below lip. Shoulder:sevenfold circlesenclosingMaltesecross,no of rectilinear panel. No trace of decorationon sign belly.Groupsofbarson lip,band inside.MPG. 67. TRAY (FIG.71). H. 4.8. DR. 21. Three-quarters preserved.Three-handled. No paint underneath. E-MPG. 68. SMALL KRATER (fig. 72). H. 18.5. DR. 20.5. preserved,one handle missing.Many Three-quarters whitegrits.MPG, imitation ofAttic. 69. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA, wall fr.Large whitegrits.Frombellyzone, traceof handleto L. To R. ofcircles,lozengesin double outlinewithsolidfill. M LPG. 70. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 16. DR. 21. Neck. Fine orange clay, lustrous black paint thinnedto brownfordecoration.Evertedlip, slight on neck. ridgebelow.Painton lip. Triplebattlement AtticEG I. 71. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 14. DR.
4g
16.5.Neck.Some mica. Evertedlip,almostflaton top. Paint on lip, band inside. Reserved line on neck. MPG. Cf. Q,62. 72. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs.,PH. oflargest 17. White grits,semi-lustrousbrown-blackpaint. Rising concave lip. Bucranium and strap handles. Two panelspreserved. MG. Horseworkshop. 73. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS, rim and body fr. Concave lip, rim level with shoulder.Most of one panelpreserved.LG. 74. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS, fr.of upper part. LG. PH. 17.5.DR. 13.5.One panel preserved. 75. FOUR-HANDLED PEDESTALLED PITHOS. DR. c. 16. Frs.of upperpart and of ribbedpedestal. Cream slip. Risingconcave lip. Horn-likeprojection above upper attachmentof strap handle. Traces of two identicalpanels: diagonal leaves,dottedand in double outline, cross-hatchingin the field. Three cross-hatched triangles in reserved area under horizontalhandle.Below,traceofzone in whitepaint: groupsoffourverticalbars.LG. 76. PITHOS, two frs.withrim. Cream slip. Rising concavelip. panels withTree of Life,hatchedleaves. LG. 77. PITHOS, fourfrs.withrim.Buffclay,greycore. Risingconcave lip. Stylisedpalm treeswithhatched diagonalbranches.LG. 78. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS, body frs.with straphandle (FIG.72). Greyand browngrits,cream wash. Panels: A, two-headed bird, cross-hatched quatrefoilwithtrianglefill;B, dotteddiagonalleaves formingquatrefoilwithlozenge fill;C, leftedge of bird'sbody; D, missing.Lozenge net in zone below. Panel betweenbars on handle, withdiagonal cross and chevronfill.LG. BirdWorkshop. 79. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS, two frs.withrim and straphandle (fig. 72). DR. c. 18. Buffclay,red core, cream slip. Rising concave lip, sharp ridge. Shoulder:tracesof whitedecoration,massed double circlesin square panels. Panels: double-headedbird, multiplezigzagcolumn,double-headedbird;tracesof birds in B and C; D missing.Zone of lozenge net below; handle decorated as Q, 78. LG. Bird Workshop. 80. PITHOS, two body frs.withhorizontalhandle stumps. Cream wash. Lotus among small panels above handle; below,A, double zigzag, tongues;B, triplezigzag,horizontalS's. Bellyzone: spaced panels withdiagonalhatchingin white.Bars on handle.EO. Lower body of anotherpithos,larger,with similar whitezone. 81. POLYCHROME PITHOS, body fr.Pale pink clay,thickcreamslip,redand blue paint.Upper zone, square: (i) obliteratedlotus (?) in red; (ii) quatrefoil withmidribsand double chevrons,all in red; in blue, small lozengeswithinthe chevrons,and dots on the
50
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
leaves. Lower zone: spaced panels of red crosshatching with blue dots. O. Many more frs. of polychrome pithoi,withdecorationworn. 82. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 29. Base to shoulderwithhandles. Flat base. Betweenhandles, fainttraceof largewhitetriplecircles,emptycentres. Lines immediately below the area reserved,thoseon lowerbody are in white.Belly zone in white:small doublecircles.O. 83. PITHOS, body frs.(fig. 72). Plump.Bellyzone withwhitepanels: separated by columns of crosshatching:(i) lozengecross,as in drawing;(ii)indistinct; (iii) as (i); (iv) clusterof double circles,as in drawing; (v) as (i); sameseriesrepeatedon otherfrs.EO. 84. NECKED (?) PITHOS, frs.withfullbodyprofile. Red clay,buffslip,red-blackpaint.Clean breakabove shoulder,as thoughforneck. Ovoid body,flatbase, handlesmissing.At handlelevel,sextuplecircles,the outermostthickened.Fully painted below; zone of spacedquintuplecirclesin white.O. 85. NECKED PITHOS, frs.ofupperpart.DR. c. 15. Cream slip. Squared overhanginglip, flaton top; concave neck, ridge,plump body; trace of handle. Painton and insidelip,bars outside.Panels:A, cable, double false spiral with central dots; B, inverted linkedspirals.EG. Cf. 285.71. chevrons, diminishing 86. CONICAL LID. H. 11.D. 28. Half preserved.As N 27 butwithchainofquarteredand dottedlozenges. MG. Found in the same basketas the pithosQ 72, whichitfits. 87. CONICAL LID. H. 10.DR. c. 24. Halfpreserved. Conical knob,slightly convexprofile.Circleson knob, bandsand lines.LG. Frs.oftwomore,similar. 88. DOMED LID, rimfr.D. c. 15. Evertedlip.White doublecircles.LG-EO. Frs.ofthreemore,similar. 89. STIRRUP-JAR, top. PH. 10.5. Flat disc, bellshaped mouth.S on handles,horizontaldashes on frontof real neck. Shoulder; in front,tops of compositetriangles;behind, pair of cross-hatched trianglesfromwhich springsa hatched chevron. MPG. 90. STIRRUP-JAR (?), body frs. Handle root. Shoulder: cross-hatchedtriangleswithdiminishing chevrons;belly:pendentninefoldsemicircles.LPG, classas E no. 141,and here perhapsfromopen-necked D 11.
91. OINOCHOE. H. 22. Lip missing.Strap handle, flatbase. Wavyline on neck;wavyverticalon handle. MPG. 92. JUG, upperpart.PH. 12.5.Cream wash. Round handle.Lines on neck;wavyverticalon handle.LPG. fromanothersimilar. Shoulderfr.withsemicircles 93. OINOCHOE orJUG, twoshoulderfrs.Buffslip. Handle root.Neat cable withsolidcentres,bandsand lines.O. 94. OINOCHOE, upperpart.Buffslip.Handle root.
Neck: threeverticallozenge chains,one dotted,the otherssolid.Thickband insiderim.LG (?) 95. OINOCHOE, bodyfrs.Thin fabric.Partoftwocirclesin neckedbirdon belly,betweenlargeflanking theCypriotmanner,irregularly spaced.LG (?). 96. OINOCHOE, body fr.Spaced circles in the Cypriotmanner.O. 97. OINOCHOE, bodyfrs.Polishedsurface.Spaced withzones circlesin the Cypriotmanner,alternating of orientalizing floralornament:(i) at centre,partof outline quatrefoilwith solid triangularsepals; (ii) chain of quatrefoils,dots and solid paint in the (iii)dottedTree ofLife.O. background; 98. *PYXIS (FIG.72). H. 18.4. Half preserved.Small blackgrits,yellowwash.PGB. Cf.E no. 1436. 99. *PYXIS,twofrs.ofupperpart.DR. c.7. Yellowslip. Flat rim,concaveneck,globularbody.Painton neck; semicircles on shoulder. LPG-PGB. As D 26-7. ninefold 100. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Handle missing.Yellow slip. Globular,with concave base. Bands on neck. Shoulder:spaced starsas E nos. 877,1368.Threelines abovebelly,one below.LG-EO. 101. ARYBALLOS, shoulder. Leaves, alternately hatchedand plain.Barson handleroots.O. 102. ARYBALLOS, mouthto lowerbody.PH. 6.5. Fine orange-redclay, polished surface,matt grey paint.Straphandleattachedjust belowmouth;slight ridge at base of neck. Lines on neck; on shoulder, withdoubleleaves. pendentdoublecirclesalternating Lines above and below belly.Handle: diagonalcross and bars. Groupsof bars on mouth,twolinesinside. EO, perhapsinfluenced byCypriotBoR technique. 103. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 15.3.D. 16.9. one handlemissing.Yellow Three quarterspreserved, wash. Inside,reservedcircleon floor.MPG, imitation ofAttic. 104. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOI, fourrimfrs.from two vessels.D. of both c. 21. Fabricand shape as Q, 68. A: paint on lip, lines, three quintuple circles enclosinggridded chevrons.B: paint on lip, lines; quintuple semicircles enclosing cross-hatched triangles.Interiorsbothfullypaintedbut forreserved line below rim.MPG. Also threemore highconical feetfromotherlargeAtticizing skyphoi. 105. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig.72). H. 18.5.DR. c. 16.3. Two-thirds preserved.LPG. 106. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 72). H. 15. DR. 15.4. Three-quarterspreserved.Brown and black grits, yellowwash. LPG. Frs.of at leastsix morelargebellskyphoias Q, 105-6. 107. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 72). H. 11.7.DR. 10.4. Yellowslip. one handlemissing. Two-thirds preserved, Unevenconicalfootwithridge.LPG. 108. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 12.2. DR. c. 9. Half preserved.Taller shape; paintas Q, 107, but without MPG. trickle.
THE TEKE SITE - T.Q, 109. SKYPHOS (fig. 72). PH. 7.4. DR. c. 12. Thin fabric.Thickcirclesenclosingthincircles.EO. no. KALATHOS (fk;.72). H. 12.6.D. 15.5.Handles missing.Pale and porous yellow-green clay,airholes and black grits,black paint. Stumpsof verticalstrap handle attached inside rim beside miniaturecup. Roughbase. Paintinsideminiaturecup. E-MPG. Cf. E no. 59. in. LEKANIS. H. 6. DR. 19. Frs.withfullprofile. wall, Simpleroundedrim,twogroovesbelow,straight flatbase. Outside: wall fullypainted but for four reservedlineson lowerbody;lotuszones underneath, as illustrated. Inside:bandson walland floor.O. 112. LID. H. 1.9.D. 19.6.Fr.,rimto centre.Flat,with verticallip; hole in centre,perhapswhereknobhandle had been attached.Upper side as illustrated, no paint O. Evidently forlekanisQ in. underneath. 113. COARSE TRAY, frs.H. 1.4. D. c. 28. Th. 1.1. much Grittyred clay,largewhiteand greyinclusions, mica. Flat base, verticaledge, rounded rim rising above floor.One suspensionhole,tracesof a slightly second.Incisedconcentricpatternson uppersurface: oblique bars on rim,grooves,foliateband, detached arcs, oblique bars, groovenear centre.Underneath plainbutsmoothed.PGB (?). 114. BIRD ASKOS, frs.H. c. 20. L. c. 35. Equine head and neck, the muzzle formingthe vessel's mouth.Pelletsadded foreyes,a large whitegritfor the pupil. One shortear preserved,most of mane brokenoff.Five radiatinglines on brow.Seven lines roundneck,a zigzag betweenthe thirdand fourth, but underneathonly.Junctionof horseprotomeand birdbodyvisibleinside.The latteris a shallowwheelmade bowl,ofwhichthesidesare pinchedtogether to formthe bird'sback; partsof the rimare preserved, showing that the back was not closed. Plumage represented by herring-bone pattern;underbelly fully painted.Partof straphandle,barred,forattachment fromneck to tail. Behind,attachmentpossiblyfora miniature vessel(cf.Q, 115) forfilling theaskos.Frs.of twolegs.PGB. 115. BIRD ASKOS. H. 17.L. 24. Complete.Polished yellowsurface.Equine head and neck, withmane, bulgingeyes,shortears, and round muzzle forming
5!
the vessel'smouth.Bird'sbody,each wingtakingthe formofa hookadded in relief, threeshortanimallegs. The miniatureoinochoeon the tail was evidently for thevessel.Straphandlealongtheback,in front filling ofwhichis seateda diminutive male humanfigure, his head bent forward,his hand on his thighs;pellets added forhis eyes.Painteddecoration,in additionto what is clear fromthe illustrations:on the muzzle, diagonal lines representingharness, herring-bone patternabove the muzzle,a small tree-likemotifon either side. Between the harness and each eye, a gridded square with spiral hooks at each corner. Square motifson each shoulder:A, cross-hatched, witheightbranchesattached;B, similar, butwithonly two branches, and the square as a solid centre enclosedin a zigzagframe.A smallswastikato theR. of thehumanfigure.In frontof each wing,a fishand a griddedcircle;underthe wing(B) a hatchedsnake withdottedeye.On theminiature oinochoe,a branch between the comb motifson the shoulder.On the back,checkpatternof griddedsquares;herring-bone Human figure: patternat and near each attachment. paint on eyes,verticalwavylocks of hair streaming down his back, band across waist representinghis girdle,bars across his arms; curvedlines eitherside fromear to chin,representing his beard. PGB. Cyprus andCrete, A, 67-8, pl. 11 259,pl. 44.6-7. IV Cret.Congr. a. Protohippalektryon, 24-5, pl. 4.3-6.
116. MINOAN LARNAX. H. 76. L. 130.Base offeet, 11 X 7. Of the long sides,one is virtuallycomplete; most of the other is preserved; frs.also fromthe shortersides.Coarse gritty orangeclay,greycore;buff slip,brown-black paint.Squared rim;recessedpanels withtwosmallstraphandleson each long side. Solid rock-work withoutlineon all foursides,fromwhich spring(A) papyrusflowerswithspiralleaves; in the field, circles enclosing crosses. Linked tangential spiralsdown eitherside,above feet,bars acrossridge below.(B) similar,but withoutcirclefill.On frs.from *shortsides,similardecoration.Handles barred.Frs. also fromone side of*gablelid,fromwhichalmostall thedecorationhas wornoff;tracesof bars on everted lip,papyrusvolutesabove. LM III A2. AR 23 (1977)17, fig.36.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON WEAPON (?) fr.3X3. The. 0.5. Solid; shapeless.Perhapsbrokenfroma swordhilt. 2. MARBLE fr.(fig. 157).4.2 X 3.7. Fr.of revetment (?) in blueveinedmarblewithchamfered mouldingset offbyincisedline. 3. BRONZE LUMP. 2 X 1.2. Shapeless- resultof bronzeon thepyre? placingsomething 4. BRONZE PIN fr (fk;. 157). L. 4.3. D. 0.2.
Oxidized.Pointlost.Could be dresspin,(large)fibula shaft. pin,or needle/bodkin 5. Vacat: partofpot 114. 6. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 4.3. D. 0.15. Oxidized. Point and lowershaft;whatremainsis plain. 7. Vacat: partofpot 114. 8. SEVEN ROCK CRYSTAL BEADS (fig. 184; PLATE303). (a) 2.6 X 1.4. (b) 2.2 X 1.2. (c) 2.1 X I. (d)
52
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
1.9 X 1. (e) 1.8 X 1. (f) 1.5 X 0.8. (g) 1.5 X 0.8. Irregularbiconical; suspensionholes in the shorter ends.Slightly smokymaterial. 9. GOLD BEZEL OF FINGER RING (plate 263). H. 3.3. W. 2. Sheet gold. Decorationin dot-repoussé. Hole in centreforattachment, by rivet,to hoop. LM IIIC-PG. 10. GOLD FINGER RING WITH OVAL BEZEL (plate 263). D. 1.3. H. of bezel, 1.5. Gut fromone by piece of sheetgold. Ends of hoop joined invisibly MM-PG. pressure-welding. 11. BRONZE PIN fr(fig. 157; plate 269). L. 3.3. Head D. 0.3. Globe D. 0.5. Oxidized;lowershaftand point lost. Small conical head, elongatedspherical globe. 12. CLAY BEAD (fig. 157).D. 1.5. H. 1.2. Incised decoration:rays round holes, double zigzag round widestdiameter. 13. CLAY BEAD (fig. 157).D. 1.6. H. 0.8. Complete, intact.Fine brownclay,dark brownsurfacefinish. curvedincisedrayssurroundeach Veryfine,slightly suspension hole. Three impressedcircletson the circumference. 14. BRONZE PIN fr(fig. 157;fiate 269). L. 2. D. of globe 0.3. D. of shaft0.15. Oxidized head, globe and upperpartofshaft;plainhead,sphericalglobe. 15. IRON PIN fr.L. 2.3. D. 0.4. Oxidizedfr.of shaft, featureless. 16. IRON PIN fr. L. 5.7. D. 0.2 (actual), 0.8 (oxidized). Oxidized and swollen; incompleteboth ends. 17.IRON KNIFE fr(fig. 157;piate 269). L. 3.8. W.
1.5. L. of rivet1.1. Part of haftof one-edgedknife. Traces of slightflangeson the haft.One rivet(iron) survives;a second has been snapped offflusheither side.Tracesofwoodenhandle. 18. GLASS BEAD, spherical(fig. 157).D. 1.1.L. 1.1. Dh. 0.4. Icygreen,a verylittlepitting. 19. BRONZE PAN (fig. 156).D. 30. H. 6. One large fr.preservescomplete section and much of floor. There are also fourcartonseach containinga number takenup at thetimeof of flakesof sheet,presumably excavation.There are no featurepieces.Raised from a plaindiskcasting.Sharplyprofiledrim.Distorted? 20. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 1.5. D. 0.2. Oxidized; lengthofdresspin shaft,fibulapin or needle. 21. IRON PIN fr.(Two joining)L. 6. D. 0.4. Much shaftpiece. oxidized;featureless 22. IRON PIN fr.(fig. 156). L. 3.2. Head D. 0.8. Oxidized.Disc head and uppershaft;possibletraceof globe. 23. Vacat- pot 115. ANIMAL. H. 6.9. 24. CLAY UNIDENTIFIED Nose, legsmissing.Fromstraphandleofa vase. Solid, handmade. Dull, blackish-brownpaint, peeling AR 23 (1977)17fig.37,bottomrow,no. 3. throughout. 25. CLAY BULL (plate 307). H. 4.7. Solid, handmade. Dull, blackish-brown paint throughout. hoc.cit.bottomrow,no. 9. 26. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 156; plate 269). PL. 25. (Threejoiningpieces,L. 17.)Blade W. 2.5-3. A fr shoulderand upperpartofsocketdoes not preserving join the blade. Only slighttrace of midrib.Section rhomboidal.
CHAPTER 2 THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Circumstances
of Excavation
Early IN 1978,THE SCHOOLwas requestedby Dr. AngelikiLembessis,at thattimeEphorof ofwhat Herakleion,to undertaketrialexcavationsin theland earmarkedfortheconstruction were to be the buildingsof the Universityof Crete's medical faculty.Such trialswould ifancientremainswerepresent,in whichcase moreprolongedexcavationwouldbe determine At ofTasmania),heldtheappointment of necessary. thattimeJillCarington-Smith (University 'Knossos Fellow'.Her wide responsibilities forattendingto the School's interests at Knossos includedconductingthe rescueexcavationsundertakenby the School withinthe frameof referenceoutlinedabove. Afterthe negotiationsbetweenthe School and the Ephoria had been completed,and the decision taken thatthe School should undertakethe work,Dr. in chargein the field,exceptduringthoseperiodswhen was continuously Carington-Smith theSchool'sDirectorjoined theexcavationwhen,naturally, was shared. responsibility It was agreed betweenthe School and the Ephoria, and throughthe Ephoria,withthe thatthe costsof what was to provea verylong drawnout operation University authority, shouldbe sharedbetweenthe School, the Ephoria and the University. The School should undertakethe expenseof supervising the excavationand recordingit,cleaning,conservation and studyof the findsand of publication.The Ephoriapaid forthe labour force,whilethe ofCretepaid fortheearth-moving University equipmentwhichwas suchan essentialfeature ofthisexcavation. The work-force was underthe supervision of thelate Mr. AntonisZidianakis,the School's Foremanof Excavationsat Knossos.The workmenincludeda numberof experiencedmen fromKnossos,and othersrecruitedfromHerakleionand neighbouring villages.Duringthe courseoftheexcavation, whichlastedfromMarchuntilNovember1978,thesize ofthelabour forcefluctuated butneverexceeded20 workmen on anyone day. considerably, The firstgroupofexcavatorswho beganworkon March 20thfounda large,relatively level fieldof some 25 stremmata in extent,veryroughly250 metresnorth-south,and a similar distanceeast-west.The fieldis raisedwellabove theleveloftheKnossos-Herakleion highway, by whichit is borderedon the west. The level fallsaway veryslightlyto the east, more noticeablytowardsthesouth,in thedirectionoftheVenezeleionHospital.To the south-east, southand south-west lies open country, of whichthe silhouetteofJuktasis a conspicuous feature.Nearlya kilometre to the south-south-west is the highestpointof the modern away of 80 metres above the level of the North Fortetsa, village Cemetery.Due south,a kilometre on the west side of Monastiraki ancient away, Kephala (the akropolisofKnossos)is thesiteof themain FortetsaDark Age cemeteryexcavatedbetween1933and 1935by N. Platon,H. G. G. Payne,A. BlakewayandJ. K. Brock.9OtherDark Age graveshave been excavatedmuch
()J. K. Brock, Fortetsa(1957). KS' Site 151.
54
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
in theangleofland betweentheKnossos-Herakleion closerto theNorthCemetery, road,and theroadup to Fortetsa, main of Dark tombs.10 metres south of the concentration 150 Age in the difficult wereparticularly Workingconditions,neverideal in the NorthCemetery, of the been to clear the site excavation. The first taken the contractors had earlydays by step of its olivetrees,largelyby uprootingthemwitha bulldozer.The site,in consequence,was chokedwiththeremainsofthesetreesat thetimethatthefirsttestswerebeinglaid out and made to excavatethem,and thesitegridwas beingestablished. The initialtechnique attempts forexploring thesiteused extendedbutnarrowtrenchesin an attemptto trapburiedfeatures and explorethempiecemealas theywerediscovered. This proceduremetwithlimitedsuccess, butit soonbecameobviousthatifthewholesitewas to be exploredat all adequatelybeforeit was completely a different surrendered to thebuildingcontractors, approachwas essential. Forcemajeure providedthesolution.The contractors, havinglargelyremovedtheremainsof the olive trees- sometimeswiththe help of dynamite,to the considerablealarm of the - began to excavators shallowlayerof cultivatedtopsoilto exposethe stripoffthe relatively a softwhitemarlofPliocene distinctive whitesurfaceoftheundisturbed kouskouras, underlying age.11This procedurequicklyled to an accelerated rate of discoveryof buried ancient of chambertombs,chambersof suchtombs of thefilled-updromoi features, largelyconsisting whose roofshad collapsed,or simplegravepits.It also became clear thatpart of the site includedtheverydestroyed remainsofa buildingcomplex,thedate and purposeofwhichfor sometimeremainedin doubt. Withthepassageoftime,topsoilwas mechanically strippedfromthegreaterpartofthesite. the soil was not removed,and workduringthe central Unfortunately, stripped immediately thanit need have been weeksof the excavation,late ApriltoJune,was made moredifficult areas whereit was clear the of of bulldozed soil covering through presence huge dumps excavationwould have to be undertaken.The contractorat firstattemptedto meet the excavators'appeals by movingthe dumpsby bulldozerfromone partof the siteto another. oflorrieswas providedintowhich Wisercounselseventually prevailed,so thata shuttle-service soil from the was loaded and removed site,allowingmuchlargerareas of dumped byJCB a kouskouras to be examined as exposed piece. was As successiveareas wereclearedof topsoiland/or dump,the surfaceof the kouskouras necessitated heads of soil. This examined for traces of intrusive skimming usually carefully clean by hand the bulldozedsurfaceof soil smearsand tyremarksleftby the machineand examiningtheheads ofsoilthatremained,clearlyvisiblebycolourcontrastagainstthewhite kouskouras matrix.In manycases,theseheadsofsoilprovedto be no morethansmalllocalized or In othercases, cleaningrevealedthe outlineof filledgrave-pits hollowsin the kouskouras. led to the Similar excavated which were dromoi, procedures systematically. subsequently as the of the buildingcomplexmentionedabove,whichwas identified completeuncovering wall. With an enclosure remainsofa basilicanchurchsurrounded almostwhollydestroyed by T. 244,was nearly itwas associateda numberofbuiltossuaries,ofwhichthemostremarkable, builtof spoliafroma monumental buildingof secondcenturyAD date,perhapsa completely as the remainsof Two otherlarge,but shallowheads of soil were identified mausoleum.12 AD. 16th huts of the century rectangular
10KS'2,Sites cited. 52,53,55 and 56 withreferences 11N. Robertsin BSA 74 (1979),232.
12AR 25 (1979), 58 and fig. 50. S. Paton, A Roman CorinthianBuildingat Knossos',BSA86 (1991),297-318.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
^
The graveswerenumberedin sequencewitharabic numeralsas theywereidentified and these numbers have been as a retained method of reference. Each one excavated; permanent was excavatedunderthepersonaldirectionofa sitesupervisor, who keptthenotebookrecord withtheregister offinds.Groupswereplannedinsituby thesupervisor at a scale of together In to be donepiecemeal,so 1:20. thecase oflargetombgroups,suchplanninghad ofnecessity thatcleanedmaterialwas notleftinsituat theend ofa workingday.Mr. Smythtiedin every featureto the main site plan, a task made verydifficult by site conditions,not least the removalofsurveypinsbybulldozeraction. constant, thoughinadvertent, Preciousobjectswere transferred withoutdelay to the care of the HerakleionMuseum. Other findswere takenat the end of each day to the Stratigraphical Museum at Knossos. werecleanedand shelvedin readinessforsubsequent Here,theverylargequantitiesofpottery study.Completebut brokenvases were repairedas soon as possibleby the late Mr. Petros Hon. M.B.E., theSchool'svase-mender. Petrakis, This stageoftheexcavation,duringwhichthecontractors, thoughpresenton thesite,were notconcernedwithmorethansiteclearance,butwerewaiting,sometimesa littleimpatiently, forthe excavationto end, lasteduntillateJune,1978.By thispoint211tombsof all periods had been excavated,and theplan of the basilicaand itsenclosurewall recovered.Following the advice of Mr. A. H. S. Megaw,the remainsof a largevaultedsubterranean cisternhad in thearea oftheatriumofthechurch.With been foundand excavated(largelymechanically) the agreementof the HerakleionEphoria,operationswerebroughtto a close,and thelarge partyassembledat Knossos forthe operation,dispersed.The second stage,whichlasted fromJulyto November1978,consistedof responsesmade by Dr. Caringtonintermittently Smithand ad hocteamsofassistants to further discoveries made as theresultofthefirstphase ofconstruction workundertaken the thekouskouras surface contractors, by involving trimming at variouspointsand, moreimportantly, the excavationof a complexof deep, broad sleeper trenchesin readinessforlayingthe main concretefoundations of the university buildings.At timesthepressureofworkwas intense,particularly in and duringAugust again October,the latterwhenthe northerly of chamber tombs group (Ts. 282, 285, 286, 292) was discovered. one hundred more were excavated Nearly graves duringthissecondstage.Thougha majority of the gravesfoundin the second stage was of Hellenisticto Early Christiandate, they includedseveralveryimportant Dark Age chambertombs,T 219 withits exceptionalfinds and theuntouchedT. 285 amongthem. In brief,then,the NorthCemeterysiterevealedan almostcontinuoushistoryof use from theeleventhcenturyBC,whenthefirstSub-Minoanburialsweremade,untilat leastthefifth AD,thedate suggestedforthebasilicanchurchand itsassociatedossuaries.That long century historyhad takentoll of, especially,the Dark Age tombs.In some partsof the site space available for burial was evidentlyso prized that many of the Hellenistic and Roman inhumation or collapsedchambersofDark Age tombs.IndividualDark gravescut intodromoi Age tombs themselveshad long historiesof reuse, sometimesfromProtogeometricto times.In somecases thereseemsto have been an intervalbetweensuchuse; T. Orientalizing A. It seemsnot to have been used again 285's primaryperiodof use was in Protogeometric untilOrientalizing. The eventualconstruction ofthechurchand theassociatedossuariesalso contributed to thedisturbance whichtheexcavatorsfoundso cleara featureofthecemetery's In was ancient,and was theresultof the history. everycase it was clear thatthe disturbance was deducedto belongto repeateduse to whichthesitewas put.The lastmajordisturbance Venetiantimes,whenit seemsthatthe sitewas pillagedof stoneforthe defencesof Cândia, in the disappearanceof whateverremainedof the ruinedbasilicaand itsenclosure resulting
56
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
wall, and any survivingtomb superstructures (in the case of Roman and Early Christian graves). The worsteffects ofdisturbance werefeltin theDark Age chambertombs,forwhichtheir In extremecases,thefillsofboth own frequent reusemaywellhavebeen chiefly responsible. dromos and chamberwerefoundrepletewithbrokenpotterythathad once formedparteither oftheash-urnsor theburialgifts, one or twoofwhichmightstillbe intact,insitu,whetherin thechamberitself, a side-chamber or (as in T. 75) highup in thedromos fill.In practicalterms, thisdegreeofdisturbance meantthatstudyofthecontentsoftheworstaffected tombs(theTs. 34, 56, 57 complex; Ts. 75 and 107) was particularlylaborious, requiringthousandsof of potteryto be spreadout on the sortingtablesat the Stratigraphical Museum, fragments disiecta membra reassembled and passedto thevase-mender forhishighlyskilledattentions. Much the largestrole in the conductof the excavationwas playedby Dr. JillCaringtonSmith,Knossos Fellow,who was in chargein the fieldfrombeginningto end, sharingthe chargewiththeDirectoroftheSchoolwhenhe was presentfromearlyMay to lateJune,and Mr. David Smyth,made a verylarge again in October.The School's HonorarySurveyor, contribution.As well as the verytestingwork of controllingthe main site surveyand forthefinaldrawingsofthecemetery thesiteplan in thefield,he was responsible constructing and the individual tomb here. Among the many individualswho plan plans published contributed to the supervision of the excavationa conspicuouspartwas playedby Dr. W. G. on Cavanagh(at thattimeMacmillanStudent)and Mrs. Anne Thomas. Otherparticipants the site includedMiss M. Alden (at thattimeSchool Student),Mr. P. Avery,Mr. C. J. M. Catling,Mr. R. W. V. Catling,Mr. E. O'Donoghue, Dr. R. E. Jones(Directorof the Fitch Laboratory),Mr. C. Macdonald, Dr. C. B. Mee (at thattimeAssistantDirector),Mrs. E. Preston,theHon. Mrs.C. Ridley,MissJ.Webband Miss S. Young.Fortwodaysin August,to theSchool P. M. Warren(thendirecting Professor assistwithan unexpectedrushofdiscovery, the whole of his excavationat the StratigraphicalMuseum Extension site) transferred excavationpartyto workin theNorthCemetery. Amongthosewho fromtimeto timeworkedon the immediatecare of the findsin the Museum as theycame in day by day fromthe excavation,Mrs. Elizabeth Stratigraphical a Catlingplayed leadingrole.Otherswho gaveinvaluablehelpincludedMiss M. Alden,Mrs. L. Cavanagh, Mrs. C. Mee and Miss C. Rees. The arduous and lengthyworkof pottery byMrs.EleniPetrakou. washingwas undertaken During the main period of activityin May and June,Mrs. Catling, assistedby Mrs. Cavanagh,also actedas hostess,housekeeperand cookfortheexcavationpartyresidentat the Taverna,Knossos. H. W. C. Tomb 1 SW (figs. 5, 13, plate 11 a-c) Overalldimensions: 1.73X 1.32. N and a possiblevestigeofa dromos Onlythebottompartofthistomb'schambersurvived, site. of the downhill the or to with the entrance side, W, wall,whichwould have run E-W, one to theS, and a slight,butclearone to Therewas a pronouncedbay to theN,an indefinite a hole D. 0.27 X 0.22 cut diagonallyintoit,extending theE, containing beyondthechamber, X NW on c. flat limestone An slab, 0.30 0.25, thefloor,slightly 0.15belowthefloor. unworked a have been ofthetomb'scentre,may pot-stand.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. I
57
The tombwas one offourfoundon theS-mostlimitofthearea excavatedin 1978. The tombwas identified beforethe removalof the olivegrove,aftera groupof G sherds had fromlargevessels been noticedamongthe trees,probablybroughtto the surfaceby the plough. The filloflightgolden-brown plough-soilcontainedmodernas well as G material.As the resultof agriculturalactivitythe contentswere in total confusion.These included i, EO and 2, LO aryballos.Sherdsin thefilland on thefloorcame froma MG urn,three lekythos LG urnsand threeEO urns.There weretwo M-LG, two LG, and sevenO smallervessels. Therewere fi- 3 werea pyramidalbronzeobject,an ironbow-tip(?) and a limestonecylinder. somescrapsofburntbone. The N 'bay' was fullofmixedsherds. POTTERY (PLATES 878) i.*LEKYTHOS. Frs.of mouthand body,base. SideE 158,classE (iii)(a). EO. circles,chevron-column. 2. ARYBALLOS. H. 6. Complete. Fully painted, fired.E 158,classD (iv).Cf. 75.16, 28. LO. unevenly 3. CONICAL LID. PH. 4.6. DR. 19. Hole in centre, probablywhereknobwas,chipsin rim.Flat rimbelow carination,suspensionholes. From centre,zigzag, outlinecable,zigzag,each motifbetweenlines.Painton on underside. M-LG. uppersideofrim,shortstrokes 4. SMALL LID (fig. 73). H. c. 6.3. D. 12. Half mostof rimmissing.Eight-pointed staron preserved, knob.Whitelineon band. LG. 5. *DOMED LID (fig.73). H. 6.1. DR. 17.6.Chips in rim.Suspensionholes.Whiteon dark.Centralpattern lost,leaves,brokenspiralmeander.E 163,class E (b). Cf.F. 788 forleaves.EO. 6. ♦CONICAL LID (fig. 73). PH. 5. D. c. 17.5.Half centremissing. Bandsand lines.LG- EO. preserved, mostof 7. SMALL LID. H. 4. D. c. 15.Halfpreserved, rim missing. Shallow hemispherical, with short evertedlip.MG or later. 8. CUP (FIG.73). H. 7.6. DR. c. 10. Half preserved, handlemissing.In handle zone, at least two flanking panelswithdiagonalcross.LG, late. 9. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 13.Halfbodywith complete base. Cream slip. Bars at base of neck, verticalwavesbetweenlines on shoulder.Two zones of S's betweentriplelines,two furthersets of triple lines.Cf. 292.106. LG/EO. 10. *SKYPHOS (FIG.73) H. 10.4. DR. 13.8. Nearly complete.Fullypaintedinside.Whitedouble circles betweenlineson shoulder.E 166,classC. EO. 11. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 37. A third preserved,part of neck and verticalhandle; paint muchworn.Cream slip.Shortinsetlip,plumpovoid body,ringfoot.Paint on lip. Panels: double zigzag, meander,singlezigzag. Bands and lines. Solid paint on handle.MG, early. 12. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. c. 22. DR. c. 16. Frs.of upperbody.Veryworn.Concave insetlip, rising;singlehorizontalhandles.Painton lip. Panels:
(A) and (C), quarteredlozenges,steep singlezigzag, meander,quadruplezigzag.(B) missing;(D), meander and hatched leaves, upper part missing.Paint on horizontalhandles,barson strap.M-LG. 13. *PITHOS. PH. 27. DB. 14.5. Lower part only. Disc foot;bandsand lines.LG (?). 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. (withloop feet) c. 47. DR. c. 16. Half preserved.Much worn. Short risinglip, single horizontal handles, plump ovoid body, three loop feet. Rim painted, lip otherwise reserved. Triple zigzag on shoulder. Panels, all betweencolumnsof intersecting zigzags:(A) and (C), bird, cross-hatched body, raised wing. (B) checkerboard;(D) massed zigzags. Bands and lines; hatchedzigzag roundbelly;betweenloop feet,pairs of outlinedleaves withmidrib,slopingin alternate Bars on horizontalhandles,verticalstripes directions. on straphandlesand feet.LG, late.BirdWorkshop. 15. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44. Nearly complete. Ovoid body, inset rim between slight carinations,tripodfoot.Dark ground.Whitedouble circlesbelowrim.Panels,A, twodecksofguillochewith dotted lozenge centres,one hatched diagonally;B, hatchedvoluteinterlace withcross-hatched fragmentary, centrallozenge,thevolutesat theedgesjoined bybars, some withdependenttongues.Lines and bands; the centralband withfourfold whitecircles.Betweenfeet, cross-hatched crossedzigzags,dottedlozengefill.EO. 16. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 20. Frs.of rim,body,one handle.Slightlyinsetrim,doublereed horizontalhandle. One panel, massed circles. Cf. Payneno. 36. EO. 17. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. DB. c. 14.DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,body,base. Inset concave rim between slight carinations, three lines below edge. Panel, guillochebetweentripleverticals.Bands and lines,the uppermostband withwhitetriplecircles.E 14g,class IV A (i). EO. 18. *JUG. DB. 7.5. Frs. of base, handle, mouth. Fourfoldcircleson shoulder,pairedlines.F. 155,class D (i). EO.
58
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 158).L. 1.4. W. 0.7. Wt. 3.75 g. Crustyoxidization.Pyramidal,brokenfrom some largerobject. Pierced crosswiseby rivethole. Irregular. 2. IRON BOW-TIP? (fig.173).L. 6.6. D. 1.5,tapering to i.i. Piercedbya longitudinal hole,D. 0.9 to 0.6; tip missing. Traces of wood inside. Very slight The identification is based on curvature. longitudinal
thislast,on the modestsize (too smallfora weaponsocket)and on the occurrenceof largerversionsof such objects in Etruria (e.g. L. Pareti, La Tomba Regolini-Galassi (1947)266, N. 229 no. 8, adfin.(L. 10. D. internally 2.7)). 3. LIMESTONE CYLINDER (fig.186;piau: 304).L. 3.4. D. 0.35. Complete.Greylimestone.Developsflat planehalfway alongone side.Perhapsa cosmetictool?
Tomb 2 SW (figs. 5, 13; plate 11 d) L. overall:4.56. Dromos:L. 2.00. W. 1.32. Stomion: destroyed.W chamber: 1.00 X 1.30. E chamber:1.06 X 1.66. in plan chamber-like The mainchamberwas on theE sideofthedromos, and anothercutting, main was dromos which have been added after the tomb cut. The could slopedup only,on theW, had been destroyed. Therewas a longand fromtheE chamberat an angleof 8°. The stomion whoseflatfloor one on theS. The (e) chamber, on theN side,and a vestigial door-jamb pronounced withroundedcorners. The roofslopedup diagonally was reachedbya step,0.26,was rectangular The W fromtheback,insteadofbeingrounded.The floorwas at least1.40belowmodernsurface. In its butroundedin plan,withsmall,thoughpronounced 'chamber'was irregular, door-jambs. and theE floorwas a pit0.52 X 0.44,up to 0.50 deep.The floorslopeddowntowardsthedromos wasa slight, roundeddroptothedromos-ñoor chamber. proper. Justoutsidethedoor-jambs was The tombwas one offourat the S limitofthe area excavatedin 1978.Its orientation ESE-WSW.
The tombwas foundin the firsttrialtrenchesdug near T. 1. It had been robbed.There wereno blockingstones. were£3, In theupperfillofthetrialwerefi (sealstone)and £2 (glasstessera).In the dromos and pieces of unburntbone. The formerprobablyand the two non-joining dirkfragments, wheremoreunburntbones,mostlylimbs,werefound, lattercertainly came fromthechamber, an it had contained inhumation, probablymale, judging by the objects which showing fs 4-5, 8a (iron finds included2 (SM stirrup-jar) and scattered it. The broken accompanied fu iron fio of the same fs (Pitssocket), (bronzepin fragments), spear), pins), 6-9 (fragments fi2 (bonehandleor sleeve),fi3, 14 (ironknifefragments). In the W chamber,set in the pit,was a coarse SM pithos,1, foundbrokenand scattered. Scrapsofburntbone in thepitindicateit had been a cremation.There was R and probably latermaterialin thelevel. POTTERY (PLATE 88) 1. *COARSE PITHOS (fig.80). H. 33.5. DR. 27. In manyfrs;completesectionrecomposed(handlesdo brownclay,firedsoft, notjoin). Coarse,grit-tempered ash-greycore. Plain, brownsurfacefinish.Probably SM. on tournette. handmade,finished 2. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 73). H. 16.7. Max. D. 16.4. DB. 5.5. Completesection,includingall base, handles and spout. Composed of many.Fine reddish clay. Red-brownsurface.Matt red-brown paint.Airholeat base of false neck, opposite spout. Solid paint on
discus.Painton spoutlip and inside;strokeson spout. Broad strokeson handles. One elaborate triangle, double-outlined, on either side of spout. Two elaborate,latticed,triangleson side oppositespout. Bands below and on body,one immediatelyabove foot.SM. 3. *AMPHORISKOS (fig.73). H. c. 15.W. 10. Large Fine red-brown bodyfrs.(severaljoining)and floaters. 'S' clay.Dark mattplum-redpaint.Trace ofhorizontal D. SM. patternin mainzone and bandson greatest
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 1-9 SMALL FINDS 1. STEATITE SEALSTONE (plate 302). D. 1.4 X 1.5. Max. Th. 0.85. Rough-cut,chippedat one face. Deep olive-greento grey.Irregularcircle.One face untrimmed. Sides irregularly flat,the otherrelatively faceted,beingsmoothedbyabrasion(coarsescratches remain).Intendedno doubtto be a disc,butperhaps brokenin shaping;at presentmore of an irregular cone. Stringholenotyetdrilled. 2. MOSAIC TESSERA. R. 3. IRON DIRK frs.Two non-joining piecesof blade: (a) L. 8. Max. W. 2.95; (b) L. 5. W. 1.85taperingto 1.4. Bothedgesblunted. 4. 5, 8a. IRON PIN frs:non-joining pieces,probably fromsame pin. 4 (lost),L. c. 3; 5, L. 2.6; 8a, L. 2.6; Ds. 0.5-0.6. 6-9. IRON SPEARHEAD frs.(fig. 173).Fourpieces, of which6 formsthe lower blade (at junction with
5g
socket)and 8, 9 and 7 (in thatorder)join to formthe tip of whatis undoubtedlythe same spear.Iron rivet on midribof upperjoined fragment.6, L. 2.75. W. L. 13.1.W. 3.55.Th. at midrib1.2;8, 9 and 7 together 2.4 taperingto 0.4. Th. at midrib1 taperingto 0.4. Flat strongly midribbedblade. 10. IRON SPEARHEAD SOCKET fr.L. 2.6. D. 1.7. This couldbelongto same spearas 6-9. 11. BRONZE PIN frs.Three smallshaftfrs.,L. c. 8.9. 12. BONE, two frs.:(a) L. 2.9. W. 1.5; (b) L. 2.2. W. 1.6. Horn core, probably goat. Sawn fromlarger section of horn- the ends are smooth,thoughnot exactlyparallel to each other.Both frs.have similar ends. 13. 14. IRON ONE-BLADED KNIFE frs.Two nonjoiningblade frs:13, L. 3.3; 14, L. 2. BothW. c. 1.5. Probablyfromthesame knife(straight type).
Tomb 8 SW (figs. 5, 14) EstimatedL. overall:3.00. Dromos: L. 1.80.Chamber:estimatedD. 1.26. Partof the E wall of the dromos and the S (back)wall of the chamberwerefoundin a 1.00 widetrial.The dromos floorwas flatformostofitslength;thechamberfloorwas 0.20 lowerit had probablybeen circular.There were no step,door jambs, or blocking.The greatest preserved heightofthewallswas 0.32. The tombwas one of fourfoundon the S-mostlimitof the area excavatedin 1978.Its orientation was NW-SE,thechamberat theE end. The tombappearedas a veryshallowcuttingin kouskouras, whichlay c. 0.50 belowsurface. Therewereno recognizablefinds;thepottery fromthechamberis as likelyto havecomefrom thegeneralploughsoilas fromthetomb. POTTERY (PLATE 88) i. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 12. Body fr. withstumpsof strap and horizontalhandle. Panel: lozenge chain, octuple zigzag. White-on-darkzone below:spaced triplecircles,alternately singleand in a columnoftwosets.LG, late.
2. *PITHOS. PH. 25 (body fr.).DR. c. 12, rim fr., non-joining.Narrow inset lip, with paint. Panels missing;continuouswhite-on-darktriplecircles in zone below; elsewhere,bands and lines withwhite reinforcement. LG, late.
Tomb 9 SW (figs. 5, 14) Dimensionsunknown. The existenceof a DA tombin the generalvicinityof Ts. i, 2 and 8 was deduced from ofa raggedcuttingin thekouskouras in trialsexcavatednearT. i, designatedhereby discovery Romannumerals.Here thekouskouras descendedsteeplyw- or SW-wards in a seriesofirregular banks. The fillof the ragged cutting(pit-likefeature),lightyellowish-brown withmany kouskouras seemed firm rather and but this was belied finds of unburnt stable, lumps, by (?HL) bone, and HL lamp fragment(VI. fi), part of a workedblock withorange-pinkplaster adhering,a bit of glass,threeminiaturepots (VI, i, 2; V/VI. 4), an aryballos(V. 1) and ofan ironknife(VI. fo). fragments
6o
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Belowthekouskouras ofan infant(T. 5). Somewhatabovethebottom was an amphora-burial ofthekouskouras, NWofT. 5, wereremainsofa coarsepithos(VI. 5) and piecesfromanother large,decoratedpot. These twovesselswereassignedto a conjecturalT. 9 whichmusthave been in the vicinity, whose outlinewas too much destroyedby later activityforit to be In and nearthebase ofthepithoswas a massofpoorlyor partiallycharredbone. identified. skullfragments) seemedto have come fromchildren.The Many ofthepieces (teeth,fingers, from this as of have come burial, well as the ironknifeand fragments aryballos[supra)may bronzeamongthepithossherds(V/VI. fi) and an ironobject(V/VI. fa). Tomb 13 SE (figs. 6, 14; plates 11 e-f, 12 a-b) L. overall:4.80. Dromos: L. at least3.50. W. 0.90-1.24.Stomion: 0.82 X 0.30. Chamber:1.00 X 1.44;H. 0.85. The wedge-shapeddromos was not completelyexcavated;it rose 0.50 in verticaldistance betweenthestomion and the excavatedlimit,at a mean gradientof 140.On theN side of the dromos was an irregular nichec. 1.00 X 1.00,itsfloor0.85 abovetheadjacentdromos, 1.30above thelevelofthechamberfloor.On theS sidewas a cutting1.50 X 0.80 whoseshape and odd was thatof the make itsidentification uncertain;itsorientation diagonalangle to the dromos fromwhichall blockingstoneshad been removed, manyHL tombsin thearea. The stomion, had an unusualraised thresholdc. 0.40 wide, and distinctjambs. The small well-cutoval the floorstrewnwithfinegravelor coarse sand containing chamberwas slightly off-centre, water-worn The was 1.52belowmodernsurface. stones. floor tiny The tombwas part of a ratherirregularN-S line- Ts. 14-13-19-55- in the crowdedSE was ENEbyN,WSWbyS. The chamberwas on theE side sectorofthecemetery. Its orientation of the dromos.
The tombwas foundduringthemechanicalclearanceof 2.30 wide channelsN-S and E-W on the 1o-metresquare systemof the sitegrid.Its presencewas observedwhenthe machine touchedthe bronzebowl, 1, in the N niche.The tombhad been robbedin antiquity;the chambercontainedno recognizablepotsor objects,and fewsherds.The blockingstoneswere A pit containingbrownearthhad been dug intothe upperpart of the foundin the dromos. fill.The HL inhumation outerdromos gravesTs. 118and 304 wereat theNWend ofthedromos and another,T. 114,had been dug throughthechamberroof,explainingunburntlimbbones and HL sherdsin thechamberfill,and thefactthattheroofwas onlypartlyintact. fillcontainedR/ECh sherds.The lowerfill,thoughlighterin colourand The upperdromos and a piece ofR or Ch plaster.8, a ?PGB aryballos, morestable,stillhad late tilefragments and fi, an ironarrowhead,werecomparatively highin thefill,but therestofthefindswere the floor.Theywerein twogroups,one c. 0.60-1.60fromthethreshold, on or nearthedromos otherup againstit;stonesfromtheblockingwallwereamongthemboth.Three ofthelargest werein thefirst group,neartheN wall.BetweenthemweresherdsofthePGB-EG pithos,12, and lyingamongstthem in a manner which suggestedtheywere associated were the of an EG? skyphos11 and an EG hydria,14. Nearerthe entrancewere the EG fragments S of12 was 10, head and neckof kalathos-lid, 13, and theEG oinochoai20, 23. Immediately a PGB birdaskos.S ofthis,undersomelargesherds,was thebrokenEG oinochoe18 and S wall,was the almostcompleteLPG-PGB pyxis,9. again,near a stoneclose to the S dromos an EG rim of E of was pithos,and betweenthemtheEG lid, 17. In the 9 15, fragments 0.30 weretheremainsof a PGB-EG pyxis,24, a LPG NEcornerofthedromos nearthethreshold lid,25, and a PGB-EG oinochoe,26. Veryclosewas theEG oinochoe23. In theSWcorner
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 13
61
werethe sherdsof the EG jug-aryballos21. 11 and 14 may have been associatedwith125 theoriginalvesselgroupings are irrecoverable. otherwise, in theN dromos The O interment nicheincluded1, thebronzebowl,3, thebase ofa pithos (theurn)accompaniedbya largearyballos,2, a jug, 5, and twooinochoai,4, 6. Theirupper parts were ancientlybroken.The crematedbone stillremainingin 3, or foundnear it belongedto an adolescentor youngadult.Amongthemwas a curiousobject of softstone, drilledlongitudinally and shaped like a champagnecork.The PG pithosbase, 7, was just S withinthe niche,overhanging thedromos. 27-51 were reconstructedfromsherds recoveredduring excavation,confirmingthe PGB-EG use ofthetomb,and itsabandonmentuntilO. Fromtheseand thevasesrecordedin in thetomb. thetomba dozenash-urnshypothetically add up to as manyinterments POTTERY (PLATES 89-91) 1.BRONZE VESSEL: see f3. 2. ARYBALLOS (fig.73). H. 8.8. Large gaps in wall. Lozengeson mouthand neck,barredhandle,rosettes on shoulder.Bands and lines,reservedraysat base. E 159classII K. Shape as E 933. LO. 3. NECKED PITHOS. PH. 22.4. Frs. of body with base, neck and rim. Two handles, flatbase. Inside mouth,rings,theuppermostthickened. Lip,groupsof strokes. threestraight Neck,whiteon dark,alternating linesand one wavy.Belowreservedhandle-zone,band withtriplewhitecircles.LO. 4. OINOCHOE. H. 18.5. Nearlycomplete.Spaced bands.Cf.F. 1519and 285. 14, 17. LO. 5. SQUAT JUG. PH. 13.Neck and handlelost.Roots of four-reedhandle, square root-corbel.Ring foot. Tear-dropson handle-corbel.Shoulderand body as illustrated. Underside,spaced groupsof rings.Shape as 56.12. By thesame hand as 40.22. LO. 6. ♦OINOCHOE. PH. 18.2.Neck,handle,and much of body lost. Cream clay,red-brownpaint. Rays on shoulder and base, narrow stripes on body. EPC. Cf.34.9. Corinthian, 7. *NECKED (?) PITHOS, base. DB. 16.Yellowwash. Flatbase.Lightground,twobandsabovebase. PC 8. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.1. Neck missing.Browngrits and some mica. Root of strap handle, flat base. Unpainted.PGB (?). 9. PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 8.5. Nearlycomplete;flaking surface. Flat base with stringmark. Octuple semicircles, band, lines;paint on rim,handles,lower bodyand underbase. Band insiderim.LPG-PGB. 10. BIRD ASKOS. PH. 20. Front part only. Wheelmadebody,head turnedslightly to one side,eyes in relief,circularbeak. Ladder patternabove head. Columnsroundneck:chevrons, lambda pattern,bars, chevrons,lambda pattern,solid lozenges on front. Millsailalongbody,traceofsteepzigzagabove.PGB. 11. *SKYPHOS (fig. 74). H. 9.3. DR. 16.6. Nearly complete.Paintunderbase. EG (?). 12. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 35. DR. 18.Nearly
complete.Lustrousblackpaint.Insetlip,twinhandles, ringfoot.Identicalpanelson bothsides.Curvedstripes on handles.PGB-EG, closeimitation ofAttic. 13. *KALATHOS-LID (fig. 74). H. 11.5. D. 22. Nearlycomplete.Spatterbelowband inside.EG. 14. HYDRIA. H. 30.8. Nearlycomplete.Squared lip, centraldepressiondown strap handle, low conical foot.HatchedhorizontalS's on shoulder;foliateband withopposed spirals;smallpendentarcs on belly.All handlesbarred.Two bandsinsidelip.EG. 15. *NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 14. Yellow slip. Flaringneck,offset:lines betweenbands, two bands inside.Linesand band on shoulder.EG. 16. NECKED PITHOS. H. 43.5. DR. 21.5. One handle missing.Ridge betweenneck and shoulder. Strap handles,ringfoot.Bars on rim,band inside. Same decoration on both sides. Handle: diagonal crossbetweenbars.PGB. 17. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 74). H. 8.8. D. 24. Nearlycomplete.Reddishclay,yellowslip. Paint on handle.EG. 18. OINOCHOE. H. 23. Nearly complete. Grey bucchero,grey-blackcoat. Strap handle,roughdisc foot;slightridgebelowlip.EG. 19. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 34.6. DR. 28. Nearly complete. Coarse red clay,large whiteand greygrits.Slight ridge where neckjoins body,flat base. Two groovesbetweenhandleroots.PGB. 20. OINOCHOE. H. 35. Neck missing.Straphandle to rim, depression down centre; low conical foot. Handle: solid double axes alternating withbars,and alternatelyvertical and horizontal. EG. Smaller versionofG 14. 21. ♦JUG-ARYBALLOS(fig. 74). H. 8.8. Complete. underbase. Slightridgeat base of neck. Stringmark Line inside rim. Shoulder: three cross-hatched in detail;on theside notillustrated, triangles, differing extraoutlineadded. EG. 22. TRAY (fig.74). H. 5.3. DR. 20. Nearlycomplete. withbars above and Lug handles,piercedvertically,
62
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
below.Bands and lineson floorinside,withquintuple circleat centre.EG. H. 24. Nearly complete. 23. *OINOCHOE. Bucchero:fabricand shapeas 18. EG. 24. *PYXIS (fk;. 74). H. 6.2. DR. 5.5. One handle broken.Smallstraphandles.PGB-EG. 25. KALATHOS-LID. H. 7.4. D. 22. Three-quarters preserved.Unevenrim.Evertedlip,narrowflatbase. Sevenfoldpendentsemicircles, painton handles;base unpainted.Inside fullypainted;continuousbilletson rim.LPG. 26. OINOGHOE. H. 13.1.Nearlycomplete.Deep red micaceousclay,smoothedsurface.Flattenedhandle on neck;eight attached insiderim,discfoot.Eightgrooves ribsappliedtobody.PGB-EG. Gf.G 27-32. vertical 27. GOARSE GONICAL LID. PH. 12.8. DR. 21. Knob handle missing.Goarse micaceous red clay, whitegrits.Lip turneddownwards,as forstraightsidedpithos.PGB. 28. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 74). H. 7.8. DR. 14.5. Twothirdspreserved, paintworn.On side not illustrated, EG. triplezigzag. 29. SHALLOW KRATER (fk;. 74). H. 9.2. DR. 24. Nearly complete. One handle only, with paint. PGB-EG. 30. DOMED LID. D. 17.5.H. 6.9. Nearlycomplete. At centre,threeconcentricrings,thendouble zigzag, doublearcs,band. E-MG. 31. PYXIS. H. 15.4. DR. 9.8. Half preserved.Flat base. Band insideneck.Painton handles.PGB-EG. 32. TRAY. H. 5.2. DR. 22. Nearlycomplete.Fabric and shape as 22. Bars above and below lug handles. Inside:solid painton wall, bands and lineson floor, circleat centre.EG. sevenfold 33. PYXIS. H. 19. DR. c. 11.5. Nearly complete. Greamslip,flaking;tracesof brownpaint.Ring foot, conical underneath.Paint on neck, inside and out; bodydecorationwornoff,tracesofchevronsin panel; painton handles.EG. 34. KALATHOS-LID. H. 11.7. D. 22. Nearly clay.Shape as 13. Reservedcross complete.Grey-buff under base. Inside: groups of bars on rim, band, spatterbelow.EG. H. c. 23.5. Fragmentary. 35. *OINOGHOE. Bucchero:fabricand shapeas 18. EG. 36. PYXIS (?). PH. 7.3. Everted lip missing.No PGB (?). handles,base concaveunderneath. 37. *OINOGHOE. PH. 7.3. Rim to belly.Handle frominsiderimto carinatedshoulder.Shoulder:crosshatchedtriangleswithoutline,bars on apices; band belowcarination.Handle barred.PGB.
38. *DOMED LID. D. 20.5. H. c. 5. Two fragments, complete profile. White on dark, double circles, B 14. broad band. Interiorfullypainted.Cf. Atsalenio EO. 39. KALATHOS-LID. H. c. 6.5. D. c. 20.5. Half triangles, Shape as 25. Band,cross-hatched preserved. lines;base unpainted.Inside: band on rim,no paint below.PGB. 40. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 22. Evertedlip. Three bandsinside.PGB. 41. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 24. Rim fr.Lip slightly everted.Inside: solid triangleson rim,threebands below.PGB. 42. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Roots of both verticalhandlesand adjoiningbody.Greamslip,red paint. Figuresreserved.Two registers:legs and rear bodyof horse,back of head, wingand tail of sphinx, LO. head-knobofgriffin. 43. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of lower body, two strap feet.Body,red lotus and palmettechain withblue outlines.Feet,blue step meanderbetween verticals. EO. 44. *POLYGHROME LID. D. 22. Fr.ofrim.Everted redarcs.O. rim.Tracesofblue and redstripes, 45. *AMPHORA. DB. 12. Frs.of body,lip and foot. Whiteon dark.Triplecircleson lip and widestpartof body,vertical columns of small double circles on shoulder.Cf. 107.70. EO. 46. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of body, neck and handles. Slightlyconcave neck with carination at joint, horizontalcylindricalhandles. Heavy lines at carination, corner of double square on shoulder. Groupedlinesbelow.EO. 47. *DOMED LID. D. 22. H. c. 3.8. Completeprofile. Evertedrim. White on dark. Double circles.F. 163 classE (b). EO. 48. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.ofshoulder and lowerbody.Softorange-buff clay,chestnut-brown paint,ratherworn.Shoulder: grits,thickbrown-black semicircles.Lower solid triangles,lines,sixteen-fold body:band,lines.AtticLPG-EG I. 49. TRAY, twofrs.Shape as 13.22 butwithtwosets of two grooves under base. Inside: paint on wall, bandsand lineson floor.EG. 50. KALATHOS-LID. D. c. 20. Rim frs.Shape as 13.25. Pendentquintuplesemicirclesenclosingsolid Trace ofMaltesecrossunderbase. PGB. triangles. 51. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 21. Frs.of verticalneck,body withhorizontalhandles,and flat base. Fabricand shape like 13*199but smaller.Four groovesat levelofhandleroots.PGB-EG.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ARROWHEAD (fk;.173;piafe 287).L. 5.8. Max. W. 2.3. Large, three-bladedvariety,sharply
pointed;mustonce havepossesseda tang,nowbroken off.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 2. FAIENCE HANDLE (fk;. 182;piati: 292). L. 1.65. W. i.i. Dh. 0.3-0.4. Broken,halfonly,'thistle'shaped, with string-holerunningbehind. Glaze: greenish brown; core: pale buff, medium fine. Crudely modelled,withlumpysurface.
Ts. 13 14
63
3. BRONZE CAULDRON. H. c. 20. D. c. 40. Almost complete,but too crushed and distortedto restore shape.Perhapssimilarto 285. £26. 4. STEATITE(?) WHORL or BUTTON. Shanked. In pot 3.
Tomb 14 SE (figs. 6, 15; plate
12 c)
Chamber:1.00 X 1.38. L. 2.01.W. 0.66-0.80. Stomion: L. overall3.01.Dromos: destroyed. nick of at a mean dromos The ratherirregular angle 140.It had an irregular slopedupwards the no stones remained of had been NE The stomion into its wall. blocking destroyed; jutting itsroofhad collapsed.The rearwall survivedto a wall.The chamberwas roughlyrectangular; heightof0.44; thefloorwas c. 1.25belowmoderngroundsurface.A niche,of roundedplan, was cutintotheS side surface, 0.64 X 0.42,H. preserved0.20,itsfloorup to 0.50 above dromos of the dromos.
wall S ofT. 219 and parallelto it.The S circuitoftheperimeter The tombwas immediately of the mortuarychurchpassed betweenthe two graves.This pair of tombswas somewhat isolatedfromthemaingroupsofchambertombs,ratherto theN ofthemostcongestedpartof was E byS-WbyN. thenecropolis.The orientation as well as the presence of potteryin the dromos, The destroyedstomion, includingtwo in had been the tomb cremation pillaged antiquity. pithoi,suggested The topsoilwas foundverydisturbed,witha mixtureof G and later sherds,scattered of bone, pieces of tileand marbletesserae,fi (bronzefragments), Í2 (claypipe), fragments the lower a brickwithtracesof slag and an equid scapula were also found.In the dromos, fillcompriseda lighteryellowearthin whichwerefound2 and 5 + 50 (LG-EO cremation protomefroman EO polychromelid, 3, a bird pithoi),a miniaturecup, 1 = £3, a griffin A depositof lightbrownsoil 0.08 thick,had as sherds and burnt bones. as well askos,4, roofaccumulatedoverthecollapsedchamberfill.Inside,findsweresetin a hardkouskouras roof No clear order the chamber had been ransacked before the fall,suggesting collapsed. dividedintofour was observedin the arrangementof the contents.These were arbitrarily groups group 1, in the NWcorner,consistedof 14, a polychromepithos,partlyoverlying protome,and 31 , base of a vase. ImmediatelyN was a 24, a LG skyphos,33, a griffin domed lid, 28. Group 2, in the s corner,included 6, 12, aryballoi,11, a hydria,13, a of an iron blade. At the chambercentrewas group 3: 8, a kotyle,and £4, 7, fragments bull's head protomefroma polychromelid and 23, a small conical lid. In the N quarter, group4, were 9, 17, two cups. 7, base of a cremationpithos,15, a polychromelid witha 30, insideit,26, 27, 29, aryballoi.Under 27 was halfa domed lid, 32, ofwhich lekythos, anotherpartwas underthe domed lid 28. Nearbywere £5, chloritespindlewhorl,£8, 9, 10, two glass beads and one yellowbead. Group 5 was in the E corner,including20, a lekaniscontaining19, a skyphos,with2i5 a domed lid,behindit. In frontof 20 were 18, a and £6, a serpentinebead. There werealso two smallvessels,10, 25 and a bovid lekythos, tooth. Thus, two cremation pithoi, 2, 5 + 50, came fromthe dromos, a third in the chamberclose to the SWwall, 14 and a fourth,16, in the centreof the chamber.Group 1 and perhapsgroup2 mightbe associatedwith14; otherassociationswereeven less secure. The dromos niche was foundempty,withoutblocking.It is unknownhow or when it was used.
64
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
POTTERY (PLATES 92-3) 1. *MINIATURE CUP. DR. 3.2. Fr.ofbodywithlip. Trace oflinebelowlip.EO. 2. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 43. DR. c. 13. Frs. with whole profile.Inset rim, rising slightly. Panels: (A) part of bird, to L.; (B) lozenge cross, hatched outline,double lozenges in each quarter. zones: doublecircles Aboveand below,white-on-dark between lines. Bands and lines. Handles barred. LG-EO, relatedto BirdWorkshop. 3. POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. H. 9.8. Gaps in rim head as and wall. Sharplyevertedrim,plasticgriffin's knob.Paintvirtually gone.Cf.43. EO. 4. BIRD ASKOS (FIG.75). H. 15.7.L. 22.9. Head and mouthof secondaryspoutlost.Birdbodyand conical base thrownas a cup, thewallssqueezedtowardsone anotherand closedto formthebody.ModelledwingPaint tips,head, spoutand handle added afterwards. worn.Wingsdecoratedin panels:scales,zigzag.Dots barredtips.Bandson foot.EO. on wing-bend, 5. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 75). D. 18. PH. 8.5. Knob and mostof rimlost,gaps in wall. Paintworn. Traces of blue tripleleaves,filledin red. For 14.50. EO. 6. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.6. Body only. Shoulder, dottedtongues; dotted,arcadedtongues,line,inverted dot-rosette panels; dotted tongues. White dot embellishment. Rough.LO. 7. *TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. DR. 15.1. Frs.of rim, handle, lower body. Below rim, single white circlesbetweenlines on dark band. Handle panels reserved,sixfoldcircles,the outermostthickened. Bandsand lines.O. 8. BULL PROTOME. H. 4.8. Traces ofwhitepaint. Was theknobofa polychrome lid,as 3. O. 9. *CUP (fig.75). H. 11.DR. 13. Completesave gaps in rim.Fullycoated.F 166class(b) (iii).EO. 10. JUG. H. 8.5. Complete.Strap handle,flatbase. Verticalstripeon handle,two lines insiderim. LG, late. 11. HYDRIA. PH. 12.5. Body only, horizontal handlesand halfverticalhandle.Flat base, cylindrical horizontal handles, ribbon vertical handle. Paint worn. Shoulder,volute-tree,triplecircles.Handlezone,chevroncolumn,triplecircles.Band abovebase. no. 73. EO. Cf.Payne 12. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.6. Complete.Strap handle, flatbase. Verticalstripeson handle,two lines inside rim.LG. 13. *KOTYLE. (FIG.75.) H. 6.8. DR. 11.5. Gap in wall,halfhandlemissing. Fullypainted.EO. 14. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 52. One foot,half body,one verticaland one horizontalhandle lost. Ribbed feet.Paintworn.Betweenhandles,panels of blue lotus,redfill.Centralzone,one remaining panel: blue bird, red body and feet,upside down. Lower
zone, blue band betweenred and blue billets;below, one panel withblue and yellowborders,blue leafcrosswithred fill.Blue arcadeswithred fillbetween feet.Feet: red bars betweenblue verticals;handles, blue and red bars. For trichrome techniquesee Payne, 281,and/? 188.EO. 15. *POLYCHROME LID. (fig.75.) D. 16.4.Partsof wall and knob missing. Sharply everted rim, in suspensionholes.Paintveryworn.Trace of griffin blue outlinenearedge.EO. 16. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 10.8. Frs. of base, lowerbody,and two ribbedfeet.Paintentirely lost.EO (?). 17. *CUP. (fig.75.) H. 10.8.DR. 13. Gaps in rimand wall.As 9. EO. 18. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.8. Most of base and handle missing.Side-circles,small circles frontand back, cross-bar at handle root. F. 159, class E (ii) (b). LG/EO. 19. SKYPHOS. H. 5.2. DR. 8.5. Virtuallycomplete. Concavelip,notoffset; concavebase. Roughchevrons betweenbars.Groupedbarsinsidelip.LG. 20. LEKANIS. H. 5. DR. 11.7.Complete.Flat base. Inside, thickring at centre and edge of base, line below rim. Handles barred at outer ends. Sides, groupedlines.On underside,fromcentre,dottedleafbetweengroupedrings.Cf.Arkades cross,volute-hooks fig.456. EO. 21. DOMED LID. D. 10. H. 2.3. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. Exteriorfullycoated in red. Whiteringswithband ofzigzag.Probablyfora pyxis. EO. 22. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 75). D. 9.2. Half of wall and knob lost. Domed. Cream slip inside and out,paintveryworn.Traces of red arcade withblue outlineabove red billets.Fits 14. For arcade, Cf. F. 1495.EO. 23. ♦CONICAL LID. D. 16. Completeprofile,two thirdsof wall and rimlost,chipsin knob.Concentric circleson knob,bandson lid. EO. 24. SKYPHOS. H. 8. DR. 11.5-12.4.Complete.Lip not offset,ring foot. Paint continues under foot. Inside,reservedcircleon floor.LG. 25. Vacai.Not traced. 26. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.7. Mouth chipped,handlemissing;pointof ironknifeadhering to belly.Stump of strap handle, flatbase. Band on neck,twolinesinside;trickleunderbase. LG. 27. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.5. Complete. Mouth, rings. Shoulder, five four-spokedwheels. Lower body fullypainted. Cf. 29, probablya pair. EO. 28. DOMED LID. D. 15.8.H. 4. Completesavechips in wall. Suspensionholes. Cream slip. Fromcentre, leaf rosette,zigzag,double circles,zigzag,dark rim.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
EO, but perhaps archaising; see Gypsadesno. 34. Cf. 14.44. 29. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 3.2. Complete. Shape and decoration as 27, but lower body ringed. EO. H. 9. Gaps in wall. Spaced side30. LEKYTHOS. circles, innermostthickened; chevron columns. F. 158 class E (iii) (a). EO. 31. Vacat:part of 14? 32. *DOMED LID. D. 20.2. H. 5.5. Two thirdsof rim missing,gaps in wall. White on dark. Massed circles, the central one surrounded by dots. Grouped strokes on rim. Cf. F. 848. F. 163, class E (b). EO. 33. Vacat:part of 15. 34. *SKYPHOS. (fig. 75.) H. 4.8. DR. 8. Complete. Exterior white on dark. Circles on floor,bands on lip. Triple circles between handles. EO. 35. CONICAL LID. D. 8.6. Centre and two-thirdsof rim lost. Tongues; ringson underside. EO. 36. *ARYBALLOS. Fr., top only. Double circles. F. 158, class B (ii). EO. Fr. Two thirdsof lower body and 37. *LEKYTHOS. part of shoulder only.Tongues on shoulder,then band of zigzag. Cf. 26.1. O. 38. *ARYBALLOS. Fr. base only.Bands and lines. O. 39. *SKYPHOS. H. 10.2. DR. 13. Gaps in wall and base. White on dark. Double circles between lines on shoulder. EO. 40. ARYBALLOS. FY., top only. Chips from mouth. Mouth, tongues; shoulder, rosettes and sets of four hatched lozenges arranged as a lozenge. Cf. Arkades fig.189. MO. 41. *CUP. DR. 13. Frs. of lip, handle, and adjoining body. Tall lip. Fully coated inside and out, except reservedline below lip inside. Cf. 19.8. O. 42. Vacat. LID. H. c. 9.2. D. 16.2. Three 43. POLYCHROME quarters of rim lost. Griffinknob. Traces of cream
SMALL
SITE
- T. 14
65
slip, paint worn. Blue outline billets within red ring at base of handle. ?Animal in outer zone. A pair with no. 3. EO. LID. D. 19.6. Frs. of part of rim and 44. DOMED one third wall. Creamy slip. Lines, interrupted by a band of solid lozenges. Inside, bands. Cf. 28. EO. 45. TRAY. D. 30. Fr. of base risingto rim. Red paint. Inside, lines at edge. Outside, line at edge, double leaves. EO. PITHOS. DR. 20. PH. 37. 46. FOUR-HANDLED About one third body, half rim, one vertical handle, non-joining body-sherds. Top frieze, lines enhanced in white. Preserved panels: in two decks, quadrated double lozenges above zigzags; opposed volute lotuses, one set in each deck. Bands and lines enhanced in white, firstand third with triple white circles. EO. 47. *CONICAL LID. D. c. 21. Large gaps in rim and wall, handle lost. Red slip, traces of white paint. At rim,double circles joined by slanted lines. EO. 48. Vacat. 49. *ARYBALLOS. Frs. of body and two thirds of mouth only. Grouped strokesat neck-joint;below, S's, lines. MO. PITHOS. One handle and 50. *POLYCHROME adjoining body, assorted non-joining body-sherds. Paint very worn. Handle-zone, blue, red-dot-filled birds. Under handle, guilloche-knot.Below, lotus and volute-chain, blue with red fill. One fr. of vertical cable with red fill.EO. See 5. 51. *PITHOS. DB. 13. Frs. of base and non-joining body-sherds. Cream slip, bands outlined in white. Above, sixfoldcircles. Bands as F. no. 1328. LO. 52. TRAY. D. 31. Fr. of base rising to rim. Red paint. External decoration as 45. Inside, broad band at edge of base extending up rim, point of outline leaf. Shape as 45. LO.
FINDS
1. BRONZE CHISEL (?) fr.L. 5.3. W 1.6. 2. TURKISH PIPE. 3. Vacat:- pot 1. 4. 7. IRON KNIVES, frs. Two joining masses of, respectively,three and two thin knife-bladescorroded together:(a), present in 4 and 7. W tapers fromc. 4.5 to c. 2.5; (b), also present in both masses but pointing the other way, widens from c. 2.5 to c. 3; (c), present only in 4, W. c. 2. Max. L. (in (a)) 9.3; total Th. (in 4) 2.4. 'WHORL' (fig. 185). H. 0.9. D. 2.9. 5. CHLORITE Dh. 0.7. Wt. 12 g. Worn appearance, base chipped; remnant of polish. Greeny-dark grey. Top given a stepped profile,rounded corners; bottom almost flat,
hollowed about central hole whence radiating lines are cut. 6. SERPENTINE BUTTON or BEAD (fig. 185; PLATK302). H. i.i. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 5.5 g. Scarred and scratched. Black serpentine (?with some steatite). Rounded profile,flatbase; irregularproportions. 7. See 4. 8. GLASS BEAD sphere (fig. 182). D. 1.3. L. 1. Dh. 0.4. Transparent greenish glass split in two. 9. 'Yellow bead' (not traced). 10. GLASS BEAD. D. 1.35. L. 1.4. Dh. 0.25. Badly corroded, misshapen, burnt? 11. IRON PIN/NAIL. Three frs. Remains of textile on smallest. Ls. 2.6; 1.8; 1.6.
66
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 16 SE (figs. 6, 15; plate 12 d) W. 0.94. Chamber:1.30 X 1.20. L. overall:3.60. Dromos: L. 2.20.W. 1.04-1.14.Stomion: inwardstowardsthe top,wereunevenlycut. The sidesof the dromos, whichslopedslightly The dromos floorrose0.52 in verticaldistanceat an angle of 130to a step0.20 deep. The illinsitu,of definedstomion was sealedbytworectangular limestoneslabsside-by-side, apparently whichone was 0.42 long,0.50 high,0.12 thick.The chamberfloorwas 0.45 belowthedromos W wall. The floor.The chamberwas irregularin plan, withcurvingE and S walls,straight back (s) wall rose in a curveto formthe partlypreservedroof.The floorwas at least 1.25 belowmodernsurface. the same The tombwas on the SE limitof the area excavatedin 1978,on approximately W-Eline,and withsimilarunusualSSE-NNW as Ts. 106,26, 40, 112and, someway orientation The chamberwas on theS further E, 18.All alikewereopenedearlyin thelifeofthecemetery. sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundundamagedduringmechanicalclearanceofa N-S channel2.30 wide in thesitegridof 10.00squares.Thoughmuchoftheroofhad fallen,intactblockingslabsand fillsuggestitwas notpillaged. dromos undisturbed fill.The chamberwas filledbyroof-fall, Therewerevirtually no sherdsin thestabledromos in were 1, a miniaturecup, and fi, ironknife high which,just behindthe blockingstones whichmaynothavebelongedto thetomb.0.25 above thefloor,in therooffall,was fragment, 2, anothercup. Near thebackwallwereunburntbones- partofan adultskullto W,limbsto N ofwhatwouldhavebeen skull.Immediately theE and,amongthelatter, piecesofan infant's thecorpse'shipwerea SM stirrup jar, 3 and £2,steatitebutton.NEofthesewas a hole in the tombfloor,D. c.0.15(cf.T. i). POTTERY (PLATE 94) 1. SMALL CUP. H. 4.5. DR. 5.6. Complete.Strap handleattachedinsiderim,flatbase withstringmark. Fullycoated.E-MG. 2. CARINATED CUP (fig. 75). H. 6.8. DR. 8. Nearlycomplete.Softorangeclay,fullycoatedin redbrownpaint. Strap handle inside rim. Rough base. ofMiddleMinoan. PerhapsO, imitation 3. STIRRUP JAR. H. 11.3.D. 10.7.Completesection.
Matt brownpaint. Brownclay,decayed(laminating). Discus and handles continuouslyoutlined; strokes across discus and handle faces. Spout coated in, reservedout (band near root);band near rootof false on shoulder;those neck.Elaboratelyhatchedtriangles eitherside of spoutlinkedby hatchingbelow spout. Bands on shoulder,body and above foot.Circle of SM. painton underfoot.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, fr.of blade. L. 4.9. to 1.Th. at back0.4. Straight Max. W. 1.7tapering type. 2. STEATITE BUTTON (fig. 185; plate 302). H.
1.6.D. Base 2.1,top 1.2.Dh. 0.75.Wt. 7.25g. Chipped and scratchedon sides.Mid and pale brown.Conical, swollensides. slightly
Tombs 18, 28, 31, 63, 69 INTRODUCTION
This confusedcomplexwas firstnoted at an earlystage of the excavation,duringgeneral as moreand mechanicalcleaningwas undertaken further mechanicalcleaningin thevicinity; moretombsappeared.An area c. 5.00 X 5.00 was originallynamed T. 18', but provedto - twochambertombs,Ts. 18 and 28, a ?pitburial,T. 63, a pithosburial containmanytombs
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts. 16, 18
67
in 18. 8, a larnaxburial,T. 31 (= 18.11), possiblyanotherin 18.15,the ill-defined T. 69, the HL gravesT. 62 and T. 204 and, to the E, the HL/R T. 32. Ts. 28, 63, 69 and 204 had their findsindividually numbered;theobjectsbelongingto theotherswereall assignedto T. 18'. in thearea wereTs. 28 and 18,theE-mostofa lineofveryearly The twodominantfeatures W-EacrosstheS ofthecemetery. The others(w-E)were8(?),2, 200-202,98 + 106, tombsstrung 26, 40, 112and 16. There was a 14.00gap between16 and 28. All theseearlychambertombs N-S. Except28, all had chambersto theS, and theeffect wereorientated givenin approximately a lightly curvedhillcontourto theS, sincevanished.T 28 was plan is thattheywerefollowing in havingitschamberat theN end;itsdromos was parallelwithT. 18's,1.40apart. exceptional The area betweenthetwodromoi was partlyclosedoffto theN by T 28's chamber,and, to theS, byT. 18'schamberin theE and T. 28's Niche 3 in theW,theHL graveT. 204 spanning was thusformedbetweenthetwotombs.In theWofthis thetwo.A sortofislandofkouskouras withitsN end on a line withT. 28's blockingstone,was a island,parallelto T. 28's dromos, larnax,T. 31, containinga LG-EO interment.E of thiswas the HL T. 62, whose E edge A late cuttingran acrossT. 18'sdromos, at coincidedwiththeWedge ofT 18'sdromos. virtually fill N S Its disturbed brown its c. from T. 18's its unclear. stomion, edge 1.40 edge rightangles, containedremainsof all periods,includingR glass.The cuttingwas followedforc. 2.30 SE of fromT. 18'sdromos, whereit encountered theHL/R T. 32. 1.00E ofT. 62, above thedromos T. 18,werepiecesofa larnax(18.15)perhapspartofT. 31. Some 0.25 S, above T. 18'sE door (18.8). jamb and blockingwallwas an EG pithos-interment T 69 was an ill-defined feature, perhapsonce a chambertomb,thatcutobliquelyacrossthe S halfofT. 28's dromos; at itsend weretracesofan HL grave(unnumbered). Tomb 18 S (figs. 6, 16; plate 12 e-g) See Introduction to Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69. L. overall:5.45 (at least).Dromos: minimumW. 0.70. L.4.40 (at least).W. 1.00. Stomion: X Chamber: 1.30 1.70. rudimentary. The dromos had straight to its parallelsides.It rose 1.60 in verticaldistancefromthestomion excavatedlimit.For0.60 fromthestomion itroseat a mean angleof40o,thereafter at 20o.The blocking,c. 0.80 wide, was foundin situ;its major elementwas a large,possiblyworked limestoneslab (0.40 X 0.40 X 0.20). E of this,fourmediumsized unworkedstoneswereset one upon another, thetop one fallenslightly inwards.E againwas a narrowgap (perhapsonce filledby a flattish stonefoundin the chamber).Beyondwas a large irregularblock(0.35 X 0.20 X 0.14). The uprightsrestedon a flatfoundationcourse of threestones,necessaryto counteract thesharpslopedownintothechamber.The stomion was rudimentary and thedoor The chamberwas jambs ill-defined, possiblybecause of the crumblystateof the kouskouras. Much of the low,roundedroofwas oval, its greatestdiameterat rightanglesto the dromos. to a maximumheightof0.75. preserved, The tomb,in theSE sector,closelyjuxtaposedto T. 28, was furthest E ofanyin thearea of thecemetery of S by E, N by W,chamberto the S ofthe dromos, is dug in 1978.Its orientation unusualforthesite. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalcleaning(see Introduction, supra).Thoughtheupper filloverthestomion had been cut to insertthe EG pithos-interment 8 (infra) partofthedromos thisin practiceprovidedan additionalseal, forit would have been difficult to effectentry withoutremovingthe pithos.The late cutting(Introduction, supra)did not reach the dromos fillsuggestedthetombhad notbeen entered. floor,and itsundisturbed
68
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
In thedromos, abovetheE partoftheblockingwall,was a brokenbutcompletepithos,85 on itsside,c. 1.50above the chamberfloor,orientatedN-S, itsmouthtowardsthe S. 9, a small PGB cup layjust beyonditsmouth;another,14, was beneathit.Justwithinitsmouthwas a coarseE-MG basin,13, withinwhichwas a juglet,12. It is likelythatthe EG pots 27 (jugfromthepottery basketswereassociatedwithit.This was clearly aryballos)and 34 (miniature) an interment, after thoughno boneswerefoundin 8; indeed,burntbone foundin itsvicinity its removalmay have been spilledfromit. The amberbeads f6-85 probablyall fromone necklace,were froman area 0.14 and 0.30 to the side of the pithosrim,well above the earth,and therewereburnt blockingstones.Mixed withthemwerepatchesofblack-stained in 8. 15 was bonesin thevicinity. It is veryprobablethattheyhad been partoftheinterment a collectionofdisordered A cornerpiece was larnaxsherds,perhapsonce a larnaxinterment. foundin hardyellowearth,in theE partofthedromos, 0.2 N ofthepithosinterment, 8, and at thesamelevelas thelarnaxinterment, betweenthe T. 31, 1.40away,in theislandofkouskouras dromoi of Ts. 18 and 28. 'Undistinguished, unburnt3 bones lay W of,and underneaththese larnaxsherds.ThoughtheHL T. 62 intervenes T. 31,it between15 and thelarnaxinterment in fact,that15 could be partofT. 31 detachedwhenT. 62 was dug.Elsewherein is unlikely, fillwas £5,partofan ironknife, thedromos 0.80 fromtheblockingwall,possiblyfromthefillof thelatecutting, or to be associatedwiththelarnax,15. The gold-mountedrose amethystgem, £3, was foundbeforeTs. 18 and 28 had been itwas 0.90 from defined;subsequentstudyshoweditlayjust insidetheWwallofT. 18'sdromos' in 8, and 0.50 fromthe larnaxsherds15. the larnaxT. 31, 0.70 fromthe pithosinterment Withit were a fewcrumbsof an 'amber' bead; beneathit were some pieces of bone. It is associableeitherwiththepithos8 or thelarnax15. The inhumations. The chamber, filledwithfallenkouskouras, containedtwopoorlypreserved laterburial(2),possiblya youngadult,butofunknownsex,itshead to W,mayhavelain at full amphora,18, lengthacrossthe tomb;some limbbones werebeneaththe SM neck-handled whichwas ratherE of centre.A SM stirrup jar, 19, just withinthe W door-jamb,musthave laybetween18 and 19. The belongedto it.A stone,perhapsfalleninwardfromtheblocking, - lay at a slightly lower male earlierburial(1)- perhapsa young,lightly-built adult,perhaps levelthan(2) withthe skullin the SW,some limbbones to the SE. The positionof thebones suggesteitherthiswas a contractedburial,or it had been pushed aside by the laterburial jar, 20, lyingbetweenskulland legs. party.The onlygiftwas theSM stirrup The bone reportalso refersto crematedbone fromthistomb,includinga partlyburnt hand. An equid tooth,foundin the depthof the chamber,seemedto be associatedwiththe earlierburial. POTTERY (PLATE 94) The catalogue omitsthe following:1, Turkishclay pipe; 5, 7, Hellenistic flaskswith T. 62; 3-4, 6, 10-11, 16-17, 23, 25-6, 28-33, 35-37 and f2, with as T. 31 [infra). burialin larnax11distinguished 2. CUP. H. 4.6. DR. 7. Strap handleinsiderim,flat Frontdipped.PGB. base withstringmark. 8. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 60.7. DR. 33.5. Complete.Orange clay,largewhiteand browngrits, yellowwash.Squared lip,flaton top; straphandlesto lowerangle of lip. Ridge at base of neck.Disc foot. Impressedsinglecircleson lip and handles;circular
depressions at handle roots. Three sets of three grooveson body.PGB- EG. 9. CUP. H. 6. DR. 7.8-8.3. Complete. Elliptical handle attachedinsiderim,flatbase. Frontdipped, tricklebelow.PGB. 12. JUGLET. H. 8.6. DR. 5.1. Complete.Flat base. Three rowsof dots.Handle barred.E-MG; cf.E no. 651. 13. *DOMESTIC BASIN. H. 10.5.DR. 31. DB. 26.5. Nearlycomplete.Grittyorangeclay,largewhiteand greyinclusions,cream slip on all surfaces.Concave
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE offsetlip withstraphandles; convexwall, flatbase, rough.E-MG. Cf. UM II, pl. 55, GD 34. 14. CUR H. 4.8. DR. c. 6.5. Half preserved,handle missing.Flat base with stringmark;fullycoated. PGB-EG. 15. *MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype.H. to base c. 53, L. c. 84, W. c.34, Th. 1.7-2.2.Abouthalfpreserved with one long and one short side missing.Gritty orange clay, thick cream slip on all surfaces. Unpainted.Evertedsquaredlip, H. 2.5-3. Similarto 3 1.11, butthepanelsare framedbyincisedlinesonly, and withoutmidribs.On the long side, two vertical straphandles.Raised ridgeon exteriorat base level. LM III A-B. 18. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (plate 94). H. 44. D. 33.5. Small part of rim,neck and body lost. Recomposed of many. Pinkish-buffclay. Poorly adheringcrackleddarkbrown/blackpaint. Clumsily made- neck much offcentre.Twistedhandles. In: broad band on and below lip; band withinmouth. Out: paint on rim, band at base of neck. Swags surroundlowerhandle attachments; strokesof paint withingrooves. Almost wholly effaced elongated horizontal'S' patternon shoulderabove bands.Bands on lowerbody;bandjust above foot.SM-EPG. i9.*STIRRUPJAR (fig.76). H. 17.7.D. 14.Complete save scrapsof wall; recomposedof three.Brownclay. Poorlyadheringmattdark brownpaint. Air hole at base of falseneck on side oppositespout.Nipple on discus.Distincthorizontaltrimming marks.Probably concentriccircleson discus. Solid paint on handle faces,paintin and out ofspoutmouth.Triangles,one eitherside of spout, two on opposite side. Angles hatched (three strokesat apex, four in base line angles) to leave actual angle reserved; centres
T. i8
69
reserved. Bands below. Paint on foot; underfoot reserved.SM-EPG. 20. *STIRRUPJAR (fig.76). H. 13.1.D. 10.8. Spout and footchipped,otherwisecompleteand intact.Fine brownclay.Poorlyadheringmattdarkbrownpaint. Airholeat base of falseneck on side oppositespout. Nipple on discus. Discus worn- ? circlesor spiral. Strokeson handle faces, false neck root outlined. Inside mouth painted; strokeson spout. Double outlinedcurvilinearhatchedtriangleseitherside of spout. Pair of similar triangles on opposite side, centredon air hole. Hatching arranged to suggest seriesof smalltriangularspaces withineach triangle. The pair of trianglesshare a line whereparallel to createillusionofdoubleoutlining. Groupsofbandson shoulder, bands on lower body, paint on foot. SM-EPG. 21. NECKED PITHOS. PH. 10.3. Shoulder with part of neck. Paint to L. as forhorizontalhandle. EG(?). 22. HYDRIA or LEKYTHOS. H. c. 28. Rim, shoulderand base frs.;handles missing.Yellow slip. Ovoid body,low conical foot.Neck: zigzag between lines. Shoulder: septuple semicircles, hatching between second and thirdin each set. Bands and lines.LPG-PGB(P). Cf. 100.64. 24. OLPE. PH. 13. Base to shoulder. Flat base. Griddedchevrons, bandsand lines.EG. 27. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 7.4. Mouth and handle Polishedsurface.Flat base. Unpainted.EG. missing. 34. *MINIATURE CUP. H. 3.8. DR. c. 6.3. Half preserved.Red-brownclay,thickfabric.Veryshort lip, ellipticalhandle attachedinside rim,roughflat base. Fullycoated. EG? F 167 class D (i), Atticizing. E-MG.
SMALL FINDS 1. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. ia. IRON LUMP. Nondescript lumpofiron.Max. L. 3.R? 3. STONE GEM IN GOLD SETTING (fig. 154; PLATE264). Total L. 3. Amethystoval, 2.2 X 1.6. Agrimiseated,facingL., attackedbylion fromabove. MM III LM I. Gold mountingwithtwistedwireand granulation;back of sheet gold with two loops for suspension.'Teke School',c.800 BC. 4. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R. 5. IRON KNIFE fr.(fig. 173). Fr. of blade, L. 6.2. Max. W. 2.5 taperingto 1.9. Broad curvedtype(blade concave). 6. AMBER BEAD. Reduced to fragments (L. up to in colour. 0.5) and dust.Deep honey-brown 7. AMBER BEADS (fig. 184). Three forms,albeit relatedto each other:round pellets L. 0.9. W. 0.5.
Dh. 0.1 (five,+ six frs.); Oat 'lentoids' L. 1.5. W. 0.9. Th. 0.5. Dh. 0.05 (six, + one fr.); irregular cylindersL. 0.8. W. 0.5. Dh. 0.1. (many frs.).All friable. Deep honey-brownin colour. Perhaps as many as twenty-five specimens originally representedhere. 8. AMBER BEADS (fig. 184). Four forms,albeit relatedto each other:sub-rectangular: L. 0.5. W. 0.3 (one, + one fr.);'plano-convex':L. 1.2. W. 0.9. Th. 0.7. Dh. 0.07 (twofrs.);flat'lentoids':L. 1.4. W. 0.9. Th. 0.6 (one, + one fr.);roundedpellets:L. 0.9. W. 0.6. Th. 0.4 (two, 4- one fr.). Also some 50 unassignablepieces. All friable.Deep honey-brown in colour. Up to twelve examples originally represented. 9. AMBER BEAD(S). Reduced to a mere dust, scarcelyenoughto covera teaspoon.
yo
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 19 SE (figs. 65 16, plate
13)
L. overall:3.75.Dromos: L. 2.30.W. 0.54-0.93.Stomion: W. 0.58. Depth: 0.14.Chamber:1.50 X 1.30max.H. 0.85. Two ill-defined at a mean angle of54o. The dromos was stepsled downto the shortdromos, narrowat itsend,wideningtowardsthestomion. The dromos flooritselfroseat an angleof30; it was separatedfromthe stomion on the by a shallowhollow,0.25 deep, as wide as the stomion] X X floorofthehollow, outside the door a stone c. was 0.26 0.12, 0.32 just jambs, rectangular N as a The door S was well the was defined, placed step. jamb rectangular; jamb irregular, perhapseroded.Though therewas no regularblockingwall,a mass ofwhatappearedto be fallen,unworkedstoneswas foundimmediatelybelow surfaceat the E end of the dromos. Beneaththemwereothers,fewerbutlarger,stillin no apparentorder;belowagain werefour laid in an approximate linejust outsidethestomion, above theentrancestep. more,unworked, These stones,whichbeganc. 0.20 abovethetop oftheentrance,musthavebeen a veryrough butapparently effective blocking.The chamberwas almostsquare,buthad roundedcorners, and a convexN side.Its roofwas largelyintact.Its floor(at least 1.10belowmodernsurface) was strewnwitha filmofmudmixedwithsmall,finepebbles,amongwhichwas set,towards theback,a flatlimestone block0.30 X 0.32 X 0.12,presumably a pot-stand. The tomblaywithintheN-S group14-13-19 and,probably, 55, on theSE sideofthearea of thecemetery excavatedin 1978.Its orientation was ENE-WSW, withthechamberon theE side of the dromos.
The tombwas foundduringthemechanicalcuttingofthesitegrid.The chamber'scontents werealmostintact. fillcontaineda handfulof 'completely The upperpartofthedromos unburnt' uninformative, in filland, a little lower was a tile with There were sherds the bones; fi, many ?dog'sfootprint. neartheWend,just abovethefloor,a patchofcarbonizedearthand burntbone.All thisgave theimpression thetombhad been robbed.Justwithinthechamber,somewhathigherthanthe levelofthestonestepwere,in a neatline,2, a LG lekythos, i, an EO oinochoeand 3, an EO cup,all complete.BelowweretheEO olpe,4, and theLG-EO jug, 65just behindwas a large The with7, thelatestash-urn{infra). EO skyphos, 5. These potscouldhavebeen contemporary - suggesta lastdrinking or ofthesixvases- threeforpouring,threefordrinking juxtaposition pouringritebeforethefinalclosureof the tomb.Furtherinsidewas a seriesof fourash-urns, broken lyingon theirsides,and varioussmallerpots.Nearlyall werecomplete,and apparently was in theLG pithos12,justN ofthestonestand,on The earliestinterment merelybyroof-fall. have stood.Its coverwas probablythe LG/EO lid 27, betweenits whichit may originally mouthand thestand.Inside,withtheburntbonesprobablyofan adult,weretheLG lekythoi 20, 21 and smallpyxis22. Possiblyalso assignableto thisgroupare the LG aryballos26 (beneath12),theLG-EO cup,15 (atitsfoot),theLG cup,23, theLG-EO lid 16 + 18 (16 was 29. partlyunderthefootof13, 18 was N of12) and (madeup ofsherds)theLG lekythos S of 12 was thepithos13, in a morecentral,visibleposition,and therefore perhapsearlier Inside13 weretheLG lekythos than14 (infra). 19, and thebonesofan adult,perhapsmiddle aged, possiblyfemale,togetherwithscrapsof animalbone. The EO lekane,28, nearerthe 12's cup, wall,mayhavebeen 13's cover.An EO oinochoe,17, between13 and 12 (overlying 23) mayhaveaccompaniedit. 14, the rathersmallEO pithostuckedaway in the NWcorner,had the brokenEO lid 24 insideit and another,25, betweenitsmouthand wall. It also containedÍ5, a flatclayspindle whorl,and thebonesofa nottooyoungadult.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 19
yl
as indicatedby 7, theEO pithosnearesttheentrance,containedthetomb'slastcremation, the LO aryballos11, foundinside it. The cremationwas of an adult male, witha small a burntfragment of a quantityof bones probablyfromanimalsincluding,mostremarkably, horse'spelvis.Also in 7 were the EO aryballos,9, fs 25 3 (bronze mountings),£4 (iron bracelet)and fourolivepips. 7's mouthwas sealedbytheLG lid 10, setin it upsidedown.At itsfoot,as thoughassociatedwithit,was theEO cup,8. POTTERY (PLATES 95-7) 1. OINOCHOE. H. 21.8. Gaps in wall. Grouped lines on neck and body,triplecircleson shoulder.E 154,classi E. Cf. #987. EO. 2. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. H. 26.7. Complete. Dark handle, ringed mouth. Neck, below ridge, arcadedtongues,zigzag.Body,linesand bands.LG. 3. *CUP (FIG.76). H. 11.6. DR. 13. Complete,coated insideand out.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 4. OLPE. H. 13.9.Gaps in wall. Groupedverticalson handle.Neckand body,groupedlines,triplecircleson shoulderand centralzone. Cf. 75.114. EO. 5. SKYPHOS (FKJ.76). H. 10.5. DR. 12.2. Chips in rim.Whiteon dark.Three lines insidelip. Outside, twolineson lip,twoat join withbody,double circles, thenthreelinesbetweenhandles.EO. 6. JUG. H. 13.9.Complete.Triplecircleson shoulder, on body.Handle groupedlines,outermostthickened, barred.F 155,classII D. LG/EO. 7. NECKED PITHOS. H. 41.1.Completesave chips. Paintworn.Two handles,flatbase. Largetriplecircles betweenhandles,smallerdouble circleslower,then linesand bands.Withlid 10. EO. 8. CUP (fk;. 76). H. 11.4. DR. 14.2. Completesave chips in wall. Tall lip, carinatedat join withbowl, concavebase. Three groovesat straphandle,slightly carination.Fullycoatedand firedto mottledred.EO. 9. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.1. Bodyand handlerootonly. Double circleson shoulder, thenlines.E 157,classII B (ii).EO. 10. CONICAL LID. H. 7. D. 12.Complete.Ringson knob,bandsand lines.Withpithos7. LG. Cf. 132.21. 11. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Complete save chips in wall. Mouth, two bands of strokesbetween lines. Shoulder,quarteredbybands ofdots,in each quarter volutes and a dotted lotus bee. Central zone, quartered as shoulder by vertical rectilinearand curvilinearcable; in each quarter,an outlinerosette withina double circle dotted between the circles. Lower body,quarteredas centralzone, each quarter as shoulder.E 159,class II L. By the FortetsaPainter. LO. 12. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 14. Nearly complete. Flat inset lip passing gentlyinto shoulder.Painton lip.Panels:A, triplecircles;chevron columnsflanking (i) horizontalS's, (ii) double zigzag, (iii) horizontalS's; triplecircles.B, triplezigzag,bars
above apices; hatched meander; dotted double lozenges;chevroncolumns lozenges.C, cross-hatched flanking(i) zigzags, (ii) horizontal S's, (iii) zigzag; cross-hatchedlozenges.D, triplecircles;columnsof chevronand inverted chevron(V's) flanking twotriple circles linked to frameby sets of threebars; triple circles. Bands and lines. Bars on strap handles, interrupted by panel of diagonal crosswithchevron fill;painton horizontalhandles.LG. 13. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43. Gaps in wall. Ring foot.Whiteon dark.Betweenhandles:A, large spaced fivefoldcircles,dots between1 and 2, leaves between3 and 4, flankedby small double circlesat top leftand right.B, as A, but withoutthe dots and leaves. Bands and lines, triplelarge circles. Small double circlesamongthelargerones in secondband, triplelargeones in thethird.EO. 14. NECKED PITHOS. H. 33. Complete, dented before firingabove one handle. Two handles, flat base. Band withinneck.Exterior, whiteon dark.Lines on neck,triplecirclesabove handles.Handle panels: in metopes divided by verticallines, A, quadrated square withdouble lozengeand trianglefill,tongues above lines and triplezigzag, repeat of quadrated square.B, thesame withminorvariations.Bands and lines, sevenfold circles in the top band; white enhancement ofthelowestband. EO. 15. CUP. H. 11.2. DR. 11.6 12.4. Complete. Thin fabric, fullycoated. Strap handle, concave base. LG EO. E 1667, classB (iii). 16. DOMED LID. H. 5.5. D. 19. Nearlycomplete. Short everted lip, no sharp carination. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: double circles, horizontalS's, octopusat centre(as 75.45 and 180). LG EO. 17. OINOCHOE. H. 17.2. Gaps in wall and neck. Double circles,one withcentraldot. Lines on neck and body.E 154,classI E. EO. 18. Partof 16. Vacai. 19. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.3.Complete,whiteon dark. Spaced side circles,centraldot; double circlesbelow handle.Cf.E no. 894. LG. 20. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.3.Nearlycomplete.Eggshell fabric.Strap handle to neck ridge. False ringfoot. Paint inside lip, handle barred. Circles on flanks; down frontand back,verticalcable withdottedeyes;
j2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
two lines on back betweenhandle root and cable. LG-EO. E 158-9,class E (iii),Creto-Cypriot. RDAC 1984,135,no. 75. 21. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.8. Complete.Roundhandleto neckridge;disc foot,concaveunderneath. Paintinside lip,reservedarea above ridge.Bodydecorationas 20 but withchevronsdown frontand back,and triangle roundhandleroot.LG. RDAC1984,135,no. 74. 22. SMALL PYXIS. H. 7.6. DR. 3.8. Nearly complete. Eggshell fabric. Rough flat base. Band insiderim.Panels: pendentantithetical spiral;bands and lines.LG-EO; in pithos12. 23. SKYPHOS. H. 6.8. DR. 10.4. Complete.Semilustrousbrownpaint. Lip not offset, flatbase. Paint stopsshortof base. Inside: reservedbelow rimwith groupsofbars;reservedcircleon floor.LG, late;same handas jug 14.10. 24. DOMED LID (fig.76). D. c. 18. H. 5.8. Complete profile,two thirdsof lid lost. White on dark. From centre,tongues,zigzag,double dottedcircles.E 163, classE (i) (b). EO. SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY TILE (plate 308). L. 11.9.W. 10.8.Th. 4.2. Brokenon all sides.Red-brownfabric,withoccasional stoneinclusion.Groovealong one side,by whichan animalpaw imprint (dog)ofL. 7.8. C(?) or later. 2. BRONZE MOUNTING (fig. 158;plate 270).Est. L. repaired fr.9. Strip,Th. 0.15. W. 0.4. Broken; oxidized. partlyrepaired;two non-joiningfragments; Narrowstrip,rectangularsection,terminalsdoubled back on themselves.Minute stitch(or rivet)hole at midpoint. 3. BRONZE MOUNTING (fig. 158; plate 270).
25. *DOMED LID (fig. 76). D. 19.2. H. 5.7. Completesave gap in rim. Suspensionholes. White on dark. From centre, tongues, crossed zigzag, double circles.E 163class E (i) (b). Fitspithos19.14. EO. 26. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.1. Complete.Unevensurface. Straphandle,flatbase. Three linesinsidelip,handle barred. Paint stops shortof base. LG: underpithos 12.
27. DOMED LID. H. 6. D. 19.4.Complete.Shape as 16. Whiteon dark.Triplecircles,dots,double-outline rosetteat centre.LG-EO: withpithos12. 28. LEKANIS. H. 6.7. DR. 17.3.Complete.Flat base, convexsides,barredhandle.Interior:spaced slightly circleson floor,thicklines on sides. Rim, grouped strokes.Exterior:tripledottedcirclesjoined to lines top and bottom on the sides; underside: spaced groupedrings,dottedzigzag in the outertwo.Thick band at edge.EO. 29. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 15.2.Upperpart, withhandle.Shape as 2. LG.
Total L. c. 13.Span (restored) 7.5 X 5.4. Metal W. 0.4. Wt. 2.5 g. Narrowstrip,terminalsdoubled back on themselves,rectangularsection. Minute stitch(or rivet)hole in centre. 4. IRON BRACELET (fig. 173; plate 287). Slightly crushed,but complete.Original externalD. can be restoredas c.9.2; rectangular section,W. 1.2.Th. 0.3. 5. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187; plate 306). Th. 1. D. 3.4. Dh. 0.65. Wt. 12 g. Complete.Pale grey-brown - ? discolouredgreypatch. Regulardisc; plain fabric faces,roundedcornerscome fromhand modelling.
Tomb 24 SW (figs. 5, 17; plate 14 a-b) L. overall7.48. Dromos:L. 5.80. W. 1.08-1.12. Stomion: 0.75 wide, 0.30 deep, c. 0.97 high. X Chamber:1.66 2.10, 1.38high. at thelevelofan illThe relatively by70 1.85fromthestomion, changeddirection longdromos and stepwas io°, beyondthe step,150.The defined,shallowstep.The risebetweenstomion None of the blockingwas in situ; were0.24 and 0.13 wide respectively. jambs of the stomion A step0.20 led forup to 1.00intothedromos. stonesfromit werefoundin frontofthestomion roof the downintotheroughlyoval chamber,itsback wall slightly flattened, (whichsurvived) domed.Therewas a niche,ellipticalin plan,0.88 X 0.56,0.59 wideat themouth,itsfloorup wallsome2.00 fromthestomion. surfacecutintotheN dromos to 0.80 abovethedromos The tombwas in thecentreofa groupoffiveDA chambertombs(30, 45, 24, 25, 56) with chamberson the E, S of the SWangle of the enclosurewall of the mortuary paralleldromoi, was E byS, WbyN. church.Itsorientation The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilstrippingand subsequenthand cleaning,
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 19, 24
73
whenitappearedas a head ofdarksoilwithinitskouskouras matrix.The characterofthedromos wall the dromos had been thoroughly robbeddown showed fill,as wellas thedisplacedblocking to itsfloor. fillwas a consistent The dromos brownearthcontaininga mixtureof G, HL and R sherds; no trace of the originalfillwas found.Near surface,close to the entrance,was fi (bronze wall was £2 (ironobelos fr.),i5 an A cup, was 2.00 fromthe fibulabow); nearerthe S dromos stomion. Bones, some of them burnt, and shells were also found, but were probably unassociatedwiththe tomb'soriginalcontents.£3, a smallworkedstone,is probablyalso of laterdate. Fragmentsof R plasterfoundin clearingthe displacedstonesfromthe blocking a stonemortar, confirmed thelate robbing.Amongthesestoneswerepithosfragments, £5,a stonebasin,f6, a fragment ofglass,£j and an irondagger-hilt, f*j. The chamber roofwas removedmechanicallyin view of its unstable condition.The remainsofa tightly flexedskeletonwerefoundon thefloor,theskull(slightly raised)nearthe Njamb ofthestomion, thelegsdoubledand parallelto therearwall.Besidethefeet,againstthe wall,was 3, a SM/EPG neck-handled amphorastandinguprightwith2, a SM/EPG stirrup in its mouth. jar, The dromos nichewas foundwithoutblocking,filledwiththe same materialas the dromos. Therewereno finds. Thus,thiswas a SM/EPG chambertomb,probablyused once onlyfora singleinhumation, thedromos and stomion pillagedin R or Ch times. POTTERY (PLATE 98) 1. *IONIAN CUP (fig.77).Frs.ofbowlwithrim,one handle,and partofbase. Shinyblackglaze insideand out,reservedline insidelip and on shoulder.Cf. Greek Emporio 135,no. 457. 630-600. 2. STIRRUP-JAR(fig.77).H. 18.6.D. 23. Partofone handle,partof bodylost;recomposedof many.Light brownclay Poorlyadheringmattdarkbrownpaint. Airholeat base of falseneck on side oppositespout. Pronouncednipple.Spiral on discus,strokeson false neck(outerface).Paintinsidespoutmouth,strokeson spout,itsrootoutlined.Strokeson handles.Elaborate triangles,one eitherside of spout, two in opposite space. Double outlines.Each containstwo hatched erectedon thebase line;bands below.Bands triangles on lowerbody,twobandson foot.SM/EPG. AMPHORA. H. 44.2. 3. NECK-HANDLED Complete.Whiteand browngrits,buffslip.Rounded lip, rope handles with diagonal slashes, flat base. Shoulder: horizontal S either side. Loops round handle roots,paint in diagonal slashes. Two bands insideneck.SM/EPG. 4. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 38.4. Much of mouth andneckmissing. As3 butplumper shape.SM/EPG.
5. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 26. DR. 15.Rim to lower body,two frs.Large whitegrits.Concave inset rim. Dark ground, paint on lip. Hatched meander in panels, zone below of diagonal crosses betweenbars;bands and lines.Painton handles.MG, early. 6. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 8.3. DR. c. 13. Lustrousblack paint. Concave insetlip, risingrim. Dark ground,painton lip.Decorationexactlyas E no 409, butwithlozengecrosses(E motif5az withdouble thezigzagpanel. LG. arcs)flanking 7. NECK-HANDLED (?) AMPHORA. PH. 6.8. Neck fr.Cream slip. Bird,head in outline,wingand bodyhatched.LG-EO. 8. TRAY (fig. 77). H. 3.4. DR. c. 25. Fr. with full profile.Cream slip. Concave lip, convex lowerwall curvinginto flatbase. No trace of handle. Outside: paint on rim,reservedband, paint to base. Birdsin panel underneath.Inside:band roundfloor.LG. 9. *CUP. Frs.ofbody,base. Fullycoated.E 166,class B (iii).O. 10. PITHOS. Fournon-joining frs.of panel. Fivefold circleswithvolutespokes.O.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN or FIBULA fr.(fig. 158).L. 4.2. Th. 0.3. Wt. 1.5 G. Surface oxidization; bent; section rhomboid. irregular
2. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4. Max. Th. 2.3 (rectangular section),elsewhereTh. 1.3.Althoughheavilycorroded and unsupported by the finding of any other
74
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
in thistomb,the parallelssuggestthatthis fragments mustbe a smallpiece ofan obelos. 3 SERPENTINE or CHLORITE OFFCUT (plate 302). L. 2.1. W. 1.9. Th. 1. Black withgreen tones, - sawn on flatsurface,sawn and faceted plano-convex on sides,roundedtopeffected byabrasion. 4. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 5. LIMESTONE MORTAR. H. 33. D. 55. Complete, worn.Cylindrical. 6. LIMESTONE BASIN. H. 20. L. 66. W. 47. Roughly withroundedcorners;oval floorat 4 cm rectangular below rim. Hole at one short end, perhaps for oliveoil. channelling 7. IRON DAGGER-HILT fr.(fig. 173;piate 287). L. 7.1.W. 2.1,brokenoffat second 'neck'. Max. Th. 0.6.
Two iron rivets.Mineralizedtextileremainson one side. Very small and delicate example of standard type. 8. IRON DIRK OR DAGGER BLADE fr.,withTIP OF SECOND BLADE corrodedon to it. Main piece, L. 4.8. W. 2.2. Max. Th. 0.4: too heavyto belongto 7, but the small tip fragmentcorroded on to it could belong. 9. IRON DAGGER frs.(via. 173; plate 287). Three pieces,of whichtwo join to formjunctionof hiltand blade of asymmetrical daggerlikeE no. 192.Together L. 8. W. 3.7 taperingto 1.5.Max. Th. 0.6. Thirdpiece, fromnear tip of blade, L. 4.3. W. 1.7 taperingto 1.5: could wellbelong.Main piece has twoironrivetsnear outeredgesofwidestpartofhilt.
Tomb 25 SW (figs. 5, 19-20; plate 14 c) c. 0.30 X 0.80. L. 3.60+ (notfullyexcavated).W. 1.30-1.40. Stomion: L. overall5.40+. Bromos: Chamber:1.20 X 2.10. The dromos, withparallelsidesas faras excavated,slopedupwardsat an angle of 120.The led bytwostepsdown(0.60) intotheoval chamber,itslongaxisat right muchdamagedstomion The chamberfloorwas 1.80belowmodernsurface. stomion. to the angles The tomblay in themiddleof a groupcut paralleland close to each other(fromN-S: Ts. in theseries(between25 and 30,45, 24, 25 and 56). Ts. 34/57seemto havebeen lateinsertions E in the side. the chamber was with orientation The E-W, 26). matrix withthe whitekouskouras The tombwas foundas a head of dark soil contrasting stomion the had been It of clearance mechanical pillaged; verythoroughly topsoil. following and no blockingremainedin situ.None of the fewremaining had been largelydestroyed, can havebeen in place. contents fillwas removedas level 1 (threebasketsof pottery);part of it was dromos disturbed The rubbleand one or twolargerstoneblocks(largest0.60 X 0.27 X Some clearedby machine. fill stomion mayonce have belongedto theblockingwall. Findsincluded 0.24) in the near the severalgroupsofshapelessbronzefragments (fi, 3, 5, 7 and 9). A scrapofglass,f2, is a sign lid. At thew end was 1, perhapstheknobofan O polychrome oflatedisturbance. of A few of baskets level as 2 The chamberfillwas excavated fragments pottery). (three have been could This inhumation. an of human bone (includingscraps skull) suggest SM/EPG neck-handledamphora.fi3, a bronze accompaniedby 3, a large,fragmentary of thetombis implicitin thecup, 2, and thevase, EPG use fibulafragment, maybe as early. Also in the T. after 34?schambercut into the dromos. may have intruded 4. O fragments fi2. of sheet and a chamberwas a bronzepin,fio, bronze, scrap POTTERY (PLATE 98) 1. *MINIATURE JUG. H. 5.5. Traces of whiteslip. lid. O. Perhapstheknobofa polychrome 2. CUP (fig.77).H. 7.4. DR. 7. Complete.Whitegrits. ridge.Three Straphandletorim,conicalfootwithslight verticallineson handle.Inside:twobands belowrim, one roundlowerbody.SM/EPG. Cf.Ay.bannisVIII 14.
3. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.As 24.3 butwitha wavylineon theneck.SM/EPG. 4. *STIRRUP-JAR,mouthand base. Concave neck, low conical foot.Paintinsidelip,bars on neck,band on foot.PG. 5. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs.of rimand body.White
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 24-6
y5
on dark. Triple circles on neck, fivefoldcircles on reservedshoulder.LO. Cf.F. 864. 6. SQUAT JUG. Frs. of body, handle and neck. Neck, rectilinearcable; shoulder,in metopes,dot-
rosettes,double axes; below, cable with circle fill, arcaded tongues. Triple reed handle, outer reeds barredin groupsof four.Shape as 13.5 by the same hand. LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE SHEET fr. 1.6 X 0.9. Wt. 0.5 g. Shapeless. 2. GLASS fr.,R. 3. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.2 X 0.8 X 0.15.Wt. 0.4 g. 4. IRON NAIL fr.L. 5.6. Square section,Th. 0.65 taperingto 0.3. 5. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)1.6 X 1.2 X 0.1. Wt. 2.3 g. Sevenformless one? pieces- originally PIN 6. BRONZE DRESS (fig. 158).PL. 2.2. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.2 g. Tip lost,head bent over above large discmoulding. Tracesofringmouldingson thehead. 7. BRONZE SHEET fr.24X1.3X0.1. Twojoining; formless. 8. IRON DIRK or DAGGER fr.From near tip of blade,L. 3.1. W 2.1. Max. Th. 0.2. Bothedgessharp;
symmetrical. 9. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.9 X 1.6 X 0.1. Wt. 0.9 g. Shapeless. 10. BRONZE DRESS PIN (fig. 158; plate 270). L. 6.2. Head D. 0.6. Wt. 3.5 g. Tip lost;oxidized(split). Succession of fine horizontal mouldingson head. Sectionofshaftround. 11. BRONZE SHEET fr.(Largest)3.5 X 1.2,Th. 0.1. Total Wt. 52 g. 61 pieces and tinyscraps;one piece muchthicker(2.8 X 1.7,Th. 0.25,Wt. 4.8 g). 12. BRONZE SHEET fr.2.0 X 1.5 X 0.1. Wt. 0.6 g. Shapeless. 13. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.9. Th. 0.6. Wt. 2.1 g. Oxidized. Catchplate,forearm and partofsemicircular bow,rhomboidsection.
Tomb 26 SE (figs. 6, 18, plates 14 d, 15 a-c) ExtantL. overallc. i.8o. Dromos:none remains.Stomion W. c. 0.96. (ifcorrectlyidentified): 'Chamber':1.60 X c. 1.70. The originalformsofthisunusualcomplexare uncertain.It comprisedtwoseparategraves, the latera roughlytrapezoidal'chamber'withan apparentopeningeccentrically located,a smallnicheenlargingand distorting itsN angle,withno signeitherofblockingin theopening or dromos beyondit. This overlayan earliergrave of unusual type,consistingof an ovoid in stereo cutting 1.50 X 1.10,at oppositeendsofwhichweretwopits.Pit 1,on theS, was 0.47 X 0.11 0.28, deep; Pit 2, on theN (justwithinthe E jamb oftheentranceopening)0.80 X 0.61, 0.37deep,with,cutintoitsfloor,a bag-shapedhole 0.28 X 0.27,0.30 deep. The tombwas betweenthechambersofTs. 40 and 106,closerto thelatter, on theSE sideof themostcongestedpartofthecemetery; it could also be seen as partoftheNE-SWlinemade up of Ts. 16, 112, 26. Uncertaintyover the tomb's formmakes its orientationequally uncertain. The tombwas foundin an area muchconfusedby excessiveuse. The HL/R inhumation wouldhave been had one, gravesTs. 27 and 29 werecut intothe area wherea SE-NWdromos indeed,existed.No tracesofroofremainedforthe'chamber'. ofall periodswas foundin thetopsoilin thearea ofthegrave.The underlying Pottery grave containedseveralskullburialsand a poorlypreservedsemi-articulated skeleton,perhapsthe finalburial.These are probablyofSM date.In Pit 1 {supra) weretwoskullsand a femur. A SM bronzefinger-ring, fi, was foundbesideone oftheskulls,a plain bronzering,£2,beneathit. Under the secondskullwas a SM/PG bronzedress-pin, f$. There was a thirdskullon the floorofthegrave,betweenthetwopits.In thehole at thebottomof Pit 2 was a bone,while, on the floorof the pit werevariouslong bones thatcould not be attributed to a particular skull.Over Pit 2 was a fourthskull,to whichbelongedclavicle,ribsand hands,a skeletonlaid on itsrightside withthe spineparallelto the E wall of the grave.The legs mayhave curved
76
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
roundto lie parallelwiththeS wall,butit is farfromclearwhichifanyofthesebonesbelong withthefourth skeleton. below topsoil,whereobjects The lateruse of the tombwas reachedalmostimmediately SM complex.At werefoundon a kouskouras floor,possiblythecollapsedroofoftheunderlying theback of the 'chamber'wereseveralsmallvases- i, a lekythos, 2, a jug and 3, a strainer, all in the SWcorner.In the SE cornerwere 4, 5, aryballoiand 6, pyxis.Of two cremation on one ofthecraniaof pithoi,13, i6, onlysherdsremained.Close to theNE corner(resting thelowerburial)was the crushedO cremationpithos,7. Fourvases wereon itsshoulder aryballoi8-10 and alabastron11, witha skyphos,12, besideit. In theurnwerea silverpin, Í5, a lion'shead pendant,fl6,a gold cap, f7, a steatiteand a faiencebead, f8, 9, a bronze ofbronze,fu, 12, 13. pin,fio and fragments POTTERY (PLATE 99) 1. LEKYTHOS. PH. 7.8. Neck and mouthlost,gaps in wall,smallringfoot.Piriform. Cream slip.Double circlesbetweengroupsofthreelines.EO. Cf. 14.37. 2. *FEEDING (?) JUG (fig. 77). PH. 14.6. Rim to lowerbody.Attachmentof straphandle,apparently as 18.23 anc^ acrossmouth.Probablywithside-spout, 25. LG. 3. *STRAINER TOP. D. c. 8. Fr. Concave upper surface, fullypainted;piercedwithmanyholes,D. 0.5. lid for26.2. LG. Probablyservedas a straining ARYBALLOS. H. Part of base missing.Strap 4. 7.9. handle withbars, narrowconcave base. Three lines insidelip.LG. 5. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.1. Complete.As 26.4 butwith barson handle.LG. 6. *PYXIS (FIG.77). H. 9.8. DR. 7.5. One handle broken.Lip reservedbetweenlines.LG. 7. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 10.8. Frs.Gritty lost. brownclay,tracesof creamslip,patternentirely O. 8. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Gaps in wall, chippedrim. Circle on mouth,dots on neck and handle. Dotted and void tongueson shoulder.Body panels: double fourdotted lozenge,doublelozenge,rosette,triglyph, circles,rosettewithdouble lozenge fill,dottedcircle triglyph,double lozenge with rosettes in upper band. E 159,class corners.Below,lines,cross-hatched II L. LO. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED ARYBALLOS. H. 5. Small gaps in wall. Dark handle and rim; shoulder,body and undersidedividedintosegmentsand coveredin masseddots.Shape as E no. 1367.MO. 10. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 4.7. Complete. Handle,barred;mouth,ringed.Shoulder,fourgroups one and three,between of circlesarrangedvertically themthreelotus-bees.Dark body.E 159 class II K. MO. 11. ALABASTRON. H. 11. Gaps in wall. Coated in darkpaint.Incisedlineson neck. Cf. E no. 1239for shape,butno collar.LO.
12. *SKYPHOS (fig. 77). D. 10.5. H. 6.7. Chips in rim.Unevencoating.Cf.E no. 1417.MO. 13. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 23.5. Frs. of upper body. Cream slip. Broad flatrim,root of on horizontalhandle.Painton lip; hatchedbattlement shoulder. Panel missing, save for column of verticalzigzag by handle; zones below, intersecting hatchedmeanderbetweendouble zigzag. LG, early, BirdWorkshop. Cf.E no. 988. 14. DOMED LID (FIG.77). H. 6. D. c. 29. Three frs. of White grits.Slightridgehalfwayup, reminiscent omphaloid type. Birds among hatched leaves, hatched meander.LG, early.Probablywith pithos 26.13. 15. TRAY (fig. 77). H. 3. DR. 41.4. Fourfrs.,centre missing. Round handle(s). Underneath: hatched meander,cable, billetsnear centre.Inside: circleson floor.M/LG. 16. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 17. Frs., base missing.Insetconcavelip,ovoidbody.Lip: paint withreservedline. Panels: two sextuplecirclesabove quintuple zigzag; bands and lines. Bars on strap handles,curvedstripeson horizontalhandles. LG, late. 17. *STIRRUP-JAR.PH. 3.2. False neckonly.Greybrown clay. Depression on disc, stumps of strap handles,concaveneck. Spiral on disc, solid painton neckexceptat back.SM (?). 18. JUG (?). DB. 5.5. Frs. of base and wall. Traces of creamslip. Rows of circlesbetweenpairs of lines. O. 19. PITHOS (FIG.80). Frs. of rim,body and tripod as foot.Paintworn,butevidenceofpartialre-painting a polychromepithos.Panels: verticalcross-hatching, verticalguilloche above hatched meander,leaves, cross-hatched quadratedlozenges.Below,darkband withdouble whitezigzag. For repainting,see Payne, 281.EO. 20. *CUP. DB. 6. Frs. of body,rim and base. Fully coatedinsideand out.E 166,classB (iii).O.
THE MEDICAL SMALL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts. 26, 28
77
FINDS
1. BRONZE FINGER-RING (fig. 158). Ext. L. of bezel 2.5. Restored L. 3. W. of bezel 1.5. W. of hoop 0.7. Th. c. 0.1. In many frs., partly recomposed; oxidized (preventingobservation ofjoining of hoop to bezel). No sign of decoration. 2. BRONZE FINGER RING (fig. 158; piate 270). D. 2. Hoop W. 0.25. Wt. 0.8 g. Plain hoop; section planoconvex. 3. BRONZE DRESS PIN (fig. 158). L. 9.8. Th. (bulb) 0.3. Wt. 2.3 g. Slim pin with slight elliptical swelling below plain head. fr. (fig. 4. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-SOCKET 173). From near junction with blade, L. 3. D. 2 (externally).Internal D. 1 tapering to 0.5. 5. SILVER PIN (FIG. 155; PLATE267). L. 6.4 of head 1.8; D. head 0.75, shaft 0.22 to 0.05. Complete, dark grey corrosion products. Silver or lead-silver alloy. Octagonal section to baluster; bordered by three ridges above, fourbelow. 6. SILVER EARRING (fig. 155; plate 266). L. 2.7. H. 2.1. Th. 0.25-0.3. Complete, dark grey corrosion
products. Silver or lead-silver alloy. Subrectangular to circular sectional shaft, ending in a two-sided lion's head. Made in a two-piece mould as a rod, and then bent to shape-? 7. SHEET GOLD CAP (fig. 153) H. 0.5. Cylindrical. 8. SERPENTINE PENDANT (?). (fig. 185 plate 302). H; 1.9. W. 2.3. Th. 0.8. Dh. 0.45. Occasional scratches, one chip. Black. Subcircular disc, with perforationoff-centre.Groove above hole; polished. 9. FAIENCE RIM (fig. 180). D. 3.75. H. of rim 0.9. Total H. 1.2. Missing half, and broken now. Glaze: good blue clear colour. Core: medium hard. O. 10. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.5. Head 0.3. Wt. 0.4 g. Two joining, much oxidized pieces. Very small; head and shaft. Disc head with finial, ring mouldings on upper shaftand small globe. 11. BRONZE PIN fr. L. 12. D. 0.5. Wt. 16.5 g. Incomplete top and bottom; in three pieces; split (oxidized).
12. BRONZE PELLET. 1 X 1.5.Wt. 1.8g. 13. BRONZE PELLET. 1 X 0.8. Wt. 1 g.
Tomb 28 SE (figs. 6, 21, plate
15 d-f)
See Introduction Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69. ExtantL. overall:6.32. Extantdromos L. 4.00. W. 1.20. Stomion: 1.00 w, up to 0.32 deep. Chamber:2.00 X 1.30.Max. H. 0.82. Wherethedromos sideswereunaffected theedgeswerecut straight and by laterintrusions, far So as the dromos rose 1.16 in vertical distance at mean of excavated, parallel. angle 180, in frontof the stomion, wherethe angle was 28o. The shortstomion was exceptimmediately markedby small,irregular doorjambs. The entrancewas blockedby a singledressedslab,in situ,1.16 X 0.55 X 0.13,unusualin beingwiderthanit was high.The well-cutchamberwas an almostregularoval in plan. The roofcurvedup evenlyfromback wall,and was highestat thestomion. The chamberfloorwas 2.20 belowmodernsurface.Therewas a niche('Cupboard on E the side ofthedromos, 0.82 wide,estimateddepth0.60. withitsblockingstonestillin 3') The niche floor was 0.28-0.18 abovedromos floor. place. The tombwas at theE end ofthelineofearlytombs106-26-40-112-28-18acrosstheS end of the site,approximatelysharingtheirorientation(n by W,S by e) with the important difference thatthistomb'schamberwas on theN sideofthedromos, nottheS. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearingof topsoil(see Introduction, supra).Though thechamberseemedrelatively undisturbed thedromos was confusedby theintrusion of (infra), T. 69 (q.v.)intotheSWside,and theinsertion oftheinterment T. 63 intotheupperpartofthe dromos fill,nearitsN end. The nichewas confusedbywhatwas subsequently recognizedas the HL T. 204. The chamberwas disturbed butseemedunrobbed. byroof-fall, The dromos fillbetweenthenicheand thechambercontainedno sherds.AgainsttheE wall, each sideoftheniche'sblockingstone,weretheO pots1, 2; 1, to theN was a coarsepyxis,2, in wretchedcondition.S ofitwas 3, an O miniature S, was a coarsepithos,unfired, aryballos. below in the of2 and 3, werea fewburntbone scrapsand fi, piecesofR surface, Just vicinity
78
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
with2 the ash-urn.In the chamberthere greenglass.This mayhave been an O interment, and limb bones) in the W and a had been at least one inhumation(thickskullfragments cremation(burntbones,perhapsof an adult and a child)near the brokencoarse pithos5, betweenthetwogroups.The LPG amphora,12, lay neartheentrance,withoutdemarcation besidetheinhumation withthebell-skyphos 15, besideitsneck.At itsfootwerethePGB pyxis in Next 16 and anotherbell-skyphos, 12, thecentreofthechamber,was thecrushedPGB 17. LPG-PGB on with the bell-krater itsside, 11, 13, inside.Two LPG-PGB bellbell-skyphos, - cf. havebeen insidethekrater once 6, 7, wereSE of 11. (Allthebell-skyphoi might skyphoi, PGB a and a PGB T 285.82.) w of 11, N of6, 7, was thepyxislid, 14. 8, oinochoe, 4, cup, wereon eitherside of the LPG-PGB pithos,5, just withinthe entrance.In the SE, near the and bronzerivets,and twoironspearheads wall,weref6, an irondirkwithwoodenhiltplates crematedbone and 10, PGB pithoscontaining f7, 8. In thenichewere9, a veryfragmentary LPG cup; fio, an irondirk,was on the N side. There,too,werebronzestuds,f2, 3, which mayhavecomefromtheLPG burial. POTTERY (PLATE 100) 1. COARSE PYXIS. H. 19.5. Grittybuff clay. Slighttaper to base; strap handles below concave rim,one handle missing.Flat base. Cf. Arkades, fig. 140. EO. 2. *COARSE UNFIRED VESSEL. Frs. In poor condition, but was deep, round-bottomed,with evertedlip.O. slightly 3. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 4.8. Gaps in wall. Poorlyshaped,fullycoatedin darkpaint.EO. 4. CUP (fig. 78). H. 8.4. DR. 11.8. Complete.Thick strap handle. Rough disc foot with stringmark. PGB-EG. 5. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 38.2. DR. 26.4. Nearlycomplete.Grittyclay,buffslip.Lip flaton top. Ridge between neck and body,strap handles, disc foot. Four irregulargroovesbelow shoulder,often LPG-PGB: cf.287.9. merging. 6. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig.78). H. 8.8. D. 9.3. Nearly complete.LPG-PGB. 7. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. D. 8.2. Three-quarters As 28.6. LPG-PGB. preserved. 8. *OINOCHOE (fig. 78). H. 23.7. Complete. Cream slip. Strap handle to rim, high ring foot. Four octuple semicircleson shoulder,encroached upon by paint below. Bars on handle, ring around root.PGB. 9. *NECKED PITHOS (fig.80). H. 35.9. DR. c. 21. Half preserved; one handle, frs. of reverse,nonjoining; worn. Strap handle,withS. Inside: spatter belowband. PGB. 10. CUP (FIG. 78). H. 6.5. D. 10.5-11.5. Nearly complete. Strap handle, stringmarkunder base. Dipped on bothflanks.LPG: E 166classB (i). 11. BELL-KRATER (fig. 80). H. 35.9. DR. 30.4-32.7. Nearly complete. Grey-blackgrits.The reverseside bears the same decoration,except that
the centrallozengeis filledonlywithmillsail.Inside: spatterbelowband. PGB. 12. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 60. Nearly complete.Convexlip,straphandles,ringfoot.Spaced bands. Handles: tall diagonal cross,bars above and below.Band insiderim.LPG: cfE no. 285. 13. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.3. D. 7.2. One handle broken.LPG-PGB. 14. PYXIS LID (FIG.78). H. 6.1. D. 9.7. Complete. Knob in the formof a miniaturepyxis;two pairs of suspensionholes.Reservedcrosson knob.Fora pyxis and the similarto 28.16, but the fabricis different holesdo notcorrespond.PGB. 15. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.2. D. 8.7. Complete. LPG-PGB. 16. PYXIS (FIG. 78). H. 11.2. DR. 6.4. Nearly complete.Cream slip.Two pairs of suspensionholes. PGB-EG. 17. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.5. DR. 8.3. Complete. LPG-PGB. 18. (?) NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 28. Frs., shoulderto lower body.Fine softdark orange surface,red-blackpaint. Ovoid clay,coffee-brown body,shouldersharplycurvinginward.Eleven-fold semicircleson shoulder,intersecting; paint to L. at break, probably for root of vertical handle. Two bands, solid paint frombelly downwards.Euboean I pl. 101.T. 33.4. Sub PG I- II: cf.Lefiandi PH. 12.6. Half of body.Buffslip. OINOCHOE. 19. Globular,withfiatbase. Shoulder: griddedzigzag. Sets of threelines above and below belly; band at base. LPG-PGB. 20. *DOMED LID. H. 11.5. Fr. of wall, complete profile. Massed sixfold circles with dotted zone, triple circles. alternatingwith vertically-arranged EO.
THE MEDICAL SMALL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts. 28, 30
yg
FINDS
1. GLASS VESSEL fr, green. 2. BRONZE STUD. L. 1. Head D. 0.7. 3. BRONZE STUD. L. 1.4. Head D. 0.8. Traces of wood on shaft. 4. IRON DIRK or DAGGER frs. (fig. 173). Three joining pieces, formingtip of blade. Together L. 8.6. W. 1.6, tapering to tip. Max. Th. (in middle) 0.5. Both edges sharp; symmetrical. 5. CLAY LAMP, HL. 6. IRON DIRK frs.(fig. 173; plate 287). Six joining pieces, forminghilt and upper blade. Together L. 26.1. Max. W. (at shoulder)5.4; blade taperssteadily,W. 3.4 at break; Max. Th. 0.6; flatand broad; cannot belong with 4. A different (and less common) type from24.ï*j.Two (originally four) bronze rivets: at first'neck', at first swelling,and two at outeredges of shoulder.Mineralized wood remainson blade (scabbard) and hiltplates.
(fig. 173; plate 287). 7. IRON SPEARHEAD Complete in six pieces. L. 42.9. Socket, L. 8. D. 1.9 tapering to 1.4. Blade, W. at shoulder 3.6, widens to 4.5 then tapers steadily to tip. Th. at midrib 0.9; midrib disappears about half-way along blade. Square shoulders. Present (corroded) weight 235 g. 8. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 173; plate 287). Complete in twelve essential pieces, plus smaller flakes. L. 45.1. Socket L. 8.2. D. 1.8 tapering to 1.4. Blade, W. at shoulder 4.3, widening to 5.2 then tapering steadily to tip. Th. at midrib 1.2; midrib disappears less than halfway along blade. Square shoulders. Similar type to 7, but a slightly larger specimen. Present (corroded) weight 248 g. 9. Vacat. 10. IRON DIRK fr.
Tomb 30 SW (figs. 5, 22, plate 16 a-c) L. overall6.84. Dromos: L. 5.40. W. 0.90-1.14.Stomion: Chamber:1.30 X 1.86. destroyed. The dromos, whoseline was ratherirregularly cut,slopedupwardin twostages,firstat 140 fora distanceof3.40 fromthechamberwhereitreacheda stepc. 25 high,markedbya lineof small,flatstonesset on edge at the top. The second stagecontinuedat 6° foranother2.0 beforelevelling. A lineofslabsin twocourses,roughly0.40 high,0.90 long,0.60 widemarked the approximatepositionof the destroyed stomion. The largestslab was 0.60 X 0.30 X 0.10. There was a step 0.35-0.40 deep intothe oval chamber,its long axis at rightanglesto the dromos. Itsfloorwas 2.0 belowmodernsurface. The tombwas at theN end of thegroupofTs. 30, 45, 24, 25 and 56, intowhichTs. 34/57 intruded.The orientation was E-w,withthechamberon theE side. subsequently The tomb was found after mechanical topsoil stripping as a head of dark soil withthe whitekouskouras matrix.It had been pillaged,the roofdestroyedand contrasting the chamberemptiedfromthe top,afterwhichit was back-filledno earlierthan R times, perhapsduringbuildingoperationswhenthe partlysiltedhole was a convenientdump for debris. The dromos fillof softbrown soil (level 1, fourpotterybaskets;level 2, threebaskets) was not distinguishablefromthe top level of chamberfill(level i-one basket).At the w end of the dromos were i, a skyphosand 2, a smalljug, both O. The large coarse tray,3, came fromthe W end of the E half. In the chamber,level 3 (two baskets) was chiefly rubble, among which were scraps of glass and R tile. The brown soil and kouskouras underlyingthis (level 4, four baskets) rather surprisinglycontained the complete PG neck-handledamphora,4, as well as more R tile and glass. 4 lay on level 6 (twobaskets), fairlyclean fallenkouskouras. The tomb'shistorycan onlybe dimlydiscerned.It may have been opened in EPG and continuedin use untilat leastO times.The slovenlyresetting of thestomion blockingperhaps is notclear,thoughit might belongsto itsfinaluse. The purposeof thedivisionin thedromos be the resultof recutting (and therefore enlarging)the dromos duringreuse,or of diggingout also in reuse. onlya partofthedromos,
8o
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
POTTERY (PLATE 101) 1. *SKYPHOS. DB. 5.3. Frs.Interiorcoated,reserved band insidelip. Exteriorreservedband on darklip; panels on shoulder;cross hatching,double zigzag. Lineson bowl.EO. 2. JUG. DB. 3.9. Lowerhalfonly.Spaced lines.E 155, classII D. O. 3. COARSE TRAY (fig. 78). D. 30. Coarse buff clay withbrowngrits.Straightsides, incurvedrim. O. 4. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 47. DR. 16.3. Complete, but worn. Orange-brown clay, many airholes,a littlemica,creamslip,blackpaint.Rim flat on top, slightridgeunderneath.Strap handles,ring foot. Bars on rim, band inside and outside lip. curvesin handles.Shoulder:foursextuple Intersecting circleseach side, band betweenlines. Two lines on belly; below, band between lines. Band on foot. Imported PG, perhaps Thessalian; cf. BSA 31
(1930-31)pl. 6 nos. 78, 79 fromMarmariani. Urban Nucleus 293,fig.6. 5. STIRRUP-JAR. PH. 5.8. False neck only; disc chipped.Painton disc,band at base ofneck.PG. 6. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 11.5.Neck frs.Orange clay,brown grits,a littlemica, brown paint.Wheeland stars,chevroncolumnat breakto L. AtticLG II. 7. KRATER (FIG.80). DR. c. 28. Frs.Verticallip with slightridge below it; ovoid body,flatbase. Double circlesbelowlip,bandsand lines.EO. 8. PYXIS. Frs.ofbodyand shoulder.Orangeclay,red paint. Straight,steeplyslopingshoulder,cylindrical body. Shoulder, broken multiple meander; body, bandsand lines.LO-A. Fabricas 9. LID. D. c. 18. Abouta quarterpreserved. withslight everted rim,shallowconical 30.8. Cylindrical linesandbands.For30.8. LO-A. top.Circlesat centre,
SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY BEAD (fig.187;plate 306).H. 1.6.D. 2.1.Dh. Friableyellowmissing. 0.55.Abraded,brokenand a little brownfabric,discolouredblack on exteriorsurfaces. Depressedspherical;incisedpatternof threedouble boundedbylinescomposedofshortdashes. circles, 2. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 3. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 4. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2.1.ShaftD. 0.3. Bent. 5. IRON HORSE-BIT fr.(fig. 173).Small ringand bar, the two set in planes diagonal to one another; fromend of mouth-piece(?). Ring D. 3.1, section about 0.5 Th. , three-quarters complete;strutL. 2.2, section1.1by0.6.
6. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 7. BRONZE WEIGHT? (fig. 158; plate 270). 2 X 253,H. 0.7. Wt. 17.5g. Irregularsoliddiscwithcentral conical cavityone side. Once covered by another material? 8. MARBLE fr.L. 8.8. W. 6.9. Th. 1.9-2.1. Brokenon - from all sides.Whitemarble.Slightcurveto section later. or of veneer? or C(?) largevessel, part 9. IRON NAIL (?) fr. A scrap only, covered in corrosion;section0.7 square. 10. QUARTZ SPHERE (fig. 184). D. 2 average. Slightly chipped,abradedsurface.Possiblya blankfor a bead.
Tomb 31 SE (figs. 6, 21) Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69). (See Introduction: L. c.0.90 W. c.0.50 Larnaxinterment. in itsoriginalposition,c. 0.85 belowmodernsurface.It was in The larnaxwas apparently was betweenTs. 18 and 28. The orientation thenarrow'island'ofotherwise undugkouskouras S as T. same 28's the W, e) by (n by nearly as Ts. 18 and 28 (Introduction, The larnaxwas foundunderthesame circumstances supra). It was incomplete;the SWcornerand W side and S end werepreservedto about halftheir nearby.Only probableoriginalheight.The SE cornerwas broken,butitspieceswerescattered The and theN end was missingentirely. of theE side was preserved, a verysmallproportion almost HL T 62 of the had been It floorwas virtually rifled, diggers by possibly complete. parallelwithit,betweenitand T 18,reachingwithin0.10ofitsSE corner. underthe SW The larnaxwas empty.The earthbelow it was burntin places,particularly thedate were LG a and Ha LG Attic an where found, indicating cup, 17, corner, i6, skyphos, once in fillaboveand besideitwerealmostcertainly in disturbed ofuse.Objectsfoundscattered
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 31
81
E ofitsNEcorner, it.These include£2,a bead (abovetheN part),3, a G goatprotome, 4, a bird SE a LG S of3, on theedge ofT. 62, 6, a G cup,just offthe corner,io, fragmentary protome, tibia'abovetheE side.The birdand goatprotomes, undistinguished cup,S of6 and an 'unburnt, and thesmallsize ofthepots,suggesta child'sinterment. As thiswas theonlyLG gravein the theotherfragmentary vesselsofsimilardatemade up fromthezembilscan probablybe vicinity, LG pyxis;29, 30, MG assignedto it,including23, 25, E-MG feeding jugs; 28, a miniature miniature skyphoi;31-33, LG miniatureskyphoi(31, Attic);35, LG miniaturecup; 36, LG miniature The MG oinochoe26 mayalsohavebelonged. trayand 37, LG hydria? POTTERY (PLATES 94, 101) The numbersare extrapolated fromthecataloguefor T. 18,q.v. 3. GOAT FIGURINE. PL. 6. Solid, handmade. Ghost of black paint. Rampant, tail up, hind legs attached. Dots for eyes, bar across back of neck. Perhapspartofvessel.G. 4. BIRD FIGURINE. PH. 4.6. Solid, handmade. Joinedto rimofsmalljug. Wingslevelwithbody.Dots foreyes;lines on neck,continuingdown wingsand back.G. 6. SMALL CUP. H. 4. DR. 6.2. Three-quarters preserved, handle broken. Grey-brown clay. Attachment of straphandleinsiderim,flatbase with stringmark. Fullycoated.G. 10. CUP. H. 5.3. DR. 9. Half preserved,handle Flatbase,fullycoated.LG. missing. 11. *MINOAN LARNAX, chest type.Th. 1.7-2.7. Bodyfrs.Gritty orangeclay,greycore,tracesofcream wash. Evertedlip withsquared edge, H. 4.5. Incised line framing thewall panel; frs.also of base, withairhole.Unpainted.LM III A-B. 16. SKYPHOS H. 6.2. DR. 11.5. Three-quarters preserved,one handle missing.Fine orange-buff clay, small whitegrits,a littlemica; black paint,lustrous inside.Flat base. Insidefullypaintedbutforgroupsof barsinsiderim.AtticLG Ha: cf.Agora Vili no. 135,pl. 8. Red-brown 17. CUP. H. 5.3. DR. 5.7. Handle missing. clay.Flat base, stumpof straphandle. Fullycoated. LG. 23. FEEDING JUG (piate 94). PH. 7.5. Shoulderto lowerbody.Thickfabric.Plumpovoidbody,spouton shoulder.Spout: bars above, lines along sides and underneath. E-MG. 25. FEEDING JUG (plate 94). PH. 10.6. Base to shoulderwithside-spout;stumpof straphandle;trace ofanotherhandle,on flank;flatbase. Indistinct motif on shoulder;bands and lines, horizontalS's below belly.E-MG.
26. *OINOCHOE. PH. 8.5. Upper part. Elliptical handle,slightcarinationbelow shoulder.Painton lip, band at base of neck. Shoulder: zigzag, fourlines, band belowcarination.Handle barred.MG (?). Shape as E no. 1434. 28. *MINIATURE PYXIS (fig. 76). H. 7.5. DR. 5. One-thirdpreserved.Fully-coated. LG. 29. *MINIATURE HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig.76). H. 6.9. DR. 7. Halfpreserved.Semi-lustrous paint,thinfabric.Reservedcircleon floorinside.MG, late. 30. *MINIATURE HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 6.7. DR. c. 7. Halfpreserved. As 29. MG, late. 31. SKYPHOS (plate 94). PH. 3.6. Body fr.Soft orange-buff clay,thickblack paint.Verticalgadroons withhatchedtongues.AtticLG I. 32. MINIATURE SKYPHOS (piate 94). H. 4.5. D. 8.8. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Flat base with stringmark.Panels: (A), row of dots above small columns containing dots, three schematic trees, chevrons;(B), horizontalS's, intersecting wavylines. Fullypaintedinside.LG. 33. MINIATURE SKYPHOS (plate 94). PH. 4.3. D. c. 7.2. Base missing.Overhangingconcave lip, ridge below;tracesoftwostraphandles.Upper partdipped in paint.LG. 35. *MINIATURE CUP. H. 5.1. DR. c. 6. Half preserved,handle missing.Thin fabric.Fullycoated. Shape as E no. 1127. LG. 36. SMALL TRAY (fig. 76; piate 94). H. 2.9 DR. 14.2. Two-thirds preserved.Traces of two horizontal strap handles. Concentric zones underneath: horizontal S's, dots, groups of bars, emptyzone, starat centre.Inside paintedbut zigzag,eight-point forreservedzone on floorwithlines.LG. One fr.from upperfillofT. 28. 37. HYDRIA (?) (plate 94). PH. 10. Shoulder and belly fr. Plump ovoid body. At lower break, intersecting wavylineson belly(as on 32). LG.
SMALL FIND 2. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 184).L. 3.1. D. 2.1.Dh. 0.7. Ends chippedand withinternalflaw.Slightly smoky. withlightly convexends;plainand polished,exceptforabradedends. Cylindrical,
82
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tombs 34, 56 and 57 INTRODUCTION
These tombswereexcavatedat a relatively earlystage,and providedthefirst experienceofthe in some areas of the confusioncreatedby the over-closejuxtapositionof chamber-tombs sometimescaused by cemetery. onlytoo clearlytheextentof disturbance They also illustrate in DA cases still further HL/R grave-digging the followed tombs, damageat many by among of elucidatingthe the building,use and destruction of the mortuarychurch.The difficulty sequenceof eventswas aggravatedby the chanceof excavation.Whenworkbegan on T. 34, area,and thepresenceofTs. 56 and 57 topsoilhad notyetbeen strippedfromthesurrounding sincethe twotombsgrewonlyslowly, of the existence of these was unsuspected. Recognition of individualtombs). so muchdamage (see description architecture of all threehad suffered wall of harmful had been a largerobbingpitwhichdestroyed partoftheN dromos Particularly What was in factpartof the and partof T. 57's dromos. T. 56, the SWangle of T. 34's dromos of ofT. 34,whilepartofthedromos dromos ofT. 57 was fora timebelievedto be a side-chamber been T dromos. It has was of as it T. 57 was, almostinevitably, 34's already part dug though as a and thiswas fora timemisinterpreted notedthatT. 34's chambercut intoT 25's dromos, dromos nichebelongingto T. 25. The construction sequenceseemsclear.Ts. 25 and 56 are part of the N-S rankof tombs is concernednone of thesehas necessarily 30-45-24-25-56.So faras horizontalstratigraphy to fitexactlyintothespace betweenTs. was intended to be earlieror laterthananother.T. 34 its 25 and 56, but a slighterrorin alignmentbrought axis too farto the N and led to its intoT. 25. Then, it seems,a need was feltforanothertombthathad to be in the intrusion immediateneighbourhood.Eitherthe need could not be satisfiedby cuttingcupboardsor nichesin existingtombs,or it was fearedthatsuch additionswoulddamage adjacenttombs. So a newtomb,57,nearlythesamesize as T. 34,was cutalmoston thereverseaxisofT 34, so thattheE end ofitsdromos overlappedtheWend ofT. 34's dromos. All threetombshad been thoroughlypillaged, and theirstructureseverelydamaged. foundin morethanone ofthetombs,suggesting ofthesamevaseswerefrequently Fragments thisfactorhas led were all three that not Inevitably, simultaneously. pillaged (though proving) allocationsofvasesto one or otherofthethreetombs. to somearbitrary afterpostmade at thetimeofexcavationwerefoundto need correction Some ascriptions excavationstudy.Thus,25.3 and £15-20belongedin factto T. 34; 34.17, 19-33 and £40-64 belongedto T. 56; and 56. £4-9 belongedto T. 57. Tomb 34 sw (figs. 5, 19-20; plate 16 d-f) Ts. 34,56, 57) (See Introduction: none remained.Chamber:2.0 X L. 1.20W. 0.52-^. 0.70. Stomion: L. overall:2.56. Dromos: towardsits The unusuallynarrowdromos apparentlybroadenedfromthe (missing)stomion the the chamber Near T. of dromos the removed has been the detail but 57. mouth, by cutting at the of side walls either chamber The c. io°. at dromos first, entrance, straight slopedupwards thenformeda continuouscurvewiththebackwall. The latterwas preservedc. 1.0 high.The chamberfloorwas 2.10belowmodernsurface. The tombhad been insertedbetweenTs. 25 and 56 in theN-S group30-45-24-25-56.The was E-W,withthechamberon theE side. orientation
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 34
83
The tombgraduallycame to lightduringexcavationofT. 25 (q.v.)whenwhatprovedto be nichebelongingto T. 25. It was ultimately itschamberwas at firstmisidentified as a dromos 'back-todromos the dromos of T. realisedthatits 57 whichhad been constructed overlapped back5.Much damagehad been caused bythelargerobbingpitwhichalso affected Ts. 56 and 57fillwas excavated as layers 1 and 2 (one basket each), thoughthese were The dromos identicalwiththe chamberfillin view of the numerouscross-joinsbetweenthe two areas. of 18 (largeE GreekWild Goat dinos)werefoundas well as a bronzepin, Many fragments of bronze sheet,£31, 33-34, faience,£36 and an iron f35, severalgroupsof fragments at least,came fromfragments £38. A hintof the date of one of the disturbances, fragment, ofglass,f32, 37 and a smallpiece ofmarblerevetment, £39. At theoutset,thechamberfill had been dug as T. 25, layer3 (fourbaskets),a mixtureof brownsoil,powderedkouskouras and brokenpottery.25.3 (SM neck-handledamphora) was found in many fragments, followedby 2 (LO one-handleddish),3-5 (LO polychromepithoi),6-7 (LO cups) and 8 = £40 (faiencephiale mesomphalos).Otherfindsin whatwas in factthe N part of the T. 34's chamberwerefi5 (fragments of bronzesheet),fi7 (partof a smallpolychromelarnax,the restofwhichcame fromT. 56 (15)),fi8 (rock-crystal ofbronzesheet), bead), fi9 (fragments f22 (roundelofkouskouras), of £23 (fragment paintedstone),£24-26 (faiencevase fragments). As the tomb'strue identitybecame clear,the whole of the chamberwas excavated(two baskets),includingan inchoatemass of stone over the floor,perhaps connectedwiththe Near the E side were 9 and 13 (EPC oinochoai,the firstcontaining originaldoor-blocking. an egg),10-12 (O cups),14 (lid)and 15 (EO skyphos).The coarsepithos16 was foundnear thedestroyed In additionwere£27,fragments stomion. ofbronzesheet,and £29 (plasticvase renumbered of 26. burnt bone werefoundhere and therein -owl)subsequently Fragments thefill. POTTERY (PLATES 1024) 1. OLPE. H. 27. Half rimmissing,gaps in neckand body.Exteriorfullycoated save reservedband with rays above foot. On upper body, two confronted squattingfigures, partlyhuman,partlycanine;incised outlineand edgesto yellowband acrosseitherbottom. Whitedot-rosette undereach bellyand behindeach buttock.Heads lost. Traces of red band immediately below figures.Corinthian,LPC/Transitional.AR 25 (1979)54-Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.7. 2. DISH (FIG.78). D. 12.5.Small gaps in rim.Shape as E 1175.Exterior:line at join withrim,two above foot,billetson foot,circle within.Interior:outline guillocheon rim.Tondo of spaced dottedcircleswith solid lozengesat centre.Four cross-hatched lozenges on outeredge of circles.Near the FortetsaPainter. LO. 3. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 18. Aboutthreequarterssurvive,all handles and strap feet.Prong markson horizontalhandles and feet.Paint worn. Traces of blue birds with red fill in handle zone. Centralzone: panelsborderedbyblue and redstripes, red and blue cross-hatching, guillochesquare. Below, redand blue brokenmeander.By thesame hand as 5. LO.
4. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.80). Frs.of body, handles,and strapfeet.Smoothclay withgreycore. Paint extremelyworn, traces of red circles above handles, and below,bands of panels: red and blue red palmetteswithblue volutes,red verticalchevrons, outline.Blue and red lotusand palmettechain above feet.Verticalredand blue stripeson feet.LO. 5. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.78). H. 40.5. Half bodyand one verticalhandlemissing.Prongmarkson feet.Paintworn.Rim, red and blue lines.Top frieze, red and blue brokenmeander.Betweenhandles:pairs of birds,blue withred fill.Band of panels: red and blue cross-hatching, red and blue star;red and white guillocheband. Betweenfeet,blue and red rosette. Red slanted strokeson base. Feet and handles,red bars.By thesame hand as 3 and 285.27 LO. 6. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 12.3.DR. 13. Gaps in rimand wall.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LO. 7. *STANDED CUP. DR. 8.5. Frs.of foot,bowl and handle.Horizontaland verticalalternating strokeson handles, dark bowl. Tongues on foot, circles on underside.Shape as 19. E 167,classE (ii).LO. 8. Vacai(= £40,faiencephiale). 9. OINOCHOE. H. 27.6. Completesave gaps in rim
84
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
and wall. Fine creamclay,red paint.Mouth painted inside and out. Neck, centralzone of verticalsand double axes, cross-hatched lozenges,enclosedby fine lines.Rayson shoulderand lowerbody,finestripeson body and handle.Corinthian,EPC. AR 25 (1979)52, fig.34. Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.6. 10. *CUP (FIG. 79). H. 11.4. DR. 11. Fully coated insideand out.E 166,classB (iv).LO. 11. CUP. H. 10.6.DR. 11.8.Completesavechipsfrom rim.Interiorfullycoated save reserveddot on floor, line below rim. Handle, alternating grouped horizontalsand verticals. Lip reserved: verticals, double axe, verticals,chevrons,verticals,double axe, verticals.Lines, dark paint to grouped lines above base. Verticalson foot,ringson underside.LO. 12. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 11.8. DR. 12.3.Completesave smallbodyfrs.Fullycoated.LO. 13. *OINOCHOE. PH. 17.3.Body only.Shape and decorationas 9. Corinthian.EPC. Ann.61 (1983)40. 14. *POLYCHROME LID. H. 11. DR. 16.2. Completesave smallgaps in rimand walls,and one handle-ring.Conical, cup handle and rings.Paint virtuallygone; tracesof blue on handle,red on rim and fillet,red S's in centralzone. E 164,class G (b). Probablyfor4. LO. 15. *SKYPHOS (fig. 79). H. 11.5. DR. 12.2. Completesave gaps in wall. Fullycoated. Whiteon dark, veryworn. Traces of two white lines under handle.E 166,classC. LO. 16. *COARSE PITHOS. Frs. Shape and decoration similarto E no. 1644.O. with27. 17. Vacat: 18. DINOS (FIGS.81-2). H. 41. DR. 43.2. Manygaps, protomehandlesmissing.Brownclay,creamslip,redbrownpaint. Rim: guilloche. Tongues, then main and one pair of sphinxes zone of confronted griffins on eitherside of tree.Loop interlace,zone of goats, interlace,thenzone of deer,one liftingits head and lookingback. Fillingornamentof rosettes,one with perchingswallow,triangles,quatrefoilsetc. Large palmetteand volutecomplexon bottom.Interiorfully coated. Middle Wild Goat. c. 630. AR 25 (1979) 54, figs.36, 37.Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.8. 19. STANDED CUP. H. 13. Complete save chips fromrim and wall. Interiorfullycoated, reserved circle on floor,reservedline below rim. Exterior, metopes on lip: double axe, bird, rosette,bird, guilloche, bird, rosette, bird, chevron column, guilloche.Pairs of verticalsbetweenlines on bowl, then dark paint. Foot, tongues.Handle, horizontal zigzag alternatingin panels withcircles.LO. AR 25 (1979)53>% 29-Ann-6l i1^) 4°20. OINOCHOE. H. 23.6. Complete save small chips.Dark ground,reservedbars on handle. Body coveredwithconcentriccirclesof variednumberand size.Varianton E 154,classF LO.
21. JUG. H. 31.8. Gaps in wall, mouth and base. Groupedlineson neck,lowerbody.Double circleson E 155,classII D. LO. thickened. outermost shoulder, 22. OINOCHOE. H. 24.2 Gaps in mouthand wall. Exteriorfullycoated save reservedband between shoulderand neckwithtongues,and reservedbarson handle.Cf.E no. 1526.LO. 23«*JUG.PH. 26.2. Gaps in wall, halfof neck and part of rimlost. Grouped bands on neck and body, circleson shoulder.E 155,classII D. LO. fivefold 24. JUG. H. 26. Gaps in wall. Bands on neck and body,sixfoldcircleson shoulder.E 155,classII D. LO. 25. ARYBALLOS (FIG.79). H. 10. Gaps in neckand wall. Shoulder,threesets of large stackedchevrons with dots between them, alternatingwith crosshatchedlozenges.Handle barred,tongueson lip,dark lowerbody.E 159,classII K. LO. 26. OWL ARYBALLOS. H. 13.2.Complete.Standing base. Pouringhole in rightear,leftear on triangular perforatedto match. Face details outlined. Breast feathersand back of head as scale pattern,wingsas cable forleadingedge, narrowstripeswithrectilinear forothers.Legs and feetbarred.Perhaps withchevrons no. by thesame hand as 5. Forowl vasessee Gypsades, 11.LO. AR 25 (1979)52,fig.31.Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.5. 27. *JUG.PH. 13.8. DB. 6.5 frs.of body and neck. Fourfoldcircleson shoulder,theoutermost thickened, groupedlineson body.E 155,classII D. O. Frs. of 28. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. LO. F no. Cf. handle. of and 1300. neck, part body 29. KOTYLE. DB. e. 4. Frs. of body and handles. Interiorfullycoated. Below handles,a band of dots. Then a band of animals including a lion and a grazinggoat.Rays.Corinthian.LPC /Transitional. 30. *STRAINER CUP (fig. 79). H. 11.3. DR. 12.8. Shape as E no. 1199;elliptical preserved. Three-quarters ofthe withstrainer rim,fitted coveringaboutone fifth - as though for mouth. Chequerboard on interior with Handle: groupsof threelinesalternating strainer. bars.Perhapsbythesamehandas 13.5. LO. 31. *CUP (FIG.79). H. 9.6. DR. 10.8. Partofrimand muchof wall lost.Trace of creamslip.Double strap handle. Handle panels: rosettesalternatingwith lattice;zone of tonguesbelow.Inside:reservedcircles on floor.Barsacrosshandles.LO. 32. *CUP. H. 13.3. DR. 14.3. Half preserved.Fully coated. As 6. LO. 33. *KOTYLE (FIG.79). H. 8.9. DR. 11.2.Complete profilewithparts of both handles. Softpink-brown clay,verywornredpaint.Corinthian.EPC. 34. *SMALL KOTYLE (fig.79). H. 6. D. 7.1.Partsof rimand wall lost.Cream slip,verywornmattreddish brownpaint. Fullypaintedinsidebut forconcentric circleson floorand reservedlinebelowrim.LO. 35. *CUP. H. 11.4.DR. 12.7.Nearlyall rim,muchof walllost.Fullycoated.As 6. LO.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 34 36. *CUP (fig. 79). H. 10.6. D. 10.6. Much of rim, partof bodyand base lost.Thin-walled,finereddishbrownclay,a littlemica,glossyblackpaintfiredredin places. Underneathreservedbut fortwo concentric circles.Import:Laconian (?). 37. *ARYBALLOS. frs.of body.Bucchero.Narrow horizontalgrooves.Cf. O 23. LO. 38. *OINOCHOE (?). Belly fr.(fig. 79). Fine pale yellow clay, semi-lustrous black paint. Figured frieze: part of draped human figuresto L; small SMALL FINDS 1-14. Vacant. 15. BRONZE SHEET, frs. Largest 5 X 4 X 0.1. Total Wt. 100 g. 100 pieces and chips, includinga - would have been a piece witha possiblerivet-head thinaffix. 16. BRONZE SHEET, frs.TotalWt. 134g. 150pieces and chips. 17. Partof56.15. 18. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 184; plate 303). H. 0.6. D. 1.6.Dh. 0.4. Lentoid. 19. BRONZE SHEET. Total Wt. 69 g. 98 pieces (manyverysmall),includingten (Wt. 7 g) of one or moretinkered patches. 20. FAIENCE, frs,with56^44 and £46 (fig. 180; PLATE 292).
21. BRONZE SHEET. Wt. 24 g. 50 small formless pieces. 22. KOUSKOURASROUNDEL (fig. 185). Th. 0.25. D. 0.85. Abraded and powderycondition. White. to edges. Disc, thinning 23. LIMESTONE COLUMN (plate 305). H. 8. W. 12.7.Th. 2.4. OriginalD. 23. Chipped and abraded fragmentfromside of column segment.Softwhite. Detached fromend of 'shaft',expandingslightlyto bevelledcorner,and witha slightlydished end. On sidesare theremainsoffourraysor tongues,outlined in a crudelycut grooveand paintedred. Red paint also on cornerbevel. 24. FAIENCE BOWL fr. 25. (With 56.f52, 58). FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, frs.(FIG. 180; PLATE293). Neck and shoulder frs. (56.f58). Neck: H. 1.9. W. 1.8-1.35. D of mouth opening 0.4-0.6. Shoulder: W. 5.3. Th. 0.2-0.3. Handle fr.(56. £52): H. 1.5. L. 1.3. W 0.5. D. 0.4. Base fr.(34^25): H. 3. DB. 2.5. D at top 4.3. Th. 0.5-0.2. Core: white,smooth. Glaze: colour gone, now greenish skin; black inlay in background (56. £58). Decoration on shoulder: two rows of stylizeddrop-shapedpendants.Above base: poorly modelled calyx leaves. O, 675-650 BC. Cf. F. no. 1558. 26. and 56.f59). FAIENCE (With 36, ARYBALLOS, frs. (fig. 180; plate 293). Neck
85
figureto R. followingbull. Cross-fillingornament above bull's back. Corinthian. Transitional. Careless work. 39. *OINOCHOE (?). Shoulderfr.Clay as 38, black and purple polychrome, incised:tonguesalternating blackand purple;scale pattern,alternating blackand purplerows.Corinthian.LPC /Transitional. 40. *OINOCHOE. frs.of lower body.Clay as 385 worn red-brownpaint. Fine lines,tip of ray below. Corinthian.E/MPC. Cf. 13.
(5*>.f59): H. 2. W. 1.6. D. of mouth opening 0.6. Shoulder(34. £25,36): D. 1.5-2.Th. 0.2-0.3. Broken into many pieces, surfaceworn. Core: white,with finesmoothtexture.Glaze: thickskinof green,black infilling.Shoulder: three rows of simple stylized patterns.O. Cf. E no. 1557. 27. BRONZE SHEET, frs.Wt. 27 g. c. 30 pieces. 27a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.1.5 X 1. Wt. 1 g. Lip of bowlor phiale. 28. Vacat: Ringhandleofpolychrome pithos. 29. Vacat:= pot 26. 30. EGGSHELL. L. 3.5. W 2.5. Th. 0.3. Completely scattered. White,probablyfromhen. 31. BRONZE SHEET, fr.Wt. 178g. no smallpieces and chips. 31a. BRONZE VESSEL (?) frs.(Largest)2.3 X 1.8. Four body pieces decorated in low relief;parallel verticallinesand linesofdots. 31b. TINKER'S PATCH (?) fr. L. 1.5. W. 2.2. roundedcorners;tracesoftworivets. Rectangular, 31C. BRONZE CASING (?) fr.1.3 X 1.3. Veryfine sheetpickedoutwiththreehorizontalridges. 32. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. 33. BRONZE SHEET, frs.Wt. 72 g. 65 formless pieces. 34. BRONZE VESSEL, fr.L. 7. W. 1.4.Wt. 9 g. Four joining,one floatingpiece of flatverticalhandlewith raisededges- cup or kantharos. 35. BRONZE PIN, fr.Upper shaft;ringmouldings, smallglobe.L. 1.2. 36. See 26. 37. GLASS VESSEL, fr.R. ofcorrosion. 38. IRON LUMP Consistsentirely 39. MARBLE, fr. 40. FAIENCE PHIALE MESOMPHALOS (fig. 181; PLATES294-5). Complete but broken into pieces,veryfriable.Glaze: pale turquoiseblue, with yellow on details. Core: white friable. Inside: extended lotus flower with striated sepals, and marguerite flower on knob of phiale. Outside: confrontedpairs of animals against backgroundof stylizedplants,round small centrallotus flower.Cf. LindosI, no. 1138.O.
86
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 40 SE-SW
(figs. 5, 6, 23, plates
17-18)
L. overall:6.50.Dromos: L. 4.60. W. 1.40-1.12.Stomion: 0.96-0.26. Chamber:1.82x 1.78. The W wall of the dromos was straight, the E describedan unevencurve.The dromos rosea verticaldistanceof 1.80fromthestomion to itsend at a meangradientof 160,neartheend was a 'step'0.48 m high,at an angleof52o.The bottompartoftheblockingwall,twolargestones setuprightacrosstheentrance(larger0.55 X 0.60 X 0.10)and a smallerone, to theirE, were was shallow and, despite the in situ,but above lay many stones in disarray.The stomion a of door wide. There was down to thechamberfloor,which steepstep0.65 jambs, presence was at least2.55 belowmodernsurface.The cornersof thesquarishchamberwererounded. In itshypothetical secondphase itwas at least1.85high;therestored The roofwas destroyed. first was c. 1.40. phaseheight The tombwas close E of the mostcongestedpartof the cemetery, partof the E-w line of The was ESE-WNW. tombs106-26-40-112-28-18acrosstheS end ofthesite.The orientation chamberwas on theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearanceoftopsoil.The chamberand theS partof had clearlybeen robbed fromabove and then,perhaps, backfilled.R glass the dromos an uncertainarea ofthistombcould mean therobbingtookplace no earlier from fragments R thanthe period. fillwas sterilekouskouras backfilland mayhave been undisturbed The N partof the dromos S sincethetomb'soriginalburials.The part(Level 1) was filledwithbrownearthcontaining floor. wornpolychromesherdsand 1, anO pithoson its side,up to 1.00 above the dromos SM Beneaththe disturbedstonesabove the blockingwall was 2, a possibly amphoriskos, thrownoutbythelootersiftheyreachedtherealchamberfloor. For 2.00 below groundsurfacethe chamberfillwas brownearthcontainingquantitiesof LG-LO sherds,includingmanypolychromepieces and a noticeablequantityof unburnt bone,perhapsthrownup fromtheoriginalSM burialhorizon.High in thisfillwere3, a LO of a bronzefibula.Lowerdowna numberof LO pots appeared oinochoeand fi, fragments the the of round chamber,fromNWto NE. Startingin the NW,thesewere4, a edge ranged a small 6, an oinochoe;7, a plasticvase (demon);8, an aryballos oinochoe; lekythos; 5, large witha and 9, plasticvase (cock).Below 8, and between7 and 9, was at leastone urn-sherd O pithoi,32, 33, were smallquantityof crematedbone withinits curve.Two fragmentary laterassembledfromsherds,as wellas an alabastron,22, a pyxis,27, and an oinochoe,36, twoLO interments; all LO. All these(including3) probablyrepresent 7, 8 and 9 musthave beengroupedtogether. whoseupperpartcontainedO sherds Below thismaterialwas a levelof fallenkouskouras, 10. The lowest0.25 ofthe EO the back the chamber's centre of the wall, lekythos and,against it was probably covereda SM deposit.Though therewas some disorder, rooffall{kouskouras) due to successiveSM burial parties,followedby the rooffall; the majorityof pots was unbroken.14, a flask,and 15, a stirrupjar, were near the N wall. To the E were a small oinochoe,18, a cup, 19, and a stirrup jar, 20. Nearbywas a confusedheap ofunburntbone two and fragments teeth,representing perhapsthreepeople,one a youngadult,noneveryold. There weretwoscrapsofburntbone in thislevel.Also foundweref2, gold leafrosettewith attachedorganicmatterand £3, scrapsof an ironpin. Close S of thesewere the shoulderhandledamphora16, the stirrup jar, 12, was equidistant jar 21 beside it. Anotherstirrup from11 and i6.fi2, partof a largeironfibula,was between12 and the mouthof 11; fi3, anotherpartofthesamefibula,wasjust N of 16 and 21. Justinsidetheentrancewerefs6, 7,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
T. 40
87
manypiecesofironpin,and fio, fromthesieve,couldbe added to them.Also fromthesieve, belongingto theSM deposit,werefs, ironring,£B,silverring,f4, smallgold wirehoop,fg, carved bone pin, fn5 anotherverysmall one. fi45 bone attachment,fi6, bronze fibula ironfibula,all identified fragment, fi7, fragmentary subsequently, may also have been SM. There SM findsdo not separateclearlyintoindividualgroups,but a tentative reconstruction would be: earlierburial- 11, 13, 17-20, Í2-5 and heaped up bones; later burial- ?i2, 14-16, 21, f6 + 7 + 10, 8, 9, 11. The tombwas disusedbetweentherooffallovertheSM depositand LG- 22- 46, repaired - one LG, 315 one LG/EO fromfragments fromtheupperchamber-fill, includedeightpithoi 45; threeEO, 24, 30, 32 and threeLO, 23, 33, 46. PerhapsLO usersremovedsomeofthe later interments,for LO pots were in situon the floor,while LG-O vessels were only fragments. They,too, musthave been responsibleforthe blockingas found,and may have thrown1 intothedromos. The laterlootersevidently saw,and smashed,thetwoLO urns,but did notnoticethesmallerLO itemsnearthewalls. POTTERY
(PLATES
1057)
1. *COARSE PITHOS. PH. 62. Three-quarters of body; one broad strap handle, non-joining. Coarse grey-brownclay, large white (marble) and grey grits, thin cream wash. Ovoid body, disc foot. Groups of four shallow grooves above and below belly. Three circular depressions below handle root. O? 2. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS (fig. 83; PLATE 106). H. 8.4. D. 7.2. Complete and intact. Light brown clay. Matt reddish-brownpaint, fugitive. Deep band in and out (in, divided by fine reserved band); paint on handles. Parallel vertical strokes in handle zone. Three bands on lower body, paint on foot. SM. OINOCHOE. PH. 9.5. 3. NARROW-NECKED Neck, mouth and handle lost. Fully coated in dark paint. Shape as E no. 1410. LO. H. 23.5. Complete. Lines on neck 4. OINOCHOE. and body, fivefoldcircles on shoulder, the outermost thickened.E 154, class E (i). LO. 5. LEKYTHOS (FIG. 85). H. 10.5. Gaps in wall and foot. Tongues on mouth, barred handle, stripes on lower body. On shoulder, three rosettes, two crosshatched lozenges. E 189, class J. By same hand as 13.5. Cf. Ay.Paraskies,fig.14, no. 7. LO. 6. OINOCHOE. H. 22.5. Gaps in wall. Conical neck, globular body, ring foot, S-shaped handle. Handle vertically striped. Neck, double circles. Body, side circles, crossed by transverse bands at shoulder and lower body,to enclose fourfoldcircles. LO. 7. MONKEY ARYBALLOS. H. 11.7. Complete, save chipped rim and one thumb. Mouth attached behind head, handle to centre back. Mouth, tongues. Handle, chevronsand rectilinearcable. Face fullymodelled with painted details. Body clothed in dark short-sleeve garment, legs and snakes spotted. On right elbow, rosette;on both wrists,bracelets. For monkeyvases, see E 207 and Arkades, fig.597. LO. AR 25 (1979) 53, fig.32.
8. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.5. Complete. Side-circles, crossed by lines at the shoulder. At front,bees; back, chevrons. Handle, barred with central 'X'. Cf. 229.17. EO. H. 15.5. Complete, save 9. COCK-ARYBALLOS. chips in comb and tail. Mouth and handle in centre back. Tongues on mouth, chevrons on handle. Reserved guilloche between dot-bands on neck. Upper wings as scales, lower as narrow stripes, chevron edges. Rest of head and body coated in dark paint, details incised. AR 25 (1979) 53, fig.32. LO. 10. BICONICAL LEKYTHOS. H. 8.5. Gaps in wall. Bucchero. Impressed pattern on waist. Cf. E no. 1326. LO. 11. SHOULDER-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 83). H. 26.8. D. 22. Complete intact. Light brown clay. Matt reddish-brown paint. Deep band on mouth in and out. Paint on handles. Horizontal 'S' pattern either side in handle zone. Three bands below handles, a band on lower body,paint on foot. SM. 12. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 83). H. 14. D. 11.2. Wt. 237 g. Complete, intact; light brown clay. Matt dark brown paint (fugitive).Air-hole at base of neck. Bold strokes on handle faces, strokes on spout. Four elaborate triangles on shoulder, double outlined, each with two hatched triangularareas in bottom half. SM. 13. FLASK (fig. 83). H. 15.7. D. 12.4. DR. 4.2. Wt. 302 g. Complete, intact; lightbrown clay. Matt reddish brown paint. Paint on lip in and out, strokes on handles, band at root of neck. Horizontal S in shoulder zones above bands; paint on foot. SM. 14. FLASK (fig. 83). H. 15.3. D. 12.1. DR. 4.5. Wt. 302 g. Complete; cracked. Matt red paint. Ornament as 13. SM. 15. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 84). H. 13.7. D. 10.9. Wt. 225 g. Recomposed of two; complete. Red-brown clay. Red-brown paint (fugitive).Ornament as 12. SM.
88
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
16. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 84). H. 37.2. D. 30. DR. 12. Recomposedof many;complete. Coarse red clay, heavy temper; laminated. Matt brownpaint.Painton lip in and out,band at base of outlined;groovesin handles neck,handleattachments triangle painted.In handle zone large cross-hatched withpendentspiraleitherside. Bands below and on lowerbody,painton foot.SM. 17. FLASK (fig.83). H. 15.5.D. 12.1. DR. 4.1. Wt. 311 g. Complete, intact. Dark cream clay; matt dark Ornamentas 13 and 14. SM. brownpaint(fugitive). 18. SMALL OINOCHOE (fig. 83). H. 10.6. D. 7. Wt. 101g. Complete (handle reattached).Fine dark cream clay. Matt brownpaint. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Coated to just above greatestdiameter (mouthreservedinside).SM. 19. CUP (FIG.83). H. 6.3. DR. 6.2. Recomposed;part of rim and wall lost. Lightbrownclay; dark brown paint.In: painton lip,band on mid-wall.Out: stroke on handle, lip reserved.'Scribble' in handle zone, turninginto verticalparallel strokeson side. Band belowhandle,footreserved.SM. 20. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 84). H. 10. D. 8. Wt. 159g. Complete; chipped; recomposed. Red-brownclay, dark brown paint. Air-hole at base of neck. Disc outlined with asymmetriccross painted with the nippleas itscentre.Handle outlined.Spout paintin, bold strokeson outeredge. Spaces betweenhandles and spout have verticalchevronbands. Opposite, smallerchevronbandseithersideofa doubleoutlined cross-hatched triangle.Bands below shoulderand on body,painton foot.SM. 21. STIRRUPJAR(fig.84). H. 14.2.D. 11.5.Complete, intact.Reddish-brown clay;mattdarkred paint.Airhole at base of falseneck.Spiral on disc,centredon as 12 and 15. SM. nipple.Ornamentotherwise 22. ALABASTRON (fig.85). PH. 11.Footand lower circle.Neck, bodylost.Mouth,tongues,cross-hatched betweenrectilinear cable,lotusbee. Below,rectilinear cable.Bythesamehandas 13.5. LO. 23. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. c. 16. DB. e. 13. Frs.ofrim,wall and base, one and a halfreededfeet, handles.Veryworn.Belowrim,blue and redtongues; thenblue and red zigzag panel, blue and red lotus, blue and red chevroncolumn.Main band, blue and redlozengeswithblue diagonalarcades.Betweenfeet, Handlesbarred.LO. blue and redrosettes. 24. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 15. Frs.of rim, body,part of handles,base and two strapfeetwith prongmarks.Worn.Below rim,small lozengeswith diagonalcrosses.Betweenhandles,pairsofbirdswith red bar fill. Band of panels: red and blue crosshatching,red and blue rosettes,alternatingwith blanks.Band ofredand blue leaves.Betweenfeet,red Handlesbarred.Cf. 229.7, W same and bluerosettes. hand.EO.
25. POLYCHROME LID. DR. 22. Frs.ofrimand wall. Worn.Tracesofblueand redzigzag.EO. Fits23 (LO). 26. POLYCHROME LID. DR. 19. Frs. of rim and wall.Tracesofcreamslip.Fits24. EO. 27. *PYXIS (FIG. 85). DR. 7. Frs. of half rim and adjoining wall only. Flat inset rim, squat body, perforatedbracket handles. Arcaded tongue on shoulder.Cf. 107.78. LO. frs.of rimand 28. *TRAY.D. c. 27. Fournon-joining lineson wall,circleson floor.Interior, floor.Exterior, strokeson rim,spaced circleson floor,squigglesin space. LO. 29. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. DB. 7. Frs. of base, wall,neck,and mouth,halfof handle.Neck, zigzag between lines. Body, spaced side-circles, transverseshouldercircles.At base of neck, lotus, a bee. LO. volutedlozenge.In front, 30. PITHOS. Fr. of panel. Fan-tailed bird with splayedwingsenhancedin white.EO. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (plate 105).PH. 33.5 DR. 16. Rim to lowerbody.Cream slip.Shortflatlip, plump body. Paint on rim, lip otherwisereserved. Panels:A and D missing; Shoulder:hatchedmeander. B, withmidrib;C, check blockof fourhatchedquatrefoils fr. lines, hatchedzigzag,lines.One non-joining pattern. with between lowerbody,possibly from feet, diagonal loop late. as 1.14. LG,late.BirdWorkshop, leafpattern 32. NECKED PITHOS. DR. 28.5. Frs.ofneck,wall, base,twohandles.Interiorfullycoated.Exteriorwhite on dark. Neck, triple circles. Eightfoldcircles in whitecirclesbetween reservedhandlepanel. Eightfold linesbelow.Dark paintto base, twowhitelinesabove ringfoot.EO. 33. NECKED PITHOS. DR. 16. H. 40.2. Frs. of neck, body, two vertical handles, base. Complete grouped profile.Interiorof neck,thicklines.Exterior, lineson neck,theoutermostthickenedand enhanced in white. Between handles, panels with fourfold circles.Below,two zones of circles,fourfoldabove, triplebelow.Band abovebase. LO. 34. DOMED LID. H. 4.1. D. 17.5. Three-quarters preserved. Flat everted lip. Deep groove, sharp carination;verylow dome.MG. 35. DOMED LID. D. c. 20. Two rim frs. Broad evertedlip, slightcarination.White on dark: bars between lines, hatched chevronsalternatingwith smallspirals.LG. 36. *OINOCHOE. DB. 11.Frs.ofbody,base, mouth and partofhandle.Fullycoated.E 154,classF. LO. 37. ♦OINOCHOE. H. c. 22. Gaps in wall and base, handle lost. Mouth fullycoated outside. Fourfold and eitherside ofhandle. circleson shoulderat front, Groupedlines.Relatedto E 154,classE. MO. 38. CUP. H. 12. DR. 12.5. Gaps in wall, handle Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).MO. missing. 39. CUP. H. 11.8.DR. 14.Gaps in wall and rim.Fully
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
coated save reservedline below lip and dot on floor.E 166, class B (iii). MO. KOTYLE. H. 13.4. DR. 14. 40. HIGH FOOTED Gaps in wall and rim. Interior coated save dot on floor, reserved line below rim. Handles barred. Handle panel: three horizontal zigzags between verticals. Lines, dark on lower body. Foot, zigzag between multiplelines. Rings on underside. LO. 41. *CUP. H. 11.6. DR. 13.5. Large gap in wall, handle missing.Shape and decoration as 39. MO. 42. *HEN PROTOME. PH. 3.5. Roughly modelled with beak and comb. Spatter decoration. O. 43. *CUP (FIG.84). H. 10. DR. c. 12.5. Half preserved, most of rim missing; non-joining frs. of lip and shoulder. Strap handle. In front panel, hatched battlement and meander combined. Handle: tall diagonal cross between bars. Reserved circle on floor inside. LG, early.Bird Workshop. SMALL
SITE
- Ts. 40, 44
8g
44. *CUP. DB 5.7. Base and lower wall only. Fully coated inside and out. E 166, class B (iii). MO. PITHOS (fig. 8; plate 105). 45. FOUR-HANDLED PH. 17. DR. c. 14. Frs., rim to belly,base. Cream slip. Broad flatlip, ovoid body, flatbase; trace of loop foot, root of strap handle. Paint at rim, lip otherwise reserved. White-on-dark zone on shoulder: hatched zigzag with single circles in field, two lines above and below. Panels: two-headed birds, column of intersectingzigzag to L. White-on-darkzone on belly: triple circles between lines. LG/EO. Bird Workshop. Cf. O 27. 46. RELIEF PITHOS. Frs. of base, belly, neck with shoulder, and one strap handle. Rim missing. Red core, large grey inclusions. Yellow wash. Neck, in relief: lotus chain, stamped rosettes, triple tongues. Body, groups of three grooves only. Lotus chain around high foot. LO.
FINDS
FIBULA fr.2.4 X 2.2 X 1.1. Wt. 10 g. Spring,spring-arm,bossed bow and part of catchplate of a Sapouna-Sakellaraki Type Va. 2. GOLD ROSETTE (fig. 153; plate 263). D. 3. Thin sheet; embossed details. Three holes for attachment.LM II- III type. 3. IRON PIN, scraps. 4. GOLD WIRE HOOP (plate 263). D. 1.5. Ends overlap and are twistedaround the hoop. M-LG? 5. IRON FINGER-RING (fig. 173). D. (external) 2.2. Th. at bezel 1.3, at thinnest point 0.7. Complete; heavilycorroded. 6. 7, 10. IRON PINS. More than 45 pieces in all, to total L. of some 85 cms. Section varies from0.9 to 0.4. Th. (corroded). 6 consists of four pieces which join to L. 4.4. Th. 0.4. Not complete. 8. SILVER FINGER-RING (fig. 155; plate 266). W 0.6. D. 2. Th. 0.25. Two joining fragments,but over half lost; corroded mauve-grey,and friable.Plain, and of D section. 9. BONE PIN (FIG. 192; plate 309). L. 4. W at head 0.5, shaft0.35-0.2. Th. 0.3-0. 2.Three pieces of a once larger object, much abraded. Vaguely rounded side protrusionat head, square section. 10. See 6. 11. BONE PIN. (? shell). 12. 13. IRON ARCHED FIBULA. Five pieces (four 1. BRONZE
joining) fromthe bow, springand pin of a large fibula. The fourjoining pieces of the bow and spring,which are both rathermore than halfpreserved,have L. 12.3; the springspiral has D. 1.9 (external); average Th. 0.6. The fifthpiece, L. 4.5, is probably fromthe catch-pin. 14. BONE ATTACHMENT (fig. 192; plate 309). H. 4.8. W 2.1. Th. of sides 0.2-0.45. Dh. 1 at top, 1.4 X 1 below. Rather abraded and scratched, some chipping; and split in two. Mammalian limb bone. Pattern of bulges, ridges and grooves most probably put on by lathe. Compass drawn circles on sawn base, to aid shaping of this area. 15. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R. 16. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). 2.4 X 2.1 X i.i. Wt. 10 g. Part of forearm,two small bosses and a larger, central boss, probably of a SapounaSakellarakiType III. 17. IRON ARCHED FIBULA. Three non-joining pieces of the catch-pin and spring of a smaller fibula than 12/13. Two pieces from catch-pin. L. 5.4 and 2.1. Average Th. 0.5. Third piece consists of spring spiral, D. 1.3, to which are attached short lengths of the catch-pin (L. 2.2) and the arch (L. 1.2). On one side of the springspiral is preserved a clear impression of textilefromthe grave shroud. 18. SHELL, SPINY OYSTER (spondylus gaedaropus). 4.3 X 4.1.
Tomb 44 SW (figs. 5, 24; plate 19 a) L. overall:5.40.Dromos: L. c.3.40. W. 1.06.Stomion: Chamber:1.90 X c. 1.60. destroyed. The dromos had evenlycutparallelsides,slopinginwardstowardsthetop.It rosea vertical distanceofc. 1.00fromtheapproximate to itsend and at a mean angle positionofthestomion
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
of 130.The blockingwall,stomion The and adjacentpartofthechamberhad been obliterated. chamberappearedto have been round.The roofhad been destroyed; theback wall survived to a heightof0.60. The floorwas at least1.00belowmodernsurface. - 44, 48, 60, 61- withsimilarlinesto E and W, The tombwas theN-mostof a line offour NW on the sideofthemainconcentration was E byS,WbyN. oftombs.Itsorientation matrixafterhandThe tombwas firstseen as a head of dark soil withinits kouskouras blockingwall and partof cleaningan area previously mechanically strippedoftopsoil.Stomion, the chamberwere destroyedby the enclosureof the mortuarychurch,the S-mostpart of whoseWwallcutrightacrossthetomb. wall consistedofa thickpinkplaster'floor'supportedon a layerofstonesc. The perimeter 0.50 thick,.Belowthesewas a fillof brownearthrightdownto thechamberfloor.The only findin thechamberwas a bitofan ironknife. Tomb 45 SW (figs. 5, 24, plate 19 b-c) L. 3.70.W. 1.36.Stomion: L. overall:5.40.Dromos: 0.25 X c.0.65. Chamber:1.80 X 1.50 withparallel sides, sloping This small, neatlycut tomb had a relativelybroad dromos weretwostagesin itsstone there stomion was an of The at preserved; angle 140. upwardsevenly a on slab stones rested field Four courses of 0.75 X 0.44 X 0.16,lying carelessly piled blocking. fromthefinaluse. former the but of the the latter resited, flat, originalblocking, probablypart A step(0.25) led fromstomion to the oval chamber,whoseroofwas lost,back wall preserved 0.80 high.The chamberfloorwas 2.00 belowmodernsurface. was E by N, W by S, The tomblay withinthe N-S group30-45-24-25-56.Its orientation withthechamberon theE side. as a head of darksoil contrasting The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilstripping matrix.Two HL inhumationgravesoverlayit- T. 49 above and withthe whitekouskouras acrosstheNEsideofthechamber,T 55 in theWhalfofthedromos, cuttingintoitsS edge.The tombwas muchdisturbed. was excavatedas level 1 (fourbaskets).Though it containedmuch broken The dromos disturbed no numberedfindswererecoveredduringexcavation.In thehomogeneous, pottery, a coarse of remains were the floor above the and on fill(level2 twopottery pithos, baskets), 3. amphorae,4, 6, and a bell-skyphos, 1, twoEPG stirrup jars, 2 + 5, 7, twofragmentary Onlythelastwas foundcomplete.OtherobjectsincludedÍ2, partofa silverpin,f4, remains ofa bronzefibula,£5+ 6 + 7, an ironspearheadand £8,ironspearhead. POTTERY (PLATE 108) 1. "'COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 14. DB. 16.5. Many frs.includingbase. Orange clay,greycore; whitegrits.Squared lip, flaton top; ridgebetween neckand shoulder.Ridge above narrowfoot,bevelled base. Triple circles stampedoutside lip, at base of neck,and on shoulder. 2. Vacatpartof5. 3. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11.1. DR. 8.4-9. High conical foot.Upper two thirdsof body coated inside and out; carefulspiralroundlowerbodyinside.EPG. 1.17. Cf.Ay.Ioannis 4. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. oflargestfr. 21. DR. c. 20. Frs. of rim,neck withshoulder,and
base. Squared lip,flaton top,sharpouteredgeswith groove below; ring foot. Quadruple circles on shoulder;fullycoated above withwhitetriplecircles on lip and at centreofneck;painton lowerbodyand foot.EO. 5. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 85). H. 11.8.Complete.Spike on disc,straphandles,highflaringfoot.Painton disc, bars down frontof true neck, paint inside lip. Shoulder: shortverticalbars. EPG. Cf. Ay.Ioannis VIII.7. 6. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c.49. Upper parts,and frs.of base. Reddishclay,greycore,white and greygrits,buffsurface.Squared lip, sharp rim;
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 44-5, 48 ridgebetweenneckand shoulder,plump,ovoidbody, flatbase. Detachedspiralson shoulder.Two bands on lowerbody,one at base. Loops round handle roots. Band insiderim.EPG, early.Cf.E no. 160. 7. STIRRUP JAR (FIG.85). H. c. 14.Upperpart,belly fr.,base. Concave disc withoutspike,straphandles, tallthinfalseneck(trueneckmissing), air-hole;plump ovoid body,highconical foot.Concentriccircleson
g!
disc, handles barred,ringsaround roots;horizontal dashes on falseneck. Shoulder,compositetriangles: on front,concavedouble outline,verticalhatchingto L, horizontalto R., withzigzagbelow;on back,as in drawing.Band betweenlines,twolines,band on foot. EPG. 8. CUP H. 10. DR. 13. Most of rimand partofwall lost.Bellycoated,worn.E 166,classB (iii).LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE COIN. 2. (?) SILVER PIN fr.L. 3. D. 0.4. Wt. 1.5 g. Much - pin shaft? oxidised 3. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)1.7 X 1.2.Th. less than0.1. Wt. 1.5g. Affix(?) ratherthanvessel. 4. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.4. Wt. 1.8 g. Forearmand catchplatelost.Springof one completeturn;non-joining pin fragment. Blinkenburg I.i2a = Sapouna-Sakellaraki Ig. Scrap of metalwiththis piece (twistoftwothinrods)non-belonging. 5-7. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 173; plate 287). Completein fourjoiningpieces,ofwhich6 comprises mostofsocket,7 (twopieces)junctionwithblade and 5 tipofblade.TogetherL. 24.8. Socket:L. 10.5.D. 2.2 taperingto 1.6. Blade: W. at shoulder3.3 tapering
steadilyto tip.Th. c. 1.5,withno perceptiblemidrib after first2 cms of blade. Badly corroded; one shoulderofblade chipped. 8. IRON SPEARHEAD (tip only) (fig. 173). Six joiningpieces; togetherL. 19.8. W at firstbreak3.4, then slightlyconvex edges convergingto blunttip. Max Th. 0.5. Barely perceptible midrib. From a size. spearheadofsubstantial 9. BRONZE TWEEZER fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). L. 3.2. W 1.9. Wt. 3.3 g. Part of arm, whole of blade fromone side;blade relatively broad. 10. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 192). Fr., brokenat both ends; PL 3.8. W. (tapering)0.8-1.0. Dh. 0.55. Squared,each side bearingirregular groups ofinciseddiagonals.
Tomb 48 SW (figs. 5, 25, plate 19 d-e) L. overall:7.48.Dromos: L. 5.60. W. 1.10-1.20.Stomion: Chamber:2.68 X 1.65. destroyed. The dromos outlinewas slightly It an at evenangleof 12.5o.A step irregular. slopedupwards from dromos down to chamber floor must mark the inner (0.24) roughly edge of thedestroyed stomion. The back wall of thechambersurvived0.12 high.The remainder, and theroof,were The floor was at least below 2.00 modern level. The chamber had evidently destroyed. ground been oval in Three courses of what remained of the wall wereinsitu, originally plan. blocking width 0.40 high,surviving 0.70. The tombwas secondin a groupoffourcloselyjuxtaposedin a N-S line(Ts. 44, 48, 60, 61) immediatelyN of the N-S line- 30-45-24-25-26. The orientationwas 50 S of E-W, the chamberon theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalremovaloftopsoilas a head ofdarksoil contrasting withthe kouskouras matrix.The NE side of the dromos and the NE side of the chamberwere from c. from the wall the foundation trenchoftheenclosurewallof destroyed 0.65 blocking by themortuary church. Formostof itslengththerewererelatively fewfindsin the dromos. At theW end, however, the fillof a robbingpit extendedover the whole widthof the dromos, from1.80 fromthe wall. In the area of the were found fi and In the f2 blocking pit (glassfragment) (gold umbo) brown were bronze three fibulae light pit-fill fragments (fia, 5, 7-8, 10) (f2a, 3, 6) and a fibulaspring(f<)),£4(a scarab)and pot sherds.Betweenthepitand theblocking,a stone,0.71 X 0.18, may have come fromthe blocking;underit were a bronzefragment (fu), an iron bronze and A sherds. fill dromos of kouskouras survived spearhead(¿12), fragments (fi3) light
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
beyondthe pit. That part of the blockingremainedin situmay suggestthatthe tombwas not simplyrobbed.The chambercollapseprobablypredated emptiedwithsome ceremony, S was removed ECh wall. The area overthe roofand immediately the construction of the over the had accumulated collapsed roofwas mechanically.Under the brownsoil which kouskouras and brownsoil in whicha tessera(fi6) and a bronzefibula(£15)werefound.This fi8 (brokenbronzering) contaminated level overlaya cleanerkouskouras containingpottery, Two basketsof sherdswerecollectedfromthe chamberfloor,as and fi7 (bronzefragment). of wellas 1, SM/EPG stirrup jar foundon itssideat theback ofthechamber,withfragments a krater, 2, was in thecentre;in theN corner4, a SM/EPG stirrup 3. A damagedskyphos, werecloserto thefrontof and £21(ironfragment) jar,was found,fi«), 20 (bronzefragments) thechamber. POTTERY (PLATES 108-9) 1. STIRRUP JAR. H. 20. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip. Spike on disc, air-hole;spreadingfoot,poorly Painton disc,handlesbarred,barsalso on articulated. neck. Shoulder: threeshortruns of floatingzigzag. Band, lines: line on lower body; paint on footand insidenozzle.SM/EPG. 2. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig.85). H. 8.9. DR. 6. Threequarterspreserved.Irregularareas on reservation inside.EPG. 3. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 86). H. 34.8. DR. c. 22. Three-quarterspreserved,one handle missing. Many darkbrowngrits,creamwash. Inside,spatter below neck band. EPG, early. UrnswithLids, no, fig.2. 4. STIRRUP JAR (FIG.85). H. c. 24. Disc to below belly; foot with lower body, non-joining.Slightly concave disc withspike; slightridge below mouth. Low conical foot. Spiral on disc, band at edge. Nozzle: band at mouth,bars betweenverticalsbelow. below.Bands and lines Paint insidenozzle, trickling belowshoulderdecoration;twobands on lowerbody, painton foot.SM/EPG. 5. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 86). H. 33.5. DR. 24.5. Three-quarterspreserved.Cream slip. Shape and decorationas 3, but withcross-hatched lozengesin thehandlezone on each side.EPG, early. 6. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 86). H. 39.7. DR. c. 22. Half preserved,one handle and mostof rimmissing. Whitegrits,creamwash.EPG, early. 7. BELL-KRATER (fig. 86). PH. 28.5. DR. c. 28. Gaps in body; footand one handle missing.White exceptthat grits,creamwash.Same designon reverse, to L., check thecentralpanel containscross-hatching pattern to R. Inside, spatter below neck band. E-MPG. 8. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 53.5. DR. 17. Gaps in body and neck. White grits,buffwash. Squared rim,flatbase. Groups of bars outsiderim. S on handles, loops round roots. Neck fully painted. Shoulder: three floating chevrons
enclosing cross-hatched triangles. Broad band insideneck. EPG. 9. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 51.8. DR. 16. Three-quarters preserved. Red-brown clay, white grits, cream slip. Thickened rim, slashed rope handles attached just below rim. Flat base. Paint on rim, wavy line on neck. Shoulder: two quintuplecircleseach side. Inside,band well below rim.EPG. AMPHORA. H. c. 51. 10. NECK-HANDLED DR. 17. Half-preserved;base to neck, and mouth to shoulder, with one handle. Many dark grits, cream wash. Shape as 8. Groups of bars outside rim. Neck fullypainted. Shoulder: two sevenfold circles each side. Band, three lines, line on lower body, band at base. 'S' on handle, ring round root. Broad band inside neck. EPG. Cf. 60.5; E no. 120. AMPHORA. PH. 26. 11. ♦NECK-HANDLED Base to belly.Browngrits,creamwash. Ovoid body, flatbase. Two lines on lower body,band at base. EPG (?). 12. SMALL LID (FIG.85). H. 2.6. D. c. 9.6. One third preserved.MG. Cf.M 2 fordecoration. 13. CUP. H. 5. DR. c. 7.5. One thirdpreserved, handle missing. Lip not offset,but rim slightly everted. Concave base. Panel: thick billets alternating with groups of bars. Interior fully painted.LG, early. 14. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. PH. 8. DB. e. 16. Three frs.of conical base only.Worn.Traces of blue triplecirclesbetweenlines.O. Non15. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. joining frs. of neck, handle, and body. Arcaded tongues, alternate ones dotted, at base of neck. Octuple side circles,the second one thickenedand Wide bands lozenge chain betweenfourthand fifth. abovebase. Double reedhandle.LO. 16. JUG. Frs.ofbody.Shoulder,volutetrees,grouped lines.Below,triplecirclesand lines.LO.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 48
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SMALL FINDS 1. GLASS fr.R. ia. BRONZE SHEET fr.1 X 0.88. Wt. 0.1 g. 2. GOLD CIRCULAR ORNAMENT (fig. 153; PLATE263). D. 2.4. Embossed.Piercedin two places forattachment. 2a. BRONZE FIBULA fr.with5. 3 + 7. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 158;plate 270). L. 3. H. 1.8. Wt. 2.1 g. Oxidized (bow split);springarm, springand pin lost.Swollenbow,withrelatively large catchplate. 4. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig.182;plate 292). L. i.i. W. 0.8. H. 0.55. Dh. 0.1. Complete.Greenish - solar bark, tinge.Intaglio: simplifiedhieroglyphs ankh, + Maat. Scarab: flat, with some detail. ProbablyO. 5. BRONZE FIBULA fr.with 2a (fig. 158; plate 270).L. 2.6. H. 2.2. Wt. 3.4 g. Two frs.joining.Partof catchplate,springarm, all of springand pin lost. Asymmetric swellingon bow. Finial in one degree. VersionofSapouna-Sakellaraki Vila. 6. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 158;plate 270).L. 3.2. H. 2.8. Wt. 7.5 g. Recomposedoftwo.Springarm,spring and pin lost. Swollenbow withfinialof two degrees. Traced herring-bone on whatremainsof springarm. Cf. Sapouna-Sakellaraki Vila. 7. See 3. 8. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.7 X 1.1.Wt. 2.5 g. 9. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158).D. 0.7. Wt. 0.2 g. Spring:twocompleteturns,sectionround. 10. BRONZE SHEET fr.0.5 X 0.3. Wt. 0.1 g. 11. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)5.3 X 3.2. Wt. 5°-5g-5° Pieces+ cniPs-
12. IRON SPEARHEAD frs.(fig. 174).Threejoining pieces, formingthe middle part of a sharplybent spearhead,withjunction of socketand blade; both ends missing.TogetherL. 21.6. SocketD. 1.9. Blade: max W 3.4 taperingto 1.9 at last break. Although foundin the entrypit of the Roman robbersof the tomb,thereneed be no doubtoftheDark Age date of thispiece. 13. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)2.5 X 1.4.Wt. 2.7 g. Six pieces. 14. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 15. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 158;plate 270). 1.8 X 1.2.Wt. 1.75g. Bow,partof forearmand springarm. IVd. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 16. GLASS MOSAIC TESSERA. R. 17. BRONZE SHEET fr.0.9 X 0.6. Wt. 0.25 g. 18. BRONZE RING fr.(fig. 158; plate 270). D. 2.0. Wt. 0.5 g. About half hoop; flattenedrhomboid section. 19. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.6 X 0.7. Wt. 2 g. 20. BRONZE SHEET fr.0.6 X 0.5. Wt. 0.2 g. 21. IRON SPEARHEAD SOCKET frs.Two nonjoiningpiecesofthesocketof a substantial spear.L. 4 and 3.1. D. 2.3 (internally Could 1.4),taperingslightly. wellbelongto 12, butnojoin. 22. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.(fig. 174).Two joiningfrs.fromthe hiltand blade of a curvedknife, brokenoffshortat bothends.TogetherL. 8.9. Tang, W. at narrowest1.5.Th. at back 0.35; widensto form a fingerguard,W. 2.8, withtwo ironrivetsat widest point.Narrowsto curvingblade. Max W. 2.4. Convex alongbackedge,concavecuttingedge.
Tomb 55 SE (figs. 6, 26; plate 19/) ExtantL. overall:c.4.00. Dromos: L. c.3.00. W. 0.86. Stomion: Chamber:1.33 X 1.20. destroyed. The dromos was poorlypreserved;itssidesappearedirregular. Whatremainedrosea vertical distanceof0.35 fromthestomion, at firstalmostlevelthenat an angleof io°. No tracesurvived ofblockingwallor stomion; therewas a dropof0.44 fromthedromos to thechamberfloor(at an of c. The chamber was almost In its floor were cut two small, angle 65o). square. one in X the NW X corner approximately rectangular pits, (0.60 0.44 0.20 deep), one in the centre(0.80 X 0.40 X 0.20 deep). Their longeraxes wereat rightanglesto each other.The roofwas lost.The floorwas at least 1.40belowmodernsurface.A cuttingon theS side ofthe dromos c.0.90 wide,0.60 deep mayhavebeen a niche. - on theSE The tombwas theS-mostoftheirregular N-S line oftombs 219-14-13-19-55 sideofthearea ofthecemetery excavatedin 1978.Itsorientation was ENE-WSW. The chamber was on theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundaftermechanicalclearanceoftopsoil.It was muchdisturbed. The HL T. 51 had probablydestroyed theend ofthedromos. The HL Ts. 35 and 50 had cuttheN dromos niche had been cut into by the S end of two wall, roughlyat rightangles. The dromos
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
unnumbered possibleHL/R graves.A large,shallowpit coveredalmostall thechamberand the first2.00 of the dromos, extendingbeyondthe latter,its possibleniche and latergraves (supra).This pit could have been formedand filledat almostany periodafterthe mortuary church'sdestruction. Butthetombwouldhavebeen discovered bytheHL gravediggers. The upperfillof thepit consistedof manystonesin loose brownearth,the lowerof light brownearthand kouskouras lumps.Throughoutwere sherdsof everyperiod and scattered one male and one female. humanbones,whichwerethoseofat leasttwoadults(one elderly), Theircomparatively good,dryconditionsuggestedtheyhad come froman ECh tombrather fill thanHL/R graves,fi, glass tessera,was also found.Beyondthe pit some earlierdromos remained,in whichwere£2,a piercedclaystrap,a boar'stusk,a small(?) hornand, at theW and 4 (pieceof PG belljar fragment) jar, 2. 3 (EPG stirrup edge of thepit,an EPG stirrup use as earlyas the tenth of the tomb's from the evidence were sherds fill, among skyphos) two were empty,their where the from the BC. There were no finds chamber, pits century main reason forsuspecting EPG oinochoe was the In the dromos 'niche' unknown. 1, purposes had been a niche. thecutting POTTERY (PLATE 1 10) 1. OINOCHOE. H. 13.5. Complete. Cream slip. Straphandle,low conical foot.Upper partand both flanksdipped.EPG, early.Cf.F. no. 69. 2. STIRRUP JAR. PH. 11. False neck and handles brokenoff,base missing.Surfaceflaking.Cream slip. Air-hole.Nozzle: horizontaldashes on front,paint inside. Shoulder: faint traces of four composite withstraight doubleoutline,hatchingwithin triangles lower angles, reservedbelow apex. Lines between bands;threelineson lowerbody.EPG. Cf. 24.2.
3. STIRRUP JAR. H. 13. Half preserved, one handle and false neck missing; nozzle, nonjoining. Buff slip. Thin fabric. Traces of concentriccircles on disc, and composite triangle on shoulder.Band betweenlines; threelines; paint on foot.EPG. 4. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 3.8. Footand lowerbody. Conical foot;paintto lowerbodyoutside,fullycoated inside.PG.
SMALL FINDS 1. GLASS MOSAIC TESSERA. R. 2. CLAY PIERCED STRAP (fig. 188; plate 307). L. 4.4. W. 2.4. Th. 0.5. Holes D. 0.6. One end lost,side edges abraded and broken.Deep brownto black fabric,withlayeredappearance. Holes pushed throughwhenwet, leadingto collaredappearance.
Tomb 56 SW (figs. 55 19-20, plate 20 a) Ts. 34,56, 57) (See Introduction: c. 0.25 X 0.65. L. 2.40+. W. 1.20-1.30. Stomion: L. overall:4.0+ Dromos: (largelydestroyed) Chamber:1.70X c. 1.20. remainedunexcavatedwhereit was overlainby masonryoftheR The w end ofthedromos at an angleof,first, stomion fromthedestroyed T 58. The dromos 8°, later130. upwards sloped 0.80 X 0.40. There was no insetin theS dromos Therewas an irregular wall,nearthestomion, 0.60 therearwallpreserved The roofwas missing, stepintotheoval chamberfromthestomion. surface. modern below was floor The chamber 2.30 high. was ESE-WNW The tombwas the last in the N-S group30-45-24-25-56.The orientation S oftheaxes oftheotherfourtombsin the withthechamberon theE side,and thusslightly group. The tombgraduallycame to lightduringexcavationof T. 34 (q.v.) when,thanksto the
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 56
g5
confusioncaused by thelargerobbingpit,it was fora timemisinterpreted as a side-chamber on theS sideofT. 34's dromos. The errorwas correctedfollowing themechanicalclearanceofa widerarea ofadjacenttopsoil.The tombhad been muchdamaged,so thattheoriginalform and size ofthedromos was onlydetermined withdifficulty, thanksto T 58 and theharmcaused to the N side of the dromos by the robbingpit. In post-excavation study,vases and objects ascribedin thefieldto T 34 havebeen reallocatedto thistomb.£40-64, originally incorrectly to T. 56 unalteredwiththeconsequencethatthereare givento T. 34,13havebeen transferred no f.nos.forT. 56 from5-39 inclusive. The disturbeddromos fillwas excavatedas layer1 (twobaskets)and layer2 (one basket), and sherds.FindsincludednumeroussherdsoftheE Greek composedofbrownsoil,kouskouras Wild Goat dinosT 34. 18, a LO aryballos,13, an EPC olpe, 2, a LO aryballos,1, and O pointed alabastron, 5, an aryballos, 29, an E Greek Wild Goat oinochoe, 11, a LO lid, 14. Otherfindsincludefaience,£42-44, 46, 51-52, bronzepins,£41,50, polychrome ofsheetbronze,£40, 48, and an ironobject,£45 53, a bronzering,£49,groupsoffragments + 47. Excavationof the dromos was onlyfinallycompletedafterfurther mechanicaltopsoil removal.This was layer 1 (two baskets)where another group of vases and objects was identified, larnax,15, the restof whichhad been includingpartof the smallO polychrome foundin T 34 (f. 17), a LO aryballos,3, an E Mediterranean 10, theneckofa LO lekythos, of which fill came from the of a T. small 12, vase, 7, and more jug, manyfragments 34, of the dinos T. Parts of a LO a fragments 34.18. polychrome pithos,16, pedestalbase, a LO and of the O Cretan dinos, 18, were also found,as well as aryballos,4, manyfragments of bronze pieces faience,£55-56, 58-59, pins,£61, 62, a bronzedisc,f6o, and a groupof bronzefragments, in Also the dromos fill was a largerectangular stonealso,0.56 X 0.44 X £63. which once have been of the 0.16, might part door-blocking. The chamberfillwas removedin threespits,layers1-3 (threebaskets).Though therewas morekouskouras thanin the dromos-ñll, thiswas indistinguishable fromit,and containedmany of the Cretan O the rest of in which was the dromos. Three ironobjects, dinos, fragments 18, nail and two knife were close to the floor. From the fi-3, fragments, manysherdscollectedin thechambera SM/EPG krater, was almost restored. 6, completely made aboutit,thepresence Althoughtheruinousstateofthistombqualifiesanystatement ofthreeSM/EPG vases(6- krater;38, 39- amphorae)suggestsitwas firstusedveryearlyin theDA. Perhaps25.3, anotherSM/EPG neck-handled amphora(belongingin factto T. 34), in T 56. originated POTTERY (PLATES 110-12) 1. ARYBALLOS (fig. 87). H. 9. Gaps in wall and handle,chipsin rim.Mouth,tongues.Handle barred, voluteon eitherside ofroots.Shoulder:rosettes, lines, band ofherring-bone. E 159,classL. LO. 2. OLPE. H. 26. Gaps in rim,mouthand wall. Pale buffclay,brown-black, red, yellowand whitepaint. Alternatingdark and reserved bands. Shoulder: inciseddeer,lion protomes.Scale pattern,thenblack figurepanthers,lions,geese, goats. Dot rosettefill.
Rays. Corinthian, LPC/Transitional. Cf. Payne, Necrocorinthia pl. 11bis, 1.AR 25 (1979)53, fig.35. Ann. 61 (i983) 37>% 73. ARYBALLOS (fig. 87). H. 8. Complete.Mouth, tongues.Handle barred.Shoulder,quadrupletongues. Lowerbodydark.E 159,classK. LO. 4. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.5. Gap in wall, chipped lip. Radiating lines on mouth, uneven tongues on shoulder.Below,unevenbands.LO.
13Thenumber from 8 inthepottery 34.£40wassubsequently giventothefaience phiale,transferred catalogue.
96
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
5. POINTED ALABASTRON. H. 15.Chips fromlip Pinkmicaceousclay,flakysurface. and wall-surface. Cf.E no. 1527.East Greek? 6. SMALL BELL-KRATER (fig.89). H. 22.5.DR. 17.6. Complete.On thereverseside,splashesofpaintbelow ofE no. 11. S's. SM/EPG,largerversion theinterlocking 7. Vacat. 8. SQUAT OINOCHOE (fig. 90). PH. 14.3. Large gaps in shoulder,wall and mouth,handle missing. Brownclay,dark red-brownpaint, added whiteon some animals, rosetteson neck. Shoulder,grazing deer in mixedsilhouetteand outline.Below handle, spider-likeoctopus. Bands: dark with white dotrosettes, inverted lotus-buds, thick chevrons. Underside,large outlinetongues.East Greek?about 630.AR 25 (1979)55,fig.39. Ann61 (1983)40, fig.9. 9. KOTYLE. H. 8.3. DR. 11.5.Gaps in rimand wall, one handlelost.Betweenhandles:A, net pattern;B, cross-hatchedlozenges. Rays. Double circle on underside.LO. H. 9.3. Some 10. LEKYTHOS, mushroom-topped. surfacechips.Granularred clay,fullycoated in semilustrousorangepaint.Straphandle,ringfoot.Pairsof groovesbelow neck-ridgeand shouldercarination. CypriotRed Slip II. Cf. SCETV.2,fig.43, 6. 11. OINOCHOE (figs. 87, 88). H. 30.7. Small gaps in neck,body,foot.Buffclay,creamslip,darkbrown paint, faded. Mouth coated, guilloche on neck. Animalfriezes:on shoulder,goose, griffin, goat, on eitherside of lotus and palmette complex. Below, betweenbands of loop interlace,friezesof grazing goats,and fallowdeer withdog. Fillingornamentof rosettes,swastikasand lozenges.Lotus and palmette frieze.Triple rib handle, diagonal stripesbetween dots. Rotelles,quadrated with trianglefill.Middle WildGoat,c. 630. Cf.Arkades 125,fig.107.AR 25 (1979) Ann. 61 40. (1981) 54. 12. SQUAT JUG. H. 22. Largegaps in base and wall. Grouped lines inside mouth.Outside, tall triangles and lions and guillocheon neck,black-figure griffins on shoulder,withtreeof life.Lines and bands,rays. Triplecircleson underside.Handle, fourribs,outer onesbarred,innerones dark.LO. AR 25 (1979)53 and fig.30. Ann.61 (1983)40. 13. ARYBALLOS (fig. 87). H. 7.5. Handle missing, gaps in walland mouth.Tongueson mouth.Shoulder, centralrosette,pendentbee-lotuses,dottedvolutes fromfrontto back, stepped meander. Lines and bands.E 159,class K. By the same hand as 13.5. Cf. fig.15,no. 107.LO. Ay.Paraskies, 14. POLYCHROME LID (fig. 87). D. 8.5. PH. 6.5. Frs. with cup handle and one ring.Traces of blue triangleand guillochewithred fill.E 164,class G (ii) (b). LO. 15. POLYCHROME LARNAX WITH LID (fig.92). Larnax: L. 39.4. W. at corner,25, in the middle23.8.
H. 21. Lid: L. 39.3. W. 25.5. Th. 1.1-1.4.Complete. Rathercoarse grittyred-brownclay,chaff-tempered. Panels inset on sides. Stringholes on lid, corresponding with pierced lugs inside rim. Ornament in blue and red, indecipherablebut for tracesof concentriccircleson one long side. Lid also decorated.LO. originally 16. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. c. 18. Frs. of rim,parts of wall, two strap feet,verticalhandles. Paintworn.Betweenhandles,birds.Below,guilloche, faded panel-bands.Red and blue tonguesbetween feet.Feet,redbarsbetweenblue lines.LO. 17. *STAND. DB. e. 27. Frs. of base and neck,with ridge. On base, triangles between lines. Neck, guillochebelow ridge,double circlesabove. Perhaps for40. LO. 18. DINOS (FIG.89). H. 35. DR. 41. Gaps in rimand wall. Fullycoated inside.On eitherside of shoulder, applied volutesenclosingdaisies.Betweenthem,(A) daisies,withpalmettependentfromfirstand second, (B) loop interlace.Below,large guilloche.Dark base withreservedcentraldot. LO. AR 25 (1979)55. Ann.61 (1983)40, fig.4. 19. STANDED CUP (fig. 87). H. 12. DR. c. 11. Complete profile,but no handle preserved.Panels: rosette.LO. birds,flanking 20. CONICAL OINOCHOE. PH. 18.8.Frs.ofneck, handle, and part of shoulder.Fine pink-buffclay, firingto cream surface,black paint, added red and yellow.Dark ground,red yellowand black stripeson shoulder,withoutlineincision,yellowband thentwo fill. deer.Dot-rosette rowsofsilhouette lions,panthers, LPC /Transitional. Corinthian, 21. PHIALE. DR. c. 28. Frs.ofrim,handleand wall. Buffclay,creamslip,red and darkbrownpaint.Dot squares and billets on lip, eyes beneath handles. ornament.Red Betweenhandles,geese.Rosettefilling stripes,dottedsaltiresand billets,rays.Interiordark withreservedline and outlinelotustondo.Chian, c. 640 BC.Ann.61 (1983)40. 22. *KOTYLE. Frs. Fine cream clay, red-brown paint.Betweenhandles,fineverticals,squiggles.Fine fullycoated withreservedline below stripes.Interior, EPC. Cf.AJA45 (1941)38, fig.18. rim.Corinthian, 23. KOTYLE (FIG.87). Non-joiningfrs.of wall, lip and one handle. Handle barred. Betweenhandles, verticalsand squiggle panel, one double axe. Fine lines. Interiorfullycoated, reservedline below rim. LO. 24. OINOCHOE. PH. 10.3. Mouth and neck only. Cream clay,red-brown paint.Mouthfullycoated.On neck,trianglesand strokesbetweenfinelines,double EPC. axes and verticalson eitherside.Corinthian, 25. *MINIATURE DINOS. DB. 5. Frs.of base and halfofbody.Globularbody,evertedlip.Dark band on ofmouthcoated.LO. interior lip and shoulder,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
Frs. of neck 26. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. and handle. Grouped verticals between paired bars. Handle, double reed, barred. LO. 27. Vacai. POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. 28. CYLINDRICAL Rim sherds. Red and blue stripes.Cf. 285.18. LO. 29. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.5. Frs. of base, shoulder, handle. As 34*25, and a pair to it. LO. 30. NECKED PITHOS. H. 39. Gaps in wall. White on dark, triple circles on neck, sixfold circles in reserved panel between handles, first and last thickened. Bands and lines, triple circles on topmost. Prong marks on handle-roots.Cf. Arkadesfig.287. LO. 31. SQUAT JUG. Frs. Orange clay with pale core, dark brown paint with added red. Double tongues with outline triangles between the arches, band with red stripes,broken meander. LO. OINOCHOE. Neck and 32. NARROW-NECKED mouth only. Mouth coated. Below mouth, eyes. On neck, diaper pattern. LO. PITHOS 33. *POLYCHROME (fig. 90). Frs. of body, one handle, one foot. Paint worn. Lower body, arcade, red and blue lotus and palmette chain, rosettes.LO. 34. Vacai SMALL
SITE
- T. 56
gy
35. *LID (FIG. 87). D. 17. Part of rim and one quarter of wall missing. Conical pillbox shape with knob. Bands. Probably for30. Cf. Arkadesfig.287. LO. 36. *JUG. Non-joining frs. of mouth, handle, and wall. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder,grouped lines. F 155, class D. LO. LID (fig. 87). D. c. 16. Frs. of 37. *POLYCHROME lid and knob. Blue guilloche with red fill,blue and red triangles. Cf. 285.15. Fits 16. E 164, class G (ii) (b). LO. AMPHORA. H. 46.7. D. 15. 38. NECK-HANDLED Nearly complete. Large white and grey grits, cream wash. Rounded rim, round handles with diagonal slashes, loops around the roots. Band below rim inside. SM/EPG. AMPHORA 39. NECK-HANDLED (fig. 89). H. 26.7. Most of neck missing. Fabric as 38. Strap handles. Shoulder: similar decoration on the reverse, but with three central verticals and one wavy line to R. S's on handles, loops round roots. Band inside rim. EPG. 40. *DINOS. Non-joining frs. of rim and body. Coated inside and out. In reserved band, guilloche, chequerboard, lozenges with circular top and bottom. Probably with 17. LO.
FINDS
1. IRON NAIL frs. Two joining pieces. Together L. 9.7. Head, D. 1.6. Shaft, square section, Th. 0.6 taperingto 0.5. 2, part of 3. IRON KNIFE frs.(FIG. 174; plate 288). Three joining pieces fromblade and beginning of hilt of a broad-bladed knife. Mineralized remains of organic sheath. L. 9.2. L. of blade 8. 3 (part). IRON DAGGER HILT, frs. Pommel and upper hilt are preserved in the two joining frs. with small flanges and two bronze rivets. Mineralized remains of organic hiltplates. L. 5. Max. W. 1.6. 4. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 95.5 g. Some 70 pieces + chips. 5-39. Vacant,(see p. 95) 40. BRONZE SHEET frs. Wt. 89 g. 100 formless pieces and chips. 41. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159). L. 2.1. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.5 g. Plain; pin shaftor part of fibula. 42. 43. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, frs.of lower body. Core: white, fine smooth. Glaze: blue/green, with some yellow.Broken at join line. Cf. AGF, 213. 44, 46. FAIENCE PYXIS. H. 5. H. of registers1.36. D. of rim 5.1. D. foot 3. Broken into many pieces, and surface worn and discoloured. Core: fine smooth yellow cream. Glaze gone, except for some green. Second half of seventhcentury.Cf. AGF, 157. 45, 47. IRON NAIL in two joining frs. (fig. 174; PLATE 288). Traces of copper and wood on shaft.
Overall L. 7.8. Head 3X3. Shaft, square section. Th. 1 tapering to 0.6; tip missing. 48. SHEET BRONZE frs.Approximately500 pieces, up to 8 X 5 X 0.1. Total weight 1.5365 kg. 49. BRONZE RING (?) fr.(fig. 159). L. 1.8. W. 0.3. Wt. 0.5 g. Sector of plain hoop ring (?), section round. Fibula (?) fr.(adhering are two scraps of gold leaf 0.1 X 0.3 and 0.1 X 0.2). 50. BRONZE PIN frs.(fig. 159; plate 270). (a) L. 2. D. of head 0.4 (b) L. 2. W 0.25. Combined Wt. 1.4 g. Head and upper shaft and non-joining fragment of slim pin with disc and finial head, horizontal ring mouldings on the shaft. VESSEL? Many frs, 51. GLAZED TERRACOTTA body Th. 0.7. Glaze: canary yellow with crazed surface, originally green? Core: very hard dark clay. Inside surfacewheel-ridged?Cf. 85. £2, 6. 52. FAIENCE HANDLE. With 34-f25. 53. BRONZE PIN? (fig. 159; plate 270). L. 2.9. W. 0.4. Wt. 1.1 g. Tapering shaft, round section, upper part hammered fiat and folded double. Repair to fibula? 54. SMALL SILVER RING. D. 1.6. W 0.2. Th. 0.1. Wt 0.8 g. Intact. Plain hoop, planoconvex section. 55. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS. Neck and fragmentsof lower body only. H. 2.8. W 1.8. Body H. 2.65. W. 2.9. Th. at top body 0.5, at bottom 0.3-0.2. Two other frs. 56. Vacai
g8
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
57. CLAY ATTACHMENT. H. 4.8. D. 5. Dh. 1.8. Battered segment from top of turned cylinder (modelled). Pale brownfabric,not well fired.One pegginghole (D. 0.35)betweentop and 'ball': tracesof blackpaint.Cf.57. £5-8forbetterpreserved pieces. 58. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, neck and shoulder. With34.f25« 59. FAIENCE ARYBALLOS, neck.With34^26. 60. BRONZE PERFORATED DISC (fig. 159;plate 270).D. 1.9.Th. 0.1. Wt. 2 g. Purposenotclear. 61. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159).L. 2.3. D. 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Head and tip lost; part of shaft,withtrace of fine horizontal ringmouldings. 62. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 159).L. 2.3. D. 0.2. Wt. 1 g. Tip and lowershaft, probablyroundsection(oxidised). 63. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 159; plate 270). H. 1.7. W. 1.3. Wt. 1.2 g. Scrap of lip and neck of aryballos? 64. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 65. BRONZE VESSEL fr.2.5 X 1.5. Lip of bowl or phiale(muchoxidized). 66. BRONZE VESSEL fr5.Larger1.7 X 1.2.Two frs. ofwallofphialemesomphalos, reededbody
67. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCH. 2.1 X 1.9. withtworivetholes. Fragment 68. BRONZE STRIP. L. 9.7. W 1. Incomplete; brokenfromsomething larger. 69. BRONZE VESSEL fr. L 9.4. W 1.2. With inturned(folded)lip,shapenotclear. 70. BRONZE SHEET frs.,decorated (plate 270). (Larger)2.6 X 2.4. Horizontalreliefridges. 71. BRONZE PIN OR FIBULA fr.L. 2.7. W 0.4. Eitherpin shaftfr.withpart of mouldingor fibula bow,ditto. 72. BRONZE PIN frs.(plate 270).Total L. 4.1. Head D. 0.6. Non-joining head fr. with horizontal mouldings+ tipand partofshaft. 73. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCH frs. (Largest) 2.8 X 2.2. Five pieces (all complete) with rivet holes. In addition,in the basketsfromlayer 1 were 129.5 § of bronze sheetfrs.(c. 90 pieces), including a largerpiece 10.7 X 8 X 0.15. Wt. 47.5 g. In two other baskets in the same layer were 106 pieces, Wt. 157g. 74. EGGSHELL. Some scraps; white hen's egg probably.
Tomb 57 SW (figs. 5, 19, 20) Ts. 34,56, 57) (See Introduction: Chamber:1.55X 1.10. L. 1.30.W. 0.60. Stomion: L. overall:2.50.Dromos: destroyed. seemto splayfromthepointwherethestomion As preserved, thesidesofthenarrowdromos A lineofthreestonessetagainsta step was. There is no upwardslopeto thedromos. originally mark the in situ and positionof the door blocking,ofwhichthey (0.15deep) mayhave been walls eitherside of the entrancewere chamber would have been the lowestcourse. The at obtuseanglesto it. There wereangularjunctionswiththe side walls,whichthen straight, describeda continuouscurveto formtheback wall.The roofwas lost;theback wall survived to 0.80 high,whilethechamberfloorwas 2.10belowmoderngroundsurface. This may have been the final tomb to have been squeezed into the N-S line Ts. thatis,T. 34 had been slottedintothegap betweenTs. 25 and 56. Its 30-45-24-25-56,after, chamberon theW side (actuallyitwas WbyN-E by s) makesitvery W-Eorientation, roughly unusual in the cemetery(though,see T. 229). It was constructedso thatthe S side of its ofT 56, whiletheE end ofitsdromos chambercutsthedromos overlaps,and confusestheWend abusedbythelargerobbingpit). ofT. 34's dromos (thisarea was further The tomb'sexistencewas onlyappreciatedat an advancedstagein theexcavationofT. 34's whichexposedthe destroyed and the consequentmechanicalremovalof overburden dromos, chamberand showedtherehad been twotombsback-to-back. was excavatedas layer2 (twobaskets),but was The fillof whatremainedof the dromos ofmudbrick, fromthefillsofTs. 34 and 56. Insidethechamberwerefragments indistinguishable and 4 scrapsofboneand manysherds.1 (E Greekbirdbowl),2 (LO oinochoe),5 (LO aryballos) A of number in the chamber,withf± (bronzepin),£5-8 (terracotta wereidentified objects). collected. madeup,inpartorwhole,fromthefragments othervasesweresubsequently
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 56-7, 59 POTTERY (PLATE 1 13) 1. BIRD BOWL. D. 13. Complete profile, about half the bowl and one handle lost. Interior fully coated save reserved ring on floor. Bird to R. between cross-hatched lozenge metopes. Lower body dark withreservedstripe.E. Greek. 650 or a littlelater. 2. OINOCHOE (FIG. 91). Gaps in wall and foot. Collaredneck,supernumerary spout,sharplytapered body, stemmedfoot,double reed handle. Handle barred, neck cross-hatched. Verticals on spout. Groupedspacedlineson body.LO. 3. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Gaps in wall. Tongues on mouth.Hatchingon neck.Shoulder,arcadedtongues; arcadedtongues.E 159,classL. LO. below,inverted 4. *SKYPHOS. DB. 4.4. Non-joiningfrs.ofrim,wall and ringfoot.Fullycoated.LO. 5. JUG (FIG.91). PH. 17.3.Upper halfonly.Collared neck,handle to collar,flatdisc mouth.Mouth,dark. Handle, alternatingtriplehorizontalsand verticals. Neck, below ridge,solid zigzag. Shoulder,retorted joined spirals.Groupedlinesbelow.Cf. TocraI, pl. 55, no. 921.LO.
99
6. POLYCHROME LID. PH. 7. Frs.oflid and knob. blue bands.E 164,classG (ii)(a). LO. Red stripes, (FIG. 91). Frs. of neck, handle, 7. OINOCHOE shoulderand body.Flat shoulder,triplereed handle. Mouthfullycoated. Neck,invertedtriangles.Handle, outer reeds dark. Shoulder, head and tail of seamonster. Belowhead,rosette.Fine lines,rays.LO. 8. *JUG. PH. 26. Frs. of body,parts of mouthand handle. Sixfoldcircleson shoulder,groupedlineson mouthand body.E 155,classD. LO. 9. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 91). H. 38. Gaps in wall, one and a half feet missing.Paint worn. Traces of red lozenges and red and blue chequers betweenhandles,red and blue chequersforprincipal band. Betweenfeet,redand blue rays.A pairwith10. LO. 10. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.92). DB. 18. Frs. of shoulderand wall, one verticalhandle, and one strapfoot.Paintworn.As 9. LO. 11. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 92). D. c. 18. Frs.of lid, centreand knob lost. Paint worn. Traces of red guilloche.Fitseither9 or io. LO.
SMALL FINDS 1, 3. Vacant. 2, 4. BRONZE PIN OR FIBULA fr.(fig. 159).L. 3.5. Wt. 1 g. In twopieces;oxidized;split. 5-8. CLAY CYLINDRICAL OBJECTS, seven(fig. 188; PLATE307). Broken.Solid, wheel-made.Hole in middle.Fromthelegsof a modelof a table?5, 6: H. 8.8. D. 4.8. Dh. 1.7. Much battered and broken condition,with many pieces missing;poorlyfired. Pale brownfabric,greyto the centre,coated in a whitekouskouras concretion. thesame shape Essentially as 7, withhere a pair of opposed peggingholes (D. 0.35). There are two small areas of red paint preserved.7: H. 8.7. D. 4.9. Dh. 1.7-1.8 X 2. Rather
battered,chipped, poorlyfired.Pale brownfabric, grey at the centre, coated in a white kouskouras concretion.Cylinderof clay apparently'turned'on the wheelto the desiredshape; top slightly hollowed, and with two cross-pegholes- in this case placed above each other(D. 0.35). Base flat.Once coveredin - whichwas solidpaintedred and whitepaint/plaster blackat end zones,withverticalstripesofthesame on the 'ball' and immediately belowit. 8: H. 3.6. D. 5.2. Dh. 1.7.Batteredbase segmentfromsimilarto above, much chipped.Pale brownfabric.Some black paint survives. 9. BRONZE SHEET fr.3.7 X 3.4. Wt. 7 g.
Tomb 59 SW (figs. 5, 26; plate
20 b)
PitO.66 X O.66 A sub-rectangular withoutotherfeatures. cuttingin thekouskouras, The gravelay close (i.o) W of thechamberof T. 82, 4.0 SWof the dromos of T. 56, itsmain axisNE-SW. The gravewas foundwhentopsoilwas strippedmechanicallyduringthe main searchfor othersubstantial chamber-tombs S of theN-S line 30-45-24-25-56.It lay ratherhigherthan mostoftheDA graves.It immediately adjoinedtheatypicalDA T. 80 (q.v.)and was fora time as side-chamber or dromos-niche ofthattomb.It was too severelydisturbedfor misinterpreted itshistory to be understood. The Ó oinochoe, 1 and LPC aryballos,2 were disturbedby the bulldozerbeforethe
ïoo
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
CEMETERY
excavation.The gold ring,fi5 was foundin disturbedsoil (level i, one basket)and is not fromthegrave.3 and 4 (fragments ofO polychrome certainly pithoi)werefoundin thegrave; twomorevasesweresubsequently from foundwiththem. made up fragments partly POTTERY 1. *OINOCHOE (fig. 90).PH. 16. DB. 9. Mouth, neck and half body lost. Arcaded drops at base of neck,S's betweenlines on shoulder.Traces of white enhancement on bandsand lines.LO. 2. ARYBALLOS. H. 6. Complete save handle and partof mouth.Fine creamclay,darkpaint. Pointed. Shoulder,dots. Frieze of runningdogs in silhouette, LPC /Transitional. groupeddots,rays.Corinthian, 3. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of rim, body, base and strapfeet.Decorationcompletely lost.O.
4. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs. of base, three ribbedfeet,body.Worn;tracesofa lotuschainin blue abovebase,bluebarson one foot.MO. 5. ♦POLYCHROME LID. Frs.of domedlid for3 or lost.O. 4. Paintcompletely 6. TRAY (?) D. 22.2. Aboutone thirdpreserved.Red paint. Two petals of lozenge with incised outline. Betweenthemsilhouetteof dog runningR., incised outlineto one back leg.Inside:purpleand red spaced rings.LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. GOLD FINGER RING (fig. 153; plate 263). D. 1.4-1.9. Crushed. Hoop of sheetgold, ridged.Ends soldered.G. clumsily 2. CLAY WHORL (plate 306). H. 2.3. D 2.6. Dh. °-35~°-9-Wt. 10.5 g. Badly shattered,ends lost and much of surfacetoo. Pale brown fabric,redder at a piercedcylinderonce,unevenly surface.Presumably piercedstringhole.
3. Vacai. 4. GLASS VESSEL frs.R. 5. BRONZE VESSEL, fr.2.3 X 1.5.W 0.25.Wt.2.75g. Plainlip ofbowlor phiale. cut-out(?).L. 1.5.Wt.0.1g. 6. BRONZE fr.,leaf-shaped In addition,in layer2 were 60 bronze sheetfrs.Wt. 90.2 g, the largest 4.5 X 3.4; one with cloth remains.
Tombs 60 and 138 introduction at T. 60 a featureappearedin theN wallofthedromos Duringexcavationofthechamber-tomb whichwas at first itsE end,besidethestomion, thoughtto be a niche,or sidechamber.As work itwas seen thatthiswas,in fact,partofthechamberofa smallchamberadvanced,however, tomb,T. 138,whichhad been dug at rightanglesto T. 60 so thatthechamberpartlyoverlay took up mostof the while its own dromos and immediatelyadjacent dromos, T. 6o's stomion distancebetweenT. 60 and T. 48, nextto the N. The bottomof T 138'schamberwas up to 0.80 abovethesurfaceofT 6o's dromos. Tomb 60 SW (figs. 5, 27, plates 20 c-d) L. 6.62. W. 1.15-1.10.Stomion: L. overall:8.85. Dromos: 0.50 X 0.30. Chamber:1.60 X 1.94.H. c. 1.00.
theroughlyparallelsideswanderingone or was cut somewhatirregularly, The long dromos more roseat 70,thereafter thedromos twodegreess oftheirlongaxis.For 1.50fromthestomion the and floor the chamber in between of was a difference there at ii°; height 1.50 steeply, was partlypreserved;a ratherroughstoneslab,0.31 X 0.15 The stomion mouthofthe dromos. X 0.05 on its floorwas probablythe loweststoneof the originalblockingratherthan the in frontof butimmediately The blockingas foundwas notbuiltwithinthestomion, threshold.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE -Ts. 59-60
I0I
thejambs, coveringalmostthefullwidthof the dromos. It was up to 0.50 high,made up of a in of stone,chiefly re-use,the lowerstoneslyingflat,threeupperstones,side-bymiscellany side,on end,thelargestc. 0.45 X 0.30. A step0.10 led downintotheroughlyoval chamber, muchoftheroofofwhichhad fallen.The back wall however, was preservedto itsfullheight. Towardsthebackofthechamberwas an ovalpit,0.45 X 0.41,0.10 deep. This tombbelongedto a N-S line of DA chambertombs,Ts. 44-48-60-61, withsimilar linesto E and W,on the NWside of the main concentration of tombs.The orientation was In the space betweenT. 60 and T. 48, nextto the N, werethe HL/R inhumation ESE-WNW. graves,Ts. 73 and 84, whilethesimilarT. 88 was at themouthofthedromos. The tomb was firstseen as a head of dark soil withinits kouskouras matrixafterhand was not only cleaning an area previouslymechanicallystrippedof topsoil. The dromos disturbedby T. 138 (q.v.)butby a robbingpit 1.92 X 1.90 close to the stomion, cuttingearlier fill.A bronze coin (£7)in the dromos fillhintsat an HL grave destroyedin the course of robbing. Formostofitslengththedromos was filledwitha uniform lightbrownsoil,containing many sherdsderivingfrompots whichhad evidentlybeen clearedfromthe chamber.Inventoried in themiddleofthedromos, includeda cremationpithoslid, 1, a skyphos, finds,concentrated an of iron and a bronze f2. The robbingpit in the SE 2, fragments sword,fi, fragment, corner of the dromos from the rest of the dromos fillduring (not kept entirelyseparate as well as iron bronze blade,fli, excavation)contained, pottery, fs, fragment, fj9 bronzecoin. Some dromos fill remained undisturbedbeneath the pit with a content of sherds and, in frontoftheblockingwall,thelowerhalfof an amphora,5, and an aryballos, immediately in NE the and SWcornersrespectively. The robbingpit had partlydisturbedthe blocking 4, wall. The chamberwas excavatedfromabove. The firstmetreofdepositwas a darkbrownsoil, a levelof kouskouras withpatchesof soil. There was G and O potteryin theupper overlaying of fill,fragments glass(fg, 12, 13), scrapsofbronze(fio) and an ironO pin (fu). On thetop of the kouskouras was a groupof vases whose associationmustdate fromthe robbingof the tomb.These werea pithos,7 + 9, a bell-skyphos, 6, a lid, 10, an oinochoe,11, a stirrup jar, and of another The in difference theappearanceofthefillis probablynot 12, part pithos,13. of chronologicalsignificanceas the lower kouskouras included a mixed group of sherds, PG-LG: a bell-skyphos, 14, and an ironfragment, fi4« Close to theentrancewas an ironpin, fi55 at theback of the chamberwas therest(15) of the cremationpithoswhichjoined 13, a ofunburntbone on thetop ofthe feeding jug, i6, on thes side.There weresome fragments butthedate ofanyinhumation is uncertain. kouskouras, POTTERY (PLATES 114-15) 1. CONICAL LID. Frs. of centreand wall. Hollow conical knob. Bands and lines, enhanced in white. EO. 2. SKYPHOS (FIG. 93). H. 7. D. 15.2. Nearly complete.Softorangeclay,tracesof creamslip inside and out,streakyred-brown paint.Lip: linesin cream slip overblackband; also inside.Painton lowerbody overlappingunder base. Inside, reservedband on lowerbody.Euboean LG II (T. 138).Eumousia, 29, fig. 3. *MINOAN LARNAX. Plain wall frs.Th. 1.8.
Grittyorangeclay,greycore,creamslip.LM III A-B. (T. 138). 4. SMALL OINOCHOE (?). PH. 4. Base to shoulder, stumpofstraphandle.Manywhitegrits.Flat base. No decorationvisible on shoulder,band on belly,lines below.PGB (?). Cf. 285.140. 5. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c.50. DR. 16. Fragmentary,crumbling.Rounded rim, flat base. Neck fullypainted. Shoulder: two sevenfoldcircles each side,threelines.Two lineson lowerbody,band at base. S on handles.Thickband insiderim.EPG.
I02
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
6. *COARSE PITHOL Frs. of several vessels, (i) Whitegrits,dark red core, cream slip; straightrim withstampedcircles,root of straphandle,(ii) Body sherds,yellowwithhard whitegrits;fingergrooves. dark core, neck, handle and body (iii) Grey-yellow, sherds;straphandlewiththumbholesat base; below, roughgrooves,(iv)Bodysherds,roughsurface,cream withgreygrits;stampedrows of quadruple circles withstrokes betweentheouterpairs.LO. (T. 138). 7. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.93). H. 43. DR. 18. Three-quarters bases non-joining. Inset preserved, concavelip,risingrim.Bucraniumand straphandles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A-C, hatched battlement, triplezigzag, cross-hatchedlozenges;D Hatched is cross-hatched. similar,but the battlement meander below, stopped by bucrania. Columns of silhouettebirdson straphandles,bars above. Bands and linesbelow.MG, Horse workshop;forbirds,cf. 292.45 and 149. 8. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.2. DR. c. 6.4. HalfAs 14. EPG. mostofrimmissing. preserved, 9. Vacatjoined to 7. 10. OMPHALOID LID. H. 8.5. D. 23.5. Threequarterspreserved.Handle brokenoff.Cream slip. Inside:threebands,solidat centre.MG. 11. NARROW NECKED OINOCHOE. Frs.ofbody, neck and handle root only.Barred body.Neck and double Atfront, handledark.Spaced circles,leaf-band. tongueswithdottedlozengesbetweentheends.Lines, LO. smallcircle-rosette. quintuplecircleenclosing 12. *STIRRUP JAR. PH. 9. Base and lowerbody;fr. of belly,non-joining.Buffslip. Band and threelines belowshoulder;bandson lowerbody,painton conical underbase. As 31. PG. foot,overlapping 13. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 15.6. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Shortconcavelip,rising rim,singlehorizontaland straphandles,ringfoot. Paint on rim, lip otherwise reserved. Shoulder: hatchedbattlements. Panels,all betweencolumnsof intersectingverticalzigzags: A, C, massed double lozenges; B, D, two vertical hatched meanders forminga square design. Below, hatched meander between zones of billet; bands and lines. Bars on horizontal handles; on straps, bars across three verticallines.LG, relatedto Birdworkshop. 14. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 93). H. 7.7. DR. 5.8. Nearlycomplete.Creamslip.EPG. 15. Vacat: joins 13. 16. FEEDING JUG. PH. 9.5. Base to neckwithside spout;handleand mouthmissing.Cream slip.Bronze between stainon shoulder.Flat base, no articulation neckand shoulder.Both flanksdippedin paint.LPG (?),perhapswithbaskethandleas AJA5 (1901)no. 16. 17. FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 32. DR. c. 17.Rim to lowerbody,frs.Insetconcavelip; thinline zone on rim,lip otherwisereserved.White-on-dark
above handles; chain of double lozenges,chevrons above and below.Panels,betweencolumnsof crosshatching:A, hatchedmeander;B, tracesofmotifwith diagonalleaves(cf.104.4); C, lozengecrossenclosing small quarteredlozenges; D, missing.Zones below: vertical chevrons;in white,grid enclosing double circles;bandsand lines.Painton handle.LG. 18. CONICAL LID. H. 9.3. D. 18.5.Three-quarters concave,rimturnedslightly preserved.Knob slightly outwards.Reservedcrosson knobwithcross-hatched quadrants.LG, early. 19. *DOMED LID (FIG.93). H. 5. D. 17.5. Nearly complete. White-on-dark:tongues, zigzags, dots, doublecircles.LG-EO; cf.19.27. 20. OINOCHOE. DB. 7.8. Frs.of base and handleroot. Thickly-packedside-circles;at frontmassed smalldoublecircles.LO. 21. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 21. One thirdbodyand base lost,gaps in wall and neck. Burnt.Mouth,handle and neck barred.Eyes on lip. Spaced side-circlesenclosing small double circles. Frontand back, large quintuple circleswith small doubleones at eitherside.LO. 22. OINOCHOE. PH. 14. Neck to below bellywith rootofdoublehandle.Thickfabric.Hard orangeclay, air-holes,whitegrits,not polished;mattblack paint. Neck: twolinesnearbreak,band at base. Body:seven intersected betweenbands on shoulder, fillets by large sevenfold circles on each flank, the outermost thickened.Double circleof thickand thinband with small double circleat centre,thricerepeatedwithin is missing). largecircleson flanksand on back(thefront Filling of small quintuple circles (the outermost thickened)betweenshoulderlines and largeflanking circles,twosetson one side,threeon theother;also in columnsof two on frontof shoulder,eitherside of a bisectedcross;and on bellywithintheflanking circles; of and on back.Painton thehandleroot.LG; imitation CypriotBoR II (Cf.292.94). RDAC1984,128no. 15. 23. TWO-HANDLED (?) PITHOS. DR. 18. Frs. of upper and lower body. Panels: on either side, quadrated squares with lozenge fill;in centretwo spaced quintuplecircles,the innerones free-hand, dots in the space. Between them, small double freehandcircles.Bands and lines enhancedin white, EO. circleson theuppermost. largewhitefivefold 24. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 15.2.Frs.of rim,body.Handles and base lost. Betweenhandles, largesixfoldcircles.Bands and lines,on the topmost, largewhitetriplecircles.Dark lowerbody,EO. 25. CONICAL LID. PH. 8. PD. c. 16. Frs.of centre and wall. Rim lost.Flat knob on stem.Top of knob reserved.Tongues,linesenhancedin whitedots,lotus and palmettefriezewithwhitedots.Interiorcoated, savereservedcircle.Triplecirclein centre.LO. 26. *DOMED LID (fig. 93). H. c. 3.8. D. c. 18. Frs.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 60
I03
White-on-dark: solid circle,double leaves,leaveswith midribalternatingwith double invertedchevrons, lozengechain.LG, early. 27. CONICAL LID. D. 18. H. 10.8. Most of rimand wall lost. Disc knob on tall stem.Spaced two-thirds circlewithstrokesin space on knob.Bands and lines. band. Perhapsfor24. EO. S's insteadofpenultimate 28. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 93). D. 16. PH. 4. Knob and one thirdwall lost. Domed, withshallow evertedrim.Decorationalmostcompletely lost,traces ofzone ofsingleredcircles.EO. 29. *PITHOS (FIG.92). DB. 14.2.Base, partof wall, and upper body only.Panel: threetreesof life,the centreone withtrianglestop and bottom.Bands and linesto base. MO. 30. STIRRUP JAR. H. 25.5. Gaps in body. Sharp spike on disc, air-hole,conical foot.Spiral on disc, solidpaintat edge continuingdown handles.Nozzle: paintbelow and insidemouth,dashes below.Circles roundhandleroots.Shoulder:fourcompositetriangle withstraight doubleoutline,dashesbetweentriangles on the base. Each triangleencloses a cross-hatched lozenge flankedby simple hatchingwithinlower angles.MPG. Cf.F. nos. 37,218. 31. STIRRUP JAR. H. 20.5. Half preserved,spout missing.Sharp spikeon disc,slightridgenear base of falseneck. Thin straphandles,air-hole,low conical foot. Spiral on disc, band at base of false neck. Handles:verticalwavyline betweenstraight line,ring
round root. Shoulder: composite triangleswithin straightdouble outline with various fillings:(a) enclosesthinconcave lozenge at centre,withfringe, and hatchingwithinlower angles; (b) alternating groups of threediagonal bars below,cross-hatched triangleabove; (c) as (a) but the lozenge contains horizontalhatching, MPG. (d) missing. 32. BELL-SKYPHOS (FIG.93). H. 13.6.DR. 9. ThreeWhitegrits, creamslip.Wavylinein quarterspreserved. reserved zone.Reservedcircleon floorinside.SM/EPG. 33. *PITHOS. Frs. of body and one handle-root. circles. Largefivefold 34. *NECKED PITHOS. Frs. of one horizontal rim.Quintuple handle,neckand shoulder,out-turned circleswithsmall circles,lines and bands, quintuple outermost betweenlines.O. thickened, 35. *LEKANIS (FIG.93). DB. 5. Frs.Completeprofile. Nickedrim,ribbonhandle.Unpainted.LO. 36. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Fragmentary. Hard buffclay,purplish core, cream slip, fugitive black paint. Neck coated; eightfoldcircles, single bandsonly.Similarto 5. EPG. 37. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Body frs.only. Hard orange clay,red core, black paint. As 5, but ninefoldcircleson shoulder, singlebandsonly.EPG. 38. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 16.5. Shoulder to lower body,stumpof straphandle.Ovoid. Shoulder:crosshatchedtriangleflankedbycolumnsofcross-hatching. Bands and linesbelow.LPG (?).
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON SWORD frs.Two joiningpieces of severely worn and corroded hilt (?) of sword. Mineralized remainsof wood. TogetherL. 9. W. 2.7, taperingto 2.2. Max Th. 0.5. No signsof flanges;widestpart in middle.Could belongto 4 below. 2. BRONZE STRAP fr.1 X 0.4 X 0.1. Wt. 0.4 g. Incompleteeach end. 3. LIMESTONE SUPPORT (plate 305). H. 14. D. 32. CentralhollowD. 24. Ratherbattered.Softwhite. base, and side facets(up to six or seven), Rough-hewn ofwhichtwoare morecarefully cut. Centreof upper face contains a circular,shallow recess (2.3 deep), rimmedby a low ledge,suitablefortakingthebase of an urn. Reutilizedpiece, as fragmentary decorative motifat edge shows.Perhapsforsteadyingcremation urn(T. 138). 4. IRON SWORD BLADE fr.(fig. 174).L. 14.6. W. 2.5, taperingto 0.4. This appears to be the lower blade ofa straight, one-edgedswordor largeknifelike E no. 1612 (fromtheroughlycontemporary Tomb P). Mineralizedremainsofwood. Massivesection,Th. at back 0.8; cuttingedge blunted,Th. 0.3. As noted,1 maybe fromthehiltofthesameweapon. 5. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two non-joining
piecesfromblade: (a) L. 4.6. OriginalW. 2.4; (b) L. 2. W. 2.2 Straightblade. 6. BRONZE frs.Wt. 0.5 g. Three oxidizedcrumbs. 7. BRONZE COIN. 8. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 0.6. W 0.4. Wt. 0.3 g. Incompleteeach end. 9. GLASS VESSEL frs.R. 10. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 2.3. W. 0.35. Wt. 0.6 g. Twojoining;incompletebothends. 11. IRON PIN (FIG.174).Three piecesjoiningto form complete pin. L. 9. Head D, c. 2. Shaft squaresectioned,Th. 0.5 at firstbreak, taperingto point. Slightlybent;corroded,so thatthehead appearsas a somewhatshapelessmass. 12. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 12a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.1.2 X 0.5. Wt. 0.7 g. thickbodyfr. Relatively 13. GLASS VESSEL fr.R. 14. IRON KNIFE BLADE fr.PartoflowerbladeofoneMineralized remainsofwood.L. 4.8. W. 1.9, edgedknife. to 1.5.Straight, fromsamebladeas 5. tapering possibly 15. IRON PIN fr.(FIG. 174). Near-completepin of same type as 11, but smaller.L. 7. Head D. c. 1.6. Shaftsquare-sectioned, Th. 0.4. Tip missing.
Î04
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 61 SW (figs. 5, 28; plate 20 e-f) L. overall:6.io. Dromos: L. c.4.60. W. 1.34.Stomion: Chamber:1.90 X 1.20. destroyed. The dromos outlinehad a slightcurvearoundmidpoint.The dromos slopedupwardsat angles A from dromos down to chamber floormustroughly from the the 5°-i4°. step (0.14) varying marktheinneredge ofthedestroyed stomion. The roofoftheoval chamberwas lost;theback wall survivedto 0.60 high.The floorwas 1.40 below moderngroundsurface.There was a smallniche0.65 X 0.45,oval in plan,itsfloor1.0 higherthanthechamberfloor,immediately S ofthechamber.Itsrelationship to T 61 is quiteuncertain. The tombwas one of a groupof fourcloselyjuxtaposedin a N-S line (T 44-48-60-61) WoftheN-S line30-45-24-25-56.Its orientation was closeto E-W,thechamber immediately E on the side. The tombwas foundaftermechanicaltopsoilremovalas a head of darksoil contrasting withthesurrounding whitekouskouras matrix.It was thoroughly plundered. a homogeneous The upperfillofdromos and chamberwas dugas a singlelevel,1 (fourbaskets), In thechamberthisoverlay level2 (one brownsoilmixedwithkouskouras, littlepottery. containing a HL or R tile massof stoneand rooftile.This featuremightrepresent basket),an incoherent and itsblockingin theprocess.Such thestomion gravecutintotheupperchamberfill,destroying havebeen destroyed, perhapsduringCh buildingactivity. hypothetical grave(s)willsubsequently Level4 (twobaskets), ofkouskouras, laybetweenthebottomofthisdebrisand the largely consisting floor.The potteryfromthe fillswas heterogeneousincludingSM, PG, G and O. Several of the same SM neck-handled amphoramaypointto the tomb'suse earlyin the fragments The niche contained twosmallLG pots,1 and 2. cemetery's history. (supra) POTTERY (PLATE 116) i. LEKYTHOS (fig.93).H. 11.3.Complete.Red-brown browntracesoflightslip,fugitive clay,polishedsurface, Flat blackpaint.Roundhandleattachedto neck-ridge. base. Band underlip,twolines,band on ridgeand at base of neck.Shoulder:threetriplecircles.Sevenlines on belly,band at base. Verticallinesdownhandle.LG. BoR. RDAC1984,132no.40. Closeimitation ofCypriot
ALABASTRON. H. 10. 2. TREFOIL-LIPPED Complete. Strap handle, narrow concave base. Three double circles on shoulder. Band at base. Paint on handles and inside rim. LG-EO. E 159, class G (i). Creamslip. 3. PYXIS (FIG.93). H. c.7.5. Fragmentary. LG-EO. Grooveunderneath.
Tomb 63 SE (figs. 6, 21; plate 21 a) Cremationpit.D. 0.30. Depth c.0.30. fillofT 28 (q.v.). A smallpitcutintotheuppermostdromos The gravewas in theE partofthemostcongestedarea ofthenecropolis,on itsS side.No orientation. of Is thisa distinct FoundduringtheexcavationofT. 28's dromos. tomb,or a finalinterment insteadofbeingplaced in thechamber?The groupwas placed on a T 28, setintothedromos, but not deliberatedeposition.T. 28 was disturbed, layerof pebbleswithinitspit,suggesting this that believe to is no reason there in so were stones and its position, blocking plundered, late is the of date The PGB/EG-MG chamber. from the was removed enoughto group group be laterthanthelastLPG-PGB materialin T. 28. The pitcontaineda fragmentary urn,5, overthetop ofwhichbone was found.Therewere a ribbed also a skyphos, 1, juglet,2, a pyxis,3, an aryballos,4, a juglet,6, and an oinochoe, filland theoverlying fromthedromos collected sherds were topsoil. 7. Joining
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
POTTERY (PLATE 1 16) 1. SKYPHOS. H. 9.3. DR. 12.6.Nearlycomplete. Short concavebase. Insidefullypaintedbut offset; lip,slightly forreserved bandat rimwithgroupsofbars.MG. 2. OINOCHOE. H. 13. Complete.Grittymicaceous red clay.Straphandle,disc foot.Six grooveson lower neck,elevenverticalribson body.PGB-EG. 3. PYXIS (FIG.93). H. 8.8. DR. 5. Complete.Same designon bothsides.MG. 3a. PYXIS LID (FIG.93). H. 5. D. 7.2. Partof knob brokenoff;possiblyin formof a bird,the forepart Hole throughstem.MG. Fits63.3. missing. 4. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.6. Complete. Strap handle,flatbase; fullycoated.M-LG.
SITE
- Ts. 61, 63, "IV 65
l0^
5. *PITHOS fr.PL. 10.5. Body fr.Two groups of reservedlines.G. 6. JUGLET. H. 7.2. Complete. Strap handle, flat base. Handle barred.MG. 7. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.4. Complete. Red paint.Straphandle,flatbase. Fullycoated.G. 8. *JUGLET.PH. 5.3. Bodyonly.As 6. MG. 9. KALATHOS. H. 8.4. D. c. 17. Half preserved. Everted concave lip. Flat base with bevelled edge. Irregularstarunderneath.Thick bars on rim;inside fullypainted but fortwo reservedbands. PGB. Not fromT. 63. certainly
'Tomb' 65 This designationwas givento a shapelesshead of darksoil visiblein its kouskouras matrixa shortdistanceSWofT. 61,investigated at thesame timeas Ts. 6o561 and 138.It provednotto be a tomb.The excavatedarea was roughly5.00 squareat thesurface;testsreachedover3.00 intothefilling. The upperlevelcontainedthefamiliarfillofbrownsoil mixedwithkouskouras, includingR debris,HL and earlierpotteryencounteredin all the pillagedgraves.As workadvancedin whatcontinuedobviouslyto be made ground,the anticipatedsignsof tombconstruction(s) failedto materialize, whilethecutting(ifsuchitwere)in thekouskouras remainedformless. No of level was detected. change Deep in thefill,severaldisplacedporosblockswereuncovered, builttomb.But briefly raisingthe hope thatthefeaturemightproveto be a much-destroyed the blocks proved merelyto be a featureof the fill; nothingwithwhich theycould be connectedunderlaythem. Excavationstoppedbeforethe bottomof the fillwas reached,it beingclear that,ifthere had everbeen a tombhere,it had been totallydestroyed A possible by subsequentactivity. explanationforthe featureis thatit had been a quarrypit forthe extractionof kouskouras, of themortuary withtheheterogeneous subsequently (perhapsin thelifetime church)refilled debrisofwhichthedisturbed topsoiloverthesitemustbythattimehaveconsisted. Cataloguedmaterialrecoveredfromthefillrangedin datefromPGB to LO. POTTERY (PLATE 116) 1. JUG-ARYBALLOS (fig.93). H. 10.3.Rim and foot chipped.Trace ofcreamslip.PGB. 2. SKYPHOS (fig.93). H. c. 8.9. DR. c. 18. Frs.,rim to lowerbodywithhandle,and non-joining base. Fine orange-buffclay, small brown grits,a littlemica, lustrousblack paint.Body gadroonedin imitationof metal;tonguewithchevronson each gadroon.Under base: hatchedleaves witha midrib,radiatingfrom centre(missing);dot rosettesin field;fourcircles,dots underfoot.Exactlythe same designinsideon floor. AtticMG. 3. *CUP (FIG.93). H. 7.8. DR. c. 14. Halfpreservedin severalfrs.Whitegrits.Reservedpanel of quadruple
zigzag, flankedby bosses. Handle barred. Reserved circleon floorinside.MG; earlierthan75.93. 4. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 93). H. ofbowl 8.4. DR. c. 14. Three frs.of rimand body, with upper part of one leg; ring handles missing. Micaceous reddishclay,whitegrits,grey-brown core. Shallowbowl withbeginningof flatbase. Massiveleg withtwo deep groovesoutside,separatedby rib with horizontalnotches.Frs.withattachments ofothertwo legs.PGB-EG. Cf. 100.3. 5. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 93). PH. 7.5. DR. c. 14. Four frs:rim,upper part of leg, and two morerimfrs.withpartsof ringhandlesand
!06
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
verticalstraps.Micaceousred clay,whitegrits,biscuit moreuniform than4. Roundringhandlesattachedto fromshoulderto shoulder;verticalstraps,flattened, lowerbody.Massiveleg, roundedinside,flatoutside withthreeverticalgrooves.Diagonalnotchesbelowlip; on shoulder, groupofsixhorizontal grooves.PGB-EG. 6. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 18. Belly fr.Buffslip.PGB.
7. CYLINDRICAL LID. H. 5.9. D. 19. Flat base, convexside.Interior, unpainted.Lines.EO. 8. ANIMAL VASE (LION?). Fr. of breast.Massed dots.LO. 9. TRAY. Fr.of base only.Interior, tongues,reserved in dark band. Exterior,circles,paired voluteswith outline tear-drops above and below, bar in one outlinedlozengein theother.LO. interstice,
SMALL FINDS 1,2. Vacant.
3. EGYPTIAN BLUE, JUG frs.,wall (plate 296). 5 X 3.2 Th. 0.4-0.9. Crumbly, brightsoftblue.
4. EGYPTIAN BLUE, reededhandleofvessel(PLATE 296). PH. 5.7. W. 2.2. Th. 0.8. Fabricas 3.
Tomb 69 SE (figs. 6, 21; plate
216)
Ts. i8, 28, 31,63, 69). (See Introduction: No significant dimensionswere established.No featureswere positivelyidentified-see infra. generaldescription, withT 28, at the E end of the line of earlytombs106-26-40-112 The tombinterlocked couldhavebeen NNE-SSW. -28-18 acrosstheS end ofthesite.The orientation The tombwas firstnoticedbecause it had destroyedthe S end of the W wall of T 28's dromos. It appeared as a head of brownearthcontainingseveralfairlylarge stones,and a W of T. 28. It had one skull.It was laterseen as a veryirregularcuttingin the kouskouras wall. At WSW from T. c. 28's W dromos a of distance 1.00) running fairlystraightedge (over the S end was a narrowbut distinctbulge in the tomb'soutlineand betweenthisand the skull [supra)were some unburnt'uninformative,gracile' pieces of bone. The distance betweenthe skulland the bulge (c. 1.80-1.90) and its width(0.55) suggestshere was the remainsof a HL/R grave.Apart fromthisthe tomb came down to a 'floor'0.88 below surface,at the S end of whichwas a small,squarishpit, 0.45 X 0.40 X 0.35 deep, empty apartfroma stone,and itspurposeunknownAt the N end was a cutting,possiblya niche, withfloor0.34 above thatofthe tomb.In it was 2, partofa LO pithos;i, a LO miniature cup, was 0.20 E of it at a slightlyhigherlevel in the fill.An O oinochoe,3, was made up fromsherds. fillof T. 28 was in two sections,the dividingline approximatelyfromthe The dromos wall to a pointjust N ofT. 28.1 againstthe E dromos T pointwhere 69 cut T 28's W dromos in thefill sterilebackfill.Sherdswereplentiful kouskouras stable N line was wall. ofthis hard, Ó dromos were T. as 28's level T. of 28's as taken and were S oftheline, 1, pots 1-3. up part ofT. It seemslikelythatthe SWoutlineofT 69 (supra)continuedintoand acrossthe dromos material be associated should in dromos line S of the 28's material the actually 28, and that fromtheT. 69 fill.This, in combination,mightrepresentan O tomb,orientatedNNE-SSW, to which1, 2 and 3 (supra)actuallybelonged.The witha possiblechamberin 28's dromos wall would thenbe explainedas a destroyedblocking in dromos T. in 28's the stones cutting was observed No chamber wall. duringexcavation,however,and theE wall ofT. 28's dromos LO interment The was unaffected. presumablyrepresentedby T 69's 1 and 2 may have the to addition been a deliberate tomb,or an unconnected,laterpithosburialin a shallow pit.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE POTTERY 1. MINIATURE CUP. DR. 6. H. 4.3. Complete, at biscuitstage.Fullycoated inside squashedslightly and out.E 166,classB (iii).MO. 2. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. c. 20. Frs.of base, nonjoining body sherds,one rim sherd. Pink clay with blackand whitegrits.Stampedcircleson edge ofrim; grooveson body.Cf. Q,57- LO.
"IV 65, Ts. 69, 75
wy
3. *OINOCHOE (fig. 92). Frs. of body,neck and mouth.Whiteon dark,worn.Lines on neck,tongues on shoulder.Chain ofenclosedopposedvolute-florals, withbars supportingdouble lozengesbetweeneach pair.Lines.EO.
Tomb 75 W (figs. 4, 29-30; plates 21 c-e, 22) L. overall:n.6o. Dromos: L. 9.75.W. 1.10-1.30.Stomion: 0.35 X 0.78. Chamber:2.15 X 1.60. The dromos, whosesidesnarrowedslightly for5.80 ofitslength,thencewidenedagain to its mouth.It rose 1.64fromthestomion to itsmouthat a sloperangingfrom50 nearthestomion to X X at in There was a the 1.20 stomion, 150 midpoint. largedoor-slab,displaced, 0.50 0.10, cantedat an angleof30o in thedirectionofthestomion. There was a stonethreshold-slab the widthand depthof thestomion, on whichstoodtworoughlysquare stones,thelarger0.20 X 0.20 X 0.15,perhapsonce partof the originalblockingwall. The sub-rectangular chamber had lostitsroof;thebackwallwas preserved 0.60 high.The floor,whichhad been strewnwith finegravel,was 3.00 below moderngroundsurface.Two stone blocks on the floor(one insitu)mayhave been standsforcremationpithoi.There was a nicheon theN side evidently ofthedromos, 1.50fromthestomion, 0.90 wide,1.10deep,0.68. high,itsfloor0.40-0.55 higher thantheadjacentdromos surface.Immediately above itwas a second,laterniche,1.40wide,up to 0.74 deep,0.50 high,itsfloor1.15belowmodernsurface. - was theN of a N-s series The tomb- one ofthelargestin thecemetery (75-107-132-129) in theW centreof thenecropolis.Its orientation was E by S-Wby N, deviatingby one or two degrees to the S of the mean orientationof the main groups of chamber tombs in the cemetery. The tombwas firstseen as an inchoatehead ofdarksoilagainstthewhitekouskouras matrix, uncoveredafterthisarea had been mechanicallystripped.Though superficialdamage was caused by HL grave digging{infra)the tomb remainedsubstantiallyuntouchedfromthe momentofitsfinal,LO, use. As suchit is a paradigmofthecomparatively chaoticconditions createdin a tombrepeatedly usedforseveralgenerations. Between40 and 50 cremationpithoi wererecovered;pithoihad been committed notonlyto thechamberand dromos nichesbut,at theend, to a pit in the dromos fillabove thestomion. At some time,a largeamountofpottery, includingseveralcremationpithoi,was smashedand thrownoutintothedromos. Excavationofthedromos locatedtheremainsofmorethanone HL inhumation. The firstto be foundhad cutthrougha groupofO vasesat theE end,nearthestomion. Onlytheleg bones remained,withwhichare to be associatedtheHL bottles,2 and 4. The grave(notseparately w in theupperfillweretracesof numbered)was orientated roughlyNW-SE.Some 1.50further anotherHL burial,a lowerjaw to whichadhered(£4)a bronzedrachma(perhapsa Cretan imitation ofa coin ofRhodesofc. 200 BC).Nearbywas £5,an HL terracotta lamp.The upper, ratherhard dromos fillwas removedas layer1 (twobaskets),quicklyexposingthe groupof O vases damagedby the HL grave{supra).The depositcontainingthe groupof O vases (layer 2-fivebaskets)consistedof brownsoil and kouskouras, mixedwitha littlesmallrubble.There were35 vases (includingten cremationpithoi)packed in veryclose together, in two tiers,of whichpartof the uppertierhad been cut by the HL grave,in particularthe O polychrome
K)8
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
pithos,i and theEO jug, 5. 3 was a detachedpartofthepolychrome pithos,13 with,nearit, thedamagedO jug 6. The maingroupofpithoicompriseda nearlycompletepolychrome example,7, containing an aryballos,i65 a smallfragment ofchippedstone,0.005 X 0.004 (identified duringstudyof thecremation) and a bronzepin,fig, an almostcompletepithos,8, holdingthearyballos,21. 10 was a polychrome pithos,as was 13 withitslid, 25, an O aryballos,24 and a cup 26. 14 a was completepolychrome pithos,20, was coveredbytheO plate, pithos.A lastpolychrome lid fragment, 27 and aryballos,28. Closelyassociatedwith 9 and containeda polychrome thesepithoiwerea fragmentary lid, 11, mostof an oinochoe,12 and cylindrical polychrome blackcups,17, 22, werewith14; a completeO muchofa second,15. Two veryfragmentary O lid,29. 0.40 w ofthemaingroup jug, 18 was at theE end ofthegroupwitha fragmentary stoodthe MG pithos,19, containingan aryballos,30. Beneath19 was the nearlycomplete ofan O jug. jug,31. 0.50 s weresomefragments When thismain group had been lifted,a second level, less well preserved,was found crushedin verytighttogetheragainstthe outerface of the upper(later)niche. underneath, These compriseda veryfragmentary pithos,32, containinga cremationand an polychrome remains of a cremationbelow it. There was had the a kalathos, 33, 37. complete aryballos, below it,and a fragmentary halfa polychrome lid,34, with36, a skyphosfragment pithos, in the the and from chamber from the of which came other 3, pottery deposit layer 35, pieces in the view of the the must dromos This vases, series; particularly [infra). group predate upper of broken dromos main of the are with the vases, chamber, deposit probablypart cross-joins whose seriesof cross-joinswithmaterialin the chamberarguesstronglythatthe original sourcewas in thechamber. In theshallow,Whalfofthedromos baskets),severalpatchesofburnt (layer2 threepottery ofpyres wereisolatedin thefill,in one ofwhichwas f6- bronzepellets, material Premains perhapsmelteddropletsfromsomeobjectlaid on thepyrewithitsowner. fillwas removedas layer3 (threepotterybaskets),whichbegan to More of the dromos massesofbrokenpottery a depositcontaining of4.50 fromthestomion, for a distance uncover, much confusedby the was The whole or some whole, nearly vases). deposit (including in frontofand at thelevelofthelowerniche. ofa ragged'wall' acrossthedromos, construction Judgingby the brokenpotteryeitherside of it,in itsmake-upand underneathit,this'wall' musthave been builtduringwhateverprocessit was thatcreatedthe massivedromos pottery thatcame fromin front deposit.Forinstance,thepithos172 was reassembledfromfragments of the wall, in its make-up,and beneath it. The Praisos-typelekythos,209, was nearly in frontof it,withinit,underit,and fromthechamber. repairedfromfragments completely is uncertain;perhapsitwas to holdback spoilin theWpartofthedromos The 'wall's'function ofthestomion. whilea spacewas beingclearedin front Vases were isolated in the dromos deposit duringexcavationboth on the W side of the w side the E. On and the wall (layer2, twobaskets)weretheMG pithos,38, withfg, dividing the MG neck-handled an ironknifefragment, amphora,39 (moreof whichcame fromE of thewall,fromthe chamber,and fromthe nichefill),a lekythos 40 (whichjoined fragment, 41, a MG pithos,42 (moreofwhichcame fromthe fragmentary, 43), a ParianLG skyphos, chamberand nichefill),the LG EO lid, 45, and a Creto-Cypriot 43. Beyondthis lekythos, fillofreworked dromos the the 2 to W,layer (one basket)verylargelycomprised original group, the W of side the Still on little with 'wall',layer3 (one basket),below kouskouras, very pottery. ofcremated themainpotterydeposit,containedmorepottery, charcoal,and loose fragments iron of iron fu the swords) pins),fi3, 14 (fragments bone, (ironknife,spearsocket, objects
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 75
109
and fi5 (partofa smallironspearhead).In theequivalentdepositE ofthe'wall' (twobaskets) E of the 'wall5wereisolatedin was fi6 (bronzefibulafragment). Identifiable vase fragments a MG of which was in thechamber),a lid, three baskets layer4 comprising cup,46 (more in in the the niche a chamber,partly fill), nearlycompleteEG kalathos-lid 47 (alsopartly (part of whichwas in the chamber),a pithosfragment, 49, a nearlycompleteO aryballos,50, a EG kalathos-lid fragmentary (moreofwhichwas in thechamber),a largeMG pithosfragment withrust-stainfroman iron object, 52, a nearlycompletelid, 53, two-thirds of an EG O birdvase,55. There werealso a glassbead, fi7, an iron kalathos,54 and a fragmentary fi8 and a bronzepin,£30. knife-hilt, Whenthe'wall' was removed(layer3 (B), one basket)muchofa LG pithos,56, was found, moreof whichcame fromfurther w in the dromos, and an ironjavelin-head,£20. Below the 'wall' was a massofcrematedbone and severalironobjects- £21,(knife, etc),£22 (spearhead, etc),£23(spearheador swordfragment). The brokenpotterythathad been coveredby the 'wall' was removedas layer3 (three ofan ironknife,spearheadsand a sword, baskets).Withthiswas a bronzepin,£25,fragments f26, and some faience beads, £27. While fragmentsfromthis part of the deposit were subsequentlyfoundto join with other parts of the deposit and with materialfromthe came fromhere alone. What seemedto be chamber,196 (lid) and 214 (aryballosfragment) thelast remainsof thishuge depositwereexcavatedas layers (twobaskets).This contained theE-MG oinochoe,57, otherfragments ofwhichwerefoundin thechamber.f28 was a fish vertebraamulet,£29a bronzespectaclefibulafragment. The lastskinofsoil overthedromos floorwas dug as layer5 (threebaskets);materialfromit was subsequently foundtojoin withthe main potterydeposit,and it is clear thatlayers3, 4 and 5 are different of aspectsofthesameverylargedeposit.In thelowestpartwerefragments bronze,£31,a bronzevase handle,£56,and an ironweapontip,£57. The chamberwas excavatedfromabove afterthemechanicalremovalof topsoiland fallen roof.Its fillwas dug as layer6 (eightpottery baskets).It containedoversixtyvasesand a large numberof ironobjects.It was certainly in disarray, withitsroofcollapsed,and the blocking stoneof its doorwayfarout of place. Here and there,piles of brokenpotteryrecalledthe confusionof the main depositin the dromos. Of eighty-one vases made up fromfragments from all duringpost-excavation study depositscombined,sixtybelongedin partor wholeto the while of those were made chamber, twenty up fromfragments comingonlyfromthechamber. This evidence,takenwiththeveryscrappynatureof thefindsotherthanpottery, and the almostcompletelack of preciousobjects,suggeststhatthe chamberwas rifledduringthe O period,thatmost(but not all) of the pots it containedwere broken,large quantitiesbeing shovelledout intothedromos, whichmusthavebeen completely clearedoffillat thistime.The must have been over the of and the filling replaced pile debris, blocking'wall' builtin it,and on it. What is the connectionbetweenthisactivity, and the depositionof the complexof cremation fill[supra)? pithoiand associatedvasesfoundin theupperdromos The chambercontents werefairly distributed over the in someareasin twotiers, floor, evenly of relativelyintactvessels,in otherslittlemore than piles of sherdssubsequentlyto be recomposedas vases.Fromthecentreof the E (back)wall,clockwiseroundthechamberwere the following majoritems:pedestalbase of a largeMG krater,117, subsequently completed fromfragments scattered elsewherein thechamber,a LG pithos,68, containing thearyballoi thefragmentary 89-91, an ironpinfragment (L. 0.125)identified duringstudyofthecremation; + and E-MG in the niche polychrome oinochoe,58 pithos,67, 65 (fragment fill)withthe 66, coveringitsmouth.Nearbywerecrushedremainsof an O pithos,63. completeskyphos,
no
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
thelekythos, JustinsidethedoorwayweretheLG pithos72, a lid,64, overit,containing 87, and a lumpofearthwithclothimpression notedduringstudyofthecremation. Adjoiningitwas a LG hydria,73, and theMG pithos,74 + 109, containing a lid,84, and thetwoaryballoi, a a and a of bronze of bracelet,£32, 85-6, bead, £3ia, group glassbeads,£335a fragment in NW anotherwas identified of the cremation. At the other side of the the duringstudy doorway, corner,was a mass of brokenpotteryfromwhichfivemorecompletevases weremended:-a domedlid,76, twokalathoi,77, 80, and twoMG cups,78, 79. Beneathwerefoundfragments oftheearliestpithosin thetomb,theEG straight-sided no, otherpiecesofwhichwerein the dromos deposit,part of a polychromepithos,106, a nearlycompleteMG cup, 107, and a - two underthesevases,wereseveralironobjects immediately completelid,108. On thefloor, smalljavelin-heads, knife, £20,a broad-bladed £51and twoflataxes,£52,53. roundthechamberto theNEcornerwerefoundan EG kalathos,nearlywhole, Continuing from 61, theremainsofa MG pithos,62 (laterlargelyrecomposedbytheadditionoffragments thedromos 69, a nearlycompletelid,70, nearby).This pithospartlycoveredtheMG lekythos, and mostof a LPG PGB flask,71. In the NE cornerbeneaththeselast was the shattered ofwhichcame fromthedromos buccheropithos,81, withitslid,81a, otherfragments deposit. Belowagain,rightin thecorner,was an EG kalathoslid, 118. In the E halfof thetomb(still underthelargepithoi67, 68, in thelowerlevelofpottery, clockwise), movingapproximately werea smallPGB oinochoe,105, twocups,ioi, 104, a completejug, 103 and a juglet102. Towardsthecentreofthetombwerethetwoskyphoi, 97, 99, a cup,100 and an oinochoe,98, bothcomplete.Slightly lower,threevases,in, 112, 120, werenested,aryballosin LG cup, werea G coarselid,92, threeMG In theSWcorner, overthefloor, in LG cup,respectively itself and LG cups,93, 96, 96a, a completePGB/EG ribbedjuglet,95 and an AtticMG skyphos, werethepedestalfootofa polychrome on or nearthefloor, pithos, 94. Justinsidethedoorway, a 1165a polychrome cup,MG or earlier, pithosbase,115, completeolpe,114, and a miniature justinsidethedoorway(ironjavelin-headand axe-adze, objectswerechiefly 113. The remaining centre near the chamber (irondirk,ironpin,£54)or in theE halfofthechamber.From £48,49), E-Wthesewere£39-41,piecesofgoldfoil,£43,a bronzefragment, £44,ironjavelin-headand and socket and a two knife, dirk,£j5, £47,an obelos,£37,iron dagger,£|6, spear javelin-heads rivet.A reusedstone bronze a bronze iron axe, £35, spectaclefibula,f38, £36, pin fragments, conuluswerealso found. borecore,£j2 and a serpentine in foundexclusively studyfromfragments Amongthevasesmade up duringpost-excavation the chamberfillwere lids (141, 145, 152, 183), a kalathos(161), an aryballos(157), an oinochoe(201), a pyxis(207), a flask(200), twoskyphoi(170 and 212), a kotyle(158), a jug (197) and fourcups(167-169, 199). The uppernichewas excavatedas layer7, comingat once on a groupofvases- MG pithos 121, containingLG lid, 123, an O aryballos,124, and a faiencebead (L. 0.048) identified duringstudyof the cremation.There,too, was the LG/EO pithos,122, withlid, 175, two of aryballoi,127, 129, and a smalloinochoe,128; withinthiscremationa smallfragment and a three were also There was found lids,125-6, 131, completecup, duringstudy. glass ofthedromos 'wall'; 130. This grouphad been placedin theuppernicheaftertheconstruction it mighthave been done eithershortlybeforethe burialof the finalgroupof pithoiin the dromos fill,or at the same timeas thatburial.The lowernichewas founddisturbedmuchin themannerof the chamber;perhapsthe twoprocesseswereconnected.It was excavatedas layer7- one basket.On the nichefloorwerethe bases of two cremationpithoi,133, 135. Othervaseswerea miniature 132, a LG lid,134 (believedto belongto 56) and a EG skyphos, iron also two There were bellkrater, £58,59. javelin-heads, 136.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
(PLATES 1 17 29) 1. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 37. DR. 19.8. Much of rim, handles and body lost. Discoloured ash-greyin patches, Pburnt.White slip. Flat rim, three loop feet. Red and blue decoration, almost completely obliterated.Trace of red bands. LO. 2. *BOTTLE, HL. 3. Vacai part of 1. 4. *BOTTLE, HL. 5. *JUG. DB. 5.5. PH. 10.8. Lower body only, grouped lines. EO. 6. *JUG. H. c. 27.5. DB. 11. Most of rim and neck, part of body lost. Fr. of round handle to neck. Sevenfold circles on shoulder, the outermost thickened; bands on body. Bands inside rim and neck. E 155,class D. LO. PITHOS (via. 97). DR. 20. H. c. 7. POLYCHROME 35. Gaps in wall and rim. Strap feet. Extremelyworn. Between handles, red lozenges; zone of chequerboard, tall red and blue rays. Between feet, lozenges. Feet barred. By the same hand as 57.9 and io. LO. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 15.3. Gaps in wall and rim, one vertical handle lost. Unevenly fired. Below rim, band with white lines. Between handles, overlapping spaced circles. Bands and lines, fourfoldwhite circles on second band. LO. 9. PLATE (plate 119). D. 18. Offset rim, slightly convex floor.Plain. LO. 10. ^POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 94). DR. 16. Frs. of rim and non-joining body sherds only. Decoration almost lost, but traces of panel with pair of confrontedbirds,blue and red fill.EO. 11. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID. D. 16. H. 5.6. Frs. of rim,wall and top. As 285.18. LO. 12. *OINOCHOE. PH. 11. Body only. Fully coated. As 15. E 154, class E LO. PITHOS. H. 38.7. D. c. 19. One 13. POLYCHROME horizontal, one vertical handle lost, ditto much of rim and wall. Worn white slip, remains of ornament in red and blue: traces of blue and red bands, zone of red concentriccircles.As 14. LO. PITHOS. H. 38. DR. 21.5. 14. POLYCHROME Complete save chips from rim. Strap feet. Traces of cream slip, and red panel-borders below rim. Decoration otherwiseentirelylost. LO. H. 13.5. Neck and mouth lost, gaps 15. OINOCHOE. in wall. Fully coated. E 154, class F. O. 16. *ARYBALLOS. H. 6.5. Chips in rim. Fully coated. Cf. 28. E 158, class D (iv). LO. 17. *CUP. DB. 5.4. Base and adjoining wall, nonjoining body frs.Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). O. 18. JUG. H. 13.5. Complete. Worn, exterior coated, with traces of white lines at base of neck and handleroot. Cf. E no. 1185. LO. PITHOS. H. 30.5. DR. 17. 19. FOUR-HANDLED Nearly complete. Concave lip, rising rim, ring foot.
SI IL
T. 75
nI
POTTERY
Paint on lip. Four panels of hatched meander; zigzags above, (A) triple, (B) double; quartered and dotted lozenges below. On strap handles, panels of double and single zigzag. MG. 20. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 38. DR. 19. Three out of four handles, part of wall lost. White slip, red and blue paint. Handle zone, panels with antithetic birds. Chequerboard zone on belly, red and blue bands. Two lower zones of rays. Red and blue strokes on looped feet.34 may be its lid. EO 21. ARYBALLOS (fig. 94). H. 5.6. Gaps in rim and wall. Mouth, hatched band. Handle barred. Shoulder, five lotus bees, Grouped lines to base, one zigzag. Spiral on underside. E 159, class K or close. Cf. Ay. Paraskies,fig.14, 106. LO. 22. *CUP. DR. 12. Frs. of rim and wall only. Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). O. DB. 8. Frs. of base and non23. »JUG/OINOCHOE. joining body sherds. Quadruple circles on shoulder, outermost thickened, gap between firstand second. Grouped lines. E 155,class D, or 154,class F. O. 24. ARYBALLOS (fig. 94). H. 5.6. Three-quarters of mouth lost, gap in wall. Mouth, rings. Handle barred. Lines on neck. Shoulder, arcaded tongues. Bands and lines. E 159, class K. LO. LID. D. 18.5. H. 10.4. Two 25. *POLYCHROME thirds of wall and most of knob missing. Red line at edge and base of knob. Interior of knob blue. E 164, class G (ii) (a) or (b). MO. With the pithos 13. 26. MINIATURE CUP. H. 4.7. DR. 5. Chip in rim. Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). LO. LID. Two non-joining frs. 27. *POLYCHROME Paint lost. E 164, class G (ii) (a) or (b). MO. 28. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.3. Complete. As 16. LO. LID. PH. 13.5. Fr. of centre 29. *POLYCHROME with two thirdsof knob and one ring. Unusually thick fabric. Traces of red paint on cup and blue at its base. E 164, class G (ii) (b). MO. 30. ARYBALLOS (flati: 123). H. 6.8. Complete. Strap handle, slight disc foot. Paint in rim, line down handle. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles flanked by oblique lines. MG. With pithos 18. 31. JUG. DB. 5. PH. 18. Handle, most of neck, and one third of wall lost. Grouped lines. F. 155, class D, withoutcircles. EO. PITHOS. DR. 20. Frs. of rim, 32. *POLYCHROME wall, base, two vertical handles, one strap foot with prong marks. Traces of red and blue lines. LO. KALATHOS 33. MINIATURE (fig. 94). H. 3.6. DR. 10.5. Complete. Flat floor,straightsides, ribbon handles below rim. Fully coated. LO. LID. D. 18.2. PH. 6.4. One 34. POLYCHROME quarter of wall and knob missing. Alternate red and blue tongues between red and blue rays. Perhaps for 20. EO.
II2
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
35. NECKED PITHOS. H. 40. DR. 17.5. Gaps in wall and rim, one vertical handle missing. Four handles, ring foot. Dark neck. Between handles, reserved panel with fivefoldcircles. Bands and lines with fourfoldwhite circles,reservedband with pairs of large fivefold circles, band and lines enhanced in white, dark paint to foot with two pairs of white double circles. LO. 36. *SKYPHOS. DB. 4.4. Frs. of base, wall, rim and one handle. Fully coated. E 166, class C. EO. 37. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.1. Complete. Mouth, rings. Handle barred. Cross-hatched triangles,three chevron columns. Dark lower body. E 158, class C, late. EO. PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 18. 38. FOUR-HANDLED Nearly complete. Thick black paint. Concave lip, risingrim,bucranium handles. Ring foot. Paint on lip. Four panels with hatched meander and triple zigzag; hatched meander below. MG, Horse workshop. AMPHORA. H. c. 47. Frs. of 39. NECK-HANDLED rim, neck, body and base. Brown grits,semi-lustrous black paint. Rounded lip, plump ovoid body,ring foot, strap handles. Many rivet holes, indicating ancient repair. Dark ground. Zones of dotted diagonal crossed with vertical bars on lip and belly; on neck, panels of quintuple zigzag and dogtooth. Bands and lines. Handles barred. No paint inside. MG, Atticizing. Perhaps with pithos 38. 40. Vacat:part of 43. 41. SKYPHOS (fig. 94). H. c. 9. DR. c 14. Frs. Pale brown clay, much mica, porous texture; dull streaky brown paint. Parian LG I; cf. Délos XV, pl. 30, Ae 60. Eumousia28, fig.59. PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 19.5. 42. TWO-HÀNDLED Nearly complete. Flat lip. Stirrup handles, ring foot. Handles flanked by bosses just below lip. Paint on lip. On the reverse,lozenges dotted and quartered (as on 19), billets, hatched meander. Handles: diagonal crosses between bars on vertical strap, curved stripes on bucranium. MG, Stirrupworkshop.Cf. E no. 440. (fig. 94). H. 18. Nearly complete, 43. LEKYTHOS restored. Orange clay, airholes; matt black paint. Traces of polished surface; worn, pitted and flaking. Round handle attached to neck ridge, flat base. Band at rim and on ridge, two lines at base of neck. Lateral circle on body drawn free-hand. Band at base. Paint on handle. MG, imitationof Cypriot. With pithos 38. RDAC 1984, 133 no. 56 (beforerestoration). 44. *JUGLET. PH. 9.5. Frs., base and handle missing. Cream slip. Wide and tall concave neck, bellied body. Neck: two zones of dots. Belly: simple lozenge crosses in small panels. Paint on lower body. LG, late. 44a. *DOMED LID. H. 4.2. D. c. 19.5. One quarter preserved,centre missing.Everted lip. White on dark: diagonal bars between lines on lip; quintuple circles enclosing dots, latticed triangle in field; zone with latticed rectanglesbetween bars. O.
CEMETERY
45. DOMED LID (itg. 93; plate 123). H. 6.5. D. 20. Three-quarters preserved. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: octopus, opposed double semicircles, double circles. LG-EO. 45a. MINIATURE PYXIS (fig. 94; plate 124). H. 6.3. DR. 3.8. One handle missing. Orange-red clay, fullycoated. Stringmarkunder base. Round handles. LG. 46. *CUP. H. 6.9. DR. 10.6-11.0. Nearly complete. Lip offset,otherwiseas 100. MG. LID (fig. 94). H. 8.2. D. 23. 47. CONICAL Complete. Circles on knob. LG. 48. KALATHOS (plate 129). H. 9. D. 20.4. Nearly complete. As 80. EG. 49. *PITHOS. Fr. of body and handle only. Under handle, lines enhanced in white, band with white quadruple circles. O. H. 10. Gaps in wall and handle. 50. LEKYTHOS. Rings inside mouth. Side circles, six double circles at front.Cf. E no. 1048. EO. 51. *KALATHOS. PH. 7.8. Lower part, rim missing. As 80, except that the handle zone is empty. EG. Also, rim of another,similar. PITHOS. PH. 31. Rim to 52. *FOUR-HANDLED lower body. White grits.Flat lip, stirruphandles as 42. Plump ovoid body. Paint on lip. Cross-hatched lozenge panels above strap handles. In panels, hatched meander, billets; in belly zone, diagonal crosses alternatingwith bars. Bands and lines. Stirrup handles fullypainted; on straps, diagonal crosses and bars. Iron stain. MG; by hand of E no. 479 and Gypsadesnos. 61 and 62. 53. DOMED LID (fig. 94). D. 5.2. Gaps in rim. At centre, Maltese cross with lozenge centre, then triple circles with strokesbetween the outer ones. EO. H. 9. D. c. 21. Two-thirds 54. *KALATHOS. preserved.As 51. EG. 55. BIRD ASKOS (fig. 94). L. c. 22.5. Parts of body, secondary spout and handle missing.Eyes and mouth marked; volutes from back of head to neck. Double line at base of neck, concentric lines following wing outline. Decoration on tail worn away. LO. H. 45. DR. 24. PITHOS. 56. TWO-HANDLED Nearly complete, but very worn. White and brown grits. Unusually wide mouth, concave lip, slight neck with ridge. Ring foot. Bucranium handles, with deep vertical trough in centre. Paint on lip. Panels in white on dark, mainly obliterated: apparently three square panels each side containing a bird, separated by columns of cross-hatched lozenges and/or squares; single zigzag above each bird. Handles painted with white loop in concavity,and white cross below. Traces of a belly zone in white with vertical divisions. Bands and lines. LG, late. The lid 134 belongs. H. c. 24. Frs. Small brown grits, 57. OINOCHOE. specks of silver mica, semi-lustrousred-brown paint.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
Globular body, ring foot. Neck panels: triple zigzag between lines. Bands and lines; bars on strap handle. E-MG. 58. Vacai:joins 65. base. Slight ring foot. VESSEL, 59. »CLOSED Coated in dark paint. O. 60. »CONICAL LID (1k;. 94). D. 15.6. H. 6.3. One third of rim missing. White on dark. Solid circle at centre,lines. F 164, class E (ii) (b). EO. 61. »KALATHOS. H. 8.8. I). 21. Three-quarters preserved. As 80, but no reserved circle on floor inside. EG. PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 17.2. 62. FOUR-HANDLED Three-quarters preserved. Concave lip, rising rim; bucranium handles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: multiple zigzag, thin hatched meander. Cross-hatched lozenges and multiple zigzag passing below strap handles but interruptedby bucrania. Bands and lines. Bucranium handles barred; on straps,quadruple zigzag betweenbars. MG, late; by hand oï Gypsades no 63. PITHOS. DR. 16.2. Base, 63. »FOUR-HANDLED irs. of wall, two thirdsof rim and adjoining shoulder. One horizontal,one vertical handle. Between handles, sevenfold circles, outermost thickened; dark paint to base, traces of circles as above, in white. EO. 64. CONICAL LID. H. 8.7. D. 20.5. Complete. Knob with bevelled edge, circles above. MG. H. 23. Nearly complete. Deep 65. OINOCHÒE. orange-red clay, white grits,cream slip. Strap handle, sagging body, ring foot. Reserved neck panels: inverted hatched triangles, billets. Bands and lines. Bars on handles. E-MG. 66. »SKYPHOS (iï(î. 94). H. 10.4. DR. 13.6. Gaps in rimand wall. White on dark. Traces of whitelinesbelow lip inside,betweenhandles outside.F 166,class C. EO. PITHOS. Frs. of body and one 67. POLYCHROME horizontal handle only.Decoration lost. O. 68. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 49. DR. 13. Nearly complete. Flat lip with upturned rim, low conical foot. Lip reserved. Panels: tongues, three zigzags, dotted battlement. White-on-dark zones below: large triplecircles under handles, smaller triple circles round belly. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Paint on horizontal handles, single line down strap handles. EG, late. H. 31.3. Nearly complete. 69. LARGE LEKYTHOS. Red-brown clay, yellow slip, semi-lustrous paint. Flattened round handle attached to neck ridge. No articulation between neck and body. Ring foot. On neck, tree with hatched leaves between columns of lozenges in triple outline, vertical bars below the L. column. Handle: diagonal bars between vertical lines. MG, precursorof Praisos type. LID. D. 15.5. H. 5.8. Gaps in rim. 70. DOMED Shape and decoration as 145. EO. FLASK. H. 19.2. Nearly complete. 71. LENTOID
SITE
T. 75
„^
White grits. Flaring lip, strap handle; lentoid body, rising to point on one side, flat on the other. Line inside rim. On each flank,gridded cross withincircles, groups of bars round edge. LPG PGB. PFFHOS. H. 40.5. DR 13. 72. TWO-HANDLED Complete. Inset lip sloping upwards, disc foot. Paint only on inner edge of lip. Panels: on each side, lozenge chain above quadruple zigzag, Hanked by lozenge crosses. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Paint on handles. EG, late. 73. HYDRIA. H. 28.6. Complete. Yellow slip. Flat base. Groups of bars on lip, band inside; bars on vertical handle, paint on horizontal handles. On belly, hatched zigzag between verticalson each side. LG. 74. Vacat:joins 109. PFFHOS. DB. 10.5. PH. 13. 75. »POLYCHROME Base and one strap foot only. Traces of red and blue paint. (). LID. D. 16.5. H. 6.8. Parts oí rim 76. DOMED missing.Maltese cross at centre,arcades at rim. EO. 77. KALATHOS. H. 8. I). 19.3. Nearly complete. As 80 but withoutupper zone of scribble. EG. 78. »CUP. H. (>.<).DR. 10. Nearly complete. As 100. MG. 79. »CUP. H. 6.5. DR. 9.4 9.9. Nearly complete. As 100. MG. 80. KALATHOS (kk;. 95). H. 8.9. D. 20.5. Cream slip. Continuous bars on rim inside; reserved circle on floor.EG: with pithos no. 81. FOUR-HANDLED PFFHOS, bucchero. H. 42.6. DR. 20. Part of handles and wall restored. Thickwalled: fine grey clay, rather soft. Smooth grey-black slip. Deeply concave lip, rising rim, bucranium and strap handles, high ring foot. Incised decoration: in handle zone, three wavy lines between three grooves above and fourbelow. MG. Cf. 283.22. 81a. CONICAL LID, bucchero. H. 12. D. 20. Part of rim and wall restored. Thick-walled. Clay as 81: smooth brown-black slip. Flat knob, two ribs on stem. MG. With 81. Cf. 283.22a. 82. MUG. H. 7.5. DR. 8.7. Complete save gap in wall. Dented in firing.F 166, class B (iii). O. 83. SMALL LID (plati; 123). H. 3.9. D. 10.4. Complete. White grits. Thick fabric. Conical: knob with two ribs on stem, convex profile.MG. LID. PH. 11.8. D. 24. Broad knob 84. CONICAL with trace of miniature vessel broken off. On knob, billets round edge above, bars round side. MG. Fits pithos 109. H. 12. Complete. Burnished 85. *ARYBALLOS. surface. Line on mouth and neck. Fourfoldcircles on shoulder,with dotted centres. Lines below. F 158, class E (ii). (). 86. ARYBALLOS (plati; 00). H. 7.4. Complete. Polished, unpainted. Flaring lip, strap handle; flat base, ratherrough. MG: with pithos 109.
n4
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
87. LEKYTHOS. H. 10. Nearlycomplete.Polished. Neckridge,roundhandle,wide disc foot.Paintinside lip.EO: withpithos72. 88. CONICAL LID. D. 17.8.PH. 9. Gaps in wall and rim. Hollow knob,whiteon dark. Large threefold circlesnearcentre,smalldoublecirclesnearrim.EO. 89. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Complete save chips in rim. Pairs of circles on shoulder.Cf. E 998. EO. In 68. 90. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.2. Complete,worn.As 89, a pair.EO. In 68. 91. ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Complete save chip from mouth.Lines on mouth.Shoulder,hatchedtriangles. E 158,classC. LG. In 68. 92. SMALL COARSE LID. H. 5.7. DR. 10.7.Nearly complete.Coarse micaceousred clay,largegreygrits. Broad knobhandle,invertedlip, as thoughforvessel with rising inset lip. Traces of two white bands. PGB-EG? 93. CUP (FIG. 95; PLATE126). H. 7.8. DR. II. brownpaint. Strap handle. Complete.Semi-lustrous reservedpanel. Handle barred.Inside, Bossesflanking reservedcircleon floor.MG. 94. SKYPHOS (fig. 95; plate 126).H. 5.4. DR. 10. One handlebroken.Orange-brown clay,a littlemica, thicklustrousblack paint. Small reservedcircle on floorinside.MG. 95. MINIATURE COARSE JUG (plate 124).H. 5.7. DR. 3.8. Complete.Micaceous red clay,unpainted. Straphandleattachedinsiderim;sevenribsappliedto body,verticalor oblique.Disc foot,faintstringmark underneath. Mug type.PGB-EG. 96. CUP (PLATE123).H. 8. DR. 8.5. Half-preserved, As 112. LG. handlemissing. 96a. *CUP. PH. 6. DR. 9. Half preserved with handle.As 112. LG, early. 97. SKYPHOS (fig. 95; plate 126). H. 6. DR. 8.6-9.5. Nearlycomplete.Reservedcircleon floor. 98. OINOCHOE. H. 21.1. Gaps in wall. Triple circles,lines.E 154,classE (i). MO. 99. SKYPHOS. H. 9.9. DR. 13.8-15. Complete. brownpaint.Flat base. Interior Semi-lustrous streaky all painted.MG. 100. CUP (plate 129).H. 6.8. DR. 9.6-10. Shortlip, notoffset. Straphandleattachedinsiderim.Flat base, ratherroughwithstringmark.Fullycoated. MG. E 166,classB (ii). 101. *CUP (fig. 95). H 9.8. DR. 13.7.Gaps in wall and rim.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LO. 102. MINIATURE JUG. H. 4.7. DR. 3.2. Complete. Straphandle,broad flatbase. Bars on handle.LG. E 155,classB (i),mugtype. 103. JUG. H. 21.5.Complete.As giantCreto-Cypriot Spaced side circleswithlozengerosettefill. lekythos. Fivefoldcirclesfrontand back.Splayedlinesat handle root.EO.
104. CUP. H. 10.8. DR. 13. Chips in rimand wall. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 105. OINOCHOE. H. 9.4. Nearlycomplete.Strap handle, concave base. Quintuple triangles on shoulder,with shortbars on outer apices. Barred handle.PGB. 106. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 12. Half base and one double rib footonly.Worn. Blue lines on foot. Remains of one panel with blue and yellow volute-tree. O. 107. *CUP. H. 7. DR. 111 1.5. Nearly complete. As 100. MG. 108. DOMED LID. D. 21.5. H 5. Small chipsin rim and wall. Evertedlip withsuspensionholes.Whiteon dark.Threefoldcircles,strokeson rim.Cf. E no. 848. MO. 109. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 49. DR. 19. Nearlycomplete.Concave lip,risingrim.Bucranium stirruphandles.Ring foot.Paint on lip. On reverse, same decorationin panels,butsolidleavesabovestrap handle. Stirruphandles:diagonal crossand bars on upper strap,bars on bucrania. MG. Cf. E no. 444. The lid 84 fits. no. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig.97). H. 50.6. DR. 14. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip,large gritsin handle. Concave lip, rising rim, flattened loop handles.Solid leaves,verticalon shoulder,obliqueon withgridpattern.EG. body,alternating in. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.9. Complete.Thick cream slip,unpainted.Flaringlip, straphandles,flatbase. MG. 112. CUP (FIG. 95; PLATE126). H. 6.5. DR. 9.2. Complete. Handle barred,reservedcircle on floor. LG, early. 113. *MINIATURE CUP. H. 2.6. DR. 9.2. Strap handle attached inside offsetlip, rough base with stringmark.Fullycoated.E-MG. 114. OLPE. H. 16.6. Gaps in wall. Handle,verticals. groupedlines.EO. Triplecircleson shoulder, 115. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DB. 13. PH. 10.5. Base, wholeand twohalfstrapfeetonly.Red line on base,redbetweenblue barson feet.O. 116. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. PH. 14.6. D. 22. foot.Trace of whiteslip, Part of conical fenestrated blue and redpaint.Decorationlost.O. 117. PEDESTALLED KRATER. H. 51.5. DR. 36.5-38. Complete.Whitegrits.Upper surfaceof lip slopes outwards,concave offsetlip. Stirruphandles, flankedby bossesat rim.Flaringpedestalwithseven ribson stemand one nearbase. Groupsofbarson lip, freehand. Handles: bars on bucranium, double chevronsdownstrap.MG. 118. ♦KALATHOS-LID. H. 7.7. D. 19. Two-thirds As 80. EG. preserved. 119. SMALL LID. H. 5.4. D. 12. Two-thirds preserved. Conical, with knob in the form of a
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE miniature pyxis.Slightlyconcaveprofile.Knob: cross in circle,bars on the side. Dark ground;double axes and barsbetweenlines.MG. 120. CUP (PLATL126).H. 10. DR. c. 13.4.Two-thirds Thin fabric,fullycoated.Sharplyoffset lip, preserved. strap handle attached inside rim,flatbase. LG. E i66f,classB (iii). 121. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (plait: 122). H. 40.5. DR. 15.5.Nearlycomplete.Concave lip. Same decoration on the reverse,except that the lower zigzagsare quintuple.MG, late.The lid 123 belongs. 122. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 33.5. DR. 13.7. Complete.The lip slopesupwards;ringfoot.Painton lip. Similar decoration in both panels, flankedby columnsof whitedouble circles;round belly,white doublecirclesin pairs.LG/EO. 123. CONICAL LID (plate 122). H. 11. D. 21.8. Nearly complete. Two shallow ribs on knob stem, plaincrossabove.LG, early;withpithos121. 124. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.5. Frs. of body only. Chevroncolumns,lines.MO. 125. DOMED LID. D. 20. H. 6. Complete. Suspensionholes. White on dark. Arcaded tongues, S's, doubleand triplecircles.EO. 126. *DOMED LID (fig.95). D. 18.6.H. 5.6. Half of rimand wall lost. Evertedlip withsuspensionholes. Whiteon dark,worn.Multiplezigzag,diaper,strokes on rim.E 163,classE (i) (b). EO. 127. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.1. Complete. Polished, unpainted.Disc mouth,straphandle,falseringfoot. LG-EO. Withpithos122. 128. SMALL STRAIGHT-SIDED OINOCHOE. H. 7. Complete.Creamslip.Grooveundertrefoil lip,ring foot.Lineson lip and neck,doublecircleson shoulder and belly.Verticallinesdown roundhandle.EO? Cf. E no. 1356.Withpithos122. 129. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.7. Complete. Cream slip, unpainted. Disc mouth, round handle, flat base. LG-EO. Withpithos122. 130. *CUP (FIG.95). H. 10.4. DR. 13.5.Gaps in rim and wall.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LG-EO. 131. DOMED LID. D. 17.4. H. 5.4. Gaps in wall. Stringholes. White on dark,worn. Zigzag, broken curvilinear meander.E 163,classE (i) (a). EO. 132. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig.95; plait: 124).H. 4.4. DR. 7.2. Complete.Bevelledlip, groovebelow; roundreflexhandles,barred.EG. 133. *PITHOS, base only. 134. ♦CONICAL LID (fig. 95; plate 120).PH. 13.7. D. 30.5. Knob handle brokenoff.Large whitegrits. Oblique wheelmarksat upper break suggesta large hollowknob.Whiteon dark: two zones withsquare panels, (i) diagonal crosseswithchevrons,(ii) birds. LG: fitspithos56. 135. *PITHOS, base only. 136. SMALL BELL-KRATER (fig.95). H. 19. D. 18.
T. 75
II5
Complete. Slight ridge below lip; disc foot with roughlybevellededge. Inside,spatterbelowband. An EG survivalofa PG shape. 137. *KALATHOS (fig.95; plail 121).H. 8.1. D. 18. Complete. Overlapping semicircles. Single circle underbase. PGB. 138. CONICAL LID (fig.96). H. 10.5.D. 22. Nearly complete. Knob with short concave stem, crosshatchedcheckpatternabove.MG. 139. *KALATHOS. H. 8.4. D. 20.8. Nearly complete.As 77 butfloorfullypainted.EG. 140. CONICAL LID. H. 10.3. D. 22-23.5- Nearly complete.Stemmedknob,solidoctofoilabove.MG. 141. CONICAL LID (fig.96). H. 9.6. D. 21.5.ThreeThickbrownpaint.MG, late. quarterspreserved. 142. CONICAL LID (fig. 95). H. 11. D. 28. Nearly complete.Pairofsuspensionholes.MG? Cf. 218.42. 143. CONICAL LID. H. 9.1. D. 20.8. Nearly complete.As 47 butwithtriplewhitecircles(faded)in centralzone. LG, late. 144. KALATHOS (fig.96). H 5.2. D. 15.One handle missing.Slightridgebelow rim.Oblique bars on rim inside.PGB: cf.(£43. 145. DOMED LID. D. 17.4. H. 5.4. Gaps in wall. Slightevertedrim.Cross,triplecircles.E 163,class E (i) (a). EO. 146. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 15.8. DR. 15-16.Nearly complete.Oblique lip, slightlyoffset;tall spreading foot,conical underneath.Paint to below handles. PGB. 147. *KALATHOS. H. 9.7. D. 21.3.Nearlycomplete. As 51. EG. 148. PYXIS. PH. 9.2. DR. 7.3. Rim to lowerbody. Semi-lustrousblack paint. Dark ground, reserved panelsoftriplezigzageach side.Band insiderim.LG. 149. CONICAL UD. D. 21.2.H. 8.1. Gaps in rimand wall.Ringson knob,bandsand lines.Fits172. EO. 150. ♦CONICAL LID (fig. 96). D. 14. H 6.2. Complete,hollowknob.Whiteon dark,worn.Triple circlesat centre,singleat edge.EO. 151. CONICAL LID. D. 17.H. 9.2. Gaps in rimand wall. White on dark,worn. Triple circlesat centre, singleat edge.EO. 152. DOMED LID. D. 16. H. 6.6. Gaps in rimand wall. Slightevertedrim,double leaf-crossat centre, thentriplecircles.E 163,classE (i) (a). EO. 153. DOMED LID. D. 20.1.H. 5.2. Gaps in wall,one quarter of rim lost. Evertedrim,suspensionholes. Whiteon dark,lines.E 163,classE (i) (b). EO. 154. CONICAL LID. D. 15. H. 7.1. Gaps in wall, mostof rimlost.Centralboss.Whiteon dark.Circles on boss,groupedstrokesand triplecircles.E 163,class E (ii)(b). EO. 155. *SKYPHOS (fig.96). H 10.6.DR. 12.2.Gaps in rimand wall. Whiteon dark.Line below riminside, circlesbetweenhandlesoutside.E 166,classC. LO.
n6
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
156. SKYPHOS. H. 9.4. DR. 14. Gaps in rim, wall and body. Orange clay, coated in paint fired red to black. EO. 157. ARYBALLOS (via. 96). PH. 11.3. Neck, mouth lost, gaps in wall. Slight ring foot. On shoulder,volute and blob bees, lines, rectilinear cable. Lines to base, ringsunder foot. Handle barred. By the same hand as 13.5. E 159, class L. Cf. E no. 1534. LO. 158. KOTYLE (fig. 96). H. 8.2. DR. 14. Gaps in rim and wall. Coated inside and out. Inside, reserved dot on floor, line below lip. Between handles, reserved panel, three triple circles with dots in outer zone, the centre one with dots in the inner zone, between grouped lines and vertical rectilinearcable. Near the FortetsaPainter.LO. H. 7.8. Gaps in wall. Double 159. ARYBALLOS. dotted zigzag, lines. E 159, class L. LO. H. 6.8. DR. 10. Three-quarters 160. SKYPHOS. preserved. Vertical lip curving gently into shoulder. Flat base. Vertical chevrons stopped by bars. Inside: reservedline at rim,otherwisefullypainted. M- LG. 161. KALATHOS. H. 8.3. D. 20.6. Complete. Flat lip, slightlyoffset.Flat base. Inside: groups of bars on rim, two spaced bands, paint on floor. EG. Cf. Payne no. 129. 162. SKYPHOS (fig. 96). H. 6.5. DR. 11.6. Nearly complete. Hard pale brown clay, a little mica, thick lustrous dark brown paint. Birds flanking central chevron column. Reserved circle on floor.Attic LG I. PITHOS. H. 42.5. DR. 16. 163. FOUR-HANDLED Two handles broken off.Thick cream slip. Concave lip, risingrim. Broad and low ring foot. Paint on and below lip. Panels: A and C, vertical bars and zigzag, forming geometricized leaves; hatched meander; chain of triple lozenges with central dot, and small dotted lozenges in spaces above and below. B and D similar, but uppermost panel contains double (B) or triple (D) zigzag. White double circles in columns flankinghorizontal handles, and in continuous zone below panels. Bands and lines. Paint on horizontal handles: on straps, bars with double zigzag at roots. LG, early. PITHOS. H. c. 41. DR. c. 164. *FOUR-HANDLED 14. Frs. Grey core, white grits.Flat lip, disc foot. Paint at rim, lip otherwisereserved. Decoration as 171, but with triple zigzag or dotted lozenge chain below battlementin panels. LG, late. PITHOS (plate 125). H. 165. FOUR-HANDLED 42. DR. 19. Nearly complete. Concave lip, risingrim. Bucranium stirrup handles. Ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A-B as illustrated; G-D, large hatched meander only. Handles decorated as 109, but with cross-hatched hour-glasses at roots of strap handles. Spatter inside. MG, Stirrupworkshop.Cf. F. no. 1391. 166. *CUP. H. 6.5. DR. 9.5. Nearly complete. As 46. MG.
167. *CUP. H. 7.1. DR 10.2-10.6. Nearly complete. As 100. MG. 168. *CUP. H. 7. DR. 10-10.6. Nearly complete. As 100.
169. *CUP. H. 5.8. DR. 9.9. Two-thirdspreserved.As 112. LG. 170. *SKYPHOS (fig. 96). H. 8.8. DR. 11.5. Gaps in rim and wall. Fully coated. Reserved lines: one below lip inside; three outside, four on bowl. Reserved underside. MO. PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 171. FOUR-HANDLED 13.3. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Flat lip, ring foot. Two lines on lip. Above handles, (A) tongues, (B) dotted lozenges and bars. Paint on horizontal handles, single line down strap handles. LG, late. PITHOS. H. 44. DR. 23. 172. FOUR-HANDLED Gaps in rim, wall and base. Handle-panels: (A) band of cross-hatched lozenges, three panels of horizontal zigzags between octofoils; (B) fragmentary,part of hatched Maltese cross, part of guilloche square. Bands and lines, triplewhite circles in topmost bands. Cf. Ay. Paraskies,51, fig.3 no. 3. EO. DR. PITHOS. 173. SMALL FOUR-HANDLED 14.5. Large fivefoldcircles,bands and lines. O. PITHOS. H. c. 23. DR. 11.7. 174. TWO-HANDLED Gaps in rim and wall. Triple circles, lines and bands. EO. 175. JUG. PH. 18.7. Body with gaps, wall and handle. Band inside mouth. Double circles in pairs on shoulder,more widely spaced below. EO. 176. CONICAL LID. D. 17.2. H. 8.5. Gaps in rim and wall. Hollow knob. Dipped in red-brownpaint. O. LID. H. 7.7. D. 18.6. Nearly 177. CONICAL MG. As 64. complete. 178. CONICAL LID. H. 9.5. D. 22.2. Gaps in wall. Conical knob. White on dark, bands and lines. EO. 179. *CONICAL LID (fio. 98). D 18.4. Gaps in wall and rim. Hollow knob. Traces of white on dark decoration, worn. Small double circles near centre, larger triplenear edge. Grouped lines. EO. 180. DOMED LID (FIG. 101). H 5.6. D. 20. Nearly complete. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: octopus, blank zone. Double circles. LG-EO. 181. KALATHOS (fig. 98). H. 6. DR. 14.6. Gaps in wall, one handle lost. Flat floor, flat nicked rim. Flattened cylindricalhandles. Was fullycoated. Traces of white lines inside and out. LO. H. 19.3. DR. KRATER. 182. KANTHAROID 18.5-19. 2. Nearly complete. Fine orange-brown clay, small specks of mica, polished surface, semi-lustrous red paint. Concave lip passing gently into shoulder, strap handles rising above rim, disc foot. Wavy verticals on lip, drawn with multiple brush; meander flanked by solid quatrefoils. Handles barred. Inside: reserved line at rim with groups of bars; otherwise fullypainted. LG.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
183. CONICAL LID. H. 8.1. D. 17.6. Complete. Two vertical round handles attached inside everted rim; shortill-definedknob. Sides dipped in paint. G? H. 7.7. DR. 12. Two-thirds 184. SKYPHOS. as 160. Vertical chevrons in preserved. Shape reserved panel. Inside: reserved line at rim with groups of bars, otherwisefullypainted. MG. 185. CONICAL LID. D. 17.8. H. 9.4. Gaps in rim. White on dark, worn. Bands and lines. EO. 186. *DOMED LID (fig. 98). D. 12. One thirdof rim lost. Central boss. White on dark, grouped lines. E 164, class E (ii) (b). EO. H. 8.2. Three-quarters 187. *ARYBALLOS. preserved. Cream slip, unpainted. Everted lip, tall neck, strap handle; depressed globular body passing gentlyinto flatbase. MG? 188. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.2. Gaps in rim, handle and wall. Triple dotted circles on shoulder, grouped lines. Cf. Payneno. 121. H. 11.5. Gaps in rim, handle and 189. LEKYTHOS. wall. Worn. Traces of hatched bees on shoulder, guilloche. Grouped lines to base. LO. 190. *ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Frs. Large gaps in wall, chips in rim. Triple circles on shoulder,handle barred with central cross. Grouped lines. Cf. E no. 998. EO. 191. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.5. Mouth lost, gaps in wall. Fourfold circles on shoulder, grouped lines. Cf. 190. EO. PITHOS. DB. 16.8. H. 41.2. 192. TWO-HANDLED Gaps in wall and rim. Double white circles. Panels: (A) voluted lozenge, massed zigzags. (B) S's above double quadrated lozenge chain, with quadrated square and trianglefill.Triple white circles in pairs on top two bands. EO. PITHOS. H. 46. DR. 14.5. 193. FOUR-HANDLED Gaps in wall. Double white circles. Handle-panels: four double circles, the outermost thickened,between two fivefoldcircles. Lines and bands, with circles of various sizes. EO. PITHOS. DR. 15. H 38.3. 194. FOUR-HANDLED Large gaps in wall. Double white circles, fivefold circles in two tiers,then one of fourfoldon dark paint. EO. 195. SMALL KRATER (fig. 98). PH. 14.4. DR. 19. Rim to lower body. Same decoration on both sides. MG, late. LID (fig. 98). D. 24.5. Gaps 196. *POLYCHROME in wall, knob lost. Double circles and lines in blue on cream. For 222. EO. 197. JUG. H. 9.3. DR. 7.9. Three-quarters preserved, handle broken off.Attachments of strap handle. No angle between neck and body. Flat base. Fully coated. LG. E 155,class B (i), mug type. PH.' 14. Mouth and base missing. 198. OINOCHOE. Thick fabric. Stump of strap handle. Neck: zigzag between lines. Five cross-hatched triangles, outlined,
SITE
T. 75
uy
on shoulder. Belly: running spiral between lines. PGB EG. 199. CUP (fig. 98). H. 6.9. DR. 10.3. Nearly complete. As 46, but thinnerfabric.MG. FLASK. H. 27.5 Three-quarters 200. LENTOID preserved, handle missing. Cream slip. Everted lip, stumps of round handle attached well below lip. Lentoid body formed by attaching two shallow bowls; groove between ridges where they meet. Flat disc on each flank, slightlyraised. Lines and band on disc, four zones of snail spirals. B: cross-hatchingon disc, eight running spirals, outer zone of opposed double arcs. PGB-EG. 201. OINOCHOE. PH. 14. Neck and handle only. Fine orange-buffclay,a littlesilvermica, lustrousblack paint. Thickened rim, strap handle. Bars on trefoillip; corner of reservedpanel on neck. Attic,MG. 202. CUP (fig. 98). PH. 8.5. DR. c. 12.4. Frs., rim to lower body. Polished surface. Hatched birds separated by intersecting vertical zigzag. LG, late. Bird workshop. 203. PYXIS. PH. 7. Base to shoulder, with two strap handles. Flaky orange-brown clay,fugitiveblack paint. Globular body, flat base. On flanks,two large sets of circles in the Cypriot manner; small triple circles under handles. Band at base. LG-EO: based on a Cypriot form,as E no. 1451. 204. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 4.2. Frs. of shoulder, neck and wall. Cross-hatched lozenges on shoulder, grouped lines. E 159, class L. LO. 205. SKYPHOS (fig. 98; plati: 126). H. 6.3. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Fine orange-buffclay, some mica, thick semi-lustrous red-brown paint. Lip not offset; disc foot, concave underneath. Rim reserved. Inside: groups of bars in reserved bands at lip, otherwisefully painted. Attic MG II. 206. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 21.6. DR. 13. Half of upper part, one handle. Cream slip. Slight neck, short inset lip. Panels: arcaded tongues above triple zigzag, flanked by triple circles, the outermost thickened with small single circles in corners. Bands and line, each group bordered in white. EO. 207. PYXIS. DR. c. 7.5. Frs., rim to lower body. Short inset lip, globular body, round handles. Oblique bars, opposed solid triangles,running spiral on lower body. Handles barred. PGB-EG. 208. LEKANIS (fig. 98). H. 11.8. DR. 32. Gaps in wall, rim and base. Unpainted. O. Praisos type (fig. 99). H. 28.5. 209. LEKYTHOS, Gaps in wall and rim. White on dark, worn. Traces of lozenges on neck, cross-hatchedband above shoulder. On shoulder, tongues, double circles. Metope, largely lost: traces of bird with hatched body and wings, quadrated lozenges, part of another bird. Lines, double circles, lines. Reserved under base. Cf. E no. 1499. EO.
KNOSSOS
n8
THE NORTH
210. *OINOCHOE (fk;. 98). DB. 8. Frs.ofbase and wall, part of mouth. Line inside mouth. Exterior, outline dotted tongues at base of mouth. Widelyspaced double circles on shoulder,grouped lines. EO. 211. *JUG. DB. 9.5. Frs. of body and base. Grouped lines. F. 155,class II D. EO. 212. SKYPHOS (plati; 126). H. 5.2. DR. c. 8.5. Half preserved. Short lip, not offset;flat base with string mark. Dark ground; reserved panel with horizontal S's. Inside fullypainted. MG? 213. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.3. Gaps in rim, handle, neck and wall. Side circles,one double circle below handle. Cf. E no. 1048. EO. fr.DB. 3.2. PH. 214. *ARYBALLOS/LEKYTHOS, 4.4. Lines above dark foot. O. (fk;. 99). PH. 8.8. Neck and 215. LEKYTHOS handle lost, gaps in wall. Shoulder, hatched beelotuses,zigzag. Lines to base. Cf. F. no. 1509. LO. 216. *ARYBALLOS. Neck and body frs., as 187. MG? 217. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 2.6. PH. 4.6. Frs. of lower body, handle and neck. Side circle, double circles at front.F. 159, class E (iii) (b). EO. PITHOS. H. 40. DR. c. 14. 218. TWO-HANDLED Two-thirds preserved. Cream slip. Stumps of round horizontal handles. Slim ovoid body, disc foot. Paint on rim, lip otherwise reserved. Panels: massed double circles flankedby lozenge crosses. The circles,in three rows of four,are bordered by solid arcading, and small crossed lozenges are inserted in the intervening spaces. Bands and lines below, bordered in white. EO. no. 68. Cf. Gypsades, 219. DOMED LID. D. 20. H. 4.5. Half preserved. Everted rim, suspension holes. White on dark. From centre, circle with volute spoke, broken curvilinear meander, crossed dotted zigzag. F. 163, class E (b). MO. Praisos type. Frs. of neck and 220. *LEKYTHOS, shoulder only.Neck dark. S's between bands of zigzag SMALL
CEMETERY
with attached points in reservedband. Zigzag ditto on shoulder. Bands and lines. O. PITHOS (fig. 97). DR. 18. 221. POLYCHROME PH. 24. Top only, large gaps. Top frieze, lozenges, irregularlywith red or blue fillor void. Handle panels: pairs of confronted birds between red inverted chevron columns, each pair slightlydifferent.Below, spaced panels of guilloche, red and blue rosette.MO. PITHOS (fig. 97). H. 50.2. 222. POLYCHROME DR. 24.3. Large gaps in rim and wall. Blue paint on cream slip only. Worn, strap feet. A: two panels of three trees of life. B: tripartitepanels: below cable, circles with septofoilcentre; tree of lifeon either side . Below, dotted meander, small triple circle, large triple circles, blank, small triple circles. Between feet, septofoil in triple circle as above on either side of pendent dotted triangle with volute-lotus. Feet, blue with small white triplecircles. Vertical handles, double reed. EO, with lid 196. PITHOS. PH. 44.5. DR. c. 223. FOUR-HANDLED 14. Rim to lower body with handle stumps. Brown grits,cream slip. Inset concave lip, risingrim. Roots of bucranium and strap handles. Paint on lip. Complex hatched meander and triple zigzag in all panels. Column of silhouette birds on strap handle. MG, Horse workshop.Cf. 292.45 and 149. 224. COARSE PITHOS. H. 48. DB. 24. All rim, much of neck, part of body, some of base lost. Heavily gritted reddish brown clay. Rough slip, light brown. Disc foot. Pronounced ridge at base of neck. Three grooves below shoulder. G. 225. *MINOAN LARNAX, chest type.H. of foot 12.5. Th. 1.5-2. Frs. including one foot, one strap handle. Gritty buff clay, many brown, white and dark grey inclusions; cream slip. Firing hole throughbase; trace of raised rib on one wall fr.Unpainted. LM III A-B. 226. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.2. Frs. of base and wall, rim, neck, shoulder. Worn. Grouped lines. E 158, class B(iii). EO.
FINDS
1. BRONZE SHEET fr.4 X 2.5. Wt. 4 g. 2. GLASS fr.,R. 3. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.8 X 1. Wt. 1 g. 4. BRONZE COIN, HL. 5. CLAY LAMP, HL. 6. BRONZE CRUMBS. (Largest) 1 X 1. Wt. 2.5 g. Melted pieces taken up fromthe pyre? 7. BRONZE SHEET frs. (Largest) 2.3 X 1.7. Wt. 2-5 gNODULE. 8. BRONZE 1.3 X 1.2. Wt. 3.5 g. Shapeless; melt taken up fromthe pyre? KNIFE frs.(fig. 175). 9. 11. (i) IRON ONE-EDGED Two joining pieces, formingthe hilt and part of the blade. Hilt was probably inlaid with horn. Together L.
7.9. The hilt, 9, has L. 4.3, Max width 1.7, with one iron rivet,of square section, near upper end; the blade fr.,11 (i), also incorporates the base of the hilt on one side; L. 4.3, W 1.9, Th. at back 0.2; the blade was
evidentlystraight. fr. Tubular, part of SOCKET 10. IRON L. spear/javelin. 3. 11. IRON. Three items,of which (i) is part of KNIFE (see 9 above), (ii) and (iii) are from the same SPEAR-SOCKET, though it is not certain that they join, (ii) has L. 4, D. 1.9 externally,1.3 tapering to 1 internally; (iii) has L. 1.25 and is a small fragment fromhigher up the socket. na. IRON CHISEL frs. (fig. 175). Two non-joining
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
pieces, of which the larger, L. 6.8, Max W. 2.1, Max Th. 0.7, formsthe greater part of the blade of a small chisel, while the smaller, L. 3.2, section 1.2 X 0.7, is the tang (on which are mineralized remains of wood), probably of the same implement. The tang is broken at both ends, the blade only at the upper end, so that the rounded cuttingedge itselfis preserved. 12. BRONZE SHEET frs. (largest) 1.2 X 0.8. Wt. 13, 14. IRON SWORD frs.(fig. 175; PLATK288). Part of the shoulder and upper blade. Two iron rivets in the shoulder. Midribbed. The hilt fragmenthas four rivets arranged longitudinally.Two blade frs. are Ls. 8.3 and 7.8 respectively,Ws. 3.8 and 4.7, Ths. 1.3 and 1.7. Mineralized remains of wooden scabbard on blade; traces of mineralized wood and horn on hilt. 15. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.L. 5.7: junction of socket and blade. Blade W. 2.7 at shoulder; littleor no midrib visible. Socket, D. (external) 2, tapering to 1.7. When the effectsof corrosion are allowed for,it is possible that this belongs to the same piece as 11 (mi)- (imi) above. 16, 60. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 159; pkai K 271). L. 2.6. W. 2.2. Th. 0.3. Wt. 2 g. Part of bow, broad, elliptical, picked out with ridges and grooves around edge along medial line. Attico-Boeotian type VIII 4)? (Blinkenberg 16a. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 159; platk 271). L. 5.4. W. 2. Th. 0.15. Wt. 5.5 g. Two bow pieces; elliptical; centre line picked out by four moulded ridges. SPHERE (fig. 17! GLASS BEAD, FLATTENED 182; PLATK296). D. 1.45. L. 0.9. Dh. 0.6. Translucent, dark honey-brown colour, small bubbles in it. Cf. 78.f6c. In pot 74. 18. IRON KNIFE HILT (?) fr. L. 2.1. W. 1.8. Mineralized remains of wooden scabbard. Probably fromthe hiltof a small, one-edged knife. 19. BRONZE PIN (fig. 159; platk 271). L. 8. D. of head 0.5. Wt. 2.6 g. In four pieces; split (oxidized). Small mushroom head, fine ring mouldings on upper shaft,tapering.(With contentsof pot 7). 20. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD AND OBELOS frs. Junction of socket and blade of javelin. L. 6.9. Blade, W. at shoulder 3.2, tapering to 2.4 at break. Th. at midrib 1.2; hooked shoulders. Socket D. at break 1.7 (internally 0.8). On to this is corroded a length of OBELOS, L. 6, section tapering from 0.6 to 0.45 square. The javelin tip 26 (iv), L. 8.6, W. 2.2, tapering to a point, probably belongs to, though it docs not quite join, the firstpiece listed. Of two other frs., one is from a KNIFE with bronze rivets, and mineralized remains of bone hiltplates. KNIFE frs. (fig. 21. 26 (i) IRON ONE-EDGED 175). Three pieces (two joining) from the blade of a one-edged knife. Two join to make L. 12.6, W. 2.5;
SITE
T. 75
Hg
third piece, L. 1.6, similar width, almost certainly belongs. The cuttingedge is slightlyconvex, the back straight; the tip is preserved at the end of the long piece. 22. IRON SPEARHEAD AND OBELOS (?) frs.Part of blade (towards tip) of a spearhead; L. 6.6. W. 2.6, tapering to 2.2. Th. 0.65 (no midrib). On to this is corroded a length of bent rod, L. 6, section 1.2 square, which could well be fromnear the tip of an OBELOS. The spear-blade is too wide to join 20 above; but see 26 (ii) - (iii) below. 23. IRON SWORD (?)-TIP, fr.of blade. L. 5.2. W. 2.5, tapering towards the tip. Th. 0.4. 24. Vacat. 25. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 3.7. D. 0.3. Wt. 2.2 g. Tip and part of plain shaft. 26. IRON. Four items, of which (i) is part of KNIFE (see 21) and (iv) of javelin (see 20). (ii) and (iii) are two joining frs. forming the junction of socket and blade of a SPEARHEAD (fig. 175; platk 288). L. together9.2. Max W. 3.4 at square shoulders. Socket, D. 1.9 (internally 0.9). This could well belong to 22 above, though there is no join; both belong to the wider,flattertype of blade than the javelin of the type of 20 above. 27. FAIENCE BEADS, composite (fig. 182; platk 296). Pale greenish blue, fine texture. Small tubular beads, joined in multiples of 4 + 2. Originally elaborate pectoral? Four quadruples D. 0.75; five doubles D. 0.4; two singles, D. 0.2. L. 0.2. LG? With pithos 56. 28. BONE BEAD (fig. 182; platk 311). D. 1.2. Th. 0.6. Dh. 0.5. Vertebra of elasmobranch (ray/shark); central hole man-made. 29. BRONZE SPIRAL (fig. 159; platk 271). D. 1.3. H. 0.8. Wt. 2.6 g. Just over two complete turns, section round. Fibula spring? 30. BRONZE PIN (fig. 159; platk 271). L. 3.5. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 1.1 g. Tip and part of shaft lost. In two pieces. Small mushroom head above a succession of mouldings: three narrow either side of one broad. Elegant. 30a. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest) 3 X 2.6. Wt. 5.5 g. Several. 31. BRONZE fr.,FIBULA or BRACELET? (fig. 159). L. 3.2. W. 0.6. Th. 0.1. Wt. 1.5 g. Tapering strip, rectangularsection. 31a. GLASS BEAD, SPHERICAL (fig. 182; (platk 296). D. 1.7. L. 1.4. Dh. 0.4. Heavy material. Glass, corroded; white inside, gold outside. In pot 74. 32. BRONZE BRACELET? (fig. 159; platk 271). L. (folded) 5. L. (extended) 12.4. W. 0.5. Th. 0.1. Wt. 4.6 g. Flat strip, oxidized, in five pieces. Broadest at centre,tapering to pointed terminals. 32a. IRON JAVELIN (?)-TIP fr.L. 2.3. W. c. 2. Th. c. 1. Midribbed. Possiblyfromthe same typeas 20 above.
I20
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
33 (a)-(c) + 64. GLASS BEADS (fig. 182; piate D. 1-1.2.L. 0.6-0.7. 296). (a) Three sub-rectangular, Lightvioletwithsilvercorrosionproducton surface. Cf. 78.f6c. (b) L. 1.3. Originallydarkhoney-brown. Max. W. 0.6. Yellowishgreenwithcorrosion.Fr.cylinder?barrel-shaped?pale greentranslucent? (c) Spherical,D. 1.25-1.8. Four complete,threebroken. Cream, withgold corrosion.Originallypale green translucent.Verycorrodedlaminatedaround hole, therefore core-wound?Withcremationin pot 74. 33d. IRON, twofrs. 34. IRON SWORD frs.Threejoiningpiecesfromthe junctionof hiltand blade of a large,one-edgedsword ofthetypeof60. f4 (q.v.)TogetherL. 10.3;hilt,broken offat upperend,Th. 0.7 at back,0.2 on sideofcutting and the edges,has one bronzerivet,L. 1.4,preserved, hole of anotheris visibleat the upper break;to this piecetherefore probablybelongthethreeloose bronze rivetsfound,twounderthisentryand one under38. Mineralizedremainsofwood and bone on hilt.W. of at widestswelling3.7; at base 3.2. Blade, hilt(restored) W taperingfrom3.2 to 2.8 at lowerbreak;Th. at back 0.4,at bluntededge0.2,in middle0.7. 35. BRONZE SPECTACLE FIBULA (fig. 159;plate 271).L. 4.6. Spiral D. 2.2. Wire 0.15. Wt. 6.5 g. Pin and tangentof wirejoiningtwo spiralslost.Spiralof fivecompleteturns. 36. IRON CHISEL (fig.175;plate 288). L. 8.9. W at butt1.4,at centre3.4, at cuttingedge 2.8. Max Th. 0.9. Completechisel.Traces of mineralizedwood on thebutt.Bone frs.and toothnotedin cleaning. 37. IRON PIN frs.Two tips of two separate pins wood on first2.0 fromtip),(i) L. (tracesofmineralized 4.4. Max. Th. 0.4. (ii) L. 3.3. Max. Th. 0.3. Round sections. 38. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 159; plate 271). L. 2.3. Head D. 0.55. Wt. 1 g. Irregular flattenedhead; lost. counterpart 39. GOLD FOIL fringe.L. 1.2. W 1. Part of large piece.No traceofdecoration. 40. 41. GOLD DIADEM frs.(fig. 153).L. 3.7. 3.8. Damaged. Gold foil, embossed with curvilinear decoration.G. 42. STONE PESTLE. H. 4.4. D. 2.8 to 2.3.Chippedat end, also rust accretions. Black crystallinerock. oflargerend. borecore,dullpolishon surface Reutilized 43. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest)5.7 X 4.3. Wt. 16.7g. Threepieces,one withpartofrivethole.Trace ofplainrim- shapenotclear. 44. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 175). Six pieces javelin-head.L. 34.2; joiningto formnear-complete socket,brokenoffshortat lowerend,survivesto L. 8. Blade, Max. W (corroded)3, taperingto tip; midrib apparentlypresent.The whole is heavilycorroded; presentweight124g. 45. (i) IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Four piecesjoining
to makecompletejavelin-head.L. 28.2. SocketL. 10, D. 1.6 (internally1.2). Blade, W. at shoulders2.4, taperingto tip; stronglymidribbed(Max Th. 1.6). Very slender blade; shoulders now sloping, but probablybrokenoffat both sides;well preservedslit in socket.Present(corroded)weight138 g. (ii) IRON DIRK-HILT fr.L. 3.1. Max W. 2.5,at whichpointan iron rivetis partlypreserved,narrowingto 'neck' of 1.8.Prominent flanges. 46. IRON JAVELIN-SOCKET fr.L. 7.6. D. 1.6 (internally 1.3).Comparablein size withsuchpiecesas 45 (i) above. 47. IRON OBELOS frs.Five probablyjoiningpieces ofobelos,to L. of 26.5. Section0.7 squared.Probably fromlowerend (i.e. towardstip). 48. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joiningpieces, the socketand partof the blade of a javelin. forming Joiningpieces,togetherL. 17.5,incorporatesocketL. 9, D. 1.8 (internally 1.3)and lowerblade,Max W c. 3. The thirdpiece, L. 4.7, W. 2 taperingto tip, is a javelin-tip which probably belongs. The whole is severelycorroded,like 44, withwhichit is generally comparable;the midrib,presentin the upper blade (Th. c. 1.6),disappearswell beforethe tip,whereTh. is lessthan0.4. 49. IRON AXE-ADZE (fig. 175; plate 288). Completeaxe-adze. The collapse of the surrounding corrosionhas foronce acted beneficially, enablingthe originalobjectto emergein unusuallyfinecondition. L. 19.2.Adze-blade,L. 8.5, W. 3.9 at thecuttingedge, whichhas a convex curve; the shaft-holeis slightly elliptical,c. 1.8 X 2.2, and thewidthhereis only2.95. Axe-blade,L. 8.2, W. 3 at the cuttingedge, which convexin outline. again is slightly 50. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Three pieces (two joining),probablyall fromsame piece, (i) Socket,L. 1.3),thatis comparablein size 7.2, D. 1.8 (internally with45(i), 46 above; (ii)- (imi),twojoining pieces the lowerblade and tip,togetherL. 12.2,W. forming 1.8,taperingto point. 51. FLAT-BLADED KNIFE frs. (fig. 175). Five pieces, at least fourof whichjoin, to formtang and part of a blade of a flat-bladedknife,somewhatlike E no. 1611. Together L. 14.8 (but original L. will have exceeded 18); tangflat,W. 3.5, Th. at back 0.5. The back is straightalong the tang and blade; the cuttingedge bulges out fromthejunction withthe tang. 52. IRON FLAT, TANGED AXE-HEAD (fig. 175). Twojoiningpieces,to giveL. 14.7.W. at cutting-edge, Th. at whichis convex,6; at butt3.2. No shaft-hole; buttc. 1. Complete;present(corroded)Wt. 345 g. 53. IRON FLAT, TANGED AXE-HEAD (fig. 175). Complete,but smallerthan52. L. 11.7.W. at cutting Th. at buttc. 0.8. edge 4.3, at butt2.7. No shaft-hole; PresentcorrodedWt. 200 g.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 54. IRON DIRK (PLATE288). Ten piecesjoining to formdirk,completeexceptfortip. ExistingL. 37.6. Hilt, L. 10.5. Max. W. 3.1 at shoulder.Fine flanges preservedall the way round (including U-shaped recessat junctionwithblade) except at the pointed threeironrivets.Wt. 197g. Mineralized pommel-tang; remainsofwood on hilt,traceson blade. 55. SERPENTINE BUTTON. H. 1.4. D. 1.2 to 0.85 at top. Dh. 0.35. Chipped round base, abraded. Mottledbrownand black.Conical. 56. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 159; platk 271). L. 5.5. W. 3.5. Wt. 132.5g. Handle escutcheonwithring fordrophandle.Cast solid- ratherclumsy. 57. IRON TIP OF DIRK. L. 4. W. 1.2 taperingto point.Mineralizedwood remainson both sides.This could belongto 54 above, but if so thereis another piece missingin between. 58. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (foundadheringto 82a throughoxidation).Nine pieces,of whichsevenjoin, socketand partofblade (one ofthefrs.stuck forming to 59). Two other frs.join to give tip and part of blade, but do not join main group. L. at least 29. SocketL. c. 6. D. 1.5 (internally 1.2). Blade W. c. 2.5. Prominent midrib,Th. 1.1 A pieceofbladeonly.L. 6.9. 59. IRONJAVELIN-HEAD. 60. Partof16. 61. IRON PINS, (fig. 175).21 pieces,ofwhichat least nine join,fromat leastsix pins,(i) Threejoiningfrs. to give L. 9.7; (ii) two more join to give L. 8.7; (iii)-(iv) are four pin-heads, one in two pieces. Twelve other shaftfrs.and scraps. The heads are badlycorrodedand shapeless,buttheoverallsize was undoubtedly greaterthanthatofthetyperepresented sections. by69-70 below;theshaftshavecylindrical 62. IRON CHISEL fr.Upper partof chisellike na above.L. 7.1.W. 2.5 taperingto 1.6 (tipmissing).Max Th. 1.8. Traces of mineralizedtextileon the surface; mineralized wood and frs.ofbone on butt. 63. IRON. Six indiscriminate scraps. 64. VacatPartof33. 65. SERPENTINE BLOCK. L. 3.3. W. 2.8. Th. 2.0. Cornerfromneatlysquaredblock,burntand friable. Black.Remnantofgrooveon one face.Minoan? 66. BRONZE PIN frs.(Total)L. 4.3. Wt. 0.5 g. Four shaftpieces,roundsection. 67. BRONZE SHEET fr.2.4 X 1.4. Wt. 1.5 g. With clothremains. 68. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest)3.4 X 1.5. Wt. 10g. Bead lip ofbowl- hemispherical? 69. IRON PIN. Three pieces,joining to complete pin. L. 8. Head in the formof a roughdisc, D. 0.9, surmountedby a small protuberance; below it a beforetheshaftbegins. smaller,thena largerswelling, The head elementhas L. 1.8; the shaft,circularin section,is 6.2 in L. , taperingfroma Max Th. of 0.5 (corroded)to thepoint.
T. 75
I2I
70. IRON PIN. Three pieces, joining to forma complete pin, of the same type as 69, but slightly smaller.L. 7.6. Head as 69, but less corroded.Shaft, also less corroded,has Max. Th. of only 0.3 below head,taperingto point. 70a. IRON SWORD-BLADE fr.L. 5.2. W c. 2. Th. 0.6. A fr.only,fromwelldowntheblade ofa swordor dirk. 70b. IRON SWORD frs.Six pieces, in the formof threejoiningpairscomprising partsof a largesword. The firsttwofrs.join to makeup mostof the hilt;L. together 9.2, W. originally 3.6; massive flanges projectingon bothsidesto a totaldepthof2; twoiron rivetsarrangedlongitudinallyat the (second) neck. The nexttwo,L. together8.5, W. 3.6, Th. at midrib 0.8, come fromtheupperpartoftheblade,butdo not The last two,togetherL. 10.2, join the hilt-fragment. A arc fromnear thetipand are appreciablynarrower. substantiallengthmustbe missingfrombetweenthe last two pairs of frs.The section of the blade is a symmetricalellipse. The weapon belongs to the standard type of iron cut-and-thrustsword of the Aegean Early Iron Age; its originallengthwill have exceeded50 cms. 71. IRON OBELOI frs.Six pieces fromat least two obeloi,notapparently joining.Two ofthepiecesshow two lengthsof separateobeloi, corrodedtogether, (i) L. 7; (ii) two pieces, L. 5.8 in each case, corroded together;(iii) two pieces Ls. 5.2 and 3.9, corroded together;(iv) L. 5.7; (v) L. 4.4; (vi) L. 2.2. The sectionsare generallysquarish,rangingfrom0.5 to but fr.(v), and the smallercorroded 0.7 in thickness; lengthin (iii), showa moreellipticalshapeofsection. The total preservedlengthis thus 40, but divided between at least two obeloi. One fr.(L. 4.3) has mineralizedremainsofa woodenhaft. 72. IRON SWORD(S) or DIRK(S), frs.Five pieces fromblade(s) of one or more weapons. Ls. 4.2, 3.6, 2.5, 2.2, and 1.9. None of these seems to join, or belongto 70b above, beingsomewhatlighter.There is also a javelin socketand one fr.of miscellaneous scrap. Two of the frs.preserve mineralized wood remains. 73. IRON STRIP. Two non-joiningfrs.,one (L. 10) composed of two joining pieces. L. of second, 5. Mineralizedtextileremainson all pieces. 74. IRON BALANCE-ROD (?) Eighteenpieces of a long,flatrod or strip,of whichtwo at any ratejoin. Total L. 67.5; sectionrectangular, c. 0.5 X 0.2. One piece,L. 6.1,joins on to a further piece whichformsa terminal,bendingc. 1.8 downwards sharply-hooked and thenc. 1 up again to a pointedend, as ifforthe suspensionofa weight. 75. IRON DIRK or DAGGER frs.Five pieces, of whichfourjoin to formpartofblade; thefifth is from the hilt(containingone ironrivet,of roundsection).
KNOSSOS
I22
THE NÍORTH
Blade pieces together, L. u.8; flat, narrow section. Hilt fr.L. 2, with remains of mineralized wooden hilt plates. 76. IRON ROD fr.Two joining pieces, together L. 4.6, froma square-sectioned rod. Th. c. 0.5 squared. Too slight to be from an obelos, unless very close to
tip. 77. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Three pieces joining to make complete javelin-head; found closely associated with 45 (i) above, with which it is broadly comparable. L. 19.5; socket, L. 8, D. 1.7 (internally 1.2); blade, W. at square shoulders 2.6, tapering to point; midrib,Max. Th. 1.6. Slightlyshorter,but more robust than 45 (i); well preserved slit in socket. Present(corroded) weight 192 g. Two Pjoining frs. of 78. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. socket and blade, L. 19, W. 2.2, to the blade of which 79 was attached by oxidation. 79. IRON DIRK fr.L. 5.8. Part of blade, attached to 78 by oxidation. 80. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE. Four joining pieces of blade. PL. 12.2. W. 2, 0.6 at tip. Edges straight.Traces of copper oxidation. 81. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Nine pieces, of which two join to form part of socket. L. together 5. Six other scraps also belong to socket. Remaining piece, L. 4.1, Max W. 2.6, is fromupper blade. Found in close association with the almost equally fragmentary50 above. 82. IRON PIN (fig. 175). Three joining pieces,
CEMETERY
formingcomplete pin. L. 10.6. The heavily corroded head forms a shapeless mass, but 1.4 down from its upper tip is an iron 'collar' in the formof a tinytorus, D. i.i. The shaft has a round section, Max. D. 0.5, tapering to a point. Found in close association with the finedirk54 above. 82a (see also 58). IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Four joining pieces which, togetherwith nine scraps, form virtuallycomplete javelin-head. One of the pieces was found corroded on to a piece of 58 above, so that they formed a pair. L. together31.7. Socket L. 8.7. D. 1.6, tapering to 1.3 (internallyc. 1). Blade very slim, Max. W. 2.3. Midrib Th. 1.6, which disappears only about 3 cms along blade. 83. IRON SWORD-TIP. L. 2.8. W. 2.1, tapering to a point. A fragmentonly. 84. IRON SPEAR orJAVELIN fr.Piece ofsocket.L. 4.3. 85. IRON OBELOS frs.Two pieces, Ls. 7.9 and 7.7. 86. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, three frs. Piece fromjunction of tang and blade of knife,L. 5.3. Also a hilt fr. L. 2.8, with iron rivet. Mineralized wood remains on hilt and one other fr. 87. IRON OBELOS frs. Nine pieces, of which,the biggest has L. 9.9; two others join to L. 8.5; the remaining six are scraps, forminga total L. of c. 10. One fr.covered in mineralized textileremains. 88. IRON SPEARHEAD fr. Small piece of bent L. 3.2. spearhead-blade. 89. OBSIDIAN BLADE. L. 0.4. Chip. Black. In pot 7. Minoan?
Tomb 76 SE (figs. 6, 31) - dromos: max. L. 1.50.Pchamber:L. 1.00.W. 1.13. Dimensionsuncertain remained.Whatmayhave No blockingor stomion It is uncertainwhethertherewas a dromos. been the chamberwas vaguelyquadrangular, 0.43 deep. The tomb- ifsuch it were was c. 3.00 N of T. 40, in the crowdedSE sectorof the area of the cemeteryexcavatedin 1978.Its was N-S. apparentorientation afterthe mechanicalremovalof the Foundas a shallow,irregularcuttingin the kouskouras HL graves,Ts. 74 and 77,whichin two had been If a it there were dromos, by destroyed topsoil. removed. turnhad been almostentirely Five LG-O vases were assembledfromsherds,includingtwo pithoi,1 and 4, so thatif indeeda tomb,ithad as leasttwointerments. POTTERY
(PLAÏ1-; 130)
i. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 36. Frs. of rim, body and handle. Deep orange clay, many large white and smaller brown grits, cream slip, brown paint. Squared lip, flat above, concave at sides; ridge below. Round handle attached to concave neck. Ovoid body Band on lip, spaced bands on body, S on handle. LG-EO.
2. *SKYPHOS (fig. 99). H. 7.9. DR. 10.5. Two-thirds preserved. LG-EO; cf. F. no 1417. (fig. 99). H. 8.6. DR. 12.5. Two3. *SKYPHOS thirdspreserved. Cream slip, very streakypaint. LG, cf. 79.8. NECKED PITHOS. PH. 31. 4. TWO-HANDLED DB. 12. One quarter of body, two thirdsof ring foot,
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE one bucraniumhandle only.Fr. of straightneck and panel. Bands insidemouth,groupedstrokeson rim. Verticals beside handle. Panel: quadrated square with quadrated lozenge fill. Bands and lines
Ts. 75, 76, 78
I2g
enhancedin white,whitetriplecircleson top band. EO. 5. TRAY. D. 22.4. Complete save chips. Interior, groupedstrokeson rim,rings.Exterior, rings.EO.
Tomb 78 SE (fig. 6, plate
23 a-b)
L. ofpithos:0.85. The pithoswas on itssidein a shallowpit. The burialwas cutinto,and parallelwith,theE dromos wallofT. 112,one ofa groupofearly chamber tombs in the congested S part of the cemeteryarea excavated in 1978. The orientation was SE-NW,themouthofthepithosto theS. The pithoswas foundafterthe mechanical clearance of topsoil. The upper halfwas and musthavebeen carriedawaybytheplough. missing, The pithoscontainedtheinhumedremainsofan infant.Dr. Musgravediagnoses'a handful of unburntskullfrs.and developingrootlessdeciduousteethof a baby 12-16 months.The lowerleftfirstmolarwas almostcalcifiedand about to erupt'.Some of the skeletalremains and mostof the gravegoods were stillin and around the survivinghalf.Near the pithos' mouthwas thebull'sprotome,12; 2, a miniature hydria,was to theW,partlyunderthebase. and were 6, a fragmentary oinochoe,4 beneath,and 3, a cup,was in it.8, a jug, 9, a 7, cups, miniaturekotyle,10, a cup and 11, an oinochoe (?) fragment were assembledfromsherds fromT. 112'sdromos and were also All associated. thesewereLG or LG-EO. nearby, probably Findsotherthanpotterygivea distinctimpression of the dead child.They includef26, a hairspiraland fu, a glass'rod',possiblya hairpin,and a pairofelectrumearrings, gilt-silver The fi3, 14. greaterpartofa necklace,f6, layjust withinthepithosneck,consisting mainly ofglassbeads,withone ofrockcrystaland one ofamber,fij), 30, amberbeads,£28, faience bead, fi7, 22, pendantsof rockcrystaland silver,and perhaps¿23, rockcrystalinlaystrip, thoughscattered, mayalso have come fromit. fs3, 4, 9 and 10 weresmallscarabs.f8, 24 werefaiencefigures ofNefertum, f2Oa faiencefigureof Ptah-Seker. There werefourbronze + fs 16 and 18 fibulae, 7, 12, 25 + 27. fsis, 21 weregoldfoilscraps,f^9an obsidianblade. All thesewerein thepithos.f2, silverring,fromT. 112'sdromos, moreprobablybelongedto an HL gravecutintothedromos unnumbered thanto thepithosburial. POTTERY (PLATE 130) 1. COARSE PITHOS. PH. 85. Base missing;about one-thirdof rim and body. Coarse, heavilygritted brownclay,chaffmatrices.Roughyellowslip.Squared lip,broadstraphandlewiththreecirculardepressions at root. Body: threegroups of fourlightlyincised grooves.LG. 2. MINIATURE HYDRIA. H. 10.2. Two handles broken off.Cream slip. Squared lip, flat base withstringmark. Paint on rim,spaced lines, bracket on shoulder. Paint on horizontal handle. LG. 3. CUP (FIG. 99). H. 5.7. DR. c. 7. Two-thirds preserved.Verticalline downhandle.Reservedcircles on floor.LG, late.Cf.Hartley no. 49.
4. CUP (fig.99). H. 5.6. DR. 8.2. Half oflip missing. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 5. Vacai. 6. JUG or OINOCHOE. PH. 13.5.Bodyonly.Triple circleson shoulder,groupedlines. F. 154,class F or 155,classD. O. 7. CUP. H. 5.9. DR. c. 8.4. Much of upper part missing.Short oblique lip, flatbase. Fully coated. LG EO. 8. JUG (fig. 99). H 9.5. One-thirdpreserved,handle LG, late. missing. 9. MINIATURE KOTYLE (fig.99). H. 2.8. DR. 5.2. Halfpreserved.Cream slip.Worn.LG-EO. 10. CUP. H. 5.5. DR. c. 9.5. Half preserved,handle
!24
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
missing.Shape as 3 but shallower.Line on lip. Panel: thickand thin vertical bars; lines, paint to base. Irregularreservedlineinsidelip.LG, late. 11. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 7. Lowerbodyfrs.Globular. bythick Largesetsofthincircleson flanks, intercepted trace of curvilinear circlewithwhitereinforcement; motifon back.The setsare linkedat front and backby
threehorizontallines withpart of verticalband at centre.Two bandsat lowerbreak.LG-EO. 12. BULL PROTOME. PL. 3.7. Protomecomplete; base broken all round as though attached to shoulderof vessel.Solid but forpouringhole. Small incised circles foreyes. Fully coated in mattblack paint.LG.
SMALL FINDS 1. Vacat- pot 10. 2. SILVER FINGER-RING (fig. 155;piate 266). W. 0.6. D. 1.85.Th. 0.1.Threefrs.,abouta quartermissing; Plainwithplano-convex section. blackcorrosion. 3. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig. 182). L. 0.83. W. 0.6. H. 0.45. Rubbed,surfacegone. 4. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig. 182).L. 0.8. W. 0.65. H. 0.4. Emblemindecipherable. 5. BLACK OBSIDIAN PRISMATIC BLADE, fr.L. 1.2.W. 0.85. Th. 0.2. Minoan? 6. BEADS, GLASS AND OTHER MATERIALS. Flattenedspheres,remainsofnecklace(FIG.182;PLATE 296). (a) Rock crystal.D. 1.1.L. 0.56. Dh. 0.35. Disc, brokeninternally, (b) Amber.D. 1.1.Th. 0.4. Dh. 0.35. Rust-red brown, surface crumbly,(c) Glass. D. 1.15-0.9. L. 0.75-0.5.Dh. 0.2-0.35. Graduatedin size, all differentin relation of Dh. to size- all made individually,flatteron one side. Translucent,no corrosion product. Dark honey-browncolour. 26 32 complete complete+ nine or ten halves,therefore originally,(d) Glass. Opaque, mottledbrown-grey, withnetworkof finecracks.(Local imitationof (c)?) Twelve complete + ten to twelvehalves, therefore eighteen originally?D. 0.9-1.1. L. 0.6-0.75. Dh. 0.2-0.3. (e) Glass. D. 1.2. L. 0.55. Dh. 0.7. Corroded. of wound silverblue withstriations Opaque, glittery much with visible. Originallyspherical glass very smallerDh nowcorroded.Fivecomplete. 7. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 159;plate 271).L. 2.8. H. 2.2. Wt. 4.5 g. Complete, intact (save nick in catchplate).Swollenbow withtracesof finial.Spring of two complete turns. Resembles both SapounaIVd and Vila. Sakellaraki 8. FAIENCE FIGURINE- NEFERTUM (fig. 182; PLATE297). H. 32. DB. 4.5. W. 3.4. Face destroyed. Glaze faintgreenoverall- darkerin groovesof legs on hairand beard.Core friable. and kilt;black-brown Backpillar Verypoorqualitymaterial.No inscription. flat. 9. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig. 182). L. 0.65. W. 0.5. H. 0.4. Brightblue. Broken,some lines on base. 10. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig. 182). L. 0.6. - no signsvisible. W. 0.4. H. 0.5. Dh. 0.05. Base flat Some indicationofbeetlelegs. 11. GLASS HOLLOW TUBE (HAIR PIN) (fig. 182;
PLATE296). L. 7.8. W. 0.5. Dh. 0.45. Semi-transparent, with golden decay on one side; underneath,shiny creamy white with pitting.Smooth inside, spiral windingoutside.Cf. a hookedglasspin froma LM III tombat MetochiKalou nearHerakleion,AD 33 (1978) A. 104,pl. 2ie; also a LM III hookedpin in twisted gold, PTK, fig.129. There are similarbronze pins fromothersites. 12. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 159; plate 271).L. 4.2. H. 3.1. Wt. 5.5 g. Spring and part of pin lost; recomposed.Slightlyswollenbow,small finial,large Vila. catchplate.Sapouna-Sakellamki rectangular 13, 14. ELECTRUM EARRINGS, pair (fig. 153).H. 1.7. Badly corroded.Made fromwire,expandingat theends;cast. 15. GOLD FOIL. Three crumpledscraps,featureless: (i) 1.3 X 0.3; (ii)0.4 X 0.3; (iii)0.2 X 0.15. 16. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 159; plate 271).L. 4.5. W. 3.2. Wt. 11 g. Part of pin lost; recomposed.Split (oxidized).Depressedsphericalboss at centreof bow, withtwoprominent mouldingseitherside.Fine traced on springarm, Springof two complete herring-bone Hie. turns.Sapouna-Sakellaraki 17. ROCK CRYSTAL PENDANT (fig. 184; plate 303). H. 3. W 1.8. Th. 0.9. Dh. 0.25. Some internal flaws.Elongatedpentagon,ofoctagonalsection. 18 + 25 + 27. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 159; plate 271).L. 4.5. W 2.8. Wt. 4.2 g. Recomposed;heavily oxidized; probably complete. Spring arm section rhomboidal.Bow broad ellipse- decorated?Squarish VIII. Probably Sapounacatchplate. Blinkenberg IXa. Sakellaraki 19. AMBER BEAD (fig. 184).L. 2. W 1.5.Th. 0.55. Lentoid Dh. 0.3. Disintegrating; deep honey-colour. probably. 20. FAIENCE FIGURINE, PTAH EMBRYON (fig. 182; PLATE303). H. 8.3. Base 4.3 X 1.5. Glaze green, with black on detail. Core: hard, medium coarse. Surface well preserved, head broken off and weathered. Crude, bold modelling.Identity:Ptah Embryon,withAtefcrown:at back Hathor,winged, hieroglyphs. wearingsunwithhorns.Base: imitation 21. GOLD FOIL, fourminutescraps. 22. SILVER PENDANT (fig. 155; plate 267). H. 1. W. 1.75. Th. back 0.05; sides 0.08. Corroded, and loose. Silveror silver-lead holed; side strapspringing
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE alloy. Heart-shaped; back plate cut out and sides solderedin place. On reverse,a verticalloop of strip silveradded. Probablyonce inlaid. 23. ROCK CRYSTAL INLAY STRIP? (fig. 184; PLATE303). L. 2.85. W. 0.85. Th. 0.3. End broken, chipped.Edgesleftin groundcondition;restpolished. 24. FAIENCE FIGURINE- NEFERTUM (fig. 182; PLATE298). H 3.5. Glaze all gone. Core off-white, work. mediumtexture.Missingcrown.Poor indistinct Back- inscription garbled. 25. See 18.
Ts. 78-9
125
26. GILT SILVER HAIR COIL (fig.155;piate 266). D. 0.55. Th. 0.2. D. wireo.i. Brokenin two. Gilded - goldleafmostly lost.One and a halfloops. silver 27. See 18. 28. FAIENCE BEAD. Sphere.D. 0.5. Dh. 0.2. Yellow, creamcore.Glaze gone. 29. BRONZE 'TONGUE' (fig. 159; plate 271). L. 2.1. W. 0.25. Wt. 0.2 g. Function not clear. Seems complete.Neatlymade by foldingbroaderend back on itself. Tip quitesharp. 30. AMBER BEAD. Verydecayed.
Tomb 79 SE (figs. 6, 31, plate
23 c-f)
Pit:1.34 X 1.40.Depth 0.55. The gravewas a shallow,shield-shaped edge to theN. The pit,rounded,butwitha straight hintofa dromos on theSWsideis misleading. The gravewas foundat theN end ofthedromos ofT. 112,betweenT. 76 to theWand Ts. 149 and 157to theE, in thecongestedS partofthecemetery. It had no obviousorientation. The gravewas identified aftermechanicalclearanceoftopsoilas a darkhead ofsoilwithin itskouskouras matrix.The cuttingon the SW[supra) was probablythe remainsof an HL grave Fromtheconditionoftheash-urnsin theupperpartofthefill,it seemsthatthetop of (infra). thegravemusthavebeen ploughedaway. In theupperpartof thepit,1 was a largeHL flask,attributable to theunnumberedgrave mentionedsupra.To theN was 4, a LG-EO pithoswithpiecesofa lid,3, in it. NWwas a LG 8, and to itsS, the LG oinochoe,7. 0.20 SWof 4 was the O polychrome skyphos, pithos5, withan EO polychrome lid, 2, to itsN and an EO jug, 6, to itsE. On theW edge of thepit was thefragment of a LG- EO amphora,9. Most ofthesevesselslay only0.35 belowground surface.The likelyassociationsplace 7 and 8 with4, 2 and 6 with5. In thelast0.20 offillweretwosmallhorsesand twodogs,whoseboneswerein order,but difficult to disentangleas theyweremuchdecayedand squashed.The obviousremainswere twohorses'skulls(teethhad alreadyappearedon theE ofthearea on whichrestedthepottery groups)represented mainlyby teeth,one on theE side,one on theW.In thecentrewereribs, nearertheW skull,whilethearrangement oflegsin theS partshowedthehead was retorted. The somewhatscatteredbones of the dogs were in amongstthe horses.The horsewithits head (theW head) retortedmayhave been thefirstto be placed in thepit. If the cremations weresuccessive, thehorseswouldhave belongedto theoccupantof4, theearlieroftheurns. But5 wouldhavebeenverylittlelater,and theinterments mighthavebeen contemporary. POTTERY (PLATES 130-31) 1. *FLASK, HL. 2. POLYCHROME LID (fig. ioo). DR. 23.6. Chips on rimand knob.Small dinos-knob, conicallid. Paint worn,but traces of red and blue tongueson knob. EO. 3. DOMED LID. D. c. 20. Frs. Sharplyevertedlip, pairofsuspensionholes.Whiteon dark:smallcircleat centre,cross-hatched triangles,lozenge chain, blank zone,triplecircles.LG-EO.
4. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 40.2. DR. 12.5. Nearlycomplete.Flat lip,rimrisingslightly. High ring foot.Painton lip and shoulder:in white,triplecircles between lines. Panels: various combinations of hatchedquatrefoils, lozengesand chevrons,as shown. Belly:in white,triplecirclesbetweenlines.Bands and linesbelow.Curvedstripeson horizontalhandles;on straps,talldiagonalcrossesbelowbars.LG-EO. 5. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 23. Frs.of base,
I26
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
twoand a halfstrapfeet,body,horizontalhandle,rim. Decorationcompletely lost.O. 6. *JUG. DB. io. Frs. of body, base, mouth and handle.Exteriorcoatedin redpaint.EO. 7. OINOCHOE. H. 23.2. Virtually complete.Cream wash.Slightridgebelowtrefoil lip,handleellipticalin section; disc foot, concave underneath. Neck ornamentstoppedbyverticallines,also runningdown
to handle root. Shoulder:threeleaves in quadruple outline.Verticallinesdownhandle.Band insideneck. LG. 8. SKYPHOS (FIG. 99). H. 8. DR. 12.2. Virtually complete.Cream wash. Panels: bars and chevrons. Withsevenfold brush;carelesswork.LG. *AMPHORA. DB. 16. Frs.ofbase and lowerbody. 9. Creamslip.Flatbase. Bandsand lines.LG-EO?
Tomb 80 (DA) SW (figs. 5, 26) As found,2.o X 0.40. The originalformwas indecipherable. The gravelayneartheSWedge ofthemaingroupofDA tombs,immediately adjacentto T. 59, 2.owofT. 80 (HL). The gravewas foundwhentopsoilwas strippedmechanically duringthe main searchfor DA tombsS of the N-S linesof chambertombs(44-48-60-61 and 30-45-24-25-56).There had evidently been a smallDA tombofuncertainformin thedesignofwhichtwostoneblocks each 0.40 long (see FIG.26) mayhave featured.Two inhumationgraves,Ts. 80 (HL) and 81 (also HL), orientatedroughlyNW-SE,weredug 1.0 apart,ofwhichtheformercut intoT 80 caused in the mechanicalremovalof (DA). Furtherconfusionmay have been unwittingly topsoil. To the DA gravebelongedthe EPG stirrup jar, 1 and the EPG neckamphora,2. Bones fromlevel3 (one basket)are likelyto havebelongedto theHL inhumation. POTTERY (PEATE 132) i. STIRRUP JAR. PH. 16.5. Two-thirdspreserved, base missing.Cream slip. Bronze stain on shoulder. Spike on disc, airhole,saggingglobularbody.Paint on disc, handles barred, dashes on nozzle, paint inside. Shoulder: faint traces of four composite triangleswithdouble concave outlineand hatching withineach angle; a gridpatternfillstheintervening
space above the airhole.Band, lines;band on lower body.EPG. 2. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 100). H. 34.8. Half preservedwith one handle. Cream slip. Flattened handle(s). Base rough underneath. Shoulder: two detached lozenges each side, crosshatched;spacedbandsand lineselsewhere.EPG.
Tomb 82 SE (figs. 5, 32, plate 24 a) entrance(largelydestroyed): L: 4.20. W. 1.00-0.90.Stomion/ L. overall:6.70. Dromos: 0.60-0.70 X 0.60. Chamber:2.40 X 1.90 at its was unusual in being stepped,slightlywedge-shaped,and asymmetric The dromos cut in threeroughly stepsof mouth.It rose 1.86fromtheapproximate positionofthestomion, and itsblockingwall had been unequallength,witha meanangleofriseofc. 20o.The stomion HL gravecut,on thedromos axis,partlyin thedromos, partlyin replacedby an (unnumbered) walls either with cutaskewto thedromos The chamberwas irregularly thestomion. axis, straight The curve. a continuous side of the entrance,fromwhichthe side and back walls formed close E of the side chamberfloorwas over2.00 belowmoderngroundsurface.On the dromos, cutniche,1.30wide,0.60 deep,itsfloor1.00higherthanthe was an irregularly to thestomion, surfaceofthedromos.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
Ts. 79 80, 82
l2y
The tombwas close S oftheN-S lineoftombs30-45-24-25-56,itschamber4.00 fromthe chamberof T. 56, on the unusualorientation withits chamberon the N side,an NNE-SSW, otherwise matchedbyT. 28, in theSE group. arrangement onlyevenapproximately in thearea s ofthetwochiefN-s The tombwas foundduringmechanicaltopsoilstripping ranksof chambertombs,when it firstappeared as a head of dark soil withinthe white kouskouras matrix.It had been thoroughly pillaged,almostcertainlywhenthe HL gravewas and stomion. OtherHL/R graveshad further dug intothe dromos slightedit. T 83 had been dug overthechamber(thoughitsfloordid notpenetrateit),whileTs. 143,144and 193were cutintothedromos at rightanglesto it. filling, Dromos and chamberwerefirstdug as a singlelevel- layer2 (one basket),ofbrownsoiland fillformedlayer3 (one basket)at the bottomof whichwas 4, a kouskouras. The lowerdromos and large HL black-glazebottle,makingexplicitthe natureof disturbancein the stomion In thechamber,layer3 (one basket)containedpotsherdsand humanbonesin adjacentdromos. That the whole tomb has been turned disarray,perhaps fromthe burial in the stomion. was shown 4 (two completelyupside-down baskets)whichoverlaythe floorof the by layer chamberand stomion. This largelyconsistedofkouskouras witha littlebrownsoiland quantities of tileas wellas bone (includingskullfragments), remains,no doubt,of the HL burialin the stomion. FromtheDA use ofthetombtheresurviveda polychrome pithos,1, at theback ofthe and an O nipplejug, 3, foundin fragments in the chamber,another,2, close to the stomion, fill.The dromos nichewas empty, from a few coarse and bone sherds, apart fragments. Layers3 and 4 containedLate Classical sherdsincludingpart of an AtticRF pelike- (B)- youths. - numerous There wereno smallfindsof interest scrapsof glass and pieces of sheetbronze wererecovered. POTTERY (PLATE 132) 1. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 99). PH. 32. DB. 11.5.Frs.of base, lowerbody,rim,horizontalhandles. Trichrometechnique.Two surviving bands of panels withblanks.Top band: standinglion to R. alternating (frontlegs lost),in red withblue outline,outlineear; liontoL. solidbodyand head,raisedfront standing paw, outlineear,red tongue.Sphinxto R., blue solidbody, red curvedwingwithblue outline.Traces of incised on all figures. In bottomband,redand blue guide-lines guilloche.Panels betweenfeet:lotuses,red and blue arcade.Tracesofredsphinxbelowrim.Handlesbarred inred.Fortrichrome seeBSA29 (1927-28)281.MO. 2. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs.ofrim,body,part ofbase, one leg,one horizontalhandle.Traces of red and bluelotusand palmette.O. 3. JUG. H. 29.5. Gaps in rimand wall, handle lost. Shape as F. 155,classII D (i),withnippleson shoulder. Neck, lozenges. Shoulder, volutes and palmettes, centredon nipples,palmettesbetweenthem,sixfold circleson eitherside ofhandle.Main band,fourlarge setsof circleswithlozenge-rosette fill;betweeneach set,palmette.Linesto base. LO. 4. *BOTTLE, HL. 5. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 100). DR. c. 19. Frs.ofrim,body,one verticalhandle,tworibbedfeet. Bandsofopposedredand blue meanderlegs.LO.
6. POLYCHROME LID. PH. 11.DR. 22. Two rows ofredand blue meanderlegs.Fits5. LO. 7. ARYBALLOS. Fr. of'body. Opposed arcaded tongueswithpoints in the interstices.By the same hand as 57.3. LO. 8. KOTYLE. DR. c. 11. Three frs, of rim and adjoiningwall, part of lowerbody.Cream clay,redbrownpaint. Interiorcoated. Exterior,handle zone, verticalsenclosingpanel with squiggles; finelines, darkbase withreservedline.Corinthian.EPC. 9. KOTYLE. DB. 4. Frs. of base, body and rim. Cream clay,darkred paint.Interiorcoated,reserved line below rim. Exterior,below rim,two squiggles, verticals.Lowerbody,lines.Corinthian.EPC. 10. JUG. H. 31.5.Gaps in wall and neck.Prongmarks on handle. Sevenfoldcircles on shoulder,grouped lineson body.E 155,classII D. LO. 11. CUP (FIG. 99). H. 9.8. Gaps in wall and rim. Reserved Extremelythinfabric.Shape as illustrated. dot on floor,interiorotherwisefullycoated. Exterior: belowrim,band of dots,thenbroad dottedguilloche. Lines. At base, band of solid lozenges.Spaced rings under base. Handle: between opposed tongues, lozenge and tongue rosette. By or near Fortetsa painter,LO. 12. CLOSED VESSEL. Two frs.:(A) Rear ofrunning
I28
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
quadruped, in black figure. (B) Two legs perhaps of lion, also in black figure. 13. *KOTYLE. Fr.of rim.Interior,coated withreserved line below lip; exterior,treesquiggles,lines. LO. LID. Frs. of wall. Alternate 14. *POLYCHROME
CEMETERY
blue and red tongues, traces of red arcs. Perhaps for 2. MO. LID. Frs. of cup knob, and one 15. *POLYCHROME fr.of wall. Trace of blue band and red line at edge. Interior,blue stripeson unslipped surface.O.
SMALL FINDS 1. AMBER BEAD. Reduced to dust . 2. GLAZED TERRACOTTA frs.,VESSEL? H. 1.6. W. 2.2. Th. 0.6. Curved. Cf. 6 below. 3. GLASS VESSEL, fr.,R. 4. CLAY ATTACHMENT (plate 307). H. 4.3. D. 4.7. Dh. 1.7. Badly broken piece of upper end. Pale brown fabric,poorly fired.Cf. 57^7. 5. GLASS VESSEL, wall fr.PH. 2.8. Sand core, light blue threads set in dark blue. 6. GLAZED TERRACOTTA frs.,VESSEL? Several frs.- body Th. 0.6. Glaze: canary yellow. Core: very
hard dark clay; inside, not glazed, is ridged horizontally.Cf. 34^51 . Perhaps with pithos 1. 7. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 8. LIMESTONE INSCRIPTION, R. 9. 10. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R. 11. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 159). Larger fr.,3.7 X 1.8. Restored D. 18. Wt. 6 g. Two pieces. Broad ledge rim of shallow bowl? In addition, in two baskets fromlayer 4 were 44.25 g of bronze sheet frs.,including two or three with very fainttraces of reeding.
Tomb 85 SE (figs. 6, 31) L. overall:2.14.W.overall:1.50.N 'compartment' 1.27X 0.48. 1.55X 0.53. S 'compartment' withan undugindentin place of the SWcorner. This was a shallowrectangular cutting, Withinwere two parallel rectangularcompartments,c. 0.50 apart, of which the S was thantheN,allowingtheindentedcorneroftheoutercutting. shallowerand shorter wall The featurewas found3.00-4.00 SWofT. 14,c. 2.00 fromtheS circuitoftheperimeter ofthemortuary church,in an area somewhatisolatedfromthemaingroupoftombs,to theN E-W. was orientated The longeraxisofthecutting ofthemostcongestedpartofthecemetery. aftermechanicalclearanceoftopsoil. The featurewas identified was brownand rubbly, The earthin thecuttingabove thecompartments pit-fill. suggesting It containedlumpsof whiteplaster,a piece of marblefacingand otherchurchdebris,and theearthwas a rich themselves large,coarsesherds,includinglarnaxfrs.In thecompartments was site. There on the else unlike brown and soft, nothingin theS anything exceptionally light LM III B larnax,1. a and from LG a in N were sherds of the but 2, pithos, compartment, wererightin a one with larnax in but several was handle, sherds, including Nothing really situ, the NE corner,while the urn sherdswere towardsthe centre.In the SW corner of the on thefloor,and nearbywhatmayhavebeen a larnaxfootin was a stoneresting compartment situ.The twocompartments, therefore, mayonce havecontainedlarnakes. POTTERY
(PLATE 133) i. MINOAN LARNAX. H. c. 65. L. c. 96. One half of one long side, with two legs; also plain frs. of base. Gritty orange-buff clay, red-black paint. Broad groove under rim, broad raised ridge below. Vertical handle(s), elliptical in section. Ridge along base. Bands on rim. On raised ridge: groups of three bars between lines. Body: three quatrefoils, in panels, solid with outline; detached spirals in field. Vertical wavy lines under
to R., of snail-spirals Column handle(s). LM III B. to foot. continuing 2. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.3. DR. c. 16. One half preserved.Flat lip; line at rim, otherwisereserved. Bucraniumhandles.Ring foot.Triple zigzag on shoulder. Panel: hatched meander alternating with battlement, dogtooth; column of intersectingvertical zigzag to L. Belly:triplezigzag; bands and lines below. Handles: bars betweencurvedstripes.LG, early.Birdworkshop.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts. 82, 85-6, 98
Tomb 86 SE (figs. 6, 39, plate
I2g
24 b)
As found,1.70X 0.60. Whatremainedwas littlemorethana roundpit;the originalgravetypewas indecipherable. The pitfloorwas 1.00belowmoderngroundsurface. T. The graveformedpartof a confusedgroupof tombs,includingthe SM chamber-tomb SE of the main near the limit and Ts. 121,and the HL/R inhumationgraves 54, 96, 115 117 groupof HL/R graves,thathad been sitedin thearea leftvacantby themain N-S and E-W series of DA tombs. T. 86 may have been the earliest featurein the complex, for its seemsto havebeen cutbythecornerofT 121's dromos. circumference over a The top filling(layer1, one basket)was chieflylightbrownsoil, withkouskouras jumbledmass of stone(includingbrokendressedstone),mixedwithR and Ch potteryThe as well rubblewas removedas layer2 (threebaskets)includingbrick,tileand pithosfragments as stone.The soil darkenedas diggingadvanced.A largeflatstoneslab was removed;many of Archaicpithoiwerefound.On the floorof the pit was fi, a bronzetracer,or fragments graver.Also on thefloorwereslightremainsofa humanskeleton,includingbothupperarms, and Í3 a collar bone and trace of the rib cage. Withthesewere f2 (ironknifefragments) (bronzepin). It seems the gravewas foundand largelyemptied,perhaps at the timeof buildingthe refilled with It was subsequently church(whenmuchoftheskeletonwas destroyed). mortuary DA Archaic and later debris and debris from graves,probablyincluding destroyed building pithosgraves. SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE GRAVER or TRACER (fig. 160; plate 271). L. 7.6. W. 0.4. Wt. 4.7 g. Complete; intact.Perhaps a double-edgedtool, never hafted. Long shaftto awl-point sturdyblade for 'chisel' end. 2. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two joining pieces, formingpart of the hiltand blade of small, 4.7. Mineralizedremains one-edgedknife.L. together
of wood on the hilt.W. 2.5. Th. at back 0.25. Both edgesstraight. 3. BRONZE PIN. Wt. 1.5g. In sevenpieces;oxidised. Fibula? 4. BRONZE NODULE. 1.3 X 1. Wt. 2 g. Swollen and split(oxidised). 5. BRONZE frs.Wt 16 g. (Largest) 3 X 2.5. All - collectedfromthepyre? shapeless
Tombs 98, 106, 113, 152, 163, 168 introduction This complexwas exceptionallydifficult to understand.The problemsrepresentedby the tombs'immediatejuxtapositionwas aggravatedby the mannerin whichtheyhad been cut into and builtover by threeHL/R inhumationgraves(Ts. i6i, 162 and 167),and two R periboloi (Ts. 124,156). - (1) Ts. 98 + 106 At firstsight,theDA tombsseemto divideintono morethanthreeunits + 168,forming a largechambertombwithsteppeddromos and twoverylargeside-chambers to E (T. 168)and w (T. 98). (2) T. 152,just cuttingtheN sideofT. 106'sdromos and thew sideof T. 168'schamber.(3) T. 163,thelatestin theseries,dug overthetop ofthecollapsedchambers ofTs. 162and 168.Closerinspection makesitalmostcertainthisexplanationwouldbe wrong. There are, in fact,fivedistinctDA graves- Ts. 98, 168, 106, 152 and 163, in order of construction. The place ofthelarnaxburial,T. 113,in thesequenceis unknown.
!30
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
itsprimaryuse was SM shaftdug intostereo; T. 98 seemsto have been a sub-rectangular it On one over but its is uncertain. explanation could have been a large floor), (deposit type was cut. was Ts. whose 'cave' expungedwhenT. 106'sdromos pit-cave(cf. 186,200-202), have T. 168,a veryirregularcuttingin stereo, confusedby Ts. 152and 153,may originally and stomion been a chambertombon the same generalaxis as Ts. 106 and 152,whosedromos wereentirely subsumedby thesubsequentcuttingofT. 152,and theS side ofwhosechamber ofT 106was cut. wallwas brokenintowhenthedromos T. 106 was constructedafterTs. 98 and 168, handsomelydesignedwitha facade at the and a steppeddromos. stomion, Duringitslife,itslargechamberwas dividedin twobya clumsy wall,perhapsinsertedas shoringto avertroof-fall. T. 152was cut laterthanT. 106,on a line severaldegreesoffparallel,shavingoffthe NW and and destroying cornerofT. 106'sdromos, partofT 168'schamberand, perhaps,itsdromos stomion[supra).
T 163,probablyno morethana largepit,was dug intothespace overwhatmustalready havebeen thefallenchamberroofsofTs. 152and 168.T 163containedtheremainsofa horse bones came burial,otherpartsof whichwererecoveredfromTs. 152and 168,whilefurther HL Ts. 161,162.The horseburialrecallsthehorseburialsofT. 79,lessthan fromtheintrusive 10m awayto theNE,and thesimilarfeatureadjacentto TekeT.F,somedistanceto theN. T. 113(larnax)was foundoverthetop of thechamberfillofT. 106. It is notcertainthatit was insitu.
So muchfortheinternalsequenceofthiscomplex,and thedamagemutuallycaused.The next round of damage came in HL and R times.Ts. 161 and 162 were dug into T. 163, of thehorseburial;T. 162musthave continuedacrosspartof thedromos seriously dislocating T 106.It.mayhavebeen as a sequelto thediggingofthesegravesthatT. 152was completely robbedofitscontents breakingintothe pitdowntheN sideofT. 106's dromos, bya rectangular S side of T. 152'schamber.Nearby,T 167 cut into the S edge of T. 98. Finally,the second ADburialperiboloi Ts. 124and 156werebuilt,theformerovertheW end ofthedromoi century ofTs. 106and 152,thelatteroverT. 98 and,in theprocess,overT. 167as well. Tomb 98 SE (figs. 5, 34; plate
24 c)
Ts. 98, 106,113,152,163,168) (See Introduction: Atfloorlevel,2.86 X 2.40 in plan exceptat itsrounded thiswas a largepit,withstraight As preserved, sides,rectangular ofT. 106by an opening0.80 wide,at least0.70 SWcorner.It appearedconnectedto thedromos had ever thecutting stoneslabs.Nothingsuggested blockedbythreerather irregular high,clumsily downfromthesurfacethrough it seemsto havebeen cut straight been roofed;on thecontrary, This pitmayonce havebeen to reachitsfloorlevel(c. 1.80belowmoderngroundsurface). stereo wascut. T. 106'sdromos off when sliced was 'cave' whose T. SM a of (cf.e.g. 186) pit-cave part The gravewas at the heartof the mostcongestedarea of the necropolis,close to several NNE-SSW. otherswithevidenceofSM use. Itsaxisis roughly of mechanicaltopsoilstripping The complexofwhichit was partwas identified following themain N-S ranksof chambertombs.It was foundin a veryconfusedstate,and not all its SM depositoverthefloor, Remainsofan undisturbed can be explainedsatisfactorily. features in its establishes and first use the dates priority thecomplex.Amongthe however, convincingly thisgravewas thesmallR períbolos ofinterpreting to thedifficulty thatcontributed intrusions theER graveT 167,also partlydug intoT. 98's fill. T. 156partlycutintothefill,overlying
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 98
!3!
and some bone Layer 1 (twobaskets)was the uppermostfillof brownsoil and kouskouras, HL Here 1, an isolatedminiature vase,raisedan unconfirmed fragments. suspicionthatthere had been an HL inhumationcut into the top of the pit, subsequentlydestroyedby later disturbance.At 0.25 into the fill,a large part of a coarse pithos,2, was foundwiththe completeO oinochoe,3, nearby.In thesame horizonwere{3 (cow'stooth)and i^ (crumpled scrapofgoldleaf).This couldbe theremainsofa pithosburialthathas been insertedintothe a displacedpithosburialpartofwhichendedup in thetop fill.Layer pitfill,or,equallylikely, containedmostof a second coarse 2 (one basket),brownsoil and lumpycrushedkouskouras, - f$ (bronzePfibula), once contained pithos,21, and severalobjectswhichit had presumably ofbronze),ff65 ofgoldsheet)and £8(goldleaf).This group 10, 11 (fragments f7, 9 (fragments was 0.50 intothefill. fillin the Thereweresignsofdisturbance; theN halfofthefillwas softerthanthekouskouras S. Threemorebasketsfromlayer2 came fromwhatmayhavebeen a robberpiton theE side, whichextendedas faras thefloor,behindtheblockingthatseparatedT 98 fromthedromos of T. 106,and in theNEcornerwhereT. 98 and T. 106 (chamber)slightly former overlapped(the cutbythelatter).Here was 4a, a LG/EO cup. At thispoint,Ts. 156and 167weresuccessively excavatedas intrusions. Whenworkwas resumedon T. 98, on theremainingfillin thes half ofthepit,threeisolatedskullswerefound(layer2, one basket)at depthsof0.84, 0.72 and 0.90 Theirpresenceis unexplained. respectively. undisturbed area ofreworkedkouskouras excavated Layer4 (twobaskets)was an apparently in the S partof thepit. Fromitscontentsof brokenvases,fiveSM- EPG pieces werelargely - a bowl,9, two reconstructed jars, 10, 20, and twoneck-handled stirrup amphorae,11, 12. Of uncertaincontextare severallarnaxfragments on the floorof thepit,againstthe S wall, 19. Certainlytwo,perhapsthreelarnakeswererepresented. POTTERY
(PLATE 133) 1. MINIATURE VASE, HL. 2. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 53. DR. c. 30. Rim to lower body, base missing. Gritty red-brown clay,white inclusions,cream slip. Squared rim, flaring lip, concave neck; strap handle(s), one circular depression at root. Sets of four grooves above and below belly.EO? H. 13.4. Complete save gap in 3. OINOCHOE. shoulder. Mouth, lines. Handle barred. Double circles on shoulder,grouped lines. E 155, class D. EO. 4. CUP (fig. ioi). H. 6.6. DR. 9. Complete save chips fromrim and surface. Fully coated, worn. E 166, class B (iii). LG/EO. 5. BOTTLE, HL. 6. RELIEF VESSEL. Three sherds. Interior spattered. A: frontlegs and shoulder of quadruped, body of dancing human figure holding snakes to R., buttock and tail of quadruped. B: body of dancing figureas A. C: upper part of figureas A. All figuresin part relief,the missingparts in dark paint. LO/A. DB. 13.4. Frs. of base, part of 7. JUG/OINOCHOE. wall, handle and part of adjacent neck. Lines on neck, handle root. Dark paint at base. O. 8. CUP (FIG. 101). H. 5.1. DR. 5.8. Three-quarters preserved,handle broken off.Fully coated. LG-EO.
9. SKYPHOS (FIG. 101). H. 8.5. DR. 15. Threequarters preserved; much of rim and one handle missing. Cream wash. Round handles turned sharply upwards, risingclose to rim. Circle under base. Inside, large reserved circle on floor. SM/EPG; for shape cf. 207.44. 10. *STIRRUP-JAR (FIG. 101). PH. 23.5. Handles and false neck broken off,gaps in body. Purplish-brown clay, large white and small brown grits, cream slip. Much worn. Airhole. Dashes down front of nozzle, paint inside. Shoulder: where visible, composite triangles with very elaborate fillings.Band between lines: band on foot. SM. 11. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 100). H. 31.5. Three-quarters preserved, gaps in neck and body. Cream wash. Slashed rope handles attached below rim; flat base. Paint on rim, no decoration visible on neck, band below. Shoulder: horizontal S each side. Band between lines; two lines on lower body, band at base, Handle: paint on ribs between diagonal slashes. Two bands inside rim. SM-EPG. 12. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS (fig. ioi). H. 23. Mouth and most of neck missing. Large white grits, traces of cream slip. Thin rope handles with diagonal slashes, flat base. Neck plain, band below.
!32
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
HorizontalS's on shoulder, lines;twobands on lower body, one near base, Handle: paint in diagonal slashes.SM-EPG. 13. CUP (FIG.101).H. 6.9. DR. c. 5. Three-quarters handlebrokenoff.Whitegrits,creamslip. preserved, Bell-shape; irregular low conical foot, poorly articulated. Broadverticalincisionson body,imitating a pomegranate.Verticallines on ribs and incisions. Trace of broad vertical line on upper handle EPG. attachment. 14. KRATER. PH. c. 15. Body and base frs.Porous orange-brownclay,whitegrits,red paint. Trace of verticallip; hemispherical body,flatbase. Painton lip. Panel withhatchedmeander;bands and lines,paint overlappingunderbase. Interiorfullypainted.MG, late. 15. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 11.5.DR. c. 16. Rim and shoulder with one handle. White grits, cream slip. Hole throughlip, suggestingrepair in antiquity.Inset concave lip, risingrim;paint on lip. Panel: hatchedbattlement,cross-hatchedlozenges. LG, late. 16. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 15.5.Neck fr.Cream wash. Ridge near base of neck. Hatched whitetriplecircles,quadruplezigzag.LG. battlement,
17. KRATER. Fr. of wall withend of spool handle. Lines above handle,lines and spiral below. Handle barredbetweenlines,rosetteon spool end. Interior, broadbands.LO. 18. OINOCHOE (?). Base to belly. PH. 10; also shoulder fr. Cream slip, also inside. Flat base. Detachedzigzagon shoulder;spacedbands.EPG. 19. *MINOÀN LARNAX frs.Partofupperedge and one foot.Grittyorange clay,yellowslip,unpainted. Partof rimand body of one long side,and one foot (base 11 X 8). Squared rim, projecting ridge below.Low verticalrib dividingthelong immediately sideintopanels.LM III A-B. 20. *STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 101). H. 14. Two-thirds one handlemissing.Fabricas 98.10. Spike preserved, on disc,airhole;low conical foot.Painton disc,bars on necksand handle(s),dasheson nozzle,paintinside. Shoulder:fourconcavecompositetrianglesin double outline. Those on the back meet to form a leaf pattern.Band betweenlines;band on foot.SM. 21. *COARSE PITHOS. PH. 54. D. 45. All base,one handle, much of rim and wall lost. Coarse, heavily grittedbrownclay,chafftemper,roughyellowslip. Squared rim,concave neck,straphandle.Groupsof incisedgrooveson body.O? threelightly
SMALL FINDS 1. Vacat- pot 6. 2. PEBBLE. 3. TOOTH, COW. 4. GOLD LEAF fr. 5. BRONZE FIBULA? fr. 6. GOLD BAND fr.L. 3.3. W c. 1.6. Folded and crumpled.Undecorated.
7. BRONZE CRUMBS. Wt. 1.5g. Threepieces. 8. LEAF OF GOLD. 2 X 1.4. Crumpledand torn. Perhaps froma wreath. Parts have a moltenlook; possiblygatheredfrompyre. 9. BRONZE CRUMBS. Wt. 5 g. Seven pieces,from thepyre?
In addition,layer1 (twobaskets)produced42 g ofbronzescraps(sevenpieces);in layer2 (two baskets)were21 g, nineteenpieces,includingsixteenmisshapenfromthepyre.Nine bronze pellets(probablyfromthepyre)came fromsievingthecontentofpot 4. 10. GOLD SHEET, scrap. 1.6 X 1.2. Formless,torn fromlargeobject.Decoration:tracesofreliefline. 11. GOLD SHEET, two frs.:(i) 2.7 X 0.9. Torn, foldedand crumpled.Pale yellow.Traces of relief
- perhapsveiningfora leaf,(ii) 1.8 X 1.1. decoration brokenall round.Perhapspartof a wreathofpointed leaves. 12.BLACKOBSIDIANFLAKE.H. 2.W 2.Th.0.2.Minoan?
Tomb 100 SW (figs. 5, 36; plate 24 d-g) c.0.94 X 0.34. Chamber:1.80 X 2.11. L. 9.00. W. 1.08-1.18. Stomion: L. overall:11.10.Dromos: the the line was straight, thereafter the from broadened The long dromos stomion, slightly of a distance for stomion the from of an at rose dromos 2.00, angle 90 edges parallel. The
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 98, 100
I33
to themouthat n°; themouthwas 2.10higherthanthelowestpartofthechamber thereafter floor.The stomion was damaged,and no blockingremainedin situ,thoughloose stoneswere foundin thestomion and dromos; one appearedto have been workedwitha toothedchisel.In frontof the stomion a shallowstep0.20 led down to the stomion and chamber;thismay have been the seatingforthe blockingwall. The chamberwas sub-circular in plan. Though the roofwas completely the rear wall 1.16 survived The chamberfloorwas 2.75 destroyed high. belowmodernsurface. The tombwas at the N extremity of the threemain groupsof DA chamber-tombs in the centralpartofthenecropolis,12.00N ofT. 44, thenearestwithwhichitcould be said to be in line.The orientation was closeto E-w. It was foundas a head of darksoil withinitskouskouras matrixafterthe removaloftopsoil of the by mechanicalmeans. The tomb had suffered greatdamage fromthe construction churchand itsossuaries.The W circuitof theenclosurewall of thechurch nearbymortuary was constructed overthefillofthechamber,thebuiltossuaryT. 191was partlydug intothe N side of the dromos and a second ossuary,T 158,was immediately parallelto the s side of the dromos.
The dromos and chamberfillswerea homogeneousmixtureof soil,kouskouras and findsof was a coarse pithos,6, an oinochoe,7, and a manyperiods.At the mouthof the dromos coarsejug, 9, perhapsonce in thechamber.Ten basketsofpottery, etc,werecollectedfrom thisdisturbedhorizon.A skulland a coin (fi) at theWend of the dromos hintat a destroyed HL/R inhumation;a fragment of glass,f2, was foundnearby.Fragmentsof glass,bronze and mosaic tesseraewere distributed over the whole area of the tomb.Along the S dromos a belly-handledamphora, 1 + 2, and a wall, between 2.50 and 3.50 fromthe stomion, coarse-waretripodcauldron,3, lay on the dromos surface,whithertheyhad been moved fromthe chamber.Later potteryand a glass fragment were also foundin the lowerdromos fill. Fromthe filloverthe chambercame a glassbottle(fia) and an ironfragment (fza). The chamber'scontentswerein greatdisorder,and thereweresignsof late materialdown to its floor.Nothingwas insitu.£3,an ironobelosfragment, was 0.44 above thefloor.Close bywere of a bronze A vessel fragments rod-tripod (£4). glass (£5)and a bronzecoin (£6)only0.30 above the floorconfirmthe disturbanceof the fillat thatlevel,wherea smallfaiencewhorl(£7), anotherbronze tripodfragment(£8),an iron obelos fragment(£9) and an iron knifewith bronzerivet(fio) werealso found,all of them,exceptfio, in the N halfof the tomb.Many sherdswererecovered. Stilllowerin the chamberfill,in the S half,werefu, a stampedloom-weight, a faience and four iron obelos a knife and a bead, fi6, objects: fragments (fi3, 15), (fi2) javelin-head ofbronzeand ironweaponswerestrewn.In theN partwere (fi4). Acrossthefloorfragments ofironknives,and fi9, partofan ironobelos. fi7, an ironjavelin-blade,fi8, 20, fragments More fragments ofthebronzerod tripod(f2i-23) werefoundat theback ofthechamber.In theSWcornerwerea largepiece of thicksheetbronze,£24, underwhichwas £27, a faience bead, and £25,26, twoironjavelins.4, a kalathos,layagainsttheN wall and therewas a bellskyphos, 5, by theentrance.At thecentreofthechamberwas an area ofdisc-shapedfaience £28 ofbronzewere beads, (cf.fi6, 27), and at theback,anotherspear-point. Manyfragments as collected, wellas anotherpiece oftherodtripod,£30. Withthe possibleexceptionof the two groupsof vases foundin the dromos, no individual interments wererecognized.The scatteredfindssuggesttherehad been bothmale and female interments.
KNOSSOS
!34 POTTERY
(PLATES 1. BELLY-HANDLED
THE NORTH
CEMETERY
134-8)
AMPHORA. H. 45.4. DR. 15.5. Nearly complete. Everted lip, single handle, ring foot. Solid triangleson rim, band inside. Dark ground with reserved zones: lines on neck and lower body, zigzag with dots on shoulder; in belly zone, five eightfold circles on one side, four on the other. Handles barred. LPG. AR 29 (1983) 52 fig.91. 2. Vacai:part of 1. (fig. 102). H. 20.1. DR. 3. TRIPOD CAULDRON 18.7. One handle and part of rim missing. Coarse micaceous red clay, smoothed. Round ring handles, flattened straps below. Massive legs, each with six vertical grooves on outer surfaces. LPG (?). AR 29 (i983), 52, fig.92. 4. *KALATHOS (fig. 102). H. 7.4. D. 18.4. Nearly complete. LPG. PH. 4. Lower part, high 5. *BELL-SKYPHOS. conical foot.As 17. 6. *COARSE PITHOS. Body frs.only.Grittyorangered clay,buffwash. Ridge at junction with neck, set of threegrooves below. PG. H. 13. Front of mouth missing. 7. OINOCHOE. Coarse micaceous red clay. Flattened handle, disc foot. Grooves at base of neck, sixteen vertical ribs applied to body. PGB-EG. 8. COARSE JUG (fig. 102). H. 9.3. DR. 7. Nearly complete. Gritty micaceous red clay. Wheelmade. Flattened handle. Trace of burning on frontof rim. PG-EG. 9. COARSE TRIPOD JUG (fig. 102). H. 10. DR. 8. Half preserved, two feet missing. Fabric as 8. Flattened handle, footround in section. PG-EG. 10. ^SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig. 102). H. 6.7. DR. 18. Nearly complete. Buff slip. Strap handles. M-LPG: cf.J 18. 11. *OINOCHOE (fig. 102). H. 20.5. Mouth to belly and base frs.,non-joining. Porous purple-brown clay, trace of cream slip. MPG. Cf.J 19. 12. BELLY-HANDLED (?) AMPHORA, shoulder frs. (PLATE 138). Fabric as 11, uneven surface. Perhaps part of 74. MPG. 13. *HYDRIA. Body frs.,much worn. Spaced bands; pendent double brackets on shoulder and belly,paint on horizontal handles. E-MPG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972) 68 fig.i, C 7. (FIG. 102). H. 11.5. Handle and 14. *OINOCHOE much of body missing.'Eye' dot either side of mouth, neck in the form of a miniature oinochoe. Root of strap handle with bars. Groove at belly. PGB. For the miniaturecf. 218.82. 15. *KALATHOS. H. 8.4. D. 18.4. Three-quarters preserved.As 4 but fullypainted inside. LPG. 16. *KALATHOS (fig. 102). H. 14. D. 28. Nearly On rim, alternatelyof bars and solid groups complete. triangles;reservedcircles on floor.MPG.
(fig. 102). H. 10.3. DR. 7.8. 17. *BELL-SKYPHOS Two-thirdspreserved. LPG. 18. DEEP ROUNDED SKYPHOS (fig. 102). H. 7.5. DR. 8.6. One handle and part of body missing. Round reflex handles, rounded base. Blobs on upper surfaceof handles. PGB. 19. SMALL CONICAL LID. H. 6.6. D. 10.5. Threequarters preserved. String mark on flat knob. Bands and lines. PGB. Cf. 28.14 forshape. 20. PYXIS. PH. 10.5. Half-preserved, rim missing. Part of inset lip, no trace of handles, ring foot. Dark ground, gear pattern between lines. PGB-EG. Cf. 28.16. H. 15.5. ThreeOINOCHOE. 21. LENTOID quarters preserved. Red-brown clay. Flattened handle. Ridge between grooves where two halves of body join. Dots on ridge; groups of three bars on handle, loop round root. LPG-PGB. 22. *JUG (?). H. c. 23. Base to shoulder; neck and shoulder with strap handle, non-joining. Cream slip. Short neck, globular body, conical foot. Lines and bands on neck, gridded zigzag and eightfold semicircles on shoulder, badly worn; bands and lines below, dark ground. Handles barred. MPG. PYXIS (fig. 103). H. c. 14.6. 23. *STRAIGHT-SIDED Frs., upper part and base. Hard purple-brown clay, overfired;large whitegrits,buffslip. E-MPG. Cf.J 9. 24. KALATHOS. H. 13.9. D. 19.3. Nearly complete. As 16, but with cross-hatched triangles and bars on the rim. MPG. 25. *TRAY (FIG. 103). H. 4.7. D. 24. Three-quarters preserved. As 50, but with broad outer band inside. E-MPG. 26. SMALL LID (fig. 103). H. 7.6. DR. 14. Threequarters preserved.Yellow clay. PGB-EG. 27. COARSE FLAT LID (fig. 103 (detail)). D. 34. Max Th. 0.013. Three-quarters preserved, knob broken off. Red-brown clay, large white and brown grits;fugitiveblack paint. Rim slightlyupturned, and marked offby groove, surface smoothed above, rough underneath; small hole through knob. Upper surface fully painted; between two ridges, eight passant sphinxes executed with the same horseshoe-shaped stamp: polos crown, triangular wing, equine body, right forepaw raised, eye and ear visible only on the best preserved impression. PGB-EG (?). AR 29 (1983) 52 fig.93. UrnswithLids 119,fig.15D-C. 28. SMALL CUP (fig. 103), H. 4.8. DR. 7.6. Virtually complete. Rough flat base. Fully coated. PGB-EG. H. 9.5. D. c. 8.2. Two-thirds 29. *BELL-SKYPHOS. preserved.As 17. LPG. 30. SMALL CUP (FIG. 103). H. 3.8. D. 6. Threequarters preserved. Rough flat base. Fully coated. PGB-EG.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 31. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 8. Nearlycomplete. Concave base. Fullycoated but forbellyzone with cross-hatched Band insidelip.PGB-EG. triangles. 32. COMPOSITE TRAY (fig. 103). H. 3.1. D. 18. Three-quarterspreserved. Three handles, round section,risingfromrim.Miniaturethree-handled tray attachedto floorinside,H. 3.1.D. 9.5. E-MPG. 33. OINOCHOE (plate 136). H. 24.3. Nearly complete.Orange clay,greycore, whitegrits,matt blackpaint.Bridgeacrossbackpartofmouth,broken. Low conical foot; circle of fourteensmall holes Traces piercedthroughbase, as thoughforsprinkling. of hatchedborderon mouthbridge. On handle V columnbetweenverticallines.LPG. 34. PYXIS (fig. 103).H. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.Two opposedpairsofsuspensionholesthroughflateverted lip.No handles.PGB. 35. SKYPHOS (fig. 103). H. 7.3. DR. 13. Nearly complete.Lightbrownclay,a littlemica,semi-lustrous brown-black paint,streakyinside.Reversedecoration butforalternating similar, groupsofdiagonalsto L. of meander.Reservedband insidelip. Cycladic MG I. Eumousia27, fig.$ï (thereerroneouslycaptioned as 106.35). 36. BELL-KRATER (plate 137).PH. 22. D. 27.5.Fr., rimto lowerbody.Cream slip.Rim flaton top,slight ridgebelow.No painton rim.Elevenfoldcircleswith centraldot,joined by sevenlineswithoutlinedcrosshatchedcirclesabove and below. Band inside lip, a littlespatterbelow.LPG. 37. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 19.1. DR. 15.5. Threequarterspreserved.Red-brownclay,greycore,black paint.High conical foot.Fullycoated down to lower body,withdecorationin added white.PGB. 38. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 19.3.DR. 16.5.Frs.as 37. PGB. 39. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (plate 138).H. of neck 19.5. DR. 22. Neck to shoulder,frs.of belly and lowerbody; base missing.Fine orange-buff clay, browngrits,smallsilvermica. Evertedlip,rimsloping outwards.Slightridgenear base of neck.Ovoid body with bucranium handles. Paint on rim. Dogtooth above and belowbellyzone whichcontainssevenfold circles flanking rectilinear panels, not fully reconstructible.Circle fill: reserved cross, solid trianglesand chevronsin quadrants.Centralpanels: A, hatched verticalmeander (?), chevroncolumn, checkpatternwithdouble dottedzigzag above and below,hatched verticalmeander,chevroncolumn, hatched swastika (?) above quadruple zigzag; B, chevroncolumn,hatchedverticalmeander,chevron column,checkpatternabove swastika(?). AtticEG II. 40. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Frs., neck withshoulder, body,base; mouthmissing.Buffslip.As 18.12. LPG. 41. *PEDESTALLED KRATER. PH. 25. Lower
T. ioo
135
body to near base. Red-brownclay.Deep body; two slightridges on high flaringfoot. Band, two lines, reservedzone; solid paint below withone reserved line.Spatterinside.MPG. 42. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. of largest fr.27. Frs. of neck, belly and base; mouthmissing. Fabric as 39 but withbuffwash. Plump ovoid body, singlehandles,ringfoot.Dark ground.Solid triangle zones on neck and above bellyzone, whichcontains twelvefoldcirclesand rectilinearpanels; each panel consists of columns with groups of alternating diagonals,flankedbycolumnsofsolidlozenges.Bands and linesbelow.AtticEG I. 43. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 51. DR. c, 22. Frs.,rimto lowerbody,base missing.Softorange-red clay. Concave inset lip, rising rim. Flattened horizontalhandles risingabove rim. Dark ground, painton lip. Panels:triplezigzag,dottedlozengenet, hatchedmeander,dottedlozengechain; on one side, dot columnto R. ofmeander.EG. 44. *BELL-KRATER (fig. ioo) (reconstructed design)H. c. 50. DR. c. 40. Reddish-brown clay,white and black grits,buffsurface; paint much worn. Evertedlip withridgebelow,disc foot.Band between rimand ridge,groupsofbarson rim.Belowdecorated zone, band and two lines; band on foot. Paint on handles.Band inside,a littlespatterbelow.PGB. 45. *PEDESTALLED KRATER. H. c. 50. DR. c. 45. DB. e. 20. Underfired, crumbledinto manyfrs.Soft orangeclay,greycore,red-brown paint,soapysurface. Concave lip, fiat on top, ridge below; bucranium handles;flaringpedestal,slightridgeat junctionwith body. Groups of bars on rim, band below. Two ninefoldcircles each side, grouped bars between fourthand fifthcircle in each set. Maltese cross at centre. Rectilinear ornamentjoining the sets of circles: upper part missing,check (?), small solid triangles, large cross-hatched triangles pointing downward.Band, two lines; paint on foot,withtwo reservedlines.Band insiderim,a littlespatterbelow. PGB. 46. *SKYPHOS (fig. 103). PH. 6.1. DR. c, 16. Two frs.,rimto lowerbody.Hard reddishclay,buffsurface. Perhapsofsame typeas 10. M-LPG. 47. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. D. c 7. Half preserved, handlesmissing. As 17. LPG. 48. BELL-KRATER. PH. 15.6. Lower body and base. Red clay,greycore,buffsurface;airholes.Disc foot.Band,lines;band at foot.Spatterinside.PG. 49. *TRAY. PH. 3.4. DB. 16.2.Base and wall.As 25. E MPG. 50. TRAY (fig. 103).H. 3.9. D. 29.6. Three-quarters preserved,one handle missing.Sharp rim,concavity on each side.Three handlesrisingfromrim,roundin section.E MPG. 51. *KALATHOS. Frs., as 16 but withcontinuous
KNOSSOS
!36
THE NORTH
solid triangles on rim, and bands inside. MPG. Cf. 285.155. 52. *PYXIS (FIG. 103). PH. 12.5. Frs., rim to near base, stumpsof risinground handles. LPG- PGB. LID (fig. 103). H. 19.6. D. c. 24. 53. CONICAL Three frs., half preserved. Fabric as the pithos 43, which it fitsand matches. EG. UrnswithLids 116, 118, fig.6. (?). Body frs. only. Deep orange 54. *OINOCHOE clay,greycore, buffsurface,fugitiveblack paint. Squat globular. Eightfoldsemicircleson shoulder,bands and lines; dark ground. LPG. KRATER. PH. 24. DR. c. 48. 55. PEDESTALLED Frs. of upper part. Buff wash. Concave lip, ridge below. Between circles, two columns of cross-hatched lozenges. Spatter inside. PGB. H. c. 24. Frs., mouth to belly, 56. *OINOCHOE. lower body to base. Hard grey clay, misfired. Ridge under trefoillip; strap handle, slightlycarinated belly, irregular disc foot. Band on mouth and at base of neck, cross-hatched triangles on shoulder; dark ground below, bands and line. Handle barred. LPG-PGB. AMPHORA. Frs. of neck 57. *NECK-HANDLED with shoulder, belly, and base. Rounded rim, slim ovoid body, disc foot; spaced bands; groups of bars on handle, ring round foot. LPG; similar to 40. 58. *SHALLOW KRATER. PH. 7.2. DR. c. 24. Half of upper part. Reflex handles; elevenfold pendent semicircles, paint on handles; otherwise as G 115. PGB. 59. *SHALLOW KRATER. PH. 5. DR. c. 26. One third of upper part. As G 115, but with ninefold pendent semicircles.PGB. PITHOS. Most of upper 6o.*COARSE NECKED part missing.Fabric as 6. Globular body,bevelled disc foot. Ridge at junction with neck; sets of three grooves above and below belly.PG. 61. *COARSE PITHOS. Base with lower body, and belly frs.Fabric as 6, but with buffslip. Disc foot. Sets of threegrooves above and below belly.PG. 62. STIRRUP-JAR (?). Body frs. Reddish clay, grey core,buffsurface;bronze stain.Beginningof spout (?) on shoulder.LPG. Perhapsfromopen-neckedtype,as D 11. SMALL
CEMETERY
AMPHORA. Crumbled frs. 63. *NECK-HANDLED Diagonal crosses on shoulder, spaced bands. LPG: as 40. PH. 14. Mouth to belly. Squared 64. LEKYTHOS. lip, concave neck, strap handle. Wavy line on neck, tenfoldsemicircleson shoulder,a wavy verticalline on handle. LPG. Cf. E 2, BSA 71 (1976) 118 fig.3b. 65. *SHALLOW KRATER (fig. 104). H. 13.7. DR. c. 19. Frs. of upper part and base. Sides dipped in paint. LPG-PGB. 66. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig. 103). H. 5.3. DR. 7. Three-quarters preserved. Incurving lip, reflex handles, bars above handle attachments. Spatter inside. PGB. 67. *CUP. H. 4.5. DR. c. 7. Half preserved. As 28. PGB-EG. 68. *SHALLOW KRATER. H. c. 12.5. DR. c. 28. Frs. of upper part and base. As G 115, but with twelvefold pendent semicircles, and wavy line on strap handles. PGB. H. 9. D. 7.8. Half preserved. 69. *BELL-SKYPHOS. Clumsy ridge on foot,otherwiseas 17. LPG. SKYPHOS (plate 135). H. 70. DEEP ROUNDED PGB. As 18. DR. c. 7.3. 9. Fragmentary. Frs. As 17. LPG. 71. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. c. 12.5. D. c 10. Upper *BELL-SKYPHOS. 72. and lower parts, non-joining. High splaying foot, otherwiseas 17. LPG. 73. *SMALL CUP. H. 3.8. Most of rim missing. As 30. PGB-EG. 74. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. c. 45. Base to belly, handles missing. Purplish-brown clay, buff surface. Plump ovoid body, disc foot. M-LPG. The fr.12 may belong. TRAY. Frs, of miniature, 75. *COMPOSITE attached to floor.As 32. E-MPG. TRAY. H. 3.4. D. c 18. Frs. As 76. COMPOSITE 32. E-MPG. 77. *TRAY. DB. e. 24. Frs, of base. Iron encrustation inside. As 50. E-MPG. 78. *TRAY. DB. 16. Frs. of base and handle. As 25. E-MPG. 79. *TRAY. H. 4.4. D. c 23.5. Frs. of base, and rim with handle. As 25. E-MPG.
FINDS
1. BRONZE COIN. ia. GLASS VESSEL, R. 2. GLASS fr.,R. 2a. IRON OBELOS frs. Six joining pieces, total L. 8.5. 3. IRON OBELOS frs.L. 5.4. Section 1.4 squared. 4. 8, 21-3, 30. BRONZE ROD TRIPOD frs. (fig. 160; PLATE271). Total Wt. 81.95 g. Other dimensions by f nos. Consists of a segment of the ring (£4), a
fragmentof the ring and outer strut(£8), three pieces of ring moulding (£22, 23 and 30) and a strutfr.(f2i). The rim was cast in a single piece, and was undecorated. Will have been one of the larger rod tripodsknown. 4 RING fr.5.2 X 3.4. Wt. 32.5 g. Plain mouldings top and bottom. 8 RING AND OUTER STRUT fr.4.5 X 3.5. Wt. 20 g. 21 STRUT fr.3.7 X 0.7. Wt. 9 g. 22 RING fr.L. 4. D. 0.6. Wt. 6.5 g. 23 RING fr. 2.9 X 0.6. Wt. 6.5. Segment of top or
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE bottommoulding.30 RING fr.2.7 X 1.3. Wt. 5.2 g. Withpartoftopor bottommoulding. 5. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 6. BRONZE COIN. 7. FAIENCE (?) SPINDLEWHORL (fig. 183; plaie 298). H. 2.25. W 1.2-1.8. Dh. 0.8. Core: coarse,hard. Glaze gone. 8. See 4. 9. 13. IRON OBELOS fr. Two joining pieces, L 12.5.Section1 taperingto 0.8 squared. together 10. 20. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Twojoining pieces,togetherL. 8. Fromtang/bladeof one-edged knife.W. oftang(in 20) is 1.9.W. ofblade (also in 20), 2.0 taperingto 1.7 (in 10).Two bronze and one iron in tangduringcleaning.Th. at back of rivetidentified tang0.6, ofblade 0.4. Bothedgesofhiltshowparallel curve,concave on the side of the cuttingedge; both but edgesof blade also curved,in the same direction, off-set fromtang.See also 12 + 18 below. slightly 11. CLAY LOOMWEÍGHT (fig. 188; plate 308). H. 4.25. W. base 2.7 X 2.8, taperingto 1.5.Dh. 0.3. Top lost,one side chipped.Red fabric.One face stamped (1.8 X 1.2 X 0.25 deep) with a mounted warrior, movingto right,withshieldand spear(?) at rest. 12. 18. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Twojoining pieces, togetherL. 7, fromthe tip of a one-edged knife.It is highlylikelythat these belonged to the same piece as 10 + 20 above, since the blade continueswiththe same curvature,concave on the cuttingside,buta lengthmustbe missingbetweenthe two pairs of fragments, since the max. W. of blade hereis 1.1(in 18) taperingto thepoint(in 12) whichis recurved. veryslightly 13. See 9. 14. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece formingthe junction of socket and blade. L. 7.2. Socket (near junction)D. 1.3. Blade W. 2.4 at shoulders(broken c. 1.6 at break. originally 3) 15. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4.2. Section0.9 squared. 16. FAIENCE BEAD. H. 0.13. D. 0.7. Dh. 0.25. Complete,worn,pitted.Disc, white. 17. IRON JAVELIN-BLADE.Piece ofupperblade.L. 5.6. W. 2.8 taperingto 2.5. Faintmidrib,max. Th. 0.5. This couldbelongto,butdoes notjoin, 14 above.LPG. 18. See 12. 19. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 5.5. Section 1.5 squared. There is no way to establishwhether3, 9 + 13, 15 and 19 (totalL. only 27.6) all come fromthe same piece,butitis possible. 20. See 10. 21-3. See 4. 24. BRONZE 'PLAQUE' fr.14.5 X 12.5.Th. 0.1. Wt. 64.6 g. Flat disc,perhapsroundwhencomplete,now a spurious'U' or 'V shape. One edge seem original, butothersall seemold breaks.Helmetcheek-piece(?) (no stitch-holes); vessel base (?) (no sign of
T. ioo
^7
if'plaque', whyno stitchholes?Function attachment); notclear. 25. IRON. TWO JAVELIN-HEADS (fig. 174;plaie but not an identical 288). Found corrodedtogether, pair,(i) is completebut fora sectiontowardsthe tip, in threejoiningpieces.TogetherL. 30. SocketL. 8. D. 1.8 (internally1.3), taperingto a neck D. of 1.1 at junction with blade. Blade, max W. 3.3 (at square shoulders), taperingto 2.3 at finalbreak.Midrib,max. Th. 1.1, persistsfor about 14 cms of the blade L. Present (corroded) Wt. 233 g. See also 29. (ii) is completeexceptfortheverytip,in fivejoiningpieces. TogetherL. 29.7. SocketL. 6.5. D. 2.1 (internally 1.5), taperingto 1.3 atjunctionwithblade. Blade, max. W. 3.4 (at square shoulder),taperingto 1.6 at breaknear tip; midrib,max. Th. 1.3,persistsforabout 10 cms. Somewhatshorterand lighter,when complete,than (i). Present(corroded)Wt. 187g. 26. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 174; plate 288). Completein fivepieces. Together,L. 31.2. SocketL. 7.5. D. 1.6 (internally 1.3),taperingto 1.2 at junction withblade. Blade, max. W 3.4, taperingsteadilyto point. Midrib,max. Th. 0.8, runs forabout 9 cms. Smaller than either of the previous two. Present (corroded)Wt. 162g. 27. FAIENCE BEAD. Crumblingfrs.Disc; as 16 but withpale blue surfacepreserved. 28. FAIENCE BEADS- DISC (fig. 183; plaie 298). (a) 8 + 2 halves.D. 0.9-0.8. Th. 0.3-0.25. Dh. 0.25. 1 X D. i.i. Much thicker.Glaze: greenishblue. Core: medium,(b) DENTALIUM SHELL (small).L. 1.1.W 0.3-0.2. Probablyused as spacer.Prehistoric parallels in Cyprusand elsewherein Near East. Scatteredall over floor- probablybelonged to PG burials later removed). 29. IRON JAVELIN-TIP (fig. 174;plate 288). L. 5.1. W 2, taperingto point.Max. Th. 0.7. This is too large to go with14 or 17 above; it is bestexplainedas part of the missingtip sectionof 25 (i), whoselengthwill thenhave exceeded36 cms whencomplete,sincethe piecesdo notjoin. 30. See 4. 31. BRONZE JUG frs.(fig.160;plate 271).(Handlefr.) L. 3.7. W. 2.5. Wt. 5.5 g. (rimfr.)2.8 X 1.8.Wt. 1.25g. Mid sectionof lotus-budhandle (oxidised).Handle properis triplerod,out of whichgrowsthe flower lostwax? Rim has lip made by foldingoververythin sheetto formbead. 32. BRONZE WIRE BEAD? (fig. 160).L. 1.3.W 0.3. Wt. 0.4 g. Brokenat one, perhaps both ends. Very neatlycoiledcylinderoffinewire,sectionflat. 33. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 160; plate 271). (Longest)7.3. (Highest)3.3. Lip W (up to) 0.6. Wt. 63 g. Six pieces, probablyof same vessel. Flat-topped, stiltedrim. On one fr.(aftercleaning), traces of a handle,havingbeen attachedbybrazing.
!38
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
34. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 160; plate 271). H. 2.8. W. 3. Th. 0.4. Wt. 2.5 g. Horizontalloop handle (oval section),one attachmentlost. Scraps of vessel walladhering. 35. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 160). (Longest)5.5. (Highest)2.5. Rim W. 0.2. Wall Th. less than0.1. Wt. 24.5g. Fivepieces- samevessel?Neat bead lip.Bowl? 36. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 160).(Larger)L. 5.2. bowl H. 2. Wt. 13.5g. Two pieces of a hemispherical (?) withplainlip. 37. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 160). 2.5 X 1.6. Est. bowl? D. 18.Wt.4 g. Plainbead lip- hemispherical 38. BRONZE VESSEL frs.TotalWt. 17g. (a) 4.5 X 2.8 (twojoining),(b) 3.5 X 2 (twojoining),(c) 2.7 X 2.5.Not fromthesamevessel.Thoughprobablyall rim certainly couldbe fromhandle. frs.,
Tomb
39. BRONZE VESSEL (?) fr.(fig.160;plate 271).3.8 X 2.2. Wt. 7.7 g. If a vessel,fromjunctionofneckand shoulder.(Cannotbe partoftripod4 etc.) 40. BRONZE PIN. L. 2.5. W. 0.6. Wt. 1.8 g. Split (oxidized); part of shaftwithpossible trace of ring mouldings. In addition,a totalof745.9g ofbronzesheetfrs.were recoveredin layer1 fromelevenbaskets. 41. FAIENCE BASE OF COUCHANT LION VASE (plate 298). L. 6.5. W 6.5. Th. 1.2. Faience now pale violet. Core: medium coarse, now very friable.Underneathof base smooth.Upper surface (i.e. insidevase) is bumpy,because of method of manufacture.Very badly weathered (stray find? Clearly not in original position). Cf. 219. f62, completeexample.
103 SE (figs.
6, 33)
Larnax:1.01X 0.44. withanyothergrave,despiteitscloseproximity The larnaxcouldnotbe associateddirectly in to T. 105(q.v.)5to whichitmight, somefashion,havebelonged. Foundon theW edge of thecomplexat theSE partof thenecropolisofwhichTs. 104and E-W. 134werethemajorelements.The longaxiswas orientated had to theconclusionthatthispartof thecemetery Only thebase remained,contributing beengreatlydenudedbyerosion. was found.Therewas a M-LG juglet,i, outside,at theSE corner. No signofinterment POTTERY 1. JUGLET, Shattered.Three rowsof dots between lines.As 104.42. M-LG. 2. MINOAN LARNAX, chest type. Th. 3. Frs.,
clay,creamslip mainlyfrombase. Deep orangegritty save underbase. Unpainted.Traces of incisedlines exterior panels.LM III A-B. framing
Tombs 104 and 134 introduction There is some uncertainty These twocontiguousgravesmustbe consideredcloselytogether. The analysis in the about theiroriginalform,whichhas no obviouscounterpart cemetery. of the finds or two and one fromthatmade at the timeof excavation, offeredhere differs to T. have whichwereexcavatedas partofT. 104are nowseento 134. belonged The complexlay in the SE part of the site. Each tomb appears to have consistedof a roofedat least in part,opening but ratherirregularchamber,perhapsoriginally substantial on fromwhich,again in each case, were two niches, oppositesides of the chambers.The and theirofferings. and containedthe interments nichesof T. 134 weresealed by masonry, the mass of which of The niches in T. 104 were smaller,unsealed and empty offerings, to each otherthatthe close so cut occupiedthefloorofthechamber.The twotombshad been made was The W side of T. 104's chambercut the E side of T. 134. good by the damage
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts. ioo, 103 4
^9
construction of a roughmasonrypartitionbetweenthe two.T. 104provedto have been very disturbedin antiquity{infra), HL inhumation notonlyby the (unnumbered) thoroughly grave thatcutdeep intoitsN side,destroying a partofthegraveofferings. On thisanalysis,T. 134is earlier,by howeverbriefa period,thanT. 104.It is possiblethat theremayhave originally been a singlegraveenclosureforthesetwo tombsand forTs. 135 and 159as well(q.v.). Tomb 104 SE (figs. 6, 37; plate
25)
See Introduction: Ts. 104,134 L. overall:2.80. 'Chamber'w (to partition):1.08. NWniche:0.40 X 0.25. SE niche:0.76 X
0.60.
The gravecompriseda roughlyoval 'chamber',to whichnicheswereattachedon opposite sidesof thelong axis,of whichthe S nichewas largerand betterformedthanthe N. The N side of the 'chamber'compriseda roughlybuiltstoneblocking,L. 1.75(ofwhichthe largest stonewas a slab 0.95 X 0.35) separatingthischamberfromT. 134,intowhichT. 104 had cutin construction. An area 1.20 X 0.70 ofthefloorofthe'chamber'was paved inadvertently withsmallstoneslabs.It is unknownwhetherthewholefloorhad been covered. The surfacesoil had been removedmechanically. This tomb and T. 134 were identified whensubsequentsurfacecleaningby hand revealeda shapelesshead of darksoil withinthe whitekouskouras matrix.The approximateorientationwas NNW-SSE. An (unnumbered)HL inhumation a N-S on axis had been into the grave partlydug upperfillingof the 'chamber', If considerable from the 'chamber' floor has been correctly identified as causing damage. 103, an Archaicvase,theremusthave been a majordisturbanceof thisotherwisepre-O complex beforetheintrusion oftheHL burial. the was a lightbrownsoil mixedwithrootsand smallstones.A LG Layer1, upperfilling, was found near the SE niche;an aryballos,7, was amongitscontents.A secondLG pithos,3, was found near the NWnichewith,insideit,a CypriotBoR lekythos, pithos,4, 8, and two ironpin shafts,£9-10; two morepin fragments, were identified joining, duringstudyof the cremation.Under4 werea LG cup,5, and a LG kotyle,9. Immediately under3 lay an EG belly-handled amphora,12, on itsside withan E-MG skyphos,13, in itsmouth.Beside the neckof 12 was an EO straight-sided pyxis,20 with114 (LG jug) and 115 (MG olpe) insideit. The largeEG belly-handled amphora,23, was on itsside near the stonepartition, midway betweenthetwoniches.The largerofthesevaseslaypartlyin a harder,lightersoilwithmore kouskouras (layer2) and partlyin therubblylevel(layer3). The uppermostvases in the main area of offerings in thisverycrowdedgraveweremuch disturbed HL burial,whosepresencewas notimmediately by theintrusive appreciatedin the first ofG vasesin whatmusthavebeen the stagesofexcavation,as therewerelargefragments upperpartof the HL graveshaft,above and helpingto conceal the skeleton,including44, ofa ?MG pithosbase,and 14, an animalprotomefragment. fragment The HL burial,of whichskulland long bones survived,had been extendedon the back, head at theNWend ofthegrave.f$, a silvercoin ofRhodes,or a Cretanimitation, had been in this placed in themouth.Severalvases (a largernumberand morevariedthancustomary HL burials)were in close proximity to the skeletonbut,because of the way the cemetery's burialhad been made, also in close proximity to the G pottery.Not all were immediately recognizedas HL. They included15 + 21, 31, 50 and 53. In thefillofthatpartof theHL tombthatextendedbeyondthelimitsof the DA tombwerefound45 and 46, M-LG juglet
I4.0
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
and aryballosrespectively, whichmusthavebeen thrownup in diggingtheHL graveand then when it was back-filled afterthe depositionof the body.The same happenedto a replaced bronzefibula,fi. The fulleffecton the DA graveofferings of the HL intrusioncannotbe reconstructed, was notdefinedat thetime as theextantprofileofthegravewithintheDA filling particularly ofexcavation.However,it is clearthatthegravecut in halfn, a LG neck-handled amphora (thelowerpartlost),whilean EO pyxis,41, was slicedin twowhereit stood.Onlyfragments remainedof an EG belly-handled amphora,16, and a PGB/EG oinochoe,51. Nearbywas misseddamage- 17, a PGB-EG straightthebronzepin,£3. OtherDA vasesverynarrowly nested.In thenarrowspace betweentheleftside of sidedlekythos, 18-19, twoMG skyphoi, the skeletonand the edge of the grave(in approximateorderN-s) were40, EO pyxis,with withthePGB lekythos, inside,28, EG skyphos, 55 inside.Underneath 42, PGB-EG lekythos, were54, EG cauldron-skyphos, 43, PGB carinatedoinochoe,36, EG olpe,22, PGB strainer, and 52, 33, PGB-EG lid,49, EG skyphos 30, EO pyxislid,43, LG tray, 35, E-MG skyphos, ofshapesand datesmustbe noted.Therewerefewvasesin smallMG cup. The heterogeneity - 26, thishorizonin thelargerspace betweentherightsideoftheHL graveand thepartition 48, M-LG jugletand 57, 27, LG neck-handled amphora,47, MG skyphos, pithosfragment, E-MG skyphos(under26). The removalof the HL burialand the horizonof DA vases intowhichit had been dug continuedand coveredanotherlargegroupofvases.This showedthatlayer3, nowlessrubbly, to the in the was two parts, N, occupyingtheNWnicheand adjacentspace,extending deposit at themouthofthe area overwhichtheHL burialhad lain,and a second,smallergroupstarting N.Two vessels,thesmallerEG lekythos SEnicheand extending 80, lay 79 and thePGB lekythos larnax a The foot of these two between of 0.80 in theotherwise (not plain groups. emptyspace consistedof81, a G coarse inventoried) lay at theN end ofthesecondgroupwhichotherwise 85, EG tray,87, 88, E-MG cups, 84, PGB lekythos, jug, 82, 83, 86, PGB and EG lekythoi, were clustered-59, 59a, pyxis,and vases N over In niche 20 lid. the EG group 89, omphaloid LG neck-handled LG EG kalathos,61, amphora,62, 65, 68-76, M/LG lid, 60, cup, 58, and MG MG 77, skyphos 78, MG smallhydria. skyphoi, juglets,63, 64, 66, 67, foundundertheclusterjust described,packed was A finalseriesof 24 vases (chiefly small) is forthetomb'shistory intothenicheand thefloorspace in frontofit. Of importance {supra) vases were other The an Archaicneck-handled theshattered103, apparently 90, amphora. 91, MG-LG smallhydriae,92, 93, 97, 98, 102, in, M-LG juglets,94, 100, no, 112, MG or M-LG oinochoai,95, 105-109, MG skyphoi, 96, 101, 113, LG cups. 116-129 were and inventoried identified study. duringpost-excavation POTTERY (PLATES 139-44) 1. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 37. DB. 23.5. Base, body,and rimfrs.Large whiteand grey grits.Squared lip, flaton top; straightverticalneck, ridgeat junctionwithshoulder;ovoidbody,disc foot. Shape similarto 280.1. EG. 2. *HL vessel. 3. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. (withloop feet) preserved.Straightlip, rising 47. DR. 15. Two-thirds above shoulder.Ring base, threeloop feet.Band at reserved.Aboveand belowhandles, rim,lip otherwise zones in added white:hatchedzigzag betweenlines.
Panels: A and B as illustrated;C as A, D as B. LG late,Birdworkshop. 4. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 104). H. (with loop feet)48. DR. 17.5.Bodynearlycomplete,butthe twoloop feetmissing.Shortinsetlip,slightly concave, risingabove shoulder.Flat base,loop feet.Lip painted as 3. Above and below handles, hatched zigzag. Panels, all fourflankedby columns of intersecting = zigzag: A and C, two-headedbird(C FIG.104);B, leafcircle,as shown;D, checkpattern.LG, late,Bird workshop.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 5. *CUP (fk;. 104).H. 9.5. DR. 11.8.Handle broken, otherwise complete. Vertical line down handle. Reservedcircleon floorinside.LG 6. FEEDING BOTTLE. H. 8.5. Complete. Strap handle attached inside rim. Side spout. Flat base. Groupsof threependentbars on shoulder.Lines on belly,one lineat base. Wavylineon handle.PGB EG. 7. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.7. Handle missing.Flaringlip, concave base. Lightground:band at base on neck, bands and linesabove and below belly,band at base. LG-EO, in pithos3. E 158classB (iii). 8. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS (fig. 104). H. c. 13. Three-quarterspreserved,but too fragilefor Orange clay,greycore; traceof completerestoration. red slip,flakingbadly;painteddecorationobliterated. Round handles attached to neck ridge, disc foot. CypriotBoR I. In pithos4. Cf.H 15. RDAC 1984,128 no 16. 9. KOTYLE (fig. 104). H. 5.5. DR. 10. Complete. Nickedrim.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.LG. 10. HYDRIA. H. 13.7. Nearlycomplete.Disc foot. Bars on lip. Neck: lines,zone of bars. Shoulder:three compositetrianglesenclosingnet of double-outline all withcentraldot. Belly:A, lozengesand triangles, wavylines,hatchingin oblique lines;B, intersecting between.Band insiderim.EG, roughwork. 11. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 27.7. DR. 11.6.Rim to lowerbody.As 58. LG. 12. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 69. DR. 22. Three-quarterspreserved.Broad evertedlip, flaton top,ridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles.Flat base. Dark ground.Neck: panels withhatcheddiagonal crosses. Two reservedbands on shoulder.Belly: A, hatched meander,zigzagabove and below; B, upperpartlost, hatchedzigzag.No paintinside.EG. 13. *SKYPHOS. DR. c. 15. Upper part. As 28. In mouthofamphora12. E-MG. 14. ANIMAL PROTOME SPOUT. Belongs to strainer askos22. 15. *HL vessel. 16. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 18. Three bellyfrs.,withbucraniumhandle.EG. LEKYTHOS. H. 24.8. 17. STRAIGHT-SIDED Complete. Cream slip. Groove above flat base. Handle: bars betweenverticallines. Paint on lower bodyoverlapsunderbase. PGB-EG. 18. *SKYPHOS (fig. 104).H. 7.3. DR. 11.Complete. Reservedcircleon floorinside.MG, late.With19. 19. *SKYPHOS. H. 8.9. DR. 14.5-15.As 28. MG, late.With18. 20. PYXIS, straight-sided. H. 22.1.DR. 13.5.Nearly complete. Concave inset rim, straight, sloping shouldersbetweencarinations,no handles,flatbase. Whiteon dark,exteriorfullycoated. On rim,billets; shoulder,horizontalS's. On upperbody,talltriglyphs and metopes: hatched bird with pendent lozenge-
T. 104
!4I
two chain,columnof invertedchevrons,lozenge-net, chevron-columns, scale-pattern,hatched bird with outlinecrossin field;severalpanels whollylost,then tree of life, column of dots, small hatched bird, verticalzigzag,dottedlozengecolumn,meanderforks, dottedlozengecolumn.Below,betweengroupedlines, brokenspiral,gear pattern.Inside,paint at edge of lip.EO. 21. *HL vessel. 22. STRAINER ASKOS. DR. 7.5. Frs. of neck and body; also animal protome spout (see 14 above). Yellow clay,thickcream slip. Verticallip, ridge on neck; inside, disc with eight holes. Zigzag on lip. Neck: panels of triplezigzag alternatingwithempty panels; lozenge chain; two more zones of zigzag panels as above. Similar decoration on body frs. Animalspout:on muzzle,threezones ofbarsbetween lines; billets on raised mane/crest. On forehead, double circleswithbars. Dotted circlesforeyes;arcs foreyebrows, withbars above. Massed scale plumage downneck.A bird-horse as Q, 115. PGB. hybrid, BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 64.5. 23. Nearly complete. Lip Oat on top, ridge below. Bucranium handles. Disc foot. Paint on rim. EG. Eilapine335 ff. 24. SPRINKLER JUG. H. 9.5. Complete.Disc across top with small centralhole. Carination above and below belly.Disc footwiththreesmall holes. Triple circleon disc,scribbleon neck,fourhatchedchevrons on shoulder;scribblebetweenlines on belly.Handle barred.PGB. Withcoarsepithos1. 25. MINIATURE BELL SKYPHOS. H. 5.9. DR. 5.5. Nearlycomplete.Handles asymmetrically placed, unevenconical foot.Paint to below handles,and all overinterior. PGB. Withcoarsepithos1. 26. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42.5. DR. c. 16. One-third preserved. Rising concave lip, stirrup handle(s),disc foot.Painton lip. Beginningof panel: zigzag,hatchedmeander,dogtooth.MG, early. 27. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 35.5. DR. 11.6. Complete. Round handles, ring foot. Neck: intersectingverticalzigzag flankedby columns of diagonalhatching, zigzagbelow.Painton handles.No paintinside.LG. 28. *SKYPHOS (fig. 104).H. 8.8. DR. 14.Complete. Reservedcircleon floorinside.EG, Atticizing. 29. OINOCHOE. H. 10.3. Part of lip missing.Tall narrowneck,ringfoot.Groupsoffivebarson handle. Band insiderim.E-MG. 30. CONICAL LID. H. 9.8. D. 14.2.Complete.Pinkbuffclay withwhitegrits.Tall conical knob on thick stemwithtwo grooves.Whiteon dark,exteriorfully coated. On knob,arcaded tongues;rim,wide zone of withdottedlozengeand chevronfill.Interior triangles unpainted.With40. EO. 31. *HL vessel.
!42
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
32. *SKYPHOS. H. 8.2. DR. 13.5-15. As 28. Nearly complete. E MG. 33. SMALL LID (fk;. 104). H. 4.5. D. 12. Complete. PGB EG. 34. TRAY (fk;. 104). H. 4. DR. 17.5. Nearly complete. Round reflexhandles. LG. H. 9.8. Handle broken. Red35. OINOCHOE. brown micaceous clay. Stump of strap handle. Disc foot. Five grooves on neck, twenty-four vertical incisionsround body. PGB- EG. 36. OLPE. H. 19.5. Part of neck missing.Rising strap handle with strut,plain lip, flat base. Handle barred. EG. Cf. KCh 4 (1950) pl. 31, 2 fromArchancs. H. 14. 1. Complete. Cream slip. 37. LEKYTHOS. Strap handle. Carination near base. Ring foot,groove underneath. Neck: zigzag between lines. Shoulder: hatched chevrons enclosing small solid triangles.Bars on handles. Band inside lip. PGB. 38. SMALL CUP. H. 4.9. DR. 6.5. Nearly complete. Strap handle attached inside offsetlip; flat base with stringmark. Both sides dipped in paint. E-MG. Cf. 16.1. 39. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fk;. 104). H. 5.5. DR. 9.4. Three-quarters preserved. Strap handle(s). Stringmarkunder base. Spatter inside. EG. 40. PYXIS, straight-sided.H. 20.8. DR. 14.7. Nearly complete. Straight inset rim, convex sloping shoulder between carinations, no handles, flat base. Exterior fullycoated, with white decorations. Billets on neck. Shoulder: dotted-outline lozenges. Upper body, triglyphsand metopes: quartered dotted lozenges in net of hatched diagonals, dotted lozenge column, solid squares in hatched grid pattern; next column lost, dotted lozenge column, trace of large lozenge, column of single-linemeander; next metope and two columns lost; V-column, tree of life,V-column, hatched square grid with cross and small square fill in alternate compartments, V-column, mill-sail, dotted lozenge column. Below, between grouped lines, broken spiral, triple circles. Inside, paint at outer edge of lip. With 30. EC). 41. *PYXIS, straight-sided.H. 23.2. DB. e. 18. One quarter preserved, complete profile. Concave inset rim, narrow oblique shoulder between carinations, no handle, slight ring foot. Fully coated with white decoration. Net pattern on lip, zigzag on neck. Body, panels: columns of double circles,hatched square grid with crosses and dotted circles in each quadrant in alternate compartments. Below, between grouped lines,broken spiral. EO. H. 9.8. Complete. Rough concave 42. OINOCHOE. base. Neck: oblique bars between lines. Shoulder: composite triangles as 10. Lines and band. Handle barred. PGB EG. Cf. E no. 460. H. 13.8. Complete. Groove below 43. OINOCHOE. shoulder. Irregular base, conical below. Scribble on
neck; on shoulder, four cross-hatched triangleswithin tripleoutline. Handles barred. PGB. Cf. E no. 1464. 44. *PITHOS. PH. 18. Base fr.Thick fabric. Ring foot. Bands and lines. MG (?). H. 9.8. Complete. As 72. M-LG. 45. *JUGLET. * *ARYBALLOS. H. 6.8. Three-quarters 46. preserved. Flaring lip, broad fiat base. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles within double outline. Lines, paint to base. Paint inside lip, handle barred. M-LG. E 158, class C. 47. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.7. DR. 9.5. Nearly complete. As 63. MG, late. 48. *JUGLET. PH. 7.4. Mouth missing. As 45, but with broader neck. M LG. 49. *SKYPHOS. H. 8.4. DR. c. 14. Half preserved. As 28, but disc foot was less clearly articulated, and lip fullypainted outside. EG. 50. *WINE AMPHORA, HL. (?). PH 9.7. Base to shoulder. Disc 51. OINOCHOE foot. Paint tricklingunder base. PGB. 52. SMALL CUP. H. 4. DR. 4.8. Complete. Fully coated. MG (?). 53. *BOWL, HL. H. 4.3. DR. 6.2-6.7. 54. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. Nearly complete. Short lip leaning inwards, slightly offset;reflexround handles; concave base. Two wavy lines in handle zone. Curved stripeon handles. Below, three lines, band. Irregular band inside rim. Spatter below. EG. H. 13.7. Nearly complete. Strap 55. LEKYTHOS. handle, low conical foot. Neck: zigzag between lines. Shoulder: three cross-hatched triangles with dots, stemmed spiral to L. PGB. SKYPHOS {vie. 104). H. 8.5. 56. HIGH-FOOTED DR. 8.6. Three-quarters preserved, uneven surface. Blobs on rim,spatterinside. EG. H. 7.8. Complete. Flattened 57. LEKYTHOS. handle; flatbase, reserved. Paint on handle and inside lip. E MG. H. 35. DR. AMPHORA. 58. NECK-HANDLED 10.8. Double round handles, ring foot. Decoration as 27. LG. 59. PYXIS. H. 20.4. DR. 8. Complete. Flat inset lip. Twin round handles. Ring foot. Paint at inner edge of lip. Same decoration on both sides. LG. LID. H. 4.9. D. 11.5. Complete. 59a. CONICAL Knob concave above with eight-pointstar. Bands and lines. Fits 59. fig. 104. H. 15.6. D. 29.4. 60. KALATHOS. Holes pierced through rim handles. Complete. Strap all round, for attachmentas lid. No paint under base. EG. 61. *CUP. H. 5.6. DR. 8.5. Nearly complete. As 96, but the paint had flaked. LG. 62. JUGLET. H. 8.4. Complete. As 72 but with broader and shorterneck. MG,
IHK MEDICAL
FACULTY
63. SKYPHOS (fig. 105). H. 5.1. DR. 9.2. Complete. Lustrous black paint. Base reserved; reserved circle on floor.MG, late. H. 5.1. DR. 9.4. Three-quarters 64. *SKYPHOS. preserved.As 63. MG, late. 65. *JUGLET. H. 10. Most of mouth missing.As 72. M-LG. 66. SKYPHOS. H. 5.8. DR. 9.5. Nearly complete. As 63 but with oblique bars in panel. MG, late. 67. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.6. DR. 9.3. Nearly complete. Pale buffclay.As 63. MG, late. 68. *JUGLET. H. 10. Handle and part of mouth missing. As 72 but with broader and shorter neck. M EG. 69. JUGLET. H. 9.2. Nearly complete. As 72 but with broader and shorterneck. 70. JUGLET. H. 8.6. Complete. As 69. M LG. 71. *JUGLET. H. 9.6. Complete. As 72. M-LG. 72. JUGLET. H. 10.3. Complete. Tall narrow neck passing gentlyinto body; flatbase. Base reserved. Line inside rim. M LG. 73. *JUGLET. H. 9.8. Complete. As 72 but with broader neck. M LG. 74. *JUGLET. H. 9.2. Nearly complete. As 72. M LG. 75. *JUGLET. H. 9.5. Complete. As 69. M-LG. 76. *JUGLET H. 9.2. Nearly complete. As 62. M-LG. H. 10.4. DR. 16.3. Two-thirds 77. SKYPHOS. preserved. Lip slightly offset, disc foot. Inside: reserved line below rim with groups of ten bars; reservedcircle on floor;otherwisefullypainted. MG. 78. HYDRIA (fk;. 105). H. 14.2. Nearly complete. Thickened lip, flatbase. Neck: triplezigzag. Shoulder: dots, bars. Belly,on both sides: bird, as fk;. 105. Bars on vertical handle, curved stripes on horizontal handles. No paint inside. MG, late, Atticizing. H. 7.4. Complete. As 57. EG. 79. LEKYTHOS. 80. LEKYTHOS. H. 14. Complete. Cream slip. Thick strap handle; low conical foot, poorly articulated. Neck: scribble between lines. Shoulder: four triangles in sextuple outline. Bands and lines. Handle barred. Band inside rim. PGB. Cf. BSA 56 (1961) 73 no. 12, pl. 10. 81. COARSE JUG (fk;. 105). H. 9.3. Two-thirds preserved. Gritty orange-brown day, some mica. Round handle. Groups of grooves on neck and shoulder.E 155 class, B. M LG. 82. LEKYTHOS. PH. 10. Lip missing.Heavy fabric. Strap handle, low conical foot. Handle barred. PGB. H. 9.8. Complete. Strap handle, 83. LEKYTHOS. flat base. Neck: scribble between lines. Shoulder: three large composite triangles, as on 10, but with hatchinground enclosed lozenge. EG. H. 13.4. Complete. Carination 84. OINOCHOE. and groove on shoulder, flat base. Scribble on neck;
SITK
T. 104
l^
outlined and cross-hatchedtriangleson shoulder,bars on theirapices. Handle barred. PGB. Cf. E no. 1464. 85. TRAY (fk;. 105). H. 5.4. DR. 17.6. Complete. Round reflexhandles. Large circle on floor and under base. LG. 86. LEKYTHOS. H. 15.1. Complete. Cream slip. well turned conical foot. Handle handle, Strap barred. Two bands inside lip. PGB. 87. CUP. H. 4.5. DR. 7.3. Complete. Offset lip with groove; thick strap handle attached inside rim. Flat base with stringmark. Fully coated. E MG. 88. CUP. H. 5. DR. r. 7.2. Two-thirds preserved. Offset lip; strap handle attached to rim. Flat base. Upper part dipped in paint on both sides. EG. Cf. 38. 89. SMALL LID (fk;. 105). H. 6.5. D. c. 13. Twothirdspreserved. Cream slip. Omphaloid. EG. 90. HYDRIA (fk;. 105). H. 11.4. Nearly complete. Thickened lip, flat base. Triple zigzag and dots on neck, stars on shoulder; in belly zones, bird between outlined crosses as FK;. 105. Handles decorated as 78. MG, late. 91. HYDRIA. H. 13.4. Complete. Broad concave base. Paint inside lip. LG. 92. »JUGLET. H. 9. Complete. As 69. M-LG. 93. *JUGLET. H. 8.9. Complete. As 69. M-LG. H. 8.6. Complete. Flat base. 94. OINOCHOE. M-LG. 95. *SKYPHOS (fk;. 105). H. 5.7. DR. 10.2. One handle missing.As 63. MG, late. 96. CUP (fk;. 105). H. 5.7. DR. 7.6. Nearly complete. Base reserved. Diagonal cross on handle. Reserved circle on floor.LG, early. 97. JUGLET. H. 8.3. Complete. Carinated belly. Oblique bars in lowest zone. M- LG. 98. JUGLET. H. 9. Nearly complete. As 69. M-LG. 99. CUP. H. 5.2. DR. 7. 8. Complete. Flat base. Handle barred. Interioras 96. LG. 100. OINOCHOE. H. 20.2. Three-quarters preserved. Disc foot. Dark ground, triple zigzag and oblique bars in neck panel. Handle barred. E MG, Atticizing. 101. *CUP. H. 6.1. DR. 7.7. Nearly complete. As 96 but with bars on handle. LG, early. 102. *JUGLET. H. 10. Nearly complete. As 69. M-LG. 103. *AMPHORA (fk;. 105). H. 25. DR. 12.5. Ruined by laminating fractures of the clay. Part of rim and neck, much of wall lost. Granular brown clay, white grits,surface almost wholly destroyed except on rim, handles and foot. Strap handles, high ring foot. Originally coated in lustrous black paint. Archaic: small scale imitationof Attic Type A. 104. SMALL PLATE (fk;. 105). H. 2.6. D. 11.5. Lug handles, verticallypierced. M-LG. 105. SKYPHOS. H. 5.4. DR. c. 8.8. Lustrous brownblack paint. Vertical lip, not offset;disc foot, concave
!44
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
106. *SKYPHOS. H. 5. DR. 9.8. nearlycomplete.As 63 butwithslightdiscfoot.MG, late. 107. SKYPHOS (FIG.105). H. 5.7. DR. 9.8. Nearly complete.MG, late. 108. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.7. DR. 10. Nearlycomplete. As 63. MG. 109. *SKYPHOS. H. 6.3. DR. 9. Nearlycomplete. As 107 butwithtallerlip.MG, late. no. OINOCHOE. H. 9.2. Nearlycomplete.As 94. M-LG. in. JUGLET. H. 8.4. Complete. As 97 but with narrower neck.M-LG. 112. OINOCHOE. H. 9.7. Complete.As 94. M-LG. 113. CUP. H. 5.1. DR. 7.2-7.8. Nearlycomplete.As 101 butwithellipticalrim.LG, early. 114. JUG. H. 12. Complete.Concave base. Bars on handle.Solid paintinside,to base ofneck.LG. 115. OLPE. H. 13.8. Handle brokenoff.Flat base, stumpsof round handle. Neck: two zones of dots Painton handle betweenlines.Shoulder:dot rosettes. stumps.Line insiderim.MG. 116. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.4. DR. 10.3.Nearlycomplete. As 63. MG, late. 117. SKYPHOS (fig. 105). H. 5.3. DR. 10.2. TwoLG/EO. thirdspreserved. 118. LARNAX frs.(fig. 105).PH. of largest14. One cornerof chest with most of foot and most of the widthof one of the shortersides.Outer surfacesflat, smoothed,withcreamslip;innersurfacesrough.The long side preservesthe fullwidthof the foot(W. 6), bearinga columnof fishbetweenchevronsand arcs. To L. tracesof hatchedmeanderand zigzag.On the shortside,lowerpartofrobedfigurebendingforward overaltarcoveredwithcloth(?); fishin background; below,horizontallines curvinground towardsfeet. Also fr. from another foot with diagonal cross, outsideand roundthe chevronsand cross-hatching; edge,diagonalhatching.Perhapsbelongingto the lid
is a fr.in the same fabric.L. 8. Th. 0.5. Smoothed outsidebutunpainted;H. oflip 1.5,turning sharplyat an obtuse angle; zigzag on underside of lip, fully 27,fig.2.2,pl. 2.5-6. paintedinside.G. Reflexions 119. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 113). H. c. 47.6. DR. c. 19. Many frs.ofrim,bodyand base,with rootsof handle.Greycore. Flat ridgebelow lip,with bars. Main panels: A, as illustrated;B, dottedgrid patternenclosingemptysquares.Zone of horizontal S's belowbelly.Band at riminside,spatterbelow.EG. 120. KALATHOS-LID. H. c. 5.8. D. c. 19. Frs. Buff wash. Concave lip, straightwall, flatbase. Band on lines;reservedcross lip, sextuplependentsemicircles, underbase. No paintinside.PGB. Cf.E no 358. 121. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 3.7. Shoulderfr.Cream slip.Bird.LG (?). 122. OINOCHOE. PH. 7. Shoulder to near base, withlowerhandle root. Softgreyclay.Squat shape. Cross-hatchedtriangles,bands and line. MG (?) Cf. 29123. *LEKYTHOS. PH. 4.7. Body fr.Soft orange clay,red slip, worn black paint. Six lines on belly. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129no. 33. 124. SKYPHOS. H. 5.5 DR. 9.7. Nearlycomplete. As 63. MG, late. 125. SMALL PLATE. M-LG. 126. SMALL CUP. H. 4.9. DR. c. 5.6. Halfpreserved.Strap handle to rim,offsetlip, roughfiat base. Fullycoated.MG (?). 127. *DOMED LID. H. 5. D. 19.7.Nearlycomplete, badly worn. Everted concave lip, one pair of suspensionholes.Whiteon dark:double circlesnear LG- EO. rim,otherdecorationobliterated. 128. *DOMED LID. D. c. 22.5. No lip, concave profile.White on dark: small lozenge chain, dots, leaves.LG. 129. SMALL LID. H. 3.4. DR. 6.4. Nearlycomplete. withflattopand squaredrim.Hatched Hemispherical crosswithone starin each quadrant;lines,band at rim.E-MG. Cf. 292.53.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE FIBULA, (fig. 160; plate 272). L. 4.6. H. 3.8. Wt. 22.1 g. Complete (recomposed). Bow by fourlarge sphericalbosses. Small strengthened catchplate.Spring of one complete turn. SapounaIllb. Sakellaraki 2. AMBER BEAD. Reducedto dustand fragments. 3. BRONZE PIN (fig. 160; plate 272). L. 8.6. Head D. 0.7. Wt. 5.75 g. Complete;intact.Fine darkgreen patina. Small disc head withfinial;biconical bead moulding,faceted,withfourringmouldings,above and below.Mostelegant. 4. BRONZE PIN. 5. SILVER COIN.
6. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 160;plate 272).L. 3.7. H. 2.6. Wt. 9.5 g. complete; recomposed. Bow by foursphericalbosses. Springof two strengthened Illb. completeturns.Sapouna-Sakellaraki L. over 1 7. AMBER BEAD. Reduced to fragments. Shape barrelor lentoid? originally. 8. IRON PIN fr.Two joiningpieces,givinghead and part of a shaftof a pin. L. 3.7. Shafthas squarish sectionin thisupperpart,Th. c. 0.4. Head ofthetype of 75»f6i (discwithfinial,thentwoswellingsbelow). LG. 9. 14. IRON PIN. Complete, two joining frs.L. 9. Head D. 1.4. Shaft section D. 0.4. Disc head
underneath. Trace of vertical chevrons in panel. Interioras 63. MG.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE with small central finial, three tiny ring mouldings on the shaft immediately below, groovesbetween. 10. IRON PIN frs.Twojoiningpieces.Total L. 10.8. 11. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 12. GOLD EARRINGS, pair (fig. 153; platk 263). Average D. 1.5. Cast (?) wire, tapering at
Ts. 104-6
^
both ends, which are hooked togetherto forma hoop. 13. BRONZE SHEET. Wt. 1 g. Three pieces. 14. See 9. It seems clear that at least three iron pins are in thistomb. represented
Tomb 105 SE (figs. 6, 35) Tombfragment: 1.34 X 0.58,0.20-0.30deep. Tracesofa cuttingin thekouskouras mayhavebeen theremainsofa chamber-tomb. Foundon thew edge ofthecomplexat theSE partofthecemetery ofwhichTs. 104and 134 werethemajorelements.The apparentorientation was E by s- WbyN. Fragments of G vases wererecovered. Tomb 106 SW (figs. 5, 33, 34, 35; plate 26) Ts. 98, 106,113,152,163,168) (See Introduction: L. overall:7.70 (at least).Dromos: L. 4.95 (at least).W. 1.10-1.35.Stomion: W. 0.70. 0.50 deep, c. 1.00 high.Stomion facade:W. 1.50.H. 1.30(at least).Chamber:W. 2.56. Depth 2.25. The dromos was somewhatobscuredbytheintrusion ofothertombsand a robberpit,butit seemsto havebeen wedge-shaped. It probablyextendedw beyondthepointobserved,butthis was obscuredby theR períbolos, T. 124.Fromthestomion thedromos was levelfora distanceof 2.40, thenrosea verticaldistanceof 0.90 in a horizontaldistanceof 1.35at a mean angle of ended at a carefully constructed facadecut in the kouskouras in the centreof 35o. The dromos whoseverticalface was the well preservedstomion withblockingin situ,of whichthe largest stonewas a flatslab 0.75 X 0.44, set on edge. At each angle betweenthe dromos and the oftheserecessesis facade,cutintoit,was a verticalrecess0.10 wide,0.04 deep. The function There was a uncertain;theycould have been settingsforsome kindof wooden framework. ontothestomion, and a step0.25 downfromthestomion intothe step0.08 highfromthedromos chamber,probablythelargestfoundin thenecropolis. veryneatlycutrectilinear The tombwas at thecentreofthemostcongestedpartofthenecropolis, on itss side.The orientation was ESE-WNW, withthechamberon theE side. The tombwas graduallyidentified and interpreted duringexcavationof the complexof whichitformeda part,following mechanicalclearingoftopsoil.It was muchdisturbed bythe intensefunerary whichhad takenplace in itsimmediatevicinity, as it activity had, in its just tombs.A robbingpit,1.50 X 0.50, had been dug againstand turn,intrudedon neighbouring into the N wall of the dromos, fromwhichT. 152 (q.v.) had been enteredand pillaged.The T 162.The S side ofthedromos had upperdromosfillhad been cutbytheHL/R inhumation identified as a pit probablysubsumedpartoftheearlierT. 98 (ifthatgravehas been correctly On grave).There was in anyevent,a blockedopeninggivingaccess to T. 98 fromthedromos. theN side,close to thestomion, thedromos had cut intothechamberofT 168 (whichwas first identified as a side-chamber of T. 106). The breachwas neatlyrepairedby stoneand mudbricks;the largestof the latterwas 0.70 X 0.44 X 0.15. The loss of the chamberroofgives point to the presence in the chamber,on its E-W axis, of a crudelybuilt shoringwall, thatefforts wereearlymade to averta foreseenroofcollapse.The SWcornerofthe suggesting
!46
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
chamberhad just clippedtheNEcornerofT. 98. Over thetop ofthecollapsedchamberwas thefragmentary larnax,T. 113(q.v.). The dromos sterilehardbrownsoil made lumpyby itscontent filling, layer2, was relatively of kouskouras. There was littlepottery;no pots or findswere inventoried,nor were any of severalG and O pithoi.AfterT. 113 subsequently recomposed;sherdsincludedfragments fill of the chamber was removedas layer2, in whichsome had been the recorded, upper (q.v.) HL HL tomb,fi of bone and a miniature vase destroyed fragments maypointto an otherwise ofiron.Layer3 was a harderversionofthesame kindoffill,in whicha pyxis, was a fragment 2, a krateriskos, 3, and a LG/EO cup,4, werefound,at 0.45,whilea lineofroughmasonry to the back wall of the chamber. appearedat 0.40, extendingfromthe insideof the stomion in fill 'wall' Three or fourloose stones the on thes side ofthis mayonce have formedpartof it.The 'wall' stoodat 0.60-0.70 high,and restedon a lowerchamberfill,noton thechamber floor.More objectswerefoundin thefilleitherside oftheshoring'wall',includingfragments a workedstoneblock,two smallschist of a larnaxat 0.80 (SE quadrant),a R tilefragment, A Creto-Cypriot slabsand, in theNEquadrant,muchbrokenpottery. 5, was found lekythos, at 0.75. Followingthe removalof the shoring'wall', anotherlarge larnax fragmentwas found The lowestpartofthechamber 6 and 7, E-MG cup and M-LG jugletrespectively. protecting - 8, a On the floor,and in layer3 wereseveralfinds fill,layer3, containedmorekouskouras. theshoring pithosin thecentreofthechamber,underlying cup,and 9, partofa polychrome wall,therestofwhichwas foundin theNEcornerofthechamber.A groupofvasescame from theSE cornerofthechamber,including10 and 11, twoLG cups,and threesmashedvasesjust at thepointwherethechambercornercutintoT. 98-12, a polychrome lid, 13, an aryballos, and 14, anotherlid. Close to the E wall, on the floorwere an EO oinochoe,15, partof a oinochoe,16, a kotyle,17, a cup, 18, and an AtticLG skyphos.Close to theS Creto-Cypriot wallwas theLG anthropomorphic 21, was on theoppositeside vase, 20, whilethelekythos, theironpiece,£5,was also found ofthetomb.£3,a largeironsword,lay close to thestomion; nearby. POTTERY (PLATES 145-7) 1. CUP (FIG. 106). H. 14.4. DR. 14.7-15.2. Nearly complete.Flat base. Reservedpanel flankedby boss on each side.Reservedcircleon floor.LG. 2. PYXIS (fig.106).H. 7.3. DR. 9.8. Gaps in rimand wall. Squat globularbody.On shoulder,thickstripes crossedbyverticalsbetweenhandles.Band insidelip. EO. 3. MINIATURE PEDESTALLED KRATER (fig. 106). H. 9.3. DR. 6.9. Complete. Stirruphandles: strapfromrimattachedto roundhorizontalmember. Panels:A, as in drawing;B, stackedchevronsin centre solidto L., hatchedto R. flankedbyroughquatrefoils, Barson strapsand insiderim.LG. 4. CUP. H. 10.5. DR. 10.8. Half preserved.Strap handle attachedinside rim,flatbase. Fullycoated. LG-EO. E 166classB(iii). 5. LEKYTHOS. PH. 7.5. Handle and mostof neck and mouthlost.Gaps in wall. Side circles,chevronsat E 158classE (iii)(a). EO. front. 6. SMALL CUP (fig. 106). H. 4.3. DR. 7.2.
Complete. Stringmark under base. Fully coated. E-MG. With7. 7. JUGLET (FIG. 106). H. 9.3. Complete. Strap handlewithbars,base reserved.M-LG. With6. 8. CUP. H. 8. DR. 10.5. Gaps in rim. Fullycoated oflip and handle. savereservedbarson interior 9. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 50.3. DR. 20.5. Small gaps in wall. Upper frieze, blue and red tongues.Panels (i) Bird withbee betweenpanels of between diagonal chequerboard.(ii) Lozenge-flower (iii) as (i) with panels of red and blue cross-hatching, minor variations,(iv) as (ii). Zone of circles with Maltese cross centrealternatingwithopposed beelotus. Zone of circles as above, in broad red arc. Horizontalhandlesbarred,verticalones,broadstripe. Double-reed feet,paint lost. Red and blue evenly EO. distributed. 10. CUP (fig. 106).H. 5.9. DR. 7.3. Complete.Thick verticallinedownhandle.LG late.With11. 11. SMALL CUP. H. 4.2. DR. 5.9. Complete. A
THE
MKDICAL
FACULTY
smallerversionof io. Reservedcircleon floor.LG, late. 12. POLYCHROME LID. H. 11.5.D. 20.8. Stemmed discknob.Gaps in wall and rim.Paintwornoffknob. From centre,arcaded tongueswithdots in arcade, alternatetongueswithblue fill.Red leavesalternating withblue cross-hatchedsquares in red frame.Blue and redlinesat edge.For9. EO. 13. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8. Mouth lost. Surface rubbed.Handle barred,groupedlineson body.E 158 classB (iii).EO. 14. CONICAL LID. D. 17.2.H. 8.5. Gaps in rimand wall. Whiteon dark.Double circleon knob,grouped circles.E 163classC (iv).EO. lines,zone offivefold 15. OINOCHOE. H. 29. Complete. Cream slip, polished. Heavy trefoillip, disc foot. Paint on lip. Shoulder: massed double circlesin panel on front. withsets Handle: twotalldiagonalcrossesalternating ofthreebars.EO. 16. OINOCHOE. PH. 19. Upper part.Rope handle with diagonal incisions.Ridges below lip, halfway down neck,and at junctionwithshoulder.Globular body;twobosseson frontofshoulder.Painton lip and handle.Columnsof triplecircledown frontand back of body;on each boss,smalldouble circlesdrawnby hand. LG EO, Creto-Cypriot class; perhapseven by samehandas 10-11. 17. KOTYLE. H. 6.5. DR. 11.3.One thirdofrimand wall lost, with both handles. Interiorfullycoated, triple white circle on floor. Exterior coated save doublecirclesin reservedband betweenhandles,and reservedband on rim.Cf.E no. 1541.EO. 18. CUP. H. 7.5. DR. 8.5. Completesave chip from rim.Interiorfullycoated save reserveddot on floor and line below lip. Handle barred.Exteriorcoated. Reservedlines below rim,panels: quadrated square withlozengeand trianglefill,volutedlozenge,vertical cable on A only.Bodydark.EO. 19. SKYPHOS. H. 4.2. D. 7.3. Nearlycomplete.One verticalstraphandle,one horizontalround handle; discfoot.Cross-hatched triangles, alternating standing and pendent,separatedby columnsof dots; line and band below.Bars on verticalhandle,curvedstripeson horizontal.Inside fullypaintedbut forreservedline belowrim.AtticLG II. 20. ANTHROPOMORPHIC JUG. H. 19.2. Complete.Whitegrits.Neck surmountedby human protome,pelletsfortheeyes,holespiercedin nostrils, eyes,ears, and mouth.Carinatedshoulder,to which raisedarmsare attached,and also a tubularspoutat front.Flat base. Strap handle behindhead. Splashes ofpainton face,verticallinesdownhandle.Shoulder: two panels of triplezigzag, flankedby solid double axes.LG. AR 25 (1979)50, fig.28. 21. LEKYTHOS. H. 9. Complete save rubbedrim and chip in foot.Whiteon dark.Spaced semicircles,
SITE
T. ioti
lA^
smalltriplecirclesfrontand back. E 158,class E (iii) (b). Cf.Ay.Paraskies fig.15,nos 114and 115.EO. 22. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.3. Complete save gaps in mouth.Dark red clay,burnishedsurface,darkpaint. transverseshoulder Spaced side circles,intersecting bands,containingsmalldouble circles.Three splayed strokesbelowhandle.Cf. E no. 1324.EO. 23. STRAIGHT-SIDED ARYBALLOS (fig. 106). PH. 6.7. Body only.On shoulder,solid leaves.Bands and lines.EO. 24. CONICAL LID. PH. 11. Wall frs.Cream slip. Steep profile,becoming convex at upper break. PGB EG. Fromlargelid,like107.106. 25. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 7.5. Frs. of shoulderwithlip,rimmissing.Painton insetlip. MG, late.Cf. Payneno. 10. 26. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. of neck fr. 15; also rim fr.Orange-brown clay, a little mica, browngrits;lustrousblack paint. Rim flaton top, ridgebelow,paint on upper surfaceand insiderim. Attic.EG I. 27. CUP. PH. 5. DR. c. 9. Rim to lowerbody.Cream slip. Oblique lip, offset.Panel: lozengechain flanked by two quarteredcircleseach side. Inside, reserved linebelowrimwithgroupofbars.LG, late. 28. KOTYLE (fig. 106). H. 5.8. DR. 10. Half preserved,one handle missing.Cream slip. Vertical chevronswithfivefold brush.LG. 29. *NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE (fig. 106). PH. 16. Two thirdsof upperbody,mouthand handle only.Barredhandle,darkmouth.Neck,betweenlines, double-outline leaves.At side,spaced groupedcircles, the outermostthickened.At frontand back small triplecirclesin pairs.EO. 30. LARGE SKYPHOS (fig. 106). H. c. 10.2. DR. c. 20. Frs.,rimto lowerbody withhandle,lowerbody withbase. Orange-buff clay,browngrits,a littlemica, thicksemi-lustrousred-blackpaint. Reserved zone insidelip withgroupsofthirteen bars(multiple brush). AtticMG II. 31. Vacatpartof30. 32. SKYPHOS (MG. 106). H. 9.7. DR. c. 12. Onethirdpreserved.Fullycoated.LG. 33. DOMED LID. D. 19. H. 4.3. Gaps in rim.White on dark.Cross withcross-hatched arms,tripledotted circles betweeneach pair of arms. Pairs of double circlesbetweenlines.Lineson rim.LO. 34. DOMED LID. PH. 3.8. D. c. 19. Rim and wall fr. Cream slip. Evertedlip withcarination.MG (?). Cf. 107.91.
35. POLYCHROME LID. D. 18. One sectoronly, incompleteprofile.Fromcentre,blue and redtongues, blue and red lozenges, lotus bees in blue with red cross-hatching between blue and red hatched verticals.EO. 36. Vacat(partof9).
!48
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
37. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 31.3. DR. 17. Upper part only, with gaps. Between handles, quadruplecircles.Linesand bandsenhancedin white, Ai. quadruplewhitecircleson top line. Cf. Atsalenio EO. 38. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 16.One thirdof footand halfof bodylost.Betweenhandles, largequintuplecirclesspacedthreeand two,dottedin outerzone betweenlines.Bands and lines enhanced in white,quintuplecirclesin whitein top bands. EO. Fitslid 14. Bythesamehandas 19.15. PH. 3.6. Neck with part of 39. LEKYTHOS. mouth. Soft buffclay,porous; matt red and black paint. Squared lip, ridge on neck with handle
attachment . Red band on and below rim, two black lines; black line above and below ridge,and at base of neck. Inside rim: red band, two black lines below. CypriotBichromeIII. Cf. A 7. RDAC 1984, 127no. 9. 40. ARYBALLOS. DR. 4.7. Frs. of body, half of mouth.Pale creamyfabric,darkpaint,burnt.Mouth, tongues.Net on edge oflip.Body,righthalfofbodyof all withinciseddetails. dancingfigureamongrosettes, EC. Corinthian, 41. LID foroinochoe.D. 11.5.Gaps in base and rim; handle lostsave roots.Dark lines at edge of lip with tworoughwhiteones.Handle barred.LO. 42. *LARNAX,plain.Two feet.LM III A-B.
SMALL FINDS 1. 5. IRON JAVELIN-TIP fr.Two joining pieces, formingthe lowerblade and tip of an exceptionally small javelin-head. Mineralized textile remains. Together,L. 10. W 2.1, taperingto 1.1at finalbreak (extreme tip missing). Max Th. 0.7. See also 4 below. 2. SERPENTINE VESSEL. 3.8 X 3.8 X 3. Much brokenfr.Black.Minoan? 3. IRON SWORD (fig. 174;plate 289). Six joining completesword;a smallchip pieces,to formvirtually is missingon one side of the blade. L. 58.4; hilt,L. 11.5,max W. at shoulders5; threeironrivets.Heavy flanges, W. 0.8, extend from the first'neck' to shoulders.Blade: edgesparallelformostofthelength,
taperingto a pointonlyin thelast 10 cms:low midrib, Th. at shoulders 0.9, at mid-pointof blade 0.7. Mineralizedtracesof wooden sheathand hiltplates. This is a moremassiveweapon thanthefragmentary 75.f7ob (q.v.).Wt.556.5g. 4. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece fromthejunction of the socket and blade. L. 5.8; socket, D. 1.2 0.8) nearjunction;blade, W. at shoulders (internally 2.2 (broken- originallyc. 2.6); midrib,Th. 1. Bent sharplysideways.The unusuallysmall dimensions make it likely that this is the javelin to which 1+5 above belong.If so, thisgivesa more fragments precisedatefor1 + 5. 5. See 1.
Tomb 107 W (figs. 4, 38; plate 27) Chamber:1.98X 1.90. L. 6.55.W.0.80-0.90.Stomion: L. overall: destroyed. completely 8.85.Dromos: ofnicheseitherside,was too whoseoriginalshapewas obscuredbythediversity The dromos, narrowforits length.It rose in an even gradientof 70 fromchamberto surface.No trace or itsblocking.The chamberas found,oval in plan, was unusualin remainedof the stomion as almost as deep broad.The roofwas lost.The back wallwas preservedto a heightof being floorwas 2.45 below moderngroundsurface.There werethreenichesof chamber the 0.64; with numberedclockwise1-6, starting uneven very shape and size on each side ofthedromos, - 1.10wide,up to 0.68 face (FIG.38). Niche 1- sub-rectangular the nichein the NWdromos surface.Niche 2- irregular deep, floor0.48 below modernsurface,up to 0.60 above dromos sub-rectangular1.95 wide, up to 1.28 deep, floor1.65 below modernsurface,up to 0.40 - 1.20wide,up to surface.The E end cut by niche3. Niche 3- sub-rectangular above dromos 1.24, 0.35 deep, floorlevel not recorded.Niche 4 round 0.90 at opening,greatestwidth surface.Niche5- oval1.00 deep,floor1.40belowmodernsurface,up to 0.70 above dromos width0.60, 1.00deep,floor0.84 belowsurface, up to 1.00above 0.54wideat opening,greatest - 0.96 wide,1.00deep,floor0.60 belowmodernsurface, surface.Niche6- rectangular dromos surface. up to 0.75abovedromos
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 106-7
149
The tombis one of an apparentlyisolatedN-S groupof four(75-107-132-129)in the W of centreofthecemeteryorientatedE by S-W by N, a fewdegrees,thatis, offtheorientation themainbanksoftombsat theheartofthesite.The chamberwas on theE side. The tombwas firstseen as a shapelesshead of darksoil withinthewhitekouskouras matrix afterthesurfaceofthestereo had been cleanedbyhand,following mechanicalclearanceofthe showedeverysignof repeateddisturbance, some of the topsoil.While chamberand dromos nichescontainedundisturbed groupsofcremationpithoiand associatedvases.In niche1,very close to modernsurface,was foundinsitu,thefloorofa terracotta larnax,215. Assumingan thatits niche will have been originalminimumheightof 0.50 forthisobject and, further, fromthefaceofthedromos, itis cleartherehas been gross hollowedin to thenaturalkouskouras erosionofthehillprofilesincetheDA, at leaston thissideofthesite.In thedromos on theedge HL bottlesuggestan otherwisedestroyed HL inhumation ofniche3, 2, a fragmentary grave cut intothe dromos fill,perhapsremovedby erosion.The tombhad evidentlybeen in very cremationpithoi,two coarse pithoiand two larnakesrepresenta regularuse. Thirty-three in a periodextending minimum ofthirty-seven interments fromPGB/EG to LO. (familiarmixtureof brownsoil and crushedkouskouras) Layer1, thefirstlevelin the dromos hintedat a disturbed tomb.Outsideniche5 was 3, partofa coarsepithos;highin thefillwere a cup,1, a bronzescrap,fi, and 2, theHL intrusion referred to supra.Layer2, a secondlevel of dromos fill,yielded four baskets of pottery, some of the fragmentsof which were foundto join pieces fromthe disturbedchamberfill.Amonginventoried finds subsequently were5, LG-EO skyphosfragments, ofbronze,and £6,a £2,a glazedpebble,£5,7, fragments scarabof Egyptianblue. In partof the dromos, thisleveloverlaya harderdepositof generally similarcharacter,layer3, whichseems to have been a fragment of undisturbeddromos fill, little included a larnax none of whichjoined the containing pottery(which fragment), enormousquantitiesoffragments fromlayers2, 4, 6 and 7. There wereseveralbronzeobjects in layer3- pin,fu, rivet-head, fi3, a fibula,fi2, and a sheetscrap,£38. Elsewherelayer2 a more disturbed level,layer4, whichcontainedmuchbrokenpottery, overlay amongwhich wereseveralcross-joins withlayers2, 6 and 7. In the dromos, near the chamber,some fallen stonemighthave belongedto the stomion blocking.Here were 64, a nearlycompleteMG R and a of as a reminder ofthetomb'sdisturbedcondition.Also in fna, piece pithos, glass, thislayerwerefg,glazedpebble,and fio, bronzepin. floorin frontof the chamber,a disturbedlevel containing Layer 6 overlaythe dromos of broken withlayers2, 4, and 7- especiallythe latter. quantities potteryhavingcross-joins 6 contained of dark of bone and brokenpieces of bronze. Layer patches ashysoil,fragments There werealso a fewpieces of the shatteredMinoan larnaxmostof whichwas in niche2. Also in thelayerwerea brokenglassbead, fi4, an ironknifefragment, fi, and a smallgold in the form of a bee fi6. pendant Layer7, the chamberfill,thoughdisturbed,was quite hard earthmixedwithkouskouras, withmuchbrokenpotteryand a numberof complete,or nearlycompletevases. (Fourteen basketsof potterywere collected.) Several pocketsof ashy soil and crematedbone were doubtlessthe erstwhilecontentsof destroyedcremationpithoi.Withone such identified, was founda bronzefibula,£20,a scrapofiron,£43,a bronzepin fragment, pocket £44and a claybead, £45. In the chambermouthwerefi8, a clay animalprotomeand fig, a bronze fibula.Nearbywere65a, base ofan O pithos,66, cup,and 67, Creto-Cypriot Level lekythos. withthe approximateoriginalpositionof the stomion and just insidethe chamberwere 68, EO amphora,71, M-LG juglet,72, aryballos,6g, small LG/EO pyxis,70, fragmentary AtticMG II pyxis,73, LG skyphos, bucchero and 75, lekythos. Withthesewas 74, skyphos,
!50
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
an ironobelosfragment, overthefloor,were £22. Furtherintothechamber,notimmediately morelarnax fragments, withpieces of bone, scrapsof bronze,a clay whorl,£23, a pair of bronzetweezers,£24, and an irondirkhilt,£25. Nearerthe floorwerea claywhorl,£26, a whetstone, £28, twoironspearheadsoxidizedtogether, £27,partofan ironknife, £29,obelos and the of an iron socket £30, fragments, javelin-head,£31. The EO pictorialpyxis,76, was foundin scatteredfragments near a fragmentary dirkand of an In final fill the skin of over the tomb floor were two iron obelos,£33. arrowheads, part £34,35, a MG skyphos, 77, an E M G oinochoe,81, and thelowerpartofa jug, 82, witha claywhorl,£36,and an ironspearheadand obelosfragments. Fromthelargeamountsofpotsherdscollectedin layer7, overa hundredvases in varying of seventyof which were subsequently degreesof completeness recomposed,the fragments came exclusivelyfromlayer 7, the others fromtwo, three and even fourlevels. Such reconstructions varyfromthe verylarge EG straight-sided pithos,178, foundin seventeen twoseparate separatelotsfromfourlayers,and the PGB Potniapithos114, foundin twentylotsfromfourlayers,to theLG blackcup 156 foundin a singlelotfroma singlelayer.In what disturbance. has been describedso farclearlyonlylayer3 had escapedverythorough The evidence of the niches presentsa somewhat differentpicture. Niche 1 and its larnaxhave alreadybeen describedsupra,whereit was seen thatwhatremained fragmentary ofthelarnaxwas stillinsitu.Niche2 was thelargest,whichhad been cut0.80 longerthanthe LM III Ai larnax,214, whosefragments werefoundin it,muchdisturbed(excavatedas part oflayer6). Withitwas a largeironpinhead,£17.Highup in thefillofthisniche,towardsitsW end, was the O pithos,24, containinga LO aryballos,25 (apparentlyin situ),withthe EO ofpillagedand on top.Thisjuxtaposition hydriawithbull'shead spout,8, lyingimmediately that to in niche is difficult the same by assuming except explain, unpillaged deposits interments of cremationpithoicontinuedto be made in the ancillaryareas of a tomb,the greaterpartofwhichmusthavebeenknownto be wrecked. Niche3 seemsto havebeen cutforthecoarsepithos,4, littlemorethantheghostofwhich was foundlyingon itsside,mouthto theE. was packed tightwithfortycremation Niche 4, in whichlayers2 and 5 were identified, an EO pithos,26, withtheEO aryballos, of These were vases. and part accompanying pithoi its and EO inside 37, found it, pithos,27, lid,38, and a lekythos-alabastron, 35, polychrome were vases which six more inside and insideit. 28 + 31 was an EO polychrome lid, pithos found- a second lid, 39, O polychrome,three aryballoi,41, 42, 86, a straight-sided aryballos,40, and a Creto-Cypriotlekythos,87. During studyof the cremationin 28 a was found,and partof a bone or ivorypin, L. 0.079. The O pithos29, pinheadfragment whichjoined 26, containedsevenvases amongits crematedbone- a lid, 465 lekythos, 43, smalloinochoe,44, miniature oinochoe, pyxis,45, a MPC plasticvase (hare),47, a miniature 48, and a cup, 49. The LG pithosand lid, 30 + 32, containedtwoLG-EO Creto-Cypriot 33-4, and a LG aryballos,51. The materialso fardescribedrestedon a second lekythoi, - 50, an O pithos,52, a skyphoscovering53, a Cretothat stoodon the nichefloor group a kotyle,54, a LO polychrome pithos,57, lids,58, 60, an EO pyxis,59, Cypriotlekythos, of a two an oinochoai, 61-2, a cup, 63, and manyfragments containing aryballos,88, cremation. of the identified duringstudy Pglassbead, cylindrical The crowdedcontentsof Niche 5 were excavatedas part of layer2. Thirteencremation vaseswerefound,made up oftheEO pithosand lid,6 + 7, inside pithoiand accompanying the cremated 85. 10 was partofan bones,werean aryballos,9, and a skyphos, which,among therehad been showed the cremation of 1 1 which EO coarsestraight-sided study pithos, (in
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
T. 107
^i
an obsidianblade,0.011X 0.008),partofa closedvase,12, a pithoswithlid inside,23, and a buccheroaryballos,22. A thirdpithos,13, containeda polychromelid, 83, and the EO buccheroaryballos,21. 14 was a jug. A bronzepin fragment, f3, and a bronzefragment, f4, werealso found. The largeniche6, also excavatedas partoflayer2, was emptysave a groupofsix smallor vases- mug,15, smallolpe, 16, smallhydria,17, lekanis,18, cup, 19, and pyxis, miniature 20.
POTTERY
(PLAIES
148 62)
1. MINIATURE CUP. H. 5.4. DR. 6.5. Gaps in wall, handle and base. E 166, class B (ii). EO. 2. *FLASK, fr.HL. PH. 58.5. DB. 18.5. One 3. "COARSE PITHOS. third wall to about two thirds body height. Coarse orange fabricwith white grits,cream slip. Two groups of grooves. O. 4. »COARSE PITHOS, frs. PH. 11.5. DR. c. 17. Rim to lower 5. SKYPHOS. body. Vertical offsetlip, stump of round handle. Fully coated. LG-EO. 6. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 36.8. DR. 14. Complete save gaps in wall and base. Rim dark, white billets below. Handle panels reserved: triple circles with five spokes, in pairs. Bands and lines with triple white circles on the top two. Horizontal handles barred; vertical handles alternating horizontals and verticals.E 150, class V B (i). EO. 7. DOMED LID. D. 14. H. 6.3. Gaps in rim and wall. Central boss. Fully coated inside and out, decoration whollylost. E 164, class E (b) (ii). For 6. EO. 8. HYDRIA. H. 24.8. Chips in rimand wall. Secondary spout in the formof a bull's head. Mouth edged in white. Neck: two rowsof chequers betweenwhitelines. Handle barred. Shoulder: dotted chevrons at handle root, palmettesat sides. Details of bull's head in black. Double whitecirclesin panel at base of neck. Body: panel band, alternatingwith guilloche; dotted meander,volute tree, quadrated dottedlozengeswithvolutesat corners,volute tree. Bands and lines, traces of white circles on upper band. Horizontalhandles dark. EO. 9. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Chips in mouth and rim. Double circles on shoulder, grouped lines, the outermostthickened.E 157,class II B (ii). O. 10. »STRAIGHT-SIDED COARSE PITHOS. DB. 22. Frs. of base, lower body and part of upper body only. Red micaceous clay with small grey and white grits. Thumb indentations at handle root. Grouped grooves. EO. 11. *JUG or OINOCHOE. PH. 13.9. Body only,gaps in wall. Triple circles on shoulder, grouped lines below. O. 12. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 32.1. DR. 13.8. Small chips from wall. Below rim, four lines, the lowest thickened. Between handles, fourfoldcircles,
the outermost thickened. Bands and lines, white circles on the bands. E 150, class V A. LO. PITHOS. H. 38.5. DR. 15. 13. TWO-HANDLED Gaps in wall and foot. Below rim, small double white circles. Between handles, large fivefold circles, the outermost thickened. Bands and lines, large fivefold white circles as above on the top band. Handles dark. E 150, class V A. LO. 14. JUG. H. 16.5. Handle and part of mouth lost. Lines on mouth, neck and body, triple circles on shoulder. E 155,class D (i). O. 15. MUG. H. 7.5. D. 6.6. Complete, extremelyworn. Barred handle with one vertical. Lines on lip, grouped strokeson shoulder. Traces of verticals below, framing central panel. EO. 16. OLPE. H. 9.4. Complete. Coarse grittyfabric. Unpainted. Close to E 155,class G (ii). EO. HYDRIA. H. 7.9. Complete. 17. MINIATURE Worn. Single lines on mouth, neck and body. Bracket at base of neck and pendent between horizontal handles. Vertical handle, barred; horizontal handles, dark line produced to line above base. Cf. BSA 55 (i960) pl. 42. EO. 18. MINIATURE LEKANIS. H. 4.2. DR. 7.6. Complete. Slight groove below lip. Traces of dark paint. LO. CUP. H. 4.5. DR. 8. Complete 19. MINIATURE save handle. String marks on base. Fully coated. E 166, class B (ii). EO. 20. »MINIATURE PYXIS?, O. 21. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Gaps in wall and handle. Bucchero. Upper half of body grooved. Cf. 34«37 and 107.22. LO. 22. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. As 21. LO. LID. D. 14. H. 7. Gaps in rim. 23. CONICAL Exterior fullycoated. White rings on knob, traces of white lines on rim. For 12. LO. PITHOS. PH. 35. Four-fifths 24. »TWO-HANDLED of body and non-joining rim. Close set quadruple circles,the outermostthickened. Bands and lines. EO. D. 8.3. H. 8.9. Complete save 25. ARYBALLOS. chips in wall. Shoulder quartered by columns of dots between lines; body ditto, with three circles in each quarter. Lower body quartered by bands of rectilinear cable. Rings below base. E 159, class L. LO.
!52
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
26. Vacat: joins 29. 27. ^POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 113).H. 44.7. Gaps in wall and footand handles.Decorationworn. Top frieze,blue band edged in red. Panels: (i) tree betweenpanels of zigzag, (ii) volute floralbetween ladders,(iii)chequerboardbetweenzigzags,(iv)as (ii). Below,bands as at top. Lower body and strap feet worn.Blue and redevenlydistributed. EO. 28. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 52. D. c. 24. Frs. of two-thirdsof rim, body,pedestal base, vertical handles. Decoration almost completelylost, was decoratedin blue and yellow.For shape cf.Payneno. 59. EO. 29. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 113; plate 151).Ph. 47.3. Gaps in wall, tripodfeetlost. Below rim,lines.Panels: A (i) horizontalbands of tongues, zigzag, guilloche and circles between quadrated lozengecolumnsand guillochecolumns;A (ii) as A (i), butframedin doublecircles.B (i) lozenges,guilloche, volutechainswithdottedlozengefill,zigzagbetween vertical chains. B (ii) zigzags, tongues, zigzags, guilloche,zigzags betweencolumns.Below,band of verticalsand X's withtrianglefill.By the same hand as 116 and Teketholos no. 7. EO. 30. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 107; plate 151).H. 38.5. DR. 11.5. Nearly complete.Concave insetlip,risingrim.Broad ringfoot.No painton lip. Panel: A, lozengecross;B, two confronting birds;C, hatchedbattlement; D, quadruplezigzag.Bands and lines. Bars on strap handles, paint on horizontal handles.LG/EO. 31. *DOMED LID (FIG.107).D. 23.8. H. 5.8. Gaps in wall. Evertedrim,suspensionholes. Whiteon dark. Volute cross, grouped lines, cross-hatchedleaves withcolumnsof Ss, crossedzigzags,lines. alternating E 163,classE (i) (b). LO. 32. CONICAL LID (plate 151). H. 9.6. D. 16.3. Complete. Knob: double cross, filled quadrants; bandsand lines.LG. Withpithos30. 33. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.8. Complete.Buffslip.Strap handleto rim,no neckridge.Low conicalfoot.Band insidelip. Fourdoublecirclesdownfront.LG-EO. E 159, Creto-Cypriotclass E (iii) b. With pithos 30. RDAC 1984, 135,no. 69. KitionandAmathus 324, pl. 22.5.
34. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.1. Complete.Round handle to neck ridge.Low conical foot.Triple circlesdown front.LG-EO; cf.33. Withpithos30. RDAC 1984, andAmathus 324,pl. 22.6. 135,no. 70. Kition 35. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Complete. Yellow slip. Surfacepitted.Flat base. Two lineson neck,groupsof fourand threelines above and below belly,band at base. Handle unpainted.Two linesinsiderim.EO. E 158,classB (iii). 36. Vacat. 37. LEKYTHOS-ALABASTRON. H. 8.8. Gaps in
mouth. Trefoil mouth, fat sagging body. Double circleson shoulder, groupedlines.EO. 38. POLYCHROME LID (fig. 108).D. 19. Complete savegap in rim.Knob in theshapeofgrifiìn protome. in red;traces Paintvirtually gone,butdetailsofgriffin ofbirdon lid withred-hatched body,redfeetand legs. At rim,redlines.For27. EO. 39. *POLYCHROME LID. D. 21.5. PH. 6.4. Knob lost.O. lost,tracesofredtongues,paintotherwise 40. STRAIGHT-SIDED ARYBALLOS (fig. 107).H. 8.5. Complete save chips. Trefoilmouth.White on dark. Outline tongues on shoulder,grouped lines below.E 157,classI H. EO. 41. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Gaps in wall. Handle and neck coated. On shoulder,outline leaves. Below, groupedlines.E 158,classB (iv).EO. 42. ARYBALLOS. H. 9. Gaps in wall and mouth. Mouth and neck lines, lines at base, triple circle EO. underneath. 43. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.4. Chipsin walland rim.Side circles,smalldouble circlesat frontand back. E 159, classE (iii)(b). EO. RDAC1984,135no. 71. 44. MINIATURE OINOCHOE. H. 12. Half of mouthlost.Shoulder,lotus-bees.Below,lines,double circles,lines,Ss groupedlines.EO. 45. PYXIS. H. 7.3. Complete. Fully coated. No traceofdecoration.EO. surviving LID. H. 12.5.D. 24.5. Completesave CONICAL 46. chipsin wall and rim.Knob, outlinerosettein rings, billetsat edge. Bands and lineswithquadruplewhite circles.For29, bysame hand as 116 and 100. EO. 47. HARE ARYBALLOS. L. 7. H. 4. Complete. Pouringhole betweenears. Creamyclay,darkbrown paint. Body dots and details of head in paint. MPC. Corinthian, 48. OINOCHOE. H. 7.8. Complete.Bucchero.EO. 49. CUP. H. 5.2. DR. 8.7. Completesave gap in rim. Interiorfullycoated save rough reservedcircle on floorand linebelowrim.Exteriorcoatedtojust above base. Handle barred.EO. 50. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. Shatteredfrs.of body and one vertical handle. Decoration almost totallylost.O. 51. ARYBALLOS. H. 5. Complete. Flat base. Two linesinsidelip. Handle barred.LG. E 158,class C. In pithos30. 52. SKYPHOS. DR. 12. H. 10.5. Gaps in rim and wall. Fullycoated,tracesof whitelineson lip inside and out.EO. 53. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.5. Two thirdsof neck and mouthlost. Spaced side-circles,small double circles frontand back.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 54. *KOTYLE (fig. 107). H. 6. DR. 9. Complete. White on dark. Lines below rim inside and out; betweenhandles,doublecircles.EO. 55. *SKYPHOS (fig. 107).H. 6. DR. 8.2. Complete
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE save chips. Interiorcoated to base of rim. Exterior fullycoated,tracesof threewhitelineson lip. A pair with56. MO. 56. SKYPHOS. H. 5.8. DR. 9. Chippedrim.Interior fullycoated withreddishpaint, trace of whiteline below rim.Exteriorsimilarlycoated, tracesof three whitelineson lip.With55. MO. 57. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 20. Frs.of rim, wall, one verticalhandle only.Painted in blue and yellow.Worn,but tracesof zones betweengrouped lines:opposedvoluteswithincisedguide marks,solid with alternating yellowsquare; yellowcross-hatching incisedguidemarks,solidyellowsquare;yellowcrosshatchingalternatingwith blue and yellowrosette; small triplecircles,large quintuplecircles.Foot and handlebarred.LO. 58. POLYCHROME LID. D. 21.4. H. 13.8. Gaps in rim.Knob in shape of a straight-sided pithos.Prong markunder knob. Traces of red and blue lines on knob; blue tonguesoutlinedin red, a cross-hatched blue trianglein each interstice. EO. PYXIS. H. DR. 11. 59. 7. Complete. Shaped as 35. small two-handledpithos.Betweenhandles,dotted meanderframedby double circleswithbilletfilland rosettecentres.Below,whitecirclesbetweenlines,then band groupedtriplecirclesbetweenlines,thenreserved withfivefoldcircles,thenbands of tripleand single whitecirclesbetweenlines.Cf.E no. 895. EO. 60. CONICAL LID. H. 9.5. DR. 20.2. Completesave chipsfromrim,small gaps in wall. Circleson knob, bands and lineswithwhitedouble and triplecircles. Spatterinside.EO. 61. OINOCHOE. H. 22.8. Complete save gap in wall. Whiteon dark,worn.Spaced side circles,small doublecirclesfrontand back.E 154,classE. MO. 62. OINOCHOE. H. 22.5. Complete.Uneventriple circleson shoulder, lines.E 154,classE. MO. 63. *CUP (fig. 107). DR. 13.8. H. 9.7. Complete. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LG. 64. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. c. 15. Two-thirds preserved.Cream slip. Concave insetlip, risingrim. Disc foot.Rim and lip reserved.Panels: hatchedmeander,oblique tongueswithmidrib,above and below.Bands and lines. Paint on handles.MG, late. 65. *OINOCHOE/JUG. DB. 6. PH. 6. Base only, worn.Tracesoflines.O. 65a. *PITHOS. DB. 14. Base only,withadjoining wall.Bandsand lines.O. 66. CUP. H. 10.5. DR. 12. Large gaps in rim and wall.Slightridgeatjoin ofwall and rim.Fullycoated. Worn.EO. 67. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.2. Ovoid body,stemmedfoot. Mouth, lines. Side-circlesinnermostand outermost filledwithwheelof volutes.Double circles thickened, frontand back.EO.
T. 107
^
68. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Two thirdsmouthlost, gaps in wall.Groupedlines.E 158,classB. (iii).EO. 69. PYXIS. H. 6.9. DR. 5.4. Complete. Ring foot. Two bandsinsideneck.LG/EO, 70. AMPHORA. DR. 18. Two non-joiningfrs.,of neck only.Broad band inside lip. On neck, sixfold withtwo small triplecircles, large circlesalternating EO. placed vertically. 71. JUGLET. H. 8.4. Nearly complete. Flat base.Three rowsofdots,handlebarred.M-LG. 72. FLAT PYXIS (fig. 107). H. 5.4. DR. 9.7. clay,a fewspecksof Complete.Fine hardorange-buff silvermica, lustrousolive-brown paint. Two pairs of holesthroughinsetlip.AtticMG II. 73. SKYPHOS. H. 6.5. DR. 11.5. Gaps in wall. Ribbon handles. Interiorfullycoated save reserved spot on floor.Grouped strokeson rim. Lines above and below handles. Between handles, single battlement. Dark lowerbowl.EG? 74. *SKYPHOS. DB. 5. DR. 9. Frs.ofbase,wall,rim and handle-root. Bucchero.EO. 75. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.9. Chip frommouth. Side circles,small double circlesfrontand back. E 159, classE (iii)(b). EO. 76. PYXIS (FIG.108). H. 21.8. Gaps in rimand wall. insetrim,fourhorizontallug handles. Straight-sided, Spaced strokeson rim, barred handles. Between handleson threesides,a figurewithrectangular crosshatchedbody,splayedfeet,raised stickarms,frontal face.On fourthside,outlinehorsestandingto R., dog to L. Under each handle,grazingdeer to R. Below, friezeof alternatedogs and sheep. Dark paint above base. EO. AR 25 (1979)50, figs.24-5. 77. SKYPHOS (FIG.107).H. 7.1. DR. c. 12.4. Twothirdspreserved.Small whitegrits.Reservedcircleon floorinside.MG. 78. PYXIS (fig. 107). H. 9.3. DR. 5.7. Two-thirds preserved,gaps in rim and lower half.Surfacevery worn in patches. Squat globular shape, two reel handles verticallyon shoulder,Bucchero. Deeply incisedtonguesopposedon eitherside ofcentrallines. Ringsat base. LO. 79. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.8. Nearlycomplete.Porous yellowclay,handmade.Narrowflatbase. Unpainted. LG-EO. 80. LEKYTHOS (fig. 108).PH. 19.8.Mouthmissing. Softporousorange-brown clay,manyairholes,greyish inside;manysmallwhiteand greyinclusions.Bright orangesurface;decorationin mattblackand crimson. Beginning of flaringlip; sharply returningstrap handle,ridgeon neckjust above upper attachment. Raised base withcentraldepressionand low ringfoot. In red:band and linesroundneck,barson and below handle,ringroundhandleroot.On each flanka large set of concentriccirclesdisposedthus:black centre, two thickred circlesborderedby thinblack circles.
!54
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Phoenician Bichromc. RDAC 1985, 123 no 1, Kitionand Amathus324, pl. 22.2. H. 12. Mouth missing. Flat base. 81. OINOCHOE. Handle: tall diagonal cross, bars above and below. E-MG. 82. JUG (?) DB. 5. PH. 11.3. Lower two-thirdsonly. Cream slip,grouped lines. O. LID. D. 14.5. Slightly more 83. POLYCHROME than halfpreserved. Cream slip inside. Rings on knob, blue-greyline on orange-brownpaint. O. 84. ÀRYBALLOS (fig. 107). PH. 6. Body only, base restored. Grey bucchero, traces of polished surface. Biconical: constrictionbetween two belly carinations. Zone around shoulder edge, between slight ridge above carination below, with graffito Jiepaxaç xaXlöTO Jt[.Vertical word divisions. LO. For shape cf. E no. 1326. See A. W.Johnston,infra,pp. 463 4. SKYPHOS (fig. 107). H. 12. 85.*HIGH-FOOTED DR. 14.5. Most of rim and parts of wall lost. Interior fullycoated save reserveddot on floorand lines below rim. Exterior,lines on lip. Panels, tripleon either side: A (i) and (iii), quadrated square with lozenge in each quarter, (ii), zigzag above tongues with triangles in interstices.B, as A save zigzag in central panel instead of tongues . Lower body dark with two white stripes, whitebilletson foot.MO. 86. *ARYBALLOS. Max. D. 5. PH. 3.7. Top half only.Fully coated. EO. 87. LEKYTHOS. H. c. 8.3. DB. 2.5. Gaps in wall and mouth. Spaced side circles with dotted centre, small double circles frontand back. E 159, class E (iii) (b). EO. 88. ÀRYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Chips in surface of mouth and wall. Stars on shoulder,then zigzag joined to line above and below. Lines. O, rough. 89. KOTYLE (FIG. no). H. 5.3. DR. 10.6. Threequarters preserved. Vestigial everted lip. Vertical chevronswith triplemultiplebrush. Paint overlapping under base. Inside, reserved circle on floor. Careless work. LG. 90. *DOMED LID (FIG. no). H. 7.9. D. 19. Nearly complete. Pair of suspension holes. Sixtcen-point star on knob. MG. 91. *DOMED LID (FIG. no). H. 7.4. D. 23.6. Twothirds preserved. Pair of suspension holes. Sixteenpoint star at centre. MG. UrnswithLids 119,fig.9. H. 8.9. DR. 11.6. Half preserved. 92. SKYPHOS. Ring foot. One handle only; on opposite side, traces of lug attached to rim, with a hole to L. Short oblique bars on rim. Panels: A, hatched meander; B, on nonjoining fr.,triple zigzag. To R. of hole, sixteen-point star added in white. No paint inside. MG. 93. SMALL LID (fig. 107). H. 10.5. D. 14. Nearly complete. Tall conical finial,hollow inside. MG. 94. SMALL LID. H. 3.9. D. c. 14. Two-thirds preserved,much of rim missing.Domed; flattenedtop,
sharply squared rim, one suspension hole. Lines; inside, billets on rim, band, another near centre. PGB-EG. 95. CONICAL LID. D. 12. PH. 2.8. Gaps in rim and wall. Cream slip. Double zigzag. Rough. EO. 96. *CUP (FIG. no). H. 7.2. DR. 10.2. Two-thirds preserved,with handle-stump.Stringmark under base. Fully coated. MG. E 166, class B (ii), 'developed shape'. 97. *KOTYLE (?). PH. 4.7. Base and lower body. Flat base; fully coated, paint overlapping base as 82. LG EO. (no. no). H. 12.5. DR. 19. Nearly 98. SKYPHOS complete. Orange-brown clay, a little mica, semilustrous brown black paint. Panel: triple zigzag on reverse. Groups of twelve bars inside rim, with multiple brush. Centre of floor missing.Cycladic MG I. Eumousia27, fig.5f 99. *CUP. DR. c. 11. Rim and base frs.Concave lip, not offset,disc foot. Line on lip; herring-bonepanel, solid paint below. Interior as 169. MG. Cf. 292.101, 108, no. 100. CONICAL LID. D. 17. H. 8. Complete profile with knob, but gaps amounting to half the wall. As 46, by the same hand. For 116. EO. LID. H. 10.8. D. 18.4. Half 101. CONICAL preserved. Broad knob (non-joining), flat on top, squared edge; slightly everted lip. Circles on knob, bands and lines. LG. 102. FLAT PYXIS (fig. no). H. 4.1. DR. 7. Twothirds preserved. Soft orange-buffclay, brown grits, red-brown paint. Pair of suspension holes through inset lip. Attic MG I. 103. CONICAL LID. PH. 12.5. D. c. 24.5. Two-thirds preserved,finialbroken off.Solid globular knob, triple zigzag above. MG. Praisos type. H. 19.3. Gaps in 104. LEKYTHOS, mouth and wall. Mouth, rings, stroke at edge. Neck, lines; collar and handle barred. Shoulder, chevron columns and dotted circle. Grouped lines. Cf. Gypsades.no. 10. EO. 105. PYXIS (no. no). H. 12.3. DR. 8.5. Nearly complete. Vestigial lip, two grooves on shoulder. Horizontal lug handles, verticallypierced. Bars across handles. PGB-EG. LID. H. 38. D. 35.2. Nearly 106. CONICAL Knob in form of a miniature Cream slip. complete. straight-sidedpithos; hole D. 4.5. Two ridges below junction with convex wall. Knob: outline leaves with midrib,standing and pendent double arcs, leaves with midrib.Wall: massed spirals. EG. 107. CONICAL LID. D. 24. H. 10. Large gaps in wall and rim. Rings on knob, bands and lines. EO. 108. HYDRIA. Lower part, PH. 14.5. Frs. of strap handle with shoulder. Ring foot. Belly decorated as 152; hatched leaves (?) on shoulder fr. Paint on horizontal handles, bars on strap handle. PGB.
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109. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. c. Insetlip,risingrim. 13.5.Halfpreserved, fragmentary. Slim ovoid body, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: septuplezigzag,thinhatchedmeander;hatchedleaves below, passing under straps. Paint on horizontal handle(s); triplewhitecircles above, descendingin verticalcolumns to flankmain panels. On straps, sextuplezigzag; dottedlozenge chain in smallpanel above.Bandsand lineson lowerbody.LG. no. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43.5. DR. c. 20.5. Nearly complete. Flat inset lip, bucranium handlewithstirrups, highringfoot;knobseitherside of panels. Painton lip. Panels: A, solid tongueswith outline,hatchedmeander;B, cross-hatchedlozenge chain,hatchedmeander.Bandsand lines.Handles:on two diagonal crossesseparatedby bars; on stirrups, bucrania,bars. Hole forfiring, throughbrowof each bucranium.MG, Stirrupworkshop;cf.F. no. 440 and 292.64. in. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 18. Two-thirdspreserved. Cream slip. Inset lip, rim turned up. Disc foot. Paint on rim, lip otherwise reserved.Panels: arcaded tongues,hatchedmeander. Bands and lines below. Paint on horizontalhandle, linedownstraps.LG. Cf. 283.20. 112. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 23. Upper partonly,gaps in rimand wall. Panels:A (i) tongues, guilloche,triplezigzag;(ii)cable,dottedguillochewith lozenge fill,triplezigzag; B (i) chevrons,quadrated squarewithtrianglefill,volutetreewithtriplezigzag below; (ii) largelylost,but centraljewellerypattern above zigzags.Bandsand lines,thetopmostwithpairs of quadruplewhitecircles,the outermostthickened. LO. 113. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. no). H. 45.8. DR. 13.8. Three-quarterspreserved. Black grits, cream slip. Inset lip, rising rim. Flat base. Lip reserved.Panels:A, twowingedbirds,regardant;bars above, gear patternbelow; B, hatched battlement, gear patternabove, tongueswithmidribbelow; C, two birds looking to front,winged and wingless, tongueswithmidribbelow;D, as C, butthebirdsare both wingedand regardant.Bands and lines below. Painton horizontalhandles,bars on straps.LG. Cf. O 30. 114. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig. 109). H. 53.5. DR. c. 20. partlyrestored;muchofupperpartof reverseside missing.Cream slip. Concave lip with ridge.Sharp carinationbetweenshoulderand body. Flat risingloop handles.Flat base. Painton and below lip, threelines; hatched zigzag on shoulder,band between lines. Body: figuredscene on each side, flankedbycolumnsofcross-hatched Handle triangles. barred,the bars continuingto the lowerlimitof the body decoration.Under each handle, threefishin forbody;head tripleoutline,and withvariousfillings
SITE
T. 107
^
markedoffby curved bands; circlesforeyes,open mouths. Figured scenes: A, nature goddess standing on wheeled platformbetween two trees with spiral branches.She wears a tall checkedpolos withupper fringe,wig-likehair indicatedby hatching;outline face in profile,dottedcircleforeye,curvedline for ear and cheek;chinshownbutnose omitted. eyebrow, Hatched neck; diagonal lines indicatingshawl-like himation.Triangulartorsowiththicksolid edge and tracesofinterior Her arms,in hatched cross-hatching. outline,are raised. Hands are not indicated,but in each she holdsa smallbirdwithbentlegsand hatched body,and head indicatedbya curvedlinewithdot for eye.To hershouldersare attachedsickle-shaped wings in hatched outline. Her waist is missing. Lower draperyindicatedby a long double-outline rectangle enclosingtwo ladder patternswhichflanka central columnenclosingtwo long solid rectangles.Her feet, to L., are seen belowthe hem. The wheelplatform is hatched,each wheel enclosinga crosswithreserved centre.The treesgrow fromsolid triangularbases, and above the spiralbranchesare palm-likefronds. On the L. tree,facingthe goddess,perchesa large birdwithtriangular bodyin griddedoutlineand with fantail; a long hatchedneckends in an outlinehead withopen beak and dottedcirculareye. Above the head, a solid-paintedapex, with long wavy crest, suggestsa heron. Side B: again, a naturegoddesson a similarwheeled platformflankedby trees. Missing are her head, neck,partofupperchestand R. arm. Her triangular torso has a hatched outline enclosing a solid triangularcentre.One shoulderis preserved,whence a hatched sickle-shapedwing rises upwards. Both arms,bentoutwardsat the elbow,reach downwards; hands and fingersindicated.With the L. hand she releases a bird whichfliesdown, wing raised. With the R. hand she still holds a bird by the neck, preparingto release it; each bird simplifiedas on side A. The trees,however,are markedlydifferent: no triangular base, but trunksshown by double ladder pattern to L., single ladder to R.; short oblique strokesflankingboth, as thoughindicating deciduous treesin winter.To L., large triangle-bird as on side A, but withthe additionof a solid central triangle;head missing,but curvedwingsin double outlineattachedto apex of body,as thoughabout to take flight.Traces of triangle-birdalso on R. tree: outline neck, (helmet-?)crest,and body apex with wingsas on L. The goddess'slowerdrapery,within double rectangularoutline, contains millsail with curvededge,and griddedsquares.PGB-EG. BICS 31 (1984)95 ff.UrbanNucleus 279,fig.11.
!56
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
PITHOS. DB. 12. DR. 16.5. 115. FOUR-HANDLED Base and adjoining lower body, rim with three and a half handles, non-joining body-sherds. Top frieze, small double white circles between lines. Between handles, unevenly placed large sextuple circles, outermost thickened, small double circles in upper and lower interstices.Two bands and lines, enhanced in white, fourfoldwhite circles. White lines on base. Cf. F/67, 4.1. EO. PITHOS (fig. 113). DB. 116. FOUR-HANDLED 12.5. DR. 22. Base, adjoining lower body,two-thirdsof rim, parts of three panels. A, below double lozenges, (i) large double circle filledwith small circles between volute trees; (ii) similar circle between volute-arcswith circle fill. B, below net pattern, (i) large double circle withjewellery motifbetween cable columns; (ii) lost. Below, quadruple zigzag. Bands and lines, triplewhite circles in topmost. By the same hand as 29. With lid 100. EO. PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 16.8. 117. FOUR-HANDLED Three-quarters preserved, handles broken off.Cream slip. Broad inset lip, risingrim. Disc foot. Paint at rim, lip reserved. Panels: A, C, lozenge chain enclosing oblique bars, triple zigzag above and below; B, D, similar but with small hatched leaves and double lozenge chain respectively,at centre. Bands and lines. Paint on horizontalhandles,verticallines on straps.LG. PITHOS. H. 42. DR. c. 16. 118. FOUR-HANDLED Fragmentary.Yellow slip. Concave inset lip. Disc foot. Paint on lip. Panels: quadruple zigzag, vertical chevron; hatched meander and quadruple zigzag. Paint on horizontal handles; straps broken off.Bands and lines below. MG, late. 119. *SKYPHOS (fio. no). H. 9.3. DR. 14. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Strap handles, false ring foot. Inside: Spatter below band at rim. EG. 120. SMALL LID (PLATE153). H. 6.7. D. 16. Nearly complete. Domed, hemispherical; one suspension hole. Lines; billetson rim. PGB-EG. 121. SMALL LID (PLATE153). H. 5.8. D. 16. Nearly complete. As 120. PGB-EG. LID. PH. 10.7. D. 28.5. Knob 122. CONICAL broken off.Cream slip. PGB. H. 21.3. Gaps in mouth, wall and 123. OINOCHOE. shoulder, most of handle lost. Mouth, lines enclosing dot columns. Shoulder, a pair of birds fightingover a worm between a furtherpair, each accompanied by a smaller one. Body, in bands between furtherlines: strokes, zigzag billets; columns of square guilloche enclosing blanks, band of crossed zigzags. Double tongues on foot. LO. 124. LID. D. 19.2. PH. 8.4. Gaps in wall, most of rim lost. Slight everted rim, suspension holes. Ram protome knob, muzzle lost, details picked out in white. White on dark, worn. Traces of leaves at centre,then slanted leaves between verticals.LO.
PITHOS. H. 38.8. DR. 17. 125. TWO-HANDLED Three-quarters preserved. Cream slip. Slight vertical lip, uneven. Slight carination below shoulder. Bucranium handles, one broken off.Ring foot. Paint on lip and shoulder. Panels: complex hatched meander. Bars on handles, with solid paint on central member. Bands and lines below. Paint inside lip. EG. LID. PH. 13. D. 28.5. Three126. CONICAL quarters preserved, knob broken off. Firing hole through solid stem. Part of terracotta attachment: bird's tail (?). Dogtooth on stem, bands and lines, mill sail. PGB. 127. DOMED LID. H. 8.5. D. 23. Small chips in rim and wall. Knob in form of Daedalic head. White on dark. From centre, tongues, volute-arcade, tongues. A late member of E 163, class E (b). AR 28 (1982-3) 52. LO. H. 29.7. Nearly complete. Cream 128. OINOCHOE. slip. Ridge at base of neck, false ring foot. Neck: two zones of single zigzag. Shoulder: large hatched chevrons. Belly: hatched chevron, running spirals above and below. Handle barred, ring round root. PGB. H. 37. Nearly complete. Cream 129. OINOCHOE. slip. Low conical foot, groove underneath. Neck: massed herring-bone ornament. Body: five zones of verticalbars. Handle as 128. MG, early. H. 36.5. Nearly complete. 130. LEKYTHOS. Trumpet mouth, strap handle, disc foot. White on dark: running spiral on neck and shoulder, detached spirals on belly; lines; bars on handle. Paint inside mouth. Prototypeof Praisos class. PGB (?). PH. 32.5. Three-quarters 131. OINOCHOE. preserved, mouth and handle missing. Cream slip. Foot as 129. Neck: ladder pattern. Body: seven rows of interlockinghorizontal S's. Handle as 128. EG. 132. CONICAL LID (fig. in). H. 10.7. D. 17. Nearly complete. Maltese cross on knob. LG, early. 133. CONICAL LID. H. 7.4. D. 16.8. Half preserved. Circles on flatknob, bands and lines. LG. 134. SKYPHOS (FIG. no). H. 6.2. DR. 16.5. Threequarters preserved, handles broken. Fine orange-buff clay, lustrous brown-black paint. Round reflex handles. Triple circle under base; another on reserved floor.Attic MG II. 135. *SMALL LID. H. 6.4. D. c. 17. One-third preserved, with very little of rim. White grits,cream slip. Low hemispherical; flattish top, squared rim. Lines; billetson rim. PGB-EG. 136. SKYPHOS (fig. no). H. 8.1. DR. 14. Two-thirds preserved. Fine buffclay, lustrous brown-black paint. Groups of eleven bars inside rim, with multiplebrush; reservedcircle on floor.Attic MG II. PH. 10.5. DB. 6.2. Lower body, 137. OINOCHOE. frs.of neck and mouth only. Neck and mouth, bands. Shoulder, band of grouped verticals, lines. Below,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
bands of double axes between verticals,lines to base.
EO. 138. CONICAL LID. H. 30.5. D. 23.5. Nearly complete.Creamslip.Knob in formofa straight-sided hatchedzigzag pithos;holein base; zigzagon shoulder, below.Wall:fivezonesofpendentdoublearcs.EG. 139. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 9.2. Frs.ofneckand nonjoiningbody only.Neck withglobularcentralbulge. Grouped strokes,panel of crossedzigzag. Shoulder, betweenlines.O. lines,thengroupedslantedstrokes 140. DOMED LID. D. 16. H. 4.5. Gaps in wall and rim.Evertedrim,centralboss. Interiorcoated. From centre,leaf rosette,zigzag joined to framinglines, slantedstrokes at edge.F 164,classE (ii)(a). EO. 141. OINOCHOE' H. 25.6. Nearlycomplete.Fine orange-buff clay,browngrits,a littlesilvermica; thick red-brown paint. Ring foot. Neck panel: dots, quadruplezigzag.Handle barred.AtticMG II. 142. OINOCHOE. PH. 26. Half preserved,handle brokenoff,base missing.Largewhitegrits,creamslip. Strap handle to lip, swellingon neck,ridgebetween neck and shoulder. Carination and groove below shoulder;concaveprofilebelowflaringoutwardsbase. Neck: zigzag, bars on swelling, hatched leaves. Shoulder:large hatchedchevronsbisectedby ladder pattern.Body: snail spirals,large and small hatched crescents. PGB. 143. ARYBALLOS. PH. c. 5. Frs. of wall, shoulder and handleonly.Massed dots.Handle barred.LO. 144. KALATHOS (fig. hi). H. 15.5. D. 30.Nearly complete.Largewhitegrits,creamslip.PGB. 145. OINOCHOE. frs.of handle,mouthand body only.Cream clay,dark brown paint, added white. White dot rosettes on mouth. Shoulder: incised tonguesand scale pattern.Below,partsof boar,bull, Transitional. goose.Rays.Corinthian, 146. *SKYPHOS (fig. in). H. 8.3. DR. 12.2.Gaps in wall and rim.Interiorfullycoated save reserveddot on floorand line below lip. Exterior,triplecirclesin reserved panel between handles, dark paint and reservedbandsto base. Handlespaintedon outerside, paintproducedon to darklowerbody.EO. 147. OINOCHOE. Fr. of neck withshoulder(PH. 13); also body and base. Pinkishclay. Rising strap handle,ringfoot.Neck: hatchedverticalbattlement; bands and lines on body.Handle barred,iron stain below.MG, Atticizing. 148. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 25. Rim and neckfrs.Yellowslip.Broad evertedlip, flat on top, ridgebelow.Neck zones: bars and diagonal cross withchevronfill;triplezigzag; cross-hatched lozengesin doubleoutline,withsmalldoublelozenges aboveand below.Fordecorationcf.F no. 695. LG. 149. *PYXIS (?). PH. 15.1. Lower part. Cream slip; thick fabric. Depressed globular body, ring foot. Unpainted.G.
SITE
T. 107
IC-7
150. *JUG.DB. 6. H. 19.8. Frs. of shoulder,mouth and handle,wall and base. Groupedlines on mouth and body, triple circles, outermostthickened on shoulder.F 155,classD (i). MO. 151. *LEKANIS. H. 3.5. Frs.offloorand wall. Plain. O. 152. HYDRIA. H. c. 28. Half preservedin two frs., base missing,handlebrokenoff.Flaringlip,globular body. Bars on lip. Neck: two zones of wavy lines. Shoulder: threezones of small opposed arcs. Belly: two panels vertically separated: opposed solid above and below.Paintinside triangles, herring-bone rim.EG. 153. "CONICAL LID. PH. 7.5. D. c. 23.5. Rim fr. withone verticalstraphandle.As 154. E-MG. 154. CONICAL LID (fig. 112). H. 14.2. D. 22.6. Nearly complete. Knob in the formof a globular pyxis.Two roundhorizontalhandlesand twovertical strap handles. Eight-pointstar on knob. Bars on horizontalhandles,linesdowneach strap.E-MG. 155. *CUP. Base and upper body frs.,not certainly fromsame vessel. Short oblique lip, sharplyoffset; roughflatbase withstringmark.Fullycoated.F 166, classB (ii),'withsharperlip'. E-MG? 156. *CUP. PH. 5. Base and lowerbody.Flat base. Fullycoated.F 166,classB (iii).LG-EO. 157. *OINOCHOE. Max. D. 15.5. Half body only. Bands.Cf. 285.14. LO. 158. DOMED LID. H. 7. D. 23.5. Three-quarters preserved. Coffee-brownclay. Pair of suspension holes. Centre: gridded cross with silhouettebirds; doubleintersecting zigzag;singlezigzagon lip.MG. 159. LEKYTHOS. Body only.Cream slip. Stumpof flattenedhandle, low conical foot. Large hatched chevronson shoulder.Barson handleroot.PGB. 160. LEKYTHOS. H. c. 16. Base to shoulder;neck, shoulder and handle frs.High conical foot. Neck: zigzag. Shoulder:griddedchevrons.Handle barred. Band belowriminside.PGB. 161. CONICAL LID. D. 22.5. H. 9.9. Large gaps in rim and wall. Was fully coated. No trace of decoration.EO. 162. *SMALL LID (fig. in). H. 7.1. D. c. 14.8. Frs. Trulyhemispherical.Pair of suspensionholes. Two circlesat centresurroundedby hatchedleaves with double chevronfill;lines betweenbands. Cf. F no. 699. E-MG. 163. *CUP (FIG.m). H. 7.6. DR. 11.Half preserved, handlemissing.Roughbase. Fullycoated.F 166,class B (ii).PGB-EG. 164. OINOCHOE. Neck (PH. 15) and handle frs. Creamslip.PGB-EG. 165. PYXIS. H. c. 12. DR. c. 6.5. Base, lowerbody, many frs.of rim and upper body. Hard greyclay, misfiredand misshapen;cream slip. Broad and flat insetlip,pair of suspensionholes; depressedglobular
!58
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
body,low conical disc foot.No traceof handles.Lip reserved.Dark ground:reservedzone withhatched meander.Forshapeci. 28.16. MG. 166. *CONICAL LID. H. 6.7. D. 21.5. One-third Bandsand lines.LG EO. preserved, topmissing. 167. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.3. Nearly complete. Flat base. Shoulder:cross-hatchedtriangleswithdouble outline.Handle barred.Two linesinsidelip.M LG. 168. *AMPHORA. DB. 9. Frs.ofbase and wall only. White on dark. Traces of guilloche column on in centre,billets doublecirclewithquatrefoil shoulder, in outerzone,linesand bands,billetsabovebase. EO. 169. *SKYPHOS (fig. 112).H. 7.7. DR. 11.4.Threequarterspreserved.Cream slip.Inside,reservedcircle on floor.MG. 170. *CUP. H. 10.6. DR. 14. Completeprofile,parts of rim,handle and adjoiningbody. Reservedband insiderimand dot on floor.Handle barred,otherwise fullycoated.LO. 171. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. c. mouthmissing.Flat base. Spaced 28. Fragmentary; singlebands. Handles: diagonal crossbetweenbars. E-MG. * base 172. PYXIS. H. c. 14. DR. c. 10. Fragmentary: and mostof lip missing.Surfacebadly pitted.High concave lip, globularbody,roundhandles.Lines on lip.Two wavylinesin handlezone. Barson rim.EG. 173. TRAY (fig. 112). H. 3.6. DR. 21.6. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Stumps of reflexhandles. Inside,quadruplecircleon floor.EG. 174. CONICAL LID. H. 7.1. D. 10. Large gaps in walland rim.Plainknob,bandsand lines.E 163,class C (ii).O. 175. PEDESTALLED KRATER. PH. 6. Lowerpart of pedestal. Cream slip. Fully coated but for two reservedlinesnearbase,and barsroundedge.MG. 176. ^OINOCHOE? DB. io. Frs.of base and body only.Double circles,groupedlines.F 155,classE (i). O. 177. *OINOCHOÈ. Neck and shoulder.Bucchero: surface.MG. softgreyclay,polishedgrey-brown 178. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig. hi). H. 64.5. DR. 24.5. Nearly complete,but paint much worn. White and browngrits,cream slip. Concave insetlip, risingsteeply;roundedshoulder,veryslight carination.Flattenedtwinhandles,flatbase. Side A as in drawing.Side B, shoulder:verticalleavesin double outline,with horizontalhatching;hatched zigzag. Body:hatchedzigzag,hatcheddouble arcs; leaves as on shoulder,but connected at centre by smaller hatchedhorizontalleaves,and at top and bottomby pendent and standing hatched double arcs respectively;pendent hatched double arcs, zigzag filledwithbillets.Solid paintbelow.Handles barred. EG. 179. »CONICAL LID. D. 19.PH. 4.8. Frs.ofrimand wallonly.Bands.O.
180. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 4.5. Mouth and handle missing.Pinkishclay,largewhitegrits,pittedsurface. No angle between neck and body. Flat base. Unpainïed.E-MG. 181. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. PH. 4.5. Parts of body and neck only.Slightcollar.On neck,columns ofshorthorizontalstrokes, crossedbyverticalones on the collar. Handle barred. On shoulder,chevron columns;body,groupedlines.LG. 182. *JUGLET (fig.112).PH. 7.5. Rim to lowerbody, base missing. Creamslip.Handle barred.MG. 183. *PEDESTALLED KRATER. PH. 14.5. High footonly,edge missing.Fully coated, decorationin white; on stem, single circles between lines. LG EO. 184. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 2.8. PH. 8. Frs. of lower body, handle, shoulder. Traces of lines on body. EO. 185. *HYDRIA (fig. 112).PH. 21. Neckto lowerbody in non-joining frs.,rimand base missing.Cream slip. Barson verticalstraphandle.PGB. 186. *ARYBALLOS. H. c. 10. Upper and lowerpart, non-joining.Polished surface.Rough handle rising slightlyabove flaringrim. Wheelmade. Depressed globularbody,flatbase. Unpainted.MG (?). 187. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Gaps in wall, handle missing.Surfaceworn. Shoulder,chevroncolumns Dark lowerbody.F. 159,classK. betweendot rosettes. EO. 188. *DOMED LID. D. 24. Frs. of rim and wall. Straightrim.Dark paint,tracesofdoublewhitecircles at edge.F 163,classE (i) (b). EO. 189. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 11.5. Base to belly.Cream slip. Slim body,ringfoot.Two groups of fourreservedlines. A shoulder fr.,with quarteredlozenges in double outline,may belong. LG. 190. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 3. Frs. of body, neck, double handle.Side circles,the outermostthickened, F 159,classE(iii)(b). EO. circlesat front. 191. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 3.2. H. 10. Gaps in mouth, worn. neck,handle,wall and base. Surfaceextremely Side circleswithtransversearcs at frontand back. EO. 192. PITHOS. DR. c. 20. Two frs.of wall and rim. Below rim,zigzag joined to framinglines; panels, alternatelycross-hatchedand zigzag. Two bands of zigzag,thenbandsand lines.EO. 193. ^NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c.41. Half preserved;base to shoulder,frs.of mouthand neck. Cream slip. Squared rim, ridge on neck at upper handle attachment.Slim ovoid body,disc foot.Neck panel: two dottedlozengechains.Shoulder:diagonal crosses and bars; bands and lines. Bars on handle stump.Paintinsiderim.MG. 194. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.8. Base and partof wall
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
dotthendottedzigzag,verticals, only.Dark shoulder, band. E 159,classK, upsidedown.LO. 195. *CUP. Frs.,rimand body.As 156. LG--EO. 196. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. Frs.DB. 8. Sharp rim, convex outside. Slim ovoid body,ring foot.Dark ground.Neck: hatched meander.Bands and lines. Handle: triple zigzag and dotted lozenges,separated by groups of bars; dots across root.MG. 197. *CUP. H. c. 7.7. DR. c. 11.8. Half preserved,in manyfrs.Fullycoated.Shape as 96, MG. 198. SKYPHOS, STRAINER TOP. D. c. 11.Gream slip. Traces of large reservedcross on upper side, borderedbydiagonalhatching.Holes piercedthrough armsofcross.MG? Gf.292.140. 199. *OINOGHOE. Body frs.Porousand softclay, orangecrust,polishedindia-redslip,mattblackpaint. withlines on shoulder, Flankingcirclesintersecting the outermostcirclesand lines thickened;tracesof bisecteddiagonal crosson frontof shoulder,and of thickcirclebelow lines;fillof smallquintuplecircles. GypriotBoR II. Cf. 292.94. RDAC 1984,128no. 14. 200. *HYDRIA. PH. 6. Rim and neckwithhandle. Cream slip. Squared lip, withbars. Neck: horizontal S's. Handle barred.PGB. 201. *LEKYTHOS. Frs. of upper and lower body. As 292.62. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,131,no. 36. 202. SKYPHOS (fig. 112).PH. 4.3. DR. 6.4. Frs., base missing. Thin bufffabric,creamslip.LG-EO. 203. *SKYPHOS. Frs.Shape and decorationas 202. LG-EO. 204. *LEKYTHOS (?). DB. 3. PH. 4. Base and lower body.Spaced circles.E 158,classE (iii).EO. 205. *ARYBALLOS. Max. D. 6.8. H. c. 5. Shoulder and halfbodyonly.On shoulderdouble circles,then groupedlines.E 157,classB (ii).EO. 206. *LEKYTHOS. Max D. 6.5. PH. 6.8. Top half only,gaps in neck and mouth. Slight collar. Paint worn.Double circleson shoulder, lines.O. 207. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 8.5. Shoulder to lower body. Cream slip. Carination and groove below shoulder,which bears cross-hatchedtriangles;on body, runningspiral between lines. PGB. Shape similarto 104.84. 208. *POLYCHROME LID. Frs. of wall and top. Cylindrical.Traces of creamslip,red and blue lines. Cf. 285.18. LO. 209. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs. of rim and shoulderwithstraphandle. Flat lip reservedbut for paint on rim. Hatched zigzag on shoulder.Panels: cross-hatched lozengesin double outline,trianglesin spaces.LG. 210. *POINTED PYXIS (?). PH. 7.5. DR. c. 6. Frs., rimto belly.Softorangeclaywithbrowngrits;fugitive paint, much worn. Inset concave lip; dogtooth, hatchedmeander.AtticMG I. As 283.46.
SI TL
'I'. 107
^g
211. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (ik;. 112).Frs.of three and a quarter panels, one vertical and one horizontalhandle,partsof lowerbody.In each panel, a largequadruplecircle,dots betweenthe innertwo, double arcades on the outermost,off-centre to the left;in the centre,double-outlinerosette.In upper interstices,stars, in the lower,birds, each with a worm. Longer worm above the right-handbird. Below,bandsand lines.MO, crude. 212. OINOCHOE (?), shoulderfr.Two verticalfish, massedzigzagsto L. LG (?). 213. PITHOS. Eightfrs.of upperfriezeand panels: three with dotted leaf florals,three with dotted guilloche,one withcentralpartof pair of confronted birds with massed dots and cross-in-circlefill,one with dotted leaf-floralabove two heads of multiheadedbird,dot fill.EO. 214. MINOAN LARNAX, chest type (nos. 114--16).H. 66.5. L. 114. W. 50. Th. i.i 2.3. About three-quarters preserved, with one foot; some of T. 75. Grittyorange clay, joining frs.fromdromos greycore, large white and grey inclusions,cream slip. Paintvariesfromred throughchocolatebrown to black. Projectinglip withirregularlines,wavyin places. Raised rib down centre of each long side, dividingtheminto two panels (A 1-2, B 1-2). Four strap handles, placed near upper corners of each long side. Panels, long side: A, in each panel, dancing femalefigurewearingflouncedskirt,with flower (A 1) and bird (A 2) in field, each figure borderedby wave patternand framedby retorted spirals. B 1, interlockingspiral; B 2, spiral tree: tricurvedarch down leftedge, retortedspiral on central ridge,rightedge lost. Short sides: C (very worn),femalefigurewithround shield (?) bordered by wave pattern; D, spiral tree between retorted spirals. Frs. of gabled lid, withanimal protome,band along and above rim. LM III ai. For full study see L. Morgan,BSA 82 (1987)171if. 215. *MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype.Frs. of base and lowerbody.Unpainted.LM III A-B. 216. *POLYCHROME LID. D. 18. Four frs.of rim and adjoining wall, flat ring-toppedknob. Yellow leavesoutlinedin blue,betweenblue and yellowlines. EO, for57? 217. ^POLYCHROME LID. D. 19. Frs.of knob,wall and rim.Worn.Fromcentre,yellowbilletswithblue outline,yellowleaveswithblue outline.LO. 218. RAM PROTOME. PL. 3.6. Muzzle broken off. Attached to shoulder of vessel. Broken all round. Solid but forpouringhole, D. 0.3; another hole, perhaps forfiring.Handmade. Curled horns. In matt brown paint, bars across horns, arc on brow. O? (Originally fi8, but transferredto pot catalogue.)
rôo
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE SHEET fr.(Largest)3 X 2.5. Wt. 5 g. Fourpieces. 2. NATURAL PEBBLE (fig. 183; plate 298). L. 1.9. H. 1.4.Tracesofglaze?Immediately adjacentto pot 5 in niche. 3. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2.2. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.6 g. Partof shaft.Split(oxidized). 4. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)4 X 3.2. Wt. 20.5g. Fifteenpieces. 5. BRONZE CLIP (fig.161;piate 272).L. 2.5. W 1.5. L. of rivet 1.5. Wt. 2.75 g. Strip folded into open withrivetfromsidetoside.Functionnotclear. rectangle 6. EGYPTIAN BLUE SCARAB (fig. 183; plate 298). L. 1. W 0.85. H. 0.6. Dh. 0.1-0.15.Brilliantblue withgreenishtinge,veryfriable.Shape and modelling careless. Device- Maat, feather of truth inside O. hatchedborder.Rhodian-Naukratite. 7. BRONZE SHEET fr.5.5 X 5.2. Wt. 9.5 g. 8. BRONZE PIN (fig. 161;plate 272). L. 2.2. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 0.7 g. Head and upper shaft.Disc head Delicate. finial,aboveseriesofhorizontalmouldings. 9. NATURAL PEBBLE (fig. 183; plate 298). L. 1.3. H. i.i. Calcined, tracesof cream glaze? In LG/EO pot 64. Cf.T. 100,wheretombfloorstrewnwithriver pebbles. 10. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2.5. D. 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Partof shaft. 11. BRONZE PIN fr.(FIG.161)D. 2.2. H. 1.5.Wt. 9.8 g. Mushroom head with shaftfr.Split (oxidized). Identificationas a rivet head (froma vessel) not excluded. na. GLASS, HEAD OF PIN (?) (fig. 183; plate 298). H. 1.1Translucentgreenishglass.Pomegranate shapewiththreelobes,brokenoff. 12. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(plate 272).L. 2. W 1. Wt. 1.5 g. Ellipticalbow of tinybrooch; stumpsof both forearm and springarmremain. 13. BRONZE RIVET HEAD (fig.161;plate 272).D. 2.3. H. 1.6. Shank L. 0.75. Wt. 10.5 g. From large to judge and slim-handled vessel,thoughthin-walled fromsizeofshank. 14. GLASS BEAD, spherical(FIG. 183; PLATE298). Threefrs.Translucent greencolour. 15. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Two joining piecesfromtheblade ofa one-edgedknife.L. 6.6. W 1.2,taperingto 0.9. Th. at back0.25. Blade straight. 16. GOLD PENDANT IN FORM OF A BEE (fig. 153;PLATE264). H. i.i. W i.i. Sheet gold. Details in dot repoussé. Separate back, folded on; loop for suspension.O. 17. IRON PIN-HEAD. D. c. 2.5. Th. c. 0.7. Very heavilycorroded,but clearlyfroma large type.As withthe much smallervarieties(cf. 104. f8, 9, for example),thereis a smallfinialon the upperside of thehead.
18. See pot 218. 19. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 161;plate 272). L. 5. H. 3.8. Wt. 13g. Spring,pin,forearm, catchplatelost. Bow picked out by large bead boss withtwo collar mouldingseitherside. 20. BRONZE FIBULA fr.fig. 161(plate 272).L. 1.3. W 0.5. Wt. 1.8 g. Partof bow; oval boss withcollar mouldingeitherside. 21. BRONZE RIVET HEAD (fig.161).D. 1.4.H. 1.1. Wt. 4.5 g. Conical; traceofshaft. 22. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4.8. Section0.7 squared. 23. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187;plate 306). H. 1.2. D. 1.75.Dh. 0.45. Wt. 6 g. Dull redfabric.Cylindrical. 24. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig. 161; plate 272). L. 6.4. W 1.8. Th. 0.15. Wt. 12 g. Top of springlost;in fivepieces.Pronouncedshoulderbelow thespring. 25. IRON DAGGER-HILT fr.Most of the hiltof a small daggerof the same typeas 24. f7, but slightly heavier.L. 6.1. Max. W 2.3. Brokenoffat second at whichpointa bronzerivetsurvives. swelling, 26. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187;piate 306). H. 1.45.D. 2. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 6.25 g. Brokenin two,chipped.Pale fabric.Cylindrical. orange-brown 27. ROCK WHETSTONE (fig. i86; plate 304). L. 8.65. W. 1.85. Th. i.i. Dh. 0.6. One chip, rust finegrainedblackigneous discolouration. Crystalline (?) rock.Originallyrectangular;main sides hollowed curved. otherslightly bystropping; 28. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.(fig. 174).Two joiningpieces fromthejunctionof the hiltand blade of a one-edgedknife,resemblingE no. 1616 rather thanthe evenlargertypeof 60. £5. Together,L. 10.3. W bothofhiltand ofupperblade,1.9. One ironrivet preservedin hilt. 29. 30 (ii) TWO IRON JAVELIN-HEADS. Found corroded together,(i) is complete in threejoining pieces, including3<>(ii) (socket).TogetherL. 25.4. Socket,L. 8.7, D. 1.5(internally i.i), taperingto 1.4at junctionwithblade. Blade, max. W. 2.6, taperingto point.Midrib,Th. 1.4,runsforonlyc. 5 cms.(ii) is a piece of the blade only.L. 9.7. Max. W 2 (broken below. See also c. 31 originally 2.6). 30. IRON, twoitems,(i) OBELOS fr.Threejoining pieces of obelos.TogetherL. 16.1.Section1, tapering to 0.7, squared, (ii) is theJAVELIN-SOCKET fr. joining29 (i) above. 31. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Threejoiningpieces of the socket,which seems complete. L. 8. D. 1.5 (internally1.2). There is no way of establishingthat thisbelongswith29 (ii) above, but the dimensions are perfectly compatible. joins pot 127. 32. Vacai: 33. IRON, two items,(i) DIRK, frs.(fig. 174;plate piecesfromthehiltand blade 289). Three non-joining
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE of a dirk:(a) containspartof hiltand upperblade. L. 8. Hilt widensfrom(second)'neck' 1.6, to shoulders flangeswhichthistimerunaround 3.5. Wellpreserved the regularU-shaped recessat shoulders,as well as along sides;twoof thebronzerivetssurviveon either sideoftheU-shapedrecess,(b) and (c) Ls. 6.4 and 3.3, are piecesof theblade,(ii) OBELOS frs.Two joining piecesfromthetip.L. 5.5. Sectiono.g. 34. IRON ARROWHEAD (fig. 174; plate 289). Virtually completetangedarrow-head.L. 4.8. Section triangular,each side having max. W. of f. 1.1. Cylindrical tang,L. 1.6(probablybrokenoff?).D. 0.5. 35. IRON ARROWHEAD (fig. 174; plait, 289). Arrowheadofsame type,butwithtipand end oftang brokenoffshort.ExistingL. 4.7. Section triangular, each side havingmax. W. of c. 0.9. Cylindricaltang, L. i.D. 0.4. existing 36. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187;plate 306). H. 1.8. D. 2.4. Dh. 0.4. Wt. 12 g. Dull red-brownfabric,red washonce. Cylindrical. 37. IRON, two items, (i) JAVELIN-HEAD. Near completejavelin-head.Tip of blade onlymissing.L. 34.2. Socket,L. 9, D. 1.6 (internally 1.3).Blade, W at shoulders2.6, taperingto 1.3 at finalbreak. Midrib Th. 0.9, runsforabout 10 cmsofblade,(ii) OBELOS fr.L. 4.8. Section0.6 squared. 38. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Larger)2.7 X 2.3. Wt. 2 g. Two pieces. 39. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 161).L. 0.7. Th. 0.2. Wt. 0.2 g. Minute piece of shaftwith three horizontal In pot 13. mouldings. PIN frs.(fig. 161; plate 272). L. 6.7. BRONZE 40. Th. 0.3. Wt. 2.2 g. Incomplete,twopieces.Head lost. Swelling('bulb') on shaftset offeitherside by four horizontal ring mouldings. Very delicate. In the LG/EO pot 26. 41. BRONZE PIN (fig.161;plaie 272).L. 4.3. D. 0.5. Wt. 1.4g. Tip lost.Split(oxidized).Flattenedglobular head withtinyfinial.Oval moulding('bulb') below withtworingmouldingseitherside.Delicate;elegant. In theEO pot 27. 42. BRONZE PIN (fig. 161;plate 272).L. 3.8. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 0.8 g. Tip lost. Disc head, with finial. Biconical boss below, with three ring mouldings above,fourbelow.An exquisitepiece. In the EO pot 28. 43. IRON JAVELIN-TIP fr.Tip of blade. L. 2.4. W 1.2., taperingto point. Althoughthe measurements are compatible, thisdoes notseemto belongto 37 (i) above. 44. BRONZE PIN. L. 2.5. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.7 g. Two piecesofshaft,roundsection. 45. CLAY WHORL (fig. 187;piate 306). H. 1.35.D. 1.95.Dh. 0.6. Wt. 6 g. Beige fabric,smallinclusions; poorlybaked.Cylindrical. 46. STEATITE BUTTON (plate 302). H. 1.3. D.
T. 107
^i
base 1.8,top 0.9. Dh. 0.55. Chipped. Black. Conical. In O pithos3. 47. GLASS BEADS, frs.Sphericaland tubular(fio. 183; PLATE298). (a) Sphere. Three frs.withgolden corrosion,(b) Frs.of narrowtubularbeads = violetto brown,(c) Frs. of large tubularbead. L. 3. W 0.75. Th. 0.2. Brownishviolet,(d) Three frs.,sub-spherical beads. In EO pyxis59. honey-brown 48. BRONZE OBJECT. DISC (?) MIRROR (?) (fig. 161).3.2 X 1.7.Th. 0.2. If disc,restoredD. 8. Wt. 4 g. Cast flat; trace of edge of mould matrix. Split (oxidized).Functionnotclear.In theEO pot 27. 49. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 161). 1.5 X 1. Th. 0.15.Wt. 0.6 g. Rim ofopen vase; lip made byfolding edge. 50. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig.161). L 6. W. 1.7. Th. 0.2. Wt. 18.5 g. Two non-joining pieces;bladeslost. 51. 52. Vacant. 53. BRONZE OBJECT. L. 1.5. W. 1.3. Wt. 0.4 g. Piece ofthinsheetwithprojecting lobes- function not clear. 54. BRONZE VESSEL (?) (fig. 161).2 X 1.2.Wt. 0.4 g. Piece ofsheetwithslimhandleterminalrivetedto it. 55. BRONZE FIBULA (fig.161).H 3. W 2. Wt. 2.7 g. IX. Catchplate, recomposed. PerhapsSapouna-Sakellamki 56. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 161). H. 1.6. W 1.0. Wt. 0.6 g. Catchplate,brokenoffshortat forearm. IV or VII. Sapouna-Sakellaraki 57. BRONZE SHEET frs. (Largest) 5.5 X 4.7 (recomposed).Wt. 34.25g. Thirty-four pieces,all with clothremains. 58. 59. Vacant. 60. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 4.8 g. Nine pieces,all withclothremains. 61. BRONZE PIN (FIBULA ?). L. 2.8. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.5 g. Bent;sectionround. 62. BRONZE OBJECT, (fig. 161;plaie 272). L. 1.6. W. 0.6. Wt. 1.25 g. Incomplete; rod section oval, doubledover,witha groupof tracedlines,markedoff byothergroupsat rightangles.Ringor handlefr.? 63. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(ik;. 172).3.2 X 2.7. Wt. 10 g. Stiltedrimofbowl.Oxidized. 64. BRONZE STRIP fr.(fig. 161).L. 2.5. W. 0.6. Wt. 0.8 g. Sectionflatrectangle;twojoining. 65. BRONZE SHEET fr.Wt. 3.25 g. Six pieces,all withclothremains. 66. BRONZE ROD fr.(fig. 161).L. 2.5. W. 0.5. Wt. 3.25 g. Partofa fibula? 67. BRONZE TWEEZER fr.(fig. 161).W. 2.7. H. 1.8. Wt. 2.6 g. Broadsplayingblade piece. 68. BRONZE BINDING fr.(fig. 161).L. 2.6. W 1.6. Wt. 1.6 g. Strip of thin sheet, originallywrapped round something cylindrical, allowing overlap. Secured by threesmallrivetsin line (one of whichis L. 0.6). preserved,
j62
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
69. BRONZE STRIP frs.(fig. 161;PLATE292). Total L. 10.5. W. 0.7. Wt. 3 g. Four non-joiningpieces. Section flatrectangular, roundededges. Trace of a stitchrivethole. 70. BRONZE PIN frs.(a) L. 1.2.D. 0.2. (b) L. 1.3.D. 0.2. (c) L. 1. D. 0.1. Total Wt. 0.6 g. (a) and (b) probablyfromshaftof same pin. (c) alien; perhaps partofsmallfibulapin. 71. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 161).L. 1.2. W. 1.1. withrivet,of Wt. 0.75 g. Probablylowerattachment, ribbonhandleofsmallvessel. 72. BRONZE LEBES frs. (fig. 172; plate 272). (Longest)10.2.(Highest)6. W ofrim0.6. Wt. 152.5g. Eightpieces (of whichtwo pairsjoin). Same vessel. Straight topped,stiltedrim. 73. BRONZE AFFIX- SCABBARD CHAPE (?) (FIG.161;piafe 272).L. 5.5.H. 3.2. Wt. 10 g. Seems to have consistedof two separaterectangularplates of identical type, 75% of one, 25% of the other
remaining.On each plate,the two narrowsides and the bottomlong side were foldedin at rightangles. Pickedout withtwoparallelreliefridges.Could have been attached at bottom,eitherside, of a wooden scabbard- or quiver.Each was securedby fourrivets (noneremain). 74. BRONZE STRIP frs.(fig. 161;plate 272).L. 4.5. W. 0.5. Wt. 1.5 g. Section flat rectangular; one containsa finerivet,L. 0.5. fragment 75.' BRONZE FIBULA frs,(fig. 161piai 1:272).L; 5. W 2.3. Wt. 3.25 g. Threejoiningpieces of bow,only slightlyconcave, oval in plan. Perhaps SapounaIX. Sakellaraki 76. OBSIDIAN PRISMATIC BLADE fr.L. 1.15.W 0.8. Th. 0.1. In pot 10. Minoan? L. 1.W 0.6. Two.In pot27. 77. OLIVE PIPS. (Largest) frs. of shaft (PL. 0.79) and PIN, 78. BONE(?) head (PL. 0.6); may not belong together.In pot 28.
In addition,withcrematedbone fromlayer2 were 1.5 g bronzesheetfrs.(fivepieces,one withclothremains); fromlayer6, 4.0 g (sixpieces),and fromlayer7 1.5g (fourpieces).Moreover,in layer2 were 123.5& °f similarly, bronzesheetfrs.(130pieces)and 3.75 g withclothremains(eightpieces);in layer4 were43 g (30 pieces + chips, patchwithone rivet);in layer6 were 179g (134pieces)and one piece (0.2 g) withcloth includinga fr.of tinker's remains;in layer7 were 222.5 g (2O5pieces),as well as a tinypiece withrivet,perhapstinker'spatch,and two to it- vessel(?) + patch. witha piece ofthinsheetPriveted joiningpiecesofheaviermetal(15.3g),crumpled,
Tomb 1 1 1 SE No dimensions (displaced). Pithosinterment. area.No orientation. ofT. 13,neartheSEedgeoftheexcavated FoundcloseSWoftheendofthedromos afterthe kouskouras the of was identified The grave exposed during hand-cleaning a an HL/R have been must what It mechanicalremovaloftopsoil. overlay gravepit, position in whichitwas probablydumpedwhenunearthedby an HL/R gravediggingparty.The few bonesbeneathitperhapsbelongedto thisgrave,itselfundisturbed. ofO vases. All thatremainedwas 1, partofa coarsepithos,and fragments POTTERY (PLATE 165) i. *COARSE PITHOS, wall frs.Orange clay,red core,whiteand greygrits,creamslip.Near belly,sets ofthreeand twogrooves.G or O.
2. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Fr. of panel, showing lotus-bee,one ofan opposedpair.EO.
Tomb 112 SE (figs. 6, 31, plate 28 a-b) L. 2.62.W. 1.10-1.52.Stomion: L. overall4.05. Dromos: 0.34 X 1.10-1.18.Chamber:1.08 X 1.4. was to the mouth.The stomion stomion the from was wedge-shaped, The dromos narrowing markedbyjambs eitherside,0.24 and 0.10.Remainsoftheblockingwall,1.04 X 0.25,werein
THE
MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts.
112, 113
¡63
situ.A shallowstepled downintotheirregularquadrilateralchamber,theroofofwhichhad collapsed. The tomb was found at the SE edge of the most congested part of the cemetery. were T. 16 (on the e) and T. 40 (on the w), both on rather Neighbouringchamber-tombs different orientations. T. 112was orientated SE-NW. The tombwas foundas a head of darksoil in thekouskouras matrix,aftertopsoilhad been A laterpithosgrave,T. 78 (q.v.),was partlydug intothe E edge ofthe removedmechanically. An unnumbered dromos. HL/R inhumation had been cutintothedromos filling. In theupperdromos fillwas a HL bottleand, nearertheentrance,a miniatureof HL date, and theskullofa matureadult.These,witha silverring,foundclose to theblockingwall,are to be ascribedto an unnumbered HL grave.Threebasketsofpottery werecollected destroyed in thedromos in theupperchamberfillwhichhad been disturbedby fill.There was kouskouras treeroots;it containedvirtuallyno pottery. On the floorof the chamber,in the SE corner, weretwoSM stirrup-jars, The skulllayclose 25 3, withthebonesoftheprimaryinhumation. to theWwall.Assumingit had notbeen disturbedbythesecondinterment, it musthavebeen laid in a crouchedpositionagainsttheS wallwiththestirrup jars at itsfeet.The boneswereof a 25-35 year °ld adult. 1, a SM belly-handledamphora,was standingon kouskouras at a slightly higherlevel.It would seem to have held a cremation,and to have been the second burialin thetomb.Sherdswerealso collectedin thechamber. and a Thus,thisSM chambertombcontainedbothan inhumation (theprimaryinterment) cremation inurned. POTTERY (PLATE 165) 1. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 121).H. 41. D. 33. Small pieces of rim, neck and body lost; recomposedofmany.Thin-walledreddish-brown clay with black sand. Matt dark brown paint, badly adhering.Deep band inside mouth; strokeson lip. Neck solid excepttwo finereservedbands. Bands on shoulder with fine wavy band in reserved space between.Broad wavyband in the handlezone above verybroad band, finebands above and below.Paint on handles.A ratherclumsypiece.SM. ia. *HL BOTTLE. 2. STIRRUP-JAR(fig. 112).H. 19. D. 15.8.Complete and intact;reddish-brown clay.Worndarkbrownto blackmattpaint.Air hole at base of falseneck.Topknotoffalsenecksolid,restcoated.Broad,horizontal strokeson handle.Paintinsidespoutmouth,band on lip out; spout-rootencircled.Trianglesin shoulder
zone,one eitherside ofspout,a pair on oppositeside; strokesor arcs withinthe angles. Band of parallel strokesbetweenspout and falseneck,dittobetween false neck and handles. Space betweenthe pair of triangles pickedout bya hatchedellipse.Bands below shoulderand on lowerbody.SM. 3. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 112). H. 12.4. D. 10. Recomposedof many;part of one handle,scrapsof wall lost. Light brown clay, surface pocked by 'exploded' inclusions. Badly adhering matt dark brownpaint. Air-holeat base of falseneck opposite spout.Circleson discus,broad horizontalstrokeson handles.Paint insidespout mouth,band on lip out; encircled.In shoulderzone,triangles either spout-root side ofspout,twoon sideopposite,theiranglespicked out by strokes.Bands below and on the lowerbody. Footreserved.SM.
Tomb 1 13 SW No dimensions. Larnaxgrave- Pdisplaced. Found immediately above the collapsedchamberof T. 106. The cutting/pit/chamber in whichithad originally been placedwas notfound. The larnaxi was largelydestroyed; thewholeofone narrowend 0.71high,top width0.40
ï64
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
was preserved, ofcoarsebrown withsmallpartsofthelongsides.It was undecorated, together with brown surface. handles remained. The brownsoil Two of the ?four clay light original mixedwithkouskouras fromits immediatevicinitywas dug as layeri; sherdsfromthislevel includedthefragmentary LG oinochoe,2. POTTERY (PLATE 165) 1. MINOAN LARNAX. H. 70. One completeshort side withtwofeet,and frs.of long side. Coarse gritty orangeclay,trace of cream slip. Squared projecting rim(H. 3.5). Shortside framedby low flatribs.Base of feet11 X 8. Two small verticalstraphandles on walloflongside.Unpainted.LM III A-B.
2. OINOCHOE. PH. 16. Mouth to shoulderwith below trefoillip. Neck: body frs.Slightconstriction lines. Shoulder:three of three between bars, groups leavesin double outline;lines, pendentcross-hatched lightgroundbelow.LG.
Tomb 121 SE (figs. 6, 39; plate 28 d-g) L. overall(extant)3.10. Dromos:L. (extant)1.70. W. up to 1.15.Stomion: largelydestroyed. Chamber:1.30 X 1.25. to T 86 (q.v.), The dromos of thissmallSM chambertombwas confusedby itspropinquity as such so thatitsoriginalshape and meansof access remainuncertain.Though no stomion to survived,a substantialblockingwall was foundfillingthe 0.90 opening fromdromos chamber.It consistedof seven flatslabs set on end, two of whichhad collapsed into the chamber.One slab measured0.56 X 0.22, another0.35 X 0.20. A step led down into the whoseroofhad collapsed. circularchamber, The tombwas in the centreof the main area of DA graves,at a pointmuchconfusedby was NE-SW,thechamberon theN side. HL/R inhumation graves.The apparentorientation ofseveralminorheadsofdarksoilexposedwithin The tombwas foundduringinvestigation theirkouskouras matrix,followingmechanicalstrippingof topsoil.The immediatearea was withT. 86 disturbedby the HL/R inhumationgravesTs. 54, 96 and 117.The relationship had been cut by E its side of the on one was pit interpretation, though, veryuncertain, (q.v.) and fig. to T. 86 [supra, attributed inhumation The fragmentary theWwall of T 121's dromos. to explain. convincingly 39) is difficult fillwas a yellowto lightbrownclay,excavatedas topsoiland primaryfill.It The dromos appearedthata circularpit,1.44 X 1.36,1.55deep had been dug intothisfill,in whichwere ofuncertainorigin. remainsofa humanskeleton, foundthedisordered The chambercontainedthe remainsof threeinhumations, I, II and III. On thefloorwas ofa childlessthan6 yearsold. skull the and of less than a Pfemale the skull of III, II, 25 years, III S. A pile ofboneswas also to the II to the E of the the side N, chamber, They lay against foundagainstthe E side which,because of theirfragilestate,was removedenbloc.Associated withII and III werefourvases- a smalloinochoe,4 (lyingagainstII), a flask,5, and a feeding bottle,7, betweenthetwoskulls,and a handmadeblack-warejuglet,6, byIII. Two arch-bow fibulae,fi, 2, foundnearbyare probablyto be associatedwiththeseearlierburials.The final burial,I, thatofa male possiblyno olderthan35, was foundinsiturestingon theremainsof He was on hisleftside,skullin theNWcorner,feeton theS side.He was in a hispredecessors. crouchedposture,spinecurved,legs tightly flexed;therighthand lay in thegroin,whilethe - a flask, leftarmwas extendedbeneaththebody.Threevesselswerefoundabovetheskeleton 25 above the kneesand anotherflask,3, just N of 2. f3, a i, above thepelvis,a stirrup-jar,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts. 113, 121, 123
^5
glassbead, also probablybelongedto thisbody,in whichcase it mayhave been wornat the wrist.Duringstudyofthehumanbones,a fragment ofan incisedivoryor bonetubewas found. SM Thus,this gravewas used on at leasttwooccasions,whenbodieswereinhumed. POTTERY (PLATE 165) 1. FLASK (fig. 117).H. 11.8.D. 9.8. Complete;intact. Lightbrownclay; darkbrownpaint. Painton lip in and out; strokes on handles. Horizontal 'S' in shoulder zone above bands; band on body, foot reserved.SM. 2. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 117). H. 13.8. D. 11.5. Complete but fortwo pieces of wall, recomposed. Fine cream clay, dark brown paint. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Air hole at base of falseneck. Spiralon disc,centredon nipple;strokeson handles. Spout coated in, paint on lip out, strokes.Elaborate trianglesin shoulder;one, double outlined,on free side,withapex at air hole. Opposite,one each side of spout.Bandsbelow,and on lowerbody;painton foot. SM. AR 25 (1979)45, fig.7. 3. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 117). H. 12.5. D. 10.2. Complete,intact.Air hole at base of falseneck.Light brown clay, dark brown paint. Spiral on discus, centredon nipple.Strokeson handles.Painton spout lip, in and out; strokes.On side oppositespout two complex trianglesunited into single patternby an enclosingarc. The two basic triangleshave become
hatched curvilinear areas within a triangular framework. Smallerversionson oppositeside,one on each face between spout and handle. Bands on shoulderand lowerbody,painton foot.SM. 4. SMALL OINOCHOE WITH HIGH HANDLE (fig. 117). H. 11.3. D. 6.4. Complete; handle reattached.Lightbrownclay,darkbrownpaint.Clear marks(horizontal).Upper bodycoated (not trimming dipped- insideofmouthreserved).SM. 5. *FLASK (fig. 117).H. 12.6.D. 10.1. Recomposedof many; complete (chipped). Red-brownclay, black paint.Ornamentas 121.1, exceptno band on lower bodyor painton foot.SM. 6. *HANDMADE JUGLET (fig. 117).RestoredH. Much of neck,partof 7.5. D. 7.6. In manyfragments. rim,base and wall lost. Coarse reddish-brown clay, fireddarkerin places, surfaceblack, fairlysmooth. Vertical panels of incised linear ornamentlinesand groupsofstrokes. SM. alternating 7. THELASTRON (fig. 117). H. 10.5. D. 7.4. Complete; chipped. Red-brown clay, dark brown paint.Coated- twicedipped.SM.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 162;plate 273).L. 4.4. H. 2.2. Th. 0.15. Wt. 1.35 g. Complete;in threepieces; much oxidized. Arched. Single piece, trapezoidal section,springofone turn(left),catchplatehammered flatand rolled. 2. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 162; piati: 273). L. c. 4.5.
H. 2.7. Th. 0.25. Wt. 1.2 g. Catchplate,partpin and bow lost; much oxidized. Single piece, rectangular section,veryslim. 3. GLASS BEAD (figs. 162, 183). D. 1.75.L. 1. Dh. 0.45. Flattenedsphere.Opaque, pittedsurface,some golden/yellow colouring.
Tomb 123 (figs. 6, 33) Overalldimensions1.40 X 1.10.Extantdepth0.10-0.20. Traces werefoundof a tomb(?type)whichhad almostentirely erodedaway; in plan, the shallow'chamber'was trapezoidal. The tombwas foundon thew edge ofthecomplexat theSE pointofthecemetery ofwhich Ts. 104and 134werethemajorelements.It was immediately WofT 134,separatedfromitby a neckofkouskouras. On thesidenearestT. 134was an ovalpit.Therewas no orientation. This seemsto be theremainofa G tomb,whosecontentshad been smashedbystones. The 'chamber'was excavated as a singlelayer;twobasketsofpottery wererecovered. A seriesof was found X scattered over an area c. 1.20 wide which ran NNW-SSE: a objects long 0.40 rock-crystal - knife, bead,fi, twoironpins,f2,3, otherironfragments £B,daggers, £4,5, 8, dirk,f7; fragments ofbronze,fg, 13, an ironpin,fio, a bronzefibula, fu and a silverpin,¿12. In theovalpit{supro) werea broken 1 and below it a There wasalsoa fragment 2. ofbronze, pithos, kotyle, £14.
!66
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
POTTERY (PEATE 165) 1. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs.of base, body, handles,tripodfeet.In the preservedhandle panel, quadrated lozenge withvolutesat the corners,and dotted lozenge fill. Below, lines and bands, the topmostwithwhitezigzag columns,the next with triplecircles.Many linesenhancedin white.Double circlesin bottomband. EO. 2. *KOTYLE. DB. 4.2. Frs.of base and body.Fully coated.EO. 3. *CONIGAL LID. H. 14. DR. 24. Stemmedknob and about twothirdsof wall preserved.Exteriorfully coated,groupedwhitelines.Probablyfor123.1. EO. 4. *CUP. DR. 5.5. Frs. of base and wall. Painted insideand out.E 166,classB (iii).EO.
5. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3. Frs. of base and handle, part of shoulder. Grouped lines, the outermost thickened. E 158,classB (iii).EO. 6. *LEKYTHOS(?). DR. 2.4. Lower body only. thickened. EO. Groupedlines,theoutermost 7. KOTYLE. DB. 14. Frs.of rim,handle-panel,and lowerbody.Interiorcoated, reservedline below lip; exteriorlower body dark, double circles between handles.Barredhandle.EO. 8. *ARYBALLOS. DB. e. 4. Fr. of base and wall. Bucchero.EO. 9. *ARYBALLOS. Fr. of mouth and handle only. Handle barred;on mouth,outlinepetals,surrounded bydot-arcades.Near FortctsaPainter.LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (via. 184; plate 303). H. 0.4. D. 1.2. Dh. 0.35. Chipped. Plano-convexdisc; grooveeithersideofholeon flatside. to 2. IRON PIN frs.Two joiningpieces of pin-shaft, L. 9.7; sectionsquarish,Th. c. 0.4, so thatthismustbe one ofthelargertypes.See also 3, 10. 3. IRON PIN fr.Smallpiece ofshaft,L. 2.4. 4. 5. IRON DAGGER frs.Two pieces,nor certainly joiningbut presumablyfromthe blade of the same daggeror dirk.4 is frommiddleof blade, L. 2.4. W. 2.5; 5 formsthe lowerblade and tip,L. 10, W. 2.5, taperingto point;Max. Th. only0.2. 6. IRON KNIFE-TIP ? L. 2.3; W. 1, tapering to point.Too small to be fromany largerweapons or implement. 7. IRON DIRK fr.Piece ofblade,L. 2.8, W. 2.2. This is enoughto provethe existenceof a smallfragment seconddirkin thetomb,as it mustbe froma different piecefrom4. 8. IRON DAGGER HILT. Two joining pieces, makingup mostof the hiltof daggeror an unusually dirk.L. 7.2; extremeupperend brokenoff;W. flimsy at first'neck' 0.9; thensuccessively1.8, 1.7 (second, barelyperceptible'neck') and 2.6 at shoulder; no
flanges,and exceptionallythinfora hilt(Max. Th. 0.3); twoironrivetsvisible.It is likelythatthisforms thehiltfor4 + 5 above,wheretheblade was also very flat. 9. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt.0.7 g. 10. IRON PIN(S) frs.Five pieces of shaftand tip, fromone or morepins.Threejoin to formL. 8.9 from a shaft;a fourth, L. 4.7 is also froma shaft;thelast,L. 3, includesa tip. All the shaftsare of the squarish, heavyformof 2 above,Th. c. 0.4. The totallengthof pin represented in this grave, 28.7 cms., must representthe remains of at least two pins more, unless they were very long- although no heads survive. 11. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 3.6. H. 3.7. Wt. 5.5 g. Most of spring and pin lost; recomposed. Swollen bow, with ñnial, large Vila. rectangular catchplate.Sapouna-Sakellaraki 12. SILVER PIN (fig. 155; plate 267). H. 5.25. D. disc 0.75, shaft 0.3 to 0.1. Tip cracked; black corrosion. Silver or silver-lead alloy. Octagonalwithfourridgesabove and below. sectionedbaluster, 13. BRONZE SHEET fr.2.3 x'.5. Wt. 0.75g. 14. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 1.3g.
Tomb 125 W (figs. 4, 40; plate 29 a) Chamber:0.84 X 0.60-0.70. L. 1.85.W. up to 1.25.Stomion: L. overall2.48.Dromos: destroyed. was abnormalin beingwiderthan the chamber.This mightbe explainedby The dromos been of normalsize,butwas inadvertently enlargedin a botched supposingit had originally attemptat cuttinga nichein itsN face.There was a smalldepressionin itsNE corner.The rosein twostages,separatedby a step,at io° fromthechamberfloor,at 70 beyondthe dromos and itsblockinghad vanished.The small,oval chamberhad lostitsroof;its step.The stomion 0.80 high.The chamberfloorwas 1.90belowmodernsurface. backwallwas preserved
THE
MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts.
123, 125
x67
The tombwas isolatedfromthemaingroupofDA graves,in theWpartofthenecropolis, was SE-NW, 20.0 WofT. 100,29.0 E ofT. 75 (chamberto chamberin each case). Itsorientation E side. thechamberon the The tombwas identified mechanicalremovalof topsoil,whenit was seen as an following matrix.It was thoroughly irregularhead of soil in its whitekouskouras despoiled,perhaps thanksto its proximityto the mortuarychurch (though the usual signs of Ch. period werelacking).Despitespoliation,sixteenvaseswererecomposedfromitscontents. disturbance lyingoverand amonga depositof Layeri was an upperdepositofbrownsoiland kouskouras fieldstones,pithosfragmentsand finerpottery(joins withmaterialin lower levels);fia ofironsword)was in thislevel.Layers2, 3 and 4 consistedessentially ofsuccessive (fragments chamberand dromos floors,containing spitsof disturbedburialdeposit0.25 thick,overlying In layer3, 1-4, in layer4, 5-6 wereidentified in the ground. quantitiesof smashedpottery. at thetimeofexcavation;itwas subsequently almost Onlythebase of3 (pithos)was identified The essentialhomogeneity ofthefillwas established completely recomposedfromfragments. by recognisingfragmentsof the same vase throughoutthe fourlevels discriminatedin excavation.Otherfindson thefloorincludedfi, glassbead and f2, fragmentary ironjavelinhead. On the floor,an area of crematedbone no doubtrepresented the emptying of an ash urnwhenthetombwas pillaged. POTTERY
(PLATES
166 7)
1. OINOCHOE. H. 18.7. Most of mouth missing,gaps in body. Soft greyclay,brown grits,traces of dark grey slip,quasi-bucchero. Round handle, ringfoot.MG. Praisos type. H. 24. Three-quarters 2. LEKYTHOS, preserved. Cream slip. False ring foot, two grooves underneath. Bars inside lip, lines outside. Handle: dots between verticallines. MG. PITHOS 3. FOUR-HANDLED (1ig. 117). H. 34. DR. 16.5. Nearly complete. Rising concave lip, inset; bucranium and strap handles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A, abbreviated hunt scene: horse at gallop, controlled by reins, coursing hound; large hatched bird (forepartmissing); two large stars in field. B D, single wind of hatched meander. Below, meander interrupted only by bucrania. Handles: bars on bucrania with chevrons on central member; on straps, invertedchevrons and bars. MG; Horse workshop. LID (FIG. 117). H. 11. D. 22. Nearly 4. CONICAL Flat stem with two sharp ribs. Knob: knob, complete. reserved cross in double outline. Reserved zone with twelve silhouette birds; outline arc above back of one bird, recalling the handle of a bird askos. MG; fits pithos 125.3. For shape and knob cf. 292.155; for birds, 292.149. KRATER. PH. 5. *MINIATURE PEDESTALLED 11.7. Belly to base. Nine ribs on stem, two spaced bands inside bowl; otherwiseas 125.6. MG. 6. MINIATURE PEDESTALLED KRATER (fki. 117). H. 14.7. DR. 10.8. Nearly complete. Thick cream slip, brown paint. Round bucranium handles with flat strap to make stirrup;slight ridge between bowl and stem. Groups of bars on rim; handles barred. Side A
shown in drawing; B similar but with three zigzags above meander. MG. PITHOS. H. 40.3. DR. 18. 7. FOUR-HANDLED Two-thirds preserved. Inset lip, vertical rim; bucranium and strap handles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels, all with cross-hatched lozenges in lower register:A, C, hatched leaves; B, hatched battlement; D, stacked triangles with solid fill. Below, hatched meander interrupted only by bucrania. All handles barred. MG. Horse workshop. 8. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44. DR. c. 17.5. Two-thirds preserved. Buff slip. Inset lip, flat; bucranium handles, ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A, cross-hatched lozenges, hatched meander, quadruple zigzag; B, similar but with lozenges in lowest register. Handles barred. MG, late. Cf. E no. 867. LID. H. 10.8. D. 21. Three-quarters 9. CONICAL preserved. Knob concave above, rising slightly to central boss; one rib on stem. Knob fully painted. MG, late; perhaps with 125.8. 10. CONICAL LID. PH. 5.6. D. c. 25. Rim fr.Double axes and columns of dots, separated by bars. MG. 11. DOMED LID (!■](;. 117). H. 5.5. D. 21.5. Twothirds preserved. Cream slip. MG. Cf. Teketholosno. 5412. JUGLET. PH. 7.5. Upper part. Trace of cream wash. Three zones of dots; handle barred. M--LG. 13. »MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS (hg. 117).PH. 3.2. Half preserved, base missing. Thick cream slip. Handle barred. MG. 14. *SMALL CUP (via. 117). H. 4.3. DR. 5.7. Threequarters preserved,handle missing.Fully coated. MG.
ï68
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
15. LEKANE (FIG. 117). H. 4.6. DR. c. 21. Onethirdpreserved,centre missing.Orange-red clay, polished surface. Parts of two flat lug handles attached to rim, vertically pierced. Unpainted. MG.
16. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 4.4. Frs. of neck withridge and roundhandlestump;lowerpartofglobularbody withdisc foot.Yellow-grey clay,pale orangesurface. Lineson neck,band roundfoot.CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984,132no. 50.
SMALL FINDS 1. GLASS BEAD, fr.D. c. 1.1.Sphericalshape; much surface worn.Palegreenpowdery decayedtowhiteyellow. ia. IRON SWORD-BLADE frs. Five ruinously erodedpieces,plus foursmallscraps,fromthe blade of a large,one-edgedweapon like E no. 1612. Two one of twoand theotherof threepieces,join lengths, to formLs. of 10.5 + 14.7;W, generallyc. 4; Th. at backrangesfrom1 to 0.7.
2. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs. Five pieces (two joining)fromthesocketand blade ofa javelin.Socket, apparentlycomplete in one piece, L. 9.9; D. 1.7 0.7). Blade, 1.3),taperingto 1.2 (internally (internally fourpiecespreserved:L. (twojoiningpieces)8.5 + 3.2 + 2.5; W. ranges from2.2 to 2; midrib,Th. c. 1. Unusuallyslenderand long,giventhatthe fragments are notcontinuous.
Tomb 126 (plate 29 b) Whatremainedwas in twoparts:(a) 1.58 X 0.70-0.90in plan,(b) 1.82 X 0.78. Littlemorethanthe erodedO tombwas notascertainable. The originalformofthisgrossly floorremained,formingan irregularcuttingin the rock,in two sections(a), irregular, (b) in plan. rectangular The tomb was foundnear Ts. 104 and 123,part of the complex at the SE part of the ofwhichTs. 104and 134werethemajorelements.Therewas no orientation. cemetery The tomb was foundas a head of dark soil duringcleaningby hand of the kouskouras mechanicalclearanceof topsoil.The NWside was damaged by a shallow surface,following church. Ottomanpit,dugbetweenthetomband theenclosurewallofthemortuary limitoftheDA the to determine was as was cleared As muchoftheOttomanpit necessary of £4 etc,fi-3, 5-7 (bronzefragments), grave.It was up to 0.70 deep. Three baskets pottery, ofsoftdarksoil and f8, (a piece ofmarbleopussedile)werefoundin thefilling (ironfragment) withfewstones.The pit'sfullextentto theE and Wwas notrecorded. ofa cremationpithos,1, its werethebrokenfragments In theE partofthegrave,(a) supra, 1 a fibula,fg, was foundin a patch lid,2, and a jug, 3, as wellas a numberofsherds.Under were two separate of burning.In the w part,(b), in additionto threebasketsof fragments thetripodbase of the was againsttheNWedge comprising cutting, depositsofvases.The first 6 and ofa cremation (cup).4 appeared pithos,4, on each side ofwhichwere5 (closedvessel) whichextended0.20 beyondtheNWedge. to havebeen in a separatecuttingin thekouskouras 4 stoodonly0.10 belowthesurfaceand therestofthevase had been brokenand borneaway of pithosfoundjust to the N may have belonged.The soil. A fragment withthe overlying secondgroupwas in the oppositeSE corner,at a deeperlevel (0.40 below surface),thereby It comprisedthe O standedoinochoe,7, overwhose spouthad been escapingdestruction. level. was foundat thecorresponding placeda cup,8. No traceofan interment POTTERY (PLATES 167-8) i. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 117).PH. 25.5. base missing.Lip almost DR. c. 10.7.Half preserved, painted.Panels: hatchedbird risingslightly; straight, with raised wing, flanked by columns of cross-
Aboveand below,in whiteon dark,lozenge hatching. chain between lines. Paint on horizontalhandles, diagonal cross between bars on straps.Bands and linesbelow.LG, late.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
2. DOMED LID. H. 4.5. D. 19.5. Nearly complete. Everted lip, one pair of suspension holes. White on dark: groups of bars on lip, massed triple circles. LG-EÒ. With pithos 126. 1. 3. *JUG, mug type. PH. 6.4. Base to belly. Flat base. Dots at upper break, lines, paint to base. LG. With pithos 126. 1. Cf. 14.10. PITHOS. Frs. of tripod legs 4. *POLYCHROME with prong marks, and small part of attached base only.Traces of blue paint. O. 5. *CLOSED VESSEL. DB. 9. Base only. Exterior coated in dark paint. O. 6. *CUP (FIG. 117). H. 12. Gaps in wall, most of rim missing. Tall lip, strap handle. Interior, lines. Exterior, on lip, band of double axes between verticals. Shoulder, tongues. Below, lines and band. Handle, alternating groups of vertical and horizontal lines. Perhaps by the same hand as 34.7. LO. OINOCHOE. H. 32 (plate 167). 7. STANDED Complete. Secondary spout in the shape of a deer head. Rope handle. Handle and mouth dark. Neck, chevrons to right.Details of deer in dark paint. Body SMALL
SITE
Ts. 125-6, 129
X6g
in circular panels, as illustrated. By the Fortetsa Painter.LO. Ann.61 (1983) 41 fig.10. 8. CUP. H. 7. DR. 8.2. Gaps in rim. Fully coated inside and out. E 166, class B (iii). LO. 9. *DOMED LID. D. 9.5. Fr. of rim and adjoining wall. Shape and decoration as 126.2. LG-EO. 10. BIRD BOWL. Two joining frs. of rim. Clay misfired.Nicked rim. Interior coated. Exterior,upper part of lozenge panel, and part of an adjoining bird panel with half-lozenge pendent. East Greek: 650, or a littlelater. 11. FLAT-BOTTOMED OINOCHOE (?). Two nonjoining frs. only. Fine creamy clay, worn dark paint. Two incised rosettes, small part of human figure. Corinthian, EC. 12. LID. Three frs.,twojoining, with knob. Disc, with stemless knob. Knob, tongues in circle. Exterior of lid dark; interior,bands. For shape, cf. Hartley96, fig.26.1. LO. PITHOS. Two frs. with 13. TWO-HANDLED handles, parts of shoulder. Above handles, fivefold circles, the outermost thickened. Fivefold circles below. LO.
FINDS
1. BRONZE frs. 2. BRONZE SHEET fr.L. 10.2. W 4.5. Th. 0.1. Wt. 16 g. Shapeless- too thin forvessel? 3. BRONZE CRUMB. Wt. 0.1 g. 4. IRON STRIP fr.Twisted piece of iron strip, L. c. 10, section 1.2 by 0.3. Uncertain use. Premodern? 5. BRONZE CRUMBS. Wt. 0.5 g. Two pieces. 6. BRONZE frs.Wt. 1 g. 7. BRONZE TOOL? (fig. 162 plate 273). L. 4.7.
Head W. 0.3. Wt. 3.75 g. Tapering shaft, section round, hammered flat at broad end. Bent out of shape. Function not clear. 7a. BRONZE SHEET frs. (Largest) 3.5 X 1.8. Wt. 14.2 g. Very thin. 8. STONE MOSAIC COMPONENT. R. 9. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 7.5. H. 6.5. Bow Th. 0.3. Wt. 6.5 g. Broken; oxidized; recomposed. Arched; rod section trapezoidal. Spring of one turn. BlinkenbergW.
Tomb 129 w (figs. 4, 40) L. overall:2.20.Dromos: L. 1.40.W. 0.70-0.30.Chamber:1.00 X 0.78. The shortwedge-shapeddromos rosea verticaldistanceof0.35 at a mean angleof 180,with a slightdownwardkickat itsouterend. A curiousridgeof red mud,or pisé, divideddromos fromchamber,and formeda slightstepdownintothelatter.It mayhavebeen thefoundation forthe(missing) The floorofthesmalloval chamber blockingwall.Therewas no realstomion. was at least0.80 belowmoderngroundsurface.The roofwas destroyed; theback wall ofthe chambersurvived 0.45 high. The tombwas the S-mostof a N-S groupof four,75-107-132-129,in the W-centre of the The orientation was the chamber on E the side of the dromos. ESE-WNW, cemetery. The tomb was identifiedas a head of dark soil withinthe kouskouras matrixafterthe mechanicalremovalof topsoil,and subsequenthand-cleaningof the surface.It had been robbed.
!7o
KNossos the north cemetery
and chamber,was lightyellowish-brown with The fill,indistinguishable betweendromos R a or ECh kouskouras It contained both G and later of black some glass, lumps. pottery,piece plaster,manysmallscrapsof burntbone, and a fewunburnt.Stones,presumablyfromthe Near, blockingwall,werein theupperchamberfilland scatteredin thecentreof the dromos. and amongstthelatterweremanyash-urnsherds.Some mayhavebeen fromi, base ofa MG pithos,setin thecentreoftheback ofthechamber,as thoughinsitu.A MG aryballos,2 + 3, NE,and piecesofan E-MG cup,4, werenear,fi, a Minoan sealstone,was in layimmediately filljust above 1; f2, bronzesheetfragments, were on the SWside of the chamber,and Í3, obsidianblade,came fromthechamber'sfinalcleaning.Theremayhavebeen one otherearly wereamongcollectedsherds. forfragments ofan EG pithosand kalathos-lid interment, POTTERY (PEATE 168) 1. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 40.2. DR. c. 18. Two-thirds preserved.Whitegrits.Concave insetlip, risingrim. Bucraniumand straphandles,ringfoot. Painton lip. Panels:thicksinglezigzag,cross-hatched lozenges, triple zigzag; hatched meander below, stoppedonlybypaintunderbucraniumhandles.Bars on bucrania,zigzagson straps.Bands and linesbelow. MG, Horseworkshop. 2. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.4. Three-quarterspreserved. Soft orange clay. Rounded base. Unpainted. MG; withpithos129.1.
3. Vacatpartof129. 1. 4. *CUP. H. c. 10, DR, c. 12. Frs., handle missing. Flat base. Fullycoated.E-MG. Evertedlip,notoffset. E 166classB (ii). 5. *NECKED PITHOS (fig. 121).H. 40.5. DR. c 18. Buffwash.EG. Base to shoulder;rimfr.,non-joining. 6. *KALATHOS-LID (fig. 117).H. 5.1. D. 15. Half Yellowslip.Two circlesunderbase. EG. preserved. 7. *BIRD VASE. Fr.of breastonly.Cream slip,pale brownpaint. Incised triangularfeatherson breast, raised.LO. painted.Leadingedge ofwingslightly
SMALL FINDS 1. CHLORITE SEAL (fk;. 193; plate 303). L. 1. W. 1.3. Th. 0.75. Dh. 0.2. Quarter lost. Grey-green, mottled.Amygdaloid;withquartersmarkedoffand filledbygroovedchannelson face.Minoan.
2. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 0.1 g. 3. OBSIDIAN PRISMATIC BLADE, fr.L. 1.6. W. 1.6.Th. 0.3. Black.Minoan?
Tomb 132 W (figs. 4, 40; plate 29 c-f) W. 0.56. 0.24 deep. Chamber:1.20 X L. 3.60. W. 0.72-0.90. Stomion: L. overall:5.26. Dromos: 1.30.H. c.0.90. widenedsomewhattowardsthe stomion. The slightly irregularwalls of the narrowdromos at an angleof,first, rosea verticaldistanceof 1.00fromthestomion The dromos 120,then170,to was flanked stomion an almostverticalcut 0.50 high,reachingsurfaceat an angleof78o. The X Th. 0.12-0. 16, was 0.72, by prominent,roundeddoor jambs. The blockingstone,0.97 at outward founddisplacedby thelooters,itsloweredge 0.70 above the dromos floor,leaning was N wall Its chamber. an angleof40o. Therewas no stepdownintothealmostrectangular sidesand sharpangles.It was unusualin thatitslength had straight butitotherwise irregular, exceededitswidth.Roundthesidesand back was a verylow benchor platform up to slightly with was strewn central once stood.The space 0.30 wideuponwhichtheash-urnspresumably a was barrel-vault, dropping fine,water-worn gravel.The roof,muchofwhichwas preserved, was a niche just outsidethestomion, awayto a low (0.32)backwall.On theN sideofthedromos, floor. 1.00 wide,0.43 deep,0.52 high,c.0.65-0.85abovethedromos The tomb was part of a N-S group of four- 75, 107, 132, 129- in the W centreof the
THE
MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts.
129, 132
^
Its orientation was ESE-WNW, thechamberon theE side ofthe (likeitsneighbours) cemetery. dromos.
The tomb was identifiedas a head of dark soil withinthe kouskouras matrixafterthe mechanicalremovalof topsoiland subsequenthand-cleaningof the surface.The tombhad been robbedfromabove byremovalofthefrontoftheroofand thedromos fillto theWend of theniche. W ofthedisplacedblockingstone,theearthin thedromos in itslowest (Level 1),particularly undisturbed, part,seemedcomparatively thoughthreebasketsof sherdswererecovered,and manysmalllumpsofburntwood,but no burntbone. Five scrapsofunburntbone mayhave come fromthelarnax[infra). N wall, 1.40 fromitsbeginning, Againstthe dromos^ 0.72 below the top of the cutting(wellabove the floor)was a small(0.20 X 0.26) patch of carbonized, rathergreasy-looking thedromos back-fill earth,suggesting mayhave includedsweepingsfrom thepyre.Threebasketsofmaterialcame fromtheupperdromos-ñll betweentheblockingstone - wornG sherds,HL and R and thechamber,includingrubbishofall periods bitsof pottery, floor-tile of mortuarychurch-type, a marble a sea-worm cast pinkwaterproof plaster, chip, used a as a bit of cockle of cremated and sandcore bead, shell, bone, fi, perhaps £5,scraps f2, 3, glassfragments, glassfragment, probablyR or later.Levelwiththetop oftheblocking area stone,manysherdsof ash-urnsand lids appeared. There was a mass in the stomion and continued down to floor level. were too smashed and particularly, they They mingledin confusionto distinguishindividualvessels,except forthe aryballos,2. The back of the chamberwas comparatively of smallerpots remainingthere(Level 2), empty,onlyfragments and it seemed clear thatthe lootershad thrownout the ash-urns.In the ten basketsof G sherdstakenup fromthislevel were pieces of the larnax, 38, (infra)and occasional later in particulartwoLR sherdsprovidea terminus antequern nonfortherobbing.Scraps fragments; ofbothburntand unburntbone werealso foundwiththismass ofpottery. The dromos-niche containedtheremainsof a LM III tub-larnax, which to be in situ.1, partof a 38, appeared LG-EO pithos,was in thedromos, nearit. The tomb had once contained at least forty-two pots; excludingthe larnax 38 and a and and the used in lid, 9 straight-sided pithos 9a (heirlooms?), tombwas firstextensively and continued into O. and were MG MG, sporadically 3 4 fragmentary ash-urns,and a pedestalkrater, 41, mayhavebeen a thirdurn. 13 and 14 wereMG lids(14 fitted4). 15-20, 22-3, 39 were MG domed lids, 40 ?EG. The cups, 28 and 37, and an Atticoinochoe fragment, 27, werealso MG. TherewerefiveLG urns,5-7, 10, 12; thecups 26, 32 and the lid 35 werealso LG. 1 was theonlyLG-EO urn;fragments ofcups,24, 25, and lids,21, 42, wereofthesameperiod.8, 29, 31 werepartsofEO urns,36 an EO lid. n, 30 wereO urns; also O werethearyballos,2, an animaltail,33, and a juglet,34. POTTERY (PLATES 16972) 1. *TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 31. Belly to lowerbody;also rimfrs.withhorizontalhandle,DR. c. 13. Inset lip, painted; ovoid body.Panels missing. Bandsand lines,borderedin white.LG-EO. 2. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS (plate 171).PH. 5.8. Two thirdsofbodyand partofneckonly.Neck ridge. Exteriorfullycoated,surfacechipped.O. 3. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 39. DR. 23.5. Nearly complete. Concave inset lip, rising rim. Bucraniumand straphandles.Ring foot.Painton lip.
Panels: A, B, hatchedmeander,triplezigzag; C, D, hatcheddiagonal crosses(D, withverticalwavylines in spaces), triplezigzag. Below, hatched meanders stoppedonlyby bucrania.Bands and lines. Bars on bucrania;bars and W-columnson straps.MG, Horse workshop. 4. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 40.5. DR. 18. Bodynearlycomplete,base missing.Concave insetlip, risingrim.Bucraniumand straphandles.Painton lip. Panels: hatched meander, triple zigzag; below,
!72
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
hatched meander interruptedonly by bucrania. Handles: bars on bucrania, chevronsdown central member;on straps:A, two panels containing(i) star (ii) double zigzag; B, starsin bothpanels.Bands and Cf,75.38 and E no. 608. lines,MG, Horse workshop. The lid 132.14 fits. 5. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 34.4. DR. c. 16. Two-thirdspreserved,mostof base missing.Cream slip.Flat insetlip,singleroundand straphandles,ring foot.Painton and belowlip. Panels:A, B, solidleaves, hatched meander, groups of bars; horizontal S's below.C, D, dots,hatchedmeander(chevroncolumn to L. in D), dots. Paint on horizontalhandles; on straps,verticallines,withcolumnof dots on reverse. Bandsand lines.MG, late. 6. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 18.5. Three-quarters preserved. Flat inset lip. Single horizontaland smallstraphandles,discfoot.Painton rim,lip partlyreserved.Shoulder:tonguesflankedby bars,blankabove horizontalhandles.Panels:hatched battlement,dotted lozenge chain. Verticalline on straps,painton horizontalhandles.Below,continuous zone of whitedouble circles.Bands and lines with A 2. whiteborders.LG, late.Cf.75.164 and Atsalenio 7. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 17.5. Two-thirdspreserved. Inset concave lip. Single handles,firingholes pierceddiagonallythroughthe roots.Ring foot.Painton lip and handles.Panels:A, hatchedleaves,all hatchedleaves,hatchedbattlement, flankedbycolumnsofwhitedoublecircles.B missing. Below,zone of whitedouble circles;bands and lines, borderedin white.LG. 8. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 39.6. DR. 13.5. Three-quarterspreserved.Inset concave lip, rising rim.Ring foot.Paint on lip. Panels: multiplezigzag flankedby lozenge crosses(dotsin lozenge quarters, whitedotsalong diagonalcrosses).Below and at each side,largetriplewhitecircles,widelyspaced; same in belly zone. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Handlespainted.EO. Cf. O 32. 9. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. H. 48.5. DR. 34. Three-quarterspreserved.Grittyorange clay,many brown inclusions;uneven surface.Buffwash, redbrown paint. Handmade. Slight carination on verticalhandlesjust flatbase; threeflattened shoulder, below shoulder(one brokenoff,one missing),two roundedhorizontalhandleshalfwaydownbody.Band on shoulder;on body,fourdiagonal bands between lines; band at base. Paint on all handles. Middle MinoanI (?). 9a. FLAT LID. H. 4.7. D. c. 42. Rim and wall frs. Grittyorangeclay,greycore; fabricsimilarto 132.9. Rounded rim, convex wall, flat top. Unpainted. Probablyintendedfor132.9. 10. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 118).H. c. 42. DR. c. 16. Two thirdspreserved,in two frs.Cream
slip. Inset concave lip, risingrim. Single roundand straphandles.False ringfoot.Lip unpainted.Panels: A, upper part missing,solid double axe flankedby dottedlozenge crosses,hatchedmeander;B, upper rowof smallpanels partmissing,hatchedbattlement, (restmissing);C, includinglozengestarand W-column as drawn;D, trace of multiplezigzag in centre,rest missing.Curvedstripeson horizontalhandles,barson straps.Bandsand lines.LG, early 11. NECKED PITHOS. DR. 19. H. 34.5. Two thirds ofbody,halfrimand handlesmissing. Largequintuple circlesbelow rim. Two groups of bands and lines. Mat-markon one side.LO. 12. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 46. DR. 13.5.Frs.Cream slip.Shortinsetlip,ovoidbody,ring foot,one strap preserved.Paint on lip. Panels: A, missing;B, hatchedmeander,dottedlozengechain;C, two rowsof horizontalS's, restmissing;D, missing. Strap: two panels withdouble diagonalcross.Bands and lines.LG, early.Cf. BSA 6 (1899-1900)23, fig.25, centre. 13. CONICAL LID. H. 12. D. 26. Nearlycomplete. Heavyfabric.Two ribson stem.Knob: reservedcross, solid paint in quadrants and centre. Hatched meander.MG. 14. CONICAL LID. H. 14.5. D. 23.7. Nearly complete.Lustrousblack paint. Conical finial,three ribs. Circles round edge of knob, cross-hatched triangleson finial.Hatchedmeander.MG. Fitspithos 132.4. 15. DOMED LID. H. 6.8. D. 24.7. Three-quarters preserved.Fabricand shape as 132.19. Small wheel at centre,fivezones of gridpattern,bars on rimand handle.Fourbandsinside.MG. 16. *DOMED LID. PH. 5. D. c. 26. Rim fr.Fabric and shape as 132.19. Decorationas 132.23 butwith zigzagon lip.Bandsinside.MG. 17. DOMED LID. H. 7.1. D. 25. Nearlycomplete.As 132.19 butwithtenzonesofzigzag.MG. 18. DOMED LID (FIG.118).H. 7.7. D. 25.7. Nearly complete.Fabricand shape as 132.19. Centralmotif as drawn; zigzag, horizontal S's; empty zone; horizontalS's, zigzag; scribblebetweenlines on lip, band at rim.Handle barred,fourbandsinside.MG. 19. DOMED LID (FIG. 118). H. 6.6. D. 25. Nearly complete. Red-brown clay, cream slip, polished; fugitiveblack paint. One horizontalround handle, evertedlip withcarination.Centre: bars in double circle. Zones of four intersecting wavy lines alternatingwithfourzigzags. Band on lip. Handle: barsbetweenlines.Threebandsinside.MG. 20. DOMED LID. H. 7.2. D. 24.3. Nearlycomplete. Fabricand shape as 132.19. Fromcentre,triplecircle withbars,horizontalS's, emptyzone, lozengechain, emptyzone, zigzag, horizontalS's; lip, handle and as 132.18. MG. interior
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
LID. H. 8.5. D. 17. Two-thirds 21. CONICAL preserved. Knob flat on top with quintuple circle; bands and lines. LG-EO. 22. DOMED LID. H. 5.9. D. 21.3. Three-quarters preserved. Everted lip with carination. White on dark: triple circle at centre,hatched leaves, columns of four dots in groups of five, hatched leaves, double circle; band and lines on lip. MG. 23. DOMED LID. H. c. 7. D. c. 24. Frs. Fabric and shape as 132.19. Double circle at centre, billets,grid pattern; two zones of billets between grid pattern, separated by empty zone; a third on lip and carination. Handle: dots between lines. Five bands inside. MG. 24. CUP (fig. 118). H. 10. 1. DR. 13.6. Two-thirds preserved. Metopal panels separated by columns of cross-hatching: (i) lozenge cross; (ii) volute tree; (iii) apparently as (i). Handle: diagonal cross, bars. LG/EO. Bird workshop. Cf. E no. 1515 (lozenge cross) and no. 1047 (volute). 25. *CUP (fig. 118). PH. 10. DR. 14. One third preserved, base missing. Fabric and shape as 132.24. Metopal panels, separated by crosshatching: (i) quatrefoil lozenge; (ii) missing; (iii) as (i) but the quatrefoil leaves are in single outline. White paint in vertical divisions and under panels. Handle and interior as 132.24. LG/EO. Bird Workshop. 26. CUP. PH. 5.7. Base and lower body. Fabric and shape as 132.24. Lower edge of metopal panels: (i) claws of bird; (ii) lozenge cross, double outline; crosshatching between. Inside, reserved circle on floor.LG, late. Bird Workshop. PH. 15. Mouth to belly. Soft 27. OINOCHOE. orange-buff clay, mica, brown grits, lustrous black paint thinned to brown for ornament. Bars on strap handle. Neck panel: sigmas between lines. Attic MG II. 28. CUP. H. 9.7. DR. c. 13. Much of rim missing. Short oblique lip, not offset; flat base with string mark. Fully coated. E 166 class B (ii). MG. PITHOS. DB. e. 14. Frs. of 29. POLYCHROME base, adjoining body, one ribbed foot, one horizontal handle. Worn. Traces of registersof panels on body, one containing blue guilloche with red fill. Between fill, traces of volute chain with supporting blue lozenges. Below, blue and red lozenges. Blue and red arcades above handles. MO. PITHOS. DB. 12. Frs. of 30. POLYCHROME
SMALL
SITE
- T. 132
^3
body, base and one ribbed foot. Between feet, cross-hatched circle enclosing leaf-rosette, column. On base, arcaded tongues. Blue, with red fill. MO. 31. PITHOS. Frs. of panel only. Between lines, two sets of fivefoldcircles, dots between second and third, vertical zigzags between. EO. 32. SMALL CUP (FIG. 118). H. 4.9. DR. 7. Twothirds preserved, handle broken off; bars on stump. Reserved circle on floor.LG, late. 33. AJOURÉ ANIMAL TAIL. H. 2.3. Square-section curled tail. Dark paint. O? 34. *JUGLET. DR. 5. Half of upper body, one third of mouth and handle, body-sherds. Short incised stroke at base of neck; handle, straight incised line between wavy ones. Bucchero. O. 35. CONICAL LID. H. 8.9. D. c. 20.5. One quarter preserved. Broad low conical knob, convex in profile, flat on top with reserved cross. Bands and lines. LG, early.Cf. 2 18. 131. 36. CONICAL LID. H. 7.5. DR. 16.5. Gaps in wall and rim. Rings on knob, bands and lines enhanced in white. Fits 132.8. EO. 37. CUP. H. 10.4. DR. c. 12.5. Two-thirdspreserved. As 132.28 but deeper. MG. 38. *MINOAN BATHTUB LARNAX frs.: (a) base, L. 38, Th. 2.5, gritty orange clay, curved at one end, unpainted; (b) rim from another larnax, PH. 4.5, L. 16, Th. 2.5., grittygrey clay, dark red paint; obtuse angle on exterior, gentle curve inside. LM III A-B. 39. *DOMED LID. PH. 7. D. c. 26. Fr., rim to near centre. Fabric as 132.19. Everted lip with sharp carination; another carination near centre. Horizontal S's, zigzag, horizontal S's, all alternating with empty zones. Band and lines on lip. Handle barred. Bands inside. As 132.17. MG. PH. 3.5. D. c. 40. DOMED LID (OMPHALOID?). 24. Rim fr. with handle. Broad straight lip with carination. Trace of solid leaves at break; net pattern on lip, handle barred, bands inside. EG (?). KRATER. PH. 4.5. DB. e. 18. 41. *PEDESTALLED Foot frs. Red paint. Three ribs on stem, concave profile.Reserved zone near base: sets of seven or eight bars. LG. 42. *DOMED LID. PH. 4.4. D. 21. Half preserved, centre missing. Flat everted lip, no carination. White on dark: arcade near centre, double circles, dots on rim. LG-EO. As O 41.
FINDS
1. GLASS fr.,sandcore: O? 2-3. GLASS VESSEL frs.,R.
4. OBSIDIAN FLAKE. L. 2. W 1.4.Th. 0.45.Black Minoan? 5. COCKLE SHELL {Cardiumedule).
!74
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 134 SE (figs. 6, 37; plate
30 a-e)
Ts. 104,134. See Introduction: L. overall:3.60. W. (topartition) 1.22.N niche:1.20wide,1.00deep. S niche:0.92 wide,0.66 deep. a roughly T. 104,comprising thesame as itsimmediateneighbour, The designis essentially oval central'chamber', with a large niche/smallchamber cut on opposite sides of the the 'chamber'.The E side of the 'chamber'was brokenintowhen T. 104 was constructed, The T see wall but a substantial 104). (fordetails, clumsyblocking damagebeingrepairedby two nicheswere sealed offfromthe 'chamber' by stone blockings.The N niche blocking includeda slab 0.75 X 0.18. The tombwas in a verycrowdedsectionon theE side ofthenecropolis, goingveryclosely was almostdue N-S. withT. 104,and probablyTs. 135and 159as well.Itsorientation withT. 104,as a largeshapelesshead ofsoiluncoveredin The tombwas identified together clearedmechanically thecleaningbyhand ofan area previously matrixfollowing itskouskouras the'chamber' excavation and oftopsoil.It was notimmediately during separatedfromT. 104, of as partsof T. 104,untilthe significance thepartition and the S nicheweremisinterpreted - see infra). There of finds wall was appreciated.(This led to some temporary misnumbering S and close to the niche,where in the area of the partition, mayhave been HL disturbance somelooselongboneswerefoundin layer1,and otherbonesamongthepartition, perhapsto be associatedwith'T 104', 2, a coarse ware oinochoe fromthe same area. There may, therefore, originallyhave been an HL inhumationroughlyoverlyingthe partitionwall, HL gravecutintothefillofT. 104(q.v.). the to parallel The only object foundin the 'chamber' was 'T 104', 10, an EG hydria,close to the blockingsealingthe N niche/chamber.In the S niche,almostfillingit,was the coarsepithos 'T. 104',1, lyingon itsside,0.76 high.Tuckedintothespace betweenitsfootand theside of to T. 104- a PGB trickjug, 24, a bell attributed the nichewereseveralfinds,all originally 25. Insidethepithoswere'T. 104'6, LPG/PGB feedingbottle,fl>,bronzefibula,f7, skyphos, amberbead,fi2, pairofgoldearringsand fi3, scrapsofsheetbronze. and probablyonlythelarnax77 was in itsoriginalposition. The N nichewas veryconfused, inventoried Of seventy-seven vases, onlyfortyfourwere recognizedas such,planned and numberedduringexcavation.The remainderwas identifiedand inventoriedduringpostexcavationstudyof the sherd materialfromthe fill. 1-20 were foundin no significant overthewholearea oftheniche/chamber, exceptin theNWsector i, 4, 7, 10, relationship MG/LG smalljuglets,2, 8, 9, 17, 20 (LG/EO smallcups),3, MG lekythos, 5, MG coarse small M-LG EG coarse M/LG LG cup, 14 + i65 12, 13, juglet, lid, 11, lekane,6, aryballos, lids. 22, MG MG MG amphora,15 + 21 + 23, MG neck-handled i85 pyxis 19, amphora, above. enumerated vases the from earth loose in found was f2, 3, 5, 8, 9, miniature, cleaning horizon. in same the found were of and of bronze iron, fi, 6, 7, fragments fragments insideit was 24, M/LG juglet, The larnaxstoodagainsttheS wall oftheniche/chamber; and 25, M-LG pedestalledkrater.Betweenthe larnax and the main blockingstonewas a group of sixteenvases packed veryclose together,nearlyall small 26, 31, 43, M/LG 29, EG oinochoe,32, EG juglets,27, EG smalljug, 28, 30, 38, 44, EG and MG lekythoi, smalljug, 36, 37, 39, 40, MG or LG smallcups,41, PGB feedingjug, 42, MG miniature werefound 34, M-LG coarsejug, 35, MG kalathos-lid amphora.33, CypriotBoR lekythos, and obviouslystandapartfromthe Larnax groupin near theW wall of the niche/chamber, types.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- T. 134
175
POTTERY
(PLATES 173-5) 1. *JUGLET. H. 9.3. Nearly complete. As 134.10. M-LG. 2. *CUP. H. 9.8. DR. 11. Nearly complete. As 134.9. LG-EO. H. 14. Mouth and handle broken. 3. *LEKYTHOS. As 134.28 but with flat base and without dots on neck. MG. 4. *JUGLET. H. 9. Nearly complete. As 134.10 but with broader neck. MG. 5. *COARSE BASIN. DR. c. 36. Fragmentary.Hard grittyorange clay, trace of cream slip. Rounded rim, concave lip with carination, straight wall, flat base rough underneath. Stump of strap handle attached at carination. MG (?). Cf. Í/M II, GD 34. 6. CONICAL LID. H. 10.5. D. 20. Half preserved. Three ribs on knob, six-pointedstar on top. LG, early. 7. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete. Strap handle with bars, flat base. Zones: dotted lozenge chain, dots, zigzag. M-LG. 8. *CUP. Frs. As 134.9. LG-EO. 9. CUP (FIG. 118). H. 9.6. DR. 12.3. Complete. Strap handle with three bars and three vertical lines. Base reserved outside; reserved circle on floor inside. LG-EO. F. 166 class B (iii). 10. JUGLET. H. 8.4. Complete. Strap handle with bars, flatbase. Paint inside rim. M-LG. 11. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.6. Complete. Bars on handle, flatbase, paint inside rim. M-LG. 12. COARSE JUGLET. H. 7.7. Complete. Gritty micaceous red clay, unpainted. Strap handle with central depression. Disc foot. Five grooves on neck and shoulder. EG. 13. SMALL CUP. H. 4.6. DR. c. 6.5. Two-thirds preserved,handle missing.Tall lip, flatbase. White on dark: two zones of pointed zigzag, groups of three bars, two more pointed zigzags. Fully coated. M-LG. AMPHORA. H. 36. DR. 14. NECK-HANDLED 9.2. Complete. Cream slip. Rounded rim, strap handles; false ring foot, unsteady. Uneven surface. Dark ground. Bars on rim, hatched meander in neck panels. Shoulder: groups of three diagonal bars, sloping in alternate directions. Bands and lines below. Band inside rim. Bars on handles, interrupted by threeverticallines in centre. MG. AMPHORA. H. 73.5. DR. 15. NECK-HANDLED 20. Two-thirds preserved. Thick and lustrous black paint. Thickened lip with three grooves. Rope handle, two bosses on shoulder each side, ring foot. Dark ground. Neck panels: A as shown; B, quadruple zigzag, hatched meander, vertical chevrons. Shoulder panels: A, centre, dotted lozenge chain, triple zigzag, dotted lozenge chain; columns to L., dotted lozenge chain, stack of W's interrupted by boss framed in concentric squares; columns to R., stack of V's, dotted lozenge chain passing over boss, broader column
horizontally subdivided into triple zigzag, single zigzag, triple zigzag. B, centre, dotted lozenge chain, quintuple zigzag with bars on upper apices; columns to L., stack of V's, dotted lozenge chain passing over boss; columns to R., dotted lozenge chain passing over boss with extra dots to L., stack of V's, dotted lozenge chain, stack of V's. Zones below of hatched meander and pendent hatched tongues with outline. Bars on rope handles, bands inside rim. MG. Includes 134.21 and 134.23, found under and in larnax respectively; also 134.16. AR 25 (1979) 49, fig.20. 16. Part of 134.14. 17. *CUP. H. 9.5. DR. 10.8. Three-quarters preserved. As 134.9. LG-EO. 18. SMALL LID. H. 2.9. D. 10. Complete. Everted sloping lip, low dome, pair of suspension holes. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16 c. 19. SMALL LID. H. 2.5. D. 9.4. Shape as 134.18, but with lower dome and flatterlip. MG, late. Urns withLids 119,pl. 16 c. 20. CUP. H. 10. DR. 11. Complete. As 134.9. LG-EO. 21. Part of 134.15. H. 1.9. 22. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. Complete. Shape as 134.61. Two lines, double chevrons, paint to base. Bars on handle, paint inside rim. E-MG. 23. Part of 134.15. 24. *JUGLET. H. 8.2. Nearly complete. As 134.10 but with broader and shorterneck. M-LG. KRATER (fig. 122). H. 36. DR. 25. PEDESTALLED 31. One handle and parts of body missing. Stirrup handle(s), vertical strapjoining round horizontal part. Grooved stem; on strap,groups of bars interruptedby diagonal cross; two curved stripes on horizontal member. Groups of bars on rim; identical panels on both sides. MG or early LG. AR 25 (1979) 49, fig.19. 26. JUGLET. H. 8.4. Complete. As 134.10 but with broader and shorter neck; body more biconical. M-LG. H. 11.3. Complete. Strap 27. JUG-ARYBALLOS. handle, flat base with stringmark.Paint under base, spaced bars on handle, line inside lip. EG. 28. LEKYTHOS. H. 17. Complete. Semi-lustrous black paint. Round handle, ring foot. Paint on handle and inside rim. MG. H. 14.2. Nearly complete. Strap 29. OINOCHOE. handle, conical foot. Zigzag between lines on neck. Shoulder: four quadruple triangles, solid triangles at centre. Spaced bars on handle (cf. 134.27). EG. H. 6.4. Nearly complete. Ridge 30. LEKYTHOS. below flaringlip, strap handle, flat base. Neck: band, lines. Shoulder: four triangles, the firstand fourth cross-hatched with outline, the second in quintuple outline with central bar, the third in sextuple outline.
Iy6
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
Paint overlapping below base, on handle, and inside rim. EG. 31. *JUGLET. H. 9.1. Nearly complete. As 134.10. M-LG. 32. JUG. H. 10. 1. Complete. Heavy strap handle, short everted lip, flat base; neck placed off centre. Fully coated outside: band inside rim. EG. For shape cf.E nos. 648, 707. 33. *LEKYTHOS. Fragmentary,neck missing.Deep orange-red clay, matt black paint. Round handle, globular body, disc foot. Large thick circle on each flank with small triple circles in the field. Paint on handle. Cypriot BoR I. RDAC 1984, 129 no. 33. 34. COARSE JUG. H. 7.5. Handle missing. Gritty micaceous red clay, thin-walled. Four grooves at base of neck. Disc foot.M-LG. 35. MINIATURE KALATHOS LID. H. 2.6. D. 7.2. Three-quarters preserved. Pair of suspension holes. Reserved cross on flattop. MG, late. 36. SMALL CUP. H. 4.3. DR. 5.3. Complete. Heavy strap handle attached inside rim, offsetlip, flat base. Fully coated. E-MG. 37. SMALL CUP. H. 4.1. DR. 6.7. Nearly complete. Heavy strap handle attached to rim. Short offsetlip, conical body, flat base with stringmark. Upper part dipped in front.LG (?). For shape cf. BSA 67 (1972) 83, fig.8, F 22. 38. *LEKYTHOS. Frs.,veryfriable,surfaceworn off. Shape and size similar to 134*39 but with ring foot. MG. 39. SMALL CUP. H. 5. DR. 7. Part of handle and rim missing. Rough base with string mark. Fully coated. MG. 40. CUP. H. 5.6. DR. 8. Complete. Flat base, reserved. Long diagonal cross on strap handle. Interioras 134.67. LG, early. 41. FEEDING JUG. H. 7.6. Complete. Strap handle risingabove rim, side spout, flatbase. Groups of three pendent bars on shoulder. Bars on spout and handle. Band at base and inside rim. PGB. Cf. 104.6. H. 10.8. AMPHORISKOS. 42. NECK-HANDLED Complete. Thickened lip; flatbase, reserved.No paint inside. MG. 43. JUGLET. H. 8.6. Nearly complete. As 134.26. M-LG. 44. *LEKYTHOS. Frs., as 134.38. MG. 45. CUP. H. 8.1. DR. 10.3. Nearly complete. Base slightly concave. Double zigzag flanked by stars between bars. Handle barred. Interioras 134.67. LG. 46. DOMED LID (fig. 118). Nearly complete. H. 6. D. 17. Pair of suspension holes. Faded decoration, white on dark: billets on lip, triple circles, hatched octofoilwith segmentedleaves. LG-EO. 47. CUP (FIG. 118). H. 10.2. DR. 12. Three-quarters preserved, handle missing. Five metopal panels containing (i) bird in flight,(ii) frontallion, (iii) griffin
CEMETERY
(?), (iv) sphinx, (v) frontallion. Inside, reserved circle Bird Workshop. See J.N. on floor. LG-EO, Coldstream, RA 45 (1982) 25-32. (fig. 119). H. 6.5. DR. 12. 48. *SKYPHOS Fragmentary. Fine orange-brown clay, airholes, dull black paint. Interlocking pendent semicircles. Reserved circle on floor. Euboean SubPG III. Eumousia27, flg.4. 49. SMALL CUP. H. 4.6. DR. 5.8. Nearly complete. Flat base. White on dark decoration. Interior and base fullycoated. LG-EO. 50. SMALL LID. H. 2.7. D. 9.3. Nearly complete, shape as 18. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. H. 5.7. DR. 8.4. Half preserved. 51. SKYPHOS. Cream slip. Round reflex handle(s), flat base. Inside, fourspaced bands. EG. Cf. 75.132. H. 6.4. DR. 8. Two-thirds 52. *SKYPHOS. preserved. As 134.51 but squashed and misshapen. EG. 53. *SMALL CUP. H. 5. DR. c. 5.5. Fragmentary, Shape as 134.49. White on dark: groups of seven bars on lip, six zones of pointed zigzag separated by single line; below, two lines, band at base. No paint underneath. Handle barred. Inside fully coated. M-LG. 54. SMALL LID. H. 2.5. D. 9.6. Three-quarters preserved. Shape as 134.18 but no holes preserved. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 55. SMALL LID (FIG. 118). H. 3. D. 8.8. Threequarters preserved. One hole preserved. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 56. DOMED LID. H. 6. D. 18.7. Nearly complete. Pair of suspension holes. White on dark decoration, no motifat centre. LG-EO. LID (FIG. 119). H. 4.9. D. 18. Nearly 57. DOMED Pair of suspension holes. White on dark: complete. grid of radiating and encirclinglines. LG-EO. 58. *DOMED LID. H. 4.9. D. 18.3. Nearly complete. As 134.56, but with interveningdot zone. LG-EO. 59. SMALL LID. H. 2.4. D. 9.1. Complete. Shape as 134.18 but with flatter lid and higher dome. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 60. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.4. Body only. Cream slip. Stump of round handle, flat base. Cross-hatched lozenges with chevron tails; zigzag. Lines, band at base. M-LG. 61. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 4.5. Nearly complete. Trace of polished surface, unpainted. Flat base. EG. 62. SMALL LID. H. 3.1. D. 9.7. Complete. As 134.18, but with flatterlip and higher dome. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 63. CUP. H. 8.4. DR. c. 9.2. Half preserved.As 134.9 but the paint has worn off.LG-EO. 64. *CUP. H. 9.3. DR. 13. Fragmentary.As 134.9 but with flatbase and shallower body. LG.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
65. *JUGLET. PH. 9.2. Base to neck.As 134.26. M-LG. 66. *CUP. H. 10.3. DR. c. 11.5. Fragmentary. As 134.9. LG-EO. 67. CUP (FIG. 119). H. 7.9. DR. 11.2. Three-quarters preserved. Thick semi-lustrous paint. Strap handle. Two bosses flankingreserved panel with meander(?). Long diagonal cross on handle. Reserved circle on floorinside. MG. 68. *JUGLET. H. 8.8. Much of mouth missing. As 134.26. M-LG. 69. SMALL LID. D. 9.6. Frs., centre missing. One suspension hole preserved. Shape as 134.18. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 70. *DOMED LID. D. 19. One-third preserved. As 134.56 but withoutinterveningzigzag zone. LG-EO. 71. CONICAL LID. D. c. 22. Rim fr.Concave profile.LG. 72. SMALL LID. H. 2.8. D. c. 9. Three frs.Shape as 134.18. Billets, short tongues with midrib, massed dots at centre. MG, late. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16c. 73. *JUGLET. H. 8.5. Fragmentary. As 134.10. M-LG. SMALL
SITE
- Ts. 134-5
177
PITHOS (fig. 122). PH. 74. *STRAIGHT-SIDED 30. DR. 14.4. Two large frs.,rim to lower body. White grits,cream slip. Twin round handles. Vertical panels in handle zone, incomplete: A, part of silhouette bird at extreme L.; B, to R., two panels of dotted lozenge net, silhouettebird (shown to L. of FIG.) EG. H. 6. DR. c. 8. Half preserved. 75. SKYPHOS. Vertical lip, not offset; slight disc foot. Reserved inside: line in rim, circle on floor.MG. H. 2.4. 76. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. Complete. Polished, one side dipped in brown paint. Shape as 134.61. E-MG. 77. *MINOAN LARNAX, chest type. H. to base c. 53, L. c. 84, W c. 34, Th. 1.7-2.2. About half preserved, with most of one long and one short side; feetmissing.Grittyorange clay,thickcream slip on all surfaces. Unpainted. Everted squared lip, H. 2.5-3. Similar to 113.1, but the panels are framed by incised lines only,without midribs. Two vertical strap handles on the long side. Raised ridge on exterior at base level. LM III A-B.
FINDS
1. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Fr.near tip.L. 5 max. W. 1.5. 2. BRONZE VASE fr.(fig. 162; plate 273). H. 2.4. W. 3.5. Wt. 3.8 g. Lower attachment (two small rivet holes) and startof strap. Plain. 3. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 4 g. Ten pieces + chips. Small piece of rectangularstrip. 4. Vacat - pot 76. 5. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)2.3 X 1.6. Wt. 3.75 g. 6. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Three frs., non-joining, perhaps fromsame weapon: (i) L. 5.8., W 2.1, (ii) L. 4.5. W. 2, (iii) L. 5.7, W 1.7.
Six frs. including two 7. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. joining pairs, from part of socket to near tip: (i) two joining frs.,L. 10.5, W at shoulder 2.5, midrib greatest Th. 1.3; socket, près. L. 1.4, D. 1.4. (ii) two joining frs.,L. 4.3, W 2.2, (iii) L. 2.3, W. 2.1, (iv) L. 4.8, W. 1.3, bent at end. 8. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest) 3X2. Wt. 6.5 g. 9. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 1 g. Four pieces. 10. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Two frs.(with two small amorphous lumps): (i) L. 10.5, W 2.3, (ii) with tip, L. 7.3, W 1.7.
Tomb 135 SE (figs. 6, 37; plate 30/) Greatestdimensions c. i.8o X 0.50. This was an ill-defined oval feature, theremainsofa largercomplex,0.60 N ofthe certainly N niche/chamber ofT 134. Foundin a verycrowdedsectionat theedge oftheSE area ofthenecropolis.No orientation. Foundin a testdug N ofTs. 104and 134,veryclose to thes circuitoftheenclosurewall of themortuary church.It was probablypartofa graveofthesame typeas Ts. 104and 134,the restofwhichwas destroyed whenthechurchwas built. Excavatedas a singlelayer(1),itproduceda completeMG mug-type jug, 1, and fragments of otherG vases (skyphoi,amphorae,pithoi).fi, 2 were scrapsof bronze sheet.The Ch. disturbancewas illustratedby scraps of brick and sherdsof wheel-ridgedand combed transport amphorae. POTTERY
(PLATE 176) i. JUG. H. 7.3. DR. 5.5. Complete. Flat base. Handle barred. Paint inside rim. MG. Cf. 292.18.
KNOSSOS
Xy8 SMALL
THE NORTH
CEMETERY
FINDS
1. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 2 g. Three pieces. 2. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 0.8 g.
Tomb 138 SW (figs. 5, 27, 41; plate 31 a-b) Ts. 60, 138(p. 100). See Introduction: L. 2.15.W. 0.78-0.94. Stomion: L. overall(restored): destroyed. 3.60. ExtantL. 2.80. Dromos: X Chamber:1.50(restored) extantW. 1.50. in plan. Thereis no record was ofunevenwidth,thesidesirregular This tomb'sshortdromos twoblockingstones was otherwise of thedromos' destroyed, angleof slope.Thoughthestomion floor.Too little remainedin situ,one of whichwas 0.28 X 0.47, and stood0.71 above dromos was angular. itsshape,thoughitsjunctionwiththedromos remainedofthechamberto determine The tombintrudedbetweenTs. 48 and 60, at rightanglesto theirlongaxes,so thatpartof was roughly The orientation thechamberhad been cut intotheupperpartofT 6o's dromos. thechamberwas on theS side. NNE-SSW; as a whenit was at firstmisinterpreted The tombwas foundin excavatingT. 6o's dromos, of thattomb.That part of the chamberwhichcoincidedwithT. 6o's niche/side-chamber in thedromos. had been largelydestroyed dromos On the fillcontained6, a pithossherd,and a quantityofuninventoried The dromos pottery. floorof the undamaged remains of the chamber were a LG skyphos,2, a substantial larnaxfragment, hexagonalstonefora cremationpithos,f3, underwhichwas 3, a soft-baked ofan ironswordblade; also moreuninventoried and f4, fragment pottery. laterthanT 60. Yet datableitemson itsfloorare LG, earlier Tomb 138 is, by definition, withwhichtherobbing thanthegroupofO vasesfoundin themixtureofearthand kouskouras first used in PG; pots5, T. 60 was was back-filled. T. 6o's chamber remains of into the cut pit EPG amphora,and 16, LPG (?) feeder,althoughdamaged,wereboth evidently partof the in G/O reused was in It T. LG the than earlier subsequently 138. group originalcontents., Further chamber. T. of a fraction all but which a reuse damage took 138's times, destroyed 6o's stomion. in T front of was a in HL when times, dug pit place FINDS The findsare cataloguedunderT. 60. CertainlyfromT. 138are thepots2, 3, 6 and thesmallfinds£3,4, 6.
Tomb 146 SW (figs. 5, 41; plate 31 c-d) W. c.0.80. Depth c. 1.20.Chamber:D. L. c. 3.00. W. 1.10-1.20.Stomion'. L. overall:4.00. Dromos: 1. 00.
rose a The dromos sidesweresomewhatuneven,wideningtowardsthe stomion. The dromos verticaldistanceof c. 1.00 at a mean angle of 150to an almostverticalcut 0.20 high.The roundeddoorjambs; therewas no stomion contractedto formill-defined, dromos proper.The chamber the from looted. was tomb the when removed been had 0.90 evidently blocking were wall from the have been that must stones neatlypiledobliquelyacross blocking entrance, a slab was the of bottom At the c. to thedromos, 0.67 X 0.43 X 0.18,which pile 0.50 high. up musthavebeen thechiefelementin theblocking.There was a dropofc. 0.40 fromthedromos intothedromos. whichprojectedslightly intothesmall,roundchamber, Nearlyall theroofhad least 2.00 belowmodern was at chamber the of The floor stood still wall back the 0.90. gone; surface. ground
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 135, 138, 146-7
xyg
The tomb was in the middle of a group of parallel chamber tombs (175, 146, 207) on the W side of the main DA cemetery.The orientationwas almost exactlyE-W, the chamber on the E side of the dromos. The tomb was found followingmechanical strippingof topsoil in this crowded part of the cemetery.It had been looted; the greaterpart of the chamber roof and an adjoining part of the dromos had been dug away. W of the line of stones [supra)the dromosfillwas undisturbedsterilehard yellow kouskouras back-fill.E of the stones,dromos and chamber shared a reddish-brownfillso typicalof robbed tombs. It contained comparativelyfew sherds,including 1 and 2, fragmentsfroma LO cup and oinochoe, indicatingthe date of the tomb's final use. fi, amorphous iron lump, was in dromos fill,f2, bronze stripfragment, just inside the chamber,otherwiseempty,except forthree rough stones (c. 0.25 X 0.20 X 0.18) probably fromthe blocking.R fineware and a piece of R sherds and joining sherds of an HL lamp, £3, in the chamber,one at glass in the dromos-ñll, top, one at bottomof the fill,date robbingno earlierthan the LR period. POTTERY (PLATE 176) 1. CUR DR. 10. Non-joiningfrs.of offsetlip and bowl. Lip, lotus bud chain. Bowl, arcades. Interior coated,withreservedlinebelowlip.LO.
2. *OINOCHOE. Fr. of shoulder. Black, incised tongues.Cf. 292.237. LO.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON LUMP, crumbledand amorphous. 2. BRONZE STRIP fr.L. 1.5.W. 0.2. Wt. 0.2 g.
3. CLAYLAMP.HL.
Tomb
147 (figs.
5, 41)
The recovered dimensions are largely meaningless,so fragmentarywere the remains of this grave. Greatestdimensions:N-S. 1.30; E-W. 2.00. Only shallow cuttings remained of this complex, which appeared to comprise a small, rounded chamber,D. 1.02, with the scrap of a 'dromos'0.18 higher than the chamber,on its S side, 1.5 L. X 0.60-0.70 W, and a second 'dromos'on the W, 1.04 L. X 0.84-1.04, runningout in a low scarp. The originalplan was not ascertainable. The grave was on the NW edge of the main concentration of DA graves, 4.00 from the chamber of T 229, 7.00 fromthe mouth of the dromosof T. 100. There was no meaningful orientation. The area of the grave had suffered severe erosion. It was on the E edge of a major concentrationof HL/R inhumationgraves; it was even supposed that the 'dromos'on the S side of the chamber mighthave been the remains of such a grave, but no bones or offeringswere foundto supportsuch an identification. Three workedblocks of C or later date were found in the chamber,togetherwith,on the W side a pithos,1, and, on the E, the base of another pithos restingon a stone. Throughout,five basketsof potteryand tile of all periods were collected, togetherwitha sheep/goat humérus. POTTERY (PLATE 176) i. *NECKED PITHOS. H. c.42. DR. c. 21.Frs,base to belly,rim withshoulder.Porous orange-brownclay. Roundedrim,concaveneck,plumpovoidbody,ringfoot;
central handle.Painton rimand neck. partofbucranium Twotenfold circles eachside,spacedbandsbelow.Painton Bandinsideneck.LPG. Cf.E no.282andO 37. handle(s).
!8o
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
2. CONICAL LID. PH. 7. D. c. 22. One third preserved,centremissing.Convex profile.Hatched horizontalS's. M-LG. chevrons, 3. CONICAL LID. PH. 3.8. Everted lip. Pairs of opposeddiagonals.M-LG. PITHOS. PH. 28. DB. 15. 4. TWO-HANDLED Base to belly.Slim ovoidbody,slightringfoot.Frs.of roundhandle. Part of panel withhatchedmeander; bandsand linesbelow.LG, early.
5. "'COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 35. DB. 15. Base to shoulder.Largewhitegrits,all paintwornoff. No tracesofhandlesor grooves.PGB-EG; shapeas E no. 391butslimmer. 6. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 25.5. DR. c. handleand 15.5.Base to shoulder;also frs.ofhorizontal neck.Gritty brownclay,greycore,manygreyinclusions. Concave neck,roundhandle,fivegroovesat handle level,flatbase.Unpainted.PGB-EG. Cf.E no. 391.
Tomb 149 (fig. 41) Shaft1.58 X 0.88-1.05,0.80 deep. Pit 1.28 X o.6650.26 deep. The shaftwas a veryirregular rectanglein plan,withverticalsides,at thebottomofwhich fromthecentre,was a basicallyrectangular offset pitwiththeN end rounded.No coverslabs have allowed themto reston the ledges, would of the the survived,though grave design floor. the shaft into the formed 0.10-0.20, bycutting gravepit The gravewas foundcloseto theSM T. 160,and is likelyto havebeen ofthesame date.Its orientation was NNW-SSE. robbed.It was foundas a head ofsoilin hand cleaningthe The gravehad been completely aftermechanically surfaceofthekouskouras topsoil. stripping The shaftcontained a fillof brownearth containingG, A and R pottery,as well as to a 'matureadult of quantitiesof tile.Burntbones were foundnear the top, attributable brokenboneslying included it also was unknownage'. The fillofthegrave-pit similar, though of unknown male mature as 'a young in no intelligible age'. The shafthad order,identified burnt bones The been refilledwithalien materialafterrobbing. certainlyand the evidently bonesprobablydid notbelong. unburnt Tomb 152 SW (figs. 5, 33-35) Ts. 98, 106,113,152,163,168(pp. 129-30). See Introduction: W. c. 0.95. Depth c. 0.70. H. (based on L. 2.20+. W. 1.70.Stomion: L. overall4.50+. Dromos: blockingstones)0.80. Chamber:1.70X 1.60. to the rose at an angle of 8° fromthe stomion The unusuallybroad,parallel-sideddromos to be form its for too was stomion The the excavation. reached clear; original damaged by point of whichthe twolargerwere a line of fourblockingstonesremained,somewhatin disarray, intothe each 0.80 high.The 0.50 stepdownfromthestomion 0.50 and 0.40 wide respectively, chamberwas unusuallydeep; thechamberfloorwas 2.45 belowmoderngroundsurface.The hollowwas thenenlargedto forthe resulting roofhad collapsedearlyin the tomb'shistory, T 163(q.v.). formtheoverlying on its s side. Its The tombwas at the centreof the mostcongestedpart of the cemetery, withthechamberon theE side. was ESE-WNW, orientation in this ofthisgroupbytheextraordinary This tombwas muchtheworstaffected congestion partof the site.It was foundin the finalstageof excavatingthe R peribolosT. 124,partof fillofT. 152.It was so close to T 106thattheS side whosefloorconsistedoftheupperdromos The E end of thechambercut cut awaypartof theW end of thattomb'sdromos. ofitsdromos theW end of the chamberofT. 168 (whosefloorwas nearly0.80 higher).The chamberhad
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts. 147, 149, 152-3, 157
I8I
been enteredat somepoint,and emptied,froma robber-pit dug downtheN side ofthedromos ofT. 106. fillof soil and a littlecrushedkouskouras The dromos was excavatedas layer2. It contained ofbone,a horse'stoothand partofa horsevertebra ofwhichbelongedtotheT. fragments (neither and a smallnumberofG sherds.The upperpartofthechamberfill(layer4) may 163horse-burial) havebeen partlyconfused withthelowerfillofT 162,whichimmediately overlayit; thisseems couldhavebeen createdby the probableas somehorseboneswerefound.But someconfusion theonlyfindwasa clayPbutton, fi. robbing pit,supra. Apartfroma numberofG sherds, SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY BUTTON or BEAD (fig. 187).H. 1.4.D. 2.65. Dh. 0.4. Friableand muchdisintegrated at top and side, surfaceabraded. Dark brownto near black fabric.Conical upper portion,withleaf or petal (?) impressions; roundedbelow,withfringeofdashes.
Tomb 153 (figs. 6, 43; plate 31 e) Shaft1.35X 0.95,0.40 deep. Pit 1.16X 0.61,0.24 deep. This was a subrectangular shaftwithverticalsides,at the bottomof whichwas a smaller with rounded corners,in whichthe bodyhad been placed. Two coverslabs, rectangular pit X X 0.70 0.37,0.48 0.38, both0.10 thick,werein place,restingon thepit'sledges,formedby theflooroftheshaft.There shouldonce havebeen a thirdslab. The gravewas in the SE sectorof the main concentration of DA tombs,close to several otherSM graves(e.g.Ts. 40, 112,121,160).The orientation was NE-SW. The gravewas foundduringhand cleaningof the kouskouras surfacefollowing mechanical It appearedto be undisturbed, topsoilstripping. despitethemissingcover-slab. The shaftwas filledwithreworked doubtlessupcastfromtheoriginaldiggingofthe kouskouras, On removalofthecoverslabsthecrampedremains grave.Nothingwas foundin theshaft-well. ofa singleburialwerefound.This had been an adult,aged 25-35years.The skullrestedagainst theE side of thepit,whilethe tibiaswereparallelwiththe oppositeside.Thus thebodyhad beenfitted intothegravelyingon itsback,itslegstightly flexed.Therewereno offerings. 'Tomb'
157 (plate
31 /)
No plan. No dimensions. N ofT. 149;E ofT. 117. Whatoriginally as a cistern,or thelike. appearedto be a tombchamberwas lateridentified The uppersoftdarkbrownfillmixedwithtileand brickincludedfi, stonecolumnbase. Thereweremanypithosfragments and a largebase,perhapsfroma cremation-urn. f2, glass and £3,bronzefragment, werealso found. fragment POTTERY 1. *COARSE LEKANIS (FIG.121).H. 17.2.D. 52. Coarse orangefabricwithlargegreygritsand greycore. One thirdbase,twothirdswall,one horizontalhandle.Two pairsofincisedlineson wall.LO. SMALL FINDS 1. COLUMN BASE. 2. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 3. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.7 X 1.6 . Wt. 1.6g.
ï82
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 159 SE (figs. 6, 42; plate 32 a) Greatestdimensions 4.0 X 1.80. This was an ill-defined, veryirregularfeature,probablythe remainsof a largercomplex, 0.80 fromtheS nicheofT. 134. The existinglongaxis was Foundin a verycrowdedsectionat theSE area ofthecemetery. NNE-SSW. roughly was foundduringa searchnear Ts. 104 and 134for This irregular cuttingin thekouskouras similargraves.As excavated,theoutlineis too eccentricforit to have been theoriginalform have been partof a graveof the same typeas Ts. 104 and ofthegravepit.It mayoriginally 134;T. 135(q.v.)mayhave been another,and theremayhave been a singlecomplexwithina Ts. 104,134,135,159. períboloscomprising O pithoi,1, 2, were fillwas dug as layer1. Two fragmentary The brownsoiland kouskouras found,theirlowerpartsstillinsituon thetombfloor,with3, skyphos, partlyconcealedbyone a In ofthem.1 containedcrematedbone and fi, 2, 3, O bronzepins. studyofthecremation, as wellas a sliverofglass. was identified, completebronzepin in sixfragments POTTERY (PLATE 176) 1. *PITHOS. DB. 14.5. PH. 32.5. Lower body and base only.Dented in both sides beforefiring.Bands and columns and lines,tracesof whitecross-hatching of small circles between verticalson the topmost circleson second.EO. band,sevenfold surviving 2. *PITHOS. DB. 15.8. PH. 25.8. Base withlower bodyonly.Bandsand linesenhancedin white.O.
3. SKYPHOS. H. 10.4.DR. 11.2.Gaps in wall,chips in rim.Paintworn.Fullycoated,tracesofwhitelines on lip and betweenhandles.EO. 4. *TRAY. D. c. 22. Three frs.onlyof base and rim, stump of handle. Interior: concentric rings with centralcircle.Grouped strokeson rim,reservedline belowrim.Underside,bandsand lines.EO.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN(S)(fig.162;plate 273).(a) L. 4.3. Head D. 0.4. (b) L. 2.6. TotalWt. 2.0 g. (a) head and shaft, (b) biconical andtipoffinepinwithdiskheadandfinial, shaft aboveandbelow.Non-joining. 'bulb'withringmouldings 2. BRONZE PIN (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 4.2. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 1 g. Probably complete; recomposed.
Small disc head with finial,biconical 'bulb' with quintuple mouldings above and below. With in pot 1. cremations 3. BRONZE PIN(S). (a) L. 2.2. (b) L. 2. Wt. 1.5 g. fromthe same pin. With Shaftpieces,not necessarily in pot 1. cremations
Tomb 160 SE (fig. 43; plate 32 b-c) Shaft1.25X 1.00 (max.)- restored. Depthlost.Pit 1.10X 0.64,0.30 deep. sides.At thebottomwas a smaller,irregular Whatlittleremainedof theshafthad straight Two coverslabs0.56 The sideswerestraight. meantto be rectangular. pitperhapsoriginally X 0.27 and 0.28 X 0.24 werefoundin position,restingon thepit'sledges,formedbythefloor oftheshaft.Thereshouldonce havebeen a thirdslab. of DA tombs,2.00 W of T 153. The gravewas in the SE sectorof the main concentration was N-S. The orientation mechanicaltopsoil The gravewas foundduringhand cleaningof the kouskouras following HL inhumation whenthe The uppershafthad been largelydestroyed graveT. 155 stripping. was dugand,later,bya vine-slot. Below the cover slabs and withinthe grave-pitwere the remainsof the tightlyflexed
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 159-60, 163
!8g
skeletonofa manpasttheprimeoflife,lyingon hisback.The skull(besidewhichwas theSM restedagainsttheNEside ofthepit,a fragment ofhumérus(?) stirrup jar i, theonlyoffering) NW and anotheragainsttheSE. There werefragments oftwotibiasagainsttheSW againstthe side. POTTERY (PLATE 176) 1. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 119). H. 12.2. D. 10.2. Complete and intact.Lightbrownclay.Worn matt rich dark brown paint. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Air hole at base of false neck on side oppositespout.Three concentriccircleson disc; bold horizontal strokeson handles. Paint inside spout encircled.Parallel mouth,band on lip out,spout-root
strokeson shoulder,betweenspout and false neck, dittobetweenhandlesand falseneck.On theshoulder double-outlinedelaborate triangles.On free side, designcentredon the air hole. The trianglesdivided in fourby hatchingthe anglesand leavingthe centre reserved.Ditto one of triangleson spout side; the secondis cross-hatched. SM.
Tomb 163 SW (figs. 5, 34, 35; plate 32 d-f) See Introduction: Ts. 98, 106, 113,152, 163, 168 (pp. 129-30) fora generalaccount of the circumstances ofexcavationand relationship withotherelementsin thecomplex. C. 2.20 E-W, C. I.80 N-S.
The tombappearsto havebeen an oval pit (theexactshape remaininguncertain)dug into a pre-existing hollowformedbythecollapseoftheroofsofTs. 152and 168(q.v.). The tomb was in the most congestedpart of the cemetery,on its S side. There is no orientation. meaningful This grave,apart fromcreatingconfusionwithinthe graveswithwhichit was so closely juxtaposed,was itselfconfusedby twoHL/R inhumationgraves,Ts. 161and 162whichhad - by the been dug into it and- less certainly robbingpit throughwhichT. 152 had been via the dromos ofT 106 (q.v). Its distinctexistencewas graduallyappreciatedduring pillaged, theexcavationoftheadjacentcomplex. Close beneaththemechanically removedtopsoil,in whatwas laterseen as theE side ofthe grave(layer2), was a group of six LG vases- 3, 4, pithoscontainingaryballos,2, lid, 5, of G vases were foundwithtracesof R skyphos,6, jug, i, aryballos.Furtherw, fragments intrusion in brownsoilmixedwithkouskouras, and patchesofblackash. In thismatrixwerethe disturbed but unmistakeable remains of a horse-burial,parts of which had, quite become mixedin the fillsof Ts. 161and 162, 152and 168. The animalhad understandably, been buriedon itsside,head retorted on itsshoulder, perhapsthebodyin theNWsectorofthe grave,thelimbstowardstheE. It was a five-year old, standing1.36m (thirteen hands).On the S sideofthegravewas 7, a coarsejar ofuncertaindate. POTTERY (PLATE 176) 1. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.8. Completebutpitted.Large whitegrits.Flaring mouth,strap handle, flatbase. Two circleson mouth,lines on neck,cross-hatched and outlined triangleson shoulder.Three vertical lineson handle.LG. On pithos163.3. 2. DOMED LID. H. 5. D. 2.8. Complete. Uneven. One pair of suspensionholes. White on dark: two rows of double circles, horizontal S's; at centre, double circle with spiral hooks, forming a
whirligig.LG-EO. Cf. E no. 675. UrnswithLids 119,pl. 16b. 3. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (figs.119,122).H. 36. DR. 13. Three-quarters preserved. Bucranium handles, with curved stripes. Paint on rim, lip reserved.LG, BirdWorkshop. 4. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Complete.As 163. 1 butwith grooveunderbase. LG. 5. SKYPHOS (FIG. 119). H. 7.8. DR. 13.5. Three-
i84
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Reservedcircleon floor.LG. Cf.F. quarterspreserved. nos. 1005-06. 6. JUG (FIG.119).H. 9. DR. 6.3. Nearly complete. Surface flaking.Strap handle, flat base. Zigzag and lines in reservedpanel, solid paint on handle. LG. 7. COARSE NECKED PITHOS (fig. 121).H. 26.7. DR. 15-16. Nearly complete.Brick-redclay,many
white and grey grits; burning on both flanks, use forcooking.Straphandles.LG(?). suggesting 8. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type (FIG. 119). Nearly complete.Round handleto neckridge,concavebase. Whiteon darkdecoration.Paintinsiderim.LG/EO. 9. DOMED LID. H. 6. D. c. 20. One-thirdpreserved. Whiteon dark:band, double circles,horizontalS's, billets,tongues,circlesat centre.LG-EO.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON PINS frs.Two joiningpiecesofpin-shaft, on to one ofwhichis corrodedpartof a secondshaft.Ls. 6.2 (joiningpieces)and 4.8; roundsections,Ds. 0.4 and 0.3.
Tomb 168 SW (figs. 5, 34, 35,) Ts. 98, 106,113,152,163,168fora generalaccountoftheinterrelationships. See Introduction: X Chamber1.90 2.00. This is only part of a chambertomb,perhaps oval in plan, whose originalformand survives. It was no traceremains.No stomion orientation are uncertain.If it everhad a dromos, seen as a side chamberofT 106,reachedfroma blockedopeningin theNEcorner originally as a separatetomb,earlierthanT. 106,theS side ofT. io65sdromos; butit was lateridentified ofT. 106was dug,thehole neatlypatchedwithflat ofitschamberbrokenintowhenthedromos stonesand mudbricks. The Wsideofthechamberhad been cutawaywhenthechamberofT. 152was dug.Itsfloorwas 1.70belowmoderngroundsurface. Its longeraxiswas The tombwas on theS side ofthemostcongestedpartofthecemetery. E-W. orientated roughly foritwas partlyoverlaidbyT. 163(q.v.). The roofhad collapsedearlyin thegrave'shistory, on theN It had been completely robbed,eithervia thepatchedbreak,or fromtherobber-pit sideofT. 106'schamber(q.v.). had been fillwas excavatedas level8, butitis possiblethatpartsofthefilling The surviving removedwhen otherfeaturesin the immediatevicinityhad been excavated.The onlyvase foundwas a LG-EO cup,1. POTTERY (PLATE 176) 1. CUP. H. 6.8. DR. 9.2. Gaps in body,handlemissing.Large whitegrits,lumpysurface,red paint.Concave lip, flatbase. Singlezigzag flankedby diagonalcrosses,betweengroupsof eightbars. Daub underbase. not offset; Insidefullypainted,butforreservedband belowlip.LG-EO. SMALL FIND 1. BRONZE, shapelesscrumb.Wt. 1.5g.
Tomb 175 SW (figs. 5, 42; plate 35 a-c) Chamber:W. 1.78,Depth 1.40.H. L. 3.80,W. 1.10.Stomion: L. overall5.40. Dromos: destroyed.
°'95-
was much diminishedby two of the relatively The symmetry short,parallel-sideddromos dromos The S side. the on one on the one N, sloped upwards in three stages, niches, fromthe chamberoutwards.The and 2° of at shallow differentiated io°, 30 steps, angles by ovalplan,was reached The chamber,ofirregular and blockingwallwerealikemissing. stomion
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 163, 168, 175
^5
by a shallowstepdown,c. 0.15 high.Most of theroofremained,slopingdown steeplyat the back so thattherewas virtuallyno back wall. The floorwas 2.10 below modernground surface.On theN sideofthedromos in plan. weretwoimmediately contiguousniches,irregular The NWnichewas 1.20 X 0.80, itsfloorup to 0.60 above dromos surface.The NE nichewas surface.On theS side of thedromos was a large 0.50 X 0.50, itsfloorup to 0.60 above dromos nicheor smallchamber2.00 wide,up to 1.15deep. The tombis theN-mostofa groupofparallelchamber-tombs (175,146,207) on theW side of the main DA cemetery, some 10.00W of the enclosurewall of the mortuary church.The orientation was almostexactlyE-W,thechamberon theE side. The tombwas foundfollowing mechanicalstripping oftopsoilin thispartofthesite,when itwas seen as a head ofdarksoilin thesurrounding kouskouras matrix.It had been thoroughly rifled,probablyat thetimewhentheHL/R inhumation graveT 192was dug intothedromos to the N. A further fill,whilethe similarTs. 205 and 224 were insertedimmediately signof disarrayis thatonlytwentyfourof the tomb'sseventyfourcataloguedvases were recorded duringexcavation;the remainderwere subsequently recomposedin the workshopfromthe baskets of collected excavation. The many pottery during historyof use was long,fromEPG to O, withoutobviousprolongedperiodsofdisuse.This longlifeis reflected in theadditionof thethreedromos niches.The absenceof Ch buildingand otherdebrisin thefillssuggeststhat no further wereconstructed. damagewas causedwhenthechurchand itsosteothekes 1 and were much 2 mixtures of brown some black ash disturbed, soil, kouskouras, Layers mixedwithcrematedbone (perhapsresiduefrompillagedcremationpithoiinsidethetomb). The remaining chamberand niches,was dividedin twohorizons,3 fill,whichcovereddromos, and 4 (yieldingsixteenbaskets)and a lowerlayer,6 (fivebaskets),all consisting ofbrownsoil + with of broken In the lightenedbykouskouras, quantities pottery. layers3 4 horizon,theEG and in were found 2 the S the EG aryballos3 in the dromos niche, skyphos,1, jug-aryballos, near the chamber,the E-MPG amphora,6, in the NWniche,withthe EG oinochoe,7. 8, thePGB-EG pyxis, partsofa coarsered mug,came fromtheNE niche.9, a pyxislid,fitting came from the NW mouth of the within which was an EO 24, niche, 10, aryballos.A coarse PG pithos,12, came fromthejunctionbetweenthetwoN niches.The smallPGB bell krater, scatteredoverthe NE niche,whichalso containedthe PGB-EG 15, was foundin fragments and the 21 while cups,19, 2O, pyxis,24. In layer6, 13, O aryballos,was foundin thedromos, the coarse red LPG-PGB cauldron,22, and the coarse LPG-PGB pithos,23, were up againstthe chamberwall. Withthe exceptionof the fibula,fi, a bronzedisc,fia, an iron dagger,£2,and a bronzepin,£25,all fromlayer4, all theremainingobjectscame fromlayer 6. These includefi5, 16, 17, ironjavelin-heads,fromthe dromos floor.Otherironweapons includeda sword,f4, and numerousspear-andjavelin-heads, f7-n5 14, 19. POTTERY (PLATES 177-183) 1. SKYPHOS (fig.119).H. 5. DR. 9. One handleand part of rim missing.Cream slip. Ribbon handles. Upperflankswithhandlesdippedin paint.EG. 2. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 6.6. Complete.Yellowslip. Round handle attached below rim. Flat base with stringmark.Unpainted.EG. With175.1. 3. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5. Neck and handle missing. Flat base with stringmark. Band at base of neck. Shoulder:threepanels of verticalcable. Lines; paint on lowerbodyand underbase. EG(?).
4. *HL vessel. 5. Vacatpartof175.45. 6. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA, frs.DR. c. 20. DB. 17. Base withnon-joiningbodyfrs.and handles. Greycore, crumbling.Strap handles,flatbase. Bars on lip; S on handles,circulardepressionat one root. Two sixfoldcircles on shoulder,six lines; band on lowerbodyand at base. E-MPG. Cf.F. no. 212. 7. OINOCHOE. H. 11. Complete.Cream slip. Flat base withstringmark.Wavy line on neck, gridded
î86
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
chevrons on shoulder,bands. Handle barred. EG. Cf. 285.120. 8. *JUG, mug type. PH. 4.4. Lower body only. Micaceous red clay smooth inside, rough outside. Flat base. Grooves on belly at upper break. PGB-EG. 9. SMALL LID (fig. 120). PH. 3.5. D. 6.6. Knob broken off.One suspension hole each side. PGB-EG; will fitpyxis 175.24. 10. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.4. Parts of mouth and handle lost. Grouped lines. F. 158, class B (iii). EO. 11. *HL vessel. 12. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 32. DR. 18. One thirdpreserved. Brown clay,purplish core. Large grey grits,many airholes; cream slip. Rounded rim, vertical offsetneck, flat base. Four grooves at handle level. PGB-EG. 13. *ARYBALLOS. Shattered frs. of body and base. Decoration completelylost. O (?). 14. *ALABASTRON. PH. 10.2. Two-thirds of body only,gaps in wall. Chips in surface.Grouped lines. Cf. 61.2. EO. 15. SMALL BELL-KRATER (fig. 120). H. 19.8. D. 18. Nearly complete. Pink-buff clay, cream slip. Irregular groove near edge of foot. Inside, a few spattereddrops below rim band. PGB. 16. *CUP (FIG. 119). H. 7. D. 10.6. Complete. Rough flatbase. Fully coated. LPG. H. 24.8. Virtually complete. Buff 17. OINOCHOE. wash. Ring foot. Sevenfold semicircles on shoulder, continuing over band below. S on handle, ring round root. PGB. Cf. 287.25. 18. CUP (FIG. 119). H. 6-6.5. DR- I0- Complete. Slanting rim; oblique lip, offset. Fully coated. PGB-EG. 19. *CUP (fig. 119). H. 6. D. 8.7. Nearly complete. As 175.18 but with shorterlip. PGB-EG. 20. *CUP (fig. 119). H. 6.9. DR. 9.8. Nearly complete. Vertical offsetlip, rough flatbase. PGB-EG. 21. *CUP. H. 6.9. D. 10. Nearly complete. As 175.18. PGB-EG. H. 29. DR. 22. COARSE CAULDRON-PITHOS. 28. Nearly complete. Dark brown clay, airholes, smoothed surface. Rim flat above, short concave neck with ridge. Two vertical round handles, spool-shaped attachmentsto rim. Flat base. LPG-PGB. Cf. 287.15. PITHOS. H. 35.5. DR. 23. COARSE NECKED 24.5. Three-quarters preserved. Red-brown clay, many white and grey grits,thick cream slip. Squared lip, flat above; concave neck, slight ridge. Strap handles, circular depression below each lower root. Flat base. Two grooves at level of handle root, two more on belly.LPG-PGB. 24. PYXIS (FIG. 120). H. 9. DR. 7.5. Nearly complete. White grits. Uneven surface, rim poorly finished, carelesslydecorated. PGB-EG. H. 27.5. D. 22. Nearly 25. BELL-KRATER.
CEMETERY
complete. High conical foot. Broad band inside rim, spatterbelow. EPG, in SM tradition. 26. BELL-KRATER (fig. 121). H. 40.5. D. 35. Nearly complete. Large white grits,cream slip. Broad band below rim inside, a few spattered drops below. MPG. For pendent zigzag cf. F. no 122. KRATER. H. 32.2. D. 33. 27. HIGH-FOOTED Nearly complete. Cream slip. Sharp ridge below everted lip. Groups of bars on rim. Sextuple circles filled with reserved cross, flankingcentral rectilinear panel: cross-hatched lozenges (bars on reverse), checked hourglass above and below. Inside, band at rim, spatterbelow. MPG. KRATER. H. 43. DR. 44.5. 28. HIGH-FOOTED Three quarters preserved. Fabric as 175.27. Uneven and slantingrim, ridge below lip. Bucranium handles. Groups of bars on lip. Ninefold circles enclosing reserved cross, flankinga central rectilinearpanel: A, two columns of solid lozenges either side of a column of opposed and interlocking hatched triangles; B, check pattern only. Inside: broad band at rim, a few spattereddrops below. MPG. 29. STIRRUP-JAR, open mouth. H. 23. Threequarters preserved. Cream slip. Central lip flaton top, low conical foot. Paint inside both lips, lines on both necks, S on handles, roots ringed. Shoulder: column of two cross-hatched lozenges below side spout, stacked triangles each side. On back, gridded vertical zigzag, flanked by gridded lozenges with empty centre. LPG. 30. STIRRUP-JAR. H. 16.4. Gaps in body. Black grits, buff slip. Spike on disc, airhole, conical foot. Paint on disc, spike reserved, handles barred, loops round roots. Nozzle: paint on and inside lip, dashes below. Lines on false neck. Shoulder: below handle roots, continuous zone of double zigzag and solid trianglefill;no decoration visible above. MPG. H. 19.8. Nearly complete. Buff 31. OINOCHOE. wash. Ring foot. Paint on rim, trickling. Shoulder: groups of bars pendent from band. Handle: two sets of bars. Band inside lip. MPG. Cf. F. no. 225. (fig. 119). H. 8.7. D. 7.9. 32. *BELL-SKYPHOS Three-quarters preserved. LPG. H. 8.7. D. c. 7.8. Three 33. *BELL-SKYPHOS. quarters preserved, most of rim missing. As 175.32. LPG. H. 8.3. D. c. 8. Three 34. *BELL-SKYPHOS. rim missing. As 175.32. of most quarters preserved, LPG. 35. *PYXIS (fig. 120). PH. 8.4. DR. 7.2. Two-thirds preserved,base missing.Cream wash. LG. AMPHORA. H. c. 52. DR. c. 36. NECK-HANDLED 18. Base to neck; frs.of rim, and shoulder with handle. Cream wash. Thickened rim, concave neck, strap handle(s) with circular depression below root; flat base. Groups of bars outside rim, neck fullypainted.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Shoulder: fourcentralverticalswith zigzag fringe, floatingzigzags each side. S on handle,loop round root.Inside,band belowrim.EPG, early.Forshape cf. F. no. 160;fordecoration,285.114. 37. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. H. 43.3. DR. 19.5. Three-quarterspreserved,most of rim and handles brokenoff.Cream slip. Inset concave lip, rising rim, shoulder slightlycarinated. Flattened double handles,freeof body only at shoulderlevel; single roots, attached along entire depth of body decoration,ending in projectinghorns. Flat base. Painton lip. Shoulder:panels of double zigzag filled with billets,between lines. Body: A, as shown; B, similar,but the crossed lozenges and the bisected millsailare transposed,the trianglesin the latterare gridded,and the lowerstripof zigzag runsalong the fullwidthofthecomposition. Handles:zigzagon freestandingparts,bars along roots.Betweenroots,on each side,a tallgriddedand outlinedcross.EG. 38. GIANT CUP (fig. 120). H. 20. DR. 19. Nearly complete.Slightcarinationat greatestdiameter.Paint overlappingunder base. Handle barred. EG. Cf. F. no. 656. 39. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42.4. DR. 20. Gaps in body.Flat insetlip; stirruphandles(bucrania withstraps)attachedto shoulder,and verticalstrap handles. False ringfoot.Paint on lip. Panels: A, B, hatchedlozenges,hatchedmeander;stripof hatched lozenges runningunder straps.C, D, triplezigzag, hatched meander; strip of double axes with bars runningunderstrap.Bands and linesbelow.Handles: bars on stirrups, diagonalcrossesand bars on straps. Spatterinside.MG, Stirrupworkshop. 40. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 45. DR. 16. handles Gaps in body.Concaverisinglip,inset;stirrup as 175.39. Base slightlyconvex and unsteady,with falseringfoot.Paint on lip. Panels: A, as shown;B, zigzag intersectedby line, hatched meander,triple zigzag,verycareless.Bands and linesbelow.Handles: barson stirrups; on straps,A, doublechevronbetween bars; B, vertical lines. MG, early. For style cf. 292.150. The lid 175.49 fits. 41. THREE-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 45.5. DR. 18. Three quarters preserved,one handle broken off. Cream wash,worn.Insetlip, flat;disc foot.Painton lip. Panels: A, B, as shown;C, double zigzag,crosshatchedlozengechain,triplezigzag.Bands and lines below.Painton handles.Spatterinside.MG, late. 42. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 40. DR. 18. Gaps in wall and rim.Panels:A, triplepanel between pairs of whitetriplecircles:lozenge and filledcross; triplecircleswithleaf-quatrefoil fill,triplecirclesin cornersof panels, lozenge-filledtrianglestop and bottombetweenthem;lozengeand filledcross.B, as A withminorvariations.Linesand bands,triplewhite circlesin topmost.O.
T. 175
187
43. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 40.2. DR. c. 18. Gaps in wall and rim,one verticalhandlelost.Panels: A (i) tongues,volute and lozenge chain, quadrated lozenges, (ii) tongues, voluted lozenges, double lozenges.B (i) tongues,zigzags,quadratedlozenges. (ii) tongues, double circles, lozenges, quadrated Bandsand lines.EO. lozengesand triangles. 44. CONICAL LID (fig. 120).H. 12.3.D. 22. Nearly complete. Cream wash. MG. Perhaps for pithos I75-3945. OMPHALOID (?) LID. PH. 8.4. D. 28.5. Half preserved,centremissing,handle brokenoff.Cream wash. Deep groovenear rim,rootsof roundhandle; slightcarinationnear upper break,dots above. Bars on handleroots.Inside,twobands.MG. 46. CONICAL LID. D. 19. H. 9.9. Gaps in wall. Ringson knob,bandsand lines.Fits175.43. EO. 47. DOMED LID (fig. 120). H. 7.5. D. 21. Threequarters preserved. Cream slip. Central motif obliterated. LG. 48. CONICAL LID. D. 20. Frs.of rimand wall only. Bandsand linesenhancedin white.Fits175.42. EO. 49. CONICAL LID (fig. 120). H. 9.7. D. 20. Twothirdspreserved;one handlebrokenoff.Cream wash. Solid Maltesecrosson knob.A, doublezigzag;B, two wavylines.EG. Fitspithos175.40. 50. »SMALL LID (fig. 120). H. 3.3. D. 10. Threequarterspreserved.Two suspensionholes, opposed. Fullycoatedoutside.EG. Fitspyxis175.66. H. 22.8. Gaps in wall and 51. OINOCHOE. shoulder. Neck lost. Double reed handle, barred. Shoulder,quadruplecircle,blurred,bird to left,tree of life,quadruplecircle,bird to left.Below,grouped lines.EO. 52. *OINOCHOE. H. c. 21. Mouth missing:neckto lowerbody withhandle; base, non-joining. Softpale orangeclay,red slip,fainttracesof black decoration. Shape as 292.94; decorationapparentlyidentical. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,128no. 13. 53. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.8. DR. c. 7.2. Two-thirds preserved,mostof rimmissing.As 175.69, but with spreadingfootand slightridgeat junctionwithbody. MPG. 54. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. DR. 7. Three-quarters to preserved.As 175.69 but theexteriorpainttrickles base. MPG. 55. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 24.5. Neck to lower body. Double round handle(s). Reserved panel on neck and shoulder:outlinefigures-of-eight; outlineleaves.Painton handle.MG. 56. CUP. H. 9. D. c. 13.5. Half preserved,handle missing.Bell-shaped, rough flat base. Upper part dippedon bothflanks.LPG. Cf. Q,8. 57. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA(?) (fig. 120).PH. 11.5.Neck frs.Cream slip.Grazingbirdsin tallpanels, ofworm.LG. probablyeach side,withsuggestion
KNOSSOS
!88
THE NORTH
{vie. 120). PH. 8.6. Body and 58. *LEKYTHOS(?) shoulder frs. Purplish-brown clay, cream slip. Cylindrical belly,carinations above and below. PGB. Cf. F. nos. 371, 513, and (fordecoration) 104.84. H. of body c. 10.5. 59. LEKYTHOS-OINOCHOE. DB. c. 13. Frs. of base and shoulder with handle stump; also trefoillip. Soft orange-buffclay, lustrous brown-blackpaint, much worn. Bars on trefoillip and handle stump. Shoulder: cross-hatched triangles, outlined; zigzag, triplezigzag, gear pattern,solid paint below. Attic MG I. PH. 6. Body frs. Orange-brown 60. *LEKYTHOS. clay, polished pale orange surface, matt black paint. Globular. Small triple circles on shoulder, four thin lines on belly, band above base. M-LG, imitation of Cypriot BoR. RDAC 1984, 132 no. 49. AMPHORA (fkj. 120). DR. 61. NECK-HANDLED c. 17. Frs. of rim, handle and shoulder. Cream slip. Thickened rim offsetfrom concave neck. Rim: solid triangles. Shoulder: zigzag between solid triangles; below, row of birds; A, to R., B, to L. PGB. 62. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 37.5. DR. 22. Three quarters preserved. Deep orange clay,red core; large white and brown grits,thin buffwash. Rounded rim, flat base. Two shallow grooves at handle level. PGB- EG. Cf. M 20. PITHOS. PH. c. 40. DB. c. 63. STRAIGHT-SIDED 20. Frs., shoulder to base. Cream slip, smoothed. Double round rising handle with flattened root, extendingto lower body; flatbase. Shoulder: zigzag at upper break. Body: billets,bars, millsails,bars, billets; band; intersectingwavy lines, double zigzag, two more zones of intersectingwavy lines, band at base. Handle barred. EG. Base to shoulder, PH. 18; also 64. OINOCHOE. frs. of neck, handle and shoulder. Short narrow SMALL
CEMETERY
neck, slight ridge near upper break, and passing gently into upper body. Ring foot. Bands and lines, interrupted by detached horizontal S's on neck; trace of oblique bars (?) on shoulder; horizontal S's below shoulder. Inside, paint at upper break, trickling down neck. Handle barred. E-MG. Atticizing shape. 65. *JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 10. Base to shoulder with handle stump. Globular, flat base. Vertical lines down handle, circle containing diagonal cross on shoulder, bands and lines, solid paint on lower body. LG(?). 66. *PYXIS (fig. 120). H. 12.4. DR. c. 10. Base to shoulder; rim with shoulder, non-joining. Suspension hole through lip. EG. Cf. Desborough, Europa ... E. Grumach Festschr. (Berlin, 1967) 75fr.pl. 5, in Univ. of The lid 175.50 fits. Groningen. LID. H. 9.5. D. c. 19. Two thirds 67. CONICAL preserved. Worn. Flat knob. Trace of white decoration, with zone of double circles. LG, late. As 75!43PH. 7.5. Half preserved, rim 68. BELL-SKYPHOS. missing.As 175.69. MPG. (fig. 119). H. 8.4. DR. c. 5.8. 69. *BELL-SKYPHOS Half preserved,most of rim missing.MPG. H. 8.4. DR. c. 7. Half 70. BELL-SKYPHOS. preserved,most of rim missing.As 175.69. MPG. H. 6.3. DR. 5.7. Half 71. *BELL-SKYPHOS. preserved,footmissing.As 175.69. MPG. 72. *CUR PH. 6. D. c. 12. Rim to lower body with upper handle attachment;iron stain. As 175.56. LPG. 73. *CUR PH. 4.5. D. c. 12. Rim fr.As 175.56. LPG. 74. *CUP. Base and wall frs. Bellied body, flat base; fullycoated. MG. F. 166 class B (ii), late. 75. CUP. Frs. Fine thin fabric; worn. Oblique offset lip, flatbase. Fully coated. LG. F. 166 class B (iii).
FINDS
1. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 162; plate 273). L. 0.32. W. 1.4. Wt. 8 g. Bow, startof forearmand spring arm remain. Slight trace of medial relief line on bow. VIII. Blinkenberg ia. BRONZE FIBULA(?) (fkì. 162; piati: 273). Disc, 3.6 X 3.8. Th. o.i. Wt. 5.4 g. Oxidized; incomplete; recomposed. Signs of parts broken away. Perhaps akin IX. 2 (though there is no to the sheet fibulae Blinkenberg sign of decoration). 2. 34. IRON DAGGER frs.Two joining fragmentsto give hilt and upper blade. L. c. 12, W. at 'ears' 2 (broken; originally 2.4) 1.3 at first 'neck', 1.5 at swelling, 0.9 at second neck, 4.2 at shoulder. Thin flanges along both sides from firstneck downwards. Three bronze rivets,one at 'ears', one in swelling,one at second 'neck'. 3. IRON FIBULA fr.(fig. 176). Part of the arch and
catch-plate of a fibula. L. 5.9; Max. W. of arch 2.2, of catch-plate 1.5. Flattened arch. 4. IRON SWORD fr.A small piece from the lower hilt and shoulder of a sword or substantialdirk.L. 2.5; W. 3.7, but broken offat one edge; Max. Th. 0.3. 5 + 18. BRONZE STRIP fr.(fig. 162). L. 2.8. W. 0.4. Th. 0.1. Wt. 0.7 g. Rectangular section; stitchholes. D. 0.15. 6. BRONZE RING fr.L. 1.8. W. 0.4. Wt. 0.5 g. Two joining pieces of hoop of plain ring. frs. Two joining pieces, 7. IRON SPEARHEAD forming the socket and part of blade. Together, L. 12.2; socket L. 7.2, D. 1.7 (internally 1.3); blade with square shoulders,W. 3, widening to 3.5 at final break; midrib, Th. 1.7, tapering to 1 at break. More massive than the standardjavelin-type. 8. 9(1), io(i), 11. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Four
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
joining pieces of a javelin-head, on to which were corroded parts of another (see next entry). Together, L. 29.7 (missing tip of blade and base of socket, of which only L. 4.5 survives). Blade, slightly hooked shoulders, W. 2.9, tapering to 2.1 at final break; prominentmidrib,Max. Th. 1.4, runs for c. 8 cms. of blade. Socket D. 1.7 (internally0.8). IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs. Three 9(ii), io(ii). joining pieces of blade. Together, L. 10.3; W. 2.8, taperingto 1.7. Corroded on to previous item. 10. See 8-9. 11. See 8. 12. IRON PIN-HEAD (fig. 176). Head of pin of the type 104. £9, with wide, flat disc and finial. Head D. 1.1. But the ring-mouldings, if they existed, are no longer visible in this case, and the shafthas a circular section, D. c. 0.3. KNIFE fr.Part of the tang 13. IRON ONE-EDGED and beginning of blade of a broad-bladed, one-edged knife. L. 5.9; hilt, W. 2.2 and flat; blade, W. 2.7 at break, possibly widening still furtheroriginally; Max. Th. 0.4. 14. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.Part of blade: L. 5.6; W. 2.2, increasing to 2.8 at break; midrib Th. 0.9, tapers away to sharp point 4.4 cms. along. Of the same type as, but not belonging to, 7 above. 15. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr. Socket and part of blade of a javelin, in two joining fragments.Together, L. 9.9; socket, L. 7.2, D. 1.8 (internally1.3); blade, W. 3.1 at slightlyhooked shoulders,then tapering. 16. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece of lower blade, L. 5, W. 1.7, tapering to 1.4. Could belong to 15 above, but does notjoin. frs. Two joining 17. 19. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD pieces, formingthe tip of a javelin-blade. L. together 10.4; W. 2.1, tapering to point; Max. Th. 0.45. This too could belong to 15, in which case 16 would not. 18. BRONZE EARRING fr. 18a. IRON FIBULA fr. Piece of fibula-arch? L. 3; section at firstcircular,D. 0.3, widening to W. 0.8 and curvingslightlyPossiblyof the same type as 3 above. 19. See 17. 20. BRONZE STRIP, two frs.L. 1.3. W. 0.4. Wt. 0.3 g. 21. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 162). L. 1.7. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 0.7 g. Type used in hiltsof sword, dirkor knife. 22. BRONZE RING frs. (fig. 162; plate 273). D. 2. W. 0.4. Wt. 1 g. Three pieces of plain hoop, section rectangular. 23. BRONZE STRIP fr. L. 1.2. W. 0.6. Wt. 0.2 g. Segment of stripof verythin metal, section convex. 24. BRONZE AFFIX frs.(fig. 162). (Largest) L. 2.8. W. 1.8. Wt. 4.25 g. Four pieces- two join, two float. Thin sheet with rivetholes (one tinyrivet survives,L. 0.3-0.4). Function not clear. 25. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 162). L. 1.8. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.25 g. Tip and part of shaft- twojoining.
SITE
T 175
¡gg
In addition, in layer3 was a bronze sheet fragment,Wt. 0.3 g; in layer6 were 6.5 g of sheet bronze fragments. 26. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-TIP fr A small piece, L. 2.7, tapering to point. 27. IRON SWORD frs. Eight pieces and scraps which join to form the complete hilt and upper blade of a badly-corroded sword. Together, L. 20.5; hilt, L. 9.5; W. 4.4 at shoulders; flanges from 'ears' to shoulders; Th. 0.5 at flanges,0.3 elsewhere; blade, W 4.4 at shoulders, tapering sharply to 3, then edges parallel; no perceptible midrib, Max. Th. 0.6. Three (originallyfour)bronze rivetsin hilt. fr. Two joining pieces, 28. IRON SPEARHEAD formingsocket and part of blade. L. 16; socket L. 7.5, D. 1.9 (internally 1.5); blade, W. at square shoulders 2.4, widening to Max. W. 3.2. Flat midrib,Th. 0.6. fr. Socket only 29. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (complete). L. 10.5; D. 1.6 (internally0.4). fr. L. 5.8, 30. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-TIP to tapering point. fr. L. 4.2, 31. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-TIP tapering to point. 32. IRON SPEARHEAD fr. Pieces of blade, L. 5.1; W 3.3, tapering to 2.3 at break; flat midrib,Th. 0.45. Type as 28 but not fromsame piece. The profusionof spear- and javelin-heads in this tomb (thirteenentriesin all) poses problemsof numeration.No furtherjoins can be established but, as in most of the tombs,the disturbedand scatteredstateofthe findsmakes it more than likelythat widely-separatedfragmentswill have belonged to the same, incompletely-recovered weapon. Of the fourfindsof spearheads (7, 14, 28, and 32), differencesof measurement and profile make it certainthatno twobelong to thesame piece; but thesame is not true of thejavelin-heads. Here the most economical would be to assignthefragments as follows: hypothesis The smallest tip (26) to the lower blade 16, and that to the socket 29; the next smallest (31) to the near-complete 8 + 9(i) + io(i) + 11; the next smallest (30) to the blade 9(ii) + io(ii); the long tip (17 + 19) to the socketand upper blade 15. In this way, the nine javelin-fragmentsbreak down to four heads, to be added to the four spearheads. These have the merit of being even numbers (see below, p. 582 forthe significanceof this),but the argumentsare farfromconclusive. 32a. IRON PIN frs. Two joining pieces from pinshaft,L. 3.1; section round, D. c. 0.3. 33. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Tip of one-edged knife,L. 4.4; W. 1.4, taperingto point. Straightblade. 34. See 2.
!go
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 176 c. i.oo X i.oo. 0.18 deep. A roughly shallowpitcutintostereo, pit. probablytheremainsofa cremation triangular In thearea S ofthelargechamber-tomb 106,amonga groupof HL/R inhumation graves (Ts. 171,177,182etc.).No orientation. and pieces of cremated compriseddarkash, charcoaland pottery, Layer 1, the pit filling, bone. Tomb 182 SW (figs. 5, 44) L. 1.20.GreatestW. 0.50. No linedon one longside withmud-brick. This was a smallpit-grave, dug 0.40 intostereo, traceofcoveringremained. Found on the SW side of the most congested part of the cemetery,in an area used was NE-SW. orientation fromSM to R. The approximate incessantly and crumbledred mudbrickwas clearedas layer1. The The fillof brownsoil,kouskouras werefi, a smallgoldlion'smaskaffix,1, a smalloinochoe,and 2, a miniature onlyofferings alikesuggestthiswas a child'sgrave. cup. Gravesize and offerings POTTERY 1. TREFOH^LIPPED JUG-ARYBALLOS.H. c.9. Base to shoulder;irs.of mouth,neckand handle,shattered intosmallpieces.Concaveneck,globular-conical body, back flatbase.Foursolidcirclesofpainton bellyat front, LPG-PGB. Cf.F.no. 1038fordecoration. andflanks. SMALE FINDS 1. GOLD PENDANT IN FORM OF A LION'S HEAD (ri(i. 153;wait; 265). H. 1. W. 1.2. Sheetgold. Details O. embossed. back,soldered on;loopforsuspension. Separate
2. MINIATURE CUP. H. 2.6. D. 4. Nearly complete. Oblique lip overhanging body; flat base. Fully coated. PGB: miniatureof F. 166, class B (ii).
2. BRONZE, amorphous crumb. Wt. 1 g. (layer
Tomb 186 SW (figs. 5, 43; plate 33 c-d) Chamber0.60 X 0.40. H. 0.35. Pit:1.00square,0.78 deep (intostereo). This was a pit-cavewithsinglechamber,itsentranceplaced low downin theE faceofthe pit,sealedbya porosslab cutflat,0.32 X 0.28 X 0.06, in secondaryuse (neatlyroundedtop, bottomedge unevenlybroken).The floorof the chamberwas 0.10 lowerthan the neatly levelledfloorofthepit.The littlechamber,includingitsroof,was intact. The orientation The gravewas on theSWedge ofthemostcongestedpartofthecemetery. thechamberwas on theN side. was NNE-SSW; The gravewas foundafterexcavationof the immediatelyadjacent HL/R inhumation had done no damageto T. 186.Boththe gravesTs. 139and 140which,bygreatgood fortune, This SM cremationgrave,used on pit fillingand thelittletombchamberwereundisturbed. in theN cemetery. one occasiononly,mustbe one oftheearliestinterments steriledepositof kouskouras, The pit was filledwitha completely perhapsfromdiggingthe some fallenfromthe roofand sides,some pit. The chamberwas almostfullof kouskouras,
THE
MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
Ts.
176, 182, 186, 200
2
¡^
filtered throughthe sealed entrance.In the fill,loose,was 743 g. of crematedbone, perhaps in a clothbag or otherkindofperishablereceptacle.These weretheremainsof ca originally notveryold person'who must,fromthegraveofferings, havebeen a man. An SM stirrup jar, in the centre of the dated the chamber, 1, placed complex. In frontwas a long bronze spearhead,fi; behind,in a heap, were an irondirk,f5, an ironknife,£2, a crushedshield boss,or 'phalara',fl6,and twowhetstones, £3 and 4. Duringstudyof thecrematedremains, the following additionalitemswere noted:a smalliron 'stud',threefragments of bronze,a sectionofknifehandle(13.1 X 10.77mm)and severalfragments ofwhatmightpossiblyhave been a boar'stusk. POTTERY (PLATE 183) 1. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 124). H. 12.2. D. 10.2. Complete and intact.Lightbrownclay.Worn matt rich dark brown-blackpaint. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Air-holeat base of false neck on side oppositespout.Three concentriccircleson disc; bold horizontal strokeson handles. Paint inside spout mouth,band on lip outside, spout root encircled.
Parallelstrokeson shoulder,betweenspoutand false neck,dittobetweenhandles and falseneck. On the shoulder,double-outlinedelaborated triangles.On freeside,designcentredon theair-hole.The triangles are dividedin fourbyhatchingtheanglesand leaving the centresreserved.One of the triangleson the free sideis differently hatched.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE SPEARHEAD (fig. 163; plate 274). L. 39.8. W. 3.4. Midrib 1.3. Socket L. 16.2. Wt. 284 g. Tip lost, edges slightlychipped; crustyoxidization. The hollowof the dividedsocketcontinuesinto the midrib.Angularshoulders.Blade outlineveryshallow ellipsoid.Midrib sectionalmostrectangular, picked out eithersidebyveryfinereliefline.On one side this continuesdown the socketto its end, on the other roundsout at the socket-division. The edges of the blade are continuedon the socketby similarridges whichcontinuetheirlines.Two oppositerivetholes.A veryfinepiece. 2. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE (fig.163;plate 274). of the tang.L. 10.4; Completebut forthe extremity tang,PL. 3, W. 1.5;blade taperingsharplyfromW. 3.3 at shoulderto tip,whichis recurvedso thatthecutting edge is concaveforthelast2-3 cms.ofitslength. 3. SCHIST HONING STONE (fig. 163; plate 274). PL. 11.7. W. 4.4. Th. 0.7. Probably incompleterecomposedof three.The preservedend has a quite neat convex profile,and appears to be smoothhollowedone sidefromuse. 4. WHETSTONE (fig. 163; plate 274). L. 11.5.W. 2.6. Th. i.i. Mudstone? Chipped at lower end,
otherwisecompleteand intact.Hourglasssuspension hole (D. 0.8 one side,0.7 the other).Outlineexpands frombuttto base. The fine-grained materialremains unidentified. 5. IRON DIRK (FIG.163;piate 274).Fivefrs., joining to formnear-complete dirk;the tip of the blade and of the hiltare brokenoff.Together, upper extremity L. 25.9; hilt,PL. 8.4, tapersfromMax. W. of 2.4 at upperend nearpommelto a 'neck',W. 1.8,just above shoulder,whichis 4 wide; blade then tapersevenly fromthispointtowardstip (W. 1.4 at finalbreak).No midribin blade; hilt,too, is flat,has no flanges,and has as many as eightiron rivetsstillvisiblein a Yshaped pattern;threeevenlyspaced along grip,five arranged symmetricallyround the outside of the shoulders. 6. BRONZE PHALARA (SHIELD BOSS) (fig. 163; PLATE274).D. 13.L. ofspike4. Metal Th. 0.1. Wt. 118 g. Verymuchcrushed;muchoftheedgesbrokenaway and lost;threesmallfloatingscraps.No stitchor rivet holes. The exact formand methodof attachmentof the spikeis not veryclear,but may have been in two pieces fittinginto one another,one of which went insidethedome,theotheroutside.
Tombs 200, 201 202 SW (figs. 5, 43; plates
34-5 e)
Pit 1.34X 1.34. The entrancesto thethreechamberswereplaced low downin theW(T. 200),E (T. 201)and S (T. 202) facesof thepit. T 200 measured0.70 X 0.70, itsopening0.43 high,the chamber
I92
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
0.55 high.T. 201 measured0.54 X 0.50, its opening0.45 high,the chamber0.55 high.202 measured0.55 X 0.62. Its openingwas 0.45 high.The chamberswereall sealedbyflatstones seton edge,a singlestoneforTs. 200 and 202, twostonesforT. 201.There was no stepinto thechambersfromthepit,buttheyall slopeddowninsidebyup to 0.20. The roofsofall three wereintact. The complexwas 4.00-5.00 NNEofthepit-caveT. 186,only1.00fromthepossiblepit-cave T 98 (partofthecomplexat thecentreofwhichwas T. 106),and thusin themostcongested partof the necropolis,on itsS side. One axis,passingthroughT 202 and the blankpit-face opposite,was orientated nearlydue N-S. The complexfirst graveT 176,which appearedduringexcavationoftheHL/R inhumation HL burialT 187,whichintruded cut theSWangleof thepit,and theill-defined had slightly withwhichtwo skulls(butno otherbones)and a lamp intothe upperpartof thepit filling, wereassociated.In thefillof T. 187was a largepatchof ash-blackened earth,at the timeof - or pyres.Withitwas a fragment ofwhatwas later excavationtakenas theremainsofa pyre seen to be T. 200, 4, a SM neck-handledamphora with twistedhandles, many other ofthepit.The threechamberswere ofwhichwerefoundin theundisturbed filling fragments makesit veryprobablethatthe complexwas all undisturbed; the conditionof the pit-filling used on a singleoccasiononly.T. 200 containedtheremainsofa singleindividual(probablya a woman).T. 201had theremainsoftwoadults(perhapsman and woman)and,lesscertainly, - perhaps child.T. 202 was emptyexceptfortinyscrapsofbone. It is possiblethatthesethree four- persons were cremated on the same occasion, and their ashes were interred If thatwereso, whydid T. 202 remainunused?Perhapsbecause twoofthose simultaneously. mixed.They involvedwereburnton the same pyre,so thattheirremainswereinextricably in thesamechamber,and thethirdpreparedchamberwas leftunused, interred weretherefore thoughitsopeningwas sealedliketheothers. ofT. 187thanhad seemedlikely. The pit-filling bytheintrusion provedto be lessdisturbed soil fill of of the consisted The undisturbed crumblyyellow mixedwithash and charcoal part A finalskinofdriedmudmixedwith the to without flecks, pit-floor. changenearly continuing and could representthe trampled the reworkedkouskouras pit-floor, immediatelyoverlay of the the surface formed gravesand theiruse. Two large SM preparation during walking in NEand SE cornersrespectively. the the on were found floor, standing stirrup jars, 1, 2, T. 200 (theW chamber)was sealed by a flatworkedporosslab 0.38 X 0.28 X 0.08. The of of root-permeated chamber-fill overlaya mass of loose fragments powderedkouskouras made crematedbone, belongingto a not veryold person,possiblyfemale(an identification jar, stoodon the S side. 3, a largeSM stirrup probableby thenatureof thegraveofferings). of faience were with the cremated mixed Otherofferings bead, fj, fragments £2, bone) (found bronze shattered twoleaf-goldrosettes, f6, wheel-shapedpin-head, glass ivorycomb,fs, £4, bead, £7,bronzedroplet,£8, manysmallsolid gold sphericalbeads, fg, faiencebead, fio, of blue glass,fi2, serpentineconulus, fi3, burnedgold leaf.Other gold ring,fu, fragments weresieved. the contents when in the found £8 were to beads workshop belonging gold T 201 (theE chamber)was closedby twostones,one, flat,unworked, 0.30 X 0.26 X 0.07, in from had falleninsideor filtered theother0.10 X 0.17 X 0.08, unworked.Littlekouskouras thepit.Numerousbronzeobjectswerefoundlyingamonga massofcrematedbone,ofwhich two individuals,perhapsmale and female, 2.388 kg.were recovered,probablyrepresenting ofan ofthepresenceofa third(child?),fi was a largegroupoffragments withthepossibility it were of of and stand footed four-sided bronze; many pieces ring support ajouré and blade were fire. the of f2-6 heat the distorted arrowheads, £8, large by unrecognizably
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE -Ts. 200-2
!g3
socketofa largebronzespearhead,fj9 a TypeII bronzesword,brokenin fourpieces.£9was an ironknifetip,fio, a plaingold ring,fu, a slimironshaftin severalpieces,possiblya pair ofpins.A numberof organicobjectswereinadvertently takenup withthebone,fromwhich fi theywere separatedduringpost-excavation study- 2, decoratedivoryhandle fragments, bone inlays,fi4b, rectangular ofslicedboar's tusk,fi4a, triangular fi3, nineteenfragments bone inlays,fi5, ivoryfragments -Pcomb.Postexcavationstudyofthebronzefragments taken bronzeshieldboss/phalarahad been includedwiththem,as up as fi showedthata shattered wellas fi7, largebronzearrowhead,fi8, bronzestripand fij), bronzerivet. T. 202 was closedby a flatashlarporosblock0.40 X 0.30 X 0.10. The chamberwas filled withkouskouras. The onlycontents weretwounidentifiable scrapsofbone. There was a stirrup jar in T. 200; therehad been a stirrup jar in T 186 (q.v.).It is possible that1 and 2, foundon the pit floor,shouldseverallyhave accompaniedthe two individuals whoseasheswerefoundin T. 201.Butthechamberwas too smallfortheunexpecteddoubling ofitscontents, so thatthestirrup jars wereplaced outsideinstead. The T. 200-202 complexmustbe one of the richestSM gravesyetdiscovered;it is also richerthananySMyc.grave.It was one oftheearliestgravesin theN cemetery. POTTERY (T. 200) (PLATE 183) 1. STIRRUP JAR (FIG.123).H. 22. D. 18.2.Complete (some chips;recomposedof many).Dark creamclay. Wornmattdarkbrownpaint.Air-holeat base offalse neck, on side opposite spout. Spiral on the disc. Oblique and horizontalstrokeson the handles;root outlined.Paintinsidespoutmouth;verticalgroupsof horizontal strokeson its face. On the shoulder, elaboratelydecoratedtrianglesinfilledwithcomplex ofconcentricarcs,theinterspacesfilled arrangements with strokesand dashes. Groups of bands above band on lowerbody,painton foot. greatestdiameter, SM. 2. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 123).H. 18.7.D. 16. Complete (save chips);recomposedof many.Purplish-redclay. Partlywornmattdarkbrownpaint.Air hole at base of false neck on side opposite spout. Traces of trimming (horizontal).Spiral on the disc, centredon the nipple. Handle roots and edges outlined; horizontalstrokes.Paint insidespoutmouth;vertical band of horizontal strokes on its outer face. Horizontal row of shortverticalstrokesat root of elaboratetriangles, one either spout.On theshoulder, side of spout,two on oppositeside. The angles are hatched,leaving a reservedtriangularspace at the centre.Group of bands below shoulderand a second on thelowerwall.Paintòn theslantofthefoot.SM. 3. STIRRUP JAR (fig. 123). H. 19.7. D. 16.2. Complete, cracked; recomposed of several. Dark SMALL FINDS (T. 200) 1. GOLD leaffr. 2. FAIENCE BEADS, withfourlobes (figs. 164, 183; PLATE 275).(a) L. 1.8.W. 0.65. Dh. 0.2-0.3. Pale brown inside,(b) L. 1.5.W. 0.5. Cf. Goldstein 171b.LM or LH.
cream clay,some black sand. Largelyfugitivesemilustrous,crackleddark brownpaint. Spiral on disc, centredon nipple.Handle rootsand edges outlined. Parallelhorizontalzigzags on handle surfaces.Paint insidespoutmouth;a verticalband ofshorthorizontal strokeson itsouterface.On the shoulder,elaborately decoratedtriangles,one eitherside of spout,two on opposite side. The formerare filledwithgroupsof arcs, vacant spaces picked out with dots. The remainderis triple-outlined, internallydivided into minortrianglesby groupsof parallel strokes.In the space between them,below the airhole, a vertical chevronband. Below one of the handles a vertical group of fourparallel wavy lines. Bands below the shoulderzone. The bodyis coveredin a 'net' ofcrosshatched lozenges arranged in verticalrows with a half-lozengeat top and bottom,two full lozenges between.The reservedareas are pickedout withdotand-circle.The lowerbodyand footare coated. 4. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 128). H. 49. D. 38. Fragmentary;complete section. Light brown clay, heavily gritted.Worn reddish-brown paint.Painton lip in and out,band insidemouth.The grooveswithinthe twistedhandles picked out with paint.Band at rootof neck.Elongatedhorizontal'S' pattern on shoulders either side; bands below shoulder,on lowerbody and singleband above foot (omittedin drawing).SM.
3. TWO GOLD ROSETTES. D. 2.7, 2.5 (fig. 153; PLATE265). Thin sheet; embosseddetails.Holes for attachment.Damaged. LM II- III type.AR 25 (1979)
46.
!94
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
4. IVORY COMB, tworepairedfrs.(fig. 164; plate 275).(a) 6.3 X 4.3. (b) 5 X 3.7. Verybadlyshattered. (a) preservesall H. fromback to startofteeth;(b) has a hole (fora bronzerivet?).In (a), twelveteethstumps preservedovera lengthof 2.2. The back of thecomb is straight. Manydetachedfrs.ofteeth. 5. BRONZE WHEEL-SHAPED PIN HEAD (fig. 164; PLATE275).D. 3.7. H. 1.8. Wt. 16.5g. Complete; intact;crustyoxidization.Cylindricalsleeve forthe shaftof the pin inset in the ajouréhead; four 'U'shapedelementsattachedto theinsideofthewheel. 6. GLASS BEAD (fig. 164; plate 275).Max. D. 1.6. Max. L. 1.6.Irregular shape.Drawnthreaddecoration: pale greenon white.Base: darkbrown-green. 7. BRONZE DROPLETS. (Largest) 1.1 X 0.4. (a)
Three crumbs,(b) Two dropletsattached to small of4? sliversofivory-part 8. GOLD NECKLACE OF 81 BEADS (fig. 153; PLATE265). D. 0.4. Cast solid. Cylindrical.AR 25 (1979)46, fig.11. 9. FAIENCE BEAD. Spherical(fig. 164; plate 275). D. i.i. L. 1.2. Calcined- grey,originallycreamy yellow. 10 GOLD FINGER RING fr.(plate 265). Greatest dimension, 1.6. Sheet gold; convex outline. Very Wouldhaveresembled201.fio. fragmentary. 11. GLASS BEADS, frs.,darkblue glass. 12. SERPENTINE CONULUS (fig. 164;plate 275). H. 1.8.D. 1.7.Complete;battered. 13. GOLD LEAF fr.
In addition,in thefillof theshaft(layer2) wereveryscrappyremainsof bronze.In the chamberofT. 200 was a small,formless jar,pot 2, a smallbronzelump,1.0 X 0.4, Wt. 2 g,was found. scrap.In thespoutofthestirrup SMALL FINDS (T. 201) 1. BRONZE FOUR-SIDED STAND, frs. (figs. 165-6;PLATE276).The standwas probablylaid on the body,forit seemsto havebeen at theheartofthefire. There are 43 pieces whose approximatepositionin the stand can be deduced, havinglargelyretained theiroriginalform.There are 38 pieces whichhave completelyaltered shape by fire action, yet can confidentlybe assigned to the stand. The 43 recognizablepiecesweigh684 g (largest,53.5 g). The 38 unrecognizable pieces weigh 240 g. The recognizablepieces includethreefeet,fivesectionsof theverticalelementsoftheframe(onejoininga foot), vertical one transomjoiningone of junction(probably the verticalabove), threetransomfragments (one a junctionwitha vertical),one transom-and-strut-andring,eleven strutfrs.,one strutfragmentcombined with dangler ring, eleven pieces of the ajouré fourtriplerod mouldings,two five-rod figurework, mouldings (from the ring support?), one unidentifiable. The basic designconsistedofa ring support restingon sidedframe.The verticalsidesof the frame thefourenlargedat theirlowerendsintofeet(notzoomorphic); theverticalelementsweretrussedtogether by transoms made as in certainly Struts, two,possiblythreeregisters. and foot of each side from each rods, spring parallel wereattachedto the centreundersideof each of the lower (lowest) transoms.A suspension ring for a danglerwas attachedto theundersideof the strutsat each apex; no danglerswereidentified. and of ajouréhuman The allocationof the fragments in Difference is the to animal impossible. design figures scale,however, suggeststhattheremayhavebeen two figuredregisterseach side, separated by transoms. can be recognizedthe lower Among the fragments
part of a long robed humanfigure,standingbirds,a quadruped (feline?),a raised wing(probablysphinx) and animal legs. The design of the ringsupportis also uncertain,but it may have consistedof an ajouré wavy band bounded at the top by a band of five horizontalringmouldings,at the bottom,a band of threehorizontalmouldings.The objectwas made in Cyprus in the later thirteenth earlier twelfth be. century 2. BRONZE ARROWHEAD (fig.163;plate 280). L. 11.3. Tang L. 4.8. W. 2.2. Th. 0.45. Wt. 28.5 g. Complete; intact.Prominentbarbs,verysolid tang, sectionsquare,themidribwithmoreroundedprofile. Cast,and littlealtered. 3. BRONZE ARROWHEAD (fig.163;plate 280). L. 8.2. Tang L. 2.5. W 2.1.Th. 0.15.Wt. 10 g. Complete; intact.Sectionflattened ellipse,withoutmidrib.Tang section rectangular.Probably handworkedfroma billetcasting. 4. BRONZE ARROWHEAD (fig.163;plate 280). L. 7.2. Tang L. 2.5. W. 1.5.Th. 0.2. Wt. 9.5 g. Complete; Dent;edge buckled.Blade profileellipsoidal,section very flattenedellipse, littletrace of midrib.Tang section rhomboidal. Probablyhandworkedfroma billetcasting. 5. BRONZE ARROWHEAD (fig.163;plate 280). L. 7.3. Tang L. 2. W 1.4. Th. 0.2. Wt. 8.1 g. Complete; intact. Rather irregularellipsoidal outline. Slight midrib.Tang sectionroughlyrectangular. 6. BRONZE ARROWHEAD frs.(fig. 163; plate 280). L. 7.4. W 2. Th. 0.2. Wt. 13.5g. Tip and tang lost. Ellipsoidaloutline,sectionflattenedellipse,no midrib.Cast and finished byhand. 7. BRONZE TYPE II SWORD (fig. 163;plate 277). L. c. 54.5. W at guard5.4. HandgripL. 9.3. RivetL.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 200-2, 207 2.1. MidribTh. (mid-blade)0.7. Wt. 472 g. Tip, and top of pommel spur lost. Twisted,and brokeninto four unequal pieces. Prominent flanges on the to nothingat the whichtaperawayvirtually handgrip, low down ears and lowerguard.One rivet(surviving) in theguard.Guardhas in thehandgrip, two(missing) a slightlysinuousprofile.Damage to blade makesit difficult to see whetheror not edges were parallel. Blade sectionellipsoidal.Blade enhancedeitherside theoutline,inset bytwoparallelreliefridgesfollowing fromtheedges.These ridgescome to a point3.0 from theexisting tip. 8. BRONZE SPEARHEAD (fig. 163; plate 277). L. ofblade fr.22. W. 4. Th. 0.6. L. ofsocketfr.8. W. 2.7. Total Wt. 221 g. What was once a beautifulweapon, muchdamagedby the fire.The blade is twisted,the edge much batteredand chipped. Tip is lost, as is blade and socketjunction. The broad rectangular midrib is enhanced each side by three very fine parallel reliefridges,one at each edge, one in the centre (mould-made). Socket is crushed; it was - oppositethe divisionare threefineparallel divided reliefridgesthatmusthave run withoutinterruption intothe reliefridgesof the midrib.Carbonizedwood in socket. 9. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.(fig. 164). Two non-joiningpieces fromthe lower blade of a oneedged knife:(i) L. 2.7,W. 1.7taperingto 1.3; (ii) L. 2, W. 1.2 taperingto 0.6. Straightback, slightconcave in cutting-edge. curvature 10. GOLD FINGER RING. Ext. D. 2 (plate 265). Sheetgold;convexoutline. 11. TWO IRON PINS (fig. 163; plate 277). (i) completeexceptforhead; threepiecesjoiningto form shaft,L. 15.1. D. c. 0.5; smallmouldingdetectable1.5 cms.downshaft,(ii) complete;fourjoiningpieces.L. 15.6;head in formofroughdisc,D. 0.65, barelywider than haft(D. c. 0.5); as with (i), a small moulding D. c. appears c. 1.5 cms. down,but better-preserved: 0.6, Th. c. 0.3. (i) and (ii) were takenup as one and originally supposedto be a singleobject- obelos?) 12. IVORY MOUNTING frs.(fig. 164; plate 278). L. 5.8. Th. 0.35. W. 1.7. Total Wt. (Main fragment) 33.4 g. (Main piece 5.5 g) Eight fragments preserve carved surfaces.Anothereighty(verysmall) mostly calcined, are plain. It is not certain that all this belongedto a singleobject,or even thatthe carved pieces are all one. The large decorated fragment
!g5
seems to be a sleeve or haft of which part of the bottomand one side is preserved.It is not rounded, but flattened.Unexplainedis the oval medallion-like featurecarvedon the side.Justabove thebottomis a horizontalrecessedpanel 0.45 W. withinciseddotand-circle. The face is picked out with incised concentriccircles.Two small frs.also have recessed panel and bottomedges. 13. BOAR'S TUSK HELMET PLATES (fig. 164; PLATES278-9). (Largest)3.6 X 1.3. Th. 0.2. Nineteen calcined to variousdegrees.At least one, fragments perhaps two with the remains of a stitch hole. (Identified bySheilaghWall.) 14. TRIANGULAR BONE INLAYS (fig. 164;plate 278). (a) 1.7 X i.i5, (b) 1.4 X 1.1,(c) 2.4 X 1.05,(d) 2.6 X 1.5,(e) 1.7 X c. 1.5,(f)2.1 X 1.5,(g) 2.4 X 1.9,(h) 1.1 X c. 1.6.Th. 0.2-0.4. The threeedgescutstraight, the surfacesrubbeddown(especiallyon thespongyside). 14a. RECTANGULAR BONE INLAYS (fig. 164; PLATE278). (Bestpreserved)L. 2.5. W. 0.55. Th. 0.3. Seven roughlyrectangular strips,none of whichneed be complete. 15. IVORY frs.(Two largest)(a) 3.3 X 1.8 X 0.35. (b) 3.2 X 1.1 X 0.35. Total Wt. 6.3 g. Fourteenpieces, none withfinishededges.Not fromthesame object(s) as 12. Mighthavebeen partofa comb(as 200. £4). 16. BRONZE PHALARA (SHIELD BOSS) (fig. 163; PLATE280). Spike3.7 X 2.8. Wt. 21 g. TotalWt. 181g. The onlyrecognizableelementis thespike,consisting of a cone withcollarmouldingnear the tip,attached to a relatively largeringon itsunderside.The wholeis verybattered.For the rest,consistsof a verylarge number of small/tinyfragmentsof sheet metal disfiguredby havingbeen in or at the edge of the pyre.(Takenup with1.) BRONZE 17. PROJECTILE- LARGE ARROWHEAD (?). (fig. 163; plate 280). L. 6.4. Developed L. c. 11.W. 2.5. Wt. 26.5 g. Foldeddouble. Tang (if any) lost. Heavy crusty oxidization. Ellipsoidalblade profile,ellipticalsection,no midrib. (Takenup with1.) 18. BRONZE STRIP fr.(fig. 164 plate 280). L. 2.5. W 1. Th. 0.1. Wt. 2.g.Wedge-shaped, brokentop and bottom.Partofdepilatory tweezers? 19. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 164;plate 280). L. 1.3.D. (head) 0.8. D. (shaft) 0.4. Wt. 0.9 g. One large mushroomhead, one, smaller,flathead. (Taken up with1.)
Tomb 207 SW (figs. 5, 44; plate 35/) ExtantL. overall:4.95. ExtantL. oi dromo s + stomion: 3.20. Mean W. c. 0.85. W. ofstomion 0.75. Chamber:W. 2.13.Depth 1.64.GreatestH. 0.95. The Wend ofthedromos could notbe completely sidesweresomewhat excavated;thedromos
ige
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
The E halfofthedromos, and narrowedtowardsthestomion. at least,roseat an angle irregular, of io°. The totalverticaldistanceof the dromos was not recovered. The stomion was gradient in that the door and were not one another. embryonic jambs projectedonlyslightly opposite There was no blocking,but c. i .50 W of the stomion, a numberof stones,somepartlyworked wall,withflatE face,0.90 wide,0.38 deep 0.58 high (Preused)was builtintoa neat retaining X X in theblockingwall.The floorofthe stone 0.50 0.38 0.20),presumably originally (largest dromoscontinued into the chamber without any interveningstep. The chamber was rectangular, thoughall butone cornerwas roundedand theN wall convex;the approximately roofwas intact,springing fromlow walls;the chamberfloorwas at least 1.75belowmodern groundsurface. The tombwas on theS side of a groupofparallelchambertombs(175,146,207) on theW was E by S, w byN,thechamberon theE side The orientation sideofthemainDA cemetery. of the dromos.
of topsoilin thiscrowdedpartof the mechanicalstripping The tombwas foundfollowing nearerthechamber. It had been lootedbydiggingoutthehalfofthedromos cemetery. backseemedto be plain kouskouras W of theretaining wall,whatwas dug of the dromos-ñll The kalathos, to theE ofthewall,and thechamberwerefullofbrokenpottery. fill.The dromos and f3, threefaiencediscbeads. wall,as werefi, ironpin fragment, 1, was neartheretaining f2 (bronzescrap),2, stirrup 3, agrimi-like zoomorphicspoutwerein fillin the jar fragment, was nearthechamberentrance,fs, the while£4,bronzesheetfragment, centreofthedromos, same,was in loose earth.In thechamber,sherdnumbersdroppedabruptly;4, an Poinochoe fromtheblockingwall. The top witha stone,presumably sherd,was near thefront, together offill thirdofthechamberfillwas reddishearth,whilethelowerpartwas yellow.A buttress leftat the back of the chamber as a safetymeasure to supportthe roofhad to remain bronzebowl,lay in thefar oinochoeand £6, a hemispherical unexcavated.5, a fragmentary NEpartofthechamber,0.15-0.20abovethefloor,in fill.Therewereno findsinsitu. Seventytwovaseswereassembledfromthe basketsof sherdscollected.The date-rangeis SM/EPG to LPG. There were As thereare no pithoi,no estimatecan be made ofthenumberofinterments. remainsof sevenSM-EPG amphorae(25, 30, 38, 43, 50-1, 58 and one Atticimport,52). No burntbone was found;some bones in the dromos fill,amongthemthe toothof a 'young' - the Attic7, and the small73- may have gone individualwereunburnt.The two kraters ofwhich49, 67 werefortheearlierperiod,theMPG 35, 53 withsomeof thebell-skyphoi, and 23, 31-32, 54-56 not more closelydatable and the M-LPG 69 forthe intermediate, thanPG. There werethreeskyphoi,6, 17, 44 and fivecups, 13-15, 20-21, forthe earlier period,two skyphoi,27, 33, forthe later,and eightmore(45, 47-48, 62-63, 65-66, 68) and a miniature (10, 22, 26, cup 75 wereM-LPG. In additionthereweresevenamphoriskoi a and oinochoai three 11, 8, 1, 34, 36-375 4O~425 9, jug (57). (4, 5, 60) 28-29, 64, 77), were kalathoi. were 61, ?76 werepyxides, 2, 3, 19, 70 jars, 39, probablystirrup 59, 71, 74 is in this Attic A of total a group noteworthy. imports eight 24 tripodcookingpot. POTTERY (PLATES 184-7) 1. KALATHOS. H. 13. D. 27.8. Nearly complete. Cream slip.Widelysplayinglip,flaton top; otherwise as 207.40. MPG. 2. STIRRUP JAR (?). PH. 8. Pierceddisc, partsof two vertical strap handles, and additional straps
crossingabove discat rightangles.All handlesbarred. PG. 3. STIRRUP JAR,open mouth(fig. 124).H. 24. DR. 7.1. Partsof handles,body and neck missing.Cream slip.Slightflangeon rim,as thoughforlid. Ridge on
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 207 neck. Three strap handles attached to rim, with crossbarsattachedto neck ridge;the handle in front joins thebrowofan animalprotomewhichformsthe spout. High conical foot. Shoulder: at back, birds rectilinear flanking panel and zigzags,as in drawing; in front, to R. ofwhichis (A) panel of cross-hatching, anotherbirdsimilarto thaton R. of reverseside. (B) opposedverticalgriddedzigzagsto L., enclosingsmall cross-hatchedlozenges; column of cross-hatched lozengesto R. Belly:zigzagbetweenlines.Solid paint on lower body, continuingunder foot. Protome: dottedcircleon raised eyes,paint on ears, lines and band on muzzle.Verticallineson handles.Groupsof barson rim,band inside.M-LPG. 4. OINOCHOE (?). H. 7.2. Mouthmissing.Buffslip. Strap handle,roughflatbase withstringmark.Both flanksdipped.M-LPG. 5. OINOGHOE (?). H. 8. Mouth missing.As 207.4. M-LPG. 6. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 15. DR. 15.2. Nearlycomplete.Fine orange-brown clay,thickblack paint.AsJ 15. AtticLPG. 7. HIGH-FOOTED KRATER (fig. 124).H. 21.6. D. 24. Nearly complete. Orange-brownclay,lustrous brown-blackpaint,much worn. Uneven rim. Same decorationon both sides. Reserved circle on floor. AtticLPG. 8. KALATHOS (fig. 124). H. 14.3. D. 25. Nearly complete.Cream slip.Roughsurfaceunderneath.On withgroupsof crossrim,groupsof bars alternating hatchedtriangles. MPG. 9. KALATHOS. H. 13.4. D. 26.7. Nearlycomplete. Cream slip. Rough surfaceunderneath.On rim,ten solid triangles;group of thirteenbars; three solid withtwosmallerinverted triangles triangles intervening, between groups of seven bars; four cross-hatched triangles;group of twelve bars. Underneath fully as 207.40. MPG. paintedbutforcentre.Otherwise 10. *AMPHORISKOS. PH. 11.5. Lower body and shoulderfrs,neckmissing.Cream slip.Verticalstrap handles,flatbase. Freehandsemicircleson shoulder. Verticallineon each handle.SM. 11. *KALATHOS (fig. 124).H. 10.8. D. 18.4.Nearly complete.Cream slip. On rim,threegroupsof solid withtwogroupsofbars.MPG. triangles alternating 12. SKYPHOS (FIG. 125). H. 11.1. DR. 19. Nearly complete.Buffwash. Stringmarkunderbase. Among each set of pendent semicircles,the innermostis added freehand,the rest compass-drawn.On one M-LPG. side,thetwosetsat theextremeR. intersect. 13. *CUP (FIG. 124). H. 5.8. DR. 8.4. Two-thirds Fine orangeclay,thicklustrousblackpaint. preserved. Bars on handle.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.Attic LPG. 14. *GUR H. 6.2. DR. c. 9.4. Half preserved.As 207.13. AtticLPG.
!gy
15. *CUP Base only,as 207.13. AtticLPG. 16. SMALL LID. H. 5.4. D. 10. Nearlycomplete.Illdefinedknobwithslopinguppersurface;slightridge. Ridge near rimunderneath.Two pairs of suspension holes.LPG. Cf. 287.35. 17. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig. 124). H. 7.6. DR. 9. Three-quarterspreserved.Buffslip. Poorly articulatedconical foot.Piles of zigzagswithmultiple brush.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.PG. 18. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 10.7.Lower part,up to handleroot.Carefulconicalfoot.Paintdownto lower body,and all overinside.PG. 19. STIRRUP JAR (FIG. 125). H. c. 17. Two-thirds preserved.Soft friableorange clay,buffslip. Slight spikeon disc,handlesellipticalin section;ovoidbody, poorlyarticulatedconical foot.Solid paint on disc, barredhandles,horizontaldashes on spout,no paint on falseneck.Airhole.Shoulder:rowofdotson back, no decorationvisibleon front.Band on lowerbody, paint on foot. SM/EPG: cf. Ay.IoannisI 39, III 3, VIII 7. 20. CUP (FIG.125).H. 7.4. D. c. 6.6. Half preserved; fr.of handle. Brick-redclay, thin red-blackpaint. Narrowflatbase. Both flanksdipped, rim to lower body.SM/EPG. Cf.BSA 67 (1972)69, fig.2, A 26. As 207.20. Frs.ofat leastone 21. CUP. Fragmentary. more,similar.SM-EPG. 22. *AMPHORISKOS. PH. 11.5.Lower half,with frs.of neckand shoulder;mouthmissing.Cream slip. Root ofstraphandle,globularbody,discfoot.Band at base of neck, sevenfold semicircles on shoulder, freehand;band betweenlines, solid paint on lower bodyand underbase. EPG. 23. *LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 125). H. 17.5. DR. c. 14.6.Two-thirds preserved.EPG. 24. TRIPOD COOKING JUG (fig. 125). H. 12.5. Much of base and one footmissing.Grittyred clay, verylittlemica. Strap handle,feetroundin section. No grooves.PG. 25. *BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 127).H. 30. DR. 12.Bodynearlycomplete,one fr.ofneckwith mouth. Deep orange clay,red-brownpaint. Slight ridgeat base ofneck.SM. 26. *AMPHORISKOS (fig. 125). H. 21.8. DR. 10. Many frs., upper and lower parts. Cream slip. Freehandsemicircles.Wavyverticalline on handles. EPG. 27. SKYPHOS (FIG.126).H. 10.2.DR. c. 18. Threequarters preserved.Buffwash. Lip band overlaps ofEuboean. M-LPG, imitation pendentsemicircles. 28. AMPHORISKOS. H. 27. Three-quarters preserved,most of rim missing.Cream slip. Neck: band at rim, three pendent semicircleseach side, freehand.Elevenfold freehandsemicircles on shoulder. Line on lowerbody,painton and above foot.Vertical wavylineon handles.EPG.
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
H. 23. Three-quarters 29. AMPHORISKOS. mostof rimand neckmissing.As 207.28 preserved, in decoration:A, three but withminordifferences ninefold semicircles; B, two ninefold and one all freehand. EPG. quintuple, 30. *SMALL NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 125). H. 26.7. DR. 7.6. Three-quarterspreserved. Smaller versionof 207.50 but with strap handles. SM/EPG. 31. *LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 10.2. Lower part. Conical foot,slightlyconvex. Paint to lower bodyoutside,noneinside.PG. 32. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 11.Lowerpartwithone handle.High flaringfoot.Paintto lowerbody,outside and inside.PG. 33. *SKYPHOS (fig. 126).H. 9.6. DR. c. 16. Frs.of base, body,and rim with handle. Hard red-brown clay. Strap handle(s). The lip band overlaps the ofEuboean. M-LPG, imitation pendentsemicircles. 34. KALATHOS. H. 11.9.D. 24.5. Nearlycomplete. Creamslip.Evertedlip,uppersurfaceslopinginward; flatbase. Decorationas 207.8. MPG. 35. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 126). H. 12. DR. 10.2. Nearlycomplete.MPG. 36. KALATHOS (fig. 126).H. 11.8.DR. 15.6.Nearly abovestrap Creamslip.Miniature cupattached complete. belowband.E-MPG. Cf.0,65. handle.Inside:spatter 37. *KALATHOS. H. 12.3. D. 16. Two-thirds As 207.36. E-MPG. preserved. AMPHORA. PH. 19. *NECK-HANDLED 38. Lower part. Orange clay, red core; brown paint. Shape as 207.50. Band on lowerbody and at base. SM-EPG. 39. *PYXIS (FIG. 126). H. 11. Three-quarters preserved.Buffslip. One pair of suspensionholes. Between two sets of semicircles,pendent crosshatchedtrianglewithindouble outline.Paint under base. LPG-PGB. 40. *KALATHOS (fig. 126). H. 15.2. D. 27. Nearly MPG. inside. circleonfloor Creamslip.Reserved complete. 41. KALATHOS. H. 18.2. D. 26.8. Complete.Fine clay,browngrits,thicklustrousbrownorange-buff black paint. Evertedlip withtwo adjacent pairs of suspension holes. Flat base with bevelled edge, barson Maltesecrossunderneath. Groupsoffourteen rim. Inside fullypainted but forreservedcircle on floor.AtticLPG. Urban Nucleus 293,fig.7. 42. *KALATHOS (fig. 127).H. 21.2. D. 34. Nearly complete. Fabric as 207.41. Everted lip, upper surfaceflat.Disc foot,Maltesecrossunderneath.Rim as 207.41. AtticLPG. barsand interior 43. *BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 127).H. c. 40. DR. 9. Frs.of neck,bodywithhandle,and base. Cream slip. Five pairs of verticallines on shoulder. Groups of threebars on rim. EPG. For shape cf. F. nos.70,84.
44. SKYPHOS (FIG. 126). H. 8. D. 14.5. Nearly complete.Cream slip. Spatterinside.E-MPG, under Cypriotinfluence. 45. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. PH. 7.8. Base to nearrim.As 207.48. MPG. 46. AMPHORISKOS. H. 18. Much of neck and shouldermissing.Cream slip. Shape as 207.28, but withbroaderbody.Neck: band, fourtriplependent freehand. Shoulder:A, freehand semicircles; semicircles, B, griddedzigzag.Paintunderbase. Verticalwavyline downhandles,ringroundroots.EPG. 47. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.9. DR. 11.4. Two-thirds As 207.63. M-LPG. preserved. 48. *HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS (fig. 126). H. 8. MPG. DR. 7.2. Three-quarters preserved. 49. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 126). H. 8.8. DR. 6.8. clay,thickblack Nearlycomplete.Hard orange-brown paint. Paint as 207.35, but tricklingto foot. SM-EPG. Cf.E nos. 2, 11. 50. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 128). H. 52. DR. 16. Nearlycomplete.Cream wash. Rounded rim,ropehandles,flatbase. Painton handlesand rim; band insiderim.SM-EPG. 51. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 128). H. 50.5. DR. 18 Nearlycomplete,surfacebadly pitted. White grits.Shape as 207.50. Wavy line on neck. Shoulder:horizontalS's, band betweenlines;band on lowerbodyand at base. Painton handles,band inside rim.SM-EPG. Cf. 25.3. 52. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 70. DR. 25. clay,browngrits, Nearlycomplete.Fine orange-brown a fewgrainsof mica; lustrousbrownpaint,thickon lower body,streakyelsewhere.Evertedlip, sloping outwards;single handles, ring foot. Dark ground. Zones of solid triangleson neckand below shoulder. Belly,on both sides: check betweencolumnsof two solid triangles,flankedeach side by two sevenfold circles enclosing reserved crosses. Handles: bars betweencurvedstripes.Line insiderim.AtticEG I. Nucleus AR 29 (1983)52,fig.90. Urban 293,fig.8. 53. LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 18.6. DR. c. 14. preserved.Paintas 207.35. MPG. Three-quarters 54. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 14.5. Base to near rim. Yellow clay,smoothed.Conical foot.Paint to lower body,outsideand inside.PG. 55. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 11. Brown grits.Low foot.Paintedas 207.35. PG. flaring SKYPHOS. H. 7.1. D. c. 9. HIGH-FOOTED 56. Yellowclay.Decoratedas 207.17, but Halfpreserved. broadershape.LPG. 57. JUG. H. 24.2. Partsofneckand shouldermissing. Cream slip.Sharplyevertedlip,flattened handle,low conical foot.Neck: griddedzigzag betweenbands. Shoulder:cross-hatched triangleswithdouble outline and attenuated apices; bands and lines. Handle barred.Painton rim.LPG.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
AMPHORA. PH. 29. Upper 58. NECK-HANDLED part, with fr. of rim. Buff slip. Squared rim, strap handles. Neck fullypainted but for reserved zone of oblique bars. Eightfold circles on shoulder. Handles: verticalwavy line. EPG. Cf. E no. 160. (fig. 127). H. 14.3. D. 30. Two59. KALATHOS thirds preserved. Cream slip. No paint underneath. On rim, groups of bars alternating with groups of cross-hatchedtriangles.MPG. PH. 5.1. Mouth, 60. MINIATURE OINOCHOE(P). handles,and much ofbody missing.Cream slip.Flat base. Neck: wavyline betweenbands. Band on belly.LPG. 61. ♦STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS (fig. 129). H. 8. Three-quarters preserved. Cream slip. Base rough underneath. E-MPG. Cf.J 9, 13. 62. *SKYPHOS. H. 5.7. DR. c. 11. Half preserved. As 207.63. M-LPG. 63. *SKYPHOS (FIG. 129). H. 6. DR. 10.5. Threequarters preserved. Cream slip. Reflex handles, clinging to wall; holes pierced between wall and handles. Unpainted. M-LPG. 64. *AMPHORISKOS (fig. 129). PH. 16. Half preserved, mouth and much of upper part missing. Cream slip. Shape as 207.28. No decoration visible on neck. Shoulder: gridded zigzag on both sides. Freehand pendent semicircles on belly. Handles as 207.46. EPG. SKYPHOS. PH. 7. Base to 65. *HIGH-FOOTED belly,and rim frs.Apparentlyas 207.48. MPG. 66. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 6.7. D. 8.2. Three-quarters preserved.As 207.56. LPG. 67. *BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 129). H. 8.5. DR. c. 5. Three-quarters preserved. Uneven flaringfoot. EPG. SMALL
SITE
- Ts. 207-8
igg
68. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 7.6. D. c. 6.
Three-quarters preserved. Cream slip. Shape and decoration as 207.48. MPG. H. 13.6. DR. c. 10.6. Low 69. *BELL-SKYPHOS. conical foot. Painted as 207.35. M-LPG. 70. STIRRUP-JAR. H. c. 18. Fragmentary, spout missing. Buff wash. Concave disc, airhole. Ovoid body, high conical foot. Vertical line on handles, dashes on false neck. Shoulder: four composite triangles with triple outline; comb pattern below spout. Band between lines. Belly: pendent triple semicircles, freehand. Line on lower body, paint on foot. MPG. PH. 5.4. D. 32. Upper part only. 71. KALATHOS. White and brown grits,cream slip. Everted lip, flaton top. Decoration as 207.40. MPG. 72. Vacatpart of 207.9. 73. SMALL KRATER (fig. 129). H. 11.8. DR. 21. Three-quarters preserved. Buffslip. Paint under base. M-LPG: cf. 207.12. 74. KALATHOS. PH. 2.1. D. c. 28. Rim only. Cream slip. On flat rim, continuous triangles, three solid, otherwiseall cross-hatched.Band outside lip. MPG. CUP. PH. 5. Stump of vertical 75. *MINIATURE strap handle; deep S profile like bell-skyphos;hole at lower break, as though attached to a larger vessel. Two lines with pendent freehand semicircles; bands below. PG. 76. *PYXIS(?). PH. 8.6. Base to belly. Cream slip. Spaced bands. PG. PH. 12. Upper part only. 77. *AMPHORISKOS. Cream slip. Shoulder: tenfold compass-drawn semicircles.Similar to 207.46. EPG.
FINDS
1. IRON PIN fr.Tip only,L. 1.8, D, 0.3, tapering to point. 2. BRONZE fr.Wt. 0.2 g. 3. THREE FAIENCE DISC BEADS. D. 0.75-0.9, W. 0.23-0.27, Dh. 0.2-0.3. 4. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.1 X 1.2. Wt. 0.6 g.
5. BRONZE SHEET fr.Wt. 1 g. 6. BRONZE HEMISPHERICAL BOWL (fig. 172; PLATE273). D. 12. H. 4.8. Wt. 204 g. Complete and intact; crustyoxidization. Raised from a disc casting. Stilted rim. Suspension hole (D. 0.25) just below lip. Undecorated.
Tomb 208 SW (figs. 5, 44) Greatestdimensions1.30 X 1.65.Pit0.80 X 0.60, depth0.60. This was an ill-definedgrave of uncertaintype.A trapezoidal space was apparently accessiblefroma narrowopening(0.70)sealed by a cut rectangular stoneslab 0.74 X 0.30 X 0.18.In thecentreofthisspace was a roughlyovalpit. The gravewas immediately W of T. 182 (q.v.),on thew side of the mostcongestedpartof the cemetery, in an area withseveralSM graves.It could not be said to have a particular orientation.
200
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
when the stoneslab was first It was foundaftertopsoilhad been strippedmechanically, fill matrix. The area was muchdisturbedby the kouskouras then the dark soil noticed, against was too The had been intrusive HL/R inhumation pillaged,and the intrusion graves. grave or was theconsequence severeto decidewhetheror notthepithad been an originalfeature, ofrobbing.The presenceof the SM amphora,i, suggeststhiswas an earlygrave.Perhapsit was all thatremainedofa SM pit-cave. The gravewas filledwithdarksoil mixedwithcrushedkouskouras, dug as layersi and 2, in date fromG to R, and finds varied whichwereprobablyone and the same level.Pottery was the same as therestofthefill. ofthepit The filling thedegreeofdisturbance. emphasising The SM amphorawithtwistedneck-handles may remainfromthe originalcontents.Finds, noneofwhichneed necessarily belongto theuse ofthetomb,includedfi, head ofan O silver £6,blue glasstesseraand pin,£2,obsidianchip,£3,scrapofbronze,f4, 5, 7, ironfragments, £8,bronzefragments. ScrapsofR glasswerealso found. POTTERY 1. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 128).H. 32. DR. 10.5. Three quarters preserved,one handle missing.Whitegrits,airholes,smoothedpale orange surface.Rolled rim, rope handle(s) with diagonal
slashes,attachedbelowrim.Slightringfoot.Painton rim,band at base of neck.HorizontalS on shoulder, band betweenlines.Two bandson lowerbody,band at base. Handle:painton diagonalribs.SM, Cf.98.11.
SMALL FINDS 1. SILVER PIN (fig. 155;plate 267). H. 3.7. D. shaft 0.4, disc 3.2, Th. disc 0.8. Head only preserved; corrodedgrey-black.Silveror silver-leadalloy.Disc composedof stripattachedto plate edge. Flange has hintofridgesbelowand perhapsabove. 2. OBSIDIAN FLAKE. L. 1.65. W. 1.6. Th. 0.45. Black.Minoan? 3. BRONZE frs. 4. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.(i) Rod-shaped tang,L. 4.4, W. 0.9 wideningto 1.2,Th. 0.5, probably belonging to (ii) Blade-fragment,L. 6.3, W. 2, to 0.45 taperingto point;Th. at back 0.3, thickening in middle;bothedgesroughly straight. 5. IRON PIN. Tip only,L. 2.8, D. 0.2, taperingto point.
6. GLASS MOSAIC TESSERA, R. 7. 9. IRON DIRK or SHORT SWORD frs.Two joiningpieces (7) and twoothers(9(i), (ii)) fromthe lower hilt and upper blade of a substantialdirkor theshoulderof shortsword.9 (i), L. 2.7,incorporates the hilt,W. 4.5, withthe ends of the lateralflanges; thejoiningpieces, 7, togetherL. 7.1, show the very which base ofthehilt,W. 3.6, one ironrivetsurviving, thennarrowsabruptlyto blade,W. 2.6 at nextbreak; down blade (W. 2.5). The 9(ii), L. 5, is fromfurther narrowblade suggeststhatthisis a thrusting weapon, but it is quite a heavyone: hilt,Th. at flanges0.9, elsewhere0.45; blade,Max. Th. 0.6. 8. BRONZE frs. 9. See 7.
Tomb 218 SE (figs. 6, 45; plate 36) W. 0.90. Depth c. 0.50 Stomion: almostcompletely ExtantL. overall:3.00. Dromos: destroyed. Chamber:2.28 X 2.00. What remainedrose at an angle of c. n°. The was destroyed. All but 0.35 of the dromos lowestcourseoftheblockingwas foundinsitu,0.40 wide,c. 0.30 high,foundedon thelevelof floor.The chamberwas the chamberfloor,set againsta step 0.16 down fromthe dromos and bulgedirregularly rounded NW corner the wall back the convex, square, approximately stoneswereset flatas stands, outwards.Towardstheback of the chamberthreerectangular fromN-S, C-0.65 X 0.20; B-0.35 X 0.25; A-0.75 x 028. They were roughlydressed Aftertheyhad c. 0.12 thick.Care had been takento place themsymmetrically. limestones,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts. 208, 218
2Oi
setin mud. been setin position,thefloorhad been surfacedwithpebblesup to 0.02 diameter, These werepreservedbetweenand behindthestands,and in theNWcorner,but notin front W of the or in the entrancearea. Remainsof a nichewerefoundimmediately of the stomion in whathad been theS dromos and at least wide stomion 0.62 wall, 0.70 deep. The tombwas solitary,13.00 NE of T. 219, withinthe latermortuarychurch'swall and colonnade,on theE side ofthemaingroupofDA tombs.The orientation appearedto be due E E-W,thechamberon the sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundwhen the NE-SWfoundationtrenchforthe N wall of the S central dromos niche and NW block of the Medical Facultybuildingcut throughpart of its dromos, cornerofthechamber.The nichewas partlyand thedromos almostwhollydestroyed, as well, as the uppercoursesof the blockingwall. As the floorof the chamberwas a little probably, lowerthanthebottomofthefoundation trench,thefloordepositescaped.The upperpartof the chamberroofhad collapsed,probablyin antiquity. The HL T 220 had been cut intoit, withoutreachingthefloordeposit.The E sidesofthetwotombscoincided,buttheHL grave extendedS ofthelimitsofT 218. Human remainsfromthechamberfillwellabove thefloor mayhavecomefromT 220. The tombwas in use fromLPG to O. One hundredand eighteenvases werestandingor lyinground the walls, leaving a comparativelyclear space in the centre.Pots had been disturbedand rearrangedby successiveburialparties,but therewereno real signsoflooting. Many smallervesselswereunharmed,and thoughthe ash-urnswereall broken,probablyby theiroutlineswereusuallyrecognizable,and theircontentswerein some cases still roof-fall, withinthem.At least fourteeninterments had takenplace; remainsof thirteenurnsand at leastone inhumation werefound.Earlypotsunassignableto urns,and thepresenceofat least one nichemakeitlikelythenumberwas higher. In whatfollows, whileit is recognizedthattheonlyfindsthatcan be ascribedwithperfect confidenceto any particularintermentare those frominside the urns themselves,it is nevertheless some of the groupsin the possibleto makeat leastan attemptat reconstructing of the of the urns. light positions An Inhumation
Pieces of unburntbone, chieflylong bones, were in the lower fillalong the s side of the chamber,amongthema youngindividual'smolar.In the SE corner,just above thefloor,was theirondirk,fi5, withhumanlongbones insitueitherside,orientatedE-W.FurtherN was a pair of ironjavelinheads,fi6, 17, fortuitously adheringby oxidizationto the O lid 765 it is the three the inhumation. likely weaponsaccompanied PGB andEG Interments
There were threeLPG vases, six PGB, fourPGB-EG and nine EG. Some, such as the LPG jug 31, foundon top of the LG urn 57, had obviouslybeen displaced, and even thoseon or near the floorlay in no comprehensibleorder.None could be connectedwith any of the cremationurns. Perhaps theyhad accompanied the inhumation,supraand, possibly,othersbeside. The LPG vases were the jug 31 and the lekythoi67, 94; PGB were the feedingjug 54, the lekythoi71, 116, the oinochoai 82, 113 and the jugaryballos103; PGB-EG were the oinochoe 22 and the small lids 70, 78, 79; EG were the kalathoi17, 97, the oinochoai 28, 32, 44, the hydria53, the skyphoi98, 100 and thelid 90.
202
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
TheMG Cremations
The base of ash-urn9 stoodin the NWcorner,apparentlyin situ.No potswerefoundin its on eitherside of it. But the LG remains,but the cup, 5, and the pyxis,8, lay immediately well have and the EO accompanied10. 100, a skyphos,was lekythos15 may aryballos7 M-LG and an between 23 {infra). 4, 9 lekythos, rightin theNWcorner,couldhave equidistant ofironspits£2, in NW include thefragments finds the corner belongedto 23. Otherassociarle + an an arrowhead £21, iron?rasp£28, 22, 30, twoironjavelinheads£25,6 24, a dirk,£26, bronzepin £29, and £27, an oxidizedmass includinga bronze?standfootand ironjavelin Somewhatfurther head fragments. £3,piece ofbronzeplaque and awayfi, bronzefragment, £4,ironrodwerestillnearer9 thananyotherurn.It is lesslikelythattheywentwiththeEO on top ofa patch as themetalobjects,like9, weretogether urn 10, particularly immediately ofpebblefloor. The four-handled pithos23 lay on itsside N of Stand C, as thoughfallenfromit,mouth NW.The E-MG aryballoi85, 91 lookedas thoughtheyhad fallenNWfrominsideit.The MG aryballos87 lay withinthearea of 23's brokenand missingbody.At themouthof 23 lay the AtticMG skyphos99, whichmayalso indicatean earlierratherthana laterdate in Cretan MG forthisgroup.The skyphos98 was partlyundertheurn,thepyxis104 whollyunderit, between9 and 23 {supra). whiletheskyphos100 was equidistant The pithos39 fell,perhapsfromStandB, ontoitsside,facingthebackwall.It containedan adultcremation, fg, 11, possiblyfemale,as wellas 40, aryballos,41, CypriotBoR lekythos, and amber and iron of bronze fi2, gold fibula, fio, spherical pins fragments fragmentary a to its was beneath A domed conical, third, N, conical, another, lid, 96, 39, 42, ?pin-head. 92, just W of its base. An aryballos,89, was just to its S. £23, iron spearheadfragments to havebelongedto a female. betweentheurn'smouthand thebackwallare unlikely ofpithos43 stillcoveredthew end ofstandB, on whichit mayhavestood; The fragments amongor besidethemwerethecups 45-46 and themastoidlid, 47. A lid, 105, wasjust N, was between39 and 43. and mayhavebelonged.The lid 92 {supra) Pithos50 stoodalmostuprightat theE end ofStandA, itslid,49, stillin place. Insidewas of ironpins; an adult cremationand the aryballos,51. Under it were fi3, 14, fragments a it was under lid,52. partly A groupof pots in the SWcorner,at the otherend of Stand A, werenot in theiroriginal position,as the EO lekythos118 lay partlyunderone of them,the MG cup no. However, theymaynot have been movedfar.As found,theywerenearer50 thanany otherMG urn, and mightonce have been withit on StandA. They includedno, 112, 115, cups,107, lid, 114, miniature pyxis.Beneathno was theM-LG jugletin, whichmayalso formpartofthe group. TheLG Cremations
beneaththem,so musthavebeen moved. Three oftheLG urnshad O potspartlyor entirely intact. were the relatively Despitethis, groups The sherdsof64 layovertheWend ofStandC, withthelid 65 and theminiature aryballos was the 63. Beneaththemweretheironknife£20and thebronzepin fi8; partlyunderneath EO lid 66. Urn 33 lay on itssidefacingthewall at theE end ofStandC. The smallLG neck-handled amphora27, jammed between24 and 39 nearby,mayhave been associated.Insidewerean thejuglet,34, thesmallolpe,35, theminiaturearyballos,36 and adult- ?male- cremation, £8. an ironarrowhead,
THE MEDICAL
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- T. 218
203
Urn 37 lay on itsside betweenStandsA and B, facingN. Insidewerean adult- ?malecremationand the LG-EO pyxis,38. The LG cup 48 and lid 69 a littleway W may have 88 betweenurnand wall,thoughitspositionunderthe belonged,as maya LG-EO lekythos EG hydria53 raisesdoubts. Urn 57 was on itssidefacingtheSE corner,containingthecremationofa smallperson,the 60; beneathwas thelid,61. 57 was notin itsoriginalposition juglet59 and thejug-aryballos as itoverlaytheO 58, 74-75, 77. Urn 25, badlybroken,had been moved,as it overlaytheO 76. More ofitssherdswereto theNWand thesmallLG aryballoi81, 108. The LG-EO lid 109 in theSWcornermayhave been associated. TheLG-EO and 0 Cremations
The LG-EO urn 29 lay on itsside on StandA, NWof50, facingSE. It seemedtheonlyurn associable with the numerousEO and LO pots in the SE corner (SE of it were the EO oinochoe55, aryballos75, lid, 77; the EO smallamphora73, cup 56, lid 76, aryballos74, theLO lid 58 and itsbrokenknob,62. Belowwas theEO lekythos, 72, and SW,at theN edge ofStandA, weretheEO lekythos 80 and skyphos68. This was thenearestgroupfortheEO 118 in theSWcorner. lekythos The incompleteLG-EO urn 24 was on itsside overStand C, facingtheback wall; it may once have stoodon Stand C betweenthe urns64 and 33. Like 29, it seemsassociablewith some EO smallerpots.The LG-EO oinochoe83, close SE, mayhave belonged,as may 26, an EO lekythos amongitssherds,another,93, in frontofitsmouth,and a MO skyphos, 95, nearerto 24 thanto eitheroftheotherlateurns. The EO urn 10 was apparently setdownon thedebrisofan earlier,MG interment, in the NWpartofthechamber.It was broken,and smallO potswerescatteredall aroundit among theMG pots.The LO oinochoe1 was eveninsidetheMG cup 5. Insidetheurnwas theEO 11. NEof it werethe EO aryballoi2, 3, theEO miniatureolpe 13, thelekythos lekythos, 6, theEO juglet 14 and theoinochoe1 [supra). SE of 10, betweenit and thewall,weretheEO i6, theEO skyphos12 and theoinochoe,101. S werethelid,66, lekythos, lekythos 94, and 86. below it were EO the 18 and of a bronze aryballos, Just aryballos lekythos, 19. Í5, part beside 10 as from it. a coarse G below 10 on the tweezer,lay 20, thoughspilled floor, pyxis, in 9. belongedto it,or theMG interment Unassignablein the chamberwerefy9bronzestud,figa, ironarrowheadand £31,sword and a knife,all in the entrancearea. £32, halfa steatitebead, came fromfloor fragments cleaning. In the remainsof the dromos niche was a MG cup, 119, which may representa MG interment there. POTTERY (PLATES 188-98) 1. OINOCHOE. H. 11.5. Completesave gaps in rim and wall. Exteriorand interiorof mouthfullycoated. E 154,classE LO. 2. LEKYTHOS. PH. 8.2. Body and base of neck only.Triplecircleson shoulder,lines,in 58, class II E (ii).EO. RDAC1984,132no. 52. 3. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Complete save chip from mouth. Lines on mouth and lower body. Neck, verticalstrokesbetweenlines. Handle; X between
bars. Shoulder,chevroncolumns.E 158,class B (iv). EO. 4. LEKYTHOS. H. 14.5. Nearlycomplete.Polished orange surface.Ridge on neck, round handle, ring foot.Painton rim.Barson handleintersected bythree verticals,continuingalong neck ridge. On flanks, large and small triplecircles cut by threelines on shoulder;solid paint in upper segments.On front, square in quadruple outline,outer framehatched;
204
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
stackof fivechevronspendentfromshoulderlineson frontand back. All circles drawn freehand;lines carelessand irregular.M-LG; imitationof Cypriot. RDAC1984,133-4,no. 60. 5. CUP. H. 7.9. DR. 10.8.As 218.45. MG, late. 6. LEKYTHOS (fig.129).H. 11.Completesavechips on collar.Groove at base of neck. Brownclay with high burnish to surface of lower body. Lines on mouth,neck,lowerbody.Triplecircleson shoulder. EO. RDAC1984,132no. 44. 7. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.5. Nearlycomplete.Flat base. Line on rim and at base of neck. Shoulder: zigzag withapices filled,and verticalbars in lowerspaces. Bandsand linesbelow.Handle barred.LG. 8. PYXIS. H. 10.6. DR. 7. Nearlycomplete.Cream wash.Rim flaton top.Flatbase. MG. Cf.E no. 643. 9. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 48. DR. c. 22. Fragmentary.Thick black paint. Inset lip, flat. Bucraniumhandles,stirrupbrokenoff,rootsof strap. Ring foot. Panels, apparently identical: hatched withpairs of dots; above meander,billetsalternating and below,cross-hatched onlyby lozengesinterrupted the bucrania.Bars on handles;bossesabove,flanking lines below. Bands and MG, workshop. Stirrup panels. Cf.75. 165. 10. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 37. DR. 19.5. One thirdof body missing,gaps in wall. Handle panels: (A) triple circle with dots between the outermost, cinquefoilcentre,flankedby volutetrees. circles as A, but no trees. Bands and lines, (B) enhanced in white.Horizontal handles painted on verticalhandlesbarred.EO. outersurface, 11. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.5. Complete save chipped mouth.Spaced side circles,small double circlesat F 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. RDAC 1984, backand front. 135no. 72. 12. KOTYLE (fig. 129). H. 6.3. DR. 10.1. Gaps in wall and rim.Ribbon handles,threegroovesin rim. Interiorbarred.Exterior,dark rim,barredhandles. Betweenhandles,band of trianglesbetweenverticals. Under handles, triplecircles. Lines, dark paint to base. EO. 13. MINIATURE OLPE. H. 9.3. Complete and intact.Cream slip. Lines on lip, mouth,lowerbody. Handle barred.Shoulder,bracketbetweengroupsof EO. threestrokes. 14. MINIATURE OLPE. H. 6. Completesave chips. Iron stain on handle. Grittyfabric,fullycoated. Tracesofburnishedsurface.EO. 15. LEKYTHOS. H. 17.3.Complete.Polishedorange surface.Round handleto neckridge,disc foot.Three spaced swastikason shoulder.Paint on handle. EO, class.RDAC1984,134no. 61. Creto-Cypriot 16. LEKYTHOS. PH. 14. Mouth missing.Fabricas 218.41. Round handle to neck ridge, disc foot. Spaced groupsof lines.Handle: V's betweenvertical
lines.EO, imitationof Cypriot.RDAC 1984, 133 no. 5517. ♦KALATHOS-LID. H. 8.8. D. 18.4. Nearly complete.Ridgebelowlip,flatbase. As 75.80. EG. 18. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.5. Body and part of neck only.Flakingcreamslip.Barredhandle.Lines at base stars.EO. ofneckand belowshoulder.On shoulder, 19. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.2.Complete.Collaredneck, ridgeat joint withbody.Red-brownclay,burnished surface.Lineson mouthand lowerbody,darkhandle. Tripledottedcircleson shoulder.EO. RDAC 1984,132 no. 46. 20. COARSE PYXIS. H. 6.9. DR. 4.5. Complete. Coarse red clay,manywhitegrits,some attemptat smoothing. Slightgroovebelowshortverticallip. Disc foot with stringmark. Between handles, incised doublezigzagenclosedbylines.EG. 21. *CONICAL LID. D. 24. Central section with knob,two frs.of rim.Flat stemmedknob.Rings on knob,bandsand lines.EO. 22. *OINOCHOE. PH. 14.6. Lower part, belly to base. As 218.28. PGB-EG. 23. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.5. DR. 19. black Three-quarterspreserved.Thick semi-lustrous paint. Bucranium and strap handles, ring foot. Reservedpanels:A, B, as shown;C, D, shorttongues withmidrib,lozenge chain enclosingscattereddots, cross-hatched lozenge chain, hatched meander runningbelow straps; on strap between C and D oblique bars and centralverticalline, stackedW's below. MG, Horse Workshop. The lid 218.107 matchesand willfit. 24. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 39. DR. 14. Three-quarterspreserved; non-joiningring foot. Concave insetlip,rimrisingslightly. Singlehorizontal and straphandles.Painton lip. Double circlesabove handles. Panels: A, B, quartered lozenges; C, guilloche;D, broad horizontallotuses,back to back, Phoenician type. Sets of reserved lines below, borderedin white,in second darkzone, triplewhite circles.Paint on horizontalhandles,strapsbarred. LG/EO. 25. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 39.5. DR. 17. Nearlycomplete.Concaveinsetlip,sharplyrisingrim. Disc foot.Paint on lip. Panels same on both sides, surroundedby large white quadruple circles, the thickened. outermost LG, late.Cf.F no. 409. 26. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.1. Complete,flakingsurface. withrosettecentre.#158, class Traces of side-circles E (iii)or close.EO. 27. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 33.8. DR. 11.Nearlycomplete.Convexlip,ringfoot.Groupsof bars on lip. Neck panel: verticallines, threewavy dotsbelow.Handles betweengroupsofthreestraight; barred.Paintinsiderim.LG. 28. OINOCHOE. H. 30. Three-quarters preserved,
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
handle broken off.Two slight ridges below trefoillip, following curved outline of rim; ridge below neck. Low conical foot. EG. PITHOS. PH. 34. Three29. FOUR-HANDLED quarters preserved,base missing,surface worn. White grits. Concave inset lip. Plump body, rather uneven. Panels: A, B, chain of double lozenges with central dot, hatched meander, quadruple zigzag; horizontal S's running above strap. C, two square compartments containing quatrefoils, circle at centre enclosing a reservedcross with cross-hatchingin quadrants and at centre. Each leaf has a midrib, with herring-bone hatching; in between, four hatched chevron-flowers attached by stalks to centre. D similar, but with vertical cable between the two compartments. Diagonal cross between bars on straps; paint on horizontal handles. LG-EO. Praisos type (fig. 129). H. 25.5. 30. LEKYTHOS, Small gaps in wall. Dented before firing below shoulder. White on dark, extremely worn. Traces of panels below shoulder: quadrated lozenge with lozenge fill, double quarter circles framing lozenge, four leaves framing circle with quartered dotted centre, double quarter circles, leaf-circle,lost central panel, treble zigzag column, leaf circle, treble zigzag, quarter circles. Grouped lines. Cf. 292.33. EO. 31. JUG. H. 14.8. Complete. Cream slip. Strap handle, flat base. Upper part and flanks dipped in paint. LPG. H. 33. Nearly complete. High 32. OINOCHOE. conical foot with irregular bevelled edge and shallow ring underneath. Neck: zigzag, bars, zigzag. Handle barred. EG. PITHOS. H. 36.8. DR. 16. 33. TWO-HANDLED Nearly complete. Inset lip, risingrim. Disc foot. Panel same on both sides. Paint on handles. LG, early. 34. JUGLET. H. 9.6. Nearly complete. As 218. in, but withlonger neck. M-LG: with pithos 218.33. 35. OLPE. H. 9.6. Complete. Red-brown clay, semilustrous olive-black paint. Thick strap handle, flat base. Reserved panels: horizontal S's, triple zigzag. Lower paint stops short of base. MG. With pithos 218.29. 36. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 5. Lip missing. Strap handle, vertical neck, flat base. Dots between lines on neck. Cross-hatched triangles on shoulder. Handle barred. LG: with pithos 218.33. PITHOS. PH. 33.5. DR. 15. 37. FOUR-HANDLED Three-quarters preserved,base missing.Concave inset lip, rim rising slightly. Paint on lip. Four identical panels: two metopes containing hatched quatrefoil, separated by column of oblique bars; hatched meander passing across roots of strap handles, under stacked zigzags. Tongues with midribs below. Triple white circles beside and below panels. Paint on horizontal handles. MG, late.
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- T. 218
205
PYXIS. H. 4.5. DR. 2.1. 38. MINIATURE Complete. Semi-lustrousolive-brown paint. Short lip, flat on top, groove below; horizontal lug handles, pierced; flat base. White on dark: two lines, three lines, two spaced bands. LG/EO: with pithos 218.37. PITHOS. H. 37.5. DR. 20.5. 39. FOUR-HANDLED Nearly complete. Concave inset lip, rising rim. Bucranium and strap handles. Ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: A, B, meander and zigzag as shown, dotted lozenge chain running above. C, D: meander, dotted lozenge chain; zigzag running below straps. Continuous zone of hatched meander round belly. Bars on bucrania; on straps (i) tongues with midribs, dots below on one side only; (ii) zigzag with filled apices. MG, Horse workshop. 40. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.6. Body only. Thin fabric; yellow slip. Ring foot. Unpainted. MG: with pithos 218.39. 41. LEKYTHOS (fig. 129). H. 11.3. Complete. Polished orange surface. Round handle. MG: with pithos 218.39. Close imitation of Cypriot BoR II. RDAC 1984, 131, no. 38. Kitionand Amathus324, pl. 22.4. 42. DOMED LID (fig. 129). H. 9. D. 24.3. Complete. Knobbed. Pair of suspension holes. MG: with pithos 218.39. Cf. 75.142. PITHOS. H. 39. DR. 16.7. 43. TWO-HANDLED Nearly complete. Concave inset lip, irregular; rising rim. Stirrup handles, bucrania with straps. Ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels same on both sides: hatched leaves, hatched battlement, horizontal S's. Bars on handles, with diagonal cross on bucranium brow. MG, StirrupWorkshop. H. 37.8. Nearly complete. 44. OINOCHOE. Pronounced ridge between neck and shoulder. Neck: fivecolumns of chevrons. Handle barred. EG. 45. *CUP (fig. 130). H. 8. DR. 10.8. Complete. Thick strap handle. MG, late: with pithos 218.43. 46. *CUP (FIG. 130). H. 10.5. DR. 13.6. Nearly complete. Strap handle. Reserved circle on floor; unpainted underneath. MG, late: with pithos 218.43. LID (fig. 130). H. 5.5. D. 17.3. 47. MASTOID Complete. Cream slip. One suspension hole. MG: with pithos 218.43. 48. *CUP. H. 11.1. DR. 13. 1. Handle missing. All surfacescoated, otherwiseas 218.46. LG. 49. CONICAL LID. H. 10.5. D. 22. Nearly complete. Knob flat on top, ridge on stem. Reserved cross on top, with cross-hatched background. Two zones of triple white circles. LG: cf. F. no. 767. Found with the EG pithos 218.50. PITHOS. H. 33. DR. 17.2. 50. TWO-HANDLED Nearly complete. Inset lip, almost flat; raised ridge. Triple handles, ring foot. Lip reserved. Panel same on both sides. Handles: bars on outermostmember,paint elsewhere. EG.
2o6
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
51. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.2. Complete. Flat base. Strap handle, barred. Two lines inside lip. MG: with pithos 218.50. 52. ♦CONICAL LID. H. 11.1. DR. 25.9. Complete. Thick-walled. As 77. LG. 53. HYDRIA. H. 26.1. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Vertical lip, undercut. Slight groove below neck. Ring foot.Bars on verticalstrap handle; paint on horizontal handles. Band below rim inside. EG. 54. FEEDING JUG. H. 23.6. End of spout missing. Vertical lip, frontalspout, low conical foot. Zigzag on lip; check pattern on neck. Shoulder: to L. of spout, cross-hatched triangles framed by lambda-pattern; bars across spout, irregularlines below; to R., zigzag between curved lines linking roots of spout and handle, running above three small cross-hatched triangles framed by lambda-pattern, with two solid lozenges in the field. Thick vertical zigzag on handle. Inside, thickband below rim. PGB. H. 20. Gaps in wall, chips in 55. OINOCHOE. mouth. Lines on mouth and body. E 154, class E (i), withoutcircles. EO. 56. *CUP (FIG. 130). H. 11. DR. 13.5. Chips in rim, gaps in wall. Fully coated. E 166, class B (iii). MO. PITHOS. H. 36.5. DR. 12.5. 57. TWO-HANDLED inset Concave lip, rising rim. Ring foot. Complete. Paint on lip. Panel same on both sides, with frame of white double circles. Bands and lines below with traces of white borders. Paint on handles. LG, late. Cf. 218.25. LID (fig. 130). D. 18, H. 18.2. 58. POLYCHROME Gaps in wall and rim. Line of shallow incised strokes two-thirdsdown wall. Rings, red; knob, blue and red stripes. Traces of blue and red triangles on wall. E 164, class G (b). LO. 59. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete. As 218.111. M-LG: withpithos 218.57. 60. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Part of mouth missing. Cream slip. Flat base. Band at base of neck, groups of lines on body, band at base. Handle barred. Two bands inside rim. M-LG: with pithos 218.59. LID. H. 5.9. D. 20. Complete. Flat 61. DOMED evertedlip, pair of suspension holes. White on dark: at centre, rosette of six thick chevrons, straight on outside and curved inside; tongues; double circles; dots on lip. LG-EO: with pithos 218.57. 62. Vacatpart of 218.58. 63. MINIATURE ARYBALLOS. H. 4.6. Complete. Constriction at neck, narrow flat base. Cross-hatched triangles on shoulder, outlined. Vertical line down handle. Two lines inside lip. LG: withpithos 218.64. PITHOS. H. 44.5. DR. 13. 64. TWO-HANDLED Two-thirdspreserved, one handle missing; base nonjoining. Concave inset lip, risingrim. Ring foot. Paint on lip. White reinforcementabove panels, same motifs on both sides. Below, bands and lines, also bordered in
CEMETERY
white; set of four white lines on lower body, two on foot. Handle(s) painted. LG, late. 65. CONICAL LID. H. 9.7. D. 19.4. Three-quarters preserved. Knob flat on top with bevelled edge; above, four reserved circles bordered in white; bands and lines, with white border. LG: with pithos 218.64. 66. CONICAL LID. H. 7.3. D. 17. Gaps in rim and wall. Exterior fullycoated grouped white lines. EO. (fig. 130). H. 10.4. Complete. 67. LEKYTHOS Cream slip. Shoulder: three outlined composite triangles,differentin detail; (i) as in drawing; (ii) crosshatching down the middle, cross-hatched smaller triangles either side; (iii) as (i) but without lateral oblique bars. Handle barred. LPG. Cf. Q,3i. H. 6.5. DR. 13. Gaps in wall and 68. SKYPHOS. rim. Interior fully coated save reserved band below lip. Exterior fullycoated save two reservedlines below rim,reservedareas below handles. Rough. EO. 69. DOMED LID. H. 6. D. 21.5. Nearly complete. Pair of suspension holes. LG. 70. SMALL LID. H. 5.3. D. 11. Complete. Squared rim. One suspension hole. Dots on rim. PGB-EG. H. 10.8. Complete. Handle barred. 71. LEKYTHOS. Inside, line below rim. PGB. PH. 8. Complete save mouth and 72. LEKYTHOS. hole in body. Spaced side circles, small double circles at frontand back, i? 159, class E (iii) (b). EO. 73. AMPHORA. H. 26.8. DR. 8. Small gaps in wall. Mouth dark; on neck in panel on both sides, three triple circles with strokes between outermost lines. Handles, verticals with crossbar at top. Shoulder, circles as on neck. Bands and lines. Cf. PAE 1970, 286, 61 and pl. 402. EO. 74. *ARYBALLOS. Max. D. 7.6. Lower half only. Bucchero. O. 75. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.9. Complete and intact. Iron mark on shoulder. Grouped lines. E 158, class B (iii). EO. LID (fig. 130). D. 19.5. H. 4.5. 76. DOMED Flat rim, suspension holes. Part of an iron Complete. weapon adhering to it. White on dark, worn. From centre, alternating panels of circles and leaf rosettes with circles in the interstices; massed small circles; billets.E 163, class E (b). LO. 77. CONICAL LID. D. 18.6. H. 7.5. Chipped rim. Circles on knob, lines and bands. Fits pithos 218.10. LG. 78. SMALL LID. H. 5.4. D. 11. Nearly complete. As 218.70. PGB-EG. 79. SMALL LID. H. 5.3. D. 10.8. Complete. As 218.70. PGB-EG. PH. 8.5. Complete save foot. 80. LEKYTHOS. Handle to mouth. Side circles, small circles at front; bars and four short strokesbelow handle. E 159, class E (iii) (b). EO. H. 6.5. Surface worn off. Flat 81. ARYBALLOS.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE base. Decorationobliterated butforverticallinedown handle.LG. 82. OINOCHOE. H. 10.1. Complete. Cream slip. Suggestionof miniatureoinochoeas upperpart,with ridgebelow.Ring foot.Painton lip,solidtriangleson miniatureshoulder.On main shoulder,threecolumns of checkpatternbetweenlines,separatedby empty triangles.Billetsbetweenlineson belly.Oblique bars on handle.PGB. 83. OINOCHOE. H. 18.7. Complete. Flat base. Neck: double scale; triplescale flankedby quadruple zigzag; millsail.Shoulder: zigzag withfilledapices. Barson handle,and insidelip.LG-EO. 84. *LEKYTHOS. H. 12. Complete save threequartersof mouth.Collared neck. Lines on mouth, neck,lowerbody.Triplecircleson shoulder.Close to E 158,classE (ii).EO. RDAC 1984,132no. 43. 85. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.4. Nearlycomplete.Rough surface.Flat base. Unpainted.MG. 86. ARYBALLOS. H. 9. Chips in surface.Red-brown burnishedclay.Handle barredwithtwoXs in panels. Side circleswithMaltese crossat centreand zone of billets.Chevroncolumnsmeetingin centralcircleat front,outlineleaves and singlecirclewithspokesat base ofhandle.Cf. 229.17. EO. 87. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.2. Mouth missing.Polished. Flatbase. Unpainted.MG. 88. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.7. Complete. Fabric as 218.16. Roundhandle,discfoot.Band in and outside lip, bars on handle.Seven outline'eyes' on shoulder, one at base ofneck.Spaced groupsoflinesbelow.EO, imitation ofCypriot.RDAC1984,133no. 54. 89. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.9. Handle and most of lip missing.Cream slip.Flat base. Decorationas 218.51. M-LG. 90. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 130). H. 9.3. D. 21. Complete.Cream slip.Painton handle.Solid paintat centre.EG. As 218.87. MG. 91. ARYBALLOS.PH. 5.8.Neckmissing. 92. CONICAL LID. PH. 14.8. D. 22. Knob finial brokenoff.Concave stem withoutridges.MG: fits pithos218.43. 93. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type.H. 20.8. Complete save part of mouthand gaps in wall. Buffclay,redbrownpaint.Lineson collar,neck,lowerbody.Mouth and handle dark. Shoulder,crossedzigzag between lines;below,S's betweenlines.EO. 94. *LEKYTHOS (fig. 130). H. 23.3. Nearly complete.Thickstraphandle,barred.LPG. 95. *SKYPHOS (fig. 131).H. 8.5. DR. 14.5.Gap in rimand wall, chips.Fullycoated. Whitelines at rim and base of lip. Between handles, fourfoldwhite circles.E 166,classC. MO. 96. CONICAL LID. H. 13. D. 21. Complete.Semilustrousbrown-black paint.Knob flaton top; uneven stemwithslightrib;slightgroovenearrim.MG.
T. 218
207
97. KALATHOS-LID. H. 8.8. D. 25. Complete, worn.Cream slip,thickfabric.Slightdisc foot.Band on lip, handle zone obliterated,spaced bands below handle and at base; no paint underneath.Inside: groups of bars on rim, band below, otherwise unpainted.EG. 98. SKYPHOS (fig. 131).H. 8. DR. 14.8. Complete. Grey-brown clay,blackpaint.Reservedcircleon floor. EG. 99. SKYPHOS (fig. 131).H. 7.5. DR. 13. Complete. brown-black Orangeclay,lustrous paint.Reservedcircle on floor. AtticMG II. (See ch. 8, pp. 476,490 = B40.) 100. SKYPHOS. H. 8.7. DR. 15.One handlebroken. As 218.98. EG. 101. MINIATURE OINOCHOE. H. 7.3. Complete save chipped mouth. Lines on mouth,neck, lower body.Handle barredwithpanel of verticals.Starson shoulder.Cf. 218.18. EO. 102. Vacat: partof218.10. 103. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 3.8. Complete. Flat base. Zigzag on shoulder; lines. Handle barred,paintinsidelip.PGB. 104. MINIATURE PYXIS. H. 5.7. DR. 4.3. Complete.Flat base, withstringmark.Billetson rim. MG. 105. *LID. One thirdpreserved. 106. Vacatjoins 218.44. 107. CONICAL LID. H. 11. D. 23.3. Complete. Thick semi-lustrous brownpaint. Knob flaton top, threeridgeson stem.On knob,irregular crossformed lines.MG: fits218.23. Cf.E no. 837. byfour-five 108. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.8. Half preserved,base As 218.63, M-LG. missing. 109. DOMED LID. H. 6.3. D. 21.2.Complete.Slight carination; everted lip, flat underneath, pair of suspension holes. White on dark: double circle at centre,outlineleaves formingrosette,double circles, horizontalS's, doublecircles,dotson lip.LG-EO. no. CUP. H. 8.2. DR. 10.4. Complete.As 218.45. MG, late. in. JUGLET. H. 8.2. Complete. Semi-lustrous brown-blackpaint. Flat base, bars on straphandle. M-LG. 112. *CUP. H. 8. DR. 11.2.Three-quarters preserved. As 218.45. MG, late. 113. OINOCHOE. H. 10. Complete. Cream slip. Unevensurface.Flat base. Painton lip,wavyline on neck; on shoulder,standingand pendent triangles, solid or cross-hatched withoutline;band, lines;band at base. Handle barred.PGB. 114. MINIATURE PYXIS. H. 4.2. DR. 3.5. Complete.A smallerversionof218.104. MG. 115. CUP. H. 8.2. DR. 11.2. As 218.45. MG, late. 116. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.5.Nearlycomplete.Strap handleto rim,low conicalfoot.Decoratedas 218.71. PGB.
2o8
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
117. CUP. H. 11.DR. 14. Large gaps in wall. E 166, classB (iii).MO. 118. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.8. Complete save chip in neck. Shape and decorationvirtuallyidenticalwith 218. 84. EO. RDAC1984,132no. 45. 119. CUP. H. 5.4. DR. 7. Handle broken.Unevenflat base. Fullycoated.MG. 120. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.5. Complete save gap in wall. Lines on mouth,neckand lowerbody.Starson shoulder.Perhaps a set with 218. 101. EO. RDAC 1984,133no. 53. 121. DOMED LID. H. 5.2. D. 18.8.Nearlycomplete. Shortevertedlip withoutcarination.LG-EO. 122. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 2.8. PH. 7. Frs. of body, neck and mouth.Side-circles,outermostthickened; doublecirclebelowhandle.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 123. DOMED LID (fig. 131). H. 6. D. 22. Nearly rosetteat complete.One suspensionhole. Twelve-leaf white centre,solid withoutline;hatchedbattlement; on darkhorizontalS's; gearpattern.M-LG. 124. CONICAL LID. D. 12.H. 6. Gaps in wall,most ofrimlost.Reservedcentreon boss,bands and single lines.EO. 125. DOMED LID. H. c. 5.5. D. c. 22. One-quarter Carination,lip turnedupwards.Whitebars preserved. at outeredge.MG. 126. *CUP (FIG.131).H. 13.5.D. 14.Gaps in wall and rim.Interiorfullycoated. Exterior:lip, lines,massed zigzags. Shoulder, alternate panels of scales and massed zigzags. Below, lines and bands. Handles, barredwithpanel of zigzags.Shape and fabricas E 167,classD (i). EO. 127. CONICAL LID. H. 10.1. D. 22.4. Nearly complete.Hollowknob.LG. 128. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 16. horizontalhandlesmissing. Three-quarters preserved, Concave inset lip, rising rim; disc foot, poorly articulated.Painton rim.Panels:A, B, as shown;C, triplezigzag,hatchedmeander,quadruplezigzag; D, similarbut with quintuple zigzag above. Slovenly painting throughout.Chevrons on strap handles, painton rootsofhorizontalhandles.MG, late. 129. *DOMED LID (fig. 131).D. 20.5. H. 4. Chips and gaps in rimand wall. Suspensionholes.Flat rim. band of crossed Whiteon dark,rubbed.Leaf-rosette, zigzag,zigzag.E 163,classE (b). EO. 130. DOMED LID. PH. 5.1. D. 21. Half preserved. As 218.69 butwithoutlinemeanderhookson broad lip.LG.
131. CONICAL LID. H. 8.9. D. 23.5.Three-quarters preserved.Many grits.Knob flaton top, bevelled edge. Reserved cross on knob, solid paint in LG, early. background. 132. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 28.5. DR. 11. Rim to lowerbody,footmissing.Cream slip. Short inset lip, slightcollar. Lip unpainted. Panels, with whiteborderabove and below:triplezigzagwithlong bars on apices. Paint on handles. Bands and lines below,borderedin white.LG/EO. 133. *LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. DR. 7. Frs. of mouth,body and handle only.Whiteon dark,worn. Tracesofpanelson body,doublecirclesbelow.EO. 134. OINOCHOE. DB. 9. Frs. of base and lower body, shoulder,mouth. Lines on neck. Shoulder, doublepanels:crossedzigzagwithtriplezigzagbelow, quadruple circleswithdouble quadrant at corners. Below,quadruplecircles,band,lines.EO. 135. OMPHALOID (?) LID. PH. 4.5. D. c. 28. Frs., centremissing.Cream slip. Concave profile,traceof centraldomeat break.EG. 136. ARYBALLOS/LEKYTHOS. PH. 5. Two thirds ofbodyonly.Squat. Singlecircles,lines,singlecircles, morewidelyspaced.EO. 137. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 22. DR. 20. Rim to belly.Inset concave lip, risingrim,painted. Panels: A, edge of multiplezigzag,columnof crosshatchedlozenges;B, triplezigzag,lozengecolumnto L. ofcomplexmeander.Double zigzagrunningunder round handle, but interruptedby straps.On strap handle,columnsof cross-hatchedlozenges,chevron fill,barsaboveand below.MG. 138. TRAY. D. c. 25. Frs. of rimand wall only.Flat floor,straightwall, looped handle verticalon rim. White on dark. Inside, line below rim. Handle barred. Outside, lines below rim and above base. 60, fig.10 no. 57. Ring on underside.Cf. Ay.Paraskies EO. 139. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 8. DR. 14. Upper part. Inset lip, slightlyconcave, painted. Panels,withwhitelinesaboveand below:A, quintuple zigzag,flankedby diagonalcrosseswithchevronand dotted lozenge in upper and lower quadrants; B, dottedbattlement.Below,trace of large whitetriple circle.Painton handles.LG, late. 140. TWO (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 25. Shoulder to lower body. Multiple zigzag, dotted chevrons(?) to L; below, zone of cross-hatched lozenges;whitetriplecircles,whitelineabove.LG.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE fr.L. 3. W 0.5. Wt. 1.75 g. Piece of bar, very oxidized. Section probably flat rectangular. 2. IRON OBELOS. Piece apparentlyfromnear tip:
L. 9.6, sectionat first1 cm. squared,thentaperingto flattish tip,section1.2by& 0.2. 3. BRONZE PLAQUE fr.(fig. 167;plate 280). 8.3 X 7.5. Th. 0.05. Wt. 12.5g. Whatremainsrecomposedof
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
many pieces. Very thin sheet, either square or rectangular, perhaps with rounded corners. Small stitch or rivet holes close to the edge. Function not clear. 4. IRON ROD frs. Four joining pieces of a rod, L. 11.8, section at firstc. 0.4 squared, then tapering to flat tip, section 1.1 by 0.3. Uncertain use: too slender for obelos. 5. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig. 167; PLATE280). L. 6.3. Blade W. 2. Wt. 8.5 g. One blade lost; recomposed. Pinched spring,flatblade. 6 + 24. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 176; plate 289). Complete in seven pieces. L. 39.8; socket, L. 9.8, D. 1.7 (internally1.3); blade, W. 2.4 at square shoulder, then tapers evenly to point; midrib, Th. 1.7, runs for only c. 4.5 cms. of blade-length. Present (corroded) weight,228 g. 7. BRONZE STUD (fig. 167; plate 280). Head 1.5 X I. Shaft 1.3. Wt. 1.75 g. Probably complete. Shaft bent at rightangles. Clumsy head. Function not clear. 8. IRON ARROWHEAD (fig. 176; plate 289). Nearcomplete tanged arrowhead. L. 9.2; tang, L. 2.1, square section, Th. 0.5 at end; blade, W. 1.5, tapering to point, had rather flat elliptical section, Th. only c. 0.25.
9 + 11. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 167; plate 280). L. 6.6. H. 4.8. Wt. 5.1 g. Broken; partly recomposed; oxidized. Flat, cresccntine bow (once decorated?), quite large sub-rectangular catchplate. Spring of one turn. Recalls (but without close parallel) Blinkenberg IX. Found in pot 39. 10. IRON PIN frs.Pieces of two (possibly three) pins corroded together(i) had fine circular-sectionshaft,L. 5.6. D. 0.2; (ii) is shaft-fragment,L. 3.8, with same section; (iii) a scrap only,L. 1.2, may have broken off eitherof the other two. II. See 218. fg. 12. AMBER PIN HEAD with GOLD SHAFT (HM, awaiting accession). 13. IRON PIN. Complete(?) in three joining pieces, togetherL. 6.9. Head, D. c. 1, of disc-with-finialtype (cf. io4.f9). 14. IRON PIN fr.Head and beginning of shaft only. L. 1.4, head of same type as 13. 15. IRON DIRK (fig. 176; plate 289). Complete. L. 42.1. Hilt, L. 12.1, W. 3.6 at shoulders; standard form (as 24J9, but appreciably bigger); fiveiron rivets,three along grip, two at outer edges of shoulders. Blade tapers evenly from shoulders, then more abruptly. Low midrib. Present (corroded) Wt. 226 g. 16. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 176- plate 289). Complete in two pieces, one of which was found corroded on to 17 below. L. 26.4; socket, proportionally very long, L. 11, D. 1.8; blade, unusually slender and short,Max. W 2.4 at shoulders; veryshortmidrib.
SITE
- T. 218
209
(fig. 176). Complete, 17. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD with part of 16 corroded on to it. L. 30.4; socket,L. 8, D. 2 (internally 1.3). Blade, W. 3.2 at shoulder, has midrib which runs for c. 6 cms. of its length. Somewhat heavier than 16, but stillon the small side. 18. BRONZE PIN (fig. 167; plate 289). L. 12.3. D. of 'bulb' 0.8. D. of head 0.6. Wt. 10.5 g. In three pieces. Tip and lower shaft heavily oxidized. Plain disc head above a spherical 'bulb'. No mouldings. 19. BRONZE STRIP fr.(fig. 167; plate 289). L. 10.5. W. 0.3. Wt. 1.75 g. Four non-joining pieces. Appears to have been two narrow stripswith terminalsbent back, pinned togetherat the centre by a small rivet.Perhaps cf. 19. £2 and 3. 19a. IRON ARROWHEAD. Complete in three joining pieces. L. 11.1;tang, L. 3.6, with square section c. 0.5 by 0.5; blade, W 1.3 tapering to blunted tip; section rhomboid (Max. Th. 0.9). Apparently an arrowhead of the Cypriot variety (see F. 202), the length being not abnormal for that type; but the corrosion is too severe for the identification to be secure. 20. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE. Complete in three pieces. L. 11.7; tang, L. 4, including narrow projection, L. 1, W. 0.4, at top, W otherwise 1.2, swellingto 1.7 at junction with blade; blade, straightback but slightly convex cutting-edge,W 1.3, tapering to point; Th. at back 0.4. 21. IRON ARROWHEAD. Virtually complete, but tiny.L. 4.2; tang, L. 1.2, has round section, D. only 0.25; blade, square-sectioned, c. 0.8 by 0.8. Apparently a very small specimen of the 'bolt' type (cf. 19a above). 22. IRON. A corroded mass in which parts of six objects were embedded, the others reappearing below as 27, 27a, 28, 35 and 36. 22 thereforedesignates OBELOS *(fr.) two joining pieces, together L. 15; section (corroded) c. 1.2 squared. frs. Four joining pieces, 23. IRON SPEARHEAD forming socket and part of blade of spearhead. Existing L. 15.9; socket, L. 9.5, D. 2.6 (internally2.2); blade, W. at shoulders (restored) c. 4; midrib, Th. 1.2. An unusually large example, to judge from its survivingdimensions. 24. See 6. 25 + 3o(ii). IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Five joining pieces, formingjavelin-head, complete except for tip of blade. Existing L. 32.9; socket (mostlyin 30 (ii)), L. 11.6 (long, cf. 16), D. c. 1.8; blade, W. c. 3 at square shoulders, tapering to 1.4 at final break; midrib,Th. c 1, runs forc. 13 cms. of lengthof blade. 26. IRON DIRK fr.Hilt of a substantial dirk(or short sword). L. 10.6. W. at 'ears' c. 3, at shoulders 3.8. For type compare 175. £2 + 34. 27. IRON. From the corroded mass (see 22), which also contains a complete bronze stand-foot(see 27a)
2I0
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
and fiveironobjects,one ofwhichis partof28 below. 27 thereforedesignatesJAVELIN-HEAD (frs.)the firstpartof whichwas foundembeddedin the mass with 22 above (q.v.). Two joining pieces of blade, togetherL. 14.3; join of socket and blade also 2.2 at finalbreak; included.Blade,W. 2.6 at shoulders, midrib,Th. c. 1, runs only c. 3.5 cms. of lengthof blade. 27a. BRONZE STAND FOOT? (fig. 167; plate 289). L. 6.1. Foot2.1 X 1.8. Wt. 79.5 g. Shafthole 0.8 X 0.7. (Foundadheringbyoxidizationto ironweapon fragment27). Suggestedto be a hammerbut what would have been strikingsurfacewould be in the withthe shafthole; thereis no sign wrongalignment ofuse on theupperface,wherethereis a rectangular depression. Foot of a composite bronze-and-iron stand(?)wherethe 'shafthole' would have servedto threadan internalstrut. 28. IRON RASP (?). (FIG. 176). A massive iron implement, the middle section of which was embedded in the mass with27 above; fourjoining pieces in all. L. 33.7; Max. Th. in centralportion, c. 2.5 by 1.5;taperingto a wheresectionis rectangular, bluntpointat bothends,moreor less symmetrically. It is possiblethatE no. 1596 (not illustrated)was a further exampleofa rasp. 29. BRONZE PIN. L. 11.8. Head D. 0.7. 'Bulb' D. 0.8. (Embedded in 30.) Complete; much oxidized. Plaindischead,elongatedspherical'bulb'. 30. IRON. Two iron items,on to which part of a bronzepin (see 29) is also corroded,(i) is an OBELOS (frs.).Two non-joiningpieces; Ls. 13.8,sectionc. 1.8 squared, taperingto a flattishpoint,W. c. 2.1; and
14.5,sectionc. 1.6 squared,(ii) is part of thejavelinhead, 25 + 30 (ii) above. 31. IRON. Two items, (i) SWORD frs. Seven joining pieces, formingthe hiltand upper blade of a large, but desperatelycorroded sword. L. 14.9; hilt,Max. W. 5.6 at shoulders;blade tapersfrom5.6 to 4.9 at break; Max. Th. c. 0.5. Too corrodedfor the presence of flanges or rivetsto be clear, (ii) ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two joining pieces of blade, too smallto belongto (i), and evidentlyfrom the blade of a one-edged knife:L. 5.3, W. c. 2.2; straight. 32. STEATITE BEAD (fig. 185).H. 1.6,D. 1.7.Dh. 0.45. Half lost, chipped. Black and grey.Waisted cylinder. 33. BRONZE STUD (fig. 167). D. 0.6. Wt. 0.75 g. brokenawayfromsomething larger. Cylindrical; 34. BRONZE SHEET AFFIX frs.(Largest)4X3, Th. 0.05. Wt. 24.8 g. 90 pieces (mostlyverysmall), threewithstitchholes.In addition,in layer2 was 0.3 g ofbronzesheet(one piece). 35. IRON ROD. Three non-joiningpieces of rod, which were found embedded in the mass with 22 above (q.v.).Ls. 10, 6.4 and 6; sectionc. 0.6 squared, perhapstoo thinto be froman obelos,and bentover at one end. 36. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Also found embedded in the mass with 22. Tang and upper blade: L. 9; tang,L. 3.3, W. 1.2; blade,W 3. Straight type. 37. IRON ROD fr.Anotherpiece of rod like 35 above. L. 6.2; sectionc. 0.6 squaredand, again,bent overat one end.
Tomb 219 SE (figs. 6, 47-48; plate 37) W. 0.60-0.65, depthc. 0.40. extantL. 5.90, W. 1.80. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:7.50. Dromos: Chamber:2.84 X 2.05. itschamberprobablythelargest.It was This was one ofthelargesttombsin thecemetery, walls were straightin plan, endingin preciselyexecuted well cut. The dromos exceptionally Fromthelevelofthechamberfloor,thedromos rightangles,or nearrightangles,at thestomion. floorended rosea verticaldistanceofc. 0.90, at firstat an angleof70,thenof io°. The dromos on base its the X stonethreshold at a rectangular resting (0.76 X 0.26 0.18)setoutside stomion, The chamber. the into the level of the chamberfloor,so thatit formeda low step (0.18) was a small doorjambs.Justbeforethethreshold had pronouncedrectangular narrowstomion almost a of rectangular largeflat, depressionin the dromosin whichwas set theloweredge blockingstone,1.20 X 0.88 X 0.18. leaninginwardsat an angle of 20o, and coveringthe threshold.It was clearlyin situ.A packingof mud and small stonessealed its edges. The chamberwas a smooth,fairlyregularellipsein plan, itsgreaterdimensionat rightanglesto The back Itsroofmayhavebeen higherthantherestoredsection,FIG.48, suggests. thedromos. Three surface. modern below wall was preserved1.10;the chamberfloorwas at least 1.85
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 218-9
2n
stonestandswereset on the chamberfloor.In the NWpart,just withinthe N jamb, was the circularstand A (D. 0.53-0.56, H. 0.15); on its underside,shortchisel strokesrunning slot0.035 x °-O25nearme clockwisecoveredthewholesurface;therewas a smallrectangular X NE A B in was one of the stand (0.28 0.23 X 0.10); itsunderside place. rectangular edge borea mason'scutting. At theback ofthechamber,oppositetheentrance,was therectangular standC (0.34 X 0.24 X 0.12).Blockingstone,threshold and standswerealikeofwelldressed whitelimestone, reuse. suggesting The tombwas at theN limitofthemain,S, partofthecemeteryand ofthestraggling N-S line of tombs(219,14, 13, 19,55). It was, however,unlikethese;itsprobableassociate,ifany, wouldhave been T. 218, 13.00NE. Its orientation was E by N, W by S, the chamberon the E sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundwhentheNE-SWfoundation trenchfortheN wall oftheWblockofthe Medical Facultywas cut throughthe dromos. The S edge of the 1.70wide trenchwas c. 2.00 fromthe stomion. It had also suffered disturbanceeitherat the buildingor destruction of the churchwhen(1) a pit destroyed the end of the dromos wall on the N, (2) the church mortuary colonnadedestroyed itsS end, (3) a pitwas dug in thedromos near thestomion, and (4) a large pit was dug above the chamber,destroyingthe roof;this may have robbed the church's perimeterwall, no remainsof whichwere found,thoughits line crossedthe chamber.The chamberwas muchdisturbed. At theend ofthedromos was a pile offinegravel,just above thefloor,perhapsintendedfor thechamberfloor.Whatdromos-ñll remainedundisturbed appeareduntouchedsincethefinal interment. The earthwas hard,pale yellowwithchalkyflecks(ancientkouskouras Its back-fill). fewsherdsweremostlyfromash-urns;thereweremanybronzeflakesand lumpsofcharcoal, somewalnut-sized. These wouldhavecome fromT. 310 (q.v), a pyrediscoveredlater,just N of T 219.Sherdsfromthispyrejoined somefromthetomb. Therewerethreegroupsofpotsin thedromos, all againsttheS wall.FromW-Ethesewere(1) 4, 5, two O cups,stacked;(2) 6, a LPG-PGB jug-aryballos;7, a PGB oinochoe;8, a LPG cup; 9, a MPG stirrup jar; 11 a PGB cup inside10, LPG cup and, upsidedown,12 + 13, LPG double bird-askoswith15, LPG cup, beneath.To the NE was 14, a ?MG cup and, E, cornerwere the LPG duckagainstthe wall, 20, EPG bell-skyphos;(3) in the SE dromos surmountedlentoidflask,16; a LPG stirrupjar, 17; a LPG-PGB pyxis,18; an ash-urn 21. Also in the dromos-ñ'i were 1, fragmentary LPG fragment, 19 and an EPG bell-skyphos, of a fenestrated kalathos. bird-askos; 2, 3, bell-skyphoi; £2,fragment £4,faiencebeads and manybronzeflakes,perhapsfroma bowl,wereunder7 (supra). £6,a faiencebead, was withgroup (3) (supra),and fs, bronze vessel attachment,fi, another was in disturbed earthin thefoundation trench. attachment, These dromos findssuggestthatan EPG interment and a LPG-PGB interment had been removedfromthe chamberto make way forlaterones. 14, the ?MG cup, may mean this happenedpost-MG. The conditionof the chambercontentswas chaotic,despitethe undisturbed blocking.It musthavebeen enteredthroughtheroof,eitherduringbuildingor demolitionofthechurch's wall. There was a groupof brokenpots and otherfindsofverymixeddate in the perimeter fill on and just withinthe threshold;the base of a coarse PG pithos,34, was upside upper downin the centre,whilegroupsof sherds,chieflyof ash-urns,werepiled againstthewalls, to thelowerfill,on or near thefloor.Here was a greatmassofironobjectsacross continuing theback ofthechamber;in theNEwereironweapons,occasionalPG and otherpottery, £62, the faiencelion betweenstandsA and B, and in the centreof the floor,veryfragmentary
2I2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
of crematedbone recovered objects,chieflymetal.As well as CremationA (infra), fragments fromthe chamberfilland floorincludedevidenceforan adult male, a middle-agedadult, perhapsnotveryold,and a small,perhapsadolescentperson. ofan ironspit Whentheblocking-stone and itspackingwereremoved,fi4, 15, fragments flatagainsttheoutersidesof thedoor-jambs.On werefoundon eitherside ofthethreshold, or just insidethe threshold,in the stomion, were £7-9, pieces of an ironjavelin-head,fu, iron bronze or fi6, ivory nail,£13, fi2, glassrosette, pin fragment, javelin- spear-head,fio, roundeland 22, CypriotBoR amphoriskos, 23, AtticMG II flatpyxis,24, coarse G jug inside25, CycladicMG I skyphos, 26, LG lid,27, MG cup,28, LPG pyxis. Though fi4, 15 were almostrituallyplaced outsidethe door-jambs,perhapsby the last burialparty, mostoftherestmusthavegotwheretheywerefoundduringlaterpillagingofthe chamber. in thecentreofthechamber,was a patchofcarbonand burntbonesof JustN of34 (supra), a youngish matureadult(CremationA) perhapsemptiedfrom34 duringlooting.Amongstthe ironknife,a rockcrystaland a bronzesheetfragments, boneswere£21-25,a bronzePearring, glasspaste bead. In the same smallarea, but lower,were£38, 49, glass beads and £iO5a, faiencediscbeads,on thefloor,withwhichshouldbe associated£89, 115, faiencebeads from had had a necklace.Evidenceindicates almostcertainly thesieve.One ofthePG interments one ofthePG interments, probably34, was once in theNWsector,perhapson StandA. 47, was fi8, groupof partof34's rim,came fromtheNEsector.BetweenStandA and thestomion glassbeads; a rockcrystalbead, £33,was on the stand.£82, 95 weretwogroupsof faience discbeads E ofStandA, on or nearthefloor,closeenoughto havebeen one. In thisarea were behindStandA, 30, stirrup theEPG 68, bell-skyphos, jar, on it,and 69, smallAtticMG I E. OtherPG vesselswere35 (EPG bell-skyphos), lid,immediately just withinthechamberon theS oftheentrance,28, LPG pyxison thethreshold, 60, coarsePGB lid,c.0.40 S of34. oftheAtticMG II belly-handled In theSE sectorweremostofthefragments amphora33; was theAtticMG II to itsW wereremainsof theAtticMG II krater42; withinthe stomion and werepresumably All thesewerefromthesameworkshop, partifthesame pyxis23 (supra). broadcastin thechamber. MG interment. Bitsofall threewerescattered A piece of33 ('61') was on 42; others('44') werejust insidetheS door-jamb,or N of34 in thechambercentre('48', '49', '54'). Piecesof42 wereamongtheselast('50') and betweenit and 34 ('55'). Most ofitslid,32, was foundin theN sectoron top of'39', base oftheLG urn 38, buta piece ('65') was close S ofStandA. Whatremainedofthelid of 23 ('59') was across the chamber,near the S cornerof Stand C. Amongthe sherdsof 33 was the MG cup 37, OtherMG itemslikelyto havebelongedare twocups,27, safelyassignableto thisinterment. be Few otherfindscan even tentatively in dromos the and threshold on the respectively. 14, a of iron vessel bronze interment. to this rich knife, £28, part fi9, fragment, fi7, assigned the S of sector the Otherwise W. was 1.00 of another £28 were near head (£26) part 33: javelin was almostempty.The fourCycladicMG I of the MG interment, chamber,the 'territory' PGB interment: an to have earlier, 41, just N of45; 35, from belonged skyphoimayperhaps and 70, undera near the withthecoarsejuglet24 insideit (supra); thethreshold, stomion; 63, massoffindsin thecentre,includingpartsof33. betweenStandsA and B In theN sectorofthechamber,theLG pithos38 was in fragments and thewall.Undersomeofitssherds,behindStandB, werethesherdsoftheLO pithos58, and 51, itslid. In thelaterstagesofthetomb'shistory 58 mighthavestoodon StandB, 38 on StandA. But,38's base ('39') was E of58, and a largesherd('53') was 0.40 s ofthebase. The LG 52, under38's base, may have been its lid. With38 was 56, a M-LG imitationof a
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- T. 219
213
whichhad probablybeen insideit. Possiblybelongingwas 43, a LG East Cypriotlekythos, Greekoinochoewhoseneck,'46', was 0.20 SWof38, betweenStandA and thewall;43's base was besidetheinternalN doorjamb. OtheritemspossiblyassociablewiththeLG 38 include near38's base, and 62, small 29, MG skyphosfromthethreshold, 40, CypriotBoR lekythos M-LG cup in thechamber'scentre,a betterchronological fitthanwithurns33 or 45 [infra). 71, a LG Euboean pedestalledkratercouldgo eitherwith38 or 45. could be connectedwiththe LO urn 58. Perhaps Only the O cups 4, 5 in the dromos was a mass of metaland otherobjectsfoundbeneaththe belongingto the LG 38 interment main fragments of 38 and the LO 58, all roundthe netherside of Stand B. These include froma bit.fiO29a fiO3, a corrodedmassof ironjavelin-headsand twobronzecheek-pieces was underthebase of38, withfii2, a bronzephalara, completebronzebitwithcheek-pieces fno, a redstoneand ironpommel/handle, fiO7, an irondirk,fin, an ironswordfragment, fiO4, 108-109, ma, ironspear-andjavelin-heads.Otherpossiblecandidatesforthisgroup are £85,bronzecauldronhandle,neartheSE cornerofStandB, £35,27, ivoryhandles,from the sherdsof 38, 58 and fromthe SWside of Stand A respectively, also £29 (sheetbronze in 43) and fgo, irondirk,WofStandA, bythewall. fragments Two exceptionalfindsmayhavebelongedto 38: fgi, a gold cut-out(man and lions),w of themaingroupof38's sherds,and, to theS ofthemaingroup,£62, faiencevase in theform in theouteranglebetweenStandsA and B. ofa lioncouchant Most ofthesherdsof theLG pithos45 werebetweenStand C, on whichit probablyonce stood,and thechamberwall. To it belonged'57', thelowersherdsofthemainpile,'36', just insidethe stomion, and '31', fromthe main sherd-pileof 38 [supra).Amongstits sherds,and therefore thisinterment was at the probablyonce withinit was 64, EO lekythos, suggesting end ofLG, or a littlelater,and thuslaterthanthe38 interment As of the urnwas [supra). part nearthestomion, theLG lid 26 on thethreshold have The must interment might 45 belonged. havebeen veryrichifall theneighbouring to it. Mixed with its sherds were objectsbelonged of iron some iron knife rods, manyfragments jointed(£30,43-44, 46-47), £j2, (anotherpart ofwhichwas nearthekrater42), whilewithand belowthelowersherdswerethreefragments ofan ironfirebasket(£65,78-79) and £88, bronzesheetfragments and a piece of a bronze vessel.£58, bronzeskyphos, was just N of Stand C, and £84, fragments of a bronzevessel. Close N of£58was £74,bronzevesseland decoratedfacingfragments. Under£74was partof thefaiencebowl£83 (ofwhichpart,£114,came fromthesieve).N of Stand C, near thewall, was fioi, fragments ofbronzevesselsand sheathing. was the main in a groupof ironspits,firedogsand bier-attachments thatlay £57 component slantwise acrossthechamber, fromthespacebetweenStandsA and B to a pointSSWofthesherds of 45; it was in frontof Stand C (on which45 probablystood)and parallelwithit. Though and broken, thebundleappearedbasically itslowestpartwasslightly corroded, fragile undisturbed; abovethelowestfindsinthefloordeposit.£57includedat leastsix,possibly as manyas twelve, spits, a fire-dog and possibly somebier-attachments. was another which £56 fire-dog laytopto toein the bundle,£94wasa scrapofone or otherofthemw ofthemainpile.A bier-attachment, £67,wason of the was to the S of included £60 and W, £94.Spitfragments top pile,another, £70, ?f76(n endof were small above the main in front of Stand were mixedwith pile);£52-53 pieces C; fsg, 63 pile the45 sherds; 106 were scattered at S the end of the £48,64, pile. Undertheironwerefound£80,bronze?ringhandle,£87,ivoryPsleeve,£92, singlebronze cheek-piece,£95, faiencebeads [supra);£86, g3, 100, 100a, 100b, 100c, bronze vessel and (muchfurther SWwas fio8, ironjavelinfragment fragments, s) £66, bronzefragments. of a £68,part spearhead.
214
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
The ironitemsprobablybelongedwitheithertheLG urn38 or theLG 45, thelattermore likelyin view of its probable original position on Stand C, fromwhich it would have them.It maybe significant thatthefire-basket overlooked (£65,78-79, supra)was mixedwith of the iron is consistent withit belongingto the sherds. The undisturbed state 45's relatively secondfromlastinterment. - the s sectorwas In additiontherewereseveralfindsW of theironin theN centralsector M-LG was bare. above the floor Just 67, fragmentary tripodcookingpot, £37, remarkably of bronze sheettogetherwitha piece of iron 40, javelin-headfragments, £72, fragments ofbronzevessel,f56a, eggshell. (obelosfragment?), £73,bodyfragment in hardpale soil,ratherunliketheloose fill The objectson thefloor,thoroughly flattened, burial partiesratherthan tomb robbers,and so may have been so scatteredby the later belonged to one or otherof the earlierinterments.There were manybronze fragments (£96-97, 101, 101a, 105, 105b) possiblyfromone object,and £98, an irondoubleaxe, £99, partoftheironspearhead£68,somedistanceaway,neartheirons. POTTERY (PLATES 199-207) 1. BIRD ASKOS. L. of handle9.5. Frs.Yellowclay. Fledglingperchedon theback,longstraphandle.On back, converginggroups of lines, cross-hatched lozengechain.On flanks,(A) griddedzigzagbetween twozones ofzigzagbelow;(B) cross-hatched triangles, two zones ofopposeddiagonalsbelow. griddedzigzag, Solid painton lowerbody.Zones ofbarson fledgling's back, tail and wings in thirddimension. Handle: verticalzigzag betweenchevrons.Part of miniature cup, perhaps attached to tail, with interlocking LPG. and chevrons. hatchedtriangles, 2. *BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 8.5. DR. 10. Upper half. As 219.20. PG. 3. BELL-SKYPHOS (plate 201). H. 8.1. DR. c. 7. Two-thirdspreserved.Foot almostflatunderneath. Paint over all interiorand down to lower body outside.Fingerprintson body.EPG. 4. KOTYLE. H. 6.8. DR. 12. One thirdofbodylost. Dipped rimat eitherside.Fordipping,see /?187.EO. 5. KOTYLE. H. 7.8. DR. 14.2. One thirdof body lost. Dipped as 219.4, but withdribblesinsideand out.EO. 6. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.1. Mouth missing.Greybrownclay,creamslip.Roundhandlesattachedinside rim. Slightdisc footwith stringmark. Decoration worn, nothingvisible save single bands at base of and insiderim.Painton handle. neck,belowshoulder, LPG-PGB. Cf. 285.94, 109. Hard buffclay, 7. OINOCHOE. H. 23.5.Lip missing. lustrousbrown-black paint.Low conicalfoot.Stacked chevronson straphandle,threebarsat root.PGB. 8. CUP. H. 9.2. DR. 12.8-13.9. Complete. White grits.Roughflatbase withstringmark.Upper flanks dippedin paint.LPG. 9. STIRRUP-JAR.H. 15.6. One handle brokenoff. Flat disc,low conicalfoot.Disc: crossin thickcircle. Paintinsidelip,verticalchevronsdownfrontof neck,
Vs downfalseneck.Shoulder:twocompositetriangles in frontwithintripleconcave outline,separatedby verticalbars underneck; at back, one large triangle where the hatchingis interruptedat the centreby MPG. verticalchevrons. 10. CUP (FIG.131).H. 8.1. D. 11.6. Complete.Cream slip.Stringmarkunderbase. LPG. 11. CUP (FIG.131).H. 5.5. D. 8.6-9.3. Complete.Buff slip.Handle barred.PGB. 12. DOUBLE BIRD ASKOS. H. 12. L. 20. Forelegs, handles, and tails broken. Two bird bodies, wheelmadeas shallowbowls,theirrimsthendrawn and joined withinterconnecting hole; each together, withtwo forelegsand one hindleg,long neck,equine head withroundmuzzle,ears and eyesin relief.One mouth open, the other closed with small strainer forsmallloop handlesalong each holes.Attachments back, and perhapsfora rider(cf.Q, 115) wherethe bodiesjoin; the tails end in flaringmouthsthrough whichthe vesselwas filled.Painted 'caps' on heads with fringein frontand long wavy mane behind; of harness.Bars verticalcurvesovercheekssuggestive On betweenlineson backand on handleattachments. outer flanks,cross-hatchedpanel between various formsof lozenge chain. Solid paint on lowerbodies and feet.LPG. Protohippalektryon 24,pl. 3.3-6. 13. Vacatpartof219.12. preserved. 14. *CUP. H. 6.7. DR. c. 10.3.Two-thirds As 219.27. MG(?). 15. *CUP. H. 8. D. 10.2-10.6.Complete.As 219.10. LPG. 16. LENTOID FLASK with BIRD-ASKOS on shoulder.H. 21.7.D. ofbody 15.8.Mouthand handle broken. Made from two shallow bowls clamped togetherto formlentoidbody;two slightridgesnear junction.Perchedon shoulder,a creaturewithequine protome,frog-likelegs, and bird's body with tail
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 219 attachedto the vessel'smouth;roundmuzzle,pellet eyes,reliefears, as 219.12. Stumpsof straphandles whichpassed overthe creature'sback. Hatched 'cap' on creature'shead,heavylinedownitsback,radiating linesdownitstail.LPG. Protohippalektryon 23,pl. 3.1. 17. STIRRUP-JAR.PH. 21. Base to shoulder.Cream slip. Conical foot.Shoulder: cross-hatchedtriangle, seven concave outlines; lines and bands, septuple pendent semi-circles.LPG, probably open mouth type. 18. PYXIS (FIG. 131). H. 13.5. DR. 7.5. Nearly complete.Whitegrits,creamslip.LPG-PGB. 19. *PITHOS. Largebodyfr.E-MG. 20. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 13.1.DR. 10.2-10.9.Nearly complete.Low conical foot,not clearlyarticulated. Dipped to lowerbody outside,interiorfullycoated. EPG. 21. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.2. DR. 6.7. Nearly complete.As 219.35 but withbroaderand clumsier foot.EPG. 22. AMPHORISKOS (fig. 132). H. 13. DR. 7.8. Nearly complete,surfaceworn. Orange clay,redbrownslip,dullblackpaint.Round handles.Shoulder decorationworn off;fainttrace of small concentric circles.CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,125no. 7. 23. FLAT PYXIS (FIG.131).H. 15.5.DR. 23.5.Nearly clay,chestnutbrowngrits, complete.Fine orange-buff lustrousblack paint. One pair of suspensionholes, tracesofanotherhole opposite.No paintunderneath. AtticMG II. The lid 219.59 fits.By thesame hand as the amphora 219.33 and the krater219.42. Gift Exchange 204,figs.1-2. 24. COARSE JUG. H. 7.6. DR. 6.3. Complete. Grittyorangeclay.Round handle,flatbase. Shallow grooveson neck.M-LG. 25. SKYPHOS. H. 6.8. DR. 12.3. Nearlycomplete. Fine orange clay,a littlemica, lustrousbrown-black paint. Lip slightlyoffset.Ring foot. Inside fully paintedbut forreservedcircleon floor,and reserved band under rimwithgroupsof seven or eightbars drawnfreehand.CycladicMG I. Eumousia 27,pl. 6.4. 26. CONICAL LID. H. 11.3.D. 22. Nearlycomplete. Knob flaton top, with thickcross. LG, early.Fits pithos219.38. 27. CUP (FIG.132).H. 6.2. DR. 10. Nearlycomplete. Heavystraphandle.MG. 28. PYXIS (fig. 132). H. 7.9. DR. 6.4. LPG. Cf. D. 25. 29. SKYPHOS. H. 7. DR. 9.7-10.4. Lip not offset. Flat base. Interior; bars with multiple brush, otherwise as 219.25. MG. 30. STIRRUP-JAR.PH. 9.5. Bodyonly.Low conical foot.Traces of complextriangleson shoulder,similar to 219.9; two lines,band, two lines,band on foot. EPG. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 132). H.
215
(withoutloop feet) 44. DR. 16. Nearly complete. Cream slip.Insetlip,broad and flat.Ring base. Band at inneredge oflip,twolinesbelow.Panels:A, bird,as drawn; B, double outline lozenge cross, enclosing smallercross-hatched lozenges;C as A, D as B. Bars on horizontalhandles,singleline on strap handles A and loop feet.LG, late; Birdworkshop.Cf.Atsalenio 432. CONICAL LID. H. 22.2. D. 35.2. Nearly complete.Fabric as 219.42. Knob in the formof a miniatureoinochoe.Triplezigzag on oinochoeneck, and nearedge.AtticMG II; fitskrater219.42. 33. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 104. DR. 33. Nearlycomplete.Fine orangebuffclay,chestnutbrown grits,small specks of mica, lustrousbrownblack paint. Ridge below everted lip, bucranium handles,highringfoot.Painton lip. Bellyzones:A as illustrated;B similar,but with columns of vertical zigzaginsertedto L. ofL.H. circlesand to R. ofR.H. circles;in centre,verticalzigzagsand triplechevrons flanked by vertical hatched meanders. Handles: vertical chevronsbetween curved stripes,stars in cornersabove. Four-linedivisionsin bellyzone and above shoulder ornament, three line divisions elsewhere.AtticMG II. By thesame hand as thepyxis 204-5, 219.23 and the krater219.42. GiftExchange fig-534. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Frs.,including thoseof47. PG. 35. BELL SKYPHOS (fig. 132). H. 8.8. DR. 6.3. blackpaint.EPG. Nearlycomplete.Semi-lustrous 36. Vacatpartof219.31. 37. CUP (FIG. 132). H. 9.2. DR. 11.8-13. Nearly blackpaint.Boss at each side complete.Semi-lustrous of reservedpanel. Paint underbase. Handle barred. Insidefullypaintedbutforsmalldot on floor.MG. 38. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 40.5. DR. 17.7. Nearlycomplete.Concave insetlip, risingrim; disc foot.Painton lip. Same panels in each side. Painton horizontalhandles.LG, early;cf.F. no. 1337.The lid 219.26 fits. 39. Vacatjoins 219.38. 40. LEKYTHOS. PH. 6.8. Mouth and handle missing,surfaceflakedoff.Deep orange clay,dull black paint. Neck ridge, flat base. Lines on neck, traces of three large single circles round flanks. CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984,129no. 31. 41. SKYPHOS (fig. 132). H. 6.3. DR. 12. Nearly complete.Fabricas 219.25. CycladicMG I. Eumousia 27»fig-5e42. KRATER. H. 37. DR. 36.8. Complete. Fine orange-buff clay,chestnutbrowngrits,smallspecksof mica, lustrous black paint (red inside). Inset lip, slopingdownwardsinside.Bucraniumhandles,ring foot. Same panel on each side, except that on the reversethe lower meander begins as a battlement.
2I6
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Below: dog-tooth,bands and lines. Handles: bars between curved stripes, chevron down central bucranium,sixteen point stars in corners above, quintupletrianglesbelow handle arches. Four-line thepanels,threedivisionsbetweencolumnsflanking line elsewhere.Solid paint inside and on rim.Attic MG II; thelid 219.32 fits.By same hand as thepyxis 204, 219.23 and the amphora219.33. GiftExchange figs.3-4. 43. OINOGHOE. H. 25. Two thirdspreserved.Soft orange clay, very micaceous; lustrous red paint. Ellipticalhandle,grooveat base ofneck,tallringfoot. Exteriorfullycoated, with fugitivedecoration in white. Neck: panel of double diagonal cross with hatching.Shoulder:largesextuplecircles;smalltriple T formation. circleson field,in inverted Below,zones of triple circles, triple pendent semicircles,triple circles,largerquintuplecirclesabove foot.Handle barred.Imitationof Cypriot,perhapsDodecanesian. LG(?). RDAC1984,123no. 5. 44. Vacat: joins 219.33. 45. Vacat: joins 219.31. 46. Vacat: joins 219.43. joins 219.34. 47. Vacat: 48. Vacat: joins 219.33. 49. Vacat: joins 219.33. 50. Vacat: joins 219.42. 51. POLYCHROME LID. H. 13.2. DR. 19.5. Paint wornoff.E 164,classG (ii) (b). Perhapsfor completely LO. 219.58. 52. CONICAL LID. H. 11.8. D. 25.5. Complete. Knob flaton top;slightridgeaboverim.Knob: setsof fourlinescrossingat rightangles,paintin quadrants and in centralsquare.LG, late;fitspithos219.31. 53. Vacat: joins 219.38. 54. Vacat: joins 219.33. 55. Vacat: joins 219.42. 56. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.7. Complete, but some of surface flaked off. Pale orange polished surface. Roundhandle,flatbase. Band insiderim.Three triple circles on shoulder.Paint on handle. Imitationof CypriotBoR. MG. RDAC1984,131no. 39. joins 219.31. 57. Vacat: 58. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Frs.ofbody,withone verticalhandle and two feet.Paintworn,but clearly redon whitewithlittleor no blue.Centralzone,panel of cross-hatching; below,outlineleaves.Betweenfeet, largesinglerosette.On feet,chevrons;verticalhandle, LO. hatching. 59. LID FOR FLAT PYXIS. D. 28. Half preserved. Fabric as 219.23. Flat on top, slightlyconvex underneath.Suspensionholes. Attachmentsof two horse legs. Lower part of horse tail, not joining: twolineseach side,no paint chevronsdownthefront, at back.AtticMG II: fitspyxis219.23. 60. COARSE CONICAL LID. H. 19.7. D. 32.7.
Nearly complete. Grittyand micaceous red clay. Verticallip withcarination,as thoughforstraightsidedpithos.Flat discknob,roughabove.PGB. 61. Vacat: joins 219.33. 62. SMALL CUP (plate 201). H. 4.1. D. 5.7-6.1. Complete.Roughflatbase. Fullycoated.M-LG. 63. SKYPHOS (fig. 132; plate 201). H. 7. DR. 10.4-1 1.5. Nearly complete. Fabric as 219.25 but Interioras 219.25. CycladicMG I. paintlesslustrous. Eumousia 27,fig.5c. 64. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.2. Chips in wall and foot. threesplayedstrokesat Side circles,chevronsat front, back.E 158,classE (iii)(a). EO. 65. Vacat: joins 219.32. 66. Vacat. 67. TRIPOD COOKING JUG (fig. 132).H. 15.DR. 8.7. One handlebrokenoff.Grittyand micaceousred clay.Roundhandles,ellipticalfeet.Groovesbelowrim and on shoulder.M-LG. 68. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11. DR. 8.5. Complete. Irregularrounded edge to foot,fingerimpression abovehandle.Paintas 219.20. EPG. 69. SMALL LID (FIG.132).H. 2.6. D. 9.9. Complete. Orangeclay,thickand lustrousblackpaint.Two large suspensionholes oppositeone another.AtticMG I, perhapsfora pointedpyxisas 283.46. 70. SKYPHOS. DR. c. 11. Two rim frs.Fabric as 219.25, shape as 219.63. Reservedline inside lip. 27,pl. 7.1. CycladicMG I. Eumousia 71. PEDESTALLED KRATER, frs.DR. c. 65. D. of footc. 47. Th. 0.7 at shoulder,2 at stem.Fine orangebrownclay,some mica, thinbuffslip,semi-lustrous red-brownpaint. Concave lip, flaton top, slightly offsetfromdeep hemispherical body.Massivestirrup handles,verticalstrapsattachedto bucrania,firing holes at junction.Tall pedestalwithat least fourteen ribson the stem,and a widelyflaringbase. On rim, withgroupsof eight long diagonalcrossesalternating bars drawnwithmultiplebrush.Lip: compass-drawn tangentialcircles. Main panels: at centre,double complexmeander,hatched,triplezigzagsabove and below; flankingcolumns include verticalmeander, lozengecolumnin doubleor tripleoutline,doubleor triplechevrons.At extremeL. and R. above, panel withhorselookingtowardsthe centre,variousfilling ornaments.Under the horse panels, the swastika metopes, with or without stars in the field, may perhaps fit. Under the whole composition, but stoppedby the handles,a zone of hatchedmeander. fish On one side only,tracesof a friezeof swimming belowthemeander,and above a zone oftriplezigzag. Continuouszones under the handles: triplezigzag, dottedlozengechain,dogtooth;bands and lines.On pedestal,belowribs,zones of tangentialtriplecircles, dots,dogtooth.The triplezigzagsusuallyhave short barsjoiningtheirapices to theframeabove. Handles:
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 219 on straps(A) multiplezigzag above bars, (B) three vertical zigzags above bars; the flankinground memberscarryoblique bars. On bucrania,oblique bars betweencurved stripes.Solid paint on spaces above; below the arcs,tracesof ships:(i) stern,with two steeringoars and fish;(ii) top of vesselshowing mast and sail; (iii) sail (?) just visible.Inside of bowl 28-9, pl. 7.2-3. fullypainted.Euboean LG I. Eumousia 72. SMALL LID. H. 7. D. c. 10. Half preserved. Conical,withtwosuspensionholesnearrim.Knob in the formof a warrior'shead, his featuresin relief: chin,nose,and ears; eyesas pellets;short prominent straightmouth; helmetperched on the head with steep ridgeforcrest,continuingdown back of neck. Crestmarked,two rowsof solid triangleseach side. Blobs on ears,eyes,mouth;curvedline foreyebrows. Band round neck, whence solid pendent triangles; pendent cross-hatchedtriangles; cable in double outline.PGB. 73. TRIPOD JUG (FIG. 132). H. 11.4. Lip and one footbroken.Cream slip. Ellipticalhandle and tripod feet,roundedbase. Painton rim,two lines on neck, fourseptuple circles on shoulder.Handle barred. LPG. 74. TRAY (fig. 132). H. 4.7. DR. 21.6. Two-thirds clay,red core.Three round preserved.Orange-brown handles, one missing.Inside: solid paint on wall, continuous circles on floor. A fr. of iron javelin E-MPG. Cf. (£67. adheresto theexterior. 75. SKYPHOS (PLATE201).H. 6.2. DR. 11.4.Threequarterspreserved.Fabric as 219.25, semi-lustrous black paint. Offsetlip, ring foot. Cycladic MG I. Eumousia 27,pl. 6.5. 76. DOMED LID (plate 201).H. 6.4. D. 19.5.Nearly complete.Gentlyflaringlip, risingat rim.Whiteon dark: at centre,reservedcross with cross-hatched quadrants;opposed double semicircles;blank zone; doublecircles,band at rim.LG-EO. 77. COARSE JUG (plate 201). H. 7.9. DR. c. 6.9. Two-thirdspreserved.Grittyorange-redclay. Disc footwithstringmark.M-LG. 78. BELL-SKYPHOS (plate 201). H. 8.8. DR. 6.2. Two-thirds As 219.35 butwithsmallerfoot preserved. whichbearsironstains.EPG. 79. BELL-SKYPHOS (plate 201).H. 8.9. DR. c. 6.2. Two-thirdspreserved.As 219.35 but withridgeon foot.EPG. 80. HIGH-FOOTED KRATER. PH. 14.5.D. offoot c. 11. Foot and lowerbody.Fabric as 219.85. Slight ridgebetweenconicalfootand body.Interiorof bowl fullypainted.AtticLPG. 81. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig. 132).PH. 8.2. DR. c. 17.Rim to lowerbody.Red-brownclay,manygrits, creamslip.Groovebelowrim.Round reflexhandle(s). PGB-EG. 82. LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS (?). PH. of mainfr.9.
217
DR. c. 15. Rim to bellyand bodyfrs.Rim almostflat on top.Inside:bandsat rimand lowerbody.EPG(?). 83. LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 13. DR. c. 15. Rim to lowerbody.Paint to lowerbody outside,all overinside.EPG. 84. *LARGE BELL-SKYPHOS. PH. 15.3.DR. c. 14. Rim to lowerbody.As 219.83. EPG. 85. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. PH. of main fr. 12.8.DR. c. 17.5.Frs.,rimto lowerbody.Fine orangebrownclay,airholes,a littlemica,thicklustrousoliveforconicalfoot.Scribblein brownpaint.Attachment dilutedpaint below rim; threeninefoldcircleseach side,dotsovercompasspoints.Insidefullypaintedbut forreservedlinebelowrim.AtticLPG. 86. ROUND HOUSE MODEL. PH. 5. Frs.of roof and upperwall. Red-brownclay.Profilesof roofand wall both slightlyconvex; two carinationsbetween. Cross-hatched triangles on roof, pendent semicircleson upper wall. No paint inside. LPG. Cf. UM II, GB i. 87. PITHOS or BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 11. Body fr.Bird withraised wingand reverted head and fantail.LG, BirdWorkshop. 88. OINOCHOE (?). PH. 4.3. Neckfr,passinggently intoshoulder.Birdwithraisedwingin panel; reserved in white.LG-EO. linesreinforced 89. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 8.3. Body fr.Orange-brownclay,some mica, chestnut-brown grits,thicklustrousbrownpaint. Part of bellyzone: check, opposed diagonals with solid triangles, circles.AtticLPG-EG I. concentric 90. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. ofbase fr. 17.Base and bodyfrs.Fabricas 219.89. Singleround horizontalhandle, globularbody,ringfoot.Part of belly zone: cross-hatchedpanel, column of solid lozenges to R. Bars on handle, loop round root. band Below,band betweenlines,lowerbodyreserved, roundfoot.AtticLPG-EG I. 91. *BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. of neckfr. 16. Neck and bodyfrs.Red-brownclay,browngrits,a brown-black littlemica, tracesof cream slip,fugitive paint. Ovoid body withbucraniumhandles. Triple battlementon neck. Shoulder: dogtooth,groupsof oblique lines withsolid triangles.Belly: A, vertical zigzag,panel withsevenfoldcircleenclosingreserved cross;B (possiblyfromdifferent vessel),check,chevron column, circle panel as A. Attic EG I (or local imitation: cf.eh. 8, p. 417= C 48). 92. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 12. Body fr.Many whiteand browngrits.Shoulder:semicircles above band. Belly:concentric circlesenclosingzone of PGB-EG. solidtriangles. 93. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 10. Neck fr.Fine orange-buff clay,chestnut-brown grits,red paint. Meander with perpendicular hatching, detachedfloating zigzags.AtticMG II-LG I.
2i8
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
94. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 15. Body fr. Thin meander,hatchedleaves above and below.LG. Cf.E no. 408. 95. PYXIS. PH. 6. DR. c. 9. Upper part. Shape as D 27; quintuplesemicircles. Band insidelip.PGB. 96. OINOCHOE. PH. 9. Fr., shoulder to belly. Cream slip. Globular body,slightridge at junction withneck.Shoulder:hatchedloops in panel. Hatched zigzagon belly.EG. 97. *OINOCHOE. PH. of neck fr.10. Frs., neck, handle, body and base. Fabric as 219.43 but with greycore. Shape and decorationsimilarto 219.43 but the neck is plain. Imitation of Cypriot,
perhaps Dodecanesian. LG(?). RDAC 1984, 123-5 no. 6. 98. *LEKYTHOS. Max. D. 9.5. Frs,lip,neck,handle, mattblack belly.Deep orangeclay,orangered surface, paint.Shape and decorationas 285.49, butno circles preserved. CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,131no. 34. 99. SKYPHOS. PH. 5.5. DR. c. 13. Rim to lower body withhandle. Paint lustrousinside.Verticallip passinggentlyinto body.Panel of verticalchevrons and bars. Insidepaintedbut forreservedzone inside lip withgroupsofbars.MG. 100. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 11.8. DR. c. 9. Half As 219.20. EPG. preserved.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE VESSEL fr. 8 X 7.5. Wt. 150.3 g. Crumpled into an unrecognizable mass; only a fraction oftheoriginalobject.Possiblypartofrimand wallofa dinos. ia. CLAY BEAD (fig. 187; plate 306). H. 1.6. D. 1.85. Dh. 0.55. Complete. Pale brown fabric. - fringeofdashesaroundholesand Depressedsphere double zigzagin between. disjointed 2. CLAY fr., probably from OPENWORK KALATHOS. 3. GLASS VESSEL fr.,R. 4. FAIENCE DISC BEADS. Standard type. D. 0.5-0.8. 5. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(FIG.168;plate 281).H. 5.6. W. 3.3. Wt. 47.2 g. Separatelycast handleescutcheon fordrop or swinghandle.Partof sheetmetalwall of vase adheres.The lineoftheopen ringforthehandle continues as a moulding round the edge of the escutcheon.Bucranium(?) in reliefat thecentre. 6. FAIENCE DISC BEAD. D. 0.8. Standard.In pot21. 7-9. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Fourpiecesjoiningto formnear-complete javelin-head;extremetipofblade missing.Together,L. 26.7; socket, L. 10.1, D. 1.4 0.9); blade, 1.1)taperingto 1.2 (internally (internally widensto 2.4 about at shoulder, W. onlyc. 2 (restored) 4 cms.along;midrib,Th. 0.8, tapersto sharppointc. 9 cms. along blade; blade W. at finalbreak 1.2. An slenderexample. exceptionally 10. IRON NAIL. Near-complete. PL. 10; head square,W. 1.8;shaftalso square. 11. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-HEAD. Part of socketonly.L. 5.2; D. 2 (internally 1.7);heavierthan mostjavelin-sockets. 12. GLASS ROSETTE INLAY (fig. 183;plate 298). Max. D. 2.7. H. 0.7. Double rosetteat front,flatat back. Some chrome yellow on surface, silver iridescence at break. Originally dark blue. Late Cf. Goldstein, 171. Minoan/Mycenaean. 13. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 167).L. 3.3. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.9 g. Tip and partofshaft.Split(oxidised).
14. IRON OBELOS frs.Seven substantial pieces (six joining)and sevenscraps.Joiningpieces togetherL. 32.6, other piece L. 5.6. Section (corroded) c. 1, squared. L. 17.3; 15. IRON OBELOS frs.Two pieces,together sectionc. 1.1squared. 16. IVORY INLAY ROUNDEL (fig.190;plate 309). D. 2.3, originally;Th. 0.5. Half or more lost, split along lamellae.Top carvedand once inlaidwithblue fritor paste; bevelled side with drilled hole for attachment (D. 0.15;depth0.3); flatunderside. 17. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 167; plate 281). D. of cup (restored)8. H. 1.5. Wt. 0.3 g. Rim fragment withevertedlip; a body fragmenttakenup withit does notnecessarily belong. 18. GLASS BEADS. Spherical- verybroken. 19. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs. Two nonjoiningpiecesofblade. Ls. 3. and 1.4;W. 1.8,tapering to 1.3; Th. at back 0.2. Back straight,cutting-edge concave. slightly 20. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two pieces,perhaps joining, formingmost of socket and junction with blade. Socket-piece,L. 5.9, D. c. 1.4; otherpiece, L. at shoulderc. 2.7. 5.3; blade,W. (restored) 21. BRONZE EARRING? (fig. 167;plate 282). D. 2. Th. 0.1. Wt. 0.7 g. In threepieces; one terminallost. bentto shape. Plainwire,pointedterminals, 22. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD. D. 4.5, restored;Th. 1. - mostlost.Plano-convex disc. Frs.,flawed SHEET frs.Wt. 4.9 g. Thirteenpieces, BRONZE 23. probablyofvase; slighttraceofreliefornament. 24. GLASS BEAD. Three frs.L. 0.85. Shape not withbubbles.With22. clear.Honey-coloured, 25. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Threejoining pieces,formingmostof blade of one-edgedknife.L. blade, W. onlyc. 1.2,taperingto point. 10.2; straight Hiltmissing. 26. 28. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joining pieces fromnear tip of blade. Together,L. 9.2; W 2, taperingto 1.3;nearlyflat.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 27. IVORY HANDLE (fig. 190; plate 309). H. 7.9. W. at knees1.9,shoulders3.35,neck1.55;Th. at knees 1.8, breast 2.6, neck 2.2. Poor condition,split; all surfacesveryeroded; much of feet,hands and head lost. Two (probablynaked) femalesstandingback to back, hands at sides. S. Böhm, Die 'NackteGöttin' (Mainz, 1990)42, fig.6, pl. i6d. 28. See 26. 29. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Larger)3 X 1.8.TotalWt. 3.75 g. One piece may be the lower terminalof a ribbonhandle,withtraceofmidrib. 30. IRON JOINTED RODS frs.Two lengthsof rod, Ls. 8.2 and 5.6; rectangular brazed together. sections, c. 0.9 by0.5. The end ofthelongerpiece is brazedon to a point1 cm. shortof theend of the shorterpiece, at rightangles.Purposeuncertain. 31. BRONZE SHEET SCRAPS.Wt.1.5g.Insidepot46. 32. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two joining pieces, formingthe hilt and upper blade of a oneedged knife.L. 5.8. W. of hilt 1.6; of blade 2.2. Hilt containstwoironrivets;blade apparently straight. 33. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 184; plate 302). much L. 1.9.D. 0.9. Dh. 0.3. Pittedsurface,internally cracked.Cylindrical, swollenat middle. 34. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Piece fromtipof blade: L. 4.2,W. 1 taperingto point. 35. IVORY HANDLE/SLEEVE (fig. 189; plate 309). H. 7.1. D. 2.35. Th. wall 0.15 to 0.4. Dh. 1.5 X 1.8 to 1.1 X 1.3. Poor condition,much broken and split longitudinally. Surface flakingaway, and lamellae splitting apart. Part of top chipped, bottomutterlylost. Tubular handle, with interior drilled out- ovoid at 'top', more circular below. Cross peg-holes- opposed (D. 0.4) in rim zone. Exterior incised-'upper' with eight horizontal bands, shaft with vertical panels containing diagonal chevronhatching(note errorin layoutof pattern). 36. IRON OBELOS fr.Fivejoiningpieces,to totalL. 18;section1.1squared. 37. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Socketonly;L. 8.8, D. 1.9(internally 1.2). 38. GLASS BEAD. Max. D. i.2.-decayed to white and gold. 39. FAIENCE DISC BEAD. D. 0.8. W. 0.3. Dh. 0.2. 40. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Tip only;L. 7.4, W. 1.7,taperingto roundedtip;Max. Th. 0.6. 41 + 42. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE. Two pieces (and twoscraps),one ofwhichis embeddedin a lump of corrodediron.Ls. 2.2 (W. 1.2 taperingto 0.8) and 2.4 (W. 1.9). Both straight,and probablyfromsame piece (see also 45 below). 43 + 44 + 46. IRON ROD frs.Three lengthsofrod, of same typeas 30 above. Ls. 4.4; 9.8 (in twojoining c. 0.8 by0.6. All pieces);and 7.2. Sectionsrectangular, threestraight; purposeuncertain.
T. 219
219
45. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hilt and upper blade. L. 7.9; hilt,W. 1.4,has rectangular section,Th. 0.5; blade straight,W. 2.4. Could belong with the pieces41 + 42 above,butunusuallymassive. 47. IRON ROD fr.Piece ofcurved,circular-sectioned rod,L. 6.8, D. 0.4. Forpurposesee under65 below. 48. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 1.8- a scraponly. 49. GLASS BEAD = 'BIRD' BEAD? (fig. 183).Half only.Glass- manycoloured,tingedviolet. 50. IRON ROD frs. Five pieces, three and two joining,of rod of same typeas 30, 43 + 44 + 46 above.JoinedLs. 8.5, 5.2; sectionc.0.8 by0.6. 51. IRON ROD frs.Two morepieces,Ls. 3.5 and 3, ofsimilarrod. 52 + 53. IRON OBELOS frs.Two joining pieces, L. 16.1;sectionc.0.8 squared. together 54. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Tip of blade only,L. 3.1,W. 1.2,taperingto point. 55. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Three pieces (two joining) of socketand blade. Ls. 5.2 (socketfr.),14.5 (joiningblade-pieces).Socket D. 1.6 (internally1.3), blade W. 2.2,taperingto 1; Th. 0.8, taperingto 0.2. 54 abovecannotbelongto thispiece. 56. IRON FIREDOGS frs.(fig. 177). Parts of two one largerand one smaller,(i) consistsof a fire-dogs, main body-piece, L. 79.5, plus numerous smaller and scraps. The centralsectionis in the fragments formof a thickbar,W. c. 1.7,Th. c. 0.6; but towards the preservedextremity (the'bow', on the analogyof the ship-form which complete examples from elsewherehave), thissectionchangesgraduallyto a squarish rod, W. 0.6, Th. 0.4, and then to a slim, uprightrectangle,W. only 0.2, H. (or 'Th.') 2, and simultaneouslycurves upwards. Under the main, horizontalportionone ofthetwoarchedsupportscan be restored, severalbrokenpiecesjoiningthecrownof thearchwhichrunsacrossunderneaththemain'hull' at rightangles,and is stillin situ.The arch is more massivethanthe 'hull' itself,sectionc. 2.7 by 1.6; the restoredheight,to the undersideof the arch, is 11. There will have been a second arch,further 'astern', (ii) consistsonlyoftwojoiningrectangular fragments of the 'hull' of a second fire-dog.Together,L. 11.7; section,again rectangular,W. 1.8, Th. 0.4. Cf. 36 above. 56a. EGGSHELL (plate 311).L. 4.4. W. 3.5. Th. of shell0.02. Fragmented. Whitehen'segg? 57. IRON OBELOS frs.Two joiningpieces and one other:Ls. 22.9 (joined) and 8.2; sectionc. 1 by 0.8. Thirdpiece tapersto flattip. 58. BRONZE SKYPHOS (fig. 168; plate 281). Rim D. 15.2.H. 10.2.Wt. 366 g. Complete;cracked;partly crushed. Hemispherical bowl raised froma disk casting,withslightlythickened,plain lip. Separately made hollow pedestal foot secured to the bowl by threeveryinconspicuousrivets.In the underfoot, at
220
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
the junction with the body, are remains of solder?rough. Two horizontal loop handles made of rather flimsy rod, section round, bent to shape, ends hammered flat and secured to vessel wall by a single rivetin each attachment. 59. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 11.4,section c. 0.9 squared. 60. IRON OBELOI frs.Nine pieces fromat least two obeloi, one piece from each of which is corroded together (Ls. 19.5, 20); other pieces, Ls. 17, 15.9, 14, 13.4, 13.3, 11.4 and (two pieces joining) 17.1; section c. 1 squared. Combined L. of 141.6 need represent only two obeloi. 61. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 14.2, slightlyflattened at one end into an elliptical shape; probably thereforea handle. LION (fig. 62. FAIENCE VASE- COUCHANT 180; PLATES299, 300). Complete. L. 16.7. W. 7.2. H. 9.75. Glaze green: originallybrilliant turquoise green with black/brown on mane, tail and ribs. Cf. 100. f4i, fr. 63. IRON OBELOS fr. 64. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 14, section c. 1 squared. (fig. 177; plate 290). 65. IRON FIRE-BASKET? Consists of three differentkinds of component: (a) a main, socketed arm which runs straightfor c. 13 cms., then bends sharply down and is broken off at the point where it is turning upwards again; (b) two smaller 'side-arms' which are set opposite each other at the point where (a) begins to bend downwards, and which run horizontallyin a curve such that the two of them, and (a), would all have eventually met at the same point and described, respectively,the rim and central axis of an open hemisphere; (c) a number of small cross-struts,also curved, which emerge from each side of the curved part of (a) and run up to join the side-arms (b). The whole thing,once mounted on a shaft, would have had the form of a large, openwork scoop or basket. The preserved length of (a), in three joining fragments, has L. 37.5 and D. 2.3 in main shaft,0.9 in curved part, and is cylindrical.The stump of one of the side-arms (b) is preserved on one side and, with a joining length attached, has L. 13.7 preserved and D. 0.9, tapering to 0.6 at final break. Parts of three cross-struts (c) can be restored, one short one (L. 6) completely so; the others, further along, will have been much longer (up to 15 cms.). The section is again cylindrical,Ds. ranging from0.5 to 0.7. 66. BRONZE frs.(a) 20+ pieces of sheet, Wt. 100 g. (b) a melted mass (pyre?), Wt. 211 g. (c) two grossly distortedcauldron rim pieces, Wt. 55 g. 66a. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 167). Wt. 17 g. Two small pieces of cauldron rim,resembling100b. (fig. 177; plate 67. IRON BIER-ATTACHMENT? 290). The second enigmatic end and, it seems, otherwise unattested type of object in this tomb had
CEMETERY
the form of a giant pair of pincers, but with the two blades held rigidlyin position relativeto each other by a cross-strut,of a form resembling a large rivet. The object, once again, has a socketed shaft and was clearly fittedwith a wooden handle. Apparently nearcomplete: L. 21; socket L. 12, D. 4.3; blades (one detached, but joining), L. c. 9, W 6, Th. 0.7, both are in bent distinctlyto one side (presumably downwards) L. 1.3 joined relation to the shaft; a small-cross-strut, the two blades near the tips of their rectangular terminals, suggesting that some other object was clasped between them. 68 + 99. IRON SPEARHEAD. Two joining bladepieces of large spearhead. L. 12.5. W. 3.5, increasingto 3.8 at break furtheralong blade; fine midrib,tapering fromW. 0.9 to 0.1, and fromTh. 1.1 to 0.3. 69. BRONZE CAULDRON frs. (fig. 168). (Largest) 20 X 11. Total Wt. 487 g. Some fifteen pieces. Straight,inward-slopingrim. (fig. 177; plate 70. IRON BIER-ATTACHMENT 290). A second complete object of the type of 67 above. L. 19.5; blades both bent sharply again, but this time actually across the axis of the shaft, i.e. apparently 'upwards' if one infersthat the shaft was horizontal and the concavity of the blades indicates the downward pull of the load (cf. 67 above). Socket L. 10.5, D. 3.8; blades L. 9, W 5.1- that is, proportionallysmaller all round than 67. 71. BRONZE SHEET frs. Wt. 91 g. Twenty pieces, and a verydistortedcauldron rim fragment. Th. 0.15, 72. BRONZE SHEET frs. Largest 9X9, Wt. 88 g. Total Wt. 203.5 g. 40 pieces + crumbs, two or three completely misshapen, as though from the pyre. No feature pieces. (Includes iron bar, L. 9, section 1.5 X 0.5, Wt. 47 g- obelos fr?) 73. BRONZE VESSEL fr. 11.5 X 7.5. Wt. 34.5 g. Shapeless body piece cauldron? FACING frs.(fig. 168; DECORATED BRONZE 74. PLATE282). (Largest) 16 X 8. Th. less than 0.1. Wt. 185 g. Some 70 pieces, of which some 20 are decorated. Parts recomposed. Original shape unknown. There is a straight edge with close-set stitch-holes (0.5 apart); 0.7 from the edge is a relief line- 3.5 furtherin is a second, parallel reliefline. In the interspace is a line of relief circlets, D. 1.7. The distance from circlet to circlet is unknown. At one point the inner relief line bends inwards without a corresponding change of direction for the outer. There were circlets inside the area bordered by the double relieflines, but theirjuxtaposition is unknown. Parade armour facing? 74a. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(plate 282). (Rim) 6.8 X 5.6. Total Wt. 102.75 g- Five pieces, including very distortedand splitcauldron rims. 75. Vacat. 76. IRON OBELOS, frs.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
77. IRON SPEARHEAD frs.Two joining pieces from the socket and blade of another large spear, as 68 above. L. 18.2; W. at shoulder (square) 3.5, increasing to Max. W. of 4.1; socket, apparently complete, L. 8, D. 1.6. 78. IRON FIRE-BASKET(?) frs. Eighteen .pieces of rod, whose restorationis made possible only by"that of 65 above, (a) three pieces of side-arms, Ls. 9.9 (two joining) and 2.1, D. c. 0.8; (b) fifteenpieces of crossstruts, D. c. 0.5, also curved: Ls. 10 and 6.5 (two joining in each case); 9.5, 6.2, 6.1, 5.1, 5, 4.5, 3.8, 3.7, 2.8, 2.2 and one scrap. Since, on a rough calculation, each complete object of this formwill have required c. 2 m. in total length of such cross-struts,it will be seen that the sum of these fragmentsand those preserved under 47 and 65 above could all have come fromone piece. frs. Three further 79. IRON FIRE-BASKET(P) pieces, as 78 above. Two are apparentlypieces of sidearms, Ls. 7.6 and 5.5, D. c. 0.8; their addition to the pieces of side-arms in 65 and 78 is enough to suggest that there may have been more than one of these objects in the tomb, though (even without joins) it remainsjust possible to restoreall the survivingpieces as part of one object. The thirdpiece, L. 4.6, D. 0.5, is froma cross-strut. 80. BRONZE RING HANDLE? (fig. 168; plate 282). (Original) D. 11. Th. 0.8. Wt. 100 g. Open-ended solid ring, misshapen, perhaps drop handle of a cauldron or other vessel. 81. Vacat. 82. FAIENCE, FOUR DISC BEADS, D. 0.6-0.9. 83. 114. EGYPTIAN BLUE BOWL WITH RING FOOT (fig. 180). Part only,foot to rim, preserved. H. 8. W. 8. D. 18. Colour badly weathered. One halfviolet grey.Found under £74. 84. BRONZE VESSEL. Wt. 88.5 g. Much oxidized and crumpled sheet, including two scraps of rim of an open vessel and small sheet piece (4 X 3) with rivet hole. HANDLE (fig. 168; 85. BRONZE CAULDRON PLATE283). H. 14.5. W. 14.5. Wt. 351 g. Complete save one lotus petal. Remains of vessel body attached inside. Elongated figure-of-eighthandle plate with four rivets in each half (those that survive have flat heads on the outside, mushroom heads inside). Handle section round; its loop is mounted horizontally,but rises vertically,with the lotus bud as a finial. 'Struts', consisting of a two-stranded twisted rod, spring from each side of the handle plate, their tops restingagainst the upper part of the handle loop as though supportingit. 86. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 225 g. 21+ pieces. 86a. BRONZE SHEET fr.(With iron piece) 7.5 X 4.? Wt. 70 g. Piece of folded sheet adhering by oxidization to fragmentof iron obelos?
SITE
- T. 219
22I
86b. BRONZE SHEET AND RIVET fr.3.1 X 1.8. Th. less than 0.1. Rivet L. 1.2. Head D. 0.35. Wt. 2.25 g. Incomplete; very thin sheet; rivet near one corner. Function not clear. 87. IVORY SLEEVE? (fig. 189; plate 309). H. 6.6. D. 3.8 to 4. Th. 1.2. Badly broken, friable,with surface often lost. Only half of diameter represented,original length unknown; interiorperhaps fallen away. Stained green by bronze; red-brownby iron. Cylindrical, with low domed top. If subsidiary fragment belongs (H. 3.15; W 2.15; Th. 0.5), this would indicate a socketed object, with vertical grooves on exteriorof shaftbelow head. 88. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 43.5 g. Sixteen pieces. 88a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 167; plate 281). L. 7.5. H. 3.1. Wt. 25.5 g. Rim and wall piece of small cauldron; rim flat,inward sloping (cf. 66a, 100b). DISC BEADS. D. 0.4-0.9. Dh. 89. FAIENCE 0.1-0.3. Six medium, fivesmall. 90. IRON DIRK (or DAGGER). Four pieces (two joining pairs) from the hilt and blade of a delicate dirk, somewhat like 123. £8 but with flanges. L. 13.4 (hilt and upper blade) and 6.4; hilt, L. 8.5, broken off short at pommel end, has W 0.7 at first'neck', 1 at swelling,0.7 at second 'neck' and 2.4 at shoulder; thin flange preserved along one side; blade tapers evenly from shoulder (2.7) to 2.3, then from 2.1 to 1.4 in second piece; Max. Th. 0.6. The flanges and the relatively broad shoulders perhaps classify this as a lightdirkratherthan a dagger. RELIEF (fig. 154; plate 91. GOLD OPENWORK 264). MAN BETWEEN TWO LIONS. H. 17.2. W. 17.7. Gold foil; original backing lost. PGB. Urban Nucleus296, fig.11. BIT OF HORSE'S 92. BRONZE CHEEKPIECE (FIG. 168; PLATE 282). L. IO. H. 4.7. Wt. IO9.5 gComplete. Cresccntine. The two outer holes will have been attached to the headstall straps,while the canon will have fittedthroughthe central hole. 93. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 168; plate 283). H. 5.8. W. 6. Wt. 95 g. Part of cauldron handle half handle plate and startof handle, same general type as 85, but only one large mushroom head rivet inside and no 'strut'. Probably not a pair to it, and therefore part of a second cauldron of this general type. fr. and SPEARHEAD fr. 94. IRON FIRE-DOG Corroded together,plus a furtherjoining piece of the spearhead. The fire-dogpiece has L. 19.3, W. c. 1.6, Th. c. 0.5, being thus roughly intermediate between the sizes of the two examples 56(1) and 128b below. The two pieces of spear-blade, together L. 8. W 4.7 tapering to 3.7, belong to the same large type as 77, but are froman even bigger example. 95. FAIENCE, TEN DISC BEADS. D. 0.7-0.8. Dh. 0.2-0.3. Standard. 96. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest) 15.5 X 7.5. Wt.
222
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
390.5 g. Two largecauldronrimpieces and 23 body distorted. pieces,all muchoxidizedand grossly 96a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 10.3.H. 3.2. Wt. 24.5 g. (Twojoining).Plainrim,formsimilarto thebronze 58. skyphos 97. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 168;plate 283). H. 4. W. 3.8. Wt. 28.25 g. Lotus finialof a cauldronhandle as 85, to whichthisis probablythepair. 98. IRON DOUBLE AXE (fig. 178; plate 291). Brokenintotwojoiningpieces,and missingthetipof c. the largerblade. ExistingL. 16.6; oval shaft-hole, 3.6 by 1.8; biggerblade,existingL. 6.8 fromhole,W. 4.8 at break;smallerblade complete,L. 6.2 fromhole, W. 3.9 at cuttingedge. Wt. (corroded, but minus severaldetachedflakesofcorrosion), 368 g. 99. See 68. 100. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 207.5 g. (eleven distortedpieces fromthe pyre(?))and Wt. 360 g (70 pieces+ crumbs). 100a. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 167).6.5 X 4. Rim and topW. 0.8. Wt. 55.5 g. Rim ofcauldron,distorted oxidized.Rim sectionwedge-shaped;clearline inside whererim and wall divide. Probablyraised froma largediskcasting. 100b. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 167; plate 281). (Longest) 5.4. (Highest) 3.2. Total Wt. 45 g. Four pieces of rim of a small cauldron.Much distorted; oxidized.Flat-toppedrim,inwardsloping. iooc. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 167; plate 281). RivetD. 2.4. H. 1.4.TotalWt.42 g. Fourcauldronrim pieces,much distorted+ a large mushroom-headed rivet,too large to have come fromthe cauldronto which85 belonged. 101. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(plate 282). (a) 13.0 X 6.8 (b) 6 X 4 (c) ? X 5.5 (d) D. 4.5 (e) 4.5 X 4. Total Wt. 334 g. Tinker's patches and the fragmentsof vessel body to which theywere riveted,(a)-(c) are (d) is round,retainingtenrivets(head D. rectangular, 0.3), (e) is triangular,with eight rivets.Also much oxidizedmushroom-headed rivet,D. 3, attachedto a fr.ofvesselwall.The complexmusthavebeen partof muchrepairedvesselwithhandle(s). a shattered, 101a. BRONZE SHEATHING (fig. 168).H. 5.6. W stripthetwoendsofwhich 4.2. Th. 0.2. A rectangular are piercedby two rivetsL. 1.7. Incomplete,but had perhapsbeen wrappedroundsome wooden element as a sheathing.There are empty rivet holes in positionsthatsuggestthe objecthad been used more thanonce. 102. BRONZE BIT (fig. 168; plate 283). L. overall 18.6. W of cheekpiece 10. Each canon L. 10. Wt. 246.5 g. Complete; one cheekpiece broken and recomposed.Cresccntinecheekpieceswithholes for a centralhole as a theheadstallstrapin theterminals, bearing for the canon. The canons are jointed eyeterminalsto theirtwisted by interlocking together
shafts.The end passed throughthe cheekpiecehas a mushroomterminal and is split like the eye of a ofthereins. bodkinfortheattachment 103. IRON. A corrodedmass of at leastnineobjects, twoofwhichare bronzecheekpieces(see 103a) and at least seven of which are JAVELIN-HEADS; two joiningsocketsalso belongto these.There are three pairs, lyingparallel or slightlydiagonally to each other,embedded in the mass, but few details are visible.One javelin-headwithjoiningpiece of socket has L. 25, socketL. 7, blade W 3.5 (midribbed);its withthesocketbrokenoff.Of the mateliesdiagonally, two otherpairs,one is decidedlysmaller.A seventh javelin-head,L. 29 plus,has socketL. 9.5. 103a. BRONZE CHEEKPIECES, two (fig. 168). (a) L. 8.5. (b) L. 9. D. of canon hole 1. Total Wt. 133.5§• Taken up (unobserved) embedded in the mass of oxidized iron,103, and separatedin the workshop. ofsame typeas 92 and 102, withcentral Cresccntine, hole forcanon and smallerholes in the terminalsfor theheadstallstraps. 104. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.Socket and part of blade. ExistingL. 17.8;socket,L. 8.5, D. 2; blade,W. 3.5 at square shoulder,wideningto c. 3.7 at break; midribrunsforc. 8 cms.oflengthofblade. 105. BRONZE frs.Wt. 98.5 g. Some 150smallscraps, featureless. 105a. PFAIENCE. TWO DISC BEADS and others, D. 0.7. shattered. 105b. BRONZE VESSEL fr.4X3. Wt. 8 g. Rim piece ofsmallcauldron(?) distorted. fr.(fig. 167; plate 282). BRONZE FIBULA(?) 105c. Wt. 8.5 g. Eight pieces, includinga possible fibula spring and a piece reminiscentof the bow of a VIII fibula. Blinkenberg 106. IRON OBELOI frs. Pieces of two obeloi Ls. 8.5 and 9; sectionsc. 1 squared. corrodedtogether; DIRK IRON (FIG. 178; PLATE291). Nearly 107. completein threejoining pieces. L. 28.8; hilt,L. 9; max. W. (at shoulder) 5; fourbronze rivets(three whichstill heldin place theivoryhilt-plates preserved) Th. 2.5; blade tapersevenlyfromW. 5 towards survive, blunttip.SomewhatlikeE no. 571,butsymmetrical. 108. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr. corroded onto of unidentified object.The javelin-head,in fragment twojoiningpieces,has existingL. 16.2;socket,L. 8.5, D. c. 1.9; blade, W. 2.1 at square shoulders, has midrib,Th. 1.6,whichrunsforc. 7.5 cms. prominent whichcould of lengthof blade. The otherfragment, has L. 6.5, sectionc. 0.8 squaredat be froma fire-dog, c. 1.5by0.6, at theother. one end and rectangular, fr.Partoflowerblade ofa SPEARHEAD IRON 109. large spearheadlike 68 + 99 above. L. 16.4; W. 4, taperingto 2.3 at lowerbreak;Max. Th. 0.7, but no real midribin thispart of blade, so thatthe overall lengthmusthavebeen substantial.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE no. STONE and IRON HANDLE or POMMEL (FIG. 186; PLATE304). Stone L. 6.5; W. 2.8; Th. 2.8. Iron pin D. 0.3. Powdery surface to stone (heat action?); iron pin corroded. Red ovoid stone, held on iron pin with securing plates at each side (sub-rectangular,1.2 X 2) and circular (D. 0.6). in. IRON SWORD fr.(fig. 176;plate 291). Partof thehiltand upperblade of a sizeablesword.Existing L. 19.4;hilt,existingL. 8.4, max. W. (at shoulder)5.3; threebronzerivetsin surviving part.Blade stillhas W. 5 at break,11down. ina. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 176; plate 291). Near-complete spearheadoflargesize. ExistingL. 43; socket,L. 9, D. 2.1; blade, W. 4 at square shoulders, wideningto Max. W. 4.3; midribtapersto pointc. 10 cms. along blade; tip of blade missing. Present (corroded)weight329 g. 112. BRONZE PHALARA (fig. 168; plate 282). D. 8. H. 0.8. Metal Th. 0.1. Wt. 14 g. Very much oxidized sheet bronze, very shattered.No sign of ornament. 113. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE. Three joining piecesfromtheblade ofa one-edgedknife,to L. 12.8; Max. W. 2.5, tapering to 1.5 at final break; back concave. straight, cuttingedge slightly 114. See 83. 115. FAIENCE, SEVEN DISC BEADS, large. D. 0.8-1.0. 116. STONE OBJECT. H. 1.2. D. 3.15. Pittedupper dome, flatterbeneath; brown substance. Planoconvex. 117. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 167; plate 281). 2.3 X 2.2. Th. 0.1. Wt. 3 g. Rim and wall sectionof cup withevertedlip; muchoxidized. 118. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 168; plate 282). L. 3.7. W 2.5. Wt. 23 g. Partof a cauldronhandle- less than half the attachment,hollow cast, withrotelle terminal. Trace of parallel grooves both on the terminaland on thebody.One rivet. 119. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 167).(Largest)5.5 X 2.5. Wt. 55.5 g. Five pieces; rimsof a smallcauldron; inwardsloping,hooked.Distorted;oxidized. 120. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece of blade, L. 4.5. W 2.4,taperingto 2.1.Fromupperlevel. 121. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Socketonly;L. 6.2; D. 1.4(internally 1),taperingto 1.2(internally 0.7). 122. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Two joining L. 7.6; W piecesfromtangand upperblade.Together, of tang 2.1; blade taperingto W 1 at final break; straight. 123. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4.5,plusa fewscraps. 124. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two piecesof a thin,straight Ls. 5.2 and 3.1,W. c. 3. knife-blade; 125. IRON OBELOS frs.Ls. 10.3,6.3, 4.4 and piece taperingto tip,L. 9.3.
T. 219
223
126. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.Piece fromnear tip of blade,L. 4.4, W. 2.4, taperingto 1.5. 127. IRON FIRE-BASKET (?) frs. A piece of rod like 78b above, thatis froma circular-sectioned of the typeof 65. L. 5.6, of a 'fire-basket' cross-strut plus thirteenverysmall scraps.These frs.are, once again, not enoughto provethe existenceof a second suchobjectin thetomb. 128. IRON FIRE-DOG (?) fr.A bentsectionof bar, c. 1.9,wideningabruptlyto c. L. 7, sectionrectangular, near break at one end, 3.2 byc. 0.3. Perhapsfromthe arched support of a small-sizedfire-dog,like 139 below. 128a. IRON FIRE-DOG (?) fr.A straightlengthof massive bar, L. 10.5, W 2.7, Th. 0.5, but tapering towardsa pointat one end. This could be fromthe near the pointwhere 'hull' of a large-sizedfire-dog, thesectionchanges(compare56 (i) above). in 128b. IRON FIRE-DOG fr.This findis important the existenceof a second,smallersize of establishing fire-dog; on to it are corroded two lengths of OBELOI. The main 'hull' sectionsurvivesto L. 27.5, in threejoiningpieces; W. 1.7;Th. 0.5, decreasingto only0.2, thislast dimensionbeingverymuchsmaller thanthatof a piece like56 (i). Also preservedis part of one of the arched supports, correspondingly smaller:W. 1.8,Th. 0.5, H. to undersideof archonly c. 6. (littlemorethanhalfof thatof56 (i)). It is on to one piece of thisthatthetwolengthsof OBELOI are corroded. 129. IRON BIER-ATTACHMENT (?) fr.Fivejoining objectlike67 pieces,formingthe socketof a further Socket and 70 above (see under67 forinterpretation). L. 14,D. 4.7- thatis, somewhatlargerthaneitherof the better-preserved examples.Sixteen small scraps appearalso to havebelongedto thisobject. 130. IRON FIRE-DOG(s) frs.Two 'hull' sections fromthelarger(?)size offire-dog (see 56 above),(a) in twojoiningpieces,L. 15.5,W 1.8,Th. 0.5; (b) L. 12.6, withpiece of bronze sheet corroded onto it; same cross-section. The twopieces are verylikelyfromthe same object, but corrosion makes it difficultto establishwhetherthe size approximatedto the larger or thesmallervarietyoffire-dog. 131. IRON OBELOI frs.Twelvelengthsofobelos,of standardsquaresection;Ls. 27 (in twojoiningpieces); 18; 15.4; 14.5; 11, bent nearly double (for which practicecf. 285. £46-47 below); 9.5; 5.8; 5; 5 (a tip); 4-7;4132. IRON ROD fr.Lengthof rod, too thinforan obelos: L. 8; sectionsquarish,Th. 0.5. Could be part ofa component(a side-arm?)ofa 'fire-basket' like65. 133. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece of socketand blade ofjavelin,L. 12.5;socketD. 1.5;W. ofblade,3 at squareshoulder, taperingto 1.8at lowerbreak. 134. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.Two joining pieces of
224
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
spear-blade, L. together 7. Max. W. 3.2. Similar in typeto 68 + 99 above. 134a. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-HEAD frs. Two joining pieces fromnear the tip of a spear- or javelinhead: L. together9. 135. IRON SPEAR- or JAVELIN-HEADS frs. Four small scraps from near the tips of furtherspear- or
javelin-blades. frs. Nine further 136. IRON FIRE-BASKET(P) lengths of slightly-curvedrod, of the type of 47, 78 and 132 above. Total length c. 39 cms; D. , again, c. 0.5. Once again, these pieces could all be from the original object 65, according to the calculations made under 78 above. 137. IRON OBELOI frs. Six lengths of obelos; one, L. 6.9, is a tip and has a piece of bronze sheet adhering to it; the other fiveare all small, to a total L. of c. 13 cms. 138. IRON FIRE-DOG (?) frs. A massive piece, perhaps fromthe 'hull' of a large-sized fire-dog;L. 11; sectionrectangular,changingfrom3.3 X 1 to 1.7 X 0.8; bent into a U-shape, a treatmentmore often given to obeloi (cf. 131 above). With it were a furthersmall piece, L. 2.5, of similarsection,plus seven scraps. 139. IRON FIREDOG fr. 140. IRON SPEAR SOCKET. 141. IRON NAIL. Complete in twojoining pieces: L. 8.5; head circular,D. 2.5; shaft square-sectioned, Th. 0.7. From loose earth to East of T. 219; no dating context. 142. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest) 8X3. Wt. 34.5 g. Two joining, four floating cauldron rim pieces. Much distorted. 143. BRONZE (?) HILT fr.1 X 1.3. Wt. 2.2 g. Knife (?) withfishtailterminal. 144. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest) 8.8 X 3.4. Wt. 51 g. Three non-joining rim pieces of cauldron with plain lip, much oxidized. 145. BRONZE STRIP AND RIVET frs.4.8 X 2.5. Rivets L. 1.8. Wt. 7.5 g. Two incomplete pieces of strip with rivetthroughboth; two unattached rivets.Part of sheathing?
CEMETERY
146. BRONZE VESSEL fr.4.5 X 1.8. Wt. 17 g. Piece of rim of cauldron, heavy,stilted.(And rivetof type of MS) 147. BRONZE VESSEL fr.2 X 1.5. Wt. 5 g. Piece of cauldron rim,probably stilted. 148. BRONZE STRIP frs.(a) 1.7 X 0.7. (b) 1.3 X 1.3. Wt. 1.5 g Possiblyfromribbon handle of vessel. 149. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.3. D. 0.15. Wt. 1.5 g. Piece of plain shaft. 150. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(a) 6.2 X 2.2. (b) 4.5 X 3.5. Wt. 45.5 g. Two pieces of cauldron rim, stilted,0.7 wide. Distorted, oxidized. Total 151. BRONZE VESSEL frs. (Largest) 6X3. Wt. 49.5 g. Three pieces of cauldron rim, stilted. Oxidized; distorted.Also a scrap of tinker'spatch and a sheet piece. 152. BRONZE STRIP frs. L. 4.5. W. 0.6. Three pieces, non-joining,fromsame object edges raised vessel handle? 153. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2.4. D. 0.2. Wt. 1 g. Part of plain shaft. In addition 2172.75 g of bronze fragments were but not catalogued, collected, during the excavation of the tomb, viz 332.25 g in layer 1 (including 87.25 g of lumps from the pyre 25 some This from 2. layer represents pieces) 1840.5 g 1000 pieces. 154. IVORY frs. L. 2.9. W 1.2. Th. 0.5. Broken pieces, some stained green frombronze. Pegging holes visible (D. 0.13). 155. WOOD. L. 3.9. W 3.7. Th. 1.6 to 0.01. Frs. from a number of burnt objects, including a disc with central hole and a thin-walledvessel(?). 156. WOOD. L. 3.5. W. 2. Th. 1.8. Half of segmentof burnt branch. 157. WOOD. L. 1 or less. Fibrous pieces (modern?). 158. WOOD. L. 3.2. W. 2. Th. 2. Disintegrating fragmentof burnt spar. 159. WOOD. L. 2.3. W 2. Th. 1.8. Triangular fragmentof burntmaterial.
Tomb 221 SW (fig. 2) are recorded. No dimensions SE-NW. ofa chambertomb,withdownwardinclination, Partofthe?dromos Ts. of cluster The tombwas close N of theratherill-assorted may 1-2-8-9. Its orientation havebeen ESE-WNW. fortheMedical trenches The featureappearedin thes faceoftheS-mostoftwofoundation W T 186. c. of c. 10.00fromthew end ofthetrench, 4.00 Facultybuilding, was traced,firstseen as a dark lens in the trench Littlemore than 1.00 of the ?dromos
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
SITE
- Ts. 219, 221-2, 229
22^
an section.The upperfillcontainedcoarsepottery, ?tilefragments, fi, bronze'ring'fragment, ironlump,theneckofa glassbottleand 1,ringhandle.The chamberhad, withtheexception in diggingthefoundation oftheextremeS part,evidently been destroyed trench.The material that the at had been robbed. dromos, anyrate, suggests POTTERY 1. RING HANDLE fr.,possiblyfromlid ofO pithos. SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE VESSEL(?) fr.(fig. 162; PLATE273). L. 4.5. H. 2.8. Th. 0.4. Wt. 4.6 g. Possiblypart of a smallishvase'shorizontalloop handle.
Max. W. 3.5, from 2. IRON LUMP. Indeterminate. someheavily-corroded largeobject,
Tomb 222 SE (Figs. 6, 46) Chamber(?):at leasti.oo X 0.45. Perhapsthe back of a chambertomb,the restof whichwas destroyedby foundationThe roofsurvivedoverwhatremainedofthePchamber. digging. The fragment was foundat the SE edge of the main concentration of tombsin the area in SE excavated 1978,immediately ofT. 55. Too littleremainedto identify itsorientation. The fragment was foundin the N face of a Medical Facultybuilding'sfoundationtrench, and investigated fromthesideofthattrench. On the floorwas a large stone (?pot-stand)and scattered,disarticulatedhuman bones, withseverallongbones.There was so littlepotterythat unburnt, includinga pelvisfragment thetombwas probablyrobbedin antiquity. POTTERY 1. KALATHOS (fig. 133). H. 9.5. D. 34. Half preserved.Deep orangeclay,browngrits,red paint. Three straphandles(twobrokenoñ) risingvertically
fromlip. Base rough underneath.On floor: band SM. outside,setsoffourand fivecircles,centremissing. Forshapecf.BSA67 (1972)69 no. A 27 fig4, pl. 15.
Tomb 229 SW (Figs. 5, 46) L. overall3.60. Entrancepit,1.602.Stomion 0.70 X 0.50. Chamber1.63 X 1.10. The straight-sided entrancepit was rectilinear. The long axis of the oval chamberwas at withits large rectangularjambs. Outside was the rightangles to the well-markedstomion, of moderate-sized unworkedlimestones.This singleremainingcourseof the blocking-wall, extendedthelengthoftheWside ofthepit.In thecentreback ofthechamberwas an almost square stone stand 0.36 X 0.34 X 0.10. Chamber and pit floorslay 1.35 below modern surfacewas 0.03 higher. surface;thestomion This was themostNEoftheill-assorted W groupoffourtombs(207,146,175,229-SW-NE), of the S partof the basilica'sboundarywall. The orientation was roughlyWNW-SSE. Unlike thegreatmajority oftombsin thisarea, thechamberwas on theWside. The tombwas foundin August1978duringmechanicalexcavationof an E-w foundation
226
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
trenchforpartoftheMedical Facultybuilding,whichremovedall butthelowest0.20 ofthe chamberand muchof the entrancepit (sliceddiagonally).The chamberfloordeposit,and the lowestcourse of the blocking-wallthat had probablybeen in situ,were fortunately spared. When the undamagedpartof the entrancepit s of the foundationtrenchwas excavated, was foundjust below the surface,near theW corner.The pit fillwas 22, a M-LG lekythos, and contained reddish, manyscrapsofbronzeand sherdsfromash urnsand smallervessels in the sevenbasketsfromhere (level1). It was fromtheseratherthanthe chamber'ssherds in Level 1 (initial cleaning up aftermachine) that the numberedvessels 23-36 were recomposed. If theywere once fromthe chamber,and not just rubbishbroughtfrom elsewhereto fillthe pit, theyindicatea longerand more continuoushistoryforthe tomb than its chambercontentssuggest.An E- MPG burial may be representedby the necked 30 was part pithos24, a bell krater25, an oinochoe23 and a kalathos26, all fragmentary. of a coarse PGB-EG pithos,and 27, sherdsfroman earlyLG four-handled pithos.There LG kotyle,28, sherdsfroman Argive are no smallerpots of thesedates. 19, a fragmentary krater,and 22 (supra),may have been froma single LG group. There may have been anotherO burial,comprising 33 as the urn,the EO 32 and 35, the LO 31 accompanying it. in 1, 6 and 7; an earlierone maybe presumedin The chambercontainedthreecremations 18. The urnswerebrokenand theircontentsdisturbed, probablyby rooffalland/orreuse, ratherthanlooting. The small LG two-handledpithos,i, was in the s of the chamber.In it was an adult cremation, perhapsmale,theLG jug-aryballos12, and theLG-EO skyphos13. Betweenits mouthand thewall was theLG conicallid 2, and, belowthelatter,thedomedlid 14, which N of 1 was theLG-EO krater3. 13 suggeststhiswas a cremationnear fitted1. Immediately theturnfromLG to EO. In thecentreback ofthechamber,above thestonestandand themajorityofsherdsofthe PGB-EO pithos was the LG/EO pithos 6. Inside were the LG oinochoe 15, the EO lekythos16, the EO aryballos17, a long silverpin,fi, a bronzestatuetteof a stag,£2, two A fifthbead, quartz,D. small faiencescarabs,¿3-4, and fourbeads, £5-8 (all different). an of remains of the cremated was identified adult, possiblyfemale.To duringstudy 0.013, the group probablyalso belong 4, an EO lekane, below 6's w shoulder,and 5, an EO betweenit and theWchamberwall. 19, a LG Corinthianizing kotylelyingbetween lekythos 6 and the nexturn,7, and ratherbelow themboth,is morelikelyto have been deposited with6 thanthe later7. 6, then,was a LG-EO urn containing,on the evidenceof 16 and 17, an EO cremation. The EO polychromepithos7 lay brokenon its side, in an almostcentralposition,foot To its SE was the EO aryballos8, to its towardsthe entrance,between6 and the stomion. + the shattered with O lid the NE, aryballos21 beneath it.Justbeyond7's mouth 9 34, was the EO cup, 10. A piece of the PGB-EG 18 (numbered20 in the field)was under7's base. NE ofthestonestand,againsttheback wall,was the Cypriotoinochoe,11. It was close to themainbodyof sherdsfromthe PGB-EG pithos18, to thefootof 6 and not farfromthe to anyone oftheburials. mouthof7. It cannotbe assignedwithcertainty about In theN faceofthefoundation trench, 3.40 E ofT. 229'schamber,twosmallpots(an below a and 0.48 groundsurface.No tombwas foundto which juglet),lay together aryballos have belonged. theymight
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE POTTERY (PLATES 208-09) 1. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 37.5. DR. 12.5. Nearlycomplete.Insetlip,risingrim.Ringfoot.Paint on lip.LG, late. 2. CONICAL LID. H. 12.5.D. 26. Nearlycomplete. Knob slightlyconcave on top; one ridge on stem. Slightlyevertedlip. White on dark, barely visible: circleround edge of knob; groupsof lines,band at rim.LG; forshape cf.E no 1462.Foundwith229.1, butfits229.6. 3. *KRATER (FIG. 134). H. 17.8. DR. 27. Nearly complete.Red paint. Strap handles. Handle zone: whiteon darktriplecirclesin pairs; elsewhere,dark on lightbands. Bars in groupsinside rim. LG/EO. Withpithos229.1. 4. LEKANE. DR. 23.2. H. 8.7. Complete save odd chips.Tracesofcreamslip.Cf.Arkades fig.108.EO. 5. LEKYTHOS. H. 11. Body only. Gaps in wall. Chevroncolumnson shoulder;below,bands.EO. 6. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 19. Three-quarters preserved.Insetlip,risingrim.Single horizontalhandlesand verticalstraps.High footwith fourfenestrations; projectingringat base. Band at rim,lip otherwisereserved.Panels: hatchedmeander withinhatchedframe,whitetriplecircleseach side, and in zone below. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Two white lines on ring base. Paint on horizontalhandles; on straps,intersectingvertical wavylinesin white.LG/EO. Forshapecf.E no. 1313. 7. ♦POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 133).DR. 20. Frs. ofrim,body,twohorizontalhandlesand one vertical, one double-reed foot. Below rim, red and blue tongueswithtrianglepointsbetweenthem.Panels:(A) metopes;leaf and lozenge cross betweenguilloche columns;birdto left,filledin red and blue, between panels of red and blue zigzag. (B) metopes; blue guilloche, blue outline leaf and lozenge cross, guilloche.Beneathhandles,lotusbee. Band of panels withvoids:birdas above,leafand lozenge alternating cross.Betweenfeet,volutetrees.EO. 8. *ARYBALLOS. H. 8.7. Complete save chips in rim.Surfacevirtually gone,tracesof circlesand lines. E 157,classB (ii).EO. 9. POLYCHROME LID. D. 21.5. H. 9.5. Gaps in wall and knob,completeprofile.Traces of darkblue paint.F. 164,classG (ii).Possiblyfor229.7. EO. 10. CUP. H. 12.5. DR. 9.5. Complete save small gaps. Twistedhandle, deep bowl, offsetlip, conical foot. Dark band inside rim with reserved line. Exterior,double circleson lip. Below,in panels on eitherside,a pair ofbirdswithcross-hatched bodies, confrontedover a star. At centre, double zigzag above dotted lozenge chain, both on dotted background.Triple circlesat back. Below, arcaded tongueswithdouble trianglesbetweenthem. Dark handleand foot.EO.
T. 229
227
11. OINOCHOE. H. 21.5. Complete.Pale buffclay, dark brown paint. Spaced side circles enclosing byshoulderlines;tie groupedsmallcircles,intersected patternat front.Cypriot,WhitePaintedIV Cf. SCE IV2, pl. 39.2 forpattern. 12. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 10. Nearly complete. Concave base. Fullycoated but fortworeservedlines on shoulder.In 229.1. M-LG. 13. *SKYPHOS (fig. 134).DR. 10.5,H. 6. Complete. Whiteon dark.Double circlesbetweenlineson lip. F. 166,classC. In 229.1. LG-EO. 14. DOMED LID (FIG.134).D. 15,H. 3.8. Complete. Evertedrim,suspensionholes.Whiteon dark.Double outline,leaves,lines,double circles,lines.E 163,class E (i)(b). Fits229.1. LG-EO. 15. ♦OINOCHOE. DB. 5.5. Shattered,surfaceworn. Softorangeclay,veryfriable.False ringfoot,globular body, fr.of strap handle, cylindricalneck. CretoCypriotshape.In 229.6. LG. 16. LEKYTHOS. H. 10. Gap in handle.Side circles, smalldouble circlesat frontand back. E 159,class E (iii)(b). In 229.6. EO. 17. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Completesave one side of lip. Billets on lip, x between bars on handle. Side circleswithcentrallozengestar,chevronsat frontand back, a lotus at base of neck at front.Cf. 40.8. In 229.6. EO. 18. NECKED PITHOS (fig. 133). H. 31. DR. 17. Nearlycomplete.Inside,spatterbelowrimband. EG. Cf. E no 347. 19. KOTYLE (FIG. 134). H. 8.2. DR. 14.5. Nearly complete.Pale buffclay,brownpaint.Inside,reserved circleon floor.Corinthianizing. LG. 20. Partof229.18. 21. *ARYBALLOS. Completelydisintegrated. Greybrownfabric,all traceofdecorationlost.O. 22. *LEKYTHOS (fig. 134). H. 16.5. Two thirds preserved, handle broken, most of base missing. Round handle to neck ridge. Handle barred. The large circleson flanksare drawn freehand.M-LG. RDAC 1984,133no. 58. 23. OINOCHOE. H. 20.5. Half preserved.Purplebrownclay,buffwash. Flat base, roughunderneath. Wavylineon neck,band withgroupsofpendentbars. Handle: verticalwavyline.MPG. Cf.E no. 142. 24. *NECKED PITHOS (?). Wall and base frs. Cream slip. Flat base. Quadruple circlesfilledwith reservedcross(centregridded),flankinga columnof checked lozenges; singlebands below. E-MPG; for decorationcf.E no. 207. 25. *BELL-KRATER. DR. c. 42. DB. 18.5. Base, bodyand rimfrs.Pale yellowclay,creamslip.Flaring lip,flatabove; slightridgebelow.Disc foot.Groupsof bars on lip,band outside.Handle zone: threecentral verticals, fringed by vertical zigzag; no other
228
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
decorationpreserved.Band, threelines;band at base. Band insiderim,spatterbelow.MPG(?). 26. *KALATHOS (fig. 134).H. c. 14.5.D. c. 16. Rim Handle elliptical fr.withhandle,base fr.,non-joining. in section. Base rough underneath.Inside, spatter belowrimband. E-MPG. Cf. 0,65, no. 27. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Wall frs.Panel: hatchedmeander,tall cross-hatched lozenges.Bands and lines.LG, early. 28. KRATER. DR. c. 32. Rim and body frs.Soft orange clay,whiteand greygrits,red-brownpaint; worn.Tall verticallip passinggentlyintobelliedbody. birds.Body:panelscontaining Lip: zone of simplified single zigzag, multiplezigzag, and massed vertical zigzag; below, zone of dotted leaf-lozenges. All decorationdone withquadruple brush.Inside: two linesbelow rim,otherwisefullypainted.ArgiveLG, perhapsfromAsine. 29. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Rim and body frs. Flat inset lip, roots of single horizontal handle, ring base with attachmentof loop foot. Paint on and below lip, white hatched zigzag on shoulder. Panels include (A) bird to R., dotted
quarteredcircle in field;(B) bird to L.; (C) massed double lozenges. Below handles, dark zone with white metopal motifs including lozenge cross. Bands and lines. LG, late. Bird workshop,cf. F. no. 1501.
30. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 14.5. Rim withhandle.Orange clay,whiteand greygrits,cream slip. Strap handle to squared rim; shortneck,with slightridge.Circulardepressionat handle root.Also withridgeabove. frs.of flatbase, roughunderneath, PGB-EG. A largerversionof287.9. 31. CUP. Fr. of tall lipped cup. Panels: vertical lozenges,horizontalzigzagaboveguillochepanel.LO. 32. CYLINDRICAL LID. D. 10, H. 4. Frs. of wall and top. Whiteon dark,pairsof tripledottedcircles. Cî.F.no. 1218.EO. 33. *PITHOS. Frs.ofshoulder.Fivefoldcircles,bands and lines.O. 34. Partof9. 35. *ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Two thirds of mouth missing,gaps in wall. Thin red clay.Whiteon dark. Barred handle. Groups of threestrokesbelow neck, groupedlines.Cf.F. 1449.EO.
SMALL FINDS 1. SILVER PIN (fig. 155;plate 267). H. 7.1. D. disc 0.8; shaft0.1-0.3. Complete;greysurfacecorrosion; silverybeneath.Octagonal baluster,in section;with sixridgesofwireabove and below.In pot 6. 2. BRONZE STAG FIGURINE (fig. 161;plate 273). L. 4.7. H. 3.8. Wt. 50.1 g. Complete.Crustysurface oxidization. Made by lost wax, rather clumsily; hindquartersmuch higherthan shoulders,giving creaturea lopsidedlook.Modelledhorns+ knobs(or tines),eyes,ears and mouth,tail and genitals,cloven hoofs.Strongincisionson bodyforrib-cage.In pot 6. In addition7.7 g of bronzefrs.were recoveredfrom level 1, 48.35 g fromlevel 2, the latter including severalnodules,presumablyfromobjectsmeltedon thepyre. 3. FAIENCE SCARAB (fig. 183;plate 301).L. 1.25. W. 0.75. H. 0.65. Smoothfinewhitecore, no glaze
left.Simplifiedbeetleback. Device: Ujat eye. In pot 6. 4. FAIENCE SCARAB (fig. 183; plate 301). L. 1.4. W 0.9. Faience as above,withglaze- a littleyellowbrownremains.Simplebeetleback. Device: horse.In pot 6. 5. GLASS BEAD; sphere.D. 1. L. 0.7. Glass badly decayed,small.In pot 6. 6. AMBER BEAD (fig. 184). L. 1.25.W. 1. Th. 0.4. Dh. 0.15. Surfacepittedand peeling.Deep red-brown colour.Flatteneddisc,ovoidwithslightplano-convex section.In pot 6. 7. AMBER BEAD. L. 1.2. W. 0.5. Th. 0.55. part of interiorincludingperforation. Disintegrated, colour.In pot 6. Deep red-brown 8. STONE BEAD (fig. 184).H. 0.6. D. 1.3.Dh. 0.23. Chipped but largelyunfinished,hence facettingon Rockcrystalor quartz.Depressedsphere. theexterior. In pot 6.
Tomb 242 sw ExtantL. oidromos: destroyed. 1.50W. 1.00.Otherfeatures was found. ofthedromos Onlythebeginning The tombmayhavebeenpartoftheN-S lineotherwise composedofTs. 44, 48, 60, 61. The fora Medical Facultybuilding. trenches foundation of the tombwas foundin cuttingone ofbronze. and sherds of baskets two came Fromtheremainsofthedromos fi, a fragment
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 229, 242, 247, 280 POTTERY (PLATE 210) 1. STIRRUP-JAR.PH. 9. Disc to lowerbody,handles brokenoff,disc chipped.Whitegrits.Concave disc, airhole; sagging globular body. Paint on disc and inside spout, lines round both necks. Shoulder: composite triangleswith straightdouble outline;
22g
hatchingacross lower angles, invertedchevronsin centre. On back, in centre,schematic tree. Band betweenlines.MPG. 2. FEEDING JUG. PH. 6. DR. 6.4. Rim to belowbelly. spout.Fullycoated.PGB. Cf.N 36. Straphandle,frontal
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE fr.,featureless.
Tomb 247 w Tracesofa chambertombor pit-cavewerefoundundertheHL/R Ts. 253,258. The outline ofthechambercouldnotbe defined.An ironobelosfragment, fi, maybelong. SMALL FINDS 1. IRON OBELOS(?) fr.PL. 6.2, sectionc. 1 squared.Fromdisturbedsoil.Not certainly fromthistomb.
Tomb 280 N (figs. 3, 48; plate 38 a) Pithosburial.Pit:L. c. 1.30W. (restored) 1.00 The pithoslay on itsside in an oval pit,thefloorofwhichwas at least0.80 belowmodern surface. The gravewas withintheN-S line in theN groupof tombs,equidistantbetweenthedromoi ofTs. 294 (tothen) and 283. The orientation was ESE-WNW. The gravewas found,and the N partof the pit destroyed, whenthe W foundationtrench was cutfortheN-mostblockoftheMedical Facultybuilding. The mouthoftheEG pithos,1, facedESE;it had suffered slightdamagefromthemachine. Three smallEG cups,3-5, were clusteredat its base, withanother,2, restingon it. Inside were7-8, miniaturecups,6, a miniature all EG. In the HL jug-aryballosand 9, a skyphos, to theS was an EG oinochoe(293.1), whichmusthave come from graveT 293 immediately T. 280. Fromsievingearthin the pithoscame a largefaiencebead fi, a quantityof seeds (perhapsvetch,or the like),probablynot ancient,and about twentysmall scrapsof bone, someofwhichcouldhavebeen rodentratherthanhuman.As theminiature potsalso suggest, thiswas probablyan infantinhumation, whoseboneshad scarcelysurvived. POTTERY 1. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 78.5. DR. c. 37. Part of rim and neck missing,otherwisecomplete. Red-brownclay,large whiteand browngrits,cream slip.Squared rim,straphandles,disc foot.No incised decoration.EG. 2. CUP. H. 5.2. DR. 7. Nearlycomplete.As 280.5 butsmaller.EG. EG. 3. CUP (FIG.135).H. 5.1.DR. 7.2.Nearlycomplete. 4. CUP (fig. 135).H. 5.4. DR. 7. Complete.EG. 5. CUP (FIG.135).H. 6.4. DR. 7.8. Complete.Rough base withstringmark.Frontand back dipped.EG: cf. 18.9. 6. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 3.8. Handle
missing. Grey-buffclay, polished. Concave base. Unpainted.EG. 7. MINIATURE CUP. H. 4. DR. 5-5.4. Complete. As 280.8 but withrougherbase, and standingat a list.EG. 8. MINIATURE CUP (fig. 135). H. 3.5. DR. 5.6. Complete.EG. 9. SHALLOW SKYPHOS (fig.135).H. 5.9. DR. 8.9. Complete. Strap handles. Groups of bars on rim. Spatterbelowband inside.EG. 10. NECKED PITHOS(?). PH. 11.7.Body fr.Bird's claws to L. of concentriccirclesenclosingzigzag and reservedcross.Spatterinside.EG.
230
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
SMALL FINDS i. GLASS BEAD, sub-spherical (FIG.183; PLATE301). D. 1.7.L. 1.2. Dh. 0.5. Glass badlycorroded,creamy
white with gold and black speckled surface, outwardsfromcentre. laminating
Tomb 282 N (figs. 3, 48; plate 38 b) ShaftGrave.Shaft:1.75X 0.90, at least0.50 deep. Pit: 1.35X 0.72,0.60 deep. At The shaftwas rectangular in plan, theoutlineratherirregular. The sideswerestraight. thebottomwas a roughlyoval pit,theW side straighter thantheothers.Two possiblecovers werefoundupended,up to 0.15 thick,one 0.70 long,theother0.65. These wouldhaverested on theledge-surround at thetopofthepit,at thebottomoftheshaft. The gravewas at the NE limitof the N group of chambertombs,immediatelyE of the was NNE-SSW. chamberofT. 292. The orientation forthe The gravewas foundfollowing mechanicalexcavationoftheN-mostE-Wfoundation N-mostblockof theMedical Facultybuilding.It was largelyundamagedby thisprocess,but had been completely looted. The twopossiblecover-slabs wereupendedin thegravepit,whileanother,smallerstonelay on thefloor.The handfulof small,wornDA sherdsfoundin thehard,lightbrownfill,were a SM date. probablyalien.The gravetypesuggests Tomb 283 n (Figs. 3, 49; plates 38 c-d, 39) W. 0.82 Depth 0.40 Stomion: L. 2.90 W. 1.00-1.12(stomion) ExtantL. overall:4.90 Extantdromos: X Chamber:1.90 1.50. Whatremainedofit rose0.50 towardsthestomion. widenedslightly The outlineofthedromos had large, at an evenangleofn°. The stomion stomion invertical distancefromthechamberfloor/ well-definedrectangulardoor jambs. The entrancewas elaboratelyblocked. Two large slabs of whitelimestonewereset on end, the S blockat an angle of 8° fromthe rectangular cut witha likedouble doors.The S block(0.90 X 0.50),verycarefully vertical,side-by-side, theN blockmayalso rabbetc.0.08 wideon one longand one narrowside,was clearlya spolium' were havebeenin reuse.Gaps betweentheseslabsand thedromos walls,and betweeneach other, sealedbystonepacking.The bases ofthetwoslabswerewellabovethedromos floor;theN slab restedon two superimposedroughstones,the S slab on 0.25 of earth.The chamberwas or nearlystraight in plan,withstraight, sides,and sharpcorners;itslongeraxiswas rectangular Threelimestonestandsweresetin thefloor,StandA, unworked, at rightanglesto thedromos. - or, in theNE,StandC, worked butwitha holein it,in theNWcorner,StandB, also unworked, at least,rectangular, just S ofcentre.Much of theroofwas lost;whatremainedwas 1.10high. itscentre1.80fromthe Therewas a niche(0.64 X 0.50 X 0.65 high)in theN faceofthedromos, in Two largeblockingstones(0.50 X 0.40 X 0.20; 0.60 X 0.40 X 018)wereapparently stomion. situ,thoughtherewas a gap ofc.0.25betweentheirtopsand theirniche'shigh,domedroof. The tomb was in the middle of the rather irregularN-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-285-283-294-306)thatformedthe N-mostelementof thatpart of the cemetery thechamberat theE end ofthedromos. was ESE-WNW, excavatedin 1978.The orientation was removedby the mechanical The tomb was foundwhen the W end of its dromos excavationof the W foundationtrenchof the N-mostblockof the Medical Facultybuilding. itwas in chaos. The chamberhad been enteredfromaboveand lootedin antiquity;
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 280, 282-3
231
Beforethetombcouldbe excavated0.50-0.80ofheavy,sticky brownearthwas removed.This fill have been a to a ruined wall of no a littleE of the may support apparently greatantiquity A which ran NW-SE. small of a water-worn tomb, approximately patch possible pebblefloorseen in theadjacentsectionmayhavebeen an associatedcourtyard surface.Fromthisfillcame fi, Turkish tobaccopipes,Í2, a bronzeobject(perhapsa mirror handle)and Í27, ironclamp. it contained some sherds and the dromos-ñll of hard lightbrown-yellow Although objects, earthwithkouskouras echoed by the stateof theblockingstones lumpsappearedundisturbed, of both niche and entrance.Above floorlevel were £3, bronzestud,f4, small incisedclay whorlor button.An almostcompleteLG oinochoe, whorl,f5, steatiteroundel,fl6,serpentine was 1, was highin thefillbesidethes blockingstone.2, base ofAtticizing lekythos-oinochoe, besidetheniche'sE blockingstone.£7,tinybronzepin-head,was nearby.In thecentreofthe near the machine'scut, was a small patch of burntearth,a littleabove the floor. dromos, Scatteredthroughout thefillweremanybronzeflakes. In thechaoticconditionin whichthechamberwas found,no guesscan be made as to the the onlyassociationsare lids foundto fitpots once bothwere originalpositionof anything; mended. Excavationof the chamberproperbegan at 1.25 above its floor,where some unburnt humanlimbboneswerefound.0.40 lower,in thestomion, whatseemedto be twoskullswere found(perhapspartsof one and the same skull).Pieces of unburntbone were foundright downto thefloor.Therewas no traceofan intrusive HL grave;so itseemsthatthetombmust have contained at least one inhumation.At least one adult, and one adult male were represented amongbitsofbone collectedthroughout. Two scrapsofanimalbone,one froma sheep/goatleg,werefoundnearthefloor.Stillhigh above thefloor(1.18-0.93) in the area behindthe N door-jambwerefg, ironstrip,fio, iron and fu, ironspitfragment; was 0.30 further SE. Behind f8, ironpin fragment, pin fragment the blockingstone (below the skull(s)),between0.60-0.70 above the floor,was an area of tightly packed smashedpottery(8-14) and objects(£12-25).At its centrewas a large rim sherdof the MG pithos,12, surroundedby pieces of the EG pithos,14. To the W was 10, neck of an E-MG oinochoe, with 13, EG jug-aryballos,next to it. SW of these were 8 (CorinthianMG aryballos)and 9, AtticMG I pyxislid, later fittedto the pyxis46, not recognizedduringexcavation.AgainsttheS door-jambwas a largepiece of 11, PGB straightsidedpithos,otherpiecesofwhichwerethroughout thefilldownto thefloor;itslid,31, was the back wall at a lower level. the of ironspits(fi2, against Among objectswerefragments a a knife and a 14-15, ig-20, 24), sword-point (fi8), (f2i) spearhead(£25).fi7, 22-23 were bronzesheetfragments. The irondirkfi6 was at thesamelevel,buttowardstheSE corner. Beneath thisgroup and some intervening earththe chamberwas filledwitha mass of brokenpottery, fromc. 0.50 above thefloor.Only sherdsof distinctive shape werenumbered in thefield.A LG-EO lekythos, in was the In stomion. NW the corner werebitsofan MG 15, and clockwise round the lower lid,16, 17. Working pithos chamber,21, partofan EG pithos, was near mid-Nwall; 23, 0.80 to the SE, was moreof it. Next was the M-LG lekythos, 24 with,just to itsN,25, E-MG cup. In theNEcornerwerean EO cup,26, and a M-LG hydria, a coarse,straight-sided EG 27. Sherdsalong the centreof theback wall included23 {supra), of an O bird rest found scattered on the a MG askos,2g (the pithos,28, part oinochoe, floor); 30, and the lid, 31 {supra).With these vases were f2, 2g, 30 (bronze vessel fragments); takenup with33 {infra), Í32"335 36 (ironspitfragments); £46, fire-dogfragments £34 (iron and An Attic MG I was almostin the SE corner,while knife) £35(ironwaste). oinochoe,32, WNW was 33, partofan ash urn,closeS ofwhichwerebronzesheetscraps,fji.
232
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Near thecentrewas 18, partofa largePGB lid,fitting 52, thecoarsestraight-sided pithos SWwas 20, partofa LG pithos;to laterrecomposed;£37,bronzepin,was close.Immediately theS, 19, partofa LG lid.NEof18 was partofa MG buccheropithos,22. Aftertheremovalofthismassofpotterythefloorshowedin places.ParallelwiththeS wall was f39, largefragment ofa fire-dog. Betweenit and Stand C were40 (PGB-EG oinochoe), and head of an O birdaskos(see 29, supra);39 was anotherfragment by 43 (E-MG cup) 36, N of another birdaskosand 38, EG oinochoe.Close,besideStand the wall,with37, remains A, was £40,bronzerivetfroma weaponhilt.NWofStandA were42, a M-LG coarsejug and were£41(bronze besidewhichwas 45, a ?G conicalcup. In thestomion 41, EG amphoriskos, In theSE animal(?bull)figurine. rod),£|2 (Egyptianblue bead) and £82, partofa terracotta withthe AtticMG cup 34 to the N; 35, corner£38 was a mass of bronzevesselfragments was againstthecentreofthebackwall. miniature PGB-EG hydria, can be made about originallocations.First,in viewofthepositionsofthe Two conjectures EG or ?EG 38, 41 nearStandA, theremayhavebeen an EG urnon it;thismighthavebeen ofmetalfindsin theE and SE,centredon £38 in theSE 23 (+ 21). Second,theconcentration in thisarea. Associableurnsare 33, 11, 28- or interment corner,pointsto a well-endowed even23 (+ 21). vases numbered in the field, combined with those The evidence of the forty-five sixteenpithoithatwill certainlyhave been ashshows from sherds, repaired subsequently a pedestalledkrater)thatmighthave urns and fivemore (threeamphorae,a bell-krater, been. The firstuse seemsto havebeen in PGB: PGB straight-sided pithoiwere11 (+ lid 31), 28, 52 (+ lid 18); othervases were the LPG-PGB hydria92 (Pearliestitem)and the PGB 87, coarsejug, 97, and cups 105, 106. Withthesemightgo 79-80, lekythos, jug-aryballoi, the PGB-EG pieces 35 hydria,38 and 40 oinochoai,51 and 58 coarse pyxides,75 lid for theformer;and theAtticMG pieces 9 + 46 pyxis,32 oinochoe,34 cup. There werethree certainEG urns- 14, 21 + 23 and the coarse pithos101. OtherEG vases were 2, 13, 41 (supra)and 48 cup, 58 amphora,63, 78 lekythoi,90 kalathos;withthemmightgo the Cycladicamphora91. To E-MG belong10 + 55 oinochoe,25, 43 cups. There werethree MG pithoi- 12, 16 and 22; otherMG itemswere8 (Corinthianaryballos),47, 74 lids,30 oinochoe,85 aryballos,96, 103 cups (theformerCycladic),102 (AtticMG kraterfoot)and 108 amphora.M-LG vases were 24, 84 lekythoi,27 hydria,42 jug and 86 aryballos.LG urns numberedfour- the pithoi 20, 49, 56 and 76; also LG were the lids 17, 57, 60, 68-70, the oinochoe 1, the lekythoi83, 88, 93 and the cup 104. LG-EO were the by a single pithos99, thelekythos15 and the aryballos94. EO is represented fragmentary askos bird the the lids the the 36-7, the fragments 61, 64-6, urn, cup 26, pithos53, the lid 67, LO To and 82 and the and the belong 89. 81, aryballoi jugs 77 skyphos62, and theoinochoai100 and 107. findswerenumberedin the field,the remainderselectedfromthe quantitiesof Forty-two Bronzesincludedcauldronrims brokenbronzeand ironcollectedwiththe brokenpottery. tinker's vessel patches(£74-75578)> sheetfragments (£38, 76-77, 81), fragments (f29, 80), of spits(fi-12, 14, were fragments items a rod Iron (£41). (fi7, 22-23, 26> 30-31, 79), of 9.83. Fire-dog L. a total with 19-20, 24, 28, 32-3, 36, 47, 49, 52, 55, 61, 69-71) were Iron swords 68. were fi8, 50 and 63- nearly fragments £39, 45-46, 48, 51, 53, 62, fromas manylocations.The irondirksfi6, 54, complete,but composedof sevenfragments were knives Iron were all £21, 34, 59 (?two),66 (?two).Iron spearheads incomplete. 56-57 were £25, fs8-part(two),£64 (two),£72 (two).Javelinswere fs8-part(two).The weapon numberssuggesttherewerethreeto fourwarriorburialsin thetomb.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 283 FUHEKY
(FLATES
233
2 111b)
1. OINOCHOE. H. 29.5. Half preserved,handle Boss on shoulder, missing. ringfoot.LG. 2. LEKYTHOS-OINOCHOE (?). PH. 12.5.Base to shoulder; fr.of strap handle (not illustrated).Soft orange-redclay,brownpaint.Ring foot.Triplezigzag at upperbreak,lozengechain,triplezigzag,dogtooth, gear pattern,band at base. Star between bars on handle.EG, closeimitation ofAtticMG I. 3. *CUP (FIG.135).H. 7.2. DR. 10.4.Complete.String markunderbase. PGB-EG. 4. CUP. H. 7.4. DR. 10.3. Complete.As 283.3 but thelip is shorterand moresharplyoffset. PGB-EG. 5. CUP. H. 7.4. DR. 10.1. Complete.As 283.3 but withslightridgebelowlip.PGB-EG. 6. CUP. H. 7.5. DR. 10.5. Complete.As 283.3 but withslantingrimand rougherbase. PGB-EG. 7. CUP H. 7.5. DR. 10.5. Rim chipped.As 283.3. PGB-EG. 8. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.6. Complete. White grits; handmade,polished. Irregularflatbase, paring on neck.Unpainted.Corinthian.MG. Cf. O 3. 9. PYXIS LID (fig. 136).H. 4.1. D. 8. Rim chipped. Fabricas 283.46. Two suspensionholes.AtticMG I; forpointedpyxis283.46. 10. OINOCHOE. PH. 12. Upper part with strap handle,much worn. Single zigzag in reservedneck panel. Handle: diagonalcrossesbetweenbars.E-MG. Perhapsthebase 283.55 belongs. 11. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig. 133). H. 47. DR. 22. Nearly complete;paint worn. Cream slip. Grooveunderlow verticallip. Fourteenverticalribs attached to body. Twin loop handles. Millsail on shoulder. Between body ribs, trees with spiral branchesand triangularbase. On everyothertreea birdis perched.Their bodies are alternately checked or gridded,except thatin the centreof the reverse sidethecentreis solidwithina hatchedoutline.Wings are shownon all birdsexceptat the centrein front. Paint on ribs, handles barred. PGB. By the Tree painter.BICS 1984,95, pl. 8a-b. UrnswithLids112,fig. 4, pl. 13d. 12. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41. DR. 18. Three-quarters preserved.Red-brownclay.Concave insetlip,risingslightly; bucraniumand straphandles. Ring foot.Painton lip. Panels:A and B as shown;C and D similar except that the flankingcolumns containonlyVs. Bars on bucrania,four-point stars betweenbarson straps.MG. Horseworkshop. 13. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 7. Body only.Flat base. Shoulder:threecompositetriangles, doublelozengeat centrewithchevronfilleitherside.EG. Cf. 285.4. 14. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 137). H. 32. DR. 18. Three-quarters preserved, one handle Creamslip.EG. missing. 15. LEKYTHOS. H. 8.7. Nearly complete.Round
handle, ring foot.Bars on handle. Chevronsdown frontand back. LG-EO. F. i58f, class E (iii)a, CretoCypriot.RDAC 1984,135no. 73. 16. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 36. DR. 16. Rim to lower body. Rising concave lip, bucranium and straphandles.Painton lip, double zigzag above handles; identicalpanels. All handles barred. MG, late.By same hand as 75.62. 17. CONICAL LID. H. 8.4. D. 17.9.Nearlycomplete. Knob flaton top, withhatched Maltese cross. LG, early. 18. COARSE CONICAL LID. H. 23.5. D. 34. Half preserved.Fabric as 283.52. Knob concave above, withbevellededge.Verticallip withcarination.Traces of whitebands on knob, stem and wall. PGB. Fits pithos283.52. 19. CONICAL LID. H. 9.1. D. c. 16.5.Halfpreserved. Knob flaton top,withsextuplecircle.LG. 20. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41. DR. 15. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Concave lip withrising rim,reserved.Ringfoot.Panels:A and B as shown;C as A, D as B. LG. Cf. 75.164, 171. 21. Vacatpartof283.23. 22. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 38. DR. 20. Three-quarters preserved.Bucchero:bluish-grey clay, grey-brown slip.Deeply concavelip,risingrim;three ridgesbelow.Bucraniumand straphandles,highring foot. Three incised wavy lines, freehand,between handles;fourgroovesbelow.MG; cf.F. no. 415. 22a. CONICAL LID. H. 12.8.D. 24. Half preserved. Fabricas pithos283.22 whichit fits.Flat knob,two ribson stemMG. 23. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 32.6. DR. 12.2. Three-quarterspreserved.Cream slip. Slightcollar, lip slopinginwards.Flattenedhandles,ringfoot.Paint on lip. Panels: A, verticalchevrons;B, cross-hatched lozenge chain. Gridded chevrons below painted handles.EG. 24. LEKYTHOS. PH. 9.8. Three-quarters preserved, mouthmissing.Pale orange clay,small whitegrits, polishedsurface;bichromedecorationin mattblack and red-brownpaint. Flattenedhandle attachedto slightneckridge;ringfoot.Red band at upperbreak, black lines on neck below.On each flank,large red double circle;at centre,thickred circleborderedby thinblackcircles,centrereserved.Handle: blackbars between vertical lines. M-LG, close imitationof CypriotBichrome.RDAC 1984,127no. 10. 25. CUP. H. 5.7. DR. c. 10. Half preserved,mostof rim missing.Orange clay,brown-blackpaint. Short flatbase. Exteriorfullypainèed,handle lip,not offset; barred;paint over all interiorbut forreservedcircle on floor.E-MG. 26. CUP. H. 8.2. DR. 12. Small gaps in rimand wall. Interiorcoated, reservedband withgroupedstrokes
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
below lip. Exterior,on either side of the handle, columnof opposed diagonals,thena void panel on eitherside of a dividedcentralpanel; above, zigzags and leaves.Below,a falsespiralofdoublecircles.Lines and band. EO. 27. HYDRIA. PH. 15.5.Base to belly.Ringfoot.Belly panels:A, solidleaves;B, diagonalcrossesalternating withthreebars.Painton handles.M-LG. 28. *COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. DB. 31. Base and manybody frs.,worn and crumbled. Fabricand shape as 283.52. Traces of whitebands and lines.PGB. 29. Vacatpartof283.36. 30. OINOCHOE (fig. 135). H. 25. Two thirds Creamslip.Barson handle.MG. preserved. 31. CONICAL LID. H. 25. D. 29. Nearlycomplete. Cream slip. Pine-conefinial,carinatedswellingon stemwithfiringhole below; ridge at junction with wall. Millsail on pine-cone, lines on stem, solid betweenlineson swelling, paintbelow.Wall: triangles solidand leavesalternately quadrupleoutlinedrosette, hatched.PGB. Will fitpithos283.11. UrnswithLids 112,pl. 13c.
32. OINOCHOE. PH. 13.5. Mouth and handle browngrits,a little clay,chestnut missing. Orange-buff Root of straphandle, mica,wornbrown-black paint. disc foot. Reserved neck panel: quadruple zigzag betweenlines.AtticMG I. 33. Vacatpartof283.23. 34. *CUP (FIG. 136). H. 6.2. DR. 8.5. Nearly complete. Orange-buffclay, lustrousblack paint. Handle barred.Reservedcircleon floor.AtticMG I. 35. MINIATURE HYDRIA. PH. 9.5. Mouth handlesbroken;brokenoffbelow.Creamslip. missing, Belly: sets of two floatingchevrons. Bars on all handles.Perhapsfromthe finialof a tall conical lid. PGB-EG. 36. BIRD ASKOS. H. c. 12. Head, parts of body, wingand base. Stylisedhead withappliedpelletsfor eyes,wheel-madebody,appliedwing;globularjuglet fortail. On top of head, a wheel; head, neck and wing,barred.Lowerbody,fullycoated.EO. 37. BIRD ASKOS. Frs.of head, body,wingand tail. Head stylisedas 36, wingintegralwithbody.Wheel on topofhead,verticalson neck;tracesofzigzagsand diagonalbarson bodyand wing.EO. 38. OINOCHOE (FIG.136).H. 10. Nearlycomplete. Small white grits, cream slip. Paint inside lip. PGB-EG. 39. Vacatpartof283.36. 40. OINOCHOE. H. 12.7.Partof mouthand some ribs missing.Micaceous red clay,polished surface. Flattenedhandle attachedinsiderim,disc foot.Five verticalribson body. groovesat base ofneck,fourteen PGB-EG. 41. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS. H. 18.
Much of mouth missing.Everted lip, bucranium made. Neck: gear handles,low conical foot;carefully pattern,bands and lines above and below. Belly panels: A as shown; B similarbut flankingvertical zigzags. Handles barred. Band inside rim. EG. MiniatureoflargeamphoraelikeG 4, 5. 42. COARSE JUG. H. 7.7. DR. 5.4. Nearlycomplete. Grittyorange clay. Uneven base withstringmark. Unpainted.M-LG. 43. *CUP (fig. 136). H. 5.6. DR. 10.2-10.6. Rim chipped.Paintedas 283.25. E-MG; E 167classC. as 283. £82. 44. Vacatrenumbered 45. MINIATURE CONICAL CUP. H. 2. D. 4.3. Rim chipped.Round handleattachedinsiderim;wall steeper by handle than in front.Rough base with stringmark.Fullycoated in red paint,much worn. G(?). 46. POINTED PYXIS (fig. 136). H. 13.5. DR. 6. Half preserved.Orange-buff clay,smallbrowngrits,a littlemica,thickbrown-black paint.Suspensionholes. AtticMG I. The lid 283.9 fits. 47. CONICAL LID. H. 14.D. 20.8. Nearlycomplete. brown-black Semi-lustrous paint.Flat knob,flushwith ribon stem;doublecrossabove.MG, late. 48. *MINIATURE CUP (fig. 136).H. 4.1. DR. 6.4. preserved.Carinatedshoulder,string Three-quarters markunderbase. Handle barred.Spatterbelowthick barsinside.EG. 49. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 37.5.DR. 12.5. Three-quarterspreserved.Cream slip. Flat lip, rim raised. Ring foot.Innerpart of lip reserved. slightly Panels: A, horizontal S's between dots; arcaded tongues, massed dots in alternate tongues; triple lozengeswith zigzag. B, triplezigzag,cross-hatched chevronfill.C missing.D, horizontalS's, quartered lozenges, double zigzag, lower part missing.Band below with triple white circles. Bands and lines, bordered in white. Curved stripes on horizontal handles,verticallineson straps.LG. 50. LEKYTHOS (FIG.136).PH. 18.3.Three-quarters preserved,mouthmissing.Softporousorange-brown clay,greycore,largegreygrits,tracesofcrimsonslip. Very thickfabric. Beginningof flaringlip; round handle attachedbelow neck ridge.Apparentlyfully coated. PhoenicianRed Slip. For fabriccf. 107.80. RDAC1984,123no. 2. 51. COARSE FLAT PYXIS (fig. 136).H. 3.5. DR. 8. Nearlycomplete.Fabricas 283.58. Lug attachedto disc foot.PGB-EG(?). Cf. Q, 44 forshape. The lid 283.75 fits.The single lugs of 51 and 75 are best to ensurethatthelid is placed as markers, interpreted in the correctposition;twolugswouldbe needed on thelid forhandlesto be effective. 52. COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. H. 41. DR. 30. Half preserved.Brick-redclay,grittyand micaceous; red-browncore. Rounded rim,groove
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 283 below; flattened handles attached to carinated shoulder. Flat base. Decoration in white: crosshatchingbetweenlineson shoulder;curvedstripeon handles. Body: row of eightfoldconcentriccircles betweenlines;verticalbands descendingfromhandle roots,downto band at base. PGB. Cf. 1285.7. 53. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 18. Two thirdsof upperbody,halfof foot,body-sherds. Triple whitecirclesbelow rim.Panels: A, (i) threemetopes above double zigzag: two dotted guilloche squares withcross-hatched centres,betweenthema leaf and B, (i) lozengecross;(ii)thesamewithminorvariations. and (ii) two panels of lotus-volutes withlozenge fill, above double zigzag. Traces of whiteenhancement. Verticalhandle, X betweenbars. Bands and lines, triplewhitecircleson topband. Feetbarred.EO. 54. BELL-KRATER. H. 51. D. 41. Three quarters preserved. Largewhitegrits,creamwash;largebrown the handles(cf.N 2). Rim gritsadded to strengthen flatabove. Disc foot.Same decorationon each side. Bars on handles. Inside: band at lip, spatterbelow. PGB. Cf. 100.44. 55. *OINOCHOE. PH. 6. DR. 10.5. Base fr.Fabric as 283.10, possiblyfromsamevessel.Ringfoot.MG. 56. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 14. Two-thirdspreserved.Cream slip. Flat lip, painted only at rim. Disc foot.Tongues on shoulder,above handles.Panels:A and B as shown;C and D: upper part missing,quadruple lozengesbelow. Handles as 283.49. LG. 57. DOMED LID (FIG. 136). H. 4.1. D. 21. Threequarterspreserved.Whiteon darkdecoration;crosshatchedcircleat centre,horizontalS's below.Inside, largeeightpointedstarundercentre.LG, early. 58. COARSE FLAT PYXIS (fig. 136). H. 4.5. DR. 14. Half preserved. Brick-red clay, gritty and micaceous, greycore. Lug handle with two holes Inciseddecoration.PGB-EG (?). piercedvertically. 59. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 136).H. c. 67. DR. 23.5. Half preserved.Cream slip.A, hatched leaves, verticaland horizontal,between cables; B, pendentwave patternwithvariedhatching.No paint on or insiderim.EG. Cf. 104.23. 60. CONICAL LID. H. 12.3. D. 18.7-19.7. Nearly complete.Grey brownclay,cream slip; malformed and misfired. Knob slightly concave,tworibson stem. Painton roughedge ofknob,centrereserved.Trace of painton stem.Compositetriangleswithchevronfill. LG, early. 61. DOMED LID. D. 15.8. H. 4.5. Gaps in wall and rim. Evertedrim with suspensionholes. White on dark. From centre: double circle, tongues,zigzag, triplecircles.E 163,classE (i) (b). EO. 62. KOTYLE. DR. 15.H. 8.5. Gaps in rimand wall. Interiorfullycoated. Grouped lines on reservedlipedge. Handles dark, in a reservedpatch between
235
verticalbars.Betweenhandlesin reservedband,triple circles.Band,lines,paintto base. EO. 63. *LEKYTHOS (fig. 136). H. 11. Two thirds clay,buffslip,blackpaint. preserved.Purplish-brown EG(?). 64. CONICAL LID. D. 17.5.H. 6.8. Aboutone third ofrimlost,gaps in wall.Whiteon dark.Triplecircles. E 163,classC (iv).EO. 65. CONICAL LID. D. 16.6. H. 7.1. Gaps in rimand wall. Ringson knob;lid,whiteon dark:S's and triple circles.E 163,classC (iv).EO. 66. DOMED LID. D. 18.5. Gaps in wall and rim. Whiteon dark.Double circle,large angulartongues, zigzag,triplecircles.Strokeson rim.E 163,class E (i) (b). EO. but 67. *DOMED LID. D. 19.H. 6. Completeprofile, mostof rimand one thirdwall lost.Whiteon dark. Four double circles, panels of double circles and verticalcable, lines.Billetson rim.F. 163,class E (i) (b). LO. 68. DOMED LID. PH. 4.5. D. c. 20. One third preserved, centre missing. Flat everted lip with carination;pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark: horizontalS's on lip,hatchedobliqueleavesslopingin alternatedirection.LG, early. 69. DOMED LID. H. 5. D. 17.5. Two thirds preserved.Evertedlip,pair ofsuspensionholes.White on dark:interlocking horizontalS's, hatchedtriangles, fourdouble arcswithincircleat centre.LG, early.Cf. Atsalenio A 7 and Mastamba 44 formotifs. 70. DOMED LID. H. 4.2. D. c. 20. Half preserved. Evertedlip withcarination.White on dark,centre only: large double cross,hatchingat centre,crosshatchingin quadrants.LG, early. 71. PYXIS LID. H. 3.5. D. 9. Nearly complete. Cylindricalknob,flaton top; horizontalfiringhole. Painton knob,lines.G. 72. MINIATURE PYXIS LID. H. 2. D. 5.3. Virtually knob,flaton top. Reserved complete.Low cylindrical crosson knob,otherwise fullypainted.G. 73. MINIATURE PYXIS LID. H. 1.8. D. 4.7. Nearly complete.A miniatureof 283.71. Two opposedpairs of suspensionholes. Painton and below knob;single zigzagbetweenlines,band at rim.G. 74. CONICAL LID. H. 9.5. D. c. 16.5. Half preserved.Cylindrical,carinatedswellingon stem, ridge at junction with wall. Fully painted but for reservedlineabove carinationand nearrim.MG. 75. COARSE PYXIS LID (fig. 136). H. 3.1. D. 10. Virtually complete.Fabricas 283.58. Lug attachedto wall. Incised decoration.Fits flangeof pyxis283.1 (q.v). PGB-EG? 76. FOUR(?)-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 136).PH. 9. Two shoulderfrs.Root of horizontalhandle. Twoheaded birdsin panels,lozengechainabove.LG. Bird workshop.
236
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
77. JUG. H. 18.5. Top and barelyjoining bottom. Burnt. Lines on mouth and neck, barred handle. Spaced bandson body.EO. 78. LEKYTHOS (fig. 138). H. 8.2. Three-quarters preserved. Cream slip, thick fabric. Shoulder: Handle barred.Trickle hatchedtriangles. overlapping insideneck.EG. 79. *JUG-ARYBALLOS.PH. 8. Mouth,handle and base missing.Cream slip. Sagging globular body. Wavylineson neck,quadrupletriangleson shoulder. PGB.Cf. 0,32. 80. JUG-ARYBALLOS. PH. 9. Body and part of neck.Flatbase. Decorationas 283.79. PGB. 81. OLPE (FIG.138).H. 9. Three-quarters preserved. Verticallinesdownhandle.EO. Cf. 218.13. 82. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Handle lost,gaps in mouth and wall. Lines on mouthand neck,groupedlineson fig.14, 89. body.E 158,class B (iii). Cf. Ay.Paraskies, EO. 83. LEKYTHOS (fig. 138).H. 13.6. Half preserved. Smallwhitegrits,polishedorangesurface,mattblack paintshadingto red.Round handle,withverticalline and ringroundroot.LG. Imitationof CypriotBoR. RDAC1984,132no. 42. 84. LEKYTHOS. Frs. of neck (PH. 5) and body. Fabricand shape as 283.83; decorationalso similar, but withdouble circleon neck above ridge.M-LG. ImitationofCypriotBoR. RDAC1984,133no. 59. 85. ARYBALLOS. H. 6. Nearlycomplete.Polished orange surface,thickfabric.Flat base. Unpainted. MG. Cf.O 8. 86. *ARYBALLOS. PH. 6. Upper part, handle missing; badly pitted. Flaring mouth, depressed globularbody.Lines on neck,fainttraceof triangles on shoulder.MG-LG. 87. *LEKYTHOS. PH. 7.5. Upper part.Cream slip. Neck: band, lines.Shoulder:threegriddedchevrons, outlined;threelines,billets.Handle barred. Three linesinsidelip.PGB. Cf. 218. 67. 88. *LEKYTHOS. Frs., base and handle missing. paint;polished clay,brown-black Deep orange-brown surface;verythickfabric(max. Th. 1 at base); shape as 283.83. Line on neck,traceofcircleson shoulder, fivelineson belly,band above base. LG. Imitationof CypriotBoR. RDAC1984,132no. 47. 89. *ARYBALLOS. Frs. of mouth, handle and shoulderonly.Double circles.E 157,classB (ii).EO. 90. *KALATHOS (FIG. 138). H. 8.2. D. 20. TwoCreamslip.Groupsofbarsand band thirdspreserved. round ringfoot,no paint underneath.EG: hybrid betweenkalathosand conicallid. 91. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c. 47. Softorange-redclay,grey-brown core, Fragmentary. black paint. Evertedlip, much mica; semi-lustrous roundedrim;ringfoot.CycladicMG I. Eumousia 27, pl. 6.2 (not'pl. 6.3').
92. *HYDRIA (FIG.138). PH. 16.5. Three quarters preserved,mouth missing.Cream slip. Flattened handle. Band at upper break, to which quartered lozenges are attached by verticalbars. Belly zone apparentlyblank. Wavy line down verticalhandle. LPG-PGB. 93. *LEKYTHOS, Praisos type.PH. 13.5. Rim to shoulder.Cream slip. Slightridgeon neck,flattened handle.Bars on rim;fourzones of intersecting wavy lines on neck. Shoulder: large triplechevronswith dots.Barson handle.LG. Cf.E no. 654. 94. ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Half preserved,neck and mouthmissing.Polished orange surface.Flat base; broadstraphandle,barred.LG-EO. 95. Vacatjoins 283.19. 96. *CUP (FIG. 138). H. 5.5. DR. 8. Two-thirds preserved.Fine buffclay,a littlemica, streakyblack paint. Reserved panel flankedby bosses. Handle barred.CycladicMG. 97. COARSE JUG. PH. 7.3. Rim to lowerbody,base missing. Coarse reddish brown clay, grittyand micaceous;burningon rimand body.Three grooves on belly,as at base of neck.Rootsof twoattachments thoughforcompositevessel.PGB(?). 98. COARSE FENESTRATED STAND (fig. 137). H. 23. DR. 22.5. Nearlycomplete.Grittyred-brown clay,cream slip. Two rectangularwindows,directly opposite.PGB-EG. 99. TWO(?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 11. Two shoulder frs., root of horizontal handle. Panels: diagonalcheck,cable betweenbars.LG/EO. 100. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 19.1. Body only;gaps in wall and base. Shoulder,grouped chevronswithdots. Double dottedcircleswithfilled centres.Bandsand lines.LO. 101. COARSE NECKED PITHOS (fig. 137). H. preserved.Coarse red35.5. DR. 18. Three-quarters brownclay,manywhitegrits,traceofcreamslip.EG: cf.M 20. 102. PEDESTALLED KRATER. DR. c. 40. DB. e. 20. Rim and foot frs.Fine orange-buffclay,small brown grits,brown-blackpaint. Flat rim,vertical offsetlip; flaringpedestal with at least threeribs. Groupsof elevenbars on rim,continuinginto small reservedband inside.AtticMG. 103. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 31.5. Half of body; rim and footmissing.Bucraniumhandles. Panels: upperpartmissing,hatchedmeander,double zigzag.Handlesbarred.MG. Cf. 283.16. 104. *CUP (FIG.138). H. 9. DR. c. 12.5. Two-thirds preserved,handle broken. Bosses at each side of panel. Reservedcircleon floor.LG, late. 105. *CUP (FIG.138). H. 7. DR. 10. Three-quarters preserved,handle missing.Foot roughunderneath. PGB. Cf. 175.18. 106. CUP. H. 5. DR. c. 7.7. Half preserved,handle
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 283
237
brokenoff.Lip slightlyoffset,attachmentof strap handle insiderim.Flat base. Frontdipped in paint. PGB. 107. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 22.5. Mouthand handlelost,gaps in wall. Ring foot.Neck and body divided by dots between pairs of lines. Shoulder,panels,void except at front:tongueswith crescentsat tips,quartersof double circlesin bottom corners. Opposed volutes at handle root. Below,
alternateguillocheand quarteredpanelswitha sector ofa doubledottedcircleat each innercorner,forming a quatrefoil. At centrefront,two squaresof guilloche withdottedcentres.LO. 108. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DB. 13.5. Lowerpart,shoulder,and handlefrs.High ringfoot, ovoid body. Shoulder: diagonal crosses between bars; bands and lines below. Strap handles barred. MG.
SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY PIPES (2). Turkish:one,(plate 308). 2. BRONZE MIRROR HANDLE? (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 5. W. 4.2. Wt. 18.8 g. Handle (two arms) brokenoff;crescent-shaped disc holderwithtongueshaped back support. If correctlyidentified,this shouldbe O. 3. BRONZE RIVET or STUD (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 0.7. D. 0.6. Wt. 0.25 g. Neat mushroomhead; shaft incomplete. 4. CLAY WHORL or BEAD (fig.187;plate 306). H. 1.5. D. 2.65. Dh. 0.6. Wt. 9.5 g. Some chipson base and side.Dull red-brown fabric.Conical,withincised trianglegroupson side,and groupsoflineson base. 5. STEATITE ROUNDEL (fig. 185; plate 302). H. 1.05. D. 1.6. Complete.Black withgreen-grey tinge. Cone, in processof being shaped by abrasion:blank forbead. 6. SERPENTINE WHORL or BUTTON. H. 1.05. D. 2. Dh. 0.25. Chipped at top, encrusted by kouskouras. Black.Conical. 7. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 162;plate 284). L. 1. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.2 g. Tiny;dischead, 'bulb' withsinglemoulding above.Tip and mostofshaftlost. 8. IRON PIN fr.Piece ofshaft,L. 4.5, D. 0.4, tapering to 0.25. 9. IRON STRIP fr.L. 4, max.W 1.2;verythin. 10. IRON PIN fr.Piece of shaft,L. 3.8, D. 0.4, taperingto 0.25. 11. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 5.9, sectioni.i squared. 12. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 6, section1.2squared. 13. BRONZE PIN frs.(Largest)L. 1.2. D. 0.2. Total Wt.0.5 g. Much oxidizedpiecesofshaft. 14. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 5.7,section1.2squared. 15. IRON, (i) OBELOS frs.Six pieces,to totalL. 15; (ii) ONE-EDGED KNIFE, piece of blade, L. 3, W 2.2,taperingto 2.0. 16. IRON DIRK (?) fr.,on to whichis corrodedPIN fr.Piece ofblade ofdirk(?) L. 7.7,W. 2.5,taperingto a point. On to thisis corrodedthe tip of a pin, L. 5, shaftD. c. 0.25,taperingto a point. 17. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest) 5.6 X 3.7.Wt. 15g. 18. IRON SWORD fr.Lower blade and tip of a sword;existingL. 17;W. 3, taperingto tip; max. Th. 0.6; flatmidrib,W. c. 1.1.
19. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 14.8,section1.2squared. 20. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 13.2,section1.2squared. 21. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Piece of the blade of a straight-backedknife; L. 6.1, W. 1.6, taperingto point;Th. at back 0.2. 22. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt. 5.5 g. Ten pieces. Affix,ratherthan vessel?One piece has tracesof a rivethole. 23. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)3.7 X 2.3.Wt.5 g. Fourpieces- affix, ratherthanvessel? 24. IRON OBELOI frs.Two pieces of obelos,Ls. 7 and 4.8; sectionsc. 1.2squared. 25. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.Tip ofspearhead,L. 3.6, W. 1.5,taperingto point;faintmidribdetectable. 26. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)6.5 X 3.8. Total Wt. 18.5g. Partofvesselwall? c. 27. IRON CLAMP (?) fr.L. 3.2, sectionrectangular, 0.5 by0.25. No datingevidence.Not fromtombitself. 28. IRON OBELOI frs.Three pieces:L. 2.5, section 1.5squared;L. 9.4, section0.9 squared;L. 2.8, section only0.7 squared(fromneartip?). 29. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 162; plate 273). L. 9.2. H. 2.3. Wt. 40.2 g. Piece ofcauldronrimwithflat top.Distorted;oxidized. 30. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)7 X 5.5. Wt. 25.6. Fourpieces+ chips. 31. BRONZE SHEET fr.3.3 X 3. Wt. 3.6 g. 32. IRON OBELOI frs.Eleven pieces,to totalL. c. 63; biggestpiece,L. 16.8,section1,squared. 33. IRON OBELOI frs.Fourpieces (plus scraps),to totalL. 19.5. 34. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Piece fromthe tip of a straight-backed, one-edgedknife;L. 3.3, W i.i, taperingto point. 35. IRON SLAG. Fourlumps,weighingtogether 76 g. 36. IRON OBELOI frs.Three pieces,twojoiningto L. 12.8,section1.2squared;thirdpiece,L. 5.6. 37. BRONZE PIN (fig. 162).L. 4. Head D. 0.8. Wt. 1.5 g. Hollow mushroomhead. Slim. Shaftsection square. 38. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(fig. 162).(Largestsingle piece) L. 13. (Largestjoining)13. (Highest)3. Rim W. 0.4-0.5. Total Wt. rimfrs.243.5 §• Total Wt. of body frs.327.7g. Uncertainwhethertheelevenrimfrs.and
238
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
the manybody pieces all belongto the same vessel, whichwas open,butotherwise unidentifiable. 39. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Five pieces, probably joining,fromthe 'hull' of an unusuallywide fire-dog. TogetherL. 40.5; W. 2.5, Th. 0.4, but narrowingat one end to a squarish rod, section 0.8 squared; probablythisis theapproachto the'bow' end. 40. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 162; plate 273). L. 1. D. largerhead 0.6; smaller,0.3. Wt. 0.75 g. Fromthehilt of a knifeor weapon; tracesof oxidizedironon the shaft. 41. BRONZE ROD fr.(fig.162;plate 273).L. 1.8.D. 0.8. Wt. 6.5 g. Cylindrical rod, too large for pin - partofrodtripod? shaft EGYPTIAN BLUE BEAD, FLUTED BARREL 42. SHAPE (fig. 183).Vividpale blue. D. 0.8. L. 0.9. Dh. - wellworn.HL? 0.3. Deep, regularincisions 43. Vacat. 44. CLAY BEAD (fig. 187;plate 306). H. 1.5. D. 2. ifat Dh. 0.5. Half lost,chipped.Beige fabric,lightly, all fired.Depressedsphere,incisedwithlinesjust off vertical. 45. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Nine separatepieces,plus numeroussmallflakes.The bestpiece,L. 13.8,shows a section of 2.8 by 0.6, so that the size was again broad. Two smalllengthsof rod are corrodedon to this.The totalL. presentis c. 45 cms.,but the pieces are notcontinuous.It is certainthatsome,at least,of thesepiecescame froma different specimenfromthat therewas more and therefore that in 39, represented in thetomb(see also 51 below). thanone fire-dog 46. IRON FIRE-DOG. Two frs.With33. 47. IRON OBELOS fr.L. 4.6, sectionc. i squared. 48. IRON FIRE-DOG fr.L. 4.7, sectionas mainpart of39 above. 49. IRON OBELOI frs.Fourpieces,plus scraps,to totalL. 27.5. 50. IRON SWORD fr.Piece of sword-blade;L. 4.7, W. 3.6, edgesroughly parallel. 51. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Two pieces: one, L. 9.4, thechangefroma flatbar,W.c. 2.5, Th. incorporates W. c. 0.3, H. c. 2.2, and c. 0.5, to theuprightterminal, is probablyfromthe 'stern'end; the other,L. 4, is fromthe'hull'.One or bothofthesecould come from thesamepiece as 39, butsee also 45 and 46. 52. IRON OBELOI frs.25 pieces of obelos,to total L. c. 114cms. 53. IRON FIRE-DOG(S) frs.Twelve pieces, plus some scraps,fromthe 'hull' of one or morefire-dogs, to a totalL. of60 cms. 54. IRON DIRK frs.Four pieces, of which one is fromtheveryruinedhilt:L. 6.8, W at shoulders3.8; one bronzerivetsurvives.The otherthreescrapsare froma blade or blades; one at least appears to have come fromthesame weaponas thehilt,butthereare nojoins.
55. IRON OBELOI frs.Twenty-four pieces,to total L. 119cms.One oftheseis froma tip,L. 6.2, section1 squaredtaperingto bluntpoint. 56. IRON DIRK frs.Upperpartofhiltofdirk,witha non-joining piece of blade. Hilt-piece,existingL. 5.3; W. at 'ears' 2.8, at first'neck' pommel-tang preserved; 1.3,at firstswelling1.9; flanges,and one bronzerivet, preserved. Blade-piece,L. 7.4,W. 3. 57. IRON DIRK frs.Fourjoiningpieces,to formthe hilt and upper blade of a smaller dirk than 56. L. 17.5;hiltL. 7.5; shortpommel-tang; W. at Together, 'ears' 2.4, at first'neck' 1, at firstswelling1.6, at second 'neck' 1.2,at shoulders2.9; verythinflanges; at 'ears',at firstswellingand twoat fourbronzerivets, shoulders. Blade tapers fromW. 2.9 to 2.1 at last break,10cms.down.Lightand slenderoverall. 58. IRON CORRODED MASS OF SPEAR- AND JAVELIN-HEADS. At least four heads are in themainmass,and a socketand bladerepresented fragment join. The corrosionis too severeto show more than that two of the heads are frombroadbladedspears,W. c. 3.4,whiletheothersare narrower, from javelins. 59. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Two scraps fromtheblade ofa one-edgedknifeor knives,bothW. c. 1.
60. IRON PLATE frs.Five pieces of thinironplate which, although broken off on all sides, show a minimum W. of5.7; Th. 0.3. 61. IRON OBELOI frs.Twenty-eightpieces and scraps of obelos, together with a mass of four is c. 186. The totalL. represented corrodedtogether. 62. IRON FIRE-DOG(S) frs.Five non-joining pieces to a totalL of fromthe'hull'ofone or morefire-dogs, ¿24.
63. IRON SWORD. Seven joining frs,assembled from differentlevels, which togethercompose a substantially completebut severelycorrodedsword. L. 53. Hilt,L. 11.5;pommel-tang preserved; Together, W. at 'ears' 2.8; at first'neck' 1.3;at firstswelling2; at second 'neck' 1.3; at shoulders4.3; well-preserved flanges;threebronzerivets,one at firstswellingand twoat shoulders.Blade,L. 41.5,has W 4.2 formostof its length,withparallel edges, beforetaperingto a blunttip; flatmidrib,Th. 1.1. Despite its moderate nota stabbingweapon. length,thisis a slashing, 64. IRON SPEARHEADS frs.Partsof the blades of and seven other two spearheads,corrodedtogether, of blades, some or all of whichbelong to fragments the originalpair.Max. W of blade, 3.5, is presentin mostpieces; thesewere thusfromthe broad-bladed A lengthof varietyfoundelsewherein the cemetery. OBELOS is corrodedon to one piece oftheblade. 65. 66. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIVES frs.Two one-edgedknives,Ws. blade-piecesfromtwodifferent 1.6 and 1; roughly parallel. edges respectively
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 67. IRON OBELOI frs.Fourteenpieces,to totalL. 88 cms. 68. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Thirteenpieces fromthe 'hull' of more than one fire-dog,to a total L. of 89 cms. 69. IRON OBELOI FRS. Nineteenpieces,to totalL. 95 cms.,withtwopieces of (?) FIRE-DOG, Ls. 6 and 4, from'hull'. 70. IRON OBELOI frs.Thirty-two pieces,to totalL. 154cms. 71. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Two pieces of 'hull', Ls. 7.5 and 3. 72. IRON SPEARHEAD frs.Two joininglengthsof two spearheads corroded together,plus two loose pieces of blade, probablyfromthe same two heads. Ls. ofmainpieces 13.5and 6; broad-bladedtype(W.c. 3-5). 73. IRON PLATE fr.Piece of ironplate,W. less than 5, Th. 0.3 to 0.4, ofthesame typeas 60 above. 74. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCHES, two.(a) 5X4. (b) 3.2 X 2.8. TotalWt. 18g. 75. BRONZE TINKER'S PATCH frs.(Larger)2.7 X 2. Wt.5.5 g. Long shaftedrivets;on one,a rivetcurled - difficulty in attaching? up on itself BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 4.7. H. 2. Wt. 13.5 g. 76. Much distorted cauldronrim. 77. BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 6.8. W. 6. Wt. 63 g. Part
Ts. 283, 285
239
of oval attachment^)withlarge rivethead in situ(D. 2.4). Cast solid. (Withit, shapelessmass of oxidized metal- rivet?). 78. BRONZE frs.,TINKER'S PATCHES? (Largest) 5X5. Total Wt. 34 g. Two piecesof sheetcontaining fineattachment rivetsor pins(bent). BRONZE SHEET fr.3.6 X 1.8.Wt. 1.75g. Trace 79. ofindecipherable reliefornament. 80. BRONZE VESSEL frs.(Largest)13 X 2.5. Wt. 206 g. Ten pieces of cauldronrim,not all certainly fromthesamevessel. 81. BRONZE VESSEL fr.L. 4. W 4.5. Th. 0.3. Wt. 42.5 g. Part of rectangular handle plate, large mushroom-headrivet,piece of body metal. (Two gassypiecesofmetaltakenup withit). In addition, layer 1 contained 24.95 g °f sheet bronze and other scraps (32 pieces), layer 2 contained 6.8 g (fourpieces), layer 3, 760 g (550 pieces). Two tinker'spatch frs.were noticedamong thelayer3 material. 82. CLAY ANIMAL FIGURINE (plate 307). PH. 2. PL. 2.5. Fronthalfofbody; head and neckbroken off. Cream slip, matt red-brown paint. Tubular body,shortforelegs(bull?). Red stripeon body at break.
Tomb 285 N (figs. 3, 50; plates 40-41) ExtantL. overall:5.00. Extantdromos: L. 3.50. W. 1.16-1.22.Stomion: 0.60 X 0.30 (including stonejambs) 1.00 X 0.25 (excludingstonejambs). Chamber:2.14 X 1.50.H. 1.38. The unusuallydeep dromos was widestnear the stomion; the N wall was slightly concave.It rosewithouta stepfromthestomion fora verticaldistanceof0.70,at a meanangleof50. There was a neatlycut rectangular door-jambon theN side of thestomion. Againstthisand against the dromos wall oppositewas set a stone'jamb', rectangular in section(0.28 X 0.16),c. 0.62 featurein the cemetery. There had been heavykouskouras fallfrom high,a unique structural above the stomion, beforethe last interments were made, fortheystood on its debris.The entrancewas sealed by large,flattish, unworkedblockingstones,whichleaned towardsthe openingat different angles(one of the twolargerwas 0.80 X 0.40 X 0.15,set at an angleof whichcould not be 38o to thevertical),so placed as to forma lean-toshelterforinterments fitted intothechamber.The chamberwas ovoidin plan,setoff-centre to thedromos, thelonger axis at rightanglesto it,the largerhalfto the NE,the narrowerend on the SW.There had been somefallin thechamber,thoughtheroofwas partlyintact.The floorwas pebble-strewn; - Stand A (0.40 X 0.22) in the N, Stand B in it wereset threeirregularstonestands (0.48 X X in the Stand C SE NE, 0.26) (0.38 0.30)just ofcentre. The tomb was part of the rather irregular N-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-286-285-283-294-306)formingthe N-mostelementin thatpart of the cemetery excavatedin 1978.The orientation was ESE-WSW, thechamberon theE sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundwhenmuchofthetop ofthedromos was exposedin diggingtheN-most
24O
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
CEMETERY
E-Wfoundation trenchoftheMedical Faculty(here2.50 wide).Bothdromos and chamberlay In HL to have suffered no material the Ts. 289, 291just sufficiently deep damage. antiquity S on the side near the stomion. £T. a full of animal bones cut theN sideofthe 284', pit impinged dromos at itsWend. It was notpossibleto excavatethefulllengthofthedromos. The fillsuggestedthetombhad been robbed.It containedrecognizablepotsand finds,as wellas sherds,at all levels.The most significantwas 7, fragmentsof a large PGB coarse straight-sidedpithos, among very blackenedearthnearthefloor,0.80-1.50fromthestomion. Burntbones (rareelsewherein the a included of of a old. Within dromos) part jaw 9-10 year 7's base was a bronzepin fragment, in thedromos-ñli, was under it. the other £2,5-6, 10, £7; £8,another, Perhaps pin fragments werealso connectedwith7. Among7's sherdswas the PGB-EG lid, 8; underthemwas the PG coarsetripodbasin,9. On theedge oftheburntarea, neartheN wall,was 10, partofthe LPG ringkernos68, laterfounddeep withinthe chamber.30, LPG lentoidflask,on the dromos floorunderthekouskouras roof-fall coveredby theblocking[supra) could havebeen part ofthesamecleaning-out operation.OtherPG vasesin thedromos, perhapsconnectedwiththis group,were 1, lid, 2, pyxis(PGB); just above the entrance,3 (E-MPG coarsepithos),4 (EG £4 (terracottaanimal's jug-aryballos).Loose in the fillwere ft, 3 (javelinhead fragments), rump),5 (bull'shead spout),fg (stonebead), and a lumpofburntwood,piecesofobsidian,a and scrapsofbronzesheet.A LO oinochoe,6, in theNEdromos angle piece ofmudbrick/daub in 13 [infra). Below was fio [supra)and below could have been a late giftforthe interment againa LG oinochoe11, surrounded by?ash-urnsherds. the chamberwas unrobbed,itslaterinterments virtually Despitethe debrisin the dromos, undisturbed. It had apparentlybeen in use fromEPG to LO. Countingthe possiblechild in 7, in the dromos distributed interment amongtwo [supra)therewerefourteeninterments, E-MPG urns(58, 5g), twoLPG-PGB (61, 7g), one EG (71),one MG (3g),fourMO (33, 36, 60 (EPG) containedscrapsof 40, 41) and fourLO (12, 13, 25, 27). Of thetwobell-kraters, crematedbonewhile82 (MPG) also servedas a containerforfunerary crockery. outsidethe S stomion The LO pithos12 stood on fallenkouskouras jamb, protectedby the blocking,its lid, 16, in place. It containeda matureadult cremation,perhapsfemale,an aryballos,22, ironpin, fi2, two bronzepins,£13-14. At its feetwere 14, LO oinochoe, 18-ig, LO lids,withtheLO skyphos23 inside18. butbehind back from12, stillin thedromos, The LO pithos13 was nextto,butsetslightly It was sealedbyitslid, 15. It containedan elderlyadult stillon fallenkouskouras. theblocking, cremation, possiblyfemale,a LO aryballos20. At itsfeetwere17, LO oinochoe,21, LO cup. 6 [supra) mayhavebelonged. nextto the s jamb, 0.10 lowerthan 12, 13, but The LO pithos24 was withinthe stomion, Itslid,25, was in place. It containedthecremationofan adultfemale, stillon fallenkouskouras. witha LO aryballos,28, and bronzetweezers,£15.The LO lid 31 and MO perhapselderly, half under it. A MO oinochoe 65 at the base of the E-MPG 5g may have were cup 32 belonged. The lidlessLO urn27 was beside24, to itsNE.It heldthecremationofa womanof26-35, or somewhatolder,withthe LO aryballos,2g. The LO oinochoe26, between24 and 27, couldhavebelongedto either.The urnoverlaytheMO jug 38, and just overlappedthebase MG urn3g. ofthehalf-fallen The urn33 was withinthechamber,centrally placedjust back fromthe twostonejambs. Its brokenlid 34 was in place, withthe base of a MO cup, 35. It containeda cremation, lid,43, £23,bronze possiblyfemale,c. 18years,remainsofan aryballos,42, MO polychrome
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 285
241
rings,f25, iron pin, f2i + 22, ivoryand bronze spectacle fibula,f25a, bronze strip fi8-i9, 24, beads of gold,bone, rockcrystal,glass,fossilshell;the fishbonef2O fragments, have also been an ornament.The MO jug 38 {supra) mayhavebelonged,as mayhave a may wall and O the beyond38, perhaps62, MO skyphosstackedin 63, O large cup 64 against MG 39. kotylefoundunderthe The MO urn36 stoodS of33, itsrichlydecoratedlid 37 insitu.It containeda mature(over 35) adultcremation, possiblyfemale,and theLO aryballos,44. The MO urn40 stoodbehind33 and 36. It containedan elderlyadultcremationand the was below,overlying thetray81. MO aryballos55. Itslid was 565 theMO oinochoe65 {supra) beneathwhichand 81 The brokenlid 72 lay partlyoverthebase ofthe EG pithos71 {infra), was the EO lid 130 with131 (joined72) nextto it. Below again was the floorstrewnwith from71. sherdsalmostcertainly The MO urn 41 was NE of,and touching40. Its lid was 53. It containeda not veryold cremationand the MO aryballos54. An ironspitfragment adheringby oxidizationto 41's sidefacingthebackofthechambermayhavebeen partofthespit£28. The lidlessMG urn39 was in frontof41, beside33 and behind27. It tippedtowardsthe back of the chamber.It containedan adultcremationand severalvases:-47, MG aryballos, 51, MG aryballos,46 + 50, 48, E-MG smalloinochoe,49, 52, CypriotBoR II lekythoi, of MO was near the the urn's contents,50 well of (burnt 46 top jug joining fragments bronze There were also bead, fi6, down). fi7, wheel-shapedaffixes.(The onlyother glass MG vasesare theAtticMG II oinochoe,67, just insidethes door-jamb,and theupperhalfof Since therewereno LG urnsin a kraterwithhorses,153, repairedfromscatteredfragments.) thismayhavebelongedto the thistomb,and onlyone LG vase,11 (foundin thedromos, supra), in theMG urn39. interment The EG urn71 was recomposedfromsherdsfoundall overthecentreofthefloor.Though therewas onlyone otherEG pot (jug-aryballos, 66, 4), someofthesmallpiecesofPGB (tray, oinochoai84, 120, 140-1, 1435jug 144) or PGB-EG (cups7, 87, in, 113, 133, oinochoai 132, 145) foundscatteredall roundthechambertowardsthewallsmayalso havebelonged. The remainingsix urnswereplaced aroundthewalls.Withthemwas a numberofsmaller pots,someofwhichcouldbe associatedwiththem,butmanywhichcould not,and ironspits, fire-dogs, weaponsand bronzevessels.JustwithintheN stonejamb werenumeroussmallpots ofmixeddate,all withina space 0.50 diameter.UppermostweretheO 62-64 {supra), withthe ironspearhead£40 near 62-63. To theWwerethethreeLPG oinochoai74-6. Betweenand belowthemweretheMPG bell-skyphoi 83, 119 (stacked),77-78. Between76 and 64 were, one above another,theO lids73, 117, thePGB plate,118. Belowagain was 120, smallPGB oinochoe.SE of thispile was theAtticLPG kantharos121, with122, LPG pyxis,E of it,the EPG oinochoe, 123, and the Euboean LPG amphoriskos,124, to the NE. The coarse LPG-PGB pithos,61, was setagainsttheN wall,above StandA, tiltedto theW.It contained a mature,notelderlycremation, bronzepins£36-37, and goldleafattachments £38-39, 66. The bronzecauldron£26partlyoverlay61, piecesofthespits£27-276 overlayboth.Nextto, and levelwiththe rimof 61 were the highends of threefire-dogfragments, £30-32, laid aslantin frontof 82, endingnear the back wall, beneatha bundleof spits£43-45. These metalobjectscould onlyhave been so placed after61 was in the positionas found.This is unlikelyto have been its originalpositionas therewere some smallvesselsbeneathit-114, EPG amphoriskoscontaining115-116, MPG bell-skyphoi; in, 113, PGB-EG cups; 112, EO cup. Lower,on and aroundStandA, were137, MPG bell-skyphos (on it);135, LPG small lid (S ofit); 134, CorinthianLPG pyxis(e ofit); 138, itslid, 139, MPG bell-skyphos (n ofit).
242
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
It followsthatnone ofthe oftheEG 71 [supra). Among,and underthisgroupwerefragments in 61 which were found before71 was broken. under reached the they pieces positions Because of the EO 112 (supra), 61 cannothave been placed whereit was foundearlierthan EO. in itsoriginalposition The LPG-PGB tubpithos79 and 79a, itslid,appearedundisturbed, lid. on StandB. The AtticLPG skyphos, also seemed in situ on the 79 containedan adult 57, in male view of found with and two bronzestudsfoundin it, cremation, £35,dirk, probably was identified thesieve,whichmayhave been fromit. An ironpin fragment duringstudyof A LPG MPG cremation. At the front of was a 'bird' askos. no, was 136, 79's 79 stirrup-jar, S w. was of tilted between61 and 79. The largeMPG bell-krater 82 immediately 79, slightly In it was the smallerEPG bell-krater, Inside of cremated bone. 82, 60, containingscraps 60 and bell-skyphoi. beneath60 were91-109, 19MPG smallvases- oinochoai,jug-aryballoi urn. Part of withina largerfunerary was thusa uniqueinstanceofa separatebone-container in it. thecauldron£26 and thespits£28-29 lay on top of82. Fire-dogs£30-32 were frontof Otherfire-dogs, £46-47, theirendsunder£30-32, werebelowtheback of82. 82 was notin therewerefoundunderit 133, PGB its originalpositionfor,as well as metalobjects(infra) cup; 140, PGB oinochoe;132, PGB-EG oinochoe.Beneaththeseand £30-32 (supra)were moresherdsoftheEG 71 (supra). The smallEast GreekSubPG krater89 was jammed between82 and 59. 90, LPG-PGB oinochoe,and £34, bronzevessel,containingf34a, faiencebeads, were insideit,but there 128 byitsfoot(on top wereno bones.The spit£29wentoverthetop of89. The bell-skyphos ofStandC) mayhavebelonged;£42,bronzescabbardor quiverfacing,was partlyunderneath it. The emptycoarsepithos,59, lay on itsside,mouthfacingthe S wall. Betweenit and the stackedin backwallwere80, CypriotBoR II lekythos, 126, PGB cup with142, bell-skyphos, it; otherskyphoi,127, 150, werenearby.The skyphoimighthave belongedto 59; 80 could not. The coarse pithos58, SWof 59, was verylikeit. Standingupright,it containedan adult (notelderly)male cremationand 86, LPG pyxis.Betweenit and thewall was thepyxis,125, and suggeststhat showsthiswas a LPG interment, whichcould havebelonged.86, however, - thoughpartof it with have been the foot of LPG kernos at the 68, deposited 58, might ring near the sherdsof 7 (supra).Also at the footof 58 were66 68 (10) was foundin the dromos with 88 inside,70 PGB cup,and 87, the (CypriotBoR I lekythos) (PGB tray),69 (LPG pyxis), same(under58). Between68 and theS stonejamb laytheAtticMG II oinochoe67, thePGB was nextto 84, partlybelow the PGB oinochoe84 below it. 85, CypriotBoR II lekythos, 66. tray, Afterremovaloftheurnsthatlinedthes wall thereremaineda complexofsmallpotsand ofStandC. Betweenstandand wall were£43-455a bundleofat metalobjectsin thevicinity leasttenwellpreservedspits,beneaththe centreof whichwas 141, PGB oinochoe.The NE end of thebundlerestedon the smallAtticLPG amphora129, just NE of Stand C. £46-47 £31-32 (supra)whoseSW fire-dogs, lay across129, theirSWends underthe fire-dogs (supra), of the EG 71 (supra)werebelow £31-32, not onlywas ends underlay£43-45. As fragments but it could not have reached its final thiscomplexof fire-dogsand spitsinterconnected, mainarrangement, to this In addition destruction. until after £49 (spitfragment) 7i's position was parallelto 129, passingunder£46-47. £50, was on top of £43-45, £48 (spitfragment) was at rightanglesto £48 with133, 144, 132, 140 (all, supra).The pointsof spitfragment, and £54 (javelin)wereunder129's neck.Between129's mouthand thewall,£53 £41(spear)
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 285
243
was a mass of oxidizediron,includingspits,spear-and javelin-heads.Under 129 were£56 N of 129 were scatteredfaiencebeads, £55. and £57 (fire-dogfragment); (spear fragment) Under£43-455at thebase of 129, was £52,javelin-head,overlying 143, PGB oinochoe.£51, SE end of was on theNEcornerofStand The was under £j2 (supra) £31-32 (supra). spearhead, was it. £6o covered Its other beneath it beside half,£60, £6i, oxidizedironmass C; lay £32. N ofthese. was a hilt. includingsixjavelinsand sword/dirk 145 [supra) immediately PGB PGB-EG the oinochoe146 inside NEof StandC, lowerthan129, werethe lid, 147, with,beyondthe SE it,£58, irondouble axe nearby.SWwere 148-149, LPG bell-skyphoi of a bronzevessel,£59. SWof this,againstthewall was cornerof Stand C, a largefragment beside 151, CypriotBoR II lekythos. JustwithintheN stonedoor-jambwere£64, 150 (supra) iron double axe and £63, iron knife.Near the wall, where 61 had stood, was £62, iron spearhead. theotherE-MPG ThoughtheemptyE-MPG pithos59 mayhaveheldan EPG interment, had the pithos,58 did not,sinceit containedan LPG pot. The ?EPG pithos7 in the dromos PGB-EG 8 amongitssherds,and could also have been an olderurn used fora laterburial. was in theMPG 82, afterwhichcame an LPG interment Thus theearliestcertaininterment in theE-MPG urn58, followedbytheLPG-PGB 61 and 79. Then came theEG 71 (butno EG pots,so perhapsassociatedwithPGB and PGB-EG potsand therefore earlyin EG). The next urn, the MG 39, containedseveralsmall MG pots [supra).It was foundtilted,and disturbed.Inside it also was the brokenMO jug 46 + 50, whichmay indicatea evidently reuse of the same urn aftera long interval,leaving the originalMG goods in situ.The based on position,wouldhave been: in MO, 41, 40, probableorderof thelatercremations, in 12. LO, 36, 33; 27, 24, 13, Nothingcan be provedabout theoriginalassociationsofthemetalfindson thefloorunder thespitsand thefire-dogs. But thespitsand fire-dogs themselves mayhavebelongedto one of Their conditionwas so good thattheymusthave been wheretheywere thelaterinterments. oftheEG urn71, etc.,overlayfragments originally deposited.The chiefcomplexoffire-dogs, whichcannothave been smasheduntilthefirstinterment, aftera longgap, in the O period. theLPG-PGB 61 was Moreover,theironsmusthavebeen placed wheretheywerefoundafter EO this can have been no earlier than the of the lid 112 under61. The relocated; placing of that an EO interment have been disturbed when the great 112 suggests presence may of the tomb took The earliest MO urn that rearrangement place. following rearrangement, of iron adheringthroughoxidizationto its back. Was this, 41, was foundwitha fragment then,the ownerof the finebanquetingequipment,includingthe bronzecauldron£26, with ironsaboveand belowit? POTTERY (PLATES 219-30) 1. SMALL LID (FIG. 138). PH. 4.2. D. 6.8. Nearly complete. Knob in the formof a bird with wings outstretched (head brokenoñ); bars acrosswingsand tail, bars between lines on back. Two suspension holes,opposed.PGB. Suitableforpyxis285.2. 2. PYXIS (FIG. 138). H. 7.6. D. 6.5. Rim chipped. PGB. 3. *COARSE PITHOS. PH. 12.5. DB. 21. Base fr.; also wall frs.,not illustrated. Orange clay,whiteand greygrits,greycore. Plump ovoid body,disc foot. Three grooves above belly, five on lower body. E-MPG. A largerversionof285.58.
4. *JUG-ARYBALLOS.PH. 7. Body only.Flat base. Shoulder:triangles as on frontof13.21. EG. 5. JUG. Frs.of shoulder,wall, and bull'shead spout. Cream slip;detailsofhead in darkpaint.Linesat base of neck, grouped lines below. Shoulder,beside the spout,dot and circlesrosette.LO. 6. OINOCHOE. H. 24. Chips fromwall. Lines on mouth, grouped lines on lower body. On neck, groupedstrokesand dotsbetweenlines.S on handle. a Shoulder,doublecircles;pendentfromneckat front, triangleformedby pairs of lines withcross-hatching betweenthem,a doublecirclein each bottomcorner.
244
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Three crossed strokesfrombottomline. Cf. E no. 1523.LO. 7. COARSE STRAIGHT SIDED PITHOS (plate 230). H. 51. DR. c. 23. Half preserved.One handle missing.Heavy red fabric,much mica, smoothed. Verticallip, slopinginwards;ridgebelow.Flattened handle,knob above. Flat base. Decorationin white, muchworn:two lines on shoulder,one below; three linesat handlelevel,one on lowerbody,one at base. Two vertical lines down body, fromhandle root. Containedthe AtticLPG skyphosfr.285.152. The lid 285.157 fits.PGB. 8. SMALL LID. H. 5.2. D. 13. Complete.Thickbars on rim.PGB-EG. 9. COARSE TRIPOD BASIN (plate 223). DB. 38. Base only.Grittyred clay,layersof greyand blackin of section;smoothedabove,roughbelow.Attachment PG (?). twotripodfeetvisibleunderneath. 10. Vacat: joins 285.68. 11. OINOCHOE. PH. 26.3. Base to neck,handleand mouthmissing.Ring foot.Neck: outlineleaves with dottedmidrib.LG. 12. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 40.8. DR. 19.2. worntracesof Half a verticalhandlelost.Extremely birdsbetweenhandles and below,two zones of red and blue brokenmeanderand two of opposed blue Red barson feet.LO. and redtriangles. 13. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 138). H. 39.8. DR. 19.5. Complete.Betweenhandles,birds.Above each horizontalhandle a red hexagramwith blue volutes at each point. Below, bands of guilloche, opposedred and blue triangles.Patternbetweenfeet lost,redbarson strapfeet.Pairwith12. LO. 14. OINOCHOE. H. 14.2. Complete save chips in rim.Bands.Cf. 13.4. LO. 15. POLYCHROME LID (fig. 138). PH. 7.6. DR. 19.2. Chips in rim and wall, knob lost. Shape and decorationas 285.25. For285.13. LO. 16. POLYCHROME LID. H. 17.5.D. 18.4. Partsof knob,one ring,and wall lost. Worn. Traces of red paint on ringsand knob,red lozenges and red and blue lineson lid. E 164,class G (ii) (b). For 285.12. LO. 17. OINOCHOE. H. 16.1. Complete save chips in rim.As 285.14 and a pair.LO. 18. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID. H. 6.6. blue DR. c. 19.2.Complete.Exteriorwall and interior, and redlines.Cf. 107. 208. LO. 19. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID. H. c. 6. DR. 20. Complete.As 285.18. LO. 20. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.5. Complete. Late, wideshoulderedshape. Tongues on mouthand shoulder, withvestigialarcades and whiteedging.Bands and lineswithwhiteenhancementon lowerbody.E 159, classK, late.LO. 21. *CUP (FIG.138). H. 10.4. DR. 12. Chips in rim.
Fullycoatedinsideand out.Worn.E 166,classB (iii). LO. 22. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Complete save chips. Creamslip.Bands.Cf.E no. 1530.LO. 23. *SKYPHOS (fig. 139). H. 7.5. DR. 8.5. Complete.Fullycoated.LO. 24. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 139). H. 41.5. DR. 20.3. Completesave chipsin wall. Worn.Traces of pairs of birds betweenhandles. Below,bands of blue and red chequers,blue and red meanderlegs, alternatered and blue triangles.Betweenstrapfeet, red lozenges.Red bars on feet.By the same hand as 285.12 and 13. LO. 25. POLYCHROME LID (fig. 139). H. 16.8. DR. 19.4.Completesave chips.Veryworn.Red rings,blue and red bands on knob.Lid, blue and red guilloche, joined to base of handleby red and blue rays.E 164, class G (ii) (b). For 285.24. Cf. 218.58 and 56.27. LO. 26. OINOCHOE. H. 16. Gaps in wall. Banded, as 285.14 and 17. LÖ. 27. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 139). H. 45.7. DR. 20.5. Complete save chips.Worn paint. Above Betweenhandles, handles,red and blue meander-legs. pairs of red and blue birds. Below,band of panels; in red,blue and opposedblue palmettescross-hatched red guillochealternatingwithblanks.Second band, and red and blue rosettes red and blue cross-hatching alternatingwithblanks.Betweenlegs,red and blue Prongmarks Legs, red herring-bone. tongue-rosettes. on strap feetand horizontalhandles. By the same hand as 34.5. LO. 28. *ARYBALLOS (fig. 139).H. 8.9. Completesave chipsin mouth.Neck and handlesbarred,tongueson mouthand shoulder.Dark lowerbody withreserved line.E 159,classK. LO. 29. *ARYBALLOS (FIG.139).H. 7.6. Complete.Lines on mouth and neck, verticalon handle. Shoulder, three silhouettebirds between chevron columns. Bandsand lines.E 159,classK. LO. 30. LENTOID FLASK. H. 12. Complete. White grits.Handle barred.LPG. Fordecorationcf.219.16. 31. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID. H. 6.8. DR. 19.7.Complete.As 285.18. LO. 32. *CUP (FIG.139).H. 10. DR. 12.1. Complete.Fully coated.E 166,classB (v),widebody.MO. 33. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 37.3. Complete, wornin places.Belowrim,redand blue meanderlegs. Panels:pairsofbirdswithvolutetailsin red and blue. Horizontal handles,red chevrons;verticalhandles, blue and whiteguillocheon red. Below,bands ofblue and red meander legs and red tonguesarcaded in blue.Betweenfeet,redand blue rosette.Red chevrons on feet,redand blue hatchingon base. MO. 34. POLYCHROME LID. H. 12.7. DR. 20.5. Completesaverings.Blue bandsinsideknob.Exterior
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 285 of knob blue. Lid, processionof long-neckedbirds, red fill,blue barredwings.E 164,class blue-outlined, G (ii)(b). For285.33. MO. 35. *CUP (FIG.139).H. 12.5.DR. 11.8.Gaps in rim and wall.Fullycoated,worn.E 166,classB (iv).MO. 36. POLYCHROME PITHOS. H. 37. Complete. Abovehandles,guilloche.Betweenhandles,framedin chevroncolumns,opposed red and blue lotus bees. Vertical handles, vertical bars between lines; horizontalhandlesblue and red.Below,threebandsof red net, anchoredto red billetson blue bands. Red and blue lineswithzones of red billets.Betweenfeet, arcades; on feet,red chevronsbetween blue lines. MO. LID. H. 14. DR. 17.6. 37. POLYCHROME Complete. Red rings, blue knob. Procession of birdsto L., blue outlinewithred-barred partridge-like wings.For285.36. E 164,classG (ii)(B). MO. 38. JUG. H. 24.2. Gaps in neck. Sixfoldcircleson shoulder, groupedlineson neckand body.E 155,class II D (i). MO. 39. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.2. DR. 23. Complete.Whitegrits.Insetlip, risingrim;flattened handles,ringfoot.Ironstain.Painton lip. Panels:A as shown; B, hatched meander,dotted lozenge chain withextradots above and below,hatchedmeander, dottedlozengechain. Handles: centralarea reserved withbars.MG, late. 40. POLYCHROME PITHOS (colourplate A). H. 41.5. DR. 20.3. Gap in wall. Grey/bluepaint.Above Betweenhandles, handles,redand blue checkerboard. pairsof opposed birdswithstripedbodies,framedin chevroncolumns.Horizontalhandles,groupedbars; verticalhandles,verticalbars in panels.Below,bands; birdsto L. alternatingwithblue guillocheand void panels; blue lotus withred outer petals. Strap legs with prong marks. Between legs, arcade. Legs, groupedbars;redstrokeson base. LO. 41. POLYCHROME PITHOS (colour plate B). H. 44.5. DR. 22.5. Complete. Above handles, checkerboard. Panels, red and blue zigzags. Horizontalhandles,blue; verticalhandles,verticalred barsin panels.Below,redand blue lotusand palmette chain; blue arcade. Betweenfeet,blue arcade. Strap feet,verticalsin panels, alternatelyred and blue. ofironspitadheringto one side.MO. Fragment 42. *ARYBALLOS (fig. 140). H. 9.4. Complete, faded.Tongueson mouth,handle barred.Shoulder, trees of life flankingtriple dotted circles. Spiral meanderbetweenlines.Lines and bands.E 159,class K. MO. 43. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 139). H. 12.2. DR. 21. Gaps in rimand wall. Worn.Red and blue stripes insideknob. On lid, tracesof blue and red rosettes and treesoflife.Cf.E no. 1212. EO. 44. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.7. Gap in wall. Mouth
245
rubbed,linesat edge. Double circles.Lines,thendark paintto base. E 157,classII B (ii)late.LO. 45. LEKYTHOS (fig. 140).H. 11.4.Nearlycomplete. Deep orange clay,red-brownslip,polished surface, mattblack paint; verythinfabric.Round handles. One quadruple circle on frontof shoulder.Cypriot BoR II. In pithos285.39. RDAC 1984,129no. 20. 46. JUG. H. 25.2. Gaps in neck. Dent on one side. Lines inside and outside mouth,sixfoldcircles on shoulder.Below,bands outlinedin white.E 155,class II D (i). MO. 47. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.7. Nearlycomplete;surface wornand cracked.As 285.51 but withtrianglesonly and barsbetweenlineson thehandle. on theshoulder, MG. In pithos285.39. 48. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 7. Complete. Large whitegrits;patchyblackpaint,lustrousin parts.Flat base. Paint inside lip, barred handle. Neck panel: triple zigzag. Paint on lower body overlapping underneath.E-MG. In pithos.285.39. 49. LEKYTHOS (fig.140).H. 11.9.Nearlycomplete. As 285.45. CypriotBoR II. In pithos285.39. RDAC 1984, 129 no. 21.
50. Vacatpartof285.46. 51. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.6. Nearlycomplete,surface vertical cracked.Concave base. Shoulder:intersecting zigzags in front,betweentriangles.Verticalline on handle.Two circlesinsidelip.MG. In pithos285.39. 52. *LEKYTHOS. Frs. Apparently as 285.45, CypriotBoR II. In pithos285.39. RDAC 1984, 129 no. 22.
53. POLYCHROME LID (colour plate B). PH. 11. DR. 22.2 Rings lost. Red rings, blue knob. Red lozenges, blue arcade, guilloche in blue and red outlinewithblue centres.For 285.41. E 164,class G (ii) (b). MO. 54. ARYBALLOS (fig. 140). H. 10.2. Gaps in wall, halfof mouthlost. Tongues on mouth.Handle and neckbarred.Shoulder,arcaded tongues.Below,band of grouped verticalsbetween lines, grouped lines. Dark underside.E 159,classK. MO. 55. ARYBALLOS (fig. 140). H. 7. Misfireddark. Tongues on mouth. Shoulder, three groups of chevrons,two spiral pendent fromneck. To leftof each, tongue.Lines,double steps,lines,band. E 159, classK, early.MO. 56. POLYCHROME LID. (colourplate A). H. 13.3. DR. 19.5. Gaps in wall. Cream bands inside knob. Exterior,blue and red bands on knob,blue and red leaveson lid. For285.40. E 164,classG (ii)(b). MO. 57. HIGH-FOOTED SKYPHOS. H. 15.7. D. 17. Complete. Fine orange clay, lustrousblack paint. Insidefullypaintedbutforreservedlinebelowlip and reservedcircleson floor.AtticLPG. 58. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 42.2. DR. 28. Complete.Coarse orangeclay,largewhiteand brown
246
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
grits,buffslip.Rim flatabove.Large disc foot.Sets of fourgrooves.Three verticaldepressionsat root of each handle.E-MPG; cf.O 6. UrnswithLids109,pl. 13a. 59. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. PH. 24.5. DR. 33. Upperhalf.Fabricas 285.3 butsurfacesmoother, withtraces of cream slip. Squared rim,flatabove. Largerversionof285.58. E-MPG. 60. BELL-KRATER (fig. 137). H. 33.5. D. 26.5. Complete. White grits,cream wash. Spatterbelow band inside.SM/EPG. BythepainterofE no. 166. 61. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 49.5. DR. 27. Complete.Clay as 285.58 but no slip. Verticallip, ellipticalhandles,flatbase. Verticalnotchesround base of neck;on belly,incisedherring-bone between shallowgrooves.Three rounddepressionsat root of cf. E no. each handle. LPG-PGB; forherring-bone 283. 62. *KOTYLE (FIG.140).H. 6.7. DR. 13.Gaps in rim and wall. Verylow neckedrim,slightringfoot.Fully coatedsavereserveddot on floor,reservedlinesinside and outsidelip and underside.MO. 63. *KOTYLE (fig. 140). H. 7.5. DR. 8.5. Gaps in rimand wall. Verylow nickedrim,slightringfoot. Fullycoatedinsideand out,savereserveddoton floor, reserved linesinsideand outsidelip and underside.O. 64. *CUP (FIG.140).H. 10.6.DR. 14.9.Chips in rim. Fullycoated save reservedlines insiderim,reserved bars on handle,and reservedunderside.Close to E 166,classB (iii).O. gaps in wall. 65. OINOCHOE. PH. 23. Base missing, Band inside lip. Lines on neck, bars on handle. Grouped side-circles,billetsat outer edge, central solidand dottedoutlinetongues. rosetteofalternately Front, fivefoldcircles with double-outline solid lozengewiththreestrokesat each cornerbelow the circlesand bar with first circles.Belowhandle,fivefold pointedendsand barspendentfromit.MO. 66. TRAY (FIG.140).H. 4.3. D. 21. Complete.Cream slip. Two round handles risingfrominsetrim. On floor,hatched cross withinfiveconcentriccircles; circlesin spacedpairs.PGB. concentric underneath, 67. OINOCHOE. H. 23.6. Complete.Fine orange clay,small browngrits,a littlemica, lustrousblack glaze. Thickenedlip,ringfoot.Thickbars on handle. AtticMG II. 68. RING KERNOS. H. 18. D. of ring21.5. Nearly complete.Whitegrits,buffwash. Ring bodybearing threemodelledbirds,and fourminiaturevessels:two neck-handled amphorae, a deep kalathos, and anotheramphora.Three roundbaskethandles,one spanningthe ringbody,the othertwo (one broken) thebirds.Threepointedfeet(one broken), connecting roundin section.Verticalholes are piercedthrough the stemsunderthe miniaturevessels,throughwhich liquidscould flowintotheringbody.The onlyegress
is throughthe central bird's mouth,resemblinga horse'smuzzle.The birdshave pelleteyeswithdots, earsin relief.LPG. Protohippalektryon 23,pl. 3.2. 69. *PYXIS (fig. 140). H. 11.9. DR. 9. Complete. Spatterbelowband inside.LPG. 70. *CUP. H. 7. DR. 9.8-11.2.Complete.Lumpyand uneven surface with large grits. As 285.1 11. PGB-EG. 71. NECKED PITHOS. H. 42. DR. 25. Threequarterspreserved.Cream slip.Projectingrim,slight ridgebelow concaveneck.Metallicprojectionseither side of upperhandle attachments. Ring foot.Groups of bars on rim. Handles barred. Paint inside neck. Stainsfromlongironobject(spit?).EG. 72. *DOMED LID. D. 19.5. H. 5.2. Complete. Evertedlip, suspensionholes. White paint, orange circles,theinnerones withfilled clay.Massed fivefold centres.Billetson rim.Cf.E no. 848. MO. 73. *DOMED LID (fig. 140). DR. 19.7. H. 7.5. Complete save chips. Flat rim, suspension holes. White on dark. Decoration as 285.72, but triple circles.MO. 74. OINOCHOE. H. 8.8. Lip chipped;worn. Buff slip. Flattened round handle, narrow flat base. Shoulder:threegroupsoffivebarspendentfromneck band. Trace ofbarson handle.LPG. 75. OINOCHOE. H. 11.8. Complete. Shape as 285.76. Band on and inside lip, wavy line down handle,ringroundroot.Scribbleand line at base of neck. Shoulder:fivependentbars on side only;four solid trianglesoutlined, scribbles between. Paint underfoot.LPG. 76. OINOCHOE. H. 11.2. Lip and foot chipped. Cream slip.Flattenedhandle,low conical foot.Paint on and insidelip,wavyline downhandle,ringround root.Shoulder:stackof threeW's pendentfromneck line;at each side,scribblesaboveand below.LPG. 77. *BELL-SKYPHOS. Complete.H. 12.As 103. MPG. 78. *BELL-SKYPHOS. Complete. H. 11. As 103. MPG. 79. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 40. DR. 33. Virtuallycomplete;lowerbody wornand crumbling. Fabric as 285.3, but smoothed.Ridges above and below neck; carinatedshoulder,disc foot.Metallic spool attachmentseach side of upper handle roots, holes pierced vertically through their lateral All decorationincised: continuousbars extremities. roundrim,fivezones of opposed groupsof oblique bars,triplezigzag on lowerbody Verticallinesdown handles,horizontaldashesabovespools.LPG-PGB. 79a. COARSE LID. D. 54.5. Nearlycomplete.Gritty brick-redclay, large white inclusions,some mica; smoothed, except for rough surface underneath. Trace ofcreamslipon outerwall and insiderim.Two horizontallug handles attached to flatrim. Found with285.79 buttoo largeforit.LPG-PGB.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 80. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.1.Complete.As 285.45 but thickenedoutercircle;surfaceburnt.CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,129no. 23. 81• Vacatpartof72. 82. BELL-KRATER. H. 43. D. 41-42. Complete. Whitegrits,buffslip. Ridge below evertedlip. Disc foot.Handle zone: A as shown;B similar,but with griddedzigzag below centralcircles.Inside: band at rim, spatterbelow. Iron stains. MPG. Contained 285.91-109. 83. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 12.6. DR. 9.8. Complete. As 285.103. Ironstain.MPG. 84. OINOCHOE. H. 10.2.Complete.Concave base. Paint on handle and inside rim. Lowest band stops shortofbase. PGB. 85. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.8.Nearlycomplete;surface cracked.As 285.45. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129 no. 24. 86. PYXIS (FIG.141).H. 13.1. DR. 10.5. Complete. Two pairsofsuspensionholes,opposed.LPG. The lid 285.135 fits. 87. CUP. H. 6.9. DR. 10.5. Complete.As 285.111. PGB-EG. 88. LEKYTHOS (fig. 141). H. 11.9. Lip chipped, clay,thickorange-brown paint,worn.Softorange-buff slip;tracesofpolishedsurface;thinbrownmattpaint. Three setsofthreecircleson shoulder.CypriotBoR I. Foundin pyxis285.69. RDAC 1984,129 no. 30 (not, as there,'292.8'). 89. KRATER (FIG. 141). H. 14.3. DR. 23. Nearly complete.Deep orangeclay,verymicaceous;tracesof creamslip,red-brown paint.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.East GreekSubPG. Urban Nucleus 293,fig.5. 90. LEKYTHOS. PH. 10. Body and part of neck. Low conical foot. Handle barred. Lines on neck. LPG-PGB. Foundin krater285.89. 91. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 141). H. 9. DR. 6.3. Complete.MPG. 92. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 6.2. Complete. Shape as 285.91 but with irregularridge on foot. Paintas 285.95. MPG. 93. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.5. DR. 6.1. Lip chipped. As 285.95. MPG. 94. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 8.5. Complete. Strap handleinsiderim.Ridge below neck,flatbase. Paint on and insiderim,and on upperpartof handle;bars below,loop roundroot.Neck band withcontinuous collarofpendentbars.MPG. 95. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.3. DR. 7. Dipped to MPG. belowhandleoutside,paintall overinterior. 96. OINOCHOE (PIATE229).H. 18.2.Complete.White formed trefoil grits. Roughly lip,flatbase;unevensurface. Painton lip,S on handle,looproundroot.MPG. 97. OINOCHOE. H. 12. Complete.Round handle, flatbase. Paint on rim,thickbars on handle, loop roundroot.MPG.
T. 285
247
98. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.8. Complete. Reserved line between handle roots, otherwiseas 285.95. MPG. 99. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. DR. 6.1. Complete.As 285.95. MPG. 100. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.6. Complete. as 285.95. MPG. to foot,otherwise Painttrickling 101. OINOCHOE (plate 217). H. 9. Complete. A smallerversionof285.97; painton lowerbody.MPG. H. 7.6. Complete. 102. SMALL OINOCHOE. Round handle,concave base withstringmark.Paint inside lip, handle barred. Band across base A smallerversionof285.97. MPG. underneath. 103. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 141). H. 13. DR. 10. Complete.MPG. 104. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9. DR. 6.9. Complete.As 285.95. MPG. 105. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.3. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. 106. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.3. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. 107. BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 12.5. DR. 10. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. H. 8.9. DR. 6.3. 108. *BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.95. MPG. Fragmentary. 109. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 9.2. Complete. As 285.94. MPG. no. STIRRUP-JAR.H. 20.4. Complete.Whitegrits. Flat disc,highconicalfoot;airhole.Disc paintedwith smallreservedcircleat centre;bars on handles,loops roundrootsofhandlesand bothnecks.Shoulder:four cross-hatchedtriangles,outlined. Line inside lip. MPG. Cf.J 55. in. CUP (fig. 141). H. 6.8. DR. 9.8. Complete. Slightridgebelowlip.PGB-EG. 112. *CUP (FIG. 141). H. 11.7. DR. 13.2. Complete save chips.Fullycoatedsave underside,reservedcircle on floor,reservedlinebelowriminsideand out. Close to E 166classB(ii). EO. 113. *CUP. H. 6.8. DR. 10.8.Complete.As 285.111. PGB-EG. 114. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS (fig. 141).H. 17.3.DR. 9.8. Complete.EPG. 115. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 6.3. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. 116. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 6.3. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. 117. *DOMED LID. H. 6.3. DR. 18.7.Chipped rim. Slightlyconvexrim,suspensionholes.Whiteon dark, worn.Tracesofmassedcircles,as 285.72. EO. 118. PLATE (fig. 141). H. 4.5. D. 17. Complete. Cream slip. No paint underbase. Inside,quadruple circleon floor.PG. 119. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 6.2. Complete. As 285.95. MPG. 120. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 7. Complete. Buff
248
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
slip. Flat base. Bars between lines on strap handle. PGB. 121. KANTHAROS (fig. 142). H. 11.1. DR. 13.2. Nearly complete. Fine orange clay, a littlemica, thick lustrous black paint. Reserved dot on floor inside. AtticLPG. UrbanNucleus291, fig.2. 122. *PYXIS (FIG. 142). H. 14.1. DR. 10. Nearly complete. No suspension holes. Triangles with assorted fillings.Spatter below band inside. LPG. H. 17. Rim chipped, handle 123. OINOCHOE. broken. Greenish-yellow slip. Low conical foot. Scribble on neck. Three groups of seven vertical bars pendent from neck band; three dotted lozenges on shoulder, widely spaced. S on handle (non-joining). EPG. Cf. E no. 182. AMPHORISKOS 124. SHOULDER-HANDLED (FIG. 142). H. 18.6. DR. 10. Nearly complete. Coffeebrown clay, small white grits, semi-lustrous brownblack paint. Euboean LPG. M.R. Popham, BSA 78 (1983) pl. 33(e), R. UrbanNucleus291, fig. 3. Eumousia 26, fig.1. PYXIS (fig. 142). H. 13.3. 125. STRAIGHT-SIDED DR. 6.2. Complete. E-MPG. Cf.J 9. 126. *CUP. H. 7.2. DR. 10.4. Complete. As 285.111. PGB-EG. (fig. 142). H. 8.7. DR. 7.2. 127. BELL-SKYPHOS Complete. LPG. H. 8.7. DR. 7.3. Part of iron 128. BELL-SKYPHOS. spit adhering.As 285.127. AMPHORA. H. 33.2. DR. 129. NECK-HANDLED 12.3. Nearly complete. Orange clay,small brown grits, some mica; lustrous black paint. Rounded rim, ring foot. Handles barred. Band inside rim. Iron stain. Attic LPG. 130. *DOMED LID. DR. 19.5. H. 5. Chipped rim. Everted rim. White on dark, worn. Traces of massed circles,as 285.72. EO. 131. Vacat:- 72. H. 13.3. Nearly complete. 132. OINOCHOE. Micaceous red clay,smoothed. Strap handle, disc foot. Eight grooves on lower neck, thirteenvertical ribs on body. PGB-EG. 133. CUP. H. 6.5. DR. 10.4. Rim chipped. As 285.1 11. PGB-EG. 134. PYXIS (FIG. 142). H. 11.5. DR. 8.8. Nearly complete. Fine yellow clay, brown paint. Two suspension holes, opposed. Corinthian LPG. Urban Nucleus293, fig.4. 135. SMALL LID (fig. 141; plate 227). H. 5.6. D. 10. Knob chipped. Two pairs of suspension holes, opposed. LPG. Fits the pyxis 285.86. 136. BIRD ASKOS. H. 15.8. L. 27. Nearly complete. Yellow clay; surface badly cracked, paint worn off. Horse's protome with muzzle spout, pellet eyes, relief ears, each with vertically pierced hole; sharply modelled mane running down to back. Bird body,
CEMETERY
bearing two miniaturepithoi with handles fromrim to shoulder, each side of a round loop handle. Four legs (one missing) and animal tail, all round. The vessel was filledthroughthe miniaturepithoi, throughwhich holes are pierced into the body. LPG. Protohippalektryon
24, pl. 4.1-2. H. 9. DR. 6.5. Fragmentary. 137. *BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.95. MPG. 138. SMALL LID (fig. 142). H. 2.5. D. 9. Complete. Fabric as 285.134. Corinthian LPG. Fits the pyxis 285.134. UrbanNucleus293, fig.4. H. 8.4. DR. 6.5. Complete. 139. *BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.95 but with lower foot. MPG. H. 8.8. Complete. 140. SMALL OINOCHOE. Round handle, painted; flatbase. PGB. H. 26. Rim chipped. Ring foot. 141. OINOCHOE. Paint on lip, S on handle, ring round root. Iron stain. PGB: cf. E no. 443. H. 8.7. DR. 7.6. Complete. 142. BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.127. LPG. H. 10. Complete. Paint on handle 143. OINOCHOE. and rim. Shape as 285.84. PGB. 144. MINIATURE JUG. H. 2.9. Complete. Strap handle inside rim. Rough flat base with stringmark. Band on neck and belly,bars on handle. PGB. H. 10.7. Nearly complete. Fabric 145. OINOCHOE. as 285.132. Strap handle, tall disc foot. Eight grooves on lower neck, nineteen vertical ribs on body. PGB-EG. H. 9.8. Complete. Rough concave 146. OINOCHOE. base. Paint on rim,thickbars on handle. PGB. 147. SMALL LID. H. 7.9. D. 15.7. Complete. As 285.8 but larger and taller. Iron stain. Found with oinochoe 285.146 in it. PGB-EG. H. 8.7. DR. 7.5. Complete. 148. BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.127, but with paint tricklingto lower body. LPG. H. 8.8. DR. 7.3. Complete. 149. *BELL-SKYPHOS. As 285.127. LPG. H. 9.1. DR. 7.6. Complete; 150. *BELL-SKYPHOS. buckled at rim. Otherwise as 285.127. LPG. Shattered frs., decoration 151. *LEKYTHOS. obliterated. Apparently as 285.88. Cypriot BoR II. RDAC 1984, 131 no. 35. SKYPHOS. PH. 11.5. DR. c. 152. HIGH-FOOTED 18. Fr.,rim to lower body. Fine orange-buffclay; black paint, lustrous inside. As J 22. Attic LPG. Found in coarse pithos 285.7. 153. KRATER (figs. 137, 142). PH. 19.5. DR. c. 35. Frs., rim to lower body, stirrup handle. Orangebrown clay with mica, trace of cream slip, fugitive brown-black paint. Horse panels flanking vertical rectilinear composition dominated by meander. Handle: bars on horizontal round member; on vertical strap, star panel between bars. Imported, perhaps Attic MG II.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
H. of neck AMPHORA. 154. BELLY-HANDLED 20. DR. c. 25. Frs. of neck and body. Orange clay, small brown grits, a few grains of silver mica; thick brown-black paint. Flat rim, everted lip; groove at base of neck. Quadruple battlement with blobs on neck. Shoulder: dogtooth zone. Belly: trace of concentric circles in panel; columns of solid lozenges, diagonal bars, cross-hatched triangles with dots in field.Attic EG I. 155. *KALATHOS (fig. 142). H. 13.9. D. 32. Nearly complete. Base rough underneath, unpainted. Solid triangleson rim, splashes of paint on floor.MPG. 156. STIRRUP-JAR (fig. 142). H. 27. In two frs.; spout and much of body missing.Purplish-brownclay, large white grits, cream slip, fugitive black paint. Large spike in disc, airhole, plump ovoid body, low conical foot. Paint on disc, S on handles. MPG. Unusually large and coarse. LID. PH. 19. DR. 31. 157. COARSE CONICAL Three-quarters preserved, knob broken off. Fabric Lower part of solid knob, tapering as 285.7. in white paint: three spaced Decoration upwards. bands on body, a fourthon lip. Fits the EPG pithos 285.7. 158. SMALL LID. D. 10.4. Half preserved, knob missing.Pale buffclay,black paint. Shape as 285.138. Dark ground with three reserved lines. A body fr., SMALL
SITE
- T. 285
249
probably belonging: single zigzag, trace of hatched meander. Corinthian LPG. 159. *KOTYLE. DB. 4.6. Frs. of rim, handle and ring base. Fine cream clay, red-brown paint. Interior fully coated. Exterior between handles, verticals, panel of squiggles. Corinthian, EPC. DB. io. Frs. of base, 160. *JUG or OINOCHOE. wall and handle. Lines on body, sixfold circles on shoulder. E 154, class E or 155 class D (i). O. PITHOS. PH. 19. DR. 161. *COARSE NECKED 28. Rim to shoulder with one handle. Grittyorange clay, grey core. Squared rim, short concave neck; vertical handle from rim to shoulder, elliptical in section. Two grooves at base of neck, three on shoulder; depression at handle root. Similar to 285.59. E-MPG. 162. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 34. DB. e. 21. Frs. of rim, body, base, and one handle. Orange clay,many large brown grits.Rounded projectingrim, concave neck, sharp ridge below. Flat sloping shoulder. On belly,zone of incised decoration: row of single punched circles between lines. Heavy strap handle, circular depression at root. Disc foot. PG. 163. PITHOS (?). Frs. of handle and part of adjoining body. Cream slip, red paint. Large sixfold circles, joined by a double line with dots and solid leaves above and below LO.
FINDS
1. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Piece from near tip of javelin-blade: L. 3.1. W. 1.6, tapering to 1.5. Th. 0.5. 2. BRONZE PIN fr. (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 4.2. Head D. 0.8. Wt. 3.8 g. In two pieces; split (oxidized). Disc head with finial,mouldings on shaftbelow. Once a veryneat piece. fr. Two joining pieces 3. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD froma javelin-blade, comparable in size to that of 1, and probably from the other of a matching pair. Together,L. 3.5; W. 1.5 tapering to 1.4; Th. 0.5. 4. CLAY ANIMAL'S RUMP. H. 2.7. Broken from figurine,perhaps a goat. Solid. Handmade. 5. BRONZE PIN fr. (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 4.4. Head D. 1.3. Wt. 7.5 g. Head and upper shaft,grossly distorted by oxidization. Head spherical, traces of mouldings on shaftbelow. 6. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169; plate 284). L. 2.7. D. of 'bulb' 0.7. Wt. 2.8 g. Upper part of shaft with 'bulb' and mouldings. Split (oxidized). Might belong to 5. 7. BRONZE PIN frs. (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 8. D. 0.6. Wt. 5 g. Two non-joining shaft pieces, split (oxidized). 8. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169; plate 284). L. 3. D. 1.2. Wt. 6 g. Head and bulb, much altered by oxidization. Head hemispherical (?); spherical 'bulb'; no mouldings on shaft.
BEAD (fig. 185; 9. CHLORITE-SERPENTINE plate 302). H. 0.85. D. 1.9. Dh. 0.35. Top lost, scratched. Greeny-grey. Disc, slightly dished base, shallow stepped profile. 10. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169). L. 0.3. D. 1. Wt. 0.75 g. Hemispherical head and startof shaft. 11. BRONZE SHEET fr.1.3 X 1.3. Wt. 0.5 g. 12. IRON PIN. Near-complete, in two joining pieces. Of the same type as 104.fi), that is with a disc at the top and three tiny mouldings a short way down the shaft. L. 10.2; disc of head broken off at edges, survivingD. 0.6; shaft,average D. 0.25. 13. BRONZE PIN (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 7.7. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 2.5 g. Complete, much altered by oxidization. Disc head, tiny finial. Small 'bulb' with quadruple mouldings on the shaft either side. Found in the O pot 12. 14. BRONZE PIN (FIG. 169; plate 284). L. 7.5. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 2 g. Complete in two pieces. Small disc head with finial,very small 'bulb', with very fine mouldings on the shaftabove and below. Found in the O pot 12. 15. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 6.4. Blade W 2.1. Th. 0.2. Wt. 11.5 g. Complete, in two pieces. Pinched spring,broad blade emerging from narrow arms, blade with inturned edges. Found in the O pot 12.
25O
KNOSSOS
THE NORTH
16. GLASS BEADS, subglobular (fig. 183; PLATE 301). Four remaining from graduated string. Glass originally dark brown translucent colour = 'honey colour'- turned violet with corrosion,with white skin. D. 1.1- 1.3. L. 0.7-0.75. Dh. 0.4-0.5. Inside pot 39, MG pithos. AFFIXES, two 17. BRONZE WHEEL-SHAPED (fig. 169). (a) D. 3.8. Th. 0.15. Wt. 6.8 g. (b) D. 3.7. Th. 0.1. Wt. 4 g. (a) complete and intact, (b) complete in three pieces. Wheel-shaped, four spokes. Each has three stitchholes in line fromedge to centre to edge. Cast as discs and four pieces cut out by chisel (distinctivebevel marks show technique). 18. FOSSIL SHELL PENDENT (figs. 183, 185; PLATE311). L. 1.8. W 1.7. Dh. 0.45. Glossushumanus bivalve cockleshell,bicoloured, perforatedlaterallyfor suspension. In pot 33. 19. GOLD BEADS, four (plate 265). D. 0.9. W. 1. Thin sheet gold, embossed with linear designs. Original fillinglost. O. 19a. ROCK CRYSTAL BEAD (fig. 183). H. 0.6. D. 1.4. Dh. 0.4. Disc, transparent with bevelled edges; two halves of disc not symmetrical. 19b. GLASS BEAD (fig. 183). D. 1.1. L. 1.1. Dh. 0.3. Sphere. Much decayed; now dirty,speckled surface. 19c. GLASS BEAD (fig. 183; plate 301). H. 0.2. D. 0.8. Dh. 0.3. Disc, flatsides and edges, fourquadrants grooved on one side in mould(?). Glass corroded, greenish-whitetranslucentone side, golden on other. For shape in glass cf. glass disc, 292^75. 20. FISHBONE DISC BEAD (fig. 183). L. 0.85. D. 0.75. Vertebra from elasmobranch (ray or shark). Unworked; natural perforation. 21. Vacai,part of 22. 22. BRONZE AND IVORY SPECTACLE FIBULA (FIG. 169; PLATE284). (Bronze) L. 6. W 1.3. Wt. 5 g. ivory (Ivory) L. 7.5. W 3.3. Th. 0.3. Complete and bow Bronze: pin component recomposed. parallel, wedge-shaped catchplate, spring of one complete turn. Composed of a hammered rectangular bar. The bow catchplate is attached to the springarm, etc., by a rivet. This, and a second rivet close to the catchplate will have held the ivory. The ivory plate decorated with incised concentric circles and, on each main disc an incised guilloche circle. Found in the O pot 3323. BRONZE RINGS (fig. 169; plate 284). (a) D. 2. Th. 0.3. Wt. 2.9 g. (b) D. 1.4. W 0.4. Wt. 0.3 g. (a) is complete a split ring. It looks as though (b), ring of thin strip,had been threaded on to it. very 24. GLASS BEADS (fig. 183; plate 301). D. 1.9. H. 1.6. Dh. 0.5. Large sphere, grooved into eight segments, very accurately. Translucent, greenish ice hue, with solid white layer of corrosion. Unique. Found in O pot 33: must constitute (surviving) element of necklace with 15, 19 and 20 above.
CEMETERY
25. IRON PIN fr.Piece from shaft,of unspecifiable type. L. 4.3. D. 0.4, tapering to 0.3. 25a. BRONZE STRIP frs.(fig. 169; plate 284). Wt. 0.08 g. Very broken and oxidized. Narrow strip of very thin metal with pin hole adjacent to one terminal. 26. BRONZE CAULDRON (fig. 170; plate 285). DR. 34. H. 23.7. Max. D. 44. Shattered and in innumerable pieces. The shape was probably lownecked with sloping shoulder, straight sides and rounded base. The walls are extremelythin (less than 0.1). Very many tinkered patches, both round and rectangular.(One rectangularpatch was 10 X 4.8.) 27. 27a. IRON OBELOI frs.Thirteen main pieces, plus numerous scraps, all in a ruinous state,belonging to at least two obeloi. Total L. represented145; section generallyc. 1 squared. 28. IRON OBELOS frs.An unusually well-preserved, though incomplete specimen. Four joining pieces, to give L. 56; section generally c. 1 squared, but at one end it appears to thicken to c. 1.4 squared, and this may indicate the proximityof the head; at the other end, an unknown lengthtowards the tip is missing, frs. Another incomplete but 29. IRON OBELOS substantially-preserved example. Made up of nine joining (L. 85) and one non-joining (L. 8.4) pieces. The total length, therefore,will have been at least 93.4. Broken at both ends. The uncorroded section is revealed as being, in this case anyway,only about 0.8 squared but, as with 28, there is a perceptible thickeningtowards one end. (FIG. 179). This, our best30. IRON FIRE-DOG the fire-dog, greatly facilitates preserved reconstruction even of such relatively complete Six main joining pieces examples as 2i9*f56(i). almost complete the 'hull', to a total length of 133.8; at both ends, the transitionfromthe horizontal bar to the upright terminal is clearly visible, but the decorative elements of the actual 'bow' and 'stern' are not preserved. The main section of the hull has W. 2.4, Th. 0.6. Parts of both the arched supportsare also preserved,the 'stern' one being stillpartlyattached to the 'hull' and the placement of the 'bow' one being also identifiable.In the better-preservedsternsupport, the H. to the underside of the arch is 9.4. The measurements in general correspond rather to the than to the larger size of fire-dog, as 2i9.f56(i), smaller variety(compare 31/32 below). 31. 32. IRON FIRE-DOG frs. (fig. 179). Two main pieces, which do notjoin but must belong together,(i) main 'hull' section, almost complete at 'bow' end but broken offwell short at 'stern' end. L. 96.8; section of main body, Max. W. 2.2, Th. 0.5, decreasing to 0.3; transitionat 'bow' end to upright rectangle, W. 0.25, H. 1; on the upper edge of this,extending fromc. 2 to 4 cms. from the broken tip of the bow, is a curious
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 285 in theformofa thin,roughlytriangular protuberance sheet. The two arched supports, though badly damaged, survivein large part. H. to undersideof arch,c. 8.7 on the 'bow' example,whichis thebetterpreserved,but has been violentlytwistedsidewaysin The dimensionsseem systematically smaller antiquity. thanthoseof30 (ii) 'stern'piece,whichcorresponds closelyin scale with (i) and proved to belong to it once conservationwas undertaken.L. 10.1; section here changes fromW. c. 1.5 to uprightrectangle in scale to the 'bow'-pieceof (i). The corresponding of the sterntapersto a tip,whichis bent extremity the shape of the sternof an sharplyback,simulating earlyGreekwarship.The restoredlengthofthewhole piece mustthusbe morethan107cms. 33. Vacai 34. BRONZE BEAKED JUG WITH BUCKET HANDLE (FIG.170;plate 285). H. 14.H. withhandle raised 21. Max. D. 13. Wt. 331.8 g (handle 44.5 g). Much oxidized. Partlyrecomposed of fragments. Raised froma disc casting.Separately made solid swinghandle,withverylong terminals.Spout firmly articulated, veryneatlymade. 34a. FAIENCE DISC BEADS (fig. 183; plate 301). D. 0.8. H. 0.3. Dh. 0.3-0.5. Ten beads besideand two insidebronzevessel34, all stainedgreenby contact withbronze; all inside pot 89, East Greek SubPG krater. 35. IRON DIRK (FIG. 178). Complete dirkof the short,broad-bladedtypeofE no. 571.L. 26.4; hilt,L. 9.1. Max. W. (at shoulders)4.9; well-preserved flanges, Th. 0.6; fourbronze rivetspreserved.Blade tapers evenlyfromW. 4.9 to a ratherblunttipwhich(unlike thatof F. no. 571)is symmetrical. Mineralisedorganic remainson blade and hiltplates. 36. BRONZE PIN (fig.169;plate 284). L. 9.5. 'Bulb' D. 0.7. Wt. 4.5 g. Complete.Shape of head obscured by oxidization.Spherical 'bulb', withmouldingson the shaftabove and below.Foundin the M-LPG pot 61. 37 + 66. BRONZE PIN (fig. 169; plate 284). L. 9.6. D. of 'bulb' 0.6. Wt. 4.5 g. Complete;muchoxidized; head shape uncertain;spherical'bulb',taperingshaft. Foundin theM-LPG pot 61. 38, 39. TWO RECTANGULAR PIECES OF GOLD FOIL (plate 265). 3.3 X 2.5 and 3.3 X 2.7. Holes forattachment at corners.Purposeunknown. 40. IRON SPEARHEAD. Almostcompletein five joiningpieces;theverytip of the blade is missing.L. 42.1; socketL. c. 9.3, D. c. 1.6; blade, W at square shoulders3.3, thentapersto 1.5at finalbreak;midrib, Th. i.i. at shoulders,runs forc. 15 cms. of bladelength.Heavilycorroded. 41. See 53d, etc. OR FACING, SCABBARD 42. BRONZE QUIVER? (fig. 170; plate 284). L. 39.2. W 6. Wt.
251
56.5 g. Completely oxidized; in many pieces. Possibilityof very faint traced ornament; if so, illegible.Perhapspartofthesame objectas 60, above whichitwas found. 43-5. IRON. A mass of ten OBELOI (fig. 179). These wereour best-preserved obeloi; severalare very and the heads are presentin seven nearlycomplete, cases. The factthateach individualobelos is broken into several pieces, and that these pieces are often corroded on to pieces of other obeloi, makes measurementverydifficult.But the best-preserved specimencan be joined up, in six pieces,to make it complete but for the very tip: L. 98.4. A second example,in fivepieces,willjoin to a L. of 91.3, but thisis missinga considerablelengthtowardsits tip and stillhas a sectionof0.8 squaredat itsfinalbreak. A thirdspecimenhas the tip entirely preserved.The standard section is c. 1 squared; the heads, under heavycorrosion,appear to have a pyramidalform, Th. c. 1.6, but the least corrodedexample shows a slightlydifferentform, with a rounded, almost fromtheshaft. head,sharplyoff-set hemispherical 46-7. IRON FIRE-DOG fr.A largepartofthe 'hull' of a fire-dog. Sevenjoiningpieces,to giveL. 101;the section shows, at one end but not the other,the transition intoa squarerodwhichshortly precedesthe uprightterminal.The sectionelsewhereis the usual horizontalbar, c. 1.6 by 0.5. Two pieces are visible wherethearchedsupportsmayhave been fitted;they are 66 cms.apart,butmusthavebeen asymmetrically placed, since one is only13.5cms. shortof the break withthe square section(and therefore was not very muchfurther fromtheterminal), whereastheotheris 18 cms.fromthebreakwiththeflatsection.The most featureis perhapsthattheobjecthas been interesting bentroundintoa U-shape,moreor lesssymmetrically (cf.2i9.fi38); thiswas done withthearchedsupports on theinnersideofthe'U'. apparently 48-50. IRON OBELOI frs.Two obeloi corroded together,of which one can be joined up, in eight pieces, to give a near-completelengthof 101, the highestfigurerecordedforanyofour obeloi;sectionc. 1 squared.Otherpiece L. 18. 51. IRON SPEARHEAD (fig. 178). Virtually completein threejoiningpieces.L. 37.8; socketL. 6, D. 1.8 (internally1.3); blade, chipped at shoulder, Max. W. (surviving) 3.8; midrib,Max. Th. 1.8, runs for c. 16 cms. of length of blade. This piece is intermediatein size between the standard,broadbladed spearheadsand the slimmer javelin-heads;the socketis exceptionally short. 52 + 75 (part) IRON JAVELIN-HEAD. Recomposedof fourfrs.L. 42.7. Socket.L. 8, D. 1.8 (internally1.2); blade W. at square shoulders 2.9; midrib,Th. c. 1,runsforc. 11oflengthofblade. 53> 565 4i- IRON CORRODED MASS, in two
252
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
joining parts,of six SPEAR- or JAVELIN-HEADS and an OBELOS. Withinthe mass, seven distinct one of themcomplete: componentscan be identified, (a) apparentlycomplete SPEARHEAD, L. 49.5; socket,L. c. 15,D. 2 (internally 1.5);blade has slightly hooked shoulders,whereW. 3.8; verystoutmidrib detectable,(b) SPEARHEAD, even larger,preserved in twodetachedlengths,centreofblade lost,restored L. over40. (i) socket/blade-socketL. 7.3,W. ofblade 4.2, taperingto 2.7 (ii) blade near tip, L. 4.5. (c) SOCKET and partofBLADE, twojoiningpieces,L. 17,socketL. 9; blade W. 3. Joiningsocketfr.ex-f$2. (d) SPEARHEAD, complete,composed of 53d + 41 (ii) + 82 part. L. 38, socketL. 10, Blade W. 4.9. Th. c. 0.8 (e) SPEARHEAD, composed of three joiningpieces,tiplost.Fr.in themassjoined to partof 56 and 41 (ii). SurvivingL. 41. Socket L. 9. Blade widensfromshoulderto Max. W. 4.2. (£) lengthof OBELOS, L. 9.2 X 2.0. 54. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD,frs.Fourjoiningpieces, one of which is oxidized to 46/7, formcomplete blade ofjavelin-head. L. (blade only) 31.2. W. 2.6, taperingto point;faintmidrib,maxTh. 1. 55. FAIENCE DISC BEADS, nine (fig. 183; plate 301).D. 0.7-0.9. H. 0.2-0.3. Dh. 0.2-0.3. Remainsof graduatednecklace. Originallyglazed green. Core off-white, porous,mediumhard. 56(i). See53(e). 56(ii), 62, 91. IRON SPEARHEAD, completesave tip,composedof threejoiningpieces.L. c. 29. Socket L. 7.5. D. 1.5 (internally 1.1);blade, W. 4.4 at square shoulders,widens to 4.8; finemidrib,Th. 0.8. An unusual piece, with disparitybetween the short, slendersocketand theverywideblade. In appearance resembles 53 (d). 57. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Two joiningpieces from the 'hull' of a fire-dog;togetherL. 18.2; sectionof a horizontalbar,c. 2.3 by 0.9. Two smalllengthsof rod are corrodedon to one ofthepieces. 58. IRON DOUBLE AXE (fig. 178). Complete;L. 17; blades asymmetrical,respectivelywith L. 7.4 and W. 4.3; and L. 6, W. (measuredfromshaft-hole) 4.3. Shaft-holeelliptical,c. 3.5 by 1.4. Both bladeedgesare wornto a diagonalform.Corrodedweight, 789g. 59. BRONZE VESSEL fr.D. 16. H. 3.6. Wt. 69.5 g. Three joining pieces of rim of hemisphericalbowl withplainlip.Raised froma disccasting. OR FACING- SCABBARD BRONZE 60. QUIVER? (FIG.170 PLATE284). (Largest)11 X 6.3. Wt. 42 g. Very many pieces of thin sheet; hint of tracedornament,butillegible.Foundbelow42- part ofsameobject? 61. IRON CORRODED MASS (cf. 53), in two joining parts,of sixJAVELIN-HEADS, withloose piecesjoining;tracesof twoOBELOI also embedded
in the mass. Six distinctitemscan be identified:(a) JAVELIN,existingL. 31.6; socketL. 8, near-complete D. 1.4 (internally1.1); blade W. 3, taperingto 1.3 wherebrokenoffshort,(b) anothersimilar,running the reverseway:existingL. 28.5, socketL. 7.6, D. 1.5 (internally1.1),blade W. 2.7, taperingto 1.7 where brokenoffshort,(c) blade of a third,even slenderer JAVELIN, withjoining tip to make L. 21; Max. W. javelin,L. 5.5. (e) socket only1.9. (d) tip of a fourth and partofblade ofjavelin-head,L. 36.8; socketL. 8, D. 2.2; blade, W. 3, taperingto 1.2 wherebrokenoff short.(£) socketand partofblade ofa similarjavelinhead, socketL. 7.3, D. 1.7,blade W. c. 2.5. On to one piece of (e) is corrodeda lengthof obelos , L. 10.3; theotherobelosis visibleonlyin cross-section. 62. See 56 (ii). 63. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Three pieces knife;partof joiningto formmostof a long,straight tang and tip of blade missing.ExistingL. 20.3, with blade, Max. W. 3, has only0.8 of the tangsurviving; both edges straight;W. at finalbreak 1.2; Max. Th. 0.3, at back. 64. IRON DOUBLE AXE. Veryheavilycorroded but substantially completedoubleaxe. L. c. 21; blades W. at L. c. 9 fromshaft-hole, apparentlysymmetrical, edge c. 6; one blade chipped.Shaft-holeapparently circular,with traces of carbonized wood inside. Present(severely corroded)weight,1308g. 65. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169; plate 284). L. 1.1. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 0.3 g. Head and partof shaft.Disc head withfinial.Mouldingson shaftbelowhead,either sideof'bulb'.Verydelicate.Foundin theO pot41. 66. Vacat: partof37. LUMP. 2.8 X 2. Wt. 8.7 g. FormlessBRONZE 67. meltfromthepyre?Foundin theM-LPG pot 61. 68. BRONZE COIL-ORNAMENT? (fig. 169). L. coiled, 2.5. D. 0.6. Wt. 1.9 g. Fine drawnwire,tightly widerone end ofwireless than0.1. Slightly thickness thantheother.Coil of c. 20 turnsofwire.This might be partofan elaboratefibula,or ofa bead necklaceof the type found in the Macedonian EIA (Vergina I, 225-7).Foundin theM-LPG pot 61. 69. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Larger)L. 1.6. Wt. 0.5 g. FromtheM-LPG pot 61. Two pieces,formless. 70. FAIENCE: DISC BEADS, frs.of two or more. Insidepot 136. 71. FAIENCE DISC BEAD, two halves. Inside pot 121, belowpot 118. 72. IRON SCRAPS, two.2.1 X 0.9 and 1.8 X 0.9. 73. FAIENCE DISC BEADS, sixteen(fig. 183;plate 301).D. 0.7-0.9. H. 0.3-0.2. 74. IRON DIRK fr.Part of hiltof a dirk,withthe ExistingL. 6.5; W at second'neck' upperend missing. Max. Th. 0.6; threeironrivets at shoulders 3.4; 1.3, Mineralizedremainsof organichiltplates. surviving. tomb. Fromtopof'stereo'underlying
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 285-6 75. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joiningpieces. PL. 20.4. Socket L. 11; D. 1.2. Blade Max. W. 3, taperingto 2. Littletrace of a midrib.Mineralized organicremainsin socket. 76. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 169).L. 0.8. Head D. 0.7. Wt. 0.75 g. Two non-joiningpieces. Disc head and part of shaftwithringmouldings.Fromthe PG pot 7977. BRONZE RIVET (fig. 169). L. 0.6. D. 0.7. Wt. 0.4 g. Incomplete.Mushroomhead. 78. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 169).7.5 X 5. Wt. 33 g. Rim piece of hemisphericalbowl, composed of severaljoiningfrs. 79. IRON FIRE-DOG fr.Piece fromthe 'hull' of a c. 2.4 byonly L. 17.9;sectiona thinrectangle, fire-dog. c. 0.2. Foundwith30 and 31/32 whichare nota pair; thisfr.,whichcannotbelongto either,is perhapsfrom thematching piece to 30. 80. IRON OBELOI frs. Pieces of two (or more) obeloi. (a) comprisesfivejoiningpieces,to a totalL. of 45 cms.; (b) containsfivemain pieces and many scraps, not all of which may belong to the same example,to a total L. of 74.5. The section in both casesis c. 1 squared.Foundwith31/32. 81. IRON OBELOS frs.Sevenpieces,ofwhichsome join, givinga totalL. of 45.4; the roughlypyramidal head,Th. c. 2.2,is preservedon one piece. 82. IRON OBELOI frs. Forty four pieces, plus smallerscraps,froman unknownnumberofobeloi,to a totalL. of 287; twojoiningpieces,L. 19.5,forma tip.Withthesewas baggeda piece fromtheblade ofa weapon(probablya JAVELIN-HEAD),L. 5.9, W. 1.7, taperingto 1.2. Two spearhead socketsremovedto join 53(c) and 53(d) + 41 (i) respectively. Probably notall fromthesamelevel. 83. IRON JAVELIN TIP(?) or OBELOS fr.L. 5.5. Sectioni.i X 0.8, rectangular. 84. IRON RODS, frs.Two joining lengthsof two rods corroded together: Ls. 10.7 and 5, circular These rodscouldbe section,D. c. 0.5; slightcurvature.
253
like 219.^65 as beingfroma 'fire-basket' interpreted the onlyevidencefor above, but if so theyconstitute thepresenceof suchan objectin thistomb.Probably foundwith31/32. 85. 4i(iii). IRON JAVELIN-HEAD, two joining pieces. L. 32. Socket L. 1.3. D. 1.5; blade, W. 3 at squareshoulder, tapering.MidribTh. c. 1,runsforc. 8 oflengthofblade. Foundwith49. 86. IRON DIRK fr.Two joining pieces, forminga dirk-hilt of the standardtype,L. 9.8, withpommelat first 'neck'0.9; at first tang;W. at 'ears' 2.3 (restored); swelling2; at second'neck'0.9; at shoulders3.3; three one in grip.Mineralized twoin shoulder, bronzerivets, remainsoforganichiltplates.Foundwith61. 87. IRON SINGLE AXE. Complete single tanged axe. L. 13.4;W. oftang3.2, ofblade at cuttingedge 6. Present(corroded)weight,270g. Foundwith61. 88. IRON SINGLE AXE. Nearlycompletetanged axe, of smallersize than87. L. 8.7, withtangbroken offshort;W of tang2.8, of blade at cuttingedge c. 3. Present(corroded)weight,109g. Foundwith61. 89. IRON FIRE-DOG frs.Fivepiecesfromthe'hull' of a fire-dog.The longest (a) has L. 15.7, section W 1.3,Th. 0.8 taperingto 0.4; probably rectangular, to one of the terminals;of therefore at the transition theotherpieces,(b) (twojoining)has L. 10.4,section2 by 0.8; (c) and (d), Ls. 9.5 and 4.7, also have flat section;(e), L. 5.3, has squaresection. 90. IRON OBELOI and RODS. Two straightrods oxidizedtogether, composed(a) of twopieces,L. 22.5 and (b) fivesmallerfrs.,twoofwhichjoin, whosetotal L. is 25. 91. See 56. 92. IRON PLATE frs.Three joining pieces of the same typeof flatironplate as 283. £6o and 73. No cleardatingcontext. Uncatalogued BRONZE SHEET and SCRAPS includea rivetL. 0.6. There is also an uncatalogued IRON PIN fr.L. 1.5.
Tomb 286 N (figs. 3, 51; plates 44 a-b) L overall:c. 2.45 L. ofdromos: W. 0.66 Depth c. 0.15 Chamber:0.95 1.50W. 0.80-0.70. stomion: X 0.92 The outlineoftheshortdromos was uneven.It roseonlyslightly fromthestomiontowardsits end at an angleof 2°. The stomion was incomplete, a squarishjamb on theS side,vestigialon theN. No blockingremained.Fromthe outeredge of thestomion to the chamberfloorwas a drop of 0.20, at an angle of 42o. The oval chamberhad lost its roof;0.36 of the back wall survived. The tombwas immediately N ofthedromos ofT. 285,partoftheratherirregular N-S lineof chambertombs(292-287-286-285-283-294-306)forming theN-mostelementin thatpartof
254
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
thecemetery was ESE-WNW, thechamberon theE side of excavatedin 1978.The orientation the dromos.
The tombwas foundas a resultofthemechanicaldiggingofthefoundation trenchesofthe N-mostbuildingoftheMedical Faculty.It was bothsmalland shallow.The pit CT.284' (fullof animalbones)was cutintothedromos, almostat rightangles,and suggestedan HL inhumation an HL The tombhad been of was foundjust N, in T 286's dromos). grave(a fragment cup robbed. Two groupsofpots,likelyto havebeen actualinterments, remained.Near theNEsideofthe chamberwere 2, fragmentary EG pithos,and 4, EG aryballos.Opposite,in the S of the in a linefromit,6, EG cup,5, EG were3, fragmentary EG pithos,and, extending chamber, in the werein fragments oinochoe,1, EG aryballos, 7, EG pithos,and 8, EG shallowskyphos, fill. POTTERY (PLATE 231) 1. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Handle brokenoff.Polished orangesurface.Narrowflatbase. Unpainted.EG. 2. *NECKED (?) PITHOS. PH. 18. Base and lower body.Buffwash. Plump ovoid body passing gently intoflatbase. Spaced bands. Spatterinside.As 3 but smaller.EG. 3. NECKED PITHOS. H. 37.5.DR. c.21. Two-thirds preserved.Large white grits.Rim flatabove. Flat base. Groups of bars on rim. Shoulder: sextuple circles with hourglassat centre. Band inside rim, spatterbelow.EG. Cf.F nos.382,387. 4. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.5. Rim slipped. Polished orangesurface.Concave base. Unpainted.EG: with pithos2.
5. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 7.3. Complete.Thick fabric.Deep groovebetweenbellycarinations,high and roughdisc foot.Painton lip,wavyline on neck. Shoulder: bars, dots, billets,paint below. Handle barred.EG. Near 3. 6. CUP (FIG.143).H. 8.1. DR. 11.8. Complete.Rough surface,stringmark under base. Front dipped in paint.EG. Near 3. 7. *NECKED (?) PITHOS. Base and wall frs.similar to 3. EG. 8. SHALLOW SKYPHOS. DR. c. 17. Fr. of upper part.Buffwash.Low verticallip,straphandle.Band on lip; singlewavyline,continuingoverhandle.Inside: band at rim,spatterbelow.EG. Cf.F nos.394-5.
Tomb 287 N (figs. 3, 51; plate 42) not preservedChamber: 1.66 X 1.16. L . 2.70 W. 1.00-1.05 stomion: L. overall:3.80 dromos: Preserved H. 0.94 was interrupted The line of the dromos by nichesand side chamber.It rose fromthe step downintothechambera verticaldistanceofc.0.70,firstat an angleof 130,then26o.The step and blockingwere lost. The descended0.45 into the chamberat an angle of 74o. Stomion but its S and E walls were slightlycurvedand its corners chamberwas sub-rectangular, rounded.The floorof the chamberwas at least 1.85belowmoderngroundsurface.Most of sidechamber(2 on plan,FIG.51) openedoffthe cutsub-rectangular theroofwas lost.A finely of 0.45. It had 1.66 X 0.90, reachedby a step down fromthe dromos S side of the dromos, narrowdoorjambs; one of the roughlyrectangular blockingslabs was stillin situ(c. 0.50 X 0.40),seton end,coveringhalftheopening.Itsroofwas intact.Niche 1was cutintotheWpart floor.Its roofwas of the N dromos wall, 1.16 X 0.60; itsfloorwas 0.40-0.16 above the dromos lost.Niche3 was cutintotheE partoftheN dromos wall,c. 0.15fromniche1,0.86 X 0.95, its floor0.24-0.32abovethedromos floor,on thelevelofthefloorofniche1.Itsroofwas lost. The tomb was part of the rather irregular N-S line of chamber tombs the N -mostelementin thatpart of the cemetery (292-287-286-285-283-294-306)forming thechamberon theE sideofthedromos. was ESE-WNW, excavatedin 1978.The orientation
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
Ts. 286 7
2$$
The tombwas foundwhen the foundationtrenchforthe N centralblockof the Medical and theemptyniche1, causingminimal FacultybuildingpassedovertheWsendofthedromos chamber had been looted. The The damage. deeplycut HL T 288 lay at rightanglesto T N S its end on the side of the erstwhilestomion and the SWcornerof the 287, impinging of cut. Its whose roof it was above thechamberfloor,and chamber,part floor,however, 0.57 thosewhodugitmaynothavereachedthefloordeposit. 1 was a LG pithospartlyoverlying the E partof the side chamber,1.00 above the latter's floor.It appearedto be brokeninsitu,and was probablya laterinterment, unconnectedwith thistomb. There werebronzeflakes,partof an obsidianblade and a workedpebble in the dromos fill and upperchamberfill.A line ofpiledstonesstretched acrossthedromos betweenniche3 and thesidechamber.The loweststoneswereon fill0.30 abovethefloor;amongthemweresherds (3) laterjoined to 11, PGB amphora,the bottomof whichwas on the chamberfloor.The stonesmusthavebeen fromtheblockingofthechamber,perhapsalso fromtheside chamber, neatlystackedbythosewho had robbedthetomb. In the chamber,9, a coarse pithosand 15, coarse cauldron,wereagainstthe S wall,with 10, was N of 9, while11, [supra) 13, amphora,smashedupsidedownon 15. The bell-krater, was in the centreat the back. A M-LG pithos,7, lay smashednear the entrance.All these were suitableas ash-urns;9 had containedan adult cremation,15, a quite youngadult cremation. Mostofthesmallervaseswerein theS ofthechamber,but22, 23, bell-skyphoi, in theN,and 2, cup,werehighin thefill.2 [supra), 8, a hydria,17, coarselid, 12, 12a, straightsidedpyxisand lid, 19, pyxisand 16, cup wereperhapsassociablewith11 [supra), the only PGB urn.The LPG oinochoe,14, lay nextto 15 [supra) of similardate; theymayhave been depositedtogether.13, the earliestvase, was MPG, 9-10 were LPG-PGB - small pots of - 18, 20-21 (stacked similardate werefivePGB bell-skyphoi The side by 9), 22, 23 [supra). chamberappearsto have been looted;withthe exceptionof f4 (bronzerivet?) foundin 30, onlypotswerefound.Manyofthesewereintact,or nearlyso. This chamberwas evidently intendedfora singleburial,a youngpersonwhoseunburnt skull in were a small on its side near E the end. and oinochoe bell-krater, fragments 24, 24, 25, beside it,were LPG, as were 27, pyxis,28, small lid, 29, 34, cups; the othersmallvases scatteredroundwere PGB- 26, pyxiswith35, smalllid; 30, 31, 3ia~33, oinochoai.The unburntbones implysecondaryburial- 24 was a theke ratherthan an ash-urn(n of the X was a of burnt as thougha tokenpyre).Niche 1 however, pottery, matter, patch0.50 0.30 was empty.In niche 3 were the LPG cups, 4-6, obviouslyscatteredwhen the niche was robbed. POTTERY (PLATES 231-3) 1. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41. DR. 15. Half preserved.Concave insetlip, risingrim. Broad ring foot.Lip reserved.Panels:A, rectilinear tongues,birds flankingmeander,double zigzag. The birds have reservedeye with dot, clawed feet,hatched wing almostas large as body,and fan tail. B similar,but withhorizontalS's as lowestmotif.LG. 2. *CUP (fig. 143).H. 6.1. DR. c. 9. Half preserved. Stringmarkunderbase. Fullycoated.PGB. 3. Vacatpartof287.11. 4. *CUP (fig. 143). H. 5.1. D. c. 9. 2.Two-thirds
preserved. Stringmark under base. Fully coated. LPG-PGB. 5. SMALL CUP. H. 4.1. D. 6.4. Complete. Round handle insiderim.Flat base withstringmark.Upper partdippedon bothflanks.LPG. 6. *CUP (FIG.143).H. 6.8. DR. 8.4. Nearlycomplete. Stringmarkunderbase. Fullycoated.LPG. 7. *PITHOS. PH. 14.2. Base fr.Thick fabric.Disc foot.Bandsand lines.M-LG. 8. HYDRIA. H. 23.2. Complete.Whitegrits.Ring foot,unevenand unsteady.Cross-hatched triangleon
256
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
shoulder.Belly: A, cross-hatchedlozenge chain; B, groupsof fourbars. Straphandle:tall diagonalcross between bars; paint on horizontal handles. Band insidelip.LPG. Cf.E no. io 15. 9. COARSE NECKED PITHOS. H. 30. DR. 214. Nearly complete. Orange clay,inclusionsof straw and large brown and white grits, buffslip. Lip concave above, squared at side. Thumb depression under root of each strap handle. Broad flatbase. LPG-PGB. 10. BELL-KRATER (fig. 143). H. 23.7. DR. 21. Nearly complete. Slight ridge below lip. Handles clumsily formed. Inside, spatter below band. LPG-PGB. 11. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. c. 24. Neck and lower body, non-joining.Ridge below flaringrim.Traces of bucraniumhandle.Slightring circlesenclosing foot.Paintinsidelip. Belly:nine-fold solid Maltese cross,flankingcentralrectilinear panel withcheckpattern,zigzag and chevronfill.Curved stripeson handleroots.PGB. 12. STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS (fig. 143). H. 13.9. DR. 11.Nearlycomplete.LPG-PGB. 12a. SMALL LID (FIG.143). H. 5.7. D. 13.6. Twothirdspreserved.Shortknobhandle,withthickcross, chevronsin thequadrants.PGB. Forpyxis12. 13. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 53. DR. 15.3.One handleand partof bodymissing.Buffslip. Thickenedlip, sharpangle below.Flat base. Bars on rim,band inside.S on handles,loop aroundroot.Two circleson shouldereach side.MPG. eleven-fold H. 17.6. Complete. Cream slip, OINOCHOE. 14. lumpysurface.Flat base. Painton lip, spaced bands; on shoulder,one cross-hatchedtriangle in front. Handle barred,loop roundroot.LPG. 15. COARSE CAULDRON. H. 17.6. DR. 25. Complete.Deep orangeclay,inclusionsof strawand large brownand whitegrits;buffslip. Ridge below evertedlip. Straphandles,spreadingout to longspool at rim,withmetallic'rivet'on one side. attachments Flatbase. Unpainted.LPG-PGB. 16. CUP. H. 7.5. DR. c. 13. Nearly complete; rim clay,blackpaintmisfired. squashed.Hard grey-black Flatbase withstringmark.A waster.PGB-EG. 17. COARSE CONICAL LID. H. 15.2. D. c. 21.5. Micaceousredclay,smoothedoutside. Halfpreserved. Spike on knob handle. Unpainted. Shaped for pithos.PGB. straight-sided 18. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.1.DR. 6.7. Complete.As 21 butlessbelliedand withslightridgeon foot.LPG. 19. PYXIS (FIG. 143). H. 11.6. DR. 7. Nearly complete.Thickbarson rim.LPG. 20. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.9. DR. 7. Nearly complete.As 21 butwithslightridgeon foot.LPG. 21. BELL-SKYPHOS (fig. 143). H. 8.5. DR. 6.8. Nearlycomplete.LPG.
22. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 9.1. DR. 6.9. Nearly complete.As 21, but withpronouncedridgeon foot. LPG. 23. *BELL-SKYPHOS. H. 8.6. DR. 7. Complete. As 21, butwithslightridgeson lowerbodyand foot. LPG. 24. BELL-KRATER (fig. 143). H. 22.5. DR. 21. Complete.Whitegrits.Slightridgebelow lip. Inside, spatterbelowband. LPG-PGB. 25. OINOCHOE. H. 18.3. Complete. Cream slip. Ring foot.Lumpysurface.Three septuplesemicircles on shoulder,solid paint below.Handle barred,loop roundroot.LPG. 26. PYXIS (fig. 144). H. 12.9. DR. 10. Complete. Two suspensionsholes, opposed. Slightridgebelow No painton lip. lip. Zigzag withfillof solidtriangles. PGB. Withlid 35. 27. PYXIS (fig. 144).H. 12.DR. 8.2. Complete.Two conical suspensionholes,opposed.High and irregular foot.Band on lip. Large thickzigzag;on reverse,two of the upper spaces filledby cross-hatched triangles. LPG. 28. SMALL LID. H. 4.2. D. 8.8. Complete.Knob flat above; slightgroovenear rim.Two suspensionholes, opposed. Dipped fromhandle. Possiblybelongingto thepyxis19. LPG. 29. *CUP (FIG.144).H. 6.6. D. 10.3.Nearlycomplete. Shortflaringlip, flatbase withstringmark.Bars on handle.Insidefullypainted.LPG. Cf.D 35. 30. OINOCHOE. H. 13. Complete. Grittyand micaceous red clay. Strap handle inside rim. Slight disc footwithstringmark.Nine groovesat base of neck.PGB-EG. Cf.D8,ft 10. 31. OINOCHOE. H. 9.8. Lip broken off.High conical foot.Painton lip; handlebarred,loop round root.PGB. 31a. OINOCHOE. H. 10.8. Complete.Cream slip. each enclosing Conical foot.Shoulder:threetriangles, a solidlozengewithoutline,and twodoublechevrons. Painton lip; S on handle,loop roundroot.PGB. 32. SMALL OINOCHOE. H. 6.8. Complete.Cream slip. Flat base, unevenand lumpy.Painton lip, lines on neck. Cross-hatchedtriangleson shoulder,lines, paintbelow.Handle barred.PGB. 33. OINOCHOE. H. 10.8. Complete.Flat base with stringmark.Paint on rim,scribbleon neck, band. bars at apices. Shoulder:fourcross-hatched triangles, Handle barred.PGB. 34. *CUP H. 6.3. D. 9.6. Complete. Yellow clay. Shape and decorationas 29. LPG. 35. SMALL LID (FIG. 144). H. 4.8. D. 11. Nearly complete.Two suspensionholes,opposed. No paint on knob.PGB. Withpyxis26. 36. TRAY (FIG.144).DR. c. 30. Frs.ofbase and side. Unpaintedsaveband at edge ofbase outside,and line at base ofwallinside.O.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 287, 292 37. SKYPHOS. DR. 4.2. Frs. of body, base and handle.Fullycoated.O. 38. ♦CONICAL LID. D. c. 20. Rim frs.Bands and lines.LG. 39. *NECKED PITHOS. PH. 15. Base and lower body.Creamslip.Flatbase. Spaced bands.PG. 40. *HYDRIA. PH. 13. Frs.,shoulderto lowerbody withone horizontalhandle.Cream slip.Same dotted cable designon bothsidesof belly.Curvedstripeson handles.PGB. 41. HYDRIA (FIG.144).PH. 17.5.Completeprofileof body to base of neck, gaps in wall; mouth, neck, vertical handle and one horizontal handle lost.
257
Shoulder, bracket with circle and semicircle fill, rosettebelowcentre.Triplecircleat each side. Below, band of reservedguilloche.Handle zone, largetriple circles between smallerones. Bands and lines, the topmostwithwhitedouble circles.Traces of white lineson lowerbands.Forshapecf.Payneno. 79. LO. 42. ♦CONICAL LID. PL. 9.5. Wall fr.Cream wash. Oblique spiraltree;tracesof bird(?) each side. Band inside.PGB. 43. *OMPHALOID (?) LID. PH. 4.3. D. c. 22. Rim frs.withroundhandle.Cream slip.Carinationabove flatevertedlip. Inside,spaced bands. E-MG. Cf. F. no. 401.
SMALL FINDS 1-3. Reassignedto T. 29 2. f1-3. 4. BRONZE RIVET? (fig. 162).L. 1.2. Head 0.5 X ofvesselrivet(?),ofwhichthe 0.6. Wt.0.3 g. Fragment head is lost.In addition11.8g of second,mushroom, werefoundin layer1. bronzefragments, uncatalogued, 5. LEAD STRIP WEIGHT or HINGE (fig. 193;
PLATE266). L. 3.5. H. 1. Th. 0.14 each, 0.3 together. Brokenat ends,whitesurfacecorrosion.Rectangular ribbon,foldedoveralonglength. 6. LIMESTONE POMMEL (fig. 186; plate 304). H. 2.2. D. 4.3. D. socket1.0.Over halflost,surfacerough. Black(burnt).Plano-convexsection.
Tomb 292 N (figs. 3, 53-4; plate 43) 0.86 X 0.34 Chamber: extantL. 2.40 W. 0.80-1.16. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:4.20. Dromos: 2.08 X 1.80ExtantH. 1.38 couldnotbe fullyexcavated:itmayhavebeen long,in viewofitsgentlegradient The dromos and the tomb'sgreatdepth.What remainedwas narrow,wideninggraduallytowardsthe to the excavatedlimit,2.35 rose 0.30 in verticaldistancefromstomion chamber.The dromos had smalldoorjambs forming belowthemodernsurface,at an angleof7.5o.The shortstomion but curvedon the innerside. The two loweststonesof the rightangles withthe dromos, in the were still situ; upper(0.86 X 0.23 X 0.12) occupiedthewholewidthbetween blocking thejambs, and was upright;thelower(0.66 X 0.36 X 0.17)was flat,supplemented by chock stones,c. 0.20 above thetop oftheupperslab a verytallstone(1.00 X 0.46 X 0.40) was setin the N dromosstomion angle.All theseand manyotherblockingwall stonesfounddisplacedin and wereprobablyspolia. thechamberor dromos wereoflocal whitelimestone, to chamberfloor.The chamberwas rhomboidalrather There was a 0.30 stepfromstomion in plan,withacuteNWand SE angles.The cornersweresharplycut,thesides thanrectangular The wallswerevertical,withno signof thespringof theroof,whichmust straight. surviving have been high.The floor,lightlystrewnwithfinegravel,was at least 3.00 below modern surface.Nicheshad been cut intothe dromos facesat varyinglevels.'Niche 1' provedmerely of the robber above the chamber. On theSWside,closeto surface,mayhavebeen part cutting 'Niche 2'; itsoutlinewas neverclear,itsflooruncertain, and itwas empty.Immediately below was Niche3, partlysetbackfrom,partlyoverhanging Niche4, extantsize 1.36 X 0.50,floorat least1.00 belowmodernsurface.The floorprobablyonce extendedto thedromos edge.Its roof had been dug away.Niche4 was belowagain (extantsize 1.30 X 0.86, floorat least1.58below modernsurface)and a small,unnumbered, emptynichebetweenit and the chamber.Their floorswerec. 1.00 above dromos floor.On theN side,near thechamber,was Niche 5, highup
258
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
muchof (0.80 X 0.50,floorat least1.36belowmodernsurface).Its roofwas partlypreserved; itsblockingmayhavebeen in place. Niche 6 (notcompletelyexcavated;W. at least 1.46,depth0.76, floorat least 2.48 below modernsurface)began c. 1.00fromthestomion, itsfloornear dromos floorlevel.It was divided fromthe dromos a cut of 0.20 0.12 by neatly ridge kouskouras, wide, high,on whichremained fourstonesoftheblockingwallithad once supported. The tomb was part of the rather irregular N-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-286-285-283-294-306)formingthe N-mostelementin thatpart of the cemetery excavatedin 1978.The orientation was E by S, Wby N. The chamberwas at theE end ofthe dromos.
One of the most mechanically dug foundation trenches for the N-most building of the Medical Facultypassed over the tomb's chamber which, being so deep, was untouched. The tomb firstappeared as a head of brown earth N of T 287, and was at firstsupposed possiblyto be the spoil heap of the robbers of T. 287. It later proved a separate cutting,with ragged, formlessoutline, covered by a mound of hard, stickybrown earth, to which spoil fromthe Medical Faculty building foundationtrenchhad been added, so that it was 1.30-1.80 above general ground level. This preventedfullexcavation of the dromos. the Robbers had apparentlydug the tomb fromthe top, destroyingthe edges of the dromos, chamber roof,perhaps 'Niche 2', the roofsof Niche 3 (in whole), 4 and 5 (in part). The fillof the tomb comprised:and chamber (1) Upper fill,over dromos (2) Remaining contentsof niches fill (3) Lower dromos (4) Upper chamber fill (5) Chamber's floordeposit But thisdivisionwas only perfectlyreliable in the case of (2). The differencebetween (1), (3) and (4) was of location, not soil change. With (4) and (5), it was not always easy to distinguish pots on the floorwhen the tomb was robbed fromthose thatfellor were thrownon it. The contentsranged fromPGB-LO. Niche 5 was MG, Niche 4 LG-EO, Niche 3 EO-LO; Niche 6 may have been O. A MG niche implies the chamber was already crowded in that period. The LG-O niches indicate later intermentswere made in the niches ratherthan clear out earlier chamber burials. With the exception of the MG 45, 56 all the numbered pots in and upper chamber fillwere LG-LO; many were ash-urns.They are verylikelyto the dromos have come fromthe niches. Though therewere also numerous small LG-O pots on the floor, therewere no late ash-urns.The three recognizable urns of the floordeposit were MG; each had a number of smaller MG and also PGB, PGB-EG pots near enough to suggest connection.The tomb's historywas probably:(a) PGB, PGB-EG pottery-? interments (b) At least threeMG intermentsin the chamber interment. (c) MG intermentin Niche 3 ? one otherMG dromos in niches LG-LO interments (d) and chamber (e) Looting,when niche contentswere throwninto both dromos The upper pit-likefillwas brown soil as in the mound over the tomb,mixed withverylarge kouskouras lumps,mistakenforbedrock. It contained fi-9, 9a, 10-ioa, 11-14 and the O lids as numerousbronze flakesand scraps of burntbone. Justbelow Niche 3, as faras as well 2 1, in frontof Niche 5, Niche 4's floor level, objects were found near the N side of the dromos,
includingfi2a, 13a, 14a, 15, 18-22 and theLO kotyle,16. As fi2a, 15, 19, 21 wereglass
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 292
259
beads,and Niche4 had remainsofa necklace,theremaybe a connection.The ironpin £25, thesilverring£26 and theMO cup 14 wereon thesame sideoppositeNiche 3; thePC kotyle and an ironring,werein filloverthechamber. 15 was c. 0.50 NW.£23, 28, javelinfragments Also foundwere£24,terracotta horsefragment, £79,carvedbone handle.In Niche 3, a large flatstonemoreor lessuprightin thefillto theE mighthavebeen partofitsblocking. fillwas similarto the upper,containingmanysherds,burntbone scraps The lowerdromos and bitsof bronze,including£78, rimof a phiale,near the footof the stone'pillar'by the chamberentrance[supra). More of it (£36)was foundhighin thechamber,near theentrance and (£46)withthe sherdsof the LG/EO pithos41. £77,bronzebowl fragment, was among smallerdisplacedblockingstonesbehindthetwoinsitu.Also foundwere£73, ironknife,£74, bone attachment, set uprightagainstthe £75,glassbead. There weresome larnaxfragments dromos wall at theW end ofNiche 4, partlyoverlapping itsentrance,perhapsonce in reuseas partoftheniche'sblocking. The characterof theupperchamberfillsuggestedthattherobbers,aftertakingwhatthey wantedfromthechamberused it as a dumpduringtheirclearanceoftheniches.Aboveand aroundthefirstpots thatappearedwas muchloose kouskouras; beneath,the same brownsoil thathad filledthe dromos. These potswereon a levelc. 1.00 above the chamberfloor.In the NWcornerwerethesmashedLG pithosand lid,31, theEO jug, 25; SE,theLO oinochoe,26 NW.Under 26 werethe EO lekythos 33, aryballos34, and alabastron35. In the NE corner werethe EO oinochoe32, the lid 28, perhapsbelongingto the EO polychrome pithos42, whosesherdswerejustbeneath.In theSE cornerlyingfacingthebackwallwas theonlypithos to retainany of itscremation.This was the EO 27; the cremationhad been 'poor', butwas otherwise uninformative. Near 27 was theneckoftheEO amphora44, whosebase was on a lowerlevelin theSE corner.20 was also near 27, Wofwhichweretheremainsofa LO pithos, 29. Between27 and the back wall was the LO aryballos,36. At thislevel £35-44 were - £35,silvermountedboar's tusk,was scatteredin the centreof the chamber,unattributable 0.30 fromthe centreof the back wall. £49, ivoryhaft,somewhatbelow 31 [supra), mayhave to it. belonged The chamber'scentrebelowthesepotswas fullofstones,probablydisplacednotonlyfrom theupperpartof the blocking,but fromthe nichestoo. Centrallyplaced was a well dressed 0.66 X 0.60 X 0.20, lyingat an angle;belowitsNWsidewas a squareslab oflocal limestone, notso wellfinished block0.52 X 0.39 X 0.13; to theS was a piece ofgypsum0.41 X similar, 0.40 X 0.24. Some of the smallerstonesseemedbrokenfromlargerworkedblocks.Taken withthelarnaxfragments in thedromos suchspoliaevokesa previousMinoan presence. [supra), These stonesoccurredfrom0.95-0.45 above the floor.Beneaththemin places werecavities largeenoughforthepassage of a smallpot. The brownearthgraduallygave way to a paler was notclear. typewithsmallkouskouras lumps,thoughthedemarcation Therewerecollectionsofsherds,somerecognizableas pots,aroundand underthesestones. The LO aryballos,37, was betweenthesquareslab and thedoor.Close to theNEside ofthe slab weresherdsof a LG/EO pithos,41, with£46 [supra)on top. In the NE cornerwas 42 and itsassociateditems.S of thisgroup,againstthe back wall,was the LO aryballos, [supra) In theSE cornerwereintermingled sherdsofthreeash-urns,theEO amphora,44, right 46. in thecorner,theLG-EO pithos40 to theN,theO polychrome pithos43 to theW.Near 44 was theLO cup,55; w of43 werePitslid 38, and theO jug, 39. Under the square slab were some of the sherdsof 45, the only MG urn in the upper chamberfill;therewereothersto theW.Also undertheslab were£47,twoverysmallpieces of gold leaf.Under the nextstonewere bronzesheetfragments, £45.Justunderthe stones
26o
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
were£50-51(irontweezersand bronzefibula),£52-53 (glassbeads,perhapsbelongingto the Niche4 necklace,infra). £48 was partof a bronzetweezertowardtheNWcorner,0.55 above thefloor,therestofwhich,(£58-9)was foundfurther SW,0.25 above thefloor.It mighthave sherdsin a massofunrecognizable with LG The iron knife to the £54lay 31 {supra). belonged was near,but lower(0.23 above floor).Near the E the SWcorner- £57,javelin fragments, cornerwas a sandcoreglassfragment, £56. The massofbrokenpotterycontinuedunderthe of round the stones,particularly edges the chamber,to 0.25 above the floor.The onlyother MG vase was oinochoeneartheentrance. 56, recognizable floor werepotsofeveryperiodPGB-O, thoughtheonlyash-urns On or nearthechamber weretheMG 57, 64 and 114. Althoughno earlierurnswererecordedduringtheexcavation, made up werethefinePGB straight-sided pithos amongovera hundredvesselssubsequently of a PGB 144 withbirdsand trees(itspieceswidelydispersedall overthetomb),a fragment neckpithos234, and halfof an EG pithos150. Many of the smallearlypots foundin the excavationmay have belongedto thesedisplacedurns;some,however,seem to have been associatedwiththeMG urns.There werefourinstancesofearlypotsbeingstackedwithMG pots.Most oftheLG-O potswerealso small,and werein clearspaceson theflooror in gaps betweenearlierpots. There were some instanceswheretheywere foundunder MG and earliervases. The brokenMG pithos114 lay in the NE cornerfacingthe back wall,withtwolids,123 (EG) and 125 (MG) betweenitsmouthand thecorner.On top ofthesewas thePGB lid,61, above the LG-EO aryballos,54. Between114 and the N wall was the M-LG oinochoe63; round,or under 114 were the PGB lekythos113, PGB-EG oinochoai 92, 115, 134, the PGB-EG smalllids 120, 126. Under 126 was theLG-EO aryballos133. The EO 118, 119 jug-aryballos,122, were in a lekythosand miniatureoinochoe and the LG-EO miniature clearspace S of 114's base, perhapsfallenfromtheEO pithos42 some distanceabove.Near 114's base werethebone ornamentÍ69 and a bitof obsidian.In theurnwerepiecesof two ironknives(£70),theotherpartsofwhich(£66,68) wereon thefloor0.60 and 0.40 to theW, suggestingthat objects found in the same area as f66, 68 mightalso belong to 114's Near £68werethePGB lid,79, and theG coarsetripodjug, 78. On theirfarside, interment. f66 was among a group of pots and objects, includingMG cups, 82, 91, 101, a MG oinochoe,100, a Phoenicianoinochoe,80, a CypriotBoR juglet,96, dittolekythos62, a PGB lekythos, with, 81, theM-LG aryballos,95, Amongthesewere£67 (javelinfragments) bronze Near were bronze and of 62, £60, spearhead. £63, just above,£64-65, pair javelins, £71,ironaxe. A MG oinochoe,103, in theNWcorner,0.20 away,was almost pin fragments, certainly part of the group.A LG/EO hydria,83, (on top of 101, supra)mighthave fallen fromthe LG 31 0.30-0.40 above. The positionof the EG olpe 98 underthe MG 82 {supra) undisturbedMG group, of thisapparentlycomparatively lendsweightto the homogeneity and was the beside stood that displacedto theE duringlooting. group 114 originally assuming In thiscase, the odd mixtureof pots in the E cornerwould be unconnectedwithit. The brokenMG pithos64 lay on its side,base to the NW,close to the back wall. At and partly underitsfootwere the Naxian MG I skyphos87, the PGB-EG oinochoe,76 and the LG 99. Nextto 65, beside64's mouth,laytheAtticMG largelid,65, coveringthePGB lekythos, II skyphos68, inside which were the two M-LG aryballoi 66, 67. Below 68 was the PGB-EG oinochoe,104 overlyingthe LG-EO aryballos105, whose positioncasts some Beside/under ofwhatotherwiseappeareda coherentMG interment. doubton the integrity the E side of 64 werethe MG lekythos116, MG olpe 121, M-LG aryballos130, the glass vessel£86, PGB-EG lid 112, oinochoein and, stacked,PGB-EG oinochoe109, MG cup
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 292
26i
no and PGB-EG lid 129. £72, knife,was under64. If the associationof M-LG material withthisinterment is correct,it musthave been late in MG. The laterpotterynear 64 could havereachedpositionaftertheMG pieceswerein place. These includethefineLG lekythos and thewall. N was theMG cup 108 coveringa LG-EO aryballos 106, between116 [supra) N of 108 were 107, 128, LG-EO aryballoiand 131 and 132, halfa CypriotBoR lekythos. 127, thatjoined 132. These may have been connected with 41 (supra),though it was another,60, was higher.An EO alabastron93 was between64 and 116 (supra)] considerably againstthebackwall,somewhatabove 64. PartoftherimoftheLG amphora117 was at the footof64; therestwas notrecognizedduringexcavation.It mayhavebeen theurnassociated withsome of theLG potson or near thefloor,but in viewof theirwide dispersal,and 117's itis unlikely itwas in thechamberoriginally. condition, The largestpiece of thebrokenamphora57 was parallelto the S wall,itsbase towardthe back wall. Betweenit and the S wall were:the Naxian MG II skyphos50, the PGB-EG lids 48 on top; thesame,51, in a PGB-EG lid 52, 58, 49 insideit,the CypriotBoR II lekythos itselfin theE-MG lid 53 on topoftheE-MG oinochoe74; theM-LG oinochoe59, Between 73. At and partlyunder57's footwas a neat 59 and thewall was the LG-EO jug-aryballos, 69 withinAtticMG II skyphos70 on top of71, PGB-EG lid pile oflittlepots- PGB lekythos insidePGB kalathos-lid 89 was in a clear space near the LG oinochoe 72. The LG lekythos S was near the wall. bone handle, £61, 90. 74, E-MG oinochoe,was on theother 90, against sideof89; theCypriotBoR II oinochoe94's sherdswerein theSWcorner.The EO aryballos 88 was in thecentreofthechamber. In Niche3 was a pile ofO pots- 3, kalathos,8, cup,6, 9, skyphoi, 4, mug,7, lid,beneath EO and and the whichweretheO miniature lid, 10, 12, 11, 13, MO miniature lekythos, cup, EO was Close on the of the floor, N, 5, hydriawithbull's head edge remaining skyphos. E were a small of the vases bronze bronze fibulae, fi6, 16a, spiral,fi6b, and a glass protome. w wall the of Niche were the LG oinochoe23, the bead, fi*j.The E partwas empty. 4 Against In MG and the centre were the O amphoriskos 22, aryballos,24. jug, 18, the EO cup, 17 and mug,19. Near thesewere £31, bronzespectaclefibula,f33a, bronzefibula,£32, 33, glassbeads. The beads mayhave rolledaway from£27,to the s, groupofyellowglassbeads fillbeads fi5, 19, 21, 34 and £52-53 foundas thoughthreadedin Pgraduated sizes(cf.dromos from0.30 above the chamberfloor,fi7 in Niche 3, perhaps,with£27, once all partof one necklace).Niche5 was partlyhiddenbehindthe'NE column'ofthechamberentrance(supra). It containedtheMG pithos137 and lid 139, a juglet138 and spoutedskyphos,140. £76,at theback,was a carvedcolumnfragment, presumably belongingto the fillabove. The fillof Niche6 was indistinguishable fromthatofthedromos. Near itsroofweretheLO jug, 135, cup, 141. On itsfloorwas f79a, ironrodfragment. 136, and skyphos, POTTERY (PLATES 234-50) 1. POLYCHROME LID. Rings only.Red paint. E 164,classG (ii)(b). O. 2. POLYCHROME LID. PH. 6. Knob only.One thirdofwalllost.Balustershape.Red paint.O. 3. OPENWORK KALATHOS (fig. 144). H. 15.2. DR. 15. Small gaps. Flat base, straighttaperedbody, holes looped handlesabove rim.Piercedbytriangular forbasket effect.White on dark, worn. Traces of verticalson handles,and cross-hatching betweenthe piercedsections.EO.
4. MUG. H. 8.1. DR. 7.6. Gaps in rim.Coarse pink clay.Unpainted.EO. 5. HYDRIA. H. 19.4. Complete save chips on rim and animalspout.Handles and lip coated.Neck,tree withdottedoutline,flankedby two pairs of double circles. Shoulder, arcaded tongues with dotted outlines.Details of bull's head spoutpainted.Below, band withtriplewhitecircles,thenpanels: guilloche, massedzigzags,dottednet. Lines and bands to base. EO.
262
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
6. *KOTYLE (fig. 144).H. 4.2. DR. 9.5. Complete, unpainted.EO. 7. DOMED LID. D. 12.2.H. 3.4. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. White on dark. Net pattern, zigzag,doublecircles.#163,classE (i) (b). EO. 8. *CUP. DR. 7. Frs.of rim,wall,base and handles. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).O. 9. *MINIATURE SKYPHOS (fig. 144).H. 3.6. DR. 7.3. Gaps in rim, White on dark. Double circles betweenhandles.E 166,classC. MO. 10. LEKYTHOS. H. 6.5. Gap in rim. Side-circles, smalldoublecirclesfrontand back.E 159,class E (iii) (b). EO. 11. MINIATURE CUP. DR. 5.6. H. 3. Complete. Fullycoated.O. 12. DOMED LID. D. 8.3. H. 2.4. Complete.Everted rim,suspensionholes. Cream slip. Groupedlines.E 163,classE (i) (a). EO 13. *MINIATURE SKYPHOS (fig.144).DR. 5.5. H. 3. Chips in rim. White on dark. Double circles betweenhandles.E 166,classC. MO. 14. *CUP. DR. 7. Frs.of rimand wall. Fullycoated insideand out.MO. 15. *KOTYLE. D. 15. Frs.of rim,one handle,wall. Cream clay, red-brownpaint. Between handles, verticalstripes;below,horizontalones. Interior,fully coatedsavereservedlinebelowrim.Corinthian.EPC. 16. *KOTYLE. Frs. of wall and one handle. Bars betweenlineson handle,linesbelow.LO. 17. CUP. H. 5.1. DR. 8.6. Complete.Highlypolished yellowfabricwithsmall air bubblesand whitegrits. Unpainted.EO. 18. JUG. H. 9.3. Complete.Whitegrits,semi-lustrous brownpaint. Concave base. Paint stopsjust above base. Bars on handle. Band inside rim. MG. Cf. I35-I19. MUG. H. 8. DR. 6. Complete. Coarse, fig.60, no. 49. EO. unpainted.As 4. Cf.Ay.Paraskies 20. Vacatpartof40. 21. Vacatpartof44. 22. AMPHORISKOS. H. 15.8. Chipped rim. Fully coatedoutside,and insidemouth.Imported:cf.F. no. 1403. 23. OINOCHOE. H. 22.4. Complete. Ring foot. Handle barred.LG, Atticizing. 24. ARYBALLOS. H. 9.3. Chips fromrim,gaps in wall.Fullycoated,worn.E 158,classD (iv).EO. 25. JUG. H. 22.8. Complete save gaps in neck. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder,outermostthickened, groupedlines.E 155,classD. EO. H. 28. 26. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. Completesave chips in rim.Large ovoid body,ring foot.Lines and bars on handle. Double circles on neck,fivefoldon shoulder,sevenfoldon lowerbody, the two centralones missingin the groupbelow the handle.Lines.LO.
27. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 20. circles,the Complete.Handle panels,pairsof fivefold outermostthickened,joined by two lines; in three panels these have tonguesabove and below,in the fourththree tongues,outline flankingsolid. Dark paintto base,withone groupoflines.Verticalhandle and tripodfeetbarred,horizontalhandles dark. E 150,classV B (i) or close.EO. 28. POLYCHROME LID. H. 11.9.D. 19.1. Knob and rim chipped. Cream slip. Traces of lines at rim, decorationotherwiseentirelylost. E 164,class G (ii) (a). EO. 29. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 36.5. DR. 12.8. Gaps in wall,halflowerbodylost.Dots betweenlines below rim. Sixfoldcirclesbetweenhandles. Below, bands of fivefoldcircles between lines. Handles barred,darkbase. E 150,classV A. LO. 30. POLYCHROME PITHOS. Foot only.Cream slip.Shaped as plasticsnake.O. 31. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 34. Rim to lower body. (Also non-joiningring base with loop feet*.)Concave insetlip, risingrim;painton rim,lip otherwise reserved. Lozenge chain and hatched meanderin all panels. Bars betweenbars on straps. Barson loop feet.LG, late. 32. OINOCHOE. PH. 29. Handle missing,large gaps in neck and wall. Whiteon dark.Band on lip. sevenfold Double circlesat base ofneck.On shoulder, circles,the threefrontsetsjoined by bars withthree lozenges above each bar. Grouped lines, the EO. thickened. outermost 33. LEKYTHOS. Praisos type.H. 24.5. Complete save chippedrim.Whiteon dark,veryworn.Traces oflozengeson neck,doublecircleson shoulder.Panels on body:leafcross,quadratedlozengewithcirclesin thequarters,massedcircles?or guilloche?Lines.From as 75.209. EO. thesameworkshop H. 5. Complete.Lines on mouth ARYBALLOS. 34. and lower body. Handle barred. Shoulder,dotted leaves,chevroncolumns,dottedlozenges.E 158,class B (iv).EO. 35. TREFOIL MOUTHED ALABASTRON. H. 10.2.Completesave chip in handle.Groupedlineson no. 27 body,double circleson shoulder.Cf. Gypsades and evidently older).EO. (cruder, 36. ARYBALLOS (fig. 144).PH. 10.4. Base lost,gap in wall, surface flaked. Handle and neck barred. Tongueson mouth,rosettesand lozengeson shoulder. Below,lines,and darkpaintto base. By thesamehand as 13.5. Cf.Ay.Paraskies, fig.15,no. 100.LO. 37. ARYBALLOS (fig. 144). PH. 4.1. Upper halfof finethinfabricwithhighpolish. bodyonly.Extremely Shoulder, panels of elaborate lotus bows. Below, no. panels of palmettetreeand volutes.Cf. Gypsades tsa Painter.LO. 55. By theForte 38. "«CONICAL LID (fig. 144).D. 21.1. H. 12.6.One
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE thirdof rimand wall lost.Knob and rimdark.Lines and band, triplewhitecircleson band. E 163,class C (iv).EO. 39. JUG. PH. 11.3.Most ofneckand handlelost,gap in wall. Dipped on eitherside. For dipping,though notonjug, see E 187.O. 40. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 145).PH. 47. base missing. DR. 16.5.Three-quarters Large preserved, whitegrits,yellowslip.Flat insetlip. Panels:A, as in drawing;B, hatchedquatrefoilwithcalyxof hatched columnsof multiplezigzagon each side; C, chevrons, checkpattern,triplezigzagabove and below,hatched chevroncolumneach side;D, birdsand solidquatrefoil, zigzags above and below. Belly zone, with vertical underA and C, hatchedmeander;underD, divisions: sixlargetriplecircleswithvariousfillings (seedetail)and a smallerversion of B to left;under B, a similar each side,and triple compositionbut withquatrefoils in chevrons thewheels.Whitereinforcement connecting bandsand lineson lowerbody.Bars on roundhandles; on straps, barsenclosing lozengecrosspanels.LG/EO. 41. FOUR-HANDLED NECKED PITHOS. H. 40.5. DR. 15.Nearlycomplete.Yellowslip.Ring foot. Paint inside rim, reservedabove. Same panels on reverse,whitepaint in frame.Zone of whitedouble in bands circlesbelow handles;whitereinforcement and linesbelow.LG/EO. 42. *POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 22. Frs.ofrim, wall, one horizontalhandle, both verticalhandles. Decoration virtuallylost, but trace of one rosette panel withred and blue petalsand yellowcentre,one see E 188 and large red outlineleaf. For trichrome, BSA 29 (1927-28),281.EO. 43. ♦POLYCHROME LID fr.,perhapsfor42. 44. AMPHORA. H. 80.2. Gaps in wall,creamyclay. Paintextremely worn.Dark band at mouth,lozenge and volute tree at neck. At join of neck and body, panels: double semi-circlesat corners of panel, guilloche,blank, zigzag, wheel, double semicircles withcirclein centre,blank,repeatofpatterns.EO. 45. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.145).PH. 41.5. Half preserved, lip missing. Orange-red clay. Bucranium handles, ring foot. Identical panels. Column of silhouette birds on straps, bars on bucrania.MG. Horseworkshop. 46. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.3. Gaps in wall,chipsin rim. Bucchero.Cf. 107.21 and 22. LO. 47. ARYBALLOS (plate 241). H. 8. Parts of body and handlemissing. As 105. LG-EO. 48. LEKYTHOS (fig. 145;plate 239). H. 11.5.Parts ofbodymissing.Fine orangeclay,buffinside;redslip, mattblackpaint.Round handle.Shoulder:two triple circles in front.Paint on handle. Cypriot BoR II. RDAC1984,129no. 26. 49. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11. Three-quarters Domed. As 71. PGB-EG. preserved.
T. 292
263
50. SKYPHOS (fig. 145).H. 8.2. DR. 11.One handle broken. Slightlylopsided. Soft orange-brownclay, paint.Sigmas verymicaceous;creamslip,red-brown in panel on reverse.Inside,reservedcircleon floor. Naxian MG II. Eumousia, 27,fig.5d. 51. LEKYTHOS (fig. 145). H. 12.4. Complete. Slightlylopsided.Surfaceuneven,slightanglesabove and below belly; otherwiseas 48. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129no. 28. 52. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11.Nearlycomplete. Domed. As 71. PGB-EG. 53. SMALL LID (fig. 145). H. 7. DR. 12. Nearly complete. Domed; square rim, flat top; one suspensionhole. Insidefullypaintedexceptnear rim. E-MG. 54. ARYBALLOS (plate 241). H. 8.2. Gaps in body. Deep orange clay, pale orange surface,polished. Concavebase. Unpainted.LG-EO. 55. *CUP (FIG.145).H. 9.8. DR. 13.3. Gaps in rim. Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).LO. 56. OINOCHOE. PH. 10.2.Base to neck.Bucchero; greyclaycoatedin blackpaint.Flatbase. MG. 57. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 70. DR. 21. Nearlycomplete.Slightridgeon neckat upperhandle attachment.Ring foot.Reversesimilar,withminor differences: neck, meanderwithbillet frameabove and below only;shoulder,at centre,meander,dotted and quarteredlozenges. Handles: two tall diagonal crossesseparatedby groupsof threebars. MG. For decorationcf.pithoi75.109 and E no. 440. 58. *SMALL LID. H. 4.4. DR. 11.8.Nearlycomplete. Domed. As 71 butwithband aboverim.PGB-EG. 59. OINOCHOE. H. 23. Nearly complete. Deep orange clay, olive-brownpaint. Ring foot. Barred handle.M-LG. 60. ALABASTRON. H. 7.5. Complete. Suspension holes in neck. Paint on mouth.Neck lines. Inverted voluteson shoulder,thengroupedlineswithone zone of billets.Circles under base. For shape, cf. F. no. 1373.EO. 61. CONICAL LID (fig. 150). PH. 27.2. D. 27.5. Two-thirdspreserved,finial missing.Cream slip. Hollow knob; two firingholes pierced through concavestem;ridgebelow.Three verticallinesacross stripeson knob. PGB. Suitable for straight-sided 26, fig. pithos144: AR 29 (1983),52, fig.94. Reflexions, 2.1.pl. 2. UrnswithLids,112,fig.5. 62. LEKYTHOS. PH. 6.6. Neck ridgeto base. Fine orange clay,whitegrits,polished; mattblack paint. Flattened handle. Lines on neck, paint on handle. One triplecircleon shoulder,fourlines.CypriotBoR I. RDAC 1984,129no. 29. 63. OINOCHOE. H. 24.5. Nearlycomplete.A large and lesselegantversionof59. M-LG. 64. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS (plate 240). H. 47.5. DR. 19. Three-quarterspreserved.Yellow slip. Inset
254
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
lip, risingrim.Rough disc foot.Stirruphandleswith bucrania.Painton lip. Panels:A as shown;B similar butwithquadruplezigzag above. Verticalprojections at upper corners of panels. Curved stripes on bucrania; on stirrups,triplezigzag between bars, below.MG. Stirrupworkshop. chevrons 65. CONICAL LID (fig. 145).H. 20.4. D. 23.5. Part of rimand top of miniaturevase missing.Miniature oinochoerestingon solidconicalknob.On body,faint traceofwhitedoublecircleson twoupperdarkzones. LG. Urnswith Lids,116,fig.7. 66. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.4. Complete. Slight carinationat belly,flatbase. Line insidelip.M-LG. 67. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.4. Complete. As 66 but larger.M-LG. 68. SKYPHOS. H. 12.6 . DR. 18.4.Nearlycomplete. Fine orange clay,a littlemica, lustrousred-brown paint.Disc foot.Inside:reservedband belowrimwith fully groupsofbars;reservedcircleon floor;otherwise painted.Attic,MG II. 69. LEKYTHOS. H. 11.8.Rim chipped.Whiteand black grits,cream slip. Slight ridge on neck, low conical foot. Scribble on neck, ñve quadruple on shoulder.Handle barred.Band insidelip. triangles PGB. 70. SKYPHOS (FIG.145). H. 7.4. DR. 12.5. Nearly complete.Softorangeclay,some mica, brown-black paint.Inside,reservedcircleon floor.Attic,MG II. 71. SMALL LID (fig.145;plate 247).H. 3.6. D. 10.6. Complete.Cream slip. One suspensionhole. Thick barson rim.PGB-EG. 72. KALATHOS-LID (fig. 145). H. 6.9. D. 16.6. Complete.Creamslip.No paintunderbase. PGB. 73. JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Completebut worn. Buffslip. Flat base. Two zones of birds to L., (i) standing,reservedeye, silhouettebody; (ii) flying, reservedand dotted eye, hatched body,silhouette wings outstretched.Under base, panel of crosshatchingacrosscentre,hatchedtriangleto one side, on handle, tripletriangleon theother.Cross-hatching bars between lines below root. Inside lip, bars betweentwolines.LG-EO. 74. OINOCHOE. H. 20.6. Partofmouthand handle As 59 butwithtriplezigzag.E-MG. missing. 75. OINOCHOE. PH. 16. Mouth missing,handle broken. Carination and groove on shoulder,low conical footwith groove underneath.Neck: steep zigzag withapices filled.Bars on handle root.PGB. Cf. 104.84. 76. OINOCHOE. H. 9.5. Complete.As 104 butwith double inner circles on flanks,enclosing ribbed quatrefoilson one side, Maltese cross on the other. PGB-EG (?). RDAC1984,134no. 62. 77. PYXIS (FIG. 145). H. 8.8. DR. 7.4. Complete. Spatterbelowband inside.MG. 78. COARSE TRIPOD JUG (FIG.146).H. 11.8.DR.
6.3. Nearlycomplete.Grittyredclay.Lopsided.Thick straphandle;tripodfeetroundin section.M-LG. 79. SMALL LID (plate 247). H. 3.8. DR. 11. PGB. Complete.As 71 butbroaderand shallower. 80. OINOCHOE (fig. 146; plate 236). H. c. 15.7. Neck with handle; belly to base. Orange clay, crumbling;thickred paint all over,even underbase. Metal-likeprojectionsbelow handle root,and beside at rim.PhoenicianRed Slip. RDAC upperattachment 1984,123no. 4. 81. LEKYTHOS. H. 15.7. Complete. White grits. Slight ridge between neck and shoulder. Poorly articulated disc foot, string mark underneath. Shoulder: cross-hatchedtriangleswithintripleor quadrupleoutline.Handle: bars betweenlineswhich continuedowntheneck.PGB. 82. CUP (FIG.146).H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete. Lopsided.Whitegrits,creamslip.Bosseseach side of meanderpanel. Handle barred.Inside,reservedcircle on floor.MG. 83. HYDRIA (FIG. 146). H. 25. DR. c. 7. Nearly complete.Wide grooveunderfalseringfoot.Differing motifsin belly zone: A, solid triangle;B, hatched lozenges, emptycentres.All threehandles barred. Two bandsinsiderim.LG/EO. 84. Vacat. preserved. 85. *SMALL LID. H. 3.6. Three-quarters PGB-EG. As 71 butshallower. H. 13.2. Complete. Coarse 86. OINOCHOE. micaceousred clay,smoothed.Strap handle; conical foot,flatunderneath.Six groovesat base of neck, verticalribson body.PGB-EG. fourteen 87. SKYPHOS (fig. 146). H. 6.3. DR. 11.2. Rim doublezigzagonly. chipped.Fabricas 50. On reverse, Inside,floorfullypainted.Naxian, MG I. Eumousia, 27>% 5a88. ARYBALLOS. PH. 6.0. Body only. Badly flakedsurface.Double circleson shoulder,grouped lines below.E 157,class B (ii). EO. RDAC 1984, 129 no. 30. 89. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(fig. 146). PH. 17.5. Cream slip, pale brown paint. Leaf quatrefoilon shoulder,two bands of zigzag between lines, dark base. Fromthe same workshopas 106 and 118. See no. 10.LG. also Gypsades PH. 15.Base to neckwithhandle *OINOCHOE. 90. stump.Round handle, flatbase. Handle: wavyline lines.Otherwiseas 23. LG. betweenstraight 91. CUP (FIG.147).H. 9. DR. 13.6.Nearlycomplete. red-brownpaint. Bars and solid paint Semi-lustrous on handle.Reservedcircleon floor.MG. 92. OINOCHOE. H. 10.5.Nearlycomplete.As 104 on each flank,and swastika butwithribbedquatrefoil on shoulderin front.PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984, 134, no. 65. 93. ALABASTRON. H. 7. Complete save chipped
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 292 rim. Pierced lugs on neck. Lines on neck, dotted leaveson shoulder.Body,zigzagsbetweenlines,band. Cf.F no. 1051.and also 292.60. EO. 94. *OINOGHOE (FIG.146).H. 19.Mostofneckand partsof body missing.Deep orangeclay,smallwhite slip,mattblack paint; surfacemuch grits,red-brown worn. Interiorgrey-buff. Ring foot,double round handle.CypriotBoR IL RDAC 1984,127-8no. 12. 95. ARYBALLOS. PH. 5.5. Lip to lower body. As 66. M-LG. Polishedsurface, flaking. 96. ♦SACK-SHAPED JUGLET. Shattered. Soft orange clay, red slip, matt black paint. Flattened handle,tubularbody,vestigialfoot.Bands and lines on body;no otherdecorationvisible.CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,131no. 37. H. 11. Nearly complete. 97. LEKYTHOS. Apparentlyas 48 but withone quadruple circleon shoulder.CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,129no. 25. 98. OLPE. H. 10.4.Complete.Thickcreamslip.Flat base. Spaced lines. Shoulder:cross-hatched panel at centre,threebarsat each sidependentfromneckline. Barson handle,ringroundroot.EG. 99. LEKYTHOS. H. 12.5. Rim chipped. As 69 centres. exceptthatthe triangleshave cross-hatched PGB. 100. OINOCHOE. H. 12. Nearly complete.Thin fabric.Neck offcentre.Broad disc foot.Neck panel: double zigzag, irregularbars above. Bars between lineson handle.MG. 101. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete.Buffslip. Shape and decorationsimilarto 108. Reservedcircle on floor.MG. 102. OINOCHOE. H. 11.2. Nearlycomplete.Fabric as 86. Fourgrooveson neck,tenverticalribson body. PGB-EG. 103. OINOCHOE. PH. 15.5. Body only.Bucchero: fabricas 13.18. Uneven ringfoot,stumpof round handle.MG. 104. OINOCHOE (fig. 147).H. 10. Complete.Fine greyclay,polished orange surface;mattgrey-black paint. Large and small circles on flanks,drawn freehand;at centreon each side, a Maltese cross. staron shoulderin front.PGB-EG (?). Eight-pointed RDAC1984,133-4no. 64. 105. ARYBALLOS. H. 8.2. Nearlycomplete.Polished yellowsurface.Narrowflatbase. Unpainted.LG-EO. 106. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.H. 24.5. Two thirds of mouthlost,chipped base. Fabric as 89. Bars on edge oflip and handle.Two bandsofopposedarcades on neck.Shoulder,chevroncolumns,thena band of dottedscales. Below,S's betweenlines. Lines, dark foot.Cf. 89. LG. 107. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Rim chipped.As 105 but withreddishtingeon lowerbody.LG-EO. 108. CUP (FIG. 147). H. 7.8. DR. 12.3. Buffslip. Handle barred.Reservedcircleon floor.MG.
265
109. OINOCHOE. H. 10.1. Most of mouthmissing. As 10 but with double inner circles. PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984,133-4no. 66. no. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12.5.Nearlycomplete.As 108 butwithunevenbase. MG. in. OINOCHOE. H. 11.3.Nearlycomplete.Orange surfaceoutside and inside, with greycore; ribbed on each flank;otherwiseas 104. PGB-EG quatrefoils RDAC (?). 1984,133-4no-63112. SMALL LID. H. 4. DR. 11.1. Complete.As 71 butwithband at rim.PGB-EG. 113. LEKYTHOS. H. 12.Nearlycomplete.As 69 but the triangleshave cross-hatched centres,and the foot is lowerand broader.PGB. 114. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 44.2. DR. 18.5. Three-quarters preserved. Flat inset lip, bucraniumhandles withstirrups,poorlyarticulated disc foot. Paint on lip. Panels same on both side. MG. Bossesnear rimeach side of stirrupattachment. Cf.F no. 423. Stirrupworkshop. 115. OINOCHOE. H. 12. Complete.Fabric as 86. Strap handle; rough conical foot,flatunderneath. Eightgrooveson neckbutno ribson body.PGB-EG. 116. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. PH. 29.2. Rim missing.Cream slip.Round handleto neckridge,ring foot.Neck: columns of cross-hatchedlozenges and invertedchevronflankingherring-boneat centre. Handle: bars between lines, horizontal on front, verticalat sides.MG. 117. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. D. c. 10.5. Rim fr.Cream slip.As 104.27. LG. 118. *LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 6.7. Neck and handle only.Grouped lines on neck. Fromthe same workshopas 89 etc.EO. 119. *MINIATURE OINOCHOE. Frs. of mouth and handle,body.Surfaceflaking,burnt.Bucchero. O. 120. *SMALL LID. H. 3.9. DR. 11.5. Nearly PGB-EG. complete.As 71 butshallower. 121. OLPE (FIG. 147). H. 10.6. Complete. Thick creamslip.Handle barred,ringroundroot.MG. 122. MINIATURE JUG-ARYBALLOS. H. 2.9. Complete. Everted lip, vertical neck, flat base. Shoulder:solid leavespendentfromneckband. Two verticallinesdownstraphandle.LG-EO. 123. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 147). H. 7.8. D. 26. Nearlycomplete.Polishedsurface.EG. 124. 'JUGLET fr.'Renumberedas f86 (partof glass vessel). 125. CONICAL LID. PH. 8.5. D. 22. Knob missing. On twoupperbands,tracesoftwowhitelines.MG. 126. *SMALL LID. H. 4.3. DR. 11.6. Complete. As 71. PGB-EG. 127. Vacat: joins 132. 128. ARYBALLOS. H. 8. Parts of body missing. As 105. LG-EO.
266
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
129. *SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 11.Complete.As 71. PGB-EG. 130. ARYBALLOS. H. 5.5. Rim chipped. Semilustrous brownpaint.As 66. M-LG. 131. ARYBALLOS. H. 7. Nearlycomplete.As 105 butslightly lopsided.LG-EO. 1312.LEKYTHOS. H. 11.3. Nearly complete.Flat base; otherwiseas 48. CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984, 129no. 17. 133. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.2. Lip and partof handle As 105. LG-EO. missing. 134. OINOCHOE. H. 10. Nearlycomplete.As 104 but withhourglasson one flack.PGB-EG (?). RDAC 1984,133-4no. 67. "35-JUG or OINOCHOE. Fr.ofwallonly.Sevenfold circles on shoulder,grouped lines, the outermost thickened. E 154,classE or 155classD (i). LO. 136. CUP. DR. 7. H. 5.3. Complete. Fully coated insideand out.Whitelineson lip.E 166,classC. LO. 137. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 45.7. DR. 19. Three-quarters preserved. Inset lip, rising rim. Bucraniumhandles,flatbase. Painton lip. Identical panels.All handlesbarred.MG. 138. JUGLET. H. 8.9. Complete.Flat base. Handle barred.M-LG. 139. OMPHALOID LID (fig. 147). H. 6.5. D. 18. Complete.Polishedsurface.MG. 140. SPOUTED SKYPHOS withdetachablestrainer (fig. 147). H. 9.8. DR. 11. Complete. Strainer:one hole in centre,fiveequallyspaced near edge; groups of bars round upturnededge, remainderof upper surfacefullypainted. Rough surfaceunderneath, shallowcoil brokenoff,unpainted.Skyphos:shortlip breakon intowhichthe strainerlid fitscomfortably; rimsuggesting a risingloop handle.Side spoutplaced offcentre.Panels: quadruplezigzag in front, slightly triplebehind.No paintinside.MG. 141. *SKYPHOS (fig. 147). H. 10. DR. 10.9. Complete. Fullycoated. White lines on lip. E 166, classC. LO. 142. FLAT PYXIS (fig. 147). H. 6.6. DR. 12.5. Centreof base missing.Orange clay,chestnut-brown grits,darkbrownpaint.Two pairsofsuspensionholes, Attic,MG I. opposed.No paintunderneath. 143. LID forFLAT PYXIS (fig. 147).D. 14. Nearly complete, knob missing. Fabric as 142, and Attic,MG I. suspensionholescorresponding. 144. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS (fig. 150). H. 47.4. DR. 18.5. Two-thirdspreserved. Fine pinkbrownclay,yellowslip.Flat base. Twinloop handles, the rootsflattened.Round the body fifteen trees,all withtriangulartrunks.Except forthose under the handle roots, all have double stems and spiral branches; on each one perches a large bird, their bodieseitherchecked,or solidwithinhatchedoutline alongtheback.The fourtreesunderthehandleroots,
withoutbirds,all havesinglestems;on one theleafage takesthe formof a lozengenet,on the otherthreea massof zigzags.Handles:barsbetweencurvedstripes on each member,verticalbars across roots. Paint insiderim.PGB. The lid 61 maybelong.AR 29 (1983), 26, fig.2.1, pl. 2. UrnswithLids 52, fig.93. Reflexions 112,fig.5. 145. THREE-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.8. DR. raisedfoot. 19. Nearlycomplete.Flat insetlip,slightly Painton lip. Panels:A as shown;B, smallsolidleaves above meander,cross-hatched leaves below; C, as B butwithcross-hatched lozengesbelow.MG, late. 146. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.2. DR. foot.Above 25.5. Gaps in wall and foot.Fenestrated handle,lines. Handle panels: threemetopes,massed zigzagson eitherside of a double outlinequadrated lozengewithdot filland dottedbackground,framed by small double circlestop and bottom.Below,lines and bands withtracesof whiteenhancement.White circlesabove and belowthehandleand at thesidesof thepanels.E 149,classIV A (ii).EO. 147. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 41.8. DR. 18. Nearlycomplete.Yellowslip.Flat insetlip,ringbase, birdsand triple tripodfeet.Painton lip. Confronting zigzagin all fourpanels;A and B as shown;C and D, birdswithoutcolumnof chevron.Triplewhitecircles in zones above and below,and in columnsbesidethe horizontalhandles.Barson loop feet.LG, late. 148. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 50.5. DR. 18. Straight-sided, risinglip,ringbase, loop Fragmentary. feet(onlyone preserved).Band at rim,lip otherwise reserved reserved. Band belowshoulder, line,bandwith quintuplewhitecircles,dotsbetweensecondand third circlesin each set,crosswithdots in the centre;the circlesextendupwardsacrossthe reservedline,white lines above and below. Panels, all flankedby white vertical lines and columns of cross-hatching:A, meander;smalloutlinequatrefoilwithdottedspaces enclosedin whiteand darksquares,betweenhatched quatrefoilpanels withdouble chevroncalyx; single centralcolumnof chevron. windsof meanderflanking twohatchedzigzagsabove and B, hatchedbattlement, solidleaves;D, below.C, twohatchedzigzags,meander, lozengecrosswithsmalldottedlozengesin quadrants above and hatchedbattlement (centralpanelsmissing), below.Curvedstripeson horizontalhandles,vertical linesbetweenbarson straps.Bellyzone:whitecirclesas Barson loop feet.LG, late. on shoulder. 149. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig.147).H. 57.5. DR. 20.5. Nearlycomplete.Ring foot.Insetconcave Bucraniumhandles.Paint on lip. lip, risingslightly. Identicalpanels. Column of silhouettebirdson each The lid 155 fits. strap.MG. Horseworkshop. PITHOS. PH. 40.5. Half TWO-HANDLED 150. preserved,rim missing;handle stumps.Ring foot. identical.Painton handles.EG. Panelsapparently
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE 151. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 38. DR. 13. Base missing.Flat insetlip, painted.Shoulder:triple a circlesbetweenlinesall in white.Panels alternately bird and a quatrefoilwithlozenges,alwaysbetween cross-hatchedcolumns with white reinforcement. Paint on horizontalhandles; on strapsverticallines betweenbars. Bellyzone, in white:triplecircleswith centraldot, alternatingwithsets of nine bars with multiplebrush,whitelinesabove and below.LG, late. 152. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Fragmentary. Rising concave lip, painted. Disc foot. Identical panels: double zigzag, S's, guilloche, S's, double zigzag. Curved stripes on horizontal handles; on straps,doublediagonalcrossbetweenbars.LG/EO. 153. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 45. Threequarterspreserved,lip and handlesmissing.Shallow ringfoot.Panels: A, tongueswith midrib,hatched lozenges,hatchedmeander,leaves in double outline. B, upperpartmissing,tongueswithmidribbelow.C, lozengesbelow.D, upperpartmissing,cross-hatched tongues with midrib, hatched leaves, hatched meander,lozengesin tripleoutline.*Fr.of strapwith bars,lozengesin tripleoutlinebelowroot.LG, early. 154. TRAY (FIG. 147). H. 4. DR. 23.4. Two-thirds preserved.Buffslip. Round reflexhandles.Dots on rim.Inside,circleson floor.EG. Cf. BSA 67 (1972),84. D 37155. CONICAL LID. H. 12.5. D. 24.8. Virtually complete.Knob flatabove: crossof fourintersecting lines,paintin quadrants.MG. Perhapsforpithos149. 156. CONICAL LID. D. 13.8. H. 7.2. Gaps in rim. Red clay.Tracesofwhitescales.For157. EO. 157. PYXIS. H. 12. DR. 14. Max. D. 18.5. Gaps in rimand wall.Fabricand decorationas 156. EO. 158. NECKED PITHOS. H. 56. DR. 19.8. Gaps in body.Four handles.Barredrim,groupedwhitelines volutetrees.Belowvertical on darkneck.On shoulder, handle, outlined cross-hatched dotted lozenges. Handles barred. Lines, then dark lower body with groupedwhitelines.E 149,classIV A (ii).EO. 159. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 54. DR. base to handle zone; upper part 15.7.Fragmentary: Flat lip, slightridge and otherbodyfrs.,non-joining. at rim; ring foot. Paint on lip. Shoulder: white metopes,alternatingoutlinebirdswithraised wing, and lozenge crosses.Panels,all betweencolumnsof withwhitereinforcement: A, vertical cross-hatching hatched meander; B, opposed arcs intersectinga lozenge,all in doubleoutlineand hatched;C, hatched quatrefoilwith midrib,central circle, imposed on all in doubleoutlinewith largelozengewithchevrons, hatching;D, largelymissing,probablyas C. White belly zone: hatched zigzag between lines; another whitezone below,withgroupsof fivebars. Curved stripeson horizontalhandles;on straps,tall diagonal crossbetweenbars.LG/EO.
T. 292
267
160. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (fig. 147).H. 56. DR. 16.2. Gaps in lip and body.Rounded rim, slightangle below lip, ridgewherehandlejoins neck. Ring foot. Same decoration on both sides: crosshatched lozenges and hatched meander on neck, hatched meander on shoulder. Handles: panels containingsilhouettebirds with raised wing.Band insidelip.MG. (One handlefromT. 283.) 161. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 14. DR. 9. Half of upper part. Flat inset lip, painted. White withinpanel and borderinglinesbelow. reinforcement LG. PITHOS. PH. 18.5. 162. FOUR-HANDLED Shoulder and belly fr.On dark zone below panel, whitedecoration.LG. indistinct 163. PEDESTALLED KRATER (fig. 147).PH. 6.7. DB. 20. Base withlowerpart of stem. Orange-buff grits,small particlesof silver clay,chestnut-brown mica. *Frs. of stem with two ridges,floorof bowl, fullypainted.AtticMG. perhapsbelonging, 164. LARGE SKYPHOS (fig. 148).PH. 11.8.DR. c. base missing. 18.One-thirdpreserved, MG, late. 165. DOMED LID. H. c. 8.3. D. c. 24. One-third Cream slip. centreand mostofrimmissing. preserved, Fullypaintedinside.EG. 166. CONICAL LID. H. 12. D. 22.3. Much of knob missing.Cream slip.Flat knob,tracesofMaltesecross. LG. 167. CONICAL LID. H. 10.2. D. 22.5. Half preserved.Cream slip.Flat knob,circles.LG. 168. DOMED LID (fig. 149). H. 5.8. D. 21.5. Half preserved.Pair of suspensionholes. White on dark: octopusat centre,cable, opposed double semicircles, doubleintersecting zigzag,band at lip.LG-EO. 169. DOMED LID (FIG.148).H. 5.3. D. 21.4.Threequarters preserved. Everted lip. White on dark: outlinerosettewithmidribs,interlocking sixteen-petal horizontalS's, cable, hatchedzigzag,dotson lip. LG, early. 170. DOMED LID (fig. 148). H. 5.3. D. 20.8. Twothirdspreserved.Everted lip, one suspensionhole preserved. White on dark: outline rosette,cable, horizontalS's, hatchedzigzag,dotson lip. interlocking LG, early. 171. *DOMED LID (FIG.148). H. 5.2. D. 21. Threequarterspreserved.Evertedlip, pair of suspension holes. Whiteon dark: centreas 172, threezones as 169. LG, early.UrnswithLids119,fig.10. 172. DOMED LID (FIG.148). H. 5.7. D. 21. Threebuckled.Evertedlip,pair quarterspreserved;slightly of suspensionholes.Whiteon dark:hatchedchevronleaves at centre,interlockinghorizontalS's, cable, doublecircles,dotson lip.LG-EO. 173. *CONICAL LID (fig. 148). H. 9.5. D. 21.5. Nearlycomplete.Knob: quadruple circle,enclosing cross with hatched triangles in quadrants. All
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
decorationwhiteon dark. LG-EO: matchespithos 148. 174. CONICAL LID. H. 10.8. D. 23.3. Threequarterspreserved.Flat knob,slightbevellingat edge: reservedcross.LG. 175. *SMALL TRAY (fig. 148).H. 2.3. DR. 17.Grey core. Roots of reflexhandle at rim. Solid paint underneath. Inside,spacedbandson floor.LG. ♦CONICAL LID. D. 14. H. 6.8. Complete 176. lost. Exteriorfullycoated, worn. profile,two-thirds EO. 177. CONICAL LID. H. 9.5. D. 21.2.Three-quarters preserved,much of knob missing.Knob concave above,motifnotclear.LG. 178. *DOMED LID. H. 3.5. D. c. 15. Half preserved in threefrs.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:dots on lip. No otherdecorationvisible.LG-EO. 179. SMALL LID. H. 4.1. DR. 12.5.Three-quarters As 71. PGB-EG. preserved. 180. SMALL LID. H. 4.6. D. 11. Nearlycomplete. Conical: broadflatknob,slightridgebelow.Whiteon dark:circleson knob,threepairsoflines.LG-EO. 181. *OINOCHOE. DB. 6.2. Frs.of body and base circleswithsmall only.Ring foot.Spaced intersecting doublecirclesin spaces.Nippleson shoulder.LO. 182. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE (fig. 148). PH. 22. Gaps in mouth,neck, lip, base and lower body. Rope handle. Lines on neck, tree of life in doubleoutlinewithdots.Shoulder:darkgroundwith pattern in reserved patches. In panels, octofoil, massed zigzags,dottedquatrefoil,dottedquatrefoil. Below,lines,bandswithtracesofwhitedoublecircles. Lines and bands withwhitetriplecircles,chequered bands.LO. 183. NARROW-NECKED OINOCHOE. PH. 14.5. DB. 7.6. Body,base of neck and part of base only. Large gaps. Groupedlines,outermostthickened,on neck and body,quadruple circleson shoulderand body.LO. 184. *POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 149).DB. 14.2. foot,body,rim,one Non-joiningfrs.of fenestrated horizontalhandle. Prongmarkedthroughbase and hole in thecentreofbase. Paintrubbed. fenestrations, Tracesofredverticalsbelowrim;twobandsofcircles, (a) in red with dots between them, (b) larger, outermost blue,withdotsbetweenand red,innermost a red rosettein thecentre.Band ofpanelsoutlinedin redlinesand blue dots.Tracesofblue linesand circles on base. MO. 185. »POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig. 149). Frs. of lowerbodywithrootsoftripodfeet,non-joining body sherds.Trichrome.Bands: (a) blue lotus,(b) panels: one remainingbirdin blue,fantail,red wingand tail withyellowfilland red bars at tip. Red fleurs-de-lys and blue and redvolutetreesabove feet,blue arcades with red columns between them. For trichrome
technique,see BSA 29 (1928-29),280, and E 188.EO. 186. »POLYCHROME PITHOS. DR. 24. Base, part of rim.Blue red-edgedbands of wall and two-thirds withwhitequadruplecircles.EO. of 187. JUG/OINOCHOE. PH. c. 19.5. Two-thirds body only. Fivefoldcircles on shoulder and body, betweengroupedlines.E 154,class E, or 155,class D (i). O. 188. »FOUR (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 35.5. Lower half. Ring base; loop feet, diagonal cross betweenbars.LG. 189. »DOMED LID. H. 5.2. D. 19.5.Half preserved. Evertedlip,pair of suspensionholes.Whiteon dark, veryworn: octopusat centre,horizontalS's, double circles,band at lip.LG-EO. 190. »DOMED LID (fig. 149).H. 6.2. D. c. 21.5.Half preserved.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:outlinerosette at centre,cable, interlocking S's, hatchedzigzag,dots on lip.LG-EO. 191. DOMED LID (fig. 149). PH. 6. D. c. 21. Half centremissing.Evertedlip. Whiteon dark: preserved, no trace of centralmotif,quintupletriangles,zigzag withfilledapices and dots,doublecircles,dotson lip. LG-EO. UrnswithLids,119,fig.12. 192. LEKYTHOS, Praisostype.PH. 15. Body only, gap in wall. Fabric as 89 etc. Shoulder, zigzag betweenlines;volute-forks pendentfromlowerline. Below,bandsofS's. Cf. 106, bythesame hand.LG. 193. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(FIG.149). H c. 26. DB. 6.5. Gaps in mouthand neck,about halfbody missing.Fabric as 89, fromthe same workshop. Grouped lines on mouthand neck, barred handle. Band of cables at base of neck. On shoulder,six wheels; below,solid lozenges. spoked billet-rimmed Body,rowsofzigzagsbetweenlines.LG. 194. »LEKYTHOS, Praisos type. H. c. 24. About two-thirdsof body missing.White on dark. Worn. Trace of one panel on body,double outlineon leaf cross.Fromthesameworkshopas 33. EO. 195. ARYBALLOS. PH. 8.2. Bodywithgap,and fr.of mouth.Tongues on mouth.Side-circlewithzone of billets,and strokesbetweenthe outermostwithdots betweenthem.Small double circlesfrontand back. EO. 196. ARYBALLOS (fig. 149). Max D. 7. DB. 2.8. Upper body, wall and non-joining base. Mouth, tongues.Shoulder,threeswans withbarred wings. thenpanelsseparatedby Band ofhorizontalchevrons, bands of dots. In the remainingones, double circle, quadrateddottedlozenge.Band of verticalsbetween wavylines,band ofchevrons.E 159,classL. Forbirds, cf.i? no. 1280.LO. 197. ARYBALLOS. H. c. 7.5. Upper and lowerparts of body,partof corrugatedcentralsection.Biconical. Bucchero.Cf.E no. 1326.LO. 198. LEKYTHOS. H. 7.9. Two-thirdsof body and
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 292 smalldouble circles.E 159, handle only.Side-circles, classE (iii)(b). EO. 199. ♦POLYCHROME LID. D. 20. Two-thirdsof wall and knob lost. Conical withknob and bevelled edge.Paintlost.O. ofrim 200. ♦POLYCHROME LID. D. 22. Two-thirds and adjoiningwall.Conical withbevellededge.Panels of red and blue cross-hatching, red and blue doubleoutlinelozenge.By thesame hand as 34.3. LO. 201. *POLYCHROME LID. H. 6.5. D. c. 19. Onelost.O. thirdofrim,partofwall.Paintentirely 202. LEKYTHOS, Bichrome.Frs. of mouth,body and handle. Pale buffclay,cream slip,black-brown and pinkpaint.Flaringlip, globularbody.Inside lip: pinkband, fourblack lines; outside,pinkband, five threesetsoffiveblack blacklines.Shoulder:evidently concentriccircles each side, the outermostcircle thickened,the central set higherthan the others; below,pink band betweenblack lines. No paint on handle. Probably two-handled.Local imitationof CypriotBichromeIII. RDAC1984,127no. 11. 203. ARYBALLOS. Frs. of body,mouth and foot. Bucchero.Biconical.Cf.E no. 1326.O. 204. ARYBALLOS. Fr.of upperbody only.Tongues withdottedoutline.Lower,circleenclosingcinquefoil. By theFortetsaPainter.LO. 205. ARYBALLOS. Two non-joiningfrs.of body.A, double bows, billets.B, part of similarbow. By the FortetsaPainter.LO. 206. *ARYBALLOS. Frs. of wall. Cross-hatched on shoulder.E 158,classIIC. LG-EO. triangles 207. ARYBALLOS. Max D. 6. PH. 6.2. Mouth and handleand upperbodyonly.Cross-hatched triangles, dotted,on shoulder.E 158,classII C. LG-EO. 208. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3.6. PH. 4.4. Greaterpart ofbody.As 206. LG-EO. 209. OINOCHOE. PH. 5.6. Bodyonly,gaps in wall. Deep orangeclay,whitegrits.,mattblackpaint.Iron stainon lowerbody.Root of straphandlebarred;flat base. Shoulder:threeeight-point stars.Spaced bands. Perhapssameclassas 104 etc.PGB-EG. 210. *ARYBALLOS. DB. 3. Frs.of lowerbody only. Creamslip,bands.Cf.E no. 1530;as 285.22. LO. 211. SACK-SHAPED JUGLET. Part of body and handle-root.Coarse porous fabricwith buffinner layer,redpaint.PhoenicianRed Slip. RDAC 1984,123 no. 3. 212. *AMPHORISKOS. PH. 5.5. Fr.ofshoulderand mouth.Bucchero.O. 213. *HIGH-FOOTED KOTYLE. PH. 9.6. Fr. of base, lower body, and non-joining frs. of wall. Rectilinearcable, lines to foot.On foot,lines with band ofgroupedstrokes. Interiorfullycoated.LO. 214. *FOOTED VESSEL. DB. 6.8. Frs.of footand lowerbody.Whiteon dark.Body,dotsbetweenlines, tongues.Foot,pairsoflines.O.
269
215. FEEDING CUP. Two frs.of body and spout. Offsetlip. Lines on lip, then bands of panels with spoutin one ofthem.Massed zigzagson eithersideof spout;linesradiatingfromspoutto edge of itspanel. Lines.LO. 216. *SKYPHOS. DB. 13. Four frs.of lip and body. Lines on lip, triple circles and grouped verticals betweenhandles.Interiorcoated. E 166, class B (ii). LO. 217. *SKYPHOS. DR. 14. Four frs. of rim and adjoiningwall,withone handleand rootoftheother. lines Interiorcoated,reservedline belowlip. Exterior, on lip. Shortstrokesbetweenlines;verticalsbetween handles.Handles barred.Below,lines.E 166,class B (ii). 218. SKYPHOS. DR. c. 12. Three frs.of rim and adjoiningwallwithhandleroots.Dark micaceousclay, brownpaint. Inside fullycoated,withreservedband below lip. Between handles, panels: wheel, zigzag, rosette.E 165,classB (i). MO. 219. TALL-LIPPED CUP. DR. 11.5.Frs.of lip only. Panels: narrowrectilinearcable, rosettewithdouble quartercirclesin the corner,cable, rosette.Partsof otherpanelswithlotuses,bee and triplecircle.LO. 220. CUP. DB. 5.3. Non-joiningfrs.of footand wall. in circles, Ring foot.Interior,centraltongue-rosette dots betweenthe ends. Dark paint to just below the lip. Exterior,rays,cable, band of panels of rosettes and doubleaxes. LO. 221. *KOTYLE. Frs. of wall only. Interior,fully coated. Exterior,lines below lip, then dark paint to base. E 166,classA. LO. 222. *KOTYLE. DB. 4.5. One-thirdof base, nonjoining frs.of wall. Cream clay,red paint. Interior coated. Exterior,lines,thenpaint to base witha few reservedlines.Corinthian, EPC. 223. TRIPOD CUP (fig. 149). H. 14.3. DR. 14.5. with Gaps in rimand wall,handlelost.Straight-sided evertedlip,pointedfeet,straphandle.Whiteon dark. Interiorfullycoated with line below lip. Grouped strokeson lip. Body,bands':crossed zigzag, outline leaves, crossedzigzag, verticals.Lines. Feet barred. EO. 224. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. c. 40. Fragmentary:parts of neck, lower body and base. Roundedrim,ovoidbody,*ringfoot.MG. 225. OINOCHOE. PH. 14. Neck and shoulder,with handleroot.Whitegrits.Irregularridgebetweenneck and shoulder.Barson handle.E-MG. 226. OINOCHOE. PH. 13. Neck and shoulderwith straphandle,mouthmissing.Handle: doublediagonal crossbetweenbars.E-MG. 227. SMALL FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 9. DR. 8. Halfofupperpartin twofrs.Insetconcavelip, reserved.Panels (some smallerfrs.not illustrated): A and C, lozengechain,chain of double lozengeswith
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KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
small dottedlozengesin angles above and below; B and D, row of single detached circles, quintuple zigzag.LG. MiniatureofE no. 831. 228. KALATHOS-LID. H. 6. D. 15.4. Half preserved.Cream slip. Shape and decorationas 72, butonlyfourlinesbelowspiral.PGB. 229. STRAINER LID forskyphos.D. 12.5. Nearly complete.Shape as 140, butwithtwoconcentricsets of smallerholes. Upper surfacefullypaintedbut for reserved band nearedge.No paintunderneath. MG. *CONICAL LID. Frs.As N 27. MG. 230. 231. *LEKYTHOS, Praisos type.Frs. Cream slip. Shape as 116. Dots on rim, meander below neck on shoulder.Belly:zones ridge,cross-hatched triangles ofmeanderand cross-hatched lozenges.MG. 232. PITHOS (?), fr. Shoulder panel: gridded meander,EG (?). PITHOS. H. c. 35. 233. *NECK-HANDLED As 218.27, butwithcontinuousbars in Fragmentary. zone roundbelly.LG. 234. *COARSE NECKED PITHOS. Rim fr.As 285.79, withinciseddecoration:opposed groupsof obliquebars.PGB. 235. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Two shoulderfrs. Whiteon dark zones above and below main panel, designsindistinct.Strap handle: trace of diagonal crossbetweenbars.LG-EO. 236. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. of largestfr. Flat insetlip, ringbase, stumpsof 39. Fragmentary. feet. Dotted lozengechainabove handles.Panels, loop all betweencross-hatched columns:A and C, bird;B and D, elaboratelozengecross.Below,whiteon dark thinzones ofsingle metopalzone,designsobliterated; whitecirclesabove and underneath.LG, late. Bird workshop. 237. SQUAT OINOCHOE. Max D. 18.8. Frs. of shoulderonly.Exteriorfullycoated in black paint, incisedtongues.Cf. BSA 73 (1978),51,no. 7, pl. 11,7a. LO. 238. *COARSE PITHOS. DB. e. 35. Frs. Too to reconstruct. shattered Impressedcircleson sidesof straphandle,S's on uppersurface.Circlesof various sizesin band betweenhandles,circlesin zones on the body LO.
239. MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype.PL. 63. Th. 1.5-1.8. Frs.,rimand base. Orange-brown clay,large whiteand greygrits,buffslip,red-brown paint.Holes piercedvertically throughuppercornerand base. On squaredprojecting lip,wavylinebetweenbands.Tops of panels on long side A, betweenverticalthree-line divisions:(i) spiral volutes,perhaps top of tree; (ii) spiralwithsolid background;(iii) partof floralmotif with spiral and fringedcentre,solid wave pattern along upperborder.Base frs.withloweredge of side B: to left,panel of tricurvedarch; centre,trace of cuttlefish (cf.294.63) withhead reversed;wall stylised fr.withwavytentacle.LM III A2. 240. *DOMED LID (FIG.149).D. 22. Half rimand some adjoiningwall. Shallowevertedrim,suspension holes. White on dark. Hatched leaves, cable, small double circles.Billetson rim.LG-EO. UrnswithLids, 119,fig.13. 241. KOTYLE. DR. 16. Frs. of rim and adjoining wall only.A, panel of verticalrectilinear cable; three horizontalpanels: wavy line, chevrons,wavy line; verticalrectilinearcable. B, lines. Cf. Payneno. 159. MO. 242. POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 22. Frs.of rimand wall. Red and blue arcade, red and blue lozenges. For185? EO. 243. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 44. Threemostofrimand shouldermissing. quarterspreserved, Short inset lip, reserved. Ring foot. Band above handle with white lines. Panels: bars, hatched battlement. Below,groupsof reservedlinesbordered in white.Curvedstripeson handle.LG, late. 244. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS (fig. 149). H. c. 11.9. Half preserved, base non-joining. Salmon-pink clay,orange surface,mattblack paint (muchworn). Strap handlesto neck ridge.CypriotBoR II. RDAC 1984,128-9no. 18. 245. TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOS. Frs. of neck, shoulder, and handles; mouth missing.As 244. CypriotBoR II. RDAC1984,129no. 19. 246. *JUG or OINOCHOE. DB. io. Partsof base, body and handle. Sixfold circles on shoulder, outermostthickened.Widelyspaced lines.InvertedS on handle.E 154,classE or 155,classD (i). O.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 2. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.8 g. Piece of shaft,roundin section;traceofmouldings? ia. SERPENTINE VASE. L. 3. W. 2. Th. 1.1Broken mottled.Withchannel.Minoan? spoutfr.Grey-black, 2. BRONZE AND LEAD WEIGHT (fig. 171;plate 286). D. 2.6. H. 1.6.Wt. 84 g. Cylinderoflead, sliced on one side to have one verticalface,coveredin very thinbronze.Bothlead and bronzehorizontally ridged holeoffcentre,D. 0.3. and grooved.On underside,
3. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 171).W 0.8. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.2 g. Smallpiece ofspring. 4. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171;plate 286). L. 3.8. Head D. 0.6. Wt. 2 g. Disc head withsmallfinial;spherical 'bulb', withthreeringmouldingson the shaftabove and below.Tip lost;split(oxidized). 5. BLACK STEATITE WHORL or BUTTON (fig. 185). H. 1. D. 2. Dh. 0.7. One chip, scratched. Roughlyconical.
THE MEDICAL
FACULTY
6. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171). L. 1.3. W. 0.2. Wt. 0.3 g. Could belong to eithera dress pin or a fibula. 7. BRONZE AND LEAD SHAFT (figs. 171, 193; PLATES 266, 286). L. 7. D. (including bronze) 0.6, bronze 0.1 thick.Wt. 8.2 g. Three parts,all broken and corroded. Irregular lead strip, section oval, roughly formed,clad in thinsheet copper or bronze. Pin shaft? 8. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.7. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.6 g. Could belong to eithera dress pin or a fibula. 9. IRON PIN fr.Head and part of shaft of a pin of the type of 60. fu, 15 and 107. fi7, etc. Head D. 2.1, with finial,shaft too corroded for detail to be visible, but a swelling is detectable a short way down and the D. of the shaftat the break is c. 0.4. 9a. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 0.8. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.2 g. Could belong eitherto a dress pin or fibula. 10. IRON PIN (?) fr.Corroded head of a pin, perhaps of a similar type to 9. Head, D. c. 2.3, Th. c. 0.6. *ioa. LEAD STRIP WEIGHT or HINGE (fig. 193; plate 266). L. 3.9. H. 0.9. W 0.18, 0.5 together. Complete, white surface corrosion. Rectangular sheet, doubled over a 'rod' (now lost)? 11. Vacat. 12. IRON KNIFE fr.Hilt of a knife: L. 3.3. W 1.6. Th. 0.25; straightsides; a bronze rivet is preserved in the hilt. 12a. GLASS BEAD sphere (fig. 183). D. 1.2. H. 1. no Dh. 0.2. Yellow cream colour - opaque, iridescence. Underneath- some gold iridescence with fold lines and small stringhole. 12b. BRONZE frs,two: one FIG. 171. (a) 4 X 1.5. (b) 4.7 X 1.3. Wt. 8.5 g. 13. SERPENTINE VASE, fr. 13a. METAL ROD and COVER (fig. 193; plate 266). Lead. L. 5.8. D. 0.35. Bronze L. 1.2; W 3.4; Th. 0.05. Ends lost, corroded surface. Circular rod of lead, held in bronze sheet casing. 14. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4.7. W. 0.6. Shaft D. 0.2. Wt. 2 g. Slim shaft, grooved section, one terminal hammered flat into a part ellipse. Threaded on the shaft are two cylindrical sheet metal beads. Related to 20? 15. GLASS BEADS, two (fig. 183). D. 0.9-1.2. L. 0.9-1. 1. Same as 12a. 16. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4. H. 3.1. Wt. 5.3 g. Complete, in five pieces. Swollen bow with stud finial, large rectangular catchplate. IV; Sapouna-Sakellaraki {Blinkenberg Vila). 16a. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 3.4. H. 2.3. Wt. 3.3 g. Complete, in four pieces. Sailshaped catch-plate, large boss on centre of bow with two prominent ring-mouldingseither side. Spring of two turns.Cast. Sapouna-Sakellaraki lile. 16b. BRONZE SPIRAL, small. D. 0.9, wire 0.15. Wt. 0.4 g. From finger ring with spiral terminals? Fine wire,neatlycoiled in two complete turns.
SITE
T. 292
271
17. GLASS BEAD, spherical (fig. 183). D. 1.65. Badly corroded - speckled black and gold surface, with laminations. Cf. 280. fi. 18. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; PLATE286). L. 4.3. Head D. 0.4. Wt. 1.6 g. Centre of shaft lost. Domed head, multiplefinemouldings on shaft. 19. GLASS BEADS, spherical, two (FIG. 183). Material as 12 + 15. D. 0.9-1.0. L. 0.8-1.0. Dh. 0.25. fill,not near any niche.) (In dromos 20. BRONZE FITTING (fig. 171; plate 286). H. 2. W. 3.2. Metal D. 0.5. Wt. 10.5 g. U-shaped object, split (oxidized), its terminal apparently hammered flat,but broken away. Handle? 21. GLASS BEAD, sub-spherical (FIG. 183). Half only. D. 1.8. L. 1. Dh. 0.7. Dark, translucent,honey colour. 22. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 2.1. 'Bulb' D. 0.2. . Wt. 0.5 g. Middle of shaft; small 'bulb', with fourneat ring mouldings below. 23. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs. Two joining pieces from the blade of a javelin. Together L. 7.5. W. 3.3 tapering to 2.7; small midrib,Th. 0.8. 24. CLAY HORSE fr. (plate 311). PL. 3. PH. 3. Triangular in section. Forepart with neck, forelegsand body broken off.Fine orange clay, trace of red paint. Sharp mane. Harness painted. Could be part of Attic MG pyxislid. 25. IRON PIN. Tip only.L. 5.3. Shaft D. 0.4, tapering to point. 26. SILVER FINGER RING (fig. 155; piate 266). D. ring 2.1; hoop 0.25. Complete, black corroded surface. Silver or silver-leadalloy. Unbroken circle. 27. GLASS, remains of graduated string? (FIG. 183; PLATE 301). Five beads. green, Spherical, transparent. D. 1.25; six glass beads (smaller) now decayed, milky white, porous. D. 1.15-1.0. Dh. 0.6-0.5. Five ring-shaped beads, same material, smaller. (In Niche 4.) 28. IRON RING. Details lacking. 29. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171; piate 286). L. 2.1. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Tip lost. In two pieces; split (oxidized). Disc head with small finial; fine ring mouldings above and below a small 'bulb'. 30. IRON NAIL (?) fr.Piece fromthe shaftof a large nail or rod. L. 7.1. Section c. 0.8 squared. 31. BRONZE SPECTACLE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. 4.3. D. 1.8. Wt. 7.2 g. Catch and part of pin lost. What remains, intact. Wire of rhomboid section (at least in part). Spirals of fourcomplete turns. 32. Vacat. 33. GLASS BEADS, frs. (a) dark blue glass beadstiny,ring-shaped, (b) bead glass, spherical (?), now broken. Golden-yellow corrosion. 33a. BRONZE FIBULA (fig. 171; plate 286). L. c. 3.5. H. 2. Wt. 2.75 g. Part of bow lost; heavily oxidized. 'Sail' catchplate. Solid, elliptical bow. IVd. Sapouna-Sakellaraki
2y2
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
33b. GOLD LEAF frs.,foundwith33 and 33a. 34. GLASS BEAD, spherical(fig.183).D. 1.25.L. 1.2. Dh. 0.3. Opaque, creamycoloured withfold lines, smallstringhole.Cf. 12. 35. BOAR'S TUSK in SILVER MOUNT (fig. 155; PLATE311).TuskL. 7.5; W. 2; Th. 1.2. SheathL. 4.2; elliptical2.1 X 1.5; Th. wall 0.07; knob D. 1.4. Tusk partlychipped;sheathofsilverhas holeforsuspension (D. 0.35)and slitat side(damage?). 36 + 46 + 78. BRONZE PHIALE MESOMPHALOS frs.(FIG.172;PLATE286). D. c. 22. Rim fr.L. 7.6. H. 2.6. Th. 0.2. Base fr.7.5 X 7. D. ofboss 4.2. Total Wt 67.4 g. Severaljoiningfragments composenon-joining elementsof rim,wall and base. Plain rimabove bold reeding.Centreof thevesselconceivedof as a manypetalled rosette.The walls are unusuallythick;the neat.Oriental? workis particularly 37. BRONZE ROD fr.(fig. 171).L. 3.3. Th. 0.3. Wt. 2.3 g. Sectionround;brokenbothends;misshapen. 38. BRONZE PIN (fig. 171;plate 286). L. 5. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.3 g. Probablycompleteand intact.Tiny conicalhead, two ringmouldingson the shafteither sideofa 'bulb'. 39. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.4. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.5 g. Tip ofpin or fibulapin. 40. BRONZE PIN (?) fr.L. 1.5. W 1. Wt. 0.5 g. - couldbe tipofpin or fibulapin. Twisted + 41 42. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig. 171;plate 286). Combined L. 6. W. 1.4. Wt. 4.3 g. Two non-joining partof the elliptical pieces,betweenthempreserving VIII ( = Sapouna-Sakellaraki bow of a Blinkenberg IXb)
withscrapsofbothspringarm and forearm.Trace of ringmouldingson the arms,of traced lines on the longaxisofthebow. 43. BRONZE AND IRON DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (fig. 171;plate 291). L. 5.2. W 1. Wt. 11.5.Tweezersiron,of shoulderedtype,withremains of a bronzesuspensionringthreadedthroughthetop ofthespring. 44. ANIMAL HEAD' (? SHEEP) (plate 311).PL. 1.5. PH. 1.2.Buffclay;wornbrown-black paint;solidpainted. 45. BRONZE SHEET fr.10 X 8. Th. 0.1. Wt. 27 g. 46. See 36. 47. GOLD LEAF, two frs.Ls. 1.5, 0.9. Irregular shapes. 48 + 58 + 59. BRONZE DEPILATORY TWEEZERS (FIG.171;plate 286). L. 5.3. W. 1.7.Wt. 6 g. Complete, in three pieces. Pinched spring,broad shoulders, wide,splayingblades. relatively 49. IVORY HILT? (fig. 192 plate 301). H. 11.1. W pommel2.1; shaft3.2; horn3.3. Th. shaft2.9. Pitted, scratched,muchof socketand hiltarea lost,mostof pommel edges too. Ovoid to circular in section, interiordrilledout in successivestages(socketD. 1.2; depth10). Side loop broken.Above recessedzone at loop,occasionalpurplepatches(staining?).
evenmore 50. IRON TWEEZERS fr.Partofanother, fragmentarypair than 43. Part of one arm only survives,L. 3.5, but the top sectionof 1.5 pinched is againpreserved;armsections,c. 0.8 X 0.4; together space betweenarmsratherwiderthanin 43, c. 1.4. 51. BRONZE FIBULA fr.(fig.171;plate 286). L. 2.5. W 0.8. Wt. 3.4 g. Catchplate,pin and springlost. Oval boss on bow set offby a bead mouldingeither side,tracedlinesabove and below.A neatand elegant III. piece.Sapouna-Sakellaraki GLASS BEAD, 52. spherical(fig. 183). D. 1.25. L. 1.05.Dh. 0.7. Opaque, creamcoloured. 53. GLASS BEAD, ringshaped(FIG.183).D. 1.25.L. 0.8. Dh. 0.9. Opaque, white. 54. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Two joining pieces withjunction of hilt and blade of a straight one-edgedknife.L. 7.8. W. ofhilt1.2,ofblade 1.4;Th. of blade at back, 0.4; straightedges; one iron rivet preservedin hilt. 55. GOLD LEAF STRIP fr.L. 1.6.W. 0.35. 56. GLASS VESSEL? partof neck?(FIG.183; plate 301). H. 1.7.W. 1.5.walls 0.2-0.3 Th. neck0.8. Core mauve-red inside break. Wall pale yellow, with striations.Perhapsneck and brokenbase of handle fromglassjug? Cf.E no. 1650. 57 + 84. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Threejoining pieces, to formsocket and part of blade of small javelin head. TogetherL. 18.6; socketL. 8; D. 1.6 0.6) at top; 1.2) taperingto 1.2 (internally (internally blade, Max. W. 2.2, taperingto 2 at last break;small midrib,Th. 0.6. 58, 59. See 48. 60. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.7. D. 0.5. Wt. 1.6 g. Partofshaft;split(oxidized);sectionround;no trace ofmouldings. 61. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 191; plate 310). H. 5. Th. 0.15-0.35. D. 2. D. socket1.1. Some surface abrasion, half lost in longitudinal split. Mammalian limb bone. Ends sawn and interior gouged out. Cylinder,fastened,by peggingholes at each end; one withbone peg (D. 0.4). Incised 'lotus ofgilding. remnants bud' patternon exterior, 62. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 2.2. D. 0.2. Wt. 0.4 g. Partofshaftofpin or fibulapin. 63. BRONZE SPEARHEAD (fig. 170;plate 286). L. 27.5. W. 3. SocketL. 9.5. Wt. 143 g. In threepieces, complete,muchoxidizedand battered(sockettwisted, edges turned, etc.). Undivided socket. Angular narrowblade. shoulders, relatively 64. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Threejoiningpieces, plus one scrap,to formsocketand part of blade of javelin-head. TogetherL. 22.9; socket L. 8. D. 1.7 1.2),taperingto 1.4 at top; blade,Max. W. (internally 2.7,taperingto 1.2at lastbreak;smallmidrib,running forc. 7. 65. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD (fig. 178; plate 291).
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE Completein threepieces.L. 35.5;socket,L. 8.5. D. 1.7 which 1.2);blade,Max W. 2.5 at shoulders, (internally appearsloping;midrib,Th. c. 1.4,runsforc. 11. 66 + 70 (i). IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE (fig. 178).Completein fourjoiningpieces. L. 26.8; hilt,L. c. 5, W. 1.1,has one iron rivetvisible;blade slightly curved on both edges, the cutting-edge being concave;W. 1.6, graduallytaperingas it curves;Th. at back 0.4. 67. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joiningpieces, to formsocketand partofblade. L. 21.9;socket,L. 8, is crushed;blade, Max W. 2.8, taperingto 2 at last break;slopingshoulders;midribTh. c. 1.4,runsforc. 968 + 70 (ii). IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs. Two joining pieces, formingpart of blade of oneedged knife;L. 8.4. W. 1.4. Th. at back 0.4. Straight edges? 69. BONE ORNAMENT (fig. 191; plate 310). L. 4.05. W. 3.05. Th. 0.25-0.40. Dh. 1.35. Split,a little abraded; 'upper' side polished. Mammalian limb bone (bovid or equid). 'Eye'-shaped, plano-convex section. 70. See 66, 68. 71. IRON SINGLE AXE (fig. 178).Completesingle tangedaxe, of smallsize. L. 10.5;tang,W. 1.4; blade, W. at cutting edge 3.6, Max Th. 0.7. Present (corroded)weight103.5g72. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE frs.Threejoining pieces,to formmostof knife;part of hiltand tip of blade missing.L. 17.6;hilt,L. 5, W. 1.2,Th. 0.25, has two bronzerivets(cf. 12); blade curvedin the same way as 66 + 70 (i); W. 1.2, taperingto 0.6 at last break,Th. at back0.3. 73. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hilt and partof blade. L. 6.8; hiltbrokenoffat rivet-hole at top end, W. 1.2; blade, Max. W. 1.9, Th. at back 0.3; edges apparently straight. 74. BONE ATTACHMENT (fig. 191;plate 310).H. 2.15.D. 3.1. Abradedsurface,polishedonce; halfsplit away. Plano-convex(domed); withtop incised with and side vertically banded,thetwozones rosette/rays dividedbyhorizontalgrooves.D-shapedsocketpasses horizontally(H. 1.2); withsmall peggingholes both vertically in base (two survive, D. 0.15), and (D. 0.35) inside. horizontally 75. GLASS BEAD, disc (fig."183). D. 1. W. 0.17/8. Dh. 0.4. Straightsided, with rounded edge. Glass white, semi-translucent,wider and thinner than faiencediscbeads.Cf. 285. fi9c. 76. LIMESTONE COLUMN (?) fr.(plate 305). H. 11.7.D. top 15.2,shaft10.6. Brokenone side,chipped and scratched.White,soft.Top zone with groove; underthis,with expandedband of petalscontracting apparentcolumn shaftmarkedoffby two or three crispridges.
T. 292
273
77. BRONZE VESSEL fr.(fig. 172).7 x 3.2. Wt. 6.8 g. Partof rimof a bowl,raisedfromplain disc casting. Foldedrim. 78. See 36. 79. BONE HANDLE or SLEEVE (fig. 191; plate 310).H. 11.05.D. 2-2.5.D. socket1.1-1.6.Th. walls0.6. Broken,lowerend lost;choppedand abradedsurface (polished).Equid metatarsal.Probablysplitforease of held at ends by pairsof bronzecross-pegs production, (hollowshanked,flatcircularhead D. 0.55). Incised chevrondecorationin verticalpanels (16), withend zonesmadeup offourhorizontal ribs.Once gilded. 79a. IRON ROD fr.L. 5.5. Sectioncircular,D. 0.9, taperingto 0.5. Purposeuncertain. 80. IRON ROD fr.L. 4.5. Sectionapparently square, Th. 0.6 (toothinto be froman obelos).Straight. 81. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 3.5. W. 0.2. Wt. 0.6 g. Pin and partofshaft. 82. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig.171;plate 286). L. 4. Head D. 0.3. Wt. 1.75g. Tip lost.In twopieces.Disc head, withfinial.'Bulb' on shaft,withfiveringmouldings above and below. 83. BRONZE PIN fr.(fig. 171).L. 1.6. D. 0.15. Wt. 0.5 g. Partofshaft;featureless. 84. See 57. 85. IRON PIN fr.Head and part of shaftof heavily corrodedpin. L. 7.3. Head apparentlydome-shaped. D. c. 2.5; shaft,D c. 0.5. Impressionof clothvisiblein corrosionon shaft. 86. GLASS AMPHORISKOS, fr. 87. IRON PIN frs.Fourfrs.,joiningto formthe tips of twopins,(a) L. 6.1. Max. D. 0.4. (b) L. 4. Max. D. O-3588. IRON ARROWHEAD (fig. 178).Completebut forbrokenend of tang.L. 8.5; tang,surviving L. 1.2, sectionc. 0.4 squared;blade,rectangular section,c. 1.6 X 1.1,taperingto point. 89. IRON CHISEL. Complete. L. 8. W remains constantat 2.2, whileTh. tapersfrom0.6 at buttto the cutting edge (somewhat blunted). Present (corroded)weight,59.5 g. 90. IRON HORSE-BIT (?) fr.(fig. 178).Partof one mouth-pieceof a jointed bit (?), heavilycorrodedso that the original dimensions are hard to discern underneath.It is in the formof a rod witha loop at either end, to which was once attached, at right angles, a cross-bar (presumablythe cheek-piece). Original L. c. 11.6; loop at eitherend, D. (external) 2.2; centralrod had rectangular section,c. 1.4 X 0.8; the cross-piecewas attachedto thisa littleoff-centre, about 5cm fromone end and 6.5 fromthe other;the remainsof this,too,showa rectangular section,c. 1.5 X 0.5. 91. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hilt and partof blade of small,straight-edged knife.L. 4.8 W. of hilt 2.2,ofblade c. 2.0.
2^4
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 293 (HL) See under T. 280. POTTERY (PLATE 210) i. OINOCHOE. PH. 9.7. Mouthand handlemissing. Micaceousredclay,thickand heavy.Poorlyarticulated disc foot.Six groovesat base ofneck,nineteengrooveson body.EG: withpithosburial,T. 280.
Tomb 294 N (figs. 3, 52; plate 44 c-e) 1.10.Stomion: W. L. as excavated:2.80. W. o.75-(estimated) RemainingL. overall:4.28. Dromos: 0.80. 1.80. Chamber: (estimated) (estimated) Depth0.24. The dromos was narrow, butwidenedas it approachedthestomion. It rosea verticaldistance of 0.08 fromthestomion to thelimitof the excavation,at an angle of 1.50.The N side of the stomion had been destroyed;the s had a square door-jamb.There were no blockingstones. Therewas a 0.09 stepfromthestomion to chamber,muchofwhichhad been destroyed bythe Medical Facultyfoundation trench.The remainingchamberwall describeda smoothcurve, a circularor oval plan. Roundthepreservededge ofthechamberwas a bench0.07 suggesting wide. The floorwas strewnwithverysmallpebbles. high,0.24 It was basically a side chamberwas cut intothe S side of the dromos. 1.35fromthestomion the dromos Its floorwas 0.23 below oval in plan; it extendeda littleway intothedromos. floor, a in the centre.There had been blockingwall the step had a curioustongueof kouskouras thelowestcourse foundedon theside-chamber floor,on thelineofthetrueedge ofthedromos] was insitu;therestwas represented oppositethispoint.The N bya pile ofstonesin thedromos and S nicheswere almostoppositeeach other,near the chamber.They were (or had been) The N nichewas at least 1.00wide, offthetomb'sorientation. theywereslightly rectangular; floor.The S niche,whichcontaineda up to 0.40 deep; itsfloorwas c. 0.70 above the dromos larnax(infra) was c. 1.60 X 0.50, itsfloorc. 0.85 above thedromos floor;theE and S partofits had tilted. floorwereinsitu,buttheN half,abovetheside-chamber, N-S line ofchambertombs(292-287The tombwas neartheS end oftheratherirregular excavatedin 1978. theN-mostelementin thatpartofthecemetery 285-283-294-306)forming was ESE-WSW. The chamberhad been on theE sideofthedromos. The orientation forthew wall oftheN-mostcentralblockof The tombwas foundwhentheN-S foundation mostofthechamber,a littleofthe theMedical Facultybuildingcomplexwas cut,destroying dromos and halftheniche.An HL grave,T. 295,orientatedN by E, S byW,had just impinged on theremainsofthechamberwall;itwas fullofG pottery. the fillwas hard reddish-brown The dromos earth,hallmarkof robberactivitythroughout in had been the larnax which terracotta of the sherds There were painted many cemetery. side-chamber,burntbone scraps, the LG goat protome9, bronze vessel fragment,f*j9 terracotta whorls,beads,fj, 6, 8. The lastwas amongdisplacedblockingstones.Perhapsall Near theN nichewas £2, squarishlumpof in theside-chamber. theseobjectswereoriginally been robbed- much had almostcertainly the chamber lack of In view of the blocking, glass. In thechamber,on thebench,were12, Attic ofitscontentsmayhavegoneintoT 295 (supra). on the with10, MG lekythos, MG mug,11, M-LG juglet(cf.thosein theside-chamber, infra), werejust withinthe floornear them.A M-LG miniaturecoarsejug, 13, and fg, whetstone, entrance. The N niche was emptyexcept forsome egg shells,apparentlyancient. The S niche side was missing;the contained6, remainsof a plain larnax.The larnaxwall on the dromos otherswere more or less intact.The E halfof its floor,supportedby the niche'sfloor,was
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE
T. 294
275
intact.The N part (above the side-chamber)had tilteddownwards.The larnax was 1.10long, c. 0.50 wide. Within6 were 5, an O coarse pithos,smashed, and withinits remains the O pots 1 (cup), 2 (jug), 8 (aryballos)and fi, bronze object, f4, clay bar, £5, bronze earring. N of the E end of 6, at a level where the niche floormighthave been expected, were the EO cups, 3, 4. Aftertheirremoval,7, LO plastic vase (hybridsiren-bull),appeared. Instead of the floor of the niche, there was brown earth under and around 7, the upper expected kouskouras fillof the side-chamber.NW of 7, the kouskouras (ie. the side-chamber roof)was intact; it was in excavated to reach the brown stratumbeneath, which 7 was found. Here were 14 (sherdsof a LO pithos), almost directlybelow 7 with, furtherS, 13a, LO lid and 15, sherds of a LO dinos, fio, 11, fragmentsof iron knives,fi2, terracottaanimal head, all c. 0.32 above sidechamber floor.The miniaturelekane, 22, was the only LO vase on the floor.In the upper fill were cremated bones, uncremated bones which might have been human or animal, a few sheep bones, and a tooth. In the lower side-chamber fillwere very few sherds,except small pieces of 63, a painted larnax of differentfabric from 6. Near the floor were pieces of unburnt bone. On the floor were two larnax feet in situat the E end, and, between them, undisturbed,fiveM-LG juglets, 16-20. Two others,23, 24, were on the W side. Against the SE wall were 21, LG small feeder,fi6, clay whorl/bead, fi7, collection of pebbles/gaming pieces, fi7a, shell, and 22, supra.Among the remains of the blocking were fi3, 14, clay whorls/beadsand fi5, iron fibula fragment.The earth throughoutthe chamber seemed very disturbed. It is suggested that when T. 294 was being constructed,its dromosstrucktwo larnakes, 6 where it was found in 1978, the painted larnax, 63, in the NE niche. The wall of 6 on the dromosside was then removed; it was subsequently used for the intermentsin the coarse O urns to which the single number5 was given in the field. When the side-chamber was dug, the SE part of its roof struckthe earlier cuttingfor the larnax so that the N part of the larnax formedpart of the side-chamberroof.The cuttingfor the larnax had been slightlylarger than the larnax itself,so that W of the larnax was a gap in the roof throughwhich the top of 7 showed. 3, 4 had perhaps been thrown out of the 5 interment. It is furthersuggested that the painted larnax was moved by the tomb-builderfromthe N niche into the side-chamber,where its feetwere found. The MG-LG 16-20 between the feet suggest re-use. The larnax would have been smashed by the tomb-robbers(hence its many sherds in the dromos, as well as side-chamber lower fill).The unburntbones may have come fromit,but whethertheywere originalcontentsor M-LG re-use is unknown. It is difficultto explain how the LO 14, 13a, 15 and 7 got into the upper fillof the sidechamber. 22 on the floor may mean the side-chamber was re-used for this late interment. Perhaps they were removed for investigation, smashed, and then thrown back. Such a reconstructionexplains the tomb's history:(1) Larnax burialsparallel to each other (2) T. 294 cut throughthem. Firstknown,MG, use of the chamber. Firstknown use of sidechamber,M-LG. (3) Larnax 6, used as niche forO interment (4) Side-chamber re-used forLO interment,including7 (5) HL T. 295 cuts chamber (6) Tomb robbed (7) J97^destructionof chamber That this is very much a minimum statementis shown by the restorationof twelve urns
2yß
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
fromfragments collectedduringexcavation:threeMG, fiveLG, one EO, one MO, one LO. Some ofthesmallerpotsare as earlyas PGB. Thereis no evidencethata larnaxeverstoodin theN niche;thereis no evidenceto showhowthisnichewas used. Editor's note: The featuresreportedabove are open to morethanone explanation.There are numerousinstancesin theN cemetery ofthere-useofantiqueterracotta larnakes,almost in In niches or side-chambers. T. two larnakes were so re-used,one in the S invariably 294, in than former. The S niche one the side chamber. The latter was earlier the niche, probably The withitslarnaxwas used fora LO interment based aroundthetwocoarsepithoi5 (supra). of niche and is but that the s niche was made later side-chamber ambivalent, juxtaposition thantheside-chamber is as likelyas thereverse,as is thehypothesis that7, etc.fellthrougha holeconnecting thetwoas thattheywerepushedup frombelow. POTTERY (PLATES 251-6) 1. CUR DR. c. 8. H. 6.8. Mostofringand handleand someupperbodymissing.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii).EO. 2. *JUG.Frs. of handle,body and rim. Quadrated lozengeson shoulder.Lines.VariantofF. 155,classD (i). O. 3. CUR H. 6.5. DR. 7.7. Gaps in rimand wall. High handle.Fullycoated.E 166,classB (iii)or close.EO. 4. CUP. H. 6. DR. 7.8. Complete. Fullycoated. E 166,classB (iii).EO. 5. *COARSE PITHOI, twofrs.A, DR. c. 43, DB. 24. Frs.of squaredrim,flatbase and body.Orange clay withlarge whitegrits.Grouped grooves.B, DB. 20. Orange clay withblack gritsand greycore. Frs. of base and wall. Ridge at base, grouped grooveson body O. 6. *LARNAX. Frs. Coarse brownclay,black grits. Cream slip, otherwiseunpainted.Body sherds,one to verticalhandle,top of one end. Too fragmentary but shape verylikeBSA 53-54 (1958-59), reconstruct, 229,fig.24a,VI I. LM III A-B. 7. PLASTIC VASE. H. 25. Mouth and tail-tiplost, gaps in underside. Bird-body,bull-head spout, human-headspoutwitharms to bull's horns,handle fromhuman head to centreback, two stumpfeet. Details of Daedalic head, arms,necklace,bracelets and bull'shead in darkpaint.Breast,stylised feathers; shownas scales on upperpart,dotted wings,feathers bars on tip.Centreback and undersidedark.LO. AR 25 (1979)coverand 55. Ann61 (1983),41,fig.11. 8. *LEKYTHOS. DB. 2.5. Frs. Biconicalbody with centralverticalsection.Bucchero.Cf.40.10. LO. 9. GOAT PROTOME. H. 4.6. Ears and hornsworn. lid,as 14.3. LO. Probablypartofpolychrome 10. LEKYTHOS (?). PH. 10.4. Body only.Surface cracked,no paintvisible.Stumpofroundhandle,flat base. MG (?). brown 11. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.Semi-lustrous paint.Flatbase. Handle barred.M-LG.
12. MUG (FIG.151).H. 7.7. Nearlycomplete.Hard orange-buffclay, some mica, lustrousolive-brown paint.Handle barred.AtticMG II. 13.MINIATURE COARSE JUG. H. 4.5. Handle missing.Micaceous red clay, smoothed. Stump of straphandle;flatbase withstringmark.Two grooves on neck.M-LG. 13a. *POLYCHROME LID. Frs. of rim and adjoiningwall,partof knob.Traces of blue on knob, blue and redlineson lid. E 164,classG (ii)(b). LO. 14. *TWO-HANDLED NECKED PITHOS. Frs.of body, two double arch handles. Tenfold circles betweenthe handles. White zigzag on band below handles.E 150,classV A, or close.LO. 15. DINOS. H. 20.5. DR. 34.5. One-thirdofrimand wall lost. Interiorfullycoated. Exterior,cream slip. Rim, chevrons.Shoulder,runninghoundsin mixture of outline and silhouette with reserved details, aboverunninghareto L. in outline.Tail of confronted rightdog becomes tail of last of a stringof leaping dolphinsto R., solid,withreservedand inciseddetails. Fill of swastikas,grouped tongues,quatrefoils,and volute tree below belly of righthand dog. Below, bands of double chevrons,pointed arches,latticed chequers, centralpointed leaf-rosettes.LO. AR 29 (!983)>52, 53>% 9716. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete.As 20 but bodymore rounded.M-LG. 17. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.As 20 but narrower neck.M-LG. 18. JUGLET. H. 9. Complete.As 20 but narrower body M-LG. 19. JUGLET. H. 7.6. Complete.As 20 but broader and shorterneck.M-LG. brown20. JUGLET. H. 9.1. Complete.Semi-lustrous black paint.Concave base, straphandle.Three rows ofdots,handlebarred.M-LG. 21. SMALL FEEDING JUG. H. 6.5. Buff slip. Aryballos shape with side spout and flat base.
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 294 Shoulder: pendent tongues, double zigzag below, lozenge cross with spout and handle. Paint below stopsshortofbase. Line downstraphandle.LG. 22. MINIATURE LEKANIS. DR. 5. H. 3. Complete. Interior,line halfway down. Strokeson rim. Betweenhandles,zigzag. Lines below.Handles barred.LO. 23. JUGLET. H. 8.9. Complete.As 20. M-LG. 24. JUGLET. H. 8.5. Complete.As 20. M-LG. 25. CONICAL LID. H. 8.2. D. 17.5Three-quarters preserved.Cream slip. Knob: hatched cross above, stemreserved.Carelesshatchedleaves.MG. 26. CONICAL LID (FIG.151).H. 10.8. D. 21. Onethirdpreserved,most of wall missing.White grits, cream slip. Two broad ribs on stem,flushwithflat knob. Reserved cross on knob, solid paint in quadrantsand centre.MG, late. 27. DOMED LID. D. 17.H. 3. Gaps in rimand wall. Flat rim.Fromcentre,lozengerosette,double zigzag, groupedlines,squiggles,darkrim.EO. 28. CONICAL LID (FIG.151).PH. 13.6.D. 26. Twothirdspreserved,top missing.Cream slip. Body of miniatureclosed vesselas knob.MG. For decoration cf.292.116. 29. SMALL LID. H. 5. D. c. 13.5. Two-thirds preserved, most of rim missing. Cream slip. Hemispherical; squaredrim,withdots.PGB-EG? 30. CONICAL LID. H. 10.4.D. 21.5.Halfpreserved. White grits,greycore. Knob concave above, with doublecross;threesharpridgeson stem.LG, early;cf. Fno. 1337. 31. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. c. 30. Lower part,withfrs.of panels. Cream slip, soapy surface, muchworn. Plump body,singlehorizontalhandles, flat base. Panel: hatched battlementflanked by diagonalcrosseswithtriangleand dottedchevronin each quadrant. Paint on handles. Bands and lines. LG. 32. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 17. Rim to bellyfr.Whitegrits.Insetconcavelip,risingrim.Paint on lip. Triple zigzag, irregular.Panels: hatched meander,billets. Cross-hatchedlozenges running under strap handle. On strap,panels of tripleand singlezigzag.MG. Cf. 75.52. 33. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 20. Frs.of rim,handle zone, belly and base. Pink-brownclay, creamslip. Flat lip, plumpbody,ringfoot.Paint on rim. Elongated hatched meander.Panels, only one preserved:elaboratelozengecrossformedof opposed hatchedchevrons,hatched-outline lozenges in each compartment.Intersectingvertical zigzag to R. Below: cable, hatchedzigzag, bands and lines. LG. Birdworkshop. 34. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. c. 42. DR. c. 17.Base to belly;frs.ofrimand upperbody.Buffslip. Slightlyconcave lip, plump ovoid body,ring foot.
277
Paint on lip. Panels: small solid leaves, hatched meander; hatched lozenges running under strap handle. Bands and lines. Bars on strap; horizontal handlesmissing. MG. TWO 35. (?)-HANDLED PITHOS. Upper part.PH. 20. DR. c. 13.Also lowerbodyand base frs.Red core. Concave lip, reserved.Bucraniumhandle,disc foot; plump ovoid body. Panels: triple circles, hatched meander, triple circles; bands and lines. Handle barred.MG. 36. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 20. Frs. of rim and wall, one horizontal,one verticalhandle. Between handles, double circles, the outermost thickenedwithwhitedots.In each interstice, top and bottom,a double outlinebee. Below,band withlarge whitetriplecircles,lines,band withlargewhitetriple circles,bandsand lines.F. 150,classB (i). LO. 37. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 32. DR. c. 13. Rim to lowerbody,frs.Straightlip, rising,painted. Slim ovoid body. Panels: A, tongues with midrib, hatchedbattlement, quintuplezigzag,all flankedbyW columns. B, quintuple zigzag, hatched battlement, cross-hatched W columns. lozenges,also withflanking Belly:triplewhitecircles.Bands and lines,paint on handles.LG, late. 38. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 36.5. DR. 19. Base, large partsof wall, one horizontalhandle lost. Between handles, columns of opposed half circles, tongue rosettesand double dotted circles.Vertical handle barred. Bands and lines, the topmostwith whitedoublecircles.F. 150,classV B (i). MO. 39. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 17. Neck and bodyfrs.,withpartofbase. Greycore,thickblack paint.Roundedrim,rootsof straphandles,ringfoot. Neck panels: hatchedmeander,dogtooth.Bands and lineson body.MG. 40. "CONICAL LID. H. 10.4. D. 18. Two-thirdsof wall and rim lost,gaps. Worn. From centre,bands, lines,straight-hatched largezigzagwithdottedcircles in lowerinterstices, lines,bands.EO. 41. *PYXIS (FIG.151).PH. 9.8. DR. c. 8. Rim to lower body,in two frs.Cream slip. Insetlip, like miniature pithos;twinroundhandles.MG. 42. KOTYLE (FIG.151).DR. 12. PH. 9. Frs. of one side and handle. Fine creamyclay,chocolatepaint. Interiorcoatedwithreservedline belowrim.Exterior, wirebirdsbetweenverticalsin handlezone; finelines, darkpaintto base. Line on handle.Corinthian.EPC. 43. COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED PYXIS. PH. 18. DR. c. 9. Fr.,rimto lowerbody.Micaceousred-brown clay,smoothed.Long concave neck, shortshoulder withcarination, roundhandle(s).Bodyslightly convex. Incised: two groovesbelow rim.Neck; fourgrooves, two roughzigzags,six grooves.Diagonal notchesat carination; two rough zigzags, three grooves. LPG-PGB.
278
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
44. LEKYTHOS. PH. 14.5.Mouth,handleand base missing.Fine clay, pale orange below, red-brown above; smallwhitegrits.Matt brownpaint,polished surface.Stump of round handle to neck ridge;line below ridge, another at base of neck. Body: lines withlargeand smallconcentriccircleson intersecting flanks,drawn freehand.On front,small compassdrawndouble circles,two on shoulder,one on lower body; another circle on back of lower body. MG: ofCypriotBoR. RDAC1984,133no. 57. imitation 45. LEKYTHOS. DB. 3.1. PH. , withbase, 7.5. Half body, base. Mouth and handle lost. Side-circles, outermostthickened.Three double circlesat back. Creto-Cypriot type.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 46. *KALATHOS (fig. 150).PH. 21.5. D. c. 37. Frs., base missing.Trace of cream slip. Splash of paint betweenbands inside.EG. For shape cf. 104.60; for decoration, 75.137. 47. *POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 22. PH. 7. Fr. of wall. Worn.Traces of red and blue lines,blue rosette withreddotcentre.MO. 48. *JUGor OINOCHOE. DB. 4.8. Frs.of handle, wall and base withstringmarks.Tracesofside-circles, quadruplecirclesat frontand back,lines,rays.O. 49. ARYBALLOS. PH. 3.5. Shoulderto bellyfr.Redbrownclay. Sagging globular body. Cross-hatched M-LG. triangles. 50. ARYBALLOS. PH. 3. Shoulderto bellyfr.with rootof straphandle.Orange-brownclay,creamslip. Globular.Decorationas 49. M-LG. 51. OINOCHOE? DB. 7. Frs. of base, wall and shoulder. Fine cream clay, dark paint, incision. Tongueson shoulder,thenanimals,lion, boar; rays. LPC /Transitional. Corinthian, 52. CUP. DR. 12. Fr.of rimand wall.Interiorcoated. lines;betweenhandles,one band of verticals Exterior, withdots.Nippleat endofband.Darkpainttobase.EO. 53. *TRAY. DR. 30. DB. 25. Three frs.of rim and adjoiningfloor.Interior,broad bands on floorand rim,edged in white.Groupedwhitestrokeson rim. wall darkwithwhitelines.Broad bands on Exterior, floor,edgedin white.LO. 54. ARYBALLOS. H. 7.4. Handle missing,gaps in body.A fewwhitegrits;surfacepolishedbut uneven. Mouthsharplyeverted,flatbase. Unpainted.LG-EO.
55. *NECKED PITHOS. DR. 13. Two handles,frs. ofbodyonly.Lines on neck.Panels:X in squarewith doublelozengefill,guilloche.Bands and lines.EO. 56. *PITHOS. DB. 10.2.Base and partoflowerbody only.Bandsand lines,someenhancedin white.EO. 57. *PITHOS, body fr.Triple white circlesround belly,threesetsoffourreservedlinesbelow.LG? 58. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Frs.of bodyand partof shoulder,one verticalhandle.Handle, X and bars. Band of whitecross-hatchedchevrons.Bands and lines,enhancedin white.E 149,classA (ii).EO. 59. PITHOS. DR. c. 21. Frs. of rim and body. Between handles, quadruple circles framed in guilloche. Below, band with white zigzag between lines.Groupedlines.E 150,classV. O. 60. DOMED LID. D. 21. H c. 8.5. Three non-joining frs. White on dark. From centre, rays, arcaded tongues,dots.F. 163,classE (i) (b). MO. 61. *DOMED LID. D. 19. PH. c. 6. Two non-joining frs.of rim and wall. White on dark. From centre, groupedlines,triplecircles,groupedstrokes.F. 163, classE (i) (b). EO. 62. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. PH. 15. Frs.,rim to belly.Cream slip.Wide insetlip, slimovoid body. Paint on lip. Panels: multiplezigzag betweencrosshatched lozenges; flankingcolumnsof whitetriple circles.LG, late. 63. MINOAN LARNAX, chesttype(plate 256). H. c. 68. Th. 2.5. Frs. of rim and walls, withtwo feet and part of gabled lid. Grittypurple-buffclay, creamslip,brownpaint. Projectinglip. Raised ridge round painted panels, punched with single circles. Running vertically outside the panels and continuingdown the feetis a solidwave panel along each edge; verticalwavylines in between,threeon long sides, one on shortside. Panels: on long side, parts of elaborate design based on linkedpapyrus; on short side, part of stylised cuttlefish.,head reversed and outlined; three wavy tentacles preserved.LM III A2. 64. NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA (?). PH. 20. Base to shoulder;neck and handlesmissing.Cream slip. Ring foot. Trace of vertical handle root on shoulder.Reservedpanels on shoulder:smallhatched leaves.Bandsand lines.LG.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE OBJECT (fig.172).D. 0.8. H. 0.5. Wt. 1 g. withcentral hole,inwhichappeartobe remains Bead-like, - function notclear. ofiron.Partofsomething larger 2. GLASS, SQUARISH LUMP. Brilliant yellow opaque glass.Probablypartoftessera.R? 3. CLAY WHORL or BEAD (fig.187;plate 306). H. 3.3. D. 2.8. Dh. 1. Wt. 29 g. Chipped at end. Redbrownfabric,somemica.Cylindrical.
4. CLAY BAR (fig. 187).L. 10.2.W 1.7.Th. 1.4.Ends broken,chipped. Fine brown fabric. Rectangular to shape. sectiontrimmed 5. BRONZE EARRING (fig. 172).D. 1.6.W 0.3. Wt. 1 g. Twistof wire,one terminalmuchfinerthatthe other.Might equally well be a twistedpin shaftor fibulapin. 6. CLAY BEAD. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.6. Third lost,
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE remainderfriable.Grey,unbaked(?) fabric.Depressed sphere. Incised patternof groups of near vertical dashes either side of two grooves around circumference. 7. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 172; plate 284). L. 3.2. W. 1.8. Wt. 2.1 g. Much oxidizedstripof sheet,edges strengthened by foldingover,veryneatly.Two rivet holes. Part of bracelet?Part of a vessel handle? In addition,0.75 g of bronze fragments, uncatalogued was foundin layer2. 8. CLAY BEAD (fig. 187;plate 306). H. 1.8. D. 2.2. Dh. 0.7. Third lost, friable. Dark grey-brown, unbakedfabric.Depressedsphere.Incisedpatternin ofdashesat eitherside ofband of threezones:fringes concentriccirclegroups,each zone dividedoffby a groove. 9. SLATE WHETSTONE (fig. 186; plate 304). H. 4.1. W. 1.85.Th. 0.65. Dh. 0.3. Occasionalchip.Greybrownslate. Rectangularslab, main side hollowed fromstroppingaction. Pierced for suspension at roughlyroundedend. 10. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Hiltonly:L. 4.7. W. 1.7.Th. at back0.35; has one ironrivetin place. 11. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Partof straight blade: L. 4.3. W. 1.4. Th. at back 0.3. Probably belongsto,butdoes notjoin, 10.
12. CLAYHEADANDNECK OF ANANIMAL.
Ts. 294, 306
279
H. 5.5. Brokenfromfigurine.Ears missing.Dull red stripesroundneck. 13. CLAY (?)BEAD (fig. 187; plate 306). H. 1.1.D. 1.7. Dh. 0.45. Half lost. Red to brownfabric.Hand withhole through width. rolledcylinder, 14. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187;plate 306). H. i.i. D. 1.8. Dh. 0.47. Wt. 5.5 g. Chipped. Redbrownfabric,once paintedbrown-black. Cylindrical. 15. IRON FIBULA fr.(fig. 172).Bow and coil of a smallminiaturefibula:greatestL. 3.3, withtinycoil, D. 0.7,surviving at one end. 16. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187;piate 306). H. 1.7.D. 2. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 7 g. Broken,chipped.Redbrownfabric,once painted red. Cylindricalto subspherical. 17. STONE PEBBLE GAMING SET (?). (fig. 186 PLATE302). Six ovoid/discwhite/translucent pieces (2.5 X 2 to 1.7 X 1), marble, quartz; seven ovoid/spherical grey/black pieces(2.3 X 1 to 5 X 1.3), igneousrock;two angularstone frs.Perhapsone of the dark pieces should be included here, givinga pairedsetofpieces(sixmena side). Unworked. 17a. SHELL (Glycimeris glycimeris). 18. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE fr.Partofa straight blade: L. 2.2. W 1.5.Th. at back0.25. 19. EGGSHELL. L. 5, originallyby 2.8 X 2.2. - hen'segg? Fragmented
Tomb 306 N (figs. 3, 54; plate 44/) L. 1.70.W. 0.90-1.00. Stomion: ExtantL. overall:2.80. Extantdromos: 0.74 wide, 0.28 deep. Chamber:2.00 X 1.80. towardsthestomion. was excavated.What remainswidenedslightly Onlypartof thedromos The dromos floorrosec. 0.02 in verticaldistanceat an angle of c. i°. The dromos and chamber floorswereseparatedby a clearlycut ridgeof earth0.05 higherthanthe dromos floor,froma outside the to the of the whose floor was 0.18 0.20 cut chamber, point neatly door-jambs edge X belowtheridge.A large,irregularly limestone block 0.12 thick)layon top (0.50 0.45, shaped oftheridge,and mayhavebeen partoftheblocking.The chamberwas a wellcutregularoval in plan; itsfloorslopeddown0.08 fromfrontto back,at an angleofc. 2.5o.Partofa nichewas excavated,cutintotheN faceofthedromos, 0.45 deep,at least1.15wide,itsfloorc. 0.94 above thedromos c. floor, 0.50 high. The tomb was at the S end of the rather irregularN-S line of chamber tombs (292-287-285-283-294-306) formingthe N-mostelement in that part of the cemetery excavatedin 1978.The orientation was ESE-WNW. The chamberwas on theE sideofthedromos. The dromos and niche were hit by a bulldozerclearinga temporaryroad, at thispoint to grubout a treeroot.As well as the treedisturbance,a Turkishor relatively attempting modernstructure had been builtacrossthedromos, c. 1.70fromthechamber.The HL Ts. 307, had been cut at to its one either side ofthestomion. Their floorswere dromos, 308 rightangles than the dromos and not have done much harm.The tomb floor, theymay considerably higher had beenlooted.
28o
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
nextto theniche,just above and at thelevelof was in thedromos, Mostofthetomb'spottery itsfloor,wherea massof sherdsand theLG-EO aryballosi, theO lekythoi, 2, 4, thePGB were fallenstones, found. Under the were oinochoe3, and halfa terracotta whorl,fi, pottery a were few bronze and below them from the flakes, sherds, niche-blocking; among perhaps one or twochipsofburntbone,£2,halfa terracotta whorl,f3, ironstripfragment, Í4, bronze sheetfragments, thelastunderthestoneon thestomion ridge.The lowerlayerofsherdsseems to have been potsremovedfromthe chamberand smashed.Amongthemmusthave been a verylargecoarsepithos,otherpiecesofwhichwerein thechamber,fromtheentranceto the ofwoodenhaft, centre.Near theentrance,N ofthesepieces,were£7,ironaxe and fragments At theback the coarse sherds. The O was and 12, miniature lekane. among pithos pithos10, the was the wall ofthechamberwereremainsoffiveLG urns.7 opposite entrance;SW against was 8, then13, 9, 24. With7 was theLG lekythos, 11; just SWwas fu, bronzeobject,fg, terracotta whorl,was beneath8; f8, ironjavelin,was in, or below,g. g and 24 werebroken 18. NE and partlymixed;belowthemwas theLG-EO lid 15, and theM-LG tripodskyphos, WSWof 13, nearthe S was fi4, bronzefragments. was fig, bronzespectaclefibulafragments; was the EO wall,was the LG lekythos, 19. Near the entrance,underthe coarse fragments, aryballos,20. 13 was between8 and thechamberwall. or bench,c. 0.50 long,0.20 In theN ofthechamber,againstthewall,was a smallplatform wide,0.03-0.04high.Itstopwas greasyand black,as thoughburnt.The earthofwhichitwas made was also dark.By itsSE cornerwereremainsofa MG pithos,14. Underthebenchwas of an ironjavelin,£20. Between14 f2i, bronzesheetfragments. Among14 was a fragment and the benchwas fis- ScatteredW of 14 were G cups, 16-17, 21-23 and fi2, irondirk fi6, dirkor swordfragment, fi7, bronze and iron fi3, javelin head fragment, fragment, but all slightly and were the other was below lower, SW, just weapons 7; cups £17 fragments. morelikelyto have belongedto 14. There wereverymanyscrapsof and perhapstherefore burntbone in thetombfill. nichewas bare. The dromos POTTERY (PLATES 257-60) 1. ARYBALLOS. PH. 9.5. Body withpart of strap handle. Trace of polishing.Flat base. Unpainted. LG-EO. 2. LEKYTHOS. H. 9.2. Gaps in wall,base chipped. Coated in dark paint, worn. Traces of white sidecircles.E 159,classE (iii)(b). EO. 3. OINOCHOE (?) (fig. 151). PH. 9.5. Base to shoulder,with part of strap handle. Cream slip; worn.PGB. Forshapecf.292.75. flaking, 4. LEKYTHOS. H. 10.4. Gap in mouthand wall. Shoulder,doublecircles.Groupedlines.MO. 5. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.3. Completesave chips from mouth. Barred handle, lines on mouth and neck. Triplecircles,groupedlines.E 157,classB (ii).EO. 6. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.8. Complete.Flat base. Lines on mouthand neck.Shoulder:cross-hatched triangles withoutline.Verticallinedownhandles.LG. 7. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 46.5. DR. 17. Flat insetlip,discfoot.Painton Two-thirdspreserved. lip. Panels:A, hatchedleaves,hatchedlozengechain, pointed tongues with midrib; B, hatched leaves,
hatchedlozengechain; C, D, as hatchedbattlement, shown.LG. 8. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. (withfeet)42.6. DR. 15. Nearlycomplete.Insetlip, almostflat.Ring base, threeloop feet. Paint on rim.White on dark zones above and below panels: triplecirclesbetween lines. Panels: hatchedbattlementand lozengechain, flanked by cross-hatched columns; white Bands and lines below,borderedin reinforcement. white.Painton horizontalhandles;on straps,diagonal crossesbetweenbars.Barson loop feet.LG-EO. 9. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 47.5. DR. 14.5. Nearlycomplete.Bronzestainson body.Flat insetlip, disc foot.Panels: A, B, as shown;C, double circles, doublezigzag,hatchedmeander,doublezigzag,triple circles,all between columns of cable; D, complex meander as in B but between columns of massed zigzag.Bands and lines.Painton horizontalhandles, barson straps.LG. 10. STRAIGHT-SIDED PITHOS. H. 47.5.DR. 17.2. Gaps in rim and wall. High-swung double reed
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - T. 306 handles,one withcentralsectionlost.Whiteon dark, veryworn.On shoulder,ninefoldcircles.Below,faint tracesof band of panels: A, lozengetree,two?birds with cross-hatcheddotted bodies, the rest lost. B, ninefoldcircle,lozenge tree,quadruple circle with strokein outer spaces, lozenge tree, the rest lost. Below, two bands of large ninefoldcircles. O. Cf. Arkades fig.254. 11. LEKYTHOS, Praisos type(?). PH. 15.5. Lower half.Creamslip.Ringfoot.Bandsand lines.LG. 12. MINIATURE LEKANE. H. 3. D. c. 9. Gap in walland base. Flatbase,straphandles,nickedrim.O. 13. PYXIS. H. 20. DR. 9.3. Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Flat insetlip,discfoot.Band at rim,lip otherwise reserved.Hatchedbirdwithraisedwingbetween(A) lozengecrosses,(B) leaf crosses(cf.F. motifi2r) with in fill.Lozengechainon belly midrib,doubletriangles below; bands and lines. Curved stripeson handles. LG. Birdworkshop. 14. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS (fig. 151).H. c. 38. DR. 18. Two-thirdspreserved;*base non-joining. clinkered Greyinside;in parts,burntgreyall through, and cracked.Flat insetlip, bucraniumhandleswith stirrups, ringfoot.Painton lip. Panels:A as drawn;B, hatchedmeander,dottedlozenge chain. Bands and lines.Bars on bucrania,twodiagonalcrossesbetween barson each strap.Spatterinside.MG, early. 15. DOMED LID. H. 3.8. D. 15. Nearlycomplete. Evertedlip, pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark decorationobliterated. LG-EO. Withpithos9. 16. *CUP H. 8. DR. c. 11.5.Half preserved.As 17. MG. 17. CUP (FIG.151).H. 7.7. DR. 12. Complete.Purplebrownclay.Flat base withstringmark.Fullycoated. MG. E 166,classB (ii),developed.Withpithos14. 18. MINIATURE TRIPOD CAULDRON (fig. 151). H. (withlegs) 9.3. DR. 8.5. One handle brokenoff. Grittyorange clay, many large white and brown inclusions; unpainted. Sharp carination below shoulder.Round handles,flattenedtripodfeet.One groove above carination,two below. M-LG: with pithos9. 19. LEKYTHOS (fig. 151).H. 11.5.Complete.Deep orange clay,polished; fugitiveblack paint. Round handleto neckridge.LG: withpithos9. Imitationof CypriotBoR. RDAC1984,132no. 41. 20. ARYBALLOS. H. 6.7. Mouth chipped,handle lost.E 158,classB (iii).EO. 21. CUP. H. 8.5. DR. 11.5.Nearlycomplete,handle broken.As 17. MG. 22. CUP. H. 8. DR. 12. Complete.As 17. MG. With pithos14. 23. CUP. H. 11.DR. 15.2.Nearlycomplete.Orangegreyclay.Oblique lip, offset;flatbase. Fullycoated saveunderbase. E 166,classB (iii).LG. 24. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 14.5.
28l
Nearlycomplete.Cream slip.Insetconcavelip,rising rim.Disc foot.Painton lip. Panels:A, B, as shown;C, double D, tongueswithmidrib,hatchedbattlement, zigzag.Bands and lines.Painton horizontalhandles. Straps:diagonalcrossesbetweenbars.LG. Cf. O 30. 25. NECKED PITHOS. H. 43. DR. 20. Two-thirds preserved.Cream slip. Shape as 26, withringfoot. Painton neck.Panels: tworowsof hatchedchevrons, two rowsof intersecting wavylineswithhatchedfill. Handlesbarred.Bands and linesbelow.EG. 26. NECKED PITHOS (fig.150).H. c.44. DR. c. 22. Half preserved;base fr.,non-joining.White grits, cream slip. Bucranium handles. Paint on upper surfaceof rim. Panels: sevenfoldcircles with gear at leastfourcentralcolumns:(i)-(iii) pattern,flanking as shown,(iv) almostall missingbut perhaps as (i). EG. The lid 27 fits. 27. CONICAL LID (FIG.152).H. 10.7.D. 22. Nearly complete. Cream slip. Tall truncated knob, horizontally pierced;no paintabove.PGB. 28. CONICAL LID. H. 7.6. D. 18.2. Two-thirds preserved. Flat knob, rim slightlyeverted. Knob: reserved cross within triple circle, solid paint in quadrants.Bands and lines.LG, early. 29. DOMED LID. PH. 4.2. D. c. 16. Half preserved, centremissing.Evertedlip, pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark:traceof octopus(?) at centre,zigzag, blankzone,doublecircle,lineson lip.LG-EO. 30. *DOMED LID (FIG.152).H. 4.6. D. 19.5. Twothirdspreserved.Evertedlip,pair of suspensionholes. Whiteon dark.LG-EO. 31. *DOMED LID (fig. 152).H. 3.3. D. 17.5.Nearly complete.Cream slip inside.Whiteon dark:Maltese cross(?) at centre.LG-EO. 32. CONICAL LID. H. 6.1. D. 14.2. Rim chipped. Circleson knob,bandsand lines.E 163,classC. EO. 33. POLYCHROME PITHOS (fig.150).DR. 22. Frs. of rim,horizontalhandles,body,halfbase. Belowrim, blue arcades.Handle panels:enclosedpalmettes, lotus, birdswithsplayedwingsand tail. Below,tworowsof panels alternatelypatternedand void. Upper row, quatrefoil guilloche,leafwithlozengecentre,leafand volute square. Below, traces of net, double dotted lozenge.Bythesamehandas E nos.1021and 1383.EO. 34. *POLYCHROME LID (fig. 152).DR. 22. Frs.of walland conicalknob.Tracesofguilloche.For33. EO. 35. CUP. DR. 14.7. H. 10.7. Gaps in rim and wall. Reserveddot on floor,line below rim,otherwisefully coated.E 166,classB (ii).EO. 36. PITHOS. DB. 12.7.Frs.ofbodyand base. Handle panels: A, betweenverticalzigzags, guillochewith solid lozenge edges; B, zigzags. Below, bands and lines.EO. 37. *JUG,mugtype(FIG.152).H. c. 15. DR. 10. Frs.: rimto belly,bodyand base frs.handlemissing.Cream slip.LG. Perhapsa feeding jug like26.2.
282
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
38. ♦NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. DR. 10. Frs. of mouth,body and handle; most of neck missing. no. 48 butwithgroupsof bars Cream slip.As Hartley in bodyzone. LG.
39. *NECK-HANDLED AMPHORA. PH. 27. DB. 17.5.Base to belly.Cream slip. Profileconvexabove and concavebelow;flatbase. Band belowbellyand at base. PG (?).
SMALL FINDS 1. CLAY WHORL or BEAD. H. 1.85. D. 2.75. Dh. 0.6. Wt. 12.5g once. Half lost,chippedand abraded. fabric.Cylindrical/disc. Grey-brown 2. CLAY WHORL or BEAD. H. 1.1.D. 3. Dh. 0.5. Wt. 15.5g once. Half lost,chipped.Dull pinky-brown with fabric,chocolate-brown paint. Cylindrical/disc angledcorners. 3. IRON STRAP fr.L. 3.3. W 2.1, taperingto 1.9. Th. 0.3 throughout. Straight edges; purpose No cleardatingevidence. unknown. 4. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)3 X 3.34.Wt.5.9 g. 5. BRONZE ROD. fr.(fig.172).L. 1.5.D. 0.5. Wt. 0.8 g. Could be part of pin or fibula shaft,but might equallycomefroma rivetshaft. 6. BRONZE AND IRON frs.Wt. 18.5g. Small mass of bronzeand iron;the bronzescrapsunidentifiable, thougha piece of'wire'mightbe partofa pin shaft. 7. IRON SINGLE AXE. Completesingletangedaxe, withtracesofwoodenhandleadheringto tang.L. 9.8; tang W 1.8; blade W. at cuttingedge 2.5. Present (corroded)Wt. 105.5§• 7a. BRONZE SHEET frs.Wt.4 g. Two pieces. 8 + 13. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD frs.Two joining pieces of javelin-blade. Together L. 15.8. W. 2.4, taperingto 2.1at lowerbreak.No realmidrib. 9. CLAY 'WHORL' or BEAD (fig. 187). H. 1.1. D. 2.8. Dh. 0.55. Wt. 10 g. Chipped,abraded.Dull redbrownfabric,somemica.Disc. 10. STEATITE 'WHORL' or BEAD. H. 1.25.D. 2. Dh. 0.65. Half lost,chipped.Black,polished.Slightly taperingappearance. 11. BRONZE OBJECT (fig. 172;piate 284). L. 3.6. W 0.6. Wt. 1.85 g. Found withironpellet adhering throughoxidization.Tool (?) withsmallwedge-shaped
blade,slimtangbentat rightanglesat theend. Partof a largerobject? 12. IRON DIRK fr.Hilt of dirkof standardtype.L. 8.9; pommel-tang,W 0.3; W at 'ears' 2.4; at first 'neck' 1.2; at firstswelling2; at second 'neck' 1.2; at shoulders(restored)3; flanges,Th. 0.6. One bronze in first rivetsurvives, swelling. 13. See 8. 14. BRONZE frs. (Largest) 7 X 4.6. Wt. 16.7 g. Amorphouspiecesofsheetand a nodule. 15. GLASS VESSEL, base. 16. IRON DIRK or SWORD fr.Piece ofblade: L. 5. W 2.6, taperingto 2.4. Max Th. 0.7. Could belongto thesameweaponas 12. 17. BRONZE AND IRON frs.Wt. 12.3g. Oxidized mass of iron containing small pieces of bronze, perhapsincludingpiecesofpin shaft.Irredeemable. 18. IRON FIBULA fr.Part of the catch-pinof a fibula,withcatch-plateadhering.L. 4.5. Section,D. included). 0.4 (0.8 withcatch-plate 19. BRONZE SPECTACLE FIBULA fr.(fig.172;plate 284). D. 1.7.Wt. 2.5 g. Wire coil, oxidized,broken on underside. perhapsfourturns.Traceofstartofspring 20. IRON JAVELIN-HEAD fr.Socketonly:L. 8.2. D. 1.6(internally), taperingto 1.4at thetop. 21. BRONZE SHEET frs.(Largest)5 X 2.7. Wt. 10.6 rivets g. Two of thelargestpieces containflat-headed tinker's and are evidently patches. 22. BRONZE VESSEL (?) fr.(fig. 172).L. 2.3. W 2.1. Wt. 1.5 g. Two joiningpieces,muchoxidized.Partof lower attachment(withrivet)and startof a small verticalstraphandle. In addition,therewas 0.2 g of bronzescraps(two)in layer1,notcatalogued.
Tomb 310 SE as a pyre,perhapsto be associatedwithT 219. This featurewas identified L. (N-s):2.45.W. (E-w): 1.68. cornersto NWand SW,straight The pyreconsistedof a Pi-shapedcuttingwithrectangular N,W,and S sides.It mayhavebeen open to theE. church'scolonnade,and thusverycloseN The pyrewas 1.00N oftheS sideofthemortuary of the irregularN-S line of tombs N-most of T 219. The latterwas the of the dromos - on theSE sideofthearea ofthecemetery excavatedin 1978. 219-14-13-19-55 in 1978,when not but The pyrewas firstlocatedand briefly fullyunderstood, investigated,
THE MEDICAL FACULTY SITE - Ts. 306, 310
283
trench.A largerportion itsNWcornerwas clippedby a Medical Facultybuildingfoundation trenchin 1979,and the remainspartly of itsSWcornerwas removedby a NW-SEfoundation excavated. The 1978excavationwas made fromthe trenchside; it showedseveralburntlayersin the narrowexposedsection,and produceda faiencebead. The 1979workfounda richreddishbrowntopsoilwhichproducedEC h and HL materialincludinga large HL flaskand lamp Belowthiswereat leasttwosuperimposed fragments. layersofburningseparatedbyc. 0.20 of A sterile ash-contaminated. sectioncut NE-SWacrossthe feature fine, yellowearth,slightly showedtheash layersto be thickest neartheWwall,taperingupwardsfromtheretowardsthe had takenplace in a hollowbesidethewall.The upperpyrewas c. E, as thoughthecremations 2.00 long,stoppingshortoftheSWcorner,and a greatestwidthof0.90. It was 0.42 deep,and the burninghad been intense.The natureof the fuel,thicktwigsand smallbranchesup to 0.05 in diametercould be seen; theydisintegrated upon touch,exceptone pieces (Sample 1). fi, bronzeflakes,£2, 3, faiencedisc beads, came fromthispyre.The lowerpyre(0.22 thick) showeda slightdivisionin the section,and may representtwo cremations.It was a little narrowerthanthe upperpyre.It was not completelyexcavated;itslengthis unknown.In it were£4, rimfragment of a bronzevessel,£6, piece of bronze,£5,manyfaiencebeads, and some burntcereal grain (Samples 3 and 4). Sherds foundwere burnt. Some may have belongedto T.219.71, 80, and perhaps31. earth, Apartfromthepyres,CT.'310 was filledwithhard,finesterile,yellowkouskouras-type whichalso underlaythepyresat 1.90belowmoderngroundsurface.This levelwas excavated forsomecentimetres withoutfinding otherpyres;stereo was notreached. SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE FLAKES. 2. FAIENCE DISC BEADS. D. 1.0-0.8.W.0.2.Dh. 0.3. 3. FAIENCE DISC BEAD. Same dimensions. 4. BRONZE VESSEL, rimfr. 5. FAIENCE DISC BEADS. Two groupsof beadssome fusedby heat and coveredin greyash. Same dimensions (30).
6. WOOD. 6.6 X 5.2 X 2.8. Burntand disintegrating lump. 7. CEREAL GRAINS (plate 311). 0.6 X 0.3 X 0.2 each. Burnt, friable; some 50 odd represented. 8. CEREAL GRAINS. 0.6 X 0.3 X 0.2 each. Burnt, brittle. Eightpiecesrepresented.
CHAPTER 3 THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS theS ofchambertombsforming ABOUTiooMDUES OF theUniversity siteliesa concentration Traces of limitof the NorthCemetery.Severalgroupshere have alreadybeen published.14 moreappearedin 1963whena newwaterpipe was laid E-w at theedge ofan olivegroveon theW side of the modernroad, oppositethe main entranceto the Venizeleionhospital(FIG. 55). The positionsof sevenpossibletombswerethenplottedand muchpotterywas collected fromthepipe trench,includingpiecesofG cremationurns. fromDr. (now Withpermissionof the GreekArchaeologicalServiceand encouragement in The owner was carried out here S. Alexiou,a briefexcavation September1967.15 Professor) no on condition that oftheolivegrove,Mr. I. K. Davelis,gave his consent damagewas done of land c. 45m long and to olive roots.Operationswere thus confinedto a narrowstrip nowheremorethan6m wide,on eitherside ofthewaterpipe betweentheolivetreesto theS and thevineyard fenceto theN.16 is requiredforthetentombsdiscoveredin thisexcavation.All had Onlya briefdescription been thoroughly looted,some (e.g.nos. 10, 11)apparentlyin recenttimes.Nowherewas any theneed fordetailedplans.Veryfewwholepots depositfoundinsituon a tombfloor,tojustify werefound,butthecataloguealso includesa selectionofsherdsfromeach tomb,to establish itsperiodofuse. THE TOMBS
F/67 Tomb 1 (fig. 55) ofcomponentpartsavailable. No dimensions scarpmayhaveindicatedthewall ofa chamberwhosefloor 1.40belowsurfacea kouskouras S ofthepipe trench. was foundat 2.10belowsurfaceimmediately The tombwas between16.50and 19.00beyondthe E limitof FIG.55, wherean area 2.50 to theN. fenceprevented was openedS ofthepipe trench.The vineyard exploration 0.60 abovethefloor,notinsitu,and accompaniedbypiecesofLate Archaicstampedpithoi, f2. Other was a small deposit- lid, 9; PC kotyle,10; skyphos,12; iron swordfragment, the floor R With HL and included which in the were pottery. upperfill, cataloguedpieces sherds. PG-O few a and of bone two levelwereonly very scraps
14KS2nos.52 and 56 withrefs. ■5Directed by J. N. Coldstream and G. L. Huxley. Preliminary reports:AR 14 (1968),22 fig.35; BCH 92 (1968), 9861;AD 23 (1968)B 412;KS2no. 55.
16 Only the w half of this area is shown in FIG. 55. Nowhere in the E part could the outlines of a tomb be established.
THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS POTTERY (PLATE 261) 1. BELL-SKYPHOS. Wallfr.Pendenthook,outlined; paintinside.SM-EPG. 2. BELL-SKYPHOS. D. c. 18. Rim fr.Pendentcrosshatched triangle within double concave outline; verticalswithwavyfringe.Inside:reservedline under rim,paintbelow.EPG. 3. ♦BELL-SKYPHOS. Wall and handle frs.,two vessels.Fullycoated.PG. different 4. STIRRUP-JAR.Upper part. Spike on disc, strap handle, airhole. Trace of bars on nozzle, lines on neck; compositetriangleon shoulder,hatchedonly withinlowerangles.PG. 5. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. Frs.of shoulder and belly,withstumpof horizontalhandle.Shoulder: thick zigzag, eightfoldsemicircles separated by columns of compass-drawn single circles. Belly: eightfoldpendentsemicircles,trace of motifbelow. Curvedstripeon handle.LPG-PGB. 6. BELL-KRATER (?). Wall fr. Vertical cables. Spatterinside.PGB.
Ts. 13
285
7. *PITHOS. Shoulder fr., hatched meander. MG. 8. OINOCHOE (?). Bodyand base frs.Polishedbuff surface, thin brown paint. Disc foot, concave underneath.Quadruple zigzag,hatchedleaves above and below;spacedbands.LG. 9. CYLINDRICAL LID. fig. 152.H. 6.2. D. 14. Part of rim missing,strap handle brokenoff.White and browngrits.Fullycoated;triplecirclesin added white, worn.EO. Cf. E no. 1218. 10. KOTYLE. fig. 152. H. 6.3. DR. 8.2. One handle and much of rim missing.Softpink-orange clay; semi-lustrouspaint, brown-blacknear rim, red below and inside. White stripe under handle outside, reserved line inside rim. Corinthian, EPC. 11. ♦POLYCHROME PITHOS. Wallfr.,worn.O. 12. SKYPHOS. fig. 152. H. 7.4. DR. 11.6. Half worn.Buffslip.Straphandles.Band on lip preserved, and lowerbody;no paintinside.EG.
SMALL FINDS 1. BRONZE PIN. PH. 2.3. Head and partof shank. head,raisedouteredge,spikeat centre,two Cylindrical groovesoutside.Two groovesaboveand belowswelling.
2. IRON SWORD. PL. 3. W. 3.8. Blade fr., broken at both ends. Corroded and encrusted. Midrib.
F/67 'Tomb' 2 (fig. 55) No tomb. To followup thefindofG sherdsin 1963,thepipe trenchwas enlarged0.50 N-wardbetween moreEIA pottery. At 1.10below 3.00 and 7.50 E offig.55, withoutlocatinga tombor finding an surface equid skullwas found,perhapsa recentburial.From2.40-3.40belowsurface(where theexcavation was abandoned)EM I sherdswerefound(Red Burnished and Wiped). F/67 Tomb 3 (fig. 55; plate 5 a) Chamber:1.50 X 1.15.No othercomponentmeasurable. The floorofa smallellipticalchamberwas only0.50 belowmoderngroundsurface.In the waterpipe trenchthe N side had grazed the stomion, while the dromos was visiblein the s section. The upperchamberfillcontaineda fewPG-LG sherds;on thefloorwas partofa R tile.In thecentreofthefloorwereseveralstoneslabs,perhapsfallenfromtheblockingwall. One of them(0.45 X 0.34 X 0.25) was worked.Beneaththemweresome skulland bone fragments, and thebronzepin,fi. SMALL FIND 1. BRONZE PIN. L. 8. Complete,bent.Conical head, baluster, threegrooves,globe,threegrooves.Sectionround throughout.
286
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
F/67 Tomb 4 (fig. 55; plate
5 b)
Dromos: W.varied0.50-0.70S-N was uncovered,and partof twoledgeseither near thestomion, Partof thedromos, evidently floorwas 0.80 belowmodernsurface. sideofit,0.40 belowsurface.The dromos to thes Later(exploration The tombwas foundin 1963whenthepipe trenchcutthedromos. being preventedby the rootsof an olive tree)an area 1.80 X 0.20 was opened to the N a cuttingin thekouskouras. following of the MG In 1963muchpotterywas collectedfromthe pipe trenchincludingfragments io, the Creto-Cypriot 14. In lekythos, pithos,3, EO pithos,5, 6, the LG hydriafragment, 1, thelid,9, and ironfragments, £2-4, werein theloose earth 1967,theMG pithosfragment, ofthesurfacelevel.4, LG pithos,was on itsside on theE ledge,containingthearyballos,11 was 0.20 NW.More pieces of 5, 6 and fi, ironspearheadfragment. 13, lekythos fragment, floor. werefoundwitha smallheap ofpithossherdson thedromos POTTERY (PLATE 261) 1. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. fig. 152. Body fr, with stump of strap handle. Reddish clay. in panel Silhouettedbirdson handle,cross-hatching to L., hatched meander below. MG. Cf. 292.45, 1492. *TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. Body,horizontal handleand base frs.withringfoot.Reddishclay.Long reservedpanels with hatched meander; bands and linesbelow.MG. 3. *FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Body fr.withroot of straphandles; reservedhatchedmeanderbelow, bandsand lines.MG. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. H. 39.5. Half mostofrimmissing, partofone horizontal preserved, handle. Concave lip, inset; ring foot. Paint on lip. Panels: multiple zigzag, hatched meander, crosshatchedlozenges.Bands and lines. Paint on handle. no. 19. LG, early.Cf.Payne 5. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. 14. Half ofrim withshoulderand straphandle,trace of horizontal handle root. Cream slip. Short inset lip, painted. Panel: large quadruple circles, the outermost thickened;small double circles in field. Paint on handles.EO. 6. *PITHOS. Body fr.,horizontalhandles.Paint on handle,two whitelines on band below; lines; band withlargetriplewhitecirclesgroupedin pairs;lines, band. EO.
7. PITHOS. Shoulderfr.EO. Cf.E no. 895 forrosette. 8. PITHOS. Shoulder fr.,with root of horizontal handle.Cream slip.Whiteline on upperband, single whitecircleson handleroot.EO. 9. DOMED LID. D. c. 21. One-third preserved, centremissing.Lip slightly everted,pair ofsuspension holes. Whiteon dark: at centre,pairs of half-leaves, hatched;tongues;triplecircles,dots on lip. LG. Cf. 218.61. 10. HYDRIA (?). Shoulderfr.Double zigzag,tongues, horizontalS's. LG? 11. ARYBALLOS. FIG. 152. Frs., neck with strap handle,shoulder,belly,flatbase; mouthmissing.Soft orangeclay,veryfriable.No painton neck,linedown handle. Shoulder:irregularswastikas;lines.LG-EO. cf.lekythos Forswastikas 218.15. 12. *LEKYTHOS. Body fr.,fourlines. Fabric and shape as 218.41. Imitationof CypriotBoR, M-LG. RDAC 1984,132no. 51. 13. *LEKYTHOS. Bodyfrs.Polishedorangesurface. Large sets of circles on flanks, the outermost thickened:smalldouble circlesdown frontand back. LG-EO. E 158ÇclassE (iii)b. 14. *LEKYTHOS. Neck, body and base frs.Thin brownpaint. Flaringmouth,neck ridgewithhandle attachment, narrow conical foot. On flanks, irregularlyspaced circle sets; trace of chevronson frontand back.LG. E 158,classE (iii)a.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON SPEARHEAD fr.PL. 12.3.Socket(max. D. 1.6) withblade shoulder,max. W. 2. Corroded and Cf.E no. 1620. encrusted. 2. IRON SPEARHEAD. PL. 10. Part of socketand blade,brokenat bothends.Shape as above.
3. IRON SPEARHEADS, two frs.,adhering,each brokenat both ends, (a) PL. 6. W. 2.5, withmidrib, (b) PL. 9.4. W 2.1,slighttraceofmidrib. 4. IRON KNIFE. Fr.near point.PL. 7. Max. W 1.5. Brokenat bothends.
THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS
Ts. 4-7
287
F/67 Tomb 5 (fig. 55; plate 5 c) at least1.60 X 1.60.Chamber:2.40 X 1.80. L. overall:3.60. Dromos: floor1.00 SE of The base of a substantial blockingwall was builtacrossthe slopingdromos N a of the dromos which the chamber could have the stomion, at the side leaving gap through floor.Resting been robbed.Three blocks,all worked,and perhapsreused,wereon thedromos on themand leaninginwardswas a slab 1.00 X 0.60 X 0.10,witha rubblestoneeach side of it. Fromtherethe dromos where a 0.40 step led down to the sloped gentlyto the stomion its corners rounded. There was a buttress of unquarried chamber, approximately rectangular in the centre of the back wall. kouskouras exactly WofT. 4, orientated The tombwasimmediately thechamberon theNsideofthedromos. SE-NW, The tombhad been foundin 1963 when the pipe trenchhad crosseddiagonallyathwart stomion and chamber.In 1967excavationto theN ofthepipe trench(workon theS was dromos, An overallsurface barredbyan electricity pole) uncoveredthechamberand partofthedromos. LR 1.20deep,contained combedwareand manyurnsherds,includinga non-joining stratum, werein a depositresting pieceofT 4.5. PiecesoftheSM 1, 2 {infra) againsttheouterfaceofthe floor.Therewas partofa R tileon thedromos floorbetween wall,0.40 abovethedromos blocking In the chamberweretwo strataoverlying the floor(1.80 belowmodern blockingand stomion. In theupperfillwas LR pottery and urnsherds,including theLG 3, 4. Therewas no surface). - 6, EO; 8, LG and lid,9) in theS R intrusion in thelowerfill,butmanyurnfragments (pithoi No potterywas in situon the part.FurtherN werethe SM amphora,1 and hydria,2 [supra). chamberfloor;therewerebonesofa childin theNpart,in thearea of1 and 2. POTTERY (PLATE 262) 1. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORA. H. 43. DR. 17. DB. 16.8. Two-thirdspreserved.Large white and browngrits,buffslip.Evertedlip,roundhandles,disc foot.Neck fullypainted. Thick and thinbands on shoulder,two wavy lines on belly,one band; two bands nearfoot.Painton handle(one restored), band insiderim.SM. AR 14(1968),22 fig.35,L. 2. HYDRIA. DR. c. 15.Frs.ofneck,shoulder, handles and lowerbody.Large whitegrits,tracesof buffslip; surfacepittedand flaking.Thickened rim,root of straphandle below lip, globularbody.Band on rim and at base of neck. Shoulder: two lines. Strap: verticalwavylines. Paint on horizontal intersecting handles.SM. 3. FOUR-HANDLED PITHOS. Rim and shoulder fr.Slightlyconcave insetlip; rootsof horizontaland vertical handles on rim, lip otherwise reserved. Lozenge chainwithbars. Panels:hatchedbattlement; columnofwhitetriplecirclesto L. LG, late. 4. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. DR. c. 14. Rim and
F/67 'Tombs'
shoulder fr. Short inset lip, reserved; paint on upturned rim. Panel: vertical chevrons,chain of crossed double lozenges with double chevron fill; lozengecrosswithchevrons,to R. Whitereinforcing lineabovepanel. LG, late.Cf.E nos. 695, 831. 5. NECKED PITHOS. DR. c. 12.Neck and shoulder fr.Projectingrim,shortverticalneck.Panel: opposed diagonal leaves in outline, dotted background. Horizontalhandlerootto R. Band insiderim.EO. 6. TWO-HANDLED PITHOS. Shoulder fr.Small circles,arcaded tongues.Panel: lozenge-and-volute patternlikeE no. 732.EO. 7. *PITHOS. Shoulderfr.Carefulhatchedmeander. MG. 8. DOMED LID. D. c. 14.5.Fr.withcompleteprofile. Evertedlip. Whiteon dark:centralmotifobliterated, arcade,dotson lip.LG-EO. 9. ♦CONICAL LID. fig. 152.H. 6.8. D. 13.One-third preserved.Exteriorfullypainted,no whitedecoration visible.LG-EO.
6 and 7
These referto pointsin the 1963 pipe trenchat whichEIA sherdswere collected.Nothing further was foundin 1967.
288
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
F/67 Tomb 8 (fig. 55) L. c.3.50.W. 1.50.Chamber:c. 1.75X 1.50. L. overall:c.5.00. Dromos: was cleared,including2.50 of the SWface,whichleaned of The outermost part the dromos N-wardsin a gentleincline.The chamberwas dromos floor descended The inward. slightly in elliptical plan. was SE-NW,thechamberon theN sideofthedromos. The tombwas N ofT. 4. Itsorientation was dug up to thevineyard The tombwas foundin 1967on removalof spoil.The dromos chamber. a located the which fence,beyond sounding werea fewscrapsofPG and G pottery. The tomb'sonlycontents F/67 Tomb 9 (fig. 55; plate 5 d) W. 0.60. Chamber:0.90 X 0.75. Dromos: and dromos, therewas a step0.15highto thestomion The smallchamberwas kidney-shaped; whichcouldnotbe excavated. The tombwas 1.00 S of the pipe trench.There is no recordof its orientation,but the chamberwas on theN sideofthedromos. ER potteryand glasswerein thechamber'sloose upperfilldownto 0.70 belowthetop of overthe floor.In this the chamberwall. A hard brownstratum, 0.15 thick,lay immediately levelweremanylargechunksofcoarsepithoi,1, LG-EO cup, 2, EO cup,3, LG-EO pithos 4, LG lid,5, O lid,and ft, ironknife.On thefloorwas nothingbuta fewscrapsof fragment, burntbone. POTTERY (PLATE 262) 1. CUP. DR. c. 12.5.Two frs.,rimto lowerbodywith handle. Thin fabric.Offsetlip, bellied body. Fully coated.LG-EO. E i66f,classB (iii). 2. CUP. DR. c. 10. Rim fr.Concave lip, not offset. Tongueswithmidrib,barsbelow.EO. 3. PITHOS. Body fr.Whiteon dark:double lozenge chainbetweenlines.LG-EO.
4. DOMED LID. Wall fr.Whiteon dark:interlocking horizontalS's, singlecompass-drawn circles,hatched leafdesignat centre.LG. 5. POLYCHROME LID. D. c. 20. Rim fr.Cream slip, traces of blue and red paint. Zone of billets. O.
SMALL FIND 1. IRON KNIFE. PL. 4.3. W. 1.7.Fr.,brokenat bothends.As F/67.4.4.
F/67 Tomb 10 (fig. 55) W. 0.75.No othercomponentmeasurable. Dromos: excavatedslopeddownfrom1.10belowsurfaceto 1.50.A slightstep That partofthedromos markeditsouterlimit. on theN was SE-NW,thechamberevidently The tombwas 4.00 E ofT. 3. The orientation sideofthedromos. was clearedto thevineyard The tombwas foundduringtestexcavationsin 1967;thedromos fence. the chamber for the was made no search beyond fence; fillseemedto havebeen dug in recenttimes.It contained The loosebrownsoilin thedromos veryfewPG and G sherds.
THE FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS - Ts. 8-14
289
F/67 Tomb 1 1 (fig. 55) Dromos: L. c.3.00. W. 0.90-1.20.No othercomponentmeasurable. The dromos top appeared0.10 belowmodernsurface.The floorslopedNata gentleincline, thencame a steeperdescentin thecentral(0.70)partofthedromos, thatstomion and suggesting S partofthechamberhad been destroyed the water The chamber cannot have been by pipe. more than 1.00 N-S since its N edge was foundin a small soundingon the S side of the fence. vineyard There is no recordof orientation,but the chamberwas evidentlyon the N side of the dromos. The tombwas foundduringtestexcavationsin 1967- no traceofit had been seen in In were a fewfragments of PG-LG pottery, R glass and 1963. the loose fillof the dromos burntbone. F/67 'Tomb'
12 (fig. 55) MG- O pottery butno tombwas foundin a trial10.00-12.00E ofFIG.55, immediately S ofthe trench. pipe F/67 'Tomb'
13 (fig. 55)
A smallPG oinochoe,1, and fragments ofan O polychrome pithos,butno tomb,werefound in a trialat 13.00-14.30E of FIG.55, immediately S of the pipe trench.Stereo was reachedat below modern surface. 1.40 POTTERY (PLATE 262) i. SMALL OINOCHOE. fig. 152. H. 8.9. Part of mouth missing,otherwise complete. Round handle attachedbelow rim,flatbase withspiralstringmark.Both flanksdipped in thinbrownpaint. M-LPG (?). Cf. 207.4-5.
F/67 Tomb 14 (fig. 55) Chamber:c. 2.00 X 1.80.No othercomponentmeasurable. Onlythechamberwas excavated;itsshape is notrecorded.Stoneson theS side ofthetrial mayhavecomefroma blockingwall. The tombwas oppositeT 10, 2.00 S of thepipe trench.Its orientation was not recorded, butthechambermusthavebeen on theN sideoftheunexcavateddromos. The tombwas found in a trialin 1967.The limitsof the chamberwereestablishedby tunnelling intothe N and S sidesofthetrial.A nearbyolivetreeprevented a searchforthedromos. ThoughthereweresherdsofPG and G tombvesselsin theupperfillR tilepersistedto 1.70 below modernsurface.There were onlyburntand unburntbones and EIA potteryin the loweststratum, abovethefloorat 2.10belowmodernsurface.The SM stirrup immediately jar, was S near the of the floorin twopieces. 1, edge POTTERY (PLATE 262) i. STIRRUP JAR. FIG.152.H. 13. Partsofbodyrestored.Spikeon disc,airhole;low conicalfoot.Spiralon disc, bars on handles,mouthand falseneck.Fourcompositetriangles, band betweenlines.SM. AR 14 (1968),22 fig.35 R.
2go
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
F/67 Tomb 15 (fig. 55) Dromos: W. 0.90. No othercomponentmeasurable. No detailsofdesigncouldbe recorded. was SE-NW.The chamber The tombwas 4.00 E ofT. 8, and parallelwithit.The orientation was presumably was on theN sideofthedromos. The tombwas foundin 1967whenthedromos tracedN of the pipe trench,up to the vineyardfence.No attemptwas made to findthe chamberN ofthefence.There werea fewscrapsofEIA and modernpotteryin theloose fill, whichappearedto havebeen turnedin recenttimes.
CHAPTER 4 SPORADIC FINDS POTTERY 1. DOMED LID. H. 11.5.Fr.ofwall,completeprofile. Massed sixfoldcircleswithdottedzone, alternating withvertically arrangedcircles.EO. FromtestS of T. 28. 2. FLAT-BOTTOMED OINOCHOE (plate 138). DB. 16. Frs. of base and adjoining wall only.Fine creamyclay,chocolate paint. Black figureanimals: body,legs,part of head of goat, bird body and feet (head missing),feet of lion (?). Rays. Corinthian, Transitional. FromT. 101,HL. 3. CASSEROLE. DR. c. 22. Half preserved,handles
broken off.Dark red clay, very micaceous; rough bellied surfacein and out. Roundedlip,sharplyoffset; body,flatbase. Stumpsoftwoverticalhandles.Incised decorationin handle zone; thickscribble,two thin lines, thickscribble,two thinlines. EO. As BSA 73 (1978),47 no. 24. FromT. 161,R. 4. CYLINDRICAL POLYCHROME LID (fig. 135; PIATE210).D. 9. H. 6.8. Frs.of two-thirds of top and smallsectionsofwall.Paintworn.Top plain:alternate red and blue rayswithblue outlineson side. Interior, blue ringson top.LO. FromT. 281,HL.
SMALL FINDS 1. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, frs.Three nonjoining frs.of blade, togetherL. 9.1. Max. W. 1.8, taperingto tip. Curved type,blade concave, back convex.Th. at back0.5. ProbablyG. FromT. 5, HL. 2. IRON PIN fr.Head and uppershaftof pin of the same basic typeas 107.fi7» L. 3.9. Head, D. 1.9,with a smallprotuberance on theupperside; shaft,section 0.4 squared.FromT. 124,R. 3. IRON OBELOS, frs.Six small joining pieces, togetherL. 8.5. Section c. 1.6 X 1.3 (corroded), taperingto c.0.7 squared.FromT. 158,LR. 4. IRON ONE-EDGED KNIFE, fr.From curved blade. L. 5.5. W. 2.4, taperingto 1.9. Max. Th. (at back) 0.5. Both edges curve and taper,the cutting edgeconcave.EIA type,cf.18.£5.FromT. 158,LR. 5. BRONZE PIN fr.L. 1.7.D. 0.2. Wt. 0.35 g. Tip and partof lowershaft;could be fibula.FromT. 213,HL, whichalsoproduced6.75g ofbronzesheetfrs.inlayer1. 6. LEAD WEIGHT (?) (fig. 193;plate 266). D. 2.55. Th. 0.15. Wt. 11 g. Edge chipped,surfacecorrosion. More or lesscircularsheet,witha patternon theface of five punched dots surrounded by a freehand scratchedline.FromtestE ofT. 75.
7. SILVER PIN or FIBULA fr.(fig. 155;plate 267). PL. 6.6. D. 0.3. Five frs.,corroded- much missing. Circularsectionedrod,one end turningback on itself, the otherwrappedabout by a stripof silver(W. 0.4. Th. 0.1) withmilled edges. Brokenat both ends, it resemblespartofa fibulapin. FromT. 119,HL. 8. BLACK STEATITE WHORL or BUTTON (fig. 193; plate 302). H. i.i. DB. 1.75. Dh. 0.45. Some scratchesin polish. Traces of verticalfacetsremain. FromT. 187,HL. 9. IVORY or BONE PIN SHAFT (fig. 193).PH. 5.4. W of head 1.1. Th. of head 0.5; of shaft0.4. Very abraded; shaftbroken. The flat,rectangularhead bears on each side two verticalrowsof threedotted circles.FromT. 244,ProbablyECh. 10. CLAY LOOMWEIGHT (fig. 193).H. 3.2. D. 3.8. Dh. 0.6. Pale brownfabric,occasionalchip and grey discolouredpatch. Biconical appearance caused by pinchingin top to takesuspensionhole. FromT. 244, ECh. 11. WHITE MARBLE STATUE, fr.(plate 305). PL. 5.4. PW 4.7. PH. 6.7. Toes ofleftfooton a featureless ground.HL or R. FromT. 244,ECh.
Polychrome byRosemaryRobertson. pithos,Tomb 285.41,withlid53. Watercolour
KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM andH. W.CATLING,Editors VOLUMEII
DISCUSSION
with J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh J. M. Cocking R. D. G. Evely R. A. Higgins R. J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE
N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 28 Published by
THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1996
Publishedand distributed by The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHopy The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 904887 189
Glos. Produced Ltd.,Stroud, Publishing bySutton Printed Bridgend. byWBG Limited,
IN MEMORY OF
JAMESKINGDOM BROCK AND
DAVID SMYTH
CONTENTS ListofIllustrations ListofTables
xi xiii
PARTII The pottery 5
The Subminoanpottery, byH. W. Catling Jars Stirrup Flasks SmallOinochoai Thelastron('FeederVase') Neck-handled Amphorae Shoulder-handled Amphorae Shoulder-handled Amphoriskos Belly-handled Amphoriskos Neck-handled Amphoriskoi Hydria NeckedPithos Coarse Pithos HandmadeJuglet Two-handledBowl Open Shapes Conclusions
295 297 301 301 302 302 303 303 303 303 304 304 304 305 305 305 305
6
The Protogeometric and Geometricpottery, byj. N. Coldstream Neckedpithos Straight-sided pithos Ovoid necklesspithos Conicallid Domed lid Neck-handled amphora Belly-handled amphora Stirrup-jar Hydria Oinochoe >g Lekythos Aryballos Pyxis Smalllid Ringkernos,and lentoidflask Birdaskos House modeland fenestrated stand
311 311 314 317 325 327 331 335 338 340 342 347 351 356 359 362 365 366 368
viu
CONTENTS
Krater Kalathos Skyphos Kotyle Cup Plateand tray Larnax Imports: 1 Attic 2 Corinthian 3 Argive 4 Thessalian 5 Euboean 6 Cycladic 7 East Greek 8 Cypriot 9 Phoenician AbsoluteChronology Fabricand Technique DevelopmentoftheKnossianstyle 7
The Orientalizing byE. Moignard pottery, Pithoi Lids Amphorae Hydriai Oinochoai Jugs Olpai Lekythoi Alabastra Aryballoi Pyxides AnimalVases Kratersand Dinoi Stand,Lekanidesand Basins Kalathoi Trays Skyphoi Kotylai Cup Larnax Fabricand Technique Chronology Imports Note on thegraffito, byA. W.Johnston
368 376 378 384 385 390 392 393 402 402 403 404 404 405 406 408 409 412 414 421 421 427 432 433 434 438 44° 440 442 443 448 449 451 452 452 453 453 455 457 459 460 46x 462 463
CONTENTS
8
byD. J. Liddy analysisbyAtomicAbsorption, Pottery Introduction Methodology Atomicabsorptionspectrometry procedure Experimental Data Analysis The samplesand resultsofanalysis An Archaeological Note,byJ.N. Coldstream Discussion Aegean5material Levantineand Cypriotmaterial Conclusions
ix
465 465 466 466 467 469 471 471 473 474 481 487
PARTIU The objects 9 Subminoan,byH. W. Catling
517
10 Jewellery, byR. A. Higgins
539
11 Bronze,byH. W. Catling
543
12 Iron,byA. M. Snodgrass
575
13 Faienceand glass,byV. Webb
599
14 Terracotta, byR. A. Higgins
611
15 Textileremains,byj. Cocking
613
16 Othermaterials, byD. Evely Introduction Stone Clay Ivoryand Bone Silverand Lead Amber Perishables Objectsofa laterdate
621 621 621 626 629 633 634 635 636
PART IV The burials 17 The Subminoanphase in theNorthCemetery, byH. W. Catling
639
18 The burialcustoms,byW. G. Cavanagh
651
19 The humanbones,byJ. H. Musgrave on theN CemeteryCremations Appendix:Generalinformation
677 694
x
CONTENTS
20 The animalbones,byS. Wall-Crowther
703
21 Epilogue,byThe Editors
711
Bibliography
725
Index
737
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 1 The graffito on thearyballos107.84. 2 Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)for'Aegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:first sector. from cluster 3 Dendrogram analysis(Ward'smethod)for'Aegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:secondsector. 4 Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forAegean' material fromtheN Cemetery:thirdsector. 5 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerialfromthe N Cemetery(groupsL and M) Instituteof of the Archaeology(IA) and the Louvre(LV): sectorshowingclassification Cypriotsamples. 6 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantine material: sector showingTell Ajjul, Tell Farà and Cypriot groupings. 7 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerial:sectorshowingLevantinegroupings. 8 Dendrogram fromcluster analysis (Ward's method) for Cypriot and Levantinematerial:fourth sector. Maximum and minimum number ofcremationurnsovertime. 9 10 The numberofcremationurnsperyear. 11 The numberof urnsper perioddividedby the numberof tombsin which theywerefound. 12 Histogramofurns(amphoraeand pithoi)per tomb. vesselsperperioddividedbythenumberofurns. 13 Oil flasksand drinking 14 The numberof drinkingvesselsper tombplottedagainstthe numberof jugs. 15 Weightfrequencyhistogramof the individualurn cremationsfromKNC the higher plottedagainstcomparativedata fromTorone to demonstrate scoresfromKNC. - frequency 16 LOLPCF - lengthoflongestpostcranialfragment of histogram collectionsof bones fromKNC weighingmorethan 200 g plottedagainst data fromToroneto demonstrate thehigherscoresfromKNC. comparative 17 Map oftheKnossosarea in theEarlyIronAge.
463 475 477 479
482 483 484 485 661 662 663 665 671 673 687 689 713
LIST OF TABLES 1 Groups of samples selected foranalysis. 2 Sample preparation. 3 Elementsmeasured and associated conditions. 4a Potterysamples fromthe Knossos N Cemeteryand resultsof analysis 4b Potterysamples analysed fromthe Insituteof Archaeology (London) 4c Potterysamples analysed fromthe Louvre and resultsof analysis 4d Potterysamples fromCypriotsitesand resultsof analysis 5 Sample analyses. 6 Membershipsof individual clusters. 7 Group compositions,expressedas means and standard deviations 8 Outliers and oddmentsremovedat the firststage. 9 Comparative data, Fitch Laboratory Databank. 10 Comparative data, otherlaboratories. 11 Summaryofresultswithrespectto the initialgroupsbased on styleand fabric. 12 Total bronzes by count and by weight. 13 Counts and percentagesof different bronze-types. 14 Percentagesof different categoriesof bronze by count and by weight. 15 Numbers and date of tombs containingtextileremains. 16 Inhumationsand cremationsin SM contexts. 17 Variables used in the analysis of the tombs, and statistics for the N Cemeterytombs. 18 Main differencesin design between Bronze Age and Dark Age chamber tombsat Knossos. Dark 19 Age tombs; groups 1 & 3*, and 4-6. 20 Duration over which tombswere used. 21 Vases otherthan pithoi containingashes. 22 Tombs in which more than 5 urns are foundin any one period. 23 Tombs withan hiatus indicatingre-use. 24 Relativelysecure associationswithurn burials. 25 Form used to record informationon each collection of burntbones. 26 Some data on weightsof individualurn burials. 27 Some data on the lengthof the longestpostcranialfragment(LOLPCF). 28 Some statisticson the prevalence of dental caries in ancient Greece. 29 Informationof the cremated remains. 30 Dental pathology. 31 Shells foundwithcremated remains. 32 Animal and fishremainsfoundwithcremations. 33 Horse bones fromTomb F. 34 Measurementsof the horses fromTomb 79. 35 Measurementsof dog skeletonI. 36 Measurementsof dog skeletonII. 37 Equid bones fromTombs 152, 161, 162, 163 and 168.
467 468 469 489 493 496 496 497 504 507 511 511 513 514 544 545 546 617 651 653 655 656 659 660 664 666 668 679 686 688 693 694 701 701 701 703 707 708 709 710
PART II
THE POTTERY
CHAPTER 5 THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY H. W. Catling Introduction ALLTHEpotterywhichon groundsof taxonomy(fabric,formand This CHAPTER CONSIDERS albeitindividualpieces were foundwithPG material.The finish)precedesProtogeometric, the startswith question'Whatis Subminoan?'.The answergivenherewill section,therefore, fornot classifying notsatisfy everyone;it maynot satisfy anyone.It is a justification certainly thematerialas LM III, on theone hand,PG on theother. landmarkin thehistory ofKnossos.It seems The openingoftheN Cemeteryis a significant appropriateto recognizethatlandmarkby adoptingit as a milestonein the evolutionof Minoan decoratedpotteryso that,by definition, it is recognizedthatall the potterystill be Minoan characteristics should preserving categorizedas Subminoan(SM). Thoughin strict termsof Minoan ceramic development,this will raise some eyebrows,it nevertheless acknowledgesthe break at Knossos symbolizedby the beginningof thislong-livedburial ground,whichwill surelycome to be seen as an importantfactorforunderstandingthe Cretan Dark Ages. No great violence is done to existingclassification,formuch of the materialstudiedhere anywayconformsto acceptedideas of the characterof SM pottery. A limitednumberofvases (particularly thegroupin T. 200) shouldperhapsalso be seen as LM III C, on theunderstanding thattheircontext SM. By recognizing thatpossibility for is,afortiori, theearliestmaterialfromthesite,we can betterdefendtheclassification as SM ofvasesfound withsomeoftheearliestPG material. Examinationofthe74 vasesstudiedhereas SM has emphasizedtheimprecision oftheterm an felt most at the outer limits of the classification. How do 'Subminoan', imprecision strongly we recognizetheend ofLM III C on theone hand,and thebeginningof(Cretan)PG on the other?The Minoan tradition was as persistent as theMycenaean;and thedifference between Late Minoan III B (thirteenth century)and Subminoan(roughlythefirsthalfof the eleventh wasjust as greatas betweenLH III B and Submycenaean'.So wroteDesboroughin century) l 1972. Much earlier2he had said The arrivalofProtogeometric influence in severalways:in theactual (sc.in Crete)mayshowitself ofthepotter, in an improvement in thefabric, in a moreexpertuse ofthewheel. . . first, technique intheexisting andwithclearer resulting lines;then,intheintroduction shapesbeingmademorefirmly ofnewshapes,and lastly, in theintroduction ofnewschemesofdecoration, and decorative motives, bothas appliedtothenewshapes,oras adaptedtotheexisting shapes. These are guide-lines, indeed,butnotalwaysenoughfortheindividualcase. 1 ODA
57.
2/^^237.
296
H. W. CATLING
in Partof the difficulty comesfromthe different experienceon the mainland(particularly in an understandable reluctance to use and what Crete. There is Athens) happened SM traitsside-by-side withthe ceramic thatconcedesthe survivalof distinctive terminology the directionfrom that the PG. To some this is conditioned by phenomena distinguish degree whichthe individualceramicscholarapproachesthe problem.In recentyearsit has been seen in PG terms,so thatit has become naturalto regarda complexas quite substantially PG if it forit blursthefactthateasily wholly comprisesanyPG material.This is unfortunate, SM time after theevolutionofmaterialin traits survived for some considerable recognizable PG in form,ornamentand finish.By extension, thiscan be seen as an Crete,omnium consensu, illustrationof the ambivalence of some of our language used in archaeological in argument. forcircularity The problemcentres, characterisation, languageoftenresponsible as termsto and 'Subminoan'.These began,surely, indeed,on suchtermsas Trotogeometric' describecategoriesofpottery, forwhich,incidentally, bothrelativeand absolutechronologies so could be established.But theyhave also, insensibly, takenon a muchwiderconnotation, thatProtogeometric has come also to be understoodas a particularperiod,witha beginning and an end,one thatis quitedistinct fromwhatwentbeforeand whatcame after.This leads to a typeof archaeologicalfalsesyllogism of the kind'Allpotterydecoratedwithconcentric circlesis Protogeometric; thesevaseshave been foundwithconcentriccircle-decorated vases, therefore too'. The pointhas onlyto be made in thatextreme theymustbe Protogeometric formforitsweaknessto be seen. To recapitulate, it seems,in the case of the EIA potteryof Crete,to be moreaccurateto SM vase shapesand typesof ornamentat a timewhen the survival of specifically recognize was modellednoton thepastbuton thenewdevelopments muchotherpotteryin circulation in Athensand Atticawhichwe termTrotogeometric', thanto lumpall thismaterialtogether I accept thatthismay merelybe to and describeit as Trotogeometric' withoutdistinction. bothcraftsmen and an innovator, isolatethedifference betweena conservative potter/painter in thesameshop. perhapssitting I maynot I havetherefore includeda numberofvasesfromgroupscontainingPG pottery. have done so consistently, and thereare surelyothervases SM in traditionfoundwithtruly PG fellowsthatI have overlooked.There is no similarproblemat the upperend of mySM thatthe seriesstartswithmaterialwhich,on its own,might withthe reservation spectrum, wellbe classedas LM III C. This surveyconsiders 74 vases found in eighteen separate tombs (Ts. 200-202 are as SM, three consideredas a singletombforthispurpose).Though 21 tombsare identified are There here. not considered and are no and contained forms, finds, eighteen 282) (149,153, nineofwhichoccuronce only.The stirrup jar is themostcommon(26 examples),followedby theneck-handled amphora(sixteenexamples). The serieschieflycomprisesclosed shapes;the open shapes- bowl,cup, deep cup- each occur onlyonce. The threeneckedpithoiwerefoundin PG company(T. 48). Though the seriescontainsvases of a considerablesize range,smallvases forma majorityof the shapes and at leasthalftheexamples. of the shapes among the eighteentombsis of and distributions The relativeproportions interest. First,fouroftheeighteenshapesbetweenthemaccountfor73% ofall SM vases,viz. 8.1%; flasks, jars, 35.1%; neck-handledamphorae,23%; neck-handledamphoriskoi, stirrup amphoraein 55.5%, flasksin 6.7%. Stirrup jars werefoundin 83.3% of tombs,neck-handled 11.1%,neck-handledamphoriskoiin 5.5%. No tombhad more than sevenof the eighteen shapes(T. 40, with44%). Ts. 121and 207had five(31%),Ts. 2, 48, and 98 each had three(19%).
THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY
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Numbersof SM vases in each tombvaried fromone (six tombs- 16, 56, 160, 186, 208, (207,20.5% of all SM vases).Only one othertomb(40) had tenor more F/67:i4)to fourteen vases.Two tombs(48, 121)containedsevenand eightvases respectively, six tombs(2, 18,45, and In where from three to five. two cases 98, 112, 200) (Ts. 160,186) onlyone vase was found, On it is certainonlyone burial/cremation was involved. the otherhand,in 121,wherethere werethreeburials,sevenvaseshad been deposited. Variationin fabric,technique,and finishis moreapparentthanreal; the series,indeed,is source,presumablyKnossian. sufficiently homogeneousto suppose a singlemanufacturing withsome The fabricofthesmall-medium vases is fairlyfine,sometimesgranularin texture, vesicles,and a rangeofcolourthatis normallybrownor lightbrown,occasionallyvaryingto cream,or tonesof red. Inclusionsare fewand small.Firingis even,no morethanmediumThe surfacefinishis usuallysmooth,a lightercolourthanthe hard;someexamplesare softer. thecolour biscuitthroughtheself-slipping process.Paintis nearlyalwaysmatt,oftenfugitive; from red via reddish-brown to dark almost black. brown,occasionally (uncommon) ranges is never even where are the more Drawing slovenly, patterns verysimple; complexdesigns(e.g. ofspace,and thecontrolofline. 200.3) are executedwithgreatcare,bothin thefilling is The fabricofthelargervases(neck-handled amphorae,belly-handled amphorae,kraters) sometimes much fine black with inclusions coarser, coarser,usually many (grit;sometimes, to tonesof brown,witha fewexamplesreddish-brown sand). The colouris predominantly red. A minorityis pinkish-buff, or pinkish-cream,and finertextured.The firingvaries fromhardto soft,and maybe uneven,withgreycoresofvaryingthickness. The considerably surfacesare usuallyself-slipped, occasionallyratherrough,in varyingtonesofcreamthrough darkcreamto lightbrown.The colourrangeofpaintis thesame as thesmall-medium vases. Ornament,otherthan banding,is confinedto the shoulder-zoneof closed vases (always excepting200.3) and variesfromextremesimplicity (the'S' patternon amphoraeand flasks) to greatlinearcomplexity (200.1, 2, and 3). Closed
Shapes
stirrup jars The 26 vases are fairlyheterogeneousin size and form,thoughcertaingroups suggest themselves. Withina rangeofheightsfrom10cm to 25.2,thirteen examplesare between10and cm nine between and four 20 between and 25.2.Withina rangeof 20 cm, 15 high, examples 15 diametersbetween8.0 and 19.3,fourteen are between 8 and 12,six between12 and examples six between 16 and The between and diameter is a usefulindicator 16, 19.3. relationship height of relationships. There are two main groupings,one often (160. 1; 121.3; 18.20; 112.3;
within a rangeofheights of12.6 I2I.2; 40.15; 98.20; 40.21; 40.12 andF/67:i4.i) where,
to 14.8cm,thediametersfluctuate betweena minimum of75% oftheheightto a maximumof The second within a 84%. grouping(oflargerjars), heightrangefrom17.3to 23.8,comprises 186. 112. the diameters fluctuate betweena minimum of 2; 1; 200.1-3; 18.19; 24-25 98-10; 80% to a maximumof 88.5% of the height.A thirdgrouping,of three,(45*5; 48.1 and from63% to 67% ofthe 207.19), in a heightrangeof 11.8to 20.1,has diametersthatfluctuate - 64% None of the vases can be the linked; proportions height. remaining varyconsiderably 80% % The first two (45-7); 72% (48.4); (40.20); 94% (16.3); 98 (2.2). groupingshave in the same tomb in the in the 112.2 and little first, examples (e.g.112.3 second), chronological attachesto them.The thirdgroupingconsistsofjars foundwithPG material. significance
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There is varietyin the relationshipof the accessories spout,falseneck,handles,disc, In all buttouchingit,or slightly the the is level with the often disc, nipple. majority, spoutlip above or slightly below.A few- 45*7; 48.1 and 98.20 - have spoutsconsiderably lowerthan thedisc,angledawayfromthefalseneck.Everyjar has a nippleon thedisc,butthereis much fromthealmostimperceptible excrescenceof 16.3, viatheprominent of variety, cone-nipples 1 160. and and 'teat' to the unusual modelled attached to others, 40.12, F/67:i4.i carefully thedisc of 112.2. Withthe exceptionof 16.3, everyjar has an air-hole,usuallyclose to the falseneck,on thesideoppositethespout.Thoughthehandlesofmostjars are no higherthan thediscto whichtheyare attached,theyare higheron 2.2; 40.20; 45.7; 48.1; 48.4; 200.1 in thisfeature;200.1 should to detectanychronological and 207.19. It is difficult significance be one oftheearliest jars,whileT. 48 containsPG material. been chosenas the chiefcriterionforidentifying Shape has somewhatarbitrarily groups withinthismaterial;themain elementreliedupon is bodyprofile.This methodhas isolated seventeen to fivegroups,ofwhichtwoaccountforonlytwojars each. Sixjars jars attributable are treatedas singletons, one (200.3) as exceptional.This lastbeginsthearrangement, forits from the inevitable to the foot. The is almost body spherical,apart divergence ring completely in in this are the order which from theydepart optimumsphericalshape. groups arranged 1 (98.10 and 200.1) havea slightupwardshiftin theircentreof The twolargejars of Group but are stillnearlyspherical;theyhave significantly higherringfeetthan 200.3. In gravity is morenoticeable,though shift of the centre of and the 2 200.2) gravity Group (112.2 upward and theringfeetare littlehigherthan200.3. Group i86.i, with98.20 'near' them) 3 (18.19 The twojars in has a profilesensiblydepressed,witha centreofgravity roughlyin mid-body. thegrouphave ringfeetas Group 2, but 98.20 has a low cone-foot.Group 4, all smallerjars
(18.20; 40.12, 15, 21; I2I.2 and F/67:i4*i, withi6o.i 'near'thegroup)is theclearest
instance:all thejars have a depressedglobularprofileand incipientcone-feet.The three apartfromthe othersin havinga ratherhighercentreof examplesfromT. 40 standslightly Theirsimilarity is close enoughto supposea commonorigin.i6o.i, 'near' Group4, gravity. The fivejars of Group is dumpier,and has minorpointsof decorativedifference. 5 (45.5, 7; slim,oval profile.All 48.1, 4 and 207.19), thoughofvariedsize,are alikein theirrelatively but 45.7 have a centreof gravityat mid-body;45.7 is a littlehigher.48.4 has an incipient but45.5 and 48.1 havesplayingfeetof cone-foot; 45.7 and 207.19 havequitehighcone-feet, a kindotherwise 16.3, 40.20 and 121.3 are alikein missingin theseries.Of the singletons, standapartfromeach other.2.2, butotherwise theirpronounceddepressedglobularprofiles, and incipientconelargestofthemediumsizedjars, has a depressed,almostbiconicalprofile, in itsaccessories,especiallyitsconeas Group 1,is distinct foot.24.2, a largejar, superficially accessories. foot.The smalljar 112.3 recallsGroup3, butis slimmerand neater,withdifferent The painteddecorationof thejars is, superficially, closelyhomogeneous.The accessories whilethebodyof attention, (handles,falseneck,disc,spout)usuallyreceivesomeperfunctory on orjust bandsofdiffering thejar is dividedintozonesbygroupsofencircling composition, a band of but not invariably, and on thelowerbody.There is normally, belowtheshoulders, sometimesleavingthe 'lip' of the foot painton the foot,sometimescoveringit completely, reserved.The space betweenthe shoulderbands and the lower body bands is, withthe exceptionof 200.3, leftreserved.The smallcrossdrawnon 121.3 must,so faras concerns Distinctiveornamentis concentrated the designof the vase, have been unintentional. upon the shoulderzone, arrangedto respectthe spout,falseneck and handles.Such ornament variesformtheextremely complex(200.3) to theverysimple(48.1). witha largesoliddotat the sometimes ornamentis thespiral, Forthedisc,themostfrequent
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centre(40.15; 121.2). Exceptionsare theconcentric circles of45.7; 112.2, 3; i6o.i, theencircled crossof40.20, thehatching of 16.3 and thesolidpaintof 2.2; 45.5; 48.1; 98.20 and 207.19. The falseneck itselfis consistently reserved;only 40.20 and 121.3 have a successionof and theneck-root. 200.1 have a band ofpaintencircling strokes, though16.3; 18.20; 48.4 There is some varietyin the treatment of the spout.Though thereis solid paint insidethe ofnearlyeveryjar, 98.10 has a reservedbandjust insidethelip,thensolidpaint, spout-mouth whilethe insideof 121.3's mouthis reservedexceptforpainton the lip. The spoutoutside ofthejars do),paintsurrounding theroot(16.3; 112.2, mayhavepainton thelip (three-fifths 3 and 160. 1) and, in the greatmajorityof cases, a verticalpanel of horizontalpaintstrokes fromlip to root. Exceptionsare 48.4 (whereverticallines convertthe strokesinto ladder pattern), 45.7 (verticalzigzag),16.3; 112.2, 3 and 160. 1 (reserved,apart fromthe paint the root- see above). There is some varietyin handle decoration.The most surrounding schemeis,again,a verticalpanel ofhorizontalpaintstrokes;otherformsincludethe frequent conversionof the strokesintoladderpatternby outliningthe handlesin paint (16.3; 45.5; otherwisereservedhandles (40.20), partlycoveringin solid paint. 200.2), simplyoutlining has solid at 207.19 paint thehandletops,strokesbelow.Threejars ofGroup5- 45.7; 48.1, On 200.1 thereare groupsof oblique strokes. 4 have strokesarrangedin groups. 200.3 has horizontalzigzags,neatlydrawn;thehandle-roots are outlined. The decorationoftheshoulder-zones is themostconspicuousfeatureofnearlyall thejars. The mostfrequent schemeuses theavailablespace as fourquadrants,twoofwhich,between thespoutand thehandles,actuallyexistwhiletwomoreare artificially createdon theopposite side ofthejar, oftenhavingtheair-holeat theirapices.In each quadrantis drawna triangle, To accommodate these trianglesto the double-, occasionallytreble-outlined. frequently intrusion ofthespout,theyare drawnwithconcavesidesadjacentto thespout;forthesakeof no doubt,twomatchingsidesare concave,witha straight base-linerestingon the symmetry, uppermostencirclingband. These are balanced by similarconcave-sidedtriangleson the oppositeside,producing,in the absence thisside of a spout,whatlooksat firstsightlikean elongatedverticalellipse as the centrepieceof the ornamentalscheme.The vase-painter - createdby sometimes showsawarenessoftheeffect he has- surelyinadvertently pickingout thisellipsewitha verticalpanel of small chevrons(200.3), or shortsuperimposedstrokes (112. 2). Veryrarely(121. 3), all threesides of the trianglesare concave, leaving a semiThe spaces in thisone case are ellipticalspace betweeneach triangleand the ground-line. hatched.In somecases,triangles on theside oppositethespoutare straight-sided, so thatthey are not dividedby an ellipsebut by a parallelogramor by linesconverging fromthe air-hole downwards(18.20; 24.2; 112.3; I«i.3 and i6o.i). It has been suggestedby some scholars3 thatthereis chronologicalsignificance in the changefromcurvilineardesigns(i.e. those,in ourcase,resulting in theellipse)to straight linedesigns(i.e.parallelogram or converging lines); thiswould suggest,if so, that 18.20 etc. are later than,forinstance,40.12, 15 and 21. nor deniesit. It maybe Though thismaybe so, the N Cemeteryevidenceneitherconfirms noted,though,that112.2 has theellipse,112.3 a parallelogram. 22 out of 26 stirrup jars are decoratedwithtriangles;theyare distinguished by theway in whichthetriangles are filled.In themoreelaborateexamples,individualtriangles on thesame vase are not necessarily treatedsimilarly; in some cases,indeed,each trianglehas a different - an identical filling(48.4; 200.2); in othersthereare threeschemes pair and two different 3 E.g. GDA58.
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H. W. CATLING
again,and fromeach other(2.2). 112.3 has twotypes,in pairs.On 160. 1 are threealike,the fourthquite different; 186. 1 also has threealikeand a fourthdifferent, but the difference is muchless apparent.Several have all fourtrianglesidentical(40.21; 24.2). 121.2 is very unusualforhavingthenormalpairoftriangles on thespoutsideoftheshoulder, butonlyone on theoppositeside,setin thecentre. The normaldecorativeschemeenrichesthe individualtrianglesby fillings of concentric arcs or is also rare Two Uniform (rare) hatching (common). cross-hatching (2.2; 112.3; 160.1). jars (45.7; 48.4), bothGroup5, do notfollowtheseschemes.45.7 has a pair of triangleson the spoutside,one ofwhichis equallydividedbetweenverticaland oblique hatching;the other hatched,and theotherhalfpartlyhorizontally hatched,partly trianglehas one halfvertically takenup withneatlydrawnzigzag. On the oppositeside the triangleshave dissolvedinto antithetic hatchedareas eitherside of a centralpanel of dot-filled lozenges.48.4, withthe fourdifferent of trianglesalreadynoted,has two largelyfilledwithvariousarrangements concentricarcs,while the othertwo have cross-hatched base-anglesand fringedlozengethe otherangle-hatched.The shaped motifspendentfromthe apex, one partlysolid-filled the of recalls decorated vases the earlier, fringing elaborately FringedStyle.4Concentricarcs - in a are of two types of three with as dot-centre, (200.3), and anglegroups scale-pattern an in This scheme leaves at the centre of the triangle filling, groups(200.1). emptyspace lines. which,on 200.1, containsgroupsoffringed parallel seen in itssimplest The mostcharacteristic fillingpatternforthe trianglesis angle-hatching, formon, e.g. 40.21; F/67:i4.i, wheretwo anglesare hatched,one leftreserved.On other area examples(e.g. 18.19; 112.2) all threeanglesare hatched,leavinga roughlytriangular reservedat thetriangle's centre.This area mayin itsturnbe treatedas a triangleto be anglehatched(seen once on 200.2, twiceon 200.3, threetimes(all thatis preserved)on the carelesslydrawn98.10, and at least twiceon the badly damaged 16.3). Several times,as thoughto relievethe tediumof his work,the painterintroduceda minorvariation,as on ofone angleon one triangletreatstheangleas thoughitwereitselfa 186. 1 wherethefilling kind feature thatmayhave passed unnoticed.But thevariationsseen on, say, of triangle;the or 2.2, whereone trianglehas 2OO.2,wheresomeanglesare treatedwithantithetic hatching, in each angle,anothera uniquedesignwherethreeconcentrictriangles a different treatment are erectedon the main triangle'sbase-line,and much of the interspacepicked out by musthavebeen meantforthecustomer's eye.Veryoccasionallythepainterwearies hatching, of the basic schemeand produces(18.20) whatlooks at a quick glance like angle-hatched ofalternating on one sidebutis actuallya slovenlyarrangement hatchingacrossthe triangles surfaceofthetriangles. Three Group5 jars are quitedifferently treated;45.5 and 207.19 have ratherperfunctory in theshoulderspaces,while48.1 has similarly linesofpaintstrokes arrangedgroupsofvery spindlyscribble.
40.20 has distinctlydifferentornamentfromthe rest of the series. The quadrants arrangedto look separatingthe spoutfromthehandleseach containboldlydrawnchevrons, like a palm frond.At the centreof the oppositeside is an outlinedcross-hatched triangle flankedon eithersidebysmallersetsofchevrons. of bodyornamentis, in broad terms,homogeneous,alwaysinvolvinga The arrangement
4 BSA55 (i960), 17and n. 38; 30-37.LMTS 173.Schachermeyr, 122ff. Kreta,
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with,normally, verybroad,on theshoulder, groupofbands,at leastone ofwhichis relatively a minorgroupon the lowerbody.2.2 is unusualin havingits second bandingon its high centreofgravity, ofa singlebroad band. The threeGroup4 jars from40 (12, 15, consisting all and are reserved betweentheshoulderband and thefoot;at theirshoulders 21) F/67:i4.i is a broad band betweenpairs of finebands. The significanceof the considerableminor variationsin theseshoulderband arrangements is not apparent,thoughthe T. 40 evidence a that givenpainterrepeatedhisbandingpatterns. suggests 200.3 is exceptional in the rich decoration of the body below the shoulder bands, wherethereis a neatlydrawnnet-pattern, or chequer-boardoflozenges,alternatelycrosshatched and reserved,the reservedlozenges each picked out by a circle-and-dot.The abnormal ornamentcontinuesin the solid paint that covers the lower body and foot, recallinga verycommon featurein the design of CypriotProto-WhitePainted stirrup jars.5 FLASKS
The fiveflasks(40.13, 14, 17; 121. 1, 5) are verysimilarin formand decoration;the differences are of trivialimportance.The triofromT. 40 varyonlyfrom15.7-15.3in height, and 12.4-12.1in diameter,thepair fromT 121from12.6-11.8and 10.1-9.8respectively. The is from a maximum of to a 83% (121. 1) diameter-height relationship narrowlydefined, minimumof 78% (40.13). The heaviestof the T. 40 flasks(17- 311g)is only2.9% heavier thantheothers,whichbothscale at 302g. The profilesare depressedglobular,witha slightly varyingcentreofgravity, relatively high on 40.13, 14 and 121.5, loweron 40.17 and 121.1. The accessoriesare nearlyidentical slim cylindricalnecks, trumpetmouths,a pair of opposite vertical handles attached belowthelip (121.1, 5), or further below,leavingthelips clear.All have a high, immediately cone-foot. virtually - a band of Ornamentis standard painton thelip in and out,horizontalstrokesofpaint fromtop to bottomof the handles,an elongatedhorizontal 'S' on the shouldereitherside, the neck-rootoutlinedwithpaint (not on 121.5), a group of encirclingbands below the shoulder(one broad band betweenpairs of finebands), a singleband below the centreof gravity(missingon 121.5) and, on the T. 40 trio,a band on the foot,leavingthe foot'lip' reserved. SMALL OINOCHOAI
Two examples(40.18; 121.4) differ somewhatin theformoftheirrisinghandles,butshould be taken together.They are close in size (heights10.6 and 11.3,diameters7.0 and 6.4 40.18 weighsioig, one thirdof the mass of theflasksin the same tomb.Their respectively). depressedglobularprofilesare dissimilar;40.18 has a highcentreof gravity, 121.4 is much lower.The accessoriesincludea simpletrefoilmouth,incipientcone-footand risinghandle. The diameter of 40.18 is 66% of its total height,76% of the height to the lip. The corresponding figuresfor121.4 are 56.5% and 76%. Both have risinghandles,but 121.4 is witha sinuousoutline,ofratherclumsyappearance.Bothare partlycoated(including higher, thehandles)withdarkpaint;theinsideof themouthis reserved,strongly thatthe suggesting coatingwas brushedon, notdipped. 5 Pieridou,PGRK,pl. 14.9.
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302 THELASTRON ('FEEDER VASE')
The one example,121.7, is 10.5high,diameter7.4; the diameteris 70% of the totalheight, 88% of the heightto the lip. The profileis depressedglobular.The accessoriesincludea baskethandle over a widelyflaringmouth,prominentspout set at an acute angle, and of the handleprojectsbeyondthe lip as a kindof incipientcone-foot.The back attachment 'spur'.The handle,mouthin and out,spoutand upperbodyare partlycoated in darkpaint whoseoutlineon thebodyis consistent withdipping. NECK-HANDLED
AMPHORAE
Seventeencompleteand fragmentary examples were identified,distributedamong nine tombs.T. 207 containedfour,T. 48 three,Ts. 24 and 98 two.Therewas one in each ofTs. 18, as PG;6 There are,certainly, been identified 40, 45, 56, 200 and 208. The shapehas previously in PG contexts. Butthereis common with PG The is more material. shape probably examples no doubt thatit is a SM shape; its presencein T. 200 is unambiguous,supportedby the instancein T. 40. of smoothhandles One- 207.30 - standsapart fromthe othersthroughthe substitution characterise theseries. forthetwistedhandleswhichotherwise The amphoraeall have an ovoidbody,concaveneckand flaringmouth.The handlesare Bases are flat,thoughthe underfootmay be attachedunderthe rimand on mid-shoulder. concave(98.11) or have an incipientfoot-ring (40.16). The vases arrangethemselves slightly in threegroupson groundsof size, so thatGroup 1 (eightexamples)has a heightrangeof narrow 51-44cm,Group2 (fourexamples)38-32 cm and Group3, 27-23cm. Thereis a fairly range in height/diameter proportions,froma maximumof 81% (40.16, Group 2) to a minimumof 65% (48.9). The mean is 71.5%.Though themajorityis wellfashioned,18.18, so thattheneckand handleappearmuchoff-centre. forexample,was badlythrown, Ornament is standard throughthe series, with minor variations that seem of little There is alwaysa band of painton the rim,whichmayextendinside;withthe significance. all havea band ofpaintwithinthemouth. of exception 40.16 and 98.11, whichare reserved, in With the two bands this has possibleexceptionof 98.11, thereis a broad 24.3 position. is band at theneck/shoulder junction.207.51 alone in havinga horizontalband of scribble bands on theneck.The shoulderis setofffromtherestof thebodyby a groupof encircling setoffbytwobands,and The lowerbodyis similarly wellbelowthelowerhandleattachment. a finalband is placed eitheron or immediatelyabove the foot.The handlesare the most roundthan oval in section,tooled accessories.They are heavy,more frequently distinctive beforefiringto appear twisted,by gougingchannelsout of the clay down and roundthe handle,fromrightto left.These channelswerethenpickedout in paint.The lowerhandle attachments are usuallyboldlyoutlinedin paint,sometimes (40.16) witha swagpendentfrom band. On 200.4 thiscontinuesovertheshoulderbandsontothebodyas a swirl theneck-root '£*pattern(cf. There is a standardornamentin each shoulderof horizontalelongated ornamentof flasks).Exceptionsare 40.16, which has a centrallyplaced triple-outlined It is flankedeithersidebya stemmed itslowerangleshatched,itsapex cross-hatched. triangle, in is the Also 45.6, which, place oftheelongated'S' patternhas fragmentary untypical spiral. Withthismustbe threesmallenclosedspiralsin each shoulderzone, arrangedhorizontally.
6 E pls. 14and 138,no. 205.
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taken48.9 wherethespiralsare replacedbycompass-drawn concentric circles;a SM vase has a symptom been decoratedwithPG pattern-work, ofthedeath-throes oftheSM style. SHOULDER-HANDLED
AMPHORAE
Two examples,40.11 and 207.25, werefound,heights26.8 and 31.5,diameters22.0 and 22.5 withheight-diameter Fromthe ovoid respectively, proportionof 82% and 71% respectively. body a prominentneck rises,mouthmore flaringon 40.11. Bases are flat.The vertical handlesare mountedhorizontally on the shoulder.The decorativeschemeis essentially the same in both cases- solid paint on the neck (on the inside of 40.11 as well, reservedon 207.25). The bodyis dividedup bya groupofbandsbelowthehandles,band(s)on thelower overthefoot.Handles are paintedand theirattachments bodyand painton, or immediately with exaggeratedlyemphasized paint. In the shoulderzone are horizontalelongated'S' close to those used to decorate flasksand neck-handled patterns, amphorae. SHOULDER-HANDLED
AMPHORISKOS
of diameter/height, Representedby 40.2, height8.2, diameter7.2,proportion 85%. It has a vertical handles mounted depressedglobularprofile,high ringfoot, horizontallyat the diameter. The decorative scheme solid on the rim and neck, greatest simple places paint a inside save fine reserved band. Below the in handle which is a designof zone, repeated are drawn three bands. There is on the foot,leavingthe hastily parallelstrokes, encircling paint foot'lip' reserved.The handlesare painted,butnotcompletely. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORISKOS
The fragments 2.3 have been restoredas thisshape. If correct,theprofileis ovoid,theneck Therewas solidpainton therimoutside,an elongatedhorizontal'S' on theshoulder, flaring. whilemuchof the body is takenup witha successionof broad and narrowbands. Handles and footare lost. BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORAE
The two examples,112. 1 and F/67:5.i, are close in size (41 and 43 high,33 and c. 34 diameterrespectively) witha diameter/height proportionof c. 80%. Necksare high,concave and relativelyslim. Bodies are broad ovoid, 112.1 with a lower centre of gravitythan F/67:5.i. The upturnedhorizontalloop handles are attachedjust above the greatest diameter.Insidethemouthsare deep zones of solidpaint.The flatof 112.1 's rimis reserved apartfromwellspaced strokesofpaint.F/67:5.i's neckis monochrome;112.1 has twofine reservedbands.The treatment oftheupperbodyis unlikethedecorativeschemesofanyother SM vases discussed for shouldersare almostentirely coveredbyan arrangement of here, large broadand finebands; 112.1 has a finewavyband in one ofthereservedspaces.In thehandle zone F/67:5.i has twobroad horizontalwavybands above an encircling band; 112.1 has a - 112.1 is flat, singlebroad wavyband. Both have banded lowerbodies. Bases are reserved F/67:5.i is a disc. NECK-HANDLED
AMPHORISKOI
A groupofsixfragmentary vasesfromT. 207 (io5 26, 28, 29, 46, 64) decoratedwithhanddrawnconcentric semicircles suggestsa phase veryclose to theend of SM whennew ideas of and decoration were The largest(28) is shape gainingcurrencyin thetraditional workshops. 26.1 high,16.4 in diameter,a diameter/height of The 62%. smallest forwhich proportion
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H- w- CATLING
The body outlineis thereare completedimensionsis 46- 17.5,12.0 and 68% respectively. rim and a ringbase. from to shoulder with a broad vertical handle neck, ovoid, low, relatively The decorationdividesthe vesselinto so manyzones withthe use of bands, or groupsof bands,though28, 29, 46 and 64 havepaint-coatedlowerbodiesand feet.Wherepreserved, thereis a band of paint insidethe mouth.Handles are eitherreserved,stripedor have a featureis the appearanceof hand-drawnconcentric verticalwavyline. The mostdistinctive 10 has four in the shoulder-zone, oftenrestingon the uppermostshoulder-band. semicircles On there are four and number is uncertain on the three. The 26. sets,28 46 29 fragmentary additional ornament of double zigzaglines, groupsrestingon twofinebands,with,below,the 64 is also elaborate,wherethe uppershoulderornamentis, again, interspacecross-hatched. cross-hatched zigzaglines,above a broadband fromwhichdependthreegroupsofconcentric semicircles. HYDRIA
There is one fragmentary thoughitsDR example,F/67:5«2, itsdimensionsnotrecoverable, of 15pointsto fullsize. The bodywas globular;the straphandlewas attachedbelowthelip. Thereare bandson rim,base ofneck,shoulderand lowerbody.The horizontalwavyband in to which, thehandlezone recallsthedecorativeschemeofthebelly-handled amphorae(supra), ofcourse,thisshapeis closelyrelated. NECKED PITHOS
laterhistory, This unusualSM shape,whichwas to have a longand distinguished particularly are and 6. as an ash container, is represented veryclose to the SM-EPG They by 48.3, 5 in F. tombTheta.7They varyin heightfrom39.0 to 33.3 witha close counterpart threshold, and in from to diameter cm, greaterthantheirheight(106% 5 have a girthslightly 35.4 34. 3 The profiles,all a little version. slimmer is a much at and 101% respectively). 6, 87.5%, 6 different than of with a centre are different, ovoid,5 throughitsslimness. 3, gravity higher All have thickened,roundedlips,low necks,flatbases, withverticalloop handlesmounted muchlowerthan the others).The on the shoulders(6's handlesare, relatively, horizontally of3 and 5 also reserved therim-tops withreservedinteriors, ornamentalschemesare similar, apart fromgroupsof strokesof paint,witha broad band below.The whole of 6's rimis painted.The bottomof the handlezone is definedby a groupof broad and finebands; the lowerbodieshave eitherone broad (3 and 6) or severalfinebands (5). 3 and 5 have a broad band ofpainton thefoot,5 has finebands above thepaintedfoot.The handlesare painted. The deep handlezone of3 and 5 havepanel designsbased on a central triglyph edgedbyjoining withwheel(3) or horizontal flanked by cross-hatched or chevrons, semicircles, lozenges(5), or rosette
chevron wavyline, (3). The evendeeperhandlezone of6 merelyhas a horizontalscribbled groups
COARSE PITHOS
to givea fullsectionofa pithosare datedSM in thelightofthe (2.1) reconstructed Fragments twodecoratedvasesfromthetomb.It is 33.5 high,diameter27.0 at therim.The broadovoid bodyis set offby a ridgefromtheflaringneckand rim.The base is flat.There is a vertical handlefromrimto shoulder.
7F. 16,no. 117,pl. 18.
THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY
305
HANDMADE JUGLET
as it is theonlyexampleofitskindrecognized The fragmentary stateof 121.6 is regrettable, The on thesite.The rathercoarsefabricis notdistinctive, apartfrombeingreducedin firing. and strokes a character to the vase. of incised vertical lines vertical provide specific panels Open Shapes TWO-HANDLED BOWL
98.9, on the SM-EPG threshold,is a hemisphericalbowl, on a slightlyraised base with metallicform.The decorationis concaveunderfoot, and twococked-uphandlesofultimately heavy,monochromeinside,the upper and middlebody coated witha reservedband at the levelofthehandleattachment, pickedout by a slimwavyband. There are finebandsbelow, and finebandsat thefoot. CUP 1
Illustrated flaringlip,standing onlyby 40.19, whichis 6.3X6.2, withdeep bowl,and slightly withverticalhandleattachedat therimand lowerbody. on a relatively cpne-foot, prominent There is an internallip-bandofpaintand a second,lowerinteriorband. The rimoutsideis and so is thefoot.There is a band on thelowerbody,and a fairlytightzigzagscribble reserved, in thehandlezone. cup 2 There are twofragmentary examples,207.20, 21, of a formclose to the SM/EPG division. Both are 7.2 cm high,but differin diameter(c. 7.4 and c. 5.4). The bowl is globular,with evertedrim,flatbase withslightly concaveunderfoot, and verticalhandle.The contourofthe which covers the outside it was shows paint partly appliedbydippingtwice. Conclusions This is not the place fora generalre-examination In the preceding of Subminoanpottery. I have described the features of seventeen decorated pages characterizing shapeswhich,by I considerSM, althoughtheyincludeitemsfoundwithPG vases.I have explained definition, that,eitherbecauseoftheirformor theirdecoration,theyare oftheSM, notthePG class.At theupperend of the scale,I have chosento regardthe establishment of the cemeteryas the of that the earliest vases on the site on beginning SM, accepting might, intrinsic grounds,be classedas LM III C. Whileitis easyto arguethattheT. 200 complexis probablytheearlieston thesite,and that T. 207 probablycontainsthe latestSM vases, the evidence forarrangingthe restof the materialin relativesequenceis notcompelling. Examinationofthehorizontalstratigraphy of thecemeteryis suggestive of certaingroupings, but not sufficiently a to be convincing strong indicatoron its own of the relativesequence of graves.On the otherhand, F/67:i4«i, a stirrup jar ofGroup4, is a considerabledistancefromthiscluster.On thepositiveside,Ts. 45, and 48 207, whichare all largishchambertombsmore or less in a line in the N and SW seemto forma groupwheretheSM vases are bothfoundwithPG quadrantofthecemetery, and themselves exhibit moredevelopedcharacteristics thantheobviouslyearlySM material, vases.Betweenthem,theyaccountforall thestirrup of jars Group5. Ifwe are rightaboutthe of T. we the 200, primacy might expect potteryin the SM tombs in its immediate
3o6
H. W. CATLING
to showcognatequalities.Such a relationship is difficult to sustainin detail, neighbourhood link NE 1 there is a with its T. the though neighbour, 98, providedby Group stirrup jars in both tombs.Furtherafield,NEof98, Ts. 40, 121,and 160,thoughdisparateas tombs,are close-knit in theircontents, havingnearlyall theGroup4 stirrup jars; theyare withintenmetresofeach other.On the otherhand, F/67H4.1, a stirrup of jar Group 4, is a considerabledistance fromthiscluster.Equally,thereis a separationof over40 metersbetweenTs. 18 and 186, whichshouldbe linkedthrough sharingstirrup jars ofGroup2. A different kind of emphasismightbe laid on the whereaboutsof tombswithout neckhandledamphorae.Fourof the eight,16, 112,121,and 160 (perhapsall inhumations)form a fairlyclose group.Of theremainder,2 and 186 are close to each other,as are F/67:5 and 14. Both pairs are separate fromthe largergroup. Almostcertainly,this distinctionhas forneck-handledamphoraeoccur throughoutthe SM use nothingto do withchronology, ofthecemetery, withT. 200 and continuingto T. 207,perhapsthelatestofthe SM starting series. If T. 200 is theearliesttomb,withvaseswhosedecoration(200.1, 3) perhapslooksback to LM III c, thegroupnevertheless cannotbe veryfarremovedin timefromT. 112,for200.2 and II2.2 are not onlyGroup 2 stirrup jars, but have similarshoulderdecoration.This in turn,takesus close to i86.i, (froma tombwhoseriteis closestto T. 200). But,as we have seen, 186 takes18 withit (presenceof Group 3 stirrupjars). We may therefore tentatively attribute thesetombsand theircontentsto Phase One in thecemetery's use,viz: T. 200-202 T. 112 T. 186 T. 18
(Threestirrup jars,neck-handled amphora) (Two stirrup jars,belly-handled amphora) (Stirrup jar) (Two stirrup jars,neck-handled amphora)
becauseofitsGroup1 stirrup jar linkwithT. 200 is: Probablyverycloseto thisgrouping, T. 98
bowl) amphorae,a two-handled (Stirrup jar,twoneck-handled
amphoralinkwithT. 112,mightbe placed: Perhapsalso here,becauseofthebelly-handled T. F/67:5
(Belly-handled amphora,hydria)
fromPhase One jars by Phase Two is representedby group 4 stirrupjars (distinguished small vases.Neck-handled selection of and a wider flasks smallersize and simplerornament), amphoraecontinue.The phasecomprises: T. 40 T. 121 T. 160 T. F/67:i4
amphora, (Fourstirrup jars, threeflasks,a smalloinochoe,a shoulder-handled a cup) a shoulder-handled amphoriskos, a handmadevase) a smalloinochoe,a thelastron, (Two stirrup jars,twoflasks, (A stirrup jar) (A stirrup jar)
and perhaps: T. 24
amphorae) jar,twoneck-handled (Stirrup
THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY
307
PhasesThreecomprisesthegravesthatoverlapwithPG, namely: T. 45 T. 48 T. 207
(Two stirrup jars,neck-handled amphora) (Two stirrup amphorae,threeneckedpithoi) jars,threeneck-handled two neck-handled four amphorae,six neck-handled amphoriskoi, (Stirrup jar, cups)
- 2, 16,56 and 208- cannotbe accommodatedin thesephases.Ts. 56 and 208 Fourtombs each containmerelya neck-handled belongto any of the amphoraand could,theoretically, threephases.Ts. 2 and 16 containstirrup jars whichstandapartfromtherestofthematerial. to be muchlaterthanPhase One. Theyare unlikely To speak of a continuousdevelopmentin SM potteryas illustratedby the N Cemetery There is clearlya gap betweenPhases One and Two during tombsis to be over-optimistic. whichnew shapes appeared, the size of stirrupjars diminished,theirshape altered(see In Phase Three, thereis analysisby groups,supra)and shoulderornamentwas simplified. anotherobviousjump forward, withoutmuchclue to theprocesseswherebyittookplace. New shapes appeared (some of thempart of the developmentwhichbroughtPG to Crete),old jars whichcompriseGroup 5, withtheir shapeswere changed,seen in the slimmerstirrup minimaldecoration.There seemslittledoubtthattheneck-handled very amphorapersisted, thethreephases.It was theonlyshapeto do so. largelyunchanged,throughout our materialis perfectly at home in itsKnossianmilieu.Desborough8has Unsurprisingly, collected references to what was usefully previouslyknownand published,notablythe SM the Fortetsa and AyiosIoannis tombs,and the Spring from the groups Gypsadescemetery, Chambergroupat the Caravanserai.To thesemay be added J. N. Coldstream's'Knossos 1951-61:PG and G potteryfromthe Town',9wherea small amountof SM and SM-EPG materialis described.More recentcontributions includeM. R. Popham'saccountofthe SM settlementmaterial fromthe Unexplored Mansion, and P. M. Warren's preliminary of SM materialfromoccupationdepositsin the Stratigraphie MuseumExtension description site.10 Of particularinterest are theGypsadesgroupsVia and VII. Tomb VII11containedat least threeburials,one in a larnax,and mayhavebeen in use forsometime,so itscontentsare not It containedsix stirrup necessarily closelycontemporary. jars, twobelly-handled amphorae,a small oinochoe,a spouted cup, and a small pyxis.There is some varietyin the shoulder decorationofthestirrup jars, fromthecurvilinear FringedStyleofVII.8, to thestraight-sided to angle-hatched trianglesof VII.7. The majorityof the stirrup jars are small.It is tempting see thisgroup as partlyspanningthe gap betweenPhases One and Two, illustrating the developmentthatmusthave takenplace betweenthosetwo phases. The fourfragmentary vases fromVia (a largelydestroyedtomb) includedtwo stirrupjars, a flask,and a neckhandledamphorawithcurvilinear ornamenton theshoulder.The size ofthestirrup jars and theformofthetriangles withwhichtheirshouldersare decoratedrelatesthisgroupcloselyto PhaseTwo. Notableis a tombat AyiosIoannis12excavatedin 1959,probablyopenedand used in LM II, 8 GDA373. 9 BSA 67 (1972),63-98. 10UM II, 59-66 (Fopham);AR 29 (1983),76-87 (Warren).
11BSA 53-54 (Ï958-59)»205-8, 247-9, figs.27-9,pls.55-7. ■*BSA 63 (1968),205-18.
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H. W. CATLING
thereafter robbedbeforeitsreusefora doubleinhumation burialaccompaniedby thoroughly two stirrup the other B.2 jars (one B.3 height16.0) and a belly-handled height24.5, decorated with bands our 112. 1 and 24.4, both in size and amphora wavy recalling decoration.Particular interest attachedto thebronzepinsfoundinsituon theshouldersofone oftheskeletons. thisgroupbestfitsintoPhase One, thoughnot Thoughthereare differences, withitsearliestelements. The graves at Ayios Ioannis dug in part by R. W. Hutchinson and in part by T. J. Dunbabin, subsequentlypublishedbyJ. Boardman as TrotogeometricGraves at Ayios Ioannisat Knossos'13illustrate the ambivalenceof our Phase Three,withwhichsome of the Tomb IV, indeed,(stirrup AyiosIoannis materialmustbe contemporary. jar, neck-handled shouldbe earlierthan amphora,two thelastra,a skyphos,a shoulder-handled amphoriskos) our Phase Three (albeitBoardmantentatively suggestsa MPG date), perhapstransitional betweenPhasesTwo and Three.The tombitselfseemsprobablyto have been a pit-cave,but used ratherdifferently to the fashionin whichour Ts. 186 and 200 were employed.Ayios Ioannis T. VIII is a good matchforour Phase Three (fourstirrupjars, two neck-handled a thelastron, a tray,and fourcups. amphorae,a belly-handled amphora,a hydria,a skyphos, Two other neck-handledamphorae were associated, but in ratheruncertainfashion). IndividualpiecesweredatedbyBoardman'SM-EPG' ( a stirrup jars, jar), 'EPG' (twostirrup The restare 'MPG' a 'E-MPG' (a stirrup jar, thelastron). belly-handled amphora,tray, cup), or C?MPG' The complexis supposedto consistof swept-upburials/cremations placed in a in readinessforthe reuseof a main chamberdestroyed side-chamber beforethe excavation an extendedperiodofuse,starting notlongafterPhase tookplace. The groupmustrepresent Two and continuing Phase Three. beyond a chambertombnear Isopata,14excavatedin 1958, Consideredfromthe SM perspective, could be allocatedto Phase Three- thereis a neck-handled jar. But amphoraand a stirrup date of MPG for Coldstream's theambivalenceof thismaterialis wellillustrated original by and its decoration theshape ofthestirrup thegroup.Fromhisperspective, straight jar, sparse publishedat thesame time,contained triangles stampeditas MPG. The EPG tombat Teke,15 thatthe tombpartlyoverlappedPhase a stirrup jar (no. 5) akin to our Group 5, suggesting it. Three,thoughdoubtlessoutlasting Tomb Of theFortetsatombsexcavatedby Payneand Blakeway,and publishedby Brock,16 its Pi was classed by Brockas SM. He suggestedthatit had been looted of largervases, supposingthemto have containedcremationsand to have occupied a vacant space in the all tombfloor.But thisneed nothave happened;thetombmayhave containedinhumations, The our T. traceof whichhad gone (as we supposewas the case withthe SM use of 40). contentsofT. Pi suggestthatitwas used morethanonce,withan intervalbetweenuse; it has a stirrup belongswithPhase One, twoothers(nos.13 jar (no. 9) whichbysize and decoration17 withtwocups (nos. 10 and 16)which and 15)whichwouldbe at homein Phase Two,together go verycloselywiththecup in T. 40. There are severalshapes(kalathoi,ajar withfalsespout, and a slimjar) unrepresentedin the N Cemetery.Tomb Pi has no certainPhase Three takesus intoPhase Three- and beyond.Brockinterpreted element.FortetsaT. VI certainly and Payne'snotesto meantherewereno morethanthreeor fourburials.In thiscase,thefirst ™BSA55 (i960), 128-48. 14BSA58 (1963),38 and pl. 12c. 15Op.at. 34-8, pls. 11-12.
16F. 8-10 and pl. 3, forTomb Pi; 11-16and pls.4-7 forT. VI. 17F. pl. 132.
THE SUBMINOAN POTTERY
309
thelastburialare likelyto havebeen separatedby someappreciableperiod.A rathertenuous linkwithPhase Two is the shoulderornamentof F. no. 137,a stirrup jar, paralleledon the of Two T. More shoulderof the neck-handled Phase 40.16. convincingis the link amphora and a whose shoulder ornamentsofdotbetweenF. no. 40, a stirrup our 45.7, stirrup jar, jar filledlozengesset offby a backgroundof quite finelydrawnhatchingare so close in design and executioneven to suggestthe same workshop,if not the same hand. That would be a PhaseThree synchronism. convincing The materialfromthe Knossos SpringChamber18has obvious linkswithPhase Two, decoratedwithparallelverticalstrokes, and a notablyforthe shoulder-handled amphoriskoi bothofwhichpointto our T. 40. The SpringChamberstirrup jar cup withsimilarornament, wouldbe quiteat homein PhaseTwo. MuseumExtensionsiteidentified as SM by P. M. Warren The materialat theStratigraphie be classed as SM. Forinstance,our assessment of what offers to this maylegitimately support T. 40 is linkedby its cup to Warren'sSM pit.19Elsewhere,Warrenhas founda shoulderbell handled amphoriskosclose to 40.2.20 From another SM pit came a fragmentary is close to ornament of central and whose wheel-design very triglyph flanking skyphos21 panel froman adjacentpitwas also theornamentof our neckedpithos48.3. A kalathosfragment oftwoofthreeT. characteristic decoratedwitha centraltriglyph edgedbyjoiningsemicircles, necked 48 pithoi. in tabularform,viz: Some ofthesuggestedsynchronisms maybe summarised Phase One
AyiosIoannisTomb (Hood/Coldstream) FortetsaT. Pi (Part) GypsadesVI
PhaseTwo GypsadesVIA FortetsaT. Pi (Part) T. VI (Part) PFortetsa S. M. Extension(Pits) SpringChamber AyiosIoannisT. IV AyiosIoannisT. VIII (Part) PhaseThree AyiosIoannisT. VIII (Part) FortetsaT. VI (Part) S. M. ExtensionPit IsopataTomb TekeTomb A studyof the relationship betweenKnossian SM and contemporary materialelsewherein But a Crete,or withthe Submycenaeanof the mainlandis beyondmytermsof reference. be made to call further attention to relations between Crete and at pointmay Cyprus this 18PM II, 123 f. Greatly improvedillustrationsof the SpringChambermaterialhave been publishedby Popham, UM II, pls.49-50.
19AR 29 (1983),85, figs.60 a and b.
2oLoc. cit.fie. 61. 21 Op. cit.87, fig.66.
iS
H. W. CATLING
This byDesborough.22 period,ofwhichconsiderablenotehas alreadybeen taken,particularly concernstheexceptionalstirrup from all other which stands stirrup jars we jar 200.3, apart have considered,not only fromthe N Cemetery,but fromthe whole Knossos area. It is withreservedlozengesenclosing conspicuousforthenetofcross-hatched lozengesalternating and for the use of solid to cover the lower dot-and-circle, paint partofthebody.Bothfeatures are knownin Cyprus,whereone or two horizontalbands of linkedcross-hatched lozenges occuron severallargePWP stirrup datedto thefirst jars of Late CypriotIII B,conventionally halfoftheeleventhcenturyBC.These includeajar fromKaloriziki,23 twofromGastria-J/ß&y, in withanotherthree privatecollectionswhichveryprobablycame fromAlaas^ and together anotherfroman unpublishedtomb at Kouklia-SA^ky.25 The same use of cross-hatched a tripod lozengesis foundon severalotherPWP shapes,includingpyxides,an amphoriskos, and a zoomorphicvase.26Equally,thereare severalinstancesof the use of solidpainton the lowerbodiesofPWP stirrup or veryprobably jars, includingsixexamplesfromGastria-i4/ß&y, fromthatsite.27 It is probablethereis a connectionbetween200.3 and Cyprus;itmaynotbe accidentthatit is associatedwiththe tomb containingthe fragmentary four-sidedbronze stand,whoseCypriotoriginseemsveryprobable.28
22GDA118-19. 23Pieridou,PGRK,pl. 17.2. 2*Alaos,pl. 55, T. 15.10;pl. 63, T. 19.13;pl. 69, B5, B8 and Bio; pl. 70, B9 (all HadjiprodromouCollection).RDAC 1977, pl. 38, T. 1.2. 25Kouklia,Skales(1951),T. 1.84. 26Pyxides-Alaos,pl. 76, H.2; pl. 85, 63; RDAC 1977,pl.
- Alaas, pl. 68, A.9 39, T. 3.6. Amphoriskos (Hadjiprodromou).Tripod Skales,pl. 130,T. 67, nos. 57A and B. Zoomorphicvase- Alaas,pl. 78, K.4. 27Alaos,pl. 57, T. 16.15;Pi- 60, T. 17.25;pl. 64, T. 19.4;pl. pl. 83, B.i (Severis). 70,B.6 (Hadjiprodromou), 28RDAC 1984,pl. 15.
CHAPTER6 THE PROTOGEOMETRICAND GEOMETRIC POTTERY J. N. COLDSTREAM THE PITHOS In discussing thepotteryfroma cemetery it is naturalto beginwiththe largelyofcremations, which served as urns. Those with decoration pithoi, painted displaythe KnossianG styleon thelargestscale,and formthebasisofourinternalrelativechronology. Withinthe standardovoid series,the G necklesstypewithtwo or fourhandlestakesover withlow neck,and twohandleseitherverticalor horizontal. graduallyfroma PG predecessor a the transition is formcurrentonlyin PGB and EG. All three third,straight-sided, Spanning in have related coarse or plain wares,best consideredunderthis closely types counterparts G to the ovoid general heading. Corresponding type are a few experimentsin incised all MG. Coarse versions of the bucchero, straight-sided pithosare in redmicaceousfabric.For the PG ovoid varietywithneck,the coarse counterpartsare in grittyorange clay,usually coatedin a lightslip.Coarse neckedpithoiwithverticalhandlescontainedsomeoftheearliest cremations at Knossos;withthesewe shallbegin. The Necked
Pithos
a. with vertical handles (i) CoarsePG. Broad low neck; straphandlesto rimor just below; globularor plumpovoid body,withgroupsofincisedlines. E-MPG: LPG-PGB:
J 2 fr.,O 6, 285.3 and 59 firs., 285.58. 28.5, 287.9, 175.23, 0,57.
A fragmentary SM prototype,2.1, has a depressedglobularbody withno sign of incised broad base. J 2, no less squat, introduceswhat decoration,restingon a flatand relatively of PG: a heavydisc foot(forthelargervessels),and a groupof appear to be twoinnovations incisedlineson theshoulder.On subsequentmembersoftheE-MPG groupthelinesmaybe towardsplumpovoid.F no. repeatedon thebellyand lowerbody,whiletheshapeprogresses 242,froma MPG context,belongshere. In the later PG group the pottersmake a more consistenteffortto reinforcethe rim, at first(28.5), but eventually tentatively achievinga crisp,squaredprofilein 175.23 and Q, The latter to thenextclass;theheight vessel,and itscompanionF. no. 1002,lookforward 57. is alreadymorethan50 cm,and thehandleshavebegunto retreatbelowtherim. A universalfeatureofthisPG typeis theslightridgewheretheneckjoins thebody.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
3i2
Handle to neck; LPG-LG.Broadneck,growingtaller;ovoidbody,becomingslimmer. (ii) Coarse squaredlip. LPG-PGB: PGB-EG: EG: LG:
285.61 18.8; Q,3, 58, 59, frs. 280.1; 104. 1 frs. 78.1.
As the size grows,proportionschange. The necks of 285.61 and 18.8 are alreadyhigh attachedbelowthelip. These are thelatestcoarse enoughforthehandlesto be comfortably pithoito serveas cremationurns.Thereafter280.1 (78.5 cm) and 78.1 (morethan85 cm) wereused forinfantinhumations. Theirslimmerovoidbodiesand tallernecksbeginto recall the paintedneck-handledamphorae,exceptthattheirnecksare much broader,and their handles diminutivein relationto theirvast size. Similar pithoi have been foundin the in ourcemetery, ofPhaistos;29 thesametypecontinuesintoEO (98.2). settlement (iii)PG-EG,painted. Straphandleson shoulder. LPG: PGB: EG:
28.9. 13.16, L 9 fr. M 19, 285.71, Q 85 fr.
These differfromthe coarse PG pithoiin thatboth handle attachmentsspringfromthe shoulder,and the neck is narrower;but the painted versionsdo not settledown to any circles consistent ofshape.The earliest,F. no. 244,is perhapsMPG; concentric development - and virtually the onlydecorationfoundon have alreadybecome the canonicaldecoration thisclass in the F. series.Our firsttwo pithoi,however,also have rectilinearmotifsin the are hitchedto the circle-sets on 28.9, wheretheinnermost centre.The elaboratecomposition recall the antithetic F. no. the bell-krater centrebywavytangents(cf. spiralsofLM III C. 712) bound are the circles On 13.16, an unusuallywell-proportioned by an loosely together piece, and foot the usual motifof PGB. M 19 is conservative, ring lacking hourglass,a favourite handle is the feature of this decoratedwithcirclesonly;L 9 is verysimilar.The latest pair designwithdiagonal crossesbetweenbars,whichtakesover fromthe earlierS motif(e.g. 28.9) fromPGB onwards;and in tombM no othervesselis obviouslyearlierthanEG. Our mostadvancedpieces,285.71 and Q, 85, combineEG cableswitha darkground.AfterEG thistypeis seenno more,apartfroma singleLG example,F. no. 593. B. WITH HORIZONTAL
HANDLES
PGB-EG.Verticalneck,flatbase,incisedlineson shoulderbetweenor belowhandles. (i) Coarse PGB: PGB-EG: EG:
13.19. 175.12, 175.62.
M 20, M 21 fr.,283.101.
29L. Rochetti, Ann.52-3 (1974-75)181ff.figs.12-14.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
3^
A homogeneousclass,not appearingbeforea late stageof the corresponding paintedpithoi, B (ii). Earliest,perhaps,are the clumsily-made and extremely plumppair Mastambanos. 69 and 77. Thereafter thebodyshape changesfromstout(13.19) to slender.Our latestexamples are close to F. no. 391,froma whollyEG tombgroup.The shape continueselsewhereinto A 21. nos.46, 55 and 58, and Atsalenio LG, assuminga moreelegantovoidform;see Mastamba handles. Shortconcaveneck,flatbase; lightground. (ii)PG-EG,painted; single-arc SM/EPG: E-MPG: EG:
48.6, 48.5, 48.3. J 63. M 16 fr.,286.3, 129.5 &•>G I2? 229.18, O 4.
The threepithoifromtomb48 are theearliestknownexamplesofthisclass,goingback to a SM/EPG stageprecedingthe introduction of concentriccircleson thisshape. transitional Their decorationconsistsof a wavyline in the SM tradition(48.6), and fringedcentrallines motifson flankedon 48.5 by concavecross-hatched lozenges,and on 48.3 by quitedifferent each side- perhaps the earliest vessel to present an intentionalcontrastbetween the decorationofitstwofaces.On one side,groupsofsigmasare connectedand intersected by a continuousline,as thoughto rendera horizontalversionoftheschematic'tree5seen on some bell-kraters contemporary (e.g. 285.60). On the other,a singlefringedcircleenclosesa solid Maltesecross,no doubtborrowedfromAtticPG importslike207.7. The same motifrecurs, fringeless,on J 63, whose unusually narrow base with ring foot relates it closely to bell-kraters. Somewherewithinthisearlygroup,perhapsbetweentheT. 48 trio contemporary and J 63, lies F. no. 117froma whollyEPG tomb,wherethe decorationcombinesfringed centrallineswiththeearliestappearanceon thisshapeofconcentric circles. Once established,the concentriccirclesfora time exclude all otherornament.There followsa carefully made pair withslightly higherand narrowerneck,evertedrim,medium ovoidbodyand a pronounceddiscfoot,F. nos. 206 and 282, datedby contextrespectively to MPG and LPG. Afteran interval,our seriesends withseveralless carefulpieces withsaggingbodies and, once again, flatbases. 286.3 and G 12 share a straightoblique neck,similarin general to F. nos. 387 and 392 froman EG tombgroup;the standingsemicircles on the proportions circulardecorationis supersededby two bellyof G 12 look especiallymaladroit.Thereafter, rectilinear decorationwhichmust wavylineson 229.18 (cf.F. no. 347)or,on O 4, Atticizing be contemporary withtheearliestnecklesspithoi. Virtuallyforgotten duringthe remainderof the G sequence, this class was to enjoy a in revival EO. vigorous 292.41, withtwohorizontaland twoverticalhandles,is a harbinger ofthisrevival,decoratedlikenecklesspithoilatein LG (typeC(i)). withbucranium handles. Disc foot,evertedlip. (iii)PG-EGpainted, LPG: EG:
O 37, 147.1 fr. 306.26, 306.25.
For slightlylargerpithoi,40 cm or more high,double handles were prudentlysupplied. Earliestis F. no. 222 fromtheMPG tombV,verysquat,resembling a largepyxiswithsharply evertedlip and discfoot.O 37 is a tallerand moreovoidversion,itsbodyprofileintermediate
3i4
J- N. COLDSTREAM
betweentheelegantpairF. nos. 208 and 282 ofclassB (ii).Nextcome twoPGB pithoi,similar in shape butverydifferently decorated:F. no. 1029wheretraditional circlesflanka crowded 1 with a centralrectilinear and no. bold and schemebased on panel; Gypsades earlyAtticizing a largecentralmeander.Below,on both,the PG lightgroundhas givenplace to continuous thickbands- and eventually, on the EG pair fromT. 306, to Atticizingdark-ground bands and lines.These lasttwopithoisharethe saggingbodyprofileof theirB (ii) contemporaries, and theirdecorationis in a stateof ferment typicalof the time:crowdedcircleson 306.26, central columns which include cables; on 306.25, horizontalstripsof clumsily flanking hatchedzigzagsand intersecting lines. wavy ApartfromF. no. 1424,an unusualMG pithoson a tallribbedpedestal,thisclass has no future; but,as we shallsee, it musthaveplayedsomepartin thegenesisofthenecklessovoid G pithos. The Straight-sided
Pithos
Low verticallip,straight shoulderwithpronouncedcarination,tworisinghorizontalhandles on theshoulder, flatbase. Decorationand contextsin theN CemeteryconfirmBrock'sconclusionthatthisshape is confinedto the PGB and EG periods'at Knossos.30No featureof the earlierPG 'practically To be sure,ithas a smallrelativein thestraightpithoipreparesus foritssuddenintroduction. sided pyxis,made in Crete fromLM III B into PG. Neverthelessit will be argued in our Epiloguethatthearrivalin PGB ofthestraight-sided pithosas a cremationurnis butone of severalsymptoms at thistimeof a revivalof interestin ancestralMinoan customsand artforms.Here the re-usedMM I pithos132.9, withdifferently disposedhandlesbut a very similarbody shape,providesfoodforthought.A moreimportant consideration, however,is ofthe LM III C as urns for some of had served thatsomeexceptionally already large'pyxides' in Crete.31 earliestcremations (i) Coarse PGB: PGB-EG:
283.52, 285.7. G 49 (double,miniature).
and verymicaceous; 285.7 is exceptionallyheavy,and its The fabricis deep red, gritty, Each of the full-sizepithoihas a lid preserved,made in the same surfacewell smoothed. fit to overthelow lip. Traces ofwhitedecorationsurviveon all fabricand speciallydesigned of threevessels;forthecircles 283.52 and thespacedbandingof285.7 comparerespectively in Fortetsatomb F. nos. 343 and 345,bothfromthePGB tombOD. G 49 has a counterpart alien to PG and G vases are double since a Minoan idea, A;32theysuggestthe revivalof tradition.
30F. 147. The coarse pithos285.7, among its smashed containedpartofan AtticLPG skyphos(285.152) fragments, whichmightsuggestan EPG date; but it was clearlynot in smallvesselswereLPG and PGB. situ,and theneighbouring
31E.g. Kanta, 281 f. pl. 54.4-5 fromKritsa. See most E. Melas,Anthropologika 5 (1984)31 f. recently 32BSA56 (1961)72,A 4, pl. 10.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC ANDGEOMETRICPOTTERY
3^
(ii)Painted PGB: EG:
D 12, 283.11, 292.144, 107.114. 107.178, N 9, 175.37, 75.110, G 6, 134.74 fr.,175.63 fr.
These pithoiinauguratea longperiodwhenthepaintedpithos-urn was theleadingshape in a in theKnossianrepertoire, with lid the same matching style.They displayon the equipped largestscale theproto-orientalizing aspectsof the PGB phase and itsEG sequel. At no time were theythe onlyavailablepaintedurns;but theirunusuallyrichdecorationargueshigh to status,and indeedthetombswhichproducedthemalso yieldedmetalofferings appropriate families highup in thesocialhierarchy. To determine theirrelativeorderwithinthePGB-EG sequenceis an important butdifficult task.Oftentheyare amongthe oldesturnsin tombsused by manysubsequentgenerations; thus,even in unplunderedtombslikeT. 75, upheavalscaused by laterburialshave shattered themand dispersedwhateverofferings theymay have housed. Contexts,then,are of little from clues afforded help apart vague by the chronologicalbracketsof the entirecorpusof within each tomb. the internalevidence of style,especially the There remains pottery correlation betweengradualchangesin shapeand ornament;in general,theusualprogression fromstoutto slendershape is paralleledby a growthin size,and by a changefroma PG free fieldon a lightgroundto G horizontalzoningwithever-increasing areasofdarkground. We beginwithD 12, relatively small(H. 28.5 cm),veryplump,and nearestin shape to the LM III C pyxis-urns. The proportions are likeF. no. 350,buttheinsetlip (whichthelid D 21 willfit)anticipatestheG ovoidtype;theidea could havebeen takenfromimportedAtticMG I pyxideslike283.46. In the decoration,new motifsare injectedintothe old PG schemeof circlesflanking a rectilinear panel: the circles,reducedto two per set,encloselargerosettes oriental thecentralpanel is now occupiedbya rectilinear cable34on one recalling jewellery;33 and on the a other hatched meander of Attic G motifs side, by origin.Atticizing rarelyoccur on thisclass,and neverplaymorethana subordinate in their but decoration; we mustbe part for their in occasional a the wake of flow ofAtticMG I imports. prepared appearance steady Then followthreeremarkable unitedbythecommontheme pithoiwithpictorialdecoration, ofthespirati tree,and probablypaintedall threeby thesame hand. 283.11 followstheplump proportionsof D 12 on a muchlargerscale, large enoughto need massivedouble-reeded handlesforsecurity. Itsstrangeappliedribbing, a uniqueexperiment perhapsbasedon thesmall vesselsmade underCypriotinfluence quasi-bucchero (Oinochoe,typeE), dictatesa verticalaxis to thedecorationin harmonywiththisTree Painter'sfavourite theme,and also withthemuch tallershape of his two subsequentpithoi.In our searchforpossiblelids,we note how the minimalnecksof 283.11 and 292.144 eventually giveplace to the insetlip of 107.114. The onlysuitablelids have a plain conicalprofilewithornamentalknobs,theirrimsoverlapping somewayon to theshoulder.The hugerosetteon 283.31 echoestheverticalemphasisofthe whilethehorizontal For 107.114 bodydecoration, zoningof 292.61 providesa livelycontrast. themostlikelycandidateis 107.126, showingtracesofan attachment in theformofa bird. The iconographyof the Tree Painter'sthreepithoi,culminating in the two picturesof a
33Cf. K. R. AsiaticJewellery Maxwell-Hyslop, Western (London, 1971) 254 pl. 234, ornamentson crowns worn
by femalefiguresamong the Nimrudivories. 34Otherwisenotseen at KnossosbeforeO: F. motif11 as.
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J- N. COLDSTREAM
naturegoddesswithtreesand birdson 107.114, has been examinedin a previousarticle.35 There it was arguedthatthe two sidesof 107.114 portraya deliberatecontrastof seasons, - an appropriate showingthegoddessarrivingin springand departingat theonsetofwinter LM III themefora cremationurn,recallingthealternation betweenbirth,death,and rebirth. visible when older chamber tombs were and re-used,were pictoriallarnakes, reopened a as source for this the the suggested possible painter'simagery;indeed, goddess, birdand the all tree on the larnax spiral figure 107.214 (FIGS. 114-16). That the goddess's wheeled a chariot is a confirmed platform represents bya LM III B larnaxfromKavrochorion which36 latticedbox is attachedto a verysimilar'skateboard'. Here we are moreconcernedwiththeTree Painter'sstyleand hisplace in Knossianvasein contemporary The spiraltreeand itssimplified derivatives recuras abstractmotifs painting. work(oinochoeG 21, lids 13.17, 218.135), perhapswithinhis own workshop.Of his two kindsofbird,neitheris new.The curioustriangular creatureson thetreesof 107.114 have a roundedbirdsof clumsypredecessoron the stirrup-jar 207.3, but no future.The gracefully 283.11 and 292.144 betraya LM III C ancestry,37 recallingalso thefiguredLPG kraterE 3; themoreelaborateversion,withvariousbodyfillings and longsinuousneckhatchedin double in the outline,is reducedto singleoutlinein thehandsofthegoddess,withdottedeyefloating field.Provincialadaptationsofthispainter'sworkcan be seen on pithoiofthesame shape at wherebirdsand treessprawlchaoticallyoverthe surface,butwithoutthe goddess; Prinias,38 anotherPriniasfragment, showinga commandingmale figureunderthehandleof a similar well be a Knossian pithos,39 might importin ourpainter'stradition. The goddessof 107.114, occupyingalmostthe fullheightof a tall panel, is by farthe Closelyrelatedare the ladies underthe largesthuman figurein Geometricvase-painting. handlesof F. no. 1440,perhapsa slightly earlierexperiment by the same hand; commonto bothportrayals are thelonghatchedneck,theoutlinefacewitha dottedcirclefortheeye,the the open mouth,and the absenceof a nose. But whereasthe figuresof F. no. 1440 eyebrow, look back to the Minoan snakedeity,our goddessdisplayssome Near Easternfeatures:the and perhapsalso the thanto Minoan or Mycenaean,40 wingsbelongmoreto Syriantradition tallpolos;and therendering ofthehairshowssomeknowledgeoftheoriental'layerwig',long movement. beforeitsadoptionbyvase paintersat theoutsetoftheconventional Orientalizing Her garments,however,have a homespun look. The long rectangulardress,with the setsthefashionforall drapedwomenin Cretanart ofa shawlovertheshoulders, suggestion of the PGB The dresspatternsmakeher a walkingillustration downto the seventhcentury. and check of ladder abstractrepertoire: mill-sail, pattern griddedsquares. pattern, Althoughthe Tree Painter'smanneris echoed in the treesof 107.178 and the birdsof 134.74, EG pithoiof thisclass showmuchless inventionin theirdecoration.The general tendencynow is towardshorizontalzoning,firstseen on F. no. 1440;and on thelowerbody bandsand linesin theAtticMG manner ofdark-ground encroachment thereis an increasing fill vast areas of the surface,as on G 6, allowed to are N motifs sometimes (e.g. 9). Single as no. and also F. no. and 10; or, on 75.110 and F. no. 706, the same 197 Hartley 175.37,
35 Coldstream, BICS 31 (1984) 93 ff.,on 283.11 and 26, fig.2.1; Urnswith 107.114; for292.144 see id., Reflexions Lids112,fig.5. 36A. Lembessi,ADChr.31 (1976)351pl. 274b. 37Cf.Schachermeyr, Kreta122ff.,figs.23-4, 27,pl. 17a.
38C. Rizza in Antichità Cretesi (StudiD. Levi,Catania, 1977)
II, 153 ff; CretaAntica,100 anni di Arch.Scuola Italiana (Rome, 1984) 242 figs.451-4. 39CretaAntica 250 f. fig.470. 40P. Demargne, La CrèteDédalique(Paris, 1947) 288.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
3^
narrowmotifis repeated many timesin successivezones. In the shape, apart fromthe innovation is theconversion ofthelow neckintoan inset ofthebase, a significant attenuation above the shoulder (75.110, 107.178, 175.37), underthe influenceof lip risingonlyslightly the new ovoidnecklesstypewhichwas now becomingestablishedas the mostusual formof urn. Straight-sided pithoicontinuethroughG in otherpartsofCrete;41at Knossos,apartfroma afterEG. rarerevivalin EO (O pithostypeE), theyvanishfromtherepertoire The Ovoid Neckless
Pithos
a. early experiments PGB-EG, closelyAtticizing: G 10, G no, 13.12. EG, earlylocal adaptations: G 8, G 11, 107.125, 292.150 fr.,100.43 frG 13, G 84 fr.,104. 119 fr.,283.14, 283.23, O 15, 218.50. EG, withslightcollar: The debutof the ovoidpithoscoincideswitha generalmovementtowardsAtticizing shapes G ornament,underthe influenceof AtticMG imports.The Atticversion,42 and rectilinear at KnossosbyF. formofurnin Attica,is nevertheless represented thoughneverthepreferred ofthisprototype, no. 454. The earliestKnossianexamplesincludethreeveryclose imitations made whentheexuberantPGB-EG stylewas stillin fullvigour;thiswe inferfromthegeneral contextsof tombsG, 13 and 100. Everydetailof the Atticmodel is here reproduced:in the ringfoot,and the doubled shape,the flatinsetlip, the tautovoid body,the well-articulated in the severe schemewitha handles almost the decoration, rising vertically; dark-ground loop a at handle sometimes narrow zone under the handles reservedrectilinear level, (13.12), panel and setsofthreereservedlinesto breakup thelargearea ofsolidpaintbelow.It is likelythat theworkshopof thesepithoialso producedequallyclose copies ofotherAtticshapessuchas werecurrentat thistime.43 The conversion to theovoidpithoswas not,however, a tidyprocess.Fora timeit coexisted withbothearliertypesand, as we have seen,influencedboth in different ways:witnessthe rectilinear EG decoration of some necked no. Atticizing pithoi(O 4, Gypsades 1) and, on the latest straight-sidedpithoi, the transformationof the low neck into a risinginset lip. Converselythe older typeshad some effectin shapingthe earlydevelopmentof the ovoid no. 86, whichcombine pithoi.Amongtheveryearliest,stillPGB, are F. no. 691 and Gypsades an insetlip withthecircularPG ornamenttraditional to theneckedpithoi;thenew shape,so it seems,arrivedbeforethenew decoration.Next,in EG, come thehugeG 8 (H. 62 cm) and thesmallG 11, bothofwhichcombineold and newelementsin theirdecorationand,likethe contemporary belly-handled amphorae,varythe designson the two sidesof thevase. G 11, liketheamphoraG 5, is 'bilingual'betweenPG circlesand a G meanderscheme.On G 8, meanderand zigzagsare absorbedintovast and floridcompositionswithmotifsborrowed fromthe PGB repertoire of straight-sided pithoi;otherlargevesselsfromthistomb,such as the oinochoe G 15 and the kraterG 80, were made in the same workshop.When the decorationis whollyAtticizing, meandersare drawnwitha thickbrushand a heavyhand,as 41GGP255f.,pl. 56a, c-d; 259,pl. 56e. 42GGP23 n.5,'globularpyxis'.
43E.g. oinochoai283.30, 292.63; skyphoiG 40, 125.
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J. N. COLDSTREAM
on E nos. 770 and 779.The ancillarychainofdottedlozengeson 100.43, a motifnotseen in betweenthetwophases AtticbeforeMG II,44confirms thatKnossianEG spansthetransition ofAtticMG.45 Anothergroup looks back to the necked pithos in retaininga slightcollar,usuallyin addition to the inset lip, sometimesin lieu of a lip (G 13), and on 283.14 awkwardly combinedwitha minimalinnerflangeto takethelid; as oftenin EG, the decorationof this last vesselmixesthe meanderwithlocal curvilinearmotifs.No less experimentalare the handles.As alternatives to therisingloops oftheAtticprototypes we findhorizontalstraps(G bucrania as on the necked with the additionof twovertical 13), (107.125) larger pithoiand, on O one of the four-handled formwhichwas to become of the first 15, straps appearances normalin thenextphase. B. THE MG OVOID PITHOS
Havingdisplacedboth oldertypesof urn,the ovoid pithosnow settlesdown to a standard formwiththickwalls,a slightly risingconcavelip,a plumpbodywitha lowercentreofgravity thantheAtticmodel,a massiveringfoot,and a heightof around40 cm. To lifttheseheavy withstirrups to the rim) vesselsfourhandlesare usuallyprovided:two bucrania(sometimes and two verticalstraps.The decoration,applied in thickand oftenquite lustrouspaint,is and predominantly dark-ground Atticizing, thoughoftencoveringmoreofthesurfacethanon in are normallybarred,sometimeswithsmall vessels Attic. Handles large contemporary motifs barredoffin panels;spacesunderthebucraniaare oftenfullypainted. whichwillbe described Standardization makesitpossibleto discerntwodistinct workshops, beforethegeneralrunofMG pithoi. (i) TheMG Horseworkshop
«5-3» «3«-3» O *4 fr.,0, 7« fr->«8-395 129.1, 60.7, 75.223 fr.,292.45, 292.149, 283.12, 132.4, 218.23, 75.38, 125.7. The outputofthisprolific workshopincludesthesixMG pithoiofBrock's'firstgroup',46Teke B 6, Gypsades nos. 58-9, and what seems like a Knossian exportto tholos no. 11,Atsalenio Arkades.47 The workshopis named afterthe horseson 125.3 and the Atsaleniopithos,the ofanimals. onlytwoMG vesselsbearingrepresentations to plump are and These pithoi robust,developingin shape fromglobular-conical heavy Decoration and vertical bucrania handles of There are four ovoid. straps. pairs always coverstheupperhalf.Panelsbetweenthehandlesare subdividedintotwoor morehorizontal strips,themotifsoftenbeingvariedfromside to side.A longpanel,or a continuouszone,is wherespace permits(218.39; F. no. 452),theremaybe placed belowthehandles;veryrarely, in a narrowstripabove.As usual largeAtticizing schemes,the hatchedmeanderdominates, and dottedlozenges as the most common supportedby zigzags, cross-hatchedlozenges is not ancillaries.Local invention,however, whollystifled.Leaves (125.7) and simplified the PGB curvilinearrepertoire,and the from tongues (O 14, Q, 72, 218.23) survive hatcheddiagonal crosses(132.2), the include of this rectilinearimprovisations workshop " GGP2±n. 3. «GGP 241.
46F. 148,nos.426, 837,596, 608, 530,452. 47Arkades 433 fig.580.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
3Ig
'tartan'patternof Gypsades no. 59, and the elaboratedmeandersof 283.12. The bucranium handlesare alwaysbarred,withsolidpaintbelow; on theverticalstraps,bars may alternate withchevrons(218.23), or enclosesmallpanels containingstars(132.4, 283.12) or tongues
(21839)
The twofigured bythesamehand,showhorsesin rapidmovement, paintedin pithoi,certainly On bothvasesthereis a suggestion a roughbutlivelystylequiteunlikeanyAtticcounterparts. of in of two of the four of Atsalenio a chariot is the the horses parsprototo; panels impliedby doubling B 6, and moreexplicitly panelof125.3. bythereinsleadingoutofthepicturein theonlyfigured in a Therethehorseis accompaniedbya hound pursuitofa largebird, themewhichmightwell The lidforthispithos,125.4, carriesa friezeofsilhouette havebeeninspired bya larnaxscene.48 birdswithlong legs,and long neckmeetingthe head at a sharpangle.These birdsrecurin verticalcolumns,each perchedon itsneighbour's back,on thestraphandlesof 60.7, 75.223, 292.45 and 292.149, and on thehandlesoftheamphora292.160 whichmustalso havebeen paintedin thisworkshop.These creaturesbear some resemblanceto the 'kangaroo'birdsof in KnossianMG. viewofanystandardized PGB,49and provideourfirst typecurrent (ii) TheMG Stirrup workshop
Four-handled:175*39,75*1659218.9 fr.,292.114, 75.109. Two-handled: 75*42, 107.110, 292.64, 218.43. These pithoicorrespond to Brock'ssecondand thirdMG groups,and help to bridgethevery minordifferencesbetween them.50Common to all is the flattenedstirruplinkingeach bucranium handleto therim,sometimes flankedbyslightbosseson therimsuggestive ofmetal The idea for such handles was (e.g.74.42). probablysuppliedbyAtticizing pedestalledkraters like75.117 which,tojudge fromitsdecoration(cf.107.110) mayalso comefromthisworkshop. Whena pairofverticalstraphandlesis added,theyare alwaysdecoratedwithdiagonalcrosses and bars;thestirrups are treatedin thesameway,withbarson thebucraniabelow. Earliestare thefour-handled pithoi175.39 and 75.165 whoseinterior spatterharksbackto local PG tradition, whilethethickbrushwork of 175.39 recallsEG. This pair introducesthe normalsyntaxforfour-handled workshop's pithoi:horizontalstripsofequal depthabove and below the handlepanels,and slightvariationsfromside to side. Meandersand bulkycrosshatchedlozengesare theleadingmotifs;also favouredare arcadedtongues(292.114, F. nos. 423, 444),billets(75.42, 75.165) and lozengesdottedand quartered(F. nos. 423, 440, 1391); the last tworecuron the amphora292.57, perhapsanotherproductof thisworkshop.The two-handled in theirdecoration,allowingno ornamentbelowthe pithoiare morerestrained and thethinner meanderof75.42, implya laterstageofMG. handles;thisrestraint, MG painted (iii) Other pithoi
MG, early:
1.11 fr.;two-handled, four-handled, 104.26 fr.,24.5 fr.,175.40, 306.14, N 23 fr.
48Cf.AAA(1971)217fig.4. The pose ofthehorses,withthe forwardbend of theirforelegs,recalls the LM III B pyxis fromKydonia,Kanta pl. 93.2.
49F. motif17a;cf.esp. thekraterAy.IoannisLu. 50F. 148, nos. 444, 423, 440, 1391 ('second group'); nos. 841,665, 642 ('threeindividualpithoiofrelatedtype').
J- N. COLDSTREAM
320
MG: MG, late:
F 6 fr.,75.19, 292.137, 294.32 fr.,283.103 fr.,O i, 218.137 four-handled, fr.;two-handled, 125.8. four-handled, 107.118 fr.,75.121, 75.62, 218.128, 218.37, 132.5, 107.64, 283.16 fr.;three-handled,175.41, 292.145; two-handled,106.25 fr-> 285.39; handlesuncertain, 294.35 fr.
the dogtoothof theformeris 104.26 and 24.5 standunusuallyclose to theAtticprototype; an Atticancillarymotifnotoftenfoundin CretanMG. PoorrelationsoftheStirrupworkshop, or perhapsearlyexperiments, maybe seen in 175.40 and 306.14. F 6 is bythepainterofF. no. 693, who preservesthe PGB cable and favoursextremevarietybetweenhandlepanels, someofwhichare vertically divided.51 LaterMG pithoiforeshadow one or morefeaturescharacteristic ofLG. First,thethinningout of the meander,a processwell illustrated by 107.118, 75.121, 75.62 and 218.128, a quartetforminga close group.Secondly,the returnto singlehorizontaland fullypainted handlesin preference to barredbucrania- as on the two three-handled pithoi(a still-born - includinga meander and on 218.37, but therethe decorationof the straps experiment) - tellsus thatwe are stillin MG (whereasthelinesdownthe acrosstheirroots passingstraight strapsof 132.5 anticipatea laterLG practice).Third,the avoidanceof any ornamentbelow a thehandlezone,evenon four-handled pithoilike218.128 and 107.64 whichalso illustrates fourthand mostpredictabledevelopment: of the shape to a slimovoid.The the attenuation barrel shape of 285.39, coupled with its flattenedand verticallyrisinghandles, looks thememoryof thestraight-sided old-fashioned, extremely reviving pithos;but itsdecoration, as we shallsee,placesitin an advancedstageofMG. A fifth late MG featureis the occasional intrusionof square metopalpanels,filledwith quatrefoil (218.37) or swastika(285.39). These twomotifs appearonlyrarelyin KnossianLG, ofAtticLG I. They indicatesomerenewed butare fullyat homein themetopalcompositions - if onlytransient - withthe Atticstyle,fromwhichwe learn thatKnossian MG, contact intotheperiodofAtticLG withAtticMG II, overlapsslightly thoughlargelycontemporary 1.52 (iv) MG bucchero pithoi
75.81, 283.22. alternative to thepaintedpithosin a rareand short-lived This pair,withF. no. 415,represent with MG times.These buccheropithoimay well have been made in the Horse workshop, whichtheycorrespondexactlyin shape. Contemporarywiththemare a fewbroad-based oinochoaiin thesametechnique(OinochoeC(ii));buttheyhaveno LG successors. Atticizing C. THE LG OVOID PITHOS
LG painted pithoiwill be presentedunder two broad At the riskof over-simplification, the more conventional pithoidefinedand listedas LG by Brock,usually categories.First, is thanbefore',53 somewhatslimmerthanin MG. Theirdecoration,'moreformally geometric 51Also fromthe same workshop:BSA 67 (1972) pl. 25, G 24; later,Payneno. 30, earlyLG.
52GG/>244. 53F. 148f.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
32I
derivedmainlyfromthe MG stock,and almostalwaysarrangedin narrowhorizontalstrips. In contrastto the somewhatmonotonousornamentof thesepithoiare thosewithschemes based on the square metopalpanel, made withinor under the influenceof the LG Bird the These pithoi,decoratedwitha repertoire ofmotifsthatis largelynew,forestall workshop.54 in feet. Orientalizing tripodlooped polychromes introducing Althoughthereis some overlapbetweenthesetwotypes,our secondcategorywillinclude in anywaybytheinnovations all pithoiinfluenced oftheBirdworkshop. (i) LG, conventional
LG, early: LG: LG, late: LG/EO:
218.33 219.38, 229.27 fr.,132.10, 292.153 fr.,75.163 (all four-handled); (two-handled). 107.109 fr.,107.111, 283.20, 306.24, 306.9, 19.12, O 30, 306.7, H 7, 292.161 fr., 283.56, 107.117, H 10, O 31, 283.49 (all four-handled); M 4, Q,73 fr.,Q,74 fr.(two-handled). 229.1, 132*6, 75.171, 75.164 fr.,H 8, 26.16 fr.,75.68 (four-handled); I3«-75 218.25, 218.57, 218.64 fr.,O 33, «94-37 fr.,292*243 fr>98-"5 fr-> 75.72 (two-handled). 218.132 fr., 107.30, 218.24, 292.152 fr., 292.41 (necked), 229.6 (fenestrated foot)(all four-handled); 75.122, O 32 (two-handled).
An earlyLG group,55 a plump ofwhich219.38 is typical,preservestwoMG characteristics: ovoid form,with panels in which the meander still plays a dominantrole. Among its thecross-hatched ancillaries, however, lozengechainalreadyhas an attenuatedand cramped and the decoration no extends below the handle roots.Horizontalhandles, look, longer the usual MG are and following fullypainted;verticalstrapsare barred,in practice, single contrastto theverticalstripesappliedthereon thelatestLG pithoi. of Duringthe centralstageof LG, as the decoratedarea decreases,so the old hierarchy motifsbreaksdown.Meandersgiveplace to battlements, moreadaptableto a reducedscale. The twomotifs coincideon 283.20 and 306.24, in different thebattlement panels;thereafter is muchfavoured,sometimesno broaderthan the lightermotifswhichaccompanyit (e.g. 292.161). Oftenthedecorationis limitedto a massoflightermotifs only,drawnin a fussyand miniaturist manner(H 7, M 4, O 31, 283.49). Two unusualschemescall forspecialcomment.First306.9, on whichthe verticalcables contribute to thelivelyvariationbetweenthefourpanels,continuesthetradition ofdistinctive MG pithoiF 9 and F. no. 693 notedabove. Secondly,the leaf-and-chevron motifof H 10 allowsattribution to thepainteroffourotherpithoi,56 all withverysimilardecoration;butthe considerabledivergences in theirshape,fromthealmostglobularF. no. 781 to theattenuated ovoidformof Gypsades no. 64, makesit unlikelythattheywereall thrownby thesame potter. We therefore as thechiefcriterion forplacingLG relyhereon decoration,ratherthanshape,57 pithoiin chronological sequence.In spiteofa generalmovementtowardsattenuation, plump LG pithoiare notalwaysearly.
54F. 149IV B, 'Birdgroup'listedas EO; cf.GGP246 ff. M(Jt.brock's groupA, t. 148.
56F. nos.781,1409;Gypsades no. 64; Widefig.17(Anopolis). 57Brocks stagesA and B are distinguished mainlybyshape.
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322
An importantnoveltyat thisstage,thoughnot yetveryoftenapplied,is the additionof - two or threein a set- to some of the dark areas. Perhapstheir whiteconcentriccircles earliestappearanceis on the fragmentary 107.109, bearinga floridmeander-basedscheme confinedto the spaces by the stillin the MG tradition:herethewhitecirclesare tentatively handles. Later theyspread to one (283.49) or two (H 7) dark zones below the main decoration,sometimescontinuedin verticalcolumnseach side ofthehandlesoftwo-handled pithoiso as to framethe reservedpanel on threesides (H 7, H io9 M 4). Sometimesthe lowergroupsofreservedlinesmayalso be borderedin white(283.49, H 10). Later in LG the white circles occur more frequently,oftenaccompanied by white enhancement of reservedlines.Here we have a phase whenpithoiseem moreoftento have in relationto the twohandlesthanfour.Indeed,thestrapsofthelatterare so smalland flimsy size of the vesselthattheyappear to be more ornamentalthan functional.Their normal decorationis nowa verticalline,as seenon thehandlesoftheotherclosedshapesat thistime. oftheselateLG pithoiare thenarrower and higherfeet(229.1, 218.57, O 33, Characteristic 75.68) and the narrowermouth,the lip now oftenbeing partlyreserved;the lowerbody and mayevenbe concave(H 8). As forthedecoration,a typicalpiece profileis oftenstraight, is thetwo-handled and itscrampedlozengechain;to the 229.1, withitselongatedbattlement morepopularbattlement, Among multiplezigzags(218.25, 57, 64) providean alternative. thesmallermotifs, the'blind'undottedlozengesof218.64 and 75.72 do notoccurbeforethis stage.On 75.72 the intrusionof smalllateralmetopeson the main compositioncreatesa schemefoundat thistimeon manyothershapes.58 a brieftransitional a fewpithoiare decoratedin a mannersuggesting stagebetween Finally, LG and EO.59 To be sure,the PGB-EG stockof 'orientalizing'curvilinearornamenthad use witnessthecablesof306.9 and thefrequent neverwhollyvanishedfromtheG repertoire: of tongues,arcaded (107. 111) or otherwise,as an ancillary.Now, however,new and larger in an otherwiseG context.Thus, motifsof easterncharacterbegin to appear tentatively we see a crude'Phoenician'palmetteand with on the elaborate alternating lozenges 218.24, theguilloche;thelatter,seen also on 292. 152,60is destinedto becomea leadingmotifofEO. The extremely narrowpanelsof 107.30 and 218.132 have a Subgeometric look,as does the chaoticdesignof 75.122 revealinga totalcollapseof LG discipline.O 32 stillretainsa LG compositionbelow and the wide spacingof the white lozengechain,but the three-metope EO revivalof circleslookforward to EO. The neckedpithos292.41 leads to a whole-hearted earliest of its also seems the thisshape; 229.6, withits fenestrated class,61which pedestal, of similar mustsurelyoverlapin timewithEO polychrome shape.62 pithoi decoration (ii) LG, withmetopal (a) FromtheBirdworkshop
LG, early: LG:
85.2, 26.13 fr.(bothtwo-handled). 40.45 fr.,219.87 fr.,283.76 fr.,204.33 fr.;(¿78 fr.,Q, i63«3 (two-handled); 79 fr.(bothfour-handled).
58GGP251,252 nn. 1-5. 59GGP24.SstageC; cf.F. nos.732,87^, i
hand. See belowO pithoiIB. 61Cf.F. nos. 686, 1313,1350,all EO. 62See belowO pithoiIIA.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
LG, late:
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
333
292.236 fr.,219.31, O 27, O 19, 104.3, IO4*4> 4°*3I &•>I*I4 &•>229.29 fr.(all four-handled).
severaladditionscan now Withinthismostinnovativecircleof KnossianLG vase-painting63 can be betterunderstood. and theinternaldevelopment be made to therepertoire, An early LG stage, still recallingthe plump and floridlydecorated pithoi of MG, is of the workshopare the plumpshape and the suggestedby 85.2 and 26.13. Characteristic broad zone below the handles;also the elongatedmeanderswithheavyoutlines,and the verticalzigzag which were to become the chief'triglyph'motif columnsof intersecting separatingmetopalpanels; but neitherthe birdsnot the metopalsystemshave yetarrived. - longsinuous These are firstseen on 163.3. There thebirdshaveall theusual idiosyncrasies neck,raisedwingwithhatching, predatoryclaws,and droopingfantail;herea contrastwith an importedmetopalpiece, the AtticLG I bird skyphos75.162, willhelp to bringout the buttwoindividualflavourofthisworkshop.Otherpithoiofthisstageare sadlyfragmentary, headedbirdscan be made out on 40.45, 219. 87,64283.76, Q78 and (¿79; one birdon Q, ofthebirds'bodiesand had threeheads.Also in characterare thevariousfillings 79 evidently to chevrons as alternatives (219.87, 283.76), diagonal crossesin simplehatching: wings, the later Zonal motifsnotpreviously on pieces,cross-hatching. panels(Q, 79) and, especially cable (163.3), combinedon 294.33 knownfromthisworkshopincludethenow old-fashioned withthehatchedzigzagwhichalso appearsin whiteon thedarkshoulderzone of40.45. This wereto becomemorefrequent on thelaterLG pithoiof and thelaterwhitedecoration, motif, thisworkshop. withoutany traceof the tripodlooped The shapes,so far,have been mainlytwo-handled, feetintroducedinto the workshopfromF. no. 988 onwards. The birds on that pithos, however,are close enoughto thoseof 163.3 to indicatethatlooped feetwerealreadybeing added at thiscentralLG stage- especiallyon bulkierpithoimorethan45 cm high,forwhich theymightbe neededas extrahandles.65 In contrastto The lateLG pithoiare all large(H. 44-52 cm),loop-footed and four-handled. the bucraniaof the earliertwo-handledLG pithoi,the horizontalhandlesare now single. allowforfourspaciousmetopalpanels,in whichbirds Straphandlesofgenerousproportions alternatewithlinear motifs;sometimesall the motifsare linear (104.3). I*1the flanking the usual intersecting verticalzigzag may sometimesdegenerateintomerecross'triglyphs' hatching(292.236). Metopaldesignsincludethecheckerboard (40.31, 104.4, O 19), thenet ofdetacheddoublelozenges(104.3, O 19, O 27), and complexvariationson the themesof quatrefoil(40.31, O 19, 104.4) and lozenge cross (292.236, 219.31). In general,the of the decoration,coveringat least halfthe surface,is in sharpcontrastto the flamboyance and restraint of 'conventional5 austerity pithoiat thistime.On 1.14 eventhespaces between theloop feetare decorated,in anticipation ofmanyEO polychrome pithoi. The birdsof thislarge group- large, sprawlingand tightlyencased withinthe square - are by a hand unknown frame amongthe F. finds.Oftenthe wingis omitted;the body is usuallycross-hatched,apart froma suggestionof plumage on the strangethree-headed creatureofO 19. There thepainterhas allowedhisimagination to runriot.Each ofthethree 63 GGP
246 ff.
64This piece,withlargeconcentric circlesin one metope, mayperhapsbe froma belly-handled amphora;cf.Widefig.21.
65 Loop feet: F. nos. 988, 1366, Hs. 50 and 49 cm. Smallerpithoiwithringfeet:Paynenos. 27, 28, Hs. 32 and 42 cm.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
324
a typicalpose of thewater-bird; heads portrays one pecksat the ground,or water;a second looksto thefront, a for about to restitslongneckand beak upon itsback, poised flight; third, is composingitselfforsleep.The space belowleavesroomfora diminutive withat offspring leasttwoheads,and perhapsa thirdobliterated a in crack the surface. The by originof this in LM I lentoid be the most of Minoan for a of class art-forms, fantasy may sought permanent sealstones66 showsgroupsofswansinjust theseposes. Anotherfeatureof thislate groupis the invasionof subsidiarywhite-on-dark decoration, witha repertoire goingfarbeyondthe simplecirclerowsof the 'conventional'pithoi.White ornamentappearsmainlyin thezones above and belowthemainmetopes,sometimes added to thedark-on-light zonesofmeanderand thelike(O 19), butmoreoftenreplacingthem.As on F. nos. 1441 and 1501, these dark zones are usually divided into small metopal in the handlezone. On O 19, versionsof the repertoire compartments, enclosingsimplified the orientalguillochekeepscompanywith amongthe wide varietyof whitemetopalmotifs, the neo-Minoanoctopus,the latterestablishing a linkwithDomed Lids B (iv). This typeof decorationcontinueson theEO Praisoslekythoi, amongwhich75.209 looksverycloseto the Birdworkshop. (b) Influenced bytheBirdworkshop LG: LG, late: LG/EO:
60.13, 107.113, 287.1. 126. 1, 292.151, 292.147, 306.8, 292.31 fr.,292.148, 75.56. 218.29 fr.,292.40, 79.4, 292.159 fr.,292.235 fr. all four-handled) otherwise (75.56 two-handled;
Of thismiscellaneouslot the firstthreeare slim,likemost'conventional'pithoi.Thereafter, almostall have the plumpproportions customaryin the Bird workshopand, fromlate LG In feet. the the decoration,the workshop'sinfluenceappears in onwards, tripodlooped variousways,whetherin the metopal syntax,or in the drawingof the birds,or in other or metopalmotifs(e.g.themasseddoublelozengesof60.13), or in thefillingofthetriglyphs, the birds of and close are in meander. 126.1 the zones of Especially merely elongated A 4; butin thesubsidiary whitedecorationno painter 292.151, bothby thehand ofAtsalenio of the Birdworkshopwould have been contentonlywithrowsof circles.The eccentricand somewhatchaotic painter of 75.56, with its old-fashionedbucrania, had no similar thedecorationis whollyin white,as also on itsuniquemetopallid made to match. inhibitions; The ornamentof 292.40 displaysa restlesseclecticismof motifand syntax,a heady mixtureof old and new,which is symptomaticof the transitionalLG/EO stage. The In the Tree ofLiferelatesthisfinepiece to E no. 1047,butthehand is different. experimental the same three works and by painter, 292.235, metopal designs of 79.4, 292.159 on the LG lozengeand quatrefoilproducea varietyof geometricized flower, improvisations includinga veryschematiclotus consistingof a lozenge intersectedby verticalarcs. The ofshapebetween79.4 and 292.159 implies,once again,thatthesamepaintermight contrast workformorethanone potter.
66 Evans, PM IV, 492 figs. 426-7; Boardman, Greek Gems& FingerRings(London, 1970) 101, pls. 94-5: cf.
Coldstream,Reflexions 29, fig.2.8.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
325
THE LID Lids werebeingspeciallymade forcremationpithoifromPGB onwards,even thoughtheir purposemightalso be servedby kalathoi(typeC) untiltheend of EG. In shape,lidsfallinto two main categories:conical,withcentralknob; and domed,withoutknob.Small lids,less are consideredbelowin connectionwithpyxides. than15cm in diameter, The Conical
Lid
Unlikemostdomed varieties,theselids were made to fittheirpithoi,oftenechoingtheir decoration.ExceptforthecoarsetypeA, rimsare notarticulated. Apartfroma fewearlylids D bandsrecallingthekalathos-lid O the inside is leftunpainted. withinterior (e.g. 20, 5), A. FOR COARSE STRAIGHT-SIDED
PITHOI
Verticalinverted lip. PGB:
283.18, 285.157, 13*27, 287.17, 219.60, N 31 fr.
These lids, oftenat least 30 cm in diameter,share the deep red, coarse, grittyand very micaceousclayofthepithoiforwhichtheywereintended.Wallprofiles are straight or slightly convex;knobsmay be broad, flatand rough(219.60; cf.F. no. 486) or smallerand more carefully shaped,witha shortconcavestemand a slightspikeon top (287.17). Decoration, is confinedto bandsin added white,matchingthecorresponding whereanysurvives, pithoi. In shape thisclassgoes withBrock's'primitive which a also include fine decorated types',67 counterpart belongingto thePGB straight-sided pithosF. no. 350. B. WITH ORNATE KNOBS: CONICAL FINIALS OR MINIATURE VASES
PGB: EG: PGB-EG: E-MG: MG: LG:
306.27, 107.126, 107.122 fr.,283.31, 292.61, D 20. 107.138, 107.106, G 7. 106.24, 107.139, 283.35. frs.perhapsfromsimilarlids. 107.154 (withfourhandles). 218.92, 107.103, 75.84, 283.74, 294.28. 292.65.
306.27, whichfitsthe PGB neckedpithos306.26, stillhas somethingof the kalathosin its ornament.Then followsa seriesofhugeand floridly decoratedlidsmade shapeand semicircle to coverthe wide mouthsof PGB and EG straight-sided whose near-vertical pithoi, body is answered the of the lids. So vast is the scale that the stems,whensolid, profile by steepslope need firing holes(G 7, 283.31, 292.61); on 107.106, thelargestofall (D. 38 cm),thestemis hollow.Latertheshape settlesdownto a gentlerslopein harmonywiththeshouldercurveof thenecklessovoidpithos.107.154, an unusualEG experiment, has fourhandlesanswering to those of the new pithosshape. From then onwardsthe decorationconformsto the dark G repertoire ofthepithoi. groundand predominantly Atticizing
67F. 162, class B.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
326
behindboth typesof ornamentalknob.On a much Attic,too, is the originalinspiration smallerscale,importsliketheAtticMG I pointedpyxis,283.9 + 46, introducethe idea of theconicalfinial,and also of theribbedstemof typeC below;and on someAtticMG I flat flatpyxis.When enlargedto thevastscale pyxislids68thefinialis combinedwitha miniature ofthePGB and EG lids,thefinialsinvitedecorationin theirownright.In MG, as thesize and intoa roundedknob. gradientofthelidsdecrease,so too thefinialmaybecomeflattened are here The miniaturevases, unknownon the F. lids beforethe LG Bird Workshop,69 in a PGB Even the idea is full from onwards. Attic,the though represented sequence in PGB-EG versions of the remains Knossian. Thus we see minuscule repertoire wholly (G 7) and even of the tall straight-sided pithos, globularpyxis(D 20, 107.154), thelekythos with(107.138) or withouthandles(107.106). Unattributed of smalland baseless fragments vases,likethehydriafr.285.35, maywellhavebeen brokenoffsuchlids.FromMG onwards the miniaturesreston the solid invertedconical knobs of typeD: thereare traces of a and thelid of Payneno. 31 (earlyLG) miniatureon 75*84 fromthe MG StirrupWorkshop, bears a neck-handled amphora.The miniatureoinochoeof 292.65 recallsthe lid of F. no. whichalso favoursneck-handled 1366fromtheBirdWorkshop, amphoraeon itslids (F. nos. lid in on The tradition of miniatures survives the 988, 1047). pyxis the EO white-painted lids in lids and also the cauldrons some type 292.38, crowning polychrome (O ring-handled III C). C. KNOBS WITH RIBBED STEMS
EG: MG: MG, late: LG, early: LG:
100.53. 132.143 *3*-*3> 125-45 292.155, 218.107, N 27, Q, 86, 218.96; also 75.81a, 283.22a, bothbucchero. 75-I41* 294.26, 283.47, 125.9. 107.132, 283.60, 134.6, 294.30, 75.123. 218.49, 229.2.
weremade onlyfornecklessovoidpithoi.The earliest,100.53, richly This and thenexttype70 mannerof 100.43, attemptsclumsilyto combinea multi-ridged decoratedin theAtticizing stemwitha conicalfinial,as on AtticMG pyxislids (cf.283.9); on F. no. 531 theattemptis On 132.14 thefinialis reducedto a merespikerisingfroma broad flange, moresuccessful. butthereafter disappears.The otherMG decoratedexamplesbelongto a homogeneousgroup like218.23.71 The knobnowhas associatedespeciallywiththepithoioftheHorse Workshop twoor threeribson thestem.The a broadtop,flator slightly concave,itsedge overhanging darkgroundornamentechoes the Atticizingstyleof the pithoi,in a singlebroad zone of meanderor lozengechain,latticedor in solidpaint.To thisgroupbelong125.4 withbirds and- in shape- thelidsofthetwobuccheropithoi. theupperedge now is a groupwithmoreverticalribbing, SpanningtheMG-LG transition in variousways,or omitted. alignedwiththe ribs;the crosson the knobmay be simplified Afterthe change to LG the wall decorationis no longerAtticizing(107.132, 283.60). Thereafterthe ribs are reduced to one only; the typebegins to lose its consistencyand 68E.g. Hesperia17 (1948) pl. 41,1. 69F 164, class G(i), 'EO'. 70Both included in Brock's Class C(i), F. 163.
71 Cf. also F no. 837, Teketholosno. 17 (surely with no. 11) and Gypsadesno. 5.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
337
individualcharacter, mergingwiththenexttypewithplainconicalknob.DuringLG reserved added whitelines(229.2) and zonesofdecorationgivewayto bandsand lines,and eventually circles(218.49). 72 D. PLAIN KNOBS, INVERTED CONICAL
PGB: EG: MG: LG, early: LG: LG, late: LG/EO:
D 21. G 9; O 5, 175*499bothwithhandles;N 5. I75-44» TS-^8» 75-I4o, 294.25. 219.26, 283.17, 132.35, 306.28, 218.131, 60.18. 219.52, 292.174, 292.166, 107.32, 107.101, 218.65, 218.77, 75.177, 19.10, 283.19, 107.133, 75.473 75-64> 132.215 O 40, 292.167, Q, 87, 218.127. 75*i435 i75*67*H 6. 218.77, 75.150, 75.179, 292.173.
The firsttwo,withtheirtentative button-like to thesmallstraightknobs,belongrespectively sidedpithosD 12 and thehugeovoidpithosG 8. No lessexperimental are O 5 and 175.49» In MG, when thistypefirst whosehandlesand interiorbandingstillrecallthe kalathos-lid. becomes common,73the knob assumes its usual inverted-conical form,e.g. 175.44. Less is the almost stem of and which theEO shape.The 140, 75.138 typical cylindrical anticipates knob'sregulardecoration,a reservedcross,is anotherlegacyfromthekalathos-lid. So far,thelidshavecarriedat leastone zone ofornament.This theylose in LG in favourof bandsand lines,or linesonly(292.167, Q, 87). On theknob,thereservedcrossis retainedfor a time,and thendisplacedbya setofconcentric circles.Towardstheend ofLG white-on-dark circlezones appear. Their elaboratedformon 292.173 is exactlymatchedon the pithos 292.148, forwhichthislid was surelyintended.Broader and shorterknobs are a usual featureofthelatestLG and transitional LG/EO lids. The Domed Lid Domed lids are usuallywithoutknobs,and most were not originallydesigned to cover cremationpithoi.That theyhave a lifeoftheirown is indicatedby theirfrequentoccurrence outsidethecemeteries, and by theirpresencein some tombs(e.g.T. 132and theTeke tholos) in largeand homogeneoussets.Providedat firstwitha singlehorizontalhandle at the rim, and later witha pair of adjacent string-holes near the rim,theirouter surfacecould be on theirgeneralresemblanceto the bronze displayed,hungup on a wall. Brock,remarking votiveshieldsfromtheIdaean cave,suspected'some religiouspurpose'.74Indeed thisand no othertypeof G and EO lid appears among the offeringsin the Knossian sanctuaryof Demeter.75 in domesticcontexts;76 lid Theyare also common,however, doubtless,a shield-like was thought to be no lessprotective ofhouseholdgoodsthanofhumanashes.
72This lid can hardlyhave been intendedforthe MG pithos218.50 uponwhichitwas found. 73Cf. F nos. 423, 596, 642, 841, 1391. Several of our MG lidsprobablyalso belongto thistype:1.3, fragmentary
147.2and3, 292.125.
74F. 164f,classE. Cf.R. W.Hutchinson. BSAaq (iq^l) 221f. 75KSD 21 no. 23.7,pl. 10. 76BSA 55 (i960) 166 f., 170;BSA 67 (1972)78, 84 f.,89 f. Domed lids also abound in G levelsabove the Unexplored Mansion,UM II, 83.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
328
Abundantfindsfromthe N Cemeteryallow a clearer and fullerview of theirstylistic sequence.Unexpectednoveltiesincludea smallgroupofMG domedlidswithknobs,and the decorationsomewhatearlierthanon thepithoi;possibly regularappearanceofwhite-on-dark the new techniquewas firstadoptedas a generalruleby the makersof theselids,aimingto simulatethe appearance of bronze shields.In the ornamentof the laterclay-groundlids, he thought, was a possible Brocknotedan 'archaistictrend'forwhichreligiousconservatism, reason.Anotheris theiralmostcompleteindependenceofthepithoi,whichoftenmakesthem hardto date. Their decorationis closelyrelatedto pithoionlyin the curvilinear styleof EG In in of late LG. between to a lesser the white-on-dark and, extent, theyvirtually ignorethe MG a rectilinear oftheprevailing Atticizing style: lightgroundremains austerity dark-ground zonesin whichseveral therule,thewholesurfacebeingcoveredwithmanynarrowconcentric The newfindshelpto definea largelynonmotifs survivefromthelocal PGB-EG repertoire. MG phasein thedevelopment oftheselids. Atticizing schemesof in thefirst Domed lidsare hereclassified place accordingto thetwoalternative towhite-on-dark thewholesaleconversion decoration, duringthecourseofLG; and then occurring at increases inwhichthebreadth ofthecentral domesteadily ofprofile, bya consistent development in diameter. relation to the decreases theexpenseoftheoffset rim,whiletheheight gradually A. CLAY GROUND
lids:highdome,broadand steeplyslopingrim.One horizontalhandle. (i) Omphaloid EG: MG:
N 7, N 8, 218.90, F 11 fr.,218.135 fr.: 13.17, 292.123, 292.165 fr. 6o.io, 292.139, M 11 fr.
In the first,a highumbilicalboss, oftenwitha shallow Two groupscan be distinguished. centraldepression(N 7, 8), risesfroma verybroadand steeplyslopingrimwhichoccupiesat leasta thirdofthewholeprofile.The interioris unpainted.Outside,decorationis appliedin the EG manner,eitherin broad masses(N 7, 8; cf.F. no. 401) or in closelypackednarrow zones repeatingthe same motif(218.90, F 11; cf.F. no. 488). The patternon 218.135 is oftheTreepainter. drawnfromtherepertoire Omphaloid lids of the second group have a broaderdome, stillsharplyoffsetfromthe sometimes belowthecarination.The top is flattened, slopingrim,and witha deep re-entrant In the crownedwitha raiseddisc as on 292.123 (cf.F. nos. 402, 719). decoration,massive nos. tholos motifs ofEG (13.17, 292.123 and 165; cf.Teke curvilinear 42, 44) are succeededby cf. F. no. 389). The motifs, a syntaxof narrowconcentriczones, some leftempty(M 11; billets includethewidelyspaced rectilinear but in no wayAtticizing, typicalof MG (60.10); a create strongimpressionof these,togetherwith the solid-spokedwheel of 292.139, interioris usually The MG next of the radiationfromthe centre,also characteristic type. bandedor fullypainted. andshorter dome rim;one horizontalhandle. (ii)Lidswithlower MG:
132*15916 fe,17-20, 23, 39 fr.;125.11, N 28.
foritsthickcreamslip, The fabric,sharedby someofthelateromphaloidlids,is remarkable the N of the for 28, top ofthedome is gently slightnipple polished.Except alwayscarefully
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
329
The homogeneousgroupof ninefromT. 132,all rounded;therimis now less sharplyoffset. in bandedinside,displaya narrowrangeofmotifsdrawnin a miniaturist manner,sometimes as manyas ten (132.17) zones: gridpattern,billets,singlezigzag,intersecting wavylines, lozengechainand horizontalS's. Sometimesalternatezones are leftempty(132.15, 20, 23); a radiatingeffect is achievedthroughspaced billets(132.23, N 28), double-lozengecolumns and (125. 11) especiallythe elegantmedallionon 132.18 composed of four'trees' and a slenderrosette.77 Evidenceforplacingthislight-ground typein MG comesfromT. 125,in whichall thefour urnsare in thenormalAtticizing dark-ground styleofthatphase.In additionto 125.11, with themalso is an earlyPraisos-type lekythos 125.2, bythesamehandas 132.18. Fourofthelids fromtheTeke tholos also belongto thistype:nos.39,41,43 and 54,thelastverysimilarto 125.11. lids,withstring-holes (iii)Handleless MG: LG, early:
175-475 107.91, 107.158, 175.45 fn,40.34, O 11; also 107.90, 218.142, withknobs. 218.69, 218.123, 218.125, 218.30, 26.14 fr.
ofthehandleby a pair of suspensionholes,78 theselids showno Apartfromthereplacement consistent in shapefromtheprecedingtype.The MG knobbedgroup,to whichthe difference largeand fragmentary 175.45 may also belong,betrayssome influencefromconicallids of and could have been made especiallyforpithoi;butthey,too,havesuspensionholes. typeD, The decorationis now more eclectic.Heavy Atticizingmotifs,such as the meander,the battlement and themultiplezigzag,maybe added to thepreviousrepertoire, oftenbringing the lidsintocloserrapportwithcontemporary the is more like that of thepithoi, pithoi; fabric,too, thepolishedcreamslipbeinglessin evidence.The almostflatcentreofthedome allowsfora rosette(218.123), or spaciouscentralmedallionwhichmaycontaina heavyand old-fashioned a reservedcrossborrowedfromtheknobsofconicallids(40.34), or a circleofslenderhatched leaves(218.69, 130) as on earlyLG pithoi;or even a quartetof typically Cretanbirds,with wingsraised(107.158). Otherbirds,in superimposed pairs,alternatewithhatchedleaveson thefr.26.14, whichfitsand seemsto belongto an earlypithosfromtheBirdWorkshop, 26.13; butthestyleofthebirdsalso suggests a linkwiththeMG HorseWorkshop (cf.292.45, 149). For a briefrevivalin EO of the clay-ground domedlid,withrathermannereddecoration, see O domedlidsB(i). B. WITH WHITE-ON-DARK DECORATION
No handle;suspensionholes;no paintinside. (i) Various earlyexamples
LG,early:
132.335 283-57* 283.68 fr.,283.69-70, 292.169-71, 190; 60.26 fr., 40.33 fr.
77The lid shownwiththe pithosWide fig.17(LG) bears a laterand lesscoherentversionofthisdesign.
78Handle and hole(s?)coincideon the EG fr.F. no. 401, butnotapparently on anylid fromtheNorthCemetery.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
330
in white-on-dark Experiments beginon domedlidslongbeforethegeneralacceptanceofthe new techniquein LG on othershapes. Five lids fromF. tomb TFT echo the shape and lidsin variousways:thereare low omphaloion four(nos.664, decorationofMG clay-ground zonesofno. of which the first twoalso havea handle;and thebillet-and-zigzag 676,667,679), like 60.10 and These features are reminiscent of lids our 132.20. might 674 clay-ground to laterarchaism,wereit notfortheoccurrenceoffivewhite-on-dark plausiblybe attributed lids in a pure MG contextabove the UnexploredMansion, of whichthe onlyone witha completeprofilehas a low omphalosand a hatchedzigzagon thebroadrim.79 This hatched zigzag is also popular as an outer motifon the lids listed here (e.g. 292.169-71); but now it no longeradornsthe rim,whichin itsLG formhas shrunkto an above the restingsurface.The centralreservedcrossof 283.70 exiguouslip risingslightly recalls the knobs of earlyLG conical lids; othermotifs,like the small hatchedleaves of 132.22, are also at home on earlyLG pithoi.In generalthe decorationis morevariedand morecomplexthanon laterLG lids. LG white-on-dark lids (ii) Standard
LG, later,and LG/EO:
292.172, 292.240, 19.27, 60.19, 306.30, 104.127, 218.61, 2I8.IO9, 2I8.I2I, 134.46, 163.2, 75.125, 219.76, 79.3, 306.31, F/67: 4.9, I34.57-
Firmassociationswithpithoiare few;but 19.27 and 218.61, foundwiththelate LG pithoi LG form. domedlid in itsmoststandardised thewhite-on-dark 19.12 and 218.57, illustrate The diameteris usuallybetween18 and 21 cm. The veryshortrim,less sharplyoffsetthan turnedupwards;itmaycarrydots,barsor billets,but flat,and sometimes before,is sometimes of at leastthreezones is almostalwaysoccupiedby double is oftenleftplain. The outermost circles;perhapstheiruse as an ancillaryornamenton thepithoimayimplya wishto bringthe urns into harmonywiththeirlids. Other commonmotifsare the cable, opposed double semicircles (75.125), horizontalS's, and outlinetongueswhichoftenbecome the petalsof a centralrosette.Otherpatternsin the centralmedallionincludethereservedcross(218.109), thewhirligig (163.2), and segmentedchevronleaves(292.172). The overallgridof 134*47 is an unusualdeparturefromthenormalzoning. lid continuesintoEO withoutmuchchange. This orthodoxtypeofwhite-on-dark (iii) Withmassedcircles
LG, lateand LG/EO:
134*56, 134*58, 134*70, 126.2, 126.9.
zones of bars or dots,hereformthe onlymajor Circles,withor withoutnarrowintervening motifofdecoration.The shape is as typeB (ii) but thecirclesare largerand normallytriple. Theirpresencein T. 134,as wellas thepithoiassociatedwith126.2 (126. 1) and F. no. 584, beforethe end of LG; but theirproductionmaylast confirmtheirappearanceconsiderably wellintoO.
79UM II, 71-2,depositGD nos. 26-30; thecompleteprofileis no. 26, pl. 54.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
33I
(iv) The Octopus group
LG/EO:
292.168, 75.45, 75.180, H 12, 306.29, 292.189, 19.6.
The shape and outerzones are as B (ii),but the centralmedallionenclosesa revivalof the Minoan octopusin simpleoutline.The uppermosttwotentaclesare divorcedfromtheother thata painterofthistimeshouldreduce six,butattachedto thehead. It is hardlysurprising the octopusto a near-symmetrical format;even so, the placingof the head and bodyabove oftentaclessuggestsdirectinfluencefromrediscovered thefullcomplement specimensofthe trueLM I B Marine style,ratherthan thatof subsequentLM phases when the creatureis inverted and dockedofsomeofitslimbs. are no. 52 and fourmorepublishedbyAlexiou,80 These sevenlids,together withTeketholos homogeneousenoughto be theoutputofa singlepainter,relatedthroughtheO 19 octopods to theBirdworkshop.81 OTHER LIDS
A coarse and heavyflatlid, 100.27, could have coveredone of the threecoarsepithoifrom thislargelyninth-century tomb.It is stampedeighttimeswiththedesignof a strangesphinx withbirdliketalons,raisingone forepaw. The conicalcap and straight wingrecalltheorientalcreatures on the bronze F. no. but is the 1469; inspired quiver, body equineratherthanfeline, as muchlateron an AtticLG II shallowskyphos.82 The mastoidlid 218.47, coveredwithradiatingrowsofdoublecircleson a creamslip,was foundwiththelate MG pithos218.43. Perhapsit bringswithit thefourlidsofsimilarshape fromE tombP,assignedbyBrockto LG.83 The Neck-handled
Amphora
The SM typewithrope handles survivesinto EPG, eventuallyto be supersededby the PG amphora.There is an appreciableoverlapbetweenthetwotypes,indicatednot Atticizing contexts butalso bysignsofmutualinfluences. onlyby A. SM TYPE (CONTINUED)
Diagonally slashed handles to rim or just below,lightground,usuallya horizontalS on shoulder. SM/EPG or earlyEPG: EPG:
i8.i8, 56.38, 207.51, 207.50, 24.3, 24.4, 48.9, 207.30. J 20.
Our seriesbegan withthe SM piece 200.4, distinguished by a deeplyconcaveneck and a the doublycurvedprofileof Minoan tradition.The plumpglobular-conical bodypreserving of thisSM shape intoEPG is towardsa straighter, tallerneckand a tautovoid development PG type,thoughneverso slim.The doublecurve, body,probablyinfluenced bytheAtticizing alreadyminimalin 207.50 and 207.30, neverquite disappears.The base is flator slightly 80KCh4 (1950)294 ff. 81Coldstream,Reflexions 27-9,
figs.2.3, 2.4.
82Athens784,SchweitzerGKGpl. 65. 83F. 163,classD.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
332
concave.Handles,as in SM, are flattened and thenslasheddiagonally, to resemblerope (with theexceptionoftheplainstrapsof207.30; cf.E no. 213). The neck,usuallyplain,maysometimes carrya wavyline (207.51, 48.9), repeatedon the shoulderofJ 20. As anotherrare deviationfromthe usual S on the shoulder,concentric circlesare once (48.9) borrowedfromtheAtticizing PG amphora. the F. tombs this was tentatively assignedto MPG because of the contextof Among type no. 213 in tombIV. This dating,no less tentatively followedin the publicationof the Ay. an associationin a single-burial Ioanniscemetery,84 from tomb receivedsomefurther support - ifcorrectly at Isopata.85But now it seemsthattheselaterexamples so dated- marktheend ofa longseriesextending throughSM and EPG. B. ATTICIZING
PG TYPE
Taller neck,slimmerovoid body,straphandlesto well below neck,flatbase. Lightground circleson theshoulder. body,usuallywithconcentric EPG, earlyor conservative: EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB:
175-36 fr.,45.6 fr. 80.2. 48.10, 48.8; smaller, J 38. 287.13,1 5; smaller, E i, 28.12, D 15. 175.61 fr.,A 1 fr.
At once the Atticmodel was adapted to local taste.It may well account forthe slimmer doublecurveand theretreatofthehandlesbelowtherim;but thetraditional proportions, in MPG The Attic even the SM is still evident (287.13). ringfootis a recalling type whichdoes not reachthelocal seriesbeforeMPG.86Likewise,in the decoration, refinement fromlightto darkground,and verysoon fromconcentric theAtticPG sequenceprogresses all throughthelocal EPG and MPG, suitablesemicircles;87 to the more circleson theshoulder on therimand a lightbodywithfull with bars Knossianpottersprefera darkneck however, circleson theshoulder.This does notmean thattheCretanversionswerein thefirstinstance On thecontrary, modelledon veryearlyAtticPG amphoraebearingfullconcentriccircles.88 associationswithAtticimportsin F. tombsVI and XI,89and also TekeJ,precludea dating to smallerEPG earlierthanAtticLPG. Even if Cretansmightsometimesapplysemicircles was forsetsoffullcircles.The on amphoraeand otherlargeformstheirpreference shapes,90 piece at theveryend ofAttic onlyextantAtticimportofthisform(285.129) is a dark-ground in theCretan PG, whencircularornamenthad passedout offashion;butitfindsno reflection series,whichhad alreadypartedcompanywithAtticprototypes. Our examplescomplementa seriesalreadywell documentedfromthe F. tombs.From verticalsand floatingzigzags,we learn thattheAtticizing shape was 175.36, withis fringed morereadilyassimilatedthanthecircleornament.Likewisethedetachedspiralslooklikethe buthad yetto master circleson Atticimports, who had seenconcentric workofa vase-painter theuse ofcompasswithmultiplebrush.The unusualmotifon 48.8, latticedlozengewithina On smallerpieces,latticedlozenges(80.2) couldhavebeen borrowedfromCyprus.91 chevron, 84BSA 55 (i960) 129 f.,Li; 145. ss BSA 58 (1963) 38, III. 1. 86BSA 55 (i960) 142, Vase B.
v PGP6ÏÏ.
88E.g. Kerameikos I pls. 41.591, 56.556.
wPGPiS'F. 213.
90E.g. type C, infra.
13.7. 9iCf.SCEIV2,fig.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
333
to circles.Otherwisefullcirclesremainthe rule throughout or trianglesJ 38) are preferred EPG and MPG, as in theF. tombs.Handlesusuallybear elongatedS's. DuringLPG circlespass out of currency, leavingnothingbut spaced bands on a wholly S's are on the vase; handles, replaced by two or more diagonal crosses.E 1 light-ground theprocessofchange,combiningthenewhandlemotifand a lightneckwithcircles illustrates stillon the shoulder,thoughnow enclosingMaltese crosses.The developedLPG amphorae withbands only,28.12 and D 15 (cf.E no. 285,Ay.IoannisI. 3-4) are amongthetallestand in thePG series.Light-ground slimmest The sadlyfragmentary examplesare rarethereafter. a PGB in 175.61 offersa glimpseof typically fantasy:birds facing opposite directions, supportedby close zones of the zigzag and solid trianglemotifswithwhichthe creatures' bodies are filled.On A 1 circlesreturnin an elaboratedPGB-EG formenclosinga zone of bars(cf.M io, 283.54). G successorsto thisseries,we shouldtake note of a Beforeconsideringthe dark-ground smallerlight-ground relativeofthetwoPG types. C. PG AMPHORISKOI
EPG: MPG: LPG:
(LIGHT-GROUND)
56*39; 207.22, 26, 28, 29, 46, 64, 77 fr. J35. Q5.
a miniatureof theAtticizing PG typeat an earlystageand decorated 56*39 standsby itself, witha fringed like that of 175.36. composition The otherfiveEPG pieces,all fromthe same tomb,are of a typeunknownamongtheF. corpus, matched only by a later PG example fromKourtes92which has long lacked companions.The neck is broad and vertical,the handles come to the rim; a well-shaped ovoid-conical butmuch bodyrestson a highconicalfoot,notunlikethebodyofa stirrup-jar93 slimmer.Decoration consistsusuallyof concentricsemicircles,standingon the shoulder, pendenton theneck,and drawnfreehanduntil207.77. A verythinhatchedzigzag is a less motifon theneck(207.46, 64). Verticalwavylinesrundownthehandles;thelower frequent and footbear solidpaint. body The datingof the group fromT. 207, as withso manyothervesselsfromthattomb,is somewhatconjectural.Freehandsemicircles,thoughcommonin AtticSubmycenean,are lower foreignto Subminoantradition.The neat ovoid-conicalshape and the dark-ground PG prototype on whichthesemicircles are at home.One possiblesource bodyarguea foreign of inspiration is the Euboean LPG amphoriskos, at Knossosby 285.124 and by represented anotherfroman Ay.Ioannis tomb,94 both withstandingsemicircleson the shoulder.Even thoughboth have handles attachedat the neck,the same LPG potterat Lefkandimight attachhandlesto neckor rim.95GrantedthatEuboeans did notapplypendent indiscriminately semicircles to thisshape,thatmotifmighthave been takenfromEuboean-influenced skyphoi like 207.12. Althoughsemicircleswere not widelyused in Crete beforeLPG, a Euboean derivation wouldimplyan EPG date fortheT. 207 group;forthatis whentheimportsmust have arrivedand, giventhe alacritywithwhichmostlocal pottersmasteredthe time-saving 92 AJA 5 (1901) pl. 9.15; L. Rochetti, Ann. 66-67 (1988-89) 220 no. 117. 93Cf. PGP 256 on the Kourtes amphoriskos.
^BSA 78 (1983) Pi. 33e. 95 Desborough, in LefkandiI, 311, pl. 141, P 23.2-3.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
334
couldhardlybe muchlaterthantheirimported compasswithmultiplebrush,theamphoriskos all In contrastto theelegantcontoursofthe At the is rare thereafter. events, shape exemplars. whichprogresses earlierpieces,the body ofJ 35 (MPG) has begun to sag- a deterioration in Q 5 froman undisturbed LPG floordeposit.On thislastvesseltheshape has been further assimilatedto thatof the normalneck-handled amphorawithhandlesto the neckand with while the semicircles on the shoulder have been replacedby a wavyline. ringfoot, pendent The Kourtespiece, whichlooks like an exportfromthe Knossos area, now findsits place betweenthesetwolaterexamples. A strangehybridvessel,207.3, relatedto thistypebut withan animal protome-spout is hereconsideredamongthestirrup-jars. placedon itsshoulder, D. ATTICIZING
G TYPE
Dark ground,decoratedon neckand shoulder. EG: MG:
G 1. 134.42. 134.15, 292.160, 292.57; smaller,292.224 fr.,Q51; miniature,
returnsin the late ninthcentury InfluencefromAttica,dormantsince the tenthcentury, a conversion to of Attic MG.96 Hence the bodywithgroupsof dark-ground throughimports attenuation oftheshape,and theprovisionofa well-formed reservedlines,a further ringfoot. The exception,G 1, is also the earliestof thistype,and the onlyone to drawitsornament fromthelocal PGB-EG rectilinear stock. All othersare Atticizing in decorationas wellas in shape.The rangeofmotifsis consistent withAtticMG II; twoof them,the dottedlozengechain (134.15) and thehatchedmeander hook(292.224) do notoccurin Atticabeforethatphase. The mainmotif,usuallya hatched meanderbetweenancillarystrips, is placed in thereservedneckpanel. On Atticoriginalsone - a secondpanel mayoccupy or- veryrarely or morezonesmayrununderthehandleroots97 But KnossianMG potters,who lovedebullientimprovisations a smallpartof the shoulder.98 on Atticthemes,maysometimescoverbothshoulderareas withdecoration,whileenlarging theshapeto a giganticsize.The bestexampleis 134.15 (73 cm)whichfarsurpassesanyAttic originalin theexuberanceofitsornament.The outlinedtonguesin thelowestzone showthat MG could stillplay an ancillaryrole in largeAtticizing PGB-EG repertoire the curvilinear schemes.The rope handles,however,are at thistimea whollyAtticnotion,99 requiringtwo and owingnothingto the SM-EPG precedentof coils of wet clay to be twistedtogether, slashedhandles. It is onlyin MG thatthe decorationof neck-handledamphoraeeverattractedthe most of the day. One fromFortetsa,withrope handleslike 134.15, has ambitiousvase-painters was at a timewhenanyfiguredrepresentation shoulderpanelscontainingtetheredhorses,100 MG the best from to come the workshopsof largestamphoraeappear veryrare. Some of are of handles on the birds the cremationpithoi.Thus exactlyas on the 292.160 panelled Horse from the three and workshop.Similarlyon pithoi 292.149, strapsof 60.7, 292.45 96The onlyrecordedAtticimportof thisshape,BSA 55 (i960) 168 no. 79, is MG II or later (cf. 219.93 fr.),but a Cycladicpiece,283.91, is a veryclose copyofan AtticMG I original(see below).
97E.g. Kerameikos Vi pl. 29.866. m GGP
25 nn. 5, 6. "Cf. Eleusispl. 242.165. »ooBSA 56 (1961) pl. 8, A 2.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
335
ofbillets(anotherlocal motif)and squarelozenges,bothlatticed 292.57 therarecombination and quarteredwithdots,recallsthe ornamenton pithoiof the Stirrup-handle group,e.g. 75*165 and F. no. 423. The circles,however,seem to have been borrowedfromthe bellyProvincialCretanversionsof these handledamphora,on whichtheylie more comfortably. at Arkades101 and Vrokastro.102 and have occurred large grandioseamphorae Towardsthe end of MG the size is reducedand the shape attenuatedyetfurther. Already theshape is losinganydirectcontactwiththeAtticseries.The talland narrowneckofQ, 51 pointsthewaytowardsthenextand finalG type. E. LATER G TYPE
Smaller;veryslimbody,tallnarrowneck.Dark ground. MG: LG:
G 99-100 frs.,175.55 frs.,107.193 fr.,134.14. 104.11, 27, 58; 218.27.
These small and slenderamphoraewere also commonin domesticuse.103The contextof tombG and theuncouthmeanderson thenecksofG 99-100 implythatthetypewas already in EG or earlyin MG. 175.553withitsunusualfigure-of-eight current shareswithG 99 motif, a poorlyarticulatedneck,also characteristic of our earliestcompleteexample134.14. This how theAtticsyntaxof thelargerMG amphoraehad been scaled downand piece illustrates In the neckpanel, the MG meanderis succeededin LG usuallyby thinvertical simplified. columnsofornamentunderlined vertical bya horizontalstrip;noteespeciallytheintersecting on the T. a motif of the Bird 104 amphora, regularancillary zigzag workshop.Alternatively theneckmaybe filledby severalhorizontalstripsas on F. nos. 652 and 681. The onlyother decorationis in a zone at or below the handle roots,containingopposed groupsof oblique bars(134.14, 104.58), or diagonalcrossesbetweenbars(107.193), or singleobliquesbetween bars (104.27); all butthefirstare local simplifications oftheusual double-axe-and-bars motif seen in thispositionon AtticMG originals.F no. 673 may marka laterstageof LG when continuousbands takeoverthebodyfromthepreviousdarkgroundwithgroupsof reserved lines. The typecontinuesinto EO (F no. 1335) in a light-ground formwithverysimple rather like a relation of the ornament, poor Praisos-type lekythos. The Belly-handled
Amphora
The full-sizedamphoraeare best treatedin a singleseries.They respondin variousways, to the influenceof Atticand Atticizing slowlyat firstand neverwithany greatconsistency, thatwe now possessa steadysequenceoftheseimportsfrom Cycladicimports.It is fortunate the tenthcenturyuntilthe earlyeighth,a sequence more continuousthan forany other in PGB and EG, drawingon importedshape. The local seriesreachesan impressive floruit severalsourcesof inspirationfortheirexceptionally floridornament.Thereafter, when the importscease,theshapevirtually dropsoutofthelocal repertoire.
101Arkades fig.396. 102Vrokastro pl. 28. 103BSA 67 (1972) 78 f. On the Cycladic affinitiesof this
shape see, most recently,N. Kourou, in I Naxos dia mesouton aionon(Athens, 1994), 278-9 pis 17-18.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
336 A. FULL SIZE
EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB: EG:
207.43 (small);L 7, J 4 fr.(imports?) J 1, Q, 62, Q,66 fr.,100.74 fr. F 5 fr.;smaller,ioo.i. 287.11 fr.,65.6 fr.,D 14 fr. G 2, 4, 5, 82; 283.59 fr.,O 36 fr.;104.12, 23, 16 fr.
A well-established SM type(e.g. H2.i, F/67: 5.1) has a globularbodywithflatbase, single handlesat thebelly,and narrowconcaveneck.The neckis dark,sometimes withone or more reservedlines.On the light-ground the line is the most usual motif, body wavy interspersed withbands betweenlines.The bellyzone is alwaysdecorated,and sometimesthe shoulder too. This SM typesurvivesintotheSM/EPG contextofF. VI (nos.70, 84), slightly lessplump, and withmore varietyin the decoration;comparable,thoughmore ornate,are Ay.Ioannis VIII. 15and V.l. To thisgroupbelongsour 207.43, wherethewavylinehas been transformed intoa thinzigzagclingingto theupperedge ofthebellyzone. None ofthesepiecesbearsany a nativetradition closeresemblanceto AtticPG. On thecontrary, persistsintothelocal LPG in thetalllight-ground F. nos. and decorated 140 243 onlywithspacedbands,and amphorae D 15. A local characteristic influenced ofthat like neck-handled evidently by amphorae phase ofall theseamphorae,throughout themainPG series,is thestraight profileofthelowerbody. After207.43, however,our own seriespresentsa verydifferent picture.L 7 and J 4, a ovoid similar with broader and rounded neck,plump body and ringfoot,are closely pair in a normal AtticLPG scheme for the follow decoration,they thoroughly Atticizing shape.As In additionthe a ofclosely-packed concentric circleson theshoulderof light-ground body.104 a latticedpanel on one side,and a latticed shoulderof L 7 bears centralrectilinear motifs, ofJ theAtticLPG skyphoi J 15 andJ 22); thesemicircles lozengeon theother(cf.respectively by 4 enclose small solid invertedtriangles;and the dark paint of the neck is interrupted reservedlineson L 7, and by a narrowzigzag zone on J 4. This pair willthenbe the only ratherthanfull knownlargevesselsof KnossianEPG- iflocal theybe- to carrysemicircles circles,whichwouldindeedlook unhappyon the sharplycurvingshoulders.Brock,however, CycladicratherthanAttic; diagnoseda verysimilarpiece,F. no. 154,as an import Atticizing whichit evento thesmallenclosedtriangles and thisnowfindsa good parallelfromNaxos,105 shareswithJ 4. The clay of our pieces,darkerthanwhatis normalforlocal PG, seemsto of F. no. 154quitewell.None of the threeamphoraein question, matchBrock'sdescription in Naxian clay.My however,containsthe mica whichis usual, thoughnot omnipresent,106 ownimpression is thatthefabricofL 7 andJ 4, thoughfarfromtypical,does notlie outside what is possible in Knossian PG. I see these two vesselsas exceptionallyclose copies of - and also fromF. no. 154- in thereservation of fromtheirprototype PG, differing Atticizing theirneckswhich,as we haveseen,has local antecedents. At a timewhenthe characterpersistedintothe ninthcentury. Once begun,theAtticizing and Attic had become of other rare, amphorae belly-handled Cycladic very shapes import continuedto reach Knossos duringthe period of AtticEG. They introducedto the local At once the a modifiedshape withnew proportions, dark-ground. predominantly repertoire 104Cf. Kerameikos IV pl. 10.1073, pl. 11.1098. 105Cf. Ann. 45 (1983) 122 fig.1.
106E. Walter-Karydi,AA 1972, 416.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
337
neckbecomesstraighter and taller,and the evertedlip more carefullymouldedwitha flat ovoid body now carriesthe main decorationon the belly,still surface. The medium upper witha centralrectilinear sometimes based on concentric circles, panel (207.52, AtticEG I). A littlelater,two more imports,Q, 63 and 64 (CycladicEG I), combinebellyand shoulder - withrectilinearAtticizingmotifsin a reservedzone on the - mainlycircular decoration neck. Later still(100.39, AtticEG II; F. no. 269, Cycladic EG II), the lip of the larger amphorae is reinforcedby a ridge below,and the singlehandles have been replaced by double-arcbucrania.All thesemodifications appear in the local versions,MPG in Cretan As for at the same timeas on thebell-krater. was about the terms; reinforcing ridge adopted on the latticed a for based there is local theintervening rectilinear motifs, preference patterns lozengeJ 1, Q, 62, 100.74), whileMaltesecrossesare oftenenclosedby the circles(Q, 66, had reducedtheAtticdogtoothmotif(e.g. 100.74, F 5). BythetimeofF 5 local improvisation ofmuchLPG work.To thisphase also belongsthe scale characteristic 207.52) to a miniature smalleramphoraioo.i, withsinglehandles,but barredin the mannerof the nextgroupof importsto whichwe shallnowturn. A freshbatch of importedAttic MG I amphorae (G 3, G 83, N 6) seems fairly homogeneousin shape and decoration.The bodyassumesa slimmerovoidform,surmounted reinforcing ridge.Decorationis now confinedto by a muchtallerneckwitha well-defined on the broadreservedzones on bellyand neck.The hatchedmeanderbecomespredominant it alternateswiththe neck zone, betweenancillarymotifs.On the belly,placed vertically, traditionalcircleswhichare themselveshedged in by ancillaryunitson all foursides.The bucraniumhandlesare barredbetweencurvedstripes. Cretan adaptationsof thisformare eclectic,displayingmuch more imaginationthan in previousphases. Some minor divergencescan be put down to local conservatism:the areas on the avoidanceofa broad neckzone withmeander,thesurvivalofsomelight-ground on thehandlesforcurved shoulderor lowerbody(G 2, 4, 5, 82; O 36), and thepreference stripesonly,withoutbars (exceptions:D 14, F. no. 339). On some examples,especiallythose out thelowerbodyprofilereassertsitself.But at once of EG, thelocal habitof straightening thereare adventurousnew experiments,unknownon the Atticprototypes.On the PGB amphoraF. no. 339, wherethe bellycompositionsimplifiesan older versionof the Attic scheme (cf. 287.11), a shoulder zone presentseight strangearm-raisinggoddesses or In thesamespiritare thejaniformbirdsin theneckpanelsofD 14. The bellyzone mourners. ofthisvase containsan Atticmeander,takenout ofitsusual contextand fancifully filledwith checkpattern;itappearslatticedon thebellyofa contemporary from Forte tsa.107 amphora EversinceEPG (e.g.F. no. 60) Cretanpaintersoflargevesselshad oftenvariedthedesigns on the two sidesof thevase. At leasttwo EG paintersof belly-handled amphoraecarrythis notionto extremelengths,ringingthe changeson threedistinctrepertoires of ornament:(i) the old PG circles,with check patternand other PG ancillaries,e.g. G 2; (ii) the new PGB-EG motifs,mainly curvilinear and of oriental origin; and (iii) the Attic MG compositionswithmeanderand rectilinearancillaries.Sometimesthe painteraims at the greatestpossible contrastbetweenthe two belly designs.Thus on G 5 we find(A) Attic hatchedmeanderbetweenconservativePG checkpattern;and (B) PG circlesinterspersed withPGB-EG billets,wrappedwithina proto-orientalizing witha net cable,thefieldstuffed
•07BSA 56 (1961) pl. 9, A 3.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
3g8
of quarteredlozenges.On otherpieces by the same hand, G 4 and 82, similarelaborated - cable, mill-sail,and PGB-EG motifs circlesare accompaniedby threeof the moststriking On 104. 23109a slightly laterhand combines(A) a simplified hatchednetpattern.108 rendering oftheAtticMG circle-and-meander formulawith(B) hatchedrunningspiralbetweencables. motifson bothsides.The 'bilingual' By thesamepainteris 283.59, withfreehandcurvilinear as G and are of the for 104.23 confirming pieces 5 greatestimportance relativechronology, EG with a central of Attic MG. do the of Knossian they stage contemporaneity in AfterEG thereis verylittletraceof thebelly-handled formamongthe tombofferings; MG the best hands, so its seems, turnedtheirattentionto the neck-handledamphora. of thisshape in MG and LG.110 Domesticcontexts, however,have producedneckfragments survives The LG fragments and to this 98.11 107.148 probablybelong shape,whichcertainly intoEO in a modifiedform(45.4 fr.). B. AMPHORISKOI
EPG: EG:
Ji7>a85-«4>J3>J6283.41.
This headingconceals two quite distinctshapes,separatedfromone anotherby at least a century. to thefull-sized The EPG group,farfrombearinganyresemblance belly-handled amphora, have theirnearestrelationsin the bell-kraterand -skyphosfamily;it is only the slightly narrowermouthand the absence of any interiorpaint below the neck whichplaces them They evolvefromSM antecedents(e.g.2.2, 40.2) amongclosedratherthanopen shapes.111 withoutany signof outsideinfluence.Decorationis limitedto wavylines,floatingzigzags, and schematictrees(285.114). The globularshape ofJ 17, likeAy.IoannisIV2, is languettes, fromSM (cf.40.2) exceptthatthelow conicalfootis moreclearlydefined. indistinguishable is towardsa tallerovoidbody(285.114), comparableto F. nos. 41, Thence thedevelopment out J 3). 60 from tomb VI. Later and still,butalso withinEPG, thelowerbodystraightens 49 The latest,J 6, is unusualin possessinga lid,J 10; foritsthinhatchedzigzag cf.the neckhandledamphoriskos 207.64. ofthebelly-handled Aftera longinterval, amphora.The careful 283.41 is a trueminiature fineEG amphoraeG relates it to the and framed concentric bychequer-board billets, squares, and 82. 2, 4, 5 The Stirrup-jar a. normal type False neckwithstirrup handle,spikeddisc,air-hole;trueneckto side.Usuallyfourcomposite on shoulder, lightgroundbelowwithspacedbandsand lines. triangles SM/EPG:
24.2, 55.2 fr.,48.4, 207.19 fr.,45.7, 45.5, 48.1.
108The two amphorae, Vrokastro 169 fig. 102, perhaps theinfluence ofthispainter. reflect 109Coldstream,'Bilingualamphorae...'in Eilapine. 110E.g. BSA 67 (1972)pl. 24, G 11-12;UM II, 82, pls. 53
(GD 2), 56 (GE 2). 111Althoughclassedas smallkratersby Brock(F. 161class calledamphoriskoi by A), theyhavebeen moreappropriately Desborough(PGP 239).
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
EPG: MPG:
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
33g
80.1 fr. 219.9, 60.30, 60.31, 175.30, J 7, J 55, J 16, 207.70 fr.,L 16 fr.,285.156, 285.110, Q89 fr.,242.1 fr.,O 28 fr.
was tracedby of thishardysurvivorfromthe Late Minoan repertoire The PG development Pi F. tombs and VI and XI his on between Brock.112 (SM) Basing analysischiefly comparisons from the SM what seemed to be some obvious his view he noted E-MPG)113 changes (in in of SM to the ovoid customaryfor plump prototype: shape,fromthe depressedglobular in closedPG shapes,withhigherconicalfoot; theshoulderdecoration,fromconcave-outlined triangleswithspaces trianglesand compositions coveringthe whole field(SM) to rectilinear between(PG). On our stirrup-jars, however,thesechangesdo not coincidewithany great hencea considerableoverlapin thisshape'sdevelopment. Indeed,themovement consistency; towardsstraightoutlinesfortrianglesalreadybeginsin SM (18.19, 40.20, 98.20, 121.2, i6o.i), especiallyin thenarrowspacesbetweenthetwonecks(40.15; evenF. no. 13).Three vessels,in particular,combine Brock's 'early' and 'late' features:48.4 stillhas concave triangleselaboratedin a SM manner,althoughthebodyis alreadyovoid;24.2, by contrast, combinesa SM depressedglobularbody (also 55.2) witha pronouncedconical footand on theshoulder. whollyrectilinear triangles Afterthesetransitionalpieces the shape settlesdown to the usual plump ovoid of PG, arrivein MPG (L 16, maystilloccurin EPG (80.1). Checkfillings althoughconcavetriangles and are no. when the draw cf. F. no. 1), 158,Payne triangles apartfurther Q, 89 fr.,285.156; continuesin reducedin size. The processof diminutionand correspondingsimplification 285.110 and J 7. Rarer motifsat this late stage include multiplezigzags (175.30) and also thecombmotifonJ 16 semicircles (O 28 fr.),bothwithsolidfillings; standingconcentric freehandpendent On the last piece, the extraordinary and 207.70 fr.,of Cypriotorigin.114 semicircles on thebellylookforward to theLPG open-neckedtype.As in F. thedisappearance of the spike,leavinga flator concave disc (207.70 fr.,242.1, 219.9, 285.110) is a late hereconfinedto theMPG phase.In LPG thenormaltypeis represented feature, byF. no. 287 and Payneno. 2, bothofwhichecho the decorationof the open-neckedvessels;but none of ourpiecesseemsas lateas these. B. WITH OPEN NECK
Taut ovoidbody,highconicalfoot,no air-hole. M-LPG: LPG:
207.3. D 11, 175.29; probablyalso thefrs.O 13, O 90, 100.62, 219.17.
The experimental butis bestincludedwiththisfinalformof fantasy207.3 is hardto classify, Knossianstirrup-jar. The animalprotome-mouth, is cautiously again ofCypriotderivation,115 attachedto therimbya thirdstrutted handle.The improbablebirdson theshoulder, one with legsbentbackward,are theearliestin post-Minoanvase painting.
112F. 152 f.
113Cf.,however, Catling,pp. 308-09 in thepreviouschapter. 114On Cypriotstirrup-jars, however,the occurrenceof this motif is over a century earlier, on Proto White
PaintedWare; and by Cretan MPG the shape was already defunctin Cyprus.Cf. Coldstreamin Cyprus and Crete285 f.,n. 10. 115Cf.A. Pieridou,RDAC1973,95 pl. 17,esp. nos. 6-7.
J- N- GOLDSTREAM
340
oftheunusuallyornateF. no. The decorationofthemainLPG groupfollowstherepertoire D in on the neck latest vessel tomb XI: the (as 11), a lozengecolumnbetween 141, triangles on thebelly(as hatchedtriangles on theshoulder(as D 11 and O 13), and pendentsemicircles be and The central on the shoulder may replacedbygriddedzigzags, 219.17 lozenges Q, 90). of horizontal(100.62) or vertical(175.29; cf.F. no. 287).As on somelaterMPG stirrup-jars thenormaltype,thehatchedtriangles are no longercomposite.Shape and decorationin this theoutputof a singleworkshop;116 theornamentis groupare veryhomogeneous, suggesting several other LPG shapes.117 drawn with a neat and sure and can be matched on hand, always mostlikelysuccessoris the Ratherthanthehydriaas suggestedbyBrock,118 thestirrup-jar's Ifso, theopen-necked lekythos. stirrup-jar maybe seenas a halfwaystagebetweenthenormal and the earliest (hereTypeA). lekythoi type The Hydria Large plain banded hydriai,with minimal bracket decoration, were in the domestic The fromtheend oftheBronzeAge and persistthroughto theseventhcentury.119 repertoire more ornate shape could also be renderedin coarse ware (G 137). As tomb offerings, occur versionsbeginin LPG, reacha climaxof exuberancein PGB and EG, and thereafter onlysporadically. A. PLAIN DOMESTIC
TYPE, SMALL VERSIONS
Spaced bands,pendentbrackets. LPG-PGB: LG:
G 36. 78.2 (miniature).
but the functionof withPG burials,120 Full-sizeddomestichydriaiwereoccasionallyoffered A is offered clue to the to have been seems thesesmellier byF. no. symbolism symbolic. hydriai that the one-handled which with a a PGB miniature cup suggests hydria cup mouth, 514, plain was the hydria'scomplementin a libationset. As is apparentfromhydriaifromdomestic thecenturiesoftheEarlyIron thebracketornamentremainsunchangedthroughout contexts, rim from handle attachment of the but the (G 36) to mid-neck(78.2) is lowering upper Age; consistent withtheornatesequence. B. ORNATE
to mid-neck.Zoned decorationon neck,shoulderand Mouldedlip,upperhandleattachment belly.
LPG: LPG-PGB: PGB:
287.8. 283.92 fr. 107.185fr.,107.108fr.;N 3, G 101fr.,Q50 (miniature).
116To thosealreadymentionedadd F. nos. 248, 288, 305; Payneno. 3. 117E.g.jug 207.57, lekythos 218.67, oinochoe100.33. 118F. 147,153;see nextsection.
119BSA 67 (1972)66 ff.fig.1 (SM, PG); 55 (i960) 163(PGB); 68 (1973)35 pl. 12no. 30 (O). 120Ay.bannisVu; F. nos. 1188,1485.Our frs.100.13 are probablyofthistype.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
EG: MG, late: LG: LG/EO:
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^
G 33, G 34, G 35, G 103 fr.,13.14, 218.53; 104.10 (later?). 104.78, 104.90. 104.91, 75.73. 292.83.
Exceptforthefoursmallhydriaifromtomb104, thebodyfollowsa predictabledevelopment fromglobular(LPG) to slim ovoid (LG). Sometimes,and especiallyin PGB, the shape is allowedto sag, the horizontalhandlesbeingplaced well below the belly.The mouldedlip, There is no alreadypresentin LPG (287.8), oftenassumesa sharpmetallicformthereafter. decoratedhydriai in the shapingof the base, but in generalthe more carefully consistency haveringfeet. The fulldecoration,however,providesthe best clues to dating.Afterthe neat semicircles followedby the and hatchedtrianglesof LPG come the floridcombinationsof PGB motifs, G 31-33, EG. The related of characteristic of ornament group closely massing spiraliform in thestyleofthepithoiG 6 and G G 103 and 13.14 are theoutputofa fineEG workshop, 8. In the belly zone, vestigialreminiscencesof the traditionalbracketornamentof the domestichydriamaybe seen in the hatchedmotifsof G 33 and 107.185, as also of F. no. B 2. A popular alternativein thispositionis the widelyspaced groupof 493 and Atsalenio chevroncolumns,whichlinkour N 3, Q50 and G 101 withan examplefromKourtes;121 this motifgoes back to the earlier PG hydriaAy.IoannisVIII. 8 and even recursin EO (14") AfterEG, a considerablegap in thefull-sizeseriesis partlyfilledby the foursmallhydriai fromtomb 104. In the shape,the plain flaringmouthsand the dumpyglobularbodies set themapartfromthelargervessels.The carelesssub-PGBdecorationof 104.10 maybe much withtheir laterthanitseems.The stars,zigzagsand metopalbirdsoftheotherthree,together MG vessels of Attic but the matched on miniature can be II,122 intersecting zigzagon shape, theneckof104.91 takesus intoan earlystageofLG. The revivalof the full-sizehydria,withmouldedlip,beginswith75.73, bearingshoulder decorationin themannerof themoreconventional pithoi.123 Finally292.83, withitshighly mannerof the domed lids A (ii). The individualsilhouettebirds,continuesthe miniaturist intoO times. ornatehydriasurvives sporadically, C. COARSE
redmicaceousclay,inciseddecoration. Gritty PGB-EG:
G 137.
undecorated.The Shape and fabricare wellmatchedbya hydriafroma PGB welldeposit,124 lightfoliatebands of theincisedornamentrecuron thetwooinochoaiin the same fabric,G 138-9, evidently partofthesameset.
121AJA5 (1901) pl. 9 no. 10. L. Rochetti,Ann.66-67 (1988-89)216no. 112. 122E.g. CVAAthensI pl. 4.17; for birds and stars, the V 1 pl. 98 no. 813. skyphosKerameikos
123E.g. O 32, F. no. 824. The hydriaTeketholos no. 24 also belongsto thisphase,and was datedtoo earlyin GGP243 n. 7pl.53f('MG'). 124BSA55 (i960) 160no. 2 pl. 42.
j- n. coldstream
342
The Oinochoe I includeunderthisconventional FollowingDesborough'snomenclatureforPG vessels,125 all vases with a trefoil and a handle heading pouring lip passingfromrimto shoulder.Within thisdefinition fallsa largefamilyof shapesin widelydiffering sizes,no doubtservingseveral other than the of vessels with narrow necks wouldbe moresuitablefor purposes pouring wine; oil or liquid unguents.In the interests of consistency, all trefoil-lipped pouringvesselswith handleto rimare heredescribedas oinochoai,includingtypesdesignatedby Brockas 'small jugs and aryballoi'.126 A. PG TYPES, FULL SIZE
H. over15cm. AfterEPG, flatbase. S on handle. (i) Globular, light ground. EPG: MPG: LPG:
O 2, 285.123. 285.96, 229.23, J 26, 175.31, Q,6; J 19, 100.11 fr.,Q,9i. 287.14, G 92 fr.(orjug).
Unlikethe smallerPG typeB, theseglobularvesselshave no obviousprecursorsin the SM Afterthe loss of the EPG low conicalfoot,the base becomesincreasingly broad repertoire. throughMPG and LPG. Decoration,betweenspaced bands,is at firstconfinedto groupsof pendentlanguetteson the shoulder,and sometimesa wavyline on the neck.DuringMPG, fromJ 19 onwards,concentricsemicirclestake over on the shoulder,withcross-hatched (287.14) as a LPG alternative. triangles it is likely OinochoaiofthisPG typeare welldocumentedin theF. tombs.127 Nevertheless, thattheyweredesignedoriginally forhouseholduse,sincein decorationand bodyshapethey PG domestic exactlymatchthecorresponding jugs (typeA). a PGB phase of The fr.D 31, withhatchedleaveson theshoulder, mayperhapsrepresent thistype.128 Thereafterit is not seen again untila revivalin EO, withfullcircleson the shoulder(O oinochoetypeA). toovoid, dark Narrowringor low conicalfoot.Handle barred. (ii) Globular ground. LPG: PGB:
287.25, Q,7, 28.8, 100.33. 285.141, 175.17, D 29, 219.7.
These oinochoai,made and decoratedwithmuchgreatercare thanA (i), alreadyshowsome mainlandinfluence, e.g. fromverylate AtticPG importslikeJ 8 and F. no. 1446.The shape from progresses globularthroughplumpovoid(LPG) to theslimmerand moregracefulovoid of PGB,129alwayswitha narrowfoot.The narrow-necked 219.7 looksforwardto the giant oinochoaioftypeD.
^5 rep 45fr.
126F. 156,classesI A-E 127F. nos. 182(EPG); 142,216,225 (MPG); 274(LPG).
128Also F. no. 34.1fromtombOD. 129Cf.F. no. 443.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
343
Semicirclesstillpredominateas the main shoulderdecoration,and even the earlierPG languettespersiston D 29. In an unusuallydeep orangefabric,100.33 *san exceptionally finepiece, decorated with a profusionof rectilinearLPG ornament;the characterand withopen neck.The battlement stirrup-jars precisionofthedrawingrecallsthecontemporary zone on itsbelly,withitsunusualgriddedfillingornaments(squaresand fish-tailed lozenge), has a curiously NorthGreek130 lookat a timewhenKnossosmayhavebeen receivingimports liketheamphora30.4. fromthatdirection, B. PG TYPES, SMALL
H. lessthan15cm. Barson handle. (i) Sidesdipped
EPG, early: M-LPG:
55.1. 207.4 fr.,207.5 fr.,F/67: i3-i(?). Q, 9 (fully-coated),
F. no. 69 fromtombVI providesa close For 55**5 associatedwitha SM/EPG stirrup-jar, A SM is of similar biconicalshape,buthas itshandlerising (40.18, 121.4) prototype parallel. - as also were the otherwiseclosely the and was from the foot above rim, high dipped V. 7, 9 and 10. comparableSM/EPG trioAy.Ioannis The flat-basedQ, 9 is froma laterPG context,and takeswithit thepair fromtomb207. F/67: 13.1 mayperhapsbelonghere,althoughitsbroadneckmightsuggesta laterdate. A, various (ii)Miniatures oftype MPG: LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:
285.97, ioi, IO2. flatbase, 285.74, 287.32; 207.60 (miniature); conicalfoot,285.75, 76. flatbase,G 23; conicalfoot,287.31, 287.31a. 134.29, conicalfoot;75*198 fr.;104.42, flatbase.
The firstthree,foundinsidetheMPG bell-krater ofthelight-ground 285.82, are miniatures A in its MPG echo globulartype (i) phase; likewise285.74 and 287.32, withtheirtriangles, itsLPG stage(cf.287.14). In LPG anotherseriesbegins,followingthe more elegantdark-groundtypeA (ii) with conicalfoot,thickbands sometimestakingthe place of the darkgroundon the lowerbody. FromPGB onwards,decorationmayappearon theneckas wellas on theshoulder. (iii)Squatbody, flatbase.Lightground,wavylineon neck.Barson handle.H. 9-11 cm.131 PGB: PGB-EG: MG(?):
285.84, 140, 143; 287.33, G 24, 13.37 fr.,218. 113, Q,36, 75.105, 285.146; 285.120 (miniature). 283.38, D 30; darkgroundvariant,100.31. 31.26 fr.
130Cf.BSA 28 (1926-27)172ff.fig.24, Boubousti. 101L.I. t. 157, small jug class C, especially no. 37b
fromtomb OD.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
344
A standardised PGB type,closelyrelatedto contemporary lekythoi (typeB), and slow-pouring a when the neck is tall as well as narrow similar function probablyserving especially (Q, 36, 75.105). Cross-hatchedtrianglesformthe usual shoulderdecoration,usually outlined. Inverteddogtooth(285.146, D 30), griddedchevron(285.120) and hatchedleaves(283.38) are rarealternatives. In F. thistypepersistsintoMG contexts132 withvariousshouldermotifs and a moreglobularbody.Our fr.31.26 mayperhapsbelongto thislaterstage. andcomposite (iv) Carinated PGB: EG:
218.82, 100.14 fr.;104.84, 292.75, 104.43, 3°6*3 fr.,107.207 fr. 286.5 (miniature).
A variantofB (iii),also withlekythoi closelyrelatedin bodyshapeand decoration (typeB (ii)).A carination on theshoulder, ofa composite vessel.Thistakes withgroovebelow,givestheimpression theformeitherof twosuperimposed oinochoai(218.82, 100.14; cf.F. no. 432) or of a squat oinochoeresting as theotherPGB examples(cf.F, no 1464).The distinction depends upona pyxis, in thechoiceof decoration: but is also manifest largelyon theplacingof thewidestdiameter, shouldertriangles forthe oinochoecomponents, singlezigzagor spiralforthepyxisbases.A In theshapingofthefootthereisno consistency. debasedminiature, 286.5, isfroman EG context. C. ATTICIZING G TYPES
Broadbase,ringfoot;darkground. Attic MG I-IL H. at least20 cm. Reservedpanelon neck.Handle barred. (i) Imitations oflarge EG-MG: LG:
283.30, 292.63, 292.59, 292*74» 104.100, 75.57 fr.,75.65, 283.10, 292.225 fr.,292.226 fr.,175.64 fr. 292.23, 292.90 fr.,285.11, 283.1; 79.7 (lightground).
In spiteof theirvirtualabsence fromF.,m it now appears thatthe Atticizingbroad-based the eighth oinochoewas thecommonestformof largepouringvesselat Knossosthroughout a with the earliest I and MG like G 18 The Attic model, relatively 19 provide imports century. like283.30 and 292.63 thus tallroundedbodyand a gracefulconcaveneck;closeimitations fallintothelocal EG phase. Later,in MG, themoretautand compactbodyoftheAtticMG withoccasionallapses towardsa II shape (107.141, 285.67) is also followedquite faithfully, to motifs the Attic Of the two usual multiplezigzagis preferred panel saggingprofile(75.65). themeander,whichon thefrs.292.225-6 has an uncouthEG look. Occasional concessions to local tasteare seen in thebilletsof75.65 and thespiralzone whichon 175.64 invadesthe usualdarkgroundofthebody. In LG the base becomes slightlynarrowerbut the shape is not radically changed. look, AlthoughAtticimportsare now scarce,292.23 (and 292.90 fr.)stillhas an Atticizing massedlineson thebodyforthe in substituting Atticoinochoai134 and followscontemporary
132F. nos. 1393, 1401, 1434, all with MG pithoi. 166 Apart tromthe importno. 441 thereis only the tr.no. 591.
134Cf. especially Hesperia30 (1961) pl. 15, O 7.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC ANDGEOMETRICPOTTERY
3^
previousMG dark ground.By the timeof 283.1, however,decorationhas spread to the shoulder and become assimilatedto the local stock. Finally 79.7, with circles on the shoulderand a light-ground bodypunctuatedwithgroupsof linesbetweenbands,prepares the way for the revival in EO of the old PG globular type with shorterneck (see O oinochoaitypeA). Undecorated. (ii)Bucchero technique. MG:
i3-l85 I3*«35 *3-35fr«;292.56 fr.,107.177 fr.;125.1, 292.103 fr.
The typeof 13.18 closelyfollowsthe profileof the AtticizingMG oinochoe and, like the of a temporaryvogue forthe bucchero pithoi(typeB (iv)),is symptomatic corresponding in The frs. and this 292.56 107.177 seem to be fromsmaller,squat and phase. technique A also MG. more narrow-necked different, ovoidshapeis represented vessels, by 125.1, butits MG. contextis exclusively Attic MG lekythos-oinochoe oflarge (iii)Imitation EG:
283.2 fr.
F. no. 1506,witha tall slow-pouringneck, representsthe Atticprototype.Our fr.,more decorated,has somecloseparallelsin AtticMG I.135 floridly (iv)Smallandsquat PGB: EG-MG: MG-LG:
0,23. 292.100, 285.48, 107.81, 104.29. 104.94, no, 112.
Q, 23 is froma closedPGB context.In spiteofitslightground,thebodyshapeand broadring footare Atticizing136 and belong here. The extraordinary processionof monstersis too rendered for us to fathomthe painter'sthoughtsor intentions. there Nevertheless sketchily seemsto be a wishto differentiate betweenthethreecreatures. The leaderoftheprocession, a is quadruped, combinesa gaping beak and high ear witha felinetail; perhaps a griffin intended.In theothertwomonsters, indicesofhorse,birdand insectare mixedtogether; one wonderswhetherthecontemporary horse-bird askoi,likeQ, 115 fromthesame deposit,may havebeen in thepainter'smind. The four dark-groundvessels require little comment. As on many of the Attic themain(and oftentheonly)decorationconsistsofcross-hatched on counterparts,137 triangles theshoulder.The threedottedminiatures fromT. 104havetheirround-mouthed counterparts in thesmalljugs,TypeC.
135GGP 17 pl. 3m. Cf. especially EA 1898, pl. 3, 10 from Eleusis. 136Cf. KerameikosVi pl. 83 no. 864; Hesperia 37 (1968)
pl. 21, 4; LefkandiI pl. 117, Toumba iq.i. 137See previous note.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
346 D. THE GIANT OINOCHOE
H. at least30 cm. Verytall and narrowneck,globularto ovoid body,conicalfoot.Handle: barsbetweendoubledverticallines. PGB: EG: MG, early:
LG/EO:
107.128, G 16, G 94 fr.Variants:G 21 (verticalribs),107.142 fr.(carinated). G 15(broadbase). 218.44, 107.131,G 17,G 14, 13.20fr., 218.32,218.28. Variant: G 93 fr.,107.129.
218.83.
Anotherremarkable Easternaffinities wererightly noveltyof PGB, withoutlocal antecedents. detectedbyBrock,whosaw theonlyF. example,no. 500,as theprecursor oftheCreto-Cypriot class.138 The model,however, is notin thenativeCypriotrepertoire butratherin a closelysimilar at KnossosbyPayneno. 84.139Whereasthe shapeofPhoenicianRed Slip,perhapsrepresented laterCreto-Cypriot oinochoaiat first thesevesselsare at once covered copyCypriotdecoration, witha profusion of ornamentin the currentKnossianstyle.Their largescale and exuberant decorationlinkthemwithmanystraight-sided pithoi,belly-handledamphoraeand ornate all in In fact,personal a reserved for the hydriai, painted style upperreachesofKnossiansociety. as which or well as account for their distribution connections, preference family highstatus, may seen is confined to four other rich tombs do not tombs; (as above) only (219, 283, 285, 292) havethem.As withothershapesin thisstyle, theverylargest140 comesfromtombG. WithinthePGB-EG seriessomedevelopment can be seenfromglobularto ovoid,and from thegreatervarietyof PGB zonal ornamentto the moremassiveand repetitive EG schemes. Three variantsoccur. G 21, fromthe workshopof the PGB Tree Painter(cf. the pithos achieved by verticalgrooving.The 107.114), has a body resemblinga pomegranate,141 tojudge from on the neck of the carinated recalls another orientalmodel;142 swelling 107.142 the lack of a base and the flaringof the lowerprofile,it is just possiblethatthiswas the ornamental knobofa giganticconicallid evenlargerthan107.106. The thirdvariant,G 15, is a hybridformembodyingsome featuresof the broad-basedAtticMG lekythos-oinochoe (typeC (iii)),includingthemeandersand thechevronson thehandle. decorationtakes Our mainseriesendswithG 93 and 107.129,143whosesoberrectilinear Teke tholos no. 29, withan us a littlewayintoMG. A morematureMG stageis represented by a broad base and darkground.Aftera considerablegap 218.83, muchsmaller Atticizing versionwithslimovoidbody,heraldsa revivalin EO (O oinochoaitypeE). E. COARSE RED MICACEOUS
Small; disc footwithstring-mark.144 ribs;narrowneck withincised lines,strapor round handle. (i) Globularbodywithappliedvertical
PGB-EG:
292.86, 202.102, 283.40, 100.7, 285.132, 285.145, G 27-32, 63.2,
293.1 (vertical grooves);104.35 (verticalincisions). I3»26; Q,2i (miniature);
138F. 155f.,Cypriottype(i). 139BSA 29 (1927-28)251pl. 9.15;thoughtbyPayneto be a local imitationbut 'the general effectis verylike that of certainSyrianwares'.Cf.Berytus 21 (1972)135no. 261; SCEll pl. 126,3AmathusT. 13.39.
140G 14: H. 64.s cm. 141Or possibly see below,typeE. somniferum: papaver 142E.g. 283.50. 143Withthelattercf.GGPpi 53gfromMilatos. 144F. 157,'SmallJug'classI E.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
347
These curiouslittlevesselshave a longeasternancestry.145 They followtheshape,thoughnot verticalgrooving.146 the fabricof CypriotBlack Slip I- II vesselsdecoratedwithsuperficial and These are the EIA descendantsof Late CypriotIII ribbedjugs in Buccheroware,147 of been containers to have III Base Late of liquid Ringjuglets,thought ultimately Cypriot somniferum.148 opiumbecausetheirshaperesemblesthecapsuleofthepapaver The contextsof the Knossian versions,wheneverclosely datable, fall mainlywithin F. no. 92, bears verticalgrooveslikethe contemporary PGB-EG.149An E-MPG forerunner, with the exceptionoftwopieceslistedabove (and also F. no. 509),the CypriotBlackSlip; but, main PGB-EG groupis decoratedwithappliedribs,recallingthe Buccheroof Late Cypriot to III. This apparentarchaism,hardlya time-saving device,mayperhapshavesomereference hintat theoriginalcontentsofthesevessels. theopiumpoppycapsuleand thereby (ii)Plain.Incisedlineson neck,bodyundecorated. PGB-EG:
Q, io, D 8, 287.30, 292.115; O io, G 138-9 frs.
ribbedtype;theothers, A varietyofshapes;292.115 is a plainerversionofthenarrow-necked ovoid form ofPGB, typeA (ii). are related to the usual O from the broad-necked 10, apart F. CRETO-CYPRIOT
Globular;largecircleson flanks. LG: LG-EO:
60.22 fr. 79.11 fr.,106.16 fr.,H 3.
theflanking verticalcircles The Cypriotmodel,on whichhorizontalbandsand linesintersect of late withsmallcirclesfillingthefield,is represented by eighthcenturyimports BoR II (e.g. in F.150indicate that the Knossian IV Contexts and White Painted (229.11). 292.94) O to the of this shapebelongsmainly period(O oinochoai,D (i)).Here,however, development our seriesbeginswithan exact copy,60.22, whichcannot be appreciablylater than the theCypriotdecorationbeginsto be modifiedin variousways:by Cypriotoriginals.Thereafter of 'wheels' (H 3), and by the of the small circles (79.11), by the substitution suppression oflocal LG neckornamenton 106.16. intrusion The Jug This termembracesall round-mouthed and necked closed pouringvesselswitha handle attachedat therim.151 Theirfunctions are evenmorediversethanthoseofvesselsdescribedas
145Coldstreamin Cyprus andCrete, 257f. 146SCE I pl. 137; IV.2, 77 ff.fig.10. Closest to ours are thosefromPaphos (Ktima167ff; Shalespl. 141)on whichthe groovesextenddown the body insteadof,as elsewherein Cyprus,stoppingat theshoulder. 147SCEIVlc, 425 fr. 148R. S. Merrillees, Antiquity 36 (1962)287 ff.
149Q, 21 (PGB), 293.1 (EG). Those in tombsG, 13 and 100 are unlikelyto be any later;thosein tombs104 and 292 are equallyunlikely to be earlier. 150F. 155f.classC (ii).N.B. nos.974and 1300,stilldecorated withcirclesrelatedto theCypriotmodel,butfoundrespectively withtheEO pithosno. 072and theLO pithosno. 1208. 151F. 155,'oinochoe'classII A-C.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
348
and thefeeding oinochoai;in additionto pouringtheymayincludecooking,ladling,drinking, ofinfants or invalids. A. PG TYPES
Mainlyglobular, lightground. EPG: MPG: LPG:
O 29. J 58 fr., J 60 fr.,100.22 fr. frVariants:219.73 (tripodfeet),218.31 (sidesand top dipped),207.57 0,92 dark (ovoid, ground).
The firstfivejugs belong to the globulartypeused in domesticlifeas water-pots,as an alternative to thehydria;severalhave been foundat thebottomof a well.152 Decorationand as the same lines the oinochoai bodyshapedevelopalong contemporary (typeA(i)),languettes on theshouldergivingplace to semicircles in thecourseofPG. Likewise207.57 corresponds to thedark-ground ovoidoinochoe(typeA (ii)),and bearscarefulrectilinear decorationin the manneroftheLPG open-necked jars. stirrup B. MUG TYPE'**
Broadneck,belliedbody,flatbase. Dark ground. MG: LG: LG, late:
I35*I5 292.18. 104.114, 306.37 fr.,163.6, 75.197 (fully coated). 14.10, 78.8, 75.44 fr
is ladling.Althoughthe The purposeofthesecompactlittlevesselsis notclear;one possibility in of our earliest F. back to the reserved PGB,154 panels pair place themwell sequence goes down in MG. The shape could have been influencedby orientalbronzejugs like F. nos. 1571-2,or evenbybroadAtticMG mugslike294.12; buttheprofileneversettlesdownto a intoEO (107.15). regularform.This typesurvives C. THE JUGLET1"
H. usually8-10 cm.Tall and narrower neck,belliedbody,flatbase; low centreofgravity.
EG: MG: MG-LG:
coated);G 104 fr. 134*12(coarse);134.32 (fully fr. 63.6; 294.19, 107.182 125.12 fr.,106.7, *8.i2; 104.45, 62, 69-72, 92-3, 97-8, 102, in; 107.71; 134.7, 10, 26, 43; 218.34, 59, in; 292.138; 294.11, 16-18, 20, 23-4-
thissmallshape settlesdown to a regularform,almostalways Aftersome initialexperiment forboth shape decoratedwiththreerowsof dotsbetweenlines.There are Atticparallels156 I52BSA55 (i960) 159ff.nos.5-13. 153F. iw classB (i). 154 No. 449, withthe PGB pithosno. 448; thenno. 838,
with the MG pithos no. 837. •55F. 155classII B (ii). 156E.g. KerameikosV. 1,pl. in no. 831.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
34g
a local originis likely, and decoration.Nevertheless based on a slightly tallerand coarsePGB version(F. no. 429) whichis hardlymodifiedin our 134.12. Some decoratedearlyjugletstoy withreservedpanels in a darkground,in the EG-MG manner:for107.182 cf.F. no. 707 froman EG context.Others,like63.6 and 294.19, are modelledon thebroaderAtticMG II The more normaldottedformwithnarrowerneck,however,is alreadypresentin mug.157 It remainsvirtually tombG and in theequallyearlycontextoftheArchaneshousemodel.158 in MG and LG few later with (218.34, 59) contexts, remarkably (tombs125, 106) unchanged the usual three rows of dots. from (e.g.134*7»294#I1) departures Dottedjugletsare also knownin a domesticcontext.159 Whatevertheirprecisepurposemay well over be in the tombs,theirpresencethereseemsto be a matterof personalpreference; halfour examplesoccurin largesetsin twotombs,no. 294 and thecomplexformedby nos. 104 and 134. D. THE OLPE160
Slim ovoid body,narrowneck,flatbase; the handle usuallyrisesabove the rim. Bars on handle. EG: MG:
18.24 fr-104.36, 292.98. 292.121,
218.35,
104.115.
Allsixfallintothefirst ofBrock'stwosubdivisions: 'angleatjunctionofneckand shoulder, mostly EG-MG'. The carries fromthelocal PGB-EG black,mainly earliest,18.24, griddedchevrons in thelanguettes and lightgroundof 292.98. Otherwise, the stock.PG tradition also survives decorationis dark-ground withAtticizing reserved For and for with its 292.98, 104.36 panels. in unusualstrutted there are the PGB-EG from Archanes with the handle, good parallels group in themannerofthemainbodyofjuglets. shrinemodel.161 104.115bearsdottedornament LG olpai, representedby Brock'ssecond subdivisionwitha more curvilinearand less articulated returnto a verysimplelight-ground scheme.This versionpersistsintoEO, profile, oftenwiththeadditionofcircleson theshoulder. E. FEEDERS
Spouton theshoulder.Variousshapesand sizes. These vesselsforthe absorptionof liquid nourishment are subdividedaccordingto the of the handle. Each to contain at leastone vesselwitha however,happens position category, strainer for the of or infants invalids.162 top,providedspecially feeding acrossmouth;'drinking handle, (i) Bucket jar'.163 LPG(?): PGB: LG:
60.16 fr. B 2. 26.2 fr.withstrainer top (26.3).
157Cf. CVAAthensi, pl. 3 no. 15 fromtheIsis grave(MG II). 158KCh4 (1950)pl. 31,9. 159BSA 67 (1972)91 no. 56 pl. 26. '<*> E i55 classII C (i).
161KCh4 (1950)pl. 31,6 and 2 respectively. 162Othershapeswithstrainertops;theoinochoe100.33, the skyphos292.140. A smallerspoutedvesselwithopen mouth,292.21, is classedherewitharyballoi. 163E 153.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
350
This typegoesbackin Creteto LM III A.164 In SM it assumesa conicalfootand thesidesare a version which into EPG in F. no. 623 and in severalfromAy. dipped (121.7), persists Ioannis.165 Of theirflat-bottomed 60.16 is stilldipped, successors, (closeto Kourtesno. 16)166 but B 2 has rectilinear PGB ornament.The frs.26.2, witha detachablestrainertop 26.3, mustpresumably havehad a sidespout. handle torim (ii) Vertical PGB: EG-MG: LG:
0,49 (fixedstrainer top),134.41, 242.2 fr.,218.54. 31*25fr-, 31*23 fr. 106.20 (anthropomorphic).
The handle maybe placed eitherat rightanglesto the spout(Q, 49, 134.41, 31. 25)167or oppositeit, as on the otherfourexamples here. For the formerarrangementsthereare Phoenicianprecedents;168 but Phoenician feeders,unlikeour Q, 49, have strainerholes piercedthroughthe shoulderby an open spout. This versioncame to Cypruswherewe also findcounterpartsto our feederswithhandle oppositethe spout,and it appears that fromthe beginningof Cypro-GeometricIII open strainerspouts were supersededby a narrowertubularform169 as found on all our pieces. We need not, then, look beyond Cyprusforthe immediatesource of this category,and the transmissionfromthe east is III or,in Cretanterms, unlikelyto have occurredbeforethebeginningofCypro-Geometric PGB. The shape of Q, 49, froma PGB deposit,takes withit 134.41 and 242.2; the busy rectilinear ornamentof the unusuallylarge 218.54 recallsthe PGB 'drinking jar' B 2. The from an has from Arkades170 and 106.20 anthropomorphic early findat counterparts Knossos.171 The Arkadesfeederis ovoidand includesa birdin itsdecoration,butthehuman the tubularspout.The Knossian elementsare similarto ours- includingthe 'arms' flanking vessel,thoughlackingthe 'arms',is closerto oursin itscylindrical shape,and in itsmultiple four-handled on the It was found with an shoulder. pithos zigzagpanel equallyextraordinary on whichthe ornamentincludesHathorichumanfacesin an otherwiseorthodoxrectilinear scheme,probablyearlyin LG.172 F. COOKING JUG
and micaceousorange-red Coarse,gritty clay;decorationconfinedto groupsofincisedlines. These are smallversionsof cookingshapes foundin domesticcontexts,albeitmainlyin in the form.Most are too smallto be anythingotherthan symbolicofferings fragmentary and on the show traces of 100.8 and G but two of the rim, 68, tombs; burning largerjugs, musthavebeen eitherpersonalchattelsor vesselsused at thefunerary ceremony.
164Kanta, 281: 'thelastron'. 165Ay.Ioannis1.2, II. 2, IV.5,6. Teketholos no. 104,a PGB receptacleforjewellery(Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)5 pl. 9), linksthisshape throughbody profileand fabricwiththe ribbedoinochoaitypeE, made underCypriotinfluence. «* AJA5 (1901)pl. 9) 16. 167This vesselseemsto havehad twohandles,likea latterdaystirrup-jar.
168S. Chapman, Berytus 21 (1972) 61 fT.nos. 168-9; wim Westen ed. H. G. Niemeyer(Mainz, Culican, in Phönizier 1082) 4.7ff. 169E. Gjerstad, OpAth3 (i960) 118 f. fig.12. 170Arkades 245 fig.291. i?»AJA i (1807) 262 fia 11.
mArt.cit. 256 fig.4.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^
(i) Flatbase.H. usually7-9 cm. PG-EG: MG-LG:
100.8, G 68; 75.95 (ribbedminiature). 283.42 (plain),134.34, 104.81, 219.24, 219.77 (plain),294.13 (miniature).
The shape showsa generaldevelopment fromnarrow(PG) to broader(LG) bases,continued in EO in the fabric,the further There is also a progressiveimprovement yet (292.4, 19). - becomingmuchless in the later contentof impurities the mica especially group.Similar contrastsmay be notedbetweencomparablejugs in the use deposit(PG) and the upperfill (LG-EO) in a Knossianwell.173 (ii) Tripod feet.H., withfeet,10-15cm. PG-EG: MG-LG:
J 46, 100.9 (plain). handles,plain). 219.67 (twohandles),292.78; 306.18 (horizontal
Of thesevesselsonly 100.9 showsany traceof burning,and none is large enoughto have been convenient forkitchenuse. An assumptionthattheirpurposein thetombswas symbolic is supportedbythecuriouscompositeminiature, Teketholos no. 109. Our earliergroupfillsa gap in thedomesticsequence,in whichno exampleshave hitherto beenrecordedbetweentheMinoanprototype174 and LG.175In thecourseofourseriesthefabric in thesamewaysas fortheflat-based is improved butconsistently jugs; theshape,too,is similar, broaderto accommodatethe tripodfeet.Broadestof all is 306.18 withhorizontalhandles:a cauldron(liketheMinoanprototype) ratherthana jug,butincludedhereforconvenience. The Lekythos Here we groupall unguentvesselswitha roundmouthand a tallnarrowneck,and a vertical handle attached halfwayup the neck. The termincludes some typeslisted in F. under 'oinochoai' and 'smalljugs and aryballoi';176 and also the Cretan imitationsof the eastern known as in the shape 'juglet' Cypriotterminology. A. EARLYANDEXPERIMENTAL: LARGE H. over20 cm. LPG: PGB-EG: MG:
E 2, 100.64 fr»? 218.94. io7.i3o(?); 104.17 (cylindrical). 75-69-
The birthof the Cretanlekythos in LPG maybe explainedas a transformation of thelatest, under influence: the side of the older open-necked,stirrup-jars foreign spout shape is 173BSA 55 (i960) 162 no. 31 fig.5 (PG), 170 nos. 111-13 (LG-EO). The fourcoarsejugs listedin F. underMug type (i) seemto belongwithour earliergroup. 174P. Betancourt,The 160fig.116. ofMinoanPottery, History
175BSA 67 (1972)8; 86 fig.9, F 26. 176F. 154 ff.,oinochoai classes II E, F: small jugs and aryballoiclassesII A (ii),(iii),(v) and II E (i)-(iv).Cf. RDAC 1984,123n. 11.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
352
removed,and the stirrupreplacedby a singleverticalhandleattachedmidwayup the neck. The idea forsuchvesselsmayhave come fromimportseitherofAtticLPG (e.g.F. no. 76) or fromPhoenicianBichromevesselslike107.80. The formeris themorelikelysource,sincethe characteristic neckridgeof theorientalmodelis notyetimitated,as it was to be in thelater typed on Long accustomedto capaciousunguentvessels,the Knossiansmade theirfirstlekythoi withthe same ovoid body shape; in this the same generousscale as theirlateststirrup-jars, decorationon oinochoaitoo (typeA (ii)),as also in thesemicircle theyresemblecontemporary in PGB-EG were tried out but the shoulder.Otherlargeexperimental provedto be shapes still-born: the cylindricallekythos104. 17,177perhapsbased on an earlierCypriotflaskas Brocksuggested;178 and a sharplybiconicalvesselfromAnopolis.179 Unique, too,is 75*69, a a MG decoration with flaringand ridgedlip of largeglobularlekythos combiningAtticizing orientalappearance. This cannot be much earlierthan the emergenceof the slim ovoid - in the productionof - if somewhattenuous PraisostypeD, and may indicatea continuity at a time when smaller versions predominated.Especiallyhard to place is large lekythoi Praisos but 107.130; theshape anticipatesthe type, the spiralmotifsseem to be in thePGB has an experimental look. and thewhite-on-dark spirit180 B. NORMAL EARLY TYPE
H. usually7-12cm. Globular.Barson handle. LPG: PGB: EG:
218.67, Q,3i. Q,i8, ft 34, ft 37, ft 38, 218.71, 218.116, 285.90 fr.,292.69, 282.81, 292.99, 292.113, 104.80, 104.86, 107.159, 107.160 fr«,104.55, 104.82. Carinatedvariants:104.37, I75*5* &•>104.24. G 26, ft55, 104.83, 104.57, 104.79, 283.78, 134.27, i34-3°-
neat The handlesofthefirsttwoare attachedonlyjust belowtherim,and theirmeticulously - especiallythe trianglesof 218.67 decorationrelatesthemto the open-neckedstirrup-jars lozenges(cf.D 11). In themainPGB group(cf.E nos. separatedbya columnofcross-hatched downtheneck,but theglobularshape remains is lowered the handle from tomb OD) 355-6 in as the setfromtombQ,, thebodyis allowedto with low conical sometimes, foot; normal, smalloinochoai(typeB): wavy to that of decoration The usual contemporary corresponds sag. motifwhichmaybe cross-hatched, lineon theneck,and on theshouldera triangular stacked, and also from tomb trio or treatedas a hatchedor griddedchevron.An abnormally 104, large a w^h variant does the as on the a have instead careful neck, sharp 104.37 zigzag 107.160, anglenearthebase (cf.F. no. 371).The othertwocarinatedvariantsalso have equivalentsin witha pierceddisc shape among the oinochoai(e.g. 292.75); 104.24 is a rhytonsprinkler itsfoot,and thefr.175.48 maybe froma similarvessel. acrossthemouthand holesthrough At a laterstage,butprobablyno laterthanEG,181thebodyassumesa depressedglobular
177Cf.F. 451and thefr.Teketholos no. 26. 178F. 155 no. 2; nearestis SCE IV.2 fig.5 no. 2; cf. also Shales358, (vii). This shape seems to die out afterCyproGeometricI; cf.V. andJ. Karageorghis, AJA60 (1956)353f. 179Wide42 fig.29.
180As also thefr.Teketholos no. 26. 181F. no. 1008,foundwiththe LG cups and skyphoinos. a laterstage;butin thesame context 1003-6,mayrepresent fromour main is the lekythosno. 1007, indistinguishable PGB group.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
353
becomemoreperfunctory, and theneckdecorationis shapewithflatbase,theshouldermotifs confinedto linesonly.In a sharplycarinatedform,a miniaturelekythos of thisstagecrowns theknobhandleofthevastconicallid G 7. C. CRETO-CYPRIOT'82
Ridgeon theneckat handleattachment. These variousimitations of orientalshapes and fabricshave been examinedelsewhere,183 but in a Cypriotcontext.Here some attemptwillbe made to relatethemchronologically to the Knossiansequence.This is no easy task,sincetheirdecoration,too, followsthe eastern models;some datingclues,however,are offered by the contexts.Althoughthe moreevolved is in well documented our new findshave thrownmuchinteresting F., type(iv) already light on itsmoreexperimental antecedents. H. 9-11 cm. Depressedglobularbody,flatbase; straphandle,coated.Polished (i) Trefoil-lipped. mattpaint. orangesurface,
PGB EG(?):
292.76, 92, 104, 109, in, 134, 209 fr.
A curioushybrid,and perhapsthe workof a singlepotter.184 Althoughthe clay is local, the shinyorangesurfaceand the mattgrey-black paintarguethe influenceof CypriotBoR. All but the last bear circleson the flanks,filledeitherwithMaltese crossor ribbedquatrefoil; butthecirclesare drawnfreehand.The disturbedstateof these,too,are ofCypriotderivation, tomb292 offers littlehelptowardstheirdating,buttheirclumsyand experimental lookseems to place themwiththetomb'searlyburials. H. 9-12 cm. Globularbody,flatbase; roundhandle,coated. (ii) ClosecopiesofCypriot types. Polishedsurface. MG: MG-LG: LG: EO:
125.16 fr.,218.41, 219.56. 283.24, 292.202 fr.(Bichrome);107.201 fr.,175.60 fr. 61. 1, 306.19, 283.83. 218.2 fr.,6, 19, 84, 118.
Bichromelekythoi, whetherimported(frs.A 7, 106.39) or local, have not previouslybeen recordedin Crete.Our 283.24 is a close copyof CypriotBichromeIII.185On 292.202 the and the thickening of the outer dispositionof the circlessuggestsa two-handledvessel,186 circlesis hardlyto be expectedbeforeperiodIV in Cyprus,or LG in Cretanterms. For all the otherpieces, the frequently importedBoR lekythos(cf. 285.45) suppliesthe model. Divergencesare only minor: flatbase instead of the Cypriotring foot,and the loweringof thethickband fromthebellyto thebase. Slip is rarelyadded as in Cyprus,and thetoneofthesurfaceis usuallylighter;but60.1 and 175.60 evenreproducethedeep orange of the originals,and the Cypriothabit of polishingthe surface,not usual in Cretan G, is 182F. i58f.classE. 183RDAC1984,122ff. 184Hartley no. 29 (Episkopi) looks similar, but the
neck is tallerand the circlesdifferently disposed. 185Cf. SCEl pl. 135, LapithosT. 410.1. 186Cf. 104.8 (Black-on-Red).
354
J- N. COLDSTREAM
are close enoughto suggestvesselsmade to order,for alwaysfollowedhere.These imitations themarketing ofthesameunguentas was bottledin theCypriotimports. Two alternative typesof decorationappear on the Cypriotoriginals.Our 306.19 follows we shall therarerscheme,wherethebellylinesare intersected bylargecircleson theflanks;187 oftype(iii).Otherwisethesimpler see moreofthisschemeon thetallerand looserimitations and linesroundthebelly. alternative is followed:smallsetsofcirclesspacedon theshoulder, are MG.188Contextsenableus to followa The earliestcontexts, as fortheCypriotimports, in in shape: in MG (218.41) the shoulderis well rounded,but becomesflatter development LG (308.19), preparingthe way forthe biconicaland somewhatlumpyprofilesof the EO groupin tomb218. Taller,H. up to 17cm. Ovoid body,roundhandle. (iii)Freer adaptations. MG: MG-LG: EO:
134.3, 28; 75.43, 294.44. 107.191 fr.,283.84 fr.,229.22, 218.4. 218.15, 16, 88, I2O.
The firsttwo unusuallycombinea Cypriotshape withlocal MG decoration,cross-hatched and, liketype(ii),have trianglesand dotson a darkground.The othersare all light-ground but theirorangesurfacepolished.The G examplesfollowtheCypriotintersecting scheme,189 stackedchevrons downthefront, ornaments As filling circlesare drawnfreehand. theflanking on theflanksand even (218.4) or smallcirclesmaybe added, thelattersometimesintruding on the neck (e.g. 229.22). The largecircleson the flanksare abandonedin the EO group, leavingonlyspacedgroupsoflineswithminimalor no ornamenton theshoulder. F. no. 453,75.43 is froma MG context;thebodyas a plumpand Likeitsclosecounterpart roundedovoid,withflatbase. Thereafterthe shape becomes attenuatedwitha straighter lowerbody,acquiringa ringor discfootfrom218.4 onwards. H. 9-11 cm. Globularbody,low conicalfoot;roundhandle,barred.Solid (iv) Evolved type.190 ornamentsdownfrontand back.Very variousfilling on paint neck;largecirclesetson flanks, fineand thinfabric. LG: LG-EO:
19.20, 19.21, 219.64. 283.15, 14.18, 107.33, 107.34.
attainsa standardised Here theCreto-Cypriot form,nowwhollyassimilatedto local lekythos In thefullypaintedneck,theconicalfootand thelackofanyconcernwithpolishing tradition. thesurface,thesecrisplymade lekythoi departfromtypes(i) (iii)as fromtheCypriotmodels; the On the fewexamplesfrompre-LGcontexts,192 theyfollowCyprusat severalremoves.191
187Cf.SCEll pl. 13,2,Amathustomb8.10. 188A fr.imitating schememaybe froma the intersecting earlier(EG) domesticcontext:BSA 67 (1972)77, 91 slightly andCrete 261pl. 46, 8. no. 57pl. 26; Cyprus 189This typealso includesF. no. 1432,withthemoreusual Cypriotschemeofsmallcircleson theshoulder.
190p. i58f.classE (iii,a-b). 191Close to 107.34 is Copenhagen3893{CVAI, 19,II Cc pl. 26,2),presentedas CypriotWhitePaintedIV in SCE IY2 fig. 28 no. iq. As Brocksuspected(F. 150).itis Cretan,notCypriot. 192Gypsades no. 106 (PGB!); F. nos 763, 1395.CCO no. 241 (DictaeanCave) also has an earlylook.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
3^
neckis not yetfullypainted,and it is onlyin LG thatthe typebecomescommon.Stacked chevronswerethenthe favouredfillingornament,as in F.; the cables of 19.20 representa rare departure.At the transitionto EO small circlesbecome more usual than chevrons; occasionally(107.33), as laterin EO,193the handlemay riseto the rim,and the neckridge maybe omitted.This typewas to become even morepopularin EO, the shape developing fromglobulartowardsovoid-conical (O lekythoi typeA). D. THE PRAISOS TYPE.194
Tall: H. at least20 cm. Slimovoidbody,roundhandle. These elegantvesselsare the successorsto the largeexperiments of typeA. The firsttwo with normal darkand varieties, decoration,runconcurrently light-ground throughMG and LG. A thirdclass,includingtheeponymouslekythos fromPraisos,195 is whollyofEO, bearing richwhite-on-dark ornamentin thetradition oftheBirdworkshop(O lekythoi typeD). (i) Normaldark-ground technique. Ridge on neck, ringfoot.
MG, late: LG:
292.116, 231 fr. 19*2, 29 fr.
The fr.292.231 preservesa ridgedlip likethatofthelargeglobularMG lekythos 75.67, last - and apparentlyin of the experimentaltypeA. In style it conforms to the more profile decorationofthispair, complete292.116, preservedfrombase to neckridge.The Atticizing based on a meanderwithperpendicular relatesthemto lateMG pithoilike218.27; hatching, theshapematchesthatofsmalland slimneck-handled amphoraeofthisperiod,typeE. A LG with restrained decoration confinedto theneck,preparesthe example,19.2, characteristically for the even more EO attenuated class with white-on-dark ornamentand flatbase. way Minimalor no ridge,roundhandlewithbars,disc or falsering (ii) Light ground, creamy surface. foot. MG: LG: LG/EO:
125.2. 292.89, 106, 192 fr.,193; 218.93; 107.104, 181 fr. 1.9 fr.
Made in a whollynon-Atticizing theselekythoi sharethefabricand styleofthedomed tradition, A The surface is in coated a thick lids,type (ii). creamyslip,carefully polished;decorationis in thin in zones which a arranged widelyspaced singlepointedzigzag playsa leadingpart. from an MG is ofthe Earliest, exclusively tomb, 125.2, bearingon itsshouldera reminiscence trees on the of In PGB. LG the decoration becomes even more the spiral figured pithoi rarefied, mainshoulderornamentbeingreducedto a lightcircularmotif(e.g.292.193), or a floralmotif (292.89), or spiralwisps(292.192), or airystacksofchevron(107.104, 292.106). On 1.9 the strict zonesis breaking spacingofthesubsidiary up. This typehas no O successors.
193Cf.F. no. 834 (LG) and 1052(EO). 194F. 155,OinochoaiclassE.
195BSA 8 (1901-02) gd; pl. 31 (1930-31)pl. 12; Payne,BSA itsKnossianorigin. 29 (1927-28)276,confirms
j- n- coldstream
356
The Aryballos This termis reservedforsmall unguentvesselswith round mouth,handle fromrim to shoulderand (aftertypeA) a shortnarrownecknot morethanone fifth of the totalheight, whichrarelyexceeds9 cm.196 The Cretanaryballos,at leastuntiltheend ofLG, alwayshas a a flatbase. Like thelekythos, itwas locallyevolvedin globularbodyand,withfewexceptions, PG beforesuccumbing butwhereasthelekythos came to adoptvarious to foreigninfluences; Corinth was the source of external influences on the features, aryballos. Cypriot any A. THE JUG-ARYBALLOS197
Local experiments beginwell back in PG, witha neck somewhattallerthan thatof a true aryballos. various decoration, (i) Very simple
MPG: LPG-PGB: EG: MG-LG:
285.94, 109 (groupedlines,languettes). 0,4, D 33 fr.,182.1 (sidesdipped);219.6 (lines). I75«25 18.27 fr-(unpainted). 63.4, 229.12 (coated).
to havebeen forunguents, vesselsare unlikely The first twoofthesearyballoid comingas they in do fromthelibationsetpackedinsidetheMPG bell-krater 285.82; theyare factminiatures withF. no. 1038,havelargerrelations ofPG jugslikeO 29. Likewisethedippedpieces,together amongLPG jugs (e.g.218.31) and oinochoai,typeB (i). The laterunpaintedand coatedvessels variants oftruearyballoiwhichbythenhad becomefullyestablished. arelonger-necked shoulder Barredhandle. motifs. (ii) Withtriangular PGB: EG: LG:
Q, 11-13, 15-16, 195 25, 28, 30, 32-3, 39, 40, 42; G 108 fr.;283.79-80 frs.;65.1 (conicalfoot). 13-21, G 109 fr.,N i fr.,285.4 fr.,283.13 fr.,175.7 fr.,M 8. 19.26.
formofKnossian theearlieststandardised theseconstitute Apartfromtheone LG throwback, PGB combine of and those biconical All a or share body, globular depressed aryballos. witha wavylineon theneck.In theserespectstheyresemblecontemporary shouldertriangles lekythoi(typeB) and small oinochoai (typeB (ii)), which also bear a similarvarietyof much motifson theshoulder.Indeed,thethreesmallclosedshapesmaynotdiffer triangular in function at thisstage.198 In EG the neck is leftplain, and the body below is coveredwithregularthickbands; vesselswithsuchbandinghavebeen placed herethroughanalogywith13.21. In fragmentary intoa MG context(F. no. 666). formthistypesurvives a fullydark-ground
196OnlyclassesII A-D in F. 157ff. 197F. classesII A (i) and (iv),II B (i). i98218.71 and 116, hereplacedwithlekythoi, are hybrids
and aryballoi,thehandlebeingattachedto betweenlekythoi therimorjustbelow.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
357
H. lessthan5 cm. Barredhandle. (iii)Miniature. PGB: EG:
EG-MG: MG:
292.122, 0,46-8, 218.103, 285.144. 280.6, 134.61 (unpainted).
134.22; 134.76 (dipped). 125.13 fr.
butthedelicateand unusual ornament oftenlookstoo heavy, On thistinyscaleeventhesimplest reducedin relationto the size of thevessels.For 218.103, motifson Q, 46-8 are successfully offers a closeparallel.The withitsheavierzigzag,a PGB groupfromneartheVillaAriadne199 ofthetruearyballos, whoseshortneckcould noteasily laterexamplesare probablyminiatures to thebody;thesmallestofall,134.22, is only1.9cm high. be reducedinproportion B. UNPAINTED200
Pale,polished. PGB: EG: MG: LG-EO:
Q,2O, 13.8 fr. 286.4, 286.1. IO7*79 (handmade);M 7, O 8, 75.111, 129.2, 218.40 fr.,218.87, 218.91, 283.85, H 17, M 17, 218.85, 75.86. 75-I«75 75-IJ*9>IO7-79> 292.54; 292-47» IO5> IO7> "8, i3ij i33; 3o6-1-
These includetheearliesttruearyballoiin Crete,whichbeforeMG are rareand experimental. vesselF. no. 1017,foundwiththeLPG pithosno. 1016. Earliestofail is thecuriousdouble-necked Then followQ, 20, 13.8 (handmadein coarsegritty clay)and thetwofromtheEG tomb286. Anotherhandmadearyballos,283.8, whichoccursin a EG-MG context,has been assigned throughlaboratoryanalysisto Corinth,whichmay also proveto be the originof the other handmadepieces.201 Indeed,sincetheCorinthian goesbackat leastto theearlyninth prototype in and resembles F. no. breadth of neck and sudden outwardflareoflip,itcouldbe 1017 century thateventhebeginning ofourseriesmayhavebeeninfluenced byearlierCorinthian imports. Local preference, was for wheel-made versions.202 FromEG onwardsthe however, always in thebodyshapeis notat all consistent; development althoughthereis a generalchangefrom towards a more depressedglobular trulyglobularshapewithtaperinglowerbody,bothshapes occur side by side in tomb286, whiledepressedglobularprofilespersisteven into LG-EO contexts(75.127, 129). Perhapstheshapingofmouthand neckoffers a surerguideto dating; untilMG themouthflares,butfromLG theneckbecomesstraighter and is crownedbya disc mouthwithsharplyevertedlip,resembling theCorinthianglobulararyballosofEPC. C. WITH TRIANGLES ON THE SHOULDER203
Straphandle,barred;lineson neck,and belowshoulder-triangles; painton lowerbody. MG:
218.51, 285.47, 285.51.
199BSA58 (1963)41 no. 11pl. 13. 200F. 158classD (i). 201See belowunderCorinthian imports. 202Laboratoryanalysisassignedthewheel-made 292.107
(LG-EO) to Corinth,even thoughall knownCorinthian examplesare handmade. 203F. 158,classC.
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358
MG-LG: LG: LG-EO:
Q, 56 fr-,104.46, 107.167, 134.11, 218.89, 218.108 fr.,292.66-7, 292.130, 294.49-50 frs. H 25-6 frs.,163.1, 163.4; 14.26, 218.36, 218.63, (miniatures);14.12, 26.4, 26.5, 75.91 (trueglobular). 283*94» 292.206-08 frs.;75.37 (trueglobular).
The foreign modelforthisstandarddark-ground bytheCorinthianMG II typeis represented from MG into In it F. no. 668. the local O, long afterit had been repertoire persists import what little in much and without developmentthereis mirrors change; superseded Corinth, themostusualbody thatoftheunpaintedaryballoi,typeB. Like theCorinthianprototype,204 EO of F. no. even into the context is 882; butfromLG persevering profile depressedglobular, once again,is thechangefroma onwardsa fullyglobularshape mayoccur.More consistent, mouth(MG intoLG) to a discmouthupon a straighter neck,fromLG onwards. flaring darker than what is normalfor in a of these are clay, deep orange-brown Many pieces Knossianfinepaintedware; but,unlikeF. no. 668, thereis no good reasonto suspectthat theymaybe imports. D. WITH OTHER MOTIFS
EG(?): MG: LG-EO:
175.3 fr. 218.7. 292.73, F/67: 4.11.
are rare.The verticalcablesof 175.3 suggest to cross-hatched WithinG, alternatives triangles underthe base has the look of an earlyexperiment. 218.7, witha EG, and the string-mark filledzigzag,seemsto be witha MG pithos,218.9. Exceptionalcare wentintothedecoration creaturescannotbe farin timefromthe variedbirds;theflying of292.73, withitsdelightfully similarbirdon thelargeLG-EO cup 134.47. Thus far,the dark-groundschemehas prevailed.At some timelate in LG, however,a aryballoswas cominginto fashion,borrowingits shouldermotifsfrom whollylight-ground swastika One oftherarermotifsis theirregular variousstagesoftheCreto-Cypriot lekythos. circles double all are the small of Commonest ofF/67: 4. 11; comparethelekythos 218.15. several C ofCypriotBoR imports(lekythoi derivedfromcloseimitations Although type (ii)).205 none amongour withLG pithoi,206 ofthesecirclearyballoihaveoccurredin othercemeteries all listedunderO findsis clearlyassociatedwithany contextbeforeEO; theyare therefore aryballoitypeC (ii),eventhoughsomepieceswithoutclear associationsmaygo back to LG. elsewhere also occurring The sameis trueoflight-ground aryballoiwithgroupedlinesonly,207 butheretheearliestassociationis withtheverylateLG pithos104.3. in someLG contexts,208 E. ARYBALLOS-FEEDERS
PGB-EG: LG, late:
104.6. 294.21.
ofAtticMG I.209 A smallrelativeofthefeederjugs,typeE (ii),whichhas a prototype 204See below under Corinthian imports. 205F. 157 f. class B (ii). 206F. nos. 590, 738, 750, 1253-4.
207O aryballoi type C (i); F. 158 class B (iii). 208F. nos. 4.66, 860, 872. 209LejkandiI, T. 33.2 pl. 272 b.
the protogeometric
and geometric pottery
3^
The Pyxis210 Our findsinclude a rich varietyof pyxisshapes, severalof which have no parallel in F. Some are locally evolved,othersinfluencedby Atticand perhaps Cypriotimports.The typewitha Minoan prevailingformis globular,but we begin withan earlystraight-sided ancestry. A. STRAIGHT-SIDED2»'
Low verticalneckor collar,twohorizontalhandlesattachedto carination, flatbase. E-MPG: LPG-PGB:
J 9, J 13, 285.125, 100.23 fr>207.61. 287.12; 294*43 fr.,(coarse).
The shape developssteadilyfromLM III B and C,212througha profuselydecoratedSM towardsthe fourEPG examplesfromE tombsVI and XI,214the body becoming piece,213 tallerand slimmer. Thus far,thewall below the carinationhas been verticalor progressively but our earliest laterdevelopment whenthe lowerbody nearlyso; groupindicatesa slightly to on as another EPG from Teke.215 The decoration is alwayslightand begins taper, example confined to or lines. Later members ofthisseries simple,virtually singlefloatingzigzags wavy are F. nos. 227 (MPG) and 286, 290 (LPG), wherethe carinationis softenedand the shape movestowardstheneckedglobularform,typeB (v). Fromthissequence287.12 standsapart,withrichdecorationvariedfromside to side. Its broad shape,withrisingloop handlesreachinghalfwaydown theprofile,returnsto the LM III B prototype.216 Alone ofthistypeit possessesa lid,forwhichthelip is carefully inset.The pyxisis, in fact,a miniatureof the straight-sided pithosin its earliestand broadestform,as seen in D 12. The nearestcontemporary equivalentto the shape is Payneno. 165 bis(LPG), withpendentsemicircles on thebodybuta moreverticallip. B. GLOBULAR
The earliesttype,withevertedlip and no handles,was made undertheinfluenceofmainland LPG. Handlesmightbe added laterin PG, and theoriginalringfootmightbe replacedby a flatbase. The usual G form,alwayswithhandles,abandonstheevertedlip fora low vertical neckor collar,recallingtypeA. In a finalcategorywe considervariousexperiments witha lip insetfora lid,nevera popularalternative in Crete. Apartfromthislast category, onlythosewithouthandlesare normallyequippedwithlids the lids are in treated a (here subsequent section). Sometimesthere are also holes for suspension,piercedthoughbothlip and lid, fortyingon thelid as wellas forsuspension;or throughthe lip only,forsuspendingthe body only.For handledpyxides,whichcould easily be suspended by a cord looped throughthe handles, such holes would not have been needed.217
210For her valuable advice on this shape I thank Dr. BarbaraBohen. 211F. 161f.,'straight-sided jar' classA. 212Kama, 281ffpls.q6.q (LM III b), ^4.4-c (LM III c). 213UM II pl. 49.a-b,fromunderthe Museum. Stratigraphical
214F. nos. 42, ^2, 77, 163.
215BSA58 (1963)37 no. 4 fig.8. 216Kanta, pl. 96, 9. 2171 owe thisobservation to Dr. B. Bohen.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
36o
orconical handles; (i) Without ring foot.Evertedlip,flaton top,to supportlid. Dark ground. M-LPG: LPG:
Li,L2, K5fr. 285.86, 287.27.
at Knossos These pyxidesare based on themainlandLPG handlelessprototype, represented head of the local versions At the both Attic218 and Corinthian (285.134, 138) imports. by bears a broad zone of reserved stands Payne no. 166 which,like the Attic original,219 decorationroundthebelly.Then followL 1-2 and F. no. 1470,withgroupsofreservedlines On our two latestpieces a conical footis added, a short-livedexperiment;more only.220 importantis the raisingof the decoratedzone to the shoulder,where it usuallyremains henceforth. handles: flatbase.Evertedlip,as for(i). Dark ground. (ii) Without PGB: EG:
100.34, 287.26, 285.2. G 52, N 4, 175.66.
This typedoes notoccurin theF. tombs.Our examplesare precededbythreeearlierpyxides, is decorated all ofwhichstillhave thefullglobularshape of type(i). One, fromArchanes,221 withPGB mill-sail.The othertwo,withbands and linesonly,are Ay.IoannisI. 57 (LPG?) and in no. 57,a receptacleforjewellerybelongingto thefirst(PGB) burial.222 Teketholos Thereafter, lower.285.2, withitssingle ourpieces,theshapebecomesshallowerand thecentreofgravity 175.66, withreservedlinesonly, zigzagzone,is a smallereditionof a pyxisfromArkades;223 of thatvesselto in a Desborough'sattribution exactlyparallels pyxis Groningen,confirming Crete.224 andring handles foot.Evertedlip.Mainlydarkground. (iii) With LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:
285.69, 285.122, 287.19, 219.28, D 25. Nu, 0,9«G 53.
the AtticPG prototypeto local tastewas to add two horizontal Anotherway of modifying handles risingfromthe shoulder.The shape, however,remainsfullyglobular until the Forthesmallerpieces(e.g.287.19, depressedglobularpyxisG 53 at theend ofthisseries.225 Neat than rather conical be low foot the decoration,as on F no. triangular ring. may 219.28) PGB The LPG on the pyxisQ, 98 closelymatchesF. no. 1436in large examples. 529,prevails has lug handles,and also a itsbodyshape and itsgriddedzigzag;buttheF. piece,unusually, to havebeen made forit.No lidsare associatedwithourpyxidesofthisgroup. flatlid unlikely
218BSA58 (1963)37 no. 17pl. 12b. 219PGPpl 8, esp.no. 575. 220In viewoftheimport285.134, a connectionherewith Corinthis possible;cf.PGPpl 29,A 8 and C, A 25. 22iÄOi4(i950)444pl.32.i56.
222Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)59 pl. 9.
223Arkades211 fig.233. 224Desborough in Europa ... Festschrift E. Grumached. W. G.
Brice(Berlin,1967)75 ff. 225Cf.F. no. 461,Payneno. 146bis.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
361
andflatbase.Evertedlip.Bandsand lines. (iv) Withhandles MPG: LPG-PGB:
J 21. 219.18, P 1, O 38, 207.39, 100.52, 13.9 fr.,D 26-8, Q, 99 fr,N 12, N 37 fr-
The fringed ofJ 21 are stillin theSM tradition and theincipientcarinationbetokens triangles theinfluenceofthestraight-sided A. The evertedlip firstbecomesestablished type Atticizing in F. no. 246 fromthe M-LPG tombIII. Thereafterthe shape is standardisedin LPG and in PGB the semicircular PGB, witha veryshortevertedlip and predominantly decoration;226 semicirclesare sometimesallowed to intersect, as on D 26-8. As usual, the profilemoves fromtrulyglobularto depressedglobular.The dottedtrianglesofN 37 recallF no. 361 from tombOD. Dark ground. handles, (v) With flatbaseandlowneck. EG: MG: LG: LG/EO:
13*31»i3*33j i75*24; 218.20 (coarse,incised). 292.77, 2i8.8. 218.104, 218.114 (miniatures). 18.28, 75.148 fr.,175.35, 75-45b* 107.69, 19.22; 218.38 (miniature).
As we haveseen,thelaterand smallerpyxidesofthePG straight-sided typeA (e.g.F. no. 286) the for the introduction of this normal G which to form, prepare way mayalso owe something BoR like F. no. The EG from tomb are and Cypriot imports 1451. pair 13 clumsy unusually the fabricand disc footof the coarse pyxis218.20 relateit to the small largeexperiments; ribbedoinochoaiofCypriotderivation, typeE. In MG theshapesettlesdownto a modestsize with (height7-10 cm) compact globular body,broad neck and flat base; decoration is restricted to a singlezigzagin thereservedpanel betweenhandles.227 The LG pieces are less but the is a towards taller and/or narrower homogeneous, neck,sometimes generaltendency lines instead as solid This version lasts into EO of, before, taking paint (75.148, 107.69). and be affected the revival of the necked different is the (61.2) may by pithos.Altogether miniature218.39, combiningwhite-on-dark bands and lines (cf.F. no. 733) witha dumpy shape,vestigialneck,and lughandlesofprehistoric appearance. (vi) Withlip inset forlid.Various.
PGB-EG: MG: LG:
28.16, G 105 fr.,G 106 (handleless);100.20 fr.;107.105, 13.24 (lugs). 63.3 (handled);107.165 fr.;M 13 (lugs);294.41 (miniature pithos). 26.6 (handled);104.59, S0^*^ 292.227 fr.(miniature pithoi).
LikemostAtticG types,thethreeearliest and theirinsetlipsmaywellhave piecesare handleless, been derivedfromimportedAtticMG I flatand pointedpyxides(e.g.292.42, 283.46) with whichtheycoincidein time.Local taste,however, soon demandedthe additionof handles.A 226Cf.F. no. 1450. 227Cf. F. no. 643, MG context; no. 8; AD 14 Gypsades
(1931)19 fig.6, 4 fromAnavlochos.
362
J- N- COLDSTREAM
attachedto theoccasionalappearanceoflug handles,whether vertically pierced specialinterest like107.105 and M 13,228 or in theformofverysmallhorizontal straps(13.24). The idea is not a regiononlyrarelyin touchwith likelyto havecomefromtheEG-MG typesoftheArgolid,229 of Knossosat thistime.Perhapsa moreplausiblesourcewouldhavebeenthechancerediscovery which also have the Minoan among depressedglobularshapeprevailing Early luggedpyxides,230 ourpieces.The LO buccheropyxis107.78 mayowea similardebttotheremotepast. Some pyxidesof MG and LG, likeF. no. 749, obviouslyfollowthe shape of the neckless ovoidpithos-urns. largeenough Amongthemis 306.13, a finepiece fromtheBirdWorkshop, to havebeenused as an urn. C. flat Withlid. PGB: PGB-EG(?):
0,44. 283.51, 283.58, (coarsewithinciseddecoration).
raritieshave nothingin commonwith Apartfromthemeanderof Q, 44, theseexperimental fromtheremotepastmaybe suspected: theimportedAtticflatpyxis.Once again,inspiration The highvertical pyxis.231 285.51, withitslid 75, recallstheEarlyMinoan luggedcylindrical flangeof Q, 44 is withoutparallel; the copious decorationof thispyxis,withits strange is verymuchin thePGB spirit. ofmeanderand rosette, combination The Small
Lid
Likethelargerlidsassociatedwithpithoi,thesedivideintotwobasictypes,conicaland domed. The formerare almostalwaysdesignedto fitglobularpyxides;thelatter, rarelyso. Lids found an asterisk. with are marked in the same a or obviously on pyxides, tomb, fittingpyxis A. CONICAL
conicalD. usually9-1 1 cm. inverted (i) Withplainknobs,
M-LPG: LPG: PGB: EG: G: LG: LG-EO:
K 2*, L ia*. 285.135*, 207.16*, 287.28*. 287.35*, 287.12a*. I75-5O*283.71; 283.72-3 (miniature). 104.59*, I-4*292.180.
forhandlelessglobularpyxides,typeB (i) and (ii).Withfew In PG theselidsweremade chiefly PG lids have theirrimspiercedwithtwo opposed pairs of the exceptions(L ia, 287.35) vessels. their to for attachment string-holes, 228Cf.F. no. 1436. 229GGPpls.22 f.,23h,25d. "u 5>.Aanthoudides,vauitea lomosoj mesara(L.onaon,1924;
36 fig.17,6. oj MinoanPottery History pl. 25; Betancourt, 231Betancourt, op.cit.24 fig.13,4.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
363
This typebeginsmuchearlierthan the corresponding conical lids forpithoi(typeC), in imitationof PG pyxidesimportedfromthe mainland.232 During PG the slope of the lid is and often outwards towards therim;and theknobis usually concave,splaying relatively steep ratherthan hollowedfromabove.Sometimes(207.16, 283.71-3) theknobmaybe cylindrical conical.Laterlidsare shallower, withsolidknobs.Decorationrarelyextendsbeyondreserved lineson a darkground;285.135 and 287.12a carryPG triangular while1.4 (leaves) motifs, and 292.180 (white-on-dark borrow normal motifs of lids. circles) pithos knobs (ii) Withornamental PGB: MG:
219.72, 285.1*, 28.14*, G 89*, 100.19. 75-83> 75-"9> IO7-93> 63-3a*-
The PGB warrior'shead on 219.72 is unique,butthehelmet233 crowningthelid ofan Attic MG II pyxis-pithos234 may expressa similarthought.Our lid is too largeto have fittedthe only PGB pyxisfoundin the tomb (219.28) whichin any case is of the handled variety usually withouta lid; but the pair of holes on one side of the rim only would allow suspensionon a wall. The warrior'sface, enlivened by dots and dabs of paint on the features,displays the same delight in miniaturemodelling as the small rider on the askos Q, 115. Of actual Cretanhelmetsat thistimewe knownothing,and it contemporary would be foolishto deduce theirpreciseshape fromthisverysimplifiedrendering;but a ridgedcrestseems to be intended,of a kindwhichis matchedon otherobjectsthathave been plausiblydated to this period- forexample, the gold band fromthe Teke tholos and the warriorbetweentwo womenon the belt F. no. 1568. This formof crest, tomb,235 runningdirectlyoverthe crownof a fairlysimplehelmetwithoutcheek-pieces,is also well attestedin Near Easternart.236The triangularornamentmightsuggestopenworkbronze attachedto a leathercap, as on the upperhelmetattachmentin an eleventh-century grave at Tiryns.237 On anotherPGB lid,285.1, a freely modelledbirdis poisedforflight. The head is missing, butthestylisation offantailand outstretched is as on two terracotta of wings exactly figurines and similar bird with are II;238 Cypro-Geometric decoration, figurines, though dark-ground knownfromMG Naxos and Attica.239 On 63.3a, again,partof the knobis brokenoff,but theirregular resemblesa bird'stail. portionwhichsurvives The otherpieces are smallversionsof the conicalpithoslids of typeB, withknobsin the formof conical finials240(G 87, 107.93) or of miniaturevessels with flat tops; the are of pyxides.On 75.83 the stem below is ribbed,like MG miniatures,appropriately, lids of C. To pithos type judge from28.14 and G 89, theselids were forglobularpyxides withinsetrims,typeB (vi);but only28.14 has thefullcomplementoftwopairsofholesfor tyingon thelid.
232Attic:219.69. Corinthian: 285.138. 233On the renderingof the helmetI thankProf.A. M. Snodgrassforhisexpertadvice. 234B. Bohen,AM 91 (1976)15ff. pl. 3. 235Boardman,BSA 62 (1067)<SQf.,pl. 12,3. 236Snodgrass,EGAWy,12, 35,fig.Ik-1.
237N. Verdelis, AM 78 (1963)pl. 6; Snodgrass,DAG319 fig.
104.
238D. Christou,RDAC1072,1^4 f.,pl. 26 nos. i*-i6. 239Naxos: PAE 1937-38, 117. Àttica: Higgins, Greek
Terracottas pl. 7b.
240Cf. 283.9, the importedAtticMG I pointedpyxislid.
J-N- COLDSTREAM
364
withoutknob. varieties, (iii)Other E-MPG: PGB-EG: MG, late:
J 10*. G 57, 175,9. 134-35-
The firstthreeare mastoid,concavein profile. J 10, roundedon top,fitstheamphoriskos J6 and has string-holes to those on that vessel's rim. G looks corresponding 57 contemporary withtheonlyF. example,no. 508. 134.35 is a miniaturekalathos,withdot decorationas on the main body ofjuglets(jugs, typeC). There are no pyxidesin thistomb,and a pair of holes on one side onlysuggests on a wall. suspension B. DOMED
everted (i) With lip.Pairofsuspensionholeson one sideonly.Cf.largerdomedlids,typeA (iii). EG: MG: MG, late:
104.89 fr. M 2*, 48.12 ir i34-i8j ^ 5°> 54> 55*59» 6*> 69* 7«-
We cannotbe surethat104.89 did nothave a handle,likethelargeromphaloidlids(domed, - especiallythelatergroupwithbroad dome divided typeA (i)) whichit resemblesin profile intonarrowconcentric zones. MG billetmotif The othersare smaller(D. 9-10 cm),and have in commonthe non-Attic roundthe narrowevertedlip. M 2 belongsto the luggedpyxisM 13, withtyingholes to in decorationas in itsflattop. match;48.12 is verysimilar, The homogeneousset of nine fromtomb 134,241 apparentlywhollywithoutpyxides,are miniatures of the low-domedshieldlid, forwall suspensionthroughholes onlyon one side. of motifs non-Atticizing repertoire Unparalleledin E, theycarrya richand predominantly towardsthe end of MG: billets,dots,triangles,solid leaves withoutline,and large central rosettes. without lip.D. 10-15 cm. (ii) Hemispherical, PGB-EG: EG-MG:
D 2; G 51; 100.26; 104.33; 107.94, 120, 121, 135; 218.70, 78, 79; 285.8, 147; 292.49» 52, 585 71* 85, 112, 120, 126, 129, 179; 294.29 fr. 104.129, 127.162, 292.53, 13.30.
MG or later: 1.7 fr.
The shapevariesfromthetrulyhemispherical top (e.g.D 2) to a shallowerformwithflattened are Both extremes presentamongthemainPGB-EG group,on whichdecoration (e.g.285.7). latergroupthecontinuous is confinedto massedfinelineswithdotson therim.On a slightly the centremay be occupied by a hatched cross lines are replaced by various motifs;242 241UrnswithLids119,pl. 16c. 242Cf. F. nos. 699, 709, both fromEG contexts;also
BSA 56 (1961)74 fig.io, A 24-6.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
365
(104.129, 292.53), or leaves(107.162), or zigzags(13.30). Latestofall, perhaps,is 1.7, with evertedlip,froma tombcontaining linesbuta slightly continuous nothingearlierthanMG. butthelackofinterior been publishedas bowls,243 These lidshavesometimes paintand the associated with a pyxis,and is holesneartherimmakethisdiagnosisunlikely. None,however, mosthaveonlya singleholeforsuspension. The Ring Kernos LPG:
285.68.
buttheonly vase attachments, This libationvesselcould be filledthroughanyofitsminiature the lightcombined with mouth. The central bird's is the griddedzigzag, egress through a LPG This date. and kalathos,argues particularformof groundneck-handledamphorae are attached to a ringbody,is kernos,whereminiaturevesselsand protomesor figurines otherwiseknownin Crete only froma badly worn piece fromKourtes,244 carryingthree and sixbelly-handled humanfigurines amphoraeofSM-PG appearance.In Cyprus,however, the type goes back to the beginningof the Iron Age and has a prehistoricpast.245An featureoftheCypriotmodelis thebaskethandlepassingacrossthering. important BoR I The nearestCypriotequivalentto our piece is an approximatelycontemporary wheretwo amphoraeand twobirdaskoiare perchedon kernosin the Piéridescollection,246 thering.There thebirds'wingsare modelled,whereason ourstheplumageis suggestedby a griddedzigzag.As on our birds,however,the one survivinghead has shortanimal ears in aid to smoothpouring relief,and a roundedanimalmuzzleforthe spout- a moreeffective modelledmouthin theformofa bird'sbeak. thananyrealistically Flask
The Lentoid LPG: LPG-PGB: PGB-EG:
285.30, 219.16 (modelledbird). 75.71, 100.21. 75.200.
Anothershape of orientalorigin,sporadicallyimitatedin theAegean at different periodsof In Cyprus,flattened lentoid'bottles'248 havetwohandlesattachedto the theEarlyIronAge.247 tendmoretowardstheglobular,likemostPG imitations neck;single-handled Cypriotflasks249 fromLefkandi.250 Our earliestflasks,then,representa Knossian adaptationof a Levantine form,arisingat about the same timeas the firstlargelekythoi, typeA; F. no. 312,fromthe LPG tombL, is contemporary withthem.The awkwardly placed bird on 219.16, withits circled eye, animal ears and animal mouth,is even closer than the birds of our kernos (285.68) to the creatureon the BoR kernosin the Piéridescollection,mentionedin the
243Mariani,AJA5 (1901)313,no. 17,pl. 9; Payne,BSA 29 (1927-28)260,on hisnos. 141-2. 244Xanthoudides,BSA 12 (1905-06) 16 fig.3; Arkades fig. 6^1; Ann.66-67 (iq88-8q) 254,fier. 223. 245A. Pieridou,RDAC 1971,18 ff. 246Art. cit. 25 no. 22, pl. 11, 6; AncientCypriotArt in the
PiéridesFoundation Museum(iq80 no. 14-6.
247Lefkandi I, 331f.,353. 248Gjerstad,OpAth 3 (i960) 116fig.8, nos. 12-15. 249E.g. Yon,47 ff.pls. 26-7. 250LeßandiI, pl. 126,P 3.8-9; pl. 145,P 31.6.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
366
previoussection. On 100.21 the handle is carried up to a trefoillip as on Attic LPG buta directconnectionis chronologically versions,251 unlikely. Our latestpiece,75.200, has a flatdisc on each flank,slightly raised.252 The decoration, dominated massed concentric here admits a circles, previously by profusionof freehand - doublearcsand running PGB-EG motifs on one small side, spirals spiralson theother. The Bird Askos LPG: PGB: EG:
219.12 (double),285.136, 219.1 fr. Q 115 (withrider),Q, 114 fr.,13.10 fr.,104.22 fr. G ni fr.
Dark Age vesselswithbird-likebodies were classifiedby Desborough253 intotwo types.His where the of the bird a in head is round Type II, position occupiedby spout,is represented Crete by severalSM examples.Latestof all is F. no. 50 (E-MPG), ca poor object both in modellingand decoration,and it may be the last survivorof a shape thathad gone out of fashion'.254 Cretanpottersthenmade a freshstartwithDesborough'sType la, distinguished by a bird head at the frontend and a spout behind,restingon threelegs. Firstevolvedin twelfthcenturyCyprus,thismodelhad been made in Achaea and Naxos in LH III C, and in Athens and LefkandiduringSM. Then, long afterit had been forgotten elsewherein the Aegean in LPG. One can onlyconclude,withDesborough,255 world,it enterstheKnossianrepertoire thatitsarrivalin Cretemust'surelyrepresent a clear influencefromCyprusfromthe ninth the centuryonwards',sinceonlyCyprusoffersa continuousseriesof theseaskoithroughout EarlyIronAge.256 At once the Cypriotmodel was transformed and enlivenedby local imagination.The decoration is drawn from the current Knossianstock,and providesusefulclues always painted fordating.One of the earliest,219.12, is a double askoswitha dual purpose:one mouthis In sympathywiththe round open open forpouring,the otheris pierced forsprinkling. - as on theringkernos285.68 and thelentoidflask219.16- theprotomesare more mouth animalthanbird.Painteddetailsincludeeyelashes,caps,wavylocksofhair,and a suggestion ofharness.Betweenthetwobacks,thebrokenattachment mayhavebeen fora smallrider,as the fillingspout is keptwell clear of the basket forQ, 115. Unlikethe Cypriotprototype, handleand placed on the tail.On a contemporary piece,F. no. 277fromtombL, the spout - perhaps,as Brock suggested,257 afterthe takesthe formof a miniaturevessel,a hydria with neat rectilinear decorated kernos. The of the 219.1, sadlyfragmentary example ring LPG ornament, tracesofa miniature cup perhapsattachedto thetail,and also ofa preserves The bodyof 285.136 is bird-like onlywhenviewedfrom fledgling upon theparent'sback.258 modelled animal tail and with it is a otherwise above; equine mane, sharply quadruped
251Kerameikos IV pl. 25 no. 2034; Hesperia30 (1961) 163 pl. 28 no. 35. 252Cf. BSA 56 (1961) 73 f. A 14, fig.7; UM II 76, GH 24 fr., pl. 69. 253KCh 24 (IQ72) 24<Sff. 25* Desborough, art.dt. 261.
255 Desborough, loc. dt. n. 17. Cf. Pieridou, RDAC 1970, 94
n. 3.
256Pieridou,art.dt.94 ff.,pls. 17,18.1-3. »'F. 154. 258jrora similarthemein laterbone hbulae see KòD 109 no. 304,withrefs.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
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367
on itsback twoneckedpithoi,attachedto thebaskethandle,and doingdutyforthe carrying ofanothertheriomorphic filling spout.Here we havea reminiscence typeofLH III C, a beast ofburdenloaded withpottery vessels.259 This curioushorse-bird hybridpreparesus forthemasterpieceQ, 115, a real tour-de-force of PGB exuberance.The spout on the tail takesthe formof a finelymodelledminiature oinochoecoveredwithvariousmotifs, amongwhichthe combsand the 'eye' below the rim bothlook towardsCyprus.Down thefrontof the neckis an orientalTree of Life,one of the earliestin Greekvase painting.260 Upon the shoulder,on each side, a clumpof small trees of a hatched a sacredgroveor enclosure.Scattered out grow square,perhapsrepresenting rectilinear are over the body,among various patterns, a serpent,two fishand numerous also a solidsquare,mysteriously morethanmeredecoration;261 evidently quarteredsun-discs, surroundedby singlezigzags.One suspectssome connectionwiththe imageryof the PGB Tree painter,especiallywiththe sceneson his Goddess pithos107. 114« On the birdbody, sickle-shaped wingsare modelledin relief,exactlyas on a LM III a bird askos fromNirou Khani.262Otherwisethe creatureis whollyanimal. The threelegs are carefully jointed,an equinemane is added to thetallverticalneck,and thepainteddetailincludesa moreexplicit renderingof harness than on 219.12. The horse protome promptsthe addition of a diminutive rider,precariously perchedin frontof the baskethandle.Althoughless thantwo centimetres high,his hair and dressare paintedin meticulousdetail;but his face registers This sortof creaturewouldbecome extremebewilderment at thisstrangeformof transport. knownto laterGreeksas a xouthos butwe have to waituntilsixth-century Attic hippalektryon,263 in art.264 BlackFigurevase-painting foranymorerenderings Too littlesurvivesof the otherPGB pieces to requiremuchcomment.The charmingfr. 13.10, withmill-saildown its body,preservesa sinuousduck-likeneck,and a long spout suggestiveofa stork'sbeak; a slightinclinationof the head adds to itsvivaciousexpression. The other two frs.are horse-likehybridslike Q, 115. The body plumage of Q, 114 is renderedby columnsof oblique bars, and the tail bears traces of a miniaturevessel; an askosfromKourtes265 matchesboththesefeatures,and also themodellingofthehorse-bird in On 104.22, spout. creamyfabric,a tall strainerfillingspoutis placed on the back, still in the Cypriotmanner.The body fr.G in, decoratedwitha roughmeanderbelow the oblique plumage,atteststhe survivalof thistypeat least intoEG; but no laterG examples are known266 beforean O revival,oftenin a much more naturalisticand purelybirdlike form. Fromthefragments it is clear thatthebodies oftheseaskoiweremade on thewheel,and then squashed into bird shape; Q, 114 shows that the originalrim need not always be joined at the bird'sback. The otherpartswere shaped by hand and thenattachedto the body.
259E.g. Ann.13-14(1930-31)293 f. fig.39 pl. 22. Euboean SubPG: AR 31 (1985),16 fig.22. Later G versions:Kerameikos V 1 pl. 144no. 1*11:BSA 52 (1Q67)i^ pl. 3. 260Earlierstillis thetreeon a MPG kraterfromLefkandi, AR 29 (1983),15fig.21;Lefiandi II. 1 no. 327pl. 54. 261Cf. also theaskosfrs.fromKourtes,AJA5 (1901)307 pl. 8.4, perhapsfromthesameworkshop. 262Kantafig.11.4. 267Aeschylus fr. 134 (Myrmidons); Aristophanes Birds
800, Frogs932, Peace1177. 264D. von Bothmer, 11(1952-53)132if. BullMetrMus 265AJA5 (1901)308 fig.1; Rochetti,Ann.66-67 (1988-89) 252 f.fig.221. 266F. no. 1353was dated by Brocknot laterthanLG (F. birdbeak and clawsare unlikelyto 154),but the naturalistic be farin timefromtheLO cockvase 40.0. 267£/MII8o,Bi,pls.52,6o.
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The House LPG:
Model
219,86 fr.
The largestfr.has a sharpcarination,separatingthe upperwall fromthe slopingroofof a and pendentsemicircles are in themanneroftheLPG roundhousemodel.The neattriangles a above the UnexploredMansion From mid-ninth centurydeposit open-neckedstirrup-jars. withverysimilardecoration,and came a betterpreservedportionof anothersuchmodel,267 preserving partof the doorwayas wellas a centralaperturein the roof.The twopieceswill PGB modelfromArchanes.268 thusbe a generation olderthanthemuch-discussed The Fenestrated PGB-EG(?):
Stand
283.98,
This cylindricalstand,made of coarse and grittyred-brownclay,has a concave ringtop windowscarriedup to therim.Teke ofCypriotbronzestands,and tworectangular reminiscent windows tholos nos. 105-07are smallerand slimmerversionsof thistype,butwithtriangular thatthosestandsgo withothervesselsof some way down thewall. It has been suggested269 easterncharacter, offered withtheinitialburialthereofa residentorientalgoldsmith. The Krater PG. They sometimescontainburials,270 Tall bell kratersare themostusual formthroughout libations.When foundundisturbed, but moreoftenservefunerary theymay containsetsof and pouringvesselsforthefuneralparty.271 drinking and then ofbronzecauldronsbeginto appearlate in PG, in coarseware at first, Imitations (PGB-EG) in looserpaintedadaptations. withPG fromMPG onwards,first Meanwhile,Attictypeshad been sporadically attempted conicalfeet,thenwithEG-MG ribbedpedestal,and laterwithlowbase. All threetypesoccuralso in domesticcontexts. A. PG BELL KRATERS272
spatterinside. Lightgrounddecoration, outlinedbyBrock,wheretheplainlip is succeeded thedevelopment Our sequenceconfirms a and with rim flat on a thickened ridgebelow.The tallestkratersoccurearlyin the top by series. (i) Plainrimwiththinband.No ridgebelow.H/DR ratio1.2-1.4.Decorationstillexperimental. SM/EPG: EPG:
56.6 (coatedinside),285.60. 175.25, K 1.
268Alexiou,KCh4 (1950)441flf. 269Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)64. 270Cremations:F. nos. 45, 159;Ay.IoannisIII.i; Mastamba
nos. 2, 3. Secondaryinhumation:E 3. 271E.g. 28^.82; F. nos. 221,428. Cf. Brock,F. 161. 272F. 160f.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
369
The SM precursoris knownfromtheKnossossettlement273 and froma tombnearKnossosat Metochi.274 These SM descendants of the Late Minoan III B-C deep bowl, versions, Kollyva are on thesmallside(max.H. 25 cm);buttheheightis at leastequal to therimdiameter.The is usually275 coatedbutforreservation interior justbelowtherimand on thefloor. The changeto EPG is announcedbythreekratersfromthesame hand:F. nos. 166and 168 fromtombXI, and our 285.60. The shape has suddenlygrownlargerand taller,and from nowon theearlierinterior coatingis replacedbyspatterbelowa rimband. Smallerpieceslike coated and 56.6 (still inside) 175.25 developa highconicalfoot,alreadyadumbratedby the For Metochi krater. ringfootis normal. Kollyva largervesselsa sturdy The decorationis slowto abandon SM habits.The horizontalS's of 56.6 recallthelarge fromLate SM bell skyphosF. no. 11.On thegroupof 285.60 antithetic spiralsare inherited Minoan III C, here flankinga primitivedouble-chevron'tree'; thiswe see again on the amphoriskos285.114, possiblyfromthe same libationset. Variouskindsof fringesurvive fromtheolderrepertoire, eitheras obliquebars or as singlezigzags(bothon 175.25, side B) or as wavy lines.276Eventuallycompass-drawncircles arrive,usually flankinga central rectilinearcolumn (K 1) as on the frequentlyimportedAttic LPG skyphoi(e.g.J 50). Knowledgeofthisschemeis apparenton sideA of 175.25, eventhoughthecirclesare single and freehand.With the Attic-inspiredcircles come various solid central fillings,only at first,277 thenMaltesecrossesa littlelater.278 hourglasses (ii) Flat rim,ridgebelow.Broad band on lip, bars on rim.Concentriccircleswithconcentric rectilinear Below,bandsand lines.H/DR ratio1.0-1.25. composition.
E-MPG: MPG: LPG: PGB:
J 65 fr.(noridge), 48.7. 175.26,F 1, 285.82. D 19 fr.,100.36fr. E 3 (noridge), D 5, D 18 fr.,O 12 fr.,O 35 fr., M 10 fr. 28.11, 283.54, 100.44 fr?L 17 fr.,
FromMPG onwards,as on thebelly-handled ridgeis added below amphorae,a strengthening the rim,an essentialprecautionespeciallyforthe largestvesselswhichattaina heightof 50 cm.279 Fromthisridgetheconcavelip splaysoutwardsmoreand moretowardstheend ofthe series.On thewhole,theshapebecomesa littlebroaderthanin thepreviousgroup. The now orthodoxsets of concentriccirclesnearlyalwaysenclose some centralfilling - an hourglass,or a St. motif Georgecross(F 1, 28.11), or a Maltesecross,or a six-spoked wheel(283.54). The centralrectilinear ofsmall panel280 maycontainelaborateaccumulations often with minor variations from side to side. still survive here and there from motifs, Fringes theolderrepertoire, eitheras obliquebars(48.7) or as zigzags(175.26) or as chevroncolumns - D 19, 100.36 and Ay.Ioannis1.8- haveno enclosed J 65). Some LPG kraters panel,butthe 273UM II pls. 44.1, 45 (a); AR 29 (1983) 76 fig.62, right MuseumExtension). (Stratigraphical 274AD 14 (1931)1 f. fig.1. 2, a unique piece withtripod legs. 275 Among the Stratigraphical Museum Extension settlement depositsProf.P. M. Warrenhas kindlydrawnmy attentionto some SM kraterfrs. already with interior spatter.
276F. no. 45, thegoatand shipkrater;BSA 58 (1963)37,II. 3, fig.7; BSA 67 (1972)71,B 15,fig.3; all EPG. 277175.25, K 1, Ay.IoannisI. q. 278F no. 207 (MPG). 279283.54, 100.44, Arkades fig.196. Forthemuchsmaller kraterE 3 (H. 31 cm) no ridgewas thoughtnecessary. figured 280On 285.82 a thirdset of circleshas intrudedintothe centralpanel.
37o
J. N. COLDSTREAM
twosetsof circlesare linkedby narrowhorizontalstripsof rectilinear ornament.The neatly latticedtriangles of100.36 are in themanneroftheopen-necked stirrup-jars. The decorationof the latestkratersshowssignsof restlessness, withthe intrusionof new motifsin PGB: themill-sail(285.54; 28.11 withina griddedlozenge),cable (F. no. 712)and hatchedmeander(M 10). The filling ofthecircleson thelastpiece consistsofoutlinerosettes derivedfromorientaljewellery.281 On the verylargestscale of 100.44 and 283.54, narrow - as on contemporary motifsmaybe insertedwithinthe setsof circles or slightly laterbellyhandledamphoraelikeG 5. In contrastto all thesenovelties, threekratersoffera remarkable on 100.44, ^ *7 and Payneno. 4 the antithetic exampleof PGB antiquarianism: spiralsof Late Minoan III C are recreatedin geometricized formbyharnessing thecirclesto theupper framebycurvedtangents, themselves boundto thecentralpanelbyvariousformsofhatching. workon E 3 from the usual circlecompositions are seenin thefigured Amazingdepartures and F i. ForE 3, Sackett282 has reasonablysuggesteda LPG date,based on a stratigraphical inference thatall ten vases recoveredfromthislargelydestroyedtombforma singleburial E 2 can hardlybe any earlier,the circleamphoraE 1 is unlikelyto be the lekythos group; and both the broad later, (E 4-5, 7-9) and thedippedcups(E 6, 10) are at home bell-skyphoi in LPG. Verysimilarbell-skyphoi, F 3-4, were foundwithF 1 in a much disturbedand withtheremainsofa coarsepithos,F 2, ofa typenormallyusedfor plunderedtombtogether If PG cremations. theassociationis sound,thenF 1 willhave servedas a libationkraterand, tojudge fromtheaccompanying theburialsassociatedwithbothfiguredkraters bell-skyphoi, willhave takenplace withinthe same phase. Two otherconsiderations, however,suggesta earlierdateforthemanufacture ofF i. First,itsshapeis verycloseto thatof285.82, slightly and containingan undisturbedlibation set of MPG appearance: deeper bell-skyphoi283 In the decorationof thatkraterthe manner.284 pouringvesselsstillin a whollylight-ground ofLPG. On latestfeatureis thegriddedzigzag,285 whichadumbratestherectilinear repertoire F 1, however,the elaboratelyvaried centralpanels are compoundedwhollyof rectilinear - panels of checkerboardand latticing, motifsderivedfromthe older AtticPG repertoire on 285.82). The latticedlozengecolumn,and solidhourglasses(whichserveas circlefillings mostlikelydate,then,forF 1 is latein MPG,286whenitmayhavebeen putto use in dailylife vesselsofthesubsequentphase. forsomeyearsbeforeitseventualdepositionwithdrinking The agrimigoat, whichhad alreadyappeared in isolationon two earlierKnossian PG in GreekIron herebecomesthepreyofhuntersin thefirstofall extendedscenes288 vessels,287 but werenot in field above the conventional The float the circles, Age vase-painting. figures theplacingofthecircleson bothsidesis deliberately added as an afterthought; asymmetrical, to leave deep enoughspaces forthe two human huntersabove the left-handsets. On the reverseside a solitaryhunterwithhis square net facesout of the picture,but completesthe sceneon thefrontside.The wholecomposition, then,consistsof twohunters,spearspoised,
281Cf. K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western AsiaticJewellery (London 1971)254, pl. 234; Coldstreamin SteleKontoleontos 410pl. 193b. 282BSA 71 (1976 120 ff.
283285.9I-5, 99, IOO, IO4-O6, 115-16, II9. 284285.96-7, 101-02, oinochoai typesA (i) and B (ii); 2Ö5»94>109, jug-aryballoi typeA (ii). 285Cf.theamphoriskos 207.64. 286My view has changed since 1976 when I suggested
'later ninthcentury'(art.cit. (n. 288) 70 ff.).The linear of PGB, or even ornamentcontainsnone of the innovations ofLPG. 287AR 1981,42 fig.81, neck-handledamphora fromAy. EPG. Earlierstillis Ioannis,SM/EPG; F. no. 45, bell-krater, the unprovenancedbelly-handledamphora (SM) in the deChypre Giamalakiscollection:M. Yon,Salamine IV, 13pl. 3a. 288Firstpresentedand discussedmore fullyin IV Cret. Cong.(Athens,1980)71ff.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC ANDGEOMETRICPOTTERY
^Y
and closingin upon theirassortedprey.To theleft,a wild advancingfromoppositedirections hit a and totters to theground;on theright,a largehoundpursuesa has been by spear goat ofthethorax,thesehuntersforestall birdand a youngdeer.In thestrictly rendering triangular It is easy to envisagehow the the workof the AthenianDipylonMasterby overa century. in the rectilinear butthe from the solid have been hourglasses panel,289 may developed figures LH III and C tunics of dressalso recallsthe triangular pictorialvase-painting,290 the fringed kind of non-metallic above indicate some reservation bodyarmour.The idea for may zigzag of a Minoan pictoriallarnaxin a such a scene could have been inspiredby the rediscovery reusedchambertomb;a LM III B larnaxfromArmenoi291 presentsa similarscene,thoughin a muchfreercomposition. animalsofF i followon naturallyaftertheEPG goatsof The spareand sketchy silhouette in us for themuchmoremassiveand roundedLPG creaturesof E no. 45, but no wayprepare E 3, Free use is made thereof latticingand outlinedrawing,and some parallelshave been noted withpictorialworkof LH III C;292and yetAegean Bronze Age traditionoffersno of the twoscenes.On one side thewingedheraldicsphinxes precedentsforthe iconography as on thelaterbronzequiverF. no. 1569,and in wearconicalcaps ofNear Easterncharacter, and we nowknowthata Near Eastern contrastto theflatpolos oftheAegeanBronzeAge;293 embossedbronzebowlshowingsphinxesofsimilarbuildhad alreadyreachedanotherpartof theAegeanworldby900 BC.294 On the frontside of E 3 an armedwarriorstruggles againsttwolions.In the desperately and Greekworldthisthemeis notseenagain untilthesecondquarteroftheeighthcentury,295 The questionarises:whencecould a Knossian thereafter occur severaltimesin LG art.296 have derivedhis own a centuryearlierthan any of theserepresentations, LPG vase-painter, Bronze a from for such scene? Not, Age precedent;a Mycenaean surely, Aegean inspiration an shown at such obviousdisadvantage.In the and never herois neveroutnumbered lions, by date is not discoveries at the of recent Lefkandi, impossiblyearly for a view of light from the Near East.297Nevertheless, work to the Aegean contemporary figured imported two lions are ofa man struggling knownrepresentations rare,confinedin earlierartto against both a cylinderseal298 and a four-sided bronze stand,299 oftheLate CypriotBronze openwork have indeedbeen foundin Crete, and it so that both of artefact types Cypriot Age; happens in contextsof theDark Age or evenlater,300 no doubtafterhavingbeen treasured sometimes as heirlooms.In additionto the Minoan pictoriallarnakes,then,it seems thatby LPG an alternative,eastern,source of ideas may also have been attractingthe attentionof vasewithfiguredscenes. paintersbold enoughto experiment
289Cf. thegoddesseson thePGB amphoraF. no. 339,and thecrudefigureson an amphoriskos fromAdhromyloi, BSA 12(1905-06)47 fig.24. 280Karageorghisand Vermeule,Mycenaean PictorialVase Painting 130ff,esp.XI 42 (theMycenaeWarriorVase). 291AAA4 (1971)218ff.figs.4, 5. 292Sacke«, BSA71 (1076)123if. 293E.g.theivoryplaquefromMycenae,BSA49 (1954)pl. 38c. 294AR 1985, i5f,fig.20, LeflcandiToumba T. 55, found witha largeAtticoinochoeofc.900. 295for thenextoccurrence, on a smallAtticoinochoe,see
a slightly laterdate,all 83 vesselsfromthissinglegrave suggests groupseemto me to fallwithinAtticMG II and LG la.
1979)24 ff.,60 ff.,no. 643, pls. 10, 11.Althoughthe author
Stands:Catling,RDAC 1984,69 ff.esp. pl. 15= here201. fi.
M. Brouskari,Apo tonAthenaiko Kerameiko tou8 P.K. aiona(Athens,
296 K. Fittschen, Untersuchungenzum Beginn der bei den Griechen(Berlin, 1969) 76, L 1-6; Sagendarstellungen
Coldstreamin IV Crei.Cong.69 f.withfurther discussion. 297See n. 294 above. 298Sayce in A. P. di Cesnola,Salaminia (London,1884)2nd andCrete 260 pl. 45, 3. Dr. I. edn,facingp. 120fig.137;Cyprus Pinikindlydrewmyattention to thispiece. 299Catling,CBMW 208 f.,no. 36 pl. q^b, top. 300Cylinderseals: H.-G. Buchholz in G. E. Bass, Cape
Gelidonya:a BronzeAge Shipwreck(Philadelphia, 1967) 153 ff.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
372
Minimalor no ridge.Lip band as (ii)but no rimbars.Concentriccircles,without (iii)Smaller. centralpanel.H/DR ratioi.05-1.2. LPG-PGB: PGB: EG:
287.10, 287.24. 175*155L 18 fr. 75-136-
This late groupofbell-kraters rarelyexceeds25 cm in height.Withthereductionin size,the is no of reinforcing ridge longerneeded,and the decorationis simplified by the suppression thecentralrectilinear L Often the circle are omitted The too, panel. (287.24, 18).301 fillings, setsmay now expand to fillthe whole handle zone (287.10, 175.15), and on 175.15 even intersect one another.302 Towardstheend oftheseries,thelowerbodyofL 18 is coveredwith dark paint. Latest of all is 75.136, a unique dark-groundbell-kraterwithan Atticizing reserved panelofmultiplezigzag;butthetraditional spatterstillpersistsinside. B. CAULDRONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES
cauldrons. Micaceous red clay. (i) Coarse:smallimitations ofbronzetripod
LPG(?): PGB-EG:
100.3. 65.4 fr.,65.5 fr.,G 141.
A shallowbronzetripodcauldronwithsolidlegshas been reportedfroma tombexcavatedat butforpublishedcomparandawe mustrelyon thefullsequencefromOlympia. Teke,303 Our almost complete specimen, 100.3, ls based on the earliestclass representedat Olympia.This is distinguished by themassivesectionsof theringhandlesand especiallythe before the ofthetripodcauldronled to a savingofbronzebyflattening legs,long enlargement ofthisclass in clayare known, thehandlesand hollowingout thelegs.EarlierPG imitations twofromAthensand one fromAcarnania,304 withequallymassivelegs,and also struts joining to the bronze the legs to the base of the bowl. In two respects100.3 ls even morefaithful original.Whereason the otherthreevesselsthe legs are attachedto the lowerbody,on our piece theyjoin the rim305 the resultis a perilouslyfragilevase, because of the extreme thinupperprofile.Again,as in no other contrastbetweentheheavylegsand thesurprisingly verticalgrooving ofthe effort to imitations there is even some elsewhere, copytheexterior clay concern for before obvious a well as seen at massive bronze saving any stage early legs, floorwiththe LPG amphoraioo.i, both metal.306 This cauldronwas foundon the dromos vesselsperhaps havingbeen moved fromtheiroriginalposition;but whetheror not the withthedatingof contextofT. 100is consistent associationis sound,theoverallninth-century themassiveclassimpliedin themostrecentstudyoftheOlympiancorpus.307 Otherfeatures ofthemassiveclassat Olympiaare echoedin thefrs.65.4 and 5. Bothkeep 301Also Payneno. 7; Mastamba nos. 2-3; BSA 55 (i960) 160 no. 14pl. 43a; F. no. 470,probablywiththePGB groupnos.
4.(iQ-62.
302Cf. BSA 58 (1963) 41, IV I fig. 12, containing a PGB libationset. miniature 303AR 1983,51. 304Kerameikos I 95, 147,pls. 63-4 (Athens);AD 24 (1969)A
de 84 ff.no. 36 pl. 5oa-b (Acarnania).Cf. C. Rolley,Fouilles DelòhesV.3 (Paris,1077)108ff.,fies.27-Q,33-4. sosCf.M. Maass, 01 Forsch. X (Berlin,1078)pls. ib, 3. 306Cf. où.cit.Beil. 1 nos.20-30 pl. 12. 307M. Maass, op.cit.115f. Later massivelegs are thought i.e. MG, to be contemporarywith 'strenggeometrische', in Atticterms. presumably
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
373
the exteriorgroovingon the legs; on 65.4 the notchesof the centralridgeare at home on somebronzeoriginals,308 whileon 65.5 theflattened outersurfaceofthelegscorresponds to a moreadvancedstageofthemassiveclass.309 The carinatedprofileofthispiece,withitsshort inward-leaning lip, is akin to thatof the plain bronzecauldron285. f26. In otherrespects, the bronze are modifiedunderceramicinfluence.Foreignto thebronze however, prototypes cauldronsis theflatbase of65.4, and on bothpiecestheincisedlinesbelowtherimare more in keepingwithcoarsepithoswarethanwithmetal. G 141 omitstheringhandles,and theaccompanying Finally, strapsare replacedbyvertical and thebodyprofilebecomesa hybridbetweena cauldronand a lugs.The legsare flattened, domesticbasin.310 withvertical handles. (ii) Coarse: largecauldrons Spreadingupperattachments. Gritty orange-brown clay. LPG-PGB:
287.15, 175.22, 285.79.
T. 175was foundin a thoroughly disturbedstate,but the firstand lastvesselswerefoundto containadult male cremations,like some of theirlaterbronze counterparts.311 Nearestto bronze is 287.15; the profileis that of the handleless and sharplycarinated cauldron 285^26, but withthe base flattened.But the closestcounterpartin bronze is a vesselof witha triple-reeded handlepassingfrombelowthe uncertaindatefromtheTirynstreasure,312 carinationto a longplateattachedoutsidetherim;heretheplateis detachedfromthelip and projectslevelwiththe rim.On 175.22, deeperand morerounded,the carinationhas been therimattachments are now metal-like eliminated; spools,whichalso appear on 285.79. On thisheavyand unwieldyvesselthe upperattachments retreatdown to the shoulder,and the zones of bars are the of ubiquitous oblique improvisation thelocal potter,longaccustomedto incisedpatternson his coarse pithoi;and yetthe striations down the handlesare stillin the mannerofthecauldronfromtheTirynsTreasure. No comparable vessel occurs in E, but no. 67 there (EPG) may be an early painted to thistypeofvessel,and a precursorofthenexttype. counterpart withpainteddecoration, basedon bronzecauldron (iii) Shallowkraters types.Level horizontal handles at
widestdiameter. DR. c. 20-25 cm. LPG: PGB: PGB-EG:
L 15 fr.(no handle). I3-29, G 39, G 42, G 115, 100.58-9 frs.,100.68 fr. G 45, G 46, G 114, G 117, G 121 fr.,75.207 fr.,219.81 fr.
As we have seen,the cauldronsin coarse clay are based on two different bronzeshapes,the one shallowand rounded,the other(as 285. Í2Ô) carinatedand somewhatdeeper.These smallerthanthecoarsecauldronsofthepreviousgroup,follow paintedversions, considerably 308E.g. op.cit.pl. 14no. 22. 309E.g. op.cit.Beil. 2 no. 47 pl. 17. 310Cf.BSA55 (i960) 162no. 36 (PGB); 169no. 106(LG). 311GG 120 nn. 28-31 (Attica); 196 ff. (Eretria); 231
(Cumae); 234 (Syracuse). 312Kunze, AM 55 (1930) 133 Beil. 34, 2; Catling,CBMW 168,form3b (?'LH III c'), fig.18.6.
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both bronze prototypesin turn,the formerchieflyin PGB withthe additionof a short concavelip,thelatterpersisting intoEG withbroad shoulderand a higherlip. Bothtypesare a flat and even further fromtheirbronzemodelsin adoptingthe level base, given diverge horizontalhandlescustomary fordomesticbowls(cf.G 141). The handlesare usuallyround, butmaybe flattened at the end of the series.313 They oftenassumea reflexform,theirends from the wall. The base variant, (G 39, 42, 45, 117) is an interesting rebounding grooved foundalso undersomecontemporary oinochoaiofAtticMG I.314 Apartfromsomeofthecarinatedexamples(e.g.G 114) thesevesselsare usuallyshallower thantheAtticizing flat-based kraters(typeC (iii))whichsucceedthem.The roundedversions, withtheiroffsetconcavelips,may sometimesapproachquite near (e.g. G 118) to the Attic on non-Atticmotifs,arrangedin one or shape. The decoration,however,drawsexclusively morenarrowzones. Commonestare smallsetsof standingor pendentsemicircles, pendent arcsand runningspiral;otheralternatives are solidtriangles (L 15, G 42), griddedladders(G 114),outlinebattlement (G 45), broadsinglezigzag(G 117) and obliquebars(G 46, 75.207, 219.81).
A concentration of thesekratersin therichtombG impliesthattheywerenot necessarily fora bronze cauldron.They do, however,regularly regardedas the poor man's substitute occurin domesticcontexts315 as wellas in tombs. C. MAINLAND TYPES
rim,concavelip,ridgebelow.Bucraniumhandles. (i) With highconical footOverhanging MPG: PGB:
175.28, 175.27, 100.41 fr. 100.45 fr-> IOO-55fr>D 13, N 2 fr.
The usual AtticPG schemeof decoration,circlesflankinga rectilinear panel, had already and before the EPG bell-kraters. Within on some MPG, passingof AtticPG, a appeared not onlyin decoration similarcompositionis seen on the twokratersfromT. 175,Atticizing but also in their hemisphericalbody shape upon a high conical foot. Their closest butfroman Atticizing come notfromAthensitself, sequencenear anotherlimit counterparts in Northern oftheGreekworld,at Marmariani316 Thessaly. From MPG onwards,throughoutthe ninthcentury,this Atticizinghigh-footedtype The fullycoatedF. no. 1481is from to themorepopularbell-krater. continuesas an alternative at such an early a LPG context.Brock,supposinga local Atticizingkrater'unthinkable'317 are now removedby for his the but to be an it date,presumed supposition grounds import; I75-27-8withthevastrimdiameterofc. 50 cm) continue In PGB thefrs.100.45 and 55 (theformer the earlierPG schemeof decoration,the circlesbeinginterlacedwithbars or billetsin the manner of the contemporarybell-kraters283.54 and 100.44. Ay. Ioannis offersan bisectedand displaced variantofthisscheme,in whichthecirclesare horizontally imaginative On Payne in silhouette. water-birds to becomeconcentric'waves'as a settingforlong-tailed
313E.g. F. no. i^q. 314Kerameikos V i
pls. 72, 109, no. 2149; LejkandiI, pl. 195,
Toumba 31.1. 315BSA 67 (1972) 79, D 14, G 80-82; AR 1985, 124 fig. 2;
UM II, 80. 316Cf. BSA 31 (1930-31) 30 ff,esp. nos. 141-3 pl. 10; PGP I pl. 51 frs. 142 ff.pl. 23. Cf. also Kerameikos 317F. 128, 190.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
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375
butthetallerflaringfootand thedark withchevrons, no. 64 a debasedcircleschemeis stuffed Our last twopieces,also witha darkgroundbelow, lowerbodypresagelaterdevelopments. abandon circlesaltogetherforthe new rectilinearornament;the shape is now a simplified D 13, versionoftheAttictypeI, alreadyused in Athensforimpressive gravemonuments.318 coveredwitha profusionof solid trianglesin narrowzones, cautiouslyadmitsthe Attic N 2, similarin body shape (thefootis missing)but hatchedmeanderon one side only.319 much coarserin fabricand style,marshalstogetherin a singlebroad zone an ill-assorted and largerectangles collectionofladderedbattlements, lozengecolumnswithvariousfillings, is not withcheckedframe,oflocal ratherthanAtticcharacter;alone ofthisgroup,itsinterior likethebell-kraters. butspattered coatedlikeAtticprototypes, handles with Shortoffset bucranium stirrups. lip.Darkground,reserved panels. (ii) Tallribbed pedestal, EG: MG: M/LG: LG:
G 80, G 112 fr. 75.117; 125.6, 125.5 fr.(miniatures). 134.25. 132.41 fr.
The This shapeis based on theAttictypeII,320wellrepresented amongimportsto Knossos.321 local versionsat once adopt the stirruphandlesand the splayingpedestalwithribson the rimand ridgeoftypeI, beforethe stem;butour twoEG examplesstillkeep theoverhanging shortoffsetlip of typeII is eventuallyaccepted from75.117 onwards.In the handles,the horizontalmemberstakethebucraniumformonlyon theverylargestkraters(G 80, 75.117) on the finelymade miniature125.6 where theyappear and, somewhatincongruously, large. disproportionately AftertheAttictypeII models,thereserveddecorationis usuallygroupedrounda dominant A flamboyant centralmeander.322 exceptionis G 80 whichcombinesAtticizingwithlocal PGB-EG decorationon whatis by farthelargest(H. 69 cm) G kraterfromCrete.Here the meander,thoughelaboratedto a doublekeyformon one side,merelyformstheouterframe - mill-sail,hatched fora vastcentralconglomeration of local motifs spiralhooksin diagonal crossformation, and diagonalcheckin thebackground. - and handles - to the The moreorthodoxAtticizing MG designof75.117 is relatedbystyle ofMG ovoidpithoi,typeB (ii).The meanderoftheelegantminiature Stirrup workshop 125.6 is reducedto singleoutlinein a thinzone,betweennumerous of strips singlezigzag;these,together withthe creamysurface,relatedthispiece to the non-Atticizing MG workshopwhichalso domed lids of A and the of Praisos produced type (ii) earlylekythos typeinthesametomb,125.2. On 134.25, at the turnto LG, the centripetal Atticizing designis breakingup; the centre here,occupied by meanderhooks,is encroachedupon by the flankingbird metopes,and linearmotifs.Well into LG is Teketholos no. 19,323 hardlystandsout fromthe surrounding decoratedwiththinmeander,massedmultiplezigzag and crampedlatticedlozenges,likethe
318GGP17ff;e.g.Kerameikos V 1 pls. 17,22. 319Coldstreamin SteleKontoleontos 410 f.pl. 195. ™ GGPiS, 23; pl. 5f. 321F. no. 671; FortetsatombA 7, BSA 56 (1961)72 fig.5; foot frs.,BSA 67 (1972) 97 nos. 117-18 pl. 29; here frs.
283.102,
285.153.
322Cf. also Teke tomb3.24, BSA 62 (1967)pl. 14 (E-MG); Vrokastro 173fig.106(MG). 323'|y view has changed since GGP 243 n. 2, where I referred to thiskrateras MG.
J-N. COLDSTREAM
376
moreconservative LG ovoidpithoi,typeC (i).324The broad zone ofgroupedbars on itsfoot recurson thefr.132.41. (iii)Lowbase,offset lip;smaller.325 Singlehandles,darkground. MG, late: LG: LG/EO:
98.14 fr.,292.164 fr.,75.195 fr. 75*182 (highverticalhandles). 229.3.
In domesticcontextsthe PGB-EG paintedcauldron-kraters of typeB (iii)werereplacedby thesesmallversionsof theAttictypeII, withoutthe pedestal.Our MG frs.are matchedby severalfroman exclusively MG domesticdeposit,326 similarin theirshortoblique lips and The reserved hatchingof meanderson 292.164 and panels. perpendicular simpleAtticizing relates them to other late MG vessels like the 292.116. 75.195 pithos218.37 and thelekythos In LG thelip becomeshigherand morevertical.327 krater75.182 is unique The kantharoid in Crete,but the shape and the verticalwiggleson the lip are at home in the Argolid.328 ArgiveLG importsare notunknownat Knossos(e.g.229.28); butclayanalysishas shownthis vesselto be local,thoughnotoftheusualKnossianG fabric. In spiteof its shortlip, the paired setsof whitecircleson 229.3 mustplace it near the Alone of all G types,thisformof kraterpersistsinto EO, witha much LG/EO transition. higherverticallip.329 The Kalathos We deal firstwithtwo rareformsof Minoan originbeforepassingon to the usual PG type withtwohorizontalhandlessetwellbelowtherim. A. WITH RISING STRAP HANDLES ATTACHED TO THE RIM SM(?):
222.1.
The placing of the handles followsLM III precedent.330The LM III C settlementof and withno handle Palaikastro-Kastri has produceda similarbanded kalathos,fragmentary domesticdepositof in a Knossian occurs A closer to the however, profile, parallel preserved.331 versionthistypepersistsintoEPG.333 SM-EPG.332In a three-handled B. VERY DEEP: TWO VERTICAL HANDLES TO RIM, WITH MINIATURE CUP ATTACHED
Evertedlip;flatbase,roughunderneath. E-MPG:
207.36, 0,65, Q,no, 229.26 fr.
324E.g. 219.38, 218.33, F. no. 824. 325Althoughof comparablesize, the pendent-semicircle PG vessels 207.27, 33 and 73 are here included with skvphoi,typeC (ii)b. 326UMW pls. «SS,6
328Cf GGPpl27d(shape);OpAth 4 (1961)pl.5 % 12(decoration). 329BSA55 (i960)164no.40 fig.7; 68 (1973)38 nos.31-2pl. 12. 330Forexamplessee Kanta 285; cf.also BSA 60 (1965)296 fig.16,P 18 (Palaikastro). 331BSA 60 (1965)298, P 18,fig.16. 332BSA 67 (1972)69 no. 27,fig.4, pl. 15. 333F. nos.48, 53, 56, 71,72;Ay.Ioannis V 14.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
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377
Q, no, withits carinationand concavelip, is well matchedby the 'jar' F. no. 59, fromthe EPG tomb VI. Otherwise,apart fromthe splayingof the lip, the profileis straightand the proportions, unarticulated; especiallyof 229.26, recall a bucketratherthan a basket. Decorationis confinedto spaced bands and lines,and a singlewavyline in thehandlezone; inside,a band at therim,withspatterbelow. in theMinoan past,wereassociatedwithLM III kalathoi The miniaturecup attachments, of typeA.334On a LH III C kalathos of type C fromPerati335theircombinationwith ritual. terracotta ofmournerssuggestssomerelevanceto funerary figures C. NORMAL PG TYPE
Concave wall,flatbase, two roundhorizontalhandlesattachedbelow rim.Used as lids for cremation pithoifromLPG onwards. EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB: EG:
j37,J52fr.,Q6i. 207.1, 8, 9, 11, 34, 40, 59, 71 fr.,74 fr.;ioo.i6, 24, 51 fr.;285.155. 100.4, I55 G 56, 91 fr.;13.25, N 16 fr. Q, 43, 75.144, 13.50 fr.,Q, 24, i3-39> 15-*31> Q, M* "7.144, 292.72, 292.228, 63.5, G 90, D 22 fr.,13.40 fr. 75-483 51* 54j 61, 77> 8o* Il8> *39> *47; D 245 218.17, 75.161, 104.60, I3-345 *3>*3*G54> 294.46, 218.97, 283.90, 129.6.
Late in theirdevelopment,thesekalathoimightsometimesbe used as lids forcremation pithoi.Conversionto use as lids,however,did not precludetheircontinuingusefulnessas bowls.The ckalathos-lid', therefore is includedhere,and does notneed a separateheading. SM prototypes336 in some waysset the fashionforthe PG kalathoi:bars on the rim,solid paintinside,and a roughand unpaintedbase. Our EPG examplesare large(morethan30 cm in diameter)and at least deep enough to take the currentconcentriccircles.Verydeep kalathoilikeE no. 162,regardedas 'experimental',337 are probablyinfluenced bytheshapeof Attic handleless kalathoi like and On the the bars are now in rim, 42. imported 207.41 groups. T. 100 containsnothingbeforeMPG, and thedeep shape and wavyline of 100.16 and 24 are unlikely to be anyearlier.Withthemgo 285.155 and thelargesetfromT. 207. Exceptfor theconcentric circlesetsof 207.59, smallerthanin EPG, thebodydecorationis limitedto a in a broadhandlezone. A newfeatureis thewidelysplayingrimwith line floating singlewavy itsbroadand flatuppersurface,whichmaytakea combinationofgroupedmotifs:bars,solid and cross-hatched triangles, triangles (e.g.207.71, 74). The shapeis on thewholedeeperthan in EPG, and thediameterusuallybetween25 and 30 cm. From LPG onwards the prevailingshape becomes much shallowerand considerably smaller,withan averagediameterof c. 20 cm; verylargeand deep kalathoilike 104.60 and of G 56 and 13.25 as 107.144 are exceptional.Typicalof LPG are thependentsemicircles also of F. nos. 358 and 1018,the last associatedwitha LPG neckedpithos.In PGB, as one mightexpect,thedecorationis freerand morevaried,oftenarrangedin twoor morenarrow 334Cf. Palai/castro 86 fig.70 (LM III a-b); BSA 55 (i960) 12 fig.7, 6, pl. 4a, Karphi, LM III C. 335Iakovidis, PeratiIII pl. 177b.
336F. nos. 1, u; AR 2Q (iq8q) 81, fie: 66 right. 337Brock, E 162.
378
J. N. COLDSTREAM
zones;spirals,cables,hatchedarcs,griddedzigzag,cross-hatched lozengesand masseddouble circlesare all in evidence.ForEG, 75.161 sharesthedoubledwavylinesofthecontemporary shallowskyphoi,typeB. A largeset fromT. 75, with218.17 and D 24, are placed in EG becauseoftheapparentassociationof75.80 withan EG pithos(see below);theirdecoration is uniform, of solidtrianglesand wavylinesin fouror morenarrowzones. G 54, consisting withits reservedzone of multiplezigzag, marksthe beginningof a conversiontowards the Geometricornament;but beforethismovementhad gained any momentum, Atticizing Two oftheverylatestkalathoi,129.6 and 283.90, kalathoshas vanishedfromtherepertoire. haveringfeet. Whenwas thekalathosfirstput to use as a lid? Perhapsalreadyin LPG, withthechanges both towardsa smallersize and a shallowershape.Then, too,occurtwoothermodifications, consistent withuse as lids.The practiceof decoratingthebase338is firstseen in the Maltese alternative base motifsare the reserved crossof F. no. 418 (LPG) and is commonthereafter; ofbandsforsolidpaintinside,is crossand thehourglass(e.g.Q, 24). Secondly,thesubstitution is fromthenonwards.Neitheroftheseinnovations, rarebeforeLPG339butfrequent however, for the kalathos-lid is evidence and from the tombs themselves positive consistently applied, meagre.In theN Cemeteryveryfewof thelaterPG and EG urnswerefoundundisturbed; theearliestclearevidenceremainsthatfromtombTFT, wherethreePGB cremationpithoi F. nos. 690, 696 and 710- werecrownedby kalathoi.In T. 75 thekalathos75.80 was found EG straight-sided above a large chunkof the much-disturbed pithos75.110, immediately is one ofa setofnine,almostidentically This whichitfitsremarkably well. kalathos,however, decorated;in theabsenceofanyotherurnsfromthetombas earlyas EG, theotherkalathoi as bowls. musthavekepttheiroriginalfunction The Skyphos of which Skyphoiare best consideredunderthe same threemain categoriesas the kraters, then the shallowskyphoidescended from theyare miniatures:firstthe PG bell-skyphoi, thevariousmainlandtypeswithhighfootor low base. cauldronshapes,and finally vessel.To Brockit In mostregionsoftheGreekworldtheskyphosis thepreferred drinking was neverpopularin Crete,itsplace beingtakenbythecup'.340His seemedthat'theskyphos as 'miniature thathe classified dictumholdstruefortheG period,butitmustbe remembered of PG, and subsequently the ever-popularbell-skyphoi bell-kraters'341 publishedsettlement ofall threecategories.342 depositshavebeenprolific One function of skyphoi in tombs is illustrated by their occurrence in large homogeneous sets in the relativelyundisturbedcontexts.Sets of PG bell-skyphoiare sometimesfoundwiththekratersto whichtheyare relatedin shape,like285.82; as Brock observed,'theywere probablyforfunerallibations',forthe partyof relativesand friends of cups beginto be morefrequent biddingfarewellto thedeceased. Similarconcentrations fromPGB onwards,but a largeset oflow-basedskyphoimay stilloccur even at the end of MG (T 104).
338Anticipated, ofcourse,bytheAtticLPG kalathoi207.41 withKnossianE-MPG. and 42, whichmustbe contemporary 339Earlier:222.1 (SM?), 285.155 (MPG).
3*°F. 166. 341F. 161,smallkraters, TypeB (ii). 342BSA 67 (1972)67 (PG), 80 (G).
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
37g
A. PG BELL-SKYPHOI
Conicalfoot.Mainlydipped. (i) Large.H. 11-19cm. SM/EPG: EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB:
60,32 (wavyline). 45.3; 219.20, 68, 83 fr.;207.23. 285.83, 103, 107; 207.35, 53; Q,io8. D 7, Q, 105-07, O 21. G 77, 75.146; 100.38 fr.,37 (whitepaint).
had a rimdiameterabout equal to the height,and was fullycoated The SM predecessor343 inside but forreservationbelow the rim and on the floor.The interiorof 60.32 is still treatedthus,but the H/DR ratiohas suddenlyincreasedto 1.25;at the outsetof EPG the bell-krater(e.g. 285.60) is similarlydeepened. The low conical foot,narrowand poorly formedin SM, becomes broader,more substantialand betterarticulatedin the course of For the developmentthrough PG. By LPG a broaderbody shape has been re-established. is the series the SM/EPG evidence PG, 45.3 (with 45.5) the three suppliedby stirrup-jar LPG tombL: fromT. 285 (foundin the MPG bell-krater and F. no. from the 303 285.82) and also by comparison of H/DR proportionswith smaller bell-skyphoiin datable contexts. Decorationof any kindis rare,and confinedto the beginningand end of the series.The reservedwavyline of 60.32 recurson Ay.IoannisV. 2-3 and on a piece froma SM-EPG settlement context.344 was to coat Otherwise,dippingfromthefootis therule.The intention all the interiorand the uppertwo thirdsof the exterior, leavingthelowerbodyand thefoot reserved.The white-on-darkdecoration of 100.37 and 38 - zoned groups of bars- is altogether exceptional. (ii)Small.H. 7.5-9 cm. EPG: MPG: LPG: LPG-PGB: PGB:
207.49 (bellied);207.67; 48.2; 60.8, 14; 219.3, 35, 78-9; K 3. 285.91 (reserved bands);285.92, 98-100, 104-06, 115-16, 119; 175.53-4, 69-70; L 3-5, 285.127, 142, 148-50; 287.18, 20-23; 175.32-4; 100.17, 29, 47, 72; E 4> 7-9; F 3-4; N 13; O 45. 28.6-7, 13, 15, 17. G 78-9, 122.
The smallerEPG typediffers fromitsSM predecessor345 in the same waysas the bell-krater and the largerbell-skyphos. There is a sudden deepeningof the shape, oftenattaininga H/DR ratioof 1.4 or more;and theearlierpracticeofinteriorreservation belowtherimand on the flooris replacedby dippingfromthe foot.346 The developmentof the shape through
343F. no. 11;AR 1983,76 fig.62 (feetmissing). 344BSA 67 (1972)71,A 12, 14. pl.
345F. no. 2; BSA67 (1072)60,A 18fig.2 pl. 14;AR 1083fig.64. 346The reservedbandingof 285.91 is a rareexception.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
38o
In MPG the deep formstillprevails, PG is documentedby associationswithbell-kraters.347 buttheH/DR ratiodeclinesto i.0-1.25 duringLPG. In PGB thelatestand broadesthave a a straight conicallowerbody. and sometimes squarelookwithnearverticalwall,348 B. SHALLOW SKYPHOI: LOOSE ADAPTATIONS OF CAULDRON TYPES
Veryshortconcavelip,broadflatbase; levelhandles,strapor reflex.Bands or spatterinside. DR. under18cm. M-LPG: PGB: EG:
J 18, 24, 31; 100.10; 207.33, 47, 63. 100.18, 70; D 9 (one-handled);100.66; D 1. N 15 fr.;G 43-4, 116 fr.,118, 119 fr.,120; 107.119; 134.51-2; 75-I3«; 280.9; 104.39, 54» 286.8 fr.;175*1;F/67: 1.12.
the shallowrounded These are smallerversionsof the cauldron-krater (typeB (iii))following ratherthan the carinatedmodel. The profilewas neverstandardised,varyingfromvery shallow(100.10) to almosthemispherical (100.18). Earlyexamples,like thosefromtombJ, withthinlines forpendentsemicircles. showa preference Simplermotifsprevailthereafter, These vesselsare commonestin EG and are thenthemostusual coveringthelowerbody.349 and beforethelow-basedmainlandtypes typeofskyphosafterthepassingofthebell-skyphos Miniatureversionsoccur then,as 280.9 froman EG had become securelyestablished.350 or a singlerow of pithosburial. Usual motifsin thisphase are one or two wavylines,351 pendentarcs (134.51). By the end of thisseries,apartfromthe levelhandlesand the lightlowfromthe earliestof the Atticizing grounddecoration,thistypeis not greatlydifferent d. C basedvarieties, c, (iii), type C. MAINLAND TYPES
Fullycoatedinside,butforreservedlinebelowrimand reserveddiscon floor. foot (i) With highconical MPG: LPG: PGB: EG: MG, late: LG:
Q,68, 103, iO4a-b frs.(large);207.45 fr.,48, 65 fr.,68. O 44 (large);207.17, 56, 66; E 5 (dipped). D 6 (white-on-dark). 104.56. 31*29, 30 fr. 106.3 (miniature pedestalledkrater).
theheightofthesevesselsis usuallylessthantherimdiameter. UnlikethePG bell-skyphoi, They divideclearlyintotwosizes,withrimdiametereithermorethan16cm or lessthan10cm. 347EPG: F. nos. 167,169-76withbell-kraters nos. 166 and II 3. Late EPG: 168;BSA58 (1963)37,II 9-15 withbell-krater no. 207. MPG: T. «85, the E nos. 208-10 withbell-krater 285.82; F. nos. 228-36 withbelllargegroupwithbell-krater kraterno. 221. LPG: F. nos. 1471-80and 1485-91withbellkratersnos. 1467and 1484. LPG-PGB: F. nos. 435-9 with 28.11. no. 428. PGB: T. 28, thesetwithbell-krater bell-krater
348Cf. severalfroma PGB depositat Phaistos,Ann52-3 (1974-75)204 fig.49. 349Cf. cups of type C, with which the one-handled linkwith100.18 and 70. skyphosprovidesa further 3*oCf.BSA 67 (1972)80. 351E.g. E no. 394; BSA 67 (1972)pl. 28, G 101.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
381
The fourlargeMPG skyphoifromtombQ, reproducetheproportion, S-profileand strict conicalfootoftheAtticLPG model(e.g.J 50) whichwas importedto Knossosin considerable quantity;we should also bear 2ig.f58 in mind, a possible prototypein bronze. In the decoration,the circleswithMaltese crosseson the firstpair followan Atticformula,but withouttheusualrectilinear panel in thecentre.352 an as alternative circle filling,Q, 104a introducesa whollynon-Atticgridded Then, chevron- a motifused more extensivelyon a larger vessel of very similar shape from and on one side ofthebig MPG bell-krater ofQ Prinias,353 285.82. The pendentsemicircles in a also later no. which shares the more articulated 104b appear slightly piece, Payne 63, shape ofO 44 withcompletecircles;on bothvesselstheoffset lip,withsolidpaint,combines withthependentsemicircles to suggestinfluencefromEuboea or theCyclades354 ratherthan fromAttica. Earliestamong the smallerpieces, the unusuallydeep group of 207.17 approachesthe ofthebell-krater, and thefringed latticepanel cannotbe farin timefromthelater proportions EPG bell-krater 48.7; but on such a smallscale thereis no roomforlateralsetsof circles. Laterin PG the shape becomesshallowerand developsan articulatedlip (E 5, D 6) likethe laterversions;thedecorationshowsan experimental use ofmultiplebrushforpilesoffloating zigzags(groupof207.17), or ofwhitepaintfordotsand lines(D 6). of high-footed SubsequentG examplesare veryrare,and perhapsintendedas miniatures kratersforchildren.The latest,106.3, combinesstirruphandleswitha tall pedestal.The decorationmirrors thatofcontemporary low-basedskyphoi. (ii) Low base
raisedbase. Mainlydarkground. (a) Various early types. Ringfootor slightly SM/EPG: E-MPG: MPG: PGB-EG:
98.9. 207.44 (lightground). J 11. G 41, G 47, G 128.
ImportsfromCyprusare not knownas earlyas the beginningof thisseries;even so, the I form,355 as do hemispherical shape of the firsttwo resemblea commonCypro-Geometric the loop handlesof 98.9, risingclose to the rim.The EPG skyphosF. no. 62, also witha laterlocal adaptationofthistype.The weaker dark-ground wavyline,is a deeperand slightly line of recurs on kalathoi(e.g. 207.40); but the conical EPG wavy 207.44 contemporary known from other cemeteries356 is notrepresented here. skyphos-kalathos hybrid Affinities withthe mainlandbeginwithJ 11, the firstto have a distinctevertedlip. The ratherthanin Attica;thefine deep and roundedlow-basedformis at homein theArgolid357 bufffabricwithsemi-lustrous was at first to indicate an Argiveimport,but paint thought chemicalanalysishas shownthe clay to be local. This type,alwaysdecoratedwitha narrow 352Cf. Kerameikos I no. 609; Hesperia30 (1961) 167 pl. 27. 353Wide fig.14. 354Cf. LejkandiI pl. 14 no. 33 (Euboea); PGP pi 16 nos. 45, 146 (Andros), pl. 25, A 3 (Tenos).
355Skales
207.44.
361 (iii); cf. especially fig. 45, T. 43.45 with our
356F. no. 61; Ay.IoannisIII.5, V.15. 357GGP 1 14, 117; COM 211 f.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
382
reservedpanel of rectilinearornamentbetween handles, continuesthrougha poor PGB piece (E no. 362) to the more carefullymade set fromTomb G. DR at least 16 cm. semicircles. (b) Withpendent M-LPG:
207.12 (lightground),27, 33, 73.
Among these unusuallycapacious skyphoi207.73 (DR 21 cm) mightqualifyas a small krater. Imports of the familiarEuboean SubPG model (e.g. G 123) are not known before the late ninthcentury,later than the general context of T. 207; but the tall coated lip mightperhaps suggest acquaintance with an earlier Euboean version.358All, however, depart from the Euboean originalsin various ways. Four, or even six (207.12) sets of pendent semicirclesfill the panels, in contrastto the usual two in Euboea - a distinctionconsistentwiththe wider and shallowershape of the Cretan version,perhaps under the influenceof the cauldron-skyphoiof typeB. On 207.27 and 73 large reservedareas are leftinside the lower body.As forthe shape, only 207.27, with its low conical foot, is at all close to any Euboean prototype;the others have flat bases. The strap handles of 207.33 are taken from type B, which in exchange receivesthe pendent semicircles(e.g.J 18) in its earlierstages. (c) Coated EG: LG: LG/EO:
G 48 (miniature);104.28, 49; 218.98, ioo. 106.32. 76.2, 104.117.
We come now to three AtticizingG types. The EG coated group is based on Attic MG I imports like G 40 and 126, with short oblique and offsetlip, disc foot and the usual reservationsinside. The careless miniatureG 48 is fullycoated and lacks the lip articulation; the otherfourfollowthe Atticmodel closely,witha rim diameterconsistentlyof 14-15 cm. MG skyphoiare always decorated, but coated examples begin again aftera long interval, on a more modest scale and with a high verticallip. The body shape of 106.32, fullycoated, resembles the contemporary black cup. On the last two the tall lips accumulate lines like decorated skyphoiof the same stage. This typepersistsinto O, with the lip lines reinforcedin white(107.55). zigzags (d) Withmultiple EG: MG:
G 125, 13.28. 107.92, 75*99; 292.140 (withstrainertop).
Known importsbearing this motifare not Attic, but AtticizingCycladic. The earliest local piece, G 125, is closely related to Cycladic MG I skyphoilike 219.25 and 41 with ring foot, short offsetlip, and groups of freehand bars inside the lip. Likewise the double zigzag of
358Cf.Lefiandi I, 298 fig.8, G-H.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
383
ratherthan theirAttic no. 45, reflectsthe Cycladicversions359 13.28, and lateron Gypsades on which the is at least prototypes360 zigzag triple. The MG pieces,nowwithflatbase, adopt themoreverticallip and ratherdeepershape of have been foundat Atticand CycladicMG II. Once again, onlythe Cycladiccounterparts on local are now drawn more and Knossos.361 the loosely Zigzags skyphoi spaciouslythanon a unicum: theimportedprototypes. The fragmentary is Cretan 107.92 typically zigzagson one a and a hole the meander, meander on the white-on-dark star beside side, other, mysterious and no paint inside.The invalidcup, 292.140 is morepracticallydesignedthan a slightly 362thestrainer laterAtticcounterpart; above top,fixedto theAtticpiece and risingawkwardly itsrim,is heredetachableand concave. This typecontinueselsewhereintoLG and evenEO, usuallywitha smallerdouble zigzag, sometimes flankedbysmallmetopesofdiagonalcrosses.363 DR 10-13cm. chevron. (e) Withvertical MG: LG:
104.105, M 5, 219.29, 219.99 fr.,75.184. 163.5, 107.169, 79.8, 76.3; 14.19, Q,52 (miniatures).
The chevronskyphos,a creationof AtticMG II, was copiouslyimitatedin almosteveryG now regionalschool. Crete,in spiteof the rarityof theseskyphoiamongpreviousfinds,364 provesto be no exception. EitherAtticor Cycladicimports365 could have suppliedthemodelforKnossos.The earliest local piece is F. no. 396, fromthepredominantly EG tombLST. Like theimportsand F. no. 396, ourearliestexampleshavea shortnear-vertical lip withgroupsofbarsinside,nowdrawn withmultiplebrush.Laterin MG theoriginaldisc footis replacedby a flatbase, and thelip articulated;366 inside,thegroupsofbarsare nowusually growsmuchtallerand is lesscarefully omitted. (f)With single steep zigzag.DR 9-11 cm. MG, late:
104.18, 47, 63-4, 67, 95, 106-09, II6; O 20, 75.94, i34*75*
On this homogeneous group of small skyphoi,the design is a variant of the vertical chevroncompositionin its late MG stage; but thereare no interiorbars. This schemeis rare in Attica, but a well-deposit in the Athenian Agora area has produced a close counterpart.367
359As on 210. 7>>and 202.87 (reverse). 360Cf. GGPvl. sb, e.
361107.98;292.50,87.
362P. E. Corbe«, BMG io (10*4.)6^ ff.ni. 26. 363F. no. 919; Payneno. 148; nos. 76-7, with Ay.Paraskies EO pithos no. 8. With lateral metopes: Hartley no. 19, Mastamba no. 59. 364The chronologicaland historical implicationsof this type in the pre-colonial West have prompted detailed studiesof its Panhellenicdistribution: D. Ridgway,StEtr35
theRomansed. D. and F. (1967) 311 ff.(= id., in Italybefore Ridgway(London, 1979) 113ff.);J. P. Descoeudres,BSA 78 (1983) 9 ff.For Crete (25 f.) Descoeudrescan listonlyfour examples. 365Attic:75.205, 218.99. Cycladic:292.70. 366cf f nos 1005-06;Mastamba no. 45; Atsalenio A 40, 49. 367Cf. Hesperia30 (1961) 109, I 35, pl. 19. Less close is a larger and earlier import,107.136, where the zigzag is enclosedin an unbrokendoubleframe.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
384
motifs (g) Withother EG: MG: LG:
107.77; I3-II(?) G 127 fr.,75.97, 107.99 &•>63.15 104.77, 104.66 (late). 14*^4; 19*23 (late)-
Low-basedG skyphoimade in theAttictraditionusuallybear motifsofAtticorigin;herewe listthe exceptions.For EG we have opposed groupsof diagonals(107.77) and smallsetsof concentric circleson 13.11; circlesare otherwiseunknownon skyphoibeforelate LG,368but theshape and thecontextcombineto supportan earlierdate. HorizontalS's appear in MG are simpleand rectilinear. on G 127 and 75.97, and in LG on 14.24. 369Otherwisethemotifs On 104.66 theobliquebarsare a further of the vertical chevronscheme.370 The simplification bone and the bars are more at home on thick-and-thin (104.77)372 (107.99)371 cups, herring typesE (i) and (ii). Atticand It remainshereto summarise thedevelopment ofthelow-basedG shape.At first, Atticizing importswere closelyimitated.Cretan EG skyphoiare based on the AtticMG I shallowbody,and a ringor disc foot.For MG the profilewithlow oblique lip, a relatively model is AtticMG II, wherethe lip is more vertical,and the footmay now be omitted. thelocal shapegoesitsownwayin LG; the as importsbecomemuchlessfrequent, Thereafter, lip becomes tallerand less preciselyarticulated,and the base is nearlyalwaysflat.The to whichwe nowturn. nowbeginsto be supplantedbyitsliplessrelativethekotyle, skyphos The Kotyle LG: LG-EO:
229.19, 104.9, IO7*89, 106.28. 78*9 (miniature).
evolvedin Corinthat theturnto LG fromthelocal versionofthechevron The kotylewas first A fr.fromthearea oftheMinoanpalace374 ofthelip.373 -with the skyphos, gradualelimination the earliestCorinthiantypewithchevron is froman importof the Aetos 666 kotyle,375 decorationand a hemispherical body.All fiveof our pieces followthismodel in a slightly shallowerformand, after229.19, on a smallerscale; but all except106.28 also preservea Since slightnickon therim,in memoryofsomeoftheveryearliestCorinthianspecimens.376 the miniature78.9 cannotbe earlierthan an advanced stageof LG, it is as if subsequent at all on importedtypesof Corinthiankotyle like292.42 fora timemade no impression the Knossian potter.On the contrary,still withinLG, shallow Cretan kotylaimay be or fullycoated.378 decoratedin accordancewithlocal taste,withdoublecircles,377 Adaptations ofthedeeperCorinthianformbelongwhollyto thelocal O development.379
368E no. 874, with late LG pithos no. 870. 369Cf. Mastambano. 14. 370Cf. F. no. 763. 371Cf. BSA 67 (1972) pl. 28, G 90, with two herring-bone zones. 372Cf. loe.cit.G 87. 373GGPioif.,pl. 19J.
374BSA 31 (1930-31) 89, pl. 18, 6. 375BSA 48 (1953) 261 no. 666, pl. 42. 376GG/)97f.,pl. 18e. 377BSA 67 (1972) pl. 22, F 15 (= GGP pl. 55d). Continued here in O type B. 378Loe. cit.F 14; AtsalenioF 42. 379BSA 55 (i960) 171; here O type A.
the protogeometric
and geometric pottery
385
The Cup a. deep, with high foot SM/EPG: 25.2. EPG: 98.13. A light-ground SM typebears a jagged zigzag or a wavyline,and spaced bands inside;the It shape is deep and bell-like,the rimdiameterbeingapproximately equal to the height.380 survivesonlyintoEPG, whentheH/DR ratiorisesto I.2.381Our 25.2 is intermediate in this A uniquedark-ground variant,98.13, is gadroonedto resemblea pomegranateor respect.382 poppyhead; theextremedepth(H/DR ratio1.4)suggestsEPG. B. DIPPED, FLAT BASE383
Dipped fromthehandle,so thatpaintcoversthe upperpartof each flank.Rough base with Handle attachedinsiderim,whichis oftenelliptical.H. 6-9 cm. string-mark. EPG: MPG: LPG: PGB: EG:
207.20; 207.21 fr. J 14, Q, 17. D 39, E 6, E io, G 65-7, G 129, Q, 8, 28.10, 175.56, 219.8, 219.10, 287.5, 287.6 (fully coated). D 42, i8.2, 18.9, 283.106; 283.105 (coated). 280.5, 286.6; 104.88 (smaller).
All F. exampleswereassignedto LPG, clearlythephase whenthesecups weremostpopular; morerecentfinds,however,allow theman earlierorigin.An unusuallydeep piece,withlip occursin a EPG domesticcontext.384 The pair fromT. 207, similarbut even offset, slightly deeper,perhapsmarkthe transitionfromthe equally deep but light-ground typeA. J 14, muchshallowerbut stillwithan offsetlip,is froma contextnot laterthanMPG; withit go outnumberedby Q, 17 and Ay.IoannisI. 45. But these are rare and isolatedexperiments, AtticPG cupswhichpredominate in thelargelibationsetfromtombJ. imported The dippedcup became fullyestablishedin LPG, whenit assumesa broad bell shapewith averageH/DR ratioof 0.7. The profileis now a triplecurve.A gentlyevertedlip,no longer concavelowerbodysometimes offset, overhangsa convexbelly;a slightly givestheimpression ofa discfoot(D 39, G 66). This typemaynowoccurin largesets,as in F. tombL.385 AfterLPG the shape loses its characteristic bell-likeprofilewithoverhanging rim,and is to thesmallAtticizing belliedtypeD (i). The offset graduallyassimilated returns, lip veryshort and obliquein PGB, tallerand moreverticalin thecupsfromtheEG burialsT. 280 and T 286. C. LIGHT GROUND: SCRIBBLE OR ZIGZAG, STRIPES
Handle attachedinsideoverhanging rim.Flat base. Coated inside.H. 4-6.5 cm.
LPG:
287.29, 34.
38040.19; F. nos. 10,16;AR 29 (1983)76 fig.60a, b.
381F. no. 57, tomb VI; Ay.IoannisVIII.4.
382H/DR ratioi.m. as also BSA 67 (1072ÌdI. i^. A 2^. 383F. 166 class B (i). The heading 'black with offset
rim' can hardlyreferto thisclass. 384BSA 67 (1972)69, A 26, pl. is. 385F. nos. 291,294-5,308-10, 321-31.
J- N. COLDSTREAM
386
PGB: EG:
D 35 (spatterinside),D 36-38 frs.,Q,28, (¿35, 0,41, 219.11. 283.48 (smaller).
In shapetheseare smallerrelatives ofthedippedtypeB, fromLPG (overhanging rim)through PGB (shortoblique lip, offset)to EG (belliedprofile,more verticallip). The simplelightgrounddecorationrelatesthemto skyphoioftypeB. A miniature versionoccursamonga PGB group Previousfindsofferno close counterparts. F. no. 468, morefullyand wildlydecorated,is relatedin shape. fromneartheVillaAriadne.386 In F. no. 514,a smallcompositevessel,a zigzagcup likethesetfromtombQis attachedto the mouthofa plaindomestichydria.It couldbe thatthesecupswereassociatedwithhydriaiand intendedforwaterlibations;ofthefivetombsin whichtheyoccur,tombsQ,, 283 and 287have producedhydriaiofthesamedate,butno hydriahas been recoveredfromtombsD and 219. D. COATED CUPS
Belliedshape,offset lip,straphandle,flatbase. Shortlip.H. 4-6 cm. H/DR ratio0.5-0.6. Atticizing.387 (i) Smallandshallow, MPG: LPG-PGB: E-MG:
J 12. 287.4. 283.25, 283.43, 104.87, 106.6, 31.34.
Attictype,importedto Knossos, oftheflat-based rareimitations These are thecomparatively fromthe PG context of tombJ throughto MG. The local versions cover the same in theprofile.Closestto Atticare the development range,withoutanyconsistent chronological of the originals, floorreservation and the handle barred which the T. from 283 adopt pair the shallowand The other in the and outside reservation not the only cups copy lip. though belliedAtticshape,all surfacesbeingfullycoated. Usuallythebase is leftroughunderneath The and thehandlemaybe attachedinsidetherim,in thelocal tradition. witha string-mark, fromthe smaller are not verydifferent laterpieces,apartfromtheirshallowerproportions, membersoftypeD (ii). Heavy handle, ellipticalin section,attached Fullycoated.388 (ii) Deeper.Roughbasewithstring-mark.
H/DR ratio0.6-0.7. insiderim.Shortobliquelip,usuallyoffset. (a) Large.H. 6.5-8.5 cm. LPG: PGB-EG: MG:
175.16. 175.18-21; G 58-9. 61-3, 131-2; N 17, Q, 27, 18.14, 28.4, 107.163; 283.3-7; 285.70, 87, in, 113, 126, 133; 287.2; 287.16 (misfired). 75*465 78, 100, 107, 199; 107.96; 132.28, 37; 219.27; 306.16-17, 21-2.
386BSA 58 (1963) 41 no. 8 pl. 13c. 387F. 167,class C. Add Ay.loamos1.44,contemporarywithJ 12.
388F. 166, class B (ii).
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
387
(b) Small H. 4-5.5 cm. PGB: EG: MG:
182.2 (miniature). 100.28, 30, 67; 280.2-4, 7-8. 16. 1; 104.52, 126; 134.36, 39; 218.119; 219.62; 104.38 (dipped).
One of the earliest is 175.16, which shares the bell shape and overhanginglip of the LPG dipped cups, type B; the three fromFortetsa tomb L389must be equally early.Thereafterthe bellied profile becomes usual - perhaps an enlargement of the Atticizing type C, but somewhatdeeper and with a conical lower body.390Many are roughlymade, with an elliptical rim and an unsteadybase. This typepersistsinto MG in a 'more developed shape' and witha 'more strap-likehandle',391and a more sharplydefined lip. Two rare exceptions to the usual overall coating,N 17 and 75.119, carrya reservedline on the belly. (iii) Verydeep.392 Lip clearly offset.Handle usually attached outside rim. Base well smoothed. Fine thinfabric,fullycoated. H/DR ratio 0.7-0.9. (a) Large.H. 8-1 1 cm. MG, late: LG: LG/EO:
218.5, 45, 46, no, 112, 115. 75*I2O, 104.5, IO7-635 *34*e4* 218.48; 306.23 (dipped). ig^Sî 4°*39> 75^3°5 106.4; 134.2, 9, 17, 20, 63, 66.
(b) Small.H. 4-7 cm. MG: LG: LG/EO:
125.14. O 26, 31.10, 98.4. 78.7.
The coated cup now attains a size considerably larger than most skyphoi, but the most remarkableinnovationis the vast improvementin fabric.Gone are the uneven rimsand rough bases of the preceding type; the clay is now so carefullyprepared that the wall may oftenbe less than 0.2 cm thick.Brock reasonably suspected the influenceof a metallic prototype,even In plundered tombs these cups are thoughthe only knownbronze versionis somewhatlater.393 found broken into myriads of small fragments;lists of this standard LG type, and of its O successors,will thusgive littleidea of its great frequency. The earliestcontext of the thin-walledcup is in T. 218, where nos. 45-6 were found with the late MG pithos no. 39. 394Thenceforth the shape became progressively deeper,395a process continuingthroughthe O period when these cups become even more numerous (O
389F. nos.284,332-3. 390cf#F. nos.a.<'aand 1031-2.in PGB contexts. 391Brock,F. 50, no. 491; 166. 392F. 166f.classB (iii). 393F. 167;no. 1560,a stemmed bronzecup,hasa bodylikeour typeD (iii),butthetalllipplacesitwelldownintheO period.
394Also UM II pls. 54 and 63, GD 22, in a MG domestic context. 395 Associations with F. pithoi illustrate the developmentof shape throughLG (nos. 1452, 1131,1465) into EO (no. 1025).
J- N- COLDSTREAM
388
cups,typeA). The pair 134*9 and 20, in contrastto theusualoverallcoating,havethehandle barred,and therimreservedinsideand out. E. DECORATED
G CUPS396
Belliedshape,flatbase. Barredhandle.Lines on lip: inside,reservedlinebelowrim,reserved discon floor. (i) Withreserved panel
EG, experimental: MG: LG: LG, late:
175.38, G 60. 65.3, 75.93, 219.37, 292.101, 108, no; 292.82, 134.67; 292.91. io6.i, 134.45. io6.io, 11, 27 fr.;132.32, 283.104, 168.2, i.8, 78.3.
Here we includeall decoratedG cupswheretheornamentis enclosedon threesidesbysolid paint,withlinesrunningroundthelip. verticalwall,low centre withstraight oflocal character, The firsttwoare earlyexperiments a more tankard thana cup,is 20 and ofgravity, and littleor no lip. The huge lipless175.38, EG rim diameter.Comparable cm high,and deeperthanits pieces,thoughwitha slightlip, are E no. 656 and a sporadicfindfromtheRomanVilla Dionysus.397 of The MG group,withshortoffsetlip and belliedprofile,is the decoratedcounterpart typesD (i) and (ii).Firstmade in AtticEG II, belliedcupswithreservedpanelshardlysurvive and CycladicMG,400 but the typepersistsintoArgive399 intoMG in theiroriginalhome;398 and may well have been introducedto Knossos throughCycladicimportslike 283.96. A is thepair ofbosses featureoftheAtticversion,and ofitsclose imitations elsewhere, striking flankingthe panel; these seem to have been adopted at Knossos even beforethe usual cup F. no. 656, and Atticizing panel motifsoccurringalreadyon thedeep and experimental also on F. no. 921 whichcombinestheAtticbelliedshape witha local curvilinear designof PGB-EG origin,a rowof arcswithhatchedbackground.Closestto theAtticand Atticizing modelsare our firstfourMG cups,wherebossesflankpanelsofmultiplezigzags,and on the firsttwo thereare groupsof bars in the interiorreservedband.401Other MG panel motifs reflectlocal tastein variousways.The meandersof 292.82 and 134.67, as on otherlocal hatching.The tonguesof 292. 91402survive shapesof thistime,are filledwithperpendicular other on the fromtheearliercurvilinear cupsfromT. 292,on whichthebossesare repertoire; omitted,the herringbone is anotherlocal variant.These MG cups are of mediumdepth (H/DR ratio0.65-0.75).The earliest,65.3, has a ringfoot;theothers,a discfootor flatbase. Like contemporary skyphoi,LG decoratedcups developa higherlip in proportionto the from the unusuallylarge io6.i, the shape is no deeper than in MG. The but, apart body;
396F. 167,classD (i). 397J. W. Hayes,BSA 78 (1983) 138 no. 231 pl. 6. Wide fig. 27, fromAnopolis,is of similarshape but the decoration looksLG. 398QQp !^} pi#2c. Latest occurrence:E. L. Smithson, 43 (1974)348 f.,AR V-4,pl. 73d. Hesperia
399CGA221ff,esp. C 35,pl. 71. 400GGP pl. 34h; P. Zapheiropoulou,Ann45 (1983) 125 n. 16,fig.16. 401Cf. Tekethobsno. 81 (withinterior no. 28. bars);Gypsades *°2Cf.thefootedMG cup E no. 611,GGPpl 53b.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
389
but expands chiefnoveltylies in thedecoration.The reservedpanel is now usuallynarrower, towardsthehandlewiththeadditionofnumerousbars,and lateralmetopemotifs likelozenge crosses(106. 1),stars(134.4s), quarteredcircles(78. 3)403and diagonalcrosses(168.2); thelast two arrivelate in LG, as do the 'blind' undottedlozenge chains (106.10-11) in the main as panel.Again,late in LG, theusual bars on thehandlemaybe replacedbyverticallines,404 on variousothershapes of thistime.405 Bosses surviveonlyon the largercups, 106. 1 and theirmemoryis preservedbythestarsand quarteredcirclesin thelateral 283.104; elsewhere, metopes. This typebecomesveryscarcein O, withmuchmoreelaboratedecoration(O cupstypeB). We pass nowto twotypesofsmallercupswithsinglezonal motifs runningup to thehandle. and thinbars.H. 5-6 cm. (ii) withzoneofthick
LG, early: LG, late: LG/EO:
104.61, 96, 101, 113; 48.13 fr.;75.96a fr.,112, 169; 134.40. 78.10. 294.52 fr.(dots).
and the Argolid,407 Cups withthisdecorationoccur in Attica406 quite late in LG. The only knownCretanexampleis F. no. 420. The shapeconforms to theLG stageoftypeE previously (i). In the decorationtheremay be some chronologicaldevelopmentfrom104.96408 to 134.40, in the retreatof solidpaintfromthe area by the handle.Later stillare the careless thickbars of 78.10; eventuallytheyare replacedby blobs betweensinglebars on 294.52, whichnevertheless thebossesoftypeE (i). On thehandles,a talldiagonalcrossis an preserves alternative to theusualbarring. severalnarrowzones withpointedzigzag and groupsof threebars. H. 4-5 (iii) White-on-dark: cm. M-LG:
i34-I3» 49> 53-
A rare typeof small cup, unknownamong the F. corpus.Their non-Atticizing decoration relatesthemto earlywhite-on-dark domedlidslikeF. no. 674,to domedlidsoftypeA (ii),and also to earlyPraisos-type like125.2. lekythoi decoration. H. 10-11 cm. H/DR ratio 0.75-0.9. (iv) Largedeepcupswithmetopal
LG, early: LG, late: LG/EO:
40.43. 75*202 fr.,132.26 fr. 132-249 I32.25, 134-47-
403cf 7T nos> qßq IOOq; Hartley no. 4-Q.
404Cf.Mastamba no. 64. 405Cf.pithos283.20; oinochoe 79.7; jug 14.10; aryballoi
14.12, 294.21.
406KerameikosV.i IV 78 fig.40. pl. 106no. 846; Thorikos 407GGPpi 3if;AM 78 (1963). 408with thesetfromT. 104 goes 104.99, a CUPofsimilar shapebutwitha continuousscribble.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
3go
All six maybe added to thefinelydecoratedcups attributable to the LG BirdWorkshop.409 withthe pithos85.2. This cup Its earlyLG stageis representedby 40.43, contemporary alreadyintroducesa typicalmetopalmotifof the workshop,seen also on 132.26 and 24: thelozengequarteredby a diagonalcross,withsmalllozengesin each quarter.Apartfrom the claw preservedon the fr.132.26, the characteristicbird is representedonly on 75.202; its sinuousneck,curvedwingand fishtail is matchedon the cup F. no. 672, and A 4. At the LG/EO stage, even more closely on the pithoi Payne no. 27 and Atsalenio the are admitted into blooms metopalrepertoire;linkedlotus (132.24) and orientalizing vertical In the earlierintersecting the rosette (132.25). intervening 'triglyphs', quatrefoil fauna of The curious mere into is now 134*47$ cross-hatching. simplified zigzag (75.202) and attentionhas been drawn to real and imaginary,have been discussedelsewhere,410 bronzewithcreatureson the Idaean shieldsand otherproto-orientalizing theiraffinities the earliest to owes the Orientalizing vasework;411 flyingbird, however, something paintingofCorinth.412 The Plate PG: M-LG:
285.118. 104.104.
variantof the This rare shape is unknownin F., and is best consideredas a narrow-based local tray.The handles,in contrastto the reflexformof the AtticG plate,insteadfollow successivetypesof tray:A, withrisinghandles (285.118), B, withlugs verticallypierced (104.104).
The Tray Under thisheadingwe considershallowvesselswithlow wall and broad flatbase, witha H/DR ratiobetween0.1 and 0.3. In F.413Brocknoted fivepairs,of whichonlythreefall withinPG and G. The new findshelp to fillout a continuoussequence fromEPG to LG, divisibleintothreetypesaccordingto the numberand formationof the handlesas well as variationsin profile.Of Brock'spairs,onlythe first,in tombVI, conformto a singletype; but our findsdo lend some weightto a suppositionthatthisrelativelyuncommonshape sincepairswithinthe same typealso occur in tombs was oftendoubled as a tomboffering, 13 and M. T. 100, however,boasts a homogeneous set of six PG traysand also three double trays,a miniature embedded inside the main vessel; one envisages a wellMuch later,a feast,the compositetrayspossiblyservingformezedhakia. appointedfunerary M-LG three where functionis recordedin the Mastamba tomb, trayswere quite different known to be C is used as lids forcremationpithoi.414In domesticcontexts,only type frequent.
409GGP 24.6 f. nos. 10-15; cf. ovoid pithoi type C (ii). 410RA 45 (1982) 25 ff. 411For the sphinx cf. the Kavousi relief,AJA 5 (1901) 148 Bronzereliefs fig. 10; for the frontal lions, E. Kunze, Kretische
(Stuttgart,i oili) pl. 7 no. *, the central bosses. 4'2 Cf. the EPC aryballos, BMO 36 (1971-72) 112 pl. 38b. 413/r ,6414Lids for pithoi nos. 55, 58, 63.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
ggX
A. WITH THREE HANDLES RISING FROM THE RIM
wall,slopingoutwards. Straight E-MPG: LPG: PGB:
J 25; 219.74; Q67; 100.49 fr-> 5°» 77~9 frs-5 100.75-6 frs.(composite). L 11 fr. 285.66 (twohandles).
The decorationofthemainE-MPG groupis simple:solidpaintinsidewithreservedbands,in whichconcentriccirclesare added on the rotatingwheel;dots on the rim,bands and lines The same scheme is applied to the outside,the undersideleftrough and unpainted.415 miniatures insidethecompositetrays.The reservedfreehandsemicircles on thefloorofJ 25 - though from an earlier and indeed SM tradition, suggestcontinuity fragmentary prototypes in domesticcontextsonly havebeen recordedat Knossos416 and at Karphi.417 The compass-drawnsemicirclezone underL 11 is the earliestornamentapplied to the whichhenceforth carriesthemaindecoration-asthoughitwerenow customary to underside, these vessels on the wall. The same motif occurs under the centre of no. but hang Gypsades 51, theaccompanying zigzagsand wavylinesindicatePGB-EG. Withtheselaterpiecesthewallis becomingmore convex,turninggentlyinto the base. Two of the last examplesmarkthe transition to typeC, withtwo levelhandles:onlytwo handlesrisefromthe rimof 285.66, whileF. no. 370 (also PGB) has threelevelhandles,and theconcavelip oftypeC. B. WITH TWO LUG HANDLES OF REFLEX SHAPE, VERTICALLY PIERCED
Convexprofile, usuallywithshortconcavelip.Main decorationunderthebase. PGB: EG: MG:
G 50 (small,coarse). 13*22, 13.32, 13.49 & 125*15(plain).
Derivationfroma coarsePG prototype is suggestedbyF. no. 91 (E-MPG) followedby G 50, thelatterhavinghandleslevelwiththerim;buttheylack theshortconcavelip ofthepainted trays,on whichthe lug handlesare set well below the rim.These beginwitha roughPGB piece,F no. 353,witha hatchedcrossabove and belowthebase. The pair 13.22 and 13.32 are finelyand copiouslydecoratedwithfreehandcurvilinear motifsin the mannerof major EG workslikethepithoiwithlids G 6-9. A littlelater(MG?) comesthevasttrayF no. 422 (D. 43 cm) wherebirdsin variousposes figurein an elaboratecruciform compositionunder the base. The paintedseriesends withthe threetraysfromthe Mastamba tomb,418 more wheeland massedtriplecircleswhichmust simplydecoratedwithreservedcross,eight-spoke be wellintoLG. The plain undecorated125.15, froma MG context,revertsto theliplesscoarseprototype withlugs level withthe rim; but the polished orange fabric,farfromcoarse, recalls the unpaintedaryballoi(typeB) and also a class of plain LG-EO cups foundonlyin domestic contexts.419 This typeis revivedin O as a plainlekanis,e.g.H 14 and 31. 415Cf.F. nos.74,90. 416Froma SM pitinexcavations fortheStratigraphical Museum information P M. Warren. Extension; kindly supplied byProf.
417M. Seiradhaki,BSA 55 (i960) 9 ff,'Dishes',esp.pl. 4d. 418See n. 414 above. 419BSA 67 (1972)78, F 20-22, pl. 23.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
392
C. WITH TWO HANDLES, STRAP OR REFLEX
Concave lip, leaninginwards;carination,convexbelliedwall. Main decorationunderbase. Bandsinside. EG: M/LG: LG:
M i, M 3 (lipless),292.154, 107.173. 26.15 fr. 104.34, IO4-Ö5>292.175, 18.36, 24.8 fr.
These traysrun parallel to the previoustype,differing only in the formationof the two handles.The floridornamentunderthe bases of the EG group,in two or moreconcentric zones,resemblesthatoftheomphaloiddomedlids,typeA (i). wellintoMG, survives As withthelids,itis possiblethatthefreehandcurvilinear repertoire tojudge fromtwofrs.in a domesticcontextof late MG to LG;420but the MG phase is also decoration,includingthehatchedleavesfoundunderAttic bytheusualAtticizing represented cable witha bold and elongated MG flatpyxides.421 The fr.26.15 combinedan old-fashioned birds Bird LG of the the meander,recalling early stage Apartfromthesilhouette Workshop.422 on the fr.24.8, laterLG pieces are more summarilydecorated,withmanyzones of light ornament(18.36) or withbands only(104.85). The simplebanded scheme,withdotson the intoEO on trayswithverylowwalls.423 rim,persists The Larnax (i) Withpainteddecoration
LMIIIai: LM III A2: LMIIIb: G imitation:
107.214. Q, 116; 292.239, 294.63 frs. 85.1. 104.118 fr.
(ii) Unpainted
LMIIIa-b:
113. i, 18.15, 31. 11, 60.3, 75.225, 98.19, 103.2, 107.215, 134-77) 294.6; 132.38 (bathtype).
state. werefoundin a veryfragmentary All theMinoan larnakes,and theirone G imitation, The full dimensions. the to recover it was 116 and for scraps possible 107.214 Only Q, 132-38 appear to come froma plain bathtublarnax; all otherpieces are fromthe more forwhich107.214 also preservespartof a gable lid. A completelistis popularchesttype,424 givenhere,since the occurrenceof larnakesfroma bygoneage howeverfragmentaryis relevantto anydiscussionoftheN Cemetery's origins. on Minoan larnakes,107.214 has a particular In viewoftherarityoffiguredcompositions
«o BSA67 (1972)84, D 37-8 fig.13pl. 21. «1 Art.cit.84, D 43 pl. 21; UM II pls. 54, 64, GD 31, hatchedleaves(cf.Kerameikos Vi, pl. 54 no. 257,AtticMG II pyxis).
«2 Cf.thepithos85.a. 42376-5» F 13 fr.,F. no. 1538. 424On thehistoryof the twotypessee B. Rutkowski, BSA 63 (1968)219ff.,esp. 223 fig.2.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
393
importance;its styleand iconography,in a Minoan context,have been fullyexamined elsewhere.425 Here it has a special interestas a possiblesourceof pictorialideas forninthin figuredvase-painting; foralmostall the elementsof the PGB Tree centuryexperiments - are Painter'spithos107.114- thegoddess,thebirdsand thespiraltrees anticipatedon this larnax.It maybe no coincidence,then,thatthe twofiguredworks,overfivecenturiesapart fromone another, werefoundin thesametomb. The otherpictoriallarnakesare oflesserintrinsic and onlytwopreserveenoughof interest, a composition to permitanyusefulcomparisons. The spiralplantsofQ, 116, witharcslinking thespirals,resemblethoseon a long side of thelarnaxfromUpper GypsadestombXIII, on which a papyrusplant on a shortside is of LM III A2 type.426 The solid and outlined LM of as a III ornament on the larnax from A2 griffin quatrefoils 85.1 appear framing but the of main decorationis morecharacteristic Palaikastro,427 promotion thismotifto be the ofLM III B,as also on contemporary Of themorefragmentary pottery.428 pieces,294.63 and in the LM III A2 manner,not yet 292.239 each preservepart of a stylisedcuttlefish429 standardised intoitsregularLM III B form. The cornerof a hatchedmeanderpreservedon a long side of 104. 118430revealsa unique imitation ofa Minoan chestlarnaxin a muchlaterage. This meandercould havebeen drawn at anytimebetweenthelate ninthcenturyand thelate eighth,but thewildaccumulationof supportingornamentsuggestsPGB-EG ratherthan later. The scale is small, but not miniature;witha foot6 cm wide,the larnax could have been at least long enoughto have accommodatedthe inhumationof a smallchild.431 The fishswimming vertically up the foot recallthoseunderthe handlesof the Tree Painter'sGoddesspithos,107.114. Anothersuch fishappearsin thefieldof thescenepartlypreservedon a shortside,wherewe see thelower halfof a robedfemalefigurebendingovera triangular griddedobject- possiblyan altaror sacredtree butit is fruitless to suggestanyreconstruction ofthecomposition. Whatmatters hereis the relevanceof thisfindto any inquiryintopossiblesourcesof ideas forour ninthscenes.If theshapeoftheMinoan larnakescouldprovokelaterimitation, century figured why nottheirdecorationtoo? IMPORTS
1. Attic Atticais byfarthemostprolific sourceofimported The imports fallmainlyintotheAttic pottery. LPG and MG phases,whichare also wellrepresented amongAtticpotteryexportedto other In thiscemetery, therangeoftheAtticvesselsis unusually wide.It includes however, regions.432 suchas the PG kalathoiand theMG pointedand flat shapeshardlyeverexportedelsewhere, pyxides.Abnormal,too,is the abundanceof finelydecoratedbelly-handled amphorae,which
425LyviaMorgan,BSA 82 (1987)171ff. 426S. Hood, BSA53-4 (1958-59)232 fig.25. 427BSA8 (1901-02)pls. 18-19. 428Cf. Kanta fig.77, 9. For advice concerningdecorated LM III larnakesI am grateful to Dr. ChristineMorris.
429Cf. Kanta pl. 35.1; forthe outlinedcuttlefish head cf. pl. 39, 10. 430Coldstream,Reflexions 27,fig.2.2,pl. 2.5-6. 431Cf.BSA 53-4 (1958-59),227fig.24aa, L. 67 cm. WGGFM7 ti.,344 fi, 348 ff.
J- N- COLDSTREAM
394
is veryrarely forma continuous seriesextending eventhrough theEG periodwhenAtticpottery foundoutsideitsplace of origin.Furthermore the drinking vessels,liketheirlocal equivalents, PG cupsfromtombJ and theeightMG I cups sometimes occurin largesets,likethetwenty-two setofthreelargeMG II vasesfromtomb219,all by fromtombG. Thereis also a distinguished thesamehand:a flatpyxis,a liddedkraterand a vastbelly-handled amphora.Elsewhereit has been suggested thatthesechoicevesselscame to Knossosthoughgiftexchangebetweennoble In generalthesheerquantity and the traffic. families433 ratherthanthrough casualcommercial ofsomespecialrelationbetweenKnossosand unusualfeatures oftheimports raisethepossibility Athensbetweenthetenthand earlyeighthcenturies (seeEpilogue,SectionIII). NECK-HANDLED
LPG: MG II/LG I: LG II:
AMPHORAE
285.129. 219.93 fr. 30.6 fr.
but fora narrowbellyzone, is typicalof the The schemeof 285.129, whollydark-ground withsolidtriangles latestAtticPG closedshapes.The zonal motifofobliquebars alternating all butone coming appearson a groupofamphoraelikeours,fromtheAgoraexcavations,434 These are placed byDesboroughat or nearthechangeto EG, and indeed fromwell-deposits. an EG graveat Corinthcontainsanothersimilarbut local amphorawithcoated neck.435 slimmerAtticEG I versionson Ours, however,is assuredlyAtticand precedesthe slightly whicha reservedpanelis alwaysadded to theneck.436 The verticalhatchingof the neckmeanderon 219.93 is not to be expectedmuchbefore theend ofMG II, and dark-ground amphoraewithsimilarmeanderpanelscontinueto figure in a rimfr. Anotherimportedamphoraof thisclass is represented in LG I gravegroups.437 The neck fr.30.6, withthe wheel motif,is froman early froma Knossianwell-deposit.438 SOS class.439 versionofthewell-known BELLY-HANDLED AMPHORAE
LPG-EG I: EG I: EG II: MG I: MG II:
13.48 fr.,219.89, 90 frs. 207.52, Q,7O fr.,106.26 fr.,285.154 fr.,100.42 fr.,219.91 fr. 100.39 frG 3, G 83 fr.,N 6 fr. 2^9*33*
amphoraeweremade in AthensfromPG to MG to Largeand finelydecoratedbelly-handled we cannottellwhetheranyof thesevesselsserved In our cemetery housefemalecremations. G from as urns.All are fragmentary, 3 whichdid notcontainashes,and 207.52 froma apart If ratherthancremation. PG tombwhencethebonesrecoveredsuggestinhumation disturbed add in theirCretancontext,theynevertheless theabundanceoftheseamphoraeis surprising to ourknowledgeoftheAtticsequence. something
433Coldstream, GiftExchange204 f. figs.1-5. 434 Desborough, PGP 10, class B 3; 13 f. 435S. Weinberg, Corinth VILI, 12 no. 35 pl. 6. 436 Vi pl. 25 no. 2132. GGPpl. 1. 1; Kerameikos
437Cf. Kerameikos V 1, pl. 33 nos 267, 377. 438BSA « (1060) 168 no. 79 fig.12. 439 Cf. Hesperia 30 (1961) 103, P 21800, pl. 13; further examples A. W.Johnston,BSA 73 (1978) 137 n. 60; 138 n. 66.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC POTTERY
395
wherea Previousstudyhas been based largelyon thefindsfromtheKerameikoscemetery,440 a the in PG and the end of EG led to conclusion that the between the latest gap sequence made function of thisshape as a femaleurnhad been usurpedby the shoulder-handled type, fromLPG throughEG intoMG. Our earliestpiece, 13.48, is of a normalPG continuously also copied in the close imitations J 4 and L 7, decoratedwithsemicircleson the type441 Then follows thedark-ground shoulderand a largelylight-ground amphora207.52 where body. thedesignofthebellyzone- foursetsofcirclesfilledwithreserved cross,and intervening panels of rectilinearornament- is an elaboration of LPG;442 but the neck, which had been Five undecorated PG, nowreceivesa thinzone ofornamentin theEG I manner.443 throughout on theneck battlement otherfrs.are consistent withthisscheme:dogtoothor multiple-outline arrangementon the bellywithvariousrectilinear (e.g. 106.26, Q, 70), and the four-circle in ancillaries verticalstrips(285.14, 100.42, 219.91). This apparentlyhomogeneousgroup in Athens,in grave5 oftheOdos Kriezicemetery.444 nowhas a closecounterpart Togetherwith fill in thegap the Kerameikosseries,and thisAthenianexample,our EG I amphoraehelp to like0,63-4. alsoprovidetheAtticprototype forcloseCycladicimitations Into thelaterpartofthisKerameikosgap falls100.39. Greaterweightis now givento the rectilinear whichhereincludehatchedmeanders,dottedzigzagwithfilledapices, components and chevroncolumns;thecircles,too,are filledwithchevronsin each quarter.Verysimilaris thecomposition on themonumental kraterKerameikosno. 935 whichmarkedthegraveofa warriorearlyin EG II.445Otherelementsofthisfragmentary to a later amphoralookforward EG II example,Kerameikosno. 2146:446the stripsof dogtoothabove and below the belly zone,thereservedzone on thelowerbody,and thebarredbucraniumhandles.447 The nextthreeamphorae,anotherhomogeneousgroup,are slightly laterthanKerameikos no. 2146and fallintoMG I.448Theyintroduceseveralnewfeatures: theexpansionoftheneck zone,to includea broad meanderbetweenancillarymotives(G 3, G 83); in thebellyzone, thereductionof thecirclepanelsto twoon each side,theverticalmeandersnow dominating the intervening rectilinearcolumns;and the insertionof small fillingornamentslike dot rosettes intothecornersofthecirclepanels(G 3, N 6). On theshoulderand lowerbody,the largeareas ofdarkpaintare interrupted onlyby a singlegroupofhorizontallines.The ovoid is more attenuated thanthatof 207.52; barredbucraniumhandles bodyshape considerably are nownormal,and a reinforcing is added belowtherim.449 ridge regularly Our seriesculminatesin 219.33, 104 cm high.In Athensthissuperbamphorawould not easilyhave fittedintoa graveas a cremationurn,and is largeenoughfora gravemarker;at all overa tombfloor,itsfunction is notclear.In its Knossos,whereit was foundin fragments wealth of it MG the ornament two vessels from Attica ofcomparable complex surpasses only size: Kerameikos no. 1256,450a sporadic findwhich could have been an MG I grave
wPGP<xo'GGPu.
441E.g. PGP pl. 5 no. 1073;Kerameikos IV, pl. 11 nos. 902, 904. 442E.g. Kerameikos I, pl. ^6 no. 576. 443GGP10,(b); cf.pl. 1 a, d, 1-m. 444AD 23 (1968)B, 67 35d. pl. 445Kerameikos V.i pl. 17,grave2. On the date of thisgrave see Smithson, 37 (1968)84. Hesperia 446Kerameikos 'a pl. 46, grave41. 447 Already on 219.91. Bucranium handles occur
sporadicallyin Attic PG, but are decorated with curved I pl. 55 no. 569 (EPG); IV pl. 10 no. 2027 stripes:Kerameikos (LPG). 448Cf. esp. Athens216, AJA44 (1940) pl. 23, 3; AM 28 (1903) Beil. 24, HI 1, exportto Thera; slightlylater (early MG II), AAA1 (1968)26 and cover,Odos Kriezigr.12. 449Firstin EG II: Athens217,Wide 200 fig.68; also our 100.39.
450Kerameikos V.i pl. 47, H. 107 cm. On the paintercf. Smithson,Hesperia 37 (1968)90, underno. 12.
i. n. coldstream
3q6
rich monument;and the MG II amphorafromAnavysosgrave2,451housinga remarkably femalecremation.The continuousspread of decoration over almost the entiresurface demandsa date near the end ofMG II, notlongbeforetheprimeof theDipylonMasteras seen in Athens804. Two otherimportsfromthe same tomb,thekrater219.42 (withlid 32) and the pyxis219.23 (withlid 59) wereprobablypaintedby the same hand. On all three vesselsthe brushworkand choice of motifsare verysimilar,and all threeshare the same unorthodoxdetails: sixteen-pointstars as fillingornaments(see the pyxislid), diagonal and four-line divisionsinsteadof hatchingofmeanderswithouttheusualchangesofdirection, the usual threelineson the pyxislid and in the verticalpanels of the two largervessels.In addition,thelozengechainson theamphoraand kraterare ofan unusuallysquareshape.The - an eight-spoked wheelor doubleMaltesecross- is withoutparallel. circlefill SHOULDER-HANDLED
LPG:
AMPHORA
J 23.
This is thesmallestand probablyone oftheearliestspecimensofa shape whicharoselate in LPG, and became in its day an alternativeto the belly-handledamphora for female in Attica.452 withthesame motifofalternating cremations diagonals,are Largercounterparts, neck receivesa while on another the with taller all EG: but some are necks,453 considerably with a short a in EG manner.454 thinzone of decoration the J 23, combining globularbody LPG. still within and undecoratedneck,is likelyto be olderthanthese,and OINOCHOAI
LPG:
MG I: MG II:
J 8.
G i85 19, 95; 75.2Oi(?). Smaller:G 22, 96; 283.32. 107.141, 285.67.
matched classofLPG withdecorationon theshoulder, J 8 belongsto a standarddark-ground in shape and modestsize by the large set fromKerameikosPG grave48.455The unusual is seen on a LPG round-mouthed additionof latticedtrianglesto the normalsemicircles jug oinochoesherdsfromtheKerameikos.457 and on somecontemporary fromEleusis,456 witha reservedpanel on theneck,develops The broad-basedAtticoinochoe,dark-ground None ofour piecesis with and not EG II from MG, anygreatconsistency. throughout slowly tall A relatively broad.458 is when the base as EG to be as II, extremely always early likely versionfirstemergedin MG I, but tall and plumpvarietiescoexistedall throughbothMG thereis, however,a tendencyto raise the centreof gravityand tightenthe body phases;459 the threelargeand tall oinochoai contoursin the courseof the MG series.By thiscriterion thebars on thelip of fromtombG shouldbe MG I, comparableto Kerameikosno. 1253;460 Our twoMG II pieces,withmorecompactbodyand a thefr.75.201 are also a MG I trait.461 «' AD 21 (1966)B 97 ff.pl. 95 b, H. 86 cm. «2K?/>o7ff.
453Kerameikos Vi pl. 42 no. 601; J. Bouzek, Sbornik13 (1959)
112f.no. 3 pl. 6.
454Kerameikos V.i pl. 42 no. 898. 455PGP IV pl. 16. 4.8 class I, 51; pl. 8 no. 2068. Kerameikos 456PGP pi 9, Eleusis 1085.
457Kerameikos I pl. 47.
™GGPi±n. 1. «9 GGP17pl. 3c, n (MG I); 22 pl. 5a-b (MG II). 460Kerameikos Vi pl. 74,grave43, MG I. 461Cf. Kerameikos V.i pl. 72 no. 2149, grave 41, MG I; I, pl. 185,Toumba31.1,Atticexport. Lefiandi
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
ggy
moretautprofile,are verysimilarin shape to theimportF. no. 441,and also to Kerameikos no. 298 froma MG II grave.462 and a relatively broadbase,find The threesmalleroinochoai,all withlow centreofgravity a goodparallelin Kerameikosno. 2148,froman earlyMG I context.463 Like mostoftheirlocal imitations (oinochoaitypeC (i)),all theseimportscarrya multiple in reserved neck their panel. zigzag LEKYTHOS-OINOCHOE
MG I:
175-59fr.
at Knossos These wornfrs.are froma slightly largerspecimenofa shape alreadyrepresented for such imitation. Attic contexts is a local E no. the vessels,where 1506; 283.2 by import at least twothirdsof down is MG I.464 Florid decoration are normal,extending known, always the latticed our carries the usual On instead of the body.465 the shoulder, meander, piece from theMG I no. like Kerameikos foundon smallerand less ornateexamples 1141 triangles grave13.466 SMALL OINOCHOE
LPG-EG:
WITH HIGH HANDLE
O 7.
thisvesselshouldbe restoredwitha trefoil On theanalogyofthefewextantcounterparts, lip. Decorationlimitedto a reservedscribbleon thebellyis mostlikelyto be LPG, and parallelsto the shape occur in LPG childgravesin the Agora and the Kerameikos.One examplewith is knownfroma contextas lateas EG II.467 similardecoration, however, MUG
MG II:
294.12.
The talllip and themeanderhooksare unlikelyto be earlierthanMG II.468The shape has a good parallelofthisperiodat Eleusis,in theIsis grave.469 POINTED PYXIDES
MG I:
283.46 withlid 283.9; 107.210 fr.;219.69, lid.
of Lefkandi,470 no exportsof thisshape have previously Apartfroma fr.fromthe settlement been recorded.The pointedpyxis,alwaysrichlydecorated,flourished chieflyin EG II and MG I. Schemesdominatedby emphaticmeandersare typicalofMG I,471and 283.46 has a closecounterpart withthesamedecorationamonga MG I gravegroupnowin Toronto.472
^ GGPpi 5b. 463Kerameikos Vi pl. 72,grave41. 464Smithson, Hesperia 43 (1974)353. 465Cf. GGPpl 3m. 466Kerameikos Vi, pl. 83. 467Smithson, withdiscussion Hesperia 43 (1974)378,NM 15311, andLPG parallels. AlsoLefkandi 1,349,pl. 138,PaliaPerivolia 22.9.
468GGP23 (shape),24 n. 2 (decoration). 469CE* Athens1,pl. 3, 11. 470Lefkandi I, 40 no. 403 pl. 21. 471On the developmentsee Smithson,Hesperia37 (1968) 88. 472J//55i(i93i)pl.6no.5.
gg8
J. N. COLDSTREAM
FLAT PYXIDES
MG I: MG II:
107.102; 292.142 withlid 292.143. 107.72 fr.;219.23 withlid 219.59.
theearliestflatpyxisis stillrelatively Inventedat theEG/MG transition, deep,in memoryof Our firsttwopieces,withmultiplezigzag theEG globulartypefromwhichit was evolved.473 as themainor onlymotif, by graveson the belongto a maturestageofMG I as represented Much lateris 107.72, on whichthe lax verticalchevronsargue a date well Areopagus.474 downin MG II. The magnificentpyxis 219.23 was probablypainted by the same hand as the giant amphora 219.33. Like Kerameikosno. 257,475which it resemblesin shape, its lid was Continuousmeandersare crownedbya singlehorsefigurine, ofwhichpartofthetailsurvives. characteristic ofthelargerMG II pyxides;thisis an exceptionally largepyxis(D. 35 cm),and itstwobroadmeanderzonesare withoutparallel. KRATERS
LPG: MG: MG II:
207.7. 283.102 frs.,292.163 fr. 219.42 withlid 219.32; 285.153 fr.
LPG skyphos, but a of the high-footed The smallskyphoidkrater207.7 is an enlargement vessels. The form of the smaller conical foot476 is substituted for the strictly flaring - circlesfilledwithreservedcrosses,and an asymmetrical rectilinearpanel of decoration latticingand solidlozenges is exactlyas on Würzburg76 fromMelos, whosehighfoothas been cut off.477 The Atticfabricof 207.7 supportstheviewthattheWürzburgkrater, too,is an Atticimport.478 The fourMG piecesbelongto a classwithsimpleoffset lip and (apartfrom219.42) a tall a meanderpanel. No complete round central is the decoration organised splayingpedestal;479 to Attickraterofthistypeis knownbeforeMG II, and too littleofourfirsttwopiecessurvives in are close rim fr. of and the The two MG to either feet, 283.102 phase. justifyassignment foot but the lower II krater from MG decoration to the and Amathus;480 profile, early shape withthedogtoothzone, is also matchedby the fr.Kerameikosno. 871 fromtheMG I grave 37.48.
the Low-based kratersare rare in AtticMG, and 219.42 has no close counterpart;482 in the culminates which that a different in with are more bucraniumhandles class, keeping Paris recalls the on the lid miniature oinochoe markers.483 The pyxis-krater A Dipylongrave As an aristocratic at function vessel's to the relevant an ornament symposium. original 514;484 473LefkandiI.
HesperiaSuppl. 16, pl. 17 no. 192 fromthe Zeus sanctuary on Hvmettus (conical foot restored). 479GGP 18, 2^, type II. «OSCE IL pl. 140,1. 481Kerameikos V.i pl. 19. 482An earlierMG low-based kraterfromEleusis,withsimpler meander decorationand straphandles,is said to be a Corinthian import:Mylonas,Eleusis1,97 ff.no. 133;III pls. 231,424. 483GGP f., 23, 17 type I. 484GGP pl. 4e; CVA Louvre 16, pls. 3-4.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
3gg
we have seen, severalunusual detailsin the decorationmake it likelythatthiskraterwas paintedbythesamehandas theamphora219.33 and thepyxis219.23. Amongthispainter's departuresfromMG II orthodoxyis his tendencyto repeatthe main meandermotifin two equal units. The fr.285.153 probablyhad a tallpedestal.Withitsstirruphandlesand itsstrongcentral meander,it providesthe model forthe local krater75.117; but the horseswhichflankthe main geometricdesignare the onlylivingcreaturesyetknownon AtticG exportsto Crete. Kerameikosno. They invitecomparisonwiththreeotherkraterswithsimilarcompositions: P A mentioned. The horses and the Paris the fr. 514already 2Q2,485 Agora Ô422,486 pyxis-krater no longerpresenton 285.153. On our features on thesethreevesselsdisplayvariousprimitive piece theystandon the groundline (as laterin LG), but well above it on the otherthree a solidmass On theParisand Agoravases,as also in theearliestG representations,487 kraters. of paint runsparallel to the horse'supper outline;on 285.153, the horsesare in framed rectangularmetopes,as also on the Kerameikoskrater.The Kerameikosanimals,however, on our piece the have a strainedand labouredlook,withall the legjointsover-emphasized; the not visible on a live horse, upper thighs, renderingis more fluent.The articulationof recalltheanimalson theParisvase; butthehoovesare omitted,and theextremeelongationof thecannonboneslooksforward to thestyleoftheHirschfeld painterin thenextgeneration.488 ornamentin thehorsepanels,in contrast One shouldalso remarkon theabundanceoffilling These details,takentogether, to thelightchevronson theKerameikosand Pariskraters. imply meanderdesignplaces that285.153 is thelatestofthefourhorsekraters;but thecentripetal itstillwithinMG II. KALATHOI
LPG:
207.41, 42.
In spiteofprecedentsin theLate BronzeAge,kalathoido notseemto have enteredtheAttic LPG.489Two varietiesthenoccur,with490 ¡before and withouthandles.Handleless repertoire kalathoifromAthenianLPG graves491 are concavein profileand bear one or tworectilinear zoneson thedarkground;thebase,too,is decorated.This typepersistsintotheninthcentury, butusuallywiththeadditionoflatermotifs.492 Our twopieces,withalmostidenticaldecoration,are larger(Ds. 26.8 and 34 cm) thanany knownAtticexamples,and differ fromthemin otherrespectstoo. Their shape is previously and even has a convexprofile, and a discfootin contrastto deeper straighter; 207.42 slightly thenormalflatbase. Also unusualis thedecorationin as manyas threeor fourzones,perhaps a consequence of the largerscale; but a handled kantharosfromNea Ionia493is equally - checkerboard,single zigzag and ornate, and bears exactly the same range of motifs dogtooth.
485GGPpl. 5d,f;Kerameikos Vi pls. 20, 21. 486J. M. Davison,AtticGeometrìe (Yale, 1961)fig. Workshops 143; GGP 26 f;J. L. Benson,Horse,BirdandMan (Amherst, 1970)pls.7.4, 11.5. 487GGP13,pl. ik; Benson,op.cit.37 ff.pl. 9, 1-2. 488GGP43 ff.pl. 8b. 489PGP 113ff.
490The onlyotherknown exportsof AtticLPG kalathoi are of the handled type:LejkandiI pl. 139, Palia Perivolia 22.24-^.
491Kerameikos I, pl. 71 no. 579; pl. 72,nos. 615,414. 492E.g. AM 43 (1918)pl. 1, 1,EG II, withdottedzigzagand filledapices. 493Hesperìa 30 (1961)pl. 28, no. 49.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
4oo KANTHAROI
LPG: J 56,285.121. EG II/MG I: D 34. This shape,too,makesitsdebutnotbeforeAtticLPG,494whenitwas nevermorethana rare alternative to theskyphosand theone-handledcup; it resemblestheformerin size,thelatter in theoverallbodycoating.Our twoLPG piecesare closein shapeto theonlypublishedAttic LPG exampleswitha highconicalfoot,Kerameikosno. 2026.495 At theend ofPG and in EG I a low conicalfootis preferred.496 An unusual variantis representedby D 34, witha high ribbedpedestal. The nearest is Kerameikosno. 930 fromtheEG II warriorgrave2;497but a similarmeander counterpart panel,fillingalmostthewholehandlezone, also occurson a low-basedkantharoswithring foot,froman earlyMG I gravegrouprecoveredfromThorikos.498 SKYPHOI
LPG: MG: MG II: LG I: LG II:
J 15, 22, 50; 207.6, 219.85 fr.,285.152 fr. G 40, 65.2. 292.68, 70; 218.99, 75.205, 106.30 fr.,107.134. 75.162,31.31fr. 31*16, 106.19.
all ofthemlatein theAtticPG series.Circles We beginwithsixlargeand high-footed skyphoi, to Crete, themostusualdesignon imports a form latticed J 15,J 50, 207.6) flanking rectangle In theKerameikoscemetery seenalso on F. nos.58 and 187,and on one fromKanli Kastelli.499 On J 22 and 283.152 thelatticedlozengecolumn all similarskyphoi occurin LPG contexts.500 The schemeof 219.85, threesetsof circlesand a a LPG motif.501 betweencirclesis,likewise, scribblebelow the rimbands, does indeed persistall throughAtticPG; but the faintand no. 2032fromtheverylatePG grave48.502 scribbleis bestparalleledon Kerameikos diminutive withringfoot,theearliestmaywellbe G 40. 503Verysimilarin Of thelow-basedG skyphoi but shape,and especiallyin theshortobliquelip,is a pairfroma MG I depositat Thorikos;504 The gadroonsof 65.2, withchevronfilland dark thetypeis also foundin a MG II grave.505 are paralleledon a fr.froman Agora LG I well,but clearlyolderthanmostof background, fromthissource.506 thepottery Althoughgadroonedvesselsbeginin MG I,507thetallvertical a rowofdottedboxes,is unique.On thefr.31*31 in lip is moreat home MG II; thelip motif, ornamenton a lightground,belongto LG I.508 thehatchedgadroons,withintervening filling
^ PGP 102ñ.
495Kerameikos IV pl. 21, PG grave 44: PGP pl. 12. 496PGP pi 12 no. 2031 fromPG grave 48; GGP pl. ib, EG I; LefkandiI pl. iqo, Toumba pyre 2.3. 497Kerameikos Vi pl. 84. 498W. A. McDonald, Hesperia30 (1961) 302 no. 3 pl. 63a. 499PGP 247 n. 1. 500pep 80, 82 ff., I pl. 49 no. 607 type Ha. Cf. Kerameikos (PG grave 24); IV pl. 22 no. 1091 (PG grave 38); pl. 23 no. 2102 (PG grave 39). 501PGP 80, IV pl. 23 no. 84 f., type lib; 85. Cf. Kerameikos 2102 (PG grave 39).
502pep 80 ff., IV pl. 23. Contrast PGP pi type I; Kerameikos 10 no. 547 from an EPG grave, no. 15, with prominent lip and bolder scribble. 503F. nos. 364-7 are of the same type and may well be Attic too. 504J. Bingen, ThorikosI (1963) 83 ff.figs.97-8, 100. 505Kerameikos Vi pl. 100 no. 7, 81, grave 89. 506Brann, Hesperia30 (1961) no f.,I 46 pl. 18. 507Kerameikos V.I pl. 99 no. 1251, kantharos fromgrave 43. Cf. also GGP 18 n. 5. Equally early, perhaps, is the highfooted kantharos Athens 18020, CVA Athens 2, pl. 9. 508GGP 51.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
4qi
The first fiveMG II skyphoi oftheday,verticalchevrons509 carrytypicalpanelmotifs (75*205, or For the short lateralframing lines, 218.99, 292.70) sigmas(292.68, 106.30). panelswithout comenotfromAthens,butratherfromEleusis510 and fromexports comparablechevronskyphoi elsewhere.511 The skyphoiwithsigmasare much deeper,and perhapstherefore later,than a shallow with this motif from Athens and Eleusis.512 For less common form,withlevel examples II in a MG the and thin are well matched contextin the straphandles,107.134, shape striping of this and the neat dotted chain is another characterstic motif Kerameikos;513 lozenge phase. a chevroncolumn,75.162 findsa companionby the Withitstwoantithetic birdsflanking same painter in the Fogg Museum,514identical in shape and decoration except that a quatrefoilmetopehas been insertedon the Fogg skyphosas the centralmotif.Both pieces belongto theverybeginningofLG I, at thehead ofa longseriesofLG skyphoiwithbirdsin thefantailhas been notedas an earlyfeatureofAtticG birds.516 metopes;515 Our last two pieces fallinto LG II, a period when Atticpotterywas rarelyexported.517 froma LG II A childgrave.The shape,new in this 31.16 closelyresemblesAgoraP 20083518 the body;the decoration, is now and the unarticulated, flaringrimoverhanging phase, deep a floating freelyon lightground,consistsoflightmotifswhichwouldbe fillingornamentson largershapes. For 106.19, a rare varianton whichone of the handles is vertical,Eleusis - also froma childgrave- suppliesa parallelto theshapeat theveryend ofAtticLG. 585519 CUPS, HIGH CONICAL FOOT
LPG:
J 27, 34, 36, 40, 42, 44-5, 51, 54.
On thishomogeneoussetofcups,thelip is veryshortand offset. They are fullycoatedbutfor theusualreservations insidetherim,on thefloorand roundthefoot;a linerunsroundthelip outside.Examples fromthe Kerameikos,mainlyfromLPG graves,520 are similarin body in havinga lip highenoughto taketheusual zigzag or scribble. shape but differ consistently An Agorawell,however, seemsto providea good parallel,althoughthefootis brokenoff.521 CUPS, FLAT BASE
LPG: MG I:
J 28-30, 32-3, 39, 41, 43, 47-9. G 69-76, N 18-19, 283.34.
This shape enterstheAtticrepertoire late in PG,522overlapping thehigh-footed Both variety. occur in tomb The usual a has indeed, form, types, together plentifully J. represented byJ 48, flatbase, a coated body,a barred handle, and a shortbut distinctlip with the normal reservation insideand out. Less orthodoxis the disc footofJ 47, its barelyperceptiblelip 509See most recentlyJ-P. Descoeudres, BSA 78 (1983) 13 ff. 510EleusisIII pl. 246 no. 182. 511 and ArchaicPottery in Cypruspl. Gjerstad, GreekGeometric 3, 18-19. 512Kerameikos V.i pl. 91 no. 778; Eleusispl. 240 no. 159. 513Kerameikos V.i pl. 06 nos. 304-^, grave 3^. 514CVA Fogg Museum and Gallatin Collections, pl. 3, 6. 515N. Himmelmann- Wildschütz, MarburgerWinckelmann1961, 9 ff. Programm 516Benson, Horse,Birdand Man ch. 3. ™ GGP 361 nn. 1-5.
518 Hesperia 19 (1950) pl. 104b, grave D. 16:3: Brann, Agora VIII, 48 no. 135 pl. 8. 519 Unpublished; from Skias's grave 62, AE 1912, 37, and with the EPA kotyle BSA 35 (1934-35) l83 %• 6 and the PC aryballosJohansen, VasesSicyoniennes 40 pl. 4, 7. 52opG/>99)ClassA. 521 Agora P 20618 from well K.i2:2. Cf. also Lefkandi Toumba 39.14 and 16, BSA 77 (1982) 218 pl. 18. 522pQp joi f.; Smithson, Hesperia30 (1961) 166 under no. I pl. 33 no. 582. 43. Kerameikos
J- N. COLDSTREAM
^02
withoutreservation (as alsoJ 28), and the reservedlowerbodyofJ 43. The H/DR ratioat thisstageis 0.65-0.72. The flat-based typepersistsintoG withoutradicalchange.The setG 69-76 is consistently shallowerthan the LPG version(H/DR rationow 0.47-0.61),and may be comparedwith Eleusis524 and theAreopagus.525 Othermodifications cups fromMG I gravesat Thorikos,523 thanbefore shouldbe noted:thebodyis nowmorebellied,and thehandleswingsout further fromlip and lowerbody. intoLG.526 The flat-based changeor development cup continueswithoutanyconsistent 2. Corinthian LPG: MG:
pyxis285.134 withlid 285.138; pyxislid 285.158 fr. handmadearyballoiO 3, 283.8.
A gravegroupin Corinth The globularpyxisis a faithful copyoftheAtticLPG prototype.527 has produceda close counterpart528 withthe same motifof alternatingdiagonals,and a similarlid. a Corinthiancompositionforthe clay of the Chemicalanalysis(p. 000) has demonstrated handmadeand unpaintedaryballos283.8, and withitshouldgo O 3. Unpaintedaryballoiin and persistcontinuouslyfromLPG into LG. Corinthiangravesare alwayshandmade,529 in thegrowthoftheneck.ForO 3 theclosestparallelsare in MG Thereis somedevelopment I contexts;530 283.8, withitstallerneck,can be matchedin a MG II gravegroup.531 MG This meagresequence of Corinthianimportsis filledout by part of a high-footed EPC LG II frs. of chevron theMG paintedaryballosE no. 668, and krater,532 kotylai.533 early is represented hereby numerousdeep kotylai(O kotylai,imported)but not,surprisingly, by thewidelyexportedglobulararyballos. 3. Argive LG II:
kraterfr.229.28.
and leaf-lozengesare painted in an unmistakably Rows of schematicsoldier-birds Argive mixes manner534 witha quadruplebrush.The lax style,in whichthepainterindiscriminately birds,and lozengeswithand withoutdots,indicatesa date well one-leggedand two-legged intoArgiveLG II. The warmtoneofclaysuggestsAsine,535 alwaysthemostoutward-looking and sourceofseveralcomparablekraters.537 centrein theArgolid,536 tombwestofAy.Ioannis.538 A similarimportoccursin an outlying 523ThorikosI 82 f. figs.93-4. 524Mylonas, EleusisIII pl. 377 no. 761. 525Smithson, Hesperia43 (1974) 363, 1.18:3-5, pl. 78c. 526R. S. Young, HesperiaSuppl. 2, 43 f.,X 2, fig.28; 156, C 51-2, fig.106. 527Cf. Kerameikos IV pl. 28 nos. 912, 1105, 2151. 528Cf. Hesperia39 (1970) 19 no. 25 pl. 9. 529 Even though laboratory analysis has assigned the wheel-made aryballos 292.107 to Corinth. 530 VII.i no. 51. Hesperia17 (1948) 204, B 6, pl. 72; Corinth
531Corinth XV3, 20 no. 31-3 pl. 3, Potters'Quarter grave 5. 532BSA 67 (1972) 97 no. 122 pl. 29. 533BSA 31 (1930-31) 89 pl. 18, 6; BSA 67 (1972) 97 no. 123 pl. 29. ss* GGP 144. 535GGP 112. 536GGP 1*2 ff.,q6q. 537 E.g. O. Frödin and A. Persson, Asine(Stockholm, 1938) 317, fig.218, 4 and 6. 538j£Qh ^ (1950) pl. 16, facing p. 331, second row no. 5.
the protogeometric
and geometric pottery
403
4. Thessalian(P) LPG:
neck-handled amphora30.4.
As a neckornamenton a lightground,the bold diagonalcrossis knownonlyin Thessalian PG. Two amphoraefromMarmariani539 are close to ours in shape and decoration,but the curved is body alreadyapproachingthe biconicalformof Thessalianand Euboean sharply SubPG closedshapes.540 The deep orange-brown clayis at homein Thessaly,althoughmicais notcommonthere.541 5. Euboean LPG: SubPG I- II: SubPG III: LG I: LG II:
285.124« amphoriskos amphora(?) fr.28.18. skyphoiG 123-4, 134.48. kraterfr.219.71. skyphos60.2.
At Lefkandithe sequence of vertical-handled amphoriskoiextendsfromSM to SubPG I in shape;542 withoutanyconsistent but285.124, withshouldersemicircles and a development in shape and decorationin two gravegroupsof 'good ovoid body', has close counterparts LPG.543An almost identicalamphoriskoscomes froma recentlyexcavated tomb at Ay. Ioannis.544 Althoughitsshape is notcertain,thebodyfr.28.18 displaysa SubPG featurein itssharply angledshoulder.A neck-handled amphorafromLefkandi545 providesa good parallelto what we have,buttheshapecouldalso be restoredas a largeoinochoe.546 Of the threependent-semicircle skyphoi,G 123-4 are of a typecurrentduringAtticEG and MG I accordingto a recentstudy;547 characteristic ofthistypeare thedeep roundedbody and theoffset lip ofmediumheight.A date towardstheend of theninthcenturyis likelyfor thesetwo pieces,548since theirlips are shorterthan thoseof the latestexamplesfromthe cemeteriesof Lefkandiwhich are associated withearlyMG I importsfromAttica;549 in general the later developmentis towardsa shorterlip.550Near the end of the pendentsemicircleseriescomes 134.48, conforming to a smallerand shallowertypedatableto well downintotheeighthcentury.551 The low lip is now morevertical,and theearlierringfootis replacedbya flatbase or (as here)a discfoot. littlewas retrieved fromthevastpedestalledkrater219.71, whichwouldhave Regrettably been among the most impressiveofferings in one of our richesttombs.Enough survives,
539BSA31 (1930-31)pl. 6 nos.7, 8-9. 540GGP150,159,cf.pl. 33a-band Lefkandi I. pl. 143,PP 27.1. 541GGP158. 542Desborough,Lefiandi I, 308 flf. 543Op.cit.310;pls. 142(PP 24.2),183(T. 26.17).Cf. also A. Andreiomenou,BCH no (1986) 95 no. 13 fig. 14 from Chalcis. 544££478(1983) pl. 33e,left. 545Lefiandi I, 337f.pl. 101.S 33.4. 546Cf. op.cit.pl. 143,PP 27.7.
547R. Kearsley,BSA 78 (1983) 44 ff.type 3; ead., The
Pendent-semicircle skyphos,BICS Suppl., 44 (1989) 40 f. (nos.
103-04),95, 97. 548These are amongsix samplesfromtombG testedin a and provingto have previousanalysisbyAtomicAbsorption, a compositiondifferent fromthatof centralEuboean; see Pophamet.al.,BSA 78 (1983)281if.tablei, 12.032-7. 549Lefiandi I, pl. 224,S 59. 550Kearsley,art.cit.44 ff. types4-5, "e. 800-750". 551Kearsley,art.cit.48 ff., type6; cf.fig.40 (Veii).
4O4
J- N. COLDSTREAM
forthemainlinesofthecomposition to be clear.As on theAtticMG II horsekraters however, consideredin relationto 285.153, a large centralmeanderis flankedby singlehorsesin withat leasttwocolumnsof linear rectangular panels;but the designhereis moreintricate, ornamentintervening betweenthehorsesand themeander,swastikapanelsunderthehorses, - below themain and severalzones- includinganothersmallmeander For this composition. I the nearest Attic is Kerameikos no. from a LG butour arrangement 1255 equivalent grave;552 krateris notAttic.The main centralmeanderseemsto be of the steppedformfavouredin ornamentoftenused in theArgolid,554 butitalso ArgiveLG I.553The outlinedcrossis a filling in a styleclose to theCesnola Workshop. occursin a horsepanel on a kraterfromEretria,555 More linkswiththatworkshopare establishedthroughthetangentialtriplecircleson thelip, and therendering ofthehorsesthemselves.556 Our kratercould be about contemporary with the Cesnola krater, but has firmerrootsin the MG past,as seen in the zones of continuous meanderand dogtooth,and in the long panels of triplezigzag. Under each arch of the bucraniumstirruphandlesthereare tracesof a boat, too fragmentary to add muchto our of Geometric an unusual feature is the understanding zigzagpatternon therigging, shipping; seenalso on theshipincisedon a coatedskyphos fromEretria.557 The skyphos60.2 carriesthe bulkygriddedlozenge typicalof Euboean LG metopal The shallowshape,withoverhanging to theLG II classwithslipdecoration.558 lip,conforms filleddesigns,thelatestknowntypefromLefkandi.559 6. Cycladic EG I: SubPG: MG I: MG II: LG I:
belly-handled amphoraeQ, 63-4. amphora(?) fr.O 42. neck-handled amphorafr.283.91, skyphoi100.35, IO7*98; 219.25; 41, 63, 7°5 75; 292.87. skyphos292.50; cup 283.96. fr.75.41. skyphos
hereby 207.52, withonlyminor oftheAtticmodelrepresented Q, 63-4 are close imitations are a in style;the paintingis a littleless precise,and the shouldersemicircles560 differences survivalfromAtticLPG tradition.This pair thusfillsa gap in the importsof conservative and F. no. 269,based CycladicamphoraebetweentheLPG F. no. 154('perhapsCycladic'),561 insteadof the usual two on the but withthreecirclepanels562 on an AtticEG II prototype Atticversions. The fr.O 42 is froma large vesselwitha shortconcave neck and a plump body.The of SubPG in Euboea and the are characteristics opposed diagonalswithemptyinterstices and theneckis mosteasily a fabric the micaceous origin, suggests Cycladic Cyclades; slightly
552Kerameikos Vi, pl. 23, grave 26. 553Cf. GGP pi 26. 554Cf. GGP pi 28c, d. 555Eretria FK V.116: R. Gisler, Archaiognosia 8 (1993-94) J. 15, fie. i, pl. 6. 556 Coldstream, BICS 18 (1971) 1 ff; cf. esp. pl. ia, the Cesnola krater.
557A. Andreiomenou, AE 1083, 184 f. no. 224 fie. 10, pl. 64. 558Cf. LefkandiI, pl. 60, 2; GGP 103 (ii). 559Cf. LefkandiI, pl. 60, 16; GGP 193 (iii). seoCf. E. Kunze, JOAI 39 (1952) 53 ff.,fromMelos. 561F. 20, 189.
562On the three-circle Cycladicclass see Kontoleon,AE 1945-47,iff;GGP168.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
405
This reconciledwiththe CycladicSubPG amphorawithverticalhandleson the shoulder.563 a or O is decorated with either semicircles564 motif, single opposeddiagonals;565 shape usually and well be than recorded carries both motifs 42 may larger anypreviously example. Two distinctfabricswere evident to the eye among the Cycladic MG imports.The amphora and the skyphoifromTs. 107 and 292 of a highlymicaceous orange-brownor orange-redclay; all but 107.98 weretestedby laboratoryanalysisand foundto be Naxian. The skyphoifromTs. 100and 219are ofa lighterorangeclaywithonlya littlemica; they,too, may be Naxian, but Paros is also a possible source. All these vessels followAttic MG The amphorais based on developedMG I pieces like Eleusis 816,566of which prototypes. As fortheskyphoi, themeander(100.35) l*not Naxianimitations nowproveto be plentiful.567 occurson Thera- perhapson importsfrom oftenseen on Cycladicversions,butnevertheless The otherskyphoiall bear the more usual panel designof multiple some otherisland.568 zigzag.Large skyphoilike 107.98 (DR. 19 cm) are at home in CycladicMG,569and Naxos A skyphosfromRheneia571 and another producesa closeparallelin shape and decoration.570 fromNaxos572 matchthoseofmorenormalsize withtheorthodoxtriplezigzag (219.25, 41, but 63; 292.87). Less usual is thedoublezigzagof 292.75, veryrareon theAtticprototypes A similarimportfounditsway to thesettlement by no meansuncommonin the Cyclades.573 at Phaistos.574 Latestamongthisgroupis 292.50, withitsdeepershape.The MG cup 283.96 conforms to a commonCycladicprototype.575 The advancedLG skyphos75*41,in a pale brownmicaceousclay,belongsto a phasewhen thestylesofdifferent islandshave becomemoredistinct.The groupoffloatingchevronsand is typicaloftheParianstyle576 afterithad brokenfreeofAtticinfluence. dots,as a panelmotif, 7. East SubPG: LG (?):
Greek
krater285.89. oinochoai219.43, 97 fr.
Concentriccirclesconnectedby wavylines,as seen on the krater285.89, are especially characteristic ofEast GreekPG;577butthesubstitution ofa ringfootfortheusualconicalfootof PG suggests a regionalSubPG development aftera predominantly LPG phase.The Atticizing micaceous is to be but has been notedas typical Dodecanesian, extremely orangeclay unlikely ofMiletus578 wherefrs.fromthesettlement in offer severalparallels shapeand decoration.579 563pop I7I f na j8 typeB; GGP154nn.4-5. 564GGP pl. 32f(Rheneia);Ann.8-9 (1925-26) 220 fig.27 (Tenos). 565DélosXV,pl. 14,Aa 60-61 (Rheneia);F. no. 1492. 566EA 1898,113,pl. 3, 5; AJA44 (1940)pl. iQ,2. 567P. Zapheiropoulou, Ann.61 (1983)127fie.23.
568 P. J. J. Brants, Descriptionof the Class. Coll. ... Leiden (Hague, 1930) II pl. 5, 11. Also GGP pl. 40b, probably local Theran. 569GGP 169 f.,pl. 34k.
570Naxos 482, fromthe Gymnasium cemeteryexcavated in 1936-7 by Kontoleonand Karouzos; information kindly suppliedby Prof.V. Lambrinoudakis.Cf. N. Kourou, in / tonaionon Naxosdiamesou (Athens,IQQ4)266, fig.2. ™ GGPpl.^d.
572Cf.Ann.61 (1983)125,fig.16,right. 573Brants,op. cit.pl. 9 nos. 60, 61; severalmore in the Naxos museum. 574L. Rocchetti, Ann.52-3 (1974-75)201f.,P 9 fig.45. 575Cf. GGPpi 34h; P. Zapheiropoulou,Ann.45 (1983)126 n.16,fig.1. "6 GGP 177 ff.,pl. 38 f; cf. Délos XV, pl. 30, Ae 60; Rubensohn,Das DelionvonParos(Wiesbaden,1962) pl. 14, 12-22.
577GGP 265; C. Özgünel, CarianGeometric (Ankara, Pottery 1979)72 nn. 80-82; ClaraRhodos6-7, 128 fig.145,amphora fromKameiros. 578V vonGraeve,IM 2^ (icm)4Q;L Kleine,IM 20 (iq7Q)140. 579Cf. IM 9-10 (1959-60)pl. 55 nos. 3, 6; IM 29 (1979) pl. 32 no. 4; forshape IM 25 (1975)pl. 9 no. 40.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
4o6
The oinochoai 219.43 and 97^0 are coated in a lustrousred slip,withprofusecircle decorationin darkpaintand some reinforcing whitelines.Perhapsbecause of thelow firing and softtexture, mostof the originalpainthas flakedoff,takingwithit the underlying slip; thus,at firstsight,the decorationseems to be scored throughthe slip. Cypro-Phoenician influence is apparentin theredslipand thecircledecoration,butthehighlymicaceousfabric on is alien to both Cyprusand the Levant.A similarware occursin Cos581and Rhodes582 othershapesoforientalappearance,on whichsimilarcircledecorationseemsto havesuffered in muchthe same way.The laboratoryanalysisof 219.97, however,revealeda composition thatprovedto be no good matchforany controlsamples,even thoughof the East Greek it is mostsimilarto thosefromMiletus.As sampleK 100,it is discussedbelowin comparanda pp. 480-81. 8. Cypriot AfterAttica,Cyprusis themostfrequent sourceofimportedpottery.583 Comparedto theAttic in and time.The formsof of the vessels is more limited function the imports, range Cypriot all a marked of small and the importsare closed,with slow-pouring unguent predominance confinedto theeighthcentury, vessels;and theimportsare virtually mainlyin theearlypartof III. I, butwitha fewpiecesgoingbackto a latestageofCypro-Geometric Cypro-Archaic The fabrics,as definedin the SCE system,are representedas follows.There are two Bichromevesselsand one WhitePainted,the firstimportsof thesefabricsto be recordedin Crete; but the great majorityconformsto BoR typesalready knownfromF.584A more fundamental distinction is in thevariousshapes,bywhichtheimportsare herearranged.For and convenience,Aegean termsare used: lekythosforthe Cypriot the sake of consistency jug'. Withineach shape, the findsare 'juglet', oinochoe forthe Cypriot'trefoil-lipped subdividedbyperiodand fabric. OINOCHOAI
CA I
BoR II: WPIV:
292.94, 175.52,107.199fr. 229.11.
but Oinochoaiwithcircledecorationfirstappearin CG III in thelatesttombsofLapithos,585 but a is rare in The WP IV version are BoR. to CA I. Most 229.11 departure, belongmainly nevertheless bears the usual schemeof decoration:horizontallineson the shoulderintersect verticalcircles,withsmallcirclesin the field,and a bisecteddiagonalcross(a the flanking floral motif?)pendentfromtheneckband on thefront.Similardecorationappearson stylized recordedfromCrete.292.94 A 45, the onlyexamplepreviously the BoR oinochoeAtsalenio and 175.52, a close pair,are less orthodoxin theirshorternecks(as also 229.11) and the twooinochoaiin theBritishMuseumoffer omissionofthehorizontallines.Forbothfeatures,
580Coldstream, RDAC 1984,123nos.5-6; 126. 581L. Morricone,Ann.56 (1978)9 ff.,figs.463-6, 517,566, (S68, "S7O-I.
582ClaraRhodos 3 (Ialysos)94, T. 56.4,fig.10; 100,T. 58.1-2 101f.,T. 58, 13-16fig.94 (oinochoaiwith fig.93 (lekythoi); modelledface).Cf.BICS 16 (1969)3 pls. ig-h, 2a-c.
583This section is supplementaryto the fullerthough accountgivenin RDAC1984,122ff. provisional 584For local imitationsof Cypriotimportssee oinochoai typeF; lekythoi typeC. 585SCE I, LapithosTs. 410.5(pl. 136),421.3,427.1.Further AJA67 (1963)34. examples:J. Birmingham,
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
4Oy
All our piecesfallintotheearlypartofCA I; theypreservea good globular good parallels.586 before the shape, bodybeginsto becomebiconicaland tapertowardsthebase.587 LEKYTHOI
CG III Bich.Ill: A 7 fr,106.39 &. BoR I: 285.88, 292.62 fr.,219.40 fr.,134.33 &•>125.16 fr. CAI BoR II: 285.45, 49, 52 fr.,80, 85, 151 fr.;292.48, 51, 97, 132; 104.123 fr., 219.98 fr. The two Bichromefrs.are fromthe firstvesselsin thatfabricto be foundin Crete.Their mouthof BichromeIV,588 squaredrimsand flaringlipsprecedethe usual mushroom-shaped and are consistent withlekythoi fromthelatestCG III tombsat Lapithos.589 In this The BoR lekythos is by farthe commonestCypriottypeto be exportedto Crete.590 cemeterythereseemsto be a preferenceforunguentflasksof unusuallylarge capacity.In Cyprusmostare betweensix and ten cm in height,but everyone of the completeor nearattainsa heightofoverelevencm. completevesselslistedhere591 The base offersthe chiefguide to dating:flator nearlyflatin BoR I, and thenwitha disc or ringfootin BoR II,592but withno signof the latertendencytowardsthe biconical. Two BoR I pieces, 219.40 and 134*339 are decorated in the mannerof the oinochoai withlarge circleson the flanksand front,like some fromCG III contextsat Amathus.593 The BoR II examplesall bear the more usual decorationof small circleson the shoulder, and lines below. Here some distinctionscan be made in fabric,coincidinglargelywith minorvariationsin circleornament.Those fromT 285 and 292.97, all preciselypotted, sharethenormaldeep orangeclay and red-brownslip of CypriotBoR and carryonlyone set of small circleson the shoulder.594 By contrast,292.48, 51 and 132 are less skilful interior pieces witha lumpyand unevensurface,and a yellow-grey perhapsthe resultof different and their decoration consists of two sets of circles.595 The BoR conditions; firing I example 285.88 is alone in possessinga softerfabric,heavierwall and thickerslip,and threesetsof circles.596 This piece, however,was sampledwith292.48 and severallekythoi of the firstgroup,and provedto have a similarcompositionconsistentwithSW Cyprus (p. 492, L106). TWO-HANDLED LEKYTHOI
CG III BoR I: CAI BoR II:
104.8, H 15 fr. 292.244-5 frs.
This is a less commonalternativeto the normalone-handledvariety.Some chronological developmentin shape is apparentfroma comparisonof 104.8 with292.244; the strictly 586CVABritishMuseum2, II Cc. pl. 13. 13and 15. 587E.g. SCE II pl. 87,MarionT. 98.26. 588SCE IV2, 63, fig.33.12type7a. 589E.g. SCE I, pl. 135,LapithosT. 410.1. 590F. nos. 489, 669, 694, 842, 1262,1448; andCrete Cyprus 261n. 31. 591As also all theF. examplesexceptnos.669 and 1262.
592Gierstad,ObAth <' (1060)11^fie.8. 593SCE II AmathusT. 8, 9 and 96. 594Cf. Skalespl. 128T. 75.37. 595Cf. op.cit.pl. 161,T. 81.20;SCEW AmathusT. 7 (ii).q8. 596Cf.W. Culicanin Phönizier imWesten (ed. H-G. Niemeyer) 62 fig.6d fromAkhzivT. 20.
J. N. COLDSTREAM
4o8
thefirstsignofa move shoulder,598 globularbodyoftheearlierpiece597 givesplace to a flatter towardsa more biconicalbody.The decoration,small concentriccircleson the shoulder, followsthemostusualschemeon theone-handledlekythoi. SACK-SHAPED JUGLET (TREFOIL-LIPPED
CA I
BoR II:
ALABASTRON)
292.96 fr.
This shape is not knownbeforeBoR II, and its Knossian imitationsare mainlyO.599The withitsearliestformin Cyprus.600 shattered remnants ofthisvesselseemto correspond AMPHORISKOS
CAI
BoR II:
219.22.
The shoulder EarlierCypriotamphoriskoi have highfeetand are in otherfabrics.601 the concentric circleson on ourpiecehasbeenobliterated, butprobably decoration repeated II theneck,as often onBoR examples.602 9. Phoenician603 Bich: largelekythos 107.80. RS: oinochoe292.80; lekythoi 56.10. 283.50, 292.211fr., PhoenicianBichromevesselslike107.80 wereimitatedat Amathus,butthedarkgritty clayof ourpiece setsit apartfromthebetterpurifiedand slippedlightgreyfabricoftheAmathusian occurs- thoughin fragmentary In the Phoenicianhomelandthe shape frequently copies.604 form in stratified among depositsat Tyre,not laterthan the end of the ninthcentury;605 in the of inland sites various are the best region Tyre, by supplied examples, parallels complete found at vessel has been Another similar at Selim.606 the fosse Khirbet Kition, thought notably to be amongtheearliestPhoenicianimportsthere.607 oinochoe292.80 In spiteofitsincompleteprofile, theshape ofthelustrousand metal-like whicheven is reasonablycertain.It is wellmatchedbya similarvesselfromKhirbetSelim,608 - a featurethoughtto be sharesthe metallicknobswherethe handlejoins the trefoilmouth of PhoenicianRed Slip in itsearlystage.609 characteristic Equallytypicalof earlyRed Slip is
597Cf. SCE IL. AmathusT. 7 (i). 194; StylliTs. 6.6, 17.17and 39. 598Cf. BMC 1.2, C 74 pl. 6e. F. 893 pl. 9; Phönizierim Westen no. 1411 is also of this type. 599F. 157 class G 'Cypriot-typealabastron-aryballoi'. N.B. also Gypsadesno. 27, froma MG context. 600SCE IV2 fig 39.21 type9a. Closer in shape to ours are figs. WP IV and Bich. Red I versions. 28.26 and 41.8,thecorresponding 601 E.g. SCE IV.2 fig.20.7 type 4b, WP III; fig.24.3 type 5, Bich. III. 602BMC Li, C 1031 pl. 19; CVA British Museum II, Cc pl. 14.3; SCEIV.2 fig.40.2 type 2b; J. Deshayes, Ktima181 fif.type B 2, e.g. pl. 44.2, F 304. b03For preliminary study see KVAL 1984, 125 1. Ut. r. Bikai, The Phoenician ofCyprus(Nicosia, 1987) 64. pottery
604SCEÏV.2, 270 n. 1; OpAth3 (i960) 106; F. Vandenabeele, BCH 92 (1968) 103 ff;W. Culican in Phönizierim Westen51 ff. and pl. «idfor a close Cypriot copy. 605P. Bikai, The Pottery of Tyre(Warminster,1978) 37 f.,Jug 10, Table 8A, c; latest contexts are in levels VIII-IX, late 9th centurv (pp. s8-q). 606S. Chapman, Berytus21 (1972) 55 ff, fig. 5 no. 57; ibid. nos. 193 (Qasmieh) and fig.32 no. 312 (Joya). 607P. Bikai in KitionIV, 28 no. 75 (inv. 2225) pls. 23.1, 2b. 11; cf. p. 34. 608Cf. Chapman, art.cit. 135 no. 147 fig.27, but the conical foot is flat underneath; closer in this respect is Phönizierim Westen 65 fig.8b (again Khirbet Selim), with mouth missing. 609Culican in Phönizier m Westen 64; 68, on the two RS phases.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
409
theheavyfabricand greycore610 of 283.50, a clumsilymade vessel.Bothpiecesare likelyto in the secondhalfof the the of the Red Slip lekythos precede appearance mushroom-lipped a fr. form to which and also the 292.211 - belong.This is a 56.10 probably eighthcentury, associatedespeciallywithPhoenicianmaritime leadingshape in thelaterRed Slip repertoire, into the western Mediterranean.611 The crisp,thinfabricof our piece, together expansion withitsbaggyprofileand carinatedshoulderwithincisedlines,firstoccursat Tyrein contexts of thelate eighthcentury;612 but the typepersistswell downintothe seventh,and one grave contextin the Phoenicianhomeland613 mustbe at least as late as thatof the LO vessels in our T 56. accompanying piece ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY Brock'sabsolutedatesforKnossianPG and G614werebased chieflyon thecontextsof a few Atticand Atticizing Since the publicationof i?, imports,and of theirclose local imitations. muchmoreevidenceofthiskindhas come to light,and theAtticphasesto whichtheimports belongcan now be morecloselydefined;meanwhiletherehas been good reasonto lowerthe fromAtticPG to G. datingoftheAtticsequencein itsearlierstages,especiallythetransition A reappraisalofBrock'sCretanchronology wouldnotbe outofplace. First,a fewremarkson the qualityof the evidence.Most valuableof all are the contexts wherean importcan be clearlyassociatedwitha decoratedpithos-urn, easilydatablewithin thelocal sequence.Much less significant, far more are occasionswhenwe common, though knowonlythe fullchronologicalrange of the collectivetombsin whichthe importsoccur. These more generalcontextsshould not be ignored,since the importsare unlikelyto fall outsidethe phases represented by local potteryin the same tomb.The mostusefulof these contextsare suppliedby tombswherethelocal potteryis confinedto a singlephase; or even butwitha narrowchronological bya pairoftombsusedforseveralgenerations overlap.Thus, iftombsx and y wereeach used overa longperiodbut overlapby onlya singlephase,and if the two tombs contain closely similar imports,it is likely that these importswill be withthelocal phaserepresented contemporary bythex/yoverlap. The KnossianEPG stylewas formedpartlyundertheinfluenceofAtticimports, whichin the tombsdo not beginbeforeAtticLPG.615It followsthatthe local EPG mustbe to some extentcontemporary withAtticLPG, an inferencealreadyconfirmedby the threeAttic from the imports generalE-MPG contextsof F. tombsVI and XI.616In our tombssome are associated withindividualurns,butare notparticularly The smallhighimports revealing. handledoinochoeO 7, an unusualshape ofAtticLPG or possiblyEG, was foundinsidethe coarsegroovedpithosO 6 of a standardE-MPG type.In the centreof the dromos ofT. 285, of an Attic LPG was retrieved from the smashed frs. of part skyphos,152, among 7, a coarse
610Culican,ibid. 611Chapman,art.cit.168nn. 226,229-30. 612Bikai, The Pottery of Tyre35, jug 5, levels III- II, pls. 5.19-23,6.4-5; c-740-700(p. 67 f.).On the'crispware' see p. 59613Akhzivgrave17;Phönizier imWesten 67 ('end oftheRed 73, fig.10b;withthe 'Ionian cup', pl. 6g. For Slip tradition'),
otherLevantinecontextssee Bikai,BASOR229 (1978)49 ff. 614F. 213ff. 615An oinochoe fr.froma SM to early EPG domestic deposit(BSA 67 (1972)65, A 30, pl. 15),apparentlywithfull circleson the shoulder,is the only recordedimportwhich mayprecedeAtticLPG. 616F. 189,A.
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J. N. COLDSTREAM
thatstraight-sided straight-sided pithos.This association,ifsound,wouldmerelydemonstrate urnsmightoccur in coarse ware well beforetheirentryinto the paintedrepertoireduring been shiftedfromitsoriginalposition,and a small PGB; but thepithoshad almostcertainly PGB lid,8 5was foundnearby. Far more significantis the accumulation of twenty-five Attic LPG imports,very in in theunplundered EPG and MPG tomb local vessels homogeneous style,amongthirty-six in The two both found the coarse can have been burials, J. only hardly pithos2, separatedby morethana generation, especiallyif(as theexcavatorsurmises)theupperburial,a secondary inhumation,has been sweptup fromits originalpositionand placed above a subsequent cremationas an act offamilypiety.We cannotknowwhethertheimportsgo withtheearlier, - especiallyofthecupsor withthelater,or withbothburials;buttheirexcellentcondition makesit likelythatsome ofthem,at least,wereoffered withthelaterburial.Whatis clearis thattheyforma largehomogeneousgroupnear theend617ofAtticLPG, near in timeto the changefromEPG to MPG in the local sequence. Knossian EPG, then,shouldfallwholly in withintheperiodofAtticLPG, and MPG willhave begunbeforetheLPG/EG transition Attica. A clue to the durationof MPG comesfromthe chronological overlapbetweentwotombs In in T. use from SM/EPG until withcloselysimilarimports. LPG, the latestimported 207, I A Cycladicimitation, 0,63, occurs amphora52. faithful piece is theAtticEG belly-handled in a tomb where the local potterybegins in MPG. AtticEG I, a briefphase,618should therefore fallsomewherewithinthisM-LPG overlap.KnossianLPG, however,has already been seen to coincidewiththe equallybriefAtticEG II phase,sincean Atticizing Cycladic amphoraof thatdate,F. no. 269, was foundin thewhollyLPG tombL.619The local MPG phase,then,will have begun shortlybeforethe end of AtticLPG, and thenlastedthrough AtticEG I. need to be made, which To Brock'sabsolutedates forthe PG phases,two modifications have the effectof cancellingeach otherout. Followingthe excavatorsof the Kerameikos This fromPG to G in Attica.620 Brockassumeda date of c. 950 forthetransition cemeteries, antequern of c. 925 forthetwo SubPG vesselsfoundin date was based on a supposedterminus levelIII at TellAbu Hawam in Israel.It nowappearsthattheclosingofthatlevelcan haveno relevanceto the datingof AtticPG, since it provesto containimportsas late as MG II.621 oftheamountofdevelopment and an estimation Meanwhile,by a processofdead reckoning withineach Atticphase, the end of AtticPG is now usuallyplaced around900, withLPG For Cretan chronology, however,thisloweringof occupyingmostof the tenthcentury.622 absolutedatesforAtticais compensatedby theneed to raisethe datingof KnossianEPG in relationto theAtticsequence,so thatitendsbeforetheend ofAtticPG. Thus itturnsoutthat His 970-920 forEPG now fallswell stilloffera workinghypothesis. Brock'sabsolutedates623 SM/EPG stage- say 1000-970withinAtticLPG, butneedsto be precededbya transitional to theinfluenceoftheearliest whenKnossianpotterswereresponding onlyverysporadically Atticimports.For MPG, Brock's920-870 is now seen to includethe finalyearsof LPG and
617The closest Athenian comparandaare mainly from the latest PG graves in the Kerameikos, nos. 38-9 and 48; cf. Brock, F. 13 and 213 n. 1. 618GGP 328. 619Ibid. n. 4.
620F. 213; Kerameikos I, 164 n. 1. 621J. Balensi and M. D. Herrera, RevueBiblique92 (1985) 95 ff.fig.10. 622 Desborough, GDA 134 f. ™ F 214.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC ANDGEOMETRICPOTTERY
^u
the whole of EG I in the Atticsequence. LPG is largelycontemporary withAtticEG II; it merits a of Brock's twenty-yearspan624to 870-840, to perhaps slight expansion accommodatea largerand morevariedcorpusthanwas apparentsolelyfromtheF. finds. of MG helpto throwsomelighton thechronology Copious importsofAtticand Atticizing thenextthreeCretanphases,whichmustbe based on thecurrently orthodoxdatingofAttic MG I (850-800) and II (800-760). Studyof previousfindsgave the impressionthatPGB is withmuchofMG I,625thatCretanEG is a shortphase spanningthetransition contemporary fromMG I to II,626and thatCretanMG coincideswiththe remainderof MG II.627With thesecorrelations the evidencefromthe N Cemeteryis quite consistent. Amongthe general contextswe shouldnote especiallythe presenceof numerousAtticMG I importsin tomb G,628and a CycladicMG I skyphos(35) in tomb 100,bothof whichwereused untilEG.629 There is also a largeaccumulationofMG I importsin tombs107and 283,630 neitherofwhich containsany local potterybeforePGB. It followsthatthe PGB-EG overlapcommonto all fourtombsshouldbe largelycontemporary withAtticMG I. The 'bilingual'belly-handled amphoraelead to muchthe same conclusion.On 104.23, forexample,the spiraland cable designon one sidebelongstowardstheend ofthePGB-EG freehandcurvilinear sequence;on the otherside,the circle-and-meander formulashowsthat,whena Knossianvase-painter of theseyearswishedto attempta whollyAtticizingdesign,it was to MG I models like the importedamphoraG 3 thathe wouldturn. None of theAtticor Atticizing MG II importscan be safelyassociatedwithan individual or evenoccursin anyhelpfulgeneralcontext;thusthecorrelation ofKnossianMG burial,631 withmostofAtticMG II mustcontinueto reston similarity ofstyle.The grandioserectilinear designson the krater75.117 and the amphora292.58, based on a strongcentralmeander, would be unthinkable withoutthe influenceof MG II importslike the krater219.42; and otherlocal amphoraemake use of motifsnot seen in AtticabeforeMG II, forexamplethe dottedlozengechainof 134.15, and thehatchedmeanderhooksof 292.224. A supposition thatKnossianMG lastedintotheearlypartofAtticLG632wouldbe confirmed iftheParian LG skyphos75*41 belongswitha MG groupincludinga pithosfromthe Horse workshop, 75«38; but the associationis farfromcertain,the vesselshavingbeen removedfromtheir floor. originalpositionand scatteredon thedromos EvidencefordatingKnossianLG has hitherto been confined633 to resemblanceof style,at first withAtticLG I, and laterwithCorinthian(EPC) throughthelocal kotylesequence.Two
624E 215. ™ GGP 238 f. 626GGP 241.
627GGP244. 628Belly-handled amphorae3 and 82; oinochoai 18-19, 22; skyphos40; cups69-76. 629For tombG I consideronlythe wholevases found by Platonon the tombfloor.A fewMG vesselsmade up from sherds(85-7, 98-100) may well have fallenthroughthe crevicefromtombN. 630T. 107: Atticpyxides107 and 210, Cycladicskyphos 98. T. 283: Atticoinochoe 32, pyxis9, cup 34; Cycladic amphora91. 631O 3, a handmadeand unpaintedaryballosprobablyof Corinthianorigin,was foundinsidetheMG pithosO 1. The
closestparallelsin theCorinthiansequenceare MG I, butit would be foolishto raise the relativedate of KnossianMG solelyon theevidenceofone plainhandmadevessel. 632GGP 244.
633The datingofthe as Brockremarked Cypriotimports, (F. Even thoughgood 215),'is too vagueto helpour chronology'. reasonhas beenfoundto raiseGjerstad'schronology byhalfa - i.e. the CG III/CA I transitionfromc. century 700 to c. 750- the 'vagueness'stillremainssince (i) Cyprusproduces and (ii)thedevelopment of associations, veryfewsingle-burial the most frequentlyexported shape, the Black-on-Red lekythos,has not yet received any meticulous study. Associations of theselekythoi in our tombsare consideredin RDAC 1984,136;see also GGP318 and Cyprus andCrete 261 n. linksbetweenCreteand Cyprus. 31forpreviouschronological
412
J- N. COLDSTREAM
associationswithimportsare now available.Withthe larnaxburialT. 31, the AtticLG Ha skyphos31.16 (c. 735-725)occurswiththreesmallcoatedLG cups; and in T. F/67.1 an EO lid withwhite-on-dark circles(9) was foundwithan EPC deep kotyle(10), but cylindrical not in situ. witha previoushypothesis based on Neither of these associationsconflicts evidently that the transition from LG to EO was the end of EPC,634 i.e. style, complete by at the end of the approximately eighthcentury. FABRIC AND TECHNIQUE^ Here we concentrate on fabricswhich,to thenakedeye,appear to be local. Visual exclusively criteriafordistinguishing thevariousimportedfabricsare statedin ch. 8 pp. 471-3,describing samples earmarkedforanalysisby AtomicAbsorption.The resultsof that analysisalso distinguishedthree differentcompositionsfor the local fine ware, one of which was difference betweenthem morefrequent thantheothertwo;butno consistent overwhelmingly is apparentto thenakedeye. is of a pale orangeor buffcolour.On the The clay of mostKnossianPG-G fineware636 a vessels the core fire to reddish grey.Admixture may deeper orangeor,lessfrequently, larger ofinclusions variesaccordingto thesize ofthepot.Mosttypicalare thesubstantial particlesof whitecalcitewhichmaycause spallingon the surfacesof the largervessels;brownand grey inclusionsare also found.In PG a thinyellowwashis oftenadded; but,owingto therelatively in thewashand theoverlying lowfiring, paintseldomadherewellto thesurface.Higherfiring G producesa harderand oftendarkerorangefabric;paint is applied more thickly, usually withouta slip,and sometimes achievinga considerablelustre. of PG are the time-savingtechnicaldevices of spatteringand Especiallycharacteristic of largeand wide-mouthed is often shapes: appliedto the interiors dipping.Spatteredpaint kraters and necked shallow bell-kraters, skyphoi,and some kalathoi,all in the local pithoi, - and evenhigh-footed kratersof mainlandcharacterlike 175.27-8. Fromthe end tradition ofEG onwards,open shapesreceivea solidcoatinginside.637 Partialdippingin paintis theusual way of treatingthecommonestclassesof PG drinking vessels.The cups, held by the handle,have theirrimsdipped on both flanks.Small bellskyphoi,oftenremarkablefortheirthinfabric,are dipped fromthe footso thatthe paint coversmost,ifnotall,oftheinterior. Dippingceasesin G, butis occasionallyrevivedin theO period. Whitedecorationovera darkcoat firstbecomescommonin LG and continueswellintoO, butearlierexperiments go back to EPG;638to thesewe maynow add thetwolargePGB bellof type(i), and the large lekythos coarse straight-sided the pithoi639 skyphoi100.37-8, we havenoted,thedomedlid oftype In as in with PGB white spirals. LG, 107.130 decorated white-on-dark the to B (i) is the firstshape technique,perhaps to simulate the adopt versions.Fromtheselids,white miniature are of which shields they appearanceofthebronze in first at the decorationspreadsto only subsidiaryrowsof small circles,later as pithoi,
634GG/>254f. 635 These remarks are supplementary to Brocks E 186-8. observations, 636Cf.also BSA 67 (1972)65, 78.
637There are some instancesof spattering on O domestic BSA 68 (1073)Su. pottery: essBSA 67 (1972)65,A 27 (pi 15),C 40 (pl. 19). 639Also E nos.343,345; cf.p. 188.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^3
reinforcement ofreservedlines,and eventually fora widevarietyofmetopalmotifsin theBird a in tradition which continues the EO lekythoiof Praisostype.Apartfromthe Workshop of no receive white decorationbeforetheLG/EO transition. zigzagcups typeC, open shapes In the colourand treatment of G fineware,two otherinteresting variantsdeservenotice. Close copies of CypriotBoR unguentshapes,lekythoitypeC (ii),oftenreproducethe deep orangeclay and polishedsurfaceof the Cypriotoriginals.A similarfabricis sharedby the looseradaptationswithtrefoil lip,aryballoitypeC (i). A deep orangetone,thoughwithoutthe is sometimes forglobulararyballoiwithlatticedtriangleson the shoulder, polish, preferred C. type In striking contrastofsurfacecolour,anotherclassofG vesselsis coatedwitha pale creamy often slip, polished.The twocommonshapesare thedomedlid witha singlehandle,typeA and an decorated (ii), earlyversionofthePraisos-type lekythos, typeD (ii).Bothare profusely in a whollynon-Atticizing but nevertheless to MG. manner, belongingmainly The MG phase also saw a temporaryvogue forthe greybuccheroware, seen in three shapes only: the heavyfour-handledovoid cremationpithosof typeB (iv), the matching conical lid with ribbed stem among type C, and oinochoai, mainlyof the broad-based Atticizing type,C (ii).The clayis as carefully preparedas forfinepaintedware,coatedwitha dark slip,and then firedto a lightgreyor greyish-brown colour in reducingconditions. Decorationis confinedto incisedwavylineson thepithoi,whoseshape closelymatchesthose fromtheMG Horse workshop.The local originof theseMG buccherovessels,as also ofthe later O buccheroaryballoi,has been confirmedby samplestakenforanalysisby Atomic Absorption. There remainthe two fabricsregularly used forcoarse ware: the micaceousred,and the oflargeplain pithoi.Bothwaresmeritand are receiving gritty orange(or bufi)characteristic detailedpetrologicalanalysiswhichwill be publishedelsewhere;640 here,meanwhile,a few visualobservations mustsuffice. Brick-red micaceousware,also containinga varietyof smallwhiteand browninclusions, has frequently been notedin smalldomesticcookingvessels,641 whichare also presentin our tombs.In thosewhichforma cleartypologicalsequence- forexample,thecookingjugs with and withouttripodfeet,typesF (i) and (ii)- thereis a noticeableimprovement betweenMG and LG in the preparationof the clay,and in the eliminationof impurities. Our cemetery also producesseveralothershapes in thisfabric:miniaturetripodcauldrons(kraterstypeB a Cypriotform(typeE (i)) (i)),theluggedflatpyxis283.58, smallribbedoinochoaiimitating of with theirconicallids,typeA. and, on thelargestscale,bulkystraight-sided pithoi type(i) The last threeshapes,unlikethe cookingjugs, have theirsurfacescarefullysmoothed;the pithoiand lids are even capable of takingsimpledecorationin whitepaint. On the other shapes, any decorationis incised,and limitedto sets of grooves- apart fromthe highly ornateflatpyxis. The grittyorange fabricis used forlarge,coarse and plain domesticpithoiwhichalso servedin PG as cremationurns,and in G forchildburials.Othershapesin thisware are the of bronzecauldrons(krater, largeimitations typeB (ii)),the domesticbasin 168. 1, and the fenestratedstand 283.98. The loose and lumpytextureof the clay is caused by straw
640SamplesweretakenbyDr. P. Day. 641BSA 55 (i960) 162 nos. 31-6; 67 (1972) 70 nos. 31-4,
73 nos. 44-5, 87 nos. 27-9. UM II, 86.
4I4
J. N. COLDSTREAM
and a generousadmixtureof substantialgritty tempering, particles,irregularly spaced. The largest,ofjagged whitelimestone,may be as much as 0.5 cm long. The other,smaller, inclusionsare reddishbrown,bluishgrey,and smootherwhiteparticles.The surfaceis usually coveredwitha thinbuffwash,and sometimes witha thickcreamslip. DEVELOPMENT
OF THE KNOSSIAN STYLE
The local PG and G sequencewas initially workedout in considerabledetailbyBrock,on the evidenceofnearlya thousandpotsfromtwenty-two tombs.These finalpages concentrate on Here and whatevernew knowledgecan be gleanedfroma largercorpusin theN Cemetery. there,gapsmaybe filled,greaterprecisionmaybe achieved,butnewproblemsmaybe raised. One notwhollyresolvedproblemis to establisha universally agreedboundarybetweenSM and EPG.642The mostobvioussymptoms of the new style,underthe influenceof copious of compass-drawn circularmotifswiththe multiple AtticPG imports,are the introduction Concentric circulardecoration,however, and of two of brush, Atticizingtypes amphorae. Knossianshape,thestirrup-jar; couldfindno place on theshoulderofthemostconservative of SM characterpersistswellintoPG, though thatis wherecomplextriangular compositions form.At thesame timetheshapemaydeveloptowarda moretaut oftenin a morerectilinear ovoid,in line withotherPG closed vases; but thereis no steadyrapportbetweenthe move of the SM compositions.To designatevases towardsthe ovoid, and the geometricization in a PG context, we avoidtheuglythoughlogical are stillprominent whereSM characteristics in favour of SM/EPG. term'Sub-Subminoan' If the initial impact of Attic PG ideas was so limited, is there any other roughly changein the local potterywhichcan be adduced as an alternativefrontier contemporary firstseen in 285.60 betweenSM and EPG? One helpfulshape hereis the deep bell-krater, The and in itsthreeclose relationsin F. tombXI, nos. 166, 168 and 177. heightof all four to EPG, we see exceedstherimdiameter, bya ratioof 1.20-1.40: here,at thetransition greatly a sudden extra deepening of the traditionalLM III 'deep bowl', of which the few SM was to havea heightand rimdiameterapproximately equal. The deep bell-krater examples643 becomethemajoropen shapeofKnossianPG; in thedecoration,antithetic spirals(SM/EPG) theAtticPG concentriccirclessoon are stillappliedto thesefourearlypieces,but thereafter take over (48.7, K 1, Ay.IoannisI.9, III.i). Drinkingvessels,as yet,resistAtticinfluence ofthe themostusual EPG form,thebell-skyphos (e.g.219.78, 79) is a miniature altogether; ofitsSM predecessor(e.g.F. no. 2). and a similarly newbell-krater, deepenedtransformation Decorationis veryrare;dippingfromthefootbecomestherule,especiallyforthesmallerbellreservedlip band,usualin SM. and we no longerfindtheinterior skyphoi, oinochoai and jugs withminimal Other noveltiesof EPG includeglobularlight-ground decoration;also, foruse as urns,the firstneckedpithoiin finepaintedware (48.3, 5, 6, SM/EPG; J 63). In MPG, as Brockobserved,'the decorationis now purelyProtogeometrie'.Concentric circles,in thisphase, are regularlyapplied to a widervarietyof the largershapes: necked 642Warren,AR 29 (1983) 76-87; Popham in UM II, 60, 65-6; Catling,herepp. 305-10.
643E.g. UM II, pl. 44 (forcorrectcaptionsee pl. 43).
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^
and kalathoi.Our new findsshowthatmoreAttic pithoi,neck-handled amphorae,bell-kraters In were now addition to thetwolargetypesofamphora,we haveMPG shapes,too, beingcopied. kraters and Atticizing (175.27, 28; 100.41) largeskyphoi (Q, 68, 103),bothon highconicalfeet, flatbasedcoatedcupsJ 12) and handleless rim(K 5, L 1, 2); allfour witheverted globularpyxides have in known Attic to Knossos. None of them,however, shapes prototypes imports displacedtheir localalternative, i.e.thebell-krater, and inherited from bell-skyphos, dippedcup straight-sided pyxis, LM III through SM. Evenso,perhapsundertheinfluence oftheirAtticcounterparts, thelocalbell forms ofkrater and skyphos assumeratherbroaderproportions thanin EPG, witha heightto rim diameter ratioof1.00to 1.20.To strengthen itsrim,thebell-krater is nowusuallyprovided witha below its a is which contained a of pronounced ridge lip: good example 285.82, helpful variety MPG funerary undisturbed and small and five crockerylarge bell-skyphoi, light-ground globular nowwithflatbaseinsteadof,as inEPG, a lowconicalfoot. oinochoai, LPG: 'not a well-defined phase5(Brock).Definitionby context,indeed,remainsdifficult. Althoughthe largelyLPG Ts. 28 and 287 offera varietyof shapes,the use of both tombs continuedintoPGB. Typologically, though,as Brockobserved,thisphase is essentialas 'filling thegap . . . betweentheprecedingand thefollowing phases'.His dictumis supportedby the ornamentof themostfloridly decoratedLPG vases;theopen-neckstirrup-jars, all apparently froma singleworkshop; thefineoinochoe100.33, and thehousemodels219.86 and UM II, - gridded GB i. Here pendentsemicircles arejoined by a new repertoire of rectilinear motifs columnsoflatticedlozenges,and rowsofsmalllatticedtriangles. zigzags,griddedbattlements, The pendentsemicircles mayperhapshavebeen derivedfromEuboean SubPG skyphoilikeG thismixture ofmotifs reflects a purelylocal development 123-4; otherwise duringa temporary lullin influence fromAtticimports. On thelargershapes,concentric circlescontinue. For unguents, theopen-neckstirrup-jar AmongLPG shapes,thereare severalinnovations. of a shape survivingfromLM times,is eventuallysuperseded (D 11), finalmanifestation duringthisphasebythefirst lekythoi (E 2, 100.64, 218.94), made on thesamelargescale as the stirrup-jars. As smallercontainersof perfume,thejug-aryballos(e.g. Q 4) makesitsfirst tentative witheasternexoticais reflectedin the local LPG appearance.An earlyfascination lentoidflasks(219.16, 285.30), birdaskoi (219.1, 12; 285.136) and ringkernos(285.68). More centralto the Knossianpotter'srepertoireis the impactof the bronzecauldron(e.g. 285*f.26),now closelyimitatedin coarseware with(100.3) and without(287.15) the tripod withtheirrelatedskyphoi(100.10; legs.Looserversionsin finepaintedware (L 15), together also in but become in PGB and EG; thoughsparsely commoner LPG, 2O7*33>47* 63) begin in these forms are abundant our finds. F.9 represented among Apartfromthesenovelties,some changesin othershapes deservenotice.Neck-handled amphoraeno longerhave theirneckscoated, as in earlierPG phases; and the typewith spacedbandsonly(28.12) seemsto be confinedto thisphase. Globularpyxideshave bynow acquiredrisinghorizontalhandles(e.g.D 25-8), and the old straight-sided typeis becoming obsolescent.The finestLPG oinochoai(Q,7, 28.8, 100.33, 287.25) now tendtowardsdarkgrounddecoration.Two shapes,thehydriaand thedippedcup,werementionedby Brockas LPG innovations. Both,as we nowknow,proveto go back as faras SM, especiallyin domestic but it remainstruethatrichlydecoratedhydriai,as tombofferings contexts;644 (e.g. 287.8), 644Dipped cups: Pophamin UM II, 61, pl. 43.7-8 (not,as there'pl. 42'). Domestichydriaiwithsimple
bracketornament: BSA67 (1972)66 ff.,fig.1.
4I6
J. N. COLDSTREAM
are unknownbeforeLPG, and the dippedcups are especiallyfrequentin thisphase. Absent fromF., butapparently new in LPG and continuing onlyintoPGB and EG, is a smallertype ofcup decoratedwitha scribbleor zigzagabovemassedstripes(287.29, 34). Beforeleavingthemain PG sequence,let us notforgettheastonishingly bold experiments in figureddrawingon two bell-kraters: the portrayalof a hunton F 1 (MPG), and on E 3 withconfronted (LPG) thedramaticleontomachy sphinxeson thereverseside.Whilethehunt scenehas precedentson LM III larnakes,theimageryofE 3 wouldhave been inconceivable withoutsomecontactwiththeeasternMediterranean. bothto F. and to FromPGB untilthe LG/EO transition, myremarksare supplementary thecoverageofthesephasesin GGP235-55. PGB still lives up to its reputationas 'the most remarkablephase in Cretan vaseofPGB Fewindividualinterments withmuchnewevidenceofcreativeinvention. painting,'645 since so manychambertombsthenreceivedtheirfirst can be isolatedin the N Cemetery, shuntedand disturbedin subsequentperiods.Even whichwereto be continually incumbents share of new surprises,especially in figured PGB has more than its so, produced From the hand of the Tree Painter,the earliestrecognisableartistin the representations. we have on the decorationof Greekvases, straight-sided pithos107.114 his extendedscenes in a scale unmatchedin any otherGreek her on a goddessof nature element, portraying are the remarkable Geometricvase-painting.Also Janiformbirds on the belly-handled the shoulderof the miniatureAtticizing round amphoraD 14, and the curiousmonsters oinochoeQ, 23. These mayperhapshavetheirthree-dimensional equivalentin theebulliently warrior's head on thesmalllid and the askosQ, 115. Its miniature decoratedhorse-bird rider, 219.72, attestsa freshinterestin modellingthe humanface,dormantsince the demiseof Minoancivilisation. Amongthe manyinnovationsin shape, Brockdrew attentionto the new straight-sided formsof pithos,vehicleofthemostdaringand originalnew designs;also 'manyexperimental oinochoe and tall-neckedaryballos'.These are definedhere as thejug-aryballos,already now of a moremodestsize thatwas to become normal; appearingin LPG; the lekythos,646 also the squat and carinatedoinochoai(heretypesB (iii) and B (iv));and two otherkindsof oinochoe,both of easternorigin.A small ribbedclass, in coarse micaceous clay (typeE), derivedin their followsthe shape,thoughnot thefabric,of CypriotBlack Slip counterparts, turnfromBuccherovesselsof the Late CypriotBronzeAge. The giantoinochoai,withvery in PhoenicianRed Slip,but at talland narrownecks(typeD), are influenced by a prototype once takeon themostfloridPGB decoration.As fortheopen shapes:thelargeblackcup with as a favourite and soon displacesthelatestPG bell-skyphoi flatbase nowenterstherepertoire, conical an urn as to serve now often is the kalathos and lid, although vessel; adapted drinking lidshavealreadybegunto be made especiallyforthispurpose. and needsonly The richand eclecticmixtureofPGB motifshas alreadybeen described,647 a briefsummaryhere. Brock saw 'the confluenceof threeseparate currents':concentric PG strainand stilloftenseen on old-fashioned a conservative circularornament, representing new freehandcurvilineardesigns(arcs, the and the necked like bell-krater; pithos shapes 645Brock,E 143. 646Jug-aryballoiand lekythoiare both well represented in the closed PGB deposit under the larnax Q, 116,
together with the bird-horse askos Q, 115 already mentioned. 647F. 143;GGP236-8.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^
cables,runningspiralsetc.) derivedeitherfromthe Minoan past,or fromeasternmetalwork and ivories;and minorrectilinear motifsofAtticGeometricorigin.The Atticizing component nowreceivessomestiffening fromtheappearanceofthelargeAttichatchedmeanderon three D 13, an Atticizing krater;and D 12, majorPGB vases:M io, a late bell-krater; high-footed the earliest of our The checked meander on thebelly-handled perhaps straight-sided pithoi.648 D is a fanciful Knossian variation. amphora 14 Of EG BrockwroteCIsuggesttheexistenceofsucha phasewithsomereservation, sincethe evidenceforit depends solelyon style.5We now have some evidencefromcontextin two EG tombs,280 and 286, allowingus a viewofthesmallershapes;also,fromTeke exclusively tomb G, an impressivearrayof large and ornate vesselsin Brock's EG style.649 In their decoration we see a variety in no lesseclecticthan PGB, butwitha stronger current ofinfluence fornamingthisbriefand unsettled comingfromAtticMG; hencethejustification phasewhich has nevertheless vasesfromtheN Cemetery. producedsomeofthemostimpressive The transitional characterof EG is nowherebetterillustrated thanby the coexistencein tombG ofthreedifferent thelatestofthenowold-fashioned neckedpithoi shapesofurn;first, PG circularornament;second,one ofthelaterstraight-sided (G 12),withtraditional pithoi(G motifscontinuingfromPGB are now more strictly 6) on whichthe curvilinear zoned; and, third,the emergenceof the necklessovoid pithos,the onlytypeof urn to enjoyan assured futureoverthe nexttwo centuries.Althoughmodelledafteran importedAtticprototype650 was nevercommonin Attica),meandersand otherAtticizing motifsby no (which,however, means monopolisethe decoration;on the contrary,as on the vast pithosG 8, the Attic rectilinearand local curvilinearrepertoires may be blended to formcomplexand eclectic designs,includingexpansiverosetteswhichare typicalof thisphase. We see the rosettesalso on the earliestdomed lids651forthe urns,and on the one-handledomphaloidtypeA (i), - and in anothernovelty ofthisphase,on whichonlythelocal curvilinear motifsare deployed floridabundance. Apartfromthenecklessovoidpithos,thenoveltiesincludeothershapesmorecentralto the Atticrepertoire:the belly-handled Atticform,the krateron a amphorain its dark-ground ribbed and the broad-based oinochoe. Of Attic high pedestal, origin,too, is the notionof the knobs of the conical lids for urns in G the form ofminiature vessels.652 In modelling (e.g. 7) thedecorationofthelargerAtticizing the coexistence of three different shapes, repertoires concentric-circular fromPG, freehandcurvilinearfromPGB, and rectilinearfromAttic MG- is confirmed vases,i.e. theamphorae(G 2, 4-5, 82 and bytheexuberant'bilingual'653 the krater and the ovoid 104.23), pedestalled (G 80) pithoi(G 8, 11),bearingtotallydifferent on the two sides of the same vase. Most bizarreof all, in thisrespect,is G 5, compositions a hatched meander on one side with,on the other,concentric combining large Atticizing circlesof PG character, but interrupted billets and by wrappedwithina proto-orientalizing hatchedcable. Amongthesmallershapes,newin EG are thejuglet,theolpe (jugs,respectively typesC and and the with low vertical neck and flat B D), globularpyxis base,type (v). 648SteleKontoleontos 409-12.
649EspeciallyG 1-2, 4-15, 17, 60, 82. On the contents ofG 13 see pp. 12-13. 650 E.g. E no. 454.
651E.g. 292.123; Teketholos no. 44.
652UrnswithLids 112; cf. GGPvA. 4e. 653 Eilapine335-8.
4¡8
J. N. COLDSTREAM
In MG, urnswiththeircontentsundisturbed are muchmorenumerousthanin previous in can add ninemore;654 and T. 125, although To the thirteen the North F., cemetery phases. its three urns. to be a MG to from tomb, judge plundered, appears wholly The kingof MG shapesis the recentlyintroducedformof urn,the ovoidnecklesspithos: plumpand heavy,it normallyhas two horizontaland two verticalhandles.The decoration followstheexuberantmannerofAtticMG II withthehatchedmeanderassuminga dominant between motifsare also admittedas ancillaries.Compositions role,butsomelocal curvilinear with other individual thehandlesare usuallyvariedon thesame pithos;thisvariety, together based on groupsdistinguished of two individualworkshops, traits,allowsthe recognition by more pithoi,is named the Brock.655 His firstgroup,to whichour tombscontributefifteen B 6; these, ofthat animal on 125.3 and Atsalenio Horse workshopafterits representations in on the birds silhouette of habit of with the workshop's paintingpiles kangaroo-like together a lacuna in the sequenceof Knossian verticalstraphandles,help to fillwhatwas previously An invariablepreference forstirruphandlessuppliesthe name fora figuredvase-painting. based on Brock'ssecondand thirdgroups,and expandedherebyninemore secondworkshop, a consistency betweenshape and decorativemannerisms vessels.For each workshop, implies thatpotterand painterweretheneitherthesamepersonor,at least,workedcloselytogether. OtherlargeAtticizing shapes,copiouslydecoratedin theAtticMG II manner,are theneckhandled amphora and the pedestalledkrater.The amphorae 292.160 and 292.57 were We can also assignthelarge respectively. probablymade in theHorse and Stirrupworkshops which krater75.117 to the latterworkshop, evidentlyadopted its stirruphandles from Attickratersof thisclass.656 monumental too, are the conicallids made to fitthe Atticizing, pithoi,withmatchingdecorationof meanderor multiplezigzag,and oftenwithribson the stem;and 125.4, withitsfriezeofkangaroobirds,is clearlya productoftheHorse workshop, designedto fitthepithos125.3 w^h thehorsepanel. alsoincludesthreestandard The MG repertoire panels Atticizing shapesbearingsimplereserved on theevidenceof at Knossoswouldneverhavebeensuspected whosefrequency on a darkground, andthesmallflat-based theshallowskyphos inF.: thebroad-based finds oinochoe, cup.Theseoften butalso in technique,657 notonlyin shapeand decoration, followtheirprototypes beingfiredto a Atticwork. of the best sheen the never colour Attic, high achieving resembling yet pinkish-brown remainedquiteunaffected In contrastto the conicallids forpithoi,the domed alternative fashion.The one-handledomphaloidlid withhighdome and broad bythecurrentAtticizing rim(A (i)) persistsintoMG (e.g. 60.10), and is joined by a new handlelesstype(A (ii)) with where lowerdome and shorterrim,exemplified by 125.11 and an ornateset fromT. 132,658 theirabundancesuggeststhatthe domed class mayhave had a functionindependentof the urns.These lids are stilldecoratedon a lightground,withmotifsdescendedfromthe local PGB-EG stock:gridpattern,intersecting wavylines,horizontalS's (or brokencables) and billets.Theirfabricis unusualforitsthickcreamslip,alwayshighlypolished.In thesame style and techniqueis 125.2, one of the earliesttall lekythoiof Praisostype(D (ii)),by the same versionofthePGB treemotif. painteras thelid 132.18; commonto bothis a simplified motifson someLG lids, theuse oflocal curvilinear archaistic'659 Brocksaw as 'deliberately 654O i; 75.I9, 38, 42; I29.I; 218.39,43, 50; 285.39. Foresee GGP242. 655F. i¿8. ese E.g. GGP 5 f.
657Pp. 471, 476, 4QO, Group B. 658Cf. also Teketholosnos. 39, 41, 43, 54, which should be updated to MG. 659F. 164.
THE PROTOGEOMETRIC
AND GEOMETRIC
POTTERY
^g
revivalratherthansurvival;but,withtheevidencefromT. 132,it now appearsthat implying curvilinear ornament survived continuouslythrough MG, alongside the Atticizing productions. fromotherdirections. Two Some ofsmallerunguentvasesofMG reflectforeigninfluences with currenttypesofglobulararyballos,theunpaintedand polished(B), and thedark-ground on the both follow Corinthian models found shoulder (C), among importsto triangles LG the with remains into EO. FromCyprus,the Knossos;660 type triangles frequentthrough in in of BoR this lekythoi(or 'juglets5 Cypriotparlance)begins import phase,at once giving thanany of the 'Creto-Cypriot' riseto almostexact local copies,661 closerto the originals662 classin F. The progressof theKnossianLG styleis mosteasilychartedthroughthedecorationofits I have elsewhereattempted to leadingshape,theovoidpithos-urn. FollowingBrock'slead,663 a and late LG from and also transitional LG/EO the distinguish early pithoi generalrun, motifsfromtheEast are graftedintoa geometriccontext.664 A stagein whichnew curvilinear usefulseconddivision,cuttingacrosseach stageof LG, is betweenthe ornateand exuberant productsof the inventiveBird workshop,and the more conventionalpithoidecoratedwith and restraint'.665 The decorationofour LG pithoiis treatedearlierin thischapter, 'formality in detail;herewe need onlya briefsummary, to anynovelties, absent payingspecialattention fromF. PithoioftheBirdworkshop666 have a plumpshape,and decorationstillextendingdownto a continuouszone belowthehandle,as in MG; therea weighty meanderwithheavyoutlineis especiallyfavoured.When fullyformed,the workshop'sstyleis recognisablethrougha new LG stockofmetopalmotifs, includingbirdsofpredatory appearance.Two ofour pithoi,85.2 and thefragment after 26.13, supplya hitherto missingearlyLG stage,immediately following MG butprecedingtheadventofmetopaldecoration.Withthemetopescome theadditionof decorationand, eventually, tripodloop feet,the firstintrusionof white-on-dark experiments withstrangepolycephalousbirds.Among our nine late LG pithoifromthisworkshop,all paintedby a hand unknownin F., the masterpieceis O 19; therea sprawlingthree-headed bird,withitsyoung,is borderedby two metopalzones of white-on-dark motifs, includinga revival of the Minoan the same geometricized octopus.667Perhaps painterproduced the domedlidswithoctopusmedallions,B (iv),also in thewhite-on-dark technique.FromtheBird are the E with similar too, workshop, large, deep cups, (iv), metopal decoration; the extends the to includesphinxes extraordinary 'menagerie'668 cup 134*47 figuredrepertoire withoutlinedheads,predatorybirdsin flight, and tawnylions seen in frontalview-possibly influenced by the bosseson some bronzevotiveshieldsfromthe Idaean Cave.This cup falls into our LG/EO transitionalstage,as does the cup 132.24 withits linkedlotus,and the pithos218.24 on whichthemetopesare occupiedbytwoquarteredlozenges,a guilloche,and linkedPhoenicianpalmettes. The more conventionalLG pithoi,outsidethe orbitof the Bird workshop,requirelittle
660Respectively, O 3 and F. no. 668. 661E.g. 218.41, foundwithMG pithos218. iq. 662RDAC1984,132-3. 663E 148-9. 664GGP245-6.
665E I44. 666GGP246-Q. 667Reflexions 27-q. 668RA 45 (1982) 25 ff.
42o
J- N. COLDSTREAM
comment.The shapestendto be slimmer, and usuallyhave onlytwo handles.Metopesare rare,excepton a small scale and flankinga long and narrowcentralpanel. Decorationis morerestrained, and onlyrarelyextendsbelowthehandles.Meandersand battlements persist MG stock,but in increasingly emaciatedformand in thinhorizontalstrips. fromAtticizing withbillets,cables,horizontalS's and tongues; These are combined,fromthelocal repertoire, The painterof H io, to whomfour thinverticalleaves,usuallyhatched,are a LG novelty. alternates otherpithoican be attributed,669 pairs of leaveswithpiles of chevron;a regularly widevarietyin theshapes,as also ofthosepaintedbythehand ofO 19 in theBirdworkshop, impliesthatin LG a singlepaintercould unlikehis MG predecessor workformorethan in themaindecoration, one potter.In late LG thereis a tendencytowardsfussyminiaturism whichis oftenframedby horizontaland verticalrowsofsmallconcentriccirclesin white-ondark. usefulcontextscan be added to thosenotedin F.670The pithos163.3, ForLG thefollowing was the onlyurn foundin its tomb.Other urnswithundisturbed fromthe Birdworkshop, to contentsamountedto sevenforlate LG, and threeforthe LG/EO transitional stage,671 These also in a coarse pithos, whichT. 78, the richinfantinhumation associations, belongs. ofsmallerLG shapes. withevidencefromstyle,throwlighton therepertoire together withinvertedcones for LG urnsare closed by eitherconical or domed lids. The former, knobhandles,oftencarryno decorationotherthanbandsand lines(typeD). Low domedlids, motifs bear severalzones of white-on-dark withouthandles,are moreornateand frequently (typeB); thosewithan octopusat the centre,as we have seen,may have been made in the Bird workshop.A small and slim typeof neck-handledamphora,alreadyknownin MG, ofPraisos intothisphase (typeE). Relatedto itin shapeis thetalland elegantlekythos persists as the nonfabric in the same made and decorated, cream-slipped (D (ii)), sparsely type include Small lids of MG. domed aryballoi globular dark-ground shapes unguent Atticizing with trianglescontinuingfromMG, and Brock's 'Creto-Cypriot'lekythoi(C (iii-iv)), sophisticatedadaptationsof CypriotBoR imports,whichcontinuethroughEO. Another importedCypriotshape to inspireaccomplishedimitationsis the BoR oinochoe,its flanks circles(typeF). Of thesmallerpouringvessels,especiallycommon swathedin largeconcentric in MG are thejugletsbearingseveralrowsofdots(jug,typeC), someofwhichmaygo backto MG. are rareamongourfinds,as theywerein F. The high-handled LG kraters example75.182, an enlargedkantharos,is unique in Crete and may have Argiveconnections:229.3, an enlargedskyphos,representsthe usual LG type.Low-basedskyphoicontinue,thoughless in our tombsthanduringMG. An alternative vessel,the kotyle,makesits drinking frequent local copy of the earliest Knossian debut in thisphase, and in 229.19 we have a faithful withverticalchevrons.Of thevarioustypesof cup we have noted CorinthianLG prototype, the largeand deep vesselswithmetopaldecoration,fromthe Birdworkshop;thereare also E (i),withreservedpanels.Also plentiful here,althoughextremely manysmallerLG versions, rare in F., is typeE (ii) bearing a zone of thickand thinverticalbars. Alongsidethese decoratedversions,the large coated cups continue,now more crisplythrown(D (iii)),and oftenattainingan egg-shelldelicacyof fabric;thesecontinueinto EO withtallerlips and deeperbodies. 669See p. 321, n. 56.
™GGP2^.
671LG,late:75.68, 75.7a, 104.3,"04.4, 126.1,218.57, 218.64. LG/EO:75.122,79.4, 229.6.
CHAPTER 7 THE ORIENTALIZING POTTERY Elizabeth
Moignard
Pithoi I. Normal Technique EG continues intothe The neckless ovoidpithoswhichbegantoreplaceearliershapesduring - thedistinction O motifs G patterns amongthetruly Orientalizing period,at first retaining - and,exceptforone class,tending one in Crete to become is,in anycase,oftena blurred smaller.The circlepithoiclassedby Brockas the'poor man'spithos'overlapwith,and withthemarethemoreexpensive eventually replacethosein theG tradition; contemporary The necked out of fashion since theendofEG, has a modestO pithos, polychrome pithoi. andthereisa singlestraight-sided revival, example. A. IN THE G TRADITION
twoorfourhandles. Ovoid,neckless, Twohandles: EO: MO: Fourhandles: EO: MO: LO: EO: Fragmentary: MO:
132.8, 75.192,75.206. 175*42« 292.146, 283.53, 75.172,i75*43>i4-46* 107.211,294*38,218.10. 107.112. 107.192,26.19, 123.1, 107.213,159.1,306.36. 132.31,60.23, 60.29.
As in LG, four-handled buttheyare bestdiscussedwithtwopithoiare in themajority, handled.Apartfrom292.146, whichhas a fenestrated conicalfoot,and 26.19 and 283.53 withtripodfeet,all ofthemare orthodox in shape.Theyare generally a littlelargerthan circlepithoi, andthegeneraltendency istobecomeslimmer. one Only appearstobe LO. The earliest, bothfragmentary, and are worn;theirhandle 107.192 26.19, extremely in are to show the EO vertical evidence of panels arranged metopes. 26.19 begins guilloche; as a that it is The partialrepainting polychrome pithossuggests extremely early. three-metope butwitha greater ofornament system, variety (283.53)is thefavoured arrangement, though thereareexceptions birdsinthesun).Towardsthemiddleof (107.211withitscrudely-drawn theseriesthemetopes becomeequalin size(132.8, 75.193)andmorenumerous, andpanels are oftendividedhorizontally insteadofvertically, ifmorecomplexbandpatterns especially arebeingused(175.43).Circles, otherthanwhiteones,appearlaterintheseries, ingeneralas a of somewhat and part simplerpattern(75.206, 60.23) maybecomeflorals(294.38).
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
422
2i8.io, thelatest,has singlepanels,withthecirclesbetweenTreesofLifeframedbyverticals on a potveryclearlyrelatedto contemporary circlepithoi. no. 70 and bears the sole LO of this is class, by thesame hand as Gypsades 107.112, pithos the same guillochepanels. Both look back to the extremelyornatepithoiof our class B, classified byBrockas beingin thebulkyMG tradition.672 Whitecirclesappearframing thepanels(292.146) and thenon bandslowerdownthebody, and laterin pairs or singly;on the LO 107.112 theyhave the thickenedoutercirclewhich and zigzag no. 70. 123. 1 and 159.1 bear panels ofwhitecross-hatching appearson Gypsades on someoftheirlowerbandsas wellas circles;thecirclesalone are a latertrait. B. BULKY
Tripodfeet,elaboratepatterns. EO:
107.29, 107.116.
116 is Boththese,inthesametomb,arebythesamehand;a thirdwasfoundintheTeketholos.673 All three have Brock's classification. feet and the of theothershavetripod bulkyshape fragmentary, Teke mix O and the G withessentially ornament. subdivided 107.29 pithos elaborately panelsand both carrya continuousband of quadratedsquares and tripleverticalsbelow the handles. motifs. andvertical cablearefavourite circleswithvolutedlozengesinthecentre, Jewellery pattern, C. CIRCLE PITHOI
or both. Ovoid,twoor fourhandles;darkon light,or vice-versa, Two handles: EO: LO: Fourhandles: EO: LO:
19*139106.38, 106.37, IO7'24> 294-59> X4«7975*I74107.12, 107.13, 292.29, 126.13. i.i6, 107.115, 75*194975*1939107.6, 292.27, 60.24, 75*^3* 75.8, 294.36.
Very few of these come fromcontextswhich allow us to date them, and many are thereis a considerablevarietyof shape and techniquewithinthegroup.Shape fragmentary; above is tentative. and so thechronology do not appearto be a regulardevelopment, changes 1. 16 is probablythe earliest,withmassed circles,small borderinga largerone, in square ofthedecorationlinksitwithclassesA and B, and itsdoublehandlepanels;thearrangement to EG pithoisuchas G 8.67419.13 is probablythenextin reedverticalhandleis a throwback linksit theseries;itswhiteon darkdecorationoflargeand smallcircleswithelaboratefilling with106.38, probablyby the same hand. Two-handledpithoiwiththe circlesin a reserved panel seemlater,and 107.12 and 13, withlargesetsofcirclesin sucha panel,in bothcases with blank centres to the circles, are perhaps just LO. Both are smaller than their 292.29 and 126.13 are bothlightgroundwithcirclesin bands. predecessors. from 1.16, the four-handled pithoiall bear theircirclesin a reservedpanel. Small Apart circlesmaycombinewithlargeones (107.115 and 75.193). 107.6, a smallpithoswithspokes
672F. 149,classIV B. See GGP254,n. 9. b/J USA49 (1954)pl. 21.7.
674G ovoidpithoitypeA. For a virtually exactdouble of 1.16, see Payneno. 8.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
423
in thecentreofitspairedgroupsofcircles,is theonlyone whichcontaineda burialinsitu;it had the interesting ogee lid 107.7, and was associatedwiththe bull-spoutedhydria107.5, whichmakesitperhapsfairly latein theEO series. The circlesmaybe embellished:292.27, whichalso has tripodfeet,hereperhapscopied fromcontemporary has tonguesbetweenits pairs of circles,and also carries polychromes, verticalcolumnsof whitecircleson the main bodyband. 75.8, one of the fewLO pithoiof thisclass,overlapsitscircles,and has a space betweeninnerand outersets- an O trait,and in thiscase a lateone. 294.36 has elaboratewhitedotsand bees betweenitscircles. D. NECKED PITHOI
Two or fourhandles,bodyshaperangesfromhigh-shouldered to sagging. (i) In theG tradition EO: 19*14913*4697^*4* LO: 13.3. (ii) Circles Two handles: EO: LO: Fourhandles: EO: LO:
19*7940.32, 294.14, 30.7. 25.5, 40.33. 292.158. 75-355i3«-i4j 56-3°-
These, like theirnecklesscounterparts,are difficultto place in a chronologicalseries. 19. 14,675withitsmetopesin whiteon darkpaintis early,as is itspartnerwiththecircles19.7. ofcirclejugs,677 40.33 and 75.359e76bothlightground,and in thecase of40.33, reminiscent are probablylater.56.30, an extremely and crude is more like its cousinsat bulky pithos, Arkades678 thanany in the N Cemetery;it comesfroman LO complexof tombswhichwas largelypopulatedwithpolychrome pithoi. 292.158 is the onlyreal maverickin thisseries,in beingverylarge,withdecorationin a reservedhandlezone. It mightbe seen as a counterpart of thebulkypithoiofclass B, but its decorationis muchfreerand bolder:hugeTreesofLife,hatchedand dottedlozenges,dotted of PGB arcading.The treessuggestan EO date,but the spiritof thepaintingis reminiscent and EG, ofwhichthereare somebold examplesfromthesame tomb. E. STRAIGHT-SIDED
convexbody. Slopingshoulder, EO:
306.10.
Straight-sided pithoiwentout of fashionat Knossos afterEG,679althoughtheylastedmuch at This singleexample longer Arkades,usuallyin a muchmoreangularformthanthisone.680 675Cf. PAE IQ7O,282 no. 42, pl. 380. 676Cf. PAE 1970, 277 no. 21, pl. 388 (LG). 677 E-& 34'î»'
678Arkadesfig.287, or fig.312. 679Coldstream, GG 27^; here p. 317. ™CL Arkadest'& 318.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
424
appearsto be a rarerevivalin an EO context.Its whiteon darkdecorationof circleslinkit withthe earlyovoid pithoiin the EO series,such as 19*139and the band of panels with lozengetreesand birdswiththelatervasesoftheBirdworkshop.681 F. COARSE PITHOI
handles shoulder toneck (i)Necked, strap from EO: LO:
104.1, 98.21, 107.3, 76.1, 40.1. 69-2, 34.16, 60.6, 294.5, 292.238, 40.46.
(ii)Straight-sided EO:
107.10.
Few of the coarse pithoiare completeenoughto reconstruct. They are of a taller,narrower a shape thanthe EO ones in the Fortetsatombs,with moresharplyoffsetneck.In general, groupedgrooveson the body are a featureof the earlierones here,and stampedcirclesof varyingsizes,oftenalongtheverticaledge ofthelip,later,althoughthereare G examples.682 104.1 and 98.21 are verylike theirG counterpartssuch as i8.8, thoughleaner.34*10 appearsin a whollyLO tomb,and continuesthesmallstampedcircles.The latest,40.46, has a stampedpatternoflotuschain,rosettesand tongues,a farmoreelaboratepithosthanis at all usualin thiscoarsegroup,and muchmorelikethelargeseriesofbig reliefpithoi.683 Here, as in theFortetsatombs,theirplace was probablylargelytakenbythecirclepithoi. The straight-sided 306.10, is a revivalof the old pithos107.10, likeitsfinecounterpart PGB and EG shape.The groupedgrooves,madewiththefingertips, suggestan EO date. G. MISCELLANEOUS
LO:
82.12, 98.6.
Boththesefragments appearto comefromlargeclosedvessels,and are perhapsbestdiscussed in a frieze,withincisedoutlineswhich,together here.82.12 has largeanimals,presumably vesselan expandedCorinthiananimal-style like an effect withthestyleofdrawing, produce close to black figure.98.6 has a friezeof figuresdancingand holdingsnakes,producedby withsomepartsofthefiguresappliedin paint.The nearestparallelforthisis only stamping, whichare verylikethoseof cut-outmetalplaques of thelate seventhor early forthefigures, withthem. and is probablycontemporary sixthcentury,684 II. Polychrome
Pithoi
The polychromecremationpithosis a new developmentat Knossos in the Orientalizing in and contemporaries period,althoughitsshapeand decorationowe muchto itspredecessors
681GGP 246 flf. Cf. also the pyxides104.30, 40 and 41, thePraisoslekvthos 7^.200, and thecup 202.223. 682E.g. BSA 67 (1972)98, no. 140. 683Cf. Schäfer,Reliejpithoi fig.1, 10, and also E 1200. For
reliefpithoi see CCO 213-15 and Courby,Les Vasesgrecsà reliefs, (Paris,1922)47f. 684Cf.thecut-outplaque fromAfrati,CCO 48 and pl. 16.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
425
the normaltechnique.Our seriesof polychromepithoifall into the classes establishedby butsomenewfeatures Brock,685 appear. A. LARGE,ON SOLID OR FENESTRATEDSTAND Ovoid body. EO: MO:
48.14, 75.116, 107.28. 292.184.
B. REEDED FEET
Ovoid,oftenlarge. EO: MO: LO:
106.9, 75*IO6, 229.7, 14*14* 132*29» i3«-3°5 59*4* 4°-23> Ö2-5-
C. STRAP FEET
Normallywithprongmarks,ovoidbodybecomingwidein theshoulderin thelatestexamples. EO: MO: LO:
75*^22, 40.24, 292.185, 13.43, 107.27. 285*339285.36, 285.41, 285.40. 285.27, 34*5j 285.24, 285.12, 285.13; 34.3, 34.4, 219.58, 56.16, 56-33> 57-9*57-IO> 75-7*75-IO> 75-2O,75.1, 75.13, 75.14.
D. UNCLASSIFIED
Largelyfragmentary. EO: MO: LO:
292.186, 14.50, in. 2, 292.42, 306.33. 75.221, 82.1. 107.57.
E. VARIANT
Fragmentary. LO:
13-42.
or Althoughthereare manypolychrome pithoifromour site,manyofthemare fragmentary have losttheirfugitive decorationcompletely. Tomb 285,largelyundisturbed, alloweda view oftheMO and LO pithoi;nothingin thistombis as late as thelastpithoifromtombs75 and 57,all apparently bythesamehand.In generalthestrapfootwithprongmarkscontinueslater than the reeded type;686the earliestexamples are the largest,and the latest have high shouldersand a strongtaper.In our series,at least,theelegantnarrowovoidshape is an MO trait.
685E i5of.
686f. I52.
426
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
withshape and technique.107.28 is a largeand Our seriesbeginswithearlyexperiments nota traceofthedecorationremains.48.14, on a solid thin-walled stand;687 extremely pithos a similarpithos,had simplecircles.292.184, ratherlater,findsitsclosestparallelforshapein F. no. 1352:itsdottedcirclesand rosettessuggestthatit is ratherlater.75.222, a verylarge in the ofitsbulkycontemporaries bulkypithoswithstrapfeet,mustbelongin theG tradition normaltechnique;688 it is decoratedin blue and whiteonly,withcircledrosettes,meander pithoi of the patternsand Trees of Life, all patternswhich appear on non-polychrome in panels in in a LO manner blue and but is decorated distinctly yellowonly, 107.57 period.689 thatexperiment continuedlate. 292.186 is decoratedwith withhatchedsquares,suggesting bluebandswithwhitecircleson them,verylikean ordinarycirclepithos.Threepithoidisplay trichromedecoration;690 14*14 and 292.42 have touchesof yellowas bordersor rosette centres.82.1, a latervasewithanimalsin panels,usesyellowforthewingofitssphinx. is We mightthinkof106.9 as theearliestorthodoxpolychrome pithos;itspaint,fortunately, are in normal its handle the intact. Like its arranged panels technique, virtually counterparts and thereare twodistinct as a mainpanelbetweenancillaries, designson each side.The other twopatternbands are continuous,withwheels,bee lotuses,and squaresof chequer-board. Distribution ofred and blue is about equal, and thewholeappearanceofthevase is complex even-textured. and 306.33 has alternating 229.7 an^ 306.35 giveverymuchthesame effect; the end oftheEO series, somewhere near that it comes filledand voidpanels,whichsuggests and and and and looksforward to theMO pairsfromtomb285, 33 41. 40 36, Payne noticed the existenceof duplicated or companion pieces in the Orientalizing and in tomb 285 thereare severalsuch pairs, and indeed in tombs57 and 75. period,691 285.40 and 41 and 33 and 36 are linkedas pairsbyelementsin theirdecoration.40 and 41 at thetop and arcadesat thebottom.41 bothcarrycontinuousred and blue chequer-board filled has no truehandlepanels,butbold redand blue zigzags.40 has one band ofalternating and void panels,41 a continuouslotusand palmettefrieze.Both had the by now standard cup-shapedlid withringslike cauldronhandles. 33 and 36, less elegantin outline,also experiment.Both have lids withprocessionsof birds,both bear large tonguesin different places,bothhavechevronson thelegs. LO pairs and groupsalso appear in tombs285, 57 and 75, and here the same hand is red and blue hatched detectableat workon severalvases.34.5 and 285.27 have distinctive bands below the as continuous meander and between the rosette feet, legs panels squares, and 12 and 13 were hand paintedthe tripartite rim.A different 24; 13, 285.12, group is beginningto of A same hand too. the patterns simplerrepertoire perceptibly pottedby the in above the band as have red and feet; theyappear 24 triangles rays emerge:285.13 on 285.24. which and bears the which also on reappear chequer-board lozenge again 57.9, which has same all the are virtual and hand, by clearly duplicates, 75.20 57.10, 75.7 with revertedto continuousbands ofpatternratherthanpanels.The shape is by now fatter, a highershoulderline.82.5 is perhapstheverylatestofour series,decoratedsimplywithred and blue meander-legs.There are no examples of the latest veryred stylenoticed by Brock.692
687Cf.Payneno. 59 and AyParaskies, 55,fig.6 no. 21. 688Cf. 107.29. 689Cf. Gypsades no. 97,and our 218.10.
690BSA 29 (1927-28)281.F. 188. 691BSA 29 (1927-28)228. «« E 151f.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
427
four-handledpithos,is a variant,decorated with a cream slip and red 13.42, a fragmentary its animal friezesin cream silhouette.The technique is reminiscentof the which leaves paint, Arkades reservingstyle,693 though without the incision, and with a more precise control of contour. Lids
I. Domed The domed lids of the N Cemetery are either of the well-knownshield type with an everted flat rim, or of a hemispherical shape which appears in EG and MG, though decorated The white-on-darkexamples continue the LG shape. somewhatdifferently.694 A. WHITE ON DARK
EO: MO: LO:
1.5, 283.61, 19.24, 19.25, 13.38, 75.153, 294.61, 218.129, 75.131, 107.188, 292.7, 285.130, 75.126, 14.32, 285.117. 294*60, 13.47, 75*IO8> 75*«9* «85*725 285-73106.33, IO7*3I9 218.76, 283.67.
283.66,
Variants LO:
107.124, 107.127.
As in F., this is a numerous class,695with a variety of decoration. Most have, if the rim is preserved,a pair of suspension holes, like those from other sites. The rim is often everted, quite sharply in many EO examples, flatterin MO. Dome-profiles tend to be higher and rounderearlyin the series,flatterand ridged later. The LG/EO typewith massed circles,696 usually with grouped strokesor billetson the rim, here 108, appears again (13.47, I4*32j 75* 285.72, 285.117, 285.130). Early lids often have tongues, usually grouped as a central rosette (19.24) and a band of zigzag is an early feature too (19.25). Grouped lines tend to be later, and so does the habit of breaking up single zones into panels of pattern (218.76) or spacing isolated motifs in a single zone (107.31). There are two variants,both LO, both of which have a knob in the formof a head. 107.124 has an animal head, now extremelyworn, and a sharplyevertedrim,which makes it verylike the small class of polychromelids III D.697107.127 has a Daedalic head. This has retainedthe earlier tongue-pattern,but has a volute arcade between the zones of tongues. The head is an exceptionallyfinelymodelled example of around 640.698
693BoardmanCCO 145,withn. 2. 694Gypsadesnos. 34 and 35; here pp. 328-9, types A (i)-(ii). 695F. 163,classE (i) (b). 696Cf.BSA76 (1981)156,no. 105.
697N.B. also the LG Zeus lid, E 1414. 107.38 is a lid ofclassIII D. polychrome 698See Jenkins,Daedalica,pl. 6; Boardman's down-dating in BSA 58 (1963) 1-7 makesthisgroup 650-620, consistent withour LO, butnotthelatest.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
428 B. NORMAL TECHNIQUE
withrim. (i)Domed, EO:
X4*44»14*28, 294.27.
All threeofthesebear a strongresemblance in theirdecorationto a pair tentatively placed by Coldstreamin EG/MG (see n. 694 above)buttheseare smaller.14*44, wi^1*tsthicker fabric and a moresharplyevertedrimis theearliest.The othertwofollowthepatternoftheirwhiteon darkcontemporaries. Bothhavepaintedrims,and suspension holesappearin thatof14.28. (ii)Hemispherical EO:
75-76>75-53575-7°> 75-I45> 75-I5«> i3-3«>*28.20.
This shape appearsto be peculiar,at thisperiod,to theN Cemetery. It recallsthe PGB-EG and which have a slightly inturned here 292.179, type699 represented by 107.120, 121, 135 rimwithdots on the underside,and are decoratedwithfinelines.The fivelids here from tomb75, apparently uniqueto it,have a roundedrimwitha slightoutwardbulgeand faintly flattened centre.75.53, 70 and 145 all carrya Maltesecrosson theircentres,verylikethat whichappearson somekalathoiused as lids,and on theconicallidswhichsucceededthem.700 There are a numberofkalathoiofthissortin tomb75 (e.g.nos. 48, 54, 77). 13.30 is larger, flatterand also appears in a tombwhichhas kalathoiof the lid sort:13.13 has concentric bands,multiplezigzagswhereour lid has arcs,and a darkrimwhere13.30 has a wide dark band at the edge. 28.20 has a high dome and an almost vestigialgroove at the rim, sizesofcircleand ofdotsin reminiscent of EG omphaloidlids.The combinationof different EO. thecentralzone ofthelargeonessuggests boss (iii)Central EO:
107.140
This is thesingleO examplein theN CemeteryoftheclassF. 167,E (ii)(a).701Likethelidsof classB (i),theyrecalltheEG omphaloidtype;tomb107has twoMG descendantsofthis,nos.
90 and91.
II. Conical are the standardformoflid forthe cremation Conical lids,in theN Cemeteryas elsewhere, the pithos.As mostoftheEO pithoiwhichcarrythemare smallerthantheirLG counterparts of the lids but most smallertoo.Thereare a fewLO membersofthisclass,702 lidsare generally fromtheirpithoithesequence are EO, and as mostofthemhavebeen separatedirretrievably Severaldifferent whichappearsbelowis tentative. shapeswerecurrentat once. 699See pp. 364-5, SmallLids,B (ii). 700See F. 162. For conicallids see Gypsades nos. 4, 5, and
our292.174.
701Cf. F. no. 1027 forshaPe7<>2 F. 163, class C.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
429
knob (i) Stemmed
EO: LO:
218. 2i, 107.100, 107.46, 123.3, I4-47? 60.27, H *• 60.25.
In LG The stemmed knobis a continuation oftheG shapewitha knobhandleon a ridgedstem.703 theknob,whichhad had a cross-pattern, circles and the lid itself has bands and instead,704 acquires forlargeand bulkypithoi;theyare linestomatchthepithos.107.100and 46 continue thistradition on theknob,rather thancircles. The fabric of60.27 bythesamehand,andbothhavea petalrosette tallstemtoitsknobanda sharper isfiner thanthatoftheothers, andithasan exaggeratedly slopeto itscone,whichsuggests thatitcomescloseto theonlyLO lidofthisclass,60.25. Herethefabricis on itsupper The stemhas a slight thin,and thelidcurvedinprofile. ridgeand theknobis reserved The tongues andvolute-arcade arean interesting variant on theusualdecorative scheme. surface. (ii) Coneknob (a) Defined1^
EO:
75I49> 14-265 132.365 I75-465 75*6o5 218.66, 106.14, 19.10, 306.32, 75-885 75-I785 60.1.
(b) Flat,flush^ EO:
107.107, 107.74, 283.64, 283.65, 294.40, 75.151, 75-I545 75-l855 107.23, 292.176, 107.161.
This class,one of themostnumerousEO lid types,is subjectto themostinternalvariationof butmaybe flatand virtually continuous withthelid,which shape.The knobis lowand stemless, is often,then,ratherlarger, or itmaybe definedas an inverted Both cone,thoughstillstemless. seem to be bear bands and lines or and be white on dark. concurrent; circles, types they theymay The lidsrequirelittleindividualcomment:75*149*a wide,flatlid,in quitea refinedfabric, appearsto be theearliest;60.1, witha hollowknoband bandsand lines,thelatest.In general the laterlids have a tallerprofileand are smaller.294.40 and 107.161, both light-ground, havea knobrelatingto thestemmedtype,witha distinct overhang. boss (iii)Central EO:
218.124, 75.1865 107.7.
This classis a varianton thepreviousone; in generalitsmembersare smalland in thinfabric. The firsttwohave bands and lines,218.124 withsinglelines.107.7 has an interesting ogee shape,theknobcontinuouswiththelid.
703Cf. Gvòsadesno. <': here d. 326, tvDe C. 704Ibid., p. 159.
705Cf. F. no. 1328; here p. 327, type D. 706Cf. F. no. 1264.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
43o
vessel (iv) Knobin theshapeofa miniature EO:
292.38.
This large lid is extremelyclose to the polychromelid F. no. 878, but is in the normal bandsand lineswithwhitecircleson thecentralband. It descendsfromtheclassof technique, G lids with miniature vesselsforknobs.707 big III. Polychrome lidsbeginbybearinga strongresemblanceto theircounterparts Polychrome amongthenonthecup but distinctive of their classes, graduallydevelop own,particularly polychrome shapes knobwitha pair of cauldron-rings, relatedto the G lidswitha miniaturevesselfora handle (conical,typeB), butpeculiarto polychrome. A. CONICAL LID
Withcup knoband rings. EO: MO: LO:
229.9, 285*4375-29575-25*285.34, 285.37, 285.53, 285.56. 34-i4í 219.51, 56.14, 56.37, 285.15, 285.16, 285.25, 57-11-
B. MISCELLANEOUS EO: LO:
KNOBS
75*1965 106.12, 306.34. 107.216, 107.217.
C. MINIATURE VESSELS EO:
79-2, 107.58,
292.28.
D. ANIMAL PROTOME EO:
14.3, 14.15, 14.53, 107.38.
E. UNCLASSIFIED EO:
LO:
14.5, 14.22,
82.6.
106.35.
to permitdiscussion.The lidsin theN Cemeteryare too fragmentary Mostofthepolychrome LO ones with MO and are the these of pithoifromtomb285, adequatelypreserved majority is and a fewlaterones fromtombs56 and 57. The conicaltypewitha cup knoband rings708 herelaterthanothershapes,apartfromthe two EO ones above. Most lids are designedto lid which theirpithoior add to thedecorativeeffect. 75.196 is a big thick-walled complement MG in tradition the like its a stem knob on had a thick disc (cf. counterparts probably white blue and match its which bands circles on the II and it bears pithos 107.46, type (i)),
707F. 164, class G (i); here pp. 325-6, type B.
708F. 164, class G (ii) (b).
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
43I
75*222*106.12, a moredelicatelid witha flatdiscknob,bearsthehatchedpanelswhichare repeatedon its pithos 106*9 as Part °f the handle-zonecomplexes,and its panel bands. 306*34 carriesthe guillochewhichalso appears on the pot 306.33. 107.216 and 217 are bothdecoratedin blue and yellow,and havea flatconicalknob.Bothcarryyellowleaves;one mustbelongto theblue and yellowpithos107.57. The mostinteresting polychromelids withcup-knobsand ringsare the MO groupfrom tomb285; 34 and 35 carrydelightful processionsof birds;thoseon 34709echo thoseon the of37 add to thefaunaof285.36. The handlepanelsofitspithos,285.33, and thepartridges thearcadeson 285.53 echo thoseon itspithos otherMO pithoiare perhapslessadventurous: 41, and thestripesand leavesof56 add to thevarietyofthepithos40. and therings LO lidsofthisclassare bolderand simpler.They have a morecurvedprofile, the 16 and all have a small torus between are higherand thinner. 285.15, 25 cup and thelid. All of themcarrythe same guillocheborder,connectedby slantingraysto theknob,as does 57.11. These are all by the same hand, as are theirpithoi.82.6 carriesthe red and blue whichappearon itspithos,82.5. meander-legs lidsgivetantalising Some ofthefragmentary glimpsesofmorecomplexdecoration:106.35 unconnected of 292.200, unfortunately withitslotus-beesand lozenges,and thetartaneffect witha pithos,butbythesamehandas 34*3* thegroupoflidsfromtomb14with107*38,witha griffin protomefora knoband a Finally, sharplyevertedrim.Those fromT 14 do not fitpithoi;in view of theirresemblanceto the intended bronzeshieldsfromtheIdaean Cave710withprotomecentres,theywerepresumably domedlids.The to hangon thewall,suspendedby theholesin theirrims,likewhite-on-dark blue griffin paintedon 14.15 and thebirdon 107*38 echo therepousséanimalswhichappear on the bronzes.Otheranimalprotomes,14*8 (bull),40*42 (cock),294*9 (ramor goat),are fromsimilarlids. IV. Cylindrical (i) Polychrome LO:
281*1, 56.28, 75.11, 107.208, 285.18, 285.19, 285.31.
Withtheexceptionof 281. 1, whichhas triangleson theside,theseare all stripedin red and blue on theusual creamslip.They are rare,butnotpeculiarto theN Cemetery.711 As thetop surfaceis unpainted,it is probablethattheyare, in fact,bowls.285.18 and 19 werea pair, withtheLO pithoi12 and 13. Theymayfillthefunction ofthelekanis,ofwhichthereare no finedecoratedexamplesafterEO in theN Cemetery. (ii) Normaltechnique EO:
65.7.
This appearsto be a versionofclass(i) above,withcrudebandingon a lightground. 709Cf.also 292.196 and F. 1280. 710Particularly Kunze, KB 6, 1 and pl. 2 (birdprotomes
and sphinxes)and 7, and pl. 6 (lionprotomeand sphinxes). 711See Payneno. 165.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
432
ondark, handle? (iii) White EO:
229.32, F/67.1.9.
This is a betterknownclassofcylindrical lid,probablywitha straphandleacrossthetop,as F. no. 1218,on a circlepithos.It is nota verycommontypein E (iv)Conical top LO: LO-A:
56-353°-9*
These are nota normaltypeat Knossos,buta pithossimilarto 56.30 at Arkadesbearsa lid verylike56.35. 71230.9 belongsto thepyxis30.8, and perhapsthistypeof lid began to be current at Knossostoo towardstheend oftheseventhcentury. (v)Miscellaneous LO:
106.41.
Thisis an unusualtrefoil lidwitha barredhandle,presumably local,and probablydesignedto fit Ó examplein T. 106, no. 15, which an oinochoe,thoughalmostcertainly nottheonlysurviving oinochoe. is tooearlyifourlidfollows theCorinthian prototype designedfora flat-bottomed Amphorae a. standard technique Handlesfromshoulderto neck. EO:
292.44, 107.168, 13.45, 107.70, 218.73.
Amphoraeof the O periodare not common;theygenerallyoccurin domesticcontextsin a and state.713 Theyusuallyhavea moreangularmouththantheirG predecessors, fragmentary are oftennarrowerand taller.There are onlytwoin theN Cemeteryin completeenougha stateto tellus morethanwe alreadyknow.292.44 is extremely largeand heavy,in a creamyThe fabricand surfacedfabricwitha highpolishverylikethatofsomeLG Praisoslekythoi.714 withguilloche,lozenges,treeand wheels theband ofmetopesat thejoin ofneckand shoulder, suggestan earlyEO date. 107.70 alternateslarge and small sets of concentriccircles,a patternwhichappearson somecirclepithoi(cf.75.193). The othersall use circlesas themain in whiteor black.218.73,715a smalleramphorathantherest,arranges elementofdecoration, in theoutermost thecirclesas an asymmetrical groupingon theneck;thereare cross-strokes too. a later feature of each set, perhaps space 712Arkadesñe. 287.
713See BSA 68 (1973)37,nos. 10-11(EO), 42, nos. 5-9 and 44 no. 4 (LO) and BSA73 (1978)45, nos. 1-3.
714Cf. 202.80, 102. 715Cf. PAE 1970,286, no. 61, pl. 402, LG, but an earlier versionofthesametype.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
433
B. AMPHORISKOI
(i) Bucchero O:
292.212.
(ii) Imported 292.22.
aftera heydayin 292.212 showsa revivalof bucchero,whichseemsto have re-emerged716 MG. Our fragment has a handlerootwhichsuggestsa shapemuchlikethosein classA. The completeamphoriskos 292.22 is a duplicateofF. no. 1403,whichBrockrecordsas an of unknown origin,thoughitsfabricis not unlikeCypriot.Ours is in a brown-black import fabricwhichappears more Phoenicianthan Cypriot,but it has not been possibleto finda parallelforit.F . no. 1403appearedin an EO context.T. 292 was too disturbedforcertainty aboutthecontextofours,butEO is likelyheretoo. C. SMALL BELLY AMPHORA A:
104.103.
late seventhcenturyamphoraeof the The Archaicamphora104.103 is Atticizing, following a used the Nessos with curved rather thana squareone,and thehandles Painter,717 type by lip well down on the shoulder.Ours need not date frommuch,if at all, afterabout 600 BC; it indicatesa disturbance ofan essentially G and EO tombaftera gap ofabout60 years. Hydriai The hydriawas popularas a funerary giftat Knossos fromPGB onwards,but wentout of fashionin MG, althoughit did not disappear completely.In the O period it was more commonin domesticcontexts,718 and itsfunction was alwayspartlyoverlappedby theroundmouthedjug. Its shape undergoesverylittlemodification untilthe O period,whenitscentre ofgravity is pushedupwards,at leastin thosewithoutthesecondaryspout.Bothshapesrelate to thenarrow-necked oinochoe. A. STANDARD
EO:
LO:
107.17, 14. 11.
287.41.
The miniature withan ovoidbody,lowside107.17 retainsverymuchtheoriginalPGB shape,719 common handles,a narrowneck,and a straight edgeto thelip.It also has thebracketornament on domestic as itdoeson hydriai, appearingin F. on aryballoiand smalljugs as wellas hydriai,720
716E.g. the aryballoiO 23, 34*37, 107.84, 121, 122, and thepyxis107.78. 717E.g. Berlin,Staatliche Museum der 1961.7,Jahrbuch
Berliner Museen,iv, iff.
718See BSA 73 (1978)49 no. 1,50, no. 2, 59. 719Gf.E no. 505. 720F. nos. 274,430,431,482, 514;see also p. 179,pattern11 j and k,and note2. (See also theolpe 218.13).
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
434
theLO 287.41 in a moreelaborateform.Both14.11, and,moreexaggeratedly, 287.41, havea All 11 a three divide the ovoid comes to flat base. bodyintobands;the body;14. tapering, plain twoearlierhydriairesembletheLG/EO example,Payneno. 73, in havingisolateddecorative in thesebands.14.n, particularly, features withitsvolutetrees,is closebothto Payne'shydria and F. no. 913.287.41 keepsthebracketpattern, and fillsitwith butsuspendsitbetweenrosettes in which a resemblance to the oinochoe later as does its circles, date, Payneno. 79, suggests shape whichis probablysomewhat laterthantheEO date he givesit. Theremayalso be a linkwith someofthelaterCreto-cypriot whichhavea torusbetweenthebodyand thefoot.721 lekythoi B. WITH SUPERNUMERARY PLASTIC SPOUT
MO:
107.8, 292.5.
Hydriaiandjugs withplasticspoutsin theformofanimalheads are alreadywell-documented in centralCrete,especiallyat Arkades.722 Our twobothretainthe ovoidbodyof the earlier and the narrow neck and hydriashape,723 spreadmouth.Bothappear to be a littlelaterthan no. with a similar 74 Payne spout,though107.8 has a largesinglemeanderas partof the mainbody-band,combinedwithguilloche,lozengesand thevolutetreeswhichare a regular featureof hydriadecorationat Knossos.292.5, smallerand moreglobular,is a littlelater;it retainsthetreeon itsneck,and arcadedtongues,a laterfeature, replaceiton theshoulder. OlNOCHOAI A. CIRCLES AND LINES
EO: MO: LO:
218.55, 19.17, 98.3, 75.210. 4°*37> 107.62, 75.98. 40.4.
Variants EO: MO: LO:
218.134, 175.51. 107.61, 285.65. 285.6.
are less numerousthanthe equivalentround-mouthed Oinochoai of thisclass724 jugs. They show the same progressionfromglobularto ovoid, and a similargrowthin size. Again, and thisappearsto happena littlesooneron outermost circlesand linestendto be thickened, oinochoai(98.3) than it does on jugs. 40.37 and 75.210 have theirshouldercirclesclose or near-contemporary as on somecontemporary 75.210 has eyeson the aryballoi.725 together, has thewide shallow is a local this a feature,726 40.4 shape. although lip, genuinelyCypriot oinochoai. ofLO narrow-necked mouthcharacteristic
721Cf. Gypsades146, nos. 21, 23, 25. 722Arkades 148, fig.147; an elaborate standed example, with a trefoilmouth. Cf. also F. nos. 935, 1211 and 1217. 723Cf. Ay.Paraskies57, no. 50.
724F. 154, class E. 725Cf. «7*.8q and oo. 726Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 50, no. 2; 51, no. 6; 52, fig.5.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
435
The variantsmaysubstitute otherpatternsforthecircleson theshoulder(218.134, circles and zigzags,175.51, TreesofLifeand latticedbirds),or adopt Creto-cypriot patterns.285.6, the other LO oinochoe, has a tie patternconnectingverysmall circles on its shoulder, reminiscent of Cypriotoinochoai;727285.65 is more genuinelyCreto-cypriot, althoughit retainstheglobularshape,in havingside-circles and smallercirclesat frontand back. 107.61, witheyes on the mouthand spaced side-circles,is verylike contemporary white-on-dark, and illustrates the way in whichdecorationoriginally Creto-cypriot lekythoi,728 designedfor one shapespillsoveron to anotherrelatedone at Knossos. B. BLACK
LO:
40.36.
Variants LO:
34»20, 34*22.
These729are all darkversionsof class A. 40.36 is plain black; 34*20 is a unique variant coveredin concentriccircles.34.22 has an equivalentin F. no. 1524,witha necklaceof tongues.None is verylate;theystillmaintaintheglobularshape,uninfluenced byCorinth. C. CORINTHIANIZING
High-shouldered. (i) Banded LO:
13.4, 107.157, 285.14, 285.17, 285.26.
This group of striped oinochoai has a parallel in F. no. 1519. They are likely to be - theywere contemporary mostlyassociatedwithLO materialand 285.14 and 17 werewith the LO paired polychromepithoi285.12 and 13. The shoulderis high,quite unlikethe nativeglobularshape,butverylikeCorinthianoinochoai,and thebroad bands can be found on Corinthian jugs and oinochoaitoo.730 (ii)Blackordipped LO:
218. 1, 292.39, 75-«5 15**3-
The smalleroinochoaiin thisgroupare the same shape; 292.39 has a smallfilletbetween neckand shoulderwhichechoesthe one on 13.4, and is coated on bothsidesby dipping,a techniqueused earlierat Knossos,731and forothervessels.The othersare fully,though coated. roughly,
727SCE IV 2, fig.2Q,4. 728Cf. IO7.53. 729F. 154, classes F and G.
730Cf. Corinth VII.2, 147, no. 244, pl. 46. 731See F. 187.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
436
(iii)Incised LO:
292.237
This fragmentary the oinochoeshoulder,withits crudelyincisedtonguesand darts,reflects CorinthianLPC /Transitional black style,and mustbe one of the latestitemsin tomb292, use in theverylateseventhcentury.732 indicating (iv) Variant LO:
59.1.
on its to classify, butitsbody-shapeand thetongue-petals This oinochoeis extremely difficult shoulderperhaps give it a place here. It is by now veryfar removedfroma Corinthian especiallyin viewof itsthickdisc foot,and itslinesand bands are veryKnossian, prototype, but it is perhapsworthnoticingits shape beside thatof the CorinthianLPC /Transitional aryballos59.2, foundwithit. D. NARROW-NECKED
(i) Creto-cypriot LO:
40.29, 292.181, 78.11, 48.15, 60.11, 60.20, 60.21, 34.28, 56.26, 56.32.
This is perhapsthe mostvariedclass of LO oinochoai;the earliestare close to the Cypriot and transversebandingon the shoulder,of whichthereare prototypewithside circles,733 genuineCypriotexamplesin theN Cemetery:229.11 is one. 40.29 copiesthebandingand the double-ribhandle closely,thoughthe neck is already rathertaller than that of its and beneaththehandleis a veryKnossianlotusand bee.734Fromherealmostall prototype, the othermembersof thisclass departrapidlyfromthe prototype:292.181 has its circles arrangedto intersectat regulardistances,48.15 has a floralnecklaceand lozengesin the spaced circles. 60.20 and 21 have smaller circles withinthe larger ones. 60.11 is an barrelbody,735 copiedmuchless in Crete,736 adaptationoftheCypriottypewitha transverse buthas,as usual,departedsomewayfromitsoriginalin thedecoration. andadaptations (ii) Variants LO:
40.6, 292.183, 292.26, 283.100, 292.182, 283.107, 107.123, 57.2, 126.7.
radical These all use a shape close to thoseof class D (i) except57.2, whichis an extremely bands to formsquaresenclosingcircles; and transverse variant.40.6 spaces the side-circles 732Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 51, no. 7.
™SCETV.2,Gsl ™, 2. 734BSA29 (1927-28)294.
7355ŒIV2,fig. 28, 15. 736Cf. AAA1971,386, figs.3-4 (heavilyadapted);Arkades % 337-
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
43y
292.183, 292.26, 283.100 and 292.182 are all treatedon a horizontalaxis,and so relateto circlejugs in theirdecoration.107.123 and 283.107 are verymuchmoreelaborate;107.123 has birdsfighting overa wormon the shoulderand a trueLO metopepatternon the body, and 283.107 has guillocheand quadratedpanels. oinochoewitha standand a secondarytrumpet57.2 is a genuinefreak:a narrow-necked Its shape is so high-shoulderedand tapered as to be mouthedspout on the shoulder.737 and the and itmaybe seenas a crossbetweentheearlierCypriottradition virtually triangular, animal spout laterCorinthianone whichis entirelyCretan. 126.7, withits supernumerary The FortetsaPainter,739 and stand,has parallelsbothat Knossosand Arkades.738 keepingone based the on the has treated the as but has eye body four-sided, patternon Cypriottradition, floral-filled circles. E. TALL, OVOID
EO: LO:
106.15, 292.32, 69.3. 57.7.
This is a variedgroup,in generalwitha tallerand moreelegantshape thanthoseof class C and widermouthand neck than thoseof the narrow-necked class D. They appear to be a local shape.740 circles, 106.15 bearsmassedcircleson a front panel,292.32 has white-on-dark and 69.3 is moreelaborate,witha voluteand lozengechain.57.7, stilltall and narrow,but withan angle at the shoulder,whichis comparatively flat,owes muchto Corinthin itsfine linesand rays,and perhapseventhesea-monster on theshoulder,741 buttheshape is perhaps closerto theoinochoeArkades fig.89. F. IMPORTS
EastGreek, WildGoat oinochoe:56.11. Naxian,squatoinochoe:56.8. The WildGoat oinochoe56.11 is a fineexampleoftheMiddlestyle,datingfromaround630, withoutlinedlotusbuds at the base. The qualityof the drawingis delicate,and the filling ornamenteven. It is one of the late imports742 in thisLO tombwhichcontaineda number, of Naxian fabric including56.8. Apparently (p. 481 = K 103),it is relatedin styleto Wild Goat and Chian, thoughsimplerin itsdrawing.The curioustooth-pattern underitshandle echoes the similarpatternfoundon Wild Goat and relatedvases,743 but the octopus is a nativeCretanoctopodsare extincton vasesbytheend ofLG/EO.744 curiosity; Corinthian
Ovoid,EPC: E/MPC:
737Cf. SCE IV 2, fie.13,10. 738Arkades fig.147.
739ÄfcU6(lQ6li78ff. 74°Cf.PAE 1971pl. 378d.
13.6, 34.9, 34.13, 56.24. 34.40. 741Cf.thesnakeon GGPpl 21c. 742Cf.Arkades fig.107. 743Cf. SamosV, 94. pl. 744See GGP254;p. 331,domedlids,B (iv).
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
438
Broadovoid,Transitional: 107.145,294.51,?34*38. Conical,LPC/Transitional: 56.20. Transitional: 101•1• Flat-bottomed, EC: 126.11. Corinthbeingthemost Tombs34 and 56 containeda largenumberofforeign imports, In source of the state of Corinthian survival, potsfromotherpartsof popular supply. present and The linear thecemetery areextremely styleovoidoinochoai13.6, sporadic fragmentary. earlierthan and are far the earliest of our seventh 34.9, 34.13 56.24 century imports,745 by as finerand more in Ts. 34 and 56,in whichtheywereplacedpresumably thelocalpottery valuableofferings, perhapslaterthantheiracquisition.34.9 and 34*13 wereperhaps and intended as a pair.The Transitional itemsarevariedinstyleandquality: 56.20 is rough, flatare incised. The the on the shoulder theanimalsare notwell-drawn;746 only tongues and escapesthesamedegreeofcrudity bottomed oinochoe101.1is moredetailed, bybeing in its is an betterpieceofworkwitha fineboar748 on a largerscale.747 altogether 107.145 in itsamoeba-like to showsignsof mass-production centralfrieze.126.11 is beginning rosettes.749 Jugs a. round-mouthed handle. toovoid,cylindrical Bodyglobular EO: MO: LO:
107.14,19.6, 1.18, 75.31,75.175,283.77, 292.25. 107.150,285.38, 285.46. 56.36, 75.6, 34.21, 34.23, 34.24, 57.8, 82.10.
Variants EO: LO:
294.2. 48.16, 285.5, 82.3, 75.18.
and in a shapeuseddomestically needanyspecialcomment: Fewofthese750 theycontinue which Our seriesbeginswithmoreglobularexamples, burialsfromtheninthcentury.751 becomelargerand moreovoidin thelaterpartoftheperiod.Theybear groupedlines, linemaybe thickened, The outermost twogroups,and circleson theshoulder. normally circlemaybe at anystage.Handles is in thelaterexamples;theoutermost and generally S. The EO and LO variants, arebarred,or carryan inverted 294.2 withlozengeson the and 48.16 witha Tree ofLife,merelyuse anothermotifinsteadofthecircles shoulder,
™ Cf.BSA53-54 (1958-59),Ho, fig.1. 746Cf. for the painting CVA Heidelberg I, pl. 8, 12, incisionless. 747Cf. Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei pl. 31.1.
748Forshape cf.Necroconnthia II, no. 203. pl. 11,3; Perachora
XV pl. 16,326. Fortheboar,cf.Corinth 749Cf. Necrocorinthia, 23, 4. pl.
750F. 155,classII D. 751BSA 68 (1973)33,withnn. 11and 12.
THE ORIENTALIZING POTTERY
439
and also has a (cf.theoinochoe175.51,whichdoesthesame);82.3 is farmoreelaborate, noted the of these on MG and PGB of on the shoulder. Brock pair nipples appearance a as this. but never on and not as late vases,752 jug, Jugsare,however, anthropomorphized in Greekand Near Easternfabricsfromthe BronzeAge onwards,and nipplesare a linkourjug both commonfeature, evenbythemselves. Circlesfilledwithlozengerosettes to polychrome and to some of the later oinochoai and pithoi, aryballoiderivedfrom has an animal another and single feature,754 285.5 Cypriot jugs.753 spout, Creto-cypriot lines.75.8 is merelya dark-ground versionwithwhitelines,and circleswhichhavenow wornoff. B. SQUAT
Roundmouth, reededhandle. LO:
13.5, 25.6, 56.31, 56.12.
The shape of theserelatesthemto similarly shaped O vases fromotherGreeksites: reminiscent of East Greeksquatjugs,755 56.12, thelatestin the series,is particularly the incised details of its animals owe a more immediate debtto Corinth.It must although be roughly with the alabastron F. no. contemporary sphinx 1299.13.5 and 25.6, painted the same related to the Forte tsa are far cruderand slightly hand, Painter,756 earlier, by of the same On both we a have local on the though shape. purely metopearrangement in the case of and a central band of at the waist of shoulder, badlyplanned 13.5, pattern thepot. 13.5 has a veryEast Greekcorbelat thebase of thehandle.The blobbyLG rosette andrectilinear cable,also seenon thealabastron 40.22 bythesamehand,appears on both. C. GIANT LEKYTHOI
Collaredneck,discmouth. EO: LO:
75-IO357.5.
These twojugs, shapedlike a giantCreto-cypriot differin theirdecorative lekythos, withsmallonesfront and backand thesplayed arrangement. 75.103 has theside-circles, strokes at therootofthehandlewhichalsoappearon thelekythos 219.64. The sidecircles are spacedand thecentrehas a cross-hatched lozenge-rosette verylikesomeofthelater later,and has a straphandleratherthana Creto-cypriot aryballoi.57.5 is considerably one.The pattern istreated rather thanvertically, as areourlekythoi of cylindrical horizontally classB. The pattern hasa parallelon a Cretanjug foundat Tocra,757 whichis rather laterin date.
752E.g. F. 188,pithoi,amphoraeand cups. 753Cf. 229.17.
754See F. 156, class IV
755Cf. SamosV, pl. 94. 756BSA 56 (1961) 78 ff. 757TocraI, 921, pl. 55.
elizabeth moignard
44o
Olpai These correspondto F. 155class C, ovoidwitha highhandle,the closestbeingF. no. 1120 with its offsetmouth. The F. examples are largely E-MG. The shape seems to have disappearedafterEO, at leastin theN Cemetery. A. FINE
(i) Light ground EO:
218.13, 283.81, 75.114; 19.4.
(ii)Fullycoated EO:
218.14.
218.13 was foundwiththe EO pithos218.10, and althoughit has strokesdependentfrom to PG, itselegantovoidbodyrelatesit to the othertwolight-ground the neck,a throwback fatterthan 19.4, but both of them which are certainlyO. 75.114 is perceptibly examples, circleswhichare commonon contemporary havethebandsand concentric globularjugs. The anotherEO trait. outermost circleofeach groupon 19.4 is thickened, and angularshoulder, 218.14, also foundwith218.10, is verylike218.13, withtheslightly of the same a dark version is bestregardedas shape. ground B. COARSE
EO:
107.16.
This gritty smallolpe belongswiththe group107.15-20, whichperhapswentwitha child burial.Its continuousprofileand saggingbellyrelateit closelyto Brock'sclassF. 155,class C (ii). It appearsto have been unpainted,and to be laterthantherestof itsassociatedpots,to fora laterburial. whichitmayhavebeen added in theprocessoftidying C. IMPORTS
CorinthianLPC /Transitional:34.1, 56.2. Both our importedolpai belongto the LO complexof tombs,34, 56, and 57, whichhad a largenumberof importsfromCorinthand elsewhere,beginningas earlyas EPC. Our two butin different bothLPC /Transitional styles.34.1 is in olpai wereamongthelatestimports, are grotesquehuman-canine itsfigures theblackincisedstyle;758 perhapsto appeal to hybrids, withan animalband and scalepattern.759 Cretantaste.56.2 is muchmoreconventional, Lekythoi A. CRETO-CYPRIOT
TYPES
Ovoid body,handleto collaron neck.
758Protokorinthische Vasenmalerei pl. 26.5.
759Cf. Necrocorinthia 11 bis. pl.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
44!
and smallcirclesat frontand These continuethecopiesoftheCypriotshapewithside-circles back,knownat Knossosas earlyas about 8oo,760althoughthemajorityofthemare fromEO contexts. (i) Chevrons EO:
106.5, I4«3°9 I*1*
(ii) Circles EO:
107.190, 294.45, 107.43, 75.213, 218.72, 292.198, 292.10, 107.53, 292.195, 107.87, 218. 11.
(iii) Variants White ondark EO:
218.26, 306.2, 106.21.
Handletomouth EO:
75*5°9218.80, 229.16.
This classprogresses, as elsewhere,761 froma globularshape to a moreovoid-conical profilein the laterexamples.The typewithchevronsis an earliermodel (p. 000, typeC (iv)); circles become more usual in EO. Spaced side-circlesare perhapsslightlylater (107.53), but, as betweenthe always,variationson theschemeappear: 292.195 has billetsin theinterruption like its and dotted at the circles, aryballoscounterpart218.86, squares edges of its sidecircles.More dotsappear in itssmallcircles.The threelekythoi withhandleto mouthhave a laterand moreovoid.Both the F. examples parallelin F. no. 1052,thoughtheseare slightly and ourshavelosttheneck-ridge, wheremoreorthodoxexamplesretainit,and thismaybe a signthatoursare later. B. OVOID, LARGER.
MO: LO:
26.1, 306.4. 75-l89> 75-l88> 75-215-
This shape762is related,thoughquite distantly, to the Creto-cypriot type,but also to the bandedaryballoiofclassF (ii),and is later.It had an ovoid-conicalshapefromthestart,and a morepronouncedfoot.Small circlesusuallyappear on theshoulder,but75.215 had hatched bees bythesamehandas thearyballos75.153.
760See BSA76 (1981)160,and n. 28. 761Ibid.146,nos. 22 and 24.
762Cf. Payneno. 121.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
442
C. GLOBULAR BODY, COLLARED NECK
LO:
40.5.
This is thesolitarymemberofBrock'sclassF. 159,classJ,withrosettesand lozenges,and the collaredneck on an ovoid body,whichperhapsreplacedotherclassesof lekythosin the F. tombs. It appears to be by the same hand as the aryballos 292.36, withverysimilar decoration. D. PRAISOS TYPE
(i) White-on-dark
75.209, 218.30, 163.8, 292.33, 292.194. are whitein thisclass,liketheeponymouspiece fromPraisos,763 The first fivePraisoslekythoi from tomb with the and are all on-dark, EO, contemporary 104,which pyxides straight-sided All of them are rather with its bird. theirpattern-work worn;the resembles, especially75.209 decorativeschemesare verysimilar:dottedcrossedzigzags,quadratedlozenges,leaf-crosses and circles,guilloche,and itis highlylikelythattheycame fromthesameworkshop. 75.209 is to the Bird close very Group.764 Alabastra a. trefoil-mouthed juglet A continuation oftheCreto-cypriot typealreadyfoundin MG.765 EO:
I75-Í45 Io7-37» 292.35.
comes to an end in EO, IV juglet,766 This shape,derivedfromthe CypriotWhite-Painted The thickwalls,fatlower common. is Class B. Neither to be particularly replacedby perhaps othertwo:theEO than the a little earlier that it is of and groupedstripes 175*14suggest body doublecirclesappear on theirshoulders.292.35, witha narrowerand moreelegantbody,is thelatest,buttherecannotbe muchchronological marginbetweenthem. B. ROUND-MOUTHED WITH LOOP HANDLE LO: 26.11, 40.22.
The N Cemeteryproducedonlytwoexamplesof thisshape,probablyderivedindependently no doubtvia Cyprus.767 ofCorinthfromtheeasternprototype, 26.11 bears no trace of white Our two alabastra are probablyroughlycontemporary. decorationon itsdarkpaint,butmaywellhavehad it.40.22 belongsto a groupofvasesbya butcruder.The lineson thelowerhalfofthebody LO paintercloseto theFortetsaPainter,768 763BSA8 (1901)pl. gd. 764GGP246; herepp. 322-4. 765Cf. Gypsades no. 27. See also F. no. 1388 (EO); Payne no. 104,also foundin an MG pithos.
™SCETV. 2, fig.28.26. 767Cf. SCEW 2. fie.28.12. 768BSA 56 (1961)78 ff.Our groupare 13.5, 25.6, 34.26, 40.8, 40.22 and 292.36.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
443
relateit to Class E aryballoitreatedin thesame way,especially75.1579 whichalso bearsthe lotus-beesand rectilinear cable likedbythispainter,and F. no. 1534. c. bottles EO:
292.60, 292.93.
These belongto an apparently local shapeofwhichtherewereseveralin Fortetsa.769 Theywere to be a and their fabric and decoration is with EO. They consistent probablydesigned pair, are bothcreamy,withchocolatepaint,whichrelatesthemto the amphora292.44 and the Praisoslekythoi292.89, 106, 192 and 193, to thepear vase fromMilatos,770 and to F. no. The small on the neck of are matched on F. no. 1373. 1051. lugs 292.93 D. IMPORTS
Cypriot,Red Slip II: East Greek:
56.10. 56.5.
Both thesebelong to the LO complexof tombs,34, 56 and 57, whichcontaineda large numberofimportedvases. 56.10 is thefamiliarangularbottlewitha handle to a collaron the neck.77156.5 is a cocoon-shaped bottle in a pink micaceous clay of which another withthatof appeared in FortetsaTomb P (F. no. 1527),whichhad materialcontemporary T. 56.772 Aryballoi a. black EO: LO:
292.24, 107.86, 28.3. 1.2, 75.16, 75.28.
The earliermembersofthisgroupretaintheglobularshape and low centreofgravity oftheir LG predecessor, itselfunderthe influenceof Corinth.773 292.24 shouldperhapsbe called a it has a wide-flaring mouthcontinuouswiththe body,and is ratherlarger jug-aryballos;774 thantherestoftheclass.The LO aryballoihave themoredevelopedshape,witha flattened shoulderand a discmouthon an offset necksharedbylateraryballoidecoratedin otherways. 75.16 and 28 are verynearlyidentical,and mayhave been intendedas a pair; 28 seemsto havebeen insitu,16 perhapsnot. B. LIGHT GROUND
lines (i) Grouped EO:
107.68, 306.20, 107.42, 218.60, 123.5, 2l8*75* io7*35j 104.7, 106.13, 175.10, 283.82.
769F. nos. io^i. 1<m. i^7a. 770 CCO, 06.
771SCEIV2,fig.43.4.
772Cf. Clara Rhodos 6-7 fig.43. 773 GGP250. For this class see F. 158, class D (iv). 774Cf. PAE 1970, 277 no. 20.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
444
circles onshoulder lines, (ii) Grouped EO: LO:
3o6-55 i9-9j IO7*75* 75*i9°> 15-*9*> 292.88, 75.89, 75.90, 283.89, 107.205, 14.36. 285.44.
decoration onshoulder (iii)As (ii) butwithdifferent EO:
107.41, 218.3, 292.34.
(iv) Variants EO: MO:
218.18, 218.136, 107.41, 218.3, 229.23, (¿loo, Q, 101-02 frs. 14-495yò-1**-
(v)Miniatures EO:
!4-27, 14*29.
notcontinuous. are bestdiscussedtogether, as theyappearto be contemporary, These vases775 O in LG,776and all butone ofour examplesare EO, Circlesbeginto replacehatchedtriangles afterwhichtheywerepresumably replacedby thosewiththe darklowerbody,class D. The shape once again movesfroma sagginglowerbody(107.68) to a tautershape witha higher and centreofgravity higher-shouldered, (283.82). The singleLO example,285.44 is distinctly thickened has thedarklowerbody.The groupedlineson thebodymayhavehad theoutermost pithoiand oinochoai,and thecirclesmaybe doubleor (107.68, 306.20) as on contemporary triple(306.5), groupedas a pair at the frontof the shoulderwithone set on eitherside,or singly(75.190). T. 75,whichalreadyhad a pairofblackaryballoi16 and 28, also had a pairof circlearyballoi, 89 and 90 whichwerefoundin pithos68, and so wereintendedas a pair. The smallgroupofvariants107.41, 218.3 and 292.34 are all EO, and combinea wide schemeand lines. 218.3 in particular,withits varietyof ornamentwiththe light-ground to themorecomplexLO examples, looks forward and delicate patterns, preciseglobularbody fromCretocross-fertilisation indicate as does 292.34, althoughitschevron-columns perhaps with chevrons.777 cypriot lekythoi 218.18 and 218.136 are perhapsbestclassedas earlymembersofthisgroup.218.18 bears a star on its shoulder,as do the miniaturePraisos lekythos218.120 and the miniature oinochoe218.101, a featureperhapssuggestedby BoR-influenced aryballoilike 292.209, whichmayalso haveinspiredthesquashyshapeof218.136. memberof theclass,followsothershapesin varyingthe 229.23, the singlewhite-on-dark scheme.75.124, the latestof the group,borrowsthe the decorative but keeping technique once again,fora radiatingshoulder-pattern; or fromCreto-cypriot chevrons aryballoi lekythoi to theLO typesofclassesD, E and E itlooksforward
775F. 157-8, class B. 776GGP253, n. 9.
777Cf. 106.5.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
I53
The miniatures fromtomb 14 are a pair; the wheeldecorationis a varianton the circle. is more 14.19 complex,but stilla clear variantof thistype,witha cable in place of the of the topmost uppergroupoflines;thegroupedstrokesand squigglependentfromtheneck strokes foundon someearlierjugs.778 recallthetongue-like D. DARK LOWER BODY
EO: MO: LO:
107.187. 285*549285.55. 75-21*285.29, 75.24, 56.29, 34.25, 56.3, 13.2, 285.28, 285.20.
Brockclassed thesearyballoiwithdarklowerbodies as exclusivelyLO,779but earlierthan classesE and F,780 withall-overdecoration.Our tombshave twowhichare probablyearlier; to be a logical developmentfromclass B. The aryballoiin thisclass are very theyappear variablein qualityand size,but theyprogressfromthe globularto the high-shouldered, and to a late a eventually shapewith verywideshoulder(13.2). The examplesfromT. 285,28 and 20 wereassociatedwithsomeofthelatestpolychrome pithoiin thattomb,althoughtheseare not the latestin the polychrome series,and thissuggeststhatalthoughclass D startsearlier thanthosedecoratedall over,itoverlapswiththem,and continuesalmostas long. All our examplesfollowclass B by edgingthe shoulderwithfinelines,like the original Corinthianprototype;781 some of them have furtherfinelines in a group lower down. are extremely of varied,rangingfromthechevroncolumnsand dot-rosettes Shoulder-patterns borrowedfromCorinth 107.187 and thelotus-beesof75.21 to a laterformofthedot-rosette (13.2) and tongueson the late pair of aryballoifromT. 285, the laterof which,285.20,782 displaysthe old EO habit of whiteenhancementof its groupedlines. Tongues become a standardlip-decoration in the middleof the series:13.2 variesit withlozenges.Tomb 34, whichhad a numberof finearyballoi,producedthe mostdelicatelypottedmemberof the group:34.25, whichrevertsto trianglesand lozengeson the shoulder,but the trianglesare stackedand dotted.56.29, whichhas thesame pattern,was perhapsoriginally a pair to it in thisconfusedtomb. E. FINE LINES ON LOWER BODY
MO: LO-
26.10, 285.42. Tõ-^* IO7-I94ì 15**5T>S6-^
56-4-
Here thefinebandingseen in earlyfollowers oftheEPC prototype783 spreadsdownthebody of the aryballos,sometimesinterrupted other band by patterns(107.194, 75.157). Shapes vary,and so does thequalityofthepainting.None oftheseis amongthelatestaryballoifrom our cemetery; apartfrom26.10 and 56.4 theyare quitelargeand globular,and some ofthe decorationis uncomplicated. Bees or bee-lotusesappear again (26.10, 75.218). Amongthe and most ambitious are thegroup75.157, 56.13 and therelatedlekythos roughest 75.215, by thesame hand,whichalso paintedthe squatjug 13.5, and the rosetteand lozengearyballos
778Cf. F. no. 351. 779F. i™, class K. 780F. 159, class L.
^GGPxA. 17,b.c. 782Cf. Délos X. iqq no. 660. dI. ^. 783F. no. 973, nos. 1253-4.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
446
292.36, a painterwhose ambitionson the whole outrunhis competence.The rectilinear cable of 56.13 and 75.157 betrayhis hand, as do the lotusesof 75. 157,784and the thick banding. F. DECORATED
ALL OVER
MO: LO:
26.8. 14.6, 107.25, 56.1, 57.3, 82.7, 292.196, 19. 11, 292.204, 292.205, 292.37.
uniform: The shapesofthisgroupare relatively globularwitha wideningat theshoulder.The are thebeautifullace-likeworkoftheFortetsa the later earlieraryballoiare distinctly cruder; Painter.The wayin whichthedecorationis organisedis complexfromthestart.14.6 usesthe dividingthe body at the beginningof the series,as does the Fortetsa metopearrangement Painterat the end (19.11, 292.37). 57.2 and 56.1, possiblyfromthe same hand, favoura continuouscentralband. 292.196 revertsto panels. The repertoireof motifsis muchthe same as in theotherLO classes,rosettes, tongues,cables,lotuses;292.196 has somebirdson of those on some of the later polychrome reminiscent its shoulderwhich are extremely hereseenin theFortetsaPainter, oftheexecutiondistinguishes As usual,thefineness pithoi.785 His favourite fabric of his two different aryballoi. eggshell-like stageson the characteristic fromT. 292. bow-likelotus-beesappearon thefragments G. BANDED LO:
285.22, 292.210.
banded aryballoiare certainly These, likeF. no. 1530,probablyhad Corinthianinspiration; In T. 285,at anyrate,thearyballosappearsto belongto thesamegraveknownat Corinth.786 groupas thebandedoinochoai285.14 and 17,just as TombP at Fortetsahad one,no. 1519. H. CRETO-CYPRIOT
EO:
218.86, 40.8, 106.22, 229.17.
This class, all EO, runsparallel to the Creto-cypriot lekythoiin copyingor adaptingthe and transverse side-circles with the oinochoe or with banding,788 side-circles,787 Cypriotjuglet but all have the globulararyballosform.218.86 makesa verycreditableattemptto imitate Cypriotfabric. Adaptationis extremelyfree:218.86 has the chevroncolumn,but spliton eitherside of a central circle. 229.17 has it topped by a lotus. The circles may be spaced, the outermostthickened,the centreone filledwitha rosette(229.17). 40.8 is closestto the prototypefromthe side, with the transversebanding, but the chevronshave become Payne's bees.789The group is not numerous,perhaps because the equivalent lekythoi weremorepopular.
784Close to theFortetsaPainter, BSA56 (1961)78 ff. 785Cf.F. no. 1288,285.33. 786Corinth VII, I, 80,nos.365and 366; CVALouvre 13,pl.39.9.
787E.g.SC£IV2,fte. 38.12. 788E.g. SCE IV2, fig.39.2. 789BSA 29 (1927-28),294.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
447
I. ROSETTES AND LOZENGES
MO:
14*40, 292.36.
Brockconsideredthelekythoi equivalentto thesedistinctive enoughto be classedon theirown as F. 159,classJ. Our largearyballoiappear to be MO, and slightly earliercontemporaries of classD. The lowerhalfis stillblack.These are notbythesamehand; 292.36 has thefavourite ofthepainterof 13.5 and thefine-striped blobbyrosettes aryballoi56.13 and 75.157. 14*40, withgroupedlozenges,has a doubleat Arkades.790 We also havea lekythos 40.8. equivalent, J. STRAIGHT-SIDED EO: 106.23,
MO:
26.9.
107.40.
Thisclassis a normal,thoughnotnumerous knownbothat Knossosand Arkades.791 The variant, thatitis a little laterthan106.23, whichmust segmented orange-peel appearanceof26.10 suggests totheroundaryballoi ofclassE. 107.40,withitsoinochoemouth, isperhapsbestthought correspond ofas a member ofthisclass.The eyeon thelipisa Cypriot feature often foundon oinochoai.792 K. BUCCHERO
(i) Globular LO:
107.21, 107.22, 292.46, 34.37, O 22.
(ii)Biconical LO:
40.10, 107.84, 292.197, 292.203, 294.8.
The fourglobulararyballoi,comparableto F. no. 983, havefinelinesincisedfromshoulderto theircontemporaries in the normaltechnique.107.21 and 22 were foot,perhapsimitating foundin thepairedcirclepithoi107.12 and 13. The biconicaltype,also paralleledin F. by no. 1326,appear to be ratherlater;theymay bear incisedor impresseddecorationas the completeone 40.10 does. The entiregroupseemshomogeneous,and may come fromthe samehand.On theinscribedaryballos107.84 see A. W.Johnston, pp. 463-4. IMPORTS: CORINTHIAN
LPC /Transitional: EC:
59*2. 106.40.
In thepresenceof such a varietyof local aryballoi,it is perhapsnot surprising thatthe LO are not numerous. Neither is is a with imports distinguished. 59.2 piriform aryballos running withincised rosettesand dogs, a verycommon type;793106.40, a globular aryballos794 dancingfigures, hardlylessso. 790Arkadesfig.i8q. See also Ay.Paraskiesnos. 100-102. 791Gvôsadesno. 26: Arkadesfies. «;«;.«^8. a6q. 792Cf. BSA 73 (1978), 50 no. 3. For shape cf. RAE 1970, 291, no. 82.
793For the type see C. W. Neeft, Protocorinthian Subgeometric Aryballoi(1987) 184 ff.,list lxxx, Tor Pisana Workshop, esp. p. 196, Subgroup W. 794Cf. Necrocorinthia 21.8. pl.
elizabeth moignard
448
Pyxides Our O pyxidesfallbroadlyintotwo categories:the globularvarietyand the straight-sided, There is one whichis muchrarer,and in thisform,withan insetlip, an EO development. 795 1 comment. of the miniature which no example pithos, 07.59, requires special A. GLOBULAR
(i)Necked EO:
107.45, 61.3.
The globularneckedvarietyof pyxis,seen here in miniatureratherthan largersizes,is a of a typewhichis foundalreadyin EG and MG,796a local shape whichitself development The MG versionis notunlike offset lip.797 developsfroma PGB versionwitha lessmarkedly which goes out of fashionwhile the pyxiscontinueswithout the LPG necked pithos,798 noticeablealteration.61.3, in particular,has the zigzags in a reservedpanel betweenthe ofearlierexamples. handleswhichare characteristic inset (ii)Depressed lip EO: LO:
106. 2, 292.157. 107.78, 40.27.
106.2 is an This is probablynota local shape,butmayhavebeen importedfromCorinth.799 the on a coarse criss-cross with body;292.157 is a more example, extremely crudely-painted lid to refinedexamplewithan elegantscale pattern,whichretainsits conical,tall-knobbed match.The LO examplesare more distinguished.107.78 is in bucchero,a fabricwhich at Knossos,and especiallyin thistomb.It has the same overallshape, appearsintermittently handleson the shoulderand opposedimpressedtongueson eitherside of its but cotton-reel is very buttheoveralleffect handlesappear on someMinoan pyxides,800 equator.Cotton-reel of likeMinoanstonevases,especiallythosewhichfollowEgyptianprototypes.801 40.27, which but Knossian a known arcaded and has the is motif, tongues, only top preserved, piercedlugs like in of vases an imitation here,perhaps, 107.78. paint B. STRAIGHT-SIDED
(i) Fine EO: LO-A:
104.20, 104.40, 104.41, 107.76. 30.8.
ofstraight-sided a development The straight-sided jars suchas F. pyxiswas perhapsoriginally no. 163,or perhapsa smallversionofthestraight-sided pithos.The shapewhichappearshere
795Cf. F no. 895. 796 Gypsadesno. 78, 13.31, 13.33 (EG); F. no. 643 (MG). 797F. no. 369. 798F. no. 387.
799BSA 55 (i960) 169, no. 89. 800See Ay.Paraskiesno. 119 fora remarkable parallel. soi Warren, Minoan StoneVases,265, D 254. Egyptian vases
Type43, H 591,H 271.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
44g
Our and a shape close to it appears at Arkades.803 has a fewcounterpartsat Knossos,802 EO and T. 104had three, versionwitha narrowshoulderand insetrimappearsto be entirely all dark-ground. The two earliestones have a metopalsystemof decoration,separatedby columnsof lozenge-zigzagin white;104.20 has elongatedbirdswhichsuggestthat,at any rate chronologically, thispyxisis close to the Bird Group and some dark-groundPraisos circlesas partofitsscheme,and is probablya littlelater. has 104.41 lekythoi.804 is and itsdrawingwithoutanycloseparallels.Its shapesuggestsa dateclose 107.76 unique, to thedarkpyxidesofT. 104,butbears a pastoralscene of figureswithfrontalcross-hatched The bodies,and animals,of whichthe sophisticated woollysheep are the mostnoteworthy. Greek models. to East in outline with a dotted owe deer, something body,may It and a KnossianparallelfromColdstream'sdepositJ.805 30.8 has a muchwidershoulder, in in out the O which had not died is muchcloserto thestraight-sided entirely period pithos, fineware (see 306.10) and perhapsservedas a domesticarticleforlonger.It has linesand bandson thebody,and a verysimplemeanderin redpainton theshoulder. (ii) Coarse EO:
28.1.
This seemsto be a coarse versionof a shape relatedto class B (i) withribbonhandles.Its butit is nottoo far nearestparallelis perhapsto be foundin thetubbypyxidesofArkades,806 fromthehouseholdbasin.807 C. PYXIS LIDS EO: LO:
107.95, 126.12.
104.30,
292.12,
292.156.
The earliest,107.95, appears Pyxislids showas muchvariationas theirlargercounterparts. to relateto the smallgroupfromF. tombP, especiallyF. no. 1405,conical witha concave profile;292.12 is probablyanotherof the same type.104.30 belongsto the straight-sided and has a tallbiconicalknobnot unlikethoseof pyxis104.40, relatedto theBirdGroup,808 someEG straight-sided pithoisuchas F. no. 697,thoughmorerefinedin shape. 292.156 has a stemmedknob like the lids of class (i) above but has a scale-patternto matchits pyxis. 126.12, the onlyLO lid in thisclass,is flatwitha disc knob on a shortconcavestem,and appearsto havebeen designedto dropon to a pyxiswitha flangeto holditin place.809 Animal Vases a. bird askoi EO: 283.36, 283.37, 14.4. LO: 75-555129.3. 802BSA73 (1978)54, no. 17and 56, no. 25; 59 n. 23. 803Cf. Arkades small fig.152 a-b; see also the interesting vase PAE 1970,291,no. 83. 804GGP246 ff.and 75.209. 805BSA 68 (1973),42 no. 18.
806Cf.Arkades fig.152a-b. 807BSA 73 (1978)47, no. 20 and fig.2. so8GGP246 fr. 809Cf.BSA 31 (1930-1)96, fig.26, 1.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
45O
This is an extremely variedgroup;theearliestaskoi,a pair fromtomb283, 36 and 37, are ofearlierbirdvases810 similar, very evidently designedas a pair,and verymuchin thetradition withcotton-reel heads and pelleteyes,thoughless crude in theirornament.14*4 is more in a witha modelledbirdbody;itsdecorationis relatedto thaton somecups,811 sophisticated, modelledbird,thoughwith seriesofmetopesalongthewing.75.55, ratherlater,is a properly - the concentriclineswhich decorationwhichrelatesit to Creto-cypriot jugs and aryballoi followthe outlineof the wingrecall the ubiquitousconcentriccircles.The incisedbreast feathers of129.3, to° fragmentary to reconstruct, suggestan LO date. B. ANIMAL ARYBALLOI
LO:
40.9 (cock),65.8 (lion?). 34-26 (owl),40.7 (monkey),
Owl aryballoiare wellknownin Crete;812 theyshowtheeared owl otusscops,nativeto Crete. one in the Gypsadestomb.813 Severalwerefoundat Arkades,and a closelyrelatedhawk-like made at Ours is closestin styleto the doubleowl vase in theAshmoleanMuseum,certainly Ours is perhaps,liketheOxfordvase, Knossosin a workshopclose to theFortetsaPainter.814 fromthehand ofthepainterofthesquatjug 13.5. Related,thoughprobablynotbythesame hand, is the cock-vase 40.9. This large aryballosappears to be unique, and is perhapsa developmentof the bird-askosidea, underthe influenceof Corinth,as the inciseddetails thoughusuallymorelikea suggest.Monkeyvasesare wellknownin Fortetsaand elsewhere,815 vase thana monkeyin shape,and muchmorecrudelymodelled.40,7 is in generalcharacter relatedto themonkeyvases,butthefaceis morelikea humangrotesque, perhapsapotropaic, and is dressedand entwinedby two snakes,whichmay have a funerarysignificance.Its likethatoftheothermembersofthisgroup,is finerthanthatofitsparallels. workmanship, ofthebreastofan animal-vase.The shape suggestsa lion;thedotsmay 65.8 is a fragment be seenas Corinthianizing (cf.thehare-vase107,47),butperhapsa moreusefulcomparisonis withthelionvase fromArkades.816 C. PLASTIC VASE
LO:
294.7.
This uniquevase combinesa complexversionof thebirdaskos,witha handlefromhead to and bull'shead at thefront, centreback,and modelledwingsand tail,withtheCreto-cypriot a Daedalic head insteadof the cylindricalmouthor bird'shead usual in a bird-vase.The head817has arms connectingit withthe bull, and is to be understoodas ridingit; H. W. thatit mayparticularly Europa is one possibleexplanation, represent Catling'ssuggestion818 but it maybe a piece of purelyCretanfantasyafterCypriotmodels,like the hippalektryon witha rider,Q,H5*
81°F. no. 354 (PGB). See also SCE IV.2,figs.7, 1 (13) and 24.1and 2 forCypriotprototypes.
811Cf.218.126.
812CCO 105 and n. 2. 813 Gypsadesno. 11 and references. 8'4 As n. 812. BSA 56 (1961) 78 ff. 815F. nos. 1562 and 1566 and Arkadesfig.597.
816Arkades, fig. 281 and pl. 19. See also Hesperia 14 (1945) Löwenschale, passim. 28, pl. 25, and Hampe, Kretische
817Cf.Jenkins,Daedalicapl. 6, withBoardman's downdating,BSA 58 (1963) 1-7 whichmakesit 650-620. Cf. also thelid 107.127 (LO). 818Ann.61 (1983),41 and fig.11.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
45!
D. IMPORTS, CORINTHIAN
PC:
107,47, harearyballos.
This was one of the group of vases inside the big EO pithos 107.29. It is an extremely difficult to date.819 delicateexampleofthetype,butlikeall plasticvases ofitskind,extremely It cannotbe laterthanabout680. Kraters
and Dinoi
KRATERS
LO:
98,17.
once a fairly elaborate O kratersare represented herebythesingleexample,98.17, evidently vessel, with a straightprofile and spool-shaped lug handles. It may have been like lekanides. contemporary DINOI
LO:
56*l85 56-25> 56*4°> *9±**5*
in Knossiantombs(perhapsbecausekraters The dinosis notwellrepresented wereused more forlibationsthanas urns:see p. 368, nn. 270-71),althoughit appearsin domesticcontexts as a in of krater.820 It is to that all but one of N those the variety interesting note,therefore, Cemetery belongto the LO complex34/56/57,whichalso containedthe outsizeWild Goat example shoulderand flatrimnotedin domesticcontexts. 34.18. All ofthemhavetheincurving 56.18, withitsappliedarabesques,largedaisies,guilloche, and calligraphic loops,is perhapstheearliest ofthelocal products, and rivalstheimportin size.The reliefdecorationis verycloseto thatof in decoration. Its modest,and rathermoresophisticated 56.40 is bycomparison relief-pithoi.821 echoes that of the much more in decorated chequer-board very complexexample294.15, part withanimalsveryreminiscent of East Greekpainting, withoutlinefacesand solidbodieswith reserved versionofa details;theharebetweenthedogsis dotted,ratherlikea two-dimensional Corinthianhare aryballos(cf.107.47). The leapingdolphinswhichcompletethe friezehave bothreservedand inciseddetails.The decorationis in generalEast Greekin flavour, but the fabricand themixture ofstylesuggests localmanufacture. IMPORT, EAST GREEK
Wildgoatdinos:
34.18.
Thisisan exceptionally notbyas refined a painter as theWildGoat largeandcomplexdinos,though oinochoe56.11. It hadprotomes, inimitation nowmissing, ofmetalcauldrons ofa probably griffins, similar The animaland ornament is theusualone,withfloralcomplexes in the shape.822 repertoire andsmallbirdsperching on someoftherosettes. It datesfrom about630. topfrieze 819Cf. Maximova, Vases Plastiques,109 with n. 3 and pl. 40. Necrocorinthia 176-7; Délos XVII, 90 and pl. 58E. 820BSA 68 (1973) 42, no. 20.
821E.g. Dädalische Kunst aufKreta(Hamburg,1970)85, C 30,
pl. 33; 87, C 32,pl. 29. 822See OIF VI, pl. 4, but note also the native Cretan potteryexamplefromGortyn,Ann.17-18(1957)235,fig.28., and thefamousSphinxdinosfromArkades figs.420 a-d.
elizabeth moignard
452
Stand LO:
56.17.
A fragmentary biconical stand, probablyto supportthe dinos 56.40, the only vase of in size thetomb.The guillochebelowtheridgematchesthaton thedinos.823 comparable Lekanides
and Basins
The lekanishas hitherto been knownas an almostexclusively domesticshapeat Knossos,and coarse. indeedmostof the O examplesin theN Cemeteryare plain,thoughnot necessarily Here The domesticarticlebegan to be paintedin LO,824perhapswithincreasingprosperity. thefinely decoratedonesare EO. EO: LO:
19*28, 14.20, 229.4, 75.208. 107.18, 294.22, 60.35.
or slightly convexsides, has a projecting rim.The EO oneshavestraight NoneoftheO lekanides inwards.825 Handlesvary:theymaybe three-cornered and a roundedrimwhichprojectsslightly or straps.229.4s26has narrowgrooves ribbons(60.35),cylindrical justbelow lugs(75.208),reflex withthehandlerootedinit. therim,75.208 and 60.35 havea singlebroadthumb-groove meantto Bothareclearly ofdecoration. 19.28 and 14.20 aretheonlyoneswithanycomplexity is on the decoration in their most the same as domed be hungup underside, lids; though striking way someofwhichwereusedas neither ofthemis veryelaborately painted,unlikethoseofArkades,827 at Knossoshad beenuntiltheendofEG. The zigzagand circlesof lidsin thesamewayas kalathoi ofanyinterest and hooksof 14.20 suggestan EO date.No decoration 19.28 and theleaf-cross or survives on theotherlekanides: 294.22 bearsa simplezigzag.The restareplainand unpainted The plainonesare whichhasnotsurvived. toreceivewhitedecoration coatedindarkpaint,possibly thearchaicvariety.828 domestic utensils. 60.35, ^ latest, anticipates straightforward probably BASIN
LO:
I57«1*
to date: itstombwas heavilyplundered.It has straight difficult This coarsebasinis extremely sideswithfourshallowgroovesand a roundedrim.Its bestparallel,BSA 73 (1978)56, no. 48, LO. Again,itis a domesticutensilpressedintoserviceforthegrave. suggests Kalathoi as theyceased to do dutyas O kalathoiare notas commonat Knossosas theirpredecessors, lids forpithoiat the end of EG, and existas bowlsin all but a fewcases; it is perhapsnot theyoftencloselyresemblelekanides. surprising
823Cf. Ann. 17-18 (1957) 231, fig.24. Arkadesfig.448. 824BSA 68 (1973) 36. 825BSA 68 (1973) 39, nos. 38-42.
826Cf. Ay.Parasldes,fig.10, no. 52. 827Cf. Arkades figs.374, 407. 828BSA 68 (1973) 54, no. 39.
THE ORIENTALIZING
EO: LO:
POTTERY
453
306.12, 292.3. 75-I8i, 75-33-
306.12, withribbon handles below a lip-grooveis closestto a lekanis; 75.33 has more is theonly distinctly slopedsides.292.3, paralleledmostcloselyin Coldstream'sdepositJ,829 whiteon here with trace of serious decoration and the kalathos any only genuinebasket, dark cross-hatching,not unlike that on the pyxides fromTomb 104.20, 21 and 41, EO appearsa likelydateforit. themselves closeto theBirdGroup.830 perhapsfairly Trays uncommonin funerary contextsat Knossos.They Likelekanides,traysare normallyrelatively in with handles domestic either contexts, usually risingverticallyfromthe rim appear a rim.Most ofthosebelow with flat out-turned or handleless (40.28, 287.3o)832 (218. 138)831 fallintoone oftheseclasses. EO: LO:
76.5, 218.138. 40.28, 14.45, i4-5«j 75-9*287.36, 294.53, 65.9, 59.6.
76.5, foundwiththe neckedpithos76.4 withbucraniumhandles,is the exceptionin its shape. It has no risingwall, only a slightridge at the edge, and reflexhandles; its big concentriccircleson both sidesmake it a bold and distinctive piece. All the othertraysare LO the earliest have extremely fragmentary; examples simpledesignsbased on circles,and the from tomb add crude leaves. has true LO decorationofvolutes,and 59.6, thick, 14 65.9 pair the latest,has incisedoutlinesto its lozengesand runningdog. It was foundwiththe LPC thepainterin hisuse ofincision. aryballos59.1, and no doubtCorinthinfluenced Skyphoi A. WHITE ON DARK
EO: MO: LO:
159-35I9-5i I-IO> 75-665 107.52, i4-39> 75-36> I4-34s ««9-I3107.55, IO7.56, 26.12, 218.95, 292.9, 292.13. 75-I55> 292.141, 34-*5-
As is thecase withblackcups,the shape,particularly withthisclass,833 changesfroma deep vessel a rim with narrow a to shallower one with a moresharplyoffset wider, globular (19.5) and tallerrim(26.12), and eventually to theLO shapewitha tallerand moreverticallip,and a deeperand comparatively narrowbowl (34.15). 75.155 and 292.141 showa deepeningof the bowl at the beginningof LO whichmakesthe linkwiththe late ovoid shape,of which thereis onlyone example.The blackcup and thekotylewereevidently morepopularby the mid-seventh Decorationis nevercomplex;thereare usuallywhitelineson therim,834 century. and oftenconcentric circlesbetweenlinesin thehandlezone.
829BSA 68 (1973) 43, no. 24. Cf. SCE IV2 fig.22.3. 830GGP 246 fr. 831Cf. BSA 68 (1973) 40, no. 47 and Ay.Paraskiesno. 57.
832Cf. BSA 68 (1073) 40, no. 48. 833F. 166, class C. 834Cf. BSA 73 (1978) 46, no. 8, fig.1, 8.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
454 B. STANDARD TECHNIQUE
Pattern:ifany,betweenhandles. EO: MO: LO:
75*156,292.217, 218.68, 30.1. 292.218, 75.170. 285.23, 292.216, 57.4.
decoratedgroup.Almostnoneofthisclass Likethosegroupedas classA, theseare a modestly even iftheysportmorethanreservedlines.The shapeof skyphoi835 has elaboratepatterns, changeis thesame as above,fromdeep and globular,to shallow,to deep and ovoid,withan at a sharpanglefrom intermediate stagebetweenMO and LO wherethelip is talland offset bowl. There is an example of a slightlyunusual shape in a wide, deep, high-shouldered 218.68, whichseemsto be fromEO fromitscontext,perhapslaterratherthanearlier,where shallow.292.218, a light-ground the lip is shortbut vertical,and the bowl comparatively of has a row of the to the middle series, metopeswithwheels,zigzagsand skyphosbelonging in of what a version rosettes, simpler pithoi,ratherthanon polychrome appears contemporary otherskyphoi. C. HIGH-FOOTED
MO:
107.85.
This singleexampleof a footedskyphoshas the widershallowerbowl and sharplyoffset lip whichsuggeststhatit belongsin MO. Its decorationrelatesit to contemporary kotylaiwith Its decorationis morecomplexthanthatof anyofthe longcentralpanelsand side-metopes. otherkotylaiin our tombsmixingboth darkon lightand added white;all itspatternsare fromone sideofthebowlto theother.836 and theydiffer rectilinear, D. BUCCHERO
EO:
IO7»74
itsrimshapesuggestEO. It comesfroma tombwhich This skyphosis extremely fragmentary; had a numberofothershapesin bucchero,all O.837 E. IMPORTS
EastGreek (?J838 (i) Birdbowls, LO context: 57.1, 126.10. afterthelossofthedottedlineunder The BirdBowl57.1 belongsto thestageofdevelopment a reserved themetopes;thelowerhalfofthebowlis glazedwith stripe.The tailofthebirdis The bird formedby producingthe lowerline of the body. panel is much widerthan the withColdstream'sGroupIII839and Boardman'sdating metopesat thesides.This is consistent 835p. 165-6,classB (i) and (ii). 836Cf.also thekraterBSA ^ (10.60),164,no. 40. 837107.84, 121, 122 (aryballoi);107.78 (pyxis).
838The clay of 57.1, surprisingly, was diagnosed by AtomicAbsorptionanalysisas Euboean (p. 481 = K 102). 839GGP3OO.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
^
ofaround650 or a littlelater.840 It is also consistent withthecontentsofTomb57,whichis LO and muchof it withinthelaterstagesof the style.126.10 is a fragment froma BirdBowl of aboutthesamedate,thistimewitha shallowgroovebelowthelip.841 (ii) Chianphiale
56.21. This is a phialeofPrice'sstyleA,842 withgeesebetweenthehandlesand eyesunderthem.The bowlis veryshallowwitha straight profileto theunderside.It datesfromaround640,whichis consistent withtheothercontentsofTomb56, largelyLO, and a good deal ofitlate. (iii) Ioniancup
24.1. This singleIonian cup witha reservedline insidethelip and on thebowljust below thelip, seriesexemplified belongsto theseventh-century byEmporio 135,no. 457,and 14,fig.83, with a highshoulderand a deep bowl,theredatedaround630-600. KOTYLAI
Most ofthesefallintocategorieswhichare alreadywell-known,843 the shallowhemispherical and thedeeperone whichfollowsitssuccessor. shapewhichimitatestheearlierPC prototype, The majorityof O kotylaiin our tombsappear in LO contexts,even thosewhichadhere to notethatmostofthemdo. closelyto theCorinthianmodel,whichitis interesting A. CORINTHIAN
MO: LO:
PATTERN
292.241. 292.16, 292.221, 82.13, 56.23, 56.9.
The fragmentary MO kotyle292.241 has the virtuallystraightrimwhichsuggestsa deep but it not butearlyones at that:a metopalsystemof kotyle, onlyretainsCorinthianpatterns, decorationwitha long horizontalcentralpanel in threetiersbetweenpanels of vertical rectilinear cable- theCretantouch.844 All theLO membersof thisclassbelongto the deep class; 82.13 has thefamiliargrouped between thehandles, andthefinelinesbelow.The laterpairfrom T. 56 aremoreelaborate: squiggles introduces the double axe in found Corinth from LG but in Crete.56.9 has a rare 56.23 onwards, in different the handle-zone on either and has the which side, pattern rays appearon someEPC There are no with LO like those from Paraskies846 orFortetsa.847 kotylai.845 kotylai truly patterns Ay.
840Emporio 133withn. 9, a typefoundin MPC contexts. Cf.DélosXV 100-01,nos. 17-27,pls.47-8. 84'J//S6o(i94o)i4. 842JHS 44 (1924),205 if.Cf. Naucratis I, pl. 15, 13 and 14; DélosX, pl. 8.
843BSA55 (i960) 170f. 844Cf.F. no. 1203(LO). 845Cf. thekotyle-pyxis, Corinth VII.i, 45 no. 153and pl. 22. 846Ay.Paraskies 63 nos. 85 and 86. 847F. no. 1542.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
456 B. CIRCLES
EO: LO:
106.17, 107.54. To-^8* 34-34-
BothoftheEO shallowkotylaihavethecommondoublecirclesbetweenthehandles,106.17 in a reservedband, as F. no. 1541,whichit resemblesveryclosely.107.54, a smallexample, showsthemin whiteon dark;itwas groupedwiththesmallcoatedkotylai107.55 anc^5^75.158 followsF. no. 1340in keepingtheshallowshapewitha sharptaperto thefoot,but whoserectilinear cable has LO patternsofa simplesort,byor closeto,theFortetsaPainter,848 of and neatdottedcirclesappearin thewidenedhandle-zone.34*34 imitatesthedeep kotyle, whichone examplewas foundin T. 34; ithas thelinesand coatedbase witha reservedlineof and lozengein itshandlezone. E-MPC, withLO rosettes C. PROTO-KOTYLAI
(i) Inward slope EO: MO:
218.12. 285.62, 285.63.
likeness to a muchearlierCorinthian These are examplesofa kotyleshapewhichbearsa strong towardsbeinga skyphos, shapewhichappearsas earlyas MG II.849The EO 218.12 is half-way an earlydateinEO, as do itsribbonhandles. witha taller, widerrim.The paneloftriangles suggests IfthetwofromT. 285reallywereassociated, as theyseemtohavebeen,withthepithos41, theyare a verylateappearanceofthisshape.285.63 has thenickedrimoftheearliestCorinthian kotylai, doton thefloor. Bothhavea reserved on therimitself. 62 hasthegroupedstrokes nicked rim (ii)Deeply EO:
107.146, 283.62, 123.2, 123.7, 219.4, 219.5, 292.6.
bowland a broadgrooveor nickbelowtherim.Decoration Allthesehavea crudehemispherical and is neverelaborate:107.146 283.62 have groupedcirclesin a reservedband betweenthe The two an EO date. 123.7 has largedoublecirclesbetweenstrokes. handles,whichsuggests less of the of method important coating lips dippedkotylaifromT. 219 continuea traditional vessels.850 kotyleoftheshallowtypewitha 292.6 beginsto lookmorelikea Corinthian drinking - a morerefined thelatestofthegroup nickedrim,and isprobably shapethantheothers. D. FOOTED
LO:
40.40, ?292.2i3«
Neitheroftheseis at all unusual:bothare simplythedeep Corinthianshapewiththeaddition schemewiththe of a conicalfoot,verymuchlikeF. no. 1287.40.40 has the three-metope fromthe centrallong metopedividedintothreehorizontalpanels; 292.213 departsfurther cable. a of rectilinear with band prototype, 848BSA 56 (1961) 78 ff.Cf. F. no. 1542 and Gypsadesno. 82.
8« GGP pl. 18 f.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
457
E. IMPORTS, CORINTHIAN
EPC: LPC /Transitional:
34*335 56.22, 82.8, 292.222, F/67: i.io. 34*29.
82.9,
294.42,
285.159,
292.15,
The importedkotylaiare all Corinthian,and the complete ones are all the deep shape. The patternfollowsthat of the Corinthianoinochoai fromthe N Cemetery:thereis a gap afterthe beginning of MPC; importsbegin again in LPC /Transitional. Only the late 34*29 has any the othersare all elegant examples of the linear type.294.42 has attemptat the animal style;851 wirebirds,56.22, 82.9 and 285.159 have squiggles.None has rays,wherethe base is preserved. Cups a. black
cups
Thin-walled, singlehandle, flatbase. EO: MO: LO:
14*39» 78*4> 106.8, 14.17, 107.49, 19.3, 14.9, 75.104, 107.1, 292.11, 285.112, 306.35, 292.136, 294.1, 294.3, 294-414*419 40*38, 40.41, 40.44, 69.1, 107.66, 218.56, 218.117, 292.14, 285.35, 285.32. 45-8* 34-65 75-22» 34-IO> 34-I2, 75.101, 126.8, 292.55, 107.170, 285.21, 285.32.
The black cups perhaps need littlespecial comment: theybelong, with very minor variations (the reserveddots on the floorsof 40.41, 107.49, 107.70, 285.112, and the reservedlines on the rim and handle of some of these),to classes already well-definedin F.852and elsewhere.853 The sheer number of them allows us to see the shape change fromthe wide deep EO bowl with a narrow rim (78.7) to an intermediate stage with a rim of medium height (107.66) which becomes slightlyconcave in its later stage (45.8), finallybecoming the LO version of which there are several in tomb 34: a tall, deep bowl, with a wide sharply offsetlip. 285.21 and 285.32 are a variantwhich has the broad lip but wide shallow body.854 B. RELATED TO A, BUT DECORATED
EO: LO:
218.26, 283.26. 146.1, 229.10.
These are members of a well-understoodclass,855of which F. no. 1003 is a good example; but 218.26 is later,with the decoration spreading more elaborately in panels on to the shoulder, and with a greater delicacy of execution. The fragmentary146.1 is perhaps the only LO example survivingfromour tombs,bearing a lotus chain on the lip; the decoration has spread to the bowl, which has arcades.
850See F. 187 and BSA 68 (i<m) pl. 20. 851These are not incised. Cf. Corinth VII.i, 4.7,no. i=;q.dI. 21. 852F. 166, class B (i), (ii) and (iv).
853 E.g. the series Ay.Paraskiesfig.11. 854Cf. F. no. i«ì47. 855F. 167, class D.
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
458
The birdson theshoulderand 229.10 is an elaboratestandedcup unusualin thisclass.856 thehorizontally-divided ofcontemporary centralmetopeare reminiscent pithoi.857 C. WITH THE RIM HIGHER THAN THE BOWL
EO: LO:
19*8, 292.223. 292.219.
19.8 and 292.219 bothbelongto a class of cup representedby F. no. 1004,witha talllip, witha carinationat thejoin withthe considerablyshallowerbowl. slopinginwardsslightly was 19.8 apparentlyplain thoughcoated inside and out like a black cup. 292.219 is light-ground,and decorated very delicatelywith LO ornamentin the manner of the FortetsaPainter,858 thoughprobablynot by him. The fabricis thickerthan is usual with black cups,in both cases, and the mouldingsat the top and bottomof the lip of 292.219 bold. 292.223 is relatedto 19.8, buthas an evertedlip and pointedtripodfeet,as ifin imitation of a cookingpot.859The whiteon dark decorationof crossedzigzags,leaves and verticals an EO dateand a relationship withtheBirdGroup.860 suggests D. TALL-LIPPED
Withor withouthighfoot. LO:
229-31*34-73 126.6, 34.11, 34.19, 34-3°> 34-31*S6-1^
These are related to the black cup, but are a purely LO developmentwith a sharp distinction betweenthe tall lip and bowl. The highfootis perhapsa laterdevelopmentof the shape withthe ringfoot(126.6, 34*11, 34.30, 34.31), all ofwhichhave a darklower class D aryballoi.34.7, 34*19» and 56.19 are all more body,parallelwithcontemporary with fine on the conical foot.34*19 and 56.19, both of which tongues delicatelypainted, use birds and rosettes,are probably by the same hand. The double axe of 34.19 is probablyborrowedfromCorinth,and also appears on the local Corinthianizingkotyle 56.23. All the cups of thisclass are finerthan theirequivalentsin F.,861and seem slightly later. E. STRAIGHT-SIDED
EO:
106.18.
This is thesingleO exampleofthisshapein our tombs,paralleledalmostexactlyforshapeby an LG example,F. no. 1057.Its slightly roughstyle,and itsvolutepatternrelateit to someof to 75.192, whichmaywellbe by the and particularly the smallerpithoiin the G tradition, samehand.
856Like contemporary standedkotylai,a varianton the existingshape but see also F. no. 611 (MG) as a possible ancestor. 857Cf. 107.112. ss8BSA56 (1961)78 ff.
859Cf.PAE 1970,290 no. 76. 860GGP 246 ff.Cf. also, the pyxides104.20, 104.40 and 75.209. 104.21, and thePraisoslekythos 861F. nos. 1249, 1245. See also AtsalenioA53 and B16 (earlier).
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
459
F. MUGS
EO:
292.4, 292.19, 107.15.
All ofthemhave thickfabric,and the These are all laterversionsofBrock'smugoinochoe.862 pair fromT. 292 wereneverpainted.107.15 is a littlelater,withtracesofbars on thehandle, and a metopalschemeofdecorationon itsshoulders. G. MISCELLANEOUS
EO:
292.17.
This is a hemispherical single-handled cup. The fabricbears no resemblanceto any otherof our vases:it has a highly-polished yellowsurface,and is perhapsofthesame fabricas thatof the conical cups publishedin BSA 67 (1972)87, nos. 20-22, whichColdstreamthoughtwas gold. probablylocal,and possiblyimitating LO:
34*2, 82.11.
These two cups are both shapes whichappeared as BronzeAge gold vessels,a low singlehandleddish,and a trumpet-shaped mug.They appear to have been paintedby the same hand, close to the FortetsaPainter,and both of themhave rathercoarser equivalentsat in F. no. 1175,probablybythesamehand. Arkades.863 34.2 also has a counterpart H. IMPORTS: LACONIAN
34-36The fabricofthistrumpet-shaped mugis verylikethatoftheLaconian blackglaze discussed at Artemis Orthia I, 87 ff.Its shapeis notunlikethatLaconianI cup illustrated byHayesin Tocra Laconian black glaze, another of the 108, 1. I suggestthat it is late seventh-century considerable numberofimportsin thisLO complexoftombs,34,56 and 57. Larnax LO:
56.15.
larnax56.15 is a curiousphenomenon. The smallpolychrome LM III larnakesdo appearin our tombs(pp. 000-0), and the LO nicheof tomb294, containingthe Sirenjug 294.7, was dug to thelateseventh-century Knossians. one,so thatthetypewas perhapsnotunfamiliar through Oursis muchsmallerthanLM III larnakes, and itslidis flat,notgabled.864 It does,however, have theinsetpanelon all sideswhichis a featureofearlierlarnakes.865 The othernotablefeatureof our larnaxis the stringloop and holesforsecuringthe lid on the frontlong side,whichare a featureofearlierlarnakes,866 butalso ofthehouse-model fromtheTeketholos,867 occasionally and so evidently a traditional of the construction of boxes with lidsor doors. part pottery 862F. 155,classII B. 863See Arkades fig.282 forthetrumpetshape; figs.273,278 forthe dish. Cf. also BSA Payne,no. 134 and fig.23 fora versionon a stand.
864See BSA53-54 (1958-59)227ff.,figs.24 and 24a. 865Ibid.,227. 8<*Ibid.,fig.24a VI, III. 867BSA49 (1954)221, fig.5.
46o
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
FABRIC AND TECHNIQUE Most of the O potteryfromthe N Cemeteryis in the fabricalreadywell knownfromother sites:an orangeclaywitha hard consistency, whichmay firebuffor pink,and occasionally sometimes a cream but more oftenwithdecorationapplieddirectly to the with creamy, slip, surfacewitha blackcoatwhichmayoccasionallyfirebrownor red. In thehandsofsomepottersthefabricis capable ofeggshellthinness, especiallynoticeable in theworkof theFortetsaPainter,868 in and the series of blackcups and in (19.11, 292.37) in imitations ofCorinthiankotylai(56.9). It willalso takea fairly often imitations highpolish, - some Creto-cypriot ofotherfabrics are a close imitation of thered aryballoi(218.86) very surfaceof the Cypriotprototype. The highlypolishedyellowcup 292.17, probablyin the fabricreportedbyColdstreamin use forconicalcups,perhapsimitating gold,869 appearsto be in a relatedclay. lines:exuberantand oftenamusing Decorativetechniquesfollowalreadywell-established as in theworkof theFortetsaPainter(19.11, 126.7) onlyoccasionallyrefined, pattern-work, and sometimes ambitiousbutill-organised (13.5). A numberofdomedlidsare decoratedwith whitepainton a surfaceentirely coatedwithblack,and theuse ofthistechniquemay fugitive occasionallycontinuebeyondEO the lid witha handle in the shape of a Daedalic head 107.27 is a fineLO versionof a verycommon shape. The most refinedwhite-on-dark decoration,otherthanon theselids,appearson darkPraisoslekythoi(75.209, 292.33) and Whitedecoration thestraight-sided pyxides(104.20, 104.40) all relatedto theBirdGroup.870 - thelinesand circleson theskyphoiofclassA or as theenhancement of is moreoftensimple is None of these uses of their lower halves. on the bands on or to circles supply patterns pithoi, in LO too in are found N and commoner to the EO, they although Cemetery, peculiar (107.112).
Brocknotedthepracticeofdipping,thoughon earlierpots,as a methodofcoatingthelips vessels.Our tombshave both dipped kotylai of less important pieces,871 especiallydrinking seem to be O. 292.39 has the dipped patches which and and oinochoai 5) (219.4 dipped oinochoewouldhaveside-circles. wherea Creto-cypriot The occasional buccheroitem is alreadyknownin the Knossos area,872and in the N foraryballoi(107.21 and 22, as elsewhere, is normallyused in theseventhcentury Cemetery, These all have incisedor impressed small but also for the interesting pyxis107.78. 40.10), surface. a smoothsemi-matt to and burnished is and the grey, clay dense,uniformly patterns, rarein the O period.Generallythe fabricis porousand Coarse vesselsare comparatively withpebblygrit.Occasionallythere pink,oftenmicaceous,witha greycore(60.6), reinforced as in is a creamslip(40.46), perhapsa versionofthatused forsomefinewares.Occasionally, rathermore biscuit-like thecase ofthetray30.3, theclayis brown,witha crumbly, texture, likesomepolychrome pithoi. pithoiof severalvarietiesoccur in our tombs.The clay used is generallylike Polychrome thatused forfinevesselsin the normaltechnique,and is fairlydense,hard and smooth.In thedecoration:75.14, whichhas a highly generalthesmootherthefabric,themorefugitive has retaineditspaint refinedclay,has lostitspolychrome 285.41, rathergrittier, completely.
ses BSA 55 (1961) 78 ff. 869BSA 67 (1072) 87. a7« GGP 246 fr.
871F. 187 and BSA 68 (1973) pl. 20. 872Cf. F nos. 983, 1326.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
461
farbetter.Veryoccasionalvariantsoccur: 107.28, an extremely large,and in theevent,very a has coarser fabric with fragilepithos, widely-scattered grey-white grits,capable of being but not of its own as well as smaller supporting weight potsin denserclay.34.59 pottedthinly, and some otherpithoitoo fragmentary to catalogue,have an absorbentgrainysurface,and theirpainteddecorationis faintly blurred,as ifpaintedon blotting paper. The coloursused are therangealreadyknown:a bluewhichmaybecomegrey/black (75.7) and red on a creamy-white ground,occasionallywithyellowochre as a thirdcolour for patterns(14.14, 82. i).873Blue and whitealone, unknownelsewhere,appears on 75.222, wherethe decorationsuggestsan earlyexperiment, and blue and yellowalone on 107.57, rather that continued later,suggesting experiment beyondtheearlieststages. probably
CHRONOLOGY The chronological suggestionsofferedin the analysis above for the O potteryare almostentirelyrelative;the numberof importsis comparatively small,and disappointingly thereis onlyone firmassociationof an importedpot witha local one, thePC hare aryballos difficult 107.47 withtheEO pithos107.29, and itbelongsto a classwhichis itselfnotoriously to date.There are,however, a fewpointswhichit is worthmakingabout some classesofpot and sometombs. A. POLYCHROME PITHOI
T. 285, a tombwhichhad a notable absence of importsin the O period,had a virtually undisturbedseriesof polychromepithoiwiththeirassociatedsmallervessels.Polychrome intractablechronologically, but ours,both from pithoihave alwaysprovedto be extremely T. 285 and othertombs,correspondgenerallyto thepatternobservedbyBrockand Payne.874 Verylargepithoiwithunusualfeet(e.g.107.28) and unstablefabricare on thewholeearly,as are complicatedpatternswhichrelatecloselyto pithoiin thenormaltechniquewithelaborate handlepanels(e.g.75.221). Polychromesof more moderatesize, witha mixtureof continuouspatternbands and void and filledpatternsbelongin themiddleoftheseries;themixtureofvoidand alternating filledpanels is the laterfeature.The patternsthemselves are morecomplexearlier,and the taste forelaborate birds is not pursued in the verylatest membersof the series,which showmuchsimplerpatternssuchas continuouschequer-board and raysat thebase generally (57.10). These latesttraitsappear on a seriesofsmallishpithoiwithsmoothfabricand a high wideshoulderwitha sharptaperto thefoot(75.10, 75.20). The pithoiofT. 285,then,belong in the middle of the series: 285.33, 36, 40 and 41 have complexbird lifeand an even distribution of red and blue, but no reallycomplexpatterns.40 has the alternatevoid and filledpanels formingone band, and both thispithosand 41 have the continuouschequerboard.All fouroftheseand 24 and 27 havean elongatedoval shapeand are ofmoderatesize. 24 just beginsto show signsof the highwide shouldersdisplayedby 285.12 and 13 which shouldbe thelatestpolychrome seemedreasonableto call 33, pithoiin thetomb.It therefore 36, 40 and 41 MO, as theydo suggesta transitional stagein themiddleoftheseries. 873E 188,BSA 29 (1927-28)281f.
874F. 188f.,BSA 29 (1927-28)280 ff.
462
ELIZABETH MOIGNARD
B. ARYBALLOI
It is also worthnotingthatnone of the aryballoiassociatedwiththeT. 285 polychromes has thecomplexall-overpatternsof class F, butbelongto class D, witha darklowerbodyand a fewfinelinesedgingtheshoulder.It seemsjustifiableto regardat leastsomeofthese(285.54 and 55) as MO ratherthan LO, and to thinkof thisclass as earlierthan classes E and F, withthem. thoughoverlapping c. black cups This class of cups is so numerousthatalthoughthereare fewdefiniteassociationsthereare gradual changes in shape which make it possible to suggesta MO period. The earliest membersof the series,at leastvaguelyassociatedwithotherEO pots (106.8, 107.49), have Those classedhereas MO thewidedeep bowland narrowrimcloseto theirLG predecessors. have a shallowerbodyand a morepronouncedrim(107.66) and a widershoulder.The LO version,like thosein F, have a deeper,narrowerbody,and an even morepronouncedrim (3410). D. DAEDALIC HEADS
Thereare twoitemswithDaedalic heads,theSirenjug 294.7 and thelid 107.27. The Sirenjug clearlybelongswithothercomplexLO vesselssuchas thestandedoinochoe grounds 126.7, and was foundnearthedolphindinos294.15, whichappearson stylistic The head itselfbelongsto a group to belongto thesecondhalfof theseventhcentury. on the datedbetween650 and 620,875 as does thaton 107.127, whichhas LO patterns lid. IMPORTS and itis notpossibleto make in ourtombsareextremely Seventh sporadic, century imports fabricis aboutthem.The mostcommonimported morethana fewgeneralobservations Therearetwo itemsareoinochoaiandkotylai. andthemajority oftheimported Corinthian, are EPC; thelatestitemsare one EC Mostoinochoaiand kotylai olpaiand twoaryballoi. EC and one 126.11. oinochoe, 106.40 aryballos Most of the importedmaterialwas concentratedin the extremelydisturbedLO grounds complexoftombs34,56 and 57,in whichthelocal materialappearson stylistic to range fromstandardLO itemssuch as the high-footed cup 34.19, or thejugs 34.21-24 to verylatepiecessuchas thepithoi57.9 and 10, and thejug 57.5 whichhas It is noticeablethatin this a parallelforitspatternin a sixthcentury jug fromTocra.876 LPC /Transitional the with to cease seem the Corinthian of tombs olpai imports group Goat oinochoe the Wild and of about Chian the and 640, 56.2; phiale 56.21, 34.1 on thepartof the 56.11 and dinos34.18, of around630 suggesta changeof interest ownersof the tombs,or perhapsof sourcesof supplyin the last thirdof the seventh century.
875 Jenkins,Daedalica pl. 6, with BSA 58 (1963), 1-7.
876TocraI, no. 921, pl. 55.
THE ORIENTALIZING
POTTERY
463
ILL. i. The graffito on thearyballos107.84.
THE GRAFFITO ON THE ARYBALLOS 107.84: A NOTE (ill. 1) A.W.Johnston Cretansweremiserly withgraffiti. Onlyone was foundon thematerialfromtheN Cemetery, and theyare equallysporadicelsewhere.877 Our textis well-cutand intriguing. The vehicleis a smallLO buccheroaryballosofc. 650-625.The lineoflettering is cut betweenmouldingson theshoulder;whilethe startis preserved, an uncertain,possiblysubstantial amountis lostat theend. In broadstylistic termsthetextis reminiscent ofseventh-century fromthe fragments AthenianAcropolis or of the painted textson the portals of the house-modelrecently excavatedon Thera,ofapproximately thesame date.878 The transcriptionis clear, Jtepatac xaX(X)icrcojt[..., with punctuationof a normal Cretan type.The letteringis as we would expect of the period, withgenerallytall, slim forms.The join of lambda and iota seems almostdeliberate,just hintingat the possibility thatit was in use in brush-written the curvaceousiota mayhave had a similar inscriptions; origin. Whatmayappear at firstsightto be a banal owner'sinscription becomesmoreperplexing at each review,and I will not offerany definitesolution.Anysentiment commencingJlépa as a T&çytaXkÍGTOV Ji[e.g.JiaxQÓçis veryheavyand one wouldhaveexpectedverse.JieQorcaç in Cretan,butnone is attestedas a singlewordcouldadmitofa largerangeofinterpretations is perhapsmorelikelyas a name personalname,as we mightexpectthewordto be; neQ(XTT]Ç than ITeiQ(XTT]Ç, while Oei(Q)a... can hardlybe entertained.A name that is attestedat Knossos,nriQavxac, may perhapshave been writtenin thisassimilatedform,and may be KoXkÍGTO wouldthenbe takenas a genitive, regardedas themostplausibleinterpretation.879
877One maycitea singlegraffito scrapfromtheGypsades tomb,BSA 76 (1981) 151,fig.5. The mostdiscussedpiece, to myknowledge, is theowner'smarkon a again a singleton, pithosfromPhaistos,D. Levi, KCh. 21 (1969) 153 if; L. H. Kadmos9 (1970) 153-4, L. H. Jeffery, Local Scripts Jeffery, of Archaic Greece2 (Oxford,1990) (¿SAG2)468, 8a, and see n. 4. The most substantialbody of evidence is fromKommos, wherea good numberofhighlyfragmentary seventh-century textshave been recovered;theywillbe publishedby graffito
Eric Csapo in Kommos CentralGreek IV, but the surprising scrapshave been discussedby him in %PE 88 (1991)211-16 and 96 (1993)235-6. 0/0B. Oraet and h. Langlotz, Die antikenVasen der auf I no. 368, pl. 13; Thera model,PAE 1982 zu Athen Akropolis pls. 175-8,LSAG2470,A. 879Masson, BCH 109 (1985) 193-4, and ^ Lexicon Greek of PersonalNamesI. I know however,of no parallel case of assimilation in Crete.
464
A.W.JOHNSTON
butas a personalname at anyrateit is notattestedtilla muchlaterperiod.880 To takeit as a nominativefemininemakesthe interpretation of JïEQaxaçextremelydifficult. One would havelikedthewordin thirdplace to have been betterpreserved;was it Jtatr|Qor Jtaiç?One thatmayjust remainopen is uepatàç 7taXkÍGTo(v) witha masculine n[QÓ%ovç9 possibility in a that has The formhas been denied Masson.881 genitive -aç, possibility strenuously by in perhapstheclosestparallelCretantext,thepithosinscription been suggested fromPhaistos, oôe. That too contains an unusual IIaiôomX,aç eEQJi8Tiôájio personalname,as do some of theinscriptions on thehoardofdedicatedarmourfromAfrati.882 It is unfortunate thatthefindcontextofthepiece can giveus no information on thesex of thepersonwithwhomthepiecewas buried.
880The name firstappearsin Cretein the mid-Hellenistic formdoes period,IC I XXIII 16and XXVIII 16;thefeminine AD 24 (1969) in thefourth century, appearearlier,apparently B 415; see A LexiconofGreekPersonal NamesI, subnomine.
881In the latest instance in Studiesin Greek,Italic and IndotoLeonardPalmer)169-72. (presented EuropeanLinguistics
882A. E. Raubitschek in H. Hoffmann,Early Cretan Armorers 15-16;LSAG*468, 14a.
CHAPTER 8 A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY FROM THE KNOSSOS NORTH CEMETERY D. J. LlDDY883 Introduction884 It seemednaturalthatthe FitchLaboratory(FL) of the BritishSchool at Athensshouldbe calledin to helpwiththestudyofsomeofthepotteryunearthedbytheSchool in theKnossos N Cemetery. The Laboratoryhas facilities forchemicaland pétrographie analysisofceramic in a finds,and has accumulatedover ten yearsof experiencein the field.It is, therefore, privilegedpositionto undertakea largeprojectof analysisof materialfromGreece and the EasternMediterranean. Some comparativematerialis availableto the Laboratoryin a large data bank of previous analyses, performedboth in Athens and also by the Research and theHistoryofArt(RLAHA) in Oxford. LaboratoryforArchaeology For the Laboratory, theprojecthas developedin threemajorsections.These 'divisions'in the projectare apparentin the report.The firstsectionconcernedthe investigation of the sources of the potteryfoundat Knossos N Cemetery.Approximately140 samples were analysed. The second sectioninvolvedthe analysisof 100 samples fromthe Instituteof London. These were fromfoursitesin the Levant,and fromunprovenanced Archaeology, Cypriotsources,comprisingBoR, Bichrome,Red Slip, and White Painted wares. This
883Editorial notebyR. E. Jones.Dr Liddy'sreportwas completedat theend of his tenureas FitchLaboratory Fellowin 1986.He publishedsummary and preliminary ontheresults in 1988and1989respectively. Withhis reports agreement, REJeditedthemainreportin May 1995and added some bibliographic references to relevantwork since1986.Although ofchemical published programmes ofGreekIronAgepottery havecontinued in the analysis FitchLaboratoryand elsewherein the yearssinceDr. ithasnotbeenthought tomakeany work, Liddy's necessary substantial of the changesto Dr. Liddy'sinterpretation chemicaldata ofthematerialfromKNC. On theother a significant aimofthisproject hand,as Dr.Liddyexplains, was to investigate thesourcesof theBlack-on-Red and Levantine at Knossosinparticular, andtheircentres imports ofproduction moregenerally. Thereference material thathe collectedin Cyprusin 1985had notbeenfullyanalysed beforehe leftAthensthefollowing year.It was notuntil FitchLaboratory Dr.N.J. Fellow, 1991-2thata subsequent wasableto complete theanalyses. His work,(N.J. Brodie, BrodieandL. Steel'Cypriot Black-on-Red Ware:towards a classification', Archaeometry 38 (1996)263-78),supersedes
muchofwhatappearsherein Section4b. Fortherest,REJ tosomeoftheKNC datapresented reference acknowledges here in his work at Torone (Whitbreadand Jones, andChania. forthcoming) 884Acknowledgments. The authorwould like to thankDr. R. E. Jonesforhisconstant helpand guidance fortheduration oftheworkreported here.The adviceof Dr. H. W. Catlingwas muchvalued.The late Dr. V.J. Robinsonand Dr. S. M. A. Hoffman weremostgenerous withthetimetheyspenton someinitialclusteranalyses. Professor is thanked forhiscontribution J. N. Coldstream ofmuchof thearchaeological includedin interpretation thereport. The FitchLaboratory is grateful to thefollowing for to samplepotteryforcomparisonwiththe permission material from Knossos:Dr.V Karageorghis, of Department of Antiquities, Cyprus,and Dr. A. Caubet,Department OrientalAntiquities of theLouvre.Dr. P.J. Parrkindly arrangedforthe materialin the London Instituteof collection to be sampled. The cooperation of Archaeology's theRLAHAfortheuseoftheOxford University Computers wasindispensable.
466
D- J. LIDDY
materialwas supplemented twenty byapproximately samplesfromtheDepartmentofOriental in in various centralLevantinesites.The initial the Louvre of sherds from Paris, Antiquities aim was to use the information these data to locate the originsof the supposed providedby Levantineand Cypriotimportsto Knossos.Ultimately, thedata mightlead to further however, in of the centres of BoR ware the region.The formeraim is the understanding production The thirdsectionoftheproject, concernofthisreport;thelattermustawaitfullerpublication. of the major EarlyIron Age potteryproduction barelystarted,concernsthe investigation centreson Cyprus.Over threehundredsamplesofBoR, Bichrome,and WhitePaintedwares sherdswere havebeen collectedfromfifteen sitesthroughout theisland.Approximately twenty selectedfromthese,fromfourgeographicallydispersedcentres,to attempta preliminary ofthe sourcesof the Cypriotmaterialfoundat Knossosand theunprovenanced investigation All thesegroupsofsamplesare listedin TABLEi. sherdsoftheInstitute collection. The Laboratorynow uses AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy (AAS) forchemicalanalysisof of Emission the (OES) was used,and this Spectroscopy pottery. Previously, technique Optical a method on such is the first to use the newer largescale.It hasproveda very project Laboratory's and shouldguidefuture of Greek of the of the to test pottery technique analysis good applicability to otherlaboratories should be left in be and what what can achieved, perhaps Laboratory projects froma large also The methodsof analysis. Laboratory gainsconsiderably usingmorepowerful and the Levant. from a of newsetofdataencompassingwiderange sites,particularly Cyprus Samples fromthe Institute'scollection (TABLE±b) were assigned to groups (R to Z) not accordingto a styleor fabricindicatingthat and class of pottery, accordingtofind-spot as a probablesource.Thus manysamplesweregivenratingsof i (see p. 471).This is find-spot trueof samplesformingthe BoR groups,the sourcesof whichare uncertain. particularly otherclasses,Bichromeand WhitePaintedwares,wereselectedas control Groupscomprising material.All the classes are contemporaryand, fromthe analyticalstandpoint,possess fabrics. similarly fine-grained a Reviewof and Cypriot will be made to R. E. Jonesetal, Greek Pottery, Frequentreference reviewofanalyticalprojectsin GCP (1986),whichis a comprehensive hereafter Studies, Scientific theregionand setsout muchoftheAthensand OxfordLaboratories'previously unpublished data. This volumeshouldbe consultedespeciallyto assesstheuse of theselaboratories'data banksforparticular regionsofGreece. Methodology atomic absorption spectroscopy All the sampleswereanalysedat the FL. The analyticalprocedurefollowedwell established and testedmethodsusingAAS. For a comprehensive descriptionof the techniqueand its theapplicationofthemethodto outlined et al Price see Otherwise, 1976 Hughes 1979. theory oftheprocedureused byseveral the basis work formed latter The studies. pottery provenance RLAHA and the National as the such and others the FL, laboratories, including The methodis economicaland in Athens. Chemical Museum's Laboratory Archaeological technicalback-upmay not be readilyavailable.The resultsit reliablewheresophisticated givesare not as accurateas its main competitorin the field,NeutronActivationAnalysis provideanalysesofas manyelements.Butitis on (NAA),and in addition,itdoes notnormally a par withthe latestX-Ray Fluorescenceanalyses(XRF), and is superior,in both these to thenowobsoletemethodofOES. respects,
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
Afa
Table i . Groupsofsamplesselectedforanalysis Samples
Group Description
FromtheKnossosN Cemetery: A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P
Local KnossianFineWares KnossianImitations ofAtticImports ImportsfromAthens ImportsfromCorinth ImportsfromtheArgolid(etc.) ImportsfromEuboea ImportsfromMelos ImportsfromNaxos ImportsfromParos ImportsfromEast Greece ImportsofBoR fromCyprus ImportsfromtheLevant KnossianImitations ofBoR Ware Variousunusual,presumedKnossian,fabrics Red MicaceousWare,probablyKnossian Gritty
30 10 20 5 5 10 5 5 5 10 10 5 5 5 5
ofArchaeology: FromtheInstitute R S T U V W X Y Z
Red Slip WarefromAl Mina BoR WarefromAl Mina WhitePaintedWarefromAl Mina BichromeWarefromAl Mina BoR WarefromTell Ajjul BoR WarefromTell Ajjul Red Slip WarefromTell Farà BoR WarefromTell Farà BoR, Bichrome,and WhitePaintedWaresfromCyprus,Unprovenanced
io io io io 10 10 io io 10
FromtheLouvre,Paris: LV
BoR and BichromeWaresfromtheCentralLevant, VariousSites
15
FromCyprus: and White-Painted Waresfrom BoR, Bichrome, CY CY CY CY
(Ko) (Ki) (Am) (La)
Kouklia Kition Amathus Lapithos
5 6 6 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Most ofthesampleswerecollectedas smallclippingsfromindividualpotteryfragments using samplingpliers.Dependentupon the size of the clippings,powderedclaywas thenobtained eitherby drillingwitha smalltungsten-carbide tippeddrill,or by crushingin an agate pestle and mortar.Wholepotsweresampleddirectly witha drillto obtainsufficient claypowder.In all cases,carewas takento avoidinclusionofweatheredor surfacematerial.Sufficient powder
D. J.LIDDY
468
was collectedto allowforrepeatanalysesand a minimumof ioo mgwas deemednecessaryin each case. All powdersweredriedat 200o C forthreehourspriorto accurateweighingfor samplepreparation. AAS requiresthatthe sampleforanalysisis in solution.This was achievedby usingthe lithiummetaborate fusionmethod(outlinedby Hughesetal 1976).Foreach sample,an excess oflithiummetaborate(LiBO2) is added to a fixedquantityoftheclaypowder.The mixtureis thenfusedat hightemperature 900o C) to forma borosilicateglass which (approximately is ofutmostimportance dissolvesreadilyin dilutenitricacid. The avoidanceofcontamination used was a SPECPURE reagent all of the The lithium metaborate during stages procedure. in a platinumcrucible.ANALAR manufactured forthe purpose,and fusionwas performed TABLE2 summarises theprocedureused. nitricacid and deionisedwaterwereusedthroughout. methods:witha The spectrometer was calibratedforeach elementusingtwo concurrent seriesof multi-element standard('potmix')solutionsmade fromSPECPURE nitratesand chlorides,and withsolutions,made exactlyas above, of six standardclays.The 'potmix' recipes(basedupon thoseusedbytheRLAHA (Hatcheretal 1980),butsincemodified(Liddy foundin the 1989)),were designedto incorporatethe fullrange of elementconcentrations claysunderanalysis.The six standardclays,thoughforsome elementsnot providingsucha good calibrationline, ensured a consistent,reproduciblecalibration. Usually,the two line('guided',if lineswerein satisfactory calibration but,always,thestandard-clay agreements necessary, by the 'Potmix'one) was used in the finalcalculationsof elementconcentration fromtheabsorptionreadingsobtained. Each batch of analyses,normallycomprising32 samples,includedtwo blank solutions, made in the above manner but excluding a clay sample. This ensured that sample reviewed. was constantly fromthereagentsand preparation contamination, procedure, of Na and K concentrations All but two elementsweremeasuredusingatomicabsorption) and morecloselymatchingcalibration weremorereliable(in thesenseofproducingstraighter TABLE3 summarisesthe elementsmeasuredand associated curves)usingatomic emission. conditions. experimental As a routine,at leastone samplewas analysedtwicein each batch,mainlyto ensurethat smallduringeach batch,and to was satisfactorily any calibrationdriftof the spectrometer of the analysesand samplepreparation.Othersampleswere checkupon the reproducibility Insufficient batchesto ensureinter-batch sampleswere comparability. reanalysedin different The reader's used. of the an estimate of the to analyticalprocedure precision analysed provide attentionis drawn to the repeat analyses in TABLE5 (at the end of the chapter)foran oftheresultsproducedbytheprocedureoutlinedhere. indicationofthereproducibility Table 2. Samplepreparation Weightofclay solution
WeightofLithium Metaborate
Fusionproduct dissolvedin
Final solution volume
25mg
125mg
5% ANALAR HNO3 2oooppmLa885 (as SPECPURE LaCl2)
2501**
885The La is necessaryas an ionisationbuffer in theprocedure. inherent effects to reduceinterference
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
a6q
Table 3. Elementsmeasuredand associatedconditions Element
Flame
Flow-rates
DilutionFactor
(litres /min)
Quality /Reliability ofResults
Al
Acetylene/N2O
4-5~5j 5
x 5
Good
Ca
Acetylene/Air
1,5
X 50
Good (except >2O%)
Mg
Acetylene/Air
1,5
X 50
Good
Fe
Acetylene/Air
1,5
X5
Good
Ti
Acetylene/N2O
4.5, 5
X 1
Poor
Na
Acetylene/Air
0.7, 5 i,5
X 5 (E) X5o(A)
Average (Poorcalib.)
Mn
Acetylene/Air
0.9, 5
X 1
Good
Cr
Acetylene/Air
1.5,5
Xl
Good
Ni
Acetylene/Air
1,5
X 1
Average (Poor calib.)
K
Acetylene/Air
0.8, 5
X 5 (E) X 50 (A)
Good Good
Si
Acetylene/N2O
5, 5
X 1
Poor
(E) = emission
(A) = absorption
DATA ANALYSIS
The aimofanydataanalysisin a pottery distinct provenance studyis to isolatechemically groups ofsamples.Ideally,each groupshouldcontainsamplesfromone source,different fromsamplesin anothergroup,whichwouldbe fromanothersource.In practice,it is sometimes seen thatone sourceofpottery distinct two producesmorethanone chemically groupofsamples.Alternatively, ormoresourcesmayproducepottery ofsimilar(anddependent and statistical upontheanalytical The real difficulty, is to therefore, techniquesused,sometimesindistinguishable) composition. decidewhich,and howmanygroupsin thedataare archaeologically significant. A glanceat TABLE5 revealsthelargequantityof data thatmustbe interpreted in thefinal phase ofanyreasonablysizedpottery provenanceproject.The sheerquantityand complexity of the data ensurethata simplevisual or 'manual' examinationwould failto producethe forthe archaeologist. such a visualexaminationis requiredreliableinformation Admittedly, usefulbutis onlypartofthedata interpretation. In thissituationrecourseis generally made to multivariate statistical It does not techniques,ofwhichclusteranalysisis widelyapplicable.886 886The procedurefollowedis similarto thatoutlinedin Liddy (1985). Neither DiscriminantAnalysis,which was inappropriateforthe taskin hand because of the unknown structureof the data, nor PrincipalComponentAnalysis,
because of the complexityof the data, were used here. Both these methods are undoubtedly useful in many instances, and their application is discussed by Pollard (1986,56-83).
470
D- J- LIDDY
thestructure ofthedata. It is up to theanalyst answerbutmerelyillustrates providea definite and archaeologist to discoverwhatthisstructure means.Sometimesthisis easybecausegroups are well separated;at othertimes,when clustersoverlap,forexample,it is more difficult. the data (Pollard1986,72-3). Ward'smethodof clusteranalysiswas selectedforclassifying This calculatesthe sum of the squared Euclidean distancesbetweeneach sample in one clusterand each sample in the neighbouring clusters.In otherwords,it is lookingforthe The nextclusterto be clustersthathavethesmallestoverallvariance,or greatestcompactness. formedat each stageoftheprocedureis thatwhichwillresultin thesmallestincreasein that to sumofsquareddistances.It willsearchforthemostcompactgroups,and is quite'resistant' the additionof individualsamplesoutsideestablishedcompactgroups.The methodworks well,and is more'sensitive'thanthe GroupAveragemethod,but the twoproduceresultsin The twoalso suffer thesame drawback:once a samplehas been annexed generalagreement. a cluster it is no matter how muchthatclusterchangesshape or 'position'as it fixedthere, by in grows.Samplescan easilyend up thewrongclusteror,at least,be betterplaced in another cluster.The RelocationProcedure(RELOC in theCLUSTAN package,Wishart1982)can be difference thatat each stageit willcheck set to runlikeWard'sMethodwiththe important and ifit is not,willrelocateit. RELOC is arguablythe thateach sampleis in thebestcluster, numericaldata encounteredin a chemical bestmethodof clusteranalysisof themultivariate analysis provenance study. Unfortunately,it is difficultto represent the results of samples,and so is best used to refinethe because of all the switching diagrammatically, resultsof,forexample,Ward'sMethod and producea finallistingof samplesto clusters.It An indication is (or how manyclustersare) significant. helpsalso in decidingwhichstructure but low dissimilarity ofa good setofclustersis one whichis formedat a relatively coefficient, in whichone clusteris mergedwithanother,or has further samplesadded to it, onlyat a of numeroussamplesat the latterstageadds value. The switching muchlargerdissimilarity ofconsideration. at thepreviousstageis worthy further confidence thatthestructure elements: on all samplesforthe following For thisproject,clusteranalysiswas performed Al, Ca, Mg, Fe, Na, Mn, Cr, Ni, and K. Ti and Si were excludedbecause of missingdata. forthefinalanalysis.Comparisonofcluster butnotlog-transformed, Data werestandardised, of the latter in raw this and data on projectprovedthatthe effects analysis log-transformed wereminimal(GCP68). multi-modal Two issuesto considernow are outliersand data setswithnon-normal sample of a or low concentrations have which distribution. Outliers, particularelementor veryhigh elements,are single samples on the edge of an element distribution.They distortthe The of the majorityof sampleson thataxis whenthe data set is standardised. arrangement mean and standarddeviationmustalwaysbe the same,and so whenan outlieris presentin When the outlieris removed,the the data set,the bulkof the samplesare crushedtogether. and clusteranalysis normal into a more out are distribution, nearly samples spread remaining of different standsa betterchance of distinguishing groups samples.Sampleswithunusually The simplestsolutionis to treated be should values of element low or carefully. any high and Outlierclustersmustalso be identified removethemas soon as theyhavebeen identified. ofthedata-setis examined. thenremovedbeforetheremainder in a datadetrimental A usefulapproachto identify departuresfromnormality potentially foreach element.This can oftenrevealany setis to examinetheoverallsampledistributions i.e. thosethatcontaintwo butin additiondisclosesanybimodalsampledistributions, outliers, means thatcluster bunchesof samplesratherthan an even array.A bimodal distribution two the of on the clumpsthan any structure separation analysisplaces greaterimportance
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
4^
in a reliablefashion,thatthetwohalves withinthem.It is advisable,to ascertainthisstructure ofthedistribution are separatedand thenre-examined. It is forthesereasonsthatthevisualexaminationofthedata at all stagesoftheprocedures, at thebeginning, usingunivariateand bivariateplots,is ofsuchimportance. particularly The results of a cluster analysis are depicted diagrammaticallyin the form of a dendrogram.The dendrogramshowshow similarindividualsamples,arrangedvertically downtheleft-hand side,are to each other.The moresimilartwo samplesare, the nearerto thezerotheyare linkedon thedissimilarity scale whichis acrossthetop.As moresamplesare in thedendrogram. clusters are seen as distinct branches joined together, The Samples and Results
of Analysis
JNC has outlined below the criteriathat guided the selection of the samples froman archaeological pointofview.Groupsof sampleswereselectedaccordingto supposedor likely originon the basis of theirstyleand fabric.To help the Laboratoryin its assessmentand oftheanalyticaldata, an indicationoftheconfidence withwhichthissupposed interpretation originwas based was providedbeforethe programmeof analysisbegan. The confidence(or on a 1-5 scale (see TABLE probability) ratingwas established 40).A ratingof5 indicatesthatthe fromthecentrenamedin thegroup;a good exampleherewas the sampleis almostcertainly local control,GroupA, withthirty sampleswhich,accordingto styleand fabric,werein all likelihoodmade at Knossosor in itsvicinity. Occasionally,adequate numbersof samplesof a to particulartypewerenot availableto make stylistic groupsof a size completely satisfactory the Laboratory, an examplebeingGroup E. The otherend of the scale, 1, signifies thatit is mostunlikely thatthenamedcentrewas thesourceofthesamplesin question. an archaeological note byj. N. Coldstream Most of the sampledvesselsare fromthe N Cemetery,but pieces fromsettlement deposits (areasofRoyalRoad, UnexploredMansion,etc.)wereincludedto makeup groupsoffiveor tenforsomeoftherarerimportedfabrics. The thirty vesselsunderGroup A were chosento representKnossian finepaintedware, exclusiveof specialcategoriesobviouslyimitating importedfabrics(GroupsB, N) and other different wares also to be local visually presumed (Group O). Sampleswerechosento cover the fullchronologicalrange of the N Cemetery,and to representeverysize of vesselfrom thick-walled cremation pithoito smallthin-walled aryballoi. B was drawn fromthe numerousimitationsof AtticGeometric,mainlyMG, and Group close in shape and decoration- and even in technique- to Atticprototypes.The clay is usuallyfiredto a pinkishbrowncolourrecallingAttic,but one missesthehighlustrenormal forAttic;the clay is less compact,and the surfaceoftencomesout mattand mottled.It was originally thoughtpossiblethatB 32 and B 40 mightbe Attic,forsome AtticMG originals also lack or throughCretansoilconditions. lustre,whetherthroughimperfect may firing The twenty of C were selected to cover theftillchronological samples Group rangeofAttic in the N from the tenth down to the late These vesselsall imports Cemetery century eighth. sharethe usual orange-buff of Attic PG and and often firedto a G, carefully clay levigated, lustre. Inclusions which remain consist of small chestnut-brown and small high particles grains of mica; themorehighlymicaceouspieces in an Atticstylewereassignedto one or otherof theCycladicgroupsG-J.SinceAtticPG and G potteryis usuallyunslipped,somereservation was feltovertheinclusionoftheslippedamphoraC 48.
472
D- J- LIDDY
Of thefivevesselsin GroupD all butone sharethefinelylevigatedyellowclayof Corinth and can be closelymatchedwithCorinthiancounterparts fromPG to O. The exception,D 62, is of a darkerbufftone;it was includedto discoverwhetherit is an atypicalCorinthian Aetos666 typeofkotyle. originalor a closecopy,ofthewell-known E is a lot. The kraterE 67 corresponds miscellaneous closelyto Argive Group fragmentary LG in styleand fabric,especiallywiththe potteryof Asine. For E 66 and E 68 an Argive originwas thought possible,largelyon groundsofshape.The groupoffivewas made up with in the absence of any othervesselsof Argivecharacter.The amphoraE 69 unique pieces, to Thessalian materialfromMarmarianiin fabric,and in thedistinctive diagonal corresponds fabricwiththick crosson the neck;the wheeldesignof E 70, togetherwithitspurplish-red creamslip,recallstheSubG amphoraeofThera. The importspresumedto be fromEuboea on stylistic groundsmakeup GroupE The clay is usuallyreddishbrown,darkerthanAttic,freeof mica,and firedhard.The chronological rangeis fromPG (F 71,F 76) to SubG (F 75); thislastvesselhas thethickcreamsliptypicalof werefeltabout thelargekrater muchEuboean potteryfromLG onwards.Some reservations recall theAtticDipylonWorkshop, frs.F 80; the stepmeanderis ofArgiveorigin,the ships buttheclaylooksEuboean ratherthanAttic,and theGeometricdecorationfallsfarshortof theprecisionoforiginalAtticworkat thistime. The small groups G, H, and J were tentativelyascribed to Melos, Naxos and Paros, settlement sherdsbeingincludedin each case to makeup a setoffive.Least homogeneousin fabricwas the supposedMelian Group G, the clay varyingfromdarkred (G 84) to a tone Attic,butwithmoremica thanwas thoughtusual in thatquarter(G 81, G 82, G resembling 85). The amphora G 81, thoughof Attictype,has a close parallel in the Melos Museum was feltabout theNaxian GroupH, (Kunze,JOAI 39 (1952)54 ff.figs.1-3). Less uncertainty H a micaceous red-brown lightertonethan 87 beingofa slightly clay, by highly distinguished the otherfourpieces. Amongthe Parian groupJ 91,J 94 and J 95 conformto the clearly ofParos. definedParianLG style,and sharethesandyorangemicaceousfabriccharacteristic mica forAttic too much to contain and were MG skyphoi The Atticizing thought J 93 J 92 originals. to thevariouscentresof the East Greek is Group K, attributed Even moreheterogeneous world.Earliestis thekraterK 96, paralleledin East GreekPG bothin shape and decoration; the highlymicaceous brown clay seems at home in Miletus. At the other end of the chronologicalscale, the birdbowl K 102 and the Wild Goat dinos K 104 conformto wellofChios,and O phialeK 99, characteristic knownEast GreekO types;also thewhite-slipped theArchaicaryballosfr.K 105.The animalstyleoftheO oinochoeO 103,and itsgrey-brown slippedsurface,suggestedan East Greekorigin.The frs.K 98 and K 101are fromclosed vesselswithrectilineardecorationon the shoulder,an East Greek G feature;both being includedhere forits ridgedneck; theirfabricoffersno help. K 97 was tentatively misfired, of CypriotBichromeRed, recalledfindsin likewisethehighlymicaceousK 100,an imitation ofKos. thecemeteries L consists (orjuglets)ofa standardtype.The clayis mainlyofCypriotBoR lekythoi Group withan oftenshinyredslip,and mattblackdecoration(thefinerand paler fineorange-brown clay of L 114was on secondthoughtsconsidereda local imitation;RDAC 1984,129 no. 30). The fr.L no is fromthe same shape but in Cypriot Bichrome. The oinochoe L 112 in fabricto themainbodyofBoR lekythoi. corresponds The small Group M was made up fromsupposedLevantineimports,among whichthe Red Slip BichromelekythosM 116,the Red Slip lekythosM 117and the metallic-looking
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
47g
oinochoeM 120are standardtypesin the Phoenicianrepertoire. Their fabricis heavier,and ofa deeperred thanin GroupL- criteriawhichinclinedus to theinclusionhereoftheBoR M 118. lekythos The fivevesselsof Group N are indebtedin variouswaysto the importedCypriotBoR whetherin shape and decoration(N 121,N 122)or in the shinyorangesurface(N lekythoi, In 125). generalthe clay is harderand paler thanthatof the Cypriotoriginals;thewallsare froma smallpyxis,is includedhereforitslarge and thereis no slip.N 123,apparently thicker, in theCypriotmanner. setsofcircleson theflanks, Group O is composedof twoless usual fabrics,bothpresumedto be local. The bucchero techniqueenjoyeda passingfashionin the MG (O 126,O 127)and EO (O 128)phases;the and itslid exactlycopytheshapeofpaintedMG examples.Unpaintedaryballoiin pithos-urn pale orangeor buffclayoccurfromEG to EO; someexamples,as O 129,are handmade,but mostare wheel-made(O 130). thegritty brick-red coarseware oftheKnossiankitchen(P 134, FinallyGroupP represents P 135),used also forthe miniaturecopy of a bronzetripodcauldron(P 132)and the small ribbed oinochoai modelled aftera Cypriotprototype(P 131). The mica contentvaries considerably, becominggreatlyreducedfromLG onwards(e.g. P 134).The strangepyxisP 133,containing largewhiteinclusionsas wellas mica,appearsto have been influenced by an withlughandles. antiqueEarlyMinoanprototype
J.N.C.
TABLE5 presentstheanalyticaldata. Samplesare listedby Laboratorynumber.The element are shownas a percentageoftheelementoxide.Missingdata are indicatedby-. compositions The data represent theresultsoften Repeatanalysesofindividualsamplesare listedtogether. batchesofanalysesperformed overa periodofeighteenmonths. The samplesanalysedare listedin TABLE'a-d. This recordseach sampleby itsappropriate stylistic group,Laboratorynumber,and excavationor cataloguenumber.Also tabulatedis the thediscussion, and toprovideeasyreference, (seep. 000).To aid thereaderinfollowing probability the finalconclusionsdrawnfromthe data analysisare also represented: the clusternumber Number',e.g.Cluster2/1= ILL.2, Cluster1),towhicheachsample (labelled'ILL.Number/Cluster and a probableor suggested sourceforthatsampleon thebasisofthechemicalanalysis. belongs, in without entries the 'cluster5 columnare unassignedto groups.This normally Samples meansthattheywereoddments.If sensible,an entryis made indicatinga sampleto be 'most similarto' (#)a particularclusteror sample.Entriesin the'probableorigin'columnshouldbe used warily,and only in conjunctionwiththe discussionof each of the clusters.For the Levantineand Cypriotsamples,discussedin sectionIVb, theentryis muchmorespeculative thanfortheAegeanmaterial.Forsomeclusters, itwas unwiseto suggesta possiblesource. Discussion The resultsof the data are presentedin severalways.Discussionof clustersrefersto those obtainedbyRELOC. Table 6 (end ofchapter)liststhemembership ofall theclustersin turn, and TABLE of the chemical for 7 (end chapter)gives group compositions each ofthoseclusters, in termsofthemean and standarddeviationforeach element.Also indicatedis theprobable sourceofeach setofsamples,summarising theconclusionsdrawn. The data-setincorporating all analyseswas examinedfirst.Severaloutliersand oddments wereidentified at thisstageand thenremoved(TABLE 8, end ofchapter).
474
D-J-LIDDY
FouroutlierswerefromGroup P. Though Pi 32 and Pi 34 were somewhatsimilarto each other,the variation in chemical compositionamongst the five samples of that group, fromone source,was verylarge.This is mostreadilyattributed to thecoarse,gritty supposedly in sampling natureofthefabric,and itis probablethatthevariationsare due to thedifficulties ratherthan an inherentvariabilityin the compositions.ApartfromP131,discussedbelow, none of the samplesfromthisgroup matcheswithanythingelse. The closestremaining are of,in fact,P132and P134withtheCypriotsamplesof GroupL, butthe correspondences sucha similarities are not sufficient to suggestthatthisis a possiblesource.Archaeologically, was based on the would seem to be since the local attribution untenable, largely hypothesis It must be debatable of this crude ware found at Knossos. large quantity comparatively of potteryto a particular whetherthisfactoralone is sufficient groundsforthe assignment source. IA18 is one samplewithan extremely highCr content.(The samplesolutionwas noticeably The was with reanalysed, good agreementforall elements.UnusuallyhighCr green.) sample values have been observedforCypriotsamplesby Bieber (1978). For one sample,witha of 0.58%, he suggestedan originin the TroodosMountainregion,whichhas concentration ultrabasicrockformationscharacterisedby extremelyhigh Cr values (see also GCP 342, forclaysfromthisregion).On erraticCr measurements whichmentionsparticularly footnote, a butitis uniquesamplein thisproject,and little thisbasis,a Cypriotorigincan be suggested, morecan be said. wereLV10,LV15,and LV21.Thereis considerablechemical Also removedat thebeginning variationin the LV group of samples,as discussedbelow,and these threeare the most extreme. foreach elementwas thenexamined.It was apparentthatthere The sampledistribution was a bimodal distributionforseveral elements,particularlyCr and Ni. The bimodal betweentheAegeanmaterialon theone was theresultofa markeddissimilarity distribution that hand,and the Cypriotand Levantinematerialon the other.It was desirable,therefore, thesegroupswere separated,takingcare thatsamples'in the middle' were placed in the correcthalf.In suchcases,ambiguoussamples,suchas manyfromGroupK ofsupposedEast Greekorigin,were at firstplaced in both halvesof the data-setand examinedto see with whichtheyweremostsimilar.The separatefileswereobtainedusingclusteranalysis(Ward's Methodand RELOC). The twosections, beingthefinaltwoclustersgivenbythisanalysis,are discussedseparately. AEGEAN MATERIAL
The Aegean sectionof the data resolvedintonine clusters,some ofwhichweredistinctand easily determined,and otherswhichwere less so. The data set was subdividedforfinal do not show in ILLS.2-4. These dendrograms evaluation,and thesesectionsare illustrated some samplesthatwere consideredto be on the outer edge of any clusters.Though not involvedwith because of the uncertainties outliersas such,theyhave been leftunclassified ifsensible,is assignedto suchsamplesin TABLE A 'mostsimilarto' statement, oddments. 4. III. 2 showsthelastsectionoftheAegeanmaterialto be resolved.It containsthemajority of the samplesof presumedlocal origin,fromGroupsA, B, N, and O. Three samples,A23, the stagesof clusteranalysis,and could be N124,and K99, werealwaysseparatethroughout deemed a distinctcluster,2/2. The remainingsamples could not, however,be reliably different in the dendrogram:significantly subdivided,despitethe apparentsubstructure file different and with and Method Ward's were obtained RELOC, slightly using groupings
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
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475
476
D-J-LIDDY
and any clustersformedwere not verystable.WithRELOC, forexample,there structures, wereonlygradualincreasesin dissimilarity as clustersweremergedto formtheone coefficient finalgroup,and formanysamplesit was difficult to decide to whichof the sub-clusters they more correctlybelonged. There was considerable switchingof samples. It seems wise, as to classify themas a singlegroup,Cluster2/1.This can sensiblybe interpreted therefore, The the major local group,and such an interpretation few surprises. composition provides (TABLE 7) matchesreasonablywellwithpreviousFL analyses. in composition Differences between2/1and 2/2 are minor(Cluster2/2 has slightly higher Ca and Na, slightly lowerCr and K contents),and both could be seen as variationson a Knossianor centralCretancomposition. Previousanalysesin theFL ofKnossianMinoanand Classicalto Hellenisticpotteryare shownin TABLE9. Agreementbetweenthe setsof data is between to the use of different owingprimarily techniques(forthe comparability imperfect OES and AAS data see Jones and Vagnetti 1991, 129-31), but also perhaps to the all setshave the chronological spreadrepresented amongtheKnossossamples.Nevertheless, and 'new' data between 'old' for Cr and Ni. The characteristic values majordiscrepancy high in is Mg. III. 3 showsthe nextsectionof the data. Cluster3/3 is distinctfromthe others,but its constituent samplesagain suggesta Knossianorigin.The groupcompositionbears thisout fromeither2/1or 2/2 manifested higherCa and K, onlyin slightly (TABLE 7),withdifferences and slightly lowerAl, Cr, and Mg contents.The vesselsof 3/3 are slightly lighterin colour, reflecting perhapsthe greaterproportionof Ca. The dendrogramshowsthatsampleA20 is in RELOC. to Cluster3/3 is quitedefinite buttheattribution notquitein thiscluster, Only one samplefromGroupA is excludedfromone or otheroftheseclusters:A28 is an oddment.The sherdwas brittle,the fabriccoarse withnumerousinclusions,and different ofalmosteveryelement fromothersofGroupA. Its different (lowerconcentrations chemistry in the as little comes of Cluster to the lightof this.A29 was 2/1) surprise samples compared notanalysed. Of thesamplesofGroupB, B40 was theonlysamplefoundto have a non-localorigin.All as such.Threeof ofBoR ware,wereconfirmed samplesofGroupN, supposedlocal imitations confirmed fivesamplesof GroupO, supposedlocal but ofunusualfabric,weresimilarly (the othertwo,O129 and O13O,are in Cluster3/6). Clusters3/4 and 3/5 are distinctfromall othergroups,but quite similarto each other. RELOC produces two quite definiteclusters,but these do not agree exactlywiththose obtainedby Ward'sMethod.This discrepancymeans thatthe allocationof certainsamples it is probablethatthereare twosimilarclustersin shouldbe treatedcautiously. Theoretically, overwhethersamplesin themiddlego withone or the thedata space,withsomeuncertainty other.In otherwords,thereis some overlapbetweenthe two. The somewhatuncertain samplesare B40, C41, C42, C52, C53, C55, C60, andjg2, ifthisis based upon discrepancies clusterprocedures.Mn, K, and Cr are amongstthe fewelementsthatdo betweendifferent discriminate (TABLE 7). Cluster3/4 contains,almostexclusively, samplesof typicalAtticfabric,labelled C. The Parian a is regardingsuch import(with,however,some uncertainty exception J93, supposed Cluster3/5, in contrast,containssamplesof a wide range of fabrics,and an attribution). incorporatesmanysamplesof supposed originelsewhere.B40 was describedas 'possibly is confirmed. F74 and F79 are Attic',and this,assumingthat3/4 and 3/5 are Atticclusters, fivesupposed of the E Three of the from majority Group chemically, noticeablydifferent, Melian samples are here (both the othersare in 2/1, the Knossian group); thereis no
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
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IRON AGE POTTERY
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' 1Corinth
ILL. 3. Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)for'Aegean'materialfrom theN Cemetery:secondsector.
obviouslyMelian groupin the data (see p. 487). There is also one sampleeach fromGroups thanitsmoreobviously H, J,and K. Yet theclusteris notchemicallymorevariableor diffuse homogeneousneighbour,and so it can be statedwithsome confidencethat3/5 is a single clustercontainingsamplesfromone productioncentreor region.It is unlikely, forinstance, thattheprocedurehas failedto separateAtticand Melian sources.
478
D- J. LIDDY
All buttwosamplesofsupposedAtticfabricare presentin one or otheroftheclusters.C57 is distinctand is includedin Cluster4/7. C58 is a littleunusual,because ofhighCa and low it is moresimilarto theAttic Cr,whichleads theclusteranalysisto throwitout.Nevertheless, than else. groups anything It is interesting to comparetheages ofthesamplesin thetwogroups.Those in Cluster3/4 are predominantly datedto thetenthand ninthcenturies(PG to MG); thosein Cluster3/5 to theeighthcentury(MG to LG). The featureis lessconsistent forthesherdsofsupposednonAtticfabrics, suchas G81 and G82, butnevertheless, itis stillevident. Fillièresetai (1983),workingat BrookhavenwithNAA, have foundsimilar,thoughbetter withinAtticceramicmaterialfromthe Agora at Athens.Their groups defined,distinction Directcomparisonofthedata PG, SubG and Classical/Hellenistic. separatechronologically: is riskybecause ofthedifferent methodsused and different laboratorystandards.In TABLE10 are listedgroupcompositions fortheirAtticB (PG) and C (SubG) groups,forthoseelements betweenthegroupsto somedegree, measuredin thisstudy.Most oftheelementsdiscriminate is not a Cr is the most There significant. good matchwitheitherCluster3/4 though probably betweenthe different or 3/5 in thisinstance;forneitherprojectis Ca a major discriminant groups. Cluster3/6 is a small,compact,distinctgroupof fivesamples:threeof fivesamplesof Group D, supposedlyfromCorinth (one other is in Cluster 2/1, the remainderis an unassignedoddment),and thetwooffivesupposedlocal sherdswithunusualfabric.0 129and 0 130 are both yellow aryballoi. The formeris hand-made,with good parallels in the and moreofa surprisesinceno knownwheelofCorinth;thelatteris wheel-made, cemeteries made examples are knownin Corinth,thoughmany are at Knossos. Comparison with consistent with previousLaboratorydata forCorinthianpotteryin TABLE9 showsa similarity an originin the same region.This is supportedby comparisonwiththe Corinthiangroup obtainedbyFillièresetai, shownin TABLE10. The remaining sectionoftheAegeandata,shownin ILL.4, resolvesintothreeclusters. 4/7 is a compactgroupcontainingthe majorityof the supposedEuboean imports.F74 and F79 are theonlytwomissing;bothare assignedto theAtticGroup3/5. In thiscase, previousFL AAS data are availableforpendentsemicircleskyphoifromLefkandi,and thematchis very 9). good (TABLE The matchis equally good withEuboean data obtainedby the RLAHA (Pophametai 1983),the groupcompositionofwhichis shownin TABLE10. Two sampleswerecommonto to see ifresults thisprojectand thatundertaken bytheRLAHA. This presentstheopportunity to are comparableovera periodofseveralyears.F76 corresponds obtainedbythelaboratories do exist,whichis somewhat theRLAHA 12.038,and F71 to 12.039.Disturbingdiscrepancies butthiscan only withthegroup theclose correspondence compositions, considering surprising than confirmthatgroupcompositionsare much more reliable,and therefore informative, singleanalyses.887 Cluster4/8 containsfourof the fivesupposedNaxian imports(theotherwas assignedto Naxian pottery(TABLE 9) is reassuring, 3/5). The matchwithFL OES data of Orientalizing from is the Mn. Ca and for and differs GroupP to showany onlysample P131 only markedly
887It is notclearfromthepublicationwhat'normalisation' procedureswere used to producethe reporteddata. These
may have affectedindividualanalyses more than such a composition. large-group
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
479
Increasing Dissimilarity C57
7 C-i_
K102 K105 £70 F77 F77 F73 F7Ô F72 F76 «0 H86 #50 «09 //90 H90 K103
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8
E67 794 Etf?
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F75
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Here it is an outlierofthecluster:thematchis good forAl, Ca, Fe, and to anything. similarity for thatPi 31 does notcomefromthesamesourceas but K, poor Mn, Cr,and Ni. This suggests could be taken indicate a Cycladic,if not Naxian origin.There is to the Cluster4/8, but the no matchwithanyoftheKnossianclusters(2/1,2/2,and 3/3) and, geologically, certainly redmicaceousclaycharacteristic ofthisclassofpottery is lackingin theregionofcentral gritty CretearoundKnossos(P.M. Day,pers.comm.).Such claysare,however, presenton Naxos and perhapsotherCycladicislands.Again,itshouldbe stressedthatlittlemorecan be said,sinceit is notoriously unreliableto base too muchon the resultsof a singleanalysis.A pétrographie examinationof theseand further samplesof the class wouldcertainly providegreaterinsight theanalyticaldifficulties and probablyprovemoreeffective considering posedbythematerial. Cluster4/9 presentsa problem.It containssampleswhosepresencetogetheris difficult to or in termsof the samplefabrics.It is, nevertheless, reconcilearchaeologically, a reasonably compact group,characterisedby high Al and K and low Mg. There is, however,more variationin a fewelementsthan mightbe expectedfora singlegroup.This is particularly noticeableforMn, and Ca and K to a lesserextent.There are twoalternative conclusionsto draw in such a situation.Eitherthe samplesof 4/9 are fromtwo or more sourceswhich or thegroupis valid and represents a singlesource, producedpotteryofsimilarcomposition, in whichcase the archaeologicalaspectshave to reappraised.It is, of course,easy to dismiss unreasonable'finding withtheformernotion,butsucha finding should any'archaeologically notbe readilydismissed:ratheritshouldencouragefurther investigation.
48o
D. J-LIDDY
If it is assumedthatthe groupis valid,it is desirableto tryto locate its source.Obvious contendersare the Argolidand Paros,the formerbecause of the presenceof the typically ArgiveE67, and the latterbecause of the threesamplesof GroupJ. Comparativedata for thesetworegionsis availablefromthedatabank,and is shownin TABLE9: a LH III groupof potteryfromMycenae analysedby AAS, and a small group of OES analysesof Archaic smallifthey materialattributed betweenthetwogroupsare irritatingly to Paros.Differences are to suggestone sourceor theotherfor4/9. There are good matchesforsomeelementswith conclusionto be drawn. to enablea satisfactory bothgroups,butneitheris good enoughoverall and so it in TABLE are On a positivenote,thetwocomposition different, 9 significantly groups wouldbe expectedthatpottery fromthetwosourcescouldbe distinguished chemically. It is thefunction ofclusteranalysisto searchforgroupsin thedata. Thus, ifthesamplesof Cluster4/9 are moresimilarto each otherthan any others,theywill appear togetherin a moresamplesin thissectionof thedata space willit be group.Only ifthereare significantly whether there is to decide hidingtwo or more groupsof meaningfulsubstructure possible of similar More sources. from different Argive,and types,typically samples samples subtly In it can be meantime is resolved. the before the must be Parian, analysed problem typically said that: E67 E69
J91 Kioo
withan Argiveorigin. in TABLE is sufficiently similarto theMycenaeancomparanda 9 foritto be consistent Butitis notas good a matchas mightbe hoped(cf.Ca and Mn). forthisuniquepiece are theonlycomparanda has lowerMn and higherCr and K thanE67. Stylistically, fromMarmariani in Thessaly. The compositiongroup for the latter is shown in TABLE9. It is, old OES data and so shouldbe takenonlyas an approximateguide. It is not a good unfortunately, match. is such thatit is fromJ94 and J95,whichare verysimilarto each other.Similarity is slightly different data can, at most,allowit reasonableto predictthatall threeare fromthesame source.The comparative to be said thata Parianoriginis notunlikely. fromthe rest.There is no good matchwithany of the Argive,Parian,or East is somewhatdifferent in TABLE Greekcomparanda 9 (see discussionofthesamplesin GroupK below).
in thedata. The firstis thelackofan obviousMelian group. Thereare severalothersurprises Melian' five sampleswereanalysed,two (G83 and G84) have been 'supposed Althoughonly and a local (Knossian)origin, three(G81,G82, and G85) an Atticone, and theseare assigned matches between samplesand clustersforall elements.There seemsto be no respective good doubthere.The sampleswere certainlydistinctfromotherMelian Geometricsherds(and fifth-century plaques) analysedat theFL and RLAHA, as shownin TABLE9. The differences in Ca, Mg, Fe are verylarge. The second unexpectedfindingis the largeproportionof supposedEast Greeksamples, labelledK, thathavebeen assignedto non-EastGreekclusters.A singleK Groupshouldnot have been expected.The term'East Greek'encompassesa plethoraof possibleproduction centresand, presumably, compositiongroups.Only a fewof themhave been characterised are inadequateforthetaskin GCP 662-71).Ten samples,in sucha situation, chemically(see hand. The chemicalvariationwithinthe samplesis enormous,forexample,Mg ranging between 1% and 10%, Cr between 0.02 and 0.1%, and K between 1% and nearly4%, thattherearemanydifferent productioncentresto be resolved.Of thetensamples, signifying threeare unassigned,and sevenothersassignedto fiveclusters(2/1,3/5,4/7,4/8, and 4/9). to be certainabout theseassignments, This means thatit is difficult again because single with further but be not must The involved. are often dismissed, investigated findings samples more samples. many
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
481
The complexity ofthesituationwarrantsthatthesamplesare discussedin moredetail.All is takenfromTABLE material 9. comparative K96
K97
K98 K99 Kioo K101 K102 K103 K104 K105
Unassignedto any cluster.The micaceousbrownfabricsuggeststhatMiletusmaybe a possiblesource. The matchwiththe OES Miletusgroupis good forall elementsexceptCa and Gr.The sampleis less similarto the other East Greek groups.An originin Miletus is certainlyconsistentwith available evidence. This samplehas been assignedto twoclusters:3/5 (AtticB) and 8/3. The compositionis so close to the to see how thiscannotbe a reliableassignment.But the groupcompositionfor3/5 thatit is difficult difficulties involvedwith any statisticalanalysisof single samples are adequately illustratedby its in Cluster8/3, withwhichit is muchless similar.There is no similarity to theEast Greek incorporation comparanda.
is Excellentmatchofall theelementswiththelocal groupcomposition2/1.The closestofthecomparanda or possibleconfusionis the Rhodian group,whichhas similarlyhigh Mg and Fe, but any similarity in Gr and Ni. refuted bythedifferences butwithCluster2/2. It wouldbe unwiseto be definiteabout this,sincethe Again,a local assignment, clusteritselfcontainsonlythreesamples,butthematchis good forthedata available. Good matchwithCluster4/9 forall elementsexceptMn (butsee discussionofthisclusterabove).Of the East Greekcomparanda, itis themostsimilarto Miletus,butitis nota good match. to local Assigned Group2/1.Similarto K98 in all butCr. Matcheswellwiththe Euboean Cluster3/7. Nothingelse has the unusualcombinationof veryhighAl and low Mg. A fairly definite withthepresentdata. assignment Assignedto Cluster4/8,whichis Naxian. There is a good matchwiththisexceptforMn. wouldbe withtheMiletusgroup,but it is nota good match:Ca, Unassigned.The onlyotherpossibility Na, and Ni shownotabledifferences. betweenthesetwosamples,butthe Assignedto Cluster3/7,alongwithK102. There are somedifferences Euboean sourcestillseemsmostprobable.
LEVANTINE AND CYPRIOT MATERIALS (see editorial note, p. 465 n. 883).
The Levantineand Cypriotdata setwas dividedintotwoparts,each subsequently subdivided in ILL.5-8. to producethefinaldata setsillustrated III. 5 showssamplesresolvinginto threeor fourclusters.All are presumablyCypriot. Cluster5/1,reasonablydistinct, includesall fiveexamplesof BoR ware so faranalysedfrom Kouklia in SW Cyprus(CY2-CY17). The clusterincludes threeof the importsfoundat Knossos(L106,Li 13,and L115),and six of the ten examplesof BoR ware foundat Al Mina (Group5). In fact,all samplesbutIA40 and CY107 are BoR ware. The presenceof LV14 in thisclusteris mostprobablya coincidentalassociation,sinceit is unlikelythatthisMBA pot fromNorthSyriacould be an exportfromSW Cyprus.It is a bothfactorswhichcouldbe a possiblecause of singlesampleand farremovedchronologically, confusion. In contrastto thesamplesfromKouklia,thesix so faranalysedfromKitionfailedto form one group.CY98 and CY99 are distinguished fromtheothersbylow Ca and Mg, and forma small cluster,5/2. The remainingfoursplitinto fourseparate clusters,and the variation withinthemindicatesthatmorethanone sourceis represented (thesampleslabelledCY are discussedfurther below). Clusters5/3 and 5/4 are notdefinitely resolved.No samplesare presentto suggesta source, butit is a tentative confirmation of Cyprusas theproducerof samplesL110,Lin, and L112. All thesherds(exceptL110)are BoR. Ward'sMethodplaces M117in cluster5/1,butRELOC allocation.Unfortunately, a specificorigincannotbe places it in 5/3,whichis the preferred offered at thisstage,but thepresenceofMi 17hereapparently refutes itssupposedLevantine origin.
D- J- LIDDY
482
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ILL.5. Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forCypriotand Levantine materialfromtheN Cemetery(groupsL and M) Institute ofArchaeology (IA) and the Louvre(LV): sectorshowingclassification oftheCypriotsamples.
The data incorporatedin ILL. 6 formseveralcompact and distinctgroups.Only fora It is possibleto suggestoriginsfor couple of samplesis theresome doubt overassignment. manyof the clusterstoo, sincetheycontainmuchof the controlmaterialforthe Levantine sites.Thus, thissectionof the data containsall but one samplefromGroup X of Red Slip ware fromTell Farà, and all samplesof Group V of Red Slip ware fromTell Ajjul. It is unfortunate thattheseclusters, forwhichit seemspossibleto suggestan origin,containlittle butthe appropriatecontrolmaterial.Cluster6/1, containingproblematicBoR pieces and withthesamplespresent. L108,remainsunknown, thougha Cypriotoriginis notinconsistent Clusters6/3 and 6/8 are also presumablyCypriot,because theycontain only supposed Cypriotpieces.However,theyare notdistinct groups,and all remainingsamplesin thisdataworkdone,to setare apparently Levantine,so somecautionshouldbe expressed,and further establishtheoriginsoftheseclusters.
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
483
Increasing Dissimilarity IA16 ¿475 IA77 IA53 IA57 IA56 IA7U L108 IA55 IA66 IA67 IA68 IA73 IA76 ¿4<94 IA82 IA86
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III. 6. Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forCypriotand Levantine material:sectorshowingTell Ajjul,Tell Farà and Cypriotgroupings.
It is apparentonce morethatall the clusterscompriseone class of potteryto the (almost total)exclusionof others.This, to some extent,underminesthe idea of usingone class of pottery(in thiscase Red Slip ware) to pin down the originof another(the BoR). It seems evident also that either individual sources are producing potteryof more than one compositional group,or severalsourcesare producingpotteryof similarfabricwhichis inuse
D- J- LIDDY
484
Increasing Dissimilarity
fA'
AlMina
! 5 3-1
IA5 M116 M118 IA61 IA80 IA2 IA7 IA6 IA10 IA37 iV6 LV16 IA91
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III. 7. Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forCypriotand Levantine material:sectorshowingLevantinegroupings.
at one site. It is difficultto generaliseby suggestingwhich elementsmay be primarily responsibleforthisfeature.Clusters6/4 and 6/5 of Red Slip fromTell Ajjul are slightly in manyelements;Clusters6/2 and 6/7 of Red Slip fromTell Farà are noticeably different in Ca and Mn. different Clusters7/1to The remaining data formthreemajorgroups,twoofwhichare,respectively, in that small clusters and to ill. It is reasonable to these 7/4 7/7 7. 7/3, suggest represent because it confirms the suspectedsourcesforMi 16, Phoeniciansources.This is informative Mi 18 and M120 as Levantinebutno morepreciselythanthat.Mi 16 and Mi 18 are similarto each other,but forma littlegroup on theirown. Mi 20 is a singleton.The evidence is Red and Black Slip consistent witha Phoenicianoriginforthe samplesof Phoenician-style more can but and found on specific be proposedat this (IA91,IA94 IA95), Cyprus, nothing two Al Mina into The Red ware from clusters, 7/1and 7/3. verydistinct separated stage. Slip It is difficult to believethattheyare fromthesame source,and in thiscase it is mostprobable that thattheproductsoftwoRed Slip centreswerein use at Al Mina. It cannotbe confirmed Al Mina wasthelocationofthesesources. The Louvre samples,whichwere includedas examplesof potteryfoundin the Central to sourcesin thisregion.Theyforma or use as possiblepointers to interpret Levant,are difficult in thesameregion,are represented. not that several sources, necessarily disparateset,indicating similar to each other,butare in Cluster8/6 are all from and Bichrome Bassa, LV2, LV3, LV4, the material. withsupposedCypriot Otherwise, majorityof the samplesare dissimilarto suchas 7/5and 7/7,or oddments. distinct sites and form small materialfromother clusters,
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
485
Increosing Dissimilarity IA3 IA88 IA8 IA13 IA23 IA23 LV5 M119 ¿424 M30 IA38 K97
I I 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
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III. 8. Dendrogramfromclusteranalysis(Ward'smethod)forCypriotand Levantinematerial: fourth sector.
'
486
D-J-LIDDY
In ILL. 8, whichcontainsthe finalset of data, thereis littlevariationbetweenany of the groupsofsamples.The componentclustersare setapartfromall othersin theLevantineand thereare twostructures thatare more Statistically, CypriotsectionbyhigherCr,in particular. of samplesat viablethanany others:8 clustersand 5. In RELOC, thereis muchswitching ofa an exampleofa data-setwherethesubdivision almosteverystage:itis not,unfortunately, in of the because the of the five clusters leads to clusters total, eight membership eight couple in Ward'sMethodand RELOC, is consistent clustersis oftenquitedifferent. Neitherstructure and the structureat eightclustershas been chosen because it causes the least apparent all clusters'8/-' shouldbe treatedcautiously. Theoretically, archaeologicalconflict.In effect, thiscould be a situationof overlappingclusters.Eitherthe analyticaltechniquehas proved sensitiveto separatethe productsof different centres,or all samplesin ILL. 8 insufficiently in a werefrompottery produced singleregion. betweenthefindspots A preliminary inspectionrevealsthatthereis no obviouscorrelation This to CY and their labelled oftheremaining assignment particularclusters. Cypriotsamples is in contrastto Cluster5/1,forexample.To summarisethe resultsof the analysisof the 21 sampleslabelledCY: forma reasonably as alreadydiscussed, Thosefrom Kouklia, compactgroup(inCluster5/1),butwith inAlandCa. TheyareallBoRware. somevariation To complicate centres. are veryvaried,and probablyfromdifferent The sixsherdsfromKition Cluster5/2) are bothBoR. CY102, CY105, and CY107 are mattersCY98 and CY99 (forming similarto thesamplesfrom different. and each quitechemically Bichrome, CY107is superficially lowerMg andMn,couldbe duetothedifference suchas slightly andtheslight Kouklia, discrepancies, in fabric. it has beenplacedin Cluster5/1withtheKoukliasamples.CY109is BoR, and However, toCY221from mostsimilar Lapithos. moresimilar to eachotherthanto The foursamplesfrom are,ifanything, (CY217-CY222) Lapithos inAl, a broadgroupbecauseofvariation butwouldform KoukliaorAmathus, from anyofthesamples theclusteranalysisshownin ILL.8 splitsthemup on thebasisofthis Ca, Fe, and Mn. However, in a singleregion. ofsources oneor a number It is difficult todecidewhether variation. theyarefrom but areBichrome the others in Cluster Painted White are both and CY222 ware, 8/4; together CY217 different ofslightly composition. inthecluster whichwerenotincluded Amathus analysis, (allBoRware),CY192-CY197, Samplesfrom similar. are all otherwise Ca. low with and the other with in one fall twogroups, They very high from thelatter toCY98 andCY99,butcanbe distinguished aresimilar CY182-CY187 Superficially, are most and same from the be K. could Mn and lower CY197 CY196 Ca, region. They byslightly tothem. butagainarenotidentical similar totheKoukliagroup, of are a reflection fromtheworkso faris thatthecompositions Whatis emerging generally White the all 8 includes Al ILL. andware.More specifically bothfind-spots concerning Mina, Paintedware of Group T and all but two of the Bichromeware fromthissite,and yetthis local productionin view of the site'sstatusas an emporium.A particular need not signify 'archaeologicallyunreasonable' clusterseems to be 8/6, which contains a mixtureof supposedlyCypriotand Levantinesamples.However,the best proposition,as the situation analyses stands,is thatall thesamplesin ILL.8 are Cypriot.If thisis thecase,further currently ifless thesituation.An alternative, oftheCypriotcontrolmaterialwouldundoubtedly clarify and those some between is there that is Cypriotclays similarity obviously, likely, suggestion, fromacrossthesea in theregionofAl Mina. Clusters7/1and 7/4 ofRed Slip ware,possibly in Mg and Fe. fromanyclustersin ILL.7, particularly fromAl Mina, are verydifferent
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
487
Recourseto comparative data is notofmuchhelp.If thatproducedat ManchesterbyNAA forBoR ware fromthe Levant(Matthersetai 1983)is examined(in TABLE10) it is apparent thatthedifferences betweentheirPalestinian,Syrian,and Cypriotgroupsare quitesubtlefor theelementsthatare commonto bothtechniques.Thus thehighFe forclusters8/- mayhold more similarity witha Cypriotorigin.The high Cr values indicateneither.Bieber (1977) presentedcompositiongroupsforKition and Idalion (othersseemed less certainin their neitherofwhichseemsto matchwithanyofthegroupshere. assignment), The onlymaterialthatseemsto provideany handlewithwhichto pin downthe sourceof thesesamplesis thegroupfromLapithos,whichhas thedistinctive highCr thatalso denotes Clusters8/1 to 8/8, althoughthesituationis complicatedby theway the Lapithosexamples An originin northern dividethrough theclusters. withthedata. Cyprusis consistent Conclusions The principal conclusionsdrawn fromthe analysis of the potteryfromthe Knossos N in TABLE11,whichliststheinitialfabricgroupsand showshow far Cemeteryare summarised theanalyticalworkhas confirmed or disputedthesuppositions. The locally produced potteryat Knossos was correctlyidentifiedin nearlyall cases, includingthe imitationof BoR ware and of importsfromAttica.The analysishas revealed some segregationof the local material,but no supportforthisgroup has been foundon fabric. stylistic grounds,exceptthatone grouphas a slightly lighter-coloured It seemsunlikely thatthepresumed-local red micaceous wares weremade at Knossos; gritty are different from the in Knossian this they chemicallyquite groups project and other Knossian of Classical/Hellenistic and Minoan In addition, Laboratory compositions pottery. thereis no knownsourceofsuchclayin theregion.This resultindicateshowunreliableitmay be to assume a local sourcesimplybecause of the large quantityof a typeof potteryat a particularsite.Though,at thisstageit wouldbe unwiseto suggestthatNaxos was theorigin matchof one samplewiththe (sincesuchan assumptionwouldbe based upon an imperfect Naxian Group) such an hypothesisis geologicallyplausible. Pétrographieexaminationof willhopefully throwmorelighton thematter. examplesofthepottery A chronological variationin composition seemsto existin theimportsfromAttica,amongst whichtwo groupswere identified:the group containingpredominantly PG potteryhad a different from that LG slightly composition containingmainly pieces. The lattergroup a of fabrics than would have been comprised greaterrange pottery expectedforAtticimports. This was reflectedin the large numberof membersamplesoriginallyattributedto other sources.The mostnotableexampleofthiswas thesupposedMelianpottery foundat Knossos, muchof whichwas includedin thisAtticgroup.There seemsto be littledoubt about this resultsinceotherMelian G pottery in previously analysedbytheLaboratoryis quitedifferent No Melian was identified the far As composition(TABLE 9). group amongst potteryanalysed. as the Corinthian,Euboean, and Naxian importsare concerned,theywere,on the whole, identified. correctly Potteryof East Greekstyleswas comingfromdifferent, chemicallydiverse,sources.The numberof samples analysed was insufficient to characteriseor identifythe suspected was the apparentresultthatso productioncentresin the easternAegean. More surprising of these seem to have come from much further west:severalindividualsherds many pieces clusteredwithKnossian, Attic,Euboean, and Naxian groups.It would be unwise to be definiteabout thisconclusionwiththe evidenceas it stands,sincemanysinglesampleswere
488
D- J. LIDDY
ofbotharchaeological butit shouldnotbe dismissedwithoutthoroughinvestigation involved, The examplesof inconceivable'. and scientific because it is 'archaeologically aspectssimply evidence the supposedMelian and red micaceouspotteryare situationswherethe scientific can lead thearchaeologist butquiteplausible,approachto thematerial.It is to an alternative, but for conceivablethatthe twoexampleswitha Knossiancompositionare local imitations, the remainderof the East Greek pottery,it has to be admitted,the findingsare as yet witharchaeologicalevidence. irreconcilable The results thesourcesoftheLevantineimports. Thereis also someuncertainty concerning sources. from two that three of five were indeed the Levantine,probably suggest samples material and of the control the match between there was no direct imports any Unfortunately, of fromthesitesofAl Mina, Tell Ajjul,Tell Farà or elsewhere, althoughthisdoes notin itself, of the and the was One exclude as sources. these sites course, origin Cypriot, sample possible otherwas uncertain. as such,withthe It is safeto saythattheimportsofBoR warefromCypruswereconfirmed imitation. a local out to be of one which turned They were of varied (Knossian) exception the Since different centres. unprovenancedCypriot compositionand so apparentlyfrom controlmaterialprovedto be inadequate,BoR and otherdecoratedwaresfoundat themajor IronAge siteshavebeen collectedand are beinganalysed.So far,a singlecomposition group examplesof BoR ware foundat Knossos,Kouklia,and Al Mina in theLevant,is comprising result.Even ifthisdoes not necessarily implythatKoukliawas perhapsthe mostinteresting the sourceof thispottery, thoughthatis quite possible,it can be said thatone production centrewas responsibleforthe potteryin use at each of thesesites,and thatcentreis, most probably, Cypriot. moregeneralpointsraisedbytheprojectwhichare worthreThere are severalimportant, was thelack main commonenoughin provenanceinvestigations, The problem, emphasising. thatthe the result with of the classes some of of sufficient analysed, pottery samplesamong oftheirsourceslackedprecision.The Laboratorywas awareofthisdifficulty, characterisation butthedilemmawas a resultoftheveryaim oftheproject:to locatethesourcesofthepottery oftheanalyticaldata provedcomplex. The interpretation foundat theKnossosN Cemetery. was onlytoo obvious,therebeingmanysinglesampleswithuncertain The principaldifficulty assignments.Cluster analysis is not well suited to treatingsuch samples reliably.This foroutliersand ofdata setstructure, carefulobservation particularly exceptionapart,however, robustin the were found the clusters of that the ensured from majority normality, departure termsoftheirsamplemembership. of distinct Most of the Aegean centreswere foundto have producedpotteryidentifiably of the differentiation with observed was main The Argive supposed exception composition. and Parianmaterial.In thiscase, theproblemwas compoundedbyinsufficient samples,since previous work has indicated that potteryfrom the two areas should be capable of reliablecontrol The primaryproblemareas were thosewithinsufficiently differentiation. the questions resolve to have been not could which the without expected material, project to show is Greek East with the it has What that, giventhe achieved,particularly pieces, posed. correctcontrolmaterial,greatprogresscould be made,sincethelevelof inter-site variability withinmostregionswas foundto be adequate. in composition The instancesof Knossianand Atticmaterialresolvingintomultiplecompositiongroups are of interest,althoughtheirarchaeological significanceis not fullyapparent. Three but not alone,come explanationsforthisphenomenon,in whichCa seemsto be influential, variationsin clay natural wide of several the to mind: beds, clay exploitation readily
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
489
and theeffect ofdifferent theclay.Butin thecase of compositions, potters'practicesin preparing theAtticmaterial, a morespecifichypothesis can be formulated to explaintheexistenceoftwo chemicalgroups,one (Cluster3/4) belongingmainlyto thetenth-ninth centuries BC,theother in more varied to the BC. Either this a single fabric, (Cluster3/5), eighthcentury represents centre different over or a there is the time, production clays exploiting spatialexplanation, early thelaterone perhapsrepresenting inAttica. one or moreworkshops groupbeingAthensitself, AAS has provedadequate forthe taskin hand, withfewexceptions.It seems thatit is sensitive to pursuetheinvestigation oftheCypriotmaterial,thoughthisshouldbe sufficiently If the data resolvesinto region-specific monitoredfrequently. groups,it mightbe worth to NAA if laboratories to see this is a feature of the Cypriotclays delegatinganalyses or due to the use of an sensitive themselves, simply insufficiently technique. The comparisonoftheprojectdata withanalysesin previousprojectsat theLaboratoryhas data generatedby AAS is in a minority; provedquite usefulin severalcases. Unfortunately, mostof the databankcomprisesOES analyseswhichare bestemployedas a guide to which groupsmay proveusefulas comparativematerial.If a matchlooks promising,ideallythe thata reasonablequantityof samplesshould samplesshouldbe reanalysed.This reaffirms alwaysbe available forfurtheranalysis,whichin turndraws attentionto a long-standing drawbackofthechemicalapproachto potteryanalysis.As analyticaltechniquesdevelopand old data becomelessreliableand usefulas comparanda. Such a situationis in marked improve, contrastto pétrographie work,in whichthe originalthinsectioncan, as new needs arise,be re-examined. The comparability ofAAS results, withintheFL and,generally withthoseofthe RLAHA (wherethe same standardclaysare currently used) is, however, good and shouldbe This is valid as long as the same standardisation adequatewithoutreanalysis. proceduresare maintained.The presentprojectconfirmsthe wisdomof any attemptto persuadedifferent laboratories to use identicalclaystandards(see nowJones1994). In conclusion, thisprojecthas achievedmostofitsoriginalaims,butat thesame time,it has raisedseveralissuesin termsof approachto compositionand provenancework,as well as exposinglacunae in the 'map' of characterised productionsourcesin theAegeanand Eastern In theAegeanthemostpressing Mediterranean. needsforfurther worklie in theIslandsand East Greece.The projecthas highlighted someoftheproblemsin identifying theoriginsofthewellknownclassesofIronAge decoratedpottery so commonly foundin Cyprusand theLevantine coast.Hopefully, theworknowinprogress willat leastpartially resolvetheseproblems. TABLE40. Potterysamples fromthe Knossos N Cemetery and resultsof analysis Sample no.
Group A Ai A2 A3 A4
Catalogue no.
Probability888
Clusterno.
Probable origin
5 5 5 5
2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos
- Local Knossian Fine Wares KMF2.2 KMF 160.1 KMF112.2 KMF 207.25
888The number estimatedby quoted is the probability, Professor Coldstream,thatthesamplehas theorigingivenat thehead ofeach group,accordingto thefollowing scale: 1 Untruebeyondreasonabledoubt
2 Unlikely 3 Fifty-fifty 4 Probable 5 True beyondreasonabledoubt
D- J- LIDDY
490 Sampleno.
Catalogueno.
Probability
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
A5 A6
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
2/1
Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos
4 4 5 4 4 5 4 5 4 3
2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 3/3 2/1 2/1 2/1 3/5
Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Attica
5 4 4 5 5 5 5 4
3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/5 3/4 3/4 3/4
Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica
A7 A8 A9 Aio An A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30
207.3 285.60 285.148 285.91 285.96 285.109 287.2 104.12 287.12 292.72 292.81 292.57 292.125 292.64 292.31 292.83 218.108 218.46 107.30 75, not cat. 75, not cat. 75, not cat. 34/56, not cat. 34/56, not cat. 34/56, not cat. 34/56, not cat.
3/3 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 3/3 2/1 2/1 2/1 3/3 2/1 2/1 2/1 (#8892/1) -
Group B Local Knossian. Imitationsof Attic Imports B31 B32 B33 B34 B35 B36 B37 B38 B39 B40
UM/GD 1 KMF 283.2 UM/GD 6 KMF 292.63 KMF 292.74 KMF 292.59 KMF 292.23 KMF 75.99 KMF 104.105 KMF 218.99
Group C Attic Imports C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
207.42 207.7 100.39 285.152 207.13 285.129 285.121 219.91
889The symbol#indicates'mostsimilarto'.
A CHEMICAL
STUDY
OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
^gj
Sampleno.
Catalogueno.
Probability
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
C49 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
3 5 5 5 5 5 4 3 4 4 5 4
3/4 3/5 3/5 3/5 3/5 3/4 3/5 3/4 4/7
Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Attica Euboea
3/5 3/5
Attica Attica
4 3 4 5 5
2/1 3/6 3/6 3/6
Knossos Corinth Corinth Corinth
3 5 3 1 1
2/1
Knossos
4/9 3/3 4/9 4/7
5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 3
4/7 4/7 4/7 3/5 4/7 4/7 4/7 4/7 3/5 4/7
Euboea Euboea Euboea Attica Euboea Euboea Euboea Euboea Attica Euboea
3/5 3/5 2/1 2/1 3/5
Attica Attica Knossos Knossos Attica
4/8 3/5
Naxos Attica
75.205 75.201 219.93 283.102 292.142 285.67 294.12 75.162 31.31 31.16 30.6 106.19
Group D Corinthian Imports D61 D62 D63 D64 D65
KMF KMF KMF KMF
285.134 229.19 56.20 34.13 UM/GH135
Group E Argive (etc.) Imports E66 E67 E68 E69 E70
TEKEJ11 KMF 229.28 KMF 75.182 KMF30.4 RR 1362
Knossos Euboea
Group F Euboean Imports F71 F72 F73 F74 F75 F76 F77 F78 F79 F80
KMF 285.124 KMF 28.18 UM/GB41 UM/GB42 KMF6o(i38).2 KMF 12.8 KMF 134.48 UM/GD36 KMF 285.153 KMF 219.71
Group G Cycladic Imports (1) Presumed Melian G81 G82 G83 G84 G85
KMF 207.52 UM/GH66 KMF 219.91 RR 1365a
RR1365
4 3 4 3 4
Group H Cycladic Imports (2) Presumed Naxian H86 H87
KMF 283.91 UM/GH66
4 4
D- J- LIDDY
492 Sampleno.
Catalogueno.
Probability
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
H88
RR 1755a KMF 292.50 KMF 292.87
3 4 4
4/8 4/8 4/8
Naxos Naxos Naxos
H89 H90
Group J Gycladic Imports (3) Presumed Parian J91 J92 J93 J94 J95
UM/GH 69 KMF 219.99 KMF 292.70 KMF 75.41 UM/GH 68
4 3 3 5 5
4/9 3/5 3/4 4/9 4/9
Attica Attica
Group K East Greek Imports. Presumed Dodecanese K96 K97 K98 K99 Kioo K101 K102 K103 K104 K105
KMF 285.89 KMF 219.7 UM/GH 61 KMF 56.21 KMF 219.97
KSDA31 KMF 57.1 KMF 56.8 KMF 34.18 UM/GH 125
4 3 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5
8/3 + 3/5 2/1 4/9 2/1 4/7 4/8 (#IAg) 4/7
Müetus? Attica Knossos
Knossos Euboea Naxos Euboea
Group L Cypriot Imports of BoR Ware L106 L107 L108 L109 Li io Lm L112 L113 L114 L115
KMF 285.88 KMF 285.52 KMF 292.62 KMF 104.123 KMF 106.39 KMF 292.48 KMF 292.94 UM/GH 124 KMF 283.88 KMF 219.98
Kouklia?
4 5 5 4 5 4 4 5 3 4
5/1 6/8 6/1 6/8
4 4 4 4 4
7/2 5/3 7/2 8/2 (#7/6)
The Levant
5 5 5 3 3
2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1 2/1
Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos Knossos
5^3 5/3 5/3 5/1 2/1 5/1
Cyprus? Cyprus Cyprus Cyprus Cyprus Kouklia? Knossos Kouklia?
Group M Syro-Phoenician Imports M116 M117 M118 M119 M120 Group N N121 N122 N123 N124 N125
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
107.80 292.127 283.50 292.211 292.80
Cyprus The Levant The Levant
- Local Imitationsof BoR Ware KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
218.41 283.83 75.203 218.16 292.109
A CHEMICAL Sample no.
STUDY
Catalogue no.
OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
493
Clusterno.
Probable origin
3/3 2/1 3/3 3/6 3/6
Knossos Knossos Knossos Corinth Corinth
Probability
Group O Various Unusual, Presumed Local Knossian, Fabrics 0126 0127 0128 0129 0130
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
285.22 13.18 292.109 283.8 292.107
5 5 5 5 5
Group P GrittyRed Micaceous Ware, Presumed Local Manufacture P131 P132 P133 P134 P135
KMF KMF KMF KMF KMF
285.132 100.3 283.58 292.78 100.8
5 5 5 5 5
(#4/8)
Naxos?
TABLE/'.bPotterysamples analysed fromthe Instituteof Archaeology (London) Sample no.
Catalogue no.
Probability
Clusterno.
Probable origin
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
7/1 7/4 8/1
Al Mina Al Mina
7/1 7/1 7/4 7/4 8/2
Al Mina Al Mina Al Mina Al Mina
(#K8/4) 7/4
3 3 3 3 3 3
5/1 5/1 8/2 5/1 5/1 6/1
Site A: Al Mina, North Syria. Samples IA1-IA40
GroupR- Al Mina, Red Slip Ware IAi IA2 IA3 IA4 IA5 IA6 IA7 IA8 IA9 IA10
55/870 55/1022 55/1060 55/1017 55/1017 55/1020 55/2025 55/2024 55/1775 55/^79
Al Mina
Group S- Al Mina, BoR Ware IA11 IA12 IA13 IA14 IA15 IA16
IA17 IA18 IA19 IA20
55/ 1078c 55/10780 55/io78a 55/l076 55/1071 55/1076
55/iO9ia 55/1085 55/lo85 55/l97°
55/9^ 55/940
Kouklia Kouklia
3 4 4 4
5/1
Kouklia
8/4 5/1
Kouklia
4 4 4
8/2 8/2 8/2
GroupT- Al Mina,WhitePaintedWare IA21 IA22 IA23
Kouklia Kouklia
D- J- LIDDY
494 no. Sample
no. Catalogue
Probability
Cluster no.
IA24 IA25 IA26 IA27 IA28 IA29 IA30
55/lo89
4 4 4 4 4 3 3
8/3 8/5 8/7 8/5 8/5 S/7 8/3
4 4
8/6 8/7
55/1088 55/944 55^977 55/1795 55/^93
Probable origin
GroupU- Al Mina, BichromeWare IA31 !A32
IA33 IA34 IA35 IA36 IA37 IA38 IA39 IA40
55/931 55/9^
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2
55/922 55/2019 55/1998 55/985 55/1092 55/1091 55/947 55/i8i6
8/7 8/6 8/7 8/7 7/4 8/3 8/7 5/1
AlMina Kouklia
South &'feB: TellAjjul, Palestine, IA41-IA60 Samples GroupV- Tell Ajjul,Tomb(T) Red Slip Ware IA41 IA42 IA43 IA44 IA45 IA46 IA47 IA48 IA49 IA50
EXIV4/1.310 E XIV 6/3.455 E XIV 6/2 E XIV 6/1.12 E XIV 10/1 E XIV 9/1 E XIV 7/2.691 EXIV11/1.691 E XIV 1/2.43 E XIV 1/2
T1074 T. 1112 T. 1112 T. 1103 T 1103 T. 1139 T. 1139 T. 1171 T. ion T. ion
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6/4 6/4 6/4 6/5 6/4 6/4 6/4 6/5 6/5 6/5
TellAjjul TellAjjul TellAjjul TellAjjul TellAjjul Tell Ajjul TellAjjul TellAjjul TellAjjul TellAjjul
T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1074 T. 1067 T. 1024 T. 1074
1 3 i i i i 4 i 2 i
5/3 5/3 6/1 5/4 6/1 6/1 6/1 6/4 8/5 5/4
Cyprus Cyprus
7/3 6/7
Tell Farà? Tell Farà
GroupW- TellAjjul,BoR Ware IA51 IA52 IA53 IA54 IA55 IA56 IA57 IA58 IA59 IA60
E XIV 4/5.314 E XIV 4/5.352 E XIV 4/2.306 E XIV 4/3.349 E XIV 4/2.347 E XIV 4/2.308 E XIV 4/4.318 E XIV 3/2.274 E XIV 2/1.68 EXIV1/-.44
Cyprus
Tell Ajjul Cyprus
IA61-IA80 SiteC: TellFarà,South Palestine, Samples GroupX- Tell Farà,SouthPalestine,Red Slip Ware IA61 IA62
E VII 69/3 E VII 85/13
T. 105 T. 202
5 5
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY Sampleno.
Catalogueno.
IA63 IA64 IA65 IA66 IA67 IA68 IA69 IA70
E VII 22/9 EVII31/1 E VII 39/1 E VII 59/11 E VII 85/1 E VII 59/8 E VII 59/1 E VII 85/4
T. 221 T. 251 T. 212 T. 229 T. 202 T. 229 T. 229 T. 202
Probability
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4
6/7 6/7 6/7 6/2 6/2 6/2 6/2 6/7
Tell Farà Tell Farà Teli Farà Teli Farà Teli Farà Teli Farà Teli Farà Teli Farà
4 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 5
6/5 8/8 6/3 6/1 6/1 6/3 6/1 6/1 6/4 7/3
TellAjjul
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
5/1 6/3 6/3 6/3 5/1 6/3 6/3 8/1 8/4 8/8
Kouklia Cyprus Cyprus Cyprus Kouklia Cyprus Cyprus
7/6 8/4
CentralLevant
GroupY- Teli Farà,SouthPalestine,BoR Ware IA71 IA72 IA73 IA74 IA75 IA76 IA77 IA78 IA79 IA80
E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII E VII
85/12 82/2 33/4 82/6 82/1 25/4 59/10 82/1 33/5 56/1
T. 202 T. 227 T. 241 T. 227 T. 227 T. 211 T. 229 T. 227 T. 241 T. 103
Cyprus Cyprus TellAjjul Teli Farà?
SiteD: Cyprus, SamplesIA81-IA100
GroupZ- Cyprus,BoR Ware IA81 IA82 IA83 IA84 IA85 IA86 IA87 IA88 IA89 IA90
K VI 2/26 K VI 2/25 K VI 2/34 K VI 2/31 K VI 2/39 K VI 2/36 K VI 2/42 KI 4/30 KI 4/35 KI 4/32
GroupZ- Cyprus,Red Slip Ware,PhoenicianType IA91 IA92
K VI 2/2 K VI 2/3
3 3
GroupZ - Cyprus,BlackSlip Ware,PhoenicianType IA93 IA94 IA95
K VI 2/54 K VI 2/5 KVI2/6P)
3 3 3
8/6 7/6 7/6
5 5 5 5 5
8/6 8/6 8/6 8/7 8/4
GroupZ- Cyprus,BichromeWare IA96 IA97 IA98 IA99 IA100
KI 4/16 K VI 2/10 K VI 2/1 KI4/11 K VI 2/11
CentralLevant CentralLevant
4g5
D- J- LIDDY
4q6
Table 'c Pottery samplesanalysedfromtheLouvreand resultsofanalysis Sampleno.
Catalogueno.
Findspot
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
GroupLV- CentralLevant,VariousTypes,LouvreMuseum LVi LV2 LV3 LV4 LV5 LV6 LV9 LV10 LV11 LV12 LV13 LV14 LV15 LV16 LV21
AO2146 AO2147 AO2175P) AO 2176 AO 2145 AOTYR2149 AO 10982 AO 11157 AO 11048 AO 11049 AO 28790 AO 12348 AO 25357 AO 25320 AO 83729
Tyre Bassa (Syria) Bassa Bassa Tyre Tyre S. Lebanon KaferDjarra S.Lebanon KhirbetSelim Levantcoast RiverOrontes Phoenicia Phoenicia ?
8/5 8/6 8/6 8/6 8/2 7/5 7/7 -
CentralLevant CentralLevant
7/7 7/7 8/6 5/1 -
CentralLevant CentralLevant
7/5
CentralLevant
Table $d. Pottery samplesfromCypriotsitesand resultsofanalysis Sampleno.
Clusterno.
Probableorigin
APK0UK0080 APKOUKOO85 APKOUKOO88 APKOUK0092 APKOUK0095
5/1 5/1 5/1 5/1 5/1
Kouklia Kouklia Kouklia Kouklia Kouklia
APLARN0042 APLARN0043 APLARN0046 APLARN0049 APLARN0051 APLARN0053
5/2 5/2 8/6 8/4 5/1 8/8
Kition Kition
-
Amathus Amathus Amathus Amathus Amathus Amathus
Cataloguem.
Probability
GroupCY - Cyprus,FitchLaboratoryReferenceCollection Kouklia(Ko) CY2 CY7 CY10 CY14 CY17 Kition(Ki) CY98 CY99 CY102 CY105 CY107 CY109
Kouklia
Amathus CY182 CY185 CY186 CY187 CY196 CY197
APAMTH0015 APAMTH0018 APAMTH0019 APAMTH0020 APAMTH0029 APAMTH0030
Lapithos(La) CY217 CY218 CY221 CY222
APLAPI0001 APLAPI0002 APLAPI0005 APLAPI0006
8/4 8/3 8/8 8/4
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
^
Table 5. Sample analyses oftheelementas oxide. Concentrations are quotedas percentages Al
Ca
Mg
Ni
K
Si
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
10.15 9.15 9.58 901 9.58 8.29 9.87 8-87 8.87 8-87 9.15 8.44 9.01 9.44 9.15 9.15 9.15 8.58 8.58 9.01 9.01 8.58 9.44 8.44 8.44 9.58 9.44 10.30 8.44 8.44 6.72 8.29
0.95 0.83 0.78 0.82 0.83 0.73 0.83 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.82 0.77 0.99 0.83 0.83 0.99 0.88 0.77 0.83 0.99 0.83 0.99 0.85 0.85 0.83 0.97 0.98 0.97 0.85 0.85 0.63 0.82
0.66 0.79 0.72 0.87 0.70 0.98 0.73 loi loi 0.72 0.77 0.94 1.21 1.13 0.45 0.94 0.97 1.02 0.92 0.97 0.89 0.79 0.98 1.05 1.37 0.84 0.77 0.89 0.93 0.93 0.66 0.94
0.115 0.127 0.117 0.129 0.120 0.125 0.127 0.121 0.117 0.161 0.118 0.128 0.124 0.121 0.121 0.124 0.129 0.132 0.127 0.124 0.128 0.132 0.127 0.127 0.134 0.116 0.114 0.142 0.127 0.127 0.087 0.120
0.077 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.077 0.069 0.080 0.072 0.072 0.074 0.077 0.077 0.084 0.080 0.074 0.080 0.084 0.074 0.072 0.072 0.072 0.072 0.070 0.075 0.070 0.094 0.102 0.094 0.079 0.085 0.061 0.075
0.102 °-°57 0.053 0.051 0.063 0.046 0.081 0.057 0.024 0.069 0.048 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.048 0.051 0.060 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.024 0.051 0.060 0.050 0.053 0.062 0.069 0.066 0053 °-°57 0.041 0.050
2.35 2-65 2.89 2.53 1.93 2.17 1.93 2.65 2.65 2.17 1.99 2.17 2.05 1.45 1.33 2.29 2.17 2.23 l'&1 1-93 I-75 1.21 2.77 2.59 1-74 1.84 !-8i 1.99 J-93 x-93 1.63 2.22
58.8 58.8 56.7 61.0 58.8 65.2 56.7 60.0 58.8 57.8 55.6 57.8 58.8 51.3 55.6 57.8 57.8 58.8 55-6 54-5 54-5 56.7 57.8 64.2 59-9 64.2 62.0 58.8 57-8 588 79.1 57.8
0.124 0.127 0.116 0.136 0.129 0.110 0.114 0.133 0.121 0.103
0.070 0.085 0.085 0.094 0.089 0.075 0.085 0.079 0.079 0.098
0.050 °-°57 0.050 0.049 °-°49 0059 0.042 0.047 °-°45 0.035
2.34 2.35 2.70 2.10 1.81 I-57 1.95 2.53 2.71 2.83
58.8 57.8 62.0 57.8 55.6 5°-3 57.8 57.8 58.8 63.1
0.1 19 0.111
0.102 0.098
0.039 0.035
!-88 2.19
58.8 59.9
A- LocalKnossian FineWares Group Ai A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 Aio An A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A19 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A30
15.69 15.12 15.88 14.93 15.69 14.18 15.69 14.74 14.74 12.23 14.74 12.66 14.36 15.50 15.12 14.74 14.18 12.85 14.00 14.93 14.93 14.36 15.12 13.61 13.23 13.99 14.93 15.31 14.36 14.36 12.29 14.36
6.86 7.83 9.51 8-39 8.81 8.53 9.79 8.81 8.95 ni9 I007 11.19 8.95 11.61 6.02 7-27 8.25 8.39 10.77 10.63 II05 9.23 7.83 7.83 11.75 3-°8 3-36 7.83 7.27 8.25 4-20 6.86
8.62 8.29 9.28 8.62 9.12 6.47 9.95 8-79 8.46 945 8.62 9.28 8.79 8.95 7.79 8.62 8.79 7.96 8.29 8.79 8.62 6.30 9.62 8.29 8.79 8.29 8.29 9.45 8.12 8.29 4.81 6.96
B- LocaiKnossian Imitations Group ofAttic Imports B31 B32 B33 B34 B35 B36 B37 B38 B39 B40
15.31 13.61 13.61 14.74 ^S1 15.12 ^-õ0 14.74 14-rô 16.44
10.35 9.23 8.25 8.11 7-69 7.41 10.63 8.25 9-65 7-69
6-9^ 8.95 7.46 9.28 8.95 7.63 7-9^ 8.95 8.95 5-^4
8.72 8.44 8.29 9.15 9.01 8.72 9.01 8.72 8.44 7.87
0.77 0.88 0.85 0.93 0.97 0.93 0.90 0.85 1.00
1.09 1.12 1.00 1.09 0.82 0.70 0.88 0.89 0.94 0.74
6.30 4-97
8.44 9-87
1.07 0.98
0.79 1.00
GroupC AtticImports C41 C42
16.07 14.93
IO-77 9-37
D- J- LIDDY
4g8 Al
Ca
C43 C44 C45 C46 C46 C47 C48 C49
16.44 15.12 14.18 16.43 18.52 16.07 16.25 16.07
7-83 7.00 9.51 6-3° 6.72 5-^7 6.51 7-27
C51 C52 C53 C54 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60
15-88 16.25 16.82
8.81
C50
16.43
19.47 16.63 16.82 16.82 23.06 14.36 15.12 16.07
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
5*31 5.39 4.64 5-39 5.22 4-8i 5.31 5-x4
8.72 8.87 8.29 8.72 8.58 8.29 8.72 8.87
1.07 ~
0.70 0.71 0.71 °-67 0.69 0.75 0.70 °-7I
o. 112
0.102 °-°94 0.085 0.094 0.094 0.088
5-39 572 5.14 5.39 5-31 5.47 5.14 2.90 6.47 5.47 5-47
8.15 8.44 8.44 9.44 9-3° 8.72 8.72 9.44 7.29 7.58 8.29
0.71 °-66
0.096 0.115 0.108
Mg
7-98
Il89 7.69 6.30 6-58 7.90 6.30 4.97 12.03 7.55 5-39
5-39
8.15
~ ~ ~
°75
0.69 0.57 °-57 0.82 0.80 1.09 0.75 0.71 °-82
0.139 0.093 0.111 0.120 0.105 0.105 0.142
oo89
0.107 °-m 0.106 0.108 0.152 0.127 0.092 0.103
Ni
K
Si
0.037 °-°55 °-°45 °-°48 0.046 0.042 0.045 0.046
2-59 1-81 2O2 J-34 1.30 1.80
2.83 2.46 2-69 l66
0.075
0.042 0.041 o-°39 0-053 0.051 0.042 0.045 0.012 0.031 0.045 0.039
1.76 i. 61
0.091 0.091
009l
0.088 0.091 0.085 0.099 0.098 0.088 0.091 0.034 0.060 0.088
°-°38
2-°5 2.39
2-83
1.69 2.65 2-^9 3.62 2.65 2-65 2-47
61.0 57-8 53-5 55-2 55.6 57.3 56-° 55.2
57-3
54.1 50.9 55.6 53-5 53.0 53.5 55-2 52.4 47.1 57-3 57-3
Imports GroupD Corinthian D61 D62 D63 D64 D65
13.99 14.93 17.01 16.25 17.01
17.07 7.97 14.69 "75 13.15
6.96 7.96 4.23 373 4.06
8.15 8.72 9.01 8.58 8.01
5.14 3-32 779 3.81 2.90
8.00 7-87 872 7.29 8.44
2.44 2.45 2.40 4.89 2.57 2.45 2.57 2.35 5.14 5.14 2.47
7.29 7.87 7.29 7.87 9.00 8.00 7.44 7.72 7.87 7.87 8.15
-
0.58 0.81 0.44 °-63 0.96
0.112 0.127 0.139 °-I27 0.117
0.063 0.085 0.044 0.039 0.039
0.046 0.062 0.023 0.019 0.018
I-7I 2.89 2.82
45.3 50.9 49-2 52.4 52.4
1.21 I25 °-5° 1.67 1.05
0.115 OI55 0II° 0.061 0.124
0.056 °-°34 OO75 0.047 0.029
0.042 00I9 OO59 OO27 0.008
2.59 J-93 I-45 374 4.94
54.5 567 5°-3 58-2 53.9
1.59 1.31 1.35 0.73 1.17 1.48 1.55 1.39 0.66
0.026 0.032 0.029 0.086
0.009 0.011 °-°°8 0.034 0.011 o-0" 0.008 °011
0.59 1.33
0.129 0.132 0.127 0.111 0.143 0.147 0.054 0.134 0.096 0.093 0.129
oo89 0.037
0.034 OO38 0.011
3-55 3.55 3-S6 2-82 3.05 3-37 4.28 374 2I2 222 3.80
58-8 56.7 57-3 55.6 55.2 59-9 56.7 59-9 57-8 52-4 58.8
0.67 0.88
0.105 0.105
0.082 0.086
0.038 0.038
1.74 2.47
56.7 59.9
GroupE Argive(etc.)Imports E66 E67 E68 E69 E70
15.50 18.33 16.07 18.71 20.03
8.81 8-25 5-67 8.53 6.16
-
GroupF EuboeanImports F71 F72 F73 F74 F75 F76 F77 F78 F79 F79 F80
18.90 19.47 l8-33 14.55 21.36 18.90 21.17 18.14 H-93 15.88 19.85
4.90 3.08 476 8. 11 3.50 4.34 2.94 3.71 8.67 8.39 4.48
-
0.032 0.029 0.026 0.029 0.086
Melian (i) Presumed GroupG CycladicImports G81 G81
15.69 15.69
9.51 8.39
5.31 5.39
8.00 7.87
-
A CHEMICAL
G82 G83 G83 G84 G85
Al
Ca
15.12 14.36 14.55 13.03 14.55
8.81 8.1 1 8.11 9.98 "47
Mg 5.47 8.62 8.46 8.45 547
STUDY Fe 7.72 8.29 8.15 8.03 7-44
OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
4gg
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
~
0.88
0.103 o.i 15 0.115 0.1 15 0.096
0.082 0.072 0.075 0.067 0-076
0.034 0.047 °-°5I 0.038 0.031
2.92 2-41 248 2.23 2.74
59.9 57-8 524 53.5 54.5a
0.042 0.082
0.018
2.89 3.29 3-23 3.11 3-" 3X3
56.7 52.4 59-9 54.5 55-6 53-5
3.29 2.55 1.39 2.29 3.40
58.2 50.3 51.3 57.8 56.7
3.37 3-3° 2.77 2.65 0.94 3.37 2-7I 3-55 3.46 3.05 3.55
58.2 57-8 56.7 49.6 47.1 50.9 5°-9 55-6 58.2 57.3 58.8
52.4 49.2 ¿9-5 50.3 59.9 48.1 57.8 610
35.3 52.4
1.09 1.08 0.71 °-93
Ni
K
Si
JVaxian GroupH CycladicImports(n) Presumed H86 H87 H88
19.66 16.25 18.52 18.52 18.52 19.28
H89 H90 H90 GroupJ J91 J92 J93 J94 J95
-
1.51 9-23 2.10 3.43 2.73 3.08
4.28 4-64 2.82 4.31 4.39 4.39
9.30 701 8.87 9.87 9.87 9.72
~ -
0.93 °43 0.96 1.83 2.09 2.02
0.143 0.074 0.168 0.209 0.187 0.174
0.037 0.037 0.037 0.035
~ -
1.15 0-55 0.43 1.13 1.24
0.084 0.120
0037 0.086
0.098 0.116
0.094 0.037 0.041
1.52 1.54 °-86
0.074 0.075 0I07 °112
0.038 °-0I5 0.015 o-OI3 °0I5
Parian CycladicImports(ill) Presumed 15.50 14.18 i5-5° x7-39 17.01
8.25 10.77 6-93 5-32 6.02
2.49 5°6 4-97 2-62 3.45
6.72 901 8.58 7.15 7.72
0.105
0.018 0.042 0.051 0.020 0.015
Presumed Dodecanesian GroupK East GreekImports, 16.82 16.82
K96 K96 K97 K98 K99 Kioo K101 K102
15-5° 14.74 15.88 17.20 15.31 22.11
K103 K104 K105
18.33 16.25 20.98
4.62 4.62 9-37 n-33 13.99 6.58 10.49 7.41 3.50 J3-99 4.83
3.07 3.10 5-!4 912 7-63 2.79 945 1.89 4.89 2O7 3.05
6.72 6.86 7-72 901 9I5 6.15 8.72 7.15 8.44 6-29 7.72
~ ~ -
0-75 I-78 1.32 0-73 0.82 1.86 0Ö0 0.63
OI39 0.043 0.124 0.077 0.1 10 0.084 0.103
0051 0.047 0.091 0.072 oo64 0035 0.048 0.029 0.032 0.026
0.027 0.027 0.042 0.051 0.066 0.020
0.041
0.017
0.059 °011 0.017 0.008
GroupL Cypriot Imports qfBoR Ware L106 L107 L108 L109 L110 Lin L112 L113 L114 L115
13.99 9.83 11.34 9.45 12.29 15.12 11.91 12.29 14.18 12.10
I2-59 15.10 2.38 17.49 8-" 11.19 9.23 I0-21 10.35 10.77
2-55 2.23 1.49 2-28 3.15 2.49 2.24 3X5 IO-27 2-62
6.44 6.08 6.22 5-65 758 7.87 7.01 6-86 9-87 6.58
-
0.022 0.016
0.013 0.010
0.96 0.70
0.124 0.160 0.181 0.124 0.160 0.102 0.151 0.155 0.123 0.133
0.019 0.019 0.025 0.020 0.019 0.022 0.073 0.019
0.009 0.014 0.017 0.020 0.017 0.013 o-°62 0.013
1.42 0.92 I-35 1.17 1.08 0.82 0.64 l-&7 I23 1.70
0.16 0.34
0.061 0.084
0.022 0.022
0.011 0.014
0.57 1.08
0.48 0.44 0.42 0.31 0.63 0.36 0.28 0.61
54-5 58.8
GroupM Syro-Phoenician Imports M116 M117
7.94 12.47
27.98 !4-69
0.86 1.92
4.29 6.51
-
D- J- LIDDY
500 Al M118
6.62
M119 M120
12.29 15.88
Ca 32.18 l$-ll 22.94
Mg 1.39
3-4° 1.36
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
3.43
-
0.39
0.048
0.022
7-29 5.01
~ -
OI29 0.017
0.048 0.025
0.86 0.86
0.125 0.128
0.97 1.60 0.51
0.123 0.124 0.097
0.075 0.072
0.92 0.73 0.53 0.57 0.36
°-93 0.12
Ni 0.009 0.031 °011
K
Si
°^9
1.21
321
I23
52.4 3^4
0.077 0.069 0.077
0.057 0.057
OO53 0.053 0.074
2.43 2.17
53-5 54.5
0.099 0.103 o.i io o.iii 0.117
0.083 0.075 0.088
0.046 0.046 0.064 0.020 0.037
1.95 1.63 l-3l 2.26 1.48
60.3 53.5 582 53.9 52.4
N - LocalImitations Group ofBoRWare N121 N122 N123 N124 N125
20.41 15.50 14.00 13.61 15-69
9.23 10.63 8.11
12.30 6.72
9.28 9-2Ö
8.79 9.12 10.61
8.72 958
8.58 8.58 10.01
-
2.41 I-11 2.01
55-6 524 52.4
Local) Fabrics Group0 VariousUnusual(Presumed 0126 0127 0128 0129 0130
14.18 12.66 14.93 17.39 16.82
3.53 10.91 448 8-95 9.37
7.79 7.30 746 2.57 5.14
8.00 7.72 8.58 9.15 9.30
-
0.039 0.056
Local RedMicaceousWare,Presumed GroupP Gritty
P131 P132 P133 PJ34 P135
20.41 13.04 20.79 ^-õ1 21.17
3.22 3.50 1-9^ 3-36 2.31
6.22 1.43 6.80 2.19 5.72
9.87 6.86 14.30 7.01 11.73
~
0.62 1.33 0.65 0.27 °-55
0.074 0.037 0.035 0.035 0.209
0.020 0.035 0.020 0.032 0.020
0.011 00I7 0.011 0.017 0.011
3.07 I25 2.99 1.25 2.89
51.3 67.4 50.3 67.4 49.2
0.31 0.26 0.40 0.26 0.15
0.054 0.041 0.161 0.057 0.039
00I5 0.020 0.092 o-OI5 00I5
00°8 0.008 0.028 0.008 oo°8
*47 2.51 1.63 1.47 I-39
25.6 35.3 47.1 26.7 26.7
°-01 °-7I 0.22
Ol83 oo84 0.022
°-°53 00I5 0.020
OO42 °-°°8 0.008
2.19 3 49 3.04
43.8 5°-3 38.5
0.178 0.124 0.152 0.139 OI39 0.134 0.110 °-227 °-245 0.111 0.150
0.018 0.028 0.047 0.022 OO28 0.022 0.023 1608 X462 0.044 0.034
0.011 0.011 °°2Ö 0.012 oon 0.009 0.012 0.014 0.017 0023 0.014
2.27 2.22 2.25 2.07 l88 lò$ 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.22 2.18
58.8 59.9 44.9 51.3 524 74-9 -
R-Al Mina,RedSlipWare Group IAi IA2 IA3 IA4 IA5 IA6
IA7
IA8 IA9 IA10
6.05 12.66 7.84 5.67 7-28
34.98 22.94 19.31 32.88 35.67
1.14 1.46 3.90 1.11 1.33
3.29 4.72 5.58 3.43 3.72
-
12.10 15.88 15.50
16.23 11.75 17.91
547 3-65 1.46
701 6o1 5.29
~ -
7.01 7.15 7.01 6.36 6-01 5.58 6.44 11.44 10.87 5-86 6.86
~ -
14.36 12.66
20.71 23.08
1.44 1.36
5.15 4.50
-
0.31 0.24
0.050 0.021
0.018 0.018
0.008 0.008
2.83 2.41
22.5 34.2
S-AlMina,BoR Ware Group IA11 IA12 IA13 IA14 IA15 IA16 IA17 IA18 IA18 IA19 IA20
13.99 13.04 12.10 11.91 10.40 12.47 12.66 10.58 10.21 9.07 13.61
11.89 7.27 15.11 14.97 13.43 2.10 17.63 15.11 14.69 13.43 11.89
3-22 3.23 5.31 2.98 3X5 1.46 2.72 4.03 2.57 6-8° 2.95
0.54 0.65 0.98 0.49 °-57 0.38 0.51 °-86 °-85 I23 0.66
50.3
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED Al
Ca
Mg
IRON AGE POTTERY Ni
^0]
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
K
6.44 7.08 7.58 7.58 8.15 8.15 8.15 8.29 8.44 7.29 8.01
0.82 0.73
0.85 0.98 0.89 0.84 1.40 1.59 1.19 1.13 1.13 1.08 0.81
0.120 0.139 0.136 0.136 0.117 0.227 0.178 0.201 0.194 0.207 0.129
0.073 0.053 0.060 0.045 0.067 °-°45 0.031 0.048 0.045 0.045 0.060
0.020 0.018 0.028 0.028 0.032 0.020 0.015 0.020 0.020 0.027 0.027
2.71 2.39 2.01 2.05 2.29 1.54 1.96 2.22 2.17 2-59 2-74
7.08 6.58 7.08 6.58 701
-
1.46 1.19 1.27 1.51 !-54
0.165 0.213 0.181 0.137 OI59
0.053 0.056 0.041 0.073 °-°37
0.018 0.018 0.018 00I5 00I5
1.35 2.14 2.17 2.11 2-n 2.02
-
0.51
0.139 0.217 0.103
0.034 0.024
0.009 0.032 0.020 00H
2-Ö3 2.47 2.24 2-68
-
1.08
0.105
0.022
0.009
0.90
0.127 0.099 0.109 0.109 0.123
0.019 0.022 0.022 0.022
0.099 0.107 0.096
OO22 0.019 0.019
0.094 0.142 0.142 0.127 0.196 0.080 0.134 0.158 0.088 0.163 0.160 0.222 0.219
0.020 0.022 0.025 0.020 0.020 0.028 0.025 0.022 0.025 0.044 0.050 0.020 0.018
Si
GroupT- Al Mina, WhitePaintedWare
IA21 IA22 IA23 IA23 IA24 IA25 IA26 IA27 IA28 IA29 IA30
11.53 11.72 12.85 12.66 13.61 13.61 12.10 13.42 13-99 14.18 15-50
I511 14.69 !5-95 17.49 10.77 17.91 20.57 15.67 X6.5i J5-67 12.87
4-8i 6.88 564 564 5-39 6.96 5.31 7.21 7.21 6.38 6.38
5°-3 õ1^
Ware GroupU Al Mina, Bichrome
IA31 IA32 IA33 IA34 IA35
IA36 IA37 IA38 IA39 IA40
12.10 11.72 12.10 12.29 12.29
10.58 14.55 13.99 11.91 13.04
20.00 18.89 17.91 J3-99 I5-67 21.68
2I-54 I5-11 18.89 16.51
6.88 6.63 6.30 564 5-31
6.38 I-4I 5^9 6.30 3.23
6.44 501 8.01
7.29 6.58
~ -
1.01 o-20 1.01 1.19
0.209 0.022
0.034 0.018 0.060
0.018
-
GroupV-TellAjjul, Red Slip Ware
IA41
IA42 IA43 IA44 IA45 IA46 IA47
IA48 IA49 IA50
10.21 10.40 9-45 8.51 10.21 9.07 10.02
9.07 9.83 9.45
7.83
7.55 7-OO 9.23 8.25 6.72 9.23
8.53 10.77 11.33
2.02 2.49 2I6 1.96 2.30 2.01 2.55
1.72 1.99 2I9
6.58
6.72 6.58 5.58 6.44 6.72 6.15
-
-
1.18 0.96 0.09 0.86 0.81
5.29 565 5-51
-
0.69 0.74 0.70
7.08 6.72 6.86 6.86 6.86 6.86 6.44 6.58 6.29 8.15 8.29 6.94 6.72
-
0.28 0.49 0.50 0.36 0.31 0.31 0.37 0.32 0.89 1.27 1.19 0.34 0.32
0.1 16
0.022 0.022
0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009
1-51
x-6o x-6i I2° I*33 *-39 *-77
57-8
62.0 64.2 61.0 61.0 63.1 62.0
0009 0.009 0.009
^õ8 1.17 In
66.3 53-5 52-4
0.020 0.020 0.016 0.010 0.013 0.009 0.009 0.010 0.008 °-OI9 0.017 0.013 0.010
1.11 1.07 1.11 1.33 1.01 I24 *-49 1.07 2.05 0.94 1.04 096 0.90
74.9 51.3 52.4 72.7 71.7 69.5 7°-6 69.5 67.4 44.9
GroupW-TellAjjul, BoR Ware
IA51 IA52 IA52 IA53 IA54 IA55 IA56 IA57 IA58 IA59 IA59 IA60 IA60
7.94 8.32 8.13 9.26 10.77 10.58 11.34 10.77 11.15 11.15 12.47 11.91 13.23
3.22 13.99 14.70 3.08 5-39 1.54 2-52 3-78 3.78 13.57 l$-lb 7.97 2.03
1.36 3-37 3.40 1.66 2I9 1.13 x-62 1.64 2.04 5.80 585 3.08 2.16
72.7 70.6
D. J. LIDDY
5O2 Al
Ca
Mg
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
Ni
K
°-24 I01 0.62 0.69
0.061 0I05 0.103 0.106
0.013 0.013 0.013 0.010
0.65 0.69 1.29 1.06 0.46 0.97
0.094 0.083 0.062 0.123 0.036 0.105
0.013 0.013 0.013 o.010 0.013 0.013
0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.008
1.23 1.66 1.83 1.59 JI6 1.42
0.81 1.70 0.43 0.39 0.34 0.40 °43 0.36 1.06
0.054 0.105 0.094 0.120 0.090 o. 114 0.086
0.008
0.47
0.085
0.022 0.042 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.028 OO25
0.009 0.009 0.007 0007
1.11 1.08 229 I'<29 *-57 1.75 I28 I-4° 1.45 io8
69.5 44.9 ¿9-5 7°-6 72-7 69.5 68.4 7!-7 66.3 471
0.84 0.39
0.120 0.172
0.019 0.013
0.009 0.007
x-75 I-51
54-5 73-8
0.57 0.71 0.39 °-35 0.89
0.132 0.168
0.019 0.019 0.016 0.016 0.104
0.007 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.011
I-^4 !-64 1.59 J-^4 1.08
73-8 54-5 70.6 ^84 38.5
2.02
0.123
Si
GroupX-Tell Fará, Red Slip Ware IA61 IA62 IA63 IA64
8.88 10.39 10.77 10.21
10.77 13.29 12.10 11.72 11.91 10.70
IA65 IA66 IA67 IA68 IA69 IA70
18.47 9-93 I511 9.65
IO-77 2.94 4.62 3.50 4.48 12.17
l'ß I-9^ 2-45 1.96
343 5-43 5-58 5.43
2I^ 2.04 1.86 1.51 1.74 2.35
5-58 7.01 6.15 6.29 5.86 5.72
2.04 2.32 1.94 1.54 1.58 1.66 I28
5.36 8.58 5.93 6.44 6.01 6.01
~ ~ -
-
0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008
1.16 1.75 1.23 1.29
-
~ -
GroupY- TellFará, BoR Ware 8.88 12.66 15.12 12.66 11.72 13.04 n-53 12.10
IA71 IA72 IA73 IA74 IA75 IA76 IA77 IA78 IA79 IA80
10.77 6.99
3.27 9.09 3.78 2.80 2.66 3.08 3-^4 5.46 2-66 21.68
1.96 *-99 1.56
5-93 6.15 6.58 4.15
-
0.059 0.068
0.014 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.008
BoR Ware Z- Cyprus, Group IA81 IA82
IA83
IA87 IA88 IA90
-
-
13.04 12.10
13.80 x3-99 7.56
2.94 13.85 2.80 4-34 22.40
1.51 2.70 1.74 x-99 3.73
6.01 6.22 6.22 ^-22
~ -
11.91
10.63
5.14
8-oi
10.77 -
12.10 12.29
IA94 IA95 -
x3-99
I-48
6-x3
6o1
6.15
6-01
~
~ -
°47
°-92
Ol88
0.176 °-1^1 0.161
°-in
0.016
°-°5° 0.037
0.005
OO24 0.009
1-53
J-79
1.37
74-9
48-1 52.4
20.99
1.56
I5-67
3-51
2O-99
^õ6
4.22
4I5
¿.oí
-
-
-
0.53
0.017
0.022
I-59
374
374
0.051
0.012
l-5I
1.69
43.8
OI52
ao57
°012
0.019 °-0I9
0.005 OOO7
x-75
46°
OI32 0.178
OO47 0.064
°-OI5 0.018
2-02 1.95
44-9 47.1
00I7
°-O25
l81
2.22
0.007
0009
°5l
0.111
Cyprus(cont.),BlackSlip Ware,PhoenicianType 12.29
IA93
2-38
Cyprus(cont.),Red Slip Ware,PhoenicianType 11.53
IA92
IA96 IA97
6.15 6.01
11.91
IA91
IA91
GroupZ
2-82 1.69
945
IA89
GroupZ
I2I7 3.15
12.29
IA84 IA85 IA86
GroupZ
12.47 12.85
lò-§ò
20.15 2O29
5-01
1.64 15Q
7X5
4.29 4-36
~
~
0.71 °-53
0.018 00I7
l83 l8°
39-6 374
Ware Cyprus(cont.),Bichrome 12.47 13.42
rô-51 14.27
6-63 6.71
7-44 8.01
~ -
!-44 1.69
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED Al
Ca
IA98 IA99 IA100
13.42 11.53 9.83
14.55 18.89 16.65
Group CT
-
Mg 5-89 5-6° 3-81
IRON AGE POTTERY Ni
503 K
Fe
Ti
Na
Mn
Cr
Si
787 6.86 5-86
-
1.54 124 1.85
0.181 0.142 o. 115
0.051 0.047 0.041
0.015 00I5 0.015
1.87 2.18 1.47
49.2 4J-7 41.7
CypriotReferenceSamples
Cyprus Kouklia
12.59 13.15 17.21 9.37 H-õõ
4*8 3.55 3.15 3.15 3-20
5-86 6.65 6.58 6.72 6.36
-
0.55 0.40 0.53 0.69 0.61
0.159 0.142 0.155 0.142 0.183
0.020 0.023 0.026 0.026 0.026
0.011 oon 0.012 0.012 0.012
2.43 2.53 2.25 2.39 1.98
-
CY98 13.61 CY99 12.85 CY102 12.29 CY105 11.15
3.36 3.01 !7-35 16.23
1.44 1.31 6.47 464
7.01 6.86 7.87 6.29
-
0.55 0.61 1.62 1.28
0.248 o. 181 0.148 0.161
1.93 1.95 1.63 2.23
CY109
13.71
4.94
7.58
-
2.02
0.026
o.oii 0.010 0.017 OOI5
-
0.121
0.028 0.038 0.057 0.054
0.137
0037
0.012
1.74
-
1.47 1-44 1.49 1-49 2.79 2.85
6.63 6.15 6.22 6.02 6.23 6.23
-
0.56 0.59 0.53 0.55 0.59 0.58
0.096 0.081 0.103 0.098 0.129 0.129
0.025 0.030 0.025 0.030 0.030 0030
o-010 0.010 o.010 0.010 o.010 0.010
í-66 1.74 1.69 1.78 1.71 1.82
4.96 4.53 3-85 4.61
6.44 7.58 8.15 6.01
-
1.40 1.23 1.59 1.02
0.096 0.230 0.158 0.096
0.044 0.047 0.050 0.041
0.019 0022 0.015 0.019
2.47 2.81 1.66 2.12
0.160 0.168 0.168 0.134 0.121 0.017 0.027 0.160 0.026
0.041 0.037 0.050 0.051 0.054 0.023 0.044 0.031 0.037
0.022 0017 0.017 0.015 0.027 o-010 0.012 0.012 °011
1.06 1.57 2.12 x-96 I-98 2.39 2.68 1.16 2.71
CY2 CY7 CY10 CY14 CY17
12.10 14.20 16.61 13.04 12.47
- Kition Cyprus
CY107
12.85
11.91
n-75
2-79
6.72
-
0.66
0.012
1.66
- Amathus Cyprus CY182 CY185 CY186 CY187 CY196 CY197
13.82 13.35 13.04 12.85 13.04 12.85
1.17 l-5& 1.61 J-33 12.60 n-34
-
- Lapithos Cyprus CY217 12.47 CY218 13.80 CY221 11.15 CY222 10.21
I2-87 9.09 11.05 15.11
/Phoenician Sites Group LV- Louvre Samples, Various Central-Levantine
LVi LV2 LV3 LV4 LV5 LV6 LV9 LV10 LV11
LV12 LV13 LV14 LV15
LV16 LV21
14.18 11.72 11.91 11.72 12.29 16.07 9.64 18.90 9.26 9.64 12.29 12.10 8.32
13.61 18.14
15.67 16.09 15.81 16.51 !5-95 n-89 26.02 12.87 18.47 25.46 !3-99 13.29 19.31
13.15 3.36
7.13 7'13 7.21 7.21 4-6i 1.99 2.71 0-86 0-83
0.80 5-97 2.85 10.78
1.38 2.71
8.87 7-44 7.44 6.86 7.72 6.29 5.58 9.01 5-59
5.43 7-72 6.72 4.72
5.01 7.15
-
-
-
1.62 1-67 1.97 1.62 0.88 0.59 0.38 0.12 0.23
0.23 1.56 0.49 0.55
0.40 0.57
0.033 0.158 0.084 0.080
0.018 0.095
OO31 0.054 0031 0.023
0.023 0028
0.011 0.017 0.012 ooio
°011 0.010
1.86 1.52 2. 11 0.94
2.05 4.10
-
D- J- LIDDY
5O4
TABLE6. Memberships ofindividualclusters Cluster2/1KnossosA Ai A14 B31 D62 E66 G83 K98 Li 14 N121 O127
A2 A16 B32
A3 A17 B33
A4 A18 B34
A5 A19 B35
A6 A21 B37
A7 A22 B38
A8 A25 B39
Ag A26
Aio A27
C54
C56
G84 K101 N122 N123 N125
B Cluster2/2Khossos A23 K99 N124 C Cluster3/3Knossos A15 B36 E68 O126
A20
A24
O128
A Cluster3/4Attic C41 J93
C42
C43
C44
C46
C47
C48
C49
C51
C52
C53
C55
C59
C60
F75
F76
F77
F78
F80
B Cluster3/5Attic B40 C45 F74 G81 H87 J92 K97
C50 F79 G82
G85
Cluster3/6 Corinth D63 O129
D64 D65 O13O
Cluster4/7Euboea
C57 E70 F71
K102
F72
K105
F73
An A30
A12
A13
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED Cluster4/8 Naxos H86 K103 (P131)
H88
H89
H90
Cluster4/9? E67 J91 Kioo
E69 J94
J95
Cluster5/1Kouklia? L106 IA11 IA40 IA81 LV14 CY2 CY107
L113 IA12
L115 IA14
IA15
IA17
CY10 CY14
CY17
IA20
IA85 CY7
Cluster5/2 Kition? CY98
CY99
Cluster5/3 Cyprus Lho M117 IA51
Lm
L112
IA52
Cluster5/4 Cyprus IA54
IA60
Cluster6/1? L108 IA16 IA53 IA74
IA55 IA75
IA56 IA77
IA57 IA78
Cluster6/2 TellFarà IA66
IA67
IA68
IA69
Cluster6/3 Cyprus
IA73 IA82
IA76 IA83 IA84 IA86 IA87
Cluster6/4 TellAjjul IA41 IA58 IA79
IA42
IA43
IA45
IA46
IA47
IRON AGE POTTERY
505
D. J. LIDDY
5o6 Cluster6/5 TellAjjul
IA44 IA71
IA48 IA49 IA50
Cluster6/7 TellFarà IA62
IA63
IA64
IA65
Cluster6/8 Cyprus L107
L109
Cluster7/1AlMina IAi
IA4
IA5
Cluster7/2 TheLevant? M116
M118
Cluster7/3 TellFarà IA61 IA80 Cluster7/4AlMina IA2 IA37
IA6
IA7
Cluster 7/5 CentralLevant LV16 LV6 Cluster 7/6 CentralLevant (Mi 20)
IA91
IA94
IA95
Cluster7/7 LV9
LV11 LV12
Cluster8/1 IA3 IA88 Cluster8/2 M119 IA8 IA13 IA21 LV5
IA22
IA23
IAio
IA70
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED IRON AGE POTTERY
507
Cluster 8/3
K97O
IA30
IA24 IA38 CY218
Cluster8/4 IA19 IA89 IA92 IA100 CY105 CY217
CY222
Cluster8/5 IA25 IA59 LVi
IA27
IA28
IA34 IA96 LV3
IA97 LV4
IA98 LV13
IA29 IA33
IA35
IA36
Cluster8/6 IA31 IA93 LV2 CY102 Cluster8/7 IA26 IA32 IA99
IA39
Cluster8/8 IA72 IA90 CY109 CY221 Table 7. Groupcompositions, expressedas meansand standarddeviations Cluster
2/1
2/2
3/3
3/4
Group
Local A
Local B
Local C
AtticA
AtticB
Al
14.74 1.20
14.24 1.43
1506 0.61
16.60 1.24
Ca
9.02 1.35
12.68 1.17
5.08 1.57
Mg
8.64 0.95
8.51 0.78
7.79 0.28
3/5
3/6
3/7
Corinth
Euboea
1560 0.84
16.90 0.42
20.19 1.55
7.21 1.47
8.80 1.49
11.58 2.45
4.59 1.27
5.27 0.37
5.26 0.30
3.95 0.93
2.54 0.31
D. J. LIDDY
5o8 Cluster Group Fe Ti
2/1
2/2
3/3
3/4
Local B
Local C
AtticA
8.93 0.56
8.72 0.38
8.77 0.50
8.85 0.46
8.02 0.46
8.81 0.52
7.96 0.71
0.86
-
-
1.04
-
-
-
Local A
0.07
3/5 AtticB
3/6
3/7
Corinth
Euboea
0.05
Na
0.91 0.15
1.58 0.21
0.65 0.18
0.70 0.14
0.73 0.12
0.59 0.23
1.23 0.29
Mn
0.124 0.009
0.132 0.008
o.iii 0.007
0.112 oon
o.ioi 0.010
0.122 0.011
0.029
0.076 0.008
0.068
0.083 0.011
0095 0.005
0.086
0.003
0.005
0.043 0.007
0.031 0.004
Ni
0.052 0.015
0057 0.008
0.058 0.009
0.045 0.006
0.039 0.004
0.023 0.008
oon 0.002
K
2.23 0.37
1.26 0.42
1.57 0.26
1.91 0.47
2.58 0.36
2.23 0.64
3.74 0.48
Cr
Si Cluster Group
56.1 5.0
56.0 2.8
55.7 3.3
52.0 1.7
57.0 2.4
6/1
6/2
56.9 3.3
53.1 6.4
4/8
4/9
5/1
5/2
Naxos
?
Kouklia ?
Kition ?
Cyprus
?
5/3+4
0.121
Tell Farà
Al
18.81 0.53
17.36 1.13
12.94 1.29
13.23 0.54
11.55 2.27
H-38 1.00
I2-26 0.71
Ca
2.73 0.79
7.15 2.68
12.88 0.25
3.19 4.42
8.42 1.10
3.00 0.80
3.89 0.80
Mg
4.18 0.70
3.08 0.52
3.07 0.38
1.38 0.09
2.44 0.65
1.54 0.22
1.79 0.22
Fe
9.35 0.59
7.15 0.54
6.53 0.34
6.94 0.11
7.03 0.44
6.31 0.41
6.33 0.49
1.29
0.59
0.58
0.37
0.37
0.88
0.04
0.37
Na
1.62
0.04
0.12
0.141 0.022
0.215 0.047
0.152 0052
0.117 0.038
0.076 0.037
0-039 0.005
0.024 0.004
o-°33 0.007
0.021 0.002
0.022 0.003
0.012 0.001
0.020
0.012 0.001
0.010 0.001
0.016
0.009 0.000
0.008 0.000
0.53
0.20
Mn
0.165 0.035
0.094 0.040
Cr
0.037 0.003 0.016 0.002
Ni
0.004
0.11
0.004
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED Cluster
4/8
4/9
5/1
5/2
Group
Naxos
?
Kouklia?
Kition?
K
IRON AGE POTTERY 5/3+4 Cyprus
509
6/1
6/2
?
Tell Farà
3.16
3.00
2.06
1.94
0.96
1.36
1.56
0.19
0.72
0.35
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.29
56.4 2.4
56.4 2.8
55.9 3.6
62.2 10.4
71.0 2.0
Cluster
6/3
6/4
6/5
6/7
6/8
7/1
Group
Cyprus
TellAjjul
Tell Farà
Cyprus
Si
Tell Ajjul
-
Al Mina
7/2 Levant?
Al
13.45 0.94
I0-16 0.67
9^5 0.51
IO-57 0.25
9-64 0.26
6-33 0.84
7-20 0.93
Ca
3.21 0.65
6.63 2.26
8.63 3.20
11.53 2.23
16.30 1.69
34.51 1.45
30.08 2.97
Mg
1.72 0.20
2.20
1.98 0.17
2.18 0.22
2.26
0.23
1. 19 0.12
1.13 0.38
Fe
6.06
6.51
5.48
5.55
0.04
5.86
3.48
3.86
0.12
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.30
0.22
0.61
0.43 0.07
0.97 0.13
0.61 0.29
0.79 0.19
0.38 0.09
0.24 0.08
0.28 0.16
0.148 0.035
0.019
0.091 0.021
0.103 0.005
0.142 0-025
0.050 0.010
0.055 0.009
0.003
0.023 0.002
0.020 0.002
0.012 0.001
0.018 0.002
0.015 0.000
0.022 0.000
0.007 o. 001
0.009 o. 001
0.009 0.000
0.008 0.000
0.012 0.003
0.008 0.000
o. 010 o. 001
K
1.71 0.27
1.51 0.23
1.23 0.19
1.38 0.22
1.05 0.18
1.44 0.05
0.63 0.09
Si
71.5 2.6
63.0 3.0
26.3 0.6
33.7 2.3
8/1
8/2
?
?
7-7°
12.13
Na
Mn
Cr
Ni
0.018
Cluster
7/3
Group
Teli Farà
A1
7-94 134
Ca
Mg
20.08
0.106
7/4
60.5 7.6 7/5
7/6
49.8 0.8 7/7
Al Mina CentralLevant CentralLevantCentralLevant 13-95
14-84
12.74
J-25
1-74
1-78
0.22
0.20
23.32 4.21
20.86
2.27
21.24 2. 11
12.52 0.89
21.07 1.14
1.57 O.OI
1.43 O.O4
l69 O.43
1-54 O.II
9-51
1-45 I.09
0.43
2.19
J5-25 0.88
3-82 0.12
5.16 I.07
D. J. LIDDY
510 Cluster
7/3
Group
TellFarà
Fe
3-79
7/4
7/5
7/6
7/7
AlMina Central Levant LevantCentral LevantCentral 493
565
441
5-53
8/1
8/2
?
?
587
7-rô
0.51
0.32
0.91
0.35
0.09
0.40
0.42
Na
0.36 0.16
0.25 0.04
0.50 0.13
0.48 0.22
0.28 0.09
0.65 0.36
0.90 0.06
Mn
0.073 0.017
0.031 0.013
0.018 0.001
0.017 0.000
0.029 0.004
0.161 0.000
0.140 0.022
Cr
0.019 0.008
0.019 0.001
0.023 0.000
0.022 0.003
0.037 0.007
0.098 0.008
0.055 0.009
Ni
0.008 0.001
0.008 0.000
0.010 0.001
0.008 0.002
0.011 0.001
0.020 0.012
0.028 0.008
K
1.12 0.06
2.72 0.26
2.22 0.24
1.59 0.24
2.45 0.48
1.36 0.39
2. 11 0.46
Si
Cluster Group
47.1 -
8/3
36.6 7.0
-
37.6
-
1.2
-
42.8 6.1
8/4
8/5
8/6
8/7
8/8
??????
Al
14.48 0.94
10.42 1.16
13.14 1.14
12.36 0.58
12.05 1.01
11.91 0.62
Ca
11.44 2.54
H-^õ 1.45
l5Al 1.80
I5-9I 1.77
^-ö2 2.11
n-12 1.92
Mg
5.47 0.71
4.92 1.18
6.69 0.68
6.43 0.72
6.03 0.53
4.06 1.29
7.89
6.07
8.37
8.08
0.45
7.09
0.27
0.53
0.41
Na
1.06 0.25
1.42 0.46
1.32 0.23
1.63 0.16
1.21 0.16
1.83 0.22
Mn
0.144 0.049
0.114 0.022
0.184 0.028
0.156 0.017
0.188 0.028
0.131 0.022
Cr
0.065 0.016
0.046 0.005
0.046 0.003
0.054 0.009
0.041 0.008
0.042 0.006
Ni
0.031 0.007
0.018 0.004
0.020 0.002
0.016 0.002
0.018 0.004
0.013 0.003
K
2.62 0.23
2.00 0.36
1.49 0.58
1.81 0.26
2.18 0.19
1.46 0.30
Fe
0.24
Si
54.0 3.8
0.22
46.0 3.9
-
7.41
46.8 1.8
46.0 6.1
48.6 5.3
47.0 4.7
A CHEMICAL STUDY OF DECORATED
IRON AGE POTTERY
5II
Table 8. Outliersand OddmentsRemovedat theFirstStage Sample
Inventory
Comments
P132 P133 Pi 34 P135 IA18 LV10 LV15 LV21
KMF 100.3 KMF 283.58 KMF 292.78 KMF 100.8 55/1085 AO 11157 AO 25357 AO 83729
Low Mg HighAl,veryhighFe Similarto Pi 32 HighAl, Fe,Mn Analysedtwice.VeryhighCr HighAl, Fe; low Mg, Na High Ca, Mg; verylow K HighAl, K; low Ca
Fable 9. Comparativedata,fromtheFitchLaboratoryDatabank as meansand standarddeviations Groupcompositions, expressed
Euboea
Knossos
Knossos
Corinth
Naxos
Melos
Paros
Samples
10
24
19
22
10
6
8
Method
AAS
OES
OES
OES
OES
OES
OES
See Note
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
Group
Al
21.30 0.90
17.67 3.13
12.98 2.55
18.46 3.28
20.82 2.15
13.22 1.81
18.23 2.26
Ca
5.30 0.80
13.21 4.31
7.64 2.41
14.66 2.67
7.58 1.73
1.42 0.51
7.26 2.26
Mg
2.60 0.14
6.41 1.56
5.58 1.43
3.33 0.61
3.56 0.35
2.70 0.54
2.15 0.50
Fe
7.00 0.30
10.03 1.33
8-97 1.06
948 0.99
9-55 0.79
547 0.31
7-44 0.95
0.73
0.92
0.74
0.74
0.95
0.61
Ti
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.09
0.06
0.74
0.11
0.13
Na
1.65 0.14
1.23 0.34
1.49 0.45
0.89 0.48
2.55 0.35
0.62 0.14
2.35 0.63
Mn
0.130 0.004
0.092 0.022
0.102 0.021
0.098 0.015
0.100 0.013
0.116 0.014
0.081 0.016
Cr
0.031 0.000
0.064 o. 010
0.076 0.011
0.038 0.007
0.038 0.013
0.054 0.005
0.025 0.005
Ni
0.015 o. 001
0.058 o. 010
0.051 0.006
0.037 o. 001
0.023 o. 001
0.031 0.002
0.013 0.005
4.36
______
K
O.26
Si
63.6 2.1
------
D. J. LIDDY
5I2 Argolid Mycenae
Thessaly Marmariani
Chios (B)
Kos
Rhodes
Miletus
Samples
18
20
14
4
10
8
Method
AAS
OES
OES
OES
OES
OES
See Note
H
I
J
K
L
M
Group
Al
16.70 0.8
15.50
17.83 1.97
13.80 1.00
13.25 2.84
15.31 2.84
Ca
15-60 1.90
10.50
11.60 3.78
3.40 2.40
18.84 6.49
9-10 4.49
Mg
3.80
5.60
9.93
0.30
4.04
1.20
0.51
0.50
1.20
0.75
2.70
Fe
7.70 0.40
8.70
10.16 2.62
6.40 0.50
9.35 0.99
6.34 0.66
Ti
0.72 0.03
0.99
0.99 0.12
0.65 0.06
1.09 0.14
0.72 0.05
Na
-
1.70
2.13 0.29
2.76 0.65
1.01 0.43
1.67 0.84
Mn
0.097 0.008
0.134
0.108 0.018
0.068 0.012
0.114 0.013
0.070 0.019
Cr
0.035 0.003
0.044
0.048 0.017
0.027 0.023
0.146 0.037
0.030 0.011
0.022
0.021
0.036 0.008
0.015 0.012
0.099 0.015
0.022
Ni
0.004
K
3.48
0.014
_____
0.25
Notes(Table 9) as yetunnumbered. FL samplenumbers: from Lefkandi. A. Pendent semicircle in, 112,andsevenothers 512.1109, skyphoi, B. Minoan.FL samplenumbers:516.018-516.041. FL samplenumbers:526.031-526.049. C. Classical/Hellenistic. FL samplenumbers:504.001-504.022. BCplainpottery. D. Fourth-century E. Island Orientalisinggroups.GCP Table 8.5. Groups Ba and Bb are thoughtto be Naxian, pp. 649-52. FL samplenumbers:521.026-521.035. F. GCPTable 8.6. Samples5-8, 10,and 12are Melian-made.FL samplenumbers:521.101-521.104, 106,107. G. GCP Table 8.6. Samples2, 3, 4, 9, 14,21, 22, 25, and 26 are takento be Parian (Fig.8.10). No. 9 (noticeably FL samplenumbers:521.099-521.101,106,in, 118,119,122,123. was excludedfromtheabovefigures. different) fromMycenae.See theTable in theAppendixbyR. E.Jones,in K. Demakopoulou H. LH III B decoratedpottery andJ. H. Crouwel,BSA79 (1984),47. I. Marmariani,Thessaly.Old data,probablyunreliableas a directcomparison. Archaicpotteryfoundat Naucratis,Egypt.See GCP 903, Chios B. FL samplenumbers: J. Chiot Chalice-style at RLAHA, Oxford).See also GCP 285-7 and 662 fordiscussion. obtained 004.148-004.160(data K. GCP903 Kos, and also 291-2. L. Geometricand Archaicvases.FL samplenumbers:521.064,521.065,521.067-521.072, 074, 075. GCP 669-708, Tables8.8 and 8.9, samplenos: 9, 10,12-17,19,20. (GroupC.) M. Table 8.8, samples1-5, 8, 18, 25. FL samplenumbers:521.056-521.060,063, 073, 080. A groupof samples, thatwas argued{GCP665-6) to be probablyfromMiletus. includingFikelluraclasspottery,
A CHEMICALSTUDY OF DECORATEDIRONAGEPOTTERY
1^3
Table 10.Comparativedata,fromotherlaboratories as meansand standarddeviations expressed Groupcompositions,
Group
Samples
AtticB 17
AtticC 8
Corinth 23
Syria
Palestine
Cyprus
NAA Q,
NAA R
NAA S
-
-
-
12
21
24
NAA NO
NAA
NAA P
9.10 1.10
13-30 2.30
14.80 2.30
7.40 0.60
6.10 0.70
6.90 0.80
6.43 0.18
3.68 0.48
5.82 0.58
Na
0.80 0.06
0.97 0.33
0.78 0.30
0.53 0.27
0.50 0.23
1.11 0.14
Mn
0.102 0.019
0.128 0.006
0.123 0.025
0II3 0.008
0.087 0.007
0.131 0.010
0.074 0.007
0.037 0.005
0.041 0.008
0.012 0.002
0.010 0.001
0.021
2.94 0.19
2.50 0.39
2.74 0.43
1.56 0.26
2.18 0.37
2.26 0.54
Method See Note Ca Mg Fe
Cr
Ni K
Idalion 27 NAA T
Kition 10 NAA T
10.57 2.16
9.65 1.65
6. 11 0.58
4.36 0.43
Na
1.39 0.12
1.34 0.13
Mn
0.107 0.014
0.091 0.009
Cr
0.014 0.002
0.031 0.002
1.32 0.62
1.77 0.21
Group Samples Method See Notes Ca Mg Fe
Ni K
0.003
Notes (TABLE10)
N. Fillièresetal. (1983)Table 2. AtticGroupB, Protogeometric Period. O. Fillièresetal (1983)Table 2. AtticGroupC, Subgeometric Period. P. Fillièresetal (1983)Table 2. CorinthianGroup. Q. Fillièresetal (1983)Table 4. SyrianGroup. R. Matthersetal (1983)Table 4. Palestine.(CombinationofPalestineA and B). S. Matthersetal (1983)Table 4. Cyprus.(CombinationofCyprusA, B and C). T. Originalworkdone by Bieber(1977).Data takenfromGCP Tables 3.22 and 3.24, and AppendixVII. See also discussionoftheresultsofthisworkin chapter3 sectionG, and pp. 531-3and sectionB starting p. 574.
D. J. LIDDY
*U
TABLEii. Summaryofresultswithrespectto theinitialgroupsbased on styleand fabric Group
Conclusions
A B C D E F G H
Knossos. Uniformgroup, 3 samples slightlydifferent,1 odd. Knossos. Uniformgroup, 1 sample slightlydifferent,1 Attica Attica. Two similar groups. 1 sample Euboea, 1 odd. Corinth. 1 sample Knossos, 1 odd. 2 samples Knossos, 1 Euboea, 2 uncertain. Euboea. Uniformgroup. 2 samples Attica. 3 samples Attica. 2 samples Knossos. Naxos. Uniformgroup. 1 sample Attica.
J K L M N O P
2 samples Attica, 3 uncertain. Very varied group. Multiple apparent sources, most uncertain. Cyprus. One sample Knossos. Varied group. 3 samples the Levant, 1 Cyprus, 1 uncertain. Knossos. Uniformgroup. 3 samples Knossos, 2 Corinth. Very varied group. Source uncertain,but not Knossos.
R S T U V W X Y Z
Varied group, 2 distinctclusters,possiblyAl Mina, i sample odd. 6 samples Cyprus (Kouklia?). 3 samples different(Cyprus?), 1 veryodd. Uniform group, several fairlysimilar clusters.Uncertain source. Uniform group. Uncertain source. 1 sample Cyprus, 1 the Levant. Uniform group. Tell Ajjul? Two similar clusters. Varied group. 4 samples Cyprus, 1 Tell Ajjul?, restuncertain. Two similar groups (one high Ca, one low Ca). Tell Farà? 1 sample odd. Varied group. 2 samples Cyprus, 3 the Levant. Varied group(s). BoR Cyprus (differentsources), RS and BS Central Levant, Bichrome Cyprus?
LV
Veryvaried group. Uncertain sources (more than one).
CY
Veryvaried. Except forKouklia, composition groups do not coincide with findspots.
PART III
THE OBJECTS
CHAPTER 9 THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS H. W. Catling Introduction Of the nineteentombsforwhichthereis evidenceof one kindor anotherthattheywerein use,or werefirstused,in Subminoan,three(Ts. 186,200, 201)are conspicuousforthequality and interestof objects otherthan pottery.T. 121 also containeda small numberof non- gold,bronze,iron,glass, ceramicobjects.There is muchvarietyin thematerialsrepresented and/or boar's tusk. Several of these faience,ivory, bone, glass-paste objectsare likelyto have been exotic,and emphasisethe remarkablecharacterof one or two of the individualswho were the first,or among the first,to be buriedin the new cemetery. For thisreason,these classes of materialare not subsumed among the general studies of the materialin use the historyof the Dark Age and Orientalizingcemetery, but are givenseparate throughout in thesectionthatfollows. consideration The Bronze
Stand, 201. fl (figs. 165-6; plate 276) I haveelsewhere890 triedto place theobjectofwhichtheeighty-five recoveredonce fragments formedpartwithinitswidercontext.The originalfour-sided standwas decoratedwithfigureworkin ajourépanels,probablyin two registers. It stood on legs,as Nicosia L.308, London London 1920/12-20/1, 1897/4-1/1296, Jerusalem(Megiddo 1342);not on wheels,as Berlin and others.It is so damaged thatthe 8947, London 1946/10-17/1,Nicosia 1978/XÌ-21/1 reconstruction The combinedevidenceof proposedin FIG.166 mustbe regardedas tentative. thefragments animalsand demonstrates, however,thattherewerehumanfigures, monsters, birdsin the design(a combinationwhich,forinstance,has alreadybeen seen in London of ajouréfiguredornamentare to be seen on the same London 1946/10-17/1). Two registers standjust mentionedand on the fragmentary Borowskistand.891 Nicosia 1978/XÌ-21/1 has threeregisters; herethescale ofthefigures is thesamein each register. I have arguedthatthewiderclass of standsto whichthe four-sided standsbelongwas the productof Cyprus.I have suggestedthatmorethanone workshopwas involved,in view of markeddifferences in styleto be seen amongstandsdecoratedwithfigure-work. I have also claimedthatthereis verystrongevidenceto showthatat least one of thoseworkshops was locatedat Enkomi;thetellingevidenceis the stonemouldpublishedbyJ.-C. CourtoisandJ.
890RDAC1984,69-91,especially86-87 and pl.15. ™lu. Acnuiesin U. W. Muscarella toHeaven: (ed.),Ladders
ArtTreasures fiomLands oftheBible(Toronto,1981), 254-260, no.
223. RDAC 1984,83, pls.12,13.
H. W. CATLING
5I8
Webb892 forthe wax modelsof ajouréelementsin the figure-work of our stands.If thisis so, in viewofthesimilarmould thenHala SultanTekkeshouldbe thesiteofanotherworkshop, publishedbyD. Bailey893 amongthefindsofthe 1897TurnerTrustExcavationfortheBritish ofwhichwas seenbyKarageorghis.I havealso triedto sustain Museum,thetruesignificance an argument thatlimitsproduction ofthestandsto thelater13thand earlier12thcenturies BC, or to the later part of LC II C and to LC III A. By extensionI have proposed thatthe numerousstandsand fragments whichhavebeen foundoutsideCyprus,notablyin Crete,the far Greece and as West as Sardinia894in substantiallylater contextsshould be Islands, as heirlooms some ofwhich(e.g.Athens7940,foundin a Geometricgrave regarded antique on thePnyx)mustalreadyhave been fourhundredyearsold at thetimeofburial.Almostas skillspossessed I tooktheviewthattheveryconsiderablemetallurgical an a priori proposition, in the turmoil of did not survive the stand-makers their twelfth-century by Cypriotworkshops Cyprus,and thatitwas ofso veryspecialiseda characterthatitwas unrepeatable. This viewwas not simplycapricious.I was muchinfluencedby the fact(whichhas never been seriouslycontested)thatall thetechnicaland designelementswhichare to be foundin thecorpusofthestandshad alreadybeen developedby LC III A,attestedby thestandsand group895is the most fragmentsfromreliable contexts,of which the Myrtou-Pigadhes important. As new discoveries are added to the corpus of stands, and as the character and implicationsof the class are more widelyscrutinized,my view of the evidencehas been questioned,in a numberof ways. A recentlypublishedpaper by E. Macnamara and N. the extentto whichthe complexstandswere Meeks896suggeststhatI have over-estimated a wider and thattherewas,consequently, fromseparatelymade components, brazedtogether shortlifeof theworkshops thanI had supposed.My viewson the relatively use of cireperdue responsiblefor making the stands, and their exclusive location in Cyprus have been who argues,inter alia, fora local, eighth-century by H. Matthäus,897 questionedparticularly standsfromDelphi, and in Crete BC productionin Greece to accountforthe fragmentary fromthe Idaean Cave, Kato SymeViannou and Knossos,Khaniale Teke. This is not the and of the problem,whichcalls forextendedtreatment, rightvehiclefora re-examination thefullpublicationofmaterialfromGreekexcavationswhichis so farknownonlyfrombrief But I have no doubtat all thatthe standfromT. 201,burnton the statements. preliminary with its owner r.1050BC,had been made in Cyprusat leastone hundredyearsearlier, pyre and thatit standsclose to London 1920/12-30/1 (the'Ingot-Bearer'stand),said to be from Kourion. Sword, 201. f7 (fig. 163; plate 277) The swordwas foundbrokenin fourpieces; thisapparentritual'killing'mighthave been partlydictatedby the need to fita largeobjectintothe smalltombchamber.The typology The Bronze
892'A steatitereliefmould fromEnkomi', RDAC 1979, l'i1-8,withpl.1q. 893HSTl, 11and pl.7 = London 1898/12-1/213. The piece BCH 113 and re-identified was republished by Karageorghis, (1989)439-46. 894E.g. E. Macnamara, D. Ridgway,F. R. Ridgway,The
BronzeHoardfromS. Maria in Paulis, Sardinia(British Museum
OccasionalPaperno. 45, 1084). 895J.du Plat Taylor et al, Myrtou-Pigadhes (Oxford, iQ57),88-qo. 896RDAC 1087, 57-62. 897Matthäus 1985, 326-34.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
r^g
and distribution of Type II swordsin Greece have been discussedat considerablelength898 and it is recognizedthatthe largenumberof weaponsnow knownin Greece,Albania,the Islands,Crete,Cyprus,Syriaand Egyptmaybe divided,withvaryingdegreesof confidence, intoa numberof classes,of whichI have proposeda relatively crudelyconceivedseries.899 Bouzekhas suggesteda morecomplexanalysis900 arguingthat,thoughtheweapon designis and several of the sub-divisions are matchedby European examples, certainlyEuropean, muchthe largernumberof Aegean and E. Mediterraneanweaponsweremade locally.Not theleastpersuasiveelementin thisanalysismustbe the discoveryof fourType II swordsof verysimilardesignamonga hoardofbronzes(the'Sword-Founder's Hoard5)at Enkomi.901 This is not theplace fora freshgeneralanalysisof the material,but note shouldbe taken thatapproximately a dozen completeor fragmentary swordshave been reportedfromCrete. Our swordis thefirstofthistypefromKnossosor itsvicinity; otherfirmprovenancesinclude Mouliana (fourexamples,twoeach in TombsA and B), Myrsine,Aspropilia(district ofSiteia) and Karphi (a fragment). Less reliableare weaponsfrom'Vrokastro',902 Siteia,903 'Siteia',904 and Mesara.905 dividedtheseswordsintoGroupsI-IV, of whichGroup I is the My originalclassification earliest,and indisputably purelyEuropeanin design,evenifmostoftheexamplesfoundin the Hoard', made in Aegean and beyondwere,likethe blades in the Enkomi'Sword-Founder's the Mediterraneanarea and not in Europe.The Myrsineweapon and one of the Mouliana Tomb B pair belongto myGroupI.906No GroupII swordshave been identified in Crete.907 is bestrepresented in Crete; GroupIII (whichI comparedwithJ. D. Cowen's'Letten'type,908) twooftheMouliana swordsare ofthistype909 as also is the'Mesara' weaponand theOxford or earlyin weaponfrom'Siteia'. The Mouliana materialis to be datedlate in the thirteenth thetwelfth BC. century At firstglance our T. 201 swordshouldbe classedwiththeseGroup III weapons.But it in two importantrespects.The hiltplates were securedby onlythreerivets,where differs have fiveand sevenrivetsforthepurpose.Second,in theplace of GroupIII swordsregularly theparallelgrooveswhichsetoffthecentre-line oftheblade ('blood-channels'), in GroupIII, thereare pairs of fineparallelreliefridges.Also, the profileof the handguardof Group III swordsis straight, whereoursis noticeablycurved. IV My Group weaponsincludedthenumerousbladeswhichstoodapartfromGroupsI- III in being relativelysmall,withvestigialpommelears. Bouzek includedthismaterialin his 'Series C: Catling IV whichhe subdividedinto 'IVa, (Type Hama): 'IVb' (of whichthe
898The very extensiveliterature concerning Type II swords,particularlytheiroccurrencesin Greek lands (to whichI have fromtimeto timecontributed) has now been subsumed in I. Kilian-Dirlmeier's studyDie Schwerter in Griechenland (ausserhalbderPeloponnes),BulgarienundAlbanien=
PBF IV, 12 (Stuttgart, 1993),94-106 pls.34-40.Note should stillbe takenof the followingfromthe earlierwork:J. D. in die Geschichteder bronzenen Cowen, 'Eine Einführung Griffzungenschwerterin Suddeutschland und der angrenzendedGebieten' BRGK 36, (1955), 52fr N. G. L. Hammond,Epirus(1967),319fr. J. Lagarce, 'La Cachettede Fondeuraux Epées (Enkomi,1967)et l'ateliervoisin'AlasiaI, 381-432. Bouzek, 119-32.J. Bouzek 'Die Beziehungenzum vorgeschichtlichen Europa der neugefunden Griff-
zungenschwertervon Enkomi-Alasia, Zypern', Alasia I, 433-48. H. W. Catling BSA 63 (1968), 98-104. The T.201 sword= Kilian-Dirlmeier Swordno 2^, herGroupC:¿. 899In Antiquity ««;(iq6i), ii<í-22. 900Bouzek,122-32. 901AlasiaI, 381-4^2. 902Montelius,La Grèce Préclassique, (Stockholm,1924)pl. 14, no. 8. 903Cambridge,GR 943.1906 = Kilian-DirlmeierSword no. 260. 904BSA 63 (1968), 90, no. 2 = Oxford1966.543= KilianDirlmeierSwordno. 240. 905Antiquity Sword 35 (1961),117,no. 22 = Kilian-Dirlmeier no. 241.
H. W. CATLING
52O
Vrokastro swordis thesole example)and 'IVc', 'ShortdaggersfromtheEast Mediterranean', whichincludesthe well-known When I came, in 1968,to EnkomiOld Tomb 47 weapon.910 reviewtheevidence,911 to new materialfromEpirusto whichN. G. withparticularreference L. Hammond had called attention,912 it was clear thatthe quadripartitearrangementof I-IV was for a insufficient Groups completetaxonomyof our Type II swords,and I referred to the remainingweapons (includingmany forwhich published informationwas quite inadequate) as 'uncanonical'. There, forthe timebeing,most of themmustremain.But Bouzekhas added,withinhispost-Mycenaean seriesC, a GroupV, ofwhichtheBitolasword in Istanbul913 is citedas the type-example; the mostdistinctive feature(no pommelears or relief is the of a set of three parallel ridgeseithersideofan elliptical spursurvive) arrangement midrib.There are tworivetsin thehandguard,twoin thegrip.In his GroupV Bouzekalso (hiltless)Samos weapon914whichalso has ridgeseitherside of the places the fragmentary and the midrib, Cambridgeweapon fromSiteia,whichhas tworivetsin the handguardand tworidgeseithersideofthemedialline.It is perhapswiththisgroupthattheKnossosweapon goes mostreadily.The group'sotherexamplescome fromMacedonia and Epirus,which makes it difficult to explain it as a regionalvariety.If thisis reallywherethe our sword belongs,it seemsto be theonlyexamplefroma reliablecontext.There is so muchthatmust be, or couldbe exoticin T. 201thattheswordis quitelikelynotto havebeen made in Crete.It is importantto insistthatit is quite distinctfromthe Mouliana and Myrsineswords;its laterthananyofthose.The T. 201 swordhas been treatedbyI. contextis probablya century in Griechenland Kilian-Dirlmeier in her Die Schwerter (ausserhalbderPeloponnes),Bulgarienund
it to her Class PBF IV:i2 (Stuttgart, Albanien, 1993),98, no.255and pl.39.101.She attributes in Bulgaria,Albania,Thessaly,Boeotiaand Crete C:3, otherexamplesofwhichshe identifies thatthismajor studyof swordshad to exclude itself(Mouliana).It is greatlyto be regretted materialfromthePéloponnèse.This willbe treatedin a secondvolume. 186. fl; 201. f8 (fig. 163; plate 277) Spearheads, These are splendidobjects,186. fi well preservedapart fromthe loss of its extremetip, 2OI.ÍB in poor state,but well enoughpreservedto showthe eleganceof its designand the technicalmasterywithwhichit was made. Bothblades are pickedout withfinereliefridges extendontothesockets.The originalformof 2Oi.fB can onlybe surmised, which,unusually, but it cannot have been veryclose to the slimprofileof i86.fi, also conspicuousforits to approximately 2/5ofthewholelengthoftheweapon. unusually longsocket,amounting BCcontextsin theAegean Thereis a dearthofbronzespearheadsfoundin eleventh-century could be our whether to decide it is difficult and area, typicaloflocal productionor weapons whethertheyare exotic.The likingforfinereliefridgesto decorateblade and socketrecalls muchearlierspeardesignin Crete,of whichthe bestexamplescome fromHood's Hospital The Bronze
906Bouzek'sSeriesA = CatlingI. 907Bouzek Series B: Hai 'Spurred swords and the Ennsdorf(Vy§n^ Sliafi)type'and IIa2, 'Swordswithlonger hiltthani and witha spur;longblade withparalleledges.' 908Bouzek'sSeriesB:III 'Shortswordswithspurredhilts, like the easternvarietyof the Lettenswordsaccordingto Cowen(Stätzling, accordingto Schauer).' 909Antiquity 117nos.14and 16= PPS 22(1956),113,nos. 35(1961),
Swordnos.242and247respectively. 11and13= Kilian-Dirlmeier 910London 1897/4-1/963. 911BSA 63 (1968),98-104, commenting on Hammondin
Epirus,319fr. 9i2Loc. cit. 913 35 (1961), 118 no.33. Antiquity
914U. Jantzen, Samos VIII: Ägyptische undorientalische vonSamos,41,B343 and pl. 38. ausdemHeraion Bronzen
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
^2l
Site tombsat Knossos.915 There seemsno closematchfori86.fi eitherin Snodgrass'analysis, or in Höckmann's.916 Certainfeatures(notablythe slimblade and the relatively long socket) are repeatedin SnodgrassTypeD weapons,and hisTypeV,thelatterpossiblya development The weapon recalls, oftheformer, east.917 perhapsof Cypriotoriginor,indeed,fromfurther but is largerthan,a blade fromPalaepaphos,Skales.918 There is a muchsmallerhead, with 919 shaftrelatively muchshorter, fromRoom n at Vrokastro. The difficulty ofpointingto any convincing for parallels theseweaponsis a reminderthat thetaxonomy ofAegeanspearsis muchlessstraightforward thanofswords,dirksand daggers, and thatevenwherea classification has been devised,as byHöckmannand by Snodgrass,the minorvariations withinthemajorclassesdefinedare a continuing sourceofuncertainty. The salientfeatureofthesetwoweaponsis thecombinationoffighting efficiency, elegance of designand masteryof bronzecastingthattheyexhibit.The use of ridges,particularly as seen on 201.£8, to enhancetheblade suggestsa designlinkwithT 201's Type II swordand a commonorigin. perhaps,therefore, The Bronze
T. 201. f2, 3, 4, 5, 6 (fig. 163; plate 280) Arrowheads, Interestattaches to the varietyof weapons buried with the T. 201 cremations:sword, to deduce thatthewarriorwas equallyproficient in the spearheadand arrows.It is tempting use of all threeweapons.Arrowheads(or,perhaps,'projectiles')of thissize and varietyof weights(froma minimumof 8.1 grammesto a maximumof 28.5) are uncommonin the the best parallelforsuch a set in a tombis the groupof six in Knossos Aegean; curiously, HospitalsiteTill.920Butthisgroupmustbe nearlythreehundredyearsearlierthanours,and therecan be no directconnection. Nos. f3~6 conformto TypeVila ofH-G. Buchholz5classification ofarrowheads.921 No. fe to his Vile. of both were found in the settlement of corresponds Type Examples types described one of them as a Karphi,922thoughPendlebury (Buchholz Vila) 'leaf-shaped misledhim.The largestofthethreeVile examples spearhead'.The length,11.2cm,evidently at Karphi onlymeasured7.1 cm,considerably smallerthanour no. 2. Boardman923 describes further of Buchholz Vila and Vile in arrows found the Dictaean examples Cave, now in to othersin Herakleion. Oxford,and refers Buchholzrecognizedthathis Type VII arrowheadsare non-Aegeanand, correctlyI am sure,pointedto theeastfortheirorigin.The publicationofnewmaterialsincetheappearance of CBMWin 1964has shownthat,in Cyprus,particularly arrowsof Type Vila are farmore abundantthan I could argue924and are particularly The richlyrepresentedat Enkomi.925 915BSA 47 (1952), fig.12, II.4; III.14 and V.7. These are examplesofO. Höckmann'sClass H in his 'Lanze und Speer im spätminoischen und mykenischen Griechenland',RG£M 27 (1980),13-158.Class H is discussed,ibid.55-64, withfigs. 11- 13.
916EGAW 115-39.Höckmannop.cit., supran. 015. 917This is my spearheadType)-CBMW 124,fig.14.1,with a parallelin LaptihosT. 602. 918Skalespl. 89, T. 49, no. 15. 919Vrokastro 105,fig.59a. 920BSA 47 (1952),271-2,T.III.18, with fig.12 and pl. 53b, whereM. S. F. Hood commentson the scarcityof the type,
citingotherexamplesfromIsopata T.i and perhaps,T. 3; also Prosymna 200,fig.512fromtheLH III T. X. 921'Die Pfeilglätter aus dem VI Schachtgrabvon Mykenai und die helladischen Pfeilspitzen'in Jdljy (1962) 1-58, especially11,fia 7 and 22-3,figs.is-u. 922BSA 38 (1937-38)117,121 and pl. 20.1. 923CCO 29-30, fig.11and pl. 126,nos. 116-18,125. 924CBMW i*o-*i,Tvpe a. 925Enkomi pl. 163,nos. 27-30 (BuchholzVile); pl. 171,nos. i~3a; pl. 176,nos. 38-41; pl. 178,nos. 9 and 19a. Sixty-two BuchholzType VII arrowheads(nearlyall Vila) have been publishedinAlasiaIII (Paris,1984)13-16and fig.3.
H. W. CATLING
522
recentfindat Hala SultanTekkeof a multiplemould forcastingarrowheadsof Type Vila In publishingthe as well as used in Cyprus.926 leavesno doubtthattheyweremanufactured thatthereis an from Courtois has reiterated the French excavations at Enkomi, weapons abundanceofthistypeofarrowheadin theSyro-Palestinian region.927 there Thoughfindsofsucharrowheadsin gravesare veryunusual,in Greeceor elsewhere, are one or twogroupswithwhichours shouldbe compared.Morriconehas publishedwhat seems to have been an archer'stomb on Kos, Langada T. 34, of LH III C Early date.928 The fourType Arrowheads werefoundin bothtombsat Lapithos,AyiaAnastasia (Cyprus).929 Vila arrowheadsin Salamis Ti make a fairlycloselymatchingfindwithour T 201 set.930 SalamisT. i, althoughit containsseveralPWP vases whichwould on theirown be dated to LC III B,helda majority ofWP I materialand shouldnot,accordingto M. Iakovou,be dated earlierthanCG I A.931 Even so,itis closein dateto T. 201. his presencein the T 201 providesthefirstexampleof an EarlyDark Age warrior-archer; of Cretanarchery, the later eleventhcenturyBC in Creteneed notbe relatedto preeminence the was inclinedto use in 1964,A. M. Snodgrass932 Karphievidenceto argue though,writing SM timesonwards.This is a thata special role forCretanarcherymay have existedfrom Dark Age archeryin complexsubject,beyondthescope ofthepresentstudy.Almostcertainly, evidenceallowsus to suppose. Greeklandsis a moreintricate subjectthanthemeagresurviving Bronze Weapon Of Unknown Type, T.201.H7 (fig. 163; plate 280) of a narrowblade of flattened This fragment ellipticalsection,foundfoldeddouble,has no It is quite likelyto have been a large identification. enable certain feature to distinguishing shouldnotbe pressed. arrowheadofBuchholz'TypeVII, buttheidentification Small
Bronze Shield Bosses (Phalara), 186. f6; 201. fl6 (fig. 163; plate 274) to describethesetwo It will,no doubt,be thoughtreactionary by some,if not provocative, on the work The standard at all. 'Shield Bosses' as subjectby BertholdFellmann933 objects of no morethan whichis based on the hundredand ten examples(manyof themconsisting themas beltattachments. thesolid-castfinial,or spike)foundat Olympia,prefersto identify studiedby otherscholars.The mostpercipientaccounts,I They have been quitethoroughly More who has discussedtheearlierliterature. A. M. are those consider, Snodgrass,934 givenby in Vitsa the from two has I. Zagoriou graves examples published recently, Vokotopoulou in whichshe arguesforyetanotheruse- as helmetattachments. Snodgrassand cemetery,935
926HSTYV (1Q78)83, figs.67 and 183,no. N.1055. 927AlasiaIII, 16; forearlieremphasison the same point, CBMW 132. 928Morricone, Ann. N.S.27-8 (1965-66), 164-5, figs167,160.See also op.cit.260-70,figs.303-08. 929CBMW 130-31, though it should be noted that A. Pieridou'spublicationofT. 2 in RDAC 1966,1-12includesno reference to arrowheads. 930Yon, 17-18,nos.31-4 and pl. 15.
931PictorialPottery, 7.
932EGAW142-43. 933FrüheGurtelschmuckscheiben aus Bronze:01. borsch. XVI, (Berlin,1983). 934EGAW37-58; 'Bronze'Phalara'-a review'in Hamburger zurArchäologie III, 41-50. Beiträge 935Vitsa: Ta Nekrotaphia miasMolossikisKomis,(Athens, 304-05,s.v.'Omphalia'. 1986),commentary
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
323
as von Merhartbeforethem,are surelycorrectin recognizingthatno single Vokotopoulou, identification can convincingly be used to explain the whole series,numberingover two from the late thirteenth hundred,dating centuryuntilat leasttheseventh,and showingquite considerable variationsin size and form. - consistof The bosses- Snodgrassprefersto call them'phalara', following von Merhart '....a bronzediscwhosecentrerisesin a dome-likeprojection, oftenincorporating a spike....'936 As well as identification as shieldboss, belt attachmentor helmet-fitting, theyhave been as or breast-ornaments. There is considerable variationin explained cymbals,horse-trappings size. Fellmann,who adds a veryusefulsurveyof GreekmaterialfromsitesotherthanOlympia, thebelt-attachment givesfourreasonsforpreferring explanation: 1. Shieldsdo notappearin earlyGreekwarrior-graves. Proofoftheirexistencemustbe substantiated by recognizableelementsotherthanthe'phalara'. 2. The heterogeneous natureofthefind-contexts is also againsttheidentification. Phalarahavebeen in the gravesof bothmen and women,occurwithweaponsalone, or witha mixtureof ornamentsand weapons,or withornamentsalone. to thesurfaceofthesupposedshieldis unacceptable. 3. The proposedmethodofattachment 4. Undoubtedshieldbosses(and he quotesthebossfromIdalionas an instance)are notfoundin graves and differ in formbyhavingreinforced rims.
is inclinedto interpretthe boss (whateverits function)as a northern Fellmann,further, introduction to theAegean.He supposestheearliestappearancein theAegeanwillhavebeen the group in Mouliana Tomb B. This is not quite certain. Two small phalara without werefoundwiththe bronzehoard at Pyla,Kokkinokremmos,937 wheretheywere finials/spikes identified as cymbals.Also unknownto Fellmannis an examplefromEnkomi,938 also without ofmediumsize (D. 13.8cm),withpointilléreliefdotsaroundtherim.The context finial/spike, is datedLC III. These new examplesfromCypruscouldbe slightly earlierthantheMouliana group.There is certainlya hintof kinshipbetweenEnkomiand Mouliana in the pointillé ornament.939 ofLBA date is thephalaronpublishedbyPapadopoulos,940 Perhapslesscertainly foundin the Patras Museum among bronze and iron objects said to be fromAchladiesAchouniaand Chadzi-Trapeza. Fellmannhas nottakenaccountof thestrongest argumentthatshowsour phalara actually were used as shield-bosses.This is the representation on the Enkomiconoid stamp-seal941 a warrior with headdress behind a largeroundor oval shield,in showing plumed crouching thecentreofwhicha phalaron/shield-boss is clearlyto be seen.It mayhavea finial/spike, but thisis lesssure.E. Porada,who publishedtheseal,942 had no doubtthatherewas a boss. She saw thewarrioras one ofthePeoplesoftheSea, and suggestedthatthedeviceportrayed not theseal'sownerhimself, buthisenemy. In dissenting fromFellmann'sview thatthe phalara are all bestseen as belt accessories,I
™EGAW$S. 47 is explicit:therewere three,and possiblyfour. 937V Karageorghisand H. Demas, Achaea(Göteborg,1979), 162-3, %s- ß^k, Pyla,Kokkinokremmos, 940Mycenaean (Nicosia,1984),38, no. 68; 56-7, pls. 26 and 44. 348c. 938AlasiaIII, 12,no. 32,fie.q.i, dI. II. 13. 941Enkomi II, 801-02, Frontispiece; Ilia, pls. 95.3; 183.19; 939 Fellmann seems mistaken in i8a.iq: 187.iq. referring to two 942Enkomi Mouliana phalara; Xanthoudides' account in AE 1904, II, 801-02,AppendixI.
H. W. CATLING
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suggestwe respectSnodgrass'argumentthatno one explanationis adequate forall cases. Certainlythe Verginaphalara943show thatthe Early Iron Age practicein NorthGreece followthatalways includeddecorativeuse,mostprobablyon belts.But it does notnecessarily and everywhere theuse was thesame. The greatmajorityof phalara have been foundin contextsa good deal laterthanthe N contextsmanyof which(likethe sanctuarydepositsat Olympia,Delphi, Sparta, Cemetery, of function.There is Kalapodi, Pherai and Philia) give no necessaryhelp in identification someevidence,however, thatamongthematerialthatis earlierthan,or nearlycontemporary viz:associationsare strong, withtheN Cemeteryphalara,military D.8 cm.Broadumbo, i, 2. Cyprus.Pyla,Kokkinokremmos. centralattachment hole.Froma hoard.LC III. no finial, 3. Cyprus.Enkomi,i960, Inv.No. 135. Quartier3E. D. 13.8. No finial,pointilléornamenton the edge. Typeofcontextunclear.LC III 4-6. Crete. Mouliana, T. B, contents of larnax. D.19.0. No finials.Pointilléornamenton edge. Found withweapons.LM III c. 7. Knossos, N Cemetery,186. 6. D. 13. Prominent Foundwithspear,dirk,knife.SM. fìnial/spike. 8. Knossos,N Cemetery201.16. D. not recoverable. Shortfinial/spike. Found withsword,spear,arrows, knife.SM. T.40.9. 9: D. 16.2,prominent 9-1 1. Cyprus,Kabriziki, 10,11: D.8. 4, no finials/ spikes,central fìnial/spike.
attachment hole. LC III B. Foundwithan ironknife; therewas a spearheadelsewherein thegrave.Directly associated with other objects, for all of which I as the facingsof a shield proposeda reconstruction This suggestionhas made of perishablematerials.944 had a somewhatmixedreception.Recently,Bouzek in at least has suggestedalternative reconstructions,945 one ofwhichno shieldwouldbe involved. 12. Tiryns, Tomb XXVIII D. With prominent fìnial/spike.From a double inhumationgrave,one occupantof whichhad a sword,spear,knifeand the fora helmet.SMyc. fittings 13. Athens,Kerameikos,T. 24. D.17.4. Prominent Not associatedwithweapons; used as a finial/spike. coverfortheash-urn.EPG.
Thus,ofthirteen examplesfoundin reliablecontextsdatingfromc. '200-c. 1000BC,six (nos. are 8 and 4-6, 7, 12) closelyassociatedwithweapons.Anotherthree(9- n) come froma tomb It can of course,be argued that, containingweapons. The remainderare indeterminate. I would ratherthanshield-bosses. still be belt-ornaments or no weapons,theymight weapons concede thatabsoluteproofof theirfunctionis lacking,but thatcommonsense and such evidenceas the Enkomiconoid and, indeed,the Sardinianbronzestatuettes iconographical makestheuse ofsomeofnos 1-13as shield-bosses highlylikely. based as it to relateour twophalarato Fellmann'stypology, I havepurposelynotattempted later than these.It is a deal be must definition material which on is largely good by necessarily later a much with f6 186. of that the example(onlythe goes closely finial/spike interesting IGiven the unsatisfactory II.946 SPG dated from finialsurvives) Lefkandi,Toumba, Pyre13, in of the known most evidenceforarranging phalara chronologicalsequence,thereis little fact. moreto be donebutnotethis Fibulae, 121. fl and 2 (fig. 162, plate 273) These two arch-bowfibulaeat firstsightseem to be a pair,but are in factmade of rodsof the section,so that,followingBlinkenberg's1926 classificationliterally,947 quite different The Bronze
943 I, 243-7, figs.84-5, pls. 86,100-01. Vergina 944CBMW 142-46, and figure. 945RDAC 1988, 319-20.
946BSA 77 (1982), 229, no. 9; 241 and pl. 26.9. 947 Blinkenberg,Copenhagen, 1926.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
535
rhomboidsectionof fi places it withinhis Class 11:3,while£2 correspondsto his IL4, 'Arc in viewoftheverymixedset aplatien le sensvertical.'Such a mixtureoftypesis unsurprising and the slightlyless of twelvefibulaefromthe late SMyc. T. 108 in the Kerameikos948 EPG of from the Lefkandi tomb Skoubris T.6.949 eleven heterogeneous group This is Bouzek'scBowFibula'950 ofwhichhe says: The derivation . . . from theviolinbowtypewasnatural enough.Itssimultaneous spreadoverGreece, Balkansprovestheexistence ofcontacts . . . Sinceitsspread alongtheAdriatic. Italyandthewestern inN. Italy overGreeceisconnected withthespreadoflongdresspinswhichhavemanymoreancestors andintheN.W.BalkansthaninGreece,a 'northern' for the bow fibula is more butall origin probable, intheevolution threeareasparticipated ofthistype. For the verysimpletypesof arch-bowfibulaeto whichour two belong,thisseemsan overcomplicatedaccountof origin.It is morereasonableto supposethattheformwas devisedin one place and thencediffused. It is notveryclearwherethatarea could have been,notleast because the widelyscatteredmaterialcannot be verycloselydated. Nor is it veryclear whetherthe entirely plain, smallarch-bowfibulaeprecedefibulaeof the same basic shape, whosebows thicken,or have tracedornament,or any of a varietyof mouldings,or whether theseappear firstas a variantof theverycomplexseriesof 'Violin-Bow'fibulae,whichfirst rathersuggests appear in Greeceduringthe thirteenth centuryBC. The evidenceof Perati951 thelattermayhavebeen thecase. Out ofonlyeightfibulaefoundat thesite,fourwere'violinfourwerearch-bow, none ofwhichconformexactlyto the simplearchbow', or derivatives, bow pattern.It is, indeed, an over-simplification of the taxonomyto regardall arch-bow If fibulaeas partof a singleevolutionary we concentrate on theverystraightforward process. versionswhoseonlypointsof difference are to be foundin the differing sectionsof the slim metalbarsofwhichtheyare made (including underthisheadingtheBlinkenburg II: 7,8 and 9 variants),we finda muchmorehomogeneousseries,some of the earliestexamplesof which have been foundin twelfth and earliereleventhcenturydepositsat Enkomiin Cyprus.952 So faras concernsCyprus,thistypeoffibulaseemsnotto have lastedintotheEarlyIronAgeindeed,it may not have survivedas late as the currencyof PWP potteryin LC III B- the fibulaefromAlaas are alreadyoftheangularform,withswellingbowsand bosses/mouldings on themthatwas long to be the standardCypriotfibula,exemplifiedby materialfrom Skales.953 It is possiblethatour simplearch-bowfibulawas actuallydevelopedin Cyprusduringthe latertwelfth thecertainly fibulae,of centurybymodifying importedviolin-bowand derivative whicha smallnumberhas been found,chiefly at Enkomi.954 It wouldhavebeen broughtfrom Cyprusto theGreekmainlandand to Crete,whereit remainedin use forat leasta hundred years,even if some areas were more conservativein retainingit than others.In Crete,in
948Kerameikos I, pl.28. 949Lefkandi I, pl.q*. 950Bouzek,157-q. 951Perati, 274-7. 952Enkomi I, 301; II, 474,533,pls.147.23;176.53a= CMBW 242, no.1. Area 1, Floor 1, Level IIIC. AlasiaHI, 32-4, nos. 278,280,281,289-291, fig.10 nos. 3A, not illustrated, 4,11,14 and 19respectively.
953Alaas65. Skales450,s.v.'Fibula'. 954 CMBW 240-41, fibulae of Type A. Kilian, des griechischen 'Violinbogenfibelnund Blattbügelfibeln Festlandes aus Mykenischer Zeit'in /^6o (1985),145-203.Two recentadditionsto the Cypruscorpus come fromMaa-see and Demas,Maa-Palaikastro, Karageorghis (Nicosia,1988)227= no. 662,FloorII, Room 79E,pls.63, 185,and thefragmentary broochno. 2 fromFloorI, Area39,p. 243,pls.120and 221.
H. W. CATLING
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additionto our twoKnossianfibulae,twomorewerefoundin Ay.IoannisEPG Tomb II.955 listsseveralofour fibulaefrom Severalcame fromsettlement strataat Karphi.956 Blinkenberg Vrokastrotombs,includingChamberTs. Ill and IV, and Bone EnclosureVIII.957On the in a Dark Age I- II context.Among Mainland,one is reportedfromNichoria,in Messenia,958 An archfibulaefromSMyc.gravesat AncientElis a pair fromGrave1961:6is ofour type.959 withlongdressbow fibulawithtwistedbow,Deiras T.XXIX, DB 20, was foundat Argos,960 all fibulaefromthe jar. Accordingto Desborough961 pins,a bronzeringand a SMyc. stirrup I arch-bow have on Salamis are of the already referredto the type. SMyc. cemetery KerameikosT. 108SMyc.group,and theLefkandiEPG SkoubrisT. 16group. Pinhead, 200. f5 (fig. 164; plate 275) This unusualpiece belongsto a smallclass ofobjectswhoseoriginsmaywellbe Italian.The 'wheel' of fourspokes,each of whichbranchesinto two beforejoining the 'felloe' of the of a 'wheel'ofsix 'wheel',mustnotbe confusedwiththemorecommonpin-headsconsisting ofour type The chief discussion spokeswhichradiatefromthe 'hub' directintothefelloe.962 made been of pin-head is that of H. Matthäus,963additions to which have since byj. K. Kilian965 and A. Hochstetter.966 Bouzek,964 There is a small corpus of examples fromGreek lands, of which no.i is the best and closestto ourexample. documented, Bronze Bronze
Wheel-Shaped
1. Argos,Deiras T. XXII.967Deshayes suggeststhat model of a wheeled this is a part-for-the-whole vehicle.AssociatedwithLH III c pottery. 2. Tiryns(Nauplia 1365).Germanexcavationsbefore theGreatWar.Not traced.
3. Achaea, Mitopolis(=Teichos Dymaion).Exhibited on contextor Patras,sq. Matthäus.No information date. 200. f5 SM context. 4. (Here)Knossos,N Cemetery, 5. Rhodes,Lindos.968
Lead
1876.969 6, 7. Mycenae,Acropolis.Athens1412-13. Schliemannexcavations, /Bone Ivory 8. Mycenae,TsountasChamberTombs,unallocated.970 (There does not seem to be warrant for the two
exampleslistedbyBouzekunderthisheading.)
StoneMould 9. Kastanas, Central Macedonia.971 The contextis apparently EG. 955BSA 55 (i960), 142, fig.9 and pl. 39. 956BSA 38, (1937-8), pl. 28. 957 Blinkenberg,60-66. 958Catling in MchoriaIII, 305, no. 8; 278, fig.6-7 and pl. 5-2. *» V Leon, JCM/46, (1959), Beiblatt 33-58. 960 Deshayes, Deiras,90-93, 207-08 and pls. 86-7. »« GDA 67. %2 See derBronzeDie Wagen undfiiihen especiallyE. Woytowitsch, Eisenzeitin Italien:PBFXVU, 1 (Munich, 1978), mff,pls. 50-51, wherethereis also a discussionofour particulartypeofwheel. 963 'Italien und Griechenland in der ausgehenden Bronzezeit', Jdl 95 (1980), 109-39.
964Bouzek, 166; 171-2. 965'Civiltà Micenea in Grecia : Nuovi Aspetti Storici ed StudiMagna Graecia,Taranto, Interculturali,in Atti22 Convegno
1982(1983-85),53-96, especially83-4.
966 Kastanas: die Kleinfunde: Prähistorische Archäologie 6, (Berlin, 1987). Südosteuropa 967 Deshayes, Deiras,59-60, pl. 24.8; 60.5; op.cit.203. 968 Blinkenberg,LindosI, 128, pl. 13, 321 (cited Bouzek, 172, no. 8). 969 Mykenae(1878), 126 and fig.120, centre. 970 79, no. 262, pl. 23. Taphi,155,E.2646 and pl. 55. Catalogue, 971Hochstetter, cit.(n. 966), 32-4, Taf.5. op.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOANTOMBS
^
Matthäusalso callsattention to stampedornamenton fragments ofpithoifromTiryns,which he believescouldhavebeen impressed ours.972 such as byobjects Thereis at leastone bronzeanimalstatuette, ofG typeand, surely, datefromOlympiaon a stand whose are of the same wheel-shaped 'spokes' precisely idiosyncratic typeas theseobjects listedabove.973 The comparableItalianmaterialis quitesparse.Matthäusrefersto: 1. Grottadi Polla (nearPaestum).974 Foundin levelIV, whichincludedan importedMyc.fragment datableto thetwelfth century. 2. Borgo Panigale (near Bologna).975Found with
Sub-Appenninepottery. 3. Porto Perone (near Leporano). Fragmentary; uncertainwhethertin or lead.976Contextsaid to be equivalentto Myc.Ill B-c.
In addition,pendants ofthesameformhavebeen foundin theCoste del Maraño hoard(Tolfa), ofeleventhcentury Villanovanurnfield at Fontanella.977 date,and fromtheProtoBoththecomparablematerialand thecontextofour pin-headleave a numberofquestions unanswered,includingfunction.While decorativeuse as a pin-head is likely,and it be assumedthatthe shafthad been of some perishablematerial,978 it is not the onlypossibility. The contextofour head,wherevirtually all theotherobjectsare decorative, strongly suggests thatthisis somekindofornament,a roleindicatedfortheDeiras head, foundas it was with beads,etc. is imponderable.Bouzek has argued that, Certainly,the significanceof the wheel-form - 'Theywereconnectedwith whatevertheostensiblefunction, theseobjectshave a symbolism theUrnfieldwheelsymbolism, the symbolof the sun wagon on whichthe sun god is drawn acrossthe skyby birdsor horses.This symbolicmeaningretaineditssignificance in Greece untiltheGeometric...' Whilethe normalsix-spokedwheel-headpins are doubtlessdirectcopies of actual wheelforms,it is lessclear thatthisis thecase forour idiosyncratic version;Matthäus,forinstance, doubtswhethertherewererealwheelsofthisspoke-design. I feelthepossibility shouldnotbe excluded. oftheKnossosand Deiras heads is securein thecentury1150-1050 Thoughthechronology BC, the remainingGreek examples floatwithinthe Bronze Age. The EG contextof the Kastanas mouldis perhapsbestviewedas merelya terminus non;it could be much postquern earlierthanthis.Perhapsthepuzzlingincisedcircletsare secondaryand theobject,at thetime ofitsloss,had acquireda quitedifferent, non-functional use. morewheel-headpinsof our typefromGreece Despitethefactthatthereare,ifanything, thanItaly,not to mentionthe likelihood,in the view of the Kastanas mould,thatsome,at least,wereactuallymade there,it remainsmoreprobablethattheyare of Italian,not Greek 972Citing CMS V.2 (1975), 454, no. 572; FurtwänglerVasen Loeschke,Mykenische (1886),53. 973Olympia IV,Die Bronzen (1890),pl. 13,210b. 974Matthäus, op. cit. (n. 963), 117, fig. 6.1, citing B. d'AgostinoDial Arch6, (1972)8, fig.3, right. 975Matthäus, loe. cit., citing R. Scarani, 'Prehistoria dell'Emiliae Romagna' in Documenti e Studi7 (1962),159Çpl. 74.77.PBFXVll.i, 116,no. 37 and pl. 51.
976Matthäus,loe.cit.Mc 1963, 3oof,fig.24. PBFXVLLi,
loe.cit,no. 36. 977Matthäus, loe.cit.PBFXVll.i
loc.cit.nos. 38, 39.
978There is onlyone wheel-head certainlyused as a pin, wherethe shaftis bronze- Bernabò Brea and M. Cavalier, I (Palermo, i960), pl. 41,1c. I owe this Meligunis-Lipara reference to Lucia Vagnetti.
H. W. CATLING
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withthe six-spokewheelsseemsclear; theseare evidently Italian, origin.Their relationship evenifa smallnumberhas also been foundin Greece.979 It therefore seemsmorelikelythat thisuncommonvariantdevelopedwherethedominant,six-spoke typeoriginated. Bronze
Object, 201. fl8 (fig. 164; plate 280) This fragment of something largercould have been partof a pair of depilatorytweezers,an which would account forboththetaperingshapeofwhatremainsand therelative explanation thickness of metal.CompleteexamplesratherearlierthanthiswerereportedfromLH III C Tweezershave a long historyin theAegean; the chronology of gravesat Peratiin Attica.980 theirseveralshapesis not particularly sensitive.981 There was a pair of tweezers(L. 11.5cm) amongtheweaponsoftheearlytwelfth century groupin Achaea,Kallithea,tombB.982 Bronze
Scraps, 200. f7 No diagnosiscan be made forthethreesmallcrumbsin T. 200,apartfromknowingtheywere once partofan objector objectsbelongingto thewomanwhosecrematedremainslay in this grave.The two 'droplets'of metalalso includedunderthisnumberare equallyanonymous; too muchweightshouldnotbe givento thefactthattheyare adheringto smallsliversofivory. The Iron Dirk, 186. f5 (fig. 163; plate 274) A. M. Snodgrass983 has said ofthecompanionpiece in theSMyc. TirynsT. XXVIII984thatit maywellbe theearliestall-ironweaponofthistypefoundin Greece.Severalpointsofinterest are raised by theseweapons,whichunquestionablyowe theirbasic designto the Type II bronzeswordsalreadyreferredto in discussingthe swordin T. 201. A dominantquestion sucha smallweaponcould havebeen designed;second,a concernstheregionin which,first, frombronzeto iron.It has been suggestedthat regionin whichit mighthavebeen translated Cypruscouldfillbothroles.On theone hand,bronzeweaponsthatare scaleddownversions theEnkomiOld T. 47 Ha bladeshavebeen foundthere,particularly oftheoriginalSprockhoff dirk985and, to a lesser extent,the Loizou sword.986On the other,Cyprus has been regionin ironchampionedby severalscholars,includingA. M. Snodgrass,as an innovative workingat thecriticalperiod.Perhapsthe irondagger(or dirk)L. 26 cm,withthreebronze halfeleventh rivetsin the hilt,foundby Karageorghisat KitionLevel II (latertwelfth-first Snodgrasshas seen Cyprusas the regionwhere centuryBC) may illustratethisprocess.987 from'. . .Stage 1, in whichironis used with workingin ironis verylikelyto haveprogressed
979These have been noted by Matthäus, op. cit.(n.74) i26ff. Of his list, only one, from Lefkas, Choirospilia(Alt-Ithaka (1927), 266f) and a bone example from the Athenian Acropolis (Hesperia8 (1939), 413, fig. 8gd.) are well enough documented to command attention. 98°PeratiII, 284-5. 981See, e.g., Persson, Royal Tombsat Dendra, (Lund, 1931) 90. Wace, ChamberTombsat Mycenae(London, 1932) 191. 982Yalouris in AM 75 (i960), 44; Papadopoulos, Mycenaean Achaea148 and fig.33od.
ws DAG 221. 984Verdelis in AM 78 (1963), 14-16, Beil.5.4, bottom and fig-5985 A. S. Murray, A. H. Smith and W. B. Walters, Excavationsin Cyprus(London, 1900), 16, fig.31. PPS 22 (1956), n«S,no. 17. Schaeffer,Enkomi-Alasiafig.107. 986 35 (1961), 115fr, pl. 16, a and b. Antiquity 987 The dagger/dirk is illustrated BCH 102 (1978), 97, fig.84.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOANTOMBS
52g
forpurposesofdisplayand prestige'to stage2 '. . . in whichitis used greateror lessfrequency forpracticalpurposes,but as yetless frequently than bronze5.988 Much of Snodgrass5case which iron on the relative with as he rests, workingobjectshave been explains, frequency in in contexts as twelfth and eleventh century Cyprus, comparedwith,say,Creteand reported havebeen questionedbyJ. Waldbaum,who is inclinedto theGreekmainland.His arguments the regionresponsibleforiron-working set aside the statistical case989in seekingto identify innovation. There is,however, circumstantial evidenceforclose contactbetween independent in and Crete the twelfth and eleventh as we havealreadyseen,and shallsee centuries, Cyprus we examine associations of the when the iron knives {infra).It remainsa distinct again in that the stride forward did indeed take possibility iron-working place in Cyprus,evenifthe evidenceis lackingto identify theethnicgroupresponsible. This questionis essentially distinct fromthedebateconcerningearlyironobjectswhichincorporatebronzeor copperelements, such as rivetsforsecuringhilt-plateson swordsand knives,or ringsto close the divided tubularsocketsofspearheads.990 It is important to notethatbothour dirkand theTirynsdirk are ofironthroughout. Severalotherirondirksor daggersmodelledon theType II sworddesignhave been found in slightly latercontexts, and mustbe closelyrelatedto ourweapon.These include:1. Athens,Kerameikos,SMyc. GraveII (Elevenrivets in thehilt)."1 2. The same,SMyc. GraveB. Ivoryhiltand pommel L. 21 cm.992 completely preserved. 3. The same, PG Grave 14. Ivoryhiltand pommel preserved.993
4. Euboea, Lefkandi,SkoubrisT. 46, no.7. L. 22.7 cm994 5. Crete,Knossos,AyIoannisT. VIII.i6-?EPG.L. 31cm. The hilt,including a long,narrowpommelspur,is well preserved.995
The Iron Knives, 186. f2; 201,f9 (figs. 163-4; plate 274) One ofourknives(201.£9)is onlya blade fragment, thoughsufficiently diagnosticforus to be sureofitsidentity. The other,withconvexback and quitehookedtip,has a singlebronzerivet in its rathershortbutt.It has a double interest, firstas an earlyexamplefromCrete of a ironobject,secondas an instanceofbimetallism working (ironblade,bronzerivet).There are Cretanparallels,includingtheoft-quoted Knossos:GypsadesT. VII. 12 roughlycontemporary knife(at 16 cm long,ratherlargerthan ours) and a knifefromVrokastroTV (dimensions unknownto me).996 Bimetallism ofthiskindhas arousedgreatinterest, and has been veryfully studiedbyJ.Waldbaum.997 Some scholars,including have indeed seen theironknife J. Muhly, withbronze/copper rivetsas thedistinctive of in the twelfth 'type-fossil' iron-working century BC998Though,as we have seen,Waldbaumis inclinedto dissentfromtheviewof Snodgrass and othersthatCyprusplayed a keyrole in the developmentof iron-working duringthe 988Metallurgy 286 (Snodgrass). 989Waldbaum,FromBronzeto Iron (Göteborg,1978) and her 'BimetallicObjects fromthe Eastern Mediterranean and theQuestionofthedissemination of Iron' in Metallurgy, 325-49990See e.g.,Waldbaumin Metallurgy, 339-44. 991Kerameikos IV, 47, pl. 38. Jdl 91 (1976),212 and fig.9.7. DAG222ÍT. 992Kerameikos I, 104,and pl. 32, right.
993Op.cit.101 and pl. 31,bottom,right. 994Lefkandi I, 252-3,pls. 106,245E. 995BSA55 (i960), 142, fig.9. and pl. 39. 996por Gypsades, Sandars in Hood et al., BSA 53-54 (I958~59)) 208, 234, 248-9, fig. 32 and pl. 60A. For Vrokastro,Hall in Vrokastro 151 (not illustrated).See also Waldbaumin Metallurgy, 348. 997Op.cit.<*2mo. 998Muhlyin discussion, Metallurgy, 348.
H. W. CATLING
53o
twelfth and eleventhcenturies,the relatively large numberof iron objects,notablyknives, foundin Cypriotcontextsof thisdate cannotbe ignored.If Cypruswas not the originator, thenthe island musthave been in veryclose contactwiththe area thatwas responsible, wherever thatmayhavebeen. Waldbaumhas argued that,thoughiron objects certainlybecame relativelyverymuch of the mannerof use and eleventhcenturiesBC,close scrutiny morefrequentin the twelfth in and were still considered judgementshouldbe prestigeobjects999 that, effect, suggeststhey in the of the arrival of 2 on the developmentof ironSnodgrass'Stage timing suspended is used for '. . . it where (sc. iron-working) practical purposes,but as yet less working the two The difference between than bronze.'1000 positionsis not verygreat.Our frequently new Knossos evidenceadds two more instanceswhereiron kniveshave been foundwith weapons; there is a close association between iron knives and early burials in the But such associationsare not invariable,as the Lefkandievidenceshows.1002 Kerameikos.1001 comefromobviouswarriorburials. iron knivesin Cyprusdo notthemselves Certainly, early of bronze knives,and the Much closer studyof the late developmentand distribution a morecoherentand before is needed of their iron and evolution successors, early appearance be productiveifless It could well them can be accountof attempted. historically convincing now thatWaldbaumhas concernwas directedtowardsthe bimetallism knives,particularly twelfth its from has a verylonghistory made itveryclearthatsuchbimetallism first, century BC,appearance. Pins, 201. fll, 20 (fig. 163; plate 277) of thesetwo pins (both A. M. Snodgrasshas convincedme thatmy originalidentification I supposedthemto be partofa singleobject,ofuniform lackinghead and tip)was incorrect. not foundin a singlepiece, or spit.It was certainly as an obelos, whichI identified thickness, as but nor was the sword(£7),the spearhead(£8)or the stand(fi). However,identification withtherebeinga doublecremationin thisgrave, dresspinsis moreconvincing, particularly a pair ofpinsto thewoman.The shaftsare male and female.It wouldbe naturalto attribute ironpinswerefoundin Lefkandi:SkoubrisT. c. 14-15011long.Otherroughlycontemporary one ofwhich,thoughheavilyoxidized,was thoughtprobablyto havehad a 38, nos. 11,12,1003 and an oval bulb on theupperpartoftheshaft.Ironpinshavebeen found smallbutton-head in otherSMyc. tombs- KerameikosSi 13, PG 22 and PG 23,1004thoughthesegravesare late in theAtticsequence.The evidenceis too slightto suggestwhencethesefirst relatively ironpinsmighthaveoriginated. Iron Dress
The Gold Jewellery, 200. f3, f8, flO; 201. flO (fig. 153; plate 265) to finda Withso muchthatis exceptionalin thecontentsofTs. 200 and 201,itis unsurprising and two used fora necklace,a finger-ring numberofgoldobjects- a setofbeads,presumably in T a and from T. 200 rather roundelswithimpressed fashioned, finger-ring rosettes, crudely
999Ob. cit.s?«. 1000Metallurgy, 286. 1001LefkandiI, 2
with useful summary of finds of iron knives, particularly at Enkomi. 1003LefkandiI, 123, 246, pl. 103. 1004 Studies(Lund, 1967), 70. Styrenius,Submycenaean
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
^l
201. I am doubtfulwhetherthe rosette-roundel 40. f2 is SM, and have not takenit into accountin whatfollows. burialson themainlandand in theIslandsrarelyincludegoldjewellery, as Contemporary has that the was richer than however,implies Desborough explained;1005 Higgins,1006 period of gold ornaments Desboroughallows.Nevertheless, by comparisonwiththe richdiversity recoveredfromthetombsofthehighMycenaeanperiod1007 thesewereverylean years. be Though the littlebeads of T. 200 are of verysimpleform,whichcan approximately matchedamongbeads of Mycenaeandate,1008 an equallyconvincing matchcan be foundin Cyprus,whereL. Aströmclassifiedthisas her gold bead Type 1 ('Depressed globular,or which roughlybiconical,plain bead, in some cases withone or two ringsat eitherend.')1009 occur throughout the LC period. She citesexamplesfromEnkomi,Kourion,Hala Sultan Tekke,Klavdia and Maroni.Some ofthese(e.g.,theMaroniexamples)are hollow,and nota close matchforours.A verysimilarbead was stillin use in the post-BronzeAge period1010 '...fromthe CG to the CC period'. In Bronze Age use, simple beads of this formwere sometimes usedwithmorecomplexbeads to makeup a necklace.1011 It is impossibleto decidewhetheror notthesebeads wereofgreatage at thetimeofburial. The stampedrosette-roundels, whosestitch-holes to clothingor shrouds, implyattachment echo a long traditionofjewellery, muchof it funerary, of an earlierage, both on the Greek forinstance.Perhapsthe mainland,and on Crete.The use was verycommonat Mycenae,1012 mostsplendidare those fromChamber T. 10 at Dendra.1013 More typicalexampleswere foundnearbyat theArgiveHeraion1014 and at Asine.1015 Furtherafield,therewererosettes in theMeniditholos.1016 Otherswerefoundat Epano Englianos,in Tholos III.1017Rosettesoccur at Knossos,notablyamongtherichgroupofjewelleryin SellopouloT.4.1018 in richLC Althoughsomeofthegold bandswithimpressedornamentthatoccurregularly tombsare decoratedwithrosettes,1019 rosette-roundels do not appear in the fullLC period. severaltimesin veryearlyCG contexts,1020 and it is likely Theyhavebeen reported,however, thatthereis a genuineconnectionbetweenCrete and Cyprusin thisas in severalother respectsalreadymentioned.There is as yetno evidenceto showhowthishappened,thoughit is possiblethatthe use of the rosette-roundel was introducedto Cyprusearlyin the twelfth and back to Crete much later century brought perhapsin themid-eleventh century. The ringsare earlyexamplesofa typeofplainringwhich,as Higginshas shown,was very wherenineteenexamplescame fromSPG I- III contexts.He popular in DA Lefkandi1021 that the source for these suggests ringsmay have been Cyprus,thoughthe evidenceis not whollyconvincing.
1005 GDA
iiQ.
1006LefkandiL 218. 1007See e.g., Taphi,passim.
1008E.g. the hollow beads of Taphi292, Type 2, from MycenaeOT 8, X.2302 (one example);op.cit.65, pl. 7 and OT io, X.2306; op.cit.70,pl. 70. 1009 SCE IV.iD <'i and fur.6^.24. 1010 SCE IV.2,164,fig.35.5and p. 222. 1011 intheCyprus Museum E.g. A. Pieridou,Jewellery (Nicosia, 10,71),pl. 8:3.
1012Taphipls. 6, 9, 37, 43, 44, 68, 76, 80, 124. Wace, Ch. Tombs pl. 32, top. 1013 atDendra, Persson,NewTombs pl. 3.
1014 Biegen,Prosymna (Cambridge,10,37), pl. 8^, fier. 362. 1015Frödinand Persson,Asine (Stockholm,1938),fig.266 (T.i.6); fig.2
Lefiandil, 221.
532
H- w- CATLING
The Ivory Comb(s), 200. f4; 201. fl4 (fig. 164; plate 275, 278) The identity of the firstis certain;the second (recoveredin the same manneras the boar's doubtful. tusks,q.v.)is extremely Combs have been exhaustivelystudied by H-G. Buchholz1022who has provided a withthefinedetailsofwhichwe need notbe concerned.Our comb typology, comprehensive to BuchholzTypeIlia - othervariant is one-sided,witha plainrectangular grip,conforming in theshape ofthegripor,in somecases,theuse offigureddecoration. TypeIII combsdiffer The grip is dividedinto zones in Type IV ('Zonenkämme5),sometimesdecoratedwitha withreliefdesignsin thezones.TypeV combsin theirseveral centralreliefrosette, sometimes variantformsare double(thatis,setsofteetheithersideofthegrip('Doppelkämme'). as 'Rectangularflatcomb toothedon one side with TypeIlia is describedby Buchholz1023 individualexamplesvaryin relativeheightand width.'The grip or withouta suspension-hole; ofTypeIlia combsmaybe pickedout withsimpleincisedlineardesigns.A good exampleof Type Ilia, showingwhat the original appearance of ours will have been, comes from The date of thispiece is uncertain. Schliemann'sexcavationson the Mycenaeacropolis.1024 comb in the LH II- III Ai ChamberT. XXIII in the AthenianAgora1025 The fragmentary illustrates thesimplemannerin whichthiscategoryofcombmaybe decorated.A verysimilar was comb foundat Enkomi,in a contextovertwohundredyearslater,in Area I oftheCyprus Museum'sexcavation,on the thresholdbetweenRooms 3 and 8 of the AshlarBuilding,in The gripis pickedoutbysimplehorizontalincisedlines.NeithertheAgoranor LevelIIIA.1026 Our comb is the firstexampleof Type Ilia to be the Enkomicomb has a suspension-hole. reportedfromCrete.1027 bone or wood,seemsto havebeen morewidelyspreadon The use ofcombs,whetherivory, wherefifteen the mainlandthan on Crete,to judge fromBuchholz'publishedstatistics,1028 fromthe Argolisalone. Buchholzargues,indeed, Cretanexamplesare set againstfifty-four that so far as the Aegean was concerned,it was the mainland that was responsiblefor developingdesign and ensuringwidespread internaldistribution.Though combs were centuriesBC,theyalso retainedtheirpopularity to thirteenth commonduringthe fifteenth the fourteencombs reportedby Iakovides from clear is made as the twelfth, by during are them of Perati.1029 very poorlypreserved;thetwoofwhichdrawings many Unfortunately, havebeenpublishedappearto be ZonenkämmeofBuchholzTypeIVa.1030 are veryrarein eitherSM or SMyc. contexts, Nevertheless, ivoryobjectsofanydescription on comments so thefindsfromTs. 200 and 201takeon an added importance. Desborough1031 thisrarityin discussingthe ivory-headed Styreniushas pins fromKnossos,Ay.Ioannis.1032 only one ivoryobject to mentionfromthe SMyc. tombs of both the Kerameikos and Salamis.1033
1022 et Archaeologica Ägäische Kamme' in Acta Praehistorica 16/17 (1984/85), 91-142. 1023 cit. 117. Op. 1024Ob. cit.,122, fies. v*-±. 1025Immerwahr, The AthenianAgoraXIII: The Neolithicand
Bronze Ages(Princeton, 1971),220,no. 7, and pl. 51. 1026 I, 181;II, 692, no. 2254,pl. 32.2,which Dikaios,Enkomi ofthecombwas showstheobjectinsitu.No otherillustration published. 1027Buchholz, on the basis of the preliminaryreport,
identifiedit as a Type IV comb- Buchholz,op. incorrectly cit.(n. 1022),124,no. 26. 1028 Op.cit.,136. 1(>29 Perati II, 286-8, fie.126. 1030 Buchholz,op.cit.(n. 1022)126,nos. 65-78. i°31GDA208,n. «5. »032 BSA 63, pl. w. 1033Styrenius,op.cit.(n.1004)48. The object, small and I, enigmatic,comes fromKerameikosGrave 47 Kerameikos 6. and 88 fig. 25,
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
533
ofsuchobjectsin theprevious to be Cretan,giventherelativescarcity The combis unlikely Minoan centuries.There is no verycompellingreasonto look to Cyprusas a place of origin (wherethe Doppelkämmeare much more frequent);giventhe relativewealthof combs at themainlandwouldbe a strongcandidate,werethereanysignin Peratiin thetwelfth century, contexts of SMyc comparablematerial. The Ivory Mounting, 201. fl2 (fig. 164; plate 278) Forthecircumstances ofdiscovery, see 'Boar's Tusks'.The stateofpreservation was extremely what seemed all to be of the same amounted to some eight poor; probably fragments object of the carved surfaces and more small outer, bits,manyofthem piecespreserving part eighty calcined,none of themcertainlyretainingan outersurface.Though thepiece was probably somekindofhandle,it cannotbe relatedto anyofthesurviving objectsin thegrave.Since it seemsto havebeen designedto allowtheflattish tangofa metalobjectto slideinsidea socket and be covered,it has no place withthe sword,the spear,or the arrowheads.Nor could it have been fittedto any knowntypeof knifeto whichthe blade fragmentfg could have the piece is likelyto remainunidentifieduntila better-preserved belonged. Regrettably, can be understood. exampleis foundin associationswhereitsfunction ornamentoccurs ornament,and dot-and-concentric-circle Compass-drawndot-and-circle on ivoriesfoundin LH contexts,1034 includinga taperingstripfromthe tombat Spata, and severalitemsfromMycenae.1035 Dot-and-circleornamentis one of the main decorative elementson the remarkableivorytube,identified by Karageorghisas an opium-pipe,from KitionArea II, betweenFloorsIIIA and III.1036 The Bone Inlays, 201.H4A and 14B (fig. 164; plate 278) The circumstances ofdiscovery are describedbelows.v.Boar'sTusks.Thoughtherecan be no it is certainty, quite possible that both sets of inlays (for such seems the most likely lostfrom identification) belongto a singleobject,all traceofwhichwas otherwise irretrievably themomentofcremation.Doubtlessotherpiecesof inlaywereoverlookedwhentheremains weregatheredup following thefire.It is difficult to lookforparallels,or,ifsimilarobjectscan be traced,to feel any confidencein assertingsimilaruse in a hypotheticalsimilarobject. Twenty-six triangularand two rectangularinlays,the formerwithone, the latterwithtwo werefoundin PeratiTi, in a pitcontainingthecrematedremainsoftwohuman stitch-holes, and a beings dog,as wellas a numberofothersmallobjects.This groupis datedPeratiPhase I (1190/85-1 Iakovidesdoes notofferan explanation.Rectangular 165/60BC).1037 inlays(?) have been found in Cyprus, in Swedish T. 13 (no. 14) at Amathus, dated CG HI by the excavators.1038 This was an archer'stomb,tojudge fromthefifteen ironarrowheadsamongits contents.There weresimilarinlaysfromTs. 50 and 76 at PalaepaphosSkates, bothof which 1034Poursat, Les Ivoires mycéniens (Paris, 1977), 254. 1035 Including the use of compass on roundels from the acropolis, (Schliemann), Cataloguepl. 1, no. 11 (nos. 1030-31, 1033, 1569); othersfromthe House of Sphinxes, Catalogue pl. 14, 187/7996; 15, nos. 186/7536, 188/7558; others fromthe House of Shields, Cataloguepl. 9, 119/7409 (double circles,with linking tangentsas a falserunningspiral); 117/7484,as fillingornament
used to pick out incised swags on a plaque. The motifis also used to enhance the border of two oval plaques in Mycenae OT 27- Catalogue pl. 27, nos. 280 and 20Q. See also TabhLpl. 4.Q. 1036 Karageorghis et ai, KitionV, 117,no. 4267, pls. 123 and 197, and p. 333. 1037PeratiI, 160, 16^: II, 381 and pl. ¿oa. 1038SC£II,pl. 19.
H- w- CATLING
534
are CG I graves,reasonablyclosein date to ourT. 201.1039 Therewereno arrowheadsin these tombs,butSkalesT. 76 containeda richseriesofironknives. we can either If we guessat the identity of the objectin whichtheseinlaysonce figured, choose somethingconnecteddirectlywiththe othercontentsof the grave,or strikeout for somethingcompletelydifferent.In the absence of comparanda, the latter course is unpromising.I suggest,fautde mieux,that the kindof object involvedmighthave been a scabbardforthe sword£7, or a quiverforthe arrowsfa-flS.Much less likelywould be an ornamental box to containthefour-sided stand. wouldhave been It is particularly that this tantalizing objecteludesus, foritstrueidentity individuals commemorated ofgreathelpin givingstillsharperdefinition to theremarkable by T. 201.
Tusk Fragments, 201. fl3 (fig. 164; plate 279) of crematedhumanbone Duringexcavation,as elsewhereexplained,the mass of fragments was baggedseparatelyand set aside forthe expertanthropological studyofJ. H. Musgrave. identified he isolateda numberof itemswhichhad been incorrectly Duringhis examination, in the field,includingpieces of workedbone, pieces of carved ivoryand a numberof identified ofwhatweresubsequently by SheilaghWall (Mrs.Crowther)as slicesof fragments boar's tusk.Miss Wall was at thattimeworkingat Knossos on the fieldstudyof the animal MuseumExtensionsite. P. M. Warren'sexcavationoftheStratigraphie remainsfromProfessor I am extremely to Miss Wall forherstudyofthismaterial,and to Dr. Musgrave,who grateful had been quickto correctthemistakemade byus in thefield. Though absolute certaintycannot be guaranteed,giventhe damaged conditionof the thesenineteenpieces of boar's tusk(one,perhapstwowiththe remainsof stitchfragments, a boar'stuskhelmet.If theydo, thiswillbe much are mostlikelyto represent holespreserved) and would, I believe,providethe supreme the latestexample to have survivedin corpore had becomeobsolete,of after thehelmet-type of the illustration survival, long archaeological to Aegean It would veryneatlyfitthatpassage of Homer best-known an helmet-heirloom. of the describes where the in Iliad X. 261 by if, arming Odysseus Meriones, poet prehistorians, and goes out of his way to explainhow so antiquateda piece of equipmentcould stillbe availableforuse: The Boar's
camefrom thishelmet Eleon,where originally sonofOrmenos, stoleitfrom bybreaking Amyntor, Autolykos home.Autolykos intohiswell-built gaveittoAmphidamas andAmphidamas totaketoSkandeia, ofKythera gave forhospitality. ittoMolosinreturn Molos,inhis towear,andnow turn, gaveittohissonMeriones tocover. headitserved itwasOdysseus' The Iliad X passage singledout thathelmetfora detaileddescriptionbecause of its very - Amyntor unusualdesign;thedesignwas unusualbecauseitwas an antique,as itspedigree - makesclear. - Odysseus - Molos- Meriones - Amphidamas Autolykos 1039SkalesT. 50.11, pl. 68. fig.94; T. 76.119, pl. 144, fig.143.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOANTOMBS
535
There is no need to reviewthe evidence,representational and in corpore, fortheboar's tusk helmet.Thishas recently beencollectedbyA. P. Varvaregos,1040 whosebibliography detailsother studies of those of and E. Kukahn. While Borchhardt important J. Aegeanhelmet-types, including theoriginsofthehelmetevidently back to the as in finds from Eutresis Boeotia and MBA, go Eleusisshow,1041 'hefloruit ofuse incorpore to the fifteenth and earlier fourteenth centuries. belongs One of thebest-known and best-published examplescame fromone of theMycenaechamber tombsexcavatedby A. J. B. Wace,T.518.59.1042 FromtheLH III Ai PanoplyTomb at Dendra came a boar'stuskhelmetand a pairofbronzecheek-pieces, heldto marka transitional stagein between the boar's tusk-covered and all the of illustrated bronze, helmet-development cap, by cap thehelmetfromKnossos,HospitalSiteTombV1043 Thisexplanation ofa transitional helmet-type is a trifle oftheKnossosand Dendratombs. simplistic, giventhenearcontemporaneity Untilthe discoveryof our boar's tuskfragments, the latestknownexamplehad been the threefragmentary 'tusks'fromAchaea, KallitheaTomb B,1044 whosecontextis dated to the earlytwelfth century bytheassociatedLH III C pottery. The Beads, 121. f3; 200. f2, f6, f9, fll, fl4 (figs. 162, 164; plate 275) At firstsight,thislittlecollection,fromonlytwo tombs,is a meagreset of ornamentsof this type.But suchis thescarcityof evidenceforSM or SMyc.jewelleryanywherethatthisis, in richcollection,includingitemsof glass,faienceand stone.The singleglass fact,a relatively bead fromT. 121,a flattenedsphere,may have been worn as an amulet.As well as the in the parallelscitedbelow,it recallsa ratherlargerfaiencebead, also foundas a singleton, Kouklia(Palaepaphos)Kaminia T.i, no.4. This unpublishedtombis datedLC III B by a PWP withourT. 121. stirrup jar,and is thusvirtually contemporary The sixbeads,and a conulus, in T. 200 mayhavebeen usedas a smallnecklace,perhapsworn closerto thethroatthanthegold necklace,f8. Fourofthebeads- £B,9, 11 and 14- are not distinctive, particularly thoughparallelsare doubtlessto be foundin theAegeanarea in thefull - Pamygdaloid BA forsuch sphericalbeads of different materials.The two 'seed-shaped' faiencebeads,£2,are morespecific, and,once again,suggesta classofobjectwhoseoriginwas which was translated to Aegean, Cyprus,and mayhavebeen broughtbackagain,as here.The is familiar on the Greek mainland,at Mycenae forinstance,1045 withother type enough from the Tholos III.1046 in include thosefrom examples Epano Englianos Examples Cyprus OtherscomefromHala SultanTekke,1048 Kition,FloorIV inAreaII, datedLC II Ci and 2.1047 and thereare two,unpublished, in theKoukliaAsproyi T VII, nos.13and 14.1049 1040 j-QOdontophrakton Dissertation Kranos, (Athens,1981). 1041 ForEutresis, H. Goldmann,Eutresis, Mass., (Cambridge, 1931)220 and fig.290. For Eleusis,G. Mylonas,Troistoriki Eleusis'in Eleusiniaka and fig.33. (Athens,1932),53fr 1042 Wace,ChTombs 212-14.and dI. s8. 1043Hood and de Jong,BSA 47 (1952), 256-60 and pls. 50-52. For the Dendra helmet,P. Âstrom,The CuirassTomb andother findsat Dendra(Göteborg,1977),13,no. 8; 16,no. 18 and 18,no. 27,together withusefulbibliography, and pl. 6.1. ™"AM 75 (i960),44, 54-6, Beil. 31.4. 1045E.g. Taphi, 40 no. pl. 2378 (6); pl. 69, no. 2822, from OT 55 (c.60 beads);pl. 79, no. 2811,fromOT 60 (16 beads);
pl. 92, no. 3036, fromOT 71 (2 beads); pl. 114,part of no. 3146,OT 84; pl. m, no. 4.^4., fromOT 04.(2 beads). 1046/WITT D1 172. 1A.
1047 II (Nicosia,1976)90 and pl. Karageorghisetai, Kition 186,no. 2510. 1048 Fourexamples,HSTVIII.qa. fie.268. 1049For others,L. Âstrom,'The Late CyprioteBronze Age: Other Artsand Crafts'in SCE IV: I D (Lund, 1972) 473-622, p. 521, no. 3, fig. 70. 11, 12 (Also published
separately as Studieson theArts and Craftsof theLate Cypriote
are: p. 49, no. Bronze Age(Lund, 1967),wherethe references 3, fig.70. 11,12).
H. W. CATLING
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The Stone
Conulus, 200. fl2 (fig. 164; plate 275) This ratherbattered'button'belongsto a veryfamiliarclassof objectof thefullAegeanBA, whichhas been discusseda good manytimes,notablyby S. Iakovides,who has collected He suggeststhattheywere used as references to the mostimportantpreviousstudies.1050 '...dressweights,attachedto the hem of skirts'.There is a varietyof forms,of whichour simpletruncatedcone seemsto be the earliest.New versions,however,did not oust earlier Whateverthe designs,'...all formsexistingdown to the end of the Mycenaeanperiod.'1051 almost was in meritsof the proposalthattheywere used as dress-weights, ours, certainly, an have a bead or amulet. and seems to been secondaryuse, likely The Whetstones, 186.f3, f4 (fig. 163; plate 274) As thesetwo ratherdifferent whetstonesbelongedto the same person,we may inferthey in different roles keepinghistoolsand weaponssharp.Forinstance,f± mayhavebeen played used dry,ï$ withoil as a medium,as suggestedby D. Evelyin discussingvarioustypesof Bronzespearhead,iron whetstone foundin theMinoan UnexploredMansionat Knossos.1052 two stones. all keen these iron knife have been dirk, by may kept There seems to have been rathererraticuse of whetstonesas grave goods duringthe wherestonesare found,theyare usuallyassociatedwithweapons. AegeanBA. Unsurprisingly, A As findsin Grave Circle at Mycenae show,1053 theyoccur withthe burialsof grandees, LH I- II gravecircleat Epano Englianos1054 further confirmed by thetwoexamplesfromthe of a corslet)fromT.8 at and the LH I- II warriorburial (includingthe bronze épaulière Dendra.1055They seem to be largelymissingfromthe main run of LH chamber tomb Two are reportedfromTsountas'Mycenaechambertombs,butone oftheseis in cemeteries. None and cannotbe traced.1056 facta terracotta object,and the otherwas leftunregistered, seemsto have been foundin thechambertombsdug byA. J. B. Wace; onlyone (fromT. X, There was none in the came fromBlegen'stombsat the ArgiveHeraion.1057 unillustrated) At tombsin theAthenianAgora.Three werereportedby Morriconefromtombsin Kos.1058 all associatedwithknives, Knossos,Evans foundfourin the Zapher Papoura cemetery,1059 razorsand a sword. in size,formand materialare givenby the Much the closestparallelsforour whetstones twelveexamplesin theCG cemeteryat PalaepaphosSkales.These have been discussedby C. The contextsrangefromCG I A untilCA I; theyoccursinglein eighttombs,1061 Elliott.1060 Five of them,perhapsas manyas seven, whilethereare twoin each of twoothertombs.1062 come fromCG I contexts,while only one is perhaps as late as CA I. Their materialis schistor sandstone.Their characteristic shape is elongatedrectangular(as predominantly
1050BSA 72 (1977), 113-19. 1051hoc. cit.
1052 Ponhametai, UM I, 226-7. 1053 Karo, SG, GraveIV, pl. 102,512;GraveV, p. 149,nos. 860-61; GraveVI, 163,fie.7Q.Q3O. 1054 pjVIII, 161,fig.232.2,foundin thecauldronin Pit2; p. 167and fig.232.3. lossFrödinand Persson,op.cit.(n. 101O40, no. 15and fig.9. 1056 Taphi,197,no. 2964 and pl. 89; 275,fromT. 99, found withtwobronzerazors.
1057 Prosymna 460-61. 1058Langada T. 11,Ann.NS 27-28 (1965-66) 112,fig.93, top right;T.37,p. 176 and fig.183,centreleftand T. 43, p. 201and fig.207,secondrowright. 1059 PTK^iq (Tomb 1); 449 (T. 38-twostones,one square, one oblong)and 450 (T. 42). 1060 SkalesAppendixIX, 426-31. 1061 Ts. 43, 46, 50, 55, 63, 64, 75 and 76. 1062 Ts. 83, 89.
THE OBJECTS OTHER THAN POTTERY IN THE SUBMINOAN TOMBS
537
roundedcorners.Three of themwerepiercedforsuspension, ours),withsquared,or slightly like£|.1063Elliott'sdescription of signsof use would fitf3's condition:-'When damagedthe breakis obliquelytransversal towardsone end.1064 Wear ... in formoflong,shallowstriations axis on both faces and ...' came from alonglong slightly oblique SevenoftheSkaleswhetstones tombswhichalso containedironknives,1065 of whichthree,perhapsfivecame fromCG I contexts.There is anotherclose parallelforf3 in the CG Ia graveKaloriziki T.39 (measuring x5-8* 5-3 * l-% complete);it had been placed,togetherwithan ironknife,insidea kraterIt is possiblethata 'loomweight' foundin Kaloriziki amphoracontaininga cremation.1066 T.40, insidethe bronzecremationurn,describedas 'truncatedpyramidaltype'and 'particularly and was actually a elongated', of lightbrown softstone,may have been misidentified, I do notrecallloomweights whetstone. elsewherein tombsofgrandees.RatherearlierCypriot to the earlyeleventhcentury examplescome fromtombsat Kouklia,dated fromthe twelfth BC 1067 One oftheseverycloselyresembles£4, thoughitsmaterial(hornstone) is different; its contextis datedin thetwelfth century. DA whetstonesare rare. There is one fromthe EG I Areiopagos warrior grave in Athens.1068 There was none in any of the Kerameikosor Salamis SMyc. graves.None was foundin theLefkandicemeteries. But the'heroic'burialin theDark Age buildingat Toumba did includea largewhetstone, whichhad been placed insidethe cremationurn.The date of thiscomplexis closeto 1000BC. Three quite different none of which possibilities emergefromthisveryincompletesurvey, shouldbe pressedtoo hard.The use ofwhetstones has a close,butnotunvarying relationship withweapon-burials.Several of these are the burialsof grandees(Mycenae SG, Dendra, Epano EnglianosGrave Circle,Lefkandi'hero' burial).Such a connectionmay increasethe - already - thatthe likelihood strong occupantofT. 186 had himselfbeen a grandee- in SM terms.Second,thereseemsa systematic betweenwhetstones and cremationurns. relationship To putit anotherway,wherea whetstone a it is accompanies cremation, likelyto be placed in theurn.That is certainat Kaloriziki T. 39 and Lefkandi,Toumba,quitelikelyat Kaloriziki T. an there is instance of the of a in whetstone a in the coincidence, 40. By vessel, early placing and theSkales Epano EnglianosGraveCircle.Third,theresemblancebetweenourwhetstones - theremustbe somekindof seriesis too circumstantial forcoincidence relationship.
1063T. 89.104 = Skales 322 and pl. 189; T. 89.126 and T. 55.3 = pl. 80 and fig.100. (Pincomplete) 1064 As T. 43.155,op.cit.pl. 25 and fig.51. 1065Ts. 63, 64, 76, 83, 89.
1066Kaloriziki 49; 125, no. K 1134 and pl. 40. '067EvretiT.IV12; KaminiaT.IX.2 (damaged) and T.XII.2. 1068 Hesperia21 (1952), 28off. I owe this reference to J. N. Coldstream.
CHAPTER 10 THE JEWELLERY R. A. HlGGINS SUBMINOAN
The SM jewelleryis surprisingly richforwhatis generallyregardedas a lean periodin Crete, as indeedthroughout theAegeanworld. 200. £8 is a stringof 81 minutebeads of solid gold, some drum-shaped,some flattenedglobular.Such beads, paralleledaftera fashionin a contemporary gravein the Athenian in are unknown the Late Minoan and constitutea new Kerameikos,1069 repertoire, is development; Cypriotinspiration probable.1070 Fingerringsare representedby two convex hoops of stoutsheet gold, one complete (201. fio) and one fragmentary (200. fio). Rings of thiskind are also foreignto the late Minoanrepertoire, and are also in all probability ofCypriotinspiration. They are commonin Athensand at Lefkandiin theninthcentury1071 Another offinger is represented variety ring,whosebezelonlysurvives, byQ.f<).This bezelof sheetgoldis elliptical in shape,withpointedends.It is decoratedwitha patternin dot-repoussé; and in thecentreis a holefora rivetwhichoriginally attacheditto thehoop.Sucha bezelis so far uniquein gold,buta numberofbronzeringswithsimilarbezelsare known.One, fromKalapodi in Phocis,Boeotia,is datedto LH III C.1072 and ExamplesfromAthensand Corinthare SMyc1073 a numberfromtheDictaeanCave in Creteare undated.1074 On balance,and althoughTombQ, containsno pottery earlierthanMPG, a LM III C or (moreprobably) a SM dateforthisobjectis almostinevitable.This typeof bezel is evidentlyderiveddirectlyfroma typeknownfrom Moulianaand Photoula1075 and indirectly fromthestandard 'shieldring'.1076 Minoan-Mycenaean in theformofrosettesare represented Clothingornamentsofthinsheet-electrum by40. f2 and 200. £3. Such rosettesare standardin Late Minoan and Mycenaeanequipment.1077 They are commonenoughin Crete in LM III A and B, and it mustbe purelyfortuitous thatno exampleshaveyetbeen recordedin LM III C to bridgethegap. Protogeometric
and Geometric
The veryscrappyjewelleryfromtheN Cemeteryforthislongperiodis evidently nothingbut after the of the and it cannot be tomb-robbers, gleanings depredations regardedas truly we combine the evidence from these tombs with thatfromthe If, however, representative. otherDarkAge Knossiancemetery at Fortetsa,1078 we getsomesortofa picture. 1069 Unpublished;butsee GRJ' 89.
1070BMC Jewellery, no. 622. 1071 Lefiandil, 221. 1072R. Felsch in R. Hägg, and N. Marinatos (eds.), Sanctuaries and Cultsin theBronzeAge(Stockholm, 1981),87, fig.15.
1073GÄ72,80, qi. 1074Boardman, CCO
1075 GRJ' 84. 1076 GRJ' 59, 68-9, 83, 92. 1077 GRJ' 85.
54O
R. A. HIGGINS
It appearsthatby iooo BC theMinoan tradition had finallyrunitscourse,and continuing contactswithCyprusgraduallyinitiateda ratherimpoverished style,whichprevailedforsome twocenturies. About800 BC a new and vastlysuperiorstyle,theproductof a so-calledTeke School,was herebythependant18.£3. fromsomeLevantinesource.It is represented introduced A funerary diadem We can now considerthejewelleryofthisperiodfromtheN Cemetery. with curvilinear are embossed ofgold foilis represented two by 75^40- 41« They fragments, of a diademfroma gravein Athensof 900-850 BC;1079 decorationin a mannerreminiscent when T. 75 receivedits first but thisdiadem cannotbe earlierthan the late ninthcentury, cremations. disturbedG tomb.Theyare A pairofgoldhoop earrings(104.fis) was foundin a severely made of goldwirewithtaperingends,whichare hookedtogether. Similar,butflimsier, hoop in of the tenth in at Fortetsa one tomb occur centuryand anotherof thelater gold earrings A Cypriotoriginis not and in bronzein a tenthcenturytombat Vrokastro.1081 ninth,1080 local creation. be an well a form could but such independent equally simple improbable,1082 a Minoan oval seal ofamethyst N is from the far of the finest Cemetery By piece jewellery of a lion with a scene is in a It mounted attackinga seated engraved gold setting(i8.f3). agrimi.10*3 The stone is bezel-setin gold, witha twistedwire solderedover the setting.A line of granulationfollowsthe outlineof the stone,but leaves it to go roundfourprojections,an elaborateone at thetop and threeplainerones at thebottom.The stonehas a gold backing At someearlierperiodthestonehas been loops forattachment. equippedwithtwotransverse piercedforsuspensionat thetop,as itis nowset. of the gold worksuggeststhe Teke School' at its best,which The superbcraftsmanship withthepithosi8,8 with a date consistent woulddate thisjewel around800 BCor soon after, This is not the onlyexampleof the re-useof a Minoan seal at a whichit was associated.1084 laterdate;Boardmanlistsa numberofotherinstances.1085 There are twofinger rings.The first(59.fi) is a carinatedhoop ofsheetgold.The typehad a longlife.It is recordedat Lefkandiin themid-ninth centuryand at Athensand Corinthin
1078 Brock,F. iotf, and refs. 1079 AM I (1968),22,fig.5 (top). losop nos n6} 1105. 1081 E. H. Hall, Vrokastro (Philadelphia,1914),151,fig.91. 1082a Pieridou,Jewellery Museum(Nicosia, in theCyprus 1071),pl. 13.8. 1083 mr# J. H. Bettsand Dr. I. Pinicommentthatoval seals are quiterarein Minoan glyptic, thoughsomewerein use at theend oftheMM II to impresssealingsat Phaistos(CMS II. 5, 258-9, 276-7, 304-6). The convex face of those seals suggeststhattheymay have been ringsof the kindwhich became common later in precious metal and are found occasionallyin stone(CMS I, 20, V Suppl IA, 197-8).Onepiece stoneringswerefragileand, ifthe hoop broke,might be modifiedforinsertionin some othersetting;the slightly concaveback ofthestonesuggeststhatit mayhavebeen cut itwas originally downin thisway.Alternatively, designedfor like CMS IV, 58D. The agrimiseated insertionin a setting, on base-linesis reminiscentof a numberof fineMM III
discoid seals (CMS 11.3,340; X, 281; XII,i37; XIII, 19), for thoughthe ratherheavierbodyand the use of solid-drill hooves(cf.CMS VII, 42; XII, 135)mightmakeit a littlelater (?MM III-LM I). The lion (orhound),withitssmoothmane, couldbe as late as wasp-waistand pronouncedsolid-drilling, LM IIIa (CMS VII,i76) and may indicatealterationof or addition to the originalmotifwhichmust,however,have shownsomethingin thatposition,since the agrimiwas not centrally placed. It may have been at thislate date thatthe stonewas cutdownand thelion changed(thoughthedrilled lion paws and goat hoovesseem similar).At the same time, or a little later, the engraved face was drilled through between the lion's hind legs so that the stone could be suspended;and in its finalphase it was introducedinto its with'ivyleaf at one end,whichDr. Pini presentgoldsetting believescannothavebeen made aftertheLate BronzeAge. io84GR¥, 108and refs. lossy Boardman, GreekGemsand FingerRings(London, 1970),107,399.
THE JEWELLERY
^
In viewoftheO date ofT. 59 we shouldprobablydate thisexampleat theeighthcentury.1086 theend oftheeighthcentury. The secondfingerringis the archetypalMinoan 'shieldring'(Q.fio). The typecertainly outlivedthe Minoan period,1087 but it is not clear whethertheywerestillbeingproducedat thetimewhenthisburialtookplace (probably870-840 BC),or whetheritwas an heirloomat thetimeofitsdeposition. A pair ofdresspins(J.fyand 7) is datedto E-MPG. They are made ofgoldwire,castand hand-finished. The shaftis circularin section.The head is composedofa conicalknobresting on a memberofcircularsectionwhichrestson a memberofrectangular section,withslightly sides. These are but derive from a typerecorded in-curving pins apparently unique, probably in goldfroma tombat Fortetsain a tenthcenturycontext.1088 A pomegranateornamentofgold foil(N.f^) of about 800 BC was originally a coveringfor an object,perhapsa pin-head,of some othermaterialsuch as wood, bone, or ivory.1089 A somewhat similar gold pomegranate, also of uncertain use, was found in a tomb at Arkades.1090 What was originallycataloguedas a mass of gold leaf turnedout, afterconservation, to be a scene, in thin gold foil,of a man between two lions (2ig.fgi). The gold foilwas a coveringforan unidentified evidently objectof some perishablematerialsuch as wood or leather.Fromthe appearance of the gold it is not possibleto distinguish the frontof this groupfromtheback; but it maybe assumedthatthe man is holdinghis daggerin his right hand. The ensuingdescription is based on thisassumption, and is also based on a muchclearer versionofthesamemotifwhichoccurson a bronzequiverfroma tombat Fortetsa.1091 A hero or warriorstandsbetweentwo rampantlions. He wears a short-sleeved tunic,a shortkilt,a beltand a conicalhelmetwitha crest.Withhis lefthand he holdsup the front rightpaw ofa lion. His rightarm hangsby his side,a daggerin thehand. The contextdates thisgroupto about750 BC. This piece,withtheFortetsaquiverand a stripof gold foilwitha scene of twoconfronted lions froma tomb at Fortetsa,formspart of a group which has been put togetherby Boardman.109? It is not easy to suggestthe purpose of thispiece. It could have decorated a piece of furniture suchas a footstool, or possiblya leatherbag. Evenmoremysterious are tworectangular piecesofgoldfoil,285. £38-39, whichare dated context to LPG-PGB. Holes at the corners indicatethattheywere originally by pinnedor sewnto someobjectnowlost,perhapsofwood,ivoryor leather. twosmallomphalos-like ornamentsofsheetgold (48. f2, N.fe). The formeris quite Finally, for a central boss and has twoholesat oppositesidesoftherimforattachment to plainexcept some otherobject,now lost. Its date is uncertain.The latter,probablyof about 800 BC,is similar,but has an additionalhole in the centreof the boss and a patternin dot-repoussé roundtherim. 1086 I, 222, pl. 230C. GRJ2,99, pl. 13C, and 104. Lefkandi AAAv (1972),170,fig.7a. »087 GRJ2, 92. 1088 F. no. no. 1089 Cf.D. G. Hogarth,Excavations atEphesus (London,1908),
heads. pl. 33,forivoryand bonepinswithpomegranate 1090 Ann.10-12(1927-q),372,pl. 12. 1091 F. no. 1569. 1092Boardman, CCO 134-8. BSA 62 (1967),57. For gold strip,F. no. 578.
542
R. A. HIGGINS
of They maywellbe ultimately Objectslikethisare fairlycommonin gold and bronze.1093 much are seen as models of but their has been disputed.They Cypriotorigin,1094 purpose would shieldbosses,and thisseemsa reasonableexplanation.A recentstudy, however, explain themas modelsofhorse-frontlets.1095 Orientalizing We cannotregardthismeagregroupofjewelleryas typicalofwhatwas a richperiodin Crete. overlooked. whatthetomb-robbers LikethePG and G material,itmustrepresent reachedCrete influences buttheoriental Contacts withtheNearEastarestillapparent, probably influence on theisland. now a which was the art of Eastern Greece, exertingstrong indirectly through A hoop of thingold wire(4O.f4)comesfroma seventhcenturydeposit.The ends,which Similarobjectsoccur in overlap,are twistedroundthe hoop. It was probablya hair-ring. a tomb at Assarlik,the ancient comes from in but the closest bronze Crete;1096 parallel in BC.1097 Termera, Caria, of800-750 A pair ofelectrumearringscomesfroma tombofabout 700 BC (79.fi3- 14). They consist Such ofa coil ofthickwirewithexpandedends,whichare turnedback in oppositedirections. is The wide, earringsare commonin Rhodes and also occurat Ephesus.1098 date-range fairly coveringthe eighthand seventhcenturies.A Syrianor Phoenicianoriginforthe apparently typeis probable.1099 Fourbeads(285.fi9) comefroman EO deposit.Theyarebiconical,withslightly flangedends, filledwithsome and are ribbed.Wide holesat theend indicatethatthebeads wereoriginally or plaster.Somewhatsimilarbeads occurin Rhodesand at suchas terracotta othersubstance, A Cypriotor Phoenicianoriginforthistypeis likely1101 in contexts.1100 seventh century Ephesus Next,182.fi, a goldpendantin theformofa lion'smask.This somewhatpeculiarwayof commonin Cretanartin the seventhcentury.1102 a lion'smaskwas particularly representing In viewof the Geometricdate of thisdeposit,we shouldprobablybe correctin puttingthis pendantat theveryend oftheeighthcentury. The datingfromcontextis A bee pendant(io7.fi6) is a close companionto theforegoing. Fortetsaof about thesame a tomb at from comes A bee similar which fits well. EO, pendant at Arkades.1103 a burial from a and third date; (undated) A boar's tuskmountedin silver(292.35) comes froma tombof PGB-O date. A seventh tuskin the bytheoccurrenceofa somewhatsimilargold-mounted datingis suggested century at Ephesus.1104 Artemision goldobject,piercedat theupperend,ofO date.Itspurposeis not Finally26^7, a cylindrical a been have but it could clear, cappingfortheupperpartofa needleofbone,ivoryorwood. 1093 Ann.10-12(iq27-q),468, pl. 8 and refs.
1094a. Pieridou, Museum(Nicosia, 1971), in theCyprus Jewellery (1903), pl. 14,A89. pl. 13.4 and 9. As worn, BMC Terracottas «o**Ã&4 77 (1Q82), 2<si.
1096Ann N.S. 17-18 (1955-6), 238, fig.33. Boardman, CCO <*q.fier.i8e. 1097BMC no. 1216. Jewellery, 1098R. LafFmeur, L'orfivrerie rhodienneorientalisante (Paris,
1978),142,nos. 188-9. k>"GRJ2 , 103. 1100 nos. 1008,1194-6. BMCJewellery
1101V. Tatton-Brown,CyprusBC (London, 1979), 72, I (Louvain, 1979), no. 217. B. Quillard, Bijouxcarthaginois, no. I.E. 1102 BSA 66 (1971),pl. 46, no. 45. R. Hampe and E. Simon, Art(London,1981),figs.255-6. TheBirth ofGreek 1103 Ann10-12(1927-9),93, pl. 12,CremationF.i (Arkades). E no. 1145. 1104BMC Jewellery no. 1048. Cf. also A. Griefenhagen, in Edelmetal,i, Fundgruppen, Schmuckarbeiten (Berlin, 1970), 92,
pl. 70.12and refs.
CHAPTER 11 THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES H. W. Catling Introduction bronzeobjects,shattered of sheetbronze,unidentifiable Complete,or fragmentary fragments lumps and pellets of metal were recovered from53 post-Subminoan, Dark Age and Orientalizingtombs. Over 500 inventorieditemswere recorded,amountingto several thousandindividualpieces of bronze, the total weightof which was in excess of fifteen kilos.1105 is not a largequantityof metal,giventhenumberof tombs,and the This, however, richnessof manyof them.For instance,the ox-hidecopperingotsof the late BronzeAge in theMediterranean, so manyofwhichare nowknownfromland-hoards, settlements finds,and the wreckedcargoesof Cape Gelidoniaand Ulu Burun,weighindividually on a scale from fifteen to nearlyforty kilos.Thus, a singleingotcan comprisemorethantwicetheweightof bronzerecoveredfromthewholeoftheN Cemetery. oftheoriginalcontentsofthese53 Everything pointsto thesurvivalofonlya smallfraction tombs.As othersectionsof this reporthave emphasised,nearlyall the graveshad been disturbed,to a greateror lesser degree. There were several deleteriouseffectsof this disturbance which,in manygraves,began verysoon afterthefirstuse, whenchamberswere for reopened the insertionof additionalcremationurnsand theiraccompanying gravegifts. Wheresuch actiondisturbedearlierurnsand theirgifts,the effectwas oftento damage,by bronzeobjectswhosemetalhad notyetlostall malleability crushingor twisting, throughthe destructive effects ofoxidization.In othercases,partcollapseofthesoftkouskouras tombroofs or walls was responsibleforsimilardistortion,notablyin the case of thin-walledbronze vessels.As oxidisationadvanced,and malleablemetalwas entirely replacedbytheproductsof thisprocess,the objectsbecame extremely so that disturbance would not onlydistort brittle, theobjectsinvolved, butin manycases shatterthemintofragments farsmallerthanthesherds into whichsuch disturbancereduced manyof the potteryvesselsin the same tombs.If a bronze vessel shattersin thisfashion,but the pieces remainarticulated,escapingfurther skilledtreatment and restoration disturbance, maysucceedin repairingtheobject.If,however, as happened in nearlyall the N Cemetery,disturbancecontinues,these once articulated willhave been scatteredbroadcastwithinthe tombitself,or thrownout intothe fragments or even to be lost.Take,forinstance, dromos, beyondthelimitsofthetomb,thereirretrievably whatremainsof the once finerod tripod100.£4. This can onlyrepresentabout 5% of the to whichthetomb originalstand;all therestdisappearedduringthesuccessionofvicissitudes was subjectedduringitslonghistory. 1105 Details of weightwererecordedforthe bronzes recoveredfromthe tombsdug in 1978and 1979;these
details are wantingfor the Teke tombs,excavated earlier.
H- w- CATLING
544
Withan objectsuchas a rod tripodtherewouldbe a verygood chanceofcompleterepair, ifall thepieces survived,no matterhow farscatteredtheyhad been in chamberand dromos The componentsare sufficiently and solid enough,to presentno serious distinctive, fillings. when the positionis verydifferent to an conservator. Unfortunately difficulty experienced undecoratedvessels of sheet metal are concerned. The combined factorsof distortion, includingprotrusionof oxides on the shattering, completeoxidisationof the fragments, of surfaceappearance fromone fracturesthemselves,coupled withcompleteuniformity shatteredvase to another,mean that with resourcesat presentavailable, the scattered of round-bodied, undecoratedbronzevesselscannotbe recomposed.The same is fragments - even severalof whichwere recovered of the bronze true facingfragments unfortunately existto offersomeclue to form,shapeand size. thoughtheedgesand stitch-holes A further indicationoflosscomesfroma comparisonofthosetombswherecremationurns as well as crematedbone,withtombs werefoundundisturbed, offerings containingfunerary whose urn-contents had all been scatteredduringdisturbance.Out of some 82 pins and of pins found,22 (nearly27%) came fromTs. 107 and 285, wherea significant fragments numberofurnswerefoundundisturbed. Despite thisadmittedlyverydiscouragingfactorin the studyof the bronzes,what has as survivedhas been carefullyscrutinizedin the attemptto recoveras much information at a bronze loss tomb suffered that each no reason to thereis suppose possible.Unfortunately, a made at has been Some total contents. constantratioto its original establishing attempt This of bronze of object. hierarchyof tombsbased on certaincombinations categories in ch. 12 by A. M. Snodgrassin the has been comparedwiththatdemonstrated 'hierarchy' lightofhisstudyoftheironobjects. The Repertory
of Bronze
Objects The greatmajorityof identifiableobjectsis accountedforby ornaments(pins,ringsand fibulae)and vessels,at leasteightvarietiesofwhichhave been recognised.There is a rather seriesof'Facingsand Fittings', ill-defined which,here,usuallysignala failureof descriptions There is a small,heterogeneouscollectionof 'exceptional' objects,which identification. and a spearhead.There are numerouscomponentpartsof horse-harness includea statuette, otherwise vanished, includingpieces of binding strip,rivetsfor securing larger items, to the handlesto objects whichtheywere fitted,patchestinkeredto damaged vessels.In sheetbronze,as wellas lumpsand pellets, is a largecategoryoffragmentary there addition, the from collected latter no doubt the two pyreafterthe cremation.This verysummary tables into the accountmaybe expanded 12-14.Note thereis a skewingeffectin thefigures: and Medical Facultytombs.The lastcolumn, Teke on both are based thefirstfourcolumns each categoryrepresentsby weight,is based onlyon the Medical showingthe proportion Facultytombs. Table 12.Totalbronzesbycountand byweight. Category
No.of examples
insomany tombs
No. identifiable
Total
Weight
33
520
53
3*7
520
lõ-^kg
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
545
Table 13.Countsand percentages ofdifferent bronze-types. Category
ORNAMENTS Pins Fibulae Rings Bracelet Misc. Ornaments TOTAL VESSELS Cauldrons Bowls Hemispherical Bowls,gen. Situiatejug Lotusjug Phialai Pan Skyphoi Situlafr. Misc. Unident. TOTAL
No. of examples
82 44 10 1 3 140
32 5 13 2 3* 6* 1* 3* 1 24 90
In so many tombs
% of identifiable
Total
Weight
23 19 7 1 2 30
25.8 13.8 3.15 0.31 0.94 44%
15.75 8.46 1.92 0.19 0.57 26.9%
°-8 1.34 0.06 0.03 0.08 2.38%
8 3 9 2 2 4 1 2 1 13 21
10.1 1.57 4.10 0.63 0.94 1.89 0.31 0.94 0.31 7.57 28.0%
6.15 0.96 2.5 0.38 0.57 1.15 0.19 0.57 0.19 4.61 17.3%
25.6 1.34 1.24 2.18 0.03 0.45 0.31 0.016 0.31 1.94 33.1%
VESSELS, ADJUNCTS Patches 12 Rivets 12 TOTAL 24
7 9
3.78 3.78 7.56%
2.30 2.30 4.60%
2.78 0.08 2.86
TOOLS Miscellaneous Tweezers TOTAL
3 8 11
3 5
0.94 2.52 3.46%
0.57 1.53 2.1%
0.07 0.49 0.56%
WEAPONS Spearhead Knifefr.
1 1
1 1
0.31 0.31
0.19 0.19
0.94 0.014
FACINGS
8
5
2.52
1.53
1.98
19
12
6.00
3.65
0.11
4
1
1.26
0.7
0.09
UNIDENTIFIED
12
9
3.78
2.30
0.06
TOTAL
45
29
14.18%
8.56%
3.114%
1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 2
0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.63
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.38
0.54 0.33 0.52 0.09 0.13
STRIP FITTINGS
EXCEPTIONAL ITEMS Tripod Statuette Standfoot? Phalaron Weights
H. W. CATLING
546
In so many tombs
No. of examples
Category
MirrorHandle? HorseBits TOTAL
i 3 10
SHEET METAL FRAGMENTS
169
NODULES
i 1
% of identifiable
0.31 0.94 3.12%
Weight
0.12 3.23 4.96%
0.19 0.57 1.9%
34
32.5
17
34
Total
46.0%
6.53
5.52%
as follows:This detailedanalysismaybe expressedmoresummarily, Table 14.Percentages ofdifferent categoriesofbronzebycountand byweight % identifiable
% oftotal
category
No. of objects
% oftotal weight
Ornaments Vesselsand adjuncts Tools and weapons Facings,fittings, strip Exceptionalobjects Unidentifed Sheetfrs.and nodules
140 114 13 31 10 12 203
44 35.9 4.1 9.77 3.15 3.78 -
26.9 21.9 2.5 5.96 1.92 2.30 39°3
2.38 35-96 1.5 2.99 4.96 0.06 blò2
Main
theinformation forthissectionis based solelyon theMedical Faculty as explainedelsewhere, Noteonweight ofmetal, tombs,recordnothavingbeen made oftheTekematerial.
The totalweightamountedto 15kilograms, 152grammes,accountedforbymaterialfrom46 richTomb 219. In onlythreeother tombs.Of this,nearlyhalfcame fromthe exceptionally - 100,283, 285- was theremorethanone kilogramof metal- ikg 34g; ikg 544g; ikg tombs (A significant pointof comparisonmaybe drawnwiththerichSM T. 201, 627grespectively. whereikg8oog was recorded). The significance of the recordof weightmaybe placed in betterperspectiveifcompared withthelistofweightofspecimencompleteobjects,or components: Description
Tombsand no.
Weight
ORNAMENTS
Fibulae
Arch-bow Spectacle Sap.-Saklllb Sap.-Sakllle Sap.-SakVila
i26.fg 292. f3i 104.fi 78.£6 78.f7
6.59 7.2 22.1 11.o 4.5
ftns EPG pin G pin G pin
26.f3 285.f36 2i8.fi8
2.3 4.5 10.5
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES Description O pin O pin O pin (small)
Tombs andno. 285. fi3 iO4.f3 I59*f2
Weight 2.5 5-75 1.0
26.f2
0.8
CoilBead
285.^68
1.9
Wheel Affix
285.fi7
6.8 4.0
285. f34 207. £6 219.185 75.£56 219. £80 219^5
331.8 204.0 351-0 I32-5 100.o 47.2
Ring
547
VESSELS SituiateJug Bowl Hemispherical CauldronHandle (lotusbud) CauldronEscutcheon CauldronRingHandle SitulahandleEscutcheon TOOLS/IMPLEMENTS 86. fi 285. fi5
Graver Tweezers
4.7 11.5
EXCEPTIONAL OBJECTS HorseBit Statuette FootofPstand
2i9.fiO2 229. f2 218. {27a
246.5 50.1 79.5
292.163
143.0
WEAPON Spearhead
TOMB HIERARCHY IN THE LIGHT OF THE BRONZES
The figures so farsetoutpreparethewayfora consideration ofa possiblehierarchy oftombs, based solelyon the contentof bronzes.This can be expressedin threeways (thisanalysis excludestheTeketombs). ofindividualidentifiable First,accordingto thenumberofcategories objects. Code
No.ofCategories
Tomb(s)
Li 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 16 1.7 1.8 1-9 Lio Lu I.12
13 11 10 9 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 o
219 107,285 292 100 56, 218 75, 175,283 306 34 25,45, 78 26, 48, 86, 104,126,134,294 1,19,24, 30, 57,59, 60, 82, 123,146,159,205,207,213,221,229,287 98, 129,135,157,168,182
H. W. CATLING
548
is accordingto thetotalnumberofidentifiable The secondwayofexpressing objects hierarchy in each grave. Code
Rangeofnumber ofobjects
Tomb(s)
II. i II.2 H-3 11.4 11.5 116 II.7 118 11.9 11.10
40-42 37-39 3I-33 21-24 16-18 13-15 10-12 7- 9 4- 6 1- 3
11.11
nil
219 107 292 285 218,283 56, 75 100,175 34, 78, 306 25,48 1,19,24, 26, 30, 40, 45, 57,59, 60, 82, 86, 104,123,126,134,146,159,205, 207,213,221,229,287,294 98, 129,135,157,168,182
The thirdmeans of expressionis by weightof metal,combiningthe weightof identifiable in and nodules.There is a largernumberof subdivisions itemswithsheetbronzefragments thissection. Code
Rangeofweights
Tomb(s)
III. 1 III.2
Over 7 kg 1.500-2.00 kg
219 283, 285
III. 3 111.4 111.5 III. 6 111.7 111.8 111.9 III. 10 III. 11 III. 12 III. 13 III. 14 111.15 111.16 111.17 III. 18
1.000-1.500 750-1.000 600-750 400-450 3°°-350 200-250 150-200 100-150 90- 100 50-75 25-50 15-20 10- 15 5- 10 1- 5 0.1-1
100 107 34 56 292 75,207 218 25,229 59 48,78,82,306 98,104,126,175 30, 134 287 40, 45, 57,86, 123,213 1,19,24, 26, 60, 135,146,157,159,168,221,294 129,182,205
Armedwiththe evidenceof thesethreemethodsof groupingthe material,by averagingthe thehigher is reached,wherethelowerthefigure, scoreofeach tomb,thefollowing hierarchy viz: theplace ofthetombin thehierarchy, Position 1
2 3 4
Score
Tomb(s)
1
219
2.6 4-33 4.66
107,285 283,292 100
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES Position
Score
Tomb(s)
5 6
5-66 6.33 6.66
56 218
7 8 9 10
» 12 13 14 15 16
17
18 19 20
549
75 34 J75 306
7.00 8-66 9.00
9-33 9.66 1033 10.66
25 78 48,59 82
11.33
104,126 134
11.00
11.66
45
86 26, 40, 57, 123, 213, 294 24, 159, 221
12.00 12-33 12.66
ina descending theattempt theassemblages orderofcomplexity, Finally, maybe madetocategorize somewhatby analogywithA. M. Snodgrass'orderingof the assemblagesof ironobjects.The weakness ofthismovemaybe thearbitrary choiceofcomponents forindividual groups. Withineach groupingare giventhenumbersofthetombsattributable, plustheplace in the hierarchyset out above and, whererelevant,the group to whichthe tombbelongsin the Snodgrassironassemblagehierarchy. AlphaGroups
Largevessels;smallvessels;facings;exceptionalobjects;pinsand/orfibulae Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
100 107 219
4 2 1
C C A
285
2
?A/B
Beta Groups
Largevessels,smallvessels,fibulaeand/orpins Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
75 283
7 3=
C B
GammaGroups
Smallvessels,fibulaeand/orpins Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
34 56 218 292 294 306
8 5 6 3= 19 10
D C D F D
H. W. CATLING
55O Delta Groups
Smallvessels Tomb
59
82 134 221
Rank
Snodgrass
13
14 16
20
-
EpsilonGroup
Facings,Fibulaeand/orpins Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
175
9
D
Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
25 45 78
11
D E
Zeta Groups Fibulae and Pins
104
17 12
15
Eta Groups
Fibulaeor Pins Tomb
Rank
Snodgrass
24 26 40 48 57 86 123
20= 19= 19= 13 19= 18 19=
E
126 159 213
15 20= 19
D D
-
and do not conflictseriouslywiththe On thewhole,theseresultsare reasonablyconsistent, if between the two methodsof analysisis not very even the Snodgrassranking, congruence close.The absolutepreeminence ofT. 219is inescapable. Fibulae fibulaewerefoundin 19 tombs.Seven of these(24.fi; 48. £9; 45 completeor fragmentary and are and 31; 292^3; 294^5 and ?l6i) consistmerelyofspringor pin fragments, 75.£29 unclassifiable.Seventeendistinctbrooch typesare representedamong the remaining37 largenumber,especiallywhenviewedagainstthe farmorelimited examples,a surprisingly of dress range pins.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
55I
A separatestudyof Cretanfibulaehas yetto be written, thoughthereis muchofvalue in E. included an important accountof and Blinkenberg's Sapouna-Sakellaraki pioneerwork,1106 Cretanmaterialin heranalysisofIslandfibulae.1107 The numeration oftypeswhichfollowsis notintendedas a Knossiantypology, or anything of thekind;it is merelya convenient formof arrangingthe material.It does not necessarily haveanychronological validity, thoughitstartswiththeearliestforms. 1. Simple arch-bow fibulae(126.£9; 25.fl3, fr.) II. 3, an exampleofwhichwas foundat Kavousi.Arch-bow This corresponds to B(linkenberg) in which a deal fibulae, size,and somewhatin use ofmetalofroundor rhomboid(as vary good in and of choice here)section, plain or twistedbows,are typicalof SM/SMyc,and EPG. For theirearlyhistory, see supraon thefibulaefromtheSM T. 121.Fortheirlaterdevelopment, see A comments on the Lefkandi material.1108 fibula of this bow,was foundin my type,withtwisted PG the tombF.IX.1109 LG/EO. The presence Here,T. 25 datesfromSM; T 126is apparently ofthistypeoffibulasuggests thatan earlierburialmayotherwise haveescapednotice. arch-bow 2. Asymmetric (45.f4) (B's 'Fibuleshautpar devant'and 'Le profilde l'arc est concave').B 1.10-12,especiallyI.i2a ('Kydonia')whichhas the same unusualfeatureof a completeturnin the wireof the bow beforethe startof the (missing)forearm.This is Sapouna-Sakellaraki'sType Ig. Other T. 45 was in use byLPG. exampleslackthecoil at theangle.1110 3. Arched either endofitsasymmetric, swollen bow(D.f4) fibulawithmouldings This is closeto B II. 19,severaloftheknownexamplesofwhichhavebeen foundat Vrokastro. nu The typeis closeto fibulaefromLPG contextsat Lefkandi. 4. Smallasymmetric arched swollen bow(48.Í15, incomplete) fibula,withmuch This seems to be an example of a fibula type very popular in Rhodes, at Lindos, to B IVßa = Sapouna-Sakellaraki IVd. B. refersto similarbroochesfoundon corresponding and at The context of ours is LPG-EO. Aegina Ephesos. 5. Similar with narrow anddisc-finial onthebow(78.Í7; 78.Í12; 123.Í11; 292.fl6) fibulae, high, catch-plate close to B IV4, examplesof whichare citedfromParos and Rhodes. SapounaApparently SakellarakiTypeVila.1112The contextofthetwoin theclosedpithosburialgroup78 should be no earlierthanEO. 6. Smallasymmetric bowwithlarge boss,surmounted spherical byafinial(48.f2 + 5; 48.P6) The latterhas traced chevronson the spring-arm.High narrowcatch-plate.As B IV.9, examplesofwhichhave been foundin Rhodes. Sapouna-Sakellaraki TypeVila. At leastone fibulaofthistypewas foundin F. T.I.1113 The contexthereis LPG-EO.
1106Blinkenbenr. 1107 Sapouna-Sakellaraki.
u™ LefkandiI, 236-8.
1109 /Tpl.21,no. 263b. 1110B I.na-c. See Hencken,'The Fibulae of Huelva' in
PPS22 (1956),213-15. 1111 Lefkandi I, 238 and pl. 248.6. 1112 OAci7.pl.37. 1113 £196, T.I, no. 1151.
552
H. W. CATLING
7. As thelast,without finial(4O.fl6)
This corresponds Va. Blinkenberg to B IV.io = Sapouna-Sakellaraki suggestedthatthisform coast of W. Asia Minor. Numerousexamples from the on the developed preceding,perhaps werefoundat Ephesos,and at Lindoson Rhodes. Our fibulawas associatedwiththeLG-O reuseofthetomb. 8. Thebowis composed bosses (104. fl; 1O4.£6) offourspherical This is B III. io and n = Sapouna-SakellarakiIllb. Short spring-armand forearm.The numberof bosses varies 3-7 in B III. 10 fibulae.While manyare cited fromRhodes, the distribution includesBoeotia,Delphi,Aegina,Parosand Ephesos.Severalhavebeen foundin and were Vrokastro and Epano Zakro.At Knossos,twocame fromF. T.II,1114 Crete,including ofLG oftheTeketholos,apparently datedLPG byBrock.Two morewerefoundin thedromos EO c. BC.1115 or date, 700 narrow either 9. Arch-bow side;high, boss,oneortwopairsofcollars catch-plate fibula,withlargecentral
(78.Í16; 107.Í19; 292.fl6a; ?40.fl6b; 107,£20;292-fôl)
Hie. The typeis commonin Rhodes, These are examplesof B IV.11 = Sapouna-Sakellaraki and has been reportedfromAegina,Paros,and Chios. On themainland,examplesare known Ours are probably fromOlympiaand Tegea. A smallversioncomesfromtheIdaean Cave.1116 all ofEO date. - iO7.f55 and 56- are high,narrowcatch-plateswhichcould have been Two fragments IV,VII or IX. partoffibulaesimilarto Sapouna-Sakellaraki which inplanatitscentre, witha bowamygdaloid 10. Fibulaewithrelatively catch-plates, large, square + + 78.fl8 in varies 107.Í12, fr.; 292.f33a; 25+27; (48.£3 7; degrees ofsolidity considerably 175.fl, fr.) featuresare matchedby collection.Its distinguishing This is probablya ratherheterogeneous B VIII fibulae(Types attico-béotiens');78.fi8 + 25 + 27 can also be compared with refersto a fibulafromKavousi whichhe regarded IVd. Blinkenberg1117 Sapouna-Sakellaraki as a possibleimitationof his Type VIII, and it is perhapsin thislightthatwe shouldsee all thisgroupingfromtheN Cemetery. inrelief bowsdecorated theelongated 11. Attico-Boeotian '(75.fl6 and 16a; 292. f41) ellipsoid fibulae, fibulaefromF. As B VIIL4-6. Two fragmentary all theseare veryfragmentary. Unfortunately are verysimilar.Theircontextwas doubtful.Our broochescome from T.II: nos. 1114-11151118 PGB-EO groups. withquitelarge, bow'aplatienlesensvertical', 12. Cresccntine (218.Í9 + 11) catch-plate rectangular fibulaof B IX. 1, thoughnone of This unusualpiece maybe connectedwiththe cresccntine It comesfroma closely thesematchthe combinationof crescentbow and largecatch-plate. definedMG context.
1114 i? pl. 75,nos. 1106,1111(threebosses). 11»5BSA 49 (1954),227 and pl. 29. See also BSA 62 (1967) 58 and 70, no. 62.
1116 101,IV.n.i. Blinkenberg, ^
Oô. cit. i*s8.
1118 E pl. 167and p. 196,Type7.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER
BRONZES
553
13. Spectacle fibulae(292.131; 75.Í35, fr.;3O6.fl9, fr.) This is B XIV.2-Sapouna-SakellarakiXa. Though thisverydistinctive brooch typeis not uncommonin AegeanGreece,itsricherrepresentation is in N Greece.114examples,in a wide rangeof sizes,were reportedby M. Andronikosfromthe tumuluscemeteryat Vergina,1119 wherehe reluctantly concedesthat,at Verginaat least,theywerein use fortoo longwithout anyappreciablechangein formor techniqueforthemto be ofanyindependent chronological value. Their wide distributionbeyond Greece was emphasised several years ago by Alexander.1120 At Knossosone was foundin an MG urn in thePGB-LG F. tombX.1121The contextsin whichourthreewerefoundrangefromPGB to EO. 14. Ivory-and-bronze fibula(285 ,£22) spectacle B This is XV.1. The evidenceforderivingthesehandsomefibulaefromall-metalspectacle fibulaelikegroup13 above is summarised and need notbe repeated.The by Blinkenberg1122 formis widelydistributed in mainlandGreece and the islands,and has been foundin Asia Minor (Ephesosand Old Smyrna),as well as Sicilyand N Africa.1123 A seriesof some sixty witha list examplesfromthe Heraion at Perachorahas been publishedbyJ. Stubbings,1124 Three fromthe Dictaean Cave maybe noted.The sanctuaryof supplementing Blinkenberg. ArtemisOrthiaat Spartawas also veryrichin suchfibulae.1125 Our examplewas foundin an EO urn. 15. PSheet fibula(175.fla (fragment)) This object is veryhesitatingly compared to B IX.2 fibulae.It has no trace of repoussé decoration.The contextis no earlierthanLPG. I haveno specificidentities to suggestforthefragments 107^75 and 2i9*fiO5C. SUMMARY
ACCORDING
TO TOMBS
Tomb no.
Fibulae Groups
24
Unidentified
40 45 48 75 78 104 107 123 126 J75 218 219
7 and ?9 2 4, 6, 10 and unidentified 11, 13 and unidentified 5> 9> 10 8 g, 10 and unidentified 5 1 io, 15 12 Unidentified
H19 VerginaI, 227-30. At least fourteen more were illustrated byPh. Petsasin his accountofthe 1960/61rescue at thesamesite,AD 17(1063),A pl. 14.^i.b. 1120 The SpectacleFibulaeof S. Europe' in AJA69 (1965), 7-231121 E pl. 37,no. 558,pp. 54 and 196.
1122 Blinkenberg, 262-4. 1123 J. Boardman and J. Hayes, TocraI, (BSA suppl. 4,
1966)5163,pl. 104. 1124PerachoraII, (1062), 4/w-Q,dIs. i8 dated eighth-seventhcenturies BC.
H. W. CATLING
554 Tombno.
FibulaeGroups
285 292 294 306
14 5, 9, 10,11,13and unidentified Unidentified 13
D
3
Fibulae have a surprisingly uneven historyin the cemetery,and theycannot have been standardofferings. in onlytwo out of fortyintacturns,and in each case are of occur They unusualtypeforthe site(Group 12 in T. 218,Group 14 in T. 285). By contrast,sevenout of urnscontainedpins.That the assemblageconsistsof a smallnumberof examplesof a forty wide rangeof typessuggeststhatfew,if any,of our broocheswerelocallymade (again,the in the case of pins,wherenumerousexamplesoccur of veryfew positionis quite different types,probablyall local). Though thereare otherCretan examplesof mostof the Groups 1-15,thereis no fibula(apart fromGroup 12) forwhichthereare not abundantparallels outsideCrete,particularly on Rhodes and in Asia Minor.The majorityof fibulaeappear to datein theLG-EO stagein theuse ofthecemetery, eventhoughtheywerein use moreor less itshistory. This matchestheevidenceforfibulause in theFortetsaCemetery. throughout Pins The majorityofpinsused in the cemeterywereverysmalland fragile,and theremusthave been a verymuchlargernumberthanthe 82 completeand fragmentary examplesreported here.As manyas 43 of these82 (52.4%) lacked the diagnosticfeaturesby whichtheirtype and are therefore not includedin thisaccount.These are 25.fi>; could have been identified, 34.^62; 45-f2; 56.fii, 71-2; 57-f44; 75-f*5>66; 78-f7; 86.f3; 100^40; 107^3, 10, 39, 44, 66, 70; i59.f3; 213.fi; 218^29; 219^13, 149, 153; 283^13; 285^7; 292.fi, 8, 9a, 39, 40, 60, 62, 81; 306. f5; N.fia, 9, 10a; O.Í2; Q*f4,6, 20?. At the time of writing,Dr. Lucia Vagnettihas a major studyof Cretan pins close to I have benefitted fromdiscussingtheN Cemeterypinswithher,and she has publication.1126 in whatfollows. make use ofcertainaspectsofherclassification allowed me to verygenerously ofhertaxonomy. or misunderstandings I am, ofcourse,responsible foranymisidentifications Here, the pins are arrangedin a numberedseriesof groupsaccordingto type.This is for convenience only,and is notin itselfanykindofclassification. onuppershaft,roundinsection distinct 1. Pin without head,elliptical (26.0) swelling
This is VagnettiType XIVA, otherexamples of whichhave been foundat Knossos (Ay. and Arkades.All theseare largerthanour pin,- in some cases, Ioannis),Karphi,Vrokastro a SM pin-type, doublethe size.1127 Vagnettishowsit continuedin Though thisis essentially use into PG, giventhatthe Arkadescemeteryonlycame into use at an advanced stageof PG.1128 The SM/EPG contextofourpin is ambivalentas to itsclosechronology. 1126To be publishedas a PBF fascicle. 1127For Ay. Ioannis, BSA 63 (1968), 212, on B.4. For Karphi,BSA 38 (1937-38),101and pl. 28.3. For Vrokastro, Vrokastro 203, pl. 7. 147,fig.58A, 87K. For Arkades,Arkades,
At 27.8 cm theAy.Ioannispin is, in fact,nearlythreetimes thesize ofours. 1128ForArkadespins,Arkades 468-71.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
555
ontheshaftclosebelowthehead(219. fi8; 283. f7; 2. PinswithsmallcnaiVheadandglobularswelling
285.f5,8, 36, 37; 292^38; Q.fn, 14, 37.)
These are examplesofVagnetti'sTypeXVII. She has further dividedthematerialintoseven in in to differences the and the treatment oftheglobe.205. f8; nail-head, sub-types, according are close to her C a con elemento sul 22 ingrossato sub-type ('Capocchia globetto Q*fii, 14, collo di formaglobulare').218. fi8; 285. £36-37 accord withher sub-typeD ('Capocchia a whilethe tinypins 283.f7; 292. ¿38 are akin to her sub-typeE ('Capocchia dischetto....5), conica e globettobiconico sul collo sottolineatoda costulature').Gold, silverand iron D and E have been found examplesofthegenerictypeare notuncommon.Pinsofsub-types at Knossos,eitherin the FortetsaCemeteryor the Teke tholos.1129 VagnettistatesthatType in theearlierpart XVII pinswerein longuse,fromPG to EO, withthegreaterconcentration of thisperiod.The N Cemeteryevidenceis not particularly helpfulchronologically. 283^7 comesfroma PGB group.285. £36and 37 werefoundin a M/LPG urn.The threeexamples in T.Q, are froman LG/EO context.The rest are fromgroups with the broad range MPG-LO, and contributenothingto the finerchronologythat Vagnettiwould like to construct. 3. Pinwithheadofuncertain twosmallsuperimposed biconical bosses abovea succession type, offinering mouldings (25.flO) The tombwas in use duringSM/EPG; thepinprobablybelongedto thelatterperiod. 4. Orientalizing boss(1O4.£3) facetted pinwith The neatdisc-headhas an elegantbiconicalfinial,thebosshas fourringmouldingsaboveand made objectsrecoveredfromthe entirecemetery. below,and is one of the mostbeautifully The stateof thepatinasuggeststhepin was veryhighlyburnished.In Crete,at least,pinsof thissize and qualityare morecommonin preciousmetalincludingsilverexamplesfromtheN a pair,also silver,fromthe LG-LO tombon lowerGypsades1131 and two of Cemetery,1130 electrum fromFortetsa.1132 The contextofourpin is LG-O. 5. Orientalizing disc-head andfinial,biconical orovalboss,withthree ormore either side pinwith mouldings
(56.Í50; 75.Í19, 30; 78.f6;107.f8,41-42; 159.fl,2; 285.f6,13, 14; 292-f4,22, 29, 82.)
Probablyalso of thistypeare the damagedpins 107^40 (froman LG/EO urn)and thetiny pin 285.^65 (froman Ó urn).I am less surewhetherthedamagedpins34*fôi and 292. fi8 are ofthistype.Bothhavemultipleringmouldingson whatremainsoftheirshafts.T 34 dates LG-O, 292 PGB-EO. so thatthesamplefromwhichgeneralization can Thoughfewofthesepinswerefoundcomplete, be madeis small,theyseemtovaryin sizefromsmall(8.0 cmlong)toverysmall(lessthan5.0 cm). In our cemetery it seemsprobablethattheywereall originally urns.That placed in cremation noneis fire-distorted thattheywerenotusedto deckthecorpseat thetimeofcremation suggests butthat,instead, bone theymighthavebeenusedtosecuretheclothwrappedbundlesofcremated beforetheywereplacedin theurns.Severalwerefoundin urns- 75*fig;107.£41,42(O urns); 1129 E.g. E 28, T III, no. 250; 195and pl. 18 = nos. 13-14in Vagnetti's Sub-TypeD list. 1130 26. fo; I23.fi2 and 229.fi. 1131 Foundin a LG urn- Gypsades nos.118-119.
1132 E pl. 75,nos. 1091-92.The tombis datedLPG-LO by Brock.Anotherpair in silver,fromtheTeke tholos,has been I am notsurethatso high updatedPGB- BSA 62 (1967)57ft0. a date isjustified.
556
H. W. CATLING
oftheremainder arelessprecise, butall 159.fi, 2 (LG/O urn);285*fi3,14 (O urn).The contexts thanelsewhere at Knossos. includeO material. The typeismorecommonintheN Cemetery OthersfromtheKnossosarea includeone fromthe Demetersanctuary1133 and, probably, Bone enclosureI, a Furtherafieldthereare examplesfromVrokastro1135 the Teke tomb.1134 A pin foundwithseventhand the Dictaean Cave.1137 burialat Arkades1136 seventh-century in is related.1138 Schiffs on Thera century pottery grave 6. Smallpin withlargemushroom head,plainslender shaft(283. £37)
as a pin.The contextis PGB. identified whetherthispiece is correctly It is uncertain I have classed as a pin the small shaftwithflattened,foldedhead, 56. £53, conceivably modelledon the verylong-livedpins withrolledor foldedflattenedheads which,in Crete, pin TypeVII, whosedate rangecoversthelongperiodMM-O. Perhaps composeVagnetti's also a pin is the 'nail-head'285. £76,whatremainsof itsshaftcoveredin finemouldings.It was foundinsidea PG vessel. Rings The othersare too Only one among the smallcollectionof ringsis certainlya finger-ring. or broad The series of theiruse. in designto identify plain ridgedringstypicalof unspecific elsewherein Greeceis missing.1139 PG and G contexts 1. Shield Ring{26.ÎI) as are a This piece is too badlypreservedto determinewhetherit was decoratedenpointillé numberofshieldrings.This is a characteristic SMyc. object,at leastnineexamplesofwhich succession the chronological distributed werefoundin the Kerameikoscemetery, throughout The ring Anotherwas foundin SMyc. Lefkanditomb,Skoubris38.10.1141 ofthosetombs.1140 maywellhavebelongedto theSM, ratherthantheEPG use ofT 26. 2. ?Ringwithspiralterminals (292.fl6c) and none of the hoop If thisis a correctidentification, onlyone of the two spiralterminals, been foundin sanctuary This ringhas a longDA history; survives. exampleshave frequently is uncertain,detailed commentis As the identification deposits,as well as in graves.1142 in use. was T. long inappropriate. 292 closed 5. Plainhoop, (26.fi) The groupis dated Witha diameterof2.0 cm,thiscouldwellhavebeen used as a finger-ring. SM/EPG.
1133 KSD 146,no. 117. 1134 BSA 49 (1954),pl. 29.67.Also in theKnossosregionis a pin fromtheAtsaleniotomb,fromtheO urnA19- BSA 63 (1968)pl. 31b. 1135Vrokastro Pins18and fig.57a. Greek fig.58D = Jacobsthal, »3Mr*
1138 TheraII, (Berlin,1902),fig.490b. 1139 I, 247f. See, forinstance,Lefkandi 1140 hoc.cit.and references. 1141 ¿oí. cit. 1142GDA 303-04. LejkandiI, 247-8. Note the important paper on these ringsby I. Kilian-Dirlmeierin RGZM 27 (1980),249-69.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
557
4. Plain hoops,open-ended (219. £21; 285.Í23)
and could have been used as an earring.The latterhad a The formerhad pointedterminals, secondringofverythinstripthreadedontoit.The contextsare broad,fromPG-O. 5. Fragments ofplainhoops (48.fl8; 56.f49; 175.£6, 22) The ringsof whichthese fragmentshad formedpart varied somewhatin diameter,and in section (round, rectangular,flattenedrhomboid). The range of contexts is wide: LPG-O. A small,plain ringwithclosed hoop (D.i. 6 cm), T.56.Í54, is of plano-convexsection.The materialis silver.The tombwas in use untilO. Bracelet
(75.f32)
The identification is not secure,and is additionally suspectin the absence of otherbracelets fromthe cemetery. The lack of ornamentdoes not help the identification. But the objectis and couldso havebeen used. Severalbraceletswerefoundin MPG-SPG III completein itself, groupsat Lefkandi.1143 Spiral
Wire Beads
(100. f32; 285. f68) The formeris onlyhalfthe size of thelatter;it is not certaintheyare identicalobjects.Both could be describedas beads. This identification is strengthened for285.^68 as it was found withthe contentsof a M/LPG urn,reinforcing a personaluse. Perhapsthispiece shouldbe comparedwiththe spiralornamentsassociatedwiththe MacedonianEIA, largenumbersof whichwere,forexample,foundin theVerginatumuli.1144 Tweezers Two mainvarietiesare represented amongthesevenexamples,ofwhichthefirstis dominant. 1. Withogivalspring andshoulders, blades flaringtobroadgripping edges(45. £9 fr.;107.Í24 fr.;f50 fr.;
£67fr.;218.Í5; 292.f48 + 49 + 59) Wherewellenoughpreservedto determine, thereis some,insignificant, variationin thewidth at thetopofthespring.The tweezersare quitesmall- thebestpreserved(218. £5)only6.3 cm long.Blade widthsvaryfrom1.9-2.7cm Small objectssuch as these,probablyall originally depositedinsidecremationurnsat the timeof burial,wereparticularly vulnerableto damage on the emptyingof urnscontaining them.They are not immediatelyrecognizablein small fragments.Two similarpairs of tweezersare reportedfromEO urnsin the Atsalenio(Knossos)tomb.1145 Tweezersseem to havebeen commonin theDictaean Cave.1146
1143 I, 247and pl. 24ig-j. Lefiandi 1144Vergina 66; pl. 126. I, 225-7withfier. 1145 BSA63 (1968),pl. 31b,A.Br.1-2.
1146CCO 31 and fig. 12-eightexamples in Oxford and of34 more.Over 50 in Herakleion. fragments
H. W. CATLING
558
roundspring and incurving 2. With'pinched', tipstothegripping edges(2 85. £14)
thereis unlikely to be any Tweezerscloseto thisin formare knownin Cyprusin theLBA;1147 connection. This examplewas foundin an O urn,and was theonlypair oftweezersfromthe siteto comefroma closedcontext.Otherscome fromtombsin longuse,witha bracketofat leastPGB-O. See also suprap.528,on a SM tweezerfragment. 292. Í43 is a pair of irontweezers,withthe remainsof a bronzesuspensionringthreaded theeyeletformedbythetopofthespring. through Phalaron
(fig. 168) (219.H12) ofthesecontroversial discussion oftheearlierhistory Fora generad objects,see supra pp. 522-4on to Fellmann's theSM examplesi86.ft>and 201.fi6, withreferences, studyof the particularly The T. as identification and his insistence 219phalaronwas belt-fittings. upon Olympiamaterial, of the finial. Because was of the without butclearly damagetodie omphalos, type poorlypreserved, There is no hole. whether ornottherewasa central itisuncertain signofdecoration. securing of this particular in the function offerlittlehelp identifying The find-circumstances to belonged itsearliest,EPG, phalaron.It was foundon thefloorofthetomband presumably for use. It was in thesamehorizonas thehorse-bits (q.v.),recallingN. V. Sekunda'ssuggestion for the way in whicha smallphalaronmighthave been incorporatedinto the trappings a T. 219,equally,had a richcollectionof ironweapons,amongwhichthe trimof a bridle.1148 There are parallelsforsinglefinds shieldwouldbe in place- as, indeed,woulda belt-fitting. ofsmallphalara,includingone fromthefloorofa DA houseat Nichoria.1149 Affixes (285. fl7) (fig. 169) The class of objectsto whichthesetwo ornamentsbelonghas been discussedby I. Kilianwho definedfive differentvarieties,of which ours is her 'vierspeichige Dirlmeier,1150 That the openingsthatformthe spokes mit dreieckigenSpeichenöffhungen'. Radenhänger - the shouldbe triangularis explainedby an examinationof the techniqueof manufacture holes were not included in the original casting,but were cut out by hand in the most - threechisel-cuts foreach one,whichautomatically economicalfashionpossible producesthe several from a of lists number Kilian-Dirlmeier distinctive widely examples opening. triangular and 'Chalkidiki'. Ithaca Greek Pherai, Thermon, sites,includingVergina,Olympia, separated BCcontext. The Verginaexamplecomesfroma ninth-century on ours suggestthesewere used as affixes,not as pendants.They are The stitch-holes to havebeen made on Crete.The contextis a long-lived tomb,PGB-O. unlikely Wheel-shaped
(229. f2) (fig. 162; plate 273) This ratherroughlymodelledlittlefigureof a hornedanimalwas foundin a cremationurn ofa ram ofthebronzestatuette ofdiscovery (229.6) in thistomb,recallingthecircumstances Animal Statuette
1147 CBMW227-9. 1148'A Bronze Horse-Frontlet fromVrokastro'in BSA 77 (1982),251-3. 1149 Nichoria III, 280-81,withreferences.
1150Anhängerin Griechenlandvon der mykenischen bis zur
£«'¿(= PBF XI.2, Munich, 1979)23-5, pls. spätgeometrischen 4-8, nos.56-120.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
559
in the EO urn F. no. 895 in T. P2.1151 The figureitselfpresentsa problemof identity. The of the horn could be to the tines on a the horns of deer,of corrugation interpreted represent some breedor other,but theymightequallybe intendedfortheprojectionsthatdistinguish the scimitarhornsof theAgrimi, the Cretanwild goat. There is also a problemof function, bothin thiscase and thecase of theFortetsaram.I have not founda convincing parallelfor thefigure.If it is a stag,itis unlikethefewfigures ofstagspublishedbyW. D. Heilmeyerfrom Olympia.1152 Figuresof stags seem always to have been much less common than bulls; doubtlesstheirsymbolism was different. Such an animal,it willbe recalled,appears,hunted, on thePG pictorialcraterF 1. Perhapsinterest in thehuntingfieldmotivatedbothversionsof thestag.Pot 229.6 is a LG/EO urn. The Vessels Nowhereare the losses sustainedthroughthe vicissitudesin the Cemetery'shistorymore apparentthanin thestudyoftheruinofthemanyvesselsthatthetombsonce contained.Well overone hundredbronzevesselswereidentified, in wholeor part,but of these,less than4% vessels. The verylargequantitiesofbodyfragment ofvesselssuggeststhe comprisecomplete totalmusthave been verymuchlarger.Vesselswere foundin 22 tombs.In elevenof these, therewerevesselsof twoor moreforms;thelargestnumberof identifiable forms(five)came fromT. 100.OnlyfourformswerereportedfromtheprodigalT. 219,buttheremayhavebeen morethan25 individualbronzevesselsin thattomb. The Fortetsacemetery was lessrichin bronzevessels,whichwererecordedin Ts. II, VI, X, richin bronzein general,vesselsin particular, ofwhich XI, and P. The lastwas exceptionally formswerefound,muchricherin diversity offormsthananyoftheN Cemetery eightdistinct tombs. Though no N Cemeterybronzevesselwas actuallyfoundin use as an ash urn,it seems likelythatsome, at least, of the dinoi and craterswere so used. This is reinforced by the numerousfragments oflargevesselspreserving textileremains,likelyto have belongedto the clothreceptaclesused as containersfortheashesbeforeconsigning themto theirurns.Other bronzevesselsevidentlyservedas ordinarygravegoods,thoughsome of the hemispherical bowlscould have been used as coversforash urns,eithermetalor pottery. This customhas been notedin the Kerameikoscemeteryin Athens,and in Eleusis.1153 Such bowlsfoundat othersites,suchas Argos,seemcertainly notto havebeen usedlikethis.1154 In whatfollows, thematerialis describedaccordingto shape,wherethatcan be determined - rims,handles,decorated withreasonablecertainty. Unattributable fragments scrapsofvessel wall are thenreviewed,and the accountconcludeswitha description of accessoriesfound tinkered loose,chiefly patchesand therivetsbywhichhandlesweresecured. It is noticeable(and has been noticedin othergroupsofsimilarmaterial)thatseveralofthe a patch, largervesselshad been damagedand repairedby sealingcracksor holesby riveting sometimesround,sometimesrectangular, over the offending crack or hole. It should not be assumedthatold and/ordamagedvesselswereroutinely setaside forfunerary necessarily use. It is verylikelythatsuchlargehammeredvesselswithverythinwallsgave troubleofthis 1151 E pl. 58, no. 925.
1152Frühe die Tiervotive= 01. Forsch. olympische Bronzefiguren:
XII nos.705,507,507A.
1153Leftandi I, 250,withreferences. 1154 Loc.cit.
56o
H- w- CATLING
kindfromthe momentof manufacture, by crackingthroughhammeringtoo long without wear and tearofuse. This phenomenongoes back at or into holes the annealing bygoing by leastto the greatbronzevesselsof LM I and LH I, clearlyillustrated by examplesfoundin Grave Circle A at Mycenae1155 as well as in vesselsmuch smallerthan these,such as the SellopouloT. 4 group.1156 stilted rim.All very L Plain Cauldrons, withheavy, (1OO.£33, 37; 107.Í63, 72; 219.f66a, fragmentary
69, 74a, 88a, 96, 100a-c, 105c,119, 142, 144, 146, 147, 150, 151; 283.f29,38, 76, 80)
ofa thatithas notbeen possibleto estimatethedimensions The materialwas so comminuted Nor has it been were and it is clear that the cauldrons large heavy. completespecimen,though to decide how manycauldronswere possible,withinthe fourtombscontainingfragments, presentin each case. Giventhegeneralconditionsdescribedat thebeginningof thissection, thereis no wayofdecidingwhetherthesixteenpiecesfoundin T. 219 came fromone,twoor in different ways,so thatdisparate manycauldrons.Oxidisationaltersindividualfragments than close similarity of different vessels rim an assurance forms is no more appearanceof the same vessel. from one and come fragments guaranteesthatparticular thecauldronsweremade in a singlepiece and willhavebeen So faras can be determined, whose originalthicknessis quite likelyto have been the raised froma plain disc-casting, sharedbyall oftherim.They are withouthandles.Because ofthedistortion presentthickness to a greateror lesserextent,it has not been possibleto determinetheir of the fragments, let alone decidewhethertherewas variationofprofilefromone exampleto another. profiles, comparableto thecompleteexamplefrom Theycouldhavebeen moreor lesshemispherical, Tylissos,used as a cremationurn and associated with a SM/PG stirrupjar. This was This piecewas 62.0 cm in diameter, 27.0cm highand weighed4.5 publishedbyMarinatos.1157 kilos,thusmore than 25% of the totalweightof metalrecoveredfromthe whole of the N based flatter Cemetery. Perhapscloserin date to our cauldronsare the morestraight-sided, date inclined to which Bérard is at the West Gate from Eretria,1158 c.720 Cemetery examples BC.He seemsto suggestthatsomeoftheEretriapiecesofthistypecouldbe oforientalfabric. It is also possiblethattheF. 'dinoi' nos. 579 (TX), 932 and 960 (TU), MG and LO in date, to ours.Theirbasesare rounded,and thesidescurveinwardto therim. correspond Our cauldronswerefoundin tombswhichare exceptionalin otherways,as thisreportwill havemadeclear.It seemslikely, thoughincapableofproof,thattheywereusedas ash repeatedly thatno closedate unfortunate It isparticularly character. unusual to their containers, thereby adding material.The use of thetombsbetweenthemcoverstheperiod can be givento thisscattered themmakeclearthatthisgeneraltypeofcauldron finds between andEretria PGB-EO. The Tylissos BC was in longuse,fromthelateeleventh century untilthelateeighth,at themostconservative of tracesitspedigreeto thegiantcauldrons In fact,thisis a vesseltypewhichin essentials estimate. as the ofwhichsubsequently scaleddownversions tosupra, LM I/LH I, alreadyreferred reappeared arestillinusein ofLM III/LH III which,withminormodifications, roundbodiedtripod-cauldrons 159 G cauldrons.1 of series the in to some related must be and tripod PG, great way
1155Matthäus 1980, pls. 1.1, 4; 2.6, 8, 9; 4.27; 22.192; 23.196; 26.218, 220; 28.224. See text on these items, op. cit., forreferencesto Karo, SG. 1156BSA 69 (1974), 236-8, no. 31 and fig.23. 1157AM 56 (1931), 112-8, figs.1, 3.
1158C. Bérard, Érétria.Fouilleset Recherches III. UHeroönà la portede l'Ouest(Berne, 1970) Colour pl. A.i and pl. 6.24. 1159M. Maass, Die geometrischen Dreißisse von Olympia: 01. Forsch.X (Berlin, 1978).
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
561
2. Dinos(285.Í26) (fig. 170; plate 285) Though thisvesselwas foundverybadlycrushed,it remainedmoreor less in one piece, so thatthedrawing(FIG.170)is reasonablyaccurate.It had been in sufficiently poor stateduring itslifeto requirenumerouspatchesto seal cracksor holes,someround,somerectangular. The wallswereextremely thin(lessthan0.1 cm) so thedamagedstateis hardlysurprising. Similar dinoiwerereportedby Levi fromArkades.1160 Bérardpublisheda verysimilarvesselfromthe West Gate cemeteryat Eretria,1161 it dating c. 725 BC, and alluding to othersfromthe Kerameikosat Athens,one of whichis datable to c. 750-735.1162He refersto the Arkades rarevesselform. dinoi,and othersfromGela; he regardsitas a relatively Such dinoi,however, are also wellknownin Cyprus,as Matthäushas demonstrated1163 with hislistofnineexamples,none ofwhich,unfortunately, has a close context.These includetwo fromMarion (recentfinds),one fromSalamis (knownonly froma sketchpublishedby Alessandro di Cesnola), three fromTamassos (Graves XI and XII) and three without There is a tenthexamplefromCyprus,withoutclose provenanceotherthan 'Cyprus'.1164 in Oxford.1165 Matthäussuggeststhattheseriesin CypruscoverstheperiodCG provenance, III-CC, thoughtheevidenceis lessthanconvincing. 3. Cauldron, orlargebowl,withlotus-bud handle (219.Ü85,93, 97) (fig. 166; plate 283) The fragments are restricted to a completehandle,and partsofhandles.They mayrepresent at leasttwovessels.The handleescutcheonis an attenuatedfigure-of-eight, to the centreof each circletof whichis attachedone end of the upturnedhorizontalloop handle fromthe centreofwhichrises,as a finial,'...a calyxoftwosepalswitha bud in themiddle'(Jacobsthal). A curiousfeatureis the'strut'oftwistedmetal,an integralpartofeach sideoftheescutcheon, whichrisesfromitto meettheinsideofthehandleloop moreor lessat themid-point between bud and attachment. On 219. £85thereare threelargemushroom-headed rivetson each side of the escutcheon,by whichthisheavyhandlewas securedto the wall of itsvase. 219. £93 shouldbelongto a different vessel,sincethereis no twistedstrut,and onlya singleattachment rivetin the surviving circlet.The typeof vesselto whichthesehandlesbelongedis likelyto havebeen a round-based basin,or cauldron,notunlikethecauldronsofgroup1 above. This handletypehas a long history, a wide distribution and considerablevarietyin detail, whetherof the finial(anthropomorphic on Chios,1166 caprine in Cyprus1167), presenceor absenceofthetwistedstruts,1168 and thetreatment oftheescutcheon.This usuallyis plain,as low reliefrosettes1169 or otherdesigns.1170 There is also here,but sometimesincorporating considerabledifference in size amongthosevesselscompletely Some of thesmaller preserved. have one handle.1171 Our in were to thesize vessels,assumingthey examples only proportion oftheirhandles,musthavebeen as largeas, ifnotlargerthanKoukliaSkalesT. 49.1.1172 1160 Arkades 149,fig.149,pithos77,D.37.6, H.26; p. 343,fig. 445, D.40.7, H.25.0; 473,fig.590a, 590b; p. 475 and fig.590c refersto theoccurrenceofpatches. 1161 Bérardoù.cit.(n. 11^8Ì. Colour PlateA.2. 1162Kerameikos V.i, 206 and 258, pl. 164, inv.M.132 and toJ. N. Coldstreamforhelpwiththe 130,T.71.I am grateful dateofthistomb. 1163 Matthäus1985,201fr., 'RundbodigehenkelloseKessel miteinknickender Schulter',withpls.54-5. 1164 One in London (1876.9-9. 127),two in New York = G. M. A. Richter, Greek,Roman and EtruscanBronzes,
(N.Y., 1915),227, nos. 625-6. 1165 Oxfordleni. 810. 1166 Boardman,Chios:Greek Emporio, (BSAsuppl.6), 224 pl. 92, no. 389. 1167 Skales,60 and 75,pl. 90.1,fig.88.1. 1168They occur on Skales T.49.1 and 58.90, and Nicosia 1970.VI-10.1(Cyprus,no provenance). 1169 New York74.51.5443and 5449. 1170 Nicosia 1970.VI-10.1. 1171 AmathusT.13.8-SŒII, pl. 154;Nicosia 1970.VI-10.1. 1172 The Skalesvase is 20 cm high,31.7in diameter.
562
H. W. CATLING
Thoughtheseare thefirstexamplesreportedfromKnossos,othershave been recordedin and theKavousitholostomb.1174 It is a nice question,in viewof Crete,includingArkades1173 for thecaprinefiníaisof SkalesT. 49.1,whetherthewell-known Mouliana bronzehandles,1175 all theirdifferent methodof attachment to theirvesselwall, shouldbe seen as a formative elementin thedevelopment ofthisseries. Matthäus1176 has discussed vesselswiththistypeofhandlein thelightofelevenexamplesfound The datableCypriot in Cyprus,twoat Amathus,twoat Kouklia,therestwithoutprovenance. that the handle all seem in CG.1177 Chavane1178 typeshouldbe suggests examples relatively early theproposalthatthesilver, tracedto themerrythought handlesoftheCypriotBA, and mentions handle, is itselfof Cypriot gold and niello bowl found at Enkomi,with merrythought This seemsunlikely, shouldnotwhollybe dismisseduntilthe manufacture. but thepossibility fromthechronology He argues,quitereasonably, re-examined. subjecthas beenmorerigorously east oftheEIA appearancesofthehandleformin Cyprusas comparedwithitswiderdistribution finialversionis a Cypriotdevelopment.1179 andwestoftheisland,thatthelotus-bud Nimrud(ivory) including BeyondCyprusand Crete,thesehandleshavequitea widecurrency, in Italy,where afield and further and and Gordion,1180 Chios,1181 Delphi,Olympia,Ithaka(Polis) Etruscan metal-workers.1182 thedesignseemsto havebeenadopted and adapted by 4. Cauldron HandleFittings (75.156; 219. fBO (figs. 159, 168; plates 271, 282) in thecemetery. Thesetwoitemsprobablybelongto cauldronsofa typeotherwise unrepresented almostcertainly escutcheon The former is a verysolidring-handle designedforuse witha dropThe latterprobably bytheverysolidopen ringofthelatter. ringhandleofthetyperepresented of Handlesofthistypeare seenon orientalcauldrons belongedto a largervesselthantheformer. 183A setofsuchhandleson a cauldroncouldhavebeenusedto suspenditby theAltinTepe type.1 chainsovera fire.Thesepieces,whichcomefromexceptional tombs,cannotbe closelydated. Handles219.Í118; G.£B)(FIGS.168, 156; plates 282, 268) 5. Vessels with Bolster a pair ofringseatings each incorporating The latteris a pairofcompletebolsterattachments, survivedof verythinsheetmetalfromthe forswinghandles,now lost. Formlessfragments vessel'swalls. 2ig.fn8 is the stub end only of a bolster,and it is uncertainwhetherit are veryclose to thoseseen belongedto a vesselofthesame formas G.f6. The attachments Otherhandlesof the on a pan fromthe Idaean Cave, publishedby Halbherrand Orsi.1184 Much earlier and Delphi.1187 the ArgiveHeraion1186 same typeare knownfromLindos,1185 T. 40, to whichMatthäushas fromCyprus,Kaloriziki mustbe the handleson a wine-filter T. G was in use in PGB-EG. calledattention.1188
1173 Arkades 473,fig.590. 1174 Boardmanin KCh23 (1971)6, nos.7 and 8. 1175AE 1904, 30-31 and fig. 7 (described as bull). DiscussedMatthäus1980,274-6,nos.412 and 412a,pl. 49. 1176 Matthäus1985,124-7. 1177 Op.cit.126.
1178M. Chavane, Vasesde Bronzedu Museé de Chypre(Paris, J.
1982)31-2. u™Où.CU.<'2.
1180For Nimrud, Barnett, NimrudIvories(1957), 134-5 ancl pl. 112. For Gordion, e.g. Körte, Gordion(1904) 72, fig.51.
1181For Delphi, BCH 68-69 (1944-45),38, fig 5. For Olympia, IV (1890),no. 911 and pl. 55. For Ithaka,BSA 35 (1934-35), Olympia 72, fia 22. For Chios, Boardman, Greek Emporio 224,pl. 92. 1182Chavane, op. cit.(n. 1178),33, n. 43. 1183R. D. Barnett and N. Gökce, ¿S 3 (1953), 121-3. 1184Halbherr and Orsi, pl. 12, io, 13. 1185Lindos I, 219, no. 709 and pl. 29, referring to Schumacher, Karlsruhe, pl. 8, figs.16 and 32. 1186ArgiveHeraionII, pl. 121 and 289 (smaller). 1187FouillesdeDelphesV no. 340.
1188 Matthäus1985,pl. 79,no. 582.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
563
Pan(Q.fl9) (fig. 156) 6. Shallow formwhichwouldbe equallyat homein theLBA as in theLG/EO This is rathera featureless inwhichitwas found.1189 It recallsChavane'sno.35in Nicosia1190 whichhe relatesto two context The dateoftheseCypriotpiecesis notclear. similar vasesofwhicheachhas a ringhandle.1191 7. Hemispherical Bowls- complete orrestorable (100. £35-37; 207.Í6; 285. £59; G.G, 3) Of these,only207 .fB was foundcomplete.Enough survivesof the remainderto be sureof theirdiameters.These all appear to be hemisphericalbowls withouthandles. 207. fl6and G.f3 each has a small string-hole piercedbelow the rim,whichcould have been used to securethemwhenused as a cover,or simplyforhangingwhennotin use. The bowlsvaryin diameterfrom12.0-20.0,with16.0beingthemostfrequentsize.The threewhoseheightsare knownvaryfrom4.8-6.5. All willhave been raisedfromdisc-castings. Lips varysomewhat, fromquiteplain(100.£35)to stilted(G.fia). Similar bowls-fragments, notrestorable (34.£27; 56.f65; 59.£5; 75. £168;285. f78; G.£7, 10; N.flO) These fragmentshave no featuresnot already noted on the betterpreservedmaterial describedabove.None ofthematerialis froman undisturbed context,and mostofthetombs concernedwerein longuse. Such bowlsare knownfromtheLBA onwards;they,or theirclose kin,wereverycommon in Cyprusin theLC period.1192 Referencehas alreadybeen made to theoccasionaluse of suchbowlsas lidsforcremation urns{supra thatsome,at least,oftheN Cemeterybowlswereso p. 559),and to thepossibility used.The singlehemispherical bowlfromLefkandiToumba 33.16is morelikelyto havebeen and the same is probablytrue of some of our bowls. Note, for part of a wine service1193 instance,thatthereweretwo bowlsin T. G and one in T.ioo in both of whichwas a lotushandledjug,whichwouldhaveprovidedtheotherpartoftheservice.1194 8. Bowlwith rim(292.F77) (plate 286) folded This fragment is notcertainly a hemispherical bowl.The rimformseparatesitfromthebowls describedunder7 above. Not enoughis preservedto restorethe diameter.T. 292 was longlived;PGB-EO. 9. Decorated BowlJ.fl) (fig. 157) Hemispherical One of the veryfewbronzevesselsto have survivedcompleteand intact,made especially remarkableby its Phoenician inscription.1195 It stands apart fromthe rest of the bowls consideredabove in section7 throughits distinctive broad lip, and the horizontalzone of
1189 Cf.e.g.Knossos,ZapherPapoura,Tomb oftheTripod Hearth(T. 14),no. h (thoughthisseemsto havehad a sunken discfoot):P77T431,pl. 89. 1190Chavane op. cit. (n. 1178). The Nicosia piece is 1959/III-20/4.H. 5.3. D. 21. 1191 Op.cit..nos. 36 and <'i. 1192CBMW 147-8. Matthäus1985, 71-104 and pls. 1-16, 'Kalottenschalen'. "93Lefiandil,250.
1194 I, 250, thattheparticularform My statement, Lejkandi of the rimof thatbowl made a Cypriotoriginunlikelymust be correctedafterMatthäus has shown that thereare at least thirteenbowlsfromCypruswiththisfeatureincluding examplesfromAmathus,Idalion, Skales,Kornos,Kaloriziki and Marion. Note, however,thatthe publishedillustration of Skales T.74.33 does not support that particular identification 1195 See p. 30.
564
H. W. CATLING
tracedchevronsabove scribble(in the inscribedhorizon)above rilling.The walls are rather thickerthan mostof our hemispherical bowlsof such size. The bowl might,perhaps,have been cast. It comes froman excellentclosed PG contextgivensharpdefinition by itsAttic imports. This is veryprobablyan importfromtheLevant.It is of some interest thatseveralamong a the scoresof hemisphericalbowls knownfromLBA Cyprushave impressedinscriptions shortdistancebelowtheirrims,in theCypro-Minoanscript.1196 10. Phialemesomphalos, Phoenician (G.fl) (fig. 156; PLATE269) There It is sad thisvesselis sucha ruin,sinceitis verylikelyto be ofPhoenicianmanufacture. is just enoughof an omphalosto class it as a phiale mesomphalos.It was raisedfroma disc thicklip is quiteangular.The visibletraceddecorationis quitesimple casting;therelatively a below the and rim a band inside below the on the wall outside, guilloche manylip, rilling the omphalos.There maypossiblyhave been figuredornament petalledrosettesurrounding in the space betweenthe guillocheband and the rosette,but such indicationsas thereare seemwhollyillegible.The shape as restored,and the rosetteand guillocheband, recallthe Phoenicianbowlsfrom G. Markoehas listedthirteen completePhoenicianbowlin Oxford.1197 T. G dates ofwhichthe majoritycomesfromthe Idaean Cave. PGB-EG, but the Crete,1198 thatuse continuedratherlater. presenceofthisbowl,ifnothingelse,suggests 11. Other PhialaiMesomphalai{56.£66; 292.Í36 + 46 + 78; G.ffi+ 9) thatall thesevesselsare fragmentary, It is, again,unfortunate makingit impossibleeven on of theirprofiles.The mostinteresting piece is the base paper to make a fullreconstruction therim-fragments £j6 and 78 belong.)The not 292^36 (towhichin all probability fragment veryprominentomphalosis surroundedby two concentricraised ridges,fromwhichthe radiatewhichenhancethewall.The bowlmusthavebeen castand finished by petals/tongues which of numerous of are These features examples Phrygian phialai,1199 typical hammering. in theGordionpublicationwell werefoundin thetumulusgravesat Gordion.The description fitsourpiece:-1200 andtheraisedridges, hollowunderneath, 'Commontoall bowlsarethelargecentral sharp omphalos, itsbase.' innumber, whichsurround inprofile, andvarying orrounded show thattheyhave a moreprominentomphalosthan does Profilesof Gordionphialai1201 rim ours,while none of the profilesresemblesthe rim believed to belong to our phiale. thatI believe292 .£46 to be a a feature, theconcentric Nevertheless, ridgesare so distinctive of Phrygianbronzeplaces thefloruit Phrygian piece. O. W. Muscarella,in a recentpaper,1202 of omphalos consisted the primarily corpus workingin theperiod750-700BC,and showsthat
1196 E.g. BCH #3(1959)258-9, fig.28. Similarpost-Bronze Age customis illustratedby a long texton a fragmentary silverbowl of unknownprovenance,where the language seemsto be Eteocypriot-BCH 86 (1962)356-7,fig.38. 1197Oxford1971.156. andSilver G. Markoe,Phoenician Bronze andtheMediterranean BowlsfromCyprus (Berkeley,1985),332, IR 3.
1198 Op.cit.162-9. 1199 in BABesch56 (1981),8. See e.g.,Hawes-Smith
»200Gordion I, 1*1.
1201 Amongthe profilesof phialai publishedby Luschey, Die Phiale(Munich, 1939), 162-3, onlv nos- 5 (BerlinM 1 10539, from Gordion) and 7 (Berlin, from Olympia, havetheconcentric reconstructed) ridges. 1202'Backgroundto the PhrygianBronze Industry'in J. Centres Curtis(ed.) Bronze-Working of W.Asia c. iooo-^jg BC (London,1986),177-92.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
565
cauldrons bowls(plain,and withpetals),trefoil jugs, cauldronswithbull-headattachments, and ladles. withT-shapedattachments, Accordingto Payne,in hisstudyoftherichseriesofphialaifoundin thesanctuaryofHera at Perachora,suchvesselswerenotactuallymade in GreecebeforetheseventhcenturyBC.1203 be Phoenician He contendedthatearlierphialaifoundin Greeceand Etruriashouldcertainly The form and contexts of the from Ts. and G are too uncertain formuch 56 imports. phialai G to be on them. The T. was decorated with weight placed piece evidently tonguesradiating fromtheomphalos.1204 The arrangement ofthedecorationoftheT. 56 piece is irrecoverable, so smallis thefragment. 12. Lotus-Handled Jugs(lOO.ßl; G.ß and,perhaps,N.flO) (figs. 156-7; plates 268-9, 271) the material is veryfragmentary, distinctivepieces remain forthe Though sufficiently of the firsttwo to be certain,and the thirdquite probable. I publisheda identification completejug ofthisclassfromLefkandi,in theSPG III tomb,Toumba33.15.1205 A secondjug was subsequently foundin Toumba 39.31,in a LPG context,and has been The complexhistory ofthislong-lived vase typeis alludedto in publishedbyE. Touloupa.1206 and has been recentlyfurther elaboratedby Ali mydiscussionof the Toumba 33 piece,1207 Chavane1210 and G. Falsone.1211 Not onlyis the historylong,but Radwan,1208 Matthäus,1209 the distribution is wide. Outside Egyptand the Levant, Crete now has a relativelylarge numberof examples,and thereare doubtlessmore fragmentsawaitingidentification in museumreservecollections.The G.fs handlehas the unusualfeatureof fivelargerivetson theinsideofthemouth,onlytwoofwhichactuallysecurethehandleto theneckofthevase, theothersbeingmerelydecorative.It was W. Culicanwho pointedout thattheuse ofa single ornamentalrivetbetweenthe two operativeones distinguished Egyptianlotus-handled jugs fromPhoenician.1212 The use ofthreeornamentalrivetsis notmatchedbyanyoftheEgyptian jugs illustrated byAli Radwan.1213 In Crete,fiveof our jugs were alreadyknownfromthe earlyexcavationof the Idaean anotherveryprobablywas foundat Amnisosand twocame fromFortetsa T. P. Our Cave,1214 threepieces thusbringthe Cretantotalto eleven.There is a handlefromthe AthenaAlea at Tegea1215 to. and,on Euboea, thetwoLefkandi sanctuary jugs alreadyreferred It would probablybe quite misleadingto speak of a trade in thesevessels,widespread is. They shouldmorereasonablybe seen as personal thoughtheirdistribution undoubtedly in made either Crete visitors from the east, or to travellers to the east fromCrete. gifts by doubtless seemed both attractive and useful. It is a nice They questionto determinebywhom thededicationsweremade in theIdaean Cave- local people,or foreign visitors? The jugs are a of the in interest taken Crete the and vice Levant, certainly symptom versa, by duringtheir currency.
1203Perachora I, 151. 1204 Resembling PerachoraI, pl. 52.3. 1205 Lefiandi1,249-50. 12Ob BSA 77 (1982) 219; 238, fig.8 and pl. 33e. 1207Loe. cit. 1208A. Radwan, Die Kupferund Bronzegefásse (PBF Ägyptiens
II. 2, Munich,1983). 1209 Matthäus1985,250-1.no. 553 and pl. 73, on the New Yorkhandle690, once Cesnola.
1210 seven Op.cit.(supran. 1183)31-6,wherehe enumerates examplesfromCyprus. 1211 In 'Phoenicia as a Bronze-working centrein the Iron Age', fromJ. Curtis op. cit. (n. 1202), 227-40, especially 234-51212 Lefkandi I, 240-^0, and references. 1213 Radwan où.cit.n. 1208,pls.66-8. 1214 Halbherrand Orsi II, 37,pl. 12.9. 1215 BCH 45 (1921),368, no. 74,fig.20.
566
H. W. CATLING
13. Beaked handle 269, 285) Jugwithbucket (285.Í34; G.f4) (figs. 156, 170; PLATES It is farfromcertainthatthefragment was of a vessel 285. £34. G.Í4 closelyresembling part fromthe handleand theeyeletsprotruding Theyhavein commontheomega-shapedswinging the neck of the seems which terminals were threaded. But the handle fragment lips through a had once been and to decide whether there it is spout. higher, insufficiently preserved 285^34 is one of the veryfewcompletemetal vases foundin the cemetery,whichis a fortunatechance, since the formis withoutparallel, and would certainlynot have been notleastforthe deducedifonlythe handlehad survived.It is a finetechnicalachievement, in was fashioned. skilled manner which the very integralspout vase.The factthat I havebeen unableto tracea convincing parallelforthisverydistinctive mean it could nothavebeen thereis nothinglikeit reportedfromCretedoes notnecessarily made there,but it wouldbe naturalto considera foreignorigin.Fromitspositionin T. 285, to be laterthanMG. thecontextis unlikely 14. Situiate Vessel ofunknown (219.f5) (FIG.168; PLATE281) type thatcan thereis a considerablevarietyofvase-forms As group13aboveillustrates veryclearly, has been be fittedwithsituiateratherthan rigidhandles.No entirelyconvincingparallel but the highlystylisedbull's head (head, ratherthan bucranium) foundforthisfragment, fromthe Great recallstwosmallcauldronswithbuckethandlesand bull'shead attachments The contextofthe Tumulusat Gordion,datableto thelasthalfof theeighthcenturyBC.1216 cannotbe closelydated;thetombcame intouse in EPG. fragment 15. Skyphos 219.Í96 and 100.Í34) (fig. 168; plate 281) (219.Í58; perhapsthefragments 219. £58 is one of the veryfewcompletevases fromthe site;fromthe same tombthe rim Í96 is verysimilarto our skyphosand suggeststheremay have been a second fragment in might belong to a similarvase, but the example the tomb.The T. 100 handle fragment The a horizontal to which such the one form is not loop could havebeen fitted. only skyphos The handles. attached and cone-foot attached is with separately separately skyphos composite, a from raised will have been it fromhemispherical bowl(thelip ofwhichdistinguishes bowls) a the bowl of the bottom to and secured cast was The cone-foot by separately disc-casting. numberof smallrivets.The handleswerefashionedfromstripsof rod roundin section.The shape closelyresemblesAtticPG skyphoi,severalexamplesof whichwere foundin the N There is no It is probablethatmetaland potteryversionswerecontemporary. Cemetery.1217 meansofprovingeitherwherethismetalversionwas made- though,of course,Athensis a - or whethermetalcopiedclay,or viceversa. strongcandidate 16. Vessels shape ofdoubtful but are not The following belongto vesselswhose shapescannotbe determined, fragments described. forms the fifteen already among represented (82. fu; 219^17 and 117). The firstseemsto have been a much (a) Cupswithbroadlip-ledges two than the others,bothofwhosediametersmaybe restoredas 8.0 cm. largerpiece
1216R. S. Young, Gordion I: Three Great Early Tumuli
1981),112nos.MM 12and 13,pl. 59c. (Pennsylvania,
1217 E.g. TJ;ch. 6, p. 400.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
567
form(56.169; 100.£38; 107^49; 219. £84)The onlypointof (b) Openvessels, ofquiteuncertain interest is thestrengthening oftherimof107.£49byfoldingthelip-edgedouble. seemsto preservepartofthetrumpet mouthand neckof (c) Aryballos? (56.f63) This fragment a small,closedvessel. It is probablyno accidentthattheseunusualvesselscame, in the main,fromparticularly richtombsalreadycreditedwitha widerangeofbronzes,vesselsamongthem.The tombsare all disturbed, and no chronological valuecan be placed on thefind-spots oftheseobjects. 17. Decorated vessels (Frs.34.f31a, 31c; 56.£70; 219.Í23; 283.f79) In view of the richnessof FortetsaT. P in decoratedbronze,includinga richlyornamented Phoenicianbowl,thealmostcompleteabsenceofsuchmaterialfromtheN Cemeteryis both and disappointing. The fragments listedabove preservetinyscrapsof decoration, surprising all of it all of its small so thatone can do no more than recognize linear, nearly fragments therewereat least a few decorated vessels,thoughnone of the fragmentspreserveany ornament.None oftheitemscomesfroma closecontext. recognizablefigured 18. Vessel Handlesandhandle fragments (a) Straphandles.(34-f34; io7.f7i; 219. £152; 294^7; G.f7) Suitable eitheras jug or handles.Most of theseare plain strapswitheitherthickenedor foldededges, kantharos-type no doubtdesignedto givethehandlesome rigidity. Severalhave one or morerivetholesfor attachment to thewallsof theirvessels;in one case (107.^1) a littlerivetremainsin situ.In mostcases,attachment bya singlerivetwas enough,but294^7 neededtwo.It is possiblethat can be closely G.f7 mighthave been part of a lotus-handled jug. None of thesefragments dated. (b) PHorizontal loophandles. (107.£54; 306. Í22) Not enoughis preservedof eitherof these piecesto be sureof the identifications. They could have formedpartsof skyphoias groupij above.Not closelydatable. vertical handle. (c) Sturdy (i34.f2) Broad lowerattachment, piercedby tworivets.Wouldhave been suitableas an oinochoehandle,butthereare otherpossibilities. Not beforeLG. (d) Solidhandle plate.(283.f77,8i) These twopiecesmaybe partof thesame vessel,ifnotof thesame handle.Each preservesthelargemushroomrivet-head bywhichitwas securedto its vessel. The of the them fromthe figure-of-eight parent shapes fragmentsdistinguish escutcheonsof lotus-budhandles as group 3 above, as also fromthe handle fragments describedundergroup4 above.The oval formrecallsa trifletheterminalsof some cauldron handlesin GraveCircleA at Mycenae.1218 The contextdatesfromPGB. madehorizontal (e) Roughly loop-handle. (221.fi) It is not quite certainthisis a handle,but this seemsmoreprobablethan,say,thebow ofa fibula.Not beforeLG/O.
1218 Karo, SG i56f.and pl. 159,lowerL. and R (thelatterfromGraveIV). Matthäus,1980,89, nos. 23-4,pl. 3.
568
H- W- CATLING
19. Tinker's (34.f31b, 67; 56.Í73; 219.fl01; 283.f74, 75, 78) patches The use of largevesselsthathad been damagedand repairedhas alreadybeen commented in discussingthe dinos,group2, associatedwithwhichwereseveralpatches, on, particularly some round, some rectangular.Their discoveryin the fourtombslisted above strongly suggeststhese tombs contained large bronze vessels. Only in the case of T. 283 have ofsuchvesselssurvived. recognizable fragments 20. Rivets (75.£38; 107.121*; 175.£21; 218.f7*,33; 219.f86b; 283.f3*,40*; 285.flO*,77*; 287.f4*; D.£2) This is a miscellany ofrivetsall, or nearlyall ofwhichare likelyto havebeen partsofvessels, in nearlyeverycase used forsecuringthehandle(s)to thewall ofthevase. The sevenmarked by an asteriskin the list above have markedconical or mushroomheads which,almost willhavebeen on theinsidewallsoftheirvases.The smallestofthiscollectionhas a certainly, is thattheywereattachedto largeopen diameterof 0.6 cm, thelargest1.5.The probability vessels,or the mouthsof substantialclosedvessels.Only in the case of T. 287 was thereno otherevidenceforthe presenceof vesselsin the tomb.There is no evidence fora close foranyofthesepieces. chronology The identity of theremainingrivetsis less clear.175.f2i and D.f2 could have come from the haftsof bronze knivesor weapons, thoughthe extremescarcityof such objects is a counter-indication. 21. Unidentified (100.£39) component rod tripod100.£4 etc.,was reThis piece,originally thoughtto be partof the fragmentary as partof a vesselof unknowntype.It is one morereminderof the extentof the identified in ourtombs. lossesincurredin themetalwork 22. ?Foot-filling {3O.Ï7)
discwithconical is notpossible,it seemslikelythatthisirregular Thoughcompletecertainty - stemmedcup,or narrow-sided a tall vessel foot of from the one face comes on jug depression - used to restorethestability ofwhichitsshapedeprivedit.Several withhighcentreofgravity who suggestedsuchan rathersimilarobjectsfoundat Perachorawerepublishedby Payne1219 for them. identity The Rod Tripod (100. f4 + 8 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 30) (fig. 160, plate 271) Thoughmuchtoo littleofthisobjectsurvivesto allowitsheightor thediameterofitsringto be calculated, it is neverthelessclear it was a relativelylarge stand, approaching the whichis thelargestofthetripodsso KarakoviliaGraveI stand1220 oftheVrokastro dimensions our standhad an undecoratedring.No partofthelegsor farknownin Crete.LikeVrokastro, shouldnotbe over-emphasised. feetremain,so thecomparisonofdesignwithVrokastro This findbringsto fourthenumberofbronzetripodsand otherstandsfoundin theKnossos standfoundin theSM T. 201,a ofa four-sided area. In additionto thispieceand thefragments and anothersmall fromHogarth'sKnossosGrave31221 similarbutsmallertripodwas recovered 1219 Perachora I, 160-61. 1220 Matthäus1985,306.1. CBMW199,no. 20 and references;
1221 CBMW 198,no. 18,Matthäus1985,305^
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES
56g
tripodwith reliefornamenton the ring and legs in the FortetsaCemetery,T. XI.1222 Matthäus1223 refers to whatmaybe a fifth standfoundin theHotelSitebeyondtheN Cemetery, inwhatappearsto be a veryrichtombdugin 1982byY. Sakellarakis, as yetunpublished. thatit was so heavilypillagedthat T. 100 was in use by LPG; it is particularly unfortunate this object was nearlycompletelydestroyed,and its contextlost, forboth categoriesof information wouldhavecontributed to thedebateconcerning theoriginofthestandsfoundin Crete.It is notin disputethat,in theformwe havethisclassofmetalwork, theexamplesfrom Late BronzeAge contexts(chiefly, butnotexclusively, foundin Cyprus)weremade in Cyprus. It is also verylikelythatone ofthemainworkshops was locatedin thegreatLate Cypriottown of Enkomi.Materialindistinguishable fromthisCypriotserieshas been foundin the Cape Chelidoniawreckof c. 1200 BC (fragments, partof the scrap metalin the cargo)and in the Treasure and the Anthedon Hoard, the dates of whichare not particularly secure, Tiryns LBA of the rather than later.As we know,thestandsalso occurin contexts thoughsuggestive BCtomb verymuchlaterthanthis.One ofthebestknownis thetripodfroman eighthcentury on thePnyx,in Athens,whichin designand techniquegoes verycloselyindeedwithmaterial fromcontexts ofthelatethirteenth and earlytwelfth foundin Cyprus.It is accordingly century usuallyacceptedthatthiswas an antiqueofsome400 yearsold at thetimeofitsburial.Tripods fromthe Sellada cemetery on Thera1224 come fromevenlatercontexts.These Theran stands in commonwithtripodsfoundon Crete,forwhichcloseparallels havecertaindesignfeatures havenotyetbeenfoundin Cyprus.Amongtheseare features ofthelowerleg,and foot. I havearguedin thepast(see supra, on 201.fi) fora commonoriginforthewholecomplexof bronzestandsofCypriottype,suggesting, thatthelifeoftheworkshops in whichthey moreover, were produced was relativelybrief,that theywere greatlyadmiredfortheirdesign and and thattheyweretreatedas treasures and becameheirlooms. The heirloomtheory technology, is neverparticularly attractive to scholarspreoccupiedwitharranging materialsequentially; and oftheoriginoftheCretanand Theranmaterial, has been understandably myview,particularly I concedethatthischallengeis givenforcebytheappearancein Italyand Sardiniaof challenged. standsand relatedobjectswhich,thoughshowingtheinfluence of theirCypriotorigins, clearly standapartfromthemaingroupand,whenever and wherever theyweremade,musthavebeen madeunderdifferent circumstances. The questionoftheidentity oftheCretantripodsis notyet I the heirloom to the view that theseare imitations ofCypriot resolved, though prefer explanation and But the an mind and a fresh,rigorous design technology. subjectcertainly requires open ofall theevidence, forwhichthepresentdiscussion is nottheappropriate reappraisal place. I am notconvincedbythesuggestion thatrecently discoveredcireperdue fromPalaikastro(BSA Postscript. fragments 87 (1992),fig.25 and p. 150)mightincludecomponentsofthesetripodstands.
Horse-bits
(219. f92, 102, 103a) (fig. 168; plates 282-3) It seems remarkablethatthese findsshould be concentratedin a singletomb. fiO2 is a canonswithtwistedshaftsand crescent-shaped bit,composedofinterlocking completesnaffle the centre of which the cheek-pieces through elongatedendsofthecanonsare threaded,each
1222CBMW 198, no. 19. Matthäus 1985,305e. Matthäus also refers,op.cit.305g,to a leg fragment of thistypefrom Palaikastro.
1223Matthäus in E. B. Frenchand K. A. Wardle (edd.)
Problems in GreekPrehistory (Bristol, 1988), 287.
»"♦Matthäus19Ö5,305J= B(JH 103(1979),605,tig.172.
5yo
H- w- CATLING
withan eyeletfortheattachment of thereins.Holes at each end of thecheek-pieces allowed the bit to be secured to the head-stall,thus formingthe completebridle. This makes a piece of harness,a combinationof considerablebronze-working expertiseand sophisticated ft a of of similar to those greatexperience horsemanship, 03a comprised pair cheek-pieces, attachedto thecompletebit,while£92was a singlecheek-pieceofthesametype. Bitshave been studiedby H. Donder.1225 Ours are closestto her typeVI (Plattenknebel (zweiösenprinzip),Bogenform,Halbkreis) compositebits and cresccntinecheek-pieces whose varyingformsshe has arrangedin fivedifferent sub-types.Our bits belong to her in both of which cited her catalogue come fromCrete, one from sub-typeE, examples the other from Prinias.1226 Arkades, Donder, indeed, suggeststhisis a specificallyCretan was itselfdevelopedin Greecewherenotonlydoes versionofa typeofbitwhich,she thinks, in sanctuarydeposits,particularlyat Olympia, but also is regularly it occur in corpore representedin Greek art, especiallyin Corinthian,Laconian, Atticand Chalcidian vasepainting. in Our Knossosfindsare one oftheveryfewinstancesoftheuse ofbitsas graveofferings whether as Donder'slistsexplain,bitswerededicatedin sanctuaries, Greeklands.Normally, forsuccesson the race-track.The majorityso farreported as war-spoilor thank-offerings has been found at Olympia. They have also been reported as accessories to marble equestrian sculpture, notably in the case of the horses on the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus.1227 on the The Priniascheek-piececomes fromone of the remarkableseriesof horse-graves have so Unfortunately, onlybriefreferences edge of the cemeteryexcavatedby G. Rizza.1228 werefoundin farbeenmade to thisveryinteresting complex,butitis knownthatcheek-pieces twohorsesand a dog,whilein pitBB foundin 1972 in a gravecontaining situon a horse-skull therewas a completebitand a cheek-piece. in theN Cemetery(supra Our horse-burials pp. 8, 125,181,183)had no traceofharness;itis to suggestthattheharnessfromT. 219once belongedeitherto thispairofhorses,or tempting to someotherhorse-burial complexthatdid notsurviveforus to find. The Knossos,and, evenmore,thePriniasfindsofhorsesand harnesssuggesta freshstudy A. M. Snodgrasshas shown(infra) in Greeklandswouldbe timely. ofhorse-and-harness-burial buttheidentification thatironbitshad beenplaced in Ts. 30 and 292; onlyfragments survive, associatedwiththe contextsare morecommonlydirectly is sure.It seemsthatbitsin funerary But itwillbe recalledthere as is thecase at Lefkandi,Toumba1229. burialsofhorsesthemselves, was an ironbit amongthe complexofwar-gearfoundwithan EG I cremationgravein the The Royal Tombs at Salamis in Cyprus AthenianAgora publishedby C. W. Biegen.1230 Priniasand Knossos.These werechariot those at from horse-burial of a different type provide wherethey to be slaughtered in thefuneralceremony, or wagonteamsthathad participated The ofthetomb,and leftlyingtherewiththeirbitsstillin theirmouths.1231 stoodin thedromos werefoundwithironbitsin samepracticewas observedat Palaepaphos,wherehorseskeletons situ.
1225H. Donder, ZaumZu8 in Griechenland und Cypern{PBF XVI.3, Munich, 1983). 1226Donder, op. cit.44. For Arkades, Arkades92, 472, pl. 81, Rn, 12. For Prinias, BCH 98 (1974), 718 fig.309. 1227Donder ob.cit.,a^-Q.
1228For instance, Rizza, 'Tombes de Chevaux' in
and Crete, Cyprus 204-7 and pl. »s6. i2*MÄ29 (1983)13-14»figs.15-16. 1230 21 (1952),287,fig.3.8-9 and pl. 75c. Hesperia 1231Bonder, op. cit. (n. 1225), pls. 2-5. Karageorghis,
Excavationsin theNecropolis ofSalamisIII, 76, pl. 7.2.
THE DARKAGEANDLATERBRONZES
^
thatwereburiedin the gravesof humanbeings betweenhorse-bits Perhapsthe difference and thosethatwereleftin the mouthsof horsesburiedseparatelyfromtheirownersis the betweenriddenand drivenhorses.In thecase ofthelatter,thebitswereleftin the difference horses'mouths;in thecase of theformertheywereretainedas an intimatepossessionof the itsweaknessis thatthereare so veryfew rider.This explanationcannotpossiblybe confirmed; - ifthereis instancesof theuse of suchhorse-harness as humangravegifts.The explanation one maybe no morethanthecapriceofindividualchoice. Spearhead
(292. f63). (plate 286) it is This is theonlybronzeweaponfoundin a contextlaterthanSM. Despitethis,however, which are never found in demonstrated the nota BA survivor, angularshoulders, particularly in the BA material.1232 It is, in fact,a translationinto bronze of the iron weapon form, spearheadorjavelin,thatSnodgrasselsewherehereshowswas in abundantuse at Knossosfor threecenturies.Were thispiece of iron,withits lengthand blade width,Snodgrassmight preferto classita javelin.T. 292 was in use fromPGB-LO. Tools There is onlyone The fewobjectslistedunderthiscategoryare aberrantforthe cemetery. placed specimenof each, and it remainsquite uncertainwhethertheywere intentionally wheretheywerefound,or werelostduringsome aspectof the construction, use or reuseof thetombsin whichtheywerefound.Theyare unhelpful chronologically. 1. Graver ortracer (86.,fl)(FIG.160; PLATE271) usedwithouta haft.It came froma robbedtomb, Probablya double-edgedtool,and therefore withsignsofLG/O use. 2. PSmall spatula (126.Í7) (plate 273) So bentout ofshapethatitsformand function are verydoubtful. The tombwas in use in the LG/O period. 3. PShaft tool(292.£37)(fig. 171) fragment ofsimilar 4. FragmentPfrom with terminal knife fishtail (219.£143) The identification is too uncertainto warranta discussionofsuchknives.PerhapsEPG. 'Weight5
(292. f2) (fig. 171; plate 286) This is an enigmaticobject,consisting ofa ridgedsemi-cylinder oflead, wrappedin verythin bronzesheet,horizontally ridgedand grooved.It may well merelybe a part of something - e.g.,a vesselwithwallsso thinthatit neededlead in itsfootto ensureits larger (see, stability forinstance,3O.Í7, suprap. 568). Again,onlythe discoveryof a morecompleteexamplewhatever itmaybe- can helpto identify it. 1232 Höckmann,ÄG^A/27(1980),13-158.
H. W. CATLING
5y2
component parts of more complex objects distinctive The listthatfollows offragments, detailsa number chiefly verysmall,ofapparently whosefunction, as partsoflargerobjectsall therestofwhichhas beenlost,remains form, inthefuture. unidentified. It is hopedthattheymaybe recognized Theyarelistedarbitrarily, intomborder. Unclassified
i.fi. Small pyramidalobject, withtransverserivet hole.MG/LG. 56.f6o. Small'washer'.SM-O. 78. £29. Sturdystrip,one end looped back on itself, theotherpointed(likethetongueofa buckle).LG-O. 107. f$2. Scrap of slim rod bent double, groupsof tracedlinesat thebend.PGB-O. to a 2i8.f27a. 'Hammer'-like object.The resemblance hammeris superficial; thisclearlyis notsucha tool.The sizeand shapeofwhatwouldthenhaveto be theshafthole are quiteunsuitable, whilethe apparent'burring' on one face,and its completeabsence on the other, The makesfurther forsuchan identification. difficulty
circumstances of discovery(adheringto ironweapon to see it as are unilluminating. It is tempting fragments) thefootof somekindof stand,in whichcase thehole The tombwas mayhavebeenusedto attacha transom. inuse fromPGB-LG. 292. f7. Lead (strip)and bronze (part sheathing). PGB-EO. 292.fi4a. Spatula, on to whose shaftare threaded All bronze/copper. PGB-EO. twoopen cylinders. 294.fi. Stud-likeobject,disc 'head' at one end,with centralhole- tracesofiron.PGB. 306.fi i. Minute'blade' with'tang',theterminalbent at rightangles.
Facings
100. f4; 107. f73; 175. f24; 218. f3, 34; 219. f74, 145; 285. f42, 60) collection ofobjectsmostofwhichhavein commonthattheyare Thisis a heterogeneous madeofverythinsheetmetal,thattheyhaverivet/pin/stitch-holes theyweremade proving - leather, none Noneis complete; tobe attached toothermaterials textile, wood,wickerwork. is decoration. its or its indeed, Decoration, very by shape certainly proclaims identity - or, and thisis abstract ofanycomplexity, restricted; only219^74 has repousséornament hereto compare Thereis nothing rather, skeuomorphic, thoughnotreadilyinterpretable. ofsheetmetal The hundreds tsabeltand quiver.1233 oftheForte withthefigured decoration kindescaped of this to ensure all examined from the site were nothing closely fragments in of tombs. isarbitrarily The material notice. arranged sequence or ornament.The lack of 100. f24« No stitch-holes identification finished makes impossible.In edges any view of the comparativethickness(not less than o.i cm),thismaybe misplacedas a facing.No alternative explanationsuggestsitself. 107.£73, Two similarplateswithlips on threesides, rivetholes, each decorated by matchingpairs of horizontal relief ridges. These were found in scatteredbroadcastin thedisturbedtombfragments, fill.It seemslikelytheyare a pair- theirshape means of some relatively theywere attached at the bottom narrowobject.Theycouldhaveservedas thechape of a swordor dirkscabbard.The tombwas in long use fromPGB-EO. withan edge foldedat right I75.f24. Fourfragments
angles; rivetholes (includingone containinga tiny foran rivet).Undecorated.Perhapsthereinforcement objectlikea quiveror scabbard.The tombwas in use byLPG. 218. £3. Very fragmentarysquare, or rectangular plate, with stitch-hole close to the edge. No decoration.The tombwas used PGB-LG. two or 2 18. £34. Verythinsheet,in smallfragments, Too damaged /stitch-holes. threeofwhichhave rivetto allow any idea of its originalform.Contextsame
as 2i8.f3.
decorated 2ig.f74* Large sheetin manyfragments, withimpressedlinesand circlets.At the edges,closeset rivet-or stitch-holes. Though a sustainedeffort was made to recovertheoriginalshape,thepiece was
1233f. I97-9.
THE DARK AGE AND LATER BRONZES in too manyfragments, withtoo muchmissing.The in theillustrations, both ofthefragments arrangement drawings and photographs, has no particular The apparentshape,withwhatappear to significance. be straightedges, makes it unlikelythat this is a FromtheUpperLevel. shield-facing. 2i9.fi45* (Almostsmallenoughto have been classed as 'strip').Two pieces secured by a survivingrivet. Fromthe Partofa wrapping,or otherreinforcement? floorofthetomb. 285. £42 + 60. These tongue-shapedobjects were
57g
found,one above another,and clearlymustbe taken holes,and cannot together. They have no attachment have been facingsin the normalsense. Their shape suggestsa weapon- swordor dirk- and theycould reinforcement perhapshave been used as the internal fora leatheror textilescabbard.It isjust possiblethey are objectsin theirown right,but,ifso, it is difficult to suggestan identity. They were foundlyingflatin the lowest burial level; their associations are, of no help in identifying them.Their unfortunately, contextis probablyPG.
Strip ofa difficult setofprobablyheterogeneous This is an unsatisfactory objectswhichhave grouping in commontheirconstitution as flat,narrowbandsofmetalwithstraight, paralleledges,all of which,withoutdoubt,once formedpartsofmorecomplexobjects.These,in manycases,were - textile, wood. Withone or twoexceptions, the no doubtmade ofperishablematerials leather, stripvariesbetween0.2 and 1.0 cm in width.It maybe lessthan0.1 cm thick.In severalcases surviveby whichthe stripwillhave been attachedto whatever the smallrivet-or stitch-holes othermaterialthe objectwas made of whichit was part.The listthatfollowsis arrangedin ofpiecesofstrip which,at theend,includesspecific ascendingorderofcomplexity arrangements whichshouldhavebeenidentifiable, them. thoughI haveto admitfailurein understanding 1. Smalllengths ofplainstrip (56.Í68; 60.Í2, 8, 10; 107.f64; 146.fi, 20; 175.G3; uncataloguedpiecesin T. D) with 2. Lengths ofstrip (107.f69; 175.£5) pin-/stitch-holes It is possiblethatboththesecouldbe partofone or otheroftheitemsrecordedfromthesame tombsin group/above. 3. Length withtiny rivet insitu(107.Í74) (PLATE offolded strip, 272) in this was found folded half,itneed nothavebeen so foldedin Though piece (totalL.4.5 cm) and the fold cannot be taken as a indication ofidentity. use, necessary 4. Lengths encircled a slimrod,orthelike(285.fi5a) ofstrip apparently having originally Some dozen fragments foundtogethermayhave comprisedas manyas threecirclets, though one /stitch-hole remained.The circletsvariedfrom0.3-0.4 cm width.There was no only pinassociationin thetombto maketheiruse moreintelligible. 5. 'Clip3madeofstrip over andsecured folded bya rivet (107.Í5) (FIG.16 1; PLATE272) Such a clip could have been used to secureleatherstretched overa woodenor basket-woven at the There must have been several more identicalclipsforming frame, edges. originally part of the same object. Somewhatsimilarclips are familiarfromMinoan sites,includingthe MinoanUnexploredMansionat Knossos.1234 1234¿/M I, 216, pl. 205.33-5.
574
H- w- CATLING
rivets 6".Broader orrolled so thattheir endscanbesecured strips, folded overlapping bytwoormore
(107.Í68; 219.fl01a
The overlapin the formerwas securedby threetinyrivets,in the latterby two.The latter seemsto havebeen used morethanonce,forthereare twoemptypin-holeswhichcan hardly have been in simultaneoususe withthe others.The latteris a good deal largerthan the and unlikely to havebeen usedon thesamekindofobject. former, 7. Pairsoflengths toeachother at thecentre, with ofstripattached foldedterminals (19.£2 + 3; 218.fl9)
sizes,it cannotbe doubtedthattheywereused in Thoughthesetwoobjectsare of different in each case consistedoftwonarrowstripsofmetalofequal thesame fashion.The structure Each was piercedby length,each ofthefourendsofwhichweredoubledback on themselves. a rivet-holeat the centrethroughwhichit was pinned to its fellow(clear in the case of 2i8.fi g). The T. 19examplewas nearlytwiceas large(thoughthewidthofstripwas thesame in bothcases)as theother.BotharmsoftheT. 19objectwerebentintoa relatively high'bow', whiletheT. 218piecewas,as preserved, almostflat. The identitycan onlybe surmised;perhapsthiswas some kindof armaturefora small in thisingeniousway.It can onlybe hopedthat clothreceptaclethathad to be keptsemi-rigid a future willbe circumstantial discovery enoughto allowa closerestimateofidentity. None oftheseobjectsis datableperse;nearlyall come fromtombsin longuse,and have to be giventhebroadbracketPG-O. Unidentifiable forthisfailure A distressingly remainunexplained.Responsibility largenumberof fragments ofidentification is minealone.The objectsare as follows:section. 75.f3i. Taperingstripofrectangular Possibletypeof object(s):-Tweezers,Fibula,Bracelet. PGB-O tomb. 107. f48. Fragmentof disc, among contentsof Pot fromthepyre. 27-presumably Possibletypeofobject(s):-Mirrordisc,base ofvessel. IO7.Í75. Ellipsoid sheet withshortstemsat either end. Possibletypeof object(s):-Fibula withelaborate bow; Pendant. bar. 218. fi. Smalllengthofflatrectangular Possibletypeofobject(s):-Vesselhandle;shaftofsmall tool.
2 19. f105c. Very fragmentaryoval plate with projecting 'nipple'. Possibletypeof object(s):-Fibula withelaboratebow; Pendant;Horse Trapping(in view of otherfindsin thistomb). as a crescent283. f2. Cruciform object,interpretable witha backsupport. shapeddisc-holder Possible type of object:- Mirror-handle.Perhaps intrusive. 294. f5. Twistofwirewithone pointedend. Possibletypeof object:-Fibula pin; Dress pin; small toolworking point.
CHAPTER 12 IRON A. M. Snodgrass GENERAL
REMARKS
of the One of the clear featuresto emergefromthe studyof the ironworkis the hierarchy - that is, of the tombs in respect of their weaponry and funeraryaccoutrements obviousin the No such hierarchy is immediately of theirmale cremations. accompaniments distribution (in any case muchless rich)of the grave-goodswhichmay be assumedto have pins,fibulae,ringsand tweezers.In thelistgivenbelow,only accompaniedfemaledepositions: definiteEarlyIron Age tombsare included:the problematiccases of 'Roman' tombswhich producedfindsof EarlyIronAge type(5, 158,238),and ofT. 247 whichproduceda piece of obelos fromdisturbedsoil, are for the time being omitted. 'Funerary accoutrements' and 'bierdesignatesthe enigmaticobjects whichhave been interpretedas 'fire-baskets' 'tools'includedknives,axes,chisels,nailsand a rasp. attachments'; A: Tombswith obeloi,weaponsand tools: accoutrements, funerary fire-dogs,
Ts. 219and (possibly) 285
B: Tombswith obeloi,weaponsand tools: fire-dogs,
Ts. 283 and (ifnotin A) 285
C: Tombswithobeloi,weaponsand tools:
T. 24 Ts. 75, 100,107,218;thepresenceoftoolsis unprovenin heavily-robbed
D: Tombswithweaponsand tools:
Ts. 2, 25,48, 56, 60, 123,175,186,208, 292,306 E: Tombswithweaponsonly:
Ts. 1,13,26, 28,45, 106,125,134 F: Tombswithtoolsonly:
Ts. 14,16,18,85, 201,294 It willbe seen thatall thecategoriesexceptthelasttwoare formedmerelyby subtracting the and least class of from the of the first, common, object designation previouscategory. Onlythe lastpair ofcategoriesbreaksthissequence.It shouldbe noted,however, thattheinclusionof oftransferring one or moretombsin categoriesE or F to bronze weaponswouldhavetheeffect the'higher'categoryD. the numberof tombsin each categoryappears to increaseas one goes down Predictably, the list,if E and F are takentogether.This conformsto the 'pyramidal'shape whichone and thepictureseemsdulycompletedwhenone adds,at expectsofanyearlysocialhierarchy, thebottom,a further of tombs whichhave producedEarlyIron Age potterybut no category iron grave-goodsof 'male' type.These ostensiblynumbersome fifty, and are thus more numerousthanthesixcategoriesA-F takentogether; remain so even whenone subtracts they
576
A. M. SNODGRASS
thehalf-dozentombswhichhave producedironfindsof 'female'typeonly(Ts. 40, 104,124, 163 and 177(all withpins),and T. 19 (bracelet),and a further groupwhichseemnot to have been independent tombsin reality('Tombs'in, 135,157,293 and 310). But thisapparentlytidypatternis vulnerableto the seriousobjectionthatthe thorough whichso manyof our tombshave suffered may have disturbedthe data beyond plundering In of thedepredation, butitwas certainly one can at the scale recognition. general, onlyguess a several tombs retain traces of large: only singleburial,thoughevidentlydesignedto hold The slaughtering Most of many. disconcerting all, perhaps,is the evidenceforhorse-burial. and burialofthehorseswhichpulledthefunerary hearseis a ritewhichis normallyassociated withthe richestand mostceremoniousfuneralsof the EarlyIron Age. We have foundno ofhorseunmistakeable tracesofthehearseitselfin anyofthetombs,butthereare fragments bitswhichoccur(inbronze)in T. 219(CategoryA) and in ironin T. 292 (CategoryD), butalso in T. 30, one of thosewhichproducedno ironweaponsnor even tools. moreunexpectedly werefoundin Ts. 79, 152and 168,all threeofwhich,disconcertingly, Horse-bones,however, also belongto this'lowest'categoryoftombswithoutironfindsofanykind,as wellas in T. F. have been subjected,is This,ifit is a hintofthedegreeofrobbingto whichthegrave-goods an immenselydiscouragingone. No doubt therecouldbe otherexplanationsof the horsebones in termsof unknownvagariesof Cretanfunerary practice,as is perhapssuggestedby in as well. But thesafestcourseis surelyto treat in theburial, T. 79, and, again, T. F. ofdogs and to thesurviving ironwork as a mereremnantofwhatwas once depositedin thecemetery, from certain tombs whichmightbe based on itsabsence eschewall thosenegativeconclusions or burials. Thereremain,however, somepositiveconclusionswhichcan be salvagedfromthisresidue. elementin thesocietythatwas servedby One oftheseis theindicationofa stronghereditary thiscemetery. It cannotbe by the merehazardsof survivalthatburialwitharmsis so often foundto be a recurrent at different feature, periodsbutin thesametomb.To expressthepoint thelikelihoodthata burialwitharmswilloccurin thelater'life'ofa giventombis differently: This positive greatlyincreasediftherehas been earlierburialwitharmsin thetomb'shistory. can be shownin themajorityof our richertombs(CategoriesA-D). Thus T. 285 correlation in EPG), joined by showsan irondirk(£74)at thebeginningof itsperiodofuse (presumably iron spears and javelins later in the PG period, and especiallyin PGB (fi, 3, 35), and oftheEO phase.Burialwitharms richmetalwork aftera break,in theextremely culminating, was thuspractisedbythegroupusingthistombovera periodofmorethan200 years. If T. 285 givesperhapsthe moststriking instance,thereare severalparallelsamong the oftheweaponryofG otherrichtombs.Thus an ironknifeofPG date,219.£25,is a foretaste a date in thistomb,again reachinga grandclimaxat theveryend ofthisperiod.T. 107offers transition at the and arrowheads a a PGB from series, dagger,through javelin ranging longer to O downto a dirk,javelinsand knivesofthefullO period,a rangeofat least 150years.T bridge 175showsburialswitharmsspanningmuchofthePG period;Ts. 75 and 292 similarly the period fromMG to fullO while the sequence in Ts. 218 and 306 apparentlystops somewhatearlier. to thefactthat,whereburialwitharmsappearsonly one maypointtentatively Conversely, in a singlestageof the tomb'suse, thisis almostalwaysin cases whereonlythatperiod is in thesurviving findsat all: in otherwords,thesetombseitherhadjust one period represented ofuse,or havehad all tracesoftheiruse at otherperiodsremoved.This appliesto theburials witharmsin Ts. 2 and 186 (SM), 208 (SM/EPG), 24 (E-MPG), 100 (LPG-EG), 123(EO) and 56 (O). There are onlytwo apparentexceptions:T. 48, whichshowssignsof reusein the O
IRON
577
period,morethan threecenturiesafterthe depositionof arms at the beginningof PG, but withno further receivedone burialbutwithoutweapons,in arms;and T. 60, whichconversely EPG some300 yearsbeforethedate ofitsextantburialswitharmsin O times.In boththese in theextantevidencemaywell,ifitcorresponds to reality, cases,thelonginterruption suggest a breakin memoryor in the hereditary use of the tomb.In the case of theveryrichT. 283, but the wealthof iron the chronologicalassociationsare disturbedbeyondrecovery, finally, findsis so greatthatit is impossibleto believethattheycan all have derivedfroma single ofmorethantwocenturies'use. phasein itshistory To sum up: the evidenceof the eighteentombsthatwererichestin ironfindsshowsthat burialwitharms and otherostentatiousmetalworkis normallya recurrentfeatureamong from50 to 200 years; certainKnossianfamilies, reappearingoverperiodsthatspan anything one and thatit occursas an isolatedphenomenononlywheneither just sequenceofuse ofthe in thatuse, so long thatthe tradition tomb is documented,ortherewas an interruption seemsalso to extendto the tombsof appearsto have been broken.The same generalisation a ironobjects.Thus, the findsfrom which few but no other weapons CategoryE, produced Ts. 28 and 125are essentially one-period;Ts. 13,25, 26 and 45 all showgaps in theirextant evidence,fromat least 100 (T. 13) to at least 250 (T. 45) yearsin length;whileTs. 1 and 106, thougheach showstracesofearlieruse,have bothbeen thoroughly plunderedofall buttheir latest(O) phasesofdeposition. This maybe a usefulfindingon thepositiveside but,as we have seen,we cannotdrawthe negativecorollarythatmostotherfamiliesneveraspiredto thepracticeof burialwitharms. Nor can one attemptto quantifythe incidenceof thispracticein Knossian societyof this periodwithany safety.Other findingsare altogetherpredictable:as, forinstance,thatthe richesttombsgenerallyproducethe widestrange of tools and weapons.Quantitatively, Ts. of irontools 219,285, 283, 218, 175and 292, in thatorder,have producedthelargestnumbers and weapons;butin viewofwhathas been said abouttheeffects ofrobbing,thisordermaybe lesssignificant thanthatsuggestedbytherange oftypes.Here,Ts. 75 and 218(seventypeseach) come out ahead evenof thehuge inventories of Ts. 219,283 and 285 (fivetypeseach, within the strictclass ofweaponsand tools).The generalbeliefthatthe tombsreflectsome kindof socialhierarchy amongthefamiliesusingthemfindssupportin thefactthat,ofour eighteen richesttombsin 'male' finds,as manyas thirteen also produceddress-pins, themostdistinctive classofmetalfindsassociatedwithfemaleburials. But thestateofthematerialhardlyallowsofanyfurther hypotheses along theselines.It is timeto turnto theindividualclassesofironwork, with the beginning weapons. WEAPONS These willbe consideredunderthe headingsof swords,dirks,daggers,spearheads,javelinwitha sub-division of types(whereappropriate)undereach heads,arrowheadsand bow-tips, heading. SWORDS
The truesword,a weapon of a size and weightthatwillenable it to be used forbothcutting and thrusting was nevera prominent strokes, weaponin EarlyIronAge Crete.The moderate of Cretan and the forthe dirk,were notedmore than length examples, generalpreference EGAW and are further demonstrated thirty yearsago (see my no) by the N Cemetery.Two both well-known from earlier are here. finds, represented types,
A. M. SNODGRASS
578
TypeA
swordwithparalleledgesformostof thelengthof theblade; thehiltnormally Flange-hilted 'necks'.The hilt takestheformof threesuccessiveswellings withtwointervening alternating a end the attachment of the has or at the for normally tang spur pommel(i75.fa7, upper in a 'fish-tail' 283.163), but in one case (106.£3)the hiltterminates shape,withthe regular (tracesofwhichsurvivein a pair ofbranching'ears' but no spurin between.The hilt-plates fewof our examples- 106. Í3 (wood), 75.fi3 + 14 + 26d + 91 (wood and horn))were retainedby meansofflangesat theedges,and thensecuredby meansofthreeor fourrivets. In fouroftheexamplesbelow,theserivetswereofbronze,butin 75«fi3 + 14 and in 106.£3 theywere of iron. Traces of a wooden scabbard also appeared on 75. £13 + 14« Where possible,theoveralllength(L) and greatestwidth(Gr.W. alwaysat theshoulder)are given. This is 'TypeI' in EGAW.
I75.Í4 I75.Í27 218. £31 75.fi3 + 14 io6.f3 219.fi1 285.^3
L
Gr. W.
Probabledate
broken broken broken broken 58.4 broken 53.0
3.7+ 4.4 5.6 4.7 5.0 (Wt.556.5g) 5.3 4.3
PG PG G LG O uncertain uncertain
TypeB used for fromlong slashing-knives One-edged'swords',whichare in facthard to distinguish from other but are all and the like. Our three examples veryfragmentary, specimens butchery it seems that the hilt was plain and withoutflanges(unlike Type A). Hilt-plateswere nevertheless attached,of wood (60.fi) or wood and bone (75^34), and therecould be a fromitsone-edgedsectionbut woodenscabbard(6o.f^). The blade ofthistypeis recognisable likeF. no. 1612,theyhad straight wellenoughto showwhether, noneofour examplessurvives and convexbacks.This is 'TypeIF in EGAW cutting-edges
i25.fia 75.f34 6o.fi + ?£|
L
Gr. W
Probabledate
broken(over25) broken broken
4.0 3.7 2.7
MG G to O LO
oftype,are: evenfordetermination Otherpiecesofsword,too fragmentary 75.Í83 75.f23
MG LG
283^50
uncertain
DIRKS
As alreadynoted,thedirkis commonerthanthetrueswordin Creteat thisperiod.It can be fromthesword,wheretheblade survives, by thesteadilytaperingedges readilydistinguished where and sharperpoint,appropriateto a stabbingweapon; onlythe hiltis preserved,the fromthe swordof generallymuchslimmerformusuallyenablesthe dirkto be distinguished with flanges,swellingsand rivets;the Type A above,whose hiltit otherwisecloselycopies,
IRON
579
is an almostinvariablefeature.Hilt-plates ofwooden(28. f6; 75.Í54, 75»f75)or, pommel-spur moregenerally, organiccomposition(285^35, 285^74, 285.f76) wereused, and thereare fromdaggers sometimes tracesof a woodenscabbard(75^54). Dirksare heredistinguished by the simplecriterion of size: stabbingweaponswhosehiltsare exceptionally slim(thatis, not flat,and whoseblades look unlikelyto have normallyexceedingW. 2.5) and/orexceptionally exceeded 25 cm in length(none,alas, survivescomplete),have been classifiedas daggers. Amongthe dirksas amongthe swords,bronzerivets(ninecases) are commonerforthe hilt thanironones (fivecases). The dirksshow a veryheavy preponderanceof the typedescribedabove, withedges narrowshoulderswhosewidthrangesbetween2.7 and 4.5. taperingto a pointfromrelatively IA the A. sword5 of as Type This, EGAW,is hereclassified 'Type TypeA 2.f3 i86.f5 208. f7 + 9(i)(ii) 285.f74 24.£8 285. fB6 306.fi 2 218. f26 75.f75 2ig.fgo 218. fi5 75*54 75**45(") io7.f33 283^54 283. £56 283. £57
L
Gr.W.
Probabledate
broken 25.9 broken broken broken broken broken broken broken broken(over20) 42.1 37-6+ broken broken broken broken broken(over17.5)
2-95+ 4.0 4.5 3.4 broken 3.3 3.0 3.8 broken 2.7 3.6 3.1 (Wt.197-3g) 2.5 3.5 3.8 2.8 2.9
SM SM SM-EPG EPG(?) EPG-MPG PGB-EG MG G G(?) LG LG-EO G-O O O uncertain uncertain uncertain
TypeAA One variantofTypeA deservesto be distinguished, on accountofitsexceptionally wide and flatshoulders,and the factthatits hiltterminates in a 'fish-tail'shape,withno signof the usualpommel-spur. This lastfeatureis unusualin Crete(butcf.io6.f3 above,p. 578),butthe generalformof the hiltfindssome parallel in a piece fromKofina near Arkades(IA.4 in EGAW,99),whichis roughlycontemporary. 28.IÇ
L
Gr.W.
Probabledate
26.1+
5.4
LPG-PGB
TypeB Two dirksbelongto a different broaderthanin Type varietyin whichtheblade is distinctly A, and insteadof taperingfromthe shoulder,it retainsitsbreadthuntilnear the tip.F. no. 571 is a somewhatlaterparallelforthisform.The hiltis flanged,and both exampleshad five bronze rivets. 285^35 shows traces of both hilt-platesand scabbard of organic composition.
A. M. SNODGRASS
58o
28s.f35 2i9.fiO7
L
Gr.W.
date Probable
26.4 28.8
4.9 5.0
LPG-PGB LG
The following are too fragmentary to be classifiable :specimens, finally, 75.f72 (possiblymorethanone) 283.fi6
LG LG-EO
123^7 25.f8
EO EPG-MPGorO
DAGGERS
as daggers.Apartfrom24. fBand 28*£| Fewofourexamplesare smallenoughto be classified all ofthoselistedhavetheformofa dirkofTypeA above,on a whereonlytheblade survives, reducedscale. Here,in contradistinction to bothswordsand dirks,ironrivetsin thehilt(four are commoner than but a whichholdsgood forall threeclasses bronze; cases) generalisation ofweapon,and indeedforthosefewknives(p. 585)whichhaverivetsin theirtangs,is thatiron and tenthcenturies, downto MPG) or relatively rivetsare foundonlyrelatively early(eleventh in withbronze the life of the cemetery, late (LG onwards,late eighthand seventhcenturies) in between.56^3 showedtracesofa scabbardofsomeorganiccomposition. prevailing TypeA 24^7 I75.f2 + 4 123.fl + 5 + 8 107.f25 56.Í3
L.
Gr.W.
Probabledate
broken broken broken(20+) broken broken
2.1 4.2 2.6 2.3 2.9+
EPG-MPG PGB-MG EO O O
TypeB hiltattachedto a One exampleseemsto be of the formwitha broader,but asymmetrical muchnarrowerblade, of the typeof F. no. 192 and Ay IoannisVIII.16, both of whichare ofa dirk. althoughthelatterhas thedimensions contemporary, roughly
24. £9
L.
Gr.W
Probabledate
broken(over12.5)
3.7
EPG-MPG
to be Finally,as already mentioned,24. £8 and 28. £4 (LPG/PGB) are too fragmentary classifiable. SPEARHEADS
betweenspearsand javelins(on which oftendifficult, The main problemis the distinction, oftype is eased see EGAW 136-9). In our case, the difficulty by the exceptionalconformity the A dominates 'spearheads', to the displayedby both classes of weapon. single type notto belong to it. be shown can extentthatveryfewof our (oftenfragmentary) pieces and of moderate are: socket The featuresof thistype diameter,seldom exceeding length hooked sometimes L. 10 cm; verysquare, shoulders;broad blade, whichusually slightly a little but has its greatestwidthnot at the shoulder, way down the blade; clear midrib,
IRON
58i
taperingto a sharppointsome io cm down the blade; and, wherepreserved,considerable length.Several of thesefeaturesdistinguishit fromthe weapons here classed as 'javelins', none more so than thatof a blade which actuallywidens fora shortdistanceinsteadof can be quantified:the greatestblade-width,over twenty-six tapering.Other differences preservedexamples,averages 3.4 (as against 2.75 in javelins), while complete examples range from37.8 to 49.5 in length(the correspondinglimitsforjavelin-headsbeing 25.4 and 39.8). The dominanttypejust describedcan be equated with'Type L' in EGAW,a particularly closeparallelbeingoffered byLi fromKofina(PG). But theeighth-century pair fromFortetsa in are smaller and have less distinct and the as midribs, (Lg EGAW) type a whole was not knownto be a commonone; so thatit is a greatsurpriseto findit almostubiquitousin this forsomethreecenturies. The typeremains,so faras I know,peculiarto Crete.Two cemetery + examplesfromT. a85*f4i(i) 53(d) + 82 and fs6(ii) + 62 + 91, showan unusuallybroad bladewithfinemidrib. TypeA 48.fi2 + ?2i 285.f4i(i) + 53(d) + 82 285.f4i(ii) + 53(e) + 56 I75.f7 175.fi4 175.f28 I75.f32 285.f56(ii) + 62 + 91 285.f53 (corrodedmass) 285.f56 285.f5i 28.f7 28.£8 2 18. f23 75.f26(ii)-(iii) 2ig.f68 + 99 2i9.f77 2 19. f104 2 19. f109 219.fi 1ia 285^40 2i9.fi26 2 19. f134 283. £58 (twoin corrodedmass) 283. £64 (twoin corrodedmass) 283. £72 (twocorrodedtogether) 283^91
L.
Probabledate
broken(30+) c. 38 c. 41 broken broken broken broken c. 29+ (a) 49.5 (b) 40+ broken 37.8 (unusuallyshortsocket) 42.9 (Wt.235g) 45.1(Wt.248 g) broken broken broken broken broken broken 43-0+ (Wt.329 g) 42.1+ broken broken bothbroken
EPG EPG EPG PG PG PG PG MPG-LPG PGB(?) PGB(?) PGB(?) PGB(?) LPG-PGB LPG-PGB G LG LG(?) LG(?) LG LG LG O uncertain uncertain uncertain
bothbroken
uncertain
bothbroken
uncertain
broken
uncertain
It seemslikelythatD.f3 (LPG-EG) also belongsto thistype.
582
A- M- SNODGRASS
TypeB One earlyspecimensurvivesin sufficient degreeto showthatit does notbelongto theabove broad one thatrunsto instead of the midrib it has a flatand relatively fine,tapering variety; less than in Type A. This can be was considerably the end of the blade. The blade-length with'TypeA' in EGAW,alreadyknown(butin bronze)froman earlyCretancontext identified in TombA at Mouliana.An ironrivetappearsin themidrib. 2.£6 + 7 + 8 + 9
broken(bladeover16)
SM
all of themcould to be classified, The following thoughvirtually pieces are too fragmentary to A: belong Type 45.f8 26.£| 75.fii(ii)-(iii) 219.fii 75.fi5 2 19. f135
EPG LG-LO MG uncertain MG uncertain
75-f22 2i9.fi4O 75.Í88 283. f25 285.Í53C (inmass)
LG uncertain LG/EO uncertain EO
JAVELIN-HEADS
formthe commonestclass of ironobjectin the tombs,withthe singlepossible Javelin-heads them possibleto distinguish exceptionofobeloi.As explainedabove (pp.580-1),itis generally used sometimes criterion fromspearheadsby certaincriteria,includingthatof size. Another or a thatoftheassociationofeithera largerspearheadand smallerjavelin-head, of elsewhere, witha singleburialhas provedunusablehere,sincethegroupings twomatching javelin-heads, are seldomrecoverableand, in anycase, 'spearheads'haveprovedto occurin matchingpairs (cf. above 28. f7 and 8; 283. £72). The two categoriesmust,to some extent,be seen as used forthe conventional ones;it is byno meanscertainthatthe'spearheads'wereinvariably never. thrust and the'javelin-heads' smallerduringthe One othertendencymaybe noted:thejavelin-headsbecomedistinctly This is perhapsa signof increasingspecialisation,withan initial lifetimeof the cemetery. dual-purposeweapon graduallydevelopingintotwo distinctforms.Thus the greatestbladewidthof the javelins down to the end of PGB averages about 2.9 forfifteenpreserved specimens,whiletwentyfourspecimensfromthe beginningof Geometriconwardsaverage only about 2.65 for this measurement.This of course makes distinctionsof category easier.The javelinsprovesomewhatlesshomogeneousthanthespears,withtwo progressively The appearanceof the varietiesemerging. recurrent, thoughnot veryclearlydistinguished, in numbersofthelarger decline with the O in the small C, coupled period, variety, Type very towards trend a weapons. lighter spearheads,suggests general TypeA
This is reallya reducedversionoftheTypeA spearhead,withthesame featuresofsquareor hookedshouldersand a midribtaperingawayto disappearin thelowerpartoftheblade.This typeof 'javelin'probablycorrespondsto the pair F. no. 1606 (= L3 in EGAW)mentioned above,showingthatthetypehad alreadybeen foundin twosizes.Tracesofthewoodenshaft weredetectablein 285. £75.
IRON
ioo.f25(i) ioo.f25(ii) 100.f26 I75.fi5 285.Í75 285.f54 285.£6i (corrodedmass)
285.f52 I25.f2 292. £64 292.^65 75.f5O 219.f27 75»f58 75-*59 75*44 2i9.fio8 io7.f37(i) 2i8.£6 + 24 2i8.fi7 285.f4i(iii) + 85 2i8.fi5 + 3o(ii) 2i9.f7 + 8 + 9 + 140 219. £133
583
L
Probable date
30.8 (Wt.233g) 29.7+ (Wt.187g) 31.2(Wt.162g) broken broken(over30) (blade31.2) (a) 31.6+ (b) 28.5+ (c) (blade21+) (d) 36.8+ 35-8+ broken(over30) broken(about30) 35.5 broken broken fr.(morethan29) c. 31.7 34.2 (Wt.124g) broken 34.2+ 39.8 (Wt.228 g) 30.4 c. 38 32.9+ broken(c. 30) broken
LPG LPG LPG PG PG(?) LPG-PGB(?) PGB-EG(?) PGB-EG(?) PGB-EG(?) PGB-EG(?) PGB(?) MG MG MG MG(?) MG(?) G G G(?) LG LG-EO LG-EO LG-EO EO G or O uncertain uncertain
TypeB thanTypeA. The midrib,thoughless distinct, This is generallyshorterand lesswell-formed givingthelattera roughlyellipticalsection: appearsformuchoftheblade as a slightswelling, to 'Type M' ofEGAW,and is theshouldersare slopingratherthansquare.This corresponds in EarlyIronAge Crete. alreadywell-attested 45-*5+ 6 + 7 I75.f9(ii) + io(ii) ioo.fi4 ioo.fi7 292. £67 292J57 + 84 i34.f7 218. fi6 75.f48
L.
Probabledate
24.8 broken broken broken 21.9+ broken 21.9+ 26.4 22.2+
EPG PG LPG LPG MG MG(?) EG-EO LG-EO G to O
TypeC A miniature versionofthejavelin-head,witha midribthatis prominent in proportion to the slender width of blade on either side of and run to the The shoulders it, very may tip. maybe or The overall never reaches These be square sloping. length 30. mayperhaps comparedto thesmalljavelin-heads,mainlyofArchaicdate,notedin EGAW 132-3;our examplestoo are all late.The mineralised textileremainsadheringto 106.fi + 5 are presumably fortuitous.
A- M- SNODGRASS
584
75.Í2O + 26 (iv) io6.fi ( + ?i + 5) 75.*45(i) 75*77 io7.f29(i) + 3o(ü)
L
Probable date
broken(about20) broken(about20) 28.2 (Wt.138g) 26.5 (Wt.192g) 25.4
LG O O O O
The following to be assigned,evententatively, to one oftheabove piecesweretoo fragmentary types:i75«f5>65 l6J *7 + «9» 2fi531 and 32 285^53 (g) (inmass) 75.£84 285^58 (twoin mass) 134.fi, 6, 10 285.^61(d) and (f) (inmass) 75«f32 2i9.f37 3o6.f2O 2ig.f4o 75.f|6 219.f26 + 28 2i9.fi2i 285.I83
allPG PGB(?) LG(?) PGB(?) EG-EO PGB-EG LG-EO MG LG-EO MG LG-O MG MG EO
io7.fa9(ii) + ?3i 75-£8i 292^23 75.fio 219^54 2i9-f55 306.!» + 13 2ig.fi2O 75^58 285.fi and 3 75.Í72 O.fj 75.^78 Q,f26 219. f2o
O MG(?) O MG LG LG MG-LG uncertain G uncertain LG EPG-EO LG MPG-O LG
in thecemetery thusreacheswelloverseventy. The totalofjavelin-headsrepresented ARROWHEADS
in the The evidenceforarcheryis largelyconfinedto arrowheadsand is notveryprominent withthe tombsthathave armouriesof other Nor does it showa highcorrelation cemetery. offensive weapons:thereis no signthatthe familiesusingTs. 219, 283 or 285 favouredthe bow,whilein twocases (Ts. 1, 13)thefindsherelistedare theonlyironobjectsin thetombs. The arrowheads,as is usual withiron examples,are crudelyformed,but threevarieties emerge. TypeA
Tanged, witha sectionthatis three-bladedor triangularin the blade; tang cylindricalin in theEarlyIronAge Aegeanbefore. section.This specificvarietyhas notbeen distinguished
13.fi 107.f34 IO7-*35
L
Probabledate
5.8 (missingtang) 4.8 (tangbrokenoffshort?) 4.7 (tangbrokenoffshort)
EG(?) LG-EO LG-EO
TypeB Similarin outline,but witha two-edgedblade and a tang thatis square in section;this to 'Type5' in EGAW154.-5and is verycommon. corresponds
IRON
2i8.£8 292. £88
585
L
Probabledate
9.2 8.5 (tangbrokenoffshort)
LG(?) O
TypeC The 'Cypriot'variety, 'Type 4' in EGAW 154,in whichbothtangand blade are narrowand square-sectioned, givingthearrowheadtheappearanceofa bolt.
2i8.fi9a 218. f2i
L.
Probabledate
11.1 small, 4.2 (exceptionally withround-sectioned tang)
LG(?) LG(?)
BOW-TIP(?)
Here should be mentionedthe enigmaticiron object i.f25 of EO date, whichhad been designedto fitthe top of a slim,taperingand slightly curvingwooden object. The singlecurved,compositebow is knownto havebeen used in Creteat thetimein question,and such a reinforcement forthetopwouldbe appropriateforthetype(on whichsee EGA^142-3). In a at laterdate,a similarbut largerobjecthas been identified as a probable Etruria, slightly see L. La Tomba liniGalassi N. no. ad Pareti, 8, fin (L. 10, D. bow-tip: Rego (1947),266, 229 The curvature and small size of our both fora weaponinternally 2.7). object inappropriate - makesthis socket seem likeliest. interpretation Tools These are,as usual in gravesoftheGreekEarlyIronAge,muchlesscommonthanweapons, and willbe similarly treatedunderthe successiveheadingsofknives,axes, axe-adzes,chisels, nailsand rasp.Miscellaneousor obscureobjectsnotlistedherewillbe foundunderthenext section,'OtherFuneraryAccoutrements'. ONE-EDGED
KNIVES
This largeclassoffindsis heavilypredominant amongthetools,and outnumbered onlybythe and obeloi the ironwork Five different all javelin-heads among generally. types, previously are detectable.Rivetsin thetang(nevermorethantwoin number)are relatively attested, rare, and mainlyconfinedto thelargerknives;on theuse ofbronzeand ironfortheserivets,see p. couldbe present,ofwood (86.f29 6o.fi4, 75#fi8),horn(75«f9+ n(i)) 581 above.Hilt-plates or bone (75«fao). TypeA
The commonestvarietyat all periods is a straight-backed knifewith a blade averaging between1.5 and 2 cm. in width;the cutting-edge too is straightforpart of its length,but develops a convex curve towardsthe tip. The hilt extends the line of the blade, with similarwidth.F. no. 1616 is a good example of thistype,but none of ours was as wellthat theirextantlengthis not a significant preserved;indeed, most are so fragmentary measurement.
A. M. SNODGRASS
586
Probable date
2.fi3 + ?i4 2o8.f4 + 9(iii)
SM SM-EPG
2i9.f25 285.ffi3 292. £68 + 7o(ii) 75.f9 + 11(i) 218. f36 292. f54 75.f2i + 26(i) 2i8.f2O
PG PGB-EG(?) MG MG G G LG LG
2i9.£|i + 42 2i9.f45 2i9.fi24 75.£8o 86.f2 107.fi5 107.f28 6o.fi4 294. fio + ?ii 292.£85 2i9.fi22 283 .£21 283. f34
LG LG LG G to O G to O O O O O O(?) uncertain uncertain uncertain
Comments(includinglength)
Blade only,L. 10.2 L. 20.3 withouttip;Gr.W. 3.0 One bronzerivetsurvives One ironrivetsurvives Blade only,L. 12.6+ L. 11.7(complete);small, withtangprojecting at end ofhilt.
Blade only,L. 12.2+ One ironrivetsurvives One ironrivetsurvives Small;L. perhapsabout 10
TypeB A small,rareand earlytype,knownfromtheverylate BronzeAge in Cyprus(see SCE IV,ID, or laterCrete(cf.Vrokastro, fig.60,2),and in a somewhatmodifiedformfromcontemporary pl. 21J; Ann.10-12(1927-9),389^, fig.517,top centre(Kofina).The tangis extremely short,and thetipoftheblade is recurved,so as to makethecutting-edge convexand theback concave; thewidestpointis at thejunctionoftangand blade.
i86.f2
Probable date
Comments(includinglength)
SM
L. 10.4 Near-complete;
TypeC in theback untilnearthe butwithlittlecurvature Curvedkniveswitha concavecutting-edge, as in Type A, but thereis tip; the blade tapersin widthfairlysteadily.The hiltis straight, usuallya distinctswelling,actingas a hand-guard,at thejunction of hilt and blade. Cf. Vrokastro, pl. 21 A.
Probable date
Comments(includinglength)
ioo.fio+ 20 + ?i2 + 18
LPG
219.fi9
MG
L. wellover15overall;twobronzeand one ironrivetssurvive
2i9.fii3
LG
L. more than 12.8 overall
IRON
587
TypeD
in bothcutting-edge Kniveswitha moremarkedcurvature and back,so thattheformeris (as in TypeC) concave.The hiltis straight and continuesat thesame widthas theblade,though again thereis sometimesa projectinghand-guardat thejunctionof hiltand blade. None of theFortetsakniveshas thisdegreeofcurvature, buta Knossianparallelis givenbyAy.Ioannis for other Cretan see Vrokastro IV.9; parallels pl. 21 I; Ann.10-12 (1927-9), pl. 10, P 7-8 (Arkades). Probabledate
2oi.fg 48. £22
SM EPG
292. f66 + 7o(i) 5. fa
MG
292. f72
O
i8.f5 158.f2
uncertain
Comments (including length)
Two ironrivets(exceptionally setsidebyside)at hand-guard. Complete(L. 26.8); one ironrivet Foundin a Romantomb, butwithevidenceofG use. (L. 17.6); Near-complete twobronzerivets, in line Foundin an apparently Romantomb(cf.5«f.2),but thistimewithoutindependent evidenceforearlieruse. The looksclearlyEarly type,however, IronAge.
TypeE
broad-bladedkniveson the modelof F. no. 1611; the tangcontinuesthe line of the Straight, but is muchnarrower thantheblade. back,
175-^3 75ȧ>i
Probabledate
Comments (including length)
PG MG
L. originally wellover17
The following to be classified: piecesare too fragmentary 16.fi 75«fr8 2i8.f3i(ii) 75.f2O 14.f4 + 7 75-*86 29*.f73 i23.£6
Probabledate
PGB-MG G G LG (LG(?) three corrodedtogether) LG(?) G to O EO
Probabledate
219. f32 292. fi2 6o.f5 283. f59 283. £65 283.166 N.£6, 8 Q.fi7
LG Two ironrivets, in line O One bronzerivet LO uncertain uncertain uncertain PGB-MG MPG-O
AXES
Single axes, tangedor withbutt,and double axes are here treatedtogether.This class of findis easily the best preservedamong our ironwork,thanksto its high ratio of mass to
A. M. SNODGRASS
588
extent: virtuallyevery example is preserved entire, though under a thick mantle of corrosion.For a veryhelpfulinstancewherethe break-downof thiscorrosionenables us boththe recoverthe originalformand to quantifythe scale of the corrosion,see 75.^49: the ratio of weightswithand withoutcorrosion,741gto 461g (i.e. roughly8:5) shouldbe applicable to othermassive corroded objects, thoughhardlyto the slendererweapons. in Iron Age Crete: cf.the examplesin F. 202 Both singleand double axes are well-attested and pl. 172. L.
Probable date
Comments
285. £58
17.0
PGB
285.164
21.0
PGB-EG(?)
285.187 285.fB8
13.4 8.7
PGB-EG(?) PGB-EG(?)
292.171
10.5
MG
75.f52 75#f53 3o6.f7
14.7 11.7 9.8
MG(?) MG(?) LG
Double axe; straight-sided, butbladesslighdy Wt. 789 g asymmetrical. (corroded) Double axe; straight-sided, likeF. no. 1641;Wt. 1308g (corroded) Tanged;Wt. 270g (corroded) Tang brokenoff;Wt. 109g (corroded) Tanged,slender;Wt. 103.5g (corroded) Tanged;Wt. 345 g (corroded) Tanged;Wt. 200 g (corroded) Tanged;Wt. 105.5g (corroded)
AXE-ADZE
Our onlyaxe-adzeis theexceptionally objectmentionedalreadyabove. well-preserved
75»^49
L.
Probable date
Comments
X9'2
WIG
Shaft-hole type,withelliptical hole; adze-bladeslighdylarger thanaxe-blade;bothhave Wt.741g convexcutting-edge. 461 g withoutthe (corroded), corrosion.
CHISELS
broad fromthesmallestaxe-heads.Theyhaverelatively These are few,and hardto distinguish blades,witha buttor tangthatis narrowerbut usuallythickerand, in the firstthreecases listed,bearstracesofthewoodenhaft.
75.fi1a 75.fl>2 75#f36 292. £89
Probable date
Comments
MG MG G-O O
2.1 Broken(over10);blade-width Broken(wellover10);blade-width 2.5 Blade-width 3.4 2.2; Wt.59.5 g. Complete;blade-width (corroded)
IRON
589
NAILS
These too are rare in the EarlyIron Age tombs(thoughcommonerin the Hellenisticand Romanones)and thereis no evidencefortheobjectsor constructions to whichtheybelonged.
292. £30 5¿.f2 25.£| 3O.f9 56.f45 + 47 292. fio 2ig.fi4i
Probabledate
Comments
O O O O LO uncertain uncertain
L. 7.1+ (head missing) L. 9.7+ (squarehead) L. 5.6+ (head missing) (fr.) L. 7.8 (squarehead) Near-complete; L. 10.0+ (squarehead) Near-complete; Complete;L. 8.5 (circularhead)
RASP(?)
This seemsthe best identification forthe massiveironbar, taperingat both ends and 33.7 which was of 218. Í28, long, probable O date. The surfaceis naturallytoo corrodedto confirmation of its and unillustrated provideany purpose,but the unidentified objectF. no. has a similar and a slimmer section at the widest 1596 length(32) slightly point(c. 2 by 1, as and be another of a in a Knossian tomb.The date against2.5 by 1.5), may example rasp thereis EO. Other
Funerary
Accoutrements
Under thisheadingwe groupthe remainingobjects,whethertheirfunction was primarily a of life or of ritual. part daily funerary HORSE-BITS
Somethinghas alreadybeen said (above,p. 576) about the incidenceof recognisablehorseharnessand horse-bonesin thetombs.It is disappointing to have foundso littleevidencefor the horseitself,and none at all of the funerary vehicleor hearse;but it shouldbe observed case of Etruriaat any rate,horseswerenot an indispensable that,in thebetter-documented burialand that,in particular, a formofwheeledbierexistedwhichwas adjunctofostentatious handledby mournerson foot(see below,under'Bier-attachments'). Our onlyiron evidently bitsare of relatively late date,but bronzeones wereoccasionallyused beforethis.Both our which,fromcontemporary examplescome frommouth-pieces analogies,wereformedoftwo bars,each witha loop at eitherend; one of thesebars would have itsloops set in the same plane as the central part; the other would have its outerloop set in the same way (for attachmentto the reins),but its innerone twistedthrough90o, so as to interlockwithits counterpart. Probabledate
Comments
292. £90
O
3°**5
O(?)
A completeexampleofthefirst componentdescribedabove;L. c. 11.6 A fragment fromtheend,probablyof thesecondtypeofcomponent,sincethe L. c. 5.3 offset; ringis slightly
A- M- SNODGRASS
5go OBELOI
the in quintessential ofinterpreting The case of theobeloipresents, form,thedifficulty of the N Cemetery.Desperatelyfragmentary, corrodedto the pointwhere ironwork oftendifficult, reconstruction is usually andevenrecognition theydefyanykindof impossible accuratequantification, exceptin thesinglecase of 285. £43/44/45. All thatwillbe is a crudecalculationof the minimum quantitiesof obeloi attemptedhere,therefore, traces intheninetombswheretheyoccur.The textile ineachstageofdeposition represented ofnote. to'j^.f&'jareworthy adhering TotalL.
Comments
24. f2
4
A fr.only
LPG: ioo.fza, 3, 9 + 13 + 15 + 19
37
Atleastone
9.5
A fr.only
39.8
Atleastone
219.Í36
18.0
One
LG: 75.Í2O, 22, 71 219.fi4, 15 2i9.f369 48, 52, 53, 60, 61, 64, 106, 123, 131
52.0 55-6+
At leasttwo At leasttwo
c.350
Atleastsix
4.8
A fr.only(possiblymoreof 107^22 etc. below)
2i8.f22 247.fi
15 6.2
Atleastone A fr.only
GtoO: 75.£|7 2i8.f3o(i)
26.5 28.3
Probablyone Possiblymoreof218. fa2 above
EO/MO: 285^27, 28, 29 285^43/44/45
c. 263 c. 1000
285^48/50, 53, 61, 80, 81, 82 c.590
At leastfour Ten examples;theonlyfindthatis at all complete Atleasteight
0: iO7*f22,30, 33(ii) 2i8.f2
Atleastone A fr.only
EPGtoMPG:
PGB(?):
285. f53
MG orearlier.
283. fig, 20, 24 MG(?)'
LG/EO: io7.f37(ii)
G(?y.
26.4 9.6
IRON TotalL.
Comments
51.5 50.3
At leasttwo At leasttwo
c.975
At leastten
Uncertain'.
75.f.85, 87 2ig.f.i25, 137 283.f.n, 12, 14, i5(i), 28, 3*> 33» 36, 47> 49> 5*, 55> 61, 67, 69, 70
59I
Whereotherevidenceis notavailable,thenumberofobeloipresenthas been estimatedsimply by thecomplete bydividingthetotalby thelength,about a metre,ofone obelos,exemplified in example 285. £48/50 (101cm). The listshowsthatT. 285, the leastdisturbedof our rich tombs,was apparentlythe richestin obeloi,producinga minimumof overtwentytraceable examples,thoughmostor even all of themcould have been depositedon the same occasion. The moreruinousT. 219 may also have receivedits obeloi on a singleoccasion.The other seventombsinvolvedhaveproducedmoremeagre,and in some cases tinyfragments: withT. one wonderswhetherthepiece maynothavefloatedin fromelsewhere. 247,in particular, An important featureof the obelos-burials is theirwide apparentrangeof date. Since V of the 'pikes' fromthe Fortetsatombs{Antichità Karageorghis'invaluablereinterpretation Cretesi: Studiin onoredi DoroLevi(1977),II, 168-72),it has been clear thatobeloi were not in KnossiantombsfromPG timeson. But themainperiodof intensive uncommonofferings on whichJ. Boardman'spaper in depositionremainsthe latereighthand seventhcenturies, KCh23 (1971),5-8 is a helpfulcomparativestudy.Our findsdo not do muchto reinforce the beliefthatobeloi had significance as a primitivecurrencyat Knossos in the period of the therelatively find285. £43/44/45 containstenpieces,ratherthan cemetery: well-preserved six or a multiplethereof, as would be expectedfromlaterGreekusage,and as had indeed alreadybecometherulein severalpartsof the Greekworldby thelate eighthcentury(seeJ. N. Coldstream,GG,146-8). FIRE-DOGS
These are found(as alreadynoted,p. 575) in threeof our tombs.Predictably, theyare nearly in found close association with the converse is not true: obeloi obeloi,yet always appear to occur in nine tombs;and of at least fifteen in which are found,the great depositions they no trace of This conforms to other from majorityyield fire-dogs. findings: Cyprus,for the and cited list some twelve dated Boardman, above, example, papers by Karageorghis occurrences ofobeloiand onlytwooffire-dogs. of our in the form Many specimensappeared of shortstripsof rectangular sectionand, re-readingthe Fortetsapublicationwithhindsight, one mayperhapsdetectin suchentriesas thatforF. T. XI, no. 192references to earlierfinds thatwerenot recognisedas fire-dogs. As withthe obeloi,the main periodof depositionwas earlieroccurrences. clearlyin theLG and EO periods,withone or morepossible TotalL.
Comments
285. f57
18.2
Frs.ofa largepiece
LG: 2 19. £56(i)
79.5+
219^56 (ii) 2 19. £94
11.7 19.3
butwithhighersupports, than Slimmer, 285. f 30 below Fr.notexactlymatchingtheabove Fr.ofsmallishsection
PGB(?)'
A. M. SNODGRASS
592 TotalL.
Comments
2i9.fi28 2 19. fi28a 219.fi28b
7.0 10.5 27.5+
2i9.fi3O (2 pieces)
28.1
Piece ofarchedsupport? Fromthelargertype Appreciablysmallerin all dimensions thanthestandard Similarto fs6(ii)
EO/MO: 285. £30
133.8+
285. £31/32
107+
285. £46/47
101+
285. £79
17.9
Uncertain date:
219.£138
11.0
219.£139 283. £39 283. £45,51, 53, 62, 68, 71
2.5 40.5+ c. 256
The best-preserved example;its section (c. 2.4 by0.6) mayserveas a standard lower Slightlyslimmerand withslightly supportsthanthepreceding;nota pair Very much slimmerthan any of the above Of similarscale but thinner(perhaps throughless corrosion) than £30, it couldhaveformeditscounterpart Bent into U-shape, ? from arched support Ditto oflargertype Fragment 45 separate fragments,of which it is clear thatsome did not belongto £39, butlikelythatsomedid.
is thatT. 285 received Sincefire-dogs are usableonlyin pairs,themosteconomicalhypothesis threeand one threepairs,ofthreedifferent sizes;and thatT. 219 and T. 283 had respectively pairs. FIRE-BASKETS'
(219. £65, and (?) £47, 78, 127, 132, 136;
285. £84)
This interpretation of the objects in question is decidedlyprovisional,and restson the reconstruction of 219.165. This object,of LG date,mustbe restoredto an originaloverall it is missingmore length,withoutitswooden shaft,of some 50-60 cm; on thisassumption, than20 cm ofitsmain,socketedarm(a), morethan60 cm ofitstwocurvedside-arms(b),and whichappear to have been set at perhapssome 200 cm in all of its numerouscross-struts, intervalsof about 3 cm (tojudge fromthe threerecognisablestumpsthatappear along the rodsin thistomb(219.£47,78, 127, 132 sidesof(a) and (b). The otherfindsoffragmentary and c. 120 cm of cross-strut; i. cm of side-arm and 136) collectively 12 theycould provide are thetwofragments all derivefromthesamepiece.More problematic therefore (L. together 15.7)in 285. £84, whichare of later,EO date; theycorrespondwell enoughto theformand fromT. 219,butthereis no otherrecognisableevidenceforthe dimensions ofthecross-struts in an of such object T. 285. One can howeversay that,fromthe otherfindsin this presence tomb,thereis nowherewhereone would morereadilylook fora further appearanceof this item. In discerningthe purpose of such an object, one can use the evidenceof the external oftheobject and obeloi,and thatofthefeatures in bothcases includingfire-dogs associations, which had the shaft a wooden mounted on itself:an open-work, holder, hemispherical roughly in loose to hold some was meant it of a diameter material, Clearly spear-shaft. approximate It is cm some struts between fall not to that were 3 apart. placed through big enough pieces
IRON
593
and thatthe materials, suggestedthatthismaterialwas burningcharcoalor othercombustible oftheobjectwas eitherto helpin igniting function thepyreforcremation, or to servein some operationconnectedwiththe hearthin a domesticcontext.For eitherpurpose,the inferred presenceof a substantialwooden shaftwould enable thismaterialto be held at more than arm'slength.I knowofno parallelforsuchan implement, butthenour ownfragments would nothavebeen recognisedforwhattheyare,butfortheluckysurvivalofthepartlyrestorable piece 2ig.ft>5. 'BIER-ATTACHMENTS'
(219. f67, 70, 129)
Once again, a tentativeinterpretationis offeredfor a class of object not previously recognisedforthisperiod and area. This time,however,thereis some externalsupportin the occurrenceof somewhatsimilarobjectsas handle-attachments fora wheeledbier,in a richEtruscantomb:see L. Pareti,La TombaRegolini-Galassi (1947),266, N. 229 nos. 19-20; butprobablywronglyinterpreted, in RM 22 289, N. 237 nos. 29-31,pl. 31-betterillustrated, (1907),86, 106,fig.11,pl. 68.151.Our threepreservedspecimensfromT. 219 are all of LG date; the lengthsof the two virtuallycompleteexamples (21.0 and 19.5) correspondwell enough to the range (20-23) of the Etruscan examples. The socket-diametersare not identicalin the threecases: 2i9^f67-D. 4.3; f7o-D. 3.8; fi29~D. 4.7; but this is not a seriousobstacleto theirhavingbeen used forthe same bier.The massivesize of the sockets suggeststhattheseobjectswere designedto bear a heavyload or undergostrain,and the bendingoftheblades of£67and £70maytellthesame story.The presenceofthecross-strut one of a pair?)near theend of theblades of£67, fixingtheirrelativeposition,at (originally leastservesto excludesome ofthepotentialalternativeexplanations.A bierwouldofcourse butthedisappearanceoftheputativefourthone is hardly requirefouroftheseattachments, surprising. Finally,threeotherclassesof sporadicand fragmentary objectsmay be listedhere.Their conditiondoes notinviteattemptat interpretation, but it maybe notedthattheyall occurin our richertombs,with weapons and tools, and oftenwith obeloi and other funerary apparatus. FLAT STRIP-FRAGMENTS
75«*73 283.f9 3o6.f3
Probabledate
Comments
LG LG-EO(?) uncertain
Tapering Tapering Slightly tapering
STRAIGHT ROD-FRAGMENTS (TOO SLIM FOR OBELOI, UNSUITABLE FOR 'FIREBASKETS') 218. £35,37 2i9.£|3 + 44 + 46 219. £50,51 219. £30
Probabledate
Comments
G LG LG LG
f35 embeddedin mass
PLATE-FRAGMENTS (ALL WITH A THICKNESS uncertain 283.160, 73, 92
Two rodsjointedat rightangles OF 0.3) Nine fragments altogether
a. m. snodgrass
594
Ornaments of weaponsand of the 'male' offerings This category, whichformsthe 'female'counterpart Nineteentombsproduceddress-pins and, as notedearlier tools,is as usual muchlessprolific. as was T. 306 which (p. 577),mostofthesewerealso amongthoserichestin 'male' dedications, in thatorder. and tweezers a shall deal with fibula. We fibulae, bracelets, rings produced pins, PINS
Four distinctvarietiesseem to emerge,threeof whichmay be roughlyequated withtypes seemsto have been better knownfromthe Fortetsacemetery;but the stateof preservation there,and mostofourspecimensare too corrodedforfinedetailto be visible. TypeA
A singlefindof two matchingSM ironpins seemsnot to correspondto previouslyknown types.Iron pins in tombsof thisperiodare not unexpected(cf.F. no. 35), but theyare few the head takesthe form to findnovelties.In thisvariety, enoughforit not to be surprising a of a mouldingscarcelywiderthan the shaftitself,with similarmouldingsome 1.5 cm. down.
2Oi.fio(i) 2Oi.fio(ii)
L.
Probabledate
Comments
15.1 15.6
SM SM
missing Head-moulding Complete
TypeB Nextto appear is a typeknownonlyfroma ratherlaterphase at Fortetsa:it is Type 5 in F. below 195.The head is formedofa discwitha finial;belowappearthreetinyring-mouldings; Fortetsa on the thatagain, thereshouldbe a lozenge-shapedswellingand further grooves, are too corrodedto show. evidence,butin ourexamplesthesefeatures
175.fi2 218.fi3 2i8.fi4 iog.fg + 14 285.fi2 H.f3-6 (five)
L.
Probabledate
Comments
Head only 6.9+ Head only 9.0 10.2
PG MG (early) MG (early) LG LO
Head D. 1.1 Perhapscomplete;head D. 1.0 Head D. 1.0 Head D. 1.4 Completeexceptforchipped head
LG-EO
TypeC This varietyseemsclosestto Type 6 in F. 195,whereit is describedas 'similarto thelast in design;contoursrounded,perhaps fromcorrosion.'Our pins show,at least in the bestpreservedexamples(75.Í69, 70) a disc-headthatis appreciablysmallerthan in Type B below the head. above,and a sequenceof a smallerand thena biggerswellingimmediately There is again a finial,whichmay appear to mergewithit and give a roundedor conical shape.
IRON L.
75.£6g 75.Í7O 75.f6i (six) iO4*f8
Probabledate
7.6 8.0 11.1,8.7 + 4 heads Fragment
MG MG MG(?) LG
595 Comments
Head D. 0.8 Head D. 0.8, forming a pair 21 fragments altogether Head and uppershaft
Q.Í22 seemsalso to belonghere(MPG-O) TypeD
This is our mostmassivetype,but all the examplesare badly corroded.It is recognisable amongfindsfromCretanOrientalizingsites,not so muchat Fortetsa(whereit seemsto be merged with Types 5 and 6) as at Arkades {Ann.10-12 (1927-9), pl. 9, TL etc.) and elsewhere.The shaftis, sometimesat least,square ratherthancircularin section,and under heavycorrosionthe typecould be mistakenfora nail. Head in formof large disc; with finial.
io7.fi7 6o.fn 6o.fi5 292. fg 292. fio 292.185a
L.
Probabledate
Comments
Head only 9.0 7.0+ Fr. Head only 7.3+
LG-EO EO O O O O
Head D. 2.5 Complete;head D. 2.0 Tip missing;head D. 1.6 Head, D. 2.1,and uppershaft Head D. 2.3 Tip missing;head,D. 2.5, dome-shapedas inAnn.loc. cit.,pl. 9, TD
Here too shouldbe mentionedthepin-fragment I24*fi89 foundin a Roman tomb.Its head, D.i. 9 witha finial,resemblesour typeD enoughto suggestthatit may be a strayfroman EarlyIronAge burial. The followingfragments, and tips,are impossibleto consistingonly of shaft-fragments classify: 2.f4 + 5 + 8a 4o.f3, 6, 7, 10 (some50 piecesin all,fromtenor morepins) 75.f37 (twopins) 208. f5 104.fio, 14 218. fio (twoor threepins) 163.fi (twopins) I75«^35
SM SM(?)
283.« 283. fio
LG-EO LG-EO
G-O SM-EPG LG LG LG-EO uncertain
75.£»2 i23-f2, 3, 10 (twoor more) 285^25 29 2. f25 292.^87 (twopins) Q?fi5516, 21 (threepins)
G-O EO MO O O MPG-O
FIBULAE
Our ironfibulaeare fewand fragmentary. To judge fromthe preservedelements,theyall to to the same the ofconsiderable appear belong variety, plainarchedfibulawithspring-spiral size (Blinkenberg's II. There were no iron fibula at but Fortetsa, parallelsmay be Type 1). foundin Ay.IoannisVIII.17 and 18, thoughsome at least of our specimensmusthave been biggerthanthese.
a- m- SNODGRASS
5q6
40.fi 2 + 13 40.fi 7 I75.f3 I75.fi8a 294. fi5 306. fi8
Probabledate
Comments
SM(?) SM(?) PG PG MG-LG LG-EO
Much ofbow (L. 12.3)and spring-spiral Partofcatch-pinand spring-spiral Partofbow and catch-plate, L. 5.9 Fr.ofbow(?) A miniature onlyGr.L. 3.3. Partofcatch-pin, corrodedon to catchplate
BRACELETS
Our only bracelet comes froman otherwiseverypoor tomb, 19*^4 (LG/EO). It has a sectionand a restoredexternaldiameterof 9.2, internally about 6.8; giventhat rectangular corrosionwill have thickenedit, it would probablyhave fittedratherlooselyon the female wrist. RINGS
Of finger-rings, we have onlyone example,theprobablySM 4O.f5«It is veryplain, likewise, but underthe corrosionone can distinguish the presenceof a bezel. The onlyironringat F. no. 1148,was muchlater. Fortetsa, TWEEZERS
oftwopairsoftweezers,ofO date,were292^43 and 50. The armsare narrower Fragments thanthosedescribedin F. 196but,as littlemorethanthepinchedgripat thetop is preserved in eithercase,one can sayno moreabouttheirtype. General
Conclusions
In approximate herepresentedamountsto aboutthreetimesthe terms,thebodyofironwork that in the Fortetsa included quantity publication.This beingso, it is perhapsdisappointing extended. the typologicalrangealreadyknownfromtherehas not been more substantially ofanotherfeatureofourfinds,thestriking This resultis in largeparta reflection homogeneity classes of the commoner object,oversome fourcenturies.It was hardlyto be displayedby expectedthata singletypeshouldaccountforsome71% oftheswords,85% ofthedirks,83% of the daggers,97% of the spearheads,66% of thejavelin-headsand 63% of the knives one mightalreadybe That thecommunity usingthesetombswas a conservative respectively. and practiceswhichwerenotedearlier(pp. attributes inferred fromthe tracesof hereditary thisimpression. ofthefindsreinforces 576-7).The typology finds is also marked.Here are twogroupsof families, the Fortetsa the resemblance to But in severalhundredmetresapart,almost cemeteries dead to cremate their distinct sufficiently but of the Knossos on oppositeedges area, sharingverysimilarcustoms.The groupingofthe iron to their Fortetsatombsaccording finds,as on pp. 576-7 above,would also resultin a halfof thetombslackingironweaponsand tools more than with profileofpyramidalshape, all this:it merelyconformsto the evidence, about There is nothingsurprising altogether. kindsof argument,of a society on reconstruct have wished to whichothers quite different so thatan its own with each pyramidalsocial structure, composedof parallelfamilygroups, close have his would in of whatever individual one group, status, counterpartin the group. neighbouring
IRON
597
A fewnewmetaltypeshaveemergedwhichwilldoubtlessrecur- and perhapsbe otherwise - in thefuture;a fewothershavehad theirchronological rangeextended.Beyond interpreted of our ironfindsis mainlyquantitative; that,the contribution theyenormouslyincreasethe in for Crete. The mass of of evidence iron body early metallurgy fragmentary objects,and the a combine to us of how the fewwell-preserved finds, give strongly prestigeofwealth glimpse in and warfare,and indeedof the graveitselfwithitsrituals,mustonce have been reflected theN Cemetery.
CHAPTER 13 FAIENCE AND GLASS V. E. S. Webb in theirdistribution Findsoffaience,glassand EgyptianBlue are suggestive throughtimeof thestateof contactsbetweenCreteand theEast. The findscomparecloselywiththosefrom This is inevitablewhenthe totalnumberoffindsis so F., thoughthereare some differences. smalland ofa specialnature. Glass
and faience
beads
minoan survivals FromSubminoantombscomegleaningsfromBronzeAge times.T. 200 containedtwofaience beads of 'seed' shape of a common Late Minoan/Mycenaean type,f2a, & b1235and a - whilein glassthereis one whichis also mostlikelya survival sphericalfaiencebead, if),1236 core-woundtrail-decorated as well as fragments of a darkblue glassbead, fu bead, £6,1237 of findsin a late PG graveon Skyros,where (originally spherical?).This last is reminiscent blue glassbeads and gold discs(bothMycenaeansurvivals)are also foundtogether.1238 T. 121 yielded one sub-globularglass bead, fjj, probably also reused. The only other findof undoubtedBronzeAge date is a glass rosette,fi2, foundin the dromos of T. 219 withPG material,togetherwithan ivorydisc, inlaypiece fi6. This rosette,originallyof darkblue withthe elaboratedoublepetalson its glass,is of thefineLate Minoan/Mycenaeantype1239 mould-madeface.It is identicalto perforated discsfoundas necklaceelementsin bothCrete and Late Helladic Greece. However,in thiscase thereare no perforations, and the back is flat an element for wooden or These few relicsindicate probably inlay furniture(?) dress(?). thepoverty ofSubminoanCretebothin technicalskillsand in externalcontacts. Faience
disc beads
With the onset of PG, such survivalsapparentlycease (withthe exception of the glass rosetteabove). In theirplace, we findfaiencedisc beads appearingin a numberofburials, though in nothing like the quantity in which they are found at Lefkandi1240and
1235 Goldstein,no. 171-2; Mcdonald,Nichoria,Hesperia 44 Tombs at Mycenae (1975)78, pl. 20; Mycenae,Wace, Chamber (Oxford,1932)pl. 13,51,and pl. 36. 1236Cf. Archanes, Tholos D; AD 33 (1978) A, pl. 22 (MetochiKalou). 1237 ComparativematerialfromR. F. S. Starr,Nuzi:Report
on the Excavations at Torgan Tepe near Kirkuk,Iraq, ig2y-ji,
(Cambridge,Mass. 1937 & 1939) and P. Vandiver,JGS 25 (1983)239-47,fig-35242 f°rmethodofmanufacture.
1238 AA51 (1936)228-34; Papadimitriou's graveon Skyros, Snodgrass,DAG241-2. 1239As necklace elements: Goldstein, nos. 171-2, and
Harden, AncientGlass I: Pre-Roman,in Arch.J. 135 (1969) pl. 2e.
As inlayelements:Goldstein,nos. 175-6. 1240 I, 218, 223, in eighttombsSPG I- II; BSA 77 Lefkandi (1982) 230 where six out of seven tombs had over 10,000 beads,includingT. 42.22,pl. 32e wherean Easternglasseye bead was foundwithlargenecklaceoffaiencediscbeads.
6oo
V. E. S. WEBB
In manycases theywereleftscatteredon thefloorofthetombwhenPG material Athens.1241 was clearedout at a laterdate. Such is the case withT. ioo (faiencedisc beads fi6, 27 and T. 207 (fj) and T. 219, f28a) foundassociatedwitha miniaturedentaliumshell(f28b),1242 in while T. in with faience discs situ and covered is ash, 310, passim, equivalentto theremains of a pyrebelongingto T. 219. Only in T. 219,£6 witha LPG groupin the dromos, and in T. in in in and are associations 285,f34a pot 89, £70 pot 136, £73 pot 61, preserved, givinga date rangefromLPG to PGB, mid to late ninthcentury, withan isolatedstray(?)in a late tenthcenturyAtticimport,f^i in pot 121. Similardisc beads are foundon othersitesin Creteat thistime,1243 and theyindicatetheexistenceofsomesortofcontactwiththeEastern - most Mediterranean probablyCyprus.(The dentaliumshellfoundwithone groupabove is the findsof rod tripodsat Vrokastro and Knossos1244 but the datingof suggestive.) Compare the disc beads at othersitesis oftenmuchless certainthan at Knossos. In Cyprus,similar stringsof disc beads occur in contemporaryinhumationsat Amathus,in this case still, in positionon the body;1245 and theiruse and prestigemay not be unconnected apparently, withthecustomin ThirdIntermediate PeriodEgyptof'clothing'themummified bodywitha network offaiencediscbeads and amulets.1246 The beads foundat theN Cemeteryall fallwithincertainparametersofheightand width, and mustcome fromone source.As notedabove theirquantitycannotcomparewiththose fromLefkandiand Amathus,so perhapstheycame via Cyprusratherthan throughmore A directlinkis alreadysuggestedforthefindsfrom directcontactwiththeLevantcoastitself. mainlandGreecebecause of thepairingofwoundglasseye-beadsof a specifictypewiththe faience.1247 The onlyotherfindoffaiencebeads,75.f27, is in a LG association.These are ofa witha blue glaze; theyoccurin groupsof different type,verysmall,and ofa veryfinetexture, linkedtubes,and probablyformedpart of an elaborate collar or necklace with several interlinkedstrandsor a networklike that mentionedabove. But not enough survivesto reconstruct it. finds Findsof earlyfaiencevessels, such as could bear comparisonwiththe outstanding fromLefkandi,1248 are so farlacking. Glass
beads
Withthebeginning oftheGeometricperiod,and itsprecursorPGB, we see anotherreflection ofradicalchangein thematerial.The faiencebeads disappearand in theirplace we findthe and ofa very well-formed ofan impressive seriesofglassbeads. These are initially beginning EG T has one The 280 now often glass sub-spherical badlycorroded). highquality(although These beads hole. bead, fi, now badlylaminatedand opaque, butwitha well-formed string and would appear to mimictransparent are of translucent glass,sphericalor sub-spherical,
1241Athens Agora, 'Grave of a Rich Athenian Lady', vi (iq68) 77f,114,no. 78a. Hesperia 1242Necklacesof disc beads: Amathus,SCE II pl. 20, T. iA.Qi:dI. 24..T. i^.aq-^o. Lefkandih 223,pls. 210a,2
see esp E and Vrokastro. bronze,faienceand ivory, 1245 SCE II, AmathusT.14no. 31,AmathusT.9 no. 100,pl. 14;esp.AmathusT.21,49, pl. 159,pl. 25. 1246Pétrie, Illahun,Kahunand Gurob(Warminster1974 reprint) 25. 1247Higginscf. withSidon example,BSA 64 (1969) 145, and n. 14,BM 81.7-1Q.4. »248Lefkandifaiencevessels:BSA 77 (1982)220,LPG T. 39 nos.37-43;224,SPG I T. 42 no. 22; 242-4,pls.31,32a-b,d, f-g.
FAIENCE AND GLASS
6oi
traildecorated,glassbeads whichmimic stonesuchas rockcrystal,1249 unlikethecore-wound, veined stones like etc.1250 agate opaque, MG interments also yieldothertypesofglassbead. T. 285, MG pithos39, thecremation ofan adultmale (?) containedfivesectionsand a completeexample,fi6, ofa different typeof a violet or brown colour. These bead which is much smaller and has transparent light glass show clear signsof manufactureby windinga 'cane' of glass round a large centralrod. Identicalbeads are foundin 75.109 (MG), f33a togetherwitha doublebarrel-shaped bead, of seriesof graduatedsphericalbeads, f33c, whichwereoriginally f33b9and an impressive with a surface and but are now corroded to translucent creamyopaque, flaky green verybadly is a veryfinesphericalbead of laminationaroundthe stringhole. Also fromthisinterment corroded.In scale theselastare muchmorelikethe translucent originally glass,fji, similarly EG find,and theycan probablybe comparedwiththefewbeads foundin thefoundation pots Whetherthesefine buriedeitherside of the tombdoor in the tholosat Khaniale Teke.1251 large beads representthe revivalof Minoan crafts,reused material(a possibilitywhich or most becomesincreasingly unlikelywiththepassingof time,but see Delos and Crete1252) of materialsand techniquesfromthe Near East, it is not yet likelyreflectthe importation fortheburialcaches and theirgoldjewellery possibleto say.Boardmanarguedconvincingly is and theTeke schoolofgoldsmiths beingsignsofNear Easterninfluenceand settlement,1253 now a recognisedfactor,withits abilityto workboth gold and rockcrystal.Whetherthis know-how extendedto theproductionofglassbeads,we cannotyetsay.Butwhatis interesting is thatthereis no signat Knossosof thecore-wound, trail-decorated beads whichoccurwith PG and laterfindsin themainland.(See Higgins'comparisonofthetrail-wound bead in the Rich AthenianLady's gravewithan example fromSidon.1254) Also in the assemblagein 75.109 was a bun-shapedbrownbead, fi7, clearlymade in yeta thirdmanner,by being flickedontoa flatsurfaceto cool,whichaccountsforthelop-sidedshape.This lasttypeoccurs in greatquantitiesin T. 78 (LG/EO), and has manyparallelsfromthe VotiveDeposit at materialwhichdates to around 700. In T. 219, £24 may be a fragment of a Camirus,1255 similarbead,whilefi8 and £38are verydecayedtranslucent beads. glass There are two final examples of the earliest,translucentspherical type. From a LG withfaiencescarabs(see below),a rockcrystaldisc,an interment, 229.6, f$9foundtogether amber oval, and a silverpin, is a single corroded spherical bead, showingthe typical laminationaroundthe stringhole whichis also foundin the examplesfromEG T 280 and theMG 75.109. One otherfind,probablyG, is 292. fi7, also badlycorrodedand laminated. So thistypeseemsto lastthrough fromEG to LG. A new typeof sphericalbead is firstencounteredin T. 292. They occur both as isolated finds,fi2, 15, 19, 34 and 52, and as a graduatedsetofbeads in Niche4 (LG/O) £27. These are clearlyintendedto look the same as the older,sphericaltype,but theyweatherin a
1249 Zakrosrhyton, HM no. 2721,and Axelvon Saldern,in Goldsteinpl. 37a. 1250See Starr and Vandiver,op. cit. (n. 1237),and von Saldern, loe.cit..
1251 J. Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)69, tomb2 no. 16 in vase no. 57, and nos. 43-44 in vase no. 104,pl. 8; Hutchinson, BSA49 (1954)215fr, and KCh1 (1947)633. 1252Boardman, Island Gems(1963) 14, and BCH 71-2 survivalofMycenaeanivory. (1947-8)148fr.,
1253Boardman,art.cit.(n. 1251)66 and passim; Higgins, BSA 64 (1969)150-51. 1254 See n. 1247. 1255Camirus VotiveDeposit material (unpublished)no. 1977.6-26.1.1, but see Higgins,BMC TerrII, 23, and Webb, AGF, 136-42 fordatingand generaldiscussion;and similar materialpublished in Clara Rhodos6-7, 325fr,fig.6, and ChamberTomb,15.20,fig.73,p. 69.
6o2
v- E- s- WEBB
different manner,thusrevealingthattheyare probablymade froma different mix,and in a others are now weathered and different Some still remain translucent way. icygreen,though The most that are different is the line down one side they join running opaque. tellingsign This mustindicatethepointwherethemoltenglasscane did whichis revealedbyweathering. notcompletely blendwithitselfTheydo notcorrodeand laminateliketheearliertype.Beads likethesecan be identified on othersitesin theAegean,forinstanceat Athens,at Eretriain and at Camirus, the votive deposit dated to the latterpart of the eighth century,1256 related to it seems that also be translucent, Rhodes;1257 theymay pale green,sphericalbeads and at Tarquinia.1259Harden,1260and more recently found in the West at Tharros1258 Goldstein1261 have alreadysuggestedparallelswiththe pale greentranslucent glass objects made at theAssyriancourt,examplesofwhichincludetheSargonalabastronand a groupof one ofwhichoccursin F.*263in a late eighthcenturycontext,whilea bowls,1262 hemispherical bowl comes from Praeneste.1264 similar very Similarbeads, but withoutgood contexts,come fromthe Teke tombs,wherethreeplain or subspherical beads of pale, greentransparent glasscome fromH.fiz, Q.f2 hemispherical in thiscategoryare thetwo T. above. Also these are most like the beads from and Q.fi8; 292, in a first used and beads 14.fB and 10, from tomb LG/EO, 107.fi4» Of MG date is the examplefromT. 125.fi, unlessitspresencethereis due to thelaterdisturbance. bead ofdarkhoneyFromT. 292 twootherglassbeads mustbe mentioned:a sub-spherical browncolour,£21,whichis probablyrelatedto the sphericalexamplesabove; and a disc of mimicof the faiencediscswhichstill whitishglass withbevellededges,£75, an interesting See the otherglassdisc of survivein the East and make a laterreappearancein Greece.1265 285«figc. T. 292 also containedotherbeads worth designin an O interment, quitedifferent - a collectionof darkblue glass beads whichare minuteand ring-shapedand mentioning formedpartof withone goldenyellowsphericalbead (originally which,together translucent), discussion). fl$3»(See othersectionsforfurther in Crete,is represented identified One othertypeofglassbead, notpreviously by 219.£49. This mustbe a so-calledbirdbead oftheclassfoundin hugequantitiesin theCamirusVotive The distribution and now identifiedat Eretria.1267 maps of thesepublishedby Deposit1266 in must lie theNear East and theirfind The source of these now be amended.1269 can Frey1268 1256 Athens:Kerameikos Vi, 191n. 188;Hesperia 29 (i960) pl. 90.4. Eretria:EA 1903,8; AR 25 (1979)8-9; AR 27 (1981)8. Others: ArtemisOrthia 386, in Fitzwilliam Museum, II, 76. Cambridge;Perachora 1257Camirus Rhodes, Votive Deposit, unpublished,+ Harden,loc.cit.(n. 1239)pl.6d and ClaraRhodos 6-7,335Çfig.69. 1258Tharros refs. to glass beads, Marshall, BM Cat. (1911),nos. 1545-54,pls. 14-15.See also Barnett,BM Jewellery Graves Cat.Tharros (1987)passim. 1259Hencken, Tarquinia,Villanovans and EarlyEtruscans (Cambridge, Mass., 1968) 139, fig. 127, necklace from SelciatelloSopra, gr. 140,secondhalfof eighthcentury;see also grs.157,169,93. 1260 Harden,loc.cit.(n. 1230)<ì6,n. ^q. 1261 Goldstein,101-02nos. 198-9. 1262 SargonVase: Barag,BM Cat.AsiaticGlass(1985)60-61 no. 26. Bowls:ibid,nos. 29-36. 1263 f jg^ 208, no. 1567,pl. 112. 1264 Bernadinitomb,darkblue: Curtis,MAAR3 (1919) no.
theOriginsand Development of 63 and Ström, Problemsconcerning theEtruscanOrientalising Style(Odense, 1971) 150-54; AGF sub
no. 212. See Barag, loc.cit.sub no. 28 foranotherItalian examplebutwithoutdateor context. 1265 Boardman,Tocra I, 165no. 93,foundwithgoldpendant: Thera, AM 28 (1903) 92 and 238 (Yi); Webb, SamosFaience V 302 and V 307 DAI, Athens,(n. 1308)forthcoming, Catalogue and V 1085. withmaterialofendofseventh century, 1266ClaraRhodos6-7, 60 fig.74 fromChamberT. 15 with of seventh Phoenicianglass seals, end of eighth-beginning century; BM 1977.6-26. 1-7, 13-14 unpublished. Beck Collection,Mus. Ethnology,Cambridgeno. 47.2005 from 'BM excavationsat Camirus'(sic). 1267 See n. 1256,Eretriadeposit,unpublished. 1268 Estedi StudiEtruschi, O-H. Frey,AttidelVXlConvegno surAllgemeinen Padovaigy6(1980)71,figs.1 & 2; id.,Kolloquien 2 (München, 1982) 33, fig.8. und Vergleichenden Archäologie, AR 28 (1982)77. Ridgway, 1269 Eretria,Knossos.
FAIENCE AND GLASS
603
places in both the Aegean and the Westmustindicatethe passage of trade fromEast to West.!270 ofthesame traditions oftheLG/EO period,thereis a continuation Lastly,frominterments - helda rich an inhumedinfantof12-16months in bead making.T. 78- thepithoscontaining scarabs and amber,as well as glass. Not onlywas collectionof importedfaiencefigurines, ofapproximately therea longnecklaceconsisting glassbeads (£6c,d & fifty-five subspherical butalso a rodofglass,fu, whichcan be nothingelse e together withamberand rockcrystal) thana hairpinof a typelast seen in Late Minoan burials.The beads are of threedifferent types,but all of the same approximatesize, althoughvariationsmay reflectan original beads of the darkhoney-brown type,like thosein graduatedset. First,originallythirty-two like a local a of mottled beads which look attemptto copythe 75.109; second, group opaque, All have closeparallelswith a beads. these and set of silver,ring-shaped same; thirdly glittery, a faience thematerialfromthe CamirusVotiveDeposit.1271 However, sphericalbead, witha on now is of a touched the here,because it occurs core, glaze gone, typeonly yellow-creamy and witha threadwound LM hollow a The as a survival of common only type.1272 glasstube, material: see the recent findsof glasshair has to be with Minoan compared spirallyoutside, in Did in LM III northern Crete.1273 crook which have been made burials with ends, pins thesetwoobjectsbothcomefromearliercontexts? Two remaining interments ofEO & O date containbeads ofvarioustypes,butofglassand technique not fundamentallydifferentfromLG finds.107.59, an ÉO cremationurn, of sphericaland tubularbeads, in threedifferent fabrics:the goldencontainedfragments f47b & c, and the honey-brown glass,f47d. yellowcorrodedf47a9 the brownish-violet, Fromthe cremationin a MO pithosof a girlof 18, 285.33, the small findscomprisethe assortedremainsofa patheticnecklace,whichincludedan opaque sphericalbead (fi9b) ofa typefoundcommonlyin G burialsand at Camirus,a glassdisc(fi9c) withgrooves,and a fine - no parallelsforthesetwolasthave largesphericalglassbead (f24)groovedin eightsegments been foundin the N Cemetery whilea crystaldisc (fi9a) and two naturalbeads- a fish vertebra(f2o)and a fossilshell(fi8)- formedtherestofthenecklace. There are no findsof the opaque, coloured,core-woundand traildecoratedglass beads whichappearat Camirus,Athens,Sounion,Eretria,ArtemisOrthia,and othermainlandsites in Greeceoftheeighthand seventhcenturies, and which,in thecase ofearlyfindsat Eretria and Athensat least,are associatedwithfaiencedisc beads and withmaterialin thenorthern Levant(see n. 1247). Objects
of glass
An enigmaticfragment, anothertypeoflate eighth-century 292^56, mayrepresent glass- a vessel(jug)whichmakesitsappearanceat F. in no. 1650- a smallflaskofdarkglasswithtrailwoundwhiteglass.1274 Finally,a glass pomegranatepin head is mostlikelyof Roman date, Tuffila."75 1270 GGP382-3, GG28Q-QO. 1271 BM unpublished, undernos. 1977.6-26etc. 1272 See SM aoo.fg and n. 1236. 1273 Tomb A at Archanes, />£,45, 1970, 154; Tholos D, rich woman's assemblage with two, PAE 1975, 263-4, pl. 234a, 237; Metochi Kalou, AD 33 (1978)
104-05, pl. 2ie, with fulldiscussion of parallels.
1274 Gladys D. Weinberg, Ann. 2e. Cong.Journ. Int. Verr. Glass (1962) 46, 48, fig. 4; Barag, MesopotamianCore-formed Vessels,in Oppenheim et ai, Glass and Glassmakingin Ancient Mesopotamia(Corning, 10,70)167, 170. 1275Goldstein, no. 132.
v- E- s- WEBB
6o4
Faience
and Egyptian
Blue scarabs
The smallnumberofscarabsfoundwerenone theless in individualinterments, and so can be approximately dated. Previousfindsin Cretecomprisethreescarabsin a LO context(F. nos. 1076-8)and one dated to MG, froma tombon Gypsades.1276 All thescarabspresented here fall into the LG-EO span. Two in T. 229 (£3-4), foundwith a glass bead in the LG/EO pithos229.6, are of whitefinefabric,withcolouredglaze remaining.Both have simplifiedbeetle backs and single, simple devices on the base: an ujat eye, and a All the otherscarabs foundare of EgyptianBlue, the finecompact material horse(?).1277 withan integralsurface1278 whichis foundwidespreadin Greeksitesand in theWestfrom the mid-eighthcenturyonwards.1279 Its use, originallyassignedspecificallyto Naukratis and therefore dated to the Saite period alone, clearlygoes back much further previously - see the in Egypt.A sourcein theNear East is morelikely thanthefirstGreeksettlements use of the material for scarabs and amulets in Assyria and Syria, and especially the distribution at Al Mina.1280 However,thatis not to say thatcertainEgyptianBlue scarabs did not come fromthe Naukratisfactorieswhose existencewas so clearlydemonstrated by In T. 78, the LG-EO pithosburial,fourEgyptianBlue scarabs (£3-4, 9-10) Pétrie.1281 were foundas well as the faiencefigurines(see below); but unfortunately these were all Two finds of O and with emblems erased. other date,48. f4 107.f6, bear poor specimens, with its hatched must of which the second, border, certainlycome simplified hieroglyphs, fromNaukratis. Faience
figurines
FromtherichLG-EO pithosburialT. 78 come threefaiencefigurines, theonlyonesfromthe N Cemetery.(FromF. the onlycomparablepiece is the Ptah-Embryon, no. 924 fromtomb third is also an originally P2.) Two representthe Egyptiangod Nefertum,(f8, 24); the calledPtah-Seker-Osiris. morecorrectly Ptah-Embryon,1282 Egyptiandeity, NEFERTUM (FIG. 182; PLATES 297-8)
The twoNefertum wouldseemto come froma similarsource,fortheyare bothof figurines featuresofthedeity. and materialand represent onlythemostimportant poor workmanship The larger,78. f8, does not have the suspensionloop which marksout so many other ofNefertum as amulets.Instead,althoughintendedto be a free-standing statuette, figurines it is notwellenoughdesignedto standup, sincethebase is too smallto supportit;moreover 1276Lower Gypsades,BSA 76 (1981) 157,no. 122 in MG pithosno. 62. 1277 Forsimilarmotifs see LindosI, nos. 1443-6. 1278Chemicallydefinedas copper tetrasilicate,used in New KingdomEgypt,EarlyIron Age Assyria,Iran and the Near East forvessels,beads, amuletsand small decorative items. See Tite et al., 'Technological Examination of 205 (Washington Chemistry EgyptianBlue', in Archaeological DC, 1984);id.,'The Technologyof EgyptianBlue', in Early Vitreous Materials (BM OccasionalPaper56, 1992)39-46. 1279Perachora II 76-7; BosticcoParoladelPassato12 (1957) 29 (i960) 406, pl. 89, grave 215-29;Aegina;Athens,Hesperia, E 19:3,LG Ib; Kerameikosgr.VDAK i, AM 89 (1974)21 no.
49, pl. 5.6-9, withone glass ringbead, and ivoryseal, LG; Eretria,newvotivedeposit(n. 1256),nos. 1711 etal.; Al Mina, Ashmolean1937.780. 1280 at Al Mina levels9 throughto 3,JHS See distribution 58 (1938) 162,describedby Woolleyas 'uniformblue lapislázulipaste.' 1281Pétrie,Naukratis II, pl. 18. I, 36-8, pl. 37-8; Naukratis See forexamplefindsfromLindos,LindosI nos. 1380,1390, 1401probablymid to end seventhcentury,e.g. scarabs of Nekau,neversubsequently copied,so mustbe contemporary, neitherearlier(!) norlater. 1282 LindosI, discussion no. 176;Blinkenberg, Petrie,Amulets ofPtah-Seker.
FAIENCE AND GLASS
605
it is of a coarse,softmaterial,and showsonlythe mostimportantfeaturesof the god- the floral headdress, the kilt and the beard, while omittingthe sceptre and having no For similarfiguresof the god we can referto findsfromCrete,1283 Megiddo,1284 inscription. and Rhodes.1286 Such figuresare modelledwithflatbacks and bases, mimicking Kition1285 the walkingstanceand the back pillarwhichservedto supportthe originalstonestatueof as the Egyptianprototype.1287 There,however,the flatback pillaroftenbore an inscription do manyfaienceamuletsof the same deity;but thesefaienceimitationshave cross-hatched glaze paint or otherdecorationinstead,whilstthe featuresof the face bear greatlyaltered in withlarge almond-shapedeyes,etc. One groupwhichcan be distinguished proportions to be dated to c. 750-650 withan exact the materialconsistsof examplesfromCamirus1288 and is made of hard fabricwithclear,harshmodelling. parallelin a piece fromCyprus,1289 Anothergroupingcan be made between the examples cited fromMegiddo and Kition whichare smallerand less boldlymodelled,and show some odditiesof design,withcrosshatched skirtsetc. For the example here, with its verypoor quality material which is crumblingbadly,and its crude modelling,no parallelsexistas yet.The second Nefertum, 78^24, has lost the suspensionloop, now brokenoff,and is also missingits high floral headdress.It is a small crude versionof the amulettypeand as such bears a verypoorly moulded inscriptionon the back pillar which relates it to amulets of deities found in and the West,1291 and is to be dated fromaround750 to well intothe mainlandGreece1290 seventhcentury. PTAH-SEKER-OSIRIS
(FIG.
182; PLATE
297)
The thirdfaiencefigurine, 78.Í2O, is of a muchhigherstandard,withhard texturedfaience and detailedmodelling.It representsthe widespreadand popular deityPtah-Seker,shown wearingtheAtefcrownand backed by Isis in wingedprotective pose, withthe sun disc and hornson her head. The incised almond-shapedeyes and harsh,clear styleof modelling fromthe Well at Camirus,whilethe clearlycut suggesta linkwiththe Nefertumfigurines imitationhieroglyphson the base compare withthe relatedfigurineof Ptah-Sekerfrom F. no. 924 is a Camirus,whichhas a more elaborate versionof pretendhieroglyphs.1292 smallersimplerexamplefoundtogetherwitha faiencealabastron,no. 923 in the EO pithos no. 892 in Tomb P2, clearlya depositof similardate and itselfcomparablewithfigurines mountedin silverfoilfromVulci.1293 Ptah-Sekerwas a commonsubjectforfaienceamuletsin
1283Crete: Kommos, in the Tripular Shrine,c. 700 BC, witha Sekhmet(pers.comm.fromtheexcavator, together J. Shaw); Idaean Cave, Halbherrand Orsi,MuseoItalianoII 70, no. i; InatosCave, unpublished, in HM. 1284 Lamon and Shipton,Megiddo II I, pl. 76, no. 2, stratum = 650-600. 1285Leclant, KitionII, 600 no. 439, pls. 11-12, site 2, BothrosI. 1286 LindosI, no. 1211,fora good exampleoffineEgyptian and fabric. workmanship 1287von Bothmer, Egyptian Sculpture of the Late Period
(Brooklyn i960) xxxiv-vi; Webb, op. cit. (n. 1265), forthcoming. 1288 ßM 1964.10-7.763,805,850 & 926. Unpublished. 1289 Louvre,OA N3292,fromCyprus.Unpublished.
1290Isis figurine:Skias, EA 1898, 109-10, MG II; lions, DipylonGrave 13, GGP,83 forrefs,LG Ila; Ptah-Sekerin Sounion Deposit: Pendlebury, nos. 183-4, P1-4> Aegyptiaca seventh century; Isis and Horus, Eretria deposit, see n. 1279. unpublished, 1291Veii, Vetulonia, Vulci: G. Hölbl, Beziehungen der
Kulturzu Altitalienvor300 ehr.(Leiden 1979) pls. aegyptischen
4-I-31292 ClaraRhodos 6-7, figs.41-2. 1293Vulci, now München, Antikensammlung, and see also the miniature Ptah amulets found in Early Orientalisingcontextsin Italyat Praeneste,Tarquinia etc; see Hölbl, op.cit.II 45, nos. 222-4. Bologna, Montelius,La Civilisationprimitiveen Italie depuis l'introduction des Métaux I,
pl. 87.
6o6
V. E. S. WEBB
the Eastern Mediterranean and the West (see for example the range of types from and theyseem to have been manufactured in the Levant,as well as in Egypt Lindos1294), itself.The degreeofclosenessto Egyptianmodelsis one measureoftheirpossiblesource,but notenoughcomparativematerialexiststo pronounceon origins.The presenceofthreesuch pieces togetherwithfourscarabsin theburialof a smallchildis unique in the N Cemetery and cannotbe matchedin F. althoughthereare twosmalland veryfragilepiecesfromthere (F. no. 264 miniature PG(?), and F. no. 1149,faiencefluteplayer,O) in additionto no. figure, the Ptah-Seker found with a faiencealabastronin the EO contextalreadymentioned. 924 This exceptionalfindsuggeststhattheyhad somespecialsignificance, eitheras an indication ofstatus(exceptionalwealth,foreignorigin)or as objectswithamuletic(?)force;comparethe and, later,the presenceof appearanceof scarabsin the children'sgravesat Pithecussae1295 faienceobjectsin children's burialson Rhodes.1296 Faience
vessels
couchant lion vases (fig. 180;plates 298-300) Two examplesofan unusualvase typeare 2ig.f62 and 100.£41.This is a hollowvesselin the shapeofa couchantlionholdinga vase betweenitsextendedfront paws.The roundedbodyof thelionconcealsa pipe and reservoir which are filled means ofa holein thebase,and inside, by whichmusthaveenabledtheoriginaluserto makethecontents appearand disappearat willin thesmallpot heldbetweenthelion'spaws.Related'lionbowls'whichweremade in softstone, or Egyptianblue coatedin gold1297 are a commonfindin theNear East,and havebeen ivory, discussed.1298 Our finds have a similarpurposebutderivefroma different prototype. thoroughly Note in particularthe cubic head of the lion,withclosed mouth,and the pose of the lion's whichbothsuggestparallelswithEgyptiandepictions.For the originsof these hindquarters, whereMegiddo couchantlionvaseswithhumanhandswe mustlookfirst to southern Palestine, ofLate New and to the has providedthreeverysimilarpieces,1299 ultimately royaliconography to makes his offering thegodsin KingdomEgypt,wherethePharaoh,as a lion-bodiedsphinx, at well-dated contextfromtheGermanexcavations hands.1300 However,theapparently uplifted Megiddoof StratumIV,whichhas been used to givea date of c. 1000BC foritsfaiencepieces The appearanceofthe is notreliableat all.1302 there1301), (and to implyan established industry typein Greecemustin any case be dated muchlater.Not onlyare thereotherexamplesin 1294 LindosI, nos. 1216-20,esp. no. 1216,fine,clear Saite specimen;nos. 1220 smaller,less detailedbut similarpose, and fig.50 cf.KitionII, no. 772; and Camirus,ClaraRhodos 6-7, figs.41-42, 43 esp. no. 14620,withinscriptionunder base. These examplesare probablylater(i.e. second halfof seventhcenturyat the earliest)and closerto Egyptianstyle. The wingedfigureof Isis addorsedis a regularfeature,see Heraion no. 176b.See also,Waldstein, II, Pétrie,Amulets, Argine 372,no. 49, pl. 143.See also Al Mina, MNN162,(Ashmolean I, no. 30, pl. 74, I937-785), JUS (1938) 158,Level 8; Megiddo StratumIII. 1295Bosticco, Parola del Passato 12 (1957) 215-29. Full I (1993)767-811. publication:F. de Salvia in Pithekoussai 1296Clara Rhodos6-7 passim.
1297NorthSyria,Palestine,Anatolia and Mesopotamia, findsin Aegean,Samos,AM 74 (1959)69 ff,pls. 118-19an(*
Heraion aus demSamischen Elfenbeine Freyer-Schauenburg, (1966) io no. 25, E 77, pl. 28; Idaean Cave, AM 60-1 (1937) 218ff. i29*See R. Hampe, Kretische LowenschaUdes 7 Jhrs. v. Chr.
(Heidlebere.1060Ìis-i^, and refs.therecited. 1299 I (1908)88, pl. 128 No. 1: Schumacher,TellelMutesellim and Bossert,AltSyrien (1951)321,nos. 1090,1091.No. 2: TeM. I, fig129,p. 88 = TeM.II, fig.23. No. 3: TeMI, fig.130. 1300 Watzineer,TellelMutesellim II, 31 ff. 1301See K. P. Foster,Aegean BronzeAgeFaience(1978)48-9 in BSA 77 (1982)242. Not the Stratum echoedby Peltenburg IV of later excavations,forwhich see discussionin GGP 3O3-O91302 See in particularD. Barags commenton theGerman in StratumIV in A. Leo Oppenheim,GlassandGlassmaking
Ancient Mesopotamia(1970) 153.
FAIENCE AND GLASS
607
and Ialysos,1304 but thereare also versionsdone by Greekpottersin faiencefromCrete1303 as well as ofthe'lionbowl'and our type,1306 features whichenableus clay,1305 piecescombining to datethepopularity ofourtype.To judge byfindcontexts in Greece,thevaseswereinfluential by the firsthalfof the seventhcentury(see the clay adaptationsabove),and musthave been knownin Creteforsome timebefore;the Idaean Cave examplecould belongto anyperiod between850 and 650. The contextsofour twoexamplesare also ambiguous,forthecomplete examplelay on the floorof T. 219 and so could conceivablybelongwiththe lowerstratum as itwas also nearto thestonesetas a base ofan AtticMG II amphora,I EPG-PGB; however, thinkit muchmorelikelythatit is associatedwiththelaterfinds,mostprobablywiththeearly LG pithos38« The badlyweatheredbase fragment, ioo.f4i, comesfroman MPG-EG tomb in disturbed Roman and so not be partoftheoriginaltombcontentsat times, thoroughly may all.A datearoundthemiddleoftheeighthcentury seemsmostlikely. Vessels
in Egyptian
Blue
BOWL (FIG. 180)
The plain bowl 219. ¡"83, withringfootand no trace of handle, is of finebrilliantblue as thesimilarly material,nowweatheredto violetin parts.A Near Easternsourceis verylikely, bowls1307 from F. no. and from the West. It belongs shapedglasshemispherical Assyria, 1650, withthelateLG pithos31. OthervesselsofEgyptianBlue are knownfromSamos.1308 JUGWITHREEDED HANDLE Two fragments, 65.Í3-4, are perhapsfroma quarry,and are not associatedwitha tomb. are of O R date;see theSamos cataloguefordiscussionofsimilarjugs in faience,and or They fortheirultimateorigininjugs withhandlesin theformofreeds,or bundlesoflotus-stems.1309 Faience
Vessels - Orientalizing
Period
The finalgroupoffaiencevesselsare all oftheO period. whichsuggesttheimportof Egyptianor Near Easternfaiencevessels. First,twofragments The 'bow' or 'thistle-shaped' handle,13.f2, belongsto a bowl- see theEgyptianfindsmade in Samos.1310 The distinctively shaped rim,26. £9, probablycomes froma round-bodied vessellikea findfromChios-Emporio.1311 alabastron-type All theremaining piecesprobablycomefromT. 34, althoughsomewerefoundin thedromos fillofT 56.
1303 Idaean Cave in Halbherrand Orsi, Museodi Antichità ClassicaII (Florence,1888)70. 1304 Rear quartersonly,VotiveDeposit;see fig.in AGF,fig. 22 to be publishedforItalianSchool byMarinaMartelli. 1305Dictaean Cave: Boardman, CCO pl. 22, no. 62; Knossos,BSA 57 (1962)33-4; Aetos,Ithaca BSA 43 (1948)pl. 41,no. 558. 1306r Hampe, op.cit.(n. 1298)passim,and esp. pls. 1-3,
6-8.
1307 D. Barag,op.cit.(n. 1262)nos. 20-36. 1308 See Webb,Samosob.cit.fn.126O. 1309Webb op. cit. under V418 where she correctsand
Ivories Barnett,Mmrud amplifies g4. 1310 Samos,Webb,op.cit.(n. 1265)forthcoming, V591,480, 481, with flat upper surfaceof rim preserved;Syracuse, Athenaion,MA, 25 (1919)584, in contextof seventhcentury. For Egyptianprototypes see New Kingdomalabasterbowl, von Bissing,Cat.Gen.CairoStangefasse, pl. 4, no. 18749and a faience example LachishI: The Fosse Temple,pl. 2%
1311 See twocomparable,also fragmentary examples,from Chios, Emporio,J. Boardman,Greek Emporio, 241-2 nos. 592 (Harbour Sanctuary,period IV), 595 (Harbour sanctuary, surface);pl. 96.
V. E. S. WEBB
6o8 PHIALE
MESOMPHALOS
(FIG.
181; PLATES
294-5)
So fara uniquepiece,theelaboratelydecoratedphiale 34^40 sharesmuchin stylewiththe otherproductsof the workshops whichmade faienceobjectsand vesselsforthe East Greek market,usingthe techniqueand imitatingthe low-relief stylederivedfromEgyptianLow The only comparable piece is a boss Reliefware of the Third IntermediatePeriod.1312 Our piece exhibitstruelow relief,unlikethepyxidesand alabastra, recordedfromLindos.1313 - in pairs but the particularcombinationof animals- wild goats,or moreprobablyibex1314 or grouped eitherside of a stylized'tree of againsta backgroundof lanceolate trees,1315 showsthatwe are veryclose to East Greekfaience.Our phiale is probablyfroma life',1316 earlierworkshopthan the routineproduction,and morelike the different, perhapsslightly and in faiencefoundat Camirus,e.g.thetripodcandelabra,1317 forms of other Oriental copies forms made lid1318 which mimics and thethree-footed bowlwithfrontal figures corresponding in bronzeor ivory.1319 The dateis middleto lateseventhcentury. originally OVOID
ARYBALLOI
(FIG.
180; PLATE
293)
A numberof similarfragments (34.f25-6; 56. £42-3, 52, 55-6, 58-9) belong to several Relatedpieces in the series of a producedin theAegean.1320 subsequently typeearly examples an elaborate imitations of i.e. are F. nos. 1557-8.Theyare apparently local, Aegean prototype in intendedto carrysomescentedoil,and perhapsoriginating likethepiecesfromCumae,1321 and low relief above incuse of decoration both the background technique Egypt.However, - neck made separatelyand insertedby means of a below- and of manufacture sepals1322 plug are veryclose to Egypt.Three necksand one handlesurvive,so therewereprobably halfoftheseventhcentury. threeexamplesin total.Theirdatemaybe in thefirst PYXIS (FIG. 180; PLATE 294)
small ofone orperhapstwo(34.&0; 56.144, 46) examplesofthedistinctive Therearefragments in in East a were and alabastra with related Greece, factory aryballoi, produced pyxideswhich, witha floruit lastingfrom650 until600. Like all otherexamples,these probablyRhodes,1323 of a verylimitedrepertoire and depicting bearinciseddecoration arrangedin registers, fragments miniature over with ducks two At least and animals survive, papyrus flying registers plants.1324 ofstylized trees,and at leastone plants,bullsand gazellesparadingagainsta formalbackground thattherewere OtherfindsfromT. 34 confirm lion.A comparableexampleis fromArkades.1325 half of the seventh date is second The linkswithRhodesat thistime. century. trading strong 1312Von Bissing,Nachr.Gottingen (1941)passim; G. A. D. Tait, JEA 49 (1963) 93-139; Webb, AGF, 35-60, and esp. 58-60, 146-9,figs.29-30, pls. 7-9; R. Fazzini,Misc. Wilb.I, 66, fig.38, andpassim. 1313 LindosI, no. 1138. 131MGF34-5,fig.9; 52-4, fig.18. 1315 i4GF357,58, fig.20. 1316Tree of Life- simplifiedlotus palmette tree,with - notso farfoundon centralbud, and shortenedside fronds faiencefromthe East Greekworkshops.But see simplified formson Easternivoriesand bronzese.g. Syrianivorybox from Nimrud, Frankfort,The Art and Architecture of theAncient
NearEast(Harmondsworth, 1970)fig.372. 1317 AGFk-6, no. 267,pl. 10. 131MGF76-8,no. 268a-b,pl. 11.
1319 r y Nichollsdiscussesa metal phialeofmixedoriental and Greekoriginsin AR 17(1971)74-5, fig.11;see especially bowls ofmetalbull-frieze theparallelswiththefritimitations fromtomb of Piankhy'squeen in Nubia, D. Dunham, El Kurru,Royal Cemeteries of Kush I (Cambridge, Mass. 1950) 93,
nos. 666-7, fi&3Ie>pl-64l™AGFpps. 61-71,pl. 9. 1321 AGFnos. 209-22,pl. 9 = MA 22 (1913). 1322^GF6i,149C 22,pl. 9. wxAGF 32-60. WAGF51-Q. 1325 AGF 39 no. 150 but belongsto a slightlydifferently decoratedgroup = Levi, Ann.10-12 (1927-29) pl. 21, 317. - an Early Also foundin associationwithRhodian pottery WildGoat stylejug.
faience and glass Glazed
terracotta
609 wares
JUG(?)
on theinsidewall,and ofgreyfabric,withsignsofwheel-turning 34-f5i consistsoffragments yellowglaze on the outside.This is comparablewiththe fabricof westernexamplesof the survivefromCrete. of whichno fragments glazed ware alabastrawithzoned decoration1326 The vesselmaybear a closerrelationship to theglazedwarepointedjugs,likeexamplesfrom Insufficient workhas been done to establisha source Gordionand the PhoenicianWest.1327 forthisundoubtedly importedware. Conclusions We can see, fromthe distribution throughtime of glass and faience,thatcertaindistinct patternsemerge. Faiencedisc beads typify the PG period(alongwitha fewMinoan survivors foundin SM confirm the links with which are evidenced bronze, iron,and tombs).They already Cyprus by ivoryimports. Glass beads, sphericaland sub-spherical, begin in EG (probablyin PGB in the Khaniale Teke tholos)and carryon throughG intoEO. They are confinedto a fewdistinctive types and, thoughthe earliestmay be reusedMinoan finds,theirlaterpopularitymustbe due to eitherin Creteitselfor,morelikely, in glassmakingcentresin theNear contemporary activity East- particularly N Syriaor Mesopotamia.The same holdstruefortheEgyptianBlue bowl, forthe glass bowl F. no. 1650 and thejug 292. £56 withwhichit can be compared,also indicatethe positionof Crete as an intermediate post on the sea traderoutesbetweenthe EasternMediterranean and theWest. The faiencecouchantlion vase is, by contrast,an Eastern typewhichis thoroughly at home in eighthand seventh-century in both the faience on Crete,being present original several sites, and in local clay copies and adaptations. Its origin lies in the strongly Egyptianizing stylescurrentin EarlyIronAge SouthernPalestine.Does itspresencein Crete owe somethingto thevigoroustradingcontactsestablishedbetweenGreece and the Levant inMG? The faiencefigurines oforiginally Egyptiandeities,foundin one LG/EO burial,T. 78, bear - the occasional occurrencein Crete of exotic witnessto a slightlydifferent phenomenon which are otherwise found objects only on sites with a stronglink with the Eastern or on the trade routeto theWest.However,one mustbear in mindtherich Mediterranean, findof faienceamuleticfigurinesfromthe Cave at Inatos, in southernCrete,whichwas dedicatedto thebirthgoddess,Eileithuia.1328 thefaienceand EgyptianBlue scarabs,whichcome initially fromtheLevant,with Similarly, thelatestexamplesprobablyfromNaukratis, are found,whereknown,in theburialsofinfants or children, as also at Pithecussae. a groupoffaiencevesselsindicatethe Lastly,in T. 13,T. 14,and T. 34, alwaysin O contexts, - the aryballoi - are closelylinkedwith in a new area, Egypt.The earliest growthof interest
1326yon Bissing,ZeitundHerkunfl 98-113; Peltenburg,LevantI (1969) 73-96; Webb, op.at (n. 1265),forthcoming,no. V221 bis. 1327Gordion (unpublished) and Mogador, A. Jodin,
Bull d'Arch. Marocaine 2 (10,^7) 26, fig. 10. 1328c Davaras, Guideto Cretan (New Jersey,1976) Antiquities 85, 86, 160.
6io
V. E. S. WEBB
faiencearyballoifoundin theWest,so bearingwitnessagain to thepositionof Creteon the tradingroutesfromEast to West;but theyare also closelyrelatedto the industrywhich developed in East Greece. Other finds,includingthe phiale, are the productsof those whichsprangup in East Greece,probablyRhodes,in responseto an specialisedworkshops Theirpresencehereis in Egypt,duringthesecondhalfoftheseventhcentury. intenseinterest in Creteitself;theymerelychronicletherisingimportanceof the incidentalto developments East Greek states,and theirincreasingsuccess in controllingtrade with Egypt,and in itintoa newsouth-north axis,as wellas theold east-westone. channelling
CHAPTER 14 TERRACOTTAS R. A. HlGGINS in The terracotta fromtheN Cemeteryare,sadly,fewin numberand disappointing figurines evenwhensupplemented to vases. bytheadditionofcertainplasticattachments quality, There are onlythreerepresentations ofhumanbeings,all fromvases.The earliest,219.72, is thehead ofa warrior, whichwas attachedto a PGB pyxis,ofc. 840-810BC.His features are indicated,witha largenoseand a smallmouth,and he wearsa helmetwitha crest. strongly Two generationslateris a jug toppedby a representation of a humanhead, 106.20, of aboutthemiddleoftheeighthcentury. The head,whichis thrownback,has a prominent nose withclearlymarkednostrils, projectingears, a largemouth,and applied blobs foreyes.No more than 219.72 can thispiece be regardedas a workof art by any standards.It may, however,reflecta genuineeighth-century style,as a somewhatsimilarterracottahead is recordedfromGortyn.1329 Anothercentury leads on to thehead, 107.32, whichshowsthefar-reaching resultsofwhat can onlybe describedas theDaedalic revolution. It decoratesthelid ofa pithos.The style,on is Middle Daedalic, of about 650-640.133°It is typicalof CretanDaedalic at Jenkins's system, itsbest,withitslargeeyesand cheerful and thecarefully-rendered expression layer-wig. The animalsare a motleycrew.One ofthebestis thebull,Q*f25,which,fromitscontext, is dated 840-810. He has a certainstyleabout him,whichgiveshim an almostMinoan latercontext.1331 appearance.A somewhatsimilarbullwas foundat Kommos,in a slightly A contemporary from the same an tomb,Q.f24, represents unidentifiedanimal piece whichrestedon thestrap-handle ofa vase. The goat, 31.3, of the later eighthcentury,is a more livelycreaturealtogether.He is in theact ofleaping,in a mannerrecallingLate Minoan art. represented The ram-protome, 107.218, oftheseventhcentury, probablycomesfromtherimofa vase. which cannot be dated more than in the eighthor seventhcentury, is a 294. fi2, closely but the head and neck an of unidentified a horse. ruin, apparently animal,perhaps represents Evenmoreenigmaticis 285. £4,therumpofsomeanimal,perhapsa goat.Itsdate is 840-810. A pyxislid,285.1, is decoratedon top witha stripedflying bird.Its date is 850-825,and it recallsa numberofcontemporary terracotta birdsfromTombX at Fortetsa.1332 someunexplainedobjects,57^5-8, and 82.Í4 and 6; theformer and the Finally, probably, lattercertainly, oftheseventhcentury. They couldwellbe thelegsofmodeltablesor thrones, butsuchan identification does notexplaintheabsenceoftherestofsuchpiecesoffurniture.
1329G. Rizza and V. Scrinari,//santuario di sull'acropoli Gortina (Rome,1968),212,fig.270,and pl. 8, no. 42. 1330 Daedalica,pl. 5. 1. Jenkins,
1331 Hesperia 50 (1981)pl. 59g.
1332p nos ^5} ^3} ^cj0
CHAPTER 15 TEXTILE REMAINS J. M. Cocking1333 Introduction to the The textileremainsfromthe N Cemeteryexcavationsare an importantcontribution evidencefortheproductionand use of clothin EarlyIron Age Greece.There are seventeen siteand twofromtheTekearea. One fromtheUniversity groupsoffindsfromthetombs,fifteen leftbyclothin earthtrappedbetweenthe is a smallpieceofcloth;threeare negativeimpressions fabricand thecrematedbonesaroundwhichitwas wrapped.The restare positivereplacements are buriedin associationwithmetal,in thiscase bronzevessels,an ofclothformedwhentextiles ironpinand an irondagger.As themetaloxidizesand decaysthecorrosion productsreplacethe as a On textilefibres, a hard 'fossil' of the fabric known mineral original replacement. leaving mostofourexamplesthishas leftexactrepresentations oftheclothadheringto themetal. Raw materials The mainpossibilities of the fibresof our textilesare cotton,silk,wool forthe identification and flax.The firsttwoare unlikely. Cottonwas cultivatedby theearlyIndus civilizations,1334 butitmovedwestwards intoAssyriaaround700 BC1335 The veryslowly, onlybeingintroduced earliestGreekexampleis fromEleusisin the fifth even then it was centuryBC,1336 although in Indian and cotton seems to have been known Greece but the imported. Egyptian widely first when it of its cultivation there are not until about the seventh was AD, signs century grown in Thessalyand Macedonia.1337 Silkwas cultivatedin China fromc. 2600 BC,1338 butwas not knownin Greece untilmuch later.The earliestpossiblereferences to silkare to theluxuriousdressofthePersiansin Athens in thefifth and thepossiblysilkAmorgianchitons'referred to byAristophanes centuryBC,1339
1333 I shouldlike to thankDr. H. W. Acknowledgements: Catlingwho invitedme to publishthismaterialand made manyusefulsuggestions regardingthe text,as did Dr. C. F. Macdonald. I am also gratefulto Dr. J. H. Musgraveand Mrs J. A. Macgillivray who observed the negative in thecourseoftheirown workat Knossos,and impressions to Dr.J. P. Wild who gave valuable advice on the technical aspectsofthetextiles. 1334 E. Mackay,EarlyIndusCivilizations (London, 1948)82, 105, 131, 133.
1335L W. King, Proceedings oftheSociety forBiblicalArchaeology 31 (1909) 339-43. G. Goosens, Annuairede L'Institutde Philologie etd'HistoireOrientales etSlaves 12 (1952) 167-76.
1336G. E. Mylonas,Eleusis,A 257, B 176,pl. 312b.B. G. thefabric. Zisis,PAA29 (1954)587-93 identifies 1337The fîrstlarge-scalecultivationof cottonin Europe was in Spain whereit was introducedby the Moors in the eighthcentury.Greekproductionseems to have been on a smallerscale. 1338its inventionis attributedto Si-ling, wife of the EmperorHuang-ti(c.2640 BC). 1339Hdt, i. 135; iii. 84; vii. 116. Xen., Kyropaidia, vii. 40, both mentionthe dress of the Persiansand describeit as luxuriousand beautiful.LaterTertullian, De pali iv.542 (ed. Oehler)and Procopius,History oftheWarsi. xx. 9-12 describe thedressofthePersiansas beingofsilk.
6i4
J-M. COCKING
in the'Lysistrata'.1340 in makingthefirst definite reference to thesilkworm However,Aristotle, in Greece,stillregardeditas a novelty.1341 Bothwool and flaxare perfectly possible.Sheep bones occur even in the EarlyNeolithic levelsat Knossos,althoughit is unknownwhetherthewool was used to producetextiles.1342 in LM Knossosin thelightof There is certainly a strongcase foran important wool industry theLinearB tablets.1343 the bast fibre used to make linen,is one of theearliestattested Flax, textilesin the Aegean; a clothimpressionon an EarlyCycladicdaggerfromAmorgoshas been identified as linen.1344 Fragmentsof linenwere foundon one of the swordsfromthe Chieftain's at grave ZapherPapoura.1345 In discriminating betweenthesefibresthedirectionin whichthethreadwas spunis a rough Thread is referred to as cS'-spun,as the guide. spunwiththe spindlerotatinganti-clockwise centralbar of the CS5corresponds to the directionin whichthefibreslie. Threadsspunwith the spindle rotatingclockwiseis referredto as cZ5-spun.Linen is usually 'S'-spun. The preparedfibresoftheflaxplantare usuallymoistenedbeforespinningto drawthemtogether. The moistflaxtendsto twistto theleftand is therefore usuallycS'-spun.Wool maybe spun in eitherdirection,the fibreshavingno naturalpreference, althoughin equallysuccessfully practiceitis usually'Z'-spun. The threadsofour textilesare consistently thattheyare 'Z'-spun,i.e. clockwise, suggesting wool.This is borneoutbythegeneralappearanceofthefibresat X 25 magnification. Furtheranalysishas been carriedout by Dr. T. Margaritoff of the NationalMuseum in Athens. Techniques Oxidizationis too severeto allow studyof thepreliminary preparationof the fibres,though Almostall thethread thesmoothand eventhreadsuggests thatitwas combedbeforespinning. vertical axis oftheyarnis the slant of the twist and the is tightly i.e. the between angle spun, This resultsin a firmthread,the averagediameterofwhichis 0.07 between25oand 35o.1346 ofmodernheavydutythread.We cannottellifthefabricwas dyed,butthe cm,thethickness fewnon-mineral replacedareasshowno tracesofcolouringsubstances. Ancient The fabricwas probablywovenon a warp-weighted loom, commonthroughout Greece. In Crete,the use of thistypeof loom is firstindicatedby loomweightsfromthe are discoveredin and fromthenon loomweights Middle NeolithicStratumat Knossos;1347 theirhundredsintotheRomanperiod. loom consistsofa horizontalupperbeam supportedon twoposts.The The warp-weighted betweenthisand a seriesofweightsclose to theground;thebeam verticalwarp is stretched also acts as a rollerto storecompletedcloth.The weftis threadedbetweenthe warpson a 1340Ar. Lys. 45, 150. Lysistratarefersto 'ta ôia(XVT| and the womenare told to captivatethe men by XiTCÓvia' coming forward'xdv xoîç x^cavíoioi xoíç djiOQyívoiç yujAvaíjiaQÍoifACv'. 1341Arist.Hist.Anim.v. 19. 6. For fulldiscussionof the ofsilkintoGreecesee G. M. A. Richter, introduction AJA33 IV (1929) 27-33 ancl R- J- Forbes, Studiesin AncientTechnology
(Leiden10*6)4.0,-^8. 13«M. R. and H. N JarmaninJ. D. Evans,BSA 63 (1968) 241-62.
13«J.T. Killen,BSA59 (1964)1-16. 1344 Ch. Tsountas,EA 1808cols. 1*7-212. 1345PM IV 866 fig.852. The cloth remainsare on the cruciform swordfromthegrave. 1346 are thosegiven This and all othertechnicaldefinition Structure in I. Emery,The Primary ofFabrics(The Textile Museum.Washington, 1066). 1347J. D. Evans, BSA 59 (1964) 180, questions their identification,but the terracottaobjects do seem to be loomweights.
TEXTILE REMAINS
615
spool.Mechanizationis made possibleby dividingthewarpsintosetsand passingone setin frontofa lowerstrutwhiletheresthangdowntheback,butare attachedbya separatethread to a heddlerod in frontof the wholework;whenthe heddle is pulledforwardon to forked sticksprotruding fromthe uprightsthe back warpscome to the frontexposingone shed or passage throughwhichthe weftmay pass, and when the rod is released the frontwarps shed.1348 presentthecomplementary The majority ofour textilesare in tabbyweave,(FIG.194a-c, PLATE312e-g):theweftpasses underand overalternatewarp threadsforthe firstrow,returning forthe secondrowunder thoseitwentover,and overthoseitwentunder:thetwo-row patternis thenrepeated.Tabby, also referredto as plain weave,is the mostcommonancientweave and was certainlythe easiestto workon the warp-weighted loom, as it requiredonly one heddle. The average numberofthreadsper centimetre is betweenfourteen and sixteen,theequivalentof modern 'linen' weave. medium-weight The exampleon thedaggerfromT. 24 is in weft-faced tabbyweave.This is workedin the samewayas plainweave,witha greaternumberofweftthanwarp threads.In thiscase there are twelvewarpand twenty twoweftthreadsper centimetre, producinga fine,firmfabric. Two examplesshowsomesortofpattern, bothare fromT. 107.57 (PLATE 312^. The bodyof the fabricis in tabbyweave withthe patternformedby two rowsof counteredhorizontal wrapping(FIG.194b)formedbytheweftpassingovertwowarpsand backunderone forthefirst rowand comingback in the same way forthe second,thusforming a CV shape horizontally acrossthe fabricwhenbeatendownintoposition.On one fragment the patternoccursonly once,whereit has been workedin a two-pliedyarn,givingit greateremphasis;on the other thereare threebandsofpatternseparatedfirst bytwoand thenbysevenrowsoi tabbyweave. This patternwould be impossibleto workon a warp-weighted loom usingheddlesin the usual way.It seemslikelythatthe patternwas insertedwitha separatethreadand a needle betweentherowsoftabby.It wouldbe possibleto embroiderthewrappingafterthewholeof theclothwas woven,thoughthewayin whichit is setbetweenthewovenareas suggeststhat thiswas notthecase. The purposeofthewrappingis unclear.1349 in whichcase Perhapsit was purelydecorative, it is surprising thatthereare no moreexampleson themanyfragments fromthesame tomb. The designis verynarrowand would requirea greatdeal of repetitionbeforeit became a prominentfeature.Such a patternis unlikelyto have been chosen in preferenceto a decorativetabby-type weavewhichcouldhavebeen workedon theloom.1350 The horizontalwrappingmay serveto strengthen and draw the fabrictogetherat the or end of is not unknown in startingborderson the warpbeginning working.Wrapping in loom northern it was not in Greecewherea firmly common weighted Europe,1351 although wovenborderin whichthe warpswere insertedin the formof a long fringeseemsto have been usual. The rowsof wrappingcould have acted in verymuchthe same way as a spacer chainto keepthewarpsin positionwhileweavingbegan. 1348 For moredetaileddescriptions and illustrations of the warp-weighted loom see G. M. Crowfoot,BSA 37 (!936-37) 36-47 pl- 6; M. Hoffmann,The WarpLoom(Universitetforlaget, weighted 1964) and H. Ling
Roth, AncientEgyptianand GreekLooms2nd ed. (Oxford, 195O1349There is a comparable example fromthe Graeco-
BactriancityofAi Khanoumin Afghanistan, to be published byM. G. Vial. 1350for examplesof patterns possibleusinga basic tabby weave see G. M. Crowfoot,Textiles, andMats in C. Basketry Singer,E. J. Holmyardand A. R. Hall, A History ofTechnology, I (Oxford1954)428-30,and I. Emery,op.cit.n. 1346. 1351 M. Hoffmann, op.cit.n. 1348,152-59figs.70,73,74.
6i6
J-M. COCKING
borderof the fabric.The thewrappingmayhave been partof the finishing Alternatively, in itself over each would which the thread locks certainly preventtheweftsslipping way warp and wouldstrengthen thefabricas a whole.This seemsthemostlikelysolutionin viewofthe from107.59 (PLATE 312g). These are twosectionsof thelower onlyotherunusualfragments a The of a of fabric finished with edge fringe. mainbodyofthefabric,ofwhichthereis piece Theremaywellhavebeen littleevidence,is oftabbyweave,finished withhorizontalwrapping. morethanone band ofwrappingat theend oftheweavingofa piece ofcloth,bothforadded and fordecorativepurposes. strength rows On thefragments from107.59 onlyone rowofhorizontalwrappingis visible,further when of the formed covered the of lengths slightly being by beginning fringe(PLATE312 g) thicker yarnwerefoldedin halfand threadedthroughthefabric,theendsofthestrandsbeing upwards.The finishedstrandsno passed throughthe loop createdand thenpulled tightly fromthesame the cloth. Anotherfragment below the level of longerexist,havingdecomposed at which the below the level consists of two of the weft threads lengthsare inserted, group boundwithtwostrandsoffringe. The fabricon the bronzes fromT. 107 was probably finishedwith several bands of counteredhorizontal althoughwe do nothaveevidenceforthison one wrappingand a fringe, individualpiece. Function The functionof our textilesseems clear. The bronze fragmentson which many of the are preservedare frommetalvessels,in whichcrematedremainsweredeposited; impressions a preliminary theclothwas presumably wrappingforthebones and ashes.This is borneout in hardenedearth.The piece fromT. 75 was found by theevidenceof theclothimpressions on earth,adheringto insidea LG/EO burialpithos.The twoexamplesoftextileimpressions bone fromtombsG and N, showthatthe remainswerewrappedveryclosely,as the textile is on theinnercurveofthebone and thetinymetacarpalis on theskullfragment impression Eitherthesebones wereverynear the edge of the parcel surrounded cloth. by completely were inside the or urn, wrappedin separatesmallgroupsbeforebeingplaced they placed insidea largerpackageinsidetheurn. What was the originalpurpose of the cloth?It could have been woven specificallyfor wrappingthe crematedbones. It may have been a garmentor otheritembelongingto the offringe occupantofthetomb.The onlypiece ofevidencewhichpointsto thisis thefragment fromT. 107.A fringewouldnot be necessaryon an ordinarypiece of wrappingcloth,other and economical.However,a fringemaybe a featureof bordersbeingmoreeffective finishing eithera garment,sheetor curtainetc. The fringefromT. 107is workedin almostthe same on thetextilefromLefkandi,thestrandson theKnossian wayas themultiplerowsoffringing wefts ratherthan onlyone as on the Lefkandiexample.1352 several over piece beinglooped that the fragment to would be rash it belongedto a garmentsuch as that suggest Though foundwiththeheroofLefkandi,itmaywellmeanthattheashesofthedead werewrappedin a textilethathad been in normaluse.
1352 M. Popham,E. Touloupa and L. H. Sackett,Antiquity report; 56 (1982)169-74,pls. 24 and 25, forthe preliminary
of the / Vradhini T. Margaritoff, 3-11-83,foran illustration technique. fringing
TEXTILE REMAINS
617
The onlypiece whoseexactuse is slightly difficult to interpret comesfroman ironpin from T. 292. The impression is wellpreservedand showsthefabrictwistedoverthehead ofthepin and draped and foldedaroundthe shaft.It was not individually wrappedforits own sake. There are two further one is that the was pin incorporatedwithina garment possibilities: folds of fabric whichmayindicatea piece inside the tomb. This is the deposited suggestedby ofclothofsomeweightgatheredat one pointand securedwiththepin. The otherpossibility is thatthe pin was used to fastenthe cloth-wrappedbones beforetheywere put into the pithos.The heavyfoldscould be caused by tightgatheringintothepin; all the othertextile remainshavebeen connectedwiththewrappingoftheremainsofthedead. That thepin was notfoundin associationwitha burialurn,but in thedromos, is notimportant sincetherewas muchdisturbance and nothingremainedinsitu. The textileon the iron daggerfromT. 24 seems to have been used simplyto wrap the individualobject.The impression is preservedon bothsidesof theblade and showsno folds, and thereis no otherindicationthatitservedanyotherpurpose. Date Our textiles comefroma verysmallproportion ofthetombs. Table 15.Numbersand date oftombscontainingtextileremains. Tomb
Period ofUse
G N 24 25 34 75 107 292
PGB-EG PGB-MG E-MPG E-MPG EO-LO EG-EO PGB-LO PGB/EG-LO
cremationmay well occur from Althoughthisis a smallsample,it suggeststextile-wrapped EPG to LO, or virtually theDark Age lifeofthecemetery. throughout Was wrappingin clotha common featureofburialsthroughout theperiod?Textilesare only preservedunderveryspecialconditions.In the case of mineralreplacementthefabricneeds to be in closecontactwiththemetalobjectundergoing and theenvironment must oxidization, be correctas faras humidity etc. are concerned.Impressions on earthrelyequallyon chance; a smallamountofearthneedsto be pressedevenlybetweentheclothand a firmsurface.Even in the eventof fabricnot disintegrating over the course of time,newlyexcavatedtextile remainsare difficult to identify, and manyare inadvertently lostin theprocessofcleaningand preservingthe object to which theyare attached. It is likelythat our cloth remainsare ofa muchlargergroupoftextilesused throughout theperiodEPG-LO to wrap representative crematedremainsbeforein-urning and burial. The singleexampleof thewrappingofgravegoods obviouslycannotprovethatthiswas a are evensmallerthanthe regularpractice,althoughthechancesof suchwrappingssurviving clothin theurns,as thereis no weightpressingthefabricagainstthemetal.In thiscase, the clothdoes indicatetheuse offabricin inhumations as wellas cremations.
J-M. COCKING
6i8
Comparable
examples
in Greece
There is an increasingbody of information concerningclothremainsin Greece fromthe or impressions prehistoric periodonwards.The majorityare tinyfragments publishedonlyin relationto the objectson or withwhichtheywere found.The examplesgivenbelow are confinedto thosedirectly comparablewithourtextiles. The closestparallelsto the examplesfromtheN Cemeteryin date and functionare from Fortetsa1353 and fromArkades.1354 Bothare EO-LO dinoicontainingcremated neighbouring remainswhichappear to have been wrappedin clothwhichnow adheresto the sidesof the vessels.In theFortetsaexampletheclothis tabbyweave,eighteenthreadsper centimetre for bothwarp and weft,and is foldedup to halfwayup the sidesof the dinos,in some cases as muchas fivelayersdeep.This givesa good idea oftheoriginalappearanceofourfragments. OutsideCrete thereis an interesting exampleof clothinsidean urn froma LG graveat identified as linen,linestheinsideofa coppervessel;the Eretria.1355 fabric, Mineral-replaced Fabricwas also clothis plainweavewitheighteenwarpsand twenty-two weftsper centimetre. The textilefromLefkandiwas also found foundinsidean urnfroman LG graveat Eleusis.1356 insidea bronzeamphoraused as an urn; althoughit dates to betweeniooo and 950 BC,it withtheKnossospiecesas discussed technicaland functional comparisons providesimportant above.1357 Evidenceforthe wrappingof gravegoods also comes fromFortetsa.Cloth adheresto a bronzependantand an arrowheadfromTomb P, and to threeironpinsfromTomb II.1358In textilewrappediron tools and weapons in an EG I gravein the Athens,mineral-replaced II In an EG tombon the Areopagus,an ironpin also preservedtracesof plain Agora.1359 An ironpin in GraveC in theAgoraat Corinthshowstracesof clothdown wovencloth.1360 The cuirassfromthe eighthcenturytomb at Argosseems the fulllengthof its shaft.1361 to havebeenwrappedin cloth,althoughonlya littleofthefabricnowremains.1362 originally Conclusions and natureof The clothremainsfromKnossosare an interesting exampleofthepreservation a muchlargerbodyofevidencefortextilesin theEarly Theyillustrate archaeologicaltextiles. IronAge, and giveindicationsof boththe raw materialsand productiontechniques.All the fabricseemsto have been wool,wovenin the usual manneron a warp-weighted loom,with The widespreaduse ofcloth withsome sortoffringe. featureofbeingfinished theinteresting to wrapbothcrematedremainsand goodsbeforeburialalertsus to theprobableexistenceof on comparableobjects.These could providemore detailed manymore textileimpressions featureoflife suchan important whichwas necessarily information on thetextileproduction, in ancientsociety.
1353f no q5o.
1354 TombeSingolea Pithos,Pithos93. D. Levi,Ann.10-12 (1927-29)153-54fig.157.The textileremainsare notreferred butProf.A. Di Vita has kindlyallowed to in thepublication, me to mentionthem. 1355Vessels 7 and 10 in Grave 6. H. Bloesch and B. Ant.K. 10 (1967)130-33. Mühletaler, 1356 A. N. Skias,EA 1898col. 114.
1357 See n. 1352.
1358£ nos> iOQQ-fi, 1*70, IDI 'S.
1359 21 (1952)281. GraveXXVII. C. W. Biegen,Hesperia 1360 E. L. Smithson, Hesperia 37 (1968)no, pl. 31 no. 64. 1361 G. R. Davidson,Corinth XII, theminor (Princeton objects
iq(%2)281 pl. 117no. 2264.
1362 P. Gourbin,BCH 81 (1957)349-50 fig.36.
textile remains
619
Catalogue N.B. Unlessotherwise statedall textilesare:* (i) Mineral-replaced,denotespartialreplacement only. (ii) Attachedto theirmetalbacking. (iii) Greenfrombronzecontact. Wherethereare severalfragments cataloguedunderthe same number,the dimensionsare thoseofthelargestand thesmallest. 24. fg. 3 fragmentsof iron blade, 1 with textile remains.4.3 X 1.6 cm, Wt. 10.4 g. Yarn, tightly'Z' tabby,12warps,22 spun,D. 0.07 cm weave,weft-faced weftspercm. detached.2.1 X 0.8 cm,Wt. 25.fi4. Textilefragment, 'Z' Yarn, 0.05 g. verytightly spun,D. 0.07 cm. Weave, veryfinetabby,16 threadsper cm warp and weft. Fabric folded3 times,giving'body' to preservethe clothalone. 56. £48. c. 500 fragmentsof sheet bronze, 1 with textileremains.5.0 X 3.4 cm,Wt. 6.5 g. Yarn,tightly 'Z' spun,D. 0.11 cm. Weave,tabby,14 threadsper cm warpand weft. Inside 75.72. Negative cloth imprinton a convex piece of hardenedearth. 1.7 X 1.2 cm, Th. 0.4 cm. Weave,veryfinetabby,20 threadsper cm warp and weft. withtextileremains. 107.£57. 36 bronze fragments Total Wt. 33.35g. Yarn,tightly 'Z' spun,D. 0.07 cm. Weave, tabby,16 threadsper cm warp and weft,2 examplesof fancyweave (PLATE312^. 3.8 X 1.1cm, Wt. 3.35 g. 12 fragments withclear representations (plate 312^. 2.4 X 2.5 cm to 1.1 X 0.9 cm,Wt. 15.75 g. The fabrichas fallenintowell-preserved pleatsand foldsagainstthebronze.7 fragments withslightly less distinct 2.8 X 1.9cm to 1.3 X 1.1cm,Wt. impressions. show individualthreadswhich 4.85 g. 14 fragments are no longerpartofwovenfabric.2.4 X 2.5 cm to 1.1 X 0.9 cm. Wt. 8.7 g. 1 fragment ofcloth,detached.1.4 X 0.2 cm,Wt. 0.5 g. Preservedin smallrolledbundle. 107. £58. 2 fragments of textile,detached.*3.0 X 0.9 cm and 2.0 X 0.7 cm,Wt 0.4 g. Yarn,tightly 'Z' spun, 2- plied,D. 0.07 cm. Weave,tabby,14 threadsper cm warpand weft.Bothpiecesfoldedintosmallpads of4 layersofcloth,givingbodyto preservefabricalone. of textile,detached.*Total Wt. 107.f59« 3 fragments 0.07 g. Yarn, tightly'Z'-spun, D. 0.05 cm. Weave, body of fabric,tabby,14 threadsper cm warp and weft.2 fragments ofloweredge offabricfinished with fringe(PLATE312g) 1.0 X 0.4 cm and 0.6 X 0.4 cm, Wt. 0.05 g. 1 fragment of 2 weftthreadsboundwith2 stripsof yarn. 1.2 X 0.2 cm, Wt. 0.03 g. Traces of contactwithironobject.
107. £60. 8 bronze fragmentswith textileremains. Total Wt. 4.55 g. Yarn, tightly'Z' spun,D. 0.09 cm, some faultsin spinning.Weave,tabby,14 threadsper 1.6 cm warpand weft.3 pieceswithclearimpressions. X 0.7 to 0.7 X 0.5 cm, Wt. 0.55 g. 5 fragments with individualthreads.2.2 X 0.6 cm,Wt.4.0 g. withtextileremains.1.8 107.£65. 6 bronzefragments X 1.4 cm to 1.o X 0.3 cm,Wt. 3.05 g. Yarn tightly 'Z' spun, D. 0.11 cm. Weave, tabby,14 threadsper cm warp and weft.These are a good example of the varied effectsof oxidisation,impressionsonlybeing preservedwhere the cloth has been in very close contact with metal, and even then to different degrees,whereless oxidisationhas takenplace, the fibresare easierto examine. 107. £65. Fragmentofsheetbronzewithtextile.2.3 X 1.8 cm, Wt. 2.5 g. Yarn,'Z' spun,D. 0.11cm. Weave, tabby,14 threadsper cm warpand weft.Fabricfolded overin smallarea. sheetbronze,1 withtextile 107, level 2. 5 fragments remains.Total Wt. 1.65 g. Piece withcloth1.1 X 0.7 cm, Wt. 0.2 g. Yarn, tightly'Z' spun, D. 0.06 cm. Weave,tabby,12threadsper cm warpand weft. 107, level 2. 98 bronze fragments,11 with textile remains,and 1 fragmentof textile.Total Wt. 69 g. Yarn tightly'Z' spun, D. 0.07 cm. Weave,tabby,16 threadsper cm warpand weft.5 fragments haveclear clothstretchedand distortedas a result impressions, ofbeingmouldedagainstbronze.1.95 X 1.3cm to 1.0 X 0.9 cm, Wt. 1.7 g. 2 fragmentshave indistinct 2.4 X 2.2 cm to 1.8 X 1.3cm,Wt. 2.05 g. impressions. withindividualthreads.1.7 X 1.1 cm to 4 fragments 1.o X 1.6 cm, Wt. 3.6 g. 1 detachedfragment intact due to bunchingofthreads.0.8 X 0.5 cm,Wt.0.5 g. 107, level6. Fragmentof clothfoundwithbones.0.5 X 0.15 cm,Wt. 0.05 g. Yarn,tightly 'Z' spun,D. 0.04. Weave,veryfinetabby,20 threadsper cm warp and weft.In verygood condition. of bronze,7 withtextile 107, level 6. 84 fragments impressions.Total Wt. 45 g. Yarn, verytightly'Z' spun, D. 0.07 cm, considerablydecomposed before oxidisation. Weave,tabby,16 threadsper cm warpand weft.1 piece has clear impression.1.2 X 0.7 cm. Wt.
620
J- M- COCKING
o.oi g. 6 fragments have individualthreads.3.2 X 3.2 cm to 1.4 X 1.3,Wt.5.6 g. 292.85. Orientalizingironpin withtextileremains. H. 7.5 cm. D. ofhead 3.0 cm. D. ofshaft0.45 cm,Wt. 53.85 g. Yarn, tightly'Z' spun, D. 0.07 cm. Weave, veryeven tabby,14 threadsper cm warp and weft. Red-browndue to ironcontact. G. Burnt fragmentof skull with negative cloth
impressionon hardenedearth.Piece of bone, 3.1 X 0.4 X 0.3 cm. Weave,tabby, 3.4 cm,clothimpression, 16 threadsper cm, warp and weft.Impressionon innercurveonly. N. Metacarpal with negativecloth impressionson earthadheringto it. 4.7 X 0.8 cm. Weave,veryfine tabby, 18-20 threads per cm, warp and weft. on all sides.1363 Impressions
1363 to Dr. Cocking'svisitto study Editors'Note:subsequent materialpresentedin thischapter,moretracesof minerally remainscametolightduringMr.J.Lee's work textile preserved ofthemetalobjects.The detailshave on thefinalconservation
and catalogueentriesin beenenteredin thetombdescriptions PartI. The objectson whichsuchremainswerenotedare as follows:fromT. 75, 16a (ironchisel),£73(ironstripfrs.),and f87 (ironobelosfrs.);fromT. 285, £13-14(bronzepins).
CHAPTER 16 OTHER MATERIALS D. EVELY Introduction The materialhere consideredis dividedinitiallyby substance(e.g. stone,clay),and then To some extentthisapproach internally by type(e.g. Buttons,Whorlsand Vase fragments). relatedgroupsof objects,such as Beads (appearingin stone,clay and cutsacrosspotentially amber)or Whorls(in stoneand clay),further extendingto involvethemajorstudiesof other scholarsin thisvolume.Thus, Pins(hereofsilver)are foundmade ofbronzeand irontoo. For materialsas fallwithinthisoverallsection,crosssuchinstancesof objectsfoundin different will be drawn,but fora widerappreciation,otherchapterslikelyto be relevant references shouldbe consulted.1364 substances,the accountis firstconcerned Openingwiththe mostnumerously represented withitemsofstoneand thenofclay.Nextcome piecesmade fromivoryor bone,metal(silver and lead) and amber,followedby two moregeneralgroups,firstin sundryperishablestuffs sort(stone (Eggshell,Seeds and Fruits,Wood and Shell),and secondof a laterand intrusive architectural Turkish mosaic tesserae and vessel pieces, claypipes,glass fragments). Objects of Stone (figs. 184-6; plates 302-04) As no doubtbefitsa groupofmaterialderivedfroman IronAge cemetery, thestoneitemsare associated with adornment ? cosmetictools), and (beads,pendants predominantly personal and less, if at all, witheverydaydomesticactivities(whorls).Utilitarianobjects (such as whetstones or handles/pommels) did nonetheless accompanytheirownersto answeressential, ifhumdrum, and the duller moments of the deceased'stimemightbe whiledawayin a needs, indicated sorts of bysundry 'counters').Only theveryoccasionalpiece could simplegame (as servesomereligiouspurpose. In addition,thereis a seriesof objectsthatare eitherpurelyintrusive (bitsof stonevases and theubiquitousobsidianblade and flakefragments: bothlikelyto be strayMinoan items), or conceivablyreutilizedboth fromrecentcontexts(largestonevessels,or partsthereof:in 1364 xhis workwas startedas Macmillan Studentof the BSA in 1981/82,and completedwithfinancialaid fromthe School and the BritishAcademy during 1984 and 1985. of the bone or ivorywas kindlygiven Expertidentification bySheilaghWall,and ofthevegetablematerialbyDr. C. G. Vosa of the BotanyDepartment,OxfordUniversity; Emma Faull contributeda number of the more complex linedrawings; and the text as a whole has benefited from general discussionwithDr. Mary Voyatzisand Dr. Irene
Lemos,who also kindlyread it in manuscript. My thanksto themall. There are bothpotentialand definiteareas of interest in whichmychapteroverlapswiththoseof othercontributors: thus, some stone and amber pieces fall also withinthe provinceof Dr. Webb's studies(ch. 13). Tombs of SM date are consideredin totoby Dr. H. W. Catling (ch. 9); some contain itemsof ivoryor bone and othersubstancesthat wouldotherwise havebeen takenintomyaccount.
622
D- EVELY
theirown rightor doingdutyas supportsforclayvases)and fromstoresoffamilyheirlooms (Minoansealstones).Onlytheverylastofthesegroupsneed haveanything especiallyrelevant to thefunerary of the Iron practices Early Age. The Beads(14)covera wide,ifsimple,rangeofshapes:spheres,discsand near-hemispheres withcylindrical, tabularand biconicalformsalso occurring.The makingup the majority, substancesfromwhichtheywerefashionedare dominatedby rock-crystal (9), withsingletons of carnelianand amethyst of the count the ones completing semi-precious (J.fi2and 9).1365 Serpentine,or related stones,contributetoo: beads forthe most part (14. f6; LG/EO; 218^32; 285. fg). Pendants (11),withthe exceptionof a fossilshell (285.fi 8) and a disc of in a varietyofguises:a double-axeJ.Í8: are fashioned fromrock-crystal (26.fi8), serpentine a derived PG); naturally elongatedpentagon (78.fi7; LG-EO), and a graded set (7) of biconicalshape(Q.£8). It is a reasonableassumptionthatthe beads and pendantsbelong to necklaces,or even bracelets.As a rule theyare not accompanied by othersof stone: the threebeads and a pendantin T. J and the set of biconicalpendantsfromT. Q are exceptionalin thisrespect. The presencein the tombs,however,of beads of othersubstancesmakesit possiblethatthe stoneones servedas focalpointswithinthese:thus,rock-crystal beads perhapsaccompanied othersoffaienceor glass(Ts. 78, 219,285),ofamber(Ts. 18,78, 229) or evenpossiblyofclay (Ts. 219,J, Q). There is a tendencyfor such findsto belong to tombs noted fortheir wealthofgravegoods.So faras chronological reasonable,ifnotconsiderable, go, implications bothbeads and pendantscan certainly be said to be raritiesin thePG era, and to continueto occurthereafter withmuchthesamedegreeofinfrequency. of a rectangularstripof rockrelatedto such ornamentalitemsis a fragment Potentially crystal(78.f23). Its shapeand sizewouldmakeit suitedto a rolein one ofthecomplexpieces no confirming ofgoldjewelleryproducedin theregionof Knossos:thereare,however, signs as a whole.1366 ofsuchitemsin thistomb,or indeedin thecemetery A dozen or so funerary sitesin Crete have yieldedstonebeads and pendants,as has the It should occasion no surpriseto findthat serpentinesand settlementof Vrokastro.1367 steatites,being both naturallyplentifuland easily worked, met the demands of the majorityof the population'sneeds throughoutPG and G times:Arkadesand Vrokastro betweenthemdemonstratea wide range of forms,simplein conceptand ratherroughin Other sites,Dreros (adding breccia to the stones),Kissamo and Knossos, execution.1368 Rarer are pieces made fromsemi-preciousstones:amethystand extendthe repertoire.1369 at Knossos, lapis lazuli at Knossos and lapis lacedaemoniusat Kissamo; and agate appear carnelian in some quantities at Patela Sfakia, Vrokastroand Knossos.1370All (except 1365Beads of rock crystalare located in Tombs J (£6: mostlyPG), 18 (fa: PG-O), 34 (fi8: EO-LO), 78 (£6a: LGEO), 123 (fi: ?EO), 219 (f22, 33), 229 (£B)and 285 (figb: TombJ (fi2 and 9). in Ó pithos):ofcarnelianand amethyst, 1366See further on thisline ofjewelleryin footnote1373. The nearest one comes to such here is in the Minoan sealstonesetin gold (i8.f3), and in theamberand amethyst goldpin (218. fi2). 1367The tomb sites include Arkadesor Afrati,Dreros, Kissamo, Knossos (Ay.Ioannis, Fortetsa,Kephala, Teke), Kritsa,Krousonas,Liopetri,Patela Sfakia and Vrokastro. OthersincludetheSanctuaryarea ofDemeter,Knossosand
perhapsKissamo thoughthereare problemswiththeexact ofthislast. find-spot 1368 Arkades 99 ff,fig.73 (settlement), 476-9 passim;Vrokastro and 136-66passim(tombs). 1369Dreros: van Effenterre, ECr VIII, 41 and 64, D 45 (Tomb 3); Kissamo: CCO 92 ff;Knossos: see separatelyin footnotes. following 1370 V,32; and perhapstooKSD 119nos. Ay.Ioannis Amethyst: 32-4 withagate as well.Lapis lacedaemoniusfromKissamo: CCO 93,no. 409. Lapislazuli:Knossos,Kephala,Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900)84 (Tomb 6). Carnelian:Patela Sfakia,Platon, K®19 (!955)563; Vrokastro 137;F nos.1070,1116,1153-6.
OTHER MATERIALS
623
carnelian) occur as singletons and generally as simple spheres- perhaps ultimately derivedfromMinoan sources,1371 as theirfrequentlySM-PG contextscould suggest.In marked contrast,rock-crystalwas widely appreciated throughoutthe Early Iron Age: Arkades,Dreros,Knossos, Liopetri,Vrokastroand Kissamo all yield examples,of which the biconical pendantsat Dreros and Vrokastroare exact parallels to those in Q.f8.1372 Some crystalinlay pieces at Arkades, Vrokastroand the Idaean Cave may represent remnantsofjewelleryby the proposed Oriental Masters residentin the Knossos area in PGB-EG times.1373 It is generallysupposed thatthe raw materialwas importedfromthe East.1374 Stonebeads and pendantsoftenare foundin combination withones ofothersubstances:of in at Vrokastro and amber and offaienceor the Knossos clay Liopetri, region, mostfrequently as at Sfakia.1375 and Patela Knossos,Vrokastro, glass Liopetri Thus, the N Cemeterymaterialfitsquite happilyintothe rangeof the stones,the shapes and themannerofpresentation seento be generalthroughout Cretefromthelatetenthto the seventhcenturiesBC. There does not appear to be any significant divergencein availability, or customs as on at the same time the GreekMainlandpreference generallyrepresented in Lefkandi and Attica.1376 particularly The suggestion of a cosmeticpurposeforthe slenderlimestoneCylinder (i.f3), and forthe Pestle theformer (75«£|2)is buta hazardedguess:thelattermightserveto grindup a pigment, in eithertombto strengthen A to applythesame.There is nothing, thispostulation. however, similardegreeofuncertainty attendstheidentification of thatsmallgroupdescribedoftenas Whorls is in mostcases attachedto thecataloguedescription.1377 The conical (8); an alternative forms(6 or 7) of steatiteor serpentineare mostlikelyto belongto the well-known LM III in thetransition one ofmanysuchthreadsofcontinuity fromBronzeto group,and represent Iron Age: theyoccur in SM, PG, G and O contextsalike.They are not likelyto have been originally partof the spinner'skit,1378 thoughwhetherthe identityof buttonor of necklace is not established.Only one item(14^5: LG-EO) mightbe a componentis to be preferred truewhorl. Such conicalbuttonsor 'whorls'appear all overCretein funerary contextsand,wherethey have been investigated,at both settlementand sanctuarysites too. Thus, examples are
1371Suggested,primarilyforrockcrystal,by Hutchinson and Boardman,BSA49 (1954)219. 1372Arkades477; Dreros: van Effenterre,ECr VIII, 41 (Tomb 8); Knossos:Teke (cf.n. 1373),E nos. 136,1118, 1150; Liopetri:Davaras,AD 27 (1972)B2, 650 (TombV); Kissamo: CCO 92, fig.39, pl. 31; Vrokastro 137ff,especiallyTomb 3, fig. 85 O and R; also in Bone Enclosures2, 6, 8. 1373 Arkades, 477; Vrokastro, 156 (Bone Enclosure1); Idaean Cave: HalbherrAntro 68; Knossos: Teketholos 215ff.Here and elsewherein the followingfootnotesconcerned with this tholos,referenceshould be made to the laterand broader articleofBoardman,BSA 62 (1967)57fr. 1374Higgins in Lefkandi I, 223, where a Phoenician (via Cyprus?)sourceis suggested,but compareBoardman,CCO 92, wherehe quotes Marinatos(AE 1931,158-60) forrock crystalsourcesin Creteitself. 1375Vrokastro: in thesettlement; clay,122,fig.73,potentially faienceor glass,137,pl. 35 (Tomb 1). Liopetri:clayand glass
paste, Davaras, AD 27 (1972) B2, 650 (Tomb V). Knossos, amber:Teketholos, 215ff;Gypsades,Hood, BSA 53-4 (1958-9) 249 no. 23, fig.34, pl. 59a (Tomb VII); faience or glass, Gypsades(as above); E nos. 1069,1117,1152,1157-65.Patela Sfakia:faienceor glass,Platon,KChq (iq**) ^63. 1376 Lefkandi:Higginsin Popham,Lefkandi I, 217ftpassim; Attica:Higgins,BSA 64 (1969) 143 ffpassim;and broadlyin such worksas Coldstream,GG passim;Boardman,BSA 62 (1967)57 ff. 1377Thus, thereare six of the whorlor buttonsort,all conoid: i6.f2, 75^55, iO7.f46, 283.f6, 292. £5,to which one fromthe laterTomb 187 can be added; one whorlor bead: 306. fio; and one likelywhorl:14.fs« 1378por furtherdiscussion on this matter (equally perplexingin the Bronze Age), Evely in UM I 239 with footnotes18 and 106, where referenceto an unpublished thesisof Dr.J. Carington-Smith on Textilesis made and Sp. lakovidesBSA72 (1977)113-19.
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recordedfromKnossos,Panagia,Arkadesand Kavousi,Vrokastro and Kissamo.1379 Steatite(if correctlyidentified;serpentineis as likely)and even marbleare theirmaterials,PG to G thedateoftheircontexts. generally Given the frequentaccompanimentof the deceased's ashes by any numberof iron,and even some bronze,weaponsand tools,it is astonishing the thatmoredevicesforpreserving of an of Pumice alone make were not recovered: two and two Whetstones, sharpness edge pieces fromtombsof a wide rangeof dates and withtoolsand weapons. up thatclass,satisfyingly The pumice (285- uncatalogued; 292- likewise)consistsonly of nodules with surfaces flattenedby use; the whetstonescompriserectangular-sectioned slabs or bars. Their faces are a the latter is piercedforsuspension. hollowed and action, (iO7.fs&7;294^9) by stropping Whilstthe settlements of the PG and G periodsat Vrokastro and Kavousi have produced betweenthemparallelsforbothpumiceand whetstones (alongwithotherstonetool types in are represented, and thatbutoccasionally, querns,poundersand polishers), onlywhetstones tombs.Examples coveringthe completePG and G periodscome fromKnossos,Kourtes, Vouves and Vrokastro;1380 as in the N Cemetery,an elongated bar or slab formwith holes at the suspension end(s)predominates. Here maybe consideredtwoHandlesor Pommels. One (287.16: LPG-PGB) is ofa canonical sortthat,fromits shape and substance(limestone),mightbe of Minoan manufacture;1381 different is blade. Altogether perhapsthe bronzeflakesfromthe tombmarka disintegrated the other(2ig.fno), apparentlyonce slottedonto an ?ironpin, and partlysecuredby iron on each side: it could make a rathercumbersomeswordpommel. plates('washers'in effect) The contentsof the tomb,rangingover EPG-LO, are particularlyrich in numberand Thereare no good whichmakesa positiveassociationand identification character, impossible. parallelsreportedfromelsewherein Crete. An unexpected,and therebyintriguing, insightintothe leisurepursuitsof the EarlyIron (294.117). Of the fifteen pieces,six are Age can be glimpsedin a suggestive arrayof Pebbles 'white'spheresand six 'black',leavingthreedarkand somewhatangularpieces:perhapsfora boardgame ofsixmena side.Less clearlyassociatedwithanygame,butequallybelongingto fourobjects:a sphereofquartz(30.fio); a roundel no othermoreobviousclass,are a further itemofsteatite(283^5) and finallya plano-convex ofkouskouras(34«f22,O), an unfinished piece (219.fi16). The quartzand steatitepiecescouldalso serveas bead blanks. witnessedat a fewlocalitiesin Crete.The sortis, if elusively, Gamingof thiselementary most completeis at the Geometricsettlementof Kavousi, where a brokenstone slab is it bears a circularchannel,dividedin twoby a as a board: roughlyrectangular, interpreted groove,and containsfivehollowsin each half.Chevronsfillin the corners.With thisis presenteda clay counter.Froma MG tombat Knossos,a set of threespheresof stonewas as gamingpieces.1382 interpreted Strongsupportforthe existenceof board games in the PG and G Aegean is offered fromLefkandiwhere,in additionto dice, two sets of sphericallimestone'marbles'were
1379 Knossos:F. no. 854. Panagia: Halbherr,AJA5 (1901) 286, fig.14;Arkades 478, pl. 11;Kavousi: Boyd,AJA5 (1901) Vrokastro Tholoi 3 and 4) and 141(settlement); 132ff(especially 122,fig.73 (unlessall clay?);Kissamo:CCO 93, fig.38. 1380 Pumice:Kavousi,Boyd,AJA5 (1901)141(settlement). Whetstones:Ay.IoannisII. 6; E nos. 565, 1087; Kourtes,
Halbherr,AJA5 (1901) 290; Vouves: Touchais, BCH 106 120-1,fig.70 (settlement), 147,fig.87a (1982) 631; Vrokastro (C.T. 4). 1381 For Minoan comparandain stoneand ivory,cf.Evely in UM I nn.96 and 132respectively. 1382 Kavousi:Boyd,AJA5 (1901)141,fig.7; and E no. 731.
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625
- earlyninthcenturytombs:interestingly, thesewerein multiples retrievedfromlate tenth offive.1383 theso-calledAltar(H.fi). Of FromTomb H comesa batteredand wornobjectoflimestone, an odd shape (?cutdownfromanotheritem),it is basicallya slab,withone end heavierand thusactingas a foot,as well as havingprojectingbuttonsbehind.On each face a crudely executedmotifor design has been scratched.The main face bears a patternsomewhat reminiscent ofa leg or foot(thougha horsehas been suggestedtoo),whilstthereversecarries an equallyenigmaticavian head. The top has a simplegeometricinciseddecoration.The in antiquity and so givesno aid in theinterpretation tomb(LG-EO) had been badlydisturbed ofthispeculiarpiece. Thoughno closeparallelhas come to light,thereis a smallnumberoffindsthathelpto set contextsof PGB to it a triflein perspective. These, largelyderivedfromdisturbedfunerary EO in date,are oftenconceivedofas gravemarkersin some form.This is a mostreasonable interpretationfor an example fromPrinias, where a carefuldouble outline engraving Cruder work enlivens a small steatitedisc from delineates a male (Pwarrior)torso.1384 At Knossos,othertombsat Teke have produced Vrokastro withthreeanimalsilhouettes.1385 in neat relief,a workcomparableto both the above: a kouskourasplaque or stelaportrays, with an device on the male (Phelmeted)head, together uninterpreted sardonicallysmiling in incised animals and reverse.Anotherplaque fragmentdepicts, outline, simple linear Thus the technique,itsclumsyexecutionand thepotentialsubjectmatterof H. patterns.1386 fi mayall be paralleled;itsactualsubjectmatterand ultimatepurpose,however, bothremain obscure. stubbornly Most immediatelyidentifiableamongstthe intrusivematerialare two Minoan Sealstones (each typicalof itssort),and a potentialblank.The amygdaloidof chlorite(129. fi) was cut in MM III or LM I, whilstthe lentoidof serpentine(J.fio: PG) withitsnaturalistic design, is of not muchlatermanufacture, datingto LM II or III.1387The blank (a.fi: SM) is just that.The pieces come fromtombspotentiallycoveringthe entiretemporalrange of the WhilstTombJ (PG) also yieldeda fewstonebeads and EarlyIron Age use of the cemetery. a pendant(withwhichthe sealstonemighthave been threaded),Tomb 129 (EG-EO) was so lackingin gravegoods as to make the sealstoneundeservedly prominent.The presencein - raises the possibilitythat the thislast tomb of obsidian- surelya chance introduction sealstonetoo is onlyaccidentallypresent.Such again could be thecase fortheblank,found in a SM tomb. The preservation and continueduse of Minoan sealstonesin laterperiodsshouldcause no are in theBronzeAge. Within itemsmanufactured surprise:they amongstthemostlong-lived thissame cemetery is an even more dramatic and (18. fj) quiteunequivocalwitness:theMM III-LM I amethystof a lion attackingan agrimi,in a gold settingof c. 800 BC. Cretan threeand a halfmillenniaafter peasantrywerestillutilizingsealstonesas amulets(galopetras) 1383Lefkandi I 82, pl. 66 q, r and 237 e, for dice and 'marbles'respectively. 1384 Prinias:Rizza, Cron.d'Arch 8 (1969) 31, pl. 18.1, dated to LG, and references to othersin Crete.Altars'or offering tableswithinciseddecorationare recordedat Arkades 479,fig. 27.
1385Vrokastro 147,fig.87 G (C.T. 4). 1386 Teketholos 220,pl. 30.
1387Parallels for these items may be seen in the CMS series:forthe amygdaloid129.fi, somethingof the same styleis visiblein CMS XII. 1, no. 259 (assignedto LM II), whilstthe designis again reflected in a lentoidin CMS II.3, no. 186.ForthelentoidJ.fio, a good reflection is in CMSU. 3, no. 224 fromthe Dictaean Cave: our specimenis in a cheaper material, and has a slightlydifferenttype of quadruped.
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thefallofthepalaces.1388 FromEarlyIronAge contexts, suchpieceshavebeen retrieved from at contexts Vrokastro and Zakro.1389 Knossos, Prinias, mainlyfunerary Sykia, Liopetri, Of muchthesameperiodoforiginalderivation, no doubt,are the Obsidian blade fragments, flakesand core remnants. Theiroccurrence, albeitin no greatnumbers,at pointsall overthe cemetery providesanotherexampleof the mannerin whichbothproductiondebrisand the brokenblades themselveshave become generallydistributedthroughoutthe soils in the of Knossos.Nine blade pieces (Tombs75, 79, 107,129,285, 287, 292),up to neighbourhood tenflakesand lumps(includingone fromGiali- Tombs 98, 132,208, 283, 285 and G), and thepresenceofblade,flakeand core in partofa core (Tomb285) makeup thecomplement: Tomb 285 is merelycoincidental.Such blades are reportedfroma tombat Vrokastro, and fromothersofMG-LG dateat Praisos:theyare probablyintrusive theretoo.1390 The storyis the same forthe halfdozen Minoan StoneVessel of serpentine and fragments, in thecase ofa limestone limestone(Tombs75,98, 106,292 and Q). It need notbe, however, basinand a mortar(24.^6 and 5: SM/EPG tomb,butpillaged),thoughthesemaybe morein the natureof dromos-biocVing materialthan grave-goodsproper.Anotherlimestoneobject of uncertain was date, (6o.f3), arguablydoingservicein a secondaryroleas a cremationurn in Elsewhere references to stonevesselsgenerallyseem to be to small and Crete, support. forms of Minoan bowls or to kernoior libation (Vrokastroand Dreros settlements) simple tables(Arkades)stillin activeuse. Tombsat Zakro and Knossoshaveyieldedsundrylidsand It is surelythecase,anyway, thattheIronAge peasant vasesin generalGeometriccontexts.1391 farmers, simpletroughs just as theirmodernequivalentsdo, retainedtheabilityto improvise and basinsoutoflocal fieldstones. Objects of Clay (figs. 187-8; plates 306-07) Mostitemsin thiscategorywereintendedto adornthehumanbody:theincisedand stamped clay beads belong to necklaces,or perhapsbracelets.In the case of the whorlsor beads, The as to theircorrectidentification. one relapsesto a familiarstateof uncertainty however, - in identity are unequivocal at least.To theseare added a numberofdecorated loomweights - definitely finialsor attachments part of the funeralgear. Lastlycomes a mixedgroupof or contents. ofthetomb'sstructure intrusive or,at best,butfragmentary components classofobject:oftentheyare spherical, a well-known WiththeBeads(47+), one encounters Of a formsare encountered. yetmanyare conoid,whilesomebiconicaland evencylindrical of fromtheeffects reducedto grey,presumably fabric(sometimes refinedbeige to red-brown if for as to in a friable condition now such are thecremation), slight, very argue they generally a series of or sort were cut On the geometrically imprinted spherical any,firingoriginally. arrangedpatterns:eithermade up fromverticalslashes,or dividedinto threezones with circlemotifsor ofa zigzag.Occasionally,a conical slasheseitherside ofa friezeofconcentric
1388PM I. 673. 1389Knossos: Gypsades, Hood, BSA 53-4 (1958-9) 249, 20-1, pls. 62-3 (Tomb VII); E nos. 137, 1071,1074, 1168-71. Liopetri: Davaras, AD 27 (1972) B2, 650 (Tomb III); Prinias: Rizza, Cron. d'Arch8 (1969) 26, 13.4 (Tomb 2); Sykia: Platon, PAE 1954, 366 (tomb); Vrokastro147, fig. 88 and 158, fig. 95 from Bone Enclosure II; Zakro: Hogarth, BSA 7 (1900-01) 148 (tomb).
1390 Vrokastro, 151 (C.T. 5). Praisos: Bosanquet, (1901-2), 251 (Tomb C); Droop, BSA 12 (1905-6) 33 53). 1391Vrokastro 114; Dreros: van Effenterre,ECr VIII, 21; Arkades(may include libation tables), 479, fig. 27; Hogarth, BSA 7 (1900-01) 148; F. no. 725.
BSA 8 (Tomb 40, pl. Zakro:
OTHER MATERIALS
627
buttonor bead receivesthesame sortoftreatment (152.fi). Forthemostpartthebeads occur in a necklacewas builtup ofthem. as singletons; Tomb is it clear that whole J only The firmest indicationof date is givenby the largestgroupJ.f2 and 13): predominantly PG. In almostall the otherinstances,thereis a PG use discerniblewithina broaderspan (oftendownto O times)ofthetomb'suse: Tombs30 (ft),219 (fta), 283 (£¿4),D (ft)and Q, (fi2, 13). Only Tomb 294 (£6, 13) dates solelyto a later period of MG-LO. The more unusualconoid-based,decoratedpieces (152.fi, 283^4) could belonganywherewithinthe Geometricera: conceivably laterratherthanearlier. Crete offersa fulland widespreadrange of parallels: almost a score of localitieshave alike.1392 Theyoccurbothin ones or producedexamplesfromtomb,sanctuaryand settlement from in Phaistos and that and also twos, Praisos) suggestderivation largergroups(Anavlochos, and more from a PG at necklaces.The outstanding is the beads 250 grave Ay.Ioannis, group thewidest Knossos:hereare encountered almostthemaximumrangeofshapes,and certainly and mostcomplexnumberof patterns.All the N Cemeterypieces findparallelshere.As a whole,the 'triple-zone'formof decorationfindswide acceptance in Crete- withslashes borderinga centralband of circles,zigzags,chevrons,dashes and so on. All-overdecorative cones and biconical schemes(verticalribsmostly)are rarer.Plain spheres,discs,cylinders, All thesemay be foundin secure PG (even SM to PG) formsalso turnup intermittently. - but do not seem to exist contexts priorto that.Their lowertemporallimitis less readily ascertained.They certainlyappear in MG and even LG contextsbut it cannotbe ruledout thathere theyare but survivals.Thus, whetherproductionwas maintainedinto the eighth BCis at presentunanswerable: theratherunusualexamplesfromapparentGeometric century contexts at Anavlochosmaybe lateor merelylocal. The Atticconnectionsof thisobjecttypehave long been known.Excellentreviewsof the Mainland and Island varietiesmay be foundby Boardman,Smithsonand Bouzek: a fuller It is relevanthereonlyto observethatthougha distinct appreciationemergestherefrom.1393 with connection the Balkans is thetwomainGreekstrains generic yetspecifically supportable, are relatively both of the Balkans and from each other. There is not,then,an independent irresistible need to viewtheCretanpiecesas imports. A scatteringof tombshave yieldeda dozen examplesof the problematicWhorlor Bead pieces:Tombs 19^5), 59 (**)>IO7 (fí*3*26, 36, 45), 294 fö, 14, 16) and 306 (ft, 2, 9). These comprisediscsor cylinders ofbaked and occasionallypaintedclay.They rangein size between1.5-3.5cm in diameter,1-3.5m thickness and weighgenerallybetween6 to 12g. All are piercedcentrally, thehole averaging0.5 cm across.The question,as always,is whetherthe to permitthemto be weightof theobjectand thediameterof the centralhole are sufficient classified as spindlewhorls:it is opinedthatthesespecimenscould be so suited,apartperhaps fromthesmallestand lightest. In whichcase, one can onlyconcludethatarticlesofdomestic and industrialpurposequalifiedas acceptablegravegoods in Geometricand Orientalising 1392Tomb:Knossos: Ay. Ioannis, esp. V, 35; Kephala, Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900)83 (T. 4); Mavrospelio,Forsdyke, BSA 28 (1926-7)pl. 18.27;E nos-34> IO9> ii2j n3 and 800 Tombs TFT, F, VI and Pi; Praisos: Bosanquet, BSA 8 8 (1901-2)251,fig.22 (Tomb C); Prinias:Rizza, Crond'Arch (1969)25 and 28, pls. 13.2,18.3;Vouves:Touchais,BCH 106 (1982) 631; Zakro: Hogarth,BSA 7 (1900-1) 148. Sanctuary: Dreros: Marinatos,BCH 60 (1936) 270, fig.33; Amnisos:
Marinatos,PAE 1930, 97, fig.9; Psychro:Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900) 113;Knossos: Hughes-Brock,KSD 117,no. 20, Anavlochos:Demargne,BCH 55 (1931)381 fig.25. Settlement: and 384, fig.18; PPhaistos:Borda 39.B2, pl. 46, bottom; Vrokastro, 122,fig.73; Knossos: Sacke«, UM II, 411-12,nos. 3-!3> Pls-329>332. 1393 Boardman,BSA 55 (i960) 128ff;Smithson,Hesperia 30 28 (1974)1 ff. (1961)esp. 170-3;Bouzek,Sbornik
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times(19.f5 was recoveredfroman O pithos,59 «f2 froman EO tomb).It is unclearwhether theywerealwaysplaced in the tombas singleobjects:thosefromTombs 107,294 and 306 comefrommixedcontexts coveringtheentireG and O eras. identified Whorls as are well spreadin Crete,thoughare commonerin stonethan Objects in occur twos and threesat least, shaped into discs, cylinders,cones and They clay.1394 biconicalforms, devoid of ornament.Praisosand Knossos(Atsalenio)each yieldeda generally with a coat of singleton simple paint,and fromthelattersite,too,came an examplewithout As well as witha parallel. beingpaintedblack,it had been incisedon each facewitha rosette, A at the to observe is their later date than the beads: most zigzag periphery. point apparently haveG contextsratherthanPG. Mainlandparallels,and an alternative maybe interpretation, a long foundin the Lefkandisettlement but the is basic to have object enough report,1395 with a of history multiplicitypurposes. at once. The threespecimensrecovered on theotherhand,declarethemselves Loomweights, in each case,thebasicallyPG are all pyramids: Tombs100 (fu) and G (fu, 12). Regrettably, in Roman times:an observation to G tombhad been subjectto considerableinterference motifon 100.fi, rendersthemall suspect which,whencoupledwiththestampedcavalryman as intrusive pieces. EarlyIron Age Crete has not been prolificin yieldingclay weightsof any size or shape. sitesof broadlyGeometricdate: pyramidal, Those fewreportedare mostlyfromsettlement biconical and various spherical types are known, but not their numbers or relative The existenceof pyramidalweightshas also been remarkedon at Lefkandi, frequency.1396 theseobservations whereit arrivesor developsin theLG period.1397 go a littleway Together, thosein Tomb G as genuinelyEarlyIron Age pieces,but the stampedone, to reinstating ioo.fii, cannotbe earlierthanHL.1398 The Finíaiscomprisea mostcuriousclass of object. Pieces of fivewere recoveredfrom Tombs56 (f57),57 (f5-8) and 82 (£4),thoughit cannotbe safelyassumedthatall belonged wherefound.Tombs56 and 57 impingedon each other,and wereruinously plunderedin the itemswill have been shiftedabout,maybe late sixthcenturyBC; underthesecircumstances As Tomb 57 retainsthe most even as faras Tomb 82, onlya fewmetresto the southwest. to EO-LO, as does Tomb for all: it dates the home have once been so it may examplestoday, as perhaps are LO. the to with Tomb restricted 82 Thus, definitely Orientalizing, pieces 56, decorationrecallingthatofthepithoiwouldhintalso. Theirpurpose theiruse ofpolychrome whilstthesolid offurniture can onlybe guessedat: in form,theyare reminiscent components, and stripedornamentin blackand red painton a whitegroundwouldarguethattheywere meantto be conspicuous.The centralsocketwithitscross-pegholes makesit clear thatthe All in all, it seemsmostlikelythattheywerepartof objectwas to be slottedontosomething. 1394 Dreros:Marinatos,BCH 60 (1936)270,fig.33; Praisos: 122, Droop,BSA 12 (1905-06)33, fig.10 (Tomb53); Vrokastro, 479,fig.591;Zakro:Hogarth,BSA 7 (1900-01) fig.73;Arkades, 148; Kavousi: Boyd,AJA5 (1901) 132-3, 141in tombsand settlements alike;Knossos:Atsalenio, 139,pl. 3id; F. nos. 200, 730.Vouves:Touchais,BCH 106(1982)631. 1395 I, 83, pls. 65, 71,214,222 and 236 forvarious Lefkandi sorts. 1396Arkades,479, fig. 591: pyramidal, biconical and in, 122, fig.73: pyramidal,spheroid. spheroid; Vrokastro, Kavousi: Boyd,AJA5 (1901) 141 (settlement):pyramidal,
spheroid.Note the potentialspheroidin the later 'T. 244' context. 1397 I, 82, pl. 70; and fromthe Agora at Athens: Lefkandi Brann, Hesperia30 (1961) 141 (P 28: LG) and 356 (G 49: seventhcenturyBC). 1398 ofthispiece (blurredand on a small The iconography scale thoughitbe) recallsthatof'theheroon horsebackwith snake'- as seen in some votiveplaques froma HL shrineat Knossos: Callaghan,BSA 73 (1978)21 ffand pl. 9. He gives an extensivereviewof the subject,whichis not exclusiveto Knossos.
OTHER MATERIALS
629
furniture some funerary1399 (finialsor low legs),ofwhichthe restwas made ofwood and has in the tomb: a bierwouldbe a suitablecandidate. accordingly perished The otherclay objectsremainingcan be rapidlydismissed,withone exception.The Bar to plausibleinterpretation. (294.fl) and thepiercedStrap(55.f2: EPG) are equallyresistant are probablybestseen as laterintrusions, The Building materials(tileand mud-brick/plaster) mightnothaveoccasionallyservedsomesimplerole thoughthereis no reasonwhymud-brick in thetombitself, The as can be seen in Tomb 182here,and at the 'Heroön' at Lefkandi.1400 a Cuboid ?Stand of no solid and is handmade,it (D.fio: LPG-EG): greatsize, exception clay bearsa simpleand ratherpoorlyarrangedpatternof concentriccircles.Is it anotherformof altar?The closestparallelto thisis anotherclay cube (broken,but slightly larger)fromAy. an altar from its context.1401 from their basic form, which is identified as Triada, Apart in in date two items have little else common. That from Triada is earlier the however, Ay. in once modelled and more clay. supportedsomething (SM), lavishlydecorated, Objects of ivory and bone (figs. 189-93; plates 309-11) letalone the Althoughfewand includingrathermundaneobjects,themerepresenceofivory, combinationof gold leaf and bone, givesan importanceto theseitemsbeyondtheiractual modestnumbers.The majorconcentrations are in Tombs219 and 292: scenesofconsiderable confusion,as well as being utilizedforthe best part of the EarlyIron Age. Chronological deductionsare accordinglycurtailed.As a luxurymaterialivory,and by imitationbone will naturallybe used in objectsintendedfordisplay.Therefore,it is workedinto too,1402 and personalornaments,into handlesand haftsof weaponryand of toiletaccoutrements, inlaidintofurniture, or attachedthereon. The itemsof Personal Ornament are the least impressive:two bone pins (40^9) and some beads made from fish vertebrae(75.Ì28, 285.Í2O).1403Their contextis broad, potential up butmayon balance be G-O ratherthanPG. The onlyexceptionhereis an ivoryand bronze (285.f22),forwhichsee p. 553. spectacle-fibula - withthe obvious Finds in Crete are scarce and relativelyordinary exceptionof other Pins are recorded from in tombs the Knossos and at the Psychro spectacle-fibulae. region, Cave sanctuary:most(fromPG contextsextendinginto G at Psychro)are of simpleformat withbuta fewgroovesat theirhead. A poppy-headedone existsat Teke.An EO tombat Teke in size ofthesilverpinsto be discussedbelow.1404 One yieldeda broad disc-headreminiscent bead ofbone is known:of'melon'type,itcomesfroma PG tombat Knossos,as does an ivory
1399 They are butpoorlyfiredand thusnotstrongenough to withstandthe knocksof everydaylife.This factdoes not detractfromtheircarefulproductionand decoration. 1400 Lefkandi:tombsofPG date in and outsidetheHeroön building used such brick extensively (Popham in and my own experience);and see furtherin conversation, I, 199fF;Pophametai, BSA 77 (1982)224,fig.5. Lefkandi 1401Ay.Triada: Banti,Ann.3-5 (1948) 57, fig.57 a & b: probablySM in date. 1402Of the halfdozen pieces of securelyidentifiedbone (4O.fg and 14; 2g2.f6i, 69, 74, 79), all thatcan be said (courtesyof Sheilagh Wall) is that the largerpieces were made up frommammalianlimb bones- probablycow or
as cut froman equid metatarsal. horse;292. £79is identified The predominanceofbone in Tomb 292 is noteworthy, as is the realizationthathere too come the instancesof gilding (161. 79) and stainingwithgilding(fko). 1403 From'T. 244' comesa head ofa bone pin,whichfrom itsshape and decorationcould well be Geometric.I cannot locateanyCretanparallels,buta certaindegreeofsimilarity can be seen betweenit and some in thePéloponnèse:KilianDirlmeier, Modeln, pl. 63, nos. 1942,1046-7. 1404Psychro:Hogarth, BSA 6 (1899-1900) 113,fig.48; Knossos: Teke,Catling,AR 29 (1983)51; Teke,Hutchinson, BSA 49 (1954) 227, pl. 29.70 and 71; F. nos. in, 195 and 204.
63o
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The spectacle-fibulae, attachedto ironpins,turnup fromcave (Psychro)and pendant.1405 tomb(Prinias)alike,wheretheyno doubtbelongto theearliersegmentoftheEarlyIronAge and (PG-PMG). No twocarryexactlythesame compass-basedpattern,thoughcircle-and-dot are widelysharedmotifs.1406 rosettes and Handles, mattersimprove.Sevenobjectsfallintothisgroup:apartfrom WiththeSleeves a poor specimenfromTomb 45 (fio: EPG), theydivideequallybetweenTombs219 and 292 (both disturbed,and used fromPG-O times).Tomb 219 containeda good portionof a witha groupof ribsand bands at one end, and tubularhandle or staff, chevron-patterned inserted intoor added on to it (2i<).f35); ratherless holes for securingsomething cross-peg thanhalfof anotherwitha plainergroovedor flutedpattern(219.187) and lastlytheeroded remainsofa handleshapedintoa pairofnakedfemales,standingback to back and withtheir hands at theirsides (2I9.Í27). The poor conditionof all the ivoriesin thistomb is very tubular marked.Matterswere betterin Tomb 292: it yieldeda second chevron-patterned a another such with debased with of handle/staff, cross-pegs copper/bronze(292^79), yet 'lotus-bud'pattern,and a cross-pegofbone (2g2.£6i) and whatlookslikean entiresword-hilt withitspommeland a side loop builtin (292.Í49). UnlikeTomb 219,however, onlythevery from a two of bone at least is made of the other are lastitem horse).This,however, (one ivory, is balancedby the discoverythatboth the bone objectswereonce gilded,tracesof the leaf beingpreservednow onlywhereit has been protectedin theincisedlinesofthepattern.The too has some intriguing purplepatchesabove the recessedzone at the side ivorysword-hilt loop: could it havebeen stained?Was therecessedzone boundwitha showyfabricor leather band? It is conceivable that the bone sleeves fromTomb 45 and 292 representsimpler, adaptedversionsoftheseaboveobjects. but ultimately A reviewof Cretanfindsof thiscategoryis tantalizing, ambiguous.There are, fora start,no parallelsto the large tubularhandlesor staveswithincisedchevronsor flutedsides.One 'lotus-bud'piece, however,is knownfromthe Ida cave-sanctuary: slightly Handles more elaborateand betterworkedthan at Knossos, it is also cut fromivory.1407 associatedwithweaponshave been foundin tombsat Knossos (twodaggers, demonstrably and at (iron PG) Liopetri(bronzeknife,SM-PG), and possiblyat the Psychrocave-sanctuary but LM-SM an actual is of The heirloom, bronze, knife, arguably being sword).1408 Liopetri ifbutpoorly,intoPG timesof theactivecontinuation, theothercan be acceptedas indicating an earlierMinoancustom.Thereis nothingas elaborateas theTomb 292 (£49)piece. Of thesimplerbone sleeveswiththeirincisedlinearpattern,thereare a numberon display in HeraklionMuseum.They are fromthearea ofGypsades,Knossos,butno otherdetailsare knownto me.1409 In thecase ofthehandlein theformofstandingfemales,a numberare recordedfromthe of Ida and Psychro(all arguedto be PG-MG in date): all are substantially cave-sanctuaries The incomplete.1410 best remainsthatfromPsychro,but it is also the least comparable:the lowerlegsare lost(and so too anytenons),thehandscup thebreasts,and thereare hintsofa
hosKnossos:E no. 637 (bead);no. 199(pendant). 1406Psychro:Hogarth, BSA 6 (1899-1900) 113,fig.49; 8 (1969)25, pl. 13.1 (Tomb I). See Prinias:Rizza, Crond'Arch H. W. Catling,here(p. 553). 1407 Ida: Kunze,AM 60-1 (1935-6)221,pl. 86.19. 14°8Knossos: Teke: Catling,AR 29 (1983) 51; Psychro:
Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900)112,fig.47; Liopetri:Davaras, AD 27 (1972)B2 650 (TombV). 1409 HM nos. 299,301,307 and 308 in Case 158. 1410 Ida: Kunze,AM 60-1 (1935-6)221; pls. 84.11,843.13, 86.12;Psychro:Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900)113.
OTHER MATERIALS
631
belt (ifnot drapery).The threefromIda, on the otherhand, are represented onlyby lower the third derives froma bases and tenons with two below; simple depictsinglefigures legs: that a The best whose base was back-to-back upheldby palm-treecapital. two-figure piece, can be said is thattheKnossosexampleis obviouslyfromthesame genericgroup. afield,anysignsofivoryexistingin MainlandGreeceare as mucha matter Lookingfurther Winterholdsthatlocal schools commentas is thecase forCrete.Nonetheless, forenthusiastic and Perachora under 'North Syrian' in Iron at the Early Age Athens,Delphi developed source at Sparta.1411Crete, the same ultimate with numerous from influence, imports ateliers.All this more from Phoenician was she goods mostlyattracting conversely, believes, a when North and late Phoeniciawere had occurredby the Syria eighthcenturyBC, period mainland active in thisand othertrade-goods.None of the pieces, however,show close it is ratherin the Near East thatsuch comparisons parallelsto the Cretanfemalefigurines: mustbe sought. The mostcompletesetofparallelsbelongsto the'LoftusGroup'fromNimrud,heldto have to these,it becomes been collectedin thelaterninthto eighthcenturiesBC.1412 By reference clear thatTombs 219 and 292 containedso-calledstavesof compositeelementsin thisNear in all likelihood.In Tomb 219,theremayhave Easterntradition: thesewillhavebeen imports, been twosuch- the 'chevron'patternedand the 'fluted'tubesbeingparallelpieces,to one of whichthefemalehandlewouldhavebeen attached.In Tomb 292,thechevrontubewillhave supportedthe 'lotus-bud'component,and have been capped at theotherend by therosetteknob(292. Í74- see below),fromwhichdangleda carrying thong. Barnettargues,withregardto theIda material,foran undifferentiated Syrianor Phoenician the 'Loftus above seem to origin,1413 though Group' parallelsgiven place themmore in the NorthSyrianschool.Muscarellatracesthe'lotus-bud'capitalto a NorthSyrianorigin,butsees a morePhoenicianinfluencein the nude females.1414 Winterperhapsconcludesthe same in thatshe allocatesmanyof the Ida cave itemsto a Phoenicianorigin.1415 Whetherthe North or Phoenician connections are stressed is at of a Syrian presentsomething matterforpersonal inclination: thefirstdatesearlierto thelateninthto eighthcentury, whilsttheotheris perhaps In to late BC. Cretan this is to terms, eighth eighthcentury comparable E-MG, or M-LG. bone a and colloid is common Near Easternpractice:staining Gilding ivory,using gums, too is reported.1416 it has been observed at Nimrud that bone or ivorysurfacesbelow However, a layer of gold foil have been purple in colour.1417 This may mean that the sword-hilt (292^49) was once gilded(as was thestavethere),and notstained. The pieces gatheredunderthe genericappellationof Attachments and Inlaysare of a very mixedsort.A bone plaque J.fn) willmostlikelyhave been peggedto some backingby its centralhole:thedot-and-circle motifs bywhichitis decoratedare quitein keepingwithitsPG date.Laterand morecomplexis a lathe-turned bone Pfinial, perhapsfroma piece offurniture: allocated to Tomb in reused 40 (40.£14:SM, though LG-LO), itwas a bulldozerfind,and thus cannotbe assignedwithcompleteconfidence. HL and R tombsexistin thesamearea. un Winter,Iraq38 (1976),information displayedin figs.1 and 2, and passim. 1412Barnett,Nimrud Ivories, 108,pls. 83-5: chevronstaves and pl. 82: flutedstaves;104,pls. 79-81: lotushandles;103, pls. 86-7: stave knobs; 104, pls. 73-7: female handle in thisseminalstudv. and bassim components; 1413 Ivories 128. Nimrud Barnett,
1414Muscarella, Hasanlu 58, 142-3, 198 ffand passim: anotherimportant study. 1415 Winter, Iraq38 (1976)13:fig.2 especially. 1416Muscarella,Hasanlu207 for gildingand staining;and Ivories Barnett,Nimrud i<^-6 forthesame. 1417 Barnett,Nimrud Ivories, 155.
The remainderbelongto thosewealthytombs219 and 292,whoserifledconditionmakes exactdatingwithintheearlyIronAge rathertentative. FromTomb 219 comesa smallivory roundel(219. fi6), simplycarvedand seemingly once inlaidwithblue fritor paste on top.It was attachedby pegs in its sides to somethingelse: it could do as an ornamentalknobhandle or decorativeinlay.The bone pieces fromTomb 292 are equally unusual: one resemblesan 'eye',witha hole removedwherethe irismightbe (292.^69), whilstthe other is a domed 'rosette'knob,withinciseddecorationand a complexarrangement foritsfixing to a stave this last will be the knob-end As seems most (292. f74). likely(see above), linked it cannot be to take a but (292. f79) stratigraphically carryingthong, strictly speaking to said item. Cretegivesfewexamplesto comparewiththe above: a studor inlayfromtheTeke tholos (LG-EO) sharesonly its circularshape and peg-holefasteningdevice withthe frit-inlaid whilstfinding roundel(219. fi6).1418 The 'eyes',however, parallelsat Knossos(twoofivory PG or later),at Amnisos(fourofivoryand bone- lackinga firmcontext)and at theIda cave (three,includingbone- PG to MG), are yet of widelyvaryingsize and not obviously find:they Furtherafield,the 'eyes' are a persistent associatedwithany surviving objects.1419 one is Lindos of which with recessed iris), (two, appearat Delphi (twopairsand twosingletons, Iran (two).1420 Theyare stone),Ephesus(?one),Hama (threein stoneand frit)and at Hasanlu, and therecessed'iris'ofpiecesfromAmnisos as belongingto statuettes, generally interpreted and Delphi probablysupportsthisview.Those at Hasanlu are the earliest,datingto thelate the'eyes'wouldbelongto a minorstrain ninthcentury BC.Ifultimately ofIranianinspiration, of importswitnessedin Cretealso in openworkpanels fromIda;1421but,morelikely, by the theywerecommonto all theNear Easternateliers. eighthcentury, all theNear East: the Carvedpanel-work and inlaycomprisedthepremierworkthroughout inlaidroundel(219«fio) is buta scrapfromthattable.Its inlaymightplace itmorewithinthe Phoeniciantradition thananyother:butnotmuchcan be made ofa singleobject. Thereremainsto be mentionedbuta handfulofscrapsofbothbone and ivoryfromTomb 219 (uncatalogued).These are clearlythe wreckof some compositewhole held togetherby to be informative. pegsand thelike:theyare too fragmentary a major reviewof the set of materialis difficult: from this a conclusion Drawing general art would on Cretan nature,degreeand sourcesofthe Orientalising certainly help in impact the assessment.1422 Nonetheless,the N Cemeterymaterialcan be said to findechoes in the the stave Crete:it adds to the repertoire scatterof ivoryand bone piecesknownthroughout in raw its from use of of and the state, manyof beingimported gilding.Apart category objects - fromNorthSyrianand Phoenician the betterivorieswere introducedas finishedarticles Such tradeextendedwell down into the late eighthto centresof productionultimately.1423 BC to seventh centuries (LG EO). veryearly
1418 Knossos:Teketholos, 227,no. 72. 1419 Knossos: Teketholos, 227,no. 73. Amnisos:Marinatos, AA 52 (1937)222, 227,fig.6; Ida: Kunze,AM 60-1 (1935-6) 219,pl. 86.28,33-34. 1420 I, 393, BCH63 (1939)93, fig.7; Lindos Delphi:Amandry, pl. 63, no. 1569D-E; Ephesus:Hogarth(1908) 196,pl. 42g; HamaII.3, 170,fig.206a; Muscarella,Hasanlu:102-3,^91421 Ivories 128. As identified Ximrud byBarnett, 1422 A majornewexcavationoftheIda cave,conductedby
Dr. I Sakellarakis, has already led to the discoveryof numerouspieces of O material:Catling,AR 29 (1983)59; 30 'The Idaean Cave Sakellarakis, (1984),65. See, mostrecently, in Greece... (BritishMuseum Ivories',inJ. L. Fitton(ed.),Ivory 1992) 113-39;especiallyhandles/stavespls. 5,6; females pls. 2-4; rosetteknob- pl. 7. 1423 The Phoenicianimpactis moreeloquentlyrevealedby the discoveryof a bronzebowl withan inscriptionin that language:herej.fi.
other materials
633
and Lead (figs. 155, 193; plates 266-7) This group dividesinto objects of lead intendedfora utilitarianpurpose,and articlesof personalornamentin silver.The latterare easilycategorized:pins,pendantsand ringsforear, fingerand perhapslocksofhair.Generallythepresenceof silverin a tomb(e.g.J, 26, 40, 78, 229 and 292) is matchedby notablegravegoods ofothersubstances, includinggoldjewellery, pins of ironand bronze,bronzefibulaeand even importedivory,amberand faienceitems. Objects of the first,baser,metalare moreintractableto interpretation, beingnow divorced fromtheiroriginalcontexts. The Pins(5, plus 1) fallintothreetypesand are all fashionedfromsilver.The firstcategory comprisesa singletonJ fy PG), withtwo sphericalswellingsat its head and in factmade fromsilver-coated bronze.Ratherlaterare placed the genericallyrelatedsecond and third The commoner(3) ofthemare also theslighter: a small varieties, beingbroadlycontemporary. dischead overa biconical-swelling flankedby mouldedridgesor added wire.They are found as individuals:229.fi (?LG), 123.fi2 (EO) and 26. £5 (O). In the finalform,the disc head predominates byvirtueofitssize: Tomb 208 (fi: O) yieldedbutone. To thesemaybe added an uninformative shaftfragment fromTomb 45 (&: EPG, withO reuse?). The pin typesin fashionin theCretanEarlyIronAge are ofan indigenousbreed,and well distributedthroughoutthe island in settlement,sanctuaryand tombsalike.1425 The vast majorityare of bronze,thoughiron,silverand even gold examples have survived:more discussionon thoseof metalsotherthan silverwillbe foundin the sectionson bronze,iron and goldin thisreport.The varietyequippedwithsphericalswellings is theleastpopularand formsa minorstrainfromPG to O timeswithoutany greatuniformity of appearance:an EPG examplefromAy.Ioannis,Knossosseemsclosestin appearanceand date to theone from TombJ.1426 Gildingis reportedfroma ?PG tombat Kephala, and the combinationof gold withsilveris wellattestedin thepairsofbird-headedpinsin theTeke tholosofarguablymuch thesameearlydate.1427 The dominantspeciesin all metalsforthe PG and G timesis the smalldisc-headedtype mostfamiliaramongstthe silveritemshere.Fromthe unique PGB pieces in the Teke tholos downto theO ones at Arkades,thereis a notableconsistency ofform:themostone can sayis thata sphericalrivalto the biconical-swelling is encounteredlaterin the G era, and thata local varietyis seen in the eyed-shank typesreportedat Vrokastro.1428 Duringthe O period, however,was developedthe largerdominatingdisc-headeddescendant,fromwhichin turn even more decorativetypessprang.1429 The N Cemeteryexamples,then,are but typicalof theirtime.Archaeologicalliteraturehas tendedto interpretthesepins as dressaccessories ratherthanforthehair- a viewupheldforthelatersortsat leastbya terracotta from figurine Praisos.1430 Whetherthesesilverspecimensacted as shroud-fasteners is not indicatedby any Objects
of Silver
1424 Vacat. 1425The basic overall appreciationof Greek pins is still Pins(1956)- Crete,passim;butthemainland Jacobsthal,Greek has come underrecentreviewby Kilian-Dirlmeierin PBF - whilst XIII 8 (1984). Her findings concerning the - maywellhaveramifications forCrete. Péloponnèse 1426 Knossos:Ay.Ioannis, V. 7, thoughthisis oïiron. 1427 Knossos: Kephala, Coldstream,BSA 58 (1963)43, pl. i4d (TombV): giltiron;Teketholos 226-7 nos.4, 21,pl. 28. 1428 There are some thirtyCretan sites(all thoseseen in
these footnotes)that have yielded bronze and iron pins. Those few examples mentioned here are all of silver: see n. 1427;Gypsades, nos. 118-19,P1-31; Knossos,Teketholos, Arkades, 303,pl. 12; Vrokastro, 167(Bone EnclosureXI). 1429Psychro:Hogarth,BSA 6 (1899-1900) in, fig.45, of bronze;Arkades: Levi,AJA49 (1945)314 ff,fig.24a, of silver; Praisos:Marshall,BSA 12(1905-6),69, fig.4 (Tombs9, 31)of silver;and seeJacobsthal,Greek Pins,17ffin particular. 1430 Pins106,fig.329 forillustration ofthis Jacobsthal,Greek O terracotta.
D- EVELY
634
clothimpressions on them,thoughtheirhumblerbronzeand ironcounterparts do surviving seemto haveso servedat times(see Chapter15byJ. Cocking). WhetherthebrokenobjectfromTomb 119(oflaterdate anyway)is a strayfroma nearby it seemsto be partof a fibula,but no plunderedGeometricburialis uncertain:superficially, in seem Crete. goodparallels forthcoming one fromTomb 78 (£22: LG-EO) may Pendants are rarelyencountered. The heart-shaped as easilyhave been sewnonto a backingas strungon a thong.Less ambiguousis thatfrom as incorporating a boar'stuskis ofparticularinterest.1431 Tomb 292 (f35);itsidentification are found(6). Those of silvertend to be of on the other hand, Rings, quite frequently LG-EO date,thoughsinceTombs40 and 292 havealso SM and PGB interments respectively, ringsof silvercould well be representedearlier,whichis anywaylikely.The singleearring (26. f6: O) is quite elaborate: an omega-shapedrod withlion's head terminals,it would witha wirediameterofonly0.1 cm,is a spiralof Altogether slighter, requirea piercedear.1432 gildedsilver(78*fa6: LG-EO); conceivablyintendedas a hair ornament,it mightjust have are naturally ofwhichfourexamplessurvive, beenpressedintouse as an earring.Finger-rings, sturdier: mostare ofplano-convexsection(40.fi}; 56. £54; 78. Í2: LG-EO) witha singleone ofcircularsection(292. f26). Theyare all quiteplain. in timeand place, oftheplainersortsare widely-spaced As mightbe expected,finger-rings thoughusuallymade of bronze ratherthan a more preciousmetal. Silverspecimensare reportedfromthe PsychroCave (broadlyG) and froma tomb at Ay.Ioannis, Knossos (E-MPG).1433 Spiralwireformsare knownin generalG contextsfromPsychro(ofgold)and at is provenbythepresenceof ofthelastas a finger-ring Vrokastro (ofbronze):theidentification boneswithinit.1434 theappropriate placed articles(4) fallintotwomain groups, Passingto the basermetalof Lead,the firmly Two of these from Tomb 13a) are termedin the catalogue'rod and Í7, (292. 292. largely ofbronze wires encasedin a brokenfragment two lead of one or consist cover':essentially they rimofa bronzevessel,thoughnot sheet.Theylookverymuchlikesectionsfroma reinforced fromthesinglebronzephiale(£56,46, 78) thererecorded.The otherpair(292.fioa; 287^5: LPG-PGB) resemblesmallstriphinges,and tojudge fromtheirshape wereonce threaded on to a line or rod. Neitherbears any marksto suggestthat it was attachedto another - butin whatcapacityis and so theymayhavebeen utilizedsolelyfortheirweight substance, ofTomb 75 (G-O): a circular notknown.Finallycomesa strayfindfromtheneighbourhood face. It one line on in an of five dots a with mightbe a weight. sheet, enclosing pattern is no doubtbutan accident which for those There seemno contemporary objects, parallels thatlead was utilizedat thisperiodin theKnossosregioncan be demonstrated ofdiscovery; ofIuktas. unearthedat thesanctuary recently bythefigurines of Amber (fig. 184) here.Greatnumbersoccur in Tomb 18 (£6, 7, 8, 9), Beadsare the main class represented some fortybeads can be accountedfor,all quite condition: in a of them fragmentary many Objects
1431 pl. 42, Comparesimilarteethin Hogarth,Excavations, 21and 23,fromEphesus:also lackingidentification. 1432 For suchearringsgenerally, Higgins,GRJ10bti. ot O date.
1433Psychro:CCO 40 no. 63, pl. 14, fig.17, and 39 for V. 39. othersin HerakleionMuseum;Knossos:Ay.Ioannis 1434Psychro:CCO 40 no. 175,pl. 14,fig.17; Vrokastro, 154 (C.T. 7).
OTHER MATERIALS
635
in form.Spheres,flatlentoids,cylinders smalland slightly and plano-convexshapes irregular are foundin roughlyequal proportions: a necklaceis theirmostlikelyfunction. Similarbeads turnup in ones and twosfroma handfulof othertombs(78.fl6b,19, 29: LG-EO; 82.fi: theG and O periodsis LO; 104.f2, 7: EG; 22g. fô97: LG). Their broad spreadthroughout obvious.Noteworthy too is theassociationofamberwithrockcrystal(18.Í2; 78.föa, 17, 23; 229. f8) and withfaienceor glass(78.1$ especially).In Tomb 218 a goldand amberpin (fi2: MG) was revealed. otherfindsofamberare recordedalmostonlyin theregionofKnossos,where Interestingly, ithas been recoveredfromtwoothercemeteries. At Teke,itplaysa minorrolein thecomplex inlaidgoldjewelleryassignedto PGB times.Later,in MG and LG, its usage is confinedto beads likethosein theN Cemetery:somenumbersoccurin TombX, Fortetsa.1435 In thesame the period, occasionalsealstonewas fashionedfromit,as seenat Arkades.1436 Fromthisevidence,it may surelybe deduced thatamber,like ivoryand perhaps rock aroundKnossos must crystal,was an importedluxuryarticle,and one whoseconcentration serveto underlinethe continuingrole of the area as a centreof premierrank in Crete. Elsewherein Greece,findsof amberare scarcelymade down intothe ninthcenturyBC,but a situationexactlycomparableto theCretan.1437 pickup sharplyin theeighthcentury: Materials Objects of Perishable (plate 312) Giventhepredominant customofcremationpractisedin thiscemetery, it is notsurprising to encounterin the burialspieces of carbonizedor partlyburntWood.Samples froma dozen tombs,coveringthe entirePG to O periods,were large enoughto warrantcollectionand tracesof even more are referredto in the Excavationday books. Where sufficient of the charcoalor wood remain,the fragments declare themselves to be drawn from the generally in thattheyare apparentlysegmentsof untrimmed branches(Tombs219, 285). In pyre-fuel one case only(219.^155) is thereevena remotesuggestion of deliberateshaping:a disc,and a of a thin-walled vessel. L Tomb could add a thinlath (f. 2), if it is not maybe fragment intrusive. Other Vegetable remainswererecovered:olivepips fromthreetombs(19, several:LG-LO; one: EO-LO; 57, loy.fyj, two:O pithos);a fruitwitha kernel(M.f2: PGB-LG); and many thousandsof fenugreek seeds (229, uncatalogued;in LG vessel).Finallycome a fewscoreof carbonizedcerealgrains,probablybarley,albeitin a disturbedpyre(3io.f7, 8: G, withHL and R burials).The fenugreek seeds,at least,are a deliberatedeposit. Similar symbolismcan be soughtin the Eggshells that have turnedup in seven tombs 82 182 (34«*3O5 56*^74; uncatalogued; uncatalogued; 2ig.f56a and 294. fig), none earlier than the O certainly period.Though it is analytically impossibleto identify beyond doubtthe birdfromwhichtheycame, a hen would not be improbable.1438 Finallythereare the Seashellsand relateditemsof marinecreatures:the scatterof the formerdisplaysno concentrations. recognisably significant They includeSpinyOyster(4O.fi8), PepperyFurrow two Murex (56: EO-LO), Limpet (60), species (75: O; 104), Dentalium (ioo.f28b: 1435 Knossos:Teketholos 26c;ff:F. no. ^6a ho niecesV 1436 Arkades:Levi,AJA49 (1945)314,fig.24b. 1437Higgins in LefliandiI 223, for an abbreviated appreciation of this point; also Hughes-Brock, Amber
in Archaeology, 220-1 fora LBA perspective. 1438 as an 216,whatis identified Thoughnote,in Teketholos ostrichegg. On eggshells,see Keepax,JAS 8.4 (1981)315 ff, fortheproblemsofidentification.
636
D- EVELY
MPG-EG), Lima (107), Cockle (i32.fs) and Glycimeris(2g4*fi7a); manyare edible. Of moreinterestare beads or pendantsfashionedfromelasmobranch(rayor shark)vertebrae (75.Í28; 285. Í2o) and even froma fossilshell (285. fi 8). Such fossilsare commonfinds oftheKnossosregion. amongstthekouskouras It is noticeablethatthesetantalizingly pieces of evidencehave a tendencyto fragmentary in G O is tombs where a later or presence strong,ifnot dominant.Are theywitness, appear thedeposition albeitratherobliquely, ofnew elementsin funerary customs,perhapsinvolving cerealsand eggsthatcarriedsome symbolicsignificance; of suchas fruits, or,perhaps,being remainsoffoodspartakenat theburialceremony?1439
Objects of a Later Date (plates 305, 308) Given the extensiveuse of the same generalareas forHL, R and ECh funerary activities, to discoverthatobjectsdatingfrom accompaniedat timesby looting,it is hardlysurprising laterhave foundtheirway intothe G and O tombs.Itemsderivedfrom overa millennium are rare: two Pcolumnfragments or Statuary (34^23; 292.f76). large pieces oí Architecture Rathermoreprevalentare bitsof stoneinlayand veneer,mouldingsand mosaic tesserae: AD.Tombs24,30, fromthenearbyBasilicaChurchofthefifth muchperhapsderiving century interest. 79, 126,208,287,292 and 306 all yieldedan itemofthissort:noneis ofanyintrinsic Vastlymorenumerousare pieces fromGlassvessels.Almosthalfof the eightyor so Early and on rareoccasions(e.g.Tomb 100) the Iron Age tombscontaineda fewsuch fragments, scorereachesup intothedozens.The commonestare piecesfromthewall ofa vessel,usually coat of corrosionproductsand revealinga wide rangeof coloursand coatedin an iridescent calibres.Withsuchmustbe takenthe glassmosaictesserae(Tombs13,48, 55, 100,208, 283 the extensivewall mosaicsknownto have adorned and 310):theirsourceis almostcertainly theBasilicaChurchmentionedabove. Lastly,and datingroughlyto theTurkishperiodare partsof ClayPipesforsmokingtobacco (14. f2; 283.fi, and near to 126). They followthe same overall patternand general of a smallbowl and a shortstemendingin a collar.All are decorated consisting proportion, witha varietyof geometricpatternsput on by stampand roulettewheel.Clearlya stemor in size, shape and tube of anothersubstancewas insertedinto the collar.Their similarity under decorativetechniquesand motifsdeclare thatsuch itemswere being manufactured conditions.1440 even standardized, factory, maybe
1439Boardman and Kurtz, Greek BurialCustoms (1971)66 forthe sortof findsmade in Atheniancemeteries.I would like to thank and SEM photographs. Dr. C. G. Vosa forhis identifications
1440These are published separately: Evely,BSA 83 (1988) 135 if- note the error:R. C. W. Robinson, .4M 98 (1983) 265 if.
PART IV
THE BURIALS
CHAPTER 17 THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS H. W. Catling to This chapterattempts to definetheSM periodin termsoftheN Cemeteryevidenceitself, set thatagainstwhatwas previously knownof the periodat Knossos,and to relateit to its widercontextin theEarlyDark Ages. overthe The earliestburialsmarkthebeginningof the SM period.There is disagreement statusof the sitebeforehand:in myview,it was a virginsite,whereno previousburialshad been made. I do not believe thatany of the chambertombswere opened beforethe SM period. I do not believe that any of them had once contained LM III A-C burials and whichweresubsequently cleanedout forSM or,later,PG use. As willbe arguedin offerings, detail the tomb are more below, plans poorlymatchedin the LM series,but are close to the Dark Age seriesfromtheFortetsacemetery. The onlyMinoan objectsfound(apartfromone or two gems,and insignificant numbersof batteredpotteryfragments), are fivepainted larnakesand elevenothers,undecorated.I believethatthesewererecoveredfromelsewhere and re-used.The argumentthattheyare too cumbersometo have been broughtfromany LM people managedto movetheirclaylarnakesfromtheirplace of distanceis unconvincing; to theirplace of use, and thereis no groundforsupposingthatDA Knossians manufacture wereincapableof transporting heavyloads. I do notbelievethatthe SM-PG-G usersofthe as LM tombs)wouldreallyhave troubledto cemetery(had mostof thechamberspre-existed have sweptaway all traceof such previousLM burials,not onlyfromthe individualtomb chambersbutfromthedromoi as well- indeed,fromtheentirearea ofthecemetery. Nor is it crediblethatthepost-Minoanuserswould,first, havelocatedeverysingleM tombon thesite, and second,wouldhave foundeveryone in sufficiently good condition(roof,doorway,dromos sides)forcleaningand reuse. There areexamplesin the Knossos area of LM chambertombsreusedin SM times.The clearestis theAy.Ioannistombpublishedby M. S. F. Hood and J. N. Coldstream1441 where thetombitselfwas undoubtedly ofLM design,and theearliestburialremainswereofLM II or LM III A date; the SM burialsoverlaythesein clearjuxtaposition.GypsadesT. VII1442 containeda LM III paintedlarnaxand a largeSM group.Hood, the excavator,saysof this find'The larnax . . . may be earlierthan the tomb itselfand the objects foundin it. It containedthe remainsof a skeleton,but no gravegoods exceptforan interesting ironknife withbronzerivets. . .'. tombsmay,withvaryingdegreesofconfidence, be attributed to theSM period, Twenty-one namely:
1441 BSA 63 (1968),205-18.
•"2 BSA53-54 (1958-59),205-08.
64o
H. W.CATLING
2, 16,18,24,40*,45,48, 56*,98*, 112,121,149,153,160,186,200+, 207*,208,282,F/67:5*, and F/67:14. * were usedlaterin theDarkAges.) (Tombswithan asterisk certainly Thereare threetypesofgrave. Pit-caves-Ts. ?98*,186,200+, ??2o8 - Ts. 149,153,160,282 Shaft-graves - Ts. 2, 16,18,24,40*,45, 48, 56, 112,121,207*,F/67I5*,F/67:i4 Chamber-tombs The pit-caves186, 200-2 are of great importancefortheirundisturbedconditionand, in themselves, richcontents.They are modestconstructions ofsquare,or relatively, consisting X X in cut 1.80 1.00 the case of T. into some 186, 1.34 1.34forTs. stereo, nearlysquarepits the floorscut level.Fromlow down in the wall to floor 200+. The pitswerestraight-sided, level,centredin thewall,one (T. 186),or three(Ts. 200+) smallchamberswerecut intothe face,theirfloorsa fewcentimetres deeperthanthefloorofthepit.The largest(T. 200) is 0.65 0.60 wide and The deep, 0.55 high. openingis sealed eitherby a singlestoneslab (Ts. 186, a 200, 202) or by largerand a smallerslab (T 201).Aftercompletionof the burialrite,the ofT. 186 shaftswererefilled withkouskouras probablyupcastfromcuttingthepits.The pit-fill was clean; the fillof Ts. 200-202 includeda large patch of ash-blackenedearth,flecksof charcoaland fragments of a neck-handledamphora.Ts. 186, 200, and 201 containedloose Save a tinyscrapof crematedbone, T. 202 was cremations and a varietyof graveofferings. ofT. 186;twostirrup jars wereon thefloorofTs. empty. Nothingwas foundon theshaft-floor 200+, one in theNEcorner,one in theSE. IfT. 98 was originally a pit-cave,itwas muchlargerthanTs. 186,200+, at 2.86 X 2.40. No werecorrect,it has to be assumedthatthe chamber chamberremained;ifthe identification stillis theidentification had been destroyed whenthedromos ofT. 156was cut.More tentative ofT. 208 as an erstwhile pit-cave.The shaftwouldhavebeen 1.30 X 1.65;theblockingstone, had no chamberbehind it. The grave had been so thoroughlydisturbedthat off-centre, is certain. nothing as identified Of thefourshaft-graves (Ts. 149,153,160,282),onlyT. 160 can be positively and Ts. 282 had no T. in the found it, 149 SM, fromthestirrup offerings, onlyoffering. 153 jar thata SM and distinctive, is so similar, The gravetypein each case, however, weredisturbed. or date forall fouris veryprobable.A pit approximately (Ts. 282) (T trapezoidal rectangular Within known. surface below In no case is the cut into stereo. was ground depth 149,153,160) thecompassof thispit a smallerone was dug to a greaterdepthto receivea singleinhumed burial.The outerpitsvariedfrom1.84 X 1.0 (T. 282) to 1.38 X 1.08 (T. 153),the innerpits from1.38 X 0.86 to 1.15 X 0.62. Once thebodyhad been laid in theinnerpit,itwas covered by at least threestone slabs laid side-by-sideathwartthe innerpit, restingon the ledges withtheupcast createdby diggingtheinnerpit.The mainpitwas thenrefilled, presumably The bodies had been placed on theirbacks,withtheirlegs drawnup, fromitsconstruction. heads at the N to NE end of the grave.The stirrup jar in T. 160 was placed above the left shoulder. The thirteenchamber-tombs, poorlypreservedthoughmanyof themwere,are relatively and blockingwalls and thestomion in plan. In mostcasestheroofshad been destroyed uniform had been in case dromos each of the Much wereseriously byerosion.The destroyed damaged. whosewidthvariesbetween0.85 and basic designis composedofan entrancepassage(dromos)
THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS
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1.48 as between one tomb and another,lengthsvaryingfroma maximumof 5.85 to a minimumof 2.30, the averageamountingto 3.50. Eightof the thirteentombshave dromoi between2 and 4 m long.In plan,mosttombschambersare ofratherirregular bulbousplan, in eightcases widerthantheyare deep,theremainderthereverse.In severalcases (Ts. 2, 16, In T. 207,however, thechamber 40, 112,121)chambersare notmuchwiderthantheirdromoi. - 2.20 to 0.85 m. The was substantially widerthanthedromos chamber ofT. 48 was damaged at least2.70wide to the 1.20m ofthedromos; thechambermayhavebeen evenwider,butthe intrusion of thebasilicawall makesthisuncertain.Only Ts. 24 and 207 preservedtheirroofs was domedin section,up to 1.38high,whilethelatterwas almost almostcomplete;theformer in wedge-shaped section,heightup to 1.0 m. What remainedof the roofsof Ts. 2 and 18 suggesttheyhad also been wedge-shapedin section,whileTs. 16 and 56 had probablybeen domed.In general,theN CemeterySM chambertombsmostcloselyresemblethedesignof in the shape of thechambersand theirsize relativeto thetombsin theFortetsacemetery1443 the wholetomb- dromos, and chamber.Only T 112has a chamberof angularplan stomion, thatin anywayrecallstheLM ZapherPapouraseries,1444 forexample,or thoseat Isopata.1445 Nor are ourtombslikethedifferent designoftheLM chambertombsat Kalyvia,Phaistos.1446 The size and arrangementof the SM cemeteryis of interest.Withthe exceptionof the T. 282, an outlierin the N sectorof the cemetery, and the outliersF/67I5and 14 shaft-grave wellawayto thesouth-west, all thegravesare concentrated in themaingroupoftombson the S sideofthesite,coveringa roughlytriangular area 58m E-w,40 m N-S. Of these,Ts. 207 and T. 18 an E outlier, T 2 a S outlier.The majorconcentration oftheremaining 48 are Woutliers, fourteenSM tombsoccupiesan area 24 m E-W,26 m N-S,whichincludesall the pit-caves, three of the four shaft-gravesand seven (54%) of the chamber-tombs.Within this all thepit-cavesoccupya space 8 m E-Wby8 m N-S at theS side ofthegroup. concentration, The threeshaft-graves are roughlyin an E-Wline 6 m in extent,at theNE side of thegroup. The sevenchamber-tombs lie in an area 20 m E-Wby 13N-S. It is tempting to tryto interpret thiscemetery's buttheevidenceis slender,and topography, theremustbe at leastthe suspicionthatthelateruse of the cemeterymayhave removedall traceofsomeSM tombs(pit-caves and shaftgraves)and obscuredthefactthatotherchamber tombsmayhaveoriginated in theSM period.As itis,itseemsthattheSM families(orgroups, to use a moreneutralterm)who crematedtheirdead separatedthemselves fromthosewho no distance. inhumed,thoughby great The remarkableconcentrationof graves representedby the Ts. 98-106-152-163-168 - it can be no more- thatthis interlocking group of tombsraises a suspicion pointin the was attractive because of the status of the near which so many cemetery particularly grave later If strove to their dead. that were there are three candidates forthe so, people bury 'master'grave- Ts. 40 (N ofthecomplex),98 (partofthecomplex)and 200+ (to thes). As we have seen,the statusof T. 98 is uncertain;in itsfavourforthe 'master'role is itsimmediate to thecluster.T. 40's candidaturerestson proximity, ratherthananyintrinsic factor. proximity T. 200+ , fromits contentsmustbe among the veryearliestburials in the cemetery;the richnessof those contentssuggeststhose buried in it had been prominentwithintheir The mattercannotusefully be arguedbeyondthispoint. community. 1443 E tombplans,especiallyT. Pi and T. VI, pl. 131and 133respectively. 1444 E.g. PTK figs.44 and 51.
1445 Archaeologia 65 (1913-14), 1-59. 1446MA 14 (1905), 505 ft,especially 507, fig.2.
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The stateof preservation of the majorityof the SM gravesis too poor forgeneralisation aboutthemannerofuse. Such evidenceas thereis maybe summarised: 98 186 200 201 202 208
Pit-caves (In theSM level).Remainsofunburntlimbs. Cremation(inbag?)ofone individual. Cremation(inbag?)ofone individual. Cremation(inbag(s)?)oftwoindividualsand a child. Cenotaph(apartfroma scrapofcrematedbone). Crematedand unburntremains. Verydisturbed.
149 153 160 282
Shaft-graves - youngmaturemale). Inhumation(disturbed Inhumation(adult,25-35years). Inhumation(male,'pasttheprimeoflife'). Completely pillaged- twoscrapsofburntbone.
tombs ChamberLimbbonesfroman inhumation (chamber). Inurnedcremation(Pot1)ofan ?adultfemale. 16 ofan adult,age unknown. Singleinhumation - smalllotsofburntand unburntbones. 18 Confused - no identifiable Confused cremationor inhumationfoundwiththe SM group,thoughsmalllotsof 40 burntand unburntbone foundin thefill. All bone foundwas unburnt;no burialinsitu. 45 Some lotsofburntand unburntbone. Specificcremation, 56 perhapsofa male. Verymuchdisturbed. adult25-35years. 112 Inhumation, Threeinhumations:121 over I (final),male perhapsnotmorethan35. Laid on back,withhead on w side ofchamber,twisting to left,legsdrawnup,handsoverpelvis. II (sweptup) ?Female,perhapsunder25. III (sweptup) Child,under6. Two groupsofunburntbone. Much disturbed. 207 F/67:5 Disturbed.Trace ofunburntchildburial. F/67:i4 Disturbed.Burntand unburntbone. 2
insitu,singlein 16 and 112,multiplein 121, Thus,Ts. 16, 112,and 121containedinhumations wherethe evidenceof swept-upburialspointsto use on at least two occasions.There was certainlyan inhumationin T. 2, but an in-urnedcremationhad been placed in the aromos. there T. 45 had probablycontainedan inhumation; Could this,in fact,be ofpost-SMidentity? came from and cremations at least.Evidenceforbothinhumations wereno signsofcremation, continuedin use duringthepost-SMperiod. Ts. 18,40, 48, and 56, all ofwhichcertainly The evidencesuggeststhatinhumation mayhavebeen thenormalSM meansofdisposing of the dead, but thatthe two well preservedpit-cavesmake it certainthata sectionof the at least,cremated. community, In generalterms,thethreetypesof SM gravehave theirequivalentsat Knossosin theLM buton a muchlargerscale,were describedby Pini as Schachtnischengraber^1 period.Pit-caves, whereeighteenexampleswerefound, a prominent featureof the Zapher Papoura cemetery,
1447 Gräberkunde zurminoischen Pini,Beiträge (Wiesbaden, 1968),46.
THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS
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withpitsup to 4.35 m deep, and the 'cave' large enoughto receivean extendedinhumed ofdry-stone of The cavesweresealedwithtwothicknesses wallingbeforetherefilling body.1448 in otherparts withvaryingdegreesofconfidence, theshaft.LM pit-caveshavebeen identified, of the Knossos area (Hospitalsite,Upper Gypsades,and a site E of the Temple Tomb1449). There are a fewexamplesoutsideCrete,in Atticaat Markopoulo,in theArgolisat Nauplia, An EPG example is reportedfromthe Kerameikos Phriphtiani,Tiryns,and Argos.1450 in Athens.1451 The cemetery grave-type mayhavetravelledas faras Cyprus,whereithas been at Alaas and identified Lapithos.1452 provisionally Shaft-graveswere also well representedin the Zapher Papoura cemetery,where 33 featuresis very exampleswere excavatedby Evans,whose descriptionof the distinguishing clear: oftheactualsepulchral cell.The cellhere, ... a shaftor pitleadingdownto theslabbedcovering in therockmadesomewhat narrower thantherockaboveso as to leavea is a simplecavity however, ofthecovering slabs. ledgeforthesupport These Zapher Papoura gravesweremuchlargerthatours,withshaftsof 2.0 to 3.5 m deep, and the gravesthemselvesaddingup to anothermetrein depth.Rarely,gravegoods were Pini listsshaft-graves fromthe placed on top of the coverslabs,as well as in the grave.1453 Knossos area at AyiosIoannis,Hospital Site, Mavro Spelio, a site E of the Temple Tomb, The gravetypeis more widelydistributed beyond Upper Gypsades,and at Sellopoulo.1454 Knossosthanthe pit-cave,but is stillnot a commontype.Of the exampleslistedby Pini,a datesfromLM III B,or later. majority was widespreadin Crete throughoutthe LM The practiceof burial in chamber-tombs at and was well particularly represented Knossos.This factis of moreimportanceto period, the presentinquirythana fineranalysisof the considerablerangeof variationin chambertombplan and methodofuse. Giventhespecialcircumstances oftheDark Ages in Creteit is difficult notto tryto see in the arrangement and diversity of the SM tombsin the N Cemeterysymptoms of change,of the presenceof intrusive elementsin the population,and the establishment of new overseas links.The bestevidenceforchangecomesfromthestartofthecemetery itself. We haveseenit was a new site,untouchedby Minoan use. It has provedthe largestburial groundof the periodyetknownat Knossos,thoughotherburialsweremade duringthe same periodat a numberofpointsat somedistancefromthismaincentre.We maynoteTombsVia and VII at Upper Gypsades,2 km to the SSE; FortetsaTomb Pi, 150 m SSE,FortetsaTomb VI (see pp. due S; Ay.Ioannis (re-usedLM II tomb)750mdue N, and in the 308-09) almosta kilometre reusedKephala ridgetholostomb,almosta kilometreto the NE. Doubtlessthereare more. Wheretheevidenceis clear,all theseperipheralSM burialsseem to have been inhumations, eitherin newlycut chambertombs(Upper GypsadesT. VII), or as reuse of Minoan built tombs(Kephala ridgetholos)and chambertombs(theAy.Ioannisreusedtomb).There is no certaincase ofSM cremationbeyondtheN Cemetery.
1448pTK. fig.79.
1449 Pini,op.cit.82-5, collectsthereferences. 1450 Pini,op.cit.46, and n. w6. 1451Kerameikos IV, 47, no. 2, an inhumationassociated
withan ironsword. 1452 Catling,in TheApesofHomer (iqqO, h«. 1453 pTJCfigs.10,52,53 (theChieftain's Grave). 1454 Pini,op.cit.82-5 has collectedthereferences.
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The relationshipbetweenthe LM pit-caves,used exclusivelyforinhumations, and their much smallerSM versions,used, it seems,exclusivelyforcremations,is verydifficult to determine.It mightbe arguedthatthereis no relationship, and thatthe resemblancesare coincidental.I shouldpreferto supposethereis a linkbetweenthe two versionsas yetnot understood. The locationofsettlement in theKnossosarea in theDark Ageshas been fullydiscussedby Hood in the lightof his unrivalledknowledgeof the ancienttopographyof the region.1455 While he accepts that there may have been one or two outlyingareas of occupation to themoredistantcemeteries (ofwhichAy.Ioannisis theclearestinstance),he corresponding in favourof a main centreof habitationin the neighbourhoodof the erstwhile is strongly Palace fromat leastEPG. He pointsto SM findsw ofthePalace,up to and includingthearea behindthe Stratigraphie Museum.He suggeststhatthe SM cultin the SpringChamberS of IftheStratigraphie thePalace mayhavebeen outsidethearea ofsettlement. Museumis taken as the notionalcentreof such SM occupation,it would place the N Cemeterya kilometre distantfromthecentre,to theNW.Forcomparison,theLM Zapher Papoura cemetery lies a N ofthePalace. kilometre It is probablyfutilein the presentstate of knowledgeto look forevidence of positive associationbetweentheSM use oftheN Cemeteryand anyparticulararea ofSM habitation in the Knossos area, forwhat is knownis extremelyfragmentary, and the possibilityof undiscovered habitationsites,perhapsin Fortetsaitself, cannotbe entirely discounted. Whatkindof people do we findin the SM community of the N Cemetery?For the most tellus relatively little,apartfromtheobviousfactofthe parttheirremainsand burialofferings ofthreeclearlydifferentiated methodsof disposingofthe co-existence withinthecommunity as we have seen,not in itselfnew to Knossos.The selectionof vases,and dead, something, to the as offerings theirpresumedcontents, buriedwiththedead mayvariouslybe interpreted dead fromtheliving,or as a responseto a perceivedneed bythedead at somepointfollowing to relatetheseburialgoods,theirsize and quality,to any theirburial.It would be difficult in viewof the smallsize of the sampleand the even social of hierarchy, preconceivedtheory smallernumberofburialswheretheassociationbetweenindividualsand theirburialgoodsis unequivocal.Such an approachis made evenmoresubjectivebytheconsiderableuncertainty aboutthesequenceofgravesand thepossibility that,withthepassageoftime,ideas changed abouttheextentand characterofthegoodsthatshouldbe placed withthedead. T. 16 and T. each containedthreevases.T. withsingleinhumations, 112,smallchamber-tombs, apparently and a T. two 16 had a stirrup and two 112 belly-handled amphora.Does stirrup jars cups, jar in different individuals viewed these that their thisdegreeofdiversity ways? community signal neither could be the sex of that is but interpretation virtuallyimpossiblegiven Perhapsso, and thatonlyone (T. 112)couldbe evenapproximately identified, aged. is T. 121,wheresevenvases,two bronzearched The mostpromisingof the inhumations of thevases suggestedthatfiveof fibulae,and a faiencebead werefound.The arrangement the sevenmay have belongedto the earlierburials(womanand child)and thata flaskand then,to jar had been placed withthe finalburial,probablya man. It is tempting, stirrup and that the for were and second second flask that the woman, originally jar stirrup suppose smalloinochoe,handmadevase- wereforthe the threeratherunusualshapes- thelastron,
i«5 AS*,!6-i8.
THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS
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child.The twofibulaewerewiththeswept-upremains:thebead could have belongedto any ofthethree.The onlycomparablegroupis T. 40, withitstwelvevases.Unfortunately, thereis to show to how burials these were one was attached; vase, anyway, nothing many widely separatedfromthemaingroup,and has to be discounted.Fourstirrup jars and threeflasksin T. 40 recallthetwostirrup jars and twoflasksof T. 121;therewas a smalloinochoein both. But T. 40 has a cup,neck-handled amphora,and a singleshoulder-handled amphoramissing in T. 121.The distinction is probablynotchronological, fortheflasksin bothtombsare very close to one anotherin formand decoration.T. 40 is largerthan T. 121;its burial goods includelargervasesthanT. 121.Is thisevidencefora different social statusfortheoccupants ofthetwotombs,or fordifferent customsamongthetwogroupsofpeoplewho attendedtheir dead? whatis to be said ofthestatusand attitudes ofthosewhowereburiedalone in By extension, the fourshaft-graves? There are manywaysin whichthe difference betweenthemand the chamber-tombs could be of status,of wealth,of ethnic mightbe rationalised;the differences origin,of maritalcondition,forexample. We cannot,in our presentstateof knowledge, suffice itto recognizeitsexistence. penetratethisconundrum; Two pit-graves, 186 and 200+, offermorevariedinformation rich throughtheirrelatively grave groups,informationthat not only seems to clothe theirdead with more tangible personalitiesthan can be attached to the occupants of the other graves,but to suggest connections beyondKnossos- indeed,farbeyondCreteitself.There is muchthatis uncertain about some of the contents,particularly of T. 201, and it is hoped thatfuturestudyof this materialwillpermita muchmoresophisticated appraisalofitssignificance. Pit-caveT. 186 contained,in itssingle'cave', an undisturbed cremationassociatedwitha an iron a bronze an iron knife with bronzerivets, twohoning dirk, stirrup jar, large spearhead; it is not stones,and a (verycrushed)bronzephalaron,withprominent certain, spike.Though thisphalaronmaywell have been used as a shieldboss. Here is a warrior'sequipment,that recallsan almostcontemporary inhumation burialin a cistgraveat Tiryns,T. XXVIII ofthe seriesexcavatedbyN. Verdelis.1456 Two skeletons werefound,ofwhichone,a woman's,lacked With the second a were a burial, male, offerings. SMyc stirrup jar, two irondirks,a bronze a bronze with elaborate and the remains of the bronzefacingsof spearhead, phalaron spike, whathas been identified as a helmet.Withone exception,T. XXVIII was theearliestgravein thecemetery. The parallelwiththeT. 186 assemblage,thoughfarfromexact,is close enough to suggesttherecouldbe somecommonfactor. Pit-cave200+ was also undisturbed.Of its three 'caves' (Ts. 200, 201, 202) T. 200, in additionto theloose cremation, containedgoods appropriateto a woman- an ivorycomb,a necklaceof 80 solid gold beads, otherbeads of glass and paste,a bronzewheel-shapedpinand a gold finger-ring. There was also a largestirrup head, two(damaged)leaf-goldrosettes, T was the in 201 most the number and of its finds.It was, again, the jar. prolific diversity of a whose cremated remains found loose werea bronzeTypeII sword warrior, grave among four a bronze six (in pieces), fragmentary spearhead, large bronze arrowheads,a very bronze with short two damaged phalaron spike, pieces of slim iron shaft,and the very remains of a bronze four-sided stand. fragmentary ajouré Studyofthecrematedbone showed thattherehad been takenup withit by the excavatora seriesof triangularand rectangular
1456AM 78 (1963), 10 ff.
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H. W. CATLING
bone inlays,a fragmentary decoratedivoryhandlefora weapon or tool,and the remainsof severalslicesofboar'stuskwithtracesofstitchholes,veryprobablyonce partofa boar'stusk helmet. Dr. Musgrave'sstudyoftheexceptionally largequantityofcrematedbone in T. 201suggests thatit comprisestheremainsoftwoadults,perhapsone male,theotherfemale,and probably a child as well. The remains in T. 200 were of one individual, perhaps female- an identification whichgainsstrength, as we have seen,fromthecharacterofthegravegoodsin that tomb. The two, or three, individuals of T. 201 could well have been cremated on a commonpyre.It is,indeed,possible,(forthereis no signofthere-digging simultaneously, of the pit-fill) thatthe three'caves' weresealed simultaneously, and thatthe bodies of three adultsand a childhad been crematedon a singleoccasion,two adultsand a childon one pyre,a thirdadulton a second.The originalintention mighthave been to place theremains ofeach adultin a separate'cave'. Whenthetimecame,itprovedimpossibleto distinguish the remainsof thosewho had been burnton a commonpyre,and theywereaccordingly buried There was no role forT. 202, thougha scrap of crematedbone got intoit in the together. of confirmation ofthepresenceoftwo process sealingthiscenotaph.Thereis probablyfurther in T. in in NE adults 201 thetwolargestirrup jars the and SE cornersofthepit,eitherside,that is,oftheentranceto the'cave'. The evidenceofTs. 186and 200 suggestsuchstirrup jars may havebeen standardgravegoodsaccordingto thisrite;theremayhavebeen no roomforthem in thelittle'cave'-chamber and theywereaccordingly placed outside. The warriorof T. 201 was fullyarmed withsword,spear,and massivearrowheads.The he also had a shield.He probablyhad a helmetofveryspecialtype.He had phalaronsuggests to whichthe bone inlayshad belonged. had some complexobject,at presentunidentifiable, And he had possessedan intricatebronzeopenworkstand.I firstthoughtthe twopieces of ironshafthad originally been partof one and the same object,and supposedit mighthave ofa been a predecessorofthelaterironspits.I now thinkProfessor Snodgrass'identification If have these of iron have lost both heads and is that so, may tips persuasive. pair pins belongedto thewoman. - at least,in termsofthe in thelightofhispossessions Our warriorwas a flamboyant figure, GreekDark Ages.I believehe is a figureforwhomanalogiescan be foundin Homer,and for whomthereare parallelsin otherarchaeologicaldiscoveries. shouldnot be and the pointsof similarity Though thereare manypointsof difference, T. III B LC I am reminded of the too gravegroupKaloriziki exceptional strongly, pressed 1457 this been a this tomb had having partlypillagedearly 40. verychequeredhistory, Though and excavated50 yearslaterby G. H. McFadden,and whatremainedwas identified century, containedtwocremations, theessentialfactsare clear.It originally separatelyinurnedin two male. The grave bronzeamphorae,one of whichwas certainlyfemale,one, by inference, a gold pin,two and cloisonné the were of head, richness, sceptre including gold great goods finebronzetripodstandswithlegs embellishedwithanimalprotomes,a bronzespearhead, and a complexof objects(threebronzephalara, one withprominentspike;lengthsof flat bronze strip,and some pieces of sheet with pointillé ornament)that I have elsewhere mayhavebeen thefacingsofa shield.Therewas also a good deal ofpottery. suggested withour T. 200+ and T. 186. So, too, is T. 40 is approximately Kaloriziki contemporary
•«7 AJA58 (1954),131fr.
THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS
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has a good deal in commonwithT. 186.Thereis a TirynsT. XXVIII which,I havesuggested, linkbetweenTirynsT. XXVIII and Kaloriziki T. 40. Not onlydo bothtombscontainphalara in but the sheet bronze both tombs(helmetfacingsat Tiryns,shield withprominent spikes, in T. 40 is the same distinctive at is decorated facings Kaloriziki) pointillétechnique.Kaloriziki linkedwithT. 201 throughthe riteof cremationand the elaboratebronze standsin each grave.Spiked phalara are commonto both. In howeverfragilea fashion,it is possibleto To interpretthatlinkis, of course, discerna linkbetweenKnossos,Tiryns,and Kaloriziki. anothermatter. themostremarkable findfromthegrave,for The boar'stuskhelmetin T. 201is,potentially, and dons to IliadX, 261 ff,whereOdysseusarmsfora foray, it providesa perfectillustration in one of the most celebrated such a helmet,whichis then described, (archaeologically) passagesin thepoems.For our presentpurpose,the greatestinterestattachesto itspedigree {supra p. 534). The helmettype,whoseoriginsgo back to theMiddleBronzeAge,has been foundin many in and warriorswearingsuchhelmetsappear quitefrequently Helladicand Minoan contexts, of our Knossianwarrior, art.1458 however,theboar's By thelifetime Aegean representational tuskhelmethad been longobsolete,and he could onlyhave obtaineditbythatmechanismof whichis describedin theHomericpassagequotedabove. heirloomtransmission In myview,the bronzestandburntwiththe T. 201 warrioron his pyreshouldalso have been an heirloom,at least 100 years old at the time (thoughI am aware that thereare I suggestthat viewson the questionof the chronologyof the bronzestands).1459 dissenting bothhelmetand bronzestandcame to theoccupantofT 201 in giftexchangeofthekindof ofMenelaos whichwe heara good deal in theOdyssey.I takeas an examplethemunificence to thedeparting Telemachus(Odyssey IV,615-19). . . . youshallhavetheloveliest andmostprecious ofthetreasures thatmypalaceholds.I'll giveyoua witha rimofgoldaroundthetop... I haditfrom bowlofwrought metal.It is solidsilver mixing my theKingofSidon,whenI putup underhisroofonmyjourney home. royalfriend, I am arguingthat the warriorsof Ts. 186 and 201 may best be understoodagainst the and it need not surpriseus ifwe findelementsin commonamong backgroundof theNostoi, warriorburialswidelyseparatedin location,butapproximately contemporary. The warriorsoftheN Cemeterymighthave been ethnicCretanswho had travelledwidely in disturbedtimes,eventuallyto returnto theirformerhomes fora freshstartin a world changedout of recognitionsince theirdeparture.Or theymay have been of whollyalien worldwithwhich,forinstance,Cyprusmusthavebeen peopled stock,fromthatcosmopolitan as the Late Cypriotperiod came to its close. Fiftyyearsor so afterwards, anotherstriking figurewas buried in flamboyantstylein Euboea, in the Dark Age building at Toumba, Lefkandi.1460 He providesa striking linkwithKaloriziki T. 40, forhis crematedremainswere consignedto a bronzeamphorawithdecoratedrimand handlesofpreciselythesame classas the two used as ash urns in the Cypriottomb.The Lefkandiwarrior'sashes were found wrappedin a remarkabletextile;the large numberof bronze fibulaefoundin one of the
1458 Borchhardt, Homerische Helme (Mainz, 1972), 18-37. J. Varvarigos, To OdontosphraktonMykenaïkon Kranos (Dissertation, Athens, 1981).
A.
1459Matthäus 1985, 299-334. 1460 Popham etai, Antiquity 56 (1982), 169-74.
648
H. W. CATLING
urnsmaymean thatcremationwas similarly Kalorìziki wrapped.I have also made someofthe in discussed 'Heroes Returned? Subminoan Burials fromCrete',in TheAgesofHomer. points We have seen thattheN Cemeteryis a new burialground,and thatTs. 186 and 200+ are thatTirynsT. XXVIII is said to be onlythesecond amongitsearliestgraves;it is interesting in that and that at T. 40 is one of the firstgraves.Anotherburial Kaloriziki, grave cemetery, in which a have similar startin the earlyDark Age is Palaepaphosground Cyprus may Skales1*61 wherethereare one or two abnormallyrichburialsat the startof the cemetery's history.1462 I have suggestedone or twolinksbetweenKnossos and Cyprus,of whichT. 201's bronze standmaybe themostconvincing. Cyprusmaywellhave been the sourcefromwhichcame thesetofbronzeprojectiles('arrowheads')in T. 201. These are quiteunliketheflimsy arrow used and Minoan archers1463 and to the finds of such plates byMycenaean point weaponsat severalsitesin Cyprusfromthetwelfth in onwards. were found the settlement century Many at Enkomi,otherswerein theAyiaAnastasia tombsat Lapithos,and therewas a setoffourin the LC III B-CG I T. 1 at Salamis.1464 Such arrowheadsare also well distributedin the Near East. Again,thetwogold rosettes, fromT. 200 could have contemporary verystylized, come fromCyprus.Though such rosettesare, of course,reminiscentof Aegean funerary and could be of local origin,theyrecallsimilarrosettesfromSalamis T. i, and jewellery,1465 othersfromearlyDark Age tombsat Lapithos.A Cypriotoriginwouldbe acceptableforthe ivorycomb in T. 200; combsof thistypeare knownfromPalaepaphosand Enkomi,though 50-100yearsearlierthanours.1466 oftwograve Obviouslyitis absurdto tryto redrawthepictureofSM Creteon thestrength aboutthe Ts. 186and 200+ at theN Cemeteryencouragefreshthinking groups.Nevertheless, period. P. M. Warren,in his preliminaryaccount of his excavationof the Stratigraphie makesthe Museum ExtensionSite at Knossos,discussinghis evidenceforSM settlement, were disturbed statement '. . . while the twelfth and eleventh centuries enoughto important disturbed in were not so about cities of inaccessible locations, they bring refuge high,relatively as to preventsubstantial ofthetraditional and chieflowlandcentres.'That contrast settlement between SM Crete,forit tacitlyrecognizesa dichotomy is,perhaps,thekeyto understanding in theirchoiceofhome, was theparamountconsideration thoseforwhomfearfortheirsafety and thosesufficiently untroubledto live in the open conditionsof Knossos and enjoythe economic and social advantagesof so doing. We may have falleninto the unwarranted assumptionthattherewas a singlesocietyin earlyDark Age Creteunitedin theface of the tribulationsby which it had been afflicted,the continuedthreatof which permanently conditioned itsbehaviour. The N Cemeteryevidencesuggeststhatduringat least earlySM, the inhabitantsof the and descendantsof A proportion Knossosarea wereheterogeneous. mayhavebeen survivors theold Minoan stock,butit is likelythattherewerenew elementsamongthem,people from
1461Shahs.
1462EspeciallyTs. 49 and 58, op. cit.59-76, figs.83-90, especiallyfigs.88-9, and 112-25,%s- 101-16,especially115. 14*3 H-G. Buchholz,in Jdl77 (10,62), 1-58. 1464 For Enkomi,AlasiaIII (Paris,1984),13-15and fig.3. ForLapithos,CBMW 130-33,fig.16 and pl. 16. For Salamis, Yon, 17-18,and pl. 15.
1465Taphi,pls. 6, 9, 37, 43, 44, 68, 76, 80, 124 (not exhaustive). 1466 For rosettesfromSalamis,Yon, 12-13and pl. 14. For Lapithos,SCE I, pl. 44 (Tomb 403) and pl. 57 (Tomb 428). For ivorycombs,AlasiaIII, 61. The Palaepaphos examples are unpublished.
THE SUBMINOAN PHASE IN THE NORTH CEMETERY AT KNOSSOS
649
outsideCrete,or returnedto Crete followinga prolongedabsence,perhapsspentin the E Mediterranean. Newcomersmayhaveforcedtheirleadershipon thenativepopulation;itmay have been theirchoiceto open new burialgrounds,the N Cemeteryamongthem.I suggest thewarriorswhoseasheswereburiedin Ts. 186 and 201 mayhave been suchnewcomers, set from the autochthonous their the rite of customs,particularly apart populationby funerary cremation.It may have been newcomersof thiskindwho were responsibleforthe divided characterof theisland'ssettlement pattern,menwhoseaggressionand ambitiondroveother communitiesinto the safetyof the hills,permanentlyexacerbatingrelationsbetweenone such an early Dark Age major settlementand another withinCrete. Mutatismutandis, settlement have in in theIslands,and been at Greece itself, patternmay repeated manypoints in Cyprus.The case foritis notsusceptible ofproof,butsomeoftheevidencereviewedabove is open to suchan interpretation.
CHAPTER 18 THE BURIAL CUSTOMS W. Cavan AGh History
A Short
of Tomb Types and Rite
SUB-MINOANAND TRANSITION TO EPG
Some 23 tombshavevaseswhichcan be datedto thisperiod(2, 16, 18,24, 25, 26, 40, 45, 48, three 56, 98, 112,121,160,186,200, 201,202, 207,208, 222,F/67: 5, F/67: 14),and a further and Most of these and burial rite on the of shouldbelong (149,153, 282). grounds gravetype an date and but is outlier at this 282 tombsclusterat thesouthernend oftheexcavation, 207 may belong to anothergroup.The majorityare chambertombs,evidentlyconcentrated towardsthe top of the low hill here. Their orientationis generallyEast-West;whilstit is possiblethat112,16 and 18 mightbe thoughtto followroundtheslopeofthehill,theopposite ofthelaterbutadjacenttombs28 and 82 seemsto underminethisview.Although orientation in Dark Age to the Westwas preferred exceptionscan be found,orientationof the dromos Knossos.Detailsofthechambertombs'typology willbe discussedin thefollowing section. The fourshaft-graves, male wherethey 149,153,160and 282,containedadultinhumations, could be identified. The firstthreeforma close group.The gravepitswerecramped:1.1-1.3 showssome L. X 0.6-0.7 W., but the care withwhichthe shaftand ledgeswereconstructed and does not seem to have pains weretaken.This gravetypewas cut to hold inhumations survived thegeneraladoptionofcremation.1467 The thirdtypeof sub-Minoantomb is the pit-cavegrave: 186, 200, 201, 202, probably tombs2, 121and 208, and perhapsalso 98. Tomb 121lies close to theclusterof shaft-graves, theothersforma secondgroupsome 25maway.The shaftsgivingaccessto thesetombswere aboutthesamewidthas thedromoi to thechambertombs.Tombs2 and 121held inhumations whilstthe otherscontainedcremations;the latterhave verysmall chambers,and 200-202 sharedthesame shaft,a featureprobablyrepeatedin tomb2. Againthistypeoftombdid not continueintothelaterperiod,thelatestis probablytomb208. Bothinhumation and cremationare attestedat thistime: Table 16.Inhumations and cremations in SM contexts.
Inhumation Cremation Totals
Child
Man
Woman
Adult
?
Totals
2 123 366
4
3
4 1 5
5 18 6
18 26
1467 notshaft-graves. 59?79 and 85 are ofuncertaintypebutalmostcertainly
652
w- CAVANAGH
shouldbe treatedcautiouslybecauseoftheincompletenatureoftheevidence, These statistics but it is reasonableto concludethatinhumationwas morecommonthan cremationin the eleventhcentury, and thatbothriteswereusedforbothsexesand all age-groups.1468 PROTOGEOMETRIC
TO MIDDLE GEOMETRIC
The majorityof the chamber tombs at the southernend of the excavationshad been constructed byLPG, addingeightnewtombsto thoseofSM/EPG: 13,28, 30, 55, 60, 100,146 but robbed),175 and 229. Indeed onlythe firstthreeof theseand 146 have as their (MG thereare tombsbroughtinto vases as late as LPG/PGB. Elsewhere,however, earliestpottery use in theninthcentury:1 (MG/LG) (whichmaynothave been a typicalchambertomb),75 (PGB/EG), 107(PGB/EG), 129 (EG), 132(EG/MG), 218 (PGB/EG), 283 (PGB), 292 (PGB), end oftheexcavationshowsa slowexpansionwithtwo 294 (PGB). The groupat thenorthern tenthcenturychambertombs,285 and 287, and threeprobablyninthcentury, 283, 292 and in theninth also main clusters the two A into use between new row of tombs is 294. brought of new chamber construction that the There is little evidence century:75, 107,129 and 132. earliest or with O as their LG or tombscontinuedaftertheninthcentury;thosewith pottery or robbed destroyed: no datingevidenceare usuallyverythoroughly 14,44, 57,61,82, 86, 105, ofnewtombs 221,F/67:9 and 15.It wouldappearthatthistrendawayfromtheconstruction Thus Brockobservedthatat Fortetsanew tombs had startedalreadyin the ninthcentury. note also the 'casual' afterthe end of the Protogeometric were not constructed period;1469 and the pit gravein the Temple depositin a domesticcontextnear the Villa Ariadne;1470 Tomb.1471 There are othertombsof thisperiodwhoseplan is so erodedawaythatit is impossibleto tellmuchabouttheiroriginalappearance:80, 103,104,106,134,147.The earlierexample,80, a standardchambertomb,but 104/134and 106werefoundcloseenough was almostcertainly to thesurfaceto suggestthattheymaynothave had chamberstunnelledout oftherock,but intowhichthecremationurnswereplaced,again an anticipation weresimplypitsor cuttings ofa practicemorecommonlater. but Inhumationmaystilljust occurin the PG tombsE, J, 28 and perhaps218 and 2831472 ofG date are was thedominantritefromthetenthcenturyonwards.Inhumations cremation probablyinfantburialsin pithoi:18.8,78, in, 280; larnaxburials:31,85, 113;and perhapsthe cistgrave182.Childburialsin pithoican be tracedback to theEarlyDark Age,1473 mud-brick butare quitewidespreadlater;someoftheLG examples,like78, havevaluablesin them.1474 LATE GEOMETRIC
AND ORIENTALISING
It has been suggestedthat new chamber tombs were not constructedafterthe ninth A possible exceptionis tomb 19 which shows no evidence of re-use.Yet the century.1475
1468The tholostomb at Photoula, Praisos,containeda PAE i960, 303. and a childcremation, maleinhumation 1469 E p. 4. woBSAtf iq6i 38-41. 1471 KS258 no. 323,PM iv 1018. »*72Cf. also AyiosIoannisI, II, VI, VII and Vili, BSA 55 (i960) 129-139and 144;BSA 58 (1963)34, 38; E 3f.;perhaps also BSA6 (i8qq-iqoo) 84; BSA *6 (iq6i) 71. i*73Krya (Siteia)AD 31 (1976)B 381-2; 32 (1977)336-8; 33
contained (1978)390-2. The LM III C examplesat Vrokastro adultburials;Vrokastro 172-4. 1474 Drerostombs8 & 9, van Effenterre (1947)19; Episkopi Pediados,PAE 1952,628-9; Prinias,Rizza 1978esp. 109-10; Pelekapina(W.Crete)AR 31 (1985),67; Vrises(W.Crete)BSA 60 (1965)106. 1475in w. Crete chambertombsare foundof thisdate: Gavalomouri,AD 32 (1977)B 330-1, AR 31 (1985), 67; 32 (1986),97; KavousiKissamou,AD 33 (1978)B 374-5.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
653
continuedto expand.The tombswhoseearliestpotteryis LG or O are: 8, 14,19,31, cemetery 34>57>59>6l> 69>78>79>82, 85, in, 113,123,126,152,i57(?),159,163,168,182,221,247 and F/67:9. Apartfromtherobbedchambertombs(8, 14,19,61,82 perhaps152and F/67:9) these of a tombsare all curiouslyill-defined. Some are nichesor side chamberscut intothe dromos LM III tomb: Others include larnakes exhumed and 69, 79, i68(?). evidently previously existing in pits:85 and 113.There are simplepitscutto holdcremationurns:59, i57(?),163, reinterred thatit is difficult to 182and 247,or pithosburials:78, in. Finallythereare tombsso disturbed in to true much at all about their form: tombs come closest 34, 57 (these say appearance fromtheirdromoi; butitis notclearthattheywereproperly roofedand distinct chamber-tombs, ofearliertombs),76, 126,152and 221. their'chambers'werecutpartlyintothedromoi butthe This readsas a sorrycatalogueofdestroyed and disturbedarchaeologicalcontexts, old chambertombscontinued conviction remainsthatthetombtypeshad changed.Certainly, in use or werere-used,an additionalside chamberor nichemightbe cutfroma dromos which in alreadyexisted.Otherwisecremationurnsand pithosburialswereplaced amorphouspits, not. sometimes associatedwithearliertombsand sometimes The Design,
and use of Tombs
Construction
date of construction and design of the tombs Beforepursuingquestionsofdesignand construction it is necessaryto facethepossibility that someofthetombsused duringtheDark Age werein factconstructed in theLBA and thenreused. The possibility of re-usehas been raiseda numberof timesbut thisdiscussionis made If this mandatoryby the suggestionthatall Dark Age tombsare of LM construction.1476 and primaryuse of size,positioning suggestion provetruethendiscussionofthearchitecture, the tombsbecomes largelyirrelevant.There are two possibleapproaches:in the firstthe architecture ofthetombsis comparedwiththatofLBA tombs,and in thesecondthecontents ofthetombsare examinedforresidualLM offerings. The architectural on thebasisofthe comparisonproceededbymeansofclusteranalysis1477 characteristics with the N statistics for those following Cemetery(=KNC) tombswhichare well reasonably preserved: Table 17.Variablesused in theanalysisofthetombs,and statistics fortheN Cemeterytombs (St. D. = Standarddeviation). A. Size variables: Variable
Abbr.
Mean
St.D.
1.Area ofchamber 2. Lengthofstomion 3. Widthofstomion 4. Lengthofdromos 5. Widthofdromos 6. Widthofdromos at end
TAREA STL STW DRL DRW DRE
2.33 0.28 0.86 4.39 1.13 1.02
1.09 0.10 0.21 2.28 0.22 0.21
1476Payne and Boardman were of this opinion,BSA 29 (1927-28)226,229-230;BSA 55 (i960) 143;forthealternative
view see Dorian Knossos,313-4 and UrbanNucleus296.
"" uavanagn1907.
w- CAVANAGH
654 B. Shape variables: Variable
Abbr.
Mean
St.D.
7. STW/STL 8. DRW-DRE/DRL g.DRW/DRL 10.DRW/STW n.TAREAVcircumference2
STR DRA DRB SJB CIN
3.38 0.03 0.33 0.78 14.07
1.25 0.06 0.18 0.19 0.87
A wordof cautionis neededherebecause the dromoi of eventhebetterpreservedtombshad been cut shortby bull-dozing, and a numberof othershad notbeen excavatedbecause only thetombs'chambersextendedintotheexcavatedarea. Dromos lengthfeaturesin threeofthe ofthedromos variables.Otherpossiblecriteriahavebeen proposed,forexamplethenarrowing LM of is a indicator walls towardsthe top;1478this probably helpful construction,but of feature. unfortunately manytombsare describedwithoutrecord this In orderto givea reasonablerangeof comparisonthe40 tombsof the Knossoscemetery werecomparedwith52 tombsfromelsewherein theKnossosarea: the Fortetsatombs,Ayios and Isopata1481 and a tombpublishedby IoannisTomb 6,1479 tombson lowerGypsades1480 butmighthavebeen reused.The restare certain thesecontainedDark Age pottery Payne,1482 LBA tombs:MavroSpelio 1, 13,15,16,21,1483 HospitalTombs1, Isopatatombs1,3, and 4,1484 and Zapher Papoura the AyiosIoannis 19581487 3, and 5,1485 SellopouloTombs 3 and 4,1486 tombs8, 9, 11,12,14,17,21,32, 35,49, 72,80, 84, 92-3, 95 and 98-100,and theMilatosTomb. is knownforonlysixofthe19chamber It is unfortunately thecase thatthelengthofthedromos tombsat ZapherPapourawhoseplansare published.Forthisreasontheinitialclusteranalysis on the 92 Knossos tombswas carriedout usingonlysevenvariables:TAREA, STW, STL, DRW, STR, SJB and CIN. Trial runswiththe data fromthe Mycenaeanmainlandtombs is robustand thereductionfrom11variablesto seventendsnotto showedthattheclustering affect thebroadgroupings, thoughoutliersmightmovefromone clusterto another. ResultsoftheCluster Analysis
a reasonablebreakdownofthedata: Six groupswereindicatedas representing
1 17 Tombs: KNC 75, 106, 219, 283, Isopata 3 and 4, Mavro Spelio 1, Hospital Tomb 1, Sellopoulo3 & 4, AyiosIoannis1958,ZaferPapoura21,49, 92, 95, 99, 100. 2 3 Tombs:Isopata 1958/3,ZaferPapoura 14,32. 3 22 Tombs: KNC 82, 207, FortetsaXI, TFT, Gypsades'58;Mavro Spelio 13, 15, 16, 21, HospitalTomb3, ZaferPapoura8, 9, 11,12,17,35,72,80, 84, 93, 98 and MilatosTomb. 4 24 Tombs:KNC F, D, O, 2, 16,25, 28, 30, 40, 44, 48, 61, 100,107,112,175,218,287,292, Fortetsa IX, II, AyiosIoannis6, Gypsades'75,Payne'stomb.
1478 Coldstream1963. 1479Boardman i960; unfortunatelythe others in the forinclusion. weretoo poorlypreserved cemetery 1480 Gypsades.
1481Coldstream1963,cf. KS2, 35, no. 10 lhe tombwas almostcertainlya Late Minoan III one re-used',echoing Coldstream 's opinion,whichis also borneout by thecluster to as Isopata 1958/3. analysis.The tombis referred
1482Payne 1928. 1483 Forsdyke 1927.
1484Evans 1905,excludingthe Tomb of the Double Axes and the Mace-bearer's Tomb, as not surprisinglythese normallyclusterseparately. 1485 Hood and deJong1952. i486Ponham,Catlingetal. 1074. 1487 Hood and Coldstream1968,KS235 no. 19.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
655
5 7 tombs:KNC J,1,14,55, 286, FortetsaIV, OD. 6 17tombs:KNC 13, 18, 19, 24, 45, 56, 60, 132,146,285, FortetsaV, III, LST, Vili, F, VII; HospitalTomb5. thesesix clustersmake excellentsense.They splitintotwo groups:1-3 and Archaeologically The latter 4-6. group consistsexclusivelyof tombswithIron Age potterywithonly one exception,HospitalTomb 5 in cluster6. The firstgroupincludedall the tombsof known BronzeAge datebar theone,buta further 10containedIronAge pottery. The clusteranalysishas offered an unambiguousanswerto thecontroversy, a specificstyle of tombconstruction was employedin the Dark Age and it can be distinguished fromthe in current the Bronze The style Age. HospitalTomb 5 is,forsome unknownreason,unusual fora Bronze Age Tomb. The clusterscannot, forexample, be dismissedas accidental cemeteriesare representedin each but the geographicalgroups,fortombsfromdifferent smallestof the clusters.The 18% portionof the tombscontainingIron Age potterywhich nevertheless clusteredwiththe BronzeAge tombsmightbe explainedin one of two ways: eithertheyare BronzeAge tombswhichwerere-used,or theywereconstructed in theDark Age but stillresembleBronze Age typesin construction.It is proposed to look at these conclusionsin turn. The F-ratiostatistic dividedbyits (thevarianceoftheparticularvariablewithinthecluster, variancein thewholesample),indicatesthosevariableswhichdrawthemembersofa cluster thevariablesmost'typical'of the cases. In TABLE18 thevariables especiallycloselytogether, are listedin increasingorderoftheF-ratio,thatis themostdistinctive variablefirst, followed by the second most distinctiveand so on. It emerges that the variables of particular importanceas faras the threeclustersof BronzeAge tombsare concernedare the shape of the stomion, the presenceof and size of thejambs to the doorway,the widthof the stomion uniform fromclusterto cluster)and thesize ofthechamber.Theycan (whichhoweveris fairly be summarised: Table 18.Main differences in designbetweenBronzeAge and DarkAge chambertombsat Knossos (St. D.= StandardDeviation). BRONZEAGEAND RICHER DARKAGETOMBS Cluster1 = 17Tombs No. Variable 4 2 5 6
STW/STL STW STW/DRW AREA
Cluster2 = 3 Tombs
Cluster3 = 22 Tombs
Mean
St. D.
No.
Variable
Mean
St. D.
No.
Variable
Mean
St. D.
1.55 0.69 0.54 4.4
0.37 0.08 0.08 1.1
4 5 6 2
STW/STL STW/DRW AREA STW
0.83 0.51 10.33 0.65
0.19 0.03 0.75 0.12
4 2 5 6
STW/STL STW STW/DRW AREA
1.12 0.59 0.62 3.22
0.30 0.11 0.10 1.16
DARK AGE TOMBS Cluster4 = 24 Tombs
Cluster5 = 7 Tombs
Cluster6=17 Tombs
No. Variable
Mean
St. D.
No.
Variable
Mean
St. D.
No.
Variable
Mean
St. D.
6 1 5 2
2.33 0.30 0.91 1.05
0.86 0.10 0.10 0.12
6 1 5 3
AREA STL STW/DRW DRW
1.37 0.19 0.92 0.83
0.59 0.06 0.10 0.12
1 6 2 5
STL AREA STW STW/DRW
0.22 1.83 0.58 0.58
0.07 0.75 0.08 0.08
AREA STL STW/DRW STW
W. CAVANAGH
656
width and the chamber shape variable, were found to have Two variables, the dromos As faras theDark Age tombsare lessto thediscrimination ofthevariousclusters. contributed concernedthosevariableswhichare especiallyprominentare the size of the chamber,the In otherwordsthe absence ofjambs (i.e. STW/DRW = i) and the widthof the stomion. chambersofthetombsin theDark Age clustersare lessthanhalfthesize evenoftheirsmaller BronzeAge counterparts. a poorerand a richerclass?The findsfromthetombscan be brought Could theserepresent intothe picture,and at the same timeMinoan findsfromthe Dark Age tombswill also be mentioned: Table 19.DarkAge tombs;groups1 & 3*,and 4-6. Note: attesteduse. Date indicatesthedateoftheearliestfirmly Tomb
Date
Rich Offerings
J 14 18
EPG ?LG SM/EPG ?LG E/MPG SM SM/EPG
Serpentine lentoid
19 24 40 56 45 60 75* 82* 106* 132 146 219* 283* 285
SM/EPG? SM/EPG EG ?LO MG EG ?LO EPG PGB EPG
LM Finds
-
Gem in (LG) gold setting.
Obelos & weapons Gold & silverring Metal vessels & weapons
-
Silver pin, weapons Metal vessels & weapons Gold, weapons etc. Metal vessel, etc. Weapons Gold, metal etc. Metálete. Gold, metal etc.
Larnax, serpentinebutton? Larnax frs.in dromos Stone vase Larnax
Serpentine whorl??
What emergesfromthiscomparisonis thatthoseDark Age tombswhichclusterwiththe Even tomb 207, whichwas tombswithrich offerings. Bronze Age ones are consistently rich.The onlyexceptionis also XI is tomb Fortetsa robbed,stillcontaineda bronzebowl; which stomion has an and in FortetsaTFT whichis anomalous shape, asymmetrical extremely to be therefore and measurement of sorts couldnotbe properly taken, ought conveyedbythe disregarded. The appearanceofLM finds,on theotherhand,cannotbe takento implythere-useof a tomb;theyare by no means restrictedto the Bronze Age typeof chambertomb (groups in additionto theabove,Minoan relicsare also foundin tombsofgroups5 & 6: MM 1-3).1488 pithosin tomb132,perhapstomb55 witha boar's tusk,and the lentoidof serpentinefrom tombJ. Note also the Minoan seal in 129 and the LM II oval-mouthed jar in G. Secondly KNC tombs85, tombs: of chamber outside thereis evidenceforthere-useofMinoanlarnakes of concentration whose in tombs occur Q,, 103 and 113.MoreoverotherMinoan larnakes
1488 PAE 1954,366. PlatonrecognisedMinoan antiquesin theDark Age tholoiat Adhromyloi,
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
657
Minoan findsmakeit a strongcandidateforre-use,1489 31,98, 107,134,292 and 294. Some of thesecontextsindicatethatthelarnakeswereremovedfromanothertomb.Of theremainder 292 is the best candidateas a re-usedMinoan tomb,but the clusteranalysisis againstthis. The presenceofa larnaxdoes notseemto be decisive. In brieftherefore we wouldarguethattheevidenceforthere-useofMinoan tombsin this is not thosetombswhichare similarto Minoan tombsin designare in cemetery convincing; fact the richest of the Dark Age tombs and for that reason unlikelyto be re-used. and in Geographically theyare associatedin clusterswithtombsof Dark Age construction, of the LM dense concentration of tombs to the north of Knossos none is found spite relatively in connectionwiththetombsstudiedhere. POSITION
WITHIN THE CEMETERY
The choice of cemeterycan in theoryhave been dictatedby continuityof use fromthe Minoan period,or ratherthe continuedconsecrationof Minoan Cemeteries,by practical considerationssuch as the suitabilityof the land fortomb construction,by convenience because Minoan tombswere available,and by proximity to the village,or locationon land The widelyscattereddistribution oftheKnossianDark Age cemeteries cannotbe holdings.1490 whollyexplainedby the firstthreefactors;thereis an elementof selectionand evidently consciousgroupingofthetombs. The clustersofchambertombsare arrayedin rowsoffourto sixtombs;sometimessatellite tombsseemto be added outsidethemainalignments, sometimesotherSM typesprecedethe chambertombs,and sometimes thereare isolatedtombs.In particularin thesouthernpartof theKMF excavationsthepatternbreaksdown intoa morechaoticagglomeration, thougha basic rowofchambertombscan perhapsbe discoveredin 106,40, 112and 16. Most chamber tombsin each clustercomeintouse overa shortspan oftime: I. II. III. IV V VI. VII. VIII.
106islater, i6540,io6,112(SM,there-used PGB-EG?) 24,25,30,45,56 (SM-EPG) 44,48,60,61(SM/EPGandrobbed) 100,146,175,207,229(EPG,MG?,EPG,SM/EPG,EPG) 75,107,129,132(EG,PGB,EG,EG) 283,285,286,287,292,294,306(PGB,EPG,EG,(M)LPG,PGB,PGB,PGB), TEKE G,HJ, K, L, N (LPG,PGB,EPG,EPG,EPG,PGB- perhaps twogroups?), if less coherent & (another cluster) 219,14,13,19 55(EPG,LG/EO,PGB/EG,LG,EPG).
The tombsin each groupare largelyin contemporary use; thefirsttwogroups(T. 106 apart) overa shortperiod,theothers,so faras can be told,overgenerations. Onlyin thecase of285 and 286 can a case be made forsuccessiveuse (v.tombdescription). CONSTRUCTION
AND CAPACITY
Althoughin theiressentialdesign the Dark Age chamber tombsfollowthe Bronze Age theclusteranalysishas shownthatthe tombsdiffer in detailfromtheirprecursors. tradition,
1489 Tomb Qwas notincludedin the statistical analysisas itsplan is incomplete. 1490Cf. Alexiou KCh 4 (1950) 269 forscatteredvillages;
contra,Coldstream Dorian Knossosand Urban Nucleus', ColdstreamBSA 76 (1981)144forland holdings.
658
w- CAVANAGH
From the statisticsin TABLE 17 the formof an average Dark Age type emerges. The dromos is on average no smallerthan thatof the less grand LM chambertombs.On the otherhand less care is expendedin carvingthe entrance,whichhas narrowjambs, ifany at all, and tends to be much shorter.The chamber is on average half the size of the Bronze Age chambers;perhaps in part because of the change of rite,as cremationscan be packed into a smaller space; neverthelessthis diminution in size is found quite generallyin Dark Age tombs,and the earliestKNC chambertombswere cut in the first place forinhumations. Dromos
is not simplya meansof access to the tomb;forthisthe pit of thepit-cavetype The dromos would have served.Yet althoughthe pit-caveseems more commonin the SM period the It would was preferred. witha regulardromos fashiondid not prevail.The chamber-tomb no are for there left for was not the dromos that reportsof a seem,nevertheless, long, open after filled dromos was the immediately evidently primarysiltor humuslevelon the floor;1491 fill would dromos of the the firstburialand thereafter usuallybe portion onlythe innermost removed.1492 is decidedbytheangleoftheslopeintowhichitis cut,thedepthofthe The formofthedromos ofthetombsat Knossoshad slopingdromoi and thedesiredlength.The majority (the chamber, as faras preserved, mainexceptionsbeing:H, 8, 285, 292 and 294 whosedromoi, slopedvery In scatteredexamplesthe deviceof a steepstepor stepsat theverybeginningof the gently). its dromos (19,40, 132,287)or ofstepsalongitscourse(F,O, 25,80, 106,125,175)servedto shorten length. Stomion
The clusteranalysishas indicatedthataftertheoverallsize ofthechamberit is theformand the Dark Age tombsfromtheirBronze whichmostclearlydistinguishes shape of the stomion more and shorter to be tend carelesslyrendered.Perhapsthe more They Age predecessors. downintothechamber(J,L, M, made was a mark the to therefore, entrance, step effectively a sometimes 218, steeperdrop(55, 146,286, 287) or N, 48, 120,121,186, 285, 294,F67/9),1493 is thereno stepin evena threshold 106, 129,219,229). Only exceptionally (D, F, G, H, Q,, 13, thestomion (132,207,283). Niches
oftombsH, O, Q,, 13, 14,24, 28, 55, 60, 61, 75, 82, 107,132, Nichesare foundin the dromoi niches tend to and 294. In theirBronze Age predecessorsdromos 175,218, 283, 287, 292 those of children,but thisseems not to hold for hold subsidiaryburials,not infrequently the Dark Age tombs.In some cases theycontainurnsas late ifnot laterthan thosein the main chamber,whichwas presumablyfull:294, 292, 13. Less well attestedare nichesto O and possibly28 and hold vases cleared out of the chamber,in a major reorganisation: or laterthan thosein no earlier are in niches the burials where a remainder There is 75. the chamber,but do not seem to be the resultof clearance: Q,, 55?, 60(138),107,175,283, 287. 1491The silt in the dromosof Tomb O belongs to the period when the tomb was robbed.
1492F. p. 4. 1493Also found at Mastamba, Lembessi PAE 1970, 272.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
659
THE USE OF THE TOMBS
The longhistory ofmultipleburial,laterre-useand thegeneralvicissitudes oftimeconspireto limitthissectionofthediscussion.Of the120contextssome51 mustbe omittedeitherbecause theywere so completelydestroyedas to rule out any conclusion, or because theyare viz. thepyres176and 310and thevarioussinglegraves.The remainder, evenwhere irrelevant, contain a sufficient sherds to realistic estimate of their disturbed, seriously permit periodsand durationofuse. It is assumedthatwherea gap can be perceivedin thepotterysequence,this is due to temporary abandonmentand laterre-useofthetomb.Let us assumethateach ofthe a span of50 years:SM, EPG, MPG, LPG, PGB + EG, MG, LG, following periodsrepresents EO + MO, LO. Table 20. Durationoverwhichtombswereused. Years Primary Re-use Total
0-50 29 3630 32
50-100
100-150
8
16
4
14
19
4
150-200
200-250
250-300
300-350
350-400
Total
7 10 8
1
2 o 2
2 o 2
69 13 82
1
Grantedthe loose foundations of thesestatistics, it is stillclear thatoverhalfthe collective burialplaceswereused forno morethanthreeor fourgenerations, and perhapsonly15% or so continuedin use by the same groupformorethan 200 years,say eightgenerations. The tombsmayhavelastedso littleforaccidentalreasonssuchas dilapidationofthestructure, but two argumentspoint to anotherconclusion. In the firstplace the geographicalclusters above consistof tombsin coeval use, not consecutiveas one mightexpecthad distinguished theyreplacedone another.Secondlyin thelaterperiodsthechamberseemsto havebeen little morethana focusforburialswhichcould be laid in open trenches, thedromos or a side niche. The lengthof timethe tombslast seems ratherto reflectthe durationof the social group whichhad accessto thesepulchre. Numbers ofBurials
Giventhefragmentary natureoftheevidence,disturbances caused bytherepeateduse ofthe and it is difficult to producereliablestatistics. tombs,destruction, robbing dilapidation, very As describedelsewhere363 separatedepositsof crematedremainswere recordedfromthe but onlya maximumof 80 werefoundin urns;the otherswerescattereddeposits, cemetery, no Thus a somewhatmorereliableguide to numbers some, doubt,the resultof vicissitudes. be the cremation urns for often state.The survive,even if in a fragmentary might they uncertainties here arise fromquestionsof usage. There seemslittledoubt thatmostpithoi servedas ossuaries,thoughit is worthrecordingthatpolychrome pithoitendto go in pairs1494 and a coarse pithos is recorded fromTomb 222 which appears to have contained no cremations. Nevertheless the422 pithoirecordedseema reasonableminimumnumberforthe burials.1495 estimates It wouldappear thatvasesother Higher dependon further assumptions. thanpithoiweresometimes used as urns,butso rarelyas notseriously to affect thestatistics:
1494 Moignard,p. 426; notea similarobservationof Payne thepithoi15and 16 BSA 29 (1927-28)228, and his regarding commentthatOrientalising pithoimayhave been placed as offerings op.cit.229.
1495 Hutchinsonlikewisereliedon the numberofpithoito at Khaniale Teke BSA 49 (1953)222. computethecremations All the pithoiat Ay.Paraskiescontainedashes: PlatonAE !945-47>75-
66o
W. CAVANAGH Table 21.Vasesotherthanpithoicontainingashes. Tomb
VaseType
107.59 285.60 285.79 287.15
Pyxis Krater Cauldron Cauldron
Some tombs,moreover, hold insufficient pithoito accountforthe burialssuggestedby the of the D, J, 25, 45, 56, 60, 98. In mostof thesecases the chronological range graveofferings: can be made insufficiency up by countingkratersand/oramphoraeas urnsas well. In the these outnumber earlyphase pithoi,but theirpopularitywentintodeclineand in the LPG a changeof it is overtaken the period by pithos(ILL.9). It is possiblethatthisdeclinereflects In tombs18 use and thatin thelaterperiodstheamphorawas onlyrarelyused as an urn.1496 as offerings, and in tomb75 theMG neckand 24 amphoraeare associatedwithinhumations, handledamphorawas associatedwiththe cremationin 75.38; also the amphorae40.11& 16 are statednot to have containedcremations. The graphshowsa plot of the pithoiand the totalof pithoi,amphoraeand kratersovertime.Urns otherthan theseare so unusualthat werenotplaced in affect thefigures. It is clearthatsomeSM cremations theydo notseriously urns(Tombs200 and 201);it is assumedherehoweverthatlaterscatteredcollectionsofashes If in factunurneddepositionwas the are notdeliberatedepositsbuttheresultofdisturbance. practicelateron, the figurespresentedhereshouldbe revisedupwards.On the assumptions thatthe tombsare reasonablywell preservedand thatall cremationswereinurned,the top line on thegraphwillset a ceilingof 671 forthe numberburiedin the tombsand thelower line is close to a minimumestimate(422); the truthprobablylies somewherebetween.All willbe are weak,butnotunreasonable.Forthisreasonrelativefluctuations theseassumptions second. and absolutefigures discussedfirst, On almostanycountthenumberofburialsreachesa verymarkedpeak in the Geometric period. Thus the N Cemeteryat Knossos providesanotherexample of the phenomenon identified bySnodgrassin Atticaand theArgolidofthesameperiod:a surgein thenumberof III. 9 No doubt here too it is a resultof an increasein population.1498 those buried.1497 In ILL. in the is reached it that the on the face of however, 10, eighthcentury. peak suggests, the numbersof urnsforeach periodis dividedby the estimateddurationof thatperiod,to forthenumberofcremations peryear.Here itis seenthatthesteepincrease givecrudefigures earlierthan has been foundelsewhere,namelyin the ninthcentury.Two occursdistinctly in termsof observationstemper,thoughtheydo not disposeof,the interpretation further intothe we move a as is decline in there as at First of all increase. Athens, Knossos, population seventhcentury.The second is best illustratedby anothergraph (ILL. 11): here the total numberof pithoiand amphoraeper periodis dividedby the numberof tombsfromwhich
1496 to finda certaincase at Knossosof Indeeditis difficult the amphoraas an urn: Hood and Boardmansuggestthat the EG amphora3 fromF. Tomb A was probablyan urn togetherwith1 and 3, BSA 56 (1961)70; and amphoraeare also regardedas urnsin theAyiosIoannispublicationBSA55 rarefromAyiosIoannis (i960) 133;pithoiwereconspicuously F. VI.45 wereused as urnsat Fortetsa, op.cit.142.Bell-kraters
and XL 159 as well as the bronze cauldronXL 190, and at AyiosIoannisIII.i, BSA 55 (i960) 132;kratersand amphorae are sometimesexpresslystatednot to have containedashes: F. IV.207, 212; V.224 p. 26 only one burial, III. 243 and OD. 339. surprisingly 1497 Snodcrass.Archaic Greece (1080Ì22-24..14.2. 1498 BSA76 (1981)143. Coldstream,
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
661
Maximum & minimumcremation urns 148 -i
/ A'
100-
68 -
/
i
1000 a
i
i
i
900
Pithoi
b
/
i
800
''
i
i
700
i
i
600 BC
Amphorae,Pitho¡ & Kraters
III. g. Maximumand minimumnumberofcremationurnsovertime.
W. CAVANAGH
662
Cremations per year 3.5 i
0.5- / i
r
1000 a
V
/
i
i
900 Pithoi
i
800
i
i
700
i
i
600 BC
b Amphorae,Pithoi& Kraters
III. io. The numberofcremationurnsperyear.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
663
Number of urns/tomb over time
Urns 3.5-1
1
I- B 1
h-H
1- s
2.5 ■
h-fl
1 I- B
1 I-B h-B
1
HB
1
I-B 1
I-B
1
1
1
I- II '•-1 I
1
1000
I
I
900
I
1
800
1
1
700
1
1
600 BC
D Urns III. ii. The numberofurnsperperioddividedbythenumberoftombsin whichtheywerefound.
w-CAVANAGH
664
duration The graphshowsthatovermostofthecemetery's theycame in thegivenperiod.1499 of use between2 and 2.5 urnswere placed in the tombsin each period,but in the eighth centurytheaveragerisesto 3-3.5. The low averagein the SM periodis probablya reflection of the differenceof rite, and strictlyinhumationsshould be counted too. These two observations forAttica,namelythattherewas givecredenceto theviewarguedbyMorris1500 a changeofcustom,withaccessto thecemetery in the opened eighthcentury. This leads us to the questionsof the absolute numberof burials in the tombsand of access. If verycrudelyeach period is consideredto last about one generation(SM, EPG, MPG, LPG, PGB, EG, MG, LG, EO, MO, LO = 11periodsover c. 350 years),the above figuressuggestthatjust overtwopeople would be buriedin the tombsin each generation; whichin turnsuggeststhataccess to the tombwas limitedto the narrowestof kin groups. This is further borneout bythehistogramofamphoraeand pithoiper tomb(ILL.12),where it is shownthatthe majorityof tombshave 10 or fewerurns over theirtotalduration.In only seven cases out of the 75 tombshere consideredare more than fiveurns foundto belongto anygivenperiod: Table 22. Tombsin whichmorethan5 urnsare foundin anyone period. Tomb
Period
G G O Q, 75 75 107 107
EG MG LG/LGEO LG/LGEO MG/MGLG EO LG/LGEO EO
7 3 7 7 10 7 6 11
218 292 292 292
LG MG LG EO
9 5 16 6
218
MG
Pithoi
7
Amphorae
Total
5 4
12 7 7 10 10
1 2
7 13
1 38 2 3
10
7
18 9
as an exceptional It is noteworthy thesebelongto the eighthcentury, alreadydistinguished period.1501 In summarythereforeit appears that access to each tomb was limited to veryfew individuals.Skeletal analysishas shown above that both males and females,and some The most childrenwereburiedin thetombs,and thisis also indicatedbythegraveofferings. kin narrow a and served were tombs naturalinterpretation is thatthe tombs very family group.
1499The error-barson the plot were calculated on the associationsattestedv. TABLE9 below.In basis ofthefirmest the date of each urn (say orderto calculatethe error-bars LG) was assigneda value ofo and anyassociatedpot scored 1 foreach periodlaterand -1 foreach periodearlierthanthe period of the urn. Thus an associated pot dated LGEO wouldscore0.5, one datedMGLG -0.5 and one datedLG o
and so forth.The mean and standarddeviationwas then calculatedforall associatedvases: 0.4 ± 0.8 X 40 years(on average)per period= 16 ± 32 years.This is a crudemeasure butas good as thedisturbedcontextswillallow. 1500 Morris1987esp. chapters4-8. 1501jn p the closed PG tombscontained one to three burials;PayneBSA 33 (1931-32)217,E 11.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
665
Histogram of Amphorae & Pithoi/tomb 20 1
C
Urn
10-
w 1
0
1111IIn Hh i
i
10
i
»
20
i
i
30
i
n m i
40
Tombs III. 12.Histogramofurns(amphoraeand pithoi)per tomb.
i
i
50
w- CAVANAGH
666
Firstuseandre-use
To concludethissectionon the use of the tombsit remainsto discusstheirinitialuse, the and theirdemise,hiatusin use and re-use.It is almostimpossible, occasionoftheirconstruction the confusion of their contents,to isolatethe firstburialin any tomb.As a working given it can be assumed that theoccasionfortheconstruction ofa tombis to be equated hypothesis withthe establishment of a given 'family5in the locality.The argumentsadduced above a newone. indicatethatdilapidation was nota reasonforabandoninga tomband establishing Ifanything thepracticeofre-useindicatesa desireto establisha linkwithearlierburials,whilst in tombconstruction as timewenton monumentality was eschewed.How thento explainthe TABLE short life of the tombs The answerI believelies in the narrow 20 relatively (v. supra)? indicated for those who used the tomb. On a crudeinterpretation, at least,the familygroup the tomb was not in Dark to a tomb normally Age Knossoswas passedfromfather singleheir; sharedequallyby an everexpandinglineage.1502 Withsuchfrequent fission,and fissionat so lowa levelitis notsurprising thatlinesshouldcometo an end so soon,aftera fewgenerations. The evidenceforthere-useofearliertombs,a practicewhichcan be tracedat leastas early of the potteryso wide thatan consistsof a gap in the chronology as the twelfth century,1503 ofuse seemstheonlyrealisticexplanation: interruption Table 23. Tombs with an hiatus indicatingre-use.
Tomb
istUse
2ndUse
Tomb ist Use
2ndUse
13 24 26 40 48 60 229
LPG SM/EPG SM SM SM/EPG EPG EPG
EO-LO MG LG LG O MG/LG PGB/EG
18 25 28 45 56 98
PGB/EG LO EO MG/LG EO MG/LG
SM SM/EPG LPG SM/EPG? SM/EPG SM/EPG
mostof thesetombsweredisturbedand theircontentsmixed:13, 24, 25 (the Unfortunately latervasesmightderivefromtomb34),45, 48, 56, 60, 98, 229. In tombs26 and 40 theearliest fallenfromtheroofbeforethelaterburials burialshad been coveredbya layerofkouskouras sealedinsidethe wereinserted.In thecase of 18 theburialsofthefirstperiodwereeffectively The chamberby theEG pithosburial18.8,whichmayhave been thusplaced unconsciously. to theearlierones. withsomereference burialof28 was placed in thedromos orientalising The Funeral
Ritual
mourning In thissectionan attemptwill be made to followthroughthe main stagesof the funeral, thoughthephasesbeforearrivalat the cemeteryare clearlynot easilyrecoverable.In Crete sceneswhichgraceAtticLG vases.The and Ekphora we cannotturnto the seriesof Prothesis
1502 xhe grouping of the tombs, on the other hand, might reflect some larger kinship; exceptions can be found such as those listed above and the somewhat
similartomb on the Gypsades Hill, BSA 76 (1981) 143. 1503 Mee & Cavanagh1978.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
667
mourners(and corpse?)paintedon Fortetsano.339are thebesthint,itselfnot unambiguous, of mourningritual.Evidentlythe dead would be laid out withthe appanage appropriateto theirstate.This at leastseemsto followfromthedressornamentsand gravegoodsburntwith thebodyand includedin the urn.1504 Iron fragments fromtomb219 have been attributed to an ironand woodenbier,thoughone different in designfromthecatafalquesillustrated on the Athenianvases. Otherwisethepreparationof thebody,thewindingcloth,thewake and the journeyto thegraveare irretrievable througharchaeology. PYRES
as pyres.Bothlie withinthecemetery area and 310is immediately 176and 310weredistinguished the dromos to of which it served. It is that others werenotfoundbecauseof adjacent 219 possible erosion.In bothcasesan ash pitwas dugto a depthofat least20 cm; thepyrewouldhavebeen builtup abovethis;thoughno post-holes are reported thetemperatures c. 900oC, would inferred, a In artificial were stratified the remains of or three two require strong draught. 310 pyres.The few smallfindsand pot-sherds confirm thatgrave-goods wereburntwiththedead, and perhapsthat somecarewas takento recoverthemafterwards.1505 Sherdsofthetwokraters 219.71 (LG) and of graveofferings, 219.80 (LPG) again mightindicatethe immolation giventhatmostof the werefoundin thetomb.1506 On theotherhandtheTirebaskets'from219and 285point fragments toan elaborateritualat thepyre;presumably forthepurpose.The find theyweremadespecifically ofgrainin310is unique,and speculation aboutitssymbolic isbestavoided.1507 significance URNS
wereburntwiththebody,1508 themajorityofvases,and indeedother Althoughsomeofferings do not show tracesof burning.Cremationwould have takenmanyhoursand its offerings, has been commentedon below.1509 The bones were thencollectedwithgreat thoroughness care and assiduity, once thepyrehad been doused.Observationhas confirmed thatthebones werewrappedin a cloth.1510 The varietiesof urnreflectfashion;at leastthereis no evidence thatdifferent typeswere used forthe two sexes in the mannerof neck-handledand bellyhandledamphoraeat Athens.1511 Undoubtedlypolychromepithoiwere made forfunerary to order. The custom mustgo back earlier,but it is impossibleto say byhow use,1512 perhaps much.Coarse pithoiare foundin domesticdeposits1513 and would certainlynot have been commissions. But decorated are also special pithoi reportedfromthesecontexts,and their cannot be shown to be It has been remarkedthatsome of the urns iconography funerary. 'earlier' than the vases which them. Indeed analysison the basis of the appear accompany firmassociationsconfirms thissuggestion.1514 It does not,however, followthattheurnswere old at the timeof burial;the factsmightequallywell be explainedif,forexample,a more conservative forurns. styleofdecorationwas preferred 1504 See TABLE24 pp 668-70. 1505 Tne similarclean stateofthepyresat Mastabasled to the suggestionthat theywere firesforthe immolationof sacrifices ratherthantruepyres:LembessiPAE 1970,296-7. 1506 The suggestion thatoinochoaiwereused to douse the flames of the pyre,e.g. Platon AE 1945-47, is based on Homericparallels. 1507Pyres were also located between the tombs at KhanialeTekeBSA49 (1954)219. 1508 Note,forexample,the tracesof burningon the metal
standand gold-leafin tombs200/201;cf.the Gortyntholos tombPAE 1966,190. 1509 eh. io, pp. 686-q. Muserrave, 1510 Musgrave,ch. 19,p. 690; cf.E. p. 86. 1511 Coldstream,BSA 76 (1981)144. 1512 F. p. 189. 1513 Coldstream,BSA 67 (1972)70, 72-77,PG, 81,87, 88 G; BSA55 (i960) 170G. 1514 III. 11and n. 1499above.
W. CAVANAGH
668 FUNERARY MEAL
the dead thereare examplesof Quite apartfromskeletonsof whole animalsaccompanying animalbones fromvariouscontexts.1515 These bones can be dividedin two categories:teeth whichmighthavebeen used as amulets:N, O, 14,30, 46, 75, 98, 107,175,285 and 292,these includecattle,dog, sheep/goatand pig teeth.Secondlythereare bones fromjointsof meat: of sheep/goatexceptforthe pig tibiafrom 0,5 34?75? J47and 283; theseare all fragments tombQ. Some were includedwiththe crematedbones,and a sheep/goatmetacarpalwas foundin theurn75.74.Perhapsin thesecases themeatwas burnton thepyre,in a funerary meal in whichthedead werethoughtto havea share.1516 The fenugreek seedsin T. 229 would havebeen an offering, nottheremainsofa meal (p. 636 above). VASE OFFERINGS
A numberofinterpretations can be placed on thegravegoodsfoundin thetomb: theirstanding. ofthedeceased,or possessionsreflecting (i) The personaleffects to equip thedead forthenextworld,or thejourneyto thenextworld. (ii) Provisions (iii) Offerings broughtbymournersas giftsforthedead. (iv) Paraphernaliarequiredfortheritual. will be considered.Over and above the urns and theirlids,which Initiallyvase offerings to perfumeflasks,drinkingvessels clearlybelong category(iv),therecan be distinguished: miscellaneous and various kraters and types:kernoi,askoi, models, dinoi),pyxides (jugs, be regardedwithsome should and basins. These lekanides stands,plates,trays, categories caution.Thus is itpossiblethattypesofperfumeflaskweredifferentiated accordingto sex,or we vessels should Within the for the for use, hydriai distinguish drinking palaestra, example? and perhapsjugs,whichmightbe thoughtto lie withintherealmofwomen,fromoinochoai, Do the different of the symposium?1517 of men,ifnot suggestive typesof perhapsdistinctive Because the water? wine and for for reflect different vessel activities, cups sayskyphoi drinking to come to firmconclusions, itis verydifficult tombsare collectiveand thecontextsdisturbed, butitshould,perhaps,be made clearthatthesequestionshavebeen addressed. In thesecollectivetombsit is almostimpossibleto isolatespecificgravegroups;the more reliableoftheassociationsare: TABLE24. Relativelysecure associations with urn burials. (* Some doubt over the association here). Tomb
Urn
O
4
O 13
1 12
13
3
Associated finds
Date
Burial
Associated pots
EG
AD
MG PGBEG
AD
MO
AT
Lid(EG), aryballos(MG) Lid, aryballos(MG) Hydria(EG), skyphos(EG) Aryballos(LO), jug(LO), 2 oinochoai
1515Musgrave, ch. 19, p. 690; Wall-Crowther,ch. 20, p. 704. 1516 Unburntanimalboneswererareat Fortetsab. p. 3 n. the goat in II. 19 p. 88; the remainsof a meal 6 mentioning
Bronze bowl.
on the floorof AyiosIoannis tomb III seems to represent anothercustom,BSA55 (i960) 132. 1517In contemporary Attica,wherefemalegravescan be oinochoaiare foundin burialsofbothsexes. distinguished,
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS Tomb Urn
Date
669
Burial
Associated pots
Associated finds
Juglet(E-MG),2 cups(PGB,PGBEG) coarsebasin(EMG). Lid, pyxis(LGEO),2 lekythoi(LG). 2 lids(EO). Clay whorl. lekythos(EO). Lid(7),2 aryballoi(EO,LO).
Gem setin gold.
18
8
EG
19
12
LG
19
14
EO
MA
19 19
13 7
EO EO
AD AD
26
7
MO
75 75
19 109
MG MG
75 75 75
38 42 121
MG MG MG
75 75
68 122
LGEO LGEO
MA YA
75
72
LG
FA
75 75
8 13
LO MO
MA YA
75 75
14 20
MO MO
AD
75 104 104
7 3 4
LO LG LG
YA AD AD
104 107
20 6
EO EO
107 107
13 30
LO LGEO
AD
107
27
EO
FA
107
28
EO
FA
107
29
EO
FA
107
24
EO
FA FA?
Aryballos(MG) Lid(MG), aryballos(MG) Lid(LG/EO) Conical lid(LG), aryballos(MO) 3 aryballoi(EO,LG) Lid, 2 aryballoi(LGEO,EO), miniature oinochoe(LGEO) Lid(LG), lekythos(EO). Aryballos(LO) Lid(MO), aryballos(LO), cup(LO). 2 cups? Lid(MO), aryballos(LO), plate(LO). Aryballos(LO) Aryballos(LG-EO) 2 CypriotBoR lekythoi. Jug(LG), olpe(MG). Lid(EO), aryballos(O), skyphos(MO). Lid(EO), Aryballos(LO) Lid(LG),2 lekythoi(LGEO), aryballos(LG). Lid(EO), lekythos(EO). 2 lids(O),4 aryballoi(EO),lekythos(EO). Lid(EO), lekythos(EO),MPC harelekythos, pyxis(EO), cup(EO), 2 smalloinochoai(EO). Aryballos(LO), hydria(EO).
Tweezers?bracelet,olive stones. Silverpin,beads,pendant,gold stud,bze pin. Bracelet,beads. Ironknife. Faiencebead. Ivorypin fr. Glass fr.
Clothimpression.
Bronzepin,chippedstonefr. 2 ironpins;+ frs.of2 others.
W. CAVANAGH
67o Tomb Urn
Date
Burial
Associated pots
107 218
59 39
EO MG
YA ADF?
218
33
LG
ADM?
218 218 229
37 50 1
MG EG LG
ADM?
229
6
LGEO
285
82
MPG
285 285 285
58 61 39
EMPG LPGB MG
AD MA AD
Aryballos(O). Lid(MG), aryballos(MG), Cyp BoR lekythos. 2Jugs(MGLG,LG), aryballos(MG). Miniaturepyxis(LGEO). Lid(LG),aryballos(MG). Lid(LG-EO), aryballos(MGLG) skyphos(LG-EO) Lekythos(EO), aryballos(EO)oinochoe(LGEO). 2 jugs,large, 3 smalloinochoai, 13skyphoi(MPG) Pyxis(LPG).
285 285
40 41
MO MO
AD Y
285
33
MO
285 285 285 285 285 285 285
36 12 13 24 27 79 60*
MO LO LO LO LO LPGB EPG/MPG
ADM?
MAF? MAF? ADF? ADF ADF
small Aryballos(MG), oinochoe(EGMG), jug(MO), 2 Cyp BoR lekythoi. Lid(MO), aryballos(MO). Lid(MO), aryballos(MO). 2 lids(MO,EO), cup(MO) aryballos(MO) Lid(MO), aryballos(LO) Lid(LO), aryballos(LO). Lid(LO) aryballos(LO). Lid(LO), aryballos(LO). Aryballos(LO). Lid Krater,13skyphoi, 4 oinochoai, 2 aryballoi(MPG)
Associated finds fibula,pin,amber pin-head. Ironarrowhead.
Seeds. Silverpin,bronzestag,scarabs, beads.
2 pins. 4 goldfragments, 2-wheelshapedaffix, beads.
Gold etc.beads,bze ring, bze. and ivorybrooch,ironpin. 2 bze & ironpin. Tweezers. Irondirk.
In the following Initiallytwo accordingto theiroverallstatistics. typeswillbe distinguished classesofvesselwereinvestigated: oil flasks:stirrup aryballoiand lentoidflasks; jars,lekythoi, (a) Perfumed and vessels: kotylai cups. (b) Drinking skyphoi, Theirtotalsforeach periodweredividedbythenumberofcremationurns,as definedabove. thaton averageone ofeach typewas foundper urn(ILL.13).Of course The graphillustrates such an averagemighthide significant divergences;a table derivedfromthe above securer butnotcups (including associationsindicatesthatoil flasksare indeedfairly widelydistributed and skyphoi kotylai): no cups Oil flasks, 35
Cups,no oil flasks 4
Cups & oil flasks. 6
be notedthatoil flasksare easierto put insideurnsthandrinking It should,however, vessels, The graphmoreover especiallyfromLG onwardswhentheurnmouthstendto getnarrower.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
671
Drinkingvessels plotted against Jugs 45 -,
D
D
D
35 -
/ D
/u
D D
/
25 -
/
V
in
0>
a
U
n
.
D
go
| 15 .E
g
D
mro
a
o
10
n
0/ x
/
/
/
/
yxl D
JU8S 20
30
III. 13.Oil flasksand drinking vesselsperperioddividedbythenumberofurns.
40
672
w- CAVANAGH
At thistime indicatesan increasein the frequencyof drinking vesselsin the ninthcentury. wholeservicesofvesselsseemto have accompaniedcertainburialse.g.with285.82 13 MPG smallbell skyphoi,or in tombJ elevenAtticLPG cups. Similarif smallersetsare foundin thatkratersare also tombsE, G, Q, 100, 175,207, 219, 283, 285 and 287. It is noteworthy in PGB This fashionfordrinking more common LPG and than at other considerably periods. setsis discernableiflessmarkedin thefollowing periode.g. 104.61, 96, 101, 113; 106. 1, 10,
11,27; 134-2,95 17»20, 63, 66; 40. 38, 39, 41, 44; 34.6, 7, 11, 19, 31.
of drinking vessels?Althoughin a crude Do thejugs throwany lighton the distribution statisticalsense thereis a high correlation(0.85) betweenthe occurrenceofjugs (hydriai, vessels(skyphoi, oinochoai,jugs and olpai) and theoccurrenceof drinking kotylaiand cups), whentheseare plottedon a graphthe pointsare somewhatscattered(ILL. 14).The straight line on the graphrepresentsa one-to-onecorrespondence, and the outlierssome distance above the line includethosewithsetsof cups or skyphoi(mostmarkedly J, 207, 219).More one or two each it that however, appears jug.1518 just cupsaccompanied normally fewerthanthe 679 cups and 469 no pyxideshave been found,thatis to say considerably jugs or 481 unguentvessels.Assumingabout 500 burialsand thatpyxidesare no moreor less likelyto survivethanthe urns,at mostbetween20 and 25% of burialshad them.There is in Atticgravespyxidesappear mostfrequently good reasonto supposethatin contemporary Knossos tombs. This is impossibleto proveofthe femalegraves.1519 rare:kernoi,askoiand Vase offerings otherthanthesemajortypesare variedand relatively animalvases,models,stands,platesand trays,lekanidesand basins.Because each of these to generalise it is difficult rareand clearassociationscannotbe established, typesis relatively in thefunerary abouttheirsignificance ceremony. OFFERINGS OTHER THAN VASES
more in additionto thevases.It is possibleto distinguish, There is a greatvarietyofofferings or less in orderof frequency:jewellery,weapons, 'domestic'equipmentincludingknives, obeloi,tripodsand firedogs, copper,faienceand stonevessels,toolsand miscellaneoustypes to and a gamingpiece (Tomb 294). It is difficult suchas cosmeticitems,horse-bits, figurines and the deceased with the if were burnt on of the which, pyre together any, offerings say whichwere placed directlyin the tomb.The amber (18, 78, 82, 104, 218 and 229) would over400o C; indeedtracesofburningare notreported havemeltedat temperatures certainly on anyofthefinds. About190weaponswerefoundin 32 tombs;mostcommonlytheseare spearsandjavelins, thenin about equal numbersswords(24) and dirks/daggers (28). Archeryequipmentand armourare less common.The toolsincludeaxes and double axes as well as morespecialist toolssuchas chisels,an axe-adze,a graverand a rasp (75,86, 218,292). Obsidianflakesand bladesoccurin sixcontextsand need notbe strays.Stoneand clay'whorls'are foundand two loom-weightsare reportedfromtomb G. Ornamentsare reportedfrom55 tombs,most pins and fibulae,whichmay have held up the doricpeplos; beads are also quite frequently common,amongthemtheclaybeads whichare likethosefromAtticfemaleand childgraves, ofPtah and are also knownfromLefkandi.The scarabs(48,78, 107,229) and faiencefigurines are too the are and Nefertum 2?, 18, amulets, 129). (J, perhaps antiquegems (78) presumably
1518For a similar observation see Platon, AE 1945-47, 75.
1519 Cavanagh 1977, 308.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
67c
Oil flasks and Drinkingvessels per urn 3.5-.
A A
2.5-
1.5J
A 0.5Ài I
1000
A
G
I
D
ü
D
AÔ
A D
a D I
I
900
ü Flasks
I
I
800
I
I
700
I
I
600 BC
a Drinking vessels
III. 14.The numberofdrinking vesselsper tombplottedagainstthenumberofjugs.
674
w-CAVANAGH
In summary In the therefore and verybroadlytwopossiblegeneralities suggestthemselves. firstplace thereare offerings whichare so common as to implythattheywere eithera life:oil flasks, drinking necessary partofthefuneralor wereconsideredessentialforthefuture vesselsor drinking and the and sets, trinkets, though last is a ratherwide perhapsjewellery category.Unguentsmighthave servedto anoint the body beforecremation.It has been In neithercase thatthecupswerefora final'toast5to thedeceased.1520 furthermore, suggested, doesthetheoryentirely the vessels had to the accompany bodyto thetomb. explainwhy empty In the secondplace some tombs,and probablycertainburialswithinthosetombs,were markedby a lavishdisplayand reduplication of offerings (75, 219, 283, 285). In thesecases for thereis no clearruleas to thetypeofoffering, nothing, example,to be comparedwiththe seem to expressa respectforthe for need. The obsessive offerings Egyptian provision every and of and plate prizedpossessions.Otherwisethere good things life,banqueting conviviality, seem to be placed withthe dead theirmore intimategoods: the warrior'sweapons, the woman'sspindle,and thechild'stoy. ANIMAL SACRIFICE
thereare In additionto thosetracesofanimalboneswhichseemto haveservedas foodofferings oftwo a different custom.Tomb79 containedtheskeletons twomajordepositswhichrepresent horses and the remainsof two dogs. As far as can be judged fromthe verydisturbed thehorseburialsoftombs152(againa pair)and 1631521 circumstances, belongto thesamephase. is uncertain; itwouldseemnaturalto associatethemwiththeLG-EO urns Theirdate,however, thatthehorseburials placedoverthem,buttheverycloseparallelsat Priniasraisethepossibility BC.Some or ninth centuries the tenth to date to those at Prinias to an earlier appear stage: belong likeours,in separatepits.1522 oftombsofthesecondphasethere,others, werefoundin thedromoi Indeedtheparallelsat at thetomband notat thepyre.1523 The animalswereevidently sacrificed thattheseare more raise the and of horses with Prinias,again possibility probablydogs, pairs The burial.1524 with a not associated presenceof dogs hintsat particular generalsacrifices, is impossible. but not in an Iron therefore, chariotry, certainty and, Agecontext, hunting Discussion in a broadercontext.A majorchangein burialcustomsis It remainsto place thesefindings one of the most marked innovations at the end of LM/LH III C and the subMinoan/Mycenaean period throughoutGreece.1525In Crete this realignmentcan be ofnew cemeteries,1526 bychangesin thedesignoftombsand recognisedbytheestablishment
1520Boardman, BSA ^ (iq6o) 144. 1521The horsebonesfromTs. 152and 163areprobablyassociated 1522Rizza 1978 esp. 122 ff. 1523This can be paralleled tor example at Lelkandi, Popham et al. 1982, and the fact that the animals were not cremated is no argument in favourof a sub-Minoan date. 1524Rizza 1978 122-6, 1979; even the possibilityof sacrifice to the gods is raised. To the Bronze Age parallels cited we can now add Protonotariou-Deilaki 1990, and Popham etal. 1982. 1525 Desborough 1964 32-40, 1972 266-77, Snodgrass 1971 esp. 177-971526Dreros,van Effenterre 1947,17;Karphi, BSA 38 (1938-39)
100 if.;Kavousi, AJA5 (1901) 125 ff.;Krya, AD 31 (1976) B 381-2; 33 (I977) 39°~92; Mouliana, AE 1904, 21 ff.;Panayia, AJA 5 (1901) 283 ff.,Am. 10-12 (1927-28) 389-400; Phaistos (Hill), Boll. d'Arte1955 159; Phaistos, Liliana, MA 14, 627 ff.;Piati, BSA 20 (1913-14) 14; Prinias,Rizza 1978; Sykia (Adhromyloi),PAE 1954, 365-67; Vrokastro,Hall 1914, 123-53. Àt this date or into PG: Arkades,Ann.10-12 (1927-29) 202 ff.,304 ff,312 ff;Anavlochos, AD 14 (1931-32)5; AyiosAntonios,PAE 1954 367; AyiosYeoryios, AD 22 (1967) B 485; Piskokephalo, PAE 1953 292; Braimiana, J//552 (1932) 255; Gortyn,PAE 1966, 189-91; Kritsa, KCh 1953, 485, BCHyS (1954) 155; Patela (Sphakia), KCh 1955,563, BCH So (1956) 359; Petrokephali(Phaistos),Ann.29-30 (N.S.) 181-209.
THE BURIAL CUSTOMS
675
of populationswhichlie by changesin rite.The firstof theseraisesissuesof the settlement outsidethescope ofthischapter.In tombtypesa lessradicalchangeis observedin mostparts of Crete thanin thoseotherpartsof Greece wheresingleburialdisplacescollectivetombs. The adaptationat Knossoswherebychambertombsfollowa smallerdesigncan be paralleled in plan.1527 elsewherein Creteby the adoptionof smallcorbelledtombs,usuallyrectangular Chambertombsare less common.1528 It is tempting to linkthereductionin size of thetomb chambersto thechangein rite(to cremation). Thus at PriniastheSM/EPG cremations were laid in bottle-shapedpits,and the inhumationsin builttombsof an increasingly debased form.1529 Howeverat Knossosthefactsdo not seem to supportthisreasoningas inhumation A moreradicalexplanationis neededin termsoftheconditions at stillpractised.1530 of is, first, lifeduringtheDark Age. Cremationhad subsistedas a minorityriteduringthe Late Bronze Age.1531 The move towardsan increasinguse of cremationis fairlywidespreadin Crete,witnessed, forexample, at Krya (Siteia),1532 at Vrokastro Phaistos(Mesara)1534 at least, and, eventually (Mirabello),1533 in the farwestof Crete as at Gavalomouri.1535 In spiteof the manyothersignsof cultural isolation in the late eleventhand early tenthcenturiesBC, it is difficultnot to see the as a signofsomecommunity ofcustomand belief,linking widespreadadoptionofcremation, Creteand KnossoswithmuchofcentralGreece. The ultimateabandonment, in theN Cemetery, ofchambertombconstruction in favourof large collectivepits,can also be paralleled,if in a somewhatmore formalmanner,by the 'bone enclosures'at Vrokastro1536 and Prinias.1537 Attentionhas alreadybeen drawnto the betweenthehorseburialsat Priniasand thoseat Knossos.The childpithosburials similarity of eighthcenturydate also serveto underlinethe linksin practicebetweenthe different fromthoseof eastern regionsof Crete.The burialcustomsof Knossos,whilstdistinguishable and westernCrete, were in importantways influencedby general trends:in the rite of in the designof the tombtypes;in the choice of graveofferings thereis a broad cremation, withthe restof the island,and, to a lesserdegree,withthe restof Greece.This community whilstthepracticesin can, in part,be tracedto a commonBronzeAge ancestry. Nevertheless, the earliestperiodof use at the N Cemeterywerecloselyallied to thoseof the Late Bronze Age, therewas a constantimpetusto change.Chambertombconstruction may eventually have been abandonedas unnecessary, forthe chambertombhas beenjudged an unsuitable forurns;1538 all thesame thedesireto retaina locus forcollectiveburialpersisted. repository The linkstherebysymbolised in deathmusthave been important in life.In wayslikethisthe of the past were transformed traditions fashion and influences fromabroad, and by the by structures of a formed under the stresses of the Dark very society Age.
1527 At Erganossuch smalltholostombsare founddating to LM III B,AJA5 (1901)262 fif. 1528Mastamba, AD 31 (1976) B 351. Compare also the burialcavesofEasternCrete:Ay.Spiridon,AR 32 (1986),94; Beratiand Langoupha,PAE 1953,292, 294; Zou, PAE 1954, 363. The chambertombsofWesternCreteseemto be larger and later,see n. 1475above. 1529 Rizza 1078esp. 114-21. 1530 Tne same tendencycan be observedin the tombsat Perati:Cavanaghand Mee 1978,Cavanagh1987.
1531 Mavriyannaki 1969. 1532 AD 31(1076)B 381-2:32 (1077)B 336-8;33 (1078)B 3QO-2. 1533 Hall 1914,123-55. 1534 MA 14(1905),627 fr. >^ AD 32 (1977)6330-1. 1536Vrokastro, 154-70. 1537 Rizza 1984. 1538 Though cremationis reportedfroma fairnumberof built tombs:Ay.Paraskies,Gortyn,perhaps Kritsa,Krya, see n. 1526). Mouliana,Rotasiand Vrokastro (forreferences
CHAPTER 19 THE HUMAN BONES J. H. MUSGRAVE1539 SECTION
1: THE CREMATIONS
Introduction1540 I studiedthe N cemeteryburialsin the summersof 1979to 1982.A catalogueof the inJune1983.A separatetypescript was completed MS on theSM burialswas cremations submitted to HWC thepreviousautumn.1541 Draftsofthisreportweresubmitted in April in and The last In was revised the of the 1985 May 1987. spring 1995. yearsI intervening havegainedmoreexperience fromstudying othercollections ofcremations.1542 It seemed sensibletherefore to incorporatesome recentfindingsinto thisfinalreportwithout it. I havealso unashamedly raidedmyrecentreportsto sparethe completely re-writing readerthe need to spendtimechasingreferences citedelsewherein publicationsnot to hand. necessarily THE STUDY OF CREMATIONS
The studyof ancientcrematedremainscan yieldinformation thatis usefulto both and This is due to the examination and reporting archaeologists anthropologists.1543 largely These earlypioneersconcentrated techniquesdevisedby manyauthors.1544 mainlyon 1539 I should like to thankProfessor Acknowledgements: Nicolas Coldstreamand Dr. HectorCatlingforinvitingme to examine and reporton this interestingand important Dr.Jo Priceand Dr. Colin collection;Mrs S. Wall-Crowther, Gilbertforloyalhelp in the field;Dr.JillCarington-Smith, thelate Dr. T. E. Thompson,Mrs S. Wall-Crowther and Ms Chrissiede la Mahotièreforprofessional assistance;and Mrs JoyceBishop and Mrs RoseMary Musgraveforsecretarial assistance. I am especiallygratefulto the BritishAcademy,the BritishSchool at Athens,the LeverhulmeTrustFund and the University of Bristolforgrantstowardsthe cost oflong visits to Crete in the summersof 1979, 1980, 1981 and 1982. 1540xhe writerof a bone report in a predominantly archaeologicalvolumefacestheproblemofwherereferences to scientific in papersshouldbe cited.Stringsofparentheses the textcan make it appear ugly and irritatethe reader. can be equallyannoying:'I see no Citingthemin footnotes reasonwhyI shouldlook to the bottomof a page to finda
Walz (1994). I confusingmass of more than 30 references.' have tried to steer a middle course, consigningmultiple citationsto footnotes, butretaininga fewsinglereferences in in thetext. parentheses 1541See Catling (1995). It gave me great happiness to discoverthat some of the firstKNC bones I examinedand withouta clue alone,imprisonedin theFortetsaApotheke - contributedto such an as to theirsignificance exciting story. 1542Lower Gypsades Hill (Musgrave 1981), Torone (Musgrave: final report awaiting publication), Vergina (Musgrave 1984, 1985, 1990a, 1991) Nea Mihaniona (Musgrave 1990b), Derveni Beta (Musgrave 1990b), Phoinikas (Musgrave: report in preparation), Lefkandi ToumbaTs. 50, 55 and ^8 (Musgrave:reportin preparation). 1543 See Brothwell (10.81Ì. 1544 Among themGejvall (1947, 1951,1969), Gejvall and Sahlström(1948), Lisowski (1956a, 1956b, 1968), Weiner (1951),Wells (i960), Merbs (1967),Spence (1967a) and Van Vark(1974,1975).
678
J- H. MUSGRAVE
metricaland macroscopicmethodsofinvestigation. More recently thestudyofcremations has becomeincreasingly and experimental laboratory-based.1545 that The aims of thesepioneersand theirfollowershas been to convincearchaeologists resemble crematedremainsshouldnotbe ignoredsimplybecause,to theuntutored eye,they In fact, uninformative misshapenfragments. nothingmoreexcitingthana bag of apparently it is possibleto coax thisseemingly as mostregionsof the skeletoncan oftenbe identified, intractablematerialinto tellingus quite a lot about the sex, age, and pathologyof each castsomelighton funerary practicesand burialcustoms. subject;and,indirectly, it mightbe helpfulto place Beforeassessingthevalue to scienceoftheKnossoscremations themin context.This can be done by drawingattentionto a selectionof reportson some - ancient and modern- fromEurope, America and Australia.1546 This list cremations cremation indeed of the a small number contains reports archaeological obviously only very publishedduringthe past fewyears. It is hoped thereforethat its incompletenessmay readersto sendme detailsofthemanymorethathavebeen omitted. encourageanyinterested AIM
The aim of a studentof cremationsis exactlythe same as thatof the studentof a complete inhumedskeleton.He or shewishesto discoverthesex and age ofeach subject;thecondition of the dentition;whetherany pathologicalchangeshad takenplace; how manyindividuals in anygivencollection;whetheranimalboneshad also been buriedwith maybe represented aboutburialcustoms. them;and whetherthetotalassemblagecan yieldanyinformation MATERIAL
The crematedhumanremainsfromthe Geometrictombsin the Knossos N Cemeteryare containedin 363 separatebags and weigh84968 g (84.968kg;187.32lb; 13.38stones;just over halfa poundofburntbone fragments per bag). Of these363 separatecollections74 definitely sevenmayhave (see theAppendixat theend ofthis came fromnumberedurnsand a further in PLATE is illustrated A cremation 313a.The smallesturnburialweighed1g; chapter). complete thelargest2324g (285.39) The SM cremationswere too fewin numberto include in any meaningfulstatistical
1545See forexample: Chandler (1987), Dokladal (1969, 1970), Gralla (1964, 1965), Grosskopf(1989), Grupe and Herrmann(1983), Herrmann (1972a, 1972b,1976, 1977a, 1977b),Hoick (1986), Hummel and Schutkowski(1986), Ramrakhiani,Pal and Datta (1980), Shipman,Fosterand (1984)and Wahl(1982). Schoeninger 1546 Greece: see Breitinger (1939),Davaras (1973),Gams (1982), Musgrave (1980, 1981, 1984, 1985, 1990a, 1990b), Paidoussis and Sbarounis (1975, 1979), Pitsios (1987), Robinson (1942), Stampolidis(1990), Xirotiris(1982) and and Langenscheidt Xirotiris (1981).
Holland, Luxembourg, Germany and Central
Europe: see Chocol (1961),Dokladal(1962,1963,1969,1970), Gebühr(1983),Gladykowska-Rzeczycka (1971,1974),Grimm (1974,1982,1985,1986),Kühl (1980,1981,1982,1983a,1983b, 1983c,1983d,1983e,1985,1986, 1987a, 1987b,1988, 1992), Hummeland Kühland Remagen(1986),Lange,Schutkowski, Herrmann(1987)and Van Vark(1968,1970,1974,1975).
Scandinavia: see Gejvall (1947,1951,1969),Gejvall and Persson(1970),Gejvall and Sahlström(1948),Hoick (1986), and Persson(1970). British Isles: see Birkett(1984), Denston (1965, 1966, 1968. 1969a,1969b,1969c,1972a,1972b,1973a,1973b,1974a, 1974b,1974c,i974d, 1974e,i974f,1976,1977a,1977b,1981a, 1981b, 1983), Hazzledine (1982), Lisowski(1956a, 1956b, 1959, 1962, 1963, 1968), Lisowskiand Spence (1971),Lunt and Barnetson(1982),Luntand Rees-Jones (1975),McKinley (1989a, 1989b, 1994a), Powers(1983), Spence (1964, 1965, 1966, 1967b, 1969), Weiner (1951),Wells (i960), Weyman (1980). (1980)and Wilkinson America: see Baby (1954),Binford(1963),Haury (1945), Merbs(1967);Stewart(1979),and Ubelaker(1984). Australia: see Hiatt(1969). Modern: see Dunlop (1978),Dunlop and Farr(1978)and McKinley(1993).
THE HUMAN BONES
679
analysis.Because oftheirparticularinterest theyhave been treatedseparately, alongwiththe in Section2 ofthischapter. SM inhumations, METHODS
Informationwas collected on: degree of cremation(colour,texture,degree of warping, etc.);postcranialfragment shrinkage, length;weightofbone recovered;numberofindividuals in each urn;sex; age at death;pathology;urngoods; animaland fishbones; shells;minerals; and organicremains.1547 RESULTS
The figuresquoted in the MATERIAL sectionabove offersome idea of the sheerquantityof bone recoveredand available forstudy.However it is neithernecessarynor possible to publish here a detailed descriptionof the contents of each pot or bag. A typescript catalogue,in fourboundvolumes,on speciallypreparedproformasheets(TABLE25) has been deposited in the Libraryof the BritishSchool at Athens. There are additional sets in London and Bristol.Readers seekingfurtherinformation are welcome to consultone of thesesets. Table 25. Proforma used to recordinformation on each collectionofburntbones. cremations KNC ('KMF ig78') Geometric
Tomb: Bag label: Degreeofcremation:
Level:
Zembil:
Notebookref.: Drawing:
PTO:
Pot:
Numberoffragments: Lengthoflongestpostcranialfr.: Totalweight: Weightofcranialfrs: Weightofjaws & teeth: Weightofhands& feet: Weightofrestofpostcranialfrs: No. ofindividuals: Sex: Age: Pathology: Urn goods: Animalbones; Shells: Minerals: Organicremains:
Other pointsofinterest
Yearstudied: Photograph:
1547The methodsof studyused on this material were based largelyon those suggestedby Wells (i960), Spence
(1967a), Gejvall (1969) and Brothwell (1981), with modifications ofmyown.
68o
J- H. MUSGRAVE
Discussion This is restrictedto a discussion of a few selected topics of both anthropologicaland of some of them,and theevidenceadduced to support archaeologicalinterest. Amplification certaintheories,can be foundin a collationof the mastercatalogue,reproducedhereas the Appendix.Not all the observationsrecordedin it have the same weightor importance. Nevertheless itsometimes made simplybecauseitseemedstrange happensthatan observation in thelightoffurther discoveries. and interesting at thetime,laterbecomesimportant SEX
as it maysound.Segregation Bothsexeswererepresented. This is notsucha banal statement of thesexesevenin deathis not unheardof.I believe,forinstance,thatthe humanremains excavatedat MyrtosPyrgos,SouthernCrete,containeda disproportionately largenumberof made on men. Because it is unwiseto place too greatreliance upon sex determinations sex-ratios. has been made to estimate and no material, attempt fragmentary incomplete AGE
As withthe data on sex, it was not possibleto assembleany accuratetables on totallife had to be made This was largelybecause,again,assessments expectancyor infantmortality. of on and regions.We important portions diagnostically incomplete macroscopically damaged Their tests.1548 or chemical to the time nor the facilities had neither attemptany histological successful.1549 or not is still widespread always applicationto crematedremains apparently it is clear thatindividualsof all ages,withthe exceptionof babies and very Nevertheless youngchildren,were representedin the cemetery.For examplea 9-10 year old childwas foundin 285; 107.13 containedthe patellae of anotherchild; 13.33 75»i3* IO7«59 and 285.33 contained remainsof adolescentsor young adults; and 285.13 the edentulous mandibleofa veryold woman. The apparentabsence of babies and veryyoungchildrencould be attributedto poor The materialon the thatI do notfavour. or our failureto spotthem,a suggestion preservation and I havefoundand studiedcremated wholeisverywellpreserved babyremainsfromelsewhere: The Torone one fromLowerGypsades;one fromNea Mihaniona;and fivefromTorone.1550 some materialis veryrelevant.Having been buriedat plough-sharedepthit had suffered disturbanceduringthe past threemillennia.NeverthelessProfessorCambitoglouand his therec. 107bone-bearing fromthePG cemetery pots,ofwhichfivecontained colleaguesrecovered betweenone and twelveyearsold.Of 74 individuals babieslessthana yearold,and sevenchildren sevenwereyoungpersons.1551 cremations PG-SPG Cemetery amongtheLefkandi represented - ofan age distribution interested In theabsence- or ratherdeliberateomission histogram, individuals'sectionin theAppendixas a useful readersmayacceptthe'Youngindividuals/old to whichan age label,in mostcasesregrettably It is merelya listofthosecollections substitute. be attached. could vague,
1548 DescribedbyKerley(1965,1970),Ahlquistand Damstem (1969),Ascenzi(1969),Singhand Gunberg(1970),Kiszely(1974), Ubelaker(1974, 1984, 1986), Bouvierand Ubelaker (1977), Herrmann(1977a),Kerleyand Ubelaker(1978),Uytterschaut (1985)and Stout(1989,1992).See tooCattaneo(1994). 1549 ResultsobtainedbyPaidoussisand Sbarounis(1975)on
theLH III C materialfromPeratiin Attica'werenotalways satisfactory'.See too commentsby Herrmann (1977a), Hummeland Schutkowski (1986)and MacKinley(1989a). 1550See Musgrave(1981,1990b,and Torone:finalreport awaitingpublication). 1551 Musgrave(1900).
THE HUMAN BONES
681
CONSANGUINITY
The studyofskeletalremainsfromlargecemeteries, and especiallychamberedtombsor long an opportunity to seekfamilyrelationships barrows,offers amongtheoccupants.1552 These are soughtin metricalsimilarities, and also in the presenceor absence of a wide traitsin boththeskulland postcranialskeleton.In timeitmaybe possible rangeofnon-metric to establishconsanguinityfromtraces of DNA and blood remainingin less well burnt bone.155* In crematedremainsthesearchis hamperedbytheincompleteness and damagedcondition ofthematerial.Onlyone isolatedexampleofpossibleconsanguinity was observedamongthe KNC bones.I referto thepresenceon threemandibularfragments from36, 58 and 79 in T. a of a functionless called torus an uncommonand mandibularis, 285 peculiar,apparently ridge, familial trait (FIG.194d). supposedly hereditary, DOUBLE BURIALS
Information on theburialin one pot oftheremainsofat leasttwoindividualsis ofinterest to studentsofritualand funerary we do not at know whether the However, practice.1554 present second or nthindividualwas popped inside 10 or 100 yearsafterthe previousone;1555 and statistics on the prevalenceof thispracticeare stillscanty.Nevertheless double burialsneed not be difficultto identify;and we have evidence of some spectacular ones, both archaeologicaland literary.1556 Amongthe KNC bone-bearingurnsonly two possibleexampleswere observed(Tombs 28,5 and 107.13). There is evidencethatthe SM Tomb 201 containedthreeindividuals. However,the massivecollectionof bones fromthisTomb -2.388 kg: the heaviestKNC - were collection probablycommittedin a perishablecontainerand not an urn. They are discussed separately.Of the eleven pots fromLower Gypsades two contained double burials.1557 At Torone likewiseonly two out of 107 bone-bearingpots contained double burials.1558 At Lefkanditherewas evidenceof two double burials.1559 At Peratifiveof the twelvecremations describedare said to be double and one triple.1560 Examplesof a laterage can be citedfromNea Mihanionaand Derveni.1561
1552 Brothwell (1981);Scarre(1984). 1553 See forexample:Berry(1979);Berryand Berry(1967, 1972); Berry,Berry and Ucko (1967); Rightmire(1972); Corrucini(1974, 1976); Sjovold (1975, 1976-77); Finnegan (1978); Trinkaus(1978); Cheverud,Buikstraand Twichell (1979);Molto (1979);Perizonius(1979);Musgraveand Evans (1980); Brothwell (1981); Kaul and Pathak (1984); Rothammer, Quevedo,Cocüovo and Llop (1984);Czarnetzki (1985); and, especially,Powell (1989). For DNA see Brown, O'Donoghue and Brown(1995). For albuminsee Cattaneo (1994)and Cattaneoetal. (1994). 1554 Fora discussionofthispracticein AncientGreecesee, amongothers,Kurtzand Boardman(1971),Snodgrass(1971), Dickinson(1983),Garland(1985)and Morris(1987). 1555Both Gladykowska-Rzeczycka (1974)and Hazzledine (1982) have drawn attentionto the near impossibilityof deciding whetherthe double or multipleoccupants of a singleurnwerecrematedand interred simultaneously. 1556Though admittedly of very differentperiods. the double burial in the Derveni Crater.See Archaeological:
theburialofPatroclusand Achilles. Musgrave(1990b).Literary: It is describedbyHomer,starting withthepassagein Iliadxxiii in whichAchulesgave clearinstructions thatPatroclus'bones shouldbe carefully collectedfromthe centreof his pyreand
thenplacedin a gold'phiale' 'against the timewhenI myselfshall have vanishedin the worldbelow.9(E.V
Rieu's translation of line 244. The wholepassageis in Iliad xxivthespiritofAgamemnon xxiii,236-248.)Later,in Odyssey addressesAchilles'and describesthe detailsof his cremation and the subsequent committalof his ashes in a golden amphora- the handiworkof Hephaestus and a giftfrom Dionysus- alongsidethoseof Patroclus.'In this lie your
white bones, glorious Achilles, and mingled with themthoseofthedead Patroclus,son ofMenoiteus'. ofOdyssey (See E.V Rieu'stranslation xxiv,73-77.) 1557 Musgrave(1981). 1558 Musgrave:finalreportawaitingpublication. 1559 Musgrave(1980). 1560 Paidoussisand Sbarounis(1975). 1561 Musgrave(1990b).
682
J- H- MUSGRAVE
Whyit shouldhave been necessaryto burytwo individualsin one pot is not known.The practicewas not confined,as one mightexpect,to the burialof one adult (mother?)and a child.At Torone,however, one ofthetwodoubleburialswas indeedthatofa motherand her newbornbaby.The Dervenicratercontainedtheremainsofan adultman and woman.Tomb II at Nea Mihanionacontainedthoseofa motherand hernewbornbaby(Musgrave1990b). too muchsignificance to thepresenceofseveralindividuals Perhapsit is unwiseto attribute in one pot. We have no evidenceof simultaneous deathand burial.The explanationmaybe no moredramaticthanthatit was regardedas perfectly acceptableto place theremainsofa Paidoussisand Sbarounis(1975)imply widowalongsidethoseofherlate husband,or viceversa. thatsomethingof the kindmay have happenedat Perati.The bones in the Dervenicrater pointto a similarconclusion(Musgrave1990b). An example of the evidence indicatingthe presence of two individualsin one pot is and a in PLATE illustrated 313b. On it are reproducedtworightsquamoustemporalfragments size. leftand rightpetroustemporalbone,each ofdifferent At the Anglo-Saxoncemeterysiteof Spong Hill in Norfolk,where2262 individualswere in a wide rangeof identified, 4.5 % of the collectionscontainedremainsof two individuals, - and a few double of e. 1100 a cremations, Among Norwegiansample permutations.1562 1563 = triple burialsamountedto 4.4% (n 48). In the BronzeAge cremationcemeteriesat SimonsGround,Dorset, 19 out of 119(16%) Of eitheran adultor youngadultand a child.1564 urnscontainedthebonesoftwoindividuals: five(7%) contained urnsfromReppentin,Kreis Lubz, Mecklenberg, the 72 'kaiserzeitlichen' twoindividuals.1565 at othersites,thebonesofone individualweredividedbetweentwo,and even Occasionally, three,containers.1566 Elsewherein Europe,accordingto one authority, multiplecremationsare 'comparatively that'Such who have soughtto demonstrate rare'.1567 This is not a view sharedby others1568 at BritishBronzeAge burialsites...'.1569 commonoccurrences depositsare relatively GENERAL PATHOLOGY
heartdiseasesand somemalignancies Manycausesofdeath viraland bacterialinfection, and fataltrauma,ofcourse, thetreponematoses leaveno traceon theskeleton.Tuberculosis, do. The mostcommonpathologicallesionsvisibleon anycollectionofancientbonesare likely and the haemoglobinopathies, to be thoseof the arthropathies especiallyanaemia. Instances ofbothare listedin theAppendix. (i) Anaemia
in the presenceof anaemia in ancient have been interested For manyyearsanthropologists itspresencemay If it was acquired or congenital. Anaemiacan be eitheracquired communities. offersome idea of standardsof nutritionand hygieneprevalentin the communityunder 1562 McKinley(iq8qd, 2A<'. »563 Hoick(iq86, 164). 1564 Hazzledine(1982). 1565 Grimm(iq8<0. 1566Two: (McKinley 1989b,245). Three: GladykowskaRzeczycka(1974,112)has recordeda case of thebones of an female adultmalebeingdividedamongthreeurnscontaining
bones; and suggestedthattherewas a customin Poland at thattimeofwivesbeingkilledand burntwiththeirhusbands. 1567 Lisowski(1968).See too Kühl (1983c). 1568 Petersen,Shepherdand Tuckwell(1974). 1569 on theoccurrenceof multiple information Forfurther cremations in Britain see Shepherd and Cowie (1977), Petersen(1981)and McKinley(1989a).
THE HUMAN BONES
683
examination. thatone ofthecongenital Amongpeoplesoccupyingmalarialareas thepossibility - was involvedalso has to be borne in mind. anaemias- sickle-cell anaemia or thalassaemia Why?Because it has been knownfora long timethateach of themcan afforda degreeof protection againsttheworseravagesofmalariaas theplasmodialparasiteis unableto prosper in the alreadydamaged red blood cells of thosesuffering frommilderformsof both these anaemias.1570 Whereas it would be interestingto know whetherthese Early Iron Age Cretans were afflicted withmalaria,it has to be admittedthatit is impossibleto stateconfidently thatthey were.That is because it is almostimpossibleto determinewhetherthe anaemia fromwhich theymay or may not have sufferedwas congenitalor acquired. A fewyearsago, simply because Greecewas knownto be a malarialarea in antiquity, it was assumedthatcongenital anaemia was moreprevalentthan acquired. Recentwork,however,suggeststhatacquired anaemia, in particulariron-deficiencyanaemia, may have broughtabout more of the associatedskeletalchangesthanthecongenitalform.1571 - no more- thatone ofthe The evidenceforthesuggestion haemoglobinopathies mayhave been endemicat Knossosis thepresenceamongthebonesrecoveredof: morethan8.0 mmthick; (i) quitea numberofcranialvaultfragments on others; (ii) tracesofosteoporosis undoubtedsignsofcribra orbitalia.1012 (iii) severalorbitalrooffragments displaying Ten vaultfragments werefoundto be thickerthan8.0 mm(range:8.0-11.o mm).Changesto the cranialdiploë were noted in fifteen. Six orbitalroofsseeminglyshowedtracesof cribra orbitalia. See theAppendix.1573 anaemiasare not theonlycause of However,one shouldnotforgetthat:(i) thehaemolytic of the cranialdiploë; and (ii) diagnosingany disease on the evidenceof signson thickening brokenfragments froma restricted area oftheskeletonis risky, to saytheleast.Forexampleit is notalwaysclearon ancientcranialvaultfragments whetherthethickening was theresultof: ofthediploëand thinning oftheoutertable(porotichyperostosis), as seenin the (i) thickening or (ii) thickening ofbothouterand innertablesat theexpenseofthediploë,as anaemias;1574 seenin Paget'sdisease.1575 1570Readers interestedin this subject should consult Moseley (1965), Angel (1967), Satinoff(1972), Steinbock (1976),Hillson(1980),Musgrave(1980),Ortnerand Putschar (1985), McGeorge (1983) and, especially,Grmek (1989). Grmek'sencyclopaedicaccountcontainsreferences to many classic papers on the subject,includingthose of Haldane, Allisonand Angel. 1571For a discussionof recent thinkingon congenitalus acquiredanaemia see Stuart-Macadam(1988,1989).See too Carlsonetal. (1974). 1572For informationabout cribraorbitaliasee Steinbock (1976),Hillson(1980) and Brothwell(1981). For a discussion of the conditionon Iron Age crematedcrania fromNorth Germanysee Kühl (1980,1983c,1983e,1985).See too again Stuart-Macadam (1989).In thispapershe reviewsconvincing evidencethatmicrobialinfection arisingfrompoor hygiene orbitalia rather mayhavebeen themajorfactorcausingcribra thanpoordiet.
1573 Whetheranyformofanaemiawas endemicat Torone was not easy to determineas the crematedand inhumed remains told differentstories. For example among the crematedbones no instancesofosteoporosisor cribra orbitalia wereobserved;and fewcranialvaultfragments showedsigns of abnormalthickness. Indeed onlytwotombsyieldedvault thickerthan8.0 mm:Tomb76 (c. 8.0 mm);Tomb fragments 70 (8.4, 8.5, 9.3 mm). Scores were also recordedon vault fromTombs 22, 25, 30, 41, 42, 55???,60, 75, 77, fragments 86, 103,104,n8:II, 122,124,128and 130.These rangedfrom 2.9 to 7.4 mm. If seventeensamplesyieldedrelativelylow scores one is leftwiththe impressionthatthiscommunity was not prone to conditionsthat led to thickeningof the cranialvault(Musgrave,finalreportawaitingpublication). 1574 Steinbock(1976). 1575 A grossoversimplification. See Ortnerand Putschar (*985, 309-315) fora detailed descriptionof the signs of Paget'sdisease.
684
J-H- MUSGRAVE
Even in healthyindividualsskullthicknessis 'extremely variable'.1576 At Helgö (Sweden) meancranialthickness formaleswas only4.21mmand forfemales3.68 mm.1577 Those ofthe Minoan male and female skeletonsfromAilias Hill were 5.7 mm and 5.1 mm thick At LovedenHill,Lincolnshire, maximumthickness was lessthan8.0 mm,and respectively.1578 themeanverymuchlowerthanthat.1579 low scores to 2.2 Very 3.4 mmand 2.6 to 3.8 mmhave been recordedfortwo maturecrematedIron Age males fromnorthGermany.1580 The - maturefemale - individualfromthatregionwas ratherthicker: craniumofa third to 6.9 7.0 mm.1581 Scoresofup to 6.7 and 7.0 mmhave also been recordedon twoothernorthGerman adult crania.1582 Elsewherein Germanyotherseeminglylow scores forskullthicknessin crematedcraniahavealso been recorded,withfewcases exceeding8 mm.1583 However,there are groundsforbelievingthatthecranialvaultbonesoftheso-calledQueen ofLefkandiwere At thetop end of thescale thick:frontais 9-10 mm;parietais9.5-10.5mm.1584 pathologically with vaults to recorded 'Neolithic adults Angel(1967) pre-Greek up 19mmthick'.1585 It is perhapsworthrecordingthatskullthicknesswas apparentlylow in some illustrious crematedMacedonians of a later age: VerginaTomb II Antechamber(4-6 mm); Vergina Tomb III (3-4 mm); Derveni Tomb Beta (male: 4.3-7.1 mm; female: 2.9-5.2 mm); Nea MihanionaII (8.2 mm);Nea MihanionaIII ('Bonesgenerally thin').1586 (ii) Arthropathies
Not longago mostofus tended recordsignsofarthropathies.1587 Traditionally anthropologists ofchangewhetherto thearticular to everymanifestation to applytheblanketterm'arthritis' bone. As interestin palaeopathologygrewamongpractising surfaceor to the periarticular in ancientbones itbecameclearthattherangeofjointpathologymanifested rheumatologists to diagnose precisely.Non-clinical was as wide as it is in the living,and equally difficult likemyself thenadoptedlessspecifictermssuchas 'degenerative jointdisease' anthropologists conditions as non-degenerative satisfactory (DJD). Even thiscautiousapproachis notentirely on dry,ancientbone. In due coursewe maybe welladvised can be mistakenfordegenerative to refer to undiagnosable pathological changes to joints simply as 'undiagnosable in particularwherefewindividualbones, This is likelyto applyto cremations arthropathies'. are complete.1588 letalone thewholeskeleton, smallamountof the N Cemeterybone came fromundisturbed Because onlya relatively as no conclusionsaboutprevalencecould wouldbe impractical lesions a list of individual pots, be drawn.Insteadthereaderis advisedto referto theAppendixwherenearlytwenty possible instancesare recorded. and arthropathies, It shouldnot be thoughtthathaemoglobinopathies despitewhat has
1576 Krogman(1962). 1577 Gejvalland Persson(1970). 1578 McGeorge(personalcommunication). »579 Wilkinson (1980). «580 See Kühl and Remagen(1986)and Kühl (1988). issiSee Kühl (1983a). 15ß2 See Kühl (1983e,76-78). 1583 See Table ia in Grimm(1974)and Table 2 in Grimm (1985). 1584 report). Musgrave(1982,unpublished 1585For more informationon skull thicknesssee Todd
(1924),Twiesselman(1941),Roche (1953),Vallois (1958)and Getz (i960). 1586 See Musgrave(1990a,1990b). 1587 on crematedbone see Fordescnptionsofarthropathies Kühl (1983a, 1983c, 1983e, 1985, 1988) and Kühl and Remagen(1986). 1588As Rogers,Waldron,Dieppe and Watt (1987) have explained: 'It is importantto considerthe skeletonin its cannotbe made fromthe and a valid classification entirety, examinationof singlesetsofjointsor singleelementsof the skeleton.'See too Rogersand Waldron(1995).
THE HUMAN BONES
685
been writtenabove,are the onlyconditionsthatleave theirmarkson crematedbone. Many conditionsand neoplasmsdo; but the chances of observingthemon burnt inflammatory bonesare understandably reduced,thoughnotto zero.1589 ORAL PATHOLOGY
From inhumed loose teeth,jaw fragmentsand whole jaws it is possible to tabulateuseful information about antemortem toothloss,wear,résorptionand the prevalenceof caries and abscessesamongtheoccupantsofa givencemetery. Even thoughfragments ofenamel1590 are recovered the lesions to be seen on cremated (PLATE 313 c), occasionally onlypathological likely teethare cariouscavitiessevereenoughto havepenetrated theunderlying dentine.Evenwhen thathappens,theremay remainsome doubt about the accuracy of the diagnosisas the dentinecoremayalso havebeen damagedduringburning. thattheleveloforal hygieneamongthecrematedoccupantsofthiscemetery Nevertheless, was notveryhighis indicatedbythediscovery ofat leastsevenjaw fragments traces displaying ofabscessesand bysignsofcarieson at leastelevenloose teeth(see theAppendix).It wouldbe unwise,however,to read too much into these figures.One would expect to finda fair of abscessesin thejaws of skeletonsof thisdate,and the numberseen is probably sprinkling neithersignificantly highnor low.As Brothwellhas stressed,theirprevalencevariesgreatly frompopulationto populationand age to age. Interestingly 'BritishgroupsfromNeolithic timesonwardsshowremarkably constantand low frequencies'. (Brothwell 1981,157). Data on the prevalenceof dental sepsis in ancientCretanjaws are not extensive.Carr (i960) recordedthat4.9% of the Middle Minoan jaws fromAilias,Knossos,had abscessed sockets.This compareswithscores of 3.2% formaterialfromMyrtosPyrgos(Musgrave: unpublisheddata); 2.5% forArmenoi(McGeorge1983);and 0.88% forthe occupantsof an at Knossos(Musgrave1976).1591 EarlyChristianosteotheke Burial
Customs
It is quiteclear fromthe colour,textureand size of the individualbone fragments, and from the weight,of some of the collectionsdepositedin wholepots thattheseancientKnossians performedthe tasks of burning and burying their dead with great efficiencyand commendablethoroughness. The evidenceadducedfortheirefficiency is thecolourofmostofthebone fragments. As all the authoritiescited above have stressed,at 900o C the organiccontentof bone is all but is renderedbrittle, destroyed, leavingonlythe inorganicmatrixwhich,at thattemperature, and assumesa metallicand vitreousconsistency ratherlikefinebone china. On coolingit is also verywhite.Indeed it is thisbrillianthue thatoffersthe most reliableclue as to the reachedat thehottestpartofthepyre.Moderncremationovensoperateat 900o temperature
1589As Ingrid Kühl has demonstratedin many lavishly illustrated papers.See, forexample,Kühl (1983e,1985,1988) and Kühland Remagen(1986). 1590 Exampleshave also been recordedbyDenston(1977a, 1981b),Kühl (1980, 1983e). Lunt and Barnetson(1982, 92) have described the recoveryof two molar crownswhich survivedcremationbecause theyhad not yeterupted.See
too Chandler(1987)and McKinley(1989b)fora discussionof dentalpathologyin crematedteeth. 1591 Comparativefigureson ancientGreekdentaland oral pathologyare obtainablein Angel(1944,1971and 1973),and in myforthcoming finalreporton the Torone material.At Toroneonlytwoabscessedsocketswererecordedamongthe crematedjaw fragments.
J- H. MUSGRAVE
686
C and theirproductsdiffer littlein colourand texturefromthe mostcompletelyconsumed remainsfroman ancientpyre. In generaltheN Cemeteryboneswerewellburnt.Each collectiondid ofcoursecontaina A pyreis not uniformly hot throughout, and of greyand evenbrownfragments. proportion one wouldexpectcertainregionsofthebody- thevertebralcolumnand back oftheskullfor or lesswellcoveredones (provided example- to emergelesswellburntthanmoresuperficial of course that the body was placed on the pyre supine and remained in that position mostof the proceedings).Other partswould drop offand mightland on the throughout of periphery thepyrewheretheywouldremainonlycharredunlessspottedand tossedback intothe blazingcentre.There is evidenceof elbows,forexample,remainingless well burnt fromNea MihanionaII and III and DerveniBeta.1592 In general,however,the N Cemeterybones werewell burnt,the brittlewhitefragments thebrownlesswellburntones. outnumbering theremainsdid forcommitting the Following actualburningofthebody,thoseresponsible and 'attention to 'fastidiousness' so withcommendablezeal. Indeedwordslike'thoroughness', detail' do not seem out of place. Evidenceis suppliedby the weightsof the individualurn in manyof them,of largequantitiesof small,easilyoverlooked burials;and by the recovery, such as tooth roots and finger phalanges. pieces Let us examine the evidencemore closely.It is perhaps reasonable to conclude thata whichconsistently collectsand buriesseveralhundredgramsofbone in an urntakes community a different viewoftheritefromanotherwhichis happytopickup a fewscrapsas a tokengesture. That the N Cemeterycremationsare the heaviestof the smallseriesof pre-ClassicalGreek See TABLE 26 and ILL.15. cremations withwhichI am mostfamiliar is,I suggest, noteworthy. Table 26. Some data on weightsofindividualurnburials(ingrammes).A = median,B = mean,C = standard deviation,D = samplesize,E = range. DE
ABC
N Cemetery Torone Lefkandi Gypsades Perati1593 Phoinikas Reppentin1594 VerginaII: Female VerginaIII Nea MihanionaII Nea MihanionaIII DerveniBeta
543 204
650 301
521 319
465 410 953 350
553 499 944 406 1312 615 1239 1390 1968
230 503 564 382
74 60 54 11 12 12 67 1 1 2 1 2
1-2324 9-1522 1-2022 280-950 1-1741 113-1838 0.6-1260
too withotherseriesdiscussedin myLefkandireport They comparemorethanfavourably individualurnburialsweighed N of the Cemeteryseventy-four (Musgrave1980).Thirty-eight fromanyprehistoric the morethan600 g.Thisis an exceptionally Frequently majority highfigure. cremations Lefkandi the of 2 52 Europeansiteweighsverymuchless thanthat.Indeed,only withscoresof858 g and 1912g respectively (Musgrave1980). weighedmorethanthatfigure, 1592See Musgrave (1990b). 1593Paidoussis and Sbaroums (1975). My statistics.
1594Grimm (1984). My statistics.
THE HUMAN BONES
687
fromKNC plottedagainst III. 15.Weightfrequency oftheindividualurncremations histogram thehigherscoresfromKNC data fromToroneto demonstrate comparative
withwhichthe mournersgatheredup the burnt Furtherevidenceof the thoroughness bones fromthe pyre is the presence in several pots of some very small and seemingly toothrootfragments (PLATE pieces.For example75.7 containedmorethanfifty insignificant a few enamel Pot and even tooth (PLATE 313c).1595 107.27 containedmuchof 313d) fragments the rightside of the lowerjaw (restoredfromthreebrokenpieces)and morethanten tooth of the easilyoverlookedpieces rootfragments (PLATE313 e). But perhapsthemostinteresting are sevenfingerphalangesfrom107.29 (PLATES 313/and 314 a). To thecasual observerthey in like other hand bones fromany othergrave.Their mightlook, monochrome, exactly any - ofthatthereis no interest and significance lie in thefactthattheywerecompletely cremated doubt- and thatsomeonetookthe troubleto gatherthemup forburial.One can of course arguethatthemournersmaysimplyhave shovelledthe'ash' on to a largesieve,shakenit and thentransferred to an urn whatremained.What makesthatunlikelyis the rarityof large - whichwouldalmostcertainly chunksofcharcoal havefoundtheirwayintothesieve- and the relative abundanceoflargechunksofbone.Anysievingprocedure wouldbe expectedto diminish thenumberoflargeand identifiable I recovered. think that it was thecustomat Knossosat pieces thattimeforthepyreresidueto be siftedinsituand forgreatcareto be takennotto excludeany 1595 See n. 1590above. Shipman,Fosterand Schoeninger (1984) have also publishedinterestingobservationsabout
burnttoothenamel.
J- H- MUSGRAVE
688
on thegroundsoftheirsmallsize.It can havebeenno easyjob. Findingtoothroots piecessimply and fingerphalangesamongthe restof thebones fromany givenpot, evenwiththe help of air puffer, is a laboriousbusiness.Was it not forceps, paintbrush, patience,timeand expertise, forburialinthefirst moreso forthosewhoselectedand sortedthematerial place? In contrast to therecovery ofverysmallpiecesis theabundanceofverylargeones.Forexample andlefteyesocket Scorn muchoftheforehead (orbit) 75.72 cameenoughseparate piecestoreassemble ofthedeadsubject(FIG.194¿).Otherinteresting cranialfragments camefrom285.12 (fig.194/)-1*1 in colourand hence thiscasehowever, itis clearfromthedifference although theyreunited perfectly, that earlier on and thatthe of had become duringcombustion; degree burning they separated and orbital roof was coincidental. of the relevant of this forehead left recovery portions subject's did not Further that of of bone duringburning precludetheir proof separation adjacentpieces in theurnis provided a loose collection from T. 107ofone reunion the ultimate by discovery among ofoccipital bonefrom thevicinity oftheexternal blackandonewhitefragment protuberance occipital in exactly oflargepiecesthatjoin,or neariy thoroughness (PLATE 314b).The presence join,indicates oftoothrootsdoes.Largeandsmallalikewerenotoverlooked. thesamewaythattheinclusion The presenceof large numbersof large chunksalso throwslighton anotheraspect of fromothersites funerary procedure.The preponderanceof verysmalllimbbone fragments of the remainsafter the deliberate authors to that has promptedsome pounding suggest of in some large collection and before burial was widespread antiquity.1596 Examples in PLATES c-d. and cranialpiecesare illustrated 314 postcranial A moreobjectiveapproachto thisproblemis,ofcourse,to recordand plotthefrequencies of the lengthof the longestpostcranialfragment(LOLPCF) fromany givencollectionof crematedbones.A glanceat TABLE27 and ILL. 16 in thisreport,Figuresc and d in Musgrave lengthwas (1980)and Figure12.2in Wilkinson(1980)willconfirmthatlimbbone fragment highamongthelargercollectionsofN. Cemeterybone. (Becausesmall,i.e. light, particularly fromeach regionof the collectionsare not likelyto containa wide rangeof bone fragments viz. weighingmore skeleton,onlyLOLPCF scoresfromthe largerN. Cemeterycollections, than200 g, wereincludedforcomparisonwithdata fromothersites.This procedure,though shouldgivea more probablypushingup themedianand meanbya pointor two,nevertheless in whole the realisticidea ofpostcranial series.) length fragment Table 27. Some data on thelengthofthelongestpostcranialfragment (LOLPCF) (inmm).A = median.B = mean.C = standarddeviation.D = samplesize.E = range. AB N Cemetery Torone Lefkandi Gypsades Phoinikas VerginaII: Female VerginalII Nea MihanionaII Nea MihanionaIII DerveniBeta
75.8 54.7 51.0 75.5 123.0
80.7 52.7 54.5 71.4 127.7 148.9 118.8 107.0 130.0 128.8
C
D
19.6 14.0 26.20 15.9 63-7
ioi 58 53 13 I2 1 1 2 1 2
E 41.2-143.6 13.0-85.0 8.4-150.6 44.0-95.2 46.6-261.0
1596 Wilkinson See Musgrave McKinley (1989a,1994b). (1981)and,especially (1980),Brothwell (1980),
THE HUMAN BONES
689
ofcollectionsof III. 16.LOLPCF-lengthoflongestpostcranialfragment-frequency histogram data fromToroneto bonesfromKNC weighingmorethan250 g plottedagainstcomparative demonstrate thehigherscoresfromKNC.
There are fewgroundsforbelievingthattheseancientKnossianssaw anyneed to reducethe butwerecontentwiththeactionof burntremainsoftheirdead to unrecognisable fragments, fireon them,a ritualact in itsownright.It is misguidedto relateancientpracticesand beliefs to modernones. In WesternEurope todaywe have a horrorof deathand seekto disposeof our dead as swiftly, hygienicallyand anonymouslyas possible. We expect to have their crematedremainshanded to us as a kilogramor two of 'cremulated'dust wrapped in a polythenebag and placed inside a simulatedbronze plastic urn. We should not on that read our ownbeliefsand expectations intothoseofourforebears. account,however, There is indeedsoundevidencethatGreeks,ancientand modern,wereand are muchless squeamishabout the sightand touchof skeletalremains,whethercrematedor maceratedin the ground.To take crematedremainsfirst.The N Cemeterycremationsand othersfrom LowerGypsades,Peratiand Toroneall containedlargechunksofbone thatcould have been reduced to powderwitha heavy stone or sandalled foot.This is particularlytrue of the remainsofMacedoniangrandeesfromVergina,Nea Mihanionaand Derveni.1597 1597Lower Gypsades (Musgrave 1981); Perati (Figs. 1-22 in Paidoussis and Sbarounis 1975); Torone (Musgrave: finalreport
awaiting publication); Vergina, Nea Mihaniona and Derveni (Prag, Musgrave and Neave. 1984; Musgrave 1990a and 1990b).
6go
J- H. MUSGRAVE
Inhumed, naturallymacerated skeletalremainshave evoked a similarmatter-of-fact Greekhistory. The use of communaltomband ossuaryin prehistoric responsethroughout here.At the oppositeend of the timesis too well knownto requiredetaileddocumentation time-scaleshouldperhapsbe citedthecustomin modernGreeceofburyinga bodyand then themin an ossuary.1598 theremainsafterthreeyearsand depositing exhuming I shouldperhapsend my contribution at thispoint.However,a fewinteresting cultural remainswere found among the human and should perhaps be mentionedbrieflyfor and becausetheyalso castlighton contemporary burialcustoms.In additionto completeness, the bronze,iron,stone,bone and clay objects discussedelsewhere,I should like to draw attentionto threefindswhichcould easilyhave been overlooked.I referto the presenceof clothimpressions(see PLATES314 e-f). These, withthe recoveryfromT.107 of an almost of cloth,measuring6.0 mm X 2.5 mm,confirmthatit was indeed microscopicfragment - whiletheywere stilldamp?- in a clothbefore to the crematedremains customary wrap in final These instances, trivialin themselves, shouldbe them their depositing resting place.1599 robe from added to thoseof tracesof clothinsidemetalurnsfromAttica,the magnificent thatwrappedthe burntbones fromthe antechamber Lefkandi,and thepurplecloth-of-gold to TombII at Vergina.1600 The abundanceof animalbones,shellsand even the toothof a sharkor ray(fromT. 107) cautionis weremade and perhapsfeastsheld.As ever,however, similarly suggestthatofferings required.Whereasitis quitelikelythatmanyoftheanimalbonesderivefromfuneralfeasting, it is notpossibleby simplylookingat themto determinewhetherthemarinefaunaare fossil intrusions or came withthesmallpebblesthatwerestrewnon sometombfloors. I have evenwonderedwhethersome of the shellsand pebbles,combinedwiththe relative scarcenessof charcoal (but see PLATE314 g), may offersome clues as to wherethe actual a largeand fiercefireanywhere cremationtookplace. Giventhedangersinvolvedin lighting in Greece betweenJune and October,mightit not be conceivable that the proceedings sometimes tookplace on a riverbankor thesea shore? CONCLUSIONS
Of the N CemeteryGeometriccremationsit can be said that,withthe exceptionof babies that all ages and bothsexeswerecrematedand committed and veryyoungchildren, together; the bodies were generallywell burnt;thatprobablylittleattemptwas made to reduce the bonesin size; thattheamountofbone collectedfromthepyrewas impressive comparedwith collectionsfromLefkandiand Torone; thatthe urn goods were the roughlycontemporary - knifehandles,pins,beads, a terracottafigurine, of glassrathermoreopulent fragments and bronzeringsfromTorone.In some hypothetical thanthehomelysea-urchins prehistoric Torone and ahead of and of Perati in ahead I them table should way top place, place league in thecommunity at large?The absence ofgreaterprosperity Lefkandi.Are theya reflection Given the huge volumeof of crematedbabies and veryyoungchildrenmay be significant. bone recoveredand the factthatbaby bones are well represented elsewhere,I shouldhave a matter for of remains were How find a few. to speculation. disposed they expected
1598 Danforth(1982). 1599 SeeJ. Cocking,TextileRemains',ch. 15. 1600Attica (Kurtz and Boardman 1971); Lefkandi
(Sackett and Carington Smith 1980; Popham, Touloupa and Sackett 1982); Vergina (Andronicos 1978, 1980, 1984).
THE HUMAN BONES
691
SECTION 2: THE SUBMINOAN HUMAN REMAINS ofboththeinhumations and cremations ofthisperiod,I have Becauseoftheimportance from eachtombindetail. described theindividual collections T, 2. Six bags ofmaterialwererecovered, fromwhichwereidentified: Dromos: Two burntlimbbones,thelonger43.0 mm.Wt. 4 g. 27 burntfrs.(one cranial,26 postcranial).Wt. 8og (cranial5 g) ofan adult,sexunknown.Longestpostcranialfr.55.5 mm. Chamber.One unburntlimbfr.,L. 39.3 mm.Two unburntlimbfrs.(tibiaand fibula),thelonger61.6 mm. fr.58.6 mm. Pot1: c.43 burntfrs.(eightcranial)weighing 81 g (cranial12g),ofan adultfemale?Longestpostcranial Others: Fourunburntlimbfrs.(longest, 54 mm). frs.of an adult of unknownage and sex; a fewcranial,one T.16. An inhumationcomprisinguninformative postcranial. T.40. Fromthefloordepositcame (a) a bagfulofverybroken,fragileunburntcranialand postcranialfrs.,and ten ambivalentcontext,notincludedin Table 28); loose teeth,fromat leasttwo,or perhapsthreeyoungadults(slightly 69.2 mm.Wt. 15g. (b)one cranial,one postcranialfr.,burnt.L. oflatter, T.i 12. Remainsof an inhumation, includingsome largeskulland limbbone frs.as wellas fiveloose teeth(a |6? on all ofthemsuggestedthattheirownerwas 25-35yearsold at death and fourfrontteeth).The degreeofattrition (Brothwell, 1981). T.I2I.
I Skeleton
Sex/Age: Male (skull;chin profile;leftfemoralhead, diameter47.4 mm),possiblyno more than 35 (dental attrition: Brothwell 1981). Pathology:(i) Dental: L3,L4,6l and 7I carious;rootabscessesassociatedwith|_3and 7I; |_7was lostbeforedeath, and |_8,¿1 and 16 may have been. Despite thispathology,the teethwere not veryworn and theylooked like thoseof a man in the primeof life,(ii) General: holes,possiblypathological,observedon a rightradial and an unsidedfibularfragment. The greatertrochanter on theleftfemurmay also have been cut,but thatis farfrom certain. II Skeleton
c.41.5mm;rightfemoralbicondylarbreadth,73.7mm).Butcertain Sex/Age:Female?(leftfemoralhead diameter, areas of theskull(externaloccipitalprotuberance; region;mastoidprocesses)lookedmale. A rugged supraorbital than less lady?Probably 25. 7.9 mm. Far fromcertain.Neitherorbitalroof Pathology:Diploë of cranialvaultthickened?Parietalthickness, Thus thereis no evidenceforcribra orbitalia. preserved. Dentition:No caries.Roots of both upper7s perforated intomaxillaryantrum:tipsvisiblein floor.|_7had four roots. III Skeleton
Sex/Age:Less thansix(squamousand basilarportionsofoccipitalbone notfused). orbitalia in roofsofbothorbits. Pathology:Tracesofcribra and incompleteskeletonof a youngmaturemale of T.149. A. Inhumedremainscomprisedthe fragmentary unknownage. Sex was determinedfromthe ruggednessof certain parts of the skull and the presence of stoutfibrousflexorsheathson some hand proximalphalanges.Age was estimatedfroman unworn particularly uppermolartooth(6j ?) and thepatencyofhiscranialsutures.An age estimatebased on a singletoothand sutural closurecan scarcelybe 100% reliable.His jaws and teethwerenot veryinformative. Three loose teeth.Cervical cariesdistallyon 6j ?. B. 229 g ofnotverywellburntfrs.(cranial24 g) belongingto a matureadultofunknownage (longestpostcranial ofSM date. fragment, 68.7 mm.)wereloose in theupperfill,verydoubtfully T.153. Containedthe verypoorlypreservedinhumedskeletonof an individualof unknownsex, aged between Brothwell1981).Twentyone loose teeth.Caries on [8, [5 and an unidentified root 25-35 years(dentalattrition: stump. T.160. Containedtheverypoorlypreservedand farfromcompleteinhumedskeletonofa male pasttheprimeof life.Sex was determinedfroma fairlypronouncedsupramastoidcrestand longishmastoidprocesson his right temporalbone. The factthathis mandiblewas edentulousas farforwardas and including5I and [5 suggested thathe was not youngwhen he died. Nine loose teeth.Caries on 5J. Curious grooveson |_5,2_I,T_2 and 2I; occupational?
J- H- MUSGRAVE
6g2
T.i 86. Contained743 g ofquitewellcrematedbone (cranial84 g; jaws and teeth9 g) belongingto a notveryold smallgenial tubercleson mandible). and perhapslightlybuiltmale (unwornlowerpremolarenamel fragment; Some interesting smallfragments; semicircular canals;hamulusofleft?hamate. of T.200. I havedescribedcollectionofcrematedbonesin Ts. 200, 201in greaterdetail,in viewoftheimportance thetombs. Conditionand colour:Frs.predominantly white,i.e. well burnt.Bones all veryclean. Weretheywashedat some time? Fragmentsize: On the whole rathersmall.Lengthof longestpostcranialfragment 44.8 mm. The smallsize of manyfragmentssuggeststhat the burntbones may have been fairlyroughlytreatedat some time.But the to recoveryof severalcompletehand bones indicatedthatno attempthad been made to reduce everything dust. Weights:Total467 g (skull, jaws and teeth30 g; hand 7 g). Probablya singleindividual. Sex/Age: Female (or verysmall male) on evidenceof: two verysmall hamuliof rightand lefthamates;small coronoidprocess of mandible; small thoracic?vertebralbody (only 16.4 mm high); two small thumbdistal phalanges.Not veryold. None seen. Pathology: Animalbonesand shells:Severalshellfragments wererecovered, includinga wholeLimaishell.Fossil?Or was the cremation on thesea shore? performed T.201. A rathercomplicatedcremation,takenup in two bags, of whichBag 1 containedwhitestonesand very smallbone fragments. no stones.To judge fromtheurngoods foundin the Bag 2: largebone frs.and practically twobags,I am certainthatall thebonescame fromone largecremation. Conditionand colour:Frs.predominantly white,i.e. wellburnt. size: Longestpostcranialfr.,76.6 mm. Fragment Weights:Total 2388 g (skull:adult 260 g; baby or child 11 g; jaws and teeth23 g; hands and feet24 g; restof skeleton2070 g). At leasttwoindividualsrepresented, on the evidenceof the recoveryof threepetroustemporal bones,twoofwhichwereofthesame side.Possiblythree,ifthesebelongedto twoadultsand thesmallcranialfrs. to a smallchild. Sex/Age: The availableevidenceis veryambiguousand hard to interpret. For examplean adultchinfragment possesseda femaleprofile.On the otherhand part of a leftfrontalbone showedthatthe anteriorend of the inferior temporalline had perhapsgivenriseto a well developedtemporalismuscle a verymale trait.If there were threeindividualsin the tomb- two adultsand a child- thenwe mightbe consideringthe remainsof a - the heaviestof all theN motherand one child.The weightof bone recovered smallfamilycomprisingfather, At least one individual was a youngadult on the cremations not out this would rule Cemetery possibility. and (ii) the absence of evidenceof (i) the trace of an epiphysialline observedon a cancellousbone fragment; diseaseon thevertebralbodies.There werealso some smallskullbones of a baby or small signsofdegenerative child. None seen. Pathology: Animalbonesand shells:c. 12shellfrs.,includingtwowholeLima?shells,werefound. uninformative burntbone. T.202. Containeda gramor so ofcompletely T.282. The twoburntlimbbones(Wt.10g) in thefillwereprobablyalien. DISCUSSION
& CONCLUSIONS
The inhumedSM remainswerefartoo poorlypreservedand theindividualstheyrepresented to be made concerningadultsex ratios, too fewin numberto allow any reliablestatements lifeexpectancy, etc. stature, The one fromT. 201 For all thattheyare an interesting collection,as are the cremations. evidence- lacking also clear was biggerthan any fromthe Geometrictombs. There is tombs(T. 121and That two elsewhere fromT. 201ofthecremationofa babyor smallchild. and is and a child T. 201) apparentlycontaineda youngman, a youngwoman interesting perhapsimportant. As TABLE 28 shows,thedentalhealthoftheSubminoanswas notverymuchworsethanthat ofseveralotherancientGreekpopulations.
THE HUMAN BONES
693
Table 28. Some statistics on theprevalenceofdentalcariesin ancientGreece.1601
SubminoanKNC Neolithic MiddleBronzeAge MiddleMinoan MyrtosPyrgos Mycenaean MycenaeShaftGraves & Cemeteries) Lefkandi(Settlement Toroneinhumations EarlyIronAge EarlyChristianCretans
Actual number examined
Number carious
% of actual number
74 267 601 1498 434 356 556 113 240 724 282
8 32 34 135 45 22 16 11 36 40 14
10.8 12.0 5.7 9.0 10.4 6.2 2.9 9.7 15.0 5.5 5.0
KEY TO ZSIGMOND TOOTH-SIDE IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM J= L= 1= F=
upperright upperleft lowerright lowerleft
INDIVIDUAL TOOTH IDENTIFICATION (i) Deciduous a = centralincisor b = lateralincisor c = canine d = firstmolar e = secondmolar (ii)Permanent 1 = centralincisor 2 = lateralincisor 3 = canine 4 = first premolar 5 = secondpremolar 6 = first molar 7 = secondmolar 8 = thirdmolar(*wisdomtooth')
1601 Comparative data taken fromAngel (1944b, 1971), Carr (i960) and Musgrave (1976; and unpublished data
on MyrtosPyrgosand Torone). See too Hillson (1986).
J- H- MUSGRAVE
694
APPENDIX General information on the N Cemetery Cremati on s:withadditional dataondentalpathology, fishandanimalremains shells, Table 29. Information on crematedremains Tomb Level Pot 2 22 2 13
1 i 2 1
3
LOLPCF 43.0 55.5 58.6 45.4
Old Individuals Weight YoungIndividuals/ 4 80 81 150
13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 "4 14 14 14 14
1 1
354
8 6
3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 2 2
41. 1 83.6 773 71.4
4 78 335 16
23.3 26.0
9 5 5 2
14
2
82.3 66.3 62.5
96 119 90
H 14
2 2
14 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19
2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
19 19 24 24
2 2 1 1
24
2
25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 28 28
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1
65
71.9
126
15
38.9 57.9
9 33
8
44.0 35-3 NR
31 19 20 6
33.0 57.4 7 13 14
77.2 89.9 75.5
19 7 1270 1075 542
12?
59.9 44.3
332 6
594
9 17
74.0
39.8 42.5 79.5 62.4 45.3 48.0
GeneralPathology
135 9 4 14 12 9 NWW 685 168 250 13 45
AT or YA: fr.of femoral,capital epiphysis recovered
AD, butperhapsNVO: 654 stillinjaw at death. MA? d.j.d. on verts?
V slighttraceofd.j.d. on a coupleofvert. frs.Could be a case ofpseudopathology. Cran. frs.thick?:6.3 to 6.5 mmon parietal.
YA?: condition of 6
MA? AD: notyoung:J&T MA?
Slight trace of lipping on one vert. body. Trace of cribra orbitalia in roofof L orbit. Skull frsthick: io.o mm. Some lipping on several verts.
Thickenedcranialdiploë?One fr.8.5 mm thick.
THE HUMAN Tomb Level Pot 28 28 28
1 2
30 30 30 30 34 34 34 34 34 34 34
3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2
34 34 34 40 40 40 40 45 48 48 48 48 48 48 55 56 56 56 56 56 56 57 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
3 3 3 1 1 1 2 1 2
3
5
LOLPCF
96.5 133.9 58.6 44.4 24.2 43.8 42.9 6l-3 957 71.8 310 77.4 70.6
3 2 3
78.3 26.9 4O-3 48.2 56.6 56.6 69.2
3 5 8 8 8 1 1 1 2
62.0
75 75 75
2 2 2
64 171 93° 20 21
GeneralPathology
One MA; one child?: R. squamous temp. Some lumbar vert,degeneration: slight trace of a lip.
3 8 3n !95 484 158 !n 216 116 101 1n
FA/MA: adult with quite a lot of teeth left at death & no d.j.d. on his/her vertebrae.
!5 6 63 46 15 4 78 5 108 52 33 40 4 752 10
FA; but not too old.
31 3 1 11 210 16 10
3 1 2
63 75 75 75 75 75 75
Old Individuals Weight YoungIndividuals/
695
4 6 11
3 2 2
4 4 4 5 7 8 8 1 2 2 2 2 2 2
BONES
4 11 71 19 26 43.2
7 2
73.0
19 34 18
7 13
63.5 99.0
115 920 803
8 10
104.0 43.7 70.9
1336 50 948
14
YA, but NVO: no wear on enamel frs. Immature YA: signs of unfused epiphyses Trace of thickened cranial diploé. on clavicle & vertebrae. MA Some vertebral lipping.
J- H. MUSGRAVE
6g6 Tomb Level Pot 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
75 75 75 75 75 75 75
6 6 6 6 6 6 7
75
7
75 75 75 79
7 7
82 82 98 98
4 4 2 2
100 100 100
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
82
104 104 104 104 106 106 106
LOLPCF
20
74-6 63.5 564 50.8 59-9 530 143.6 99.5
49 135 120 135 1112 35 6 2 90 6 "5 98 15 847 29 884 870 510 43 1 580 342 692 68 36 20 1711 1323
121
67-6 47.1 26.5 311 744 51.0 69.3
905 100 5 14 140 256 1454
122
88.4
1541
77-8 366
17 10 l9° 95
46.3 19 33 35
88.3
57-6 85.7
53
68 72 74 93 «5
701 66.0 65-1 41-7
1
GeneralPathology
FA?,butNVO
MA; 35+. FA; 30-: no d.j.d.; crownof4 unworn YAorFA:J&T.
V slighttraceofd.j.d. on vert.
One R orbitroofwithcribraorbitalia.
YA: 18-25;no d.j.d. or widespreada.m. Smallholein roofofL orbit: Not cribraorbitalia. toothless. pathological? & YA: no d.j.d. or a.r.;pubicsymphysis medialend ofclavicle;patencyof cranialsutures.
1
2
3 3
/Old Individuals Weight YoungIndividuals
37.9 77.6
9 8 4 165 25 28
3 4
64.5 91. 1
4 327 862 19 1 3 140 17
Smallthoracicvert,bodywithincipient d.j.d.
THE HUMAN Tomb Level Pot
LOLPCF
106 106 106 106
9
61.3
6 10
66.8
107 107 107 107 197
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2
36.9
12
68.8
13
75.8
Old Individuals Weight YoungIndividuals/
548 436
2 2 2 2 2
68.5 60.3 57.8
3 4 4 5
54.8 41.8 67.1
4 976
107 107
5 5
28
79.6 99.3
496 1595
107 107 107 107
5 5 5 5
30 50 57 59
91.7
318 275 404 1095
107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107
5 6 6 6
107 107 107 113 125 125 129 132 132 132 134 134 147 157 159 159 163 175 175
7 7 7 1
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
3 4 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 3 3
29
61.8 68.7
76.5 55.6 58.7 57.0 65
41.2 82.4 58.8 55.2 73.0 56.6 71.0
57.0
14
* 2 3
54.2 43-6 27.0 61.8 38.2 33-9
697 GeneralPathology
333 7 4 33 320 140 100
107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107
27
BONES
13 101 1159
One AD: one child: small L ulnar fr.;2 small patellae.
Adult cran, frsseem to have thickdiploé. Much 'cancellous' tissue gathered. Signs of a blood dyscrasia?
FA?; NVO?
V. slighttrace of cribra orbitalia.
FA; NVO?: healthy tooth sockets; no. d.j.d on verts. FA FA, but NVO: 8 erupted but sockets generally in GC.
Thickened cranial diploé?
85 244 3 220
FA; NVO: vertshealthy. 23-25: iliac crest epiphysis not fused; roots of 8. 8 incomplete.
Faint trace of cribra orbitalia.
MA: no extensive a.m. tooth loss but metacarpal hd. with d.j.d. FA to MA
Signs of increased thicknessof cranial diploé; d.j.d. on metacarpal hd.
51 827 262 9 156 90 680 410 115 165 473 169 85 572 7 18 248 510 24 12 130 5 36 4 10 297 1 515 15 7
YA?: cranial sutures.
J. H. MUSGRAVE
6g8 Tomb Level Pot
LOLPCF
175 175 175 175 175 175 175 175 176 208
4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 1 2
48.0 45-5 65-7
63.9
390
218 218 218 218 218
1 1 1 1 1
82.6
218 218
38.0 51.7 524 74.9
Weight YoungIndividuals/OldIndividuals
GeneralPathology
55 26 90 1 40 86 31 210 10 FA??: 8 erupted; ant. maxil. sockets healthy; no d.j.d.
447 221
Increased trabeculation in cranial diploë.
33 37 39
66.5 61.5 65.7 62.0
425 235 365
V slighttrace of d.j.d. on a vert. body.
1 1
43 57
57.7 98.1
254 590
218 218 218
1 1 1
50
80.8
397 33 505
218 218 218 218
1 1 1 2 1 1 2
219 219 219
219 219 219 219
2 2 2 2
219
2
73.9 90.5
56.5
?34
352 36 130 100 12 8 8
one MA/AD; one AT? Two individuals:
94.9 75.6
345
one MA/AD; one AT? Two individuals:
2
229
1
1
85.9
414
229 229
1 1
6 7
68.6 74.4
438 668
282
1
1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1
285 285
2
Trace of increased trabeculation in cranial diploë.
322 493 7 667
76.5 95.1
219
283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 285 285 285
Possible increased trabeculation in cranial diploë; one parietal fr.9.5 mm thick. Cribra orbitalia?? Possible increased trabeculation in cranial diploè; one parietal fr.9.5 mm thick.
41
7?
NR 66.7
12
86.4
972
13
97.7
1184
94-5
V slighttraced.j.d. on a cervicalvert. body.
10
3 97 30 240 140 32 21 770 135 10 22 132
95-7
Thickenedcranialdiploë;parietalfr. 8.0 mmthick.
Remainsofa mand.ofa 9-10 yearold child. MA: d.j.d on somevert,bodies& a d.j.d. on somevert,bodies& a metacarpalI hd. fr. metacarpalI hd. fr. AD; elderly:d.j.d. on verts;edentulous Some d.j.d. on verts. mandible.
THE HUMAN Tomb Level Pot
LOLPCF
Weight YoungIndividuals/OldIndividuals
285 285
2 2
24 27
no. o
1126
87.0
1372
285 285
3 3
33 36
102.8 96.2
740 1721
285 285
3 3
39 40
94.2 127.0
2324 1073
285
41
73.9
451
285
58
114.3
767
285 285 285 287 287 287 287 287 292 292 292 292 292 292 292 292
3
292 292 292 292 292 292 292 292 292
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
292
1 2 2
60 61 79
101.7 107.8
9 15
117.0 100.3
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
58.3 39.5 67.3 66.6 66.5 74.4 66.4 89.3
2 1002
19 1524 646* 124 365 66 161 149 338 735 303 337 314 156 371 85 34 100
69.9
370 no
75.8
530
2
77.1
640
292
3
92.2
300
292 292
3
81.5
75 315
294 294 294 306 306 306
1 1 2 1 1 1; 2 17& 18 2
306
TEKE G G H
6gg GeneralPathology
AD; elderly?: dentition FA to MA: no tooth loss; frontalsinus not v pneumatised; c. 18: numerous unfused epiphyses. no serious d.j.d.
d.j.d. on dens of C2.
MA?; NVO?: traces of incipient d.j.d. on vert,bodies.
Traces of incipient d.j.d. on vert,bodies.
AD; elderly: poor dentition; some d.j.d.
d.j.d. on a metacarpal fr.:but not apparently on verts.
FA; NVO: trace of an epiphyseal line on a cancellous fr. AD, but not elderly: dentition.
V slighttrace of d.j.d. on one vert,and the tip of the dens of C2.
MA; but not too old.
Slight trace of d.j.d. on one vert.
AD, but NVO: no a.m. tooth loss.
v. slighttrace of d.j.d. on Ti 2.
993 11
69.0 73.4 70.1 27
BONES
180 140 19 15 16 106 100
50 14 51
Cranium 10.5 mm to 11.o mm thickin parietal region.
Thickened cranial diploè: One vault fr.9.0 mm thick.
Thickenedcranialdiploë:One vault 9.5 mmthick. Thickenedcranialdiploë:One vault fr.11.o mmthick. Tracesofosteoporosis on severalcran. frs.
J. H. MUSGRAVE
7oo Tomb Level Pot
LOLPCF
H H H H
72.5
500 200 125 2
I35*3
585
2
J
135
N O O
O O O o O O O O
1 4 6 1
1 1 1 1 1
15
1 2 2/3 3 4 4
Q?(NR) Q?(NR) Q?(NR) 0, Q, 0, Q, Q. Q,
102.7
100 210 9 70 95
NWM 87.2 81.8
NWM 325 558
125.6 78.0 44.1 56.2
435 330 8 90
102.1 68.1 52.1 531 74.6 63.2 35.8 38.2
276 259 46 63 8 33 20 15
70.5 68.7 49-7 NWM 37.7
o, Q, o,
Youngishmatureadult.
Possibletracesofincreasedtrabeculation in cranialdiploë.
AD, butNVO: no d.j.d.
8 2 30 34 24 13 19 7 15
7 *3
3
4 7
23 761
205
Q
65.5
522
Q
AD, butNVO: no d.j.d.
35 544 54 1 8
Q.
o,
Tracesofcribraorbitaliain roofofa leftorbit.
e
o, Q, 0,
Some d.j. d. on base of a hand DP I. Hole - diam. c. 4.0 mm in R parietalthatmight be pathological:situatedc. 6 mm from sagittalsutureand c. 32 mm fromlambda; on cranialsurfaceare signsof reorganization; but I have seen a similarhole in modern
3 1
M M M M N
O O O O O
MA/ AD: some d.j.d. and a.m. tooth loss.
GeneralPathology
açrnatedtranAthatlampretrysureisanaite&cL
L L L
O O Oí O
Old Individuals Weight YoungIndividuals/
46
611
in Tracesofincreasedtrabeculation cranialdiploë.One fr.8.4 mmthick.
THE HUMAN
BONES
Table 30. Dental pathology:caries;abscesses Tomb Level Pot J 19 75 75 107 285 285 285 285
2 6 7 2 2 2
2 14 72 121 13 13 24 41 79
Tracesofabscessbeneath4L L maxill.fr.plusan 8? withcariesmesially? Signsofhealingbetween8l and 7I. Remainsofan abscessdrainhole? Dental abscessbeneath[7. Maxill.fr.withtracesofan abscess. Genialtuberclesenormous.Aged edentulousmandible. Abscessesabove 6j and belowI4. Trace ofan abscessabove rootofL3. Dental abscessabove rootof7J.
Table 31. Shells Tomb Level Pot 19 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 107 159 285 285 285 285 285
2 2 2 2 4 6 7 7 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 1 2 2 3 3
7 7 13 10 53 68 121 122 6 13 27 28 30 50 57 59 65 1 12 13 24 33 40
Mühlfeldtia Some interesting specimens,incl.someofMühlfeldtia. Largefr.ofshinymarineshell. 2-3 land shells. 2 land shells. Collectionofsmallmarineshells. Mühlfeldtia. A few. One Mühlfeldtia shell. One Mühlfeldtia shell. shells. ManyMühlfeldtia shells,incl.a completebivalve. ManyMühlfeldtia incl. Mühlfeldtia. 2-3 speciesrepresented, Usual collectionof Mühlfeldtia and othermarine?shells. and othermarineshells. Mühlfeldtia Severalpiecesofshell. Mühlfeldtia shells. PlentyofMühlfeldtia Some v. smallshellfrs:land and marine? FrsofMühlfeldtia. Usual collectionofsmallmarineshells. One completeMühlfeldtia shell.2 frsofanothermarineshell. shells. 2 Mühlfeldtia Table 32. Animalbones& Teeth;Fish
Tomb Level Pot o 19 19 75 75 75 107 107 285 285 285
1 2 2 6 6 6 5 5 2 3
15 7 13 68 72 74 27 28 12 24 33
One animal?ribfr. Prob,a few(38 g),incl.a fr.ofa burnthorse'spelvis. Some 'possible'animalbones,incl.a largeinnominate fr.(53 g) and 2 forelimb frs(13g). Root ofzygomatic processofan ass,plusone otheranimalbone fromforamenmagnumregion. One or two. Two unburntsheep/goatmetacarpals. One limbbone shaft? Egg shellfr.? 5 frs(wt.8g) ofan animalacetabulum. Immaturelower3rdpremolarofa pig. One elasmobranchfishbone.
70i
7O2
J- H. MUSGRAVE ABBREVIATIONS
AD: a.m.: ant.: a.r.: AT: C: c: CD: cran.: d.j.d.: diam.: DP: EAM: F: FA: fr.: GC: hd: LAM: incl.: J & T: L: LOLPCF: M: MA: mand.: maxill.: misc.: MP: MYNBK: n: NR: NVO: NWM: NWW: PC: pet. temp.: PP: prob.: R: T: T: TOTWGT: TW: v.: vert.: VH: wt.: YA:
& CONTRACTIONS
adult of unknown age. antemortem. anterior. alveolar résorption. adolescent aged between 12 and 17 years. cervical, usually followedby the number of the vertebrain question. circa;approximately. child of less than 12 years. cranial. degenerativejoint disease. (Also 'DJD'). diameter. distal phalanx. external acoustic meatus. female. fulladult aged between 26 and 35 years. fragment.Plural 'firs'. good condition. head. internalacoustic meatus. including. jaws and teeth. left;or lumbar,iffollowedby number of vertebrain question. lengthof longestpostcranial fragment. male. middle aged, i.e. between 36 and 45 years. mandible; mandibular. maxilla; maxillary. miscellaneous. middle phalanx. author's notebook reference. nominal. not recorded. not veryold. not worthmeasuring. not worthweighing. postcranial. petrous temporal bone. Plural 'pet. temps'. proximal phalanx. probably. right. thoracic,usually followedby the number of the vertebrain question. tomb. total weight. transversewidth. very. vertebra(l).Plural 'verts'. verticalheight. weight. young adult aged between 18 and 25 years.
CHAPTER 20 THE ANIMAL BONES S. Wall-Crowther The faunalremainsfromthecemetery compriseseveralanimalskeletonsfromcertaintombs, from other tombswhichprobablyrepresentfood offerings and smallerquantitiesof bones ofthebonesis ratherpoor,beingmuch ratherthanburialsofwholeanimals.The preservation erodedand friable.This is the resultof the soil conditions.All bone is unburntunlessstated The bones are consideredbelow,in alphabeticalor numericalorderof the tombs otherwise. fromwhichtheycame. Tomb F Animalboneswererecoveredfromtwoseparateareas. The skeletonof an ox was foundin a shallowdepressionnorth-west ofthedromos. The ox bonesare in a good stateofpreservation, and maywellbe modern.Forthisreason,theyare notconsideredfurther. (Theyare,however, retainedin theStratigraphical Museum.) Froma nearbypit came the poorlypreservedskeletonsof two equids, and a fewother animal bones. The equid bones are veryfragmentary and theirsurfaceshave been much eroded. For thesereasons,fewmeasurements could be taken.However,some information couldbe gained. Two individualsare represented. in size,on the basis of They are not noticeablydifferent the survivinglimb bone fragments.It has, therefore,not been possible to separate the elementsinto individuals,and so theyare treatedhere as a single group. The remains two ribs; scapula (2 left); comprisethe followingbones: skulland mandibularfragments, humérus(2 right);radius(2 left,1 right);metacarpal(1 unsided);two smallpelvicfragments; tibia (2 left,2 right);calcaneus (1 right);astragalus(1 left);metatarsalIII (1 right,1 left,2 unsided);lateralmetapodial(1 unsided);metapodials(3 smallfragments, unsided);proximal limbbone fragments. phalange(3 unsided)and somesmallunidentifiable The age at deathwas deducedfromthestateoftheepiphysealfusionofthelimbbones.Not all theepiphyses werepreserved.Of thosethatwere,all werefused.Bothrighttibiaehavethe distalepiphyses fused,givingan age ofat leasttwoyearsforbothhorsesand one individualis at least 3-3.5 years old, from the fusion of the proximal epiphysis. The following measurements weretakenon themorecompletelimbbones. Table 33. Horse bonesfromTomb E Metatarsal Left Right
GLi 247
FirstPhalange Left Right
GL 72
Bp
Dp
44.4
38.8
Bp 47.2
Dp 32
SD 27 28.2
DD 21 21.1
SD
Bd
BFd
30
40.6
37.1
7O4
S. WALL-CROWTHER
in size of the metatarsalsto thosefromTomb 79 (see below) may be noted. The similarity However,theproximalphalangeforwhicha lengthcould be measuredis rathersmallerthan the forephalangesof the Tomb 79 horses.The onlycompletelimbbone givesan estimated withersheightof 133.25cm. The dentition (FIG.1950, b) suggeststhattheanimalwas a horse ratherthana donkey, similarin sizeto thosefromTomb79. A fewveryfragmentary dog bones were also recovered,in an extremelypoor stateof left preservation, comprising mandible(withpermanentPi and P2); someloose teeth(canine, shaftfragments radius and ulna (smallfragments), (probably 5 indeterminate carnassial); 1 rib. humérusand/orfemur); 3 metapodials; of radius indicate the shaftfragments Althoughthe dog remainsare veryfragmentary, measurements of the bones individuals. The condition two being precludedany probably limbbones withthe corresponding taken.However,a visualcomparisonof the fragmentary dog bones fromTomb 79, skeletonsI and II (see below), suggestsan animal whichwas probablyofa similarstatureto thesedogs. to suggest and sparse,thereis enoughinformation Althoughremainsare veryfragmentary Tomb in the more to that found a similar burial thattheyrepresent very completely preserved two two horses and burial of the remains represent 79 (see below).We can suggestthatthese dogsin thispitor tomb. One pigcaninewas also recovered. Tomb O (animalbone underpot 6): Cattletooth(rightupperthirdmolar). Indeterminate Tomb (¿(bones fromsievingsidechamber):Pig: 1 tibia.Sheep-sizedanimal:1 limbbone fragment. 3. fragments: Tomb 14 Equid scapula(probablyhorse).Animaltooth(probablycattle,butpoorlypreserved). Tomb 30 Sheep/goattooth(lowermolar).Sheep/goat:proximalphalanx. Tomb 34 Sheep/goatastragalus.Sheep/goattibia(burnt). Tomb 75 Cattletooth(lowerpremolar).Sheep/goatmetacarpal.Sheep/goathumérus.
Tomb 79 The lowerburiallevelofTomb 79 containedonlyanimalbones- theskeletalremainsoftwo equids and two dogs. The skeletonsof the two equids and one of the dogs were fairly complete,butlittleoftheseconddog had survived(FIG.31:Plans2-4). EXCAVATIONAND PRESERVATION
skeletons The animalboneswererecognizedas articulated duringexcavationofthetomb,and were D. situ were planned in removed,packed individuallyand labelled Smyth.They by laterstudy,and made possiblethe facilitated This on the plans. accordingto theirnumbers skeletons of the ofthepositions (see below),eventhoughthelatterwerenot dog descriptions of excavation. recognizedas suchat thetime POST-EXCAVATION TREATMENT AND STORAGE
It was recognized that this collection of articulatedbones was an unusual find,and, and conservation. some considerablecare was expendedon theirpreservation consequently, bone collection of the in the stabilization has resulted This process,althoughtimeconsuming, and study. reference forfuture The conditionof the bones was poor,being friable,withmuch surfaceerosion.For this reason,theywerenot washedwithwater,but cleanedby gentlebrushingwitha camel hair
THE ANIMAL BONES
705
brush,and using metal dental tools to remove harder deposits and concretionswhere necessary.When the bones were consideredclean, theywere treatedwith a solutionof acetate,and breaksweremendedwithglue. The bones are now storedin shallow polyvinyl woodenboxesin theStratigraphical Museum. POSITION
OF ANIMALS IN THE TOMB
EQUIDS
'East9Horse(plate 3 15 a)
This is themorecompletely preservedofthetwoequids.It was lyingwithitshead towardsthe east,on itsleftside,withitsfrontlegsbentat elbow and knee,withitsfeetpointingtowards thewest.The front legscrossoverthebacklegs,whichare againfoldedbeneaththeanimal,at stifleand hock,withthefeetpointingtowardstheeast. West9Horse
This horsewas lyingwithitshead towardsthewest,also on itsleftside,butwithitshead bent backtowardsthetail,so thatthehead is lyingon itsrightside. DOGS
I' (plate 316) 'Skeleton
This is the betterpreserved.It was lyingbeneaththe two horseskeletons, withits feetand in oriented the direction. Its head towards the and itsfeettowards east, body opposite points thenorth.Its limbsare moreextendedthatthoseofthehorses.It is lyingon itsrightside.Its twofrontlegslie close together, and are bentbut slightly at the elbow.Similarly, itsback legs lie closetogether, bentslightly at theknee. IP 'Skeleton
This skeletonis lesswellpreservedthanskeletonI. It is moredifficult tojudge whatitsoriginal would have been. It too is beneath the horse skeletons either position alongside,or possibly beneathskeletonI. The head was notfound,buttheremaining of the fourlimbspointin parts thesame direction, thatis,in theoppositedirectionto thoseofskeletonI, to thesouth.Some of itslimbbones had been displaced,but all fourpaws werefoundveryclose together. This that the animal's in the tomb was on its with its back, may suggest position lying forelegs uppermost, pointingtowardsthe tail and partlyon top of itsback legs.Its legs maypossibly havebeen boundtogether beforeplacingtheanimalin thetomb. PARTS OF SKELETON
PRESERVED
EQUID SKELETONS
'East Horse9(FIG. 195 g, h; PLATE3 15 a)
The partsof the skeletonpreservedare: skull,and partof leftand rightmandibles,ribs,left humérus (extremitiesnot preserved), radius (extremitiesnot preserved), ulna (very fragmentary), metacarpal(fairlycomplete),scaphoid,magnum,proximalphalange (fairly complete).Rightradius(fairly complete,distalepiphysis missing), metacarpal(fairly complete). Leftfemur(partof distalepiphysisonly),tibia(fairly complete,epiphysesmissing),calcaneus tarsalbones (fragmentary), metatarsal(fairly (incomplete), astragalus(incomplete), complete), splintbone,proximalphalange(fairly complete).
7o6
S. WALL-CROWTHER
WestHme' (FIG.195 e,f) The partsoftheskeletonpreservedare: skullnotpreserved, but some ofleftand rightupper cheek teethpresent,ribs. Right forelimb: radius (fairlycompleteshaft,distal epiphysis humérus(distal missing), metacarpal(almostentirebone),proximalphalange.Leftfore-limb: end only),radius (almostcomplete),ulna (small fragment), metacarpal(fairlycomplete), proximaland medialphalanges. TEETH
A close examinationof the upperand lowerteethpreservedfromboth equid skeletonswas made in orderto deduce:firstly, the age of the animalsat deathand, secondly, to aid in the oftheanimalswithinthegenusEquus. specificidentification AGE AT DEATH
East Horse: Rightand leftmaxillaeand mandibularfragments withteethwere examined, and the surfacesof the teethdrawn(FIG.195 e,fi.Of the upperteeth,the deciduousP2, P3 and P4 were in wear and likewiseall the deciduous incisors,givingan estimatedage at deathof under2.5 years,usingcriteriain Silverand Cornwall.Of the lowerteeth,Mi was in wear,which(fromSilver)givesan age ofnotmorethan2.5 yearsold, and probablyabout 2 years. West Horse: The fairlycomplete upper and lower teeth were examined and drawn (FIG.195). Of the upper teeth(leftand right),dP2, dP3 and dP4 and permanentMi were in wear. PermanentM2 was about to come into wear and M3 was not yetapparent. Of the lower teeth(leftand right),the deciduous premolars2, 3 and 4 and permanentMi were in wear. Permanent M2 was about to come into wear and M3 was not yet apparent. The age at death can also be estimatedfromthe stateof epiphysealfusionof the limb bones (using data fromSilver). This gives ages forboth horses of greaterthan 20-24 monthsand less than 3 years,which correlatescloselywiththe ages deduced fromthe teeth. IDENTIFICATION
An examinationof the wear patternsof the cheek teeth,and comparisonswithpublished as Equuscaballus (horse)and drawingsofequid teethsuggestthattheanimalscan be identified notdonkeyor mule. the animalsas eithermale or femalefromthe dentition, It was not possibleto identify because theywere too youngforthe permanentcanine to have appeared (thistooth is normally onlypresentin themale,and eruptsat about4 years). MEASUREMENTS
Measurementsare normallyonly carried out on adult skeletalremainsforcomparative whichit thereweretoo fewmeasurements ofthe skeletons, purposes.Due to theimmaturity It is measured. was possible to take. However,as the metapodialsfuse early,these were a us can rough give possiblethatslightgrowthwouldhavecontinuedin thesebones,butthey idea of the statureof the animals. Measurementstaken are those describedby von den describedbyDucas. Driesch,and additionalmeasurements
THE ANIMAL BONES
707
ofthehorsesfromTomb 79. Table 34. Measurements Metapodials Metacarpal East Left East Right WestLeft WestRight Metatarsal East Left East Right WestLeft WestRight FirstPhalanx East LeftFore East LeftHind East RightFore WestLeftFore WestLeftHind
GL
GLI
LI
209
204
202
211
207
Bp
DD
Dp
SD
31 31 30.5 32
31 31
20 20 21
Bd
DD
42
252
248
246
47.6 47.5
39.2
28.6
23.5
46.5
GL
Bp
BFp
Dp
SD
Bd
BFd
Lbord.ext.
78
51.1
47.5
35
32 36 31 31.8
41 41.3
41 40.6 42
76.4
35
78
it has been possibleto calculateestimatesofthewithersheightof Fromthesemeasurements, thehorses,usingfactorsgivenbyKiesewalter(invon den Driesch): Withersheight(cm) 'East' Horse
133.67
'West'Horse
!32-97
THE DOG SKELETONS
The remainsofdog skeletonI comprisedthefollowing bones(PLATE 316): Axial skeleton:a fewverysmallfragments of skull,partof the rightmandible,the firstfour cervicalvertebrae. Of theforelimbs:rightscapula(distalpartonly,glenoidcavityand partofthebodyas faras the neckregion),humérus,radiusand ulna (distalextremities not preserved).Leftforelimb: scapula (partof glenoidcavityand smallportionof neckregion),humérus,radiusand ulna notpreserved), (distalextremities metacarpalsII, III, and IV (entirebones),and distalhalfofV Of thehindlimbs:rightand leftpelves(acetabulumand shaftofiliumand smalljoiningparts ofpubisand ischium).Righthindleg:femur(distalextremity notpreserved), patella,tibia,fibula notpreserved), metatarsals: calcaneus,astragalus, (mostofshaft, proximaland distalextremities III and IV (proximalhalves).Lefthindleg: femur(distalextremity metatarsals notpreserved), notpreserved). tibia,mostofshaftoffibula(mostofshaft, proximaland distalextremities The remainsofskeletonII comprised: None oftheaxial skeletonwas preserved. notpreserved), radius(distal halfofshaft), ulna(distal Rightforelimb:humérus (proximal extremity II III and extremities IV andV (proximal half extremity missing), (distal metacarpals missing), (entire) Fourproximalphalangesand threemedialphalanges.Leftfore-limb: radius preserved). humérus,
S. WALL-CROWTHER
7o8
not ulna(distal II, HI andIV (extremities extremity extremity metacarpals (proximal missing), missing), V and two hind limb: tibia four medial bone); Right (proximal preserved),(entire proximal phalanges. not notpreserved), and distalextremities calcaneus,metatarsals II, IV and V (proximal extremity DI and two distal Left hind limb: four two tibia, medial, bone); preserved), (entire proximal, phalanges. threeproximal metatarsals calcaneus, HI,IV andV (shafts only), phalanges. The age at deathof the dogs was deducedfromthe stateof epiphysealfusionof thelimb ofabout 1.5years. bones.This gaveagesforbothindividuals Measurements weretakenwherepossible,and are shownin TABLE 35. Table 35. Dog Skeleton I Measurements Vertebrae
BFcr
BPacd
BFcd
295
315
18.5
GLPa 39.8
BPacr 32.9
BPacd 36.3
BFcr 16.3 19.7
BFcd 17.2
HFcr 11.1
Mandible Left
mio
11113L 22.5
11113B 8.4
1T114 21.8
mi5L 9.7
mi5B 6.8
Scapula Right
GLP 31.9
Humérus
GLG
SD
MB
MD
13.8
13.8
16.4
Axis
3rd cervical 4th cervical
Right Left Radius Right Left
38.1
177 Bp 20.9
14 SDO 22.1
BPG 18.6
LAR 23 22.9
SH 20.8
SB 9.1
DC 20.2 19.8
SD
Bp
GL
SD 13.2 13.1
Ulna Left
DPA 26
Metacarpals II Left III Left IV Left
GL 61.4 69.6 66
Pelvis Right Left Femur Right Left Tibia
SD 14.1
Right Left
187
Astragalus Right
GL 27.2
Calcaneus Right
GL 47.3
13.6
39.2
10.7
HFcd 14.5
H 25 23.4
mi6L
mi6B
5.3
4.4
mi7 6.7
11119 24.7
THE ANIMAL
BONES
709
Table 36. Dog Skeleton II Measurements Mandible Left
34.3
Scapula Left Humérus Right Left Radius Right Left
mio
mi3L 21.2
1T113B 8.1
LG 26
BG
31.6 GL
GLC
Dp
172
168
41.8
SD 13 13.2
BD
GLP
SD 13.3
24.9
DPA
SDO
BPC
24.4 25
21
19.3
Metacarpals IV Right V Left
GL
Bd
188
SD 13.5 13.4
Calcaneus
GL
GB
Right
45.2
19
Metatarsal III Right
GL 66.7
Tibia Right Left
mio, 26.9
17.6
Right Left
Ulna
mi7 11.3
67.5 56.8 GL
22.8
Harcourt: The height ofthedogsattheshoulder hasbeenestimated usingdatafrom Estimated Shoulder Height (cm) Dog Skeleton I
56.78
Dog Skeleton II
56.15
The bonesare generally and this,together withtheshoulder slender, heightofabouthalfa an similar a to modern or metre, suggests appearance greyhound whippet. The youngage oftheanimals(bothhorsesand dogs)and theirapparentgoodhealthat thetimeofdeathsuggest thattheydidnotdie a naturaldeath.Thisimpliesthattheywere in killed order to be buried.The methodof killing,however,cannotbe deliberately deducedfromtheboneevidence.No markswerefoundon thebonesto givea clueto the and withmuchsurface waytheymettheirdeath.The conditionof thebones (friable, is such that one would not to see indeed, erosion), necessarily expect anymarksofcutsor blowspreserved, evenifa blowhad penetrated as faras thebone.Moreover, theheadand neckbones,whereone mightexpecta blow to have fallen,were in all cases poorly preserved.
S. WALL-CROWTHER
7!0
Tomb 98 Cattletooth(upperpremolar).Sheep/goattooth(lowermolar). Tomb 107 Sheep/goattooth(lowerthirdmolar)- stainedgreenin partfromcontactwithcopper/bronze. Tomb 147 Sheep/goathumérus. TOMBS 152, 161, 162, 163 AND 168 Scatteredequid bonesfromthesetombsprobablyall come froma singleindividual,whoseboneshad been much disturbed. The bonesweredistributed amongthetombsas follows: and teeth,scapula (leftand rightbones),humérus(leftand Tomb 152 (PLATE315 b,c) Vertebrae,rib fragments ribfragments and teeth,radius(left), ulna (left). rightbones),vertebrae, Tomb 161 (PLATE315 d) Pelvis(left),femur(leftand right),tibia(leftand right),astragalus(left),metatarsaland tarsalbones(unsided). Tomb 162 Proximalmedialand distalphalanges. Tomb 163 (fig. 195 c, d) Teeth, skulland mandiblefragments, vertebrae,metacarpal,pelvis (right),medial phalange. Tomb 168 Rib (two fragments), radius (right),ulna (rightand left),metacarpal (right),proximalphalange (forelimb).
whichare given Mostboneswereincomplete, butitwas possibleto takesomemeasurements, below: Table 37. Equid bonesfromTombs152,161,162,163and 168.
Scapula Right Left
SLC 54.6 54
LG 54
BG 41
Humérus Right Left
GL 270
GLC 263
Bp 85
SD 29
Bd 70.7 70.6
Radius Right Left
PL 314
BFp 71.8
SD 34.4
BD
BFd
70.6
60.2
Metacarpal Right Left
GL
GLI 212 212
LI 206 206
Bp
Dp
484
216
Tibia Right Left
LI 316
SD 36.1 36
Astragalus Left
GH 59
GB 58.7
BFd 50.2
LmT 57.6
Proximal phalange Left
L. bordext. 79.8
GL 82
Bp 53.2
BFp 47.8
BT 72.1
Bd
Dd
30.2
SD 33 33
49
35
Dp 37
SD 33.2
Bd 45.7
BFD 45
withersheightof136.63cm has been calculated. an estimated Fromthesemeasurements Tomb Tomb Tomb Tomb Tomb
175 Cattletooth(lowerthirdmolar). 221 Pig tooth(molar). 283 Sheep/goatmetacarpal(partlyburnt).Cattlepelvis(?) burnt. 285 Animaltooth. (probablycattle). 292 Toothfragment
CHAPTER 21 EPILOGUE The Editors ofwhatat thetimewas knownas the'KnossosMedicalFaculty'site,onlya part The excavation ofthe oftheresultsofwhichhave been reportedhere,was a uniqueeventin thelonghistory BritishSchool at Athens' involvementin fieldworkin Greece. As explained above, the and ClassicalAntiquities HerakleionEphorateof Prehistoric earlyin 1978invitedthe School's ofa largetractofland northoftheVenizeleion assistancein theurgentinvestigation immediate ofCrete.The year-long therefortheUniversity collaboration Hospitalpriorto newconstruction was a memorableexperienceforthe betweenthe School, the Ephorateand the University The Schoolremainsdeeplygrateful forthesupportand understanding ofitsGreek participants. sometimes in which were circumstances stressful, always intimidating. colleagues The whollyunexpectednatureof the enterpriseinevitablyimposedheavystrainson the bothduringtheexcavationsand thesubsequentlengthy School'sorganisation periodsofstudy. The residentialamenitiesof the Knossos Taverna and the archaeologicalresourcesof the Museum at Knossos providedthe essentialinfrastructure withoutwhichthe Stratigraphie School's shareof the workcould not have been attempted.The presenceat Knossos of the and the determination and skillwithwhichshe undertook Fellow,Dr.JillCarington-Smith, the day-to-day directionin thefieldwereinvaluable,and theimportanceof her contribution cannotbe exaggerated.The late Mr. David Smyth'sworkas Surveyorwas a tourdeforce ', carriedout in conditionsalwaysmostdifficult, oftenintolerable.The formidablesubsequent taskof studywas immeasurably assistedby the greatskilland devotedworkof a matchless the late Mr. Petros Hon. MBE. vase-mender, Petrakis, Facedwithwhatprovedto be an unexpectedly theSchoolrespondedwith largeundertaking, to the In invitation. it the Knossian tombs overitsfieldwork vigour Ephorate's 1978 gave priority elsewhere. Evenat Knossositself, researchplansofmanyindividual membersoftheSchoolwere alteredat shortnoticein responseto requestsmade to themforthe studyand publicationof different elementsof the complexresults.The immediatearrangements of othermembers, at in the School were dislocated their to requestsforhelpwith 1978, working by positiveresponses excavation orworkroom assistance. supervision Theyhaveall earnedtheSchool'sgratitude. I It is 62 yearssince HumfryPayne and Alan Blakewayexcavateda seriesof post-Minoan tombsat Fortetsa, 38 yearssincetheirworkwas verythoroughly publishedbyJamesBrockin F. BetweenthepublicationofF. and theseKNCvolumes,progresshas been made in thestudy oftheGreekDark Ages,notexceptingCrete.More generally, stridesforward havebeen taken in theevaluationand presentation ofevidenceyieldedby funerary sites,includinggreateruse of other disciplinesto enlarge the frameworkof information.This publication has in particularprofitedfromthe publicationof workin the Argolis,at Lefkandiand Eretriain to reporton virtually all classesof Euboea, and at sitesin Cyprus.WhereBrockhad, perforce,
7I2
THE EDITORS
materialunassisted, KNChas been able to drawon theknowledgeofat leasttenspecialistsin thepurelyarchaeologicalmaterial,anothertwoforhumanand faunalremains,as wellas the resourcesand expertiseof the Fitch Laboratory at the School in Athens for a major programmeof materialsanalysisforpotteryfinds.This comparisonservesto emphasizeour admiration forJamesBrock'sachievement. unqualified Visitors to Fortetsa thevillageuphillfromtheturnoffthemainroadoppositethe approaching Venizeleion as breast the incline,pause and lookbacktowardstheNE.Conspicuousin may, they i b)is thespreadofthelowUniversity thatoverlietheheart themiddledistance(PLATE buildings ENEcan just be made out themodernbuildingsnear KhanialeTeke that oftheN Cemetery. coverthepositions ofTombsA-Q Excavationemptiedthesetombsoftheircontents; subsequent thetombsthemselves. Nothingnowremains. building destroyed operations completely The construction oftheUniversity ofCrete'sbuildingson our siteis butthelatestin a long a virginsiteuntil in itshistory. Our excavationsuggeststhiswas virtually seriesofvicissitudes for the next that date the mid-eleventh BC. From forward, 400-500 years,activity century therepeatedreuseoffamilychambertombsforthe therewas continuous, chieflycomprising The disarrayin whichmanyofthetombswerefoundis at interment ofinurnedcremations. of leastpartlyexplainedby thatreusewhichin some cases saw therelegationintothe dromoi in others,clustersof later earlierurnsto make space in the chambersforlatergenerations; fill. urnsconsignedto pitsdugin dromos II Throughoutour workon the N Cemeterywe have been conscious of building on the chamber laid byJamesBrockin his publicationof twenty-two so impressively foundations tombs chamber tombsin hisFortetsa volume,in 1957.Since then,reportsofmorerecently dug a hundred oftheEarlyIronAge at Knossoshavebeen piecemeal,untilthepublicationofover tombsoftheN Cemeteryin thesevolumes.Whatnewlighthas thismassivecorpuscaston the developmentof Knossos betweenthe Subminoanand Orientalizingperiods?Considerable advanceson the Subminoanfrontreceivecommentin the nextSection.For everyphase,no will have muchmore materialto count- although,let us admit,the doubt,the statistician ratherless thanin the Fortetsa burialsis proportionally incidenceof undisturbed publication. of Hellenisticand Roman burials, This is partlybecause of the muchgreaterencroachment - even withinthe EarlyIron Age- due to the close congestionof tombs,often and partly a congestionneverencounteredin any seriouslydamagingtheirrecentpredecessors;1602 these of periods. exploredplot previously lends This unusuallydense concentration, togetherwiththe greatquantityof burials,1603 thatthemain cemeteryof Knossos, some weightto HumfryPayne'ssuppositionin 1929,1604 His surmisewas then theEarlyIronAge,laywellto theNorthofthesettlement. throughout based on slenderevidence,confinedto the rich tombsexcavatedby Hogarth,Evans and himself alongtheKephala ridge(see themap ILL.17),some500 metresto theeastofour main ofGeometricsherdsfoundon a plotto thewestofthe excavation.He alreadyknew,however,
1602 E.g. the clusterscentredaroundTs. 34, 98, and 104/134. 1603 Estimatedat between422 and 671 (Teke and
MedicalFaculty):p. 660.
lbU*BSA 29 (1927-2»), 231.
EPILOGUE
*
1
>aT
713
minoan
^
/ ^~r -
KNOSsos
c 1100600 BC T
/?
r^
Á A
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i
HARBOUR TOWN '
3>4 ií
I IV
/ /
' '^ata'
X
ATSALENIO
V
^'
I'
TOMBS
A
SETTLEMENT
o
well
♦
SANCTUARY
'
'
'
'
V'2'
N. j
iA
'4teke
Tm
E.M.LPG
3
c 850-740
PGB; E.MG
|/
LG; E.LO
^l
Palace modem road
>*,...
A
' PAPOURA^
FORTETSA /^^Ä^"^
C 970-850
P
2
aJST4® í
2
Knossos
I2'4
JÄJLA '
Sub M
K
'*
'42<-4LA}
c 1100-970
c 740-600
V*
A2
3.4 ' k?MmS Y A
1
4
'%
®^ST(
) qvpsaöes á¿ At3,4' I
f
¡ jt¿ '.J
""o
III. 17.Map oftheKnossosarea: settlement patternin theEarlyIronAge.
A|)
JV'
' ^ /~^' s>elia ' 1
2
7I4
THE EDITORS
so-called'acropolis'which,when fullyexcavatedby himself,Blakewayand Brock,became knownto us as thesinglerowoftombson themainFortetsasite.1605 Hencearosean alternative a casefordecentralizing theKnossianburialgrounds. theory, presenting After an tomb to the west of S. Alexiou1606 excavating outlying AyiosIoannis, arguedthatKnossos, our had no main Aristotle's reconstruction during periods, cemetery; (Pol.i252b.28) applying howtheGreekpolisarosefroma coalescence ofvillages, he supposeda villagenearevery explaining burialplot,anda burialplotnearevery before theemergence oftheKnossian village, polis. was aware that the Cretans could have Aristotle, however, pursueda verydifferent path towardsthe evolutionof theircity-states.1607 And, on the ground,no certaintraceof outlying villageshas everbeenfoundintheKnossosarea.It is,ofcourse,unwiseto arguefromlargetracts of groundfarto the north,much of it now coveredby the recentexpansion of modern Herakleion.More telling, is the negativeevidencewithincentralKnossos,whereno however, tracesof anyburialhas evercome to light.On the contrary, findsof settlement from pottery Subminoanonwards,oftenburieddeep underRoman remains,have been recoveredovera centralarea some500 metressquare,to thewestoftheruinedMinoanpalace.1608 It is thiscentral we in would that housed most of the buried the N carriedto nucleus, argue, people Cemetery, theirgravesinfuneral more than one or minutes' walk. kilometre, twenty hardly processions Furtherto the north,thetombsofAyiosIoannis,Atsalenioand Mastambaare too distant to have servedthe centralsettlement of Knossos:theymayyetproveto be attachedto small outlyinghamlets,now coveredunder modernbuilt-upareas in the southernoutskirtsof Herakleion.Nearerthecentre,however, thisexplanationbecomeslessplausibleforthemain Fortetsagroupand the Gypsadestombs,in areas fullyexploredand surveyed;a morelikely is thatsomeKnossianfamiliesmayhavepreferred to intertheirdead on theirown possibility to thenorth.1609 land,ratherthanin thelargecommunalcemetery How extensive, then,was thismainN Cemetery?Its southernlimitis probablyformedbya scatterof tombsbetweenthe Venizeleionhospitaland the forkof the road leadingtowards tombsL, Fortetsa village;thisscatterincludestheF/67grouppresentedhereand,presumably, TFT and Pi publishedby Brockin Fortetsa, ofwhichthepreciselocationshave been lost.1610 There are also severaloutlying tombs(KS2nos. 49-51) extending up to 200 metreswestofthe mainroad. Expansionto the northwentwellpast our main Teke group,to theplot around the Teke tholos(KS2no. 46) and even beyond,to judge fromthe reportof a richbut as yet To the east it is not unpublishedtomb exposed in the foundationfor a new hotel.1611 thatthecemeterymayhave extendedas faras the Kephala ridge(KS2nos. 16, inconceivable groundhas notyetbeen much 39), sourceof thevases publishedby Payne.The intervening Tombs' west of the Kairatos river 'Geometrical know of the but we already explored, mentionedby Evans (KS2no. 41), and moreearlytombshave recentlycome to lightin the restaurantsome 200 metreseast of the main Teke neighbourhoodof the new University's constitutes The Medical then, onlya smallportionof an enormous Facultyplot, group.1612 which is a central it but, may well proveto containthe portion, geographically, cemetery; laterspreadoutwardson all fourpointsofthecompass. kernelfromwhichthecemetery i605F. 1, fig.2. 1606KCh 4 (1950), 296 ff;cf. F. i n. 2. 1607 E.g. Pol. 1271b; cf. G. L Huxley, GRBS 12 (1971),505 ff. 1608por locations in KS2 see Dorian Knossos314 n. 15; add 1992-93 excavations by C. F. Macdonald at the SW edge of the Palace (AR 40 (1994), 75).
1609 Gypsades: Coldstream, BSA 76 (1981), 144. 1610Brock, F. 1 nn. 5-6 ('from another cemetery): 2 n.i. AS* no. 52. "»■¿Ä 20 (1083), 51. 1612Information kindly provided (1994) by the excavator, Dr G. Rethymiotakis.
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III the resultspublishedhere Though the SM period at Knossos remainsfullof uncertainties, of the of the Use have significantly our cemeterybeginsin the enlarged knowledge period. BC be taken as a marker for the mid-eleventh and can, indeed, beginningof the SM century in Knossos SM have been elsewhere the area, the N reported period. Though graves of a new far the concentration. This contains necropolissuggestsa opening Cemetery largest breakwiththepast;so does theintroduction oftheriteofcremation.Thoughthepointcould of otherSM burialsat e.g. AyiosIoannis and neverbe resolved,the peripheraldistribution fromthe in a the populationof Knossos,withsurvivors Gypsades,mightimply dichotomy in a Minoan past confinedto outlyingburialgrounds,whilenew masterswereconcentrated main settlement. new much closer to the cemetery conspicuous and The use ofthreequitedistinct typesofgrave,thecoexistenceoftheritesofinhumation alike suggesta society levelsof graveoffering cremationand the depositionof verydifferent made up of different strains,one thathad inheritedelementsfromthe fairlyrecentpast (all withmuchthatwas new (smallscale of shaftgraves threetypesof grave,riteof inhumation) The richly exoticmetaltypes,newversionofthemiles and pitcaves,riteofcremation, gloriosus). have an oikisticflavour;their furnished Ts. 186,200-201,perhapstheearliestin thecemetery, area. oflatergravesin theneighbouring locationscouldexplaintheextraordinary congestion P. M. Warren'scomment1613 on the contrastbetweenthelocationof SM Knossos and the It locationof SM Karphi was wellmade,and is fullyendorsed,it seems,by theN Cemetery. seemstheremayhave been painfuldivisionsin the SM populationof Crete,divisionswhich wouldonlybe healedcenturies later. The SM groupsin Ts. 186,200-201are notonlytherichestat presentknownfromKnossos; burialsnotonlyin SM Cretebutin SMycGreeceas theymustbe richerthananycontemporary well.Theirundisturbed conditiongreatlyenhancestheirimportance byproviding unequivocal contextsfora wide rangeof objectsof greatinterest, war-gearbeingchiefamongthem.The heroicflavour(in Homericterms)is strong, and nowherestronger thanin theremainsofboars' tusksin T 201 offering a wonderful illustration of the survivalby heirloomtransmission of an the mostfamouspassagein the antiquehelmetthatrecallswhatis, perhaps,archaeologically Iliad.Otheritems(thebronzestand,piecesofjewellery, whetstones) suggestlinkswithCyprus thatharmonisewithearliertheories(notablythoseof V R. d'A. Desborough)1614 concerning relations betweenthetwoislandsat theturnoftheBronzeand IronAges.The male occupants of Ts. 186,200-201may fairlybe called 'grandees',1615 evidenceof a hierarchical no society, T. 40, TirynsT. doubt,and viewedfromthe same standpointas the grandeesof Kaloriziki XXVIII and Lefkandi, Toumba,withwhomtheyhavemuchin common. IV If the SM grandeeshad somelinkswithCyprusin theirmetallicgoods,thereare manysigns ofcontactwithotherAegean centresfromthetenthcenturyonwardsin theformofimports, - and none beforethe The extremerarityof any corresponding mainlyof pottery. exports makes it seem that EIA the Knossians took an activerole in eighthcentury1616 unlikely 1613 AR 2Q(iq8s), 8*, and see TheAgesofHomer, 128. 1614 GDA49-63. 1615 Ratherthanthepejorativeterm'elite'.
1616 GGP382, nn. 1-7;J. N. Coldstreamand G. L. Huxley, Excavationsand Studies(London,1972),306. Kythera:
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overseastrade,in contrastto the more energeticEuboeans. Even so, the wide varietyof outward-looking pottery importsdoes at leastestablishKnossosas an exceptionally place with a frequently visitedportofcall,1617 and alwaysreadyto profitfromcommercialexchangewith visitorsfrommanydirections.The range of the importsis widerthan in F.: thuswe have Thessalian,and Euboean LPG, Euboean SubPG and LG, Cycladic specimensofCorinthian, MG and East Greek SubPG and perhapsLG, and ArgiveLG. Far moreplentiful, EG, LG, an unbrokensequence are the Attic however, imports:morethana hundredvesselsforming fromLPG to LG, and constituting as muchas 3% ofourtotalceramiccorpus.Onlyone other Aegeanregionreceivedsucha generousquantityoffineAtticPG and G pottery:Euboea. If one enquiresintothe possibility of a special relationship betweenKnossos and Athens,the case of Euboea - and Lefkandi in particular- provides a useful parallel case for comparison.1618 In additionto theunusuallyhighproportion ofAtticpottery, commonto bothKnossosand and also thepresenceofAtticshapes in theAtticsequencethere,1619 Lefkandiis thecontinuity veryrarelyexportedelsewhere.To be sure, as in other Greek regions,the importsare (inAtticterms)duringLPG and MG, and in bothplaces,in bothperiods, especiallyfrequent theirimpacton the local stylewas considerable.During the EG interval,however,Attic importspersistat Knossosand Lefkandias nowhereelse in Greece.At Knossos,surprisingly, these EG importsare confinedto large and floridlydecoratedbelly-handledamphorae, In ninth-century Athensthe only Cycladicimitations. by a fewcontemporary supplemented If anyof women.1620 function ofthisimpressive shapewas to housetheashesofhigh-ranking MG Atticamphorae,spreadoverthe two centuriesbetweenLPG and the fourteen II, had of Athenianwomen serveda similarpurposeat Knossos,one mightenvisagethe possibility could also be placed upon intoKnossianfamilies;suchan interpretation sometimes marrying thepresenceofPG claybeads withinciseddecoration,a simplearticleofpersonaladornment And yet,althoughthe amphorae,bothimported whichonlyKnossosshareswithAthens.1621 none has everbeen and local,have been includedas possibleurnsforstatistical purposes,1622 At Knossos,then,we lack anycompellingindicationoffamilyties foundto containashes.1623 PG cremationof withAthens,such as we findat Lefkandiin the occasionalhole-in-trench Atheniantype.1624 the more spectacularAtticimportsmightat least betokenspecial links Alternatively, in giftexchange,the amphorae betweenleadingKnossianand Athenianfamiliesmanifested This hypothesismightseem funeral at the as wine containers parties.1625 perhapsserving overseveralgenerations are Attic vessels and when attractive spread large imposing especially
1617 AD 23 (1968),B 429: ninth-century potteryfoundon thesea frontofHerakleion. 1618 See, in greaterdetail,J. N. Coldstream,'Knossos and Lefkandi:the Atticconnections'in D. Evely,I. Lemos, S. toM. R. Sherratt(Ed.), Minotaurand Centaur:Studies...... presented
(Oxford,1996),133-45. Popham 1619 II. 1, At Lefkandi,fromthe Toumba deposit{Lefkandi I, 134-5, MPG) until the end of the cemeteries(Lefkandi 350-4,MG I). 162o Vi, grave41; Hesperia 37 (1968),77 ff. E.g. Kerameikos 1621D. Evely,eh. 16, p. 627. The case for a personal connectionwithAthensis especiallyplausiblein theE-MPG tombJ, where a large collection of these beads keeps
companywith28 importedAtticpots,almosthalfthe total corpusin thattomb. 1622 w. G. Cavanagh,ch. 18,p. 661. 1623 almost 'Ye cannot,of course,excludethispossibility, all the Attic amphorae having been retrieved from scattered fragments.There is, however,some negative evidencefromthe two mostcompleteexamples:G 3, the only large vessel on an undisturbedchamberfloorwhich did not contain ashes (Platon, pp. 12-13); and 207.52, froma tombin whichthe onlyhumanbones wereunburnt (p. 196). 1624 I, 175-6,Toumba no. 14,pl. 2O2d-f. E.g. Lefkandi 1625Giß Exchange204-05; Eilapine337-8.
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or whentheyoccurin a homogeneousset;bothconditionsare usingthesamefamilytomb,1626 metin T. 219.1627 One shouldacknowledge, however,thatTs. 219 and 285, richin fineAttic in also rich metallic are wealth,and indeedin importsfromotherquarters: unusually pottery, in faience from other Aegean centres,potteryfromCyprus,and exotic orientalia pottery and bronze (219.£85; 285. £34). (2ig.f62, f83), ivory(219. £27),openworkgold (219. fgi) oftheAtticvesselsa simplerexplanation Thus,forthewiderange,highqualityand profusion emerges.They take theirplace beside importsfrommanyotherdirectionsas luxuryitems enjoyedperse, as indicatorsof highsocial status;the more prosperousfamiliesof Knossos In looktowardstheoutsideworld,and thencederivemuchoftheirprosperity. wouldnaturally as thisrespectLefkandioffersa comparablecase. Atticpotterytherewas evidently prized a in the same rich as eastern faience and bronze often found formof wealth, graves being ofgold.1628 vessels,and ornaments V the centralpart dug in 1978-79,stimulates withthe layoutof KNC, particularly Familiarity as well as to describeit,and to visualisefeatureslong thewishto understanditstopography, ago vanishedwhoseexistencecouldexplainaspectsofthesitewe nowfindverypuzzling. of KNC is a mixtureof order,and apparentchaos. There is on the one The topography hand the relativelyorderlyarrangementof similarlyaligned chambertombsplaced close togetherin groupsof fouror more (wellseen in Teke 1975-76,FIG.2; KMF North,FIG.3, KMF West,FIG.4, and a littlelessdistinctly, in thethreegroupsofKMF South-West, FIG.5). variesbetweenNW-SE,and W-E,thechambersalways Betweenthesegroups,tomborientation to the E. We mightsuppose theseclustersreflectedKnossian kinshipgroups,of whatever and in whateverway.We maysupposethatthe locationnot onlyof each group, description, but of each gravewithineach groupwas somehowclearlymarkedduringtheircenturiesof ofone graveupon anotherwas virtually use. Withinthesegroups,encroachment unknown an exceptionis the Ts. 44-48-60-61 group,whereT. 60 was slightedby T. 138 dug at right There could wellhave been ephemeralenclosuressurrounding the anglesto it intoitsdromos. discretegroups,and theremighthavebeen a network ofaccess-paths whosearrangement was facilitated bythesystematic layoutofthatpartofthesitecoveredbyFIGS.2-5 (part). On theotherhand,thesouthand south-eastsectors(FIG.5, part;6) are chaotic,givingthe ofa different setofrulesforcemetery use. There was no commonorientation impression (see in particularFIG.6)- some chambertombslie S-N (T. 28), othersN-S (T. 18), withmuch Therewas greatcongestion, so thatin somecases latertombs varietybetweentheseextremes. encroachedupon earlier,as withtheTs. 98, 106,152,163,168complex(FIG.5), Ts. 104and 134 (FIG.6). Manyoftheearliest,SM, tombsbelonghere,and perhapsthelack ofsystembelongs to theverybeginnings ofthesite,and couldbe explainedin one,or all, ofthreeways- variety of tombtypes,simultaneous desireto be as close as practiceof cremationand inhumation, a to possible prestigious grave. '626E.g. 285.129 (LPG amphora),154 (EG I amphora), 153 (MG II krater).In thattomb it is reassuringto know that, among the cremated remainswithinurns of three different thereoccurrence ofa rareand congenital centuries, deformation ofthemandible(J.H. Musgrave,ch. 19,p. 681) confirmsthe common-senseview that collectivetombsin
continuoususe are reservedforindividualkingroups. 1627 MC*II set: 33 (vastamphora),42 (krater),23 (pyxis); otheramphorae,89-90 (LPG), 91 (EG I). 1628 T. 31,T. 33 (LeßandiI, pls. 185-8);T. 39 (BSA77 (1982), pls. 17-20);T. 47, T. 55 (AR 35 (1989),118ff.);T. 70 (OJA14 (1995),103ff.);T. 80 (OJA14(1995),151ff.).
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in the north The puzzle posed by the contrastbetweenwell-spaced,orderlyarrangement in south is the and location of tombs the presence part, compoundedby higgeldy-piggeldy In orderlyarrangements. alreadyin theSM periodofchambertombsbelongingto embryonic FIG.5, T. 207 in one of the ranks,Ts. 24, 45 and 46 in another,make thispoint.Indeed, in themorechaoticpartofthe althougha largemajorityofthe SM tombswas concentrated there one metres both northand south of the main are or two outliers to 100 site, up concentration. in understanding Our difficulties the contradictory elementsin KNC's topographyare increasedbyour almostcompleteuncertainty concerningthephysicalappearanceofthearea If its successive of during stages development. thiswere notso, we mightbetterunderstand the why verylarge area, roughlysome 6000 m2in extent,lateroccupied by the mortuary churchand its ancillarystructures, containsonlythreeDark Age graves;and the enclosure walljust clipsthreeotherswhenthe area of 3750 m2just beyondthe south-west angle ofthe an but Christian enclosure contains some 60 We seek Early graves. explanation, onlyguesses come- perhapsthegroundwherethechurchlaterstoodwas bad fordiggingtombs;perhaps Because this thearea containeda veneratedfeature:was therea problemofland ownership? as the is are such so, too, problems why cemeteryspreadso farnorth question unanswerable, on a narrowfrontwhen it mightseem (to us) bettersense to have used muchmore of the east-westdimensionofthearea. We can be sure,though,thatthereasonsforthearrangement of KNC beingas we foundit werecomplex,and probablynot the same at all periodsof its history. VI and importancein thestory The secondhalfoftheninthcenturyis a periodofgreatinterest - and, indeed, of Knossos generally.Then it was thaturn cremation of the N Cemetery showa sharp as thenormalrite;then,too,thenumbersofinterments becamefullyestablished rise (p. 660, ILL. 10) consistentwitha rapid growthof population,such as in otherGreek ofnoteis a considerable Alsoworthy regionshas notbeen observedbeforetheeighthcentury. werein use duringthemainPG sequence; shiftin theuse ofthechambertombs.Some thirty but,at the turnto PGB in the mid-ninth century, onlyeightof thesecontinuedto receive sixteenmore- includingsome of the interments.1629 Then, withinthe laterninthcentury, richest came intouse. A similar'caesura' has been notedamongtheFortetsatombs,as well oftheAyiosIoannisplot.1630 as in theabandonment The finalconversion Are thereanycausal connectionsbetweenthesethreedevelopments? to cremation couldbe putdownto a desireto saveburialspace fora rapidlyrisingpopulation. for Afterthe 'caesura',some of the new tombs(e.g.M, 13, 104,147,286) seempurpose-built in the modestsize of theirchambers.They are modest,too, in theircontents. cremations, ofurns(e.g.G, N, 75, flauntchamberssurprisingly Others,paradoxically, largeforthestacking been designed for LM III that had of the capacious sepulchres 107, 283), recalling inhumations.These are among the richesttombsin the cemetery,and the familieswho in a settledfuture. theiruse clearlyhad someconfidence inaugurated
1629Ts. D, O, Q,, 100, 175,219, 285, 287. (In a separate categoryare SM-PG tombsreusedaftera longgap: Table 8.)
i630GG48n.59.
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couldbe resolvedifwe admit The paradoxofthesespacioustombs,in an age ofcremation, of a fourthimportant new development, at leastamongtheleadingfamilies:a thepossibility and pridein the Minoan- or,to them,the 'heroic'past. Anotherobvious growthof interest witha bygoneage is theoccurrencein theN CemeteryofsixteenLM III signofinvolvement in contextswhich,whenknown,are neverearlierthanPGB. We cannot found claylarnakes, all are fragmentary, knowforcertainhow manyofthemwerereusedforlaterinterments:1631 fromwidelyscatteredpieces- butso also weremanyofthePGB and EG urns oftenretrieved in the new richtombs,shuntedand damaged whichmusthave housedthe earlyincumbents - usually - scattered and several bylaterrobbers. subsequentgenerations by The presenceofthelarnakesshowsthatthereopeningofLM III tombsin theDark Age, whetheraccidental or intentional,was not an unusual event. Did any of the larnakes originallybelongto the tombsin whichtheywerefound,LM III tombsreusedin the Early Iron Age? Vigorous argumentsto the contraryare advanced here1632 and, indeed, the correlationof find-spotsbetweenlarnakes and Minoan-typetombs is veryslender.In a clusteranalysis of many variables in the details of tomb construction,only six of our tombs1633 qualifyas conformingto the high standardsof LM III, notablyin the careful Even forthese,however,it remainspossiblethatsome,at least,were shapingoftheirstomia. no doubt,by a viewofreal LM skilfuland respectful pastichesoftheDark Age informed, III tombsfromwhichthe larnakeswere extracted.Amongthe tombsof LM III typeis T. and its long dromos: it mustbe 106 withits large squared chamber,its well-shapedstomion just such a pastiche,sinceit encroachesupon two earlierDark Age tombs,98 and 168. On theotherhand theTeke tholos,withitsstoneHorns ofConsecrationand itsblocksdressed in the Minoan manner,1634 is not so easily dismissedas an imitationof the Dark Age, although even this is not impossible. If any of our tombs is originally of Minoan construction,the most promising candidate is T. 75, a rich tomb receiving its first cremationsin the late ninthcentury,situatedin an area untouchedby earlierDark Age in everydetailto the requisitesofMinoan construction, and containing tombs,conforming theremainsoftwolarnakes. One of themis the finebut batteredfiguredpiece whosefragments werescatteredwidely betweenT. 75 and itsequallyrichneighbour, T. 107(107.214). This larnaxintroduces us to a moretangibleinstanceofMinoan inspiration fortheKnossiansofthelaterninthcentury. The formitselfwas reproducedon a modestscale (104. 118),1635 to contain the just largeenough inhumation of a child.Many elementsin the decorationof 107.214- goddessofvegetation, spiraltree,alightingbird- are renderedin a geometricizedformon a PGB straight-sided housed one of the firstcremationsin the tombwhere pithos,107.114, whichhad evidently mostpiecesofthe larnaxwerefound.1636 The linearornamentof othersuchpithoiadmitsa in freehandcurvilinear repertoire, unique Greeceat thistime,in whichneo-Minoanelements are fusedwithmotifsfromNear Easternportableart.Furthermore, the straight-sided shape itselfis clearlyan enlargedrevivalof a LM III C 'pyxis',the receptacleforthe earliest in Crete(p. 314). cremations
1631Those mostlikelyto have been so re-usedare Q, 116 (PGB),31.11 (LG),113.1(LG?),294.63 (M-LG)and 294.6 (O). 1632 HWC, ch. 17,p. 639. Contra: Boardman,BSA 55 (i960), 143. 1633 WGC, Gh. 18,p. 654: Ts. 75,82, 106,207,219,283.
1634 R. W. Hutchinson, BSA4.Q(10*4.),216n. 2, dI. iq. 1635Reflexions 27.
1636xhe hunt scene on the MPG bell-kraterF 1 may indicatean earliericonographieborrowing fromthepictorial decorationoflarnakesin reopenedLM III tombs.
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VII These straight-sided pithoi,withtheirexuberantdecoration,enjoyedonlya briefvogue in PGB and EG, duringwhichtheyservedas urnsforsomeoftheleadingfamilies:forexample, the threeworksof theirleadingartist,the Tree Painter,are the earliesturnsrecoveredfrom threeof the richesttombs(107,283, 292) whose use began onlyafterthe 'caesura'. Metal, ofthe familiesusingour however, providesa morecontinuousindexof therelativeaffluence tombs.1637 We miss,alas, thehighqualityofevidencefromthecemeteriesofLefkandi,where thecarefuland patientstudyof unplundered singlegravescontainedintactgold.Nevertheless, - allowsa tentativeranking, bronzeand iron- the latterhavinglittleappeal forplunderers withT 219 at itsapex, and Ts. 107,283 and 285 notfarbelow;T. 283,pillagedwithunusual a vastquantityoffragmentary iron.Commonto all these nevertheless thoroughness, preserves tombsis the abundance of warriors'gear. Warriors,as in the cemetery'sSM origins,are prominent theymayalso be amongthe richtombswhere,especiallyin the seventhcentury, furnished withtheirHomericfeasting of iron and Some ofour later firedogs. equipment spits the ranks 'the four samurai the Mediterranean be admitted to of of incumbents, then,may - thefourwarriorburialswithspitsand firedogsin thetholostombat Kavousi,in world'1638 Argosgrave45, and in Cyprusat Koukliaand in SalamisT. 79. within One wonders,however, whetherthereis anyconvincing evidenceforsocialhierarchy the N Cemeterycommunity. This is not the same as rankingindividualtombsaccordingto an exerciseattempted ofironand therelativewealthoftheircontents, supra,on thestrengths ofthecemetery, bronzegraveofferings as indicators. Fromthestart,thespecialcircumstances of such an militateagainstan objectivedemonstration both duringuse, and subsequently, is So is for inurned cremations unhelpful. hierarchy. Multipleuse ofchambertombs interring in undisturbed tombs such thedisturbedstate whichall tombswerefound(evenarchaeologically Khaniale Teke as 285 had been substantially rearrangedduringuse). Alwaysexceptingthe thereis no signof'royal'burial,on, forinstance,the tholoson theveryfringeofthecemetery, analogyof Salamis,Kition,Tamassosand Paphos in Cyprus.There is no typeof grave,and no methodofdisposalofthedead whichsetsone interment apartfromanother.Withveryfew exceptions,the typesof offeringessentiallyrepeat themselves almost monotonously. ofthegravewithrespectto arrangement Cemeterytopography hardlyfavoursa hierarchical one another.Withinsuchheavilyused gravesas T. 75 or T. 285 we look in vain forany urn oftheN Cemetery'sDark Age treatedwithparticularrespect.The overwhelming impression who had muchin common,notleasttheirstatus,notall ofwhom populationis ofindividuals wereeitherable or willingto advertisetheirsuccessin lifebythesame degreeofconsumption men in deathas someoftheirpeers.So manyofthemseemto havebeen equippedas fighting thatthisfeaturewas probablyone of the marksof theirclass.Anothermarkthattheywere all ofthesame statusmayhavebeen theveryfactthattheywereeligibleforthe substantially oftheirasheswithina familyor kinship and fortheinterment of a cremation-funeral, expense in this cemetery. particular grave One signofclassdistinction, however, mighthavebeen theowningofhorses.Horse-burial echoedbythedepositionin T. 219ofbronzehorse-bits. is a specialfeatureoftheN Cemetery, was the interred, ThoughthecomplexofT. 79,wheretwohorsesand twodogswerecarefully a similarhorse-gravewas foundadjacent to T. F and a third,poorly mostcircumstantial,
i637Cf.Snodgrass,/X4G286.
1638 Boardman,KCh23 (1971),8.
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is veryprobablein T. 163. While the occurrenceof pairs of horsescould suggest preserved, there evidencethatthesehad been drivenhorses;thepresence chariotry, is no othersupporting in thepairsof animals There mustbe significance of dogsis morein favourofhunting.1639 as on the PonticamphoraOxford1961.46g,1640 much one is remindedof suchvase-paintings a than our burials. Whatever the horse and hound to world of later, course, explanation, belong out ofrespectforthememory ofgrandees:so, too,does theslaughter ofhealthytwo-year-olds is seenon an evengranderscalein thePriniascemetery oftheirowners.Suchprofligacy where, Could it be between1972and 1976,our Italiancolleaguesfoundeighteenanimalburials.1641 thatdid that? setyouapart?Or was ithorse-slaughter thathorse-ownership VIII Near Easternluxuriesin faienceand ivory,as alreadynoted,provideanotheradornment the Knossianshad amongthe goods in the richertombs.Since the daysof the SM warriors, bowl with thePhoenician eastern contacts: witness the Levantine bronze neverwhollylosttheir J.fi) and the bronzecauldronswithlotushandles;also the local PG versionsof inscription exoticGypriot vase formslikethelentoidflask,thezoomorphicaskos,and theringkernoswith miniature vessels again foundmainlyin therichertombs(G, Q, 75, 107,219,285). Lateron, an easternamenitymorewidelyspreadamong our tombsis the importof unguentvessels, fromAegeanstirrup jars exportedeastwardin theLate Bronze movingin thereversedirection Age. Crete,alone amongAegean regions,preservesa trulycontinuoussequenceof unguent shapesall throughitsDark Age, a sequencewhichhas been abundantlyfilledout by the N theirfrequent occurrencein tombs contexts, Cemeteryfinds;thoughrarelyfoundin settlement At firstthe could be explainedby the need to anointthe dead beforethe funeralrite.1642 ancestralstirrup all throughour mainPG sequence,latereventhanin theultrajar perseveres conservative land ofCyprus.In LPG it is replacedtemporarily by theopen-neckedstirrup jar, whichsoon givesplace to a large lekythosof similarproportions.FromPGB onwardsthe are greatlyreducedin size,perhapsto bottlea moreconcentrated substanceacquired lekythoi vesselscomingfromthe througheasternimports.These at firstconsistof a fewslow-pouring Phoenicianhomelandin thelate ninthcentury, followedin the eighthby a steadyflowofthe moreaccomplished of BoR with the neckridge.Theyhavean immediateeffect juglets Cypriot on thelocal lekythoi. Cretan are close of a Early copies enoughto suggestthe establishment Knossianfactorystaffedby Cypro-Phoenician but from LG onwards the entrepreneurs;1643 attain a slick unmatched the Some Creto-Cypriot adaptations elegance by Cypriotoriginals. unguentsalso came fromCorinth though,unusually,very rarelyafterMG; imported Corinthian MG aryballoi,bothpaintedand monochrome, also influenced thelocal potters.By theseventhcentury, whenCorinthianaryballoiwerecirculating overtheentireMediterranean, the Knossians had virtuallyno need of them; the fertileinventionof theirown potters, stimulated nurtured had byearlierCypriotand Corinthianmodelsand further bylocal fantasy, a in robust the manufacture of containers. engendered autarky unguent
1639 Cf.J.K. Anderson,Hunting intheAncient World (Berkeley and Los Angeles,1984). In T. F the presenceof a hunting sceneon thebell-krater F 1 maynotbe whollyaccidental. 1640 AR (1964),55 % 13. 1641G. Rizza, in Cyprusand Crete,294 ff;A. Di Vita et al.,
AncientCrete:a hundred years of Italian archaeology1884-^84
(Rome,1985),160-1,figs.279-80. "*2WGC, ch. 18,p. 674. 1643Coldstream, Cyprusand Crete 261-3; RDAC (1984), andAmathus 136-7;Kition 323-4.
722
THE EDITORS
IX Likeall otherEIA collectivetombsin theKnossianarea, thoseoftheN Cemeterycontainno interments later than c. 630 BC. Thereafterthe site was never again used regularlyas a until Hellenistictimes.Our findsdo nothelpto unravelthemystery whyall theEIA cemetery tombsshouldhave come to suchan abruptfullstop,and we feelno greaturgeto add to the variousspeculationsalreadyadvanced.1644 Sufficeit to say that,duringthe course of the seventhcentury, theredoes seem to have been a diminution of the numberof tombsin use, in the qualityofthe and in thenumberofinterments;1645 but thereis certainly no falling-off in LO offered the richer tombs the final use of the tombs is effectively dated indeed, goods if the East and Corinthian Greek the abandonment of the by superb imports.Thus, cemeterieswere due to any sortof catastrophein war,thatcatastrophewould have come suddenlyat a timewhenKnossoswas notsuffering anydeclinein prosperity. Mightit be not so much a reverseforthe whole polis of Knossos that caused the abandonmentof the cemetery,as a major political change which led to the disappearance of the Knossian grandees? Perhapsrelevantto thequestionofthenatureofeventsin theN Cemeteryduringthelong of coarse Archaic hiatusin its use may be the presenceovermuchof the siteof fragments None was found within tomb or or associated with anybones;and nonewas any grave, pithoi. in a stateanywherenear approachingcompleteness. have the look of beingnot insitu, They than in a but dumpedfromelsewhere.Such vesselsare more appropriatein a domestic1646 was no used as a be the Archaic our site context. It longer funerary may that,by period, of a the northward but had become absorbed within expansion growingpolis.We cemetery, a true 'Dark still remains thatthesixthcentury mustacknowledge, however, Age' forKnossos, withverylittleindeedto showin itsarchaeologicalrecord. site So, itseemsthatfromtheArchaicperioduntildevelopedHellenistictimesthecemetery remaineddisused.Burialwas thenresumed,and continuedon a largescale,so thatthe site Hellenisticand Roman,some ofwhichwere withsingleinhumations, became honeycombed cut intodromoi (e.g.T. 75) or chambers(e.g.T. 104)of oldertombs.Many of theselate graves funeralenclosures. were neatlyarrangedin groups(cf.SITE PLAN;PLATE2 c-d),suggesting They veryrarelyencroachedupon one another;markersforindividualgravesseem likely. This reuseof an old necropolismusthave been deliberate.The cemeteryplan even suggests thatthe preciseareas of the old gravesmay have been well known(cf.e.g. PLATE3 c) and soughtafterforburial.The same behaviourwas observedat Fortetsa,and seems to have extendedas farN as Khaniale Teke. How strangethecontrastfortheburialpartiesbetween theclean kouskouras upcastfromsuchgravesas 128,130,131,133dug in a virginpatch,and withbrokenpotteryand laced withcrematedbone at thegraves theheap ofdarksoillittered theyhad dug into the old Ts. 75 or 104 (PLATE3 b, d). Large builttombsappeared in the cemeteryin Roman times (SITE PLAN,Ts. 33, 239), includingat least one magnificent elementsof mausoleumbuilt'perhapsearlyin the reignofAntoninusPius5,1647 monumental
1644Brock,F. 219 n. 2; Dunbabin, Gnomon (1952),195 fif; Boardman,CCO 148; Hood, AS* 18-19; Coldstream,Dorian Knossos321, UrbanNucleus,297-9, Urnsw^1 ^^ I2I> Huxley, in Knossos,a Labyrinth ofHistory:papersin honourofS. Hood, ed. D.
N. Momigliano(BSA, 1994),128-9. Evely,H. Hughes-Brock,
»e« WGC, eh. 18,pp. 661-2. »«« E.g. BSA 68 (1973),pl. 18.39-43;pl. 25.110,in; BSA 73 (1078),pl. 1349-50. 1647 S. Paton,'A Roman CorinthianBuildingat Knossos', BSA 86 (1991),297-318.
EPILOGUE
723
werefoundin reusein the surviving substructure of whosehighlydecorativesuperstructure AD mortuary basilican one of the EarlyChristianossuariesassociatedwiththe fifth-century churchcomplex(SITEPLAN).This complexappearsto have been locatedas faras possibleto avoid the old pagan graves- could the markerssuggestedforthe Hellenisticand Roman inhumationsstillhave been visible,and were they,therefore, respectedby the Christian in final a discontinuous and its ossuaries were the elements The church 1500-year community? of Knossos. As be of the area's use as the may imagined,somefurther history majorcemetery of the churchand itsenclosure damage was caused to the pagan gravesby the construction wall (e.g.T. 48- see PLATE19a),compoundedcenturieslaterwhenwhatremainedofthesite's structures was almostentirely quarriedaway(probablyunderthedirectionoftheoccupantsof Houses A and B-SITE PLAN)to providethe Venetiangarrisonof Cândia withmaterialto itsdefencesagainsttheOttomanTurks. strengthen So faras concernsthe archaeologyofthe Knossosregion,it is unlikelythattherewillever of so largean area oftheancientsite, fortherapidinvestigation again occurtheopportunity ofso largean area as a whole. or theopportunity forseeingtheancientfeatures HWC
JNC
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(Washington: Taraxacum). Ubelaker,D. H. (1986) 'Estimationof age at deathfromhistologyof humanbone' in M. R. Zimmerman & J. L. Angel (ed.) Datingand AgeDetermination ofBiologicalMaterials:240-247 (London:
CroomHelm). für Uytterschaut,H. T. (1985) 'Determinationof skeletalage by histologicalmethods' Zeitschrift
undAnthropologie Morphologie 75: 331-340. de Fontechevade: Vallois, H. V (1958) La Grotte (Paris: Arch. Inst. Paleont. hum. Mem. 29, pt. Anthropologie 2).
Guide(Bristol:John Wright). Van Beek, G. C. (1983) DentalMorphology: An Illustrated Van Vark, G. N. (1968) 'Cremations fromthe Late Bronze Age in the North Eastern Netherlands' Acta 8: 107. MorphologicaJVeerlando-Scandinavica humanskeletalmaterial Van Vark, G. N. (1970) Somestatisticalprocedures ofprehistoric for theinvestigation
te Groningen). (Rijksuniversiteit statistical Van Vark,G. N. (1974)'The investigation ofhumancrematedskeletalmaterialbymultivariate methods,I. Methodology'Ossa1: 63-95. statistical ofhumancrematedskeletalmaterialbymultivariate Van Vark,G. N. (1975)The investigation methods.II. Measures'Ossa2: ¿7-68. Kranos A. (1981) ToOdontosphrakton Varvaregos, Mykenai'kon (Dissertation, Athens). von Bothmer,D. (i960) EgyptianSculpture oftheLate Period(Brooklyn).
aus zur Widerristhöhenberechnung Von den DrieschA. and J. Boessneck,'KritischeAnmerkungen 22: 325-48. vorfrühgeschichtlicher Tierknochen', Mitteilungen Saugertierkundliche Langenmassen miasMo lossikisKomis(Athens). Vokotopoulou 1. (iQöb) Vitsa:la JSekrotaphia
Tombs atMycenae Wace,Ã. T.B. (1032)Chamber (London). Wahl, J. (1982) 'Leichenbranduntersuchung.Ein Überblick über die Bearbeitungs- und vonBrandgräbern' PZòT- l~lb§Aussagemöglichkeiten
in ClassicalAntiquity Walz, C. A. (1994) 'Review of Death-Ritualand Social Structure by Ian Morris' AJA98:
574-575Warren,P. (iq6q) MinoanStoneVases(Cambridge) at BarnsFarm,Dalgety,Fife'PSAS T. (1982)'The excavationofan EarlyBronzeAge cemetery Watkins, 112:48-141. C. M. Piggott& N. K. Weiner, J. S. (1951)'CrematedremainsfromDorchester'in R. J. C. Atkinson, Oxon129-141(Oxford:AshmoleanMuseum). atDorchester, SandarsExcavations Wells,C. (i960) 'A studyofcremation' 34: 29-37. Antiquity PSAS no: 109. J. (1980)'Crematedremains(fromHarehopecairn,Peeblesshire)' Weyman, Whitbread,I. K. & Jones,R. E. forthcoming, Analysis01 rottery, inJ. K. Papadopoulos,lhe IronAge at Throne. Cemetery
of skeletalremains'in P. Rahtz, T. Wilkinson,L. (1980) 'Problemsof analysisand interpretation Cemeteries: Dickinson& L. Watts(ed.)Anglo-Saxon 221-232(Oxford:BAR: BritishSeries82). D. (1982)CLUSTANUserManual Version2.1(Edinburgh Press). University Wishart, Eisenzeitin Italien(PBFXVLl.i: Munich). Woytowitsch,E. (1978) Die WagenderBronze-undfiühen
Tombs S. (1924)Vaulted Xanthoudides, ofMesara(London). Xirotiris,N. I. & Langenscheidt,F. (1981) 'The cremationsfromthe royalMacedonian tombsot Vergina'AE 1981:142-160. exetaseoston kamenonostonapo ti douphli N. I. (1982) 'Apotelesmatatis anthropologikis Xirotiris, Magoula kai tinPlatiaMagoula Zarkou':188-21^ in Gallis(1Q82). Great I: Three (Pennsylvania). EarlyTumuli Young,R. S. (1981)Gordion
INDEX hereto individualitemsare ForPOTTERY see contents pagesvii-ixin thisvolume.References inbrackets. enclosed Acarnania,claytripodcauldron,372 680-81,694-700 Age ofcrematedindividuals, Al Mina pottery fabrics, 484-6 Altar,limestoneminiature, 625 Amberbeads,634-5 Minoan seal,540 (i8.f3) Amethyst, Anaemia,682-4 Animalsacrifice, 674,690, 701 Argive pottery: fabric, 472, 480; imports, 402; influence, 376,381,389 Arrowheads: bronze,521-2;iron,584-5 Arthropathies, 684-5 AtomicAbsorption 465-71 Spectroscopy, techniques, ATTIC pottery:fabrics,471, 476-8, 488-9; imports, 393-402, 716-17; influences,332-8 (amphorae); 386-8 (cups);341(hydriai); 374-6 (kraters); 326, 329 (lids); 342, 344-5 (oinochoai); 317-20 (pithoi); 360-62 (pyxides); 382-4 (skyphoi) Axe-adze,588 Axes,587-8 Basilica,EarlyChristian, 54-5, 718,723 BEADS: bronze, 557; clay, 626-7; faience, 535, 599-600; glass,535, 599-603; gold, 531, 539, 542; stone622-3 'Bier-attachments', iron,593 Birdworkshop, LG: 322-4 (pithoi);389-90 (cups);420, 424,442,453,458 Boardgames,624-5 Boar's tusks:191,193, 195,534-5 (2Oi.fi3);259, 272, 542 (292J35) Bone: inlays,533-4; pins,629-30 Boubousti,Macedonia,pottery, 343 iron,585 Bow-tip(?), Bracelets:bronze,557;iron,596 BRONZE: arrowheads, 521-2; beads, 557; bracelet, 557; facings, 572-3; fibulae, 524-6, 550-54; horse-bits,569-71; pins, 526-8, 554-6; rings,556-7; shieldbosses (phalara), 522-4, 558; spearheads,520-21, 571; stands,Cypriot,517-18 (four-sided), 568-9 (rod tripod); statuette (stag?),558; sword,518-20; tools, 571; tweezers, 557-8; vessels, 559-69; 'weight', 571-2; wheelaffixes,558 Buccheropottery, 413,447,454,460, 473 Bull: clay figurine,611 (Q.f25);protomes,431 (14.8), 450 (294.7)
Cauldrons:bronze,560-62; pottery, 372-4 Cereal grains,635 Cesnola workshop(Euboean LG), 403 Chamber tombs, DA: abandonment, 675, 722; construction,657-9; kinship groups, 717; use, 659-66. (See also underMINOAN) Chian pottery: fabric,472; import,455,462 (56.21) 680 Children,interments, Chisels,iron,588 Clothwrapping, 690 Cock: protome,431 (40.42);vase,450 (40.9) Cockleshells,636 Comb: ivory:532-3; motifon pottery, 28, 339 (J 16); 5i>367 (Q,ii5) evidence,681,717n. 1626 Consanguinity, Conulus,stone,536 CORINTHIAN pottery:fabric,472, 478; imports, 402, 437-8, 440, 447, 451, 457, 462; influence, 357-8, 443, 445-6 (aryballoi); 458 (cups); 384, 455-6 (kotylai); 435-6 (oinochoai);453 (tray) Cotton,613 Cremation: conduct of, 686-9; conversionto, 718; numbersof,659-66; urns,311-24,421-7 Cuboid stand(?),clay,629 (D 10) CYCLADIC pottery:imports, 404-05, 437; influence, 335~7>383»388. (See also Naxos,Paros) CYPRUS: bronze imports,stand, 517-18 and rod tripod,568-9; chronology, 411n. 633; connections withCrete duringSM, 648-9, 715. Pottery:fabric of Black-on-Red ware, 465-7, 472-3, 481-8; imports,406-08, 443; influence,309-10 (SM); 339» 371 (pG); 346"7> 352~5>358, 361, 365-7, 413 (G); 434-7, 439, 441-2, 444, 44-6-7>450» 460 (O); 721 Daedalic style,heads,427,450, 611 Daggers,iron,580 Deer, on pottery:8 (F 1), 84 (34.18),96 (56.8, 56.11), 153(107.76).(See also Stag) Dendra,Panoplytomb,535 Dental caries,693, 701 Dentaliumshells,635-6 Diadem, gold,540 Dictaean Cave: bronze,556-7; faience,607;jewellery, 539; pottery, 354; silver,634; stonebeads,622-3 Dirks,iron,528-9, 578-80 6, 371 Dog: burials,8, 125,707-09,720-21;on pottery,
738
INDEX
(F i); 96 (56.11);153 (107.76);167,319 (125.3);451 (294-I5) 451(294.15) Dolphins,on pottery, Double interments, 681 Dresspins,see Pins Drinkingsets(PG), 380 n. 347 Earrings, gold,540,542 EAST GREEK pottery:imports,405-06, 437, 443, 451,454-5,462; influence, 439,449,451 Eggshells: 83, 85 (34-f3o); 98 (56-f74); 214, 219 (2i9.f56a);279 (294^19);635 Egyptianblue:scarabs,604; vessels,607 Elasmobranch vertebrae(sharkor ray),636, 690 Enkomi:arrowheads,521-2; dirk,528; fibulae,525; ivorycomb,532-3; shieldboss,523-4; stamp-seal, 523; stands,517-18;swords,519 EUBOEAN pottery: fabric,472,478; imports, 403-04; influence, 333,382 Europa,450 (294.7) Facings,bronze,572-3 FAIENCE: beads,535, 599-600; figurines (Nefertum, Ptah-Seker-Osiris), 604-06; scarabs,604; vessels, aryballoi, 608; lion vases, 606-07; phiale 608; pyxis,608 mesomphalos, Feedervessels,349-50,358 seeds,635 Fenugreek Fibulae:bronze,524-6,550-54;iron,595-6 Fingerprints:214(219.3);216(219.68) Finials(furniture models?),clay,611,628-9 Tire-baskets', iron,592-3 iron,591-2 Fire-dogs, Fish:bones,701; on pottery, 51 (Q, 115);144 (104.118); 216-17(219.71) 155(107.114); Flax,614 Fortetsa painter(LO), 439,442,446, 458-60 Fossilshells,636 Funeralritual,666-74 Glass:beads,535,599~6o3; vessels(R), 636 Glazed terracotta vessel,609 shells,636 Glycimeris 611 (31.3);on pottery, Goat: figurine, 8, 370 (F 1); 84 (34.18);96, 437 (56.11);protome,431(294.9) Goddessofnature,pottery:155,316,719(107.114) Gold jewellery:SM, 530-31,539; PG-G, 539-42; O, 542 Gordion:bronzephialai,564-5; glazedjugs,609 see Inscriptions Graffiti, Granulation, 540 on pottery, Griffin, 64, 431 (14.15);84, 451 (34-!8);96 (56.11);152(107.38) Hair-ring, gold,542 Hare,pottery, 152,450 (107.47);276,451(294-!5)
Hasanlu,ivories,632 Hathoricfaces,350 bronze, social, 720-21; in metalofferings, Hierarchy, iron, 575-7 547-50; 367,450 Hippalektryon, Homer: //.x. 261-71on boar's tuskhelmet,534, 647, 715; Od. iv. 615-19on gifts,647; Od. xxiii.236-48 on doubleburial,681 n. 1556 Horse-birdhybrids, 366-7 pottery, Horse-bits:bronze,569-71,719;iron,589 Horse burials, 8, 125, 181, 183, 570, 703-07, 709, 720-21.(See also Prinias) Horse, on pottery;153 (107.76); 167,318-19 (125.3); 216,403-04 (219.71);248,399 (285.153) Horse workshop(MG): pithoi,318-19;amphora,334; 418 House model,217,368 (219.86) HUMAN FIGURES: gold, 221, 541 (219^91); on 8, 370-71(F 1);51,367 (Q115); i53 (107.76); pottery, 155, 316 (107.114); 217, 363 (219.72); 371 (E 3); protomejug, 611(106.20) Hunting,721 Hunt sceneson pottery, 8, 370-71,719,721 (F 1); 167, 319(125.3) Idaean cave: ivories,630-31;shields,327,390,431 and varietyof,715-17 Imports,frequency SM, 691-2 Inhumations, Greek,154,463-4 (107.84);Phoenician, Inscriptions: 27>30, 563 (J-fl) Ionian cup,455 (24.1) IRON: arrowhead,584-5; axe-adze,588; axes,587-8; 'bier-attachments', 593; bracelet,596; bow-tip(?), 585; chisels, 588; daggers, 580; dirks, 528-9, 592-3; fire578-80; fibulae,595-6; 'fire-baskets', 589; javelin-heads,582-4; dogs,591-2; horse-bits, knives,529-30, 585-7; nails,589; obeloi, 590-91; pins, 530, 594-5; rasp(?), 589; rings, 596; 596 spearheads,580-82; swords,577-8;tweezers, IVORY: attachments, 631-2; comb, 532-3; handles, 630-31; inlays, 631-2; mounting,533; sleeves, 630-31 iron,582-4 Javelin-heads, KalorizikiT. 40, 646-8, 715 Kavrochori,Minoanlarnax,316 Knives,iron,529-30,585-7 Knossos: North Cemetery,abandonment,722; full extent,712-14;opening,715. Settlement, 644, 714; SpringChamber,309, 644 Laconianpottery, import,459 (34.36) Larnax: G, 144,393, 719 (104.118);O, 96, 459 (56.15). (See also underMinoan) Lead, 634
INDEX LeíkandiToumba,grave,647-8,690, 715 Lima shells,636 Limpetshells,635 Linen,614 Lions: faience vases, 220, 606-07; gold, 190, 542 (182.fi); 221, 541 (219^91); on pottery,127 (82.1); 176,390 (134.47);371(E 3); 450 (65-8) Looms,warp-weighted, 614-15 clay,628 Loomweights, Lotus-handled vessels,bronze:cauldrons,561-2;jugs, 565
Marmariani,pottery: fabric,472,480; amphorae,403; kraters, 374 Megiddo,faiencevases,606 Melos, potteryfabric(absence of),472, 476-7, 480, 487-8 Miletus,pottery: fabric,472,481; import,405 MINOAN: larnakesin DA tombs,45-6, 51 (Q, 116); 67-9 (18.15);80-81 (31.11);101,178(60 = 138.3);118 (75.225);128 (85.1); 131-2(98.19); 138 (103.2); 146, 148 (106.42); 149, 159, 719 (107.214,215); 163-4 (113.1);171,173(132.38);174,177(134.77);259»270 (292.239); 274-6, 278 (294.6, 63); 392-3, 639, 656-7> 7!9- Pottery:14, 17 (G 37); 23 (H 2); 172 (132.9).Influenceon DA pottery: 314,331,351,362, 448, 473. Seals: 30 (J.fio);59 (2.fi); 68-9, 540 n. 1083(18J3);170(129.fi);625-6. Stone vessels:626. Tombs: chamber,639-41; reuse in DA(?), 639, 653-6,719;pit-caves, 643-4; shaft-graves, 643 Monkeyvase,450 (40.7) Monsters,unidentified, 345 (Q23) Murexshells,635 Nails,iron,589 Naxos,pottery: fabric,472,478-9; imports, 405 faiencefigurines, Nefertum, 604-05 Nimrud,ivories,631 Nostoi,647 Obeloi, iron,590-91 41-2 (pithos,O 19);331(lids);437 Octopus,on pottery: Olive pips,635 Olympia, bronzes: phalara, 522; tripodcauldrons, 372-3 Oral pathology, 685 Owl vase,450 (40.7) Ox, 703 Oystershells,635 Palaepaphos, Skales: bone inlays, 533; bronze spearhead,521;fibulae,525; whetstones, 536-7 Papaversomniferum, 347 Paros,pottery: fabric,472,476,480; imports, 405 Pebbles,624 Pendants,gold,542; silver, 634
ygg
shells,635 PepperyFurrow, Pestle,623 Phalara:see Shieldbosses Phialaimesomphaloi:bronze,564-5; faience,608 PHOENICIAN: bronze vessels,564; inscription, 27, 30 (J.fi); ivories, 632. Pottery,fabric, 472-3; 408-09, 433; influence, 346 imports, Phrygian phialai,564-5 Pins,Dress,bronze,526-8, 554-6; gold,541;iron,530, 594-5 Pipes,Turkish,636 Pommels,stone,624 Populationincrease,659-61,718 Prinias:figured pithoi,316; horseburials,570,674 see Dictaean Cave Psychro, faiencefigurine, Ptah-Seker-Osiris, 605-06 Ram, clayprotome,611(107.218) Rasp(?),iron,599 Red Slip,fabric,482-4; Phoenicianimports, 408-09 Rings,finger:bronze,556-7; gold, 531,539-41; iron, 596. (See also Earrings,Hair-ring) Rosettes,gold,531,539 Sea-monster, 99 (57.7) Sea-shells,635-6, 690, 701 Sex ofcrematedindividuals, 680, 694-700 Sheep,on pottery, 153(107.76) Shieldbosses(phalara),bronze,522-4,558 216,403-04 (219^71) Ships,on pottery, Silk,613-14 Silver:mountingforboar's tusk,542; pendants,634; pins,633-4; rings>634 Snakes,on pottery, 51 (Q115); 450 (40.7) Spearheads:bronze,520-21,571;iron,580-82 Sphinxes,on pottery, 84 (34.18); 127 (82.1); 134,331, (100.27);!7o>39° (13447);371(E 3) 228,558-9 (229J2) Stag,bronzefigurine, Stirrupworkshop (MG): pithoi,319;amphora,335;418 Strainervessels,349,367,382-3 Swords,bronze,518-20;iron,577-8 Tabbyweave,615-16 Teke School,jewellery, 540 Thera: housemodel,463; pottery fabric,472 Thessalianpottery: fabric,472; import(?), 403 Tiryns,T. XXVIII, 647-8,715 Tocra,pottery, 439, 462 Tomb types:SM, 639-49, 651-2, 715; PG-MG, 652; LG-O, 652-3. (See also ChamberTombs) Tools,bronze,571;iron,585-9 Torone,cremations, 687-9 Tree painter(PGB), 315-16,367 Trees,on pottery:51 (Q115); 155,316, 367 (107.114); 233 (283.11);266 (292.144);422-3, 426, 434-5, 438; 608 (faience)
740 Tweezers:bronze,557-8; iron,596 Unguenttrade,721 Vegetableremains,635 Vergina,252,524,553,557 VitsaZagoriou,phalara,522 Warrior's head,clay,363,611(219.72)
INDEX Warriorwith lions: gold, 2ig.fgi; on pottery,371 (E3) Warriortombs,SM, 645-9, 7*5 'Weight',bronze,571-2 bronze,558 Wheel-shapedaffixes, Whetstones, 536-7 'Whorls':clay,627-8; stone,623-4 Wood,carbonized,635 Wool,614
KN O S S O S NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM andH. W.CATLING,Editors VOLUME III
THE FIGURES with J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh J.M. Cocking R. D. G. Evely R. A. Higgins R.J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 28 Published by
THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS 1996
The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHoPY The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 904887 146
Produced Ltd,Stroud,Glos. Publishing bySutton WBC Printed Limited, Bridgend by
VOLUME III THE FIGURES inthefollowing inVolumeIII arearranged siteplans,plans The drawings order:generalandsectional thenthepottery, thesmallfinds and andsections ofindividual tombs; bronze, iron,faience (gold,silver, thehumanand animalbones.The pocket impressions, glass,stone,clay,ivoryand bone),thetextile a generalplanofthemainMedicalFaculty within thebackcovercontains site,on whicheveryoneof tombsismarked, those of later the310excavated including periods. a FIG.reference: In thecatalogue entries ofVolumeI, everyobjectillustrated contains bya drawing intheanalytical ofVolumeII, suchreferences arenotgiven. butwhereobjectsarementioned chapters thanthecaptions atthefootofeachpageofdrawings, isintended ThisList of Figures,moredetailed tohelpreaders tolocateindividual drawings amongtheillustrations. List of Figures NorthCemetery:generalplan. Fig. i. FlG.2. NorthCemetery:theTeketombs. FlG.3. mainsite:northsector. NorthCemetery, mainsite:westsector. FlG.4. NorthCemetery, mainsite:south-west FlG.5. NorthCemetery, sector. mainsite:south-east sector. FlG.6. NorthCemetery, FlG.7. TekeTombsD, F. FlG.8. TekeTombsE, H, L, M. FlG.9. TekeTombsG, N: plans. Fig. 10. TekeTombsG, N: sections. Fig. 11. TekeTombsJ,O. Fig. 12. TekeTomb Q. Fig. 13. Tombs1,2. Fig. 14. Tombs8, 9, 13. Fig. 15. Tombs14,16. Fig. 16. Tombs18,19. Tomb24. Fig. 17. Fig. 18. Tomb 26. Fig. 19. Tombs25,34,56, 57: plans. Fig. 20. Tombs25,34,56, 57: sections. Fig. 21. Tombs28, 31,63, 69. Fig. 22. Tomb30. Fig. 23. Tomb40. Fig. 24. Tombs44, 45. Fig. 25. Tomb48. Fig. 26. Tombs55,59, 80. Fig. 27. Tomb 60. Fig. 28. Tomb 61. FlG.29, 30. Tomb75: plans1-4,sections. Fig. 31. Tombs76,78, 79 (plans1-4),85, 112.
vi
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Fig. 32. Tomb 82. Fig. 33,34. Tombs98, 106,152,163,168,plans:Tombs103,105,123. Fig. 35. Tombs152,168,106:sections. Tomb 100. Fig. 36. Fig. 37. Tombs104,134,plans 1-4; Tomb 135. Fig. 38. Tomb 107. Fig. 39. Tombs121,86; Tomb 126. Fig. 40. Tombs125,129,132. Tombs138,146,147,149. Fig. 41. Tombs159,175. Fig. 42. Fig. 43. Tombs153(plans1,2), 160(plans1,2), 186,200, 201,202. Fig. 44. Tombs207,208, 182. Fig. 45. Tomb 218. Tombs222,229 (plans1,2). Fig. 46. FlG.47. Tomb 219,plans 1-3. Fig. 48. Tomb 219,section:Tombs280, 282. Tomb 283,plans 1,2, section. FlG.49. Fig. 50. Tomb 285,plans 1-3,section. Tombs286, 287. Fig. 51. Tomb 294,plans 1,2, section. Fig. 52. Tomb 292,plan 1,section. FlG.53. Fig. 54. Tomb 292,plans2, 3; Tomb 306. Fig. 55. The Fortetsa1967tombs. TombB; TombD 1,3, 6-7, 9, 20-21,24, 34-5, 39, 42. FlG.56. Pottery: TombD 5, 12,13,19. FlG.57. Pottery: TombD 14,25-7,31-2. FlG.58. Pottery: TombF 1,3, 4. FlG.59. Pottery: G 40-41,53,59-60, 66-8, 71,74,77,79. FlG.60. Tomb Pottery: G Tomb FlG.61. 82, 89-91,95-6, 105,no. Pottery: G Tomb Fig. 62. 112,114-5,n7> l34>lAlPottery: G Tomb FlG.63. 118-27,I3°~32Pottery: FlG.64. Tomb G 137-9;Tomb H 1-2,5-6, 11-12,14-15,24,31. Pottery: TombJ 7, 10-12,14,16,25, 28-9, 31,37,46-9. FlG.65. Pottery: FlG.66. TombJ50, 54-6; Tomb K 2, 5; Tomb L 1-3, 11. Pottery: Tomb L 9, 16;TombM 1,3, 5, 12-13. FlG.67. Pottery: TombN 4-5, 8, 11-12,14-15,17-18,27-8,31,37. FlG.68. Pottery: K 1; TombL 15;TombN 2, 9; Tomb O 37. FlG.69. Tomb Pottery: O 4-5, 7, 9, 11,19-20,26, 44; Tomb Q8, 14. Tomb FlG.70. Pottery: Tomb FlG.71. Pottery: Q23-4, 26, 31,35,43-4, 52,54, 65, 67. Tomb FlG.72. Q,68, 78-9, 83, 98, 105-07,109. Pottery: Tomb 1.4-6,8, 10Tomb 2.2-3; Tomb 13.2. FlG.73. Pottery: Tomb 13.n, 13,17,21-2,24, 28-9. FlG.74. Pottery: Tomb 14.4-5,9, 13,15,17,22,34;; Tomb 16.2. FlG.75. Pottery: Tomb 18.19-20;Tomb 19.3,5, 8, 24-5; Tomb 31.28-9,36. FlG.76. Pottery: Tomb FlG.77. 24.1-2,8; Tomb 25.2;Tomb 26.2-3,6, 12,14-15. Pottery: Tomb FlG.78. 28.4,6, 8, 10,14,16;Tomb 30.3; Tomb34.2,5. Pottery: FlG.79. Tomb 34.6, 10,12,15,25,30-31,33-4, 36, 38. Pottery:
THE FIGURES
FlG.8o. FlG.81. FlG.82. FlG.83. FlG.84. FlG.85. FlG.86. FlG.87. FlG.88. FlG.89. FlG.90. FlG.91. FlG.92. FlG.93. FlG.94. FlG.95. FlG.96. FlG.97. FlG.98. FlG.99. FlG.100. FlG.ioi. FlG.102. FlG.103. FlG.104. FlG.105. FlG.106. FlG.107. FlG.108. FlG.109. FlG.no. FlG.in. FlG.112. FlG.113. FlG.114. FlG.115. FlG.116. FlG.117. FlG.118. FlG.119. FlG.120. FlG.121. FlG.122.
Tomb 2.1;Tomb 26.19;Tomb 28.9, 11;Tomb 30.7;Tomb 34.4. Pottery: Tomb34.18,WildGoat dinos. Pottery: Tomb34.18,details. Pottery: Tomb40.2, 11-14,I7~I9Pottery: Tomb40.15-16,20-21,43. Pottery: Tomb40.5,22,27,45; Tomb45.5,7; Tomb48.2,4, 12. Pottery: Tomb48.3,5-7. Pottery: Tomb56.1,3, 11(detail),13-14,23,35,37. Pottery: Tomb56.11,WildGoat oinochoe. Pottery: Tomb56.6, 18,39. Pottery: Tomb56.8, 33; Tomb59.1. Pottery: Tomb57.2,5, 7, 9. Pottery: Tomb56.15;Tomb57.10-11;Tomb 60.29; Tomb 69.3. Pottery: Tomb60.2,7, 14,19,26, 28, 32, 35; Tomb 61.1,3; Tomb 63.3; Pottery: 'Tomb' 65.1-5;Tomb75.45. Tomb75.10,21,24,33,41,43, 45a, 47,53,55, 60, 66. Pottery: Tomb75.80,93-4, 97, 101,112,114,126,130,132,134,136-7. Pottery: Tomb75.138,141-2,144,150,155,157-8,162,170. Pottery: Tomb75.7,no, 221-2. Pottery: Tomb75.179,181,186,195-6,199,202,205,208, 210. Pottery: Tomb75.209,215;Tomb76.2-3;Tomb78.3-4,8-9; Tomb79.8; Pottery: Tomb82.1,11. Tomb79.2;Tomb 80.2; Tomb 82.5; Tomb 86.1;Tomb 98.11; Pottery: Tomb 100.44. Tomb75.180;Tomb98.4, 8-10, 12-13,20. Pottery: Tomb 100.3-4,8-11,14,16-18. Pottery: Tomb 100.23,25-8, 3°> 32, 34~5>46>5°> 52~3>66Pottery: Tomb 100.65;Tomb 104.4-5,8-9, l8, 28, 33-4, 39, 56, 60. Pottery: Tomb 104.63,78, 81,85, 89-90, 95-6, 103-04,107,117-18. Pottery: Tomb 106.1-3,6-7, 10,23, 28-30,32. Pottery: Tomb 107.30-31,40, 54-5, 63, 72,77-8,84-5, 93. Pottery: Tomb 107.38,76, 80. Pottery: Tomb 107.114,PGB pithoswithGoddessscenes. Pottery: Tomb 107.89-91,96, 98, 102,105,113,119,134,136. Pottery: Tomb 107.132,144,146,162-3,I7^Pottery: Tomb 107.154,169,173,182,185,202,211;Tomb 112.2-3. Pottery: Tomb 104.119;Tomb 107.27,29, 116. Pottery: Tomb 107.214larnax,frontside. Pottery: Tomb 107.214larnax,shortsides. Pottery: Tomb 107.214larnax,reverseside,gable. Pottery: Tomb 121. 1-7;Tomb125.3-4,6, 11,13-18;Tomb126.1,6; Tomb129.6. Pottery: Tomb 132.10,18-19,24-5,32; Tomb 134.9,46-7, 55. Pottery: Tomb 134.48,57,67; Tomb 160.1; Tomb 163.3,5~6, 8; Pottery: Tomb 175.1,16,18-20,32, 69. Tomb 175.9,15»24>35,38>44>47,49~5°> 57~8>6l> 66Pottery: Tomb 112.1;Tomb 129.5;Tomb 157.1;Tomb 163.7;Tomb 175.26. Pottery: Tomb 134.25,74; Tomb 163.3. Pottery:
vii
viu
FlG.123. Fig. 124. FlG.125. FlG.126. FlG.127. FlG.128. FlG.129. FlG.130. FlG.131. FlG.132. FlG.133. FlG.134. FlG.135. FlG.136. FlG.137. FlG.138. FlG.139. FlG.140. FlG.141. Fig. 142. FlG.143. FlG.144. FlG.145. FlG.146. FlG.147. FlG.148. FlG.149. FlG.150. FlG.151. FlG.152. Fig. 153. FlG.154. FlG.155. FlG.156. Fig. 157. FlG.158. FlG.159.
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Tomb 200.1-3. Pottery: Tomb 186.1;Tomb 207.3,7-8, 11,13,17. Pottery: Tomb 207.12,19-20,23-4, 26, 30. Pottery: Tomb 207.27,33, 35-6, 39-40,44, 48-9. Pottery: Tomb 207.25,42-3, 59. Pottery: Tomb 200.4;Tomb 207.50-51;Tomb 208.1. Pottery: Tomb 207.61,63-4, 67,73; Tomb 218.6,12,30, 41-2. Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 218.45-7,56, 58, 67,76, 90, 94. Tomb 218.95,98-9, 123,126,129;Tomb 219.10-11,18,23. Pottery: Tomb 219.22,27-8, 31,35, 37,41,63, 67, 69, 73-4, 81. Pottery: Tomb 222.1;Tomb 229.7,l8; Tomb 283.11. Pottery: Tomb 229.3,l3~l4> *9>22>26Pottery: Tomb 229.34;Tomb 280.3-5,8-9; Tomb 281.1; Tomb 283.3,30. Pottery: Tomb 283.9,34, 38, 43, 46, 48, 50-51,57-9, 63, 75-6. Pottery: Tomb 283.14,98, 101;Tomb 285.60,153. Pottery: Tomb 283.78,81,83, 90, 92, 96, 104-05;Tomb 285.1-2,13,15,21. Pottery: Tomb 285.23-5,27-9,32, 35,43. Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 285.42,45, 49, 54-5, 62-4, 66, 69, 73. Tomb 285.86,88-9, 91, 103,111-12,114,118,135. Pottery: Tomb 285.121-2,124-5,I27>l34>i38>i53>^ö"6Pottery: Tomb 286.6; Tomb 287.2,4, 6, 10,12,12a,19,21,24. Pottery: Tomb 287.26-7,29, 35-6, 41; Tomb 292.3,6, 9, 13,36-8. Pottery: Tomb 292.40,45, 48, 50-51,53,55, 65, 70-72,77. Pottery: Tomb 292.78,80, 82-3, 87, 89, 94. Pottery: Tomb 292.91,104,108,121,123,139-43,H9> i54>l6o> l63Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 292.164,169-73,!75>I^2Tomb Pottery: 292.168,184-5,I9°~I> *93>X9^5223>24°>244Tomb 292.46,61, 144;Tomb 306.26,33. Pottery: Tomb 294.12,26, 28, 41-2; Tomb 306.3,14,17-19. Pottery: Tomb 306.27,30-31,34, 37; Fortetsa1967Tombs1.9-10,12; Pottery: 4.1,11;5.9; 13.1;14.1. Gold: TombJ.f4,7; TombN.f2,4; Tomb 26.iy;Tomb40.fo;Tomb48.f2; Tomb 104.1*12; Tomb 107.1*16; Tomb59.ft;Tomb75^40-41;Tomb.78.1*13; Tomb 182.fi;Tomb 2oo.f3,8. Gold: Tomb 18.f3withMinoangem;Tomb 219^91. Silver:Tomb 26^5-6; Tomb4O.f8;Tomb'78.f2,22, 26; Tomb 119.fi;Tomb 123.fi2;Tomb 208.ft;Tomb 229.ft;Tomb 292^26,35 (withboar'stusk). Iron:TombD.f*3; Tomb O.f3;Tomb Bronze:TombG.ft-9;Tomb ÇXftg. Q/26. TombN.fto;Tomb Q.Í4, 11,14.Iron: Bronze:TombD.fj; TombJ.ft; TombH.f3~4;TombL.ft;Tomb Q.fi7,22.Glass:Tomb H.f2.Stone: Tomb Q/2. Clay: TombD.ft;Tomb Q/12-13,18. Bronze:Tomb i.ft;Tomb 19^2-3; Tomb 24.fi;Tomb 25.f6,10,13;Tomb 26.ft~3;Tomb30^7; Tomb4O.ft6,16a,16b;Tomb45^4, 9; Tomb48.f3, 5~7>9> i5> l8Bronze:Tomb56^40, 49-50,53, 60-63; Tomb57^4; Tomb59^5; Tomb75.fi6, 16a,19,29-32,35,38, 56, 60-2;
THE FIGURES
Tomb78^7, 12,16,i8, 29; Tomb 82.n1. Bronze:Tomb86.ft;Tomb 100.fj.,8, 21-3,30-40; Tomb 104.fi,3, 6. Bronze:Tomb 107^5,8, 11,13,19-21,24,39-42,48-50, 54-6, 62, 64, 66-9, 71,73-5FlG.162. Bronze:Tomb i2i.ft-2;Tomb 123.n1;Tomb 126.f7,9; Tomb 134^2; Tomb 175.ft,ia, 5, 18,21-2,24-5; Tomb 221.f4;Tomb 229.Í2; Tomb 283^2-3,7, 29, 37-8,40-41;Tomb 287^3. Glass: 121^3. FlG.163. Bronze:Tomb 186.fi,6; Tomb 2Oi.f2-8,16-17.Iron:Tomb i86.f2, 5; Tomb 201.ft1. Stone:Tomb 186^3-4. Fig. 164. Bronze:Tomb 200.f5;Tomb 2Oi.ft8-ig.Iron:Tomb 201.fg.Faience: Tomb 200.f2,9. Glass:Tomb 200.f6.Stone:Tomb 200.fi2.Ivory:Tomb 200.f4;Tomb 2Oi.fi2.Bone: 2Oi.fi3,14,14a. FlG.165. Bronze:Tomb201.ft,four-sided standfrs. FlG.166. Bronze:Tomb201.ft,reconstruction. FlG.167. Bronze:Tomb 2i8.f3,5, 7, 9, 11,18-19,27a,33; Tomb 219^13,17,21, 66a, 88a, iooa-c, 105c,117,119. Fig. 168. Bronze:Tomb 219^5,58, 69, 74,80, 85, 92-3, 97, 101a,102,103a,112,118. FlG.169. Bronze:Tomb 285^2,5-8, 10,13-15,17,22 (withivory),23, 25a-b,36-7, 59, 65, 68, 76-8. FlG.170. Bronze:Tomb285^26,34,42, 60; 292^63. FlG.171. Bronze:Tomb 292^2-4, 6-ga, 12b,14,16,16a,18,20, 22, 29, 31,33a, 37-43,48, 51,58-60, 62, 82-3. Iron:Tomb 2g2.f43FlG.172. Bronze:Tomb 107^63,72; Tomb 2O7.f6;Tomb 2g2.f36,46, 78, g7; Tomb 2g4.fi,5, 17;Tomb306.f5,11,ig, 22. Iron:Tomb 2g4-fi5. Fig. 173. Iron:Tomb i.f2;Tomb 2.f6-g;Tomb 13.fi;Tomb 18.f5;Tomb ig.fj; Tomb 24.f7,g; Tomb 26.£4.;Tomb 28.f4,6-8; Tomb 30^5; Tomb 40.f5;Tomb45^5-8. FlG.174. Iron:Tomb48.fi2, 22; Tomb56^2-3, 45, 47; Tomb 6o.f4,11,15;Tomb ioo.f25-6,2g; Tomb iO4.fg;Tomb 106.f3;Tomb 107^28,33-5. FlG.175. Iron:Tomb75% 11,na, 13-14,21,26(ii)-(iii),36, 44, 4g,51-4,61. FlG.176. Iron:Tomb 175^3,12;Tomb 218.f6,8, 15-17,24, 28, 3i(i); Tomb 2ig.ftn, ma. FlG.177. Iron:Tomb 2ig.f56,65, 67,70, 128b. FlG.178. Iron:Tomb 2ig.f77,g8, 107;Tomb 285^35,51,58; Tomb 2g2.f65~6,71, FlG.160. FlG.161.
Fig. 17g. FlG.180. Fig. 181. FlG.182. FlG.183.
88, go.
Iron:Tomb 285^30-32,43-5. Faience:Tomb 26.fg;Tomb34.Í20,25-6; Tomb 2ig.f62,83. Faience:Tomb34-f4O, phiale. Faience:Tomb 13.f2;Tomb i4.fB;Tomb75^27;Tomb78.f8,20, 24. EgyptianBlue: Tomb48^4; Tomb78^3-4, g-10. Glass:Tomb75.Í17,31a, 33a-c; Tomb78.f6c-e.Stone:Tomb78.f6a-b.Bone: Tomb75.Í28. Faience:Tomb 100.f7;Tomb 200.f2;Tomb 207^3; Tomb 285»f34a, 55,73. EgyptianBlue: Tomb 107.f6;Tomb 22g.f3~4;Tomb 283.Í42. Glass:Tomb i07.fua,i4;Tomb121.f3;Tomb 200.f6;Tomb 2ig.fi2,4g; Tomb 280.fi;Tomb 285^16,igb-c, 24; Tomb 2g2.fi2a,15,17,ig, 21,27,34, 52-3,56, 75; TombH.f2;Tomb O.f2a.Stone:Tomb 107^2,g; Tomb 285.ftga.Bone: Tomb 285^20. Shell:Tomb ioo.f28a-b;Tomb 285^18.
ix
x
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
Rockcrystal:TombJ.fB;Tomb ÇXfô;Tomb i8.f2;Tomb 30.no; Tomb 34-fi8;Tomb78^17,23; Tomb 123.fi;Tomb 219^33;Tomb 229.fB;Tomb 285.fi9b.Amber:Tomb i8.f7-8;Tomb78.fig;Tomb 229.f6. Fig. 185. Stonevarious:Tomb H.fi; Tomb 14^5-6; Tomb i6.f2;Tomb 26.f8; Tomb34T22;Tomb 218^32;Tomb 283T5;Tomb 285.^9,18;Tomb 292^5. FlG.186. Stone,various:Tomb i.fj; Tomb 107.Í27;Tomb 2i9.fno;Tomb 287^6; Tomb 294^9, 17. FlG.187. Clay:Tomb ig.fy,Tomb 30.fi;Tomb 107^23,26, 36, 45; Tomb 152.fi;Tomb 283^4,44; Tomb 294^3, 8, 14,16;Tomb 306.fg. FlG.188. Clay: Tomb G.fn;Tomb55.Í2; Tomb57^7; Tomb 100.fu; Tomb 294^4, 13. FlG.189. Ivory:Tomb 219^35,87. FlG.190. Ivory:Tomb 219.fi6,27. FlG.191. Bone: Tomb 292.f6i,69, 74,79. FlG.192. Ivory:Tomb 292^49. Bone: Tomb40.fg,14;Tomb45.no. FlG.193. Lead: nearTomb75; Tomb 287^5; Tomb 292.fioa.Lead withbronze: Tomb 2g2.f7,13a. Stone:TombJ.fio;Tomb 12g.fi;Tomb 187.Clay: 'Tomb' 244. Bone: 'Tomb' 244. FlG.ig4. Textileremains,(a) Tabbyweave,fromirondagger24-fg.(b) Tabby weave,frombronzefragment 107^57;finished appearanceofcountered to show methodofworking. and schematic horizontal design wrapping from bronze weave with 107.f5g. fragments fringe, (c) Tabby mandibularis Humanbones,(d) Torus (probablya familialtrait)on a from285.7g.(e) Largefacefragment lowerjaw fragment 75.72.Enough boneswererecoveredto makeit and leftzygomatic ofthefrontal possibleto restoretheleftforeheadand eyesocketofthisindividual. (f)Root ofnoseand lefthalfofforeheadofoccupantof285.12made up one light(wellburnt);theotherdark(lessso). It is fromtwofragments: whichwerefoundseparatedin thatthesetwofragments, remarkable thetomb,shouldhavebeen reunitedso neatly. FlG.ig5- Bitingsurfacesofequid cheekteeth,(a) Tomb F: upperleftand lower horse,(b) TombF: same,ofsecondhorse,(c) Tomb 163: rightteethoffirst upperleftand rightteeth,(d) Tomb 163:lowerleftand rightteeth. (e) Tomb7g: upperleftand rightteethof'West'horse,(f)Tomb7g: lowerleftand rightteethof'West'horse,(g)Tomb7g: upperleftand rightteethof'East' horse,(h) Tomb7g:lowerleftand rightteeth of'East' horse. FlG.184.
in pocketat end ofvolume SITEPLAN:
THE FIGURES
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Fig. 59. Pottery: Tomb F. Scale 1:3
Tomb G. Scale 1:3 Fiei.60. Pottery:
Fig. 6i. Pottery: Tomb G. Scale 1:3
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Tomb G. Scale 1:3 Fig. 63. Pottery:
Fk;. 64. Pottery: TombsG, H. Scale 1:3
Fig. 65. Pottery: TombJ.Scale 1:3
Fig. 66. Pottery: TombsJ,K, L. Scale 1:3
TombsL, M. Scale 1:3 Fig. 67. Pottery:
Fig. 68. Pottery: Tomb N. Scale 1:3
TombsK, N, O. Scale 1:6 Fig. 69. Pottery:
Fl(ï. 70. Pottery: TombsO, Q. Scale 1:3
Tomb Q. Scale 1:3 Fie;.71. Pottery:
Fig. 72. Pottery: Tomb Q. Scale 1:3
Fio. 73. Pottery: Tombs i, 2, 13.Scale 1:3
Fig. 74. Pottery: Tomb 13.Scale 1:3
Fig. 75. Pottery: Tombs 14,16. Scale 1:3
Fig. 76. Pottery: Tombs 18,19,31. Scale 1:3
Fig. 77. Pottery: Tombs24, 25,26. Scale 1:3
Tombs28, 30, 34. Scale 1:3(34.5,1:6) FIG.78. Pottery:
Fig. 79. Pottery: Tomb 34. Scale 1:3
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Tomb 40. Scale 1:3 Fig. 84. Pottery:
Fig. 85. Pottery: Tombs40, 45, 48. Scale 1:3
Tomb 48. Scale 1:6 Fig. 86. Pottery:
FIG.87. Pottery: Tomb 56. Scale 1:3
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Fio. 88. Pottery: Tomb 56.11.Scale 1:3
Fig. 89. Pottery: Tomb 56. Scale 1:4
Fig. go. Pottery: Tombs56, 59. Scale 1:3
Tomb 57. Scale 1:3(57.9,1:6) Fig. 91. Pottery:
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Fig. 93. Pottery: Tombs60, 61,63, 75 and 'Tomb' 65. Scale 1:3
Fig. 94. Pottery: Tomb 75. Scale 1:3
Fig. 95. Pottery: Tomb 75. Scale 1:3
Fig. 96. Pottery: Tomb 75. Scale 1:3
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Fig. 98. Pottery: Tomb 75. Scale 1:3
Tombs75,76, 78, 79, 82. Scale 1:3 Fig. 99. Pottery:
Fig. ioo. Pottery: Tombs79, 80, 82, 86, 98, 100.Scale 1:5
Tomb 98 and 75.180.Scale 1:3 Fig. ioi. Pottery:
Fig. IO2.Pottery: Tomb ioo. Scale 1:3
Fig. 103.Pottery: Tomb 100.Scale 1:3
FlG. 104.Pottery: Tomb 100.65;Tomb 104.Scale 1:3
Fig. 105.Pottery: Tomb 104.Scale 1:3
Fig. io6. Pottery: Tomb io6. Scale 1:3
Tomb 107.Scale 1:3 Fk;. 107.Pottery:
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Fig. hi. Pottery: Tomb 107.Scale 1:3(107.178,1:6)
Fig. 112.Pottery: Tombs 107,112.Scale 1:3
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Tombs 121,125,126,129.Scale 1:3 Fig. 117.Pottery:
Fig. ii8. Pottery: Tombs 132,134.Scale 1:3
Fig. 119.Pottery: Tombs 134,160,163,175.Scale 1:3
Fig. 120.Pottery: Tomb 175.Scale 1:3
Fig. 121.Pottery: Tombs 112,129,157,163,175.Scale 1:5
Fig. 122.Pottery: Tombs 134,163.Scale 2:9
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Fig. 125.Pottery: Tomb 207. Scale 1:3
Tomb 207. Scale 1:3 Fig. 126.Pottery:
Tomb 207. Scale 1:4 Fig. 127.Pottery:
J*™=2%N
Fig. 128.Pottery: Tombs200, 207,208. Scale 1:5
Fig. 129.Pottery: Tombs207,218. Scale 1:3
Fig. 130.Pottery: Tomb 218. Scale 1:3
FlG. 131.Pottery: Tombs218,219.Scale 1:3
Fig. 132.Pottery: Tomb 219. Scale 1:3
Fig. 133.Pottery: Tomb 222,229,283. Scale 2:9
Fig. 134.Pottery: Tomb 229. Scale 1:3
Tombs229,280, 281,283. Scale 1:3 Fig. 135.Pottery:
Fig. 136.Pottery: Tomb 283. Scale 1:3(283.59,I;6)
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Fig. 139.Pottery: Tomb 285. Scale (L) 1:6,(R) 1:3
FlG. 140.Pottery: Tomb 285. Scale 1:3
Fig. 141.Pottery: Tomb 285. Scale 1:3
Fig. 142.Pottery: Tomb 285. Scale 1:3
Tombs286, 287. Scale 1:3 Fig. 143.Pottery:
Tombs287,292. Scale 1:3 Fig. 144.Pottery:
Tomb 292. Scale 1:3 Fig. 145.Pottery:
Tomb 292. Scale 1:3 Fig. 146.Pottery:
Fig. 147.Pottery: Tomb 292. Scale 1:3
FlG. 148.Pottery: Tomb 292. Scale 1:3
Tomb 292. Scale 1:3 Fig. 149.Pottery:
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Fig. 151.Pottery: Tombs294,306. Scale 1:3
Fig. 152.Pottery: Tomb 306, Fortetsa1967Tombs.Scale 1:3
Fig. 153.Goldjewellery.Scale 1:1
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Fig. 155.Silverjewellery(Tomb292^35,withboar'stusk).Scale 1:1
Fig. 156.Teke tombs.Bronze,withiron(topleft).Scale 1:3
Fig. 157.Teke tombs.Bronze,iron,glass,stone,clay.Scale 2:3
FlG. 158.Bronze:Tombs1-48. Scale 2:3
Fig. 159.Bronze:Tombs56-82. Scale 2:3 (78X29,3:1)
Fig. i6o. Bronze:Tombs86-104. Scale 2:3
Fig. i6i. Bronze:Tomb 107.Scale 2:3 (fB,f42,4:3)
Fig. 162.Bronze,glass:Tombs 121-175,221-283,287. Scale 2:3
Fig. 163.Bronze,ironand stone,warrior'sgear:Tombs186,201. Scale 1:3
FlG. 164.Bronze,iron,faience,glass,stone,ivory, bone: Tombs200, 201.Scale 2:3
Tomb 201.fi. Scale 2:3 Fig. 165.Bronzestand,fragments:
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Fig. 166.Bronzestand,reconstruction: Tomb 201.fi. Scale 2:3
Fig. 167.Bronze:Tombs218,219.Scale 2:3
Fig. i68. Bronze:Tomb 219.Scale 2:3
Fig. 169.Bronze:Tomb 285. Scale 2:3
Fig. 170.Bronze:Tomb 285; Tomb 292.^63.Scale 1:3
Fig. 171.Bronze:Tomb 292. Scale 2:3
Fig. 172.Bronze:Tombs 107,207,292,294,306. Scale 2:3
Fig. 173.Iron:Tombs 1-45.Scale 1:3
FlG. 174.Iron:Tomb 48-65, 100-107.Scale 1:3
Fig. 175.Iron:Tomb 75. Scale 1:3
Fig. 176.Iron:Tombs 175,218,219.Scale 1:3
Fig. 177.Iron:Tomb 219. Scale 1:3(f$6,128b,1:6)
Fig. 178.Iron:Tombs219,285,292. Scale 1:3
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Fig. 181.Faiencephiale:Tomb 34^40. Scale 1:2
Fig. 182.Faience,EgyptianBlue,glassand stone:Tombs 13-14,48-78. Scale 4:5
Fig. 183.Faience,EgyptianBlue,glassand stone:TombsH, O, 100-292.Scale 4:5
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Fig. 193.Lead objects,Minoan sealstonesand EIA objectsout ofcontext.Scale 3:4 (J.fio,1:1)
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Tomb 163 (C)'P2
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KN O S S O S NORTH CEMETERY EARLY GREEK TOMBS J.N. COLDSTREAM andH. W.CATLING,Editors VOLUMEIV
THE PLATES with J. Carington-Smith W. G. Cavanagh J.M. Cocking R. D. G. Evely R. A. Higgins R. J. HOWELL D. J. LlDDY E. MOIGNARD J. H. MUSGRAVE N. Platon A. M. Snodgrass D. Smyth S. Wall-Crowther V E. S. Webb and others.
SUPPLEMENTARY VOLUME NO. 28 Publishedby
THE BRITISH SCHOOL AT ATHENS !996
The BritishSchoolat Athens 31-34GordonSquare,LondonWCiHoPY The BritishSchoolat Athens © The ManagingCommittee, ISBN forcompletesetof4 volumes:o 904887 16 2 ISBN forthisvolume:o 90488720 o
Glos. Produced Ltd,Stroud, Publishing bySutton WBC Printed Limited, Bridgend by
VOLUME IV THE PLATES in thisvolumeare organisedin thefollowing order:thesiteand tombsduring The photographs the small finds silver with the lead, bronze,iron,faience,stone,clay, excavation, pottery, (gold, textileimpressions, humanand animalbones. materials, ivoryand bone),perishable In thetombcataloguesofVolumeI, itemsnotillustrated by a photographare markedwith an asterisk. As faras possible,thefindsare arrangedin orderoftombsand inventory number withineach medium.Wheneverany pot occursfarout of orderin the PLATES,the Plate numberis givenin the catalogue entry;otherwise,referencesto potteryphotographsare confinedto thegeneralcatalogueheadingswithineach tomb.Forsmallfinds,whenillustrated all catalogueentriescontainPlate references. bya photograph, Whereobjectsare discussedin the analyticalchaptersin VolumeII, Plate references are not alwaysgiven.The LIST OF PLATEShere,more detailedthan the captionsat the footof each Plate, is intendedto helpreadersto locateindividualphotographs. List of Plates colour VolumeI FRONTISPIECE. Polychrome pithos,Tomb 285.40,withlid 285.56. Watercolourby Robertson Rosemary VolumeII FRONTISPIECE. Polychrome pithos,Tomb 285.41,withlid 285.53.Watercolourby Robertson Rosemary BLACK AND WHITE
Plate i.
Plate 2.
Plate 3.
Plate 4.
SITE BEFORE AND DURING EXCAVATION: (a) The Venizeleionfrom construction, SSW,sitebehindand to left,(b) The likefollowing University (c) View W oversitetowardsFortetsa.(d) View W oversitetowardsFortetsa.(e) View WNWover site, towards Ida. (/) East-West Universitybuilding foundation trench. GENERAL SITE VIEWS: (a) View ssw over site towardsJuktas.(b) View NNWoversite,towardsHerakleion.(c) ExcavatedDark Age and HL tombs, fromN. (d) The like,sw sector,(e) The like,NWsector.(/) DA tombsand mechanicalexcavator, SWsector. SOURCES OF DISTURBANCE IN THE CEMETERY: (a) Shattered cut potteryin disturbedchamberofT. 107.(b)Depositofurnsin T. 75's dromos HL DA of Ts. HL Ts. 88. by grave.(¿:)Juxtaposition 48, 60, 73, 84, (d) Pottery in chamberofT. 104cutbyintrusive HL grave,(e)HL T. 288 cutsintoDA T. ofmortuary churchand DA cemetery. 287. (/) Juxtaposition WORKING CONDITIONS ON THE SITE: (a) Scrapingkouskouras after mechanicaltopsoilremoval,(b) Foremansupervising mechanicalsoil-removal.
vi
Plate 5. Plate 6. Plate 7. Plate 8. Plate 9. Plate 10. Plate ii. Plate 12.
Plate 13. Plate 14. Plate 15.
PLATE16.
Plate 17. Plate 18. Plate 19.
Plate 20.
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY (e) Congested workingconditions in DA T. 106, Roman T. 124. (d) Foreman cleaning potterygroup in T. 285. (e) Supervisor(A. Thomas) and A. Zidianakis at T. 186. (f) Surveyor(D. Smyth)plans T. 79. FORTETSA 1967 TOMBS: (a) Tomb 3. (b) Tomb 4. (c) Tomb 5. (d) Tomb 9. TEKE TOMBS I: {a) Tomb D. (Ä)Tomb D. (c) Tomb E. (d) Tomb E {e) Tomb F. TEKE TOMBS II: (a) Tomb G fromnw, part of Tomb N. (b) Tomb G from SW,part of Tomb N. (c) Tomb H? fromNW.(d) Tomb H, fromNW.(e) Tomb H, fromSE. (/) Part of the Niotakisplot, fromNE. TEKE TOMBS III: {a) Tomb J- main group of pottery,(b) Tomb J- pottery in kalathos. (c) Tomb J- afterexcavation. TEKE TOMBS IV: (a) Tomb L, above, fromw. (b) Tomb M, fromNW. (c) Tomb M, fromw. (d) Tomb N, fromSW. (e) Tomb O, fromNW.(/) Tombs O and P, fromNW. TEKE TOMBS V: (a) Tomb Q, as excavated, (b) Tomb Q,, Pot 1. (c) Tomb Q, Pots 4-7. (d) Tomb Q, Pot 3. (e) Tomb Q, part of Larnax. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 1, 2 and part of 13: (a) Tomb 1, distant,findsin situ,{b) Tomb 1, close, findsin situ,(c) Tomb 1, excavated, (d) Tomb 2, excavated, from w. (e) Tomb 13, excavated,fromW. (f) Tomb 13, group of vases in situ. MAIN SITE- part of TOMB 13, TOMBS 14, 16, 18: (a) Tomb 13, Pots 9-15. (b) Tomb 13, Pot 10. (c) Tomb 14, excavated, general view,(d) Tomb 16, dromos and blocking, (e) Tomb 18, stomion,with blocking. (/) Tomb 18, stomion, excavated, (g) Tomb 18, chamber,Pots 18, 19. MAIN SITE - TOMB 19: (a) Dromosand stomion. (b) View into chamber: Pots Pots Pot Pots 10. Stomion 8, 12, 13. 7. (e) 8, (d) 3-5. (c) group: 7, MAIN SITE- TOMBS 24, 25 and part of TOMB 26: (a) Tomb 24: blocking excavated. and stomion, in the dromos. {b) Tomb 24, Pots 2, 3. (c) Tomb 25, dromos burial. in lower the material skeletal Tomb 26: (d) MAIN SITE- Part of TOMB 26, TOMB 28: {a) Tomb 26, upper burial,vases and ornaments, (b) Tomb 26, upper burials, vases and ornaments, another view, (c) Tomb 26, upper burial, detail of pottery,(d) Tomb 28, dromosand excavated, (e) Tomb 28, Pots 1, 2, in dromos.(/) Tomb 28, group of stomion, pottery. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 30, 34: (a) Tomb 30: rubble over fallen chamber, (b) and blocking fromW. (c) Tomb 30, Pot 4. (d) Tomb stomion Tomb 30: dromos, Tomb Pots 34, floor deposit. (/) Tomb 34, Pot 26, owl aryballos, 9-12. (e) 34, in situ.
MAIN SITE- TOMB 40- ORIENTALIZING: {a) Dromosand chamber, excavated,(b)Dromos (c)Pot 1 insitu,(d) Pot9. (e)Pots7, 8. blocking, MAIN SITE- TOMB 40- SUBMINOAN: (a) Amphora,twostirrup jars and flask. a flask,(b)Main SM floordeposit,(c)Stirrup jar, MAIN SITE- TOMBS 44, 45, 48, 55: (a) Tomb 44, excavated,{b) Tomb 45, beforeexcavation, (c) Tomb 45: stomion blocking,fromW. (d) Tomb 48: wall, basilica intrusive and dromos (e) Tomb 48: blocking.(/) Tomb chamber, 1. Pot 55, MAIN SITE- TOMBS 56, 59, 60, 61: {a) Tomb 59: two fragmentary cremationpithoi.(b)Tomb 56: upperdepositofshattered potteryin chamber.
THE PLATES
Plate 21.
Plate 22.
Plate 23.
Plate 24.
Plate 25.
Plate 26. PLATE27.
Plate 28.
Plate 29.
Plate 30.
Plate 31.
vii
(c) Tomb 60: intersectingside-chamber,(d) Tomb 60: blockingwall and Pot 5. (e) Tomb 61: dromosand chamber, excavated. (/) Tomb 61: displaced dromos blockingin chamber. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 63, 69; Part of TOMB 75: (a) Tomb 63: group of pottery,(b) Tomb 69: damaged pithos in situ,(c) Tomb 75: blocking in middromos;associated pottery,(d) Tomb 75: stomionand chamber, excavated, (e) and stomion, fromthe E. Tomb 75: dromos MAIN SITE - remainingpart of TOMB 75: (a) Detail of intrusiveHL burial. fill,from (b) Detail of pebble floor of chamber, (c) Cremation pithoi in dromos W. (¿) Disturbed potteryon chamber floor,fromdromos. Cluster of (e) pottery fromchamber centre,(f) Group of potteryon chamber floor,(g) Potteryon floorof side-chamber,(h) Pots 122, 125-129. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 78, 79: (a) Tomb 78: pithos grave exposed, but unexcavated. (b) Tomb 78: pithos grave,excavated, (c) Tomb 79: two cremation pithoi and pottery,(d) Tomb 79: horse burials, general view, from above, (e) Tomb 79: horse burials,fromthe side, (f) Tomb 79: detail of horse leg. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 82, 86, 98, 100: (a) Tomb 82: dromos, stomion, chamber, withPot 4. (b) Tomb 86: chamberwithfallenblockingstone,(c) Tomb 98: Pots 2, 3, fromE. (d) Tomb 100: Pots 1, 2, 3. (e) Tomb 100: Pot 3. (/) Tomb 100: part of ECh ossuary,Tomb 158. (g)Tomb 100: dromos and chamber,fromw. dromos; MAIN SITE- TOMB 104: (a) Blocking slabs, (b) Large amphora and associated pottery,(c) View over blocking to potteryin chamber, fromw. (d) Lowest deposit of potteryand remains of floor slabs, (e) Small vases huggermugger.(/) Two neck-amphoraeand group of small vases. MAIN SITE- TOMB 106: (a) Entrance facade and blocking, (b) Mudbrick patch over break into Tomb 168. (c)Jury-wallin chamber, (d) Pots 15, 16. (e) Pots 9, 21. (/) Sword on chamber floor,f3. MAIN SITE - TOMB 107: (a) Outline of dromosand side-chambers, unexcavated. (b) Dromos,chamber, side-chambers, excavated, (c) Larnax fragmentfromN side-chamber,(d) Side-chambers,S side, (e) Pots 10-14 in sidechamber.(/) Pots in SE side-chamber,(g) Pots 15-20, SWside-chamber. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 112, 121: (a) Tomb 112, excavated, {b) Tomb 112: blocking stones, (c) Tomb 112: primary Subminoan burial, (d) Tomb 121: blocking, (e) Tomb 121: skeletons. (/) Tomb 121: Pots 1-3. (g) Tomb 121: skeletons,anotherview. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 125, 126, 132: (a) Tomb 125: broken cremationpithoi in chamber, (b) Tomb 126: Pot 4 in situ, (c) Tomb 132: dromosand stomion, excavated, (d) Tomb 132: chamber and bench, (e) Tomb 132: dromos-niche. (/) Tomb 132: cremationpithoi fragmentsin dromos. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 134, 135: (a) Tomb 134: upper level of larnax fill,(b) Tomb 134: lower level of larnax fill,(c) Tomb 134: upper level of potterybeside larnax. (d) Tomb 134: lower level of potterybeside larnax. (e) Tomb 135: Pot 1 in situ,(f) Tomb 134: larnax, excavated. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 138, 146, 153, 157: (a) Tomb 138: blocking stones, (b) Tomb 138: stone stand £3. (c) Tomb 146: dromos, stomion, chamber, excavated. (d) Tomb 146: dromosblocking,(e) Tomb 153: skeleton in situ. (/) Tomb 157: chamber,excavated.
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
viu Plate 32.
PLATE33. Plate 34. Plate 35.
Plate 36.
Plate 37.
Plate 38.
Plate 39.
PLATE40. Plate 41. PLATE42.
Plate 43. PLATE44.
MAIN SITE - TOMBS 159, 160, 163: (a) Tomb 159: damaged cremation pithoi in situ,(b) Tomb 160: cover slabs in situ,(c) Tomb 160: skeleton,Pot 1. (d) Tomb 163: general view,with Tombs 161, 162. (e) Tomb 163: cremationpithos, etc. fromS. (/) Tomb 163: horse skull. MAIN SITE- TOMBS 175, 186: (a) Tomb 175,excavated, (b) Tomb 175: Pots 15-18. (c) Tomb 186: undisturbedgroup in situ,(d) Tomb 186: Pot 1, etc. in situ: detail, (è) Tomb 186 under excavation: A. Zidianakis. MAIN SITE - TOMBS 200, 202: (a) Tomb 200: door slab in situ,(b) Tomb 200: slab removed: Pot 3 in situ,(c) Tomb 200: Pot 1. (d) Tomb 200: Pot 2. (e) Tomb 202: door slab insitu. MAIN SITE - TOMBS 201, 207: (a) Tomb 201: door-slab in situ:general view. (b) Tomb 201: door slab in situ,(c) Tomb 201: bronze arrowhead in situ,(d) Tomb 201: slab removed: bronzes in situ,(e) Tomb 207, excavated, (f) Tomb 201: bronze sword in situ,£y. MAIN SITE- TOMB 218: (a) Chamber excavated, (b) Pots 11-17. (c) Detail of floordeposit, over s stone base, (d) Potteryin SWangle of chamber,(e) Pots 52, etc. (/) Group of potteryagainst inner chamber wall, (g) Group of pottery over N stone base. MAIN SITE - TOMB 219, 229: (a) Blocking and associated pottery,(b) Iron (c) Group of potteryin the dromos. objects on chamber floor,seen fromstomion. (d) Bronze bit, iron weapons, etc, in chamber, (e) Tomb 229: chamber and stomion.
MAIN SITE- TOMBS 280, 282, part of TOMBS 283, 285: (a) Tomb 280: and blocking,(c) Tomb 283: pithos and associated pottery,(b) Tomb 282: dromos Dromos;side-chamberand stomion blockings,(d) Tomb 283: blockingand dromos Pots 2, 3. pottery,(e) Tomb 285: dromos, MAIN SITE- Remainder of TOMB 283: (a} Dromos,to show side-chamber,(b) Chamber, and blocking,fromabove, (c) Group of pottery,side-chamber,(d) Broken potteryon floor,(e) Potteryon chamber floor. (/) Tomb excavated (blockingremoved). stomion MAIN SITE - TOMB 285 (Orientalizing): (a) Part of dromos, blocking Cremation in situ,(b) Cremation pithoi immediatelybehind stomion blocking,(c) excavated. stomion (d ) Part of dromos; pithoiwithinstomion. MAIN SITE- TOMB 285 (Geometric): (a) Plain cremation pithoi and associated pottery,(b) Krater,PG skyphosand iron objects,(c) Iron fire-dogsand (e) Pot 136,animal askos,insitu. spits,(d) Group ofpotterynear chamber-floor, MAIN SITE - TOMB 287: {a) A. Zidianakis clearing chamber group, (b) Contents of side-chamber 2. (c) Side-chamber 2 and blocking,(d) Chamber: cremationpithoi and associated pottery,(e) Contents of niche/cupboard 3. (/) General view. MAIN SITE - TOMB 292: {a) Chamber and side-chambers,(b) Side-chamber 5. (c) Contents of side-chamber 5. (d) Potterygroup in chamber, (e) Dromos fromchamber; side-chambers.(/) Pots 64, etc, in chamber. and chamber,(b) MAIN SITE - TOMBS 286, 294, 306: (a) Tomb 286: dromos Tomb 286: cremation pithos and associated pottery, (c) Tomb 294: fragmentarypithos. (d) Tomb 294: Pot 7 in situ,(e) Tomb 294: Pots 16-20. (/) Tomb 306: Potteryinsitu,chamber and stomion.
THE PLATES Plate 45. Plate 46. Plate 47. Plate 48. Plate 49. Plate 50. PLATE51. Plate 52. Plate 53. Plate 54. Plate 55. Plate 56. Plate 57. Plate 58. Plate 59. Plate 60. Plate 61. Plate 62. Plate 63. Plate 64. Plate 65. Plate 66. Plate 67. Plate 68. Plate 69. Plate 70. Plate 71. Plate 72. Plate 73. Plate 74. PLATE75. Plate 76. Plate 77. Plate 78. Plate 79. Plate 80. Plate 81. Plate 82. Plate 83. Plate 84. Plate 85. Plate 86. Plate 87. Plate 88. Plate 89. Plate 90.
Pottery:Tombs A; B; D 1-3, 6, 9-10, 35, 39, 42. Pottery:Tomb D 5, 11-13. Pottery:Tomb D 8, 14-15, 20-1, 25, 27, 29-30, 33-4. Pottery:Tomb F 1, 5, 9, 11. Pottery:Tomb G 1-3. Pottery:Tomb G 4, 5. Pottery:Tomb G 6-9. Pottery:Tomb G 10-13. Pottery:Tomb G 14-17. Pottery:Tomb G 18-28, 31, 33-5. Pottery:Tomb G 36-49. Pottery:Tomb G 50-68, 71, 74-5, 77-8. Pottery:Tomb G 80. Pottery:Tomb G 82-3, 85. Pottery:Tomb G 84, 92-4, 98-104. Pottery:Tomb G 89, 105, 107-09, in, 113-4, 116-7, I23> I25~6, 128, !33> W-^' Pottery:Tomb H 3, 5, 7-8. Pottery:Tomb H 9-1 1, 14, 16-18, 21, 23, 24-6. Pottery:TombJ 1, 4-5. Pottery:TombJ 2-3, 6-17. Pottery:TombJ 19-26, 28-9, 31, 35. Pottery:TombJ 37-8, 40-4, 46, 50, 53, 55-6, 61, 63, 65. Pottery:Tombs K 2, 3-5 (above, left),L 1, 4-5, 7, 11,15-18. Pottery:Tomb M 1, 3-5, 7-8, 10, 17. Pottery:Tomb M 2, 9, 11-13,*6, 18-20. Pottery:Tomb N 2. Pottery:Tomb N 4-8, 10-13. Pottery:Tomb N 3, 9, 17, 19, 23, 27-8, 32. Pottery:Tomb O 1-8, 10-11, 13. Pottery:Tomb O 9, 12, 14-15, 19. Pottery:Tomb O 19, 24, 27, 47. Pottery:Tomb O 30-33. Pottery:Tomb O 23, 28-9, 36-7, 39, 41-2, 48; Tomb' P 1. Pottery:Tomb Q,i-2, 4-13, 15-16, 19. Pottery:Tomb Q14, 17-18, 20-34, 36-40, 42-3. Pottery:Tomb Q, 44-52, 54~7, 61, 65. Pottery:Tomb Q, 62-4. Pottery:Tomb Q 66-75. Pottery:Tomb Q 76-84. Pottery:Tomb Q, 85-97, 101-103. Pottery:Tomb Q, 104-6, 109-15. Pottery:Tomb Q 115-16. Pottery:Tomb 1.2-4, 7~~9>n-12. Pottery:Tomb 1.14,17; Tombs 2.1 and 8.1. Pottery:Tomb 13.2-5, 8-9, 12, 14. Pottery:Tomb 13.10,16-20, 25-7, 34.
ix
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
x Plate Plate Plate Plate
91. 92. 93. 94.
Plate 95. Plate 96. Plate 97. PLATE98. Plate 99. Plate 100. Plate ioi. Plate 102. Plate 103. Plate 104. Plate 105. Plate 106. Plate 107. Plate 108. Plate 109. Plate no. Plate iii. Plate 112. Plate 113. Plate 114. Plate 115. PLATE116. Plate 117. Plate 118. Plate 119. Plate Plate Plate Plate
120. 121. 122. 123.
Plate 124. Plate 125. Plate 126. Plate 127. Plate 128. Plate 129. PLATE130.
Pottery:Tomb 13.22,29-33, 36> 39~43> 48-50. Pottery:Tomb 14.3-4, 8-12, 14, 18, 40, 43. Pottery:Tomb 14.19-21,24, 26-30, 35, 44-6, 52. Pottery:Tomb 16.1-3 (above); Tomb 18.2, 8-9, 12, 14, 18, 22, 24, 27; Tomb 31.23, 25, 31-5, 37 (reston PLATE101). Pottery:Tomb 19.1-2, 4-6, 8-9, 11,15. Pottery:Tomb 19.7, 10, 12-14. Pottery:Tomb 19.16-17, 19-24, 26-9. Pottery:Tomb 24.2-8, 10; Tomb 25.2, 6 (below,right). Pottery:Tomb 26.1, 4-5, 8-11, 13-16, 18-19. Pottery:Tomb 28.1-5, 10-20. Pottery:Tomb 30.2-9; Tomb 31.3, 4, 6, 10, 16-7 (below; reston PLATE94). Pottery:Tomb 34.1-2, 5, 9, 11,25. Pottery:Tomb 34.18. Pottery:Tomb 34.19-22, 24, 26, 28-9. Pottery:Tomb 40.3-10, 22, 31, 45. Pottery:Tomb 40.2, 10-22 (Subminoan group). Pottery:Tomb 40.26, 29-30, 32-5, 38-40, 46. Pottery:Tomb 45 2-6, 8 (above); Tomb 48.8-10 (below). Pottery:Tomb 48.1-7, 12-13, 15-16. Pottery:Tomb 55.1 (above, left);Tomb 56.1-10. Pottery:Tomb 56.11-15, 18, 20. Pottery:Tomb 56.21, 23-4, 26, 28, 30-2, 38-9. Pottery:Tomb 57.1-3, 5-9; Tomb 59.2, 6 (below,right). Pottery:Tomb 60.5, 7, 13, 17,23, 34. Pottery:Tomb 60.1-4, 8-11, 14, 16, 20-22, 25-32, 38. Pottery: Tombs 61. 1-3 and 63.1-7 (above); cTomb' 65.2, 4-9; Tomb 69.1 (below,right). Pottery:Tomb 75.1, 7-8, 13-14, 20, 34. Pottery:Tomb 75.19, 35, 38, 42. Pottery:Tomb 75.9, 15, 18, 21-2, 24, 26, 28, 31, 37, 39, 41, 43, 47, 50, 53, 55, 57, 64. Pottery:Tomb 75.56, 62, 68, 72, 134. Pottery:Tomb 75.65, 69-71, 73, 76-7, 82, 87-91, 137. Pottery:Tomb 75.80-81, 84, 109-10, 121,123. Pottery:Tomb 75.30, 45, 83, 86, 91-2, 96, 98-9, 102-5, io8> H4> U7> I25> I27> 129, 131. Pottery:Tomb 75.45a, 95, 113,127-9, I31"*, i36> !38> H°~h i43~6> 148-9, I51* !53-45 i56-7? l61Pottery:Tomb 75.122, 163, 165, 171. Pottery:Tomb 75.93-4, 97, 112, 120, 143, 146, 158, 162, 175-8, 181-6, 188-9, 195, 198, 205, 212. Pottery:Tomb 75.172-4, 192-3. Pottery:Tomb 75.194, 206, 221-3. Pottery:Tomb 75.46, 100, 160, 180, 199, 201-4, 208-09, 213, 215, 219, 224. Pottery:Tomb 76.4-5 (above, left);79.2-3, 7-8, 10 (above right);78.1-4, 6-1 1 (below).
THE PLATES
Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173.
Plate 174. Plate 175. Plate 176.
xi
Tomb 79.4. Pottery: Tomb 80 (above,left);Tomb 82.1-2. Pottery: Tomb 85.1-2(above);Tomb 98.2-4, 6, 8-9, 13-18. Pottery: Tomb 100.1,3, 7-9, 18-21,24, 26. Pottery: Tomb 100.27-8,30-2, 34-5, 37,50, 66, 70. Pottery: Tomb 100.33. Pottery: Tomb 100.36,42-3, 53,55. Pottery: Tomb 100.12,39, 62, 64, 74; Tomb 101.1(below,right). Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 104.3-4,12,26. Tomb 104.16,20, 23,30, 40. Pottery: Tomb 104.6-10,17,24, 27-9,34-6, 42. Pottery: Tomb 104.25,33, 37,39, 46, 55-60, 62, 69-70,79-80, 82-3, 86. Pottery: Tomb 104.38,43, 51-2,54, 63, 66, 72,77-8,81,84-5, 87-91,100,104. Pottery: Tomb 104.9,96-7, 99, 105,107,110-15,117-18,120-2,129. Pottery: Tomb 106.1-15. Pottery: Tomb 106.16-26(less24). Pottery: Tomb 106.24,27~8,30, 32-5,37-41. Pottery: Tomb 107.1,5, 8-9, 14-19,21-2,25,33-5. Pottery: Tomb 107.6-7,12-13,23, 28. Pottery: Tomb 107.37-8,40-9, 51-3,56, 58, 60-1 (remainder). Pottery: Tomb 107.29-30,32,59, 64. Pottery: Tomb 107.62,66-72,75-81,83-4, 87. Pottery: Tomb 107.88-9,92-5, 98, 100-8,120-1. Pottery: Tomb 107.109-12. Pottery: Tomb 107.113-114. Pottery: Tomb 107.114. Pottery: Tomb 107.115-18. Pottery: Tomb 107.122-7. Pottery: Tomb 107.128-34,137-9. Pottery: Tomb 107.141-5,147-8,152,154,159. Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 107.158,160-1,164-5,167,173-5,^1, 187,198,207,212,218. Tomb Pottery: 107.178,192,209,211,213. Tomb 107.214,larnax. Pottery: Tomb 107.214,larnax. Pottery: Tombsin. 2; 112.1-3; 113.1-2; 121.1-4,7; 123.7. Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 125.3-4,7-8. Tomb 125.1-2,6, 9-12, 15;Tomb 126.7(below). Pottery: Tomb 126.1-2,8, 10-13;Tomb 129.1-3 (below). Pottery: Tomb 132.3-6,14. Pottery: Tomb Pottery: 132.7-10. Tomb 132.2,11,13-14,21,24, 26-33,35,37,40. Pottery: Tomb 132.15-18,20, 22-3,36, 40. Pottery: Pottery:Tomb 134.9, n-i4> 20> 22> 28> 3°> 32> 34, 36~7> 39~42> 45> 49> 51, 60-1, 63, 67,75-6. Tomb 134.7,10,15,25-7,29,43, 47. Pottery: Tomb 134.6,18-19,35>46>5°> 54~7>59>62>69>7h lids. Pottery: Tombs Pottery: 135.1;146.1; 147.2-3;159.3;160.1; 163.1-8; 168.1.
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
xii
Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. 191. 192. 193. 194.
Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
195. 196. 197. 198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204. 205. 206. 207. 208. 209. 210. 211. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222.
Tomb 175.1-24(less15),29. Pottery: Tomb 175.15,25-8. Pottery: Tomb i7^3°~3h 36"8>47>51Pottery: Tomb 175.39-40. Pottery: Tomb 175.41-3,63. Pottery: Tomb 175.44-6,48-9, 55-7,59, 64, 67,70. Pottery: Tomb 175.61-2; Tomb 182.1-2;Tomb 186.1;Tomb 200.1-3(below). Pottery: Tomb 207.1-9,15,16-17. Pottery: Tomb 207.19-21,24, 27-9,34, 36, 41,44, 46. Pottery: Tomb 207.50-52,71,74. Pottery: Tomb 207.45,48, 53,56-60, 66, 68, 70,73,78. Pottery: Tomb 218.1-4,6-8, 11-16,18-20,26. Pottery: Tomb 218.9-10,23, 107. Pottery: Tomb 218.24-5,29. Pottery: Tomb 218.33,37,39, 43, 92. Pottery: Tomb 218.27-8,31-2,53-5. Pottery: Tomb 218.49-50,57,61,64. Pottery: Tomb 218.34-6,38, 40-41,51,59-60, 63, 71,75,81-3,85, 87-9, 91, Pottery: 103-04,in, 113-14,116,118(smallclosedvessel). Tomb 218.42,47,58, 69, 76, 90, 96-7, 109,123-4,130(lids). Pottery: Tomb 218.68,70,72-3,78-80, 86, 93, 98-101,117,120. Pottery: Tomb 218.65,77,109-10,115,119,121,123,125,127,131,134-6,138. Pottery: Tomb 218.128,132,137,139-40. Pottery: Tomb 219.1,4-5, 7-11,17-18,22, 28, 30. Pottery: Tomb 219.12,16. Pottery: Tomb 219.3,6, 19-21,24-5, 27,29, 35,37,40-41,56, 62-3, 68, 75-9. Pottery: Tomb 219.23,32,42, 59. Pottery: Tomb 219.33. Pottery: Tomb 219.26,31,38, 43, 51-2,58. Pottery: Tomb 219.71. Pottery: Tomb 219.60,64, 67, 69-70,72-3,80, 83, 85. Pottery: Tomb 219.74,81-2,86-90, 92-6, 99. Pottery: Tomb 229.1-2,6, 9, 11,14,16,18. Pottery: Tomb 229.4-5,10,12,17,19,23,28, 31-2. Pottery: Tombs 222.1;242.1-2;280.1-10;281.1; 293.1. Pottery: Tomb 283.1-2,4-6, 8, 10,13,15,17,19,24-27,30, 55. Pottery: Tomb 283.11,12,14. Pottery: Tomb 283.16,20, 22-3. Pottery: Tomb 283.9,31-2,35-8, 40-2, 45-6, 50, 62. Pottery: Tomb 283.18,49, 52-4. Pottery: Tomb 283.47,51,57-8, 61,64-6, 68, 70-5. Pottery: Tomb 283.56,59, 91, 101. Pottery: Tomb 283.76-8,80-5, 94, 97-100,102,106-7. Pottery: Tomb 285.1-2,4-6, 8, 11,14,17-20,22,31. Pottery: Tomb 285.12-13,15-16,25,27,29. Pottery: Tomb 285.33-4,36-7. Pottery: Tomb 285.40,41,53,56 (see also colour plates). Pottery:
THE PLATES Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
223. 224. 225. 226. 227.
Plate 228. PLATE229. PLATE230. PLATE231. Plate 232. Plate 233. Plate 234. Plate 235. Plate 236. Plate 237. Plate 238. Plate 239. Plate 240. Plate 241. Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate Plate
242. 243. 244. 245. 246. 247. 248. 249. 250. 251. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265.
xiii
Pottery:Tomb 285.9, 26, 30, 38, 45-51, 54-5, 57, 65-6, 118. Pottery:Tomb 285.39, 58-61. Pottery:Tomb 285.68. Pottery:Tomb 285.71,79, 82. Pottery:Tomb 285.67, 74-6, 83-4, 86, 88-91, 95, 97, 100-01, 103-04, 107, 114, 135Pottery:Tomb 285.80, 85, 87, 94, 102, 109-11, 120, 127-8, 132-3, 140-8, 156. Pottery:Tomb 285.96, 121-5, 134, 138, 153, 162-3. Pottery:Tomb 285.7, 129, 136, 154, 157. Pottery:Tomb 286 (above, left);Tomb 287.1-8, 11. Pottery:Tomb 287.9-10, 12-14, 15, 24. Pottery:Tomb 287.5, 8, 14, 16-17, 19, 21, 25-8, 30, 32-3, 35, 41. Pottery:Tomb 292.3-5, 7, 10-12, 17, 19, 22-25, 35~6> 39Pottery:Tomb 292.27, 29, 31, 41. Pottery:Tomb 292.26, 28, 30, 32-4, 37, 46, 59-60, 63, 65, 74, 80. Pottery:Tomb 292.40, 44-5, 57. Pottery:Tomb 292.50, 53, 56, 61, 68, 70, 72-3, 75, 82-3, 87-91, 100-01, 108, no. Pottery:Tomb 292.18, 48, 54, 62, 66-7, 69, 73, 76-8, 81, 86, 92-3, 95, 97-9, 102-9, m> ll3> H5> 121-2, 130, 132, 134, 138. Pottery:Tomb 292.64, 114,137, 145. Pottery:Tomb 292.47, 54, 105, 107, 116, 128, 131,133, 135-6, 140, 154, 156-7, 163, 183, 187. Pottery:Tomb 292.144. Pottery:Tomb 292.123, 125, 139, 142-3, 155, 165-70, 172,174, 177. Pottery:Tomb 292.146-8. Pottery:Tomb 292.149-52. Pottery:Tomb 292.153, 158-9. Pottery:Tomb 292.71,79, 112,139, 179-80, 182, 192-3, 195-8, 202, 207, 209. Pottery:Tomb 292.204-05, 211,215, 218-20, 223, 228-9. Pottery:Tomb 292.160-62, 227, 235-6, 243. Pottery:Tomb 292.224-6, 232, 237, 241-2, 244-5. Pottery:Tomb 294.1, 3-4, 7, 9-12. Pottery:Tomb 294.15. Pottery:Tomb 294.13, 16-30, 43, 54. Pottery:Tomb 294.33, 35~7Pottery:Tomb 294.32, 38-9, 59, 62. Pottery:Tomb 294.42, 44-5, 49-50, 52, 60, 63-4. Pottery:Tomb 306.1-6, 11-12,15, 17-23, 27-9, 32, 35. Pottery:Tomb 306.7-10. Pottery:Tomb 306.13-14, 24. Pottery:Tomb 306.25-6, 33, 36. Pottery:Fortetsa1967,Tombs 1, 4. Pottery:Fortetsa1967,Tombs 5, 9, 13, 14. Gold: Tombs J, N, Q, 40, 48, 59, 78, 104. Gold: Tombs 18, 107,219. Gold: Tombs 182, 200, 201, 285.
KNOSSOS THE NORTH CEMETERY
xiv
Plate 266. Plate 267. Plate 268. PLATE269. Plate 270. Plate 271. Plate 272. Plate 273. Plate 274. PLATE275. Plate 276. PLATE277. PLATE278. Plate 279. Plate 280. Plate 281. Plate 282. Plate 283. Plate 284. Plate 285. PLATE286. Plate 287. Plate 288. Plate 289. Plate 290. Plate 291. Plate 292. Plate 293. Plate 294. Plate 295. Plate 296. Plate 297. Plate 298.
Silver and lead: TombsJ, 26, 40, 78, 287, 292. Silver:Tombs 26, 78, 119,123, 208, 229. Bronze: Tombs D, G. Bronze: Tombs D, G, H, N, O, Q,(iron: Eft, QÌ17). Bronze: Tombs 19, 25, 26, 40, 45, 48, 56. Bronze: Tombs 75, 76, 78, 86, 100. Bronze: Tombs 104, 107. Bronze: Tombs 121,123, 126, 134, 159, 175,207, 221, 229, 283. Bronze, iron and stone: Tomb 186. Bronze, faience,glass, stone and ivory:Tomb 200. Bronze: Tomb 201.fi,four-sidedstand. Bronze and iron: Tomb 2Oi.f7-8,11. Ivory,bone and boar's tusk:Tomb 2Oi.fi2-i4. Ivory,bone, boar's tusk:Tomb 201.fi3. Bronze: Tomb 2OI.Í2-6, 17-19; Tomb 218. Bronze: Tomb 219^5, 17,58, 88, 100, 117. Bronze: Tomb 2ig.f2i, 74a, 80, 92, 101, 105c, 118. Bronze: Tomb 219.74,85, 93, 97, 102. Bronze: Tombs 283, 285 (less f26,34), 294, 306. Bronze vessels:Tomb 285^26, 34. Bronze: Tomb 292. Iron: Tombs 13, 19, 24, 28, 45. Iron: Tombs 56, 75, 100. Iron: Tombs 106, 107,218. Iron: Tomb 219^65, 67, 70. Iron: Tomb 219^98, 107, in, ma; Tombs 285 and 292. Faience and EgyptianBlue: Tombs 13, 26, 34 (pyxis,f2o),48, 107. Faience aryballoi:Tomb 34^25, 26. Faience phiale: Tomb 34^40. Faience phiale: Tomb 34^40. Faience, EgyptianBlue and glass: 'Tomb' 65; Tombs 75 and 78. Faience figurines:Tomb 78.Í8, 20. Faience and glass: Tombs 78^24; ioo.f7, 28, 41; 107^2, 6-7, 9, na, 14, 147;
Plate Plate Plate Plate
Faiencelionvase: Tomb 219.^62. Faiencelionvase: Tomb 2ig.f62. Faienceand glass:Tombs229,280, 285,292,310. Stone:Tombs2.fi;14^5-6; 16S2;24^3; 26.fô;75^42,55; 219Ì33; 285Ì9; 292Ì5; 294^17. Stone: Tombs H.fi; J.f6,8-10, 12; Q.f8; 34.fi8; 78^17, 23; 123.fi; 129.fi; 285.figa. Stone:Tombs1Ì3, 98; 107^27;208; 2i9.fno;285; 287.^6;294^9. Stone:Tombs34^23; 6o.f3;244; 292^76. Clay: Tombs 19Ì5; 30.fi;59.Í2; 107.Í23,26, 36, 45; 152.fi;2ig.fia; 283^4, 44; 294J3,8, 14,16. Clay:TombsQÌ25; 55Ì2; 57^5-8; 82^4; 107.218;283Ì82; 285^4; 294^12. Clay:Tombs19.fi;ioo.fn; 283.fi.
299. 300. 301. 302.
Plate 303. Plate 304. Plate 305. Plate 306. Plate 307. Plate 308.
2I9.ÍI2.
THE PLATES
Plate 309. Plate 310. Plate 311. Plate 312.
Plate 313.
Plate 314.
Plate 315. Plate 316.
xv
Ivory:Tombs40^9, 14;2ig.fi6,27,87; 292^79. Ivoryand bone: Tombs219^35;292.Í49,61,69, 74. Bone: Tomb 292^35 (withsilvermount);Tomb 75.f28.Shell: Tomb 285.fi8. Clay: Tomb 292^24,44. (a)'-{d) Perishablematerials:(a) barleyseeds;(b)fruitseeds;(c) egg impressions;
id) fenugreek seeds (left,trigonella foenumgraecum);(e)-(g) sp.; right, trigonella textileimpressions:(e) T 219^9, tabby weave; (/) T. 107^57, tabby weave; (g) T 107.f59,tabbyweave withfringe. Human crematedbones. (a) A whole cremation (28.5). It is large because this pot contained the burnt bones of two individuals. Clockwise: large postcranial fragments; cranial fragments; small postcranial fragments; temporal fragments (of two individuals); dust and pebbles; large cancellous fragments;mainly vertebral fragments. (b) Evidence of a double burial (28.5): two rightsquamous temporalfragments and a leftand rightpetroustemporalbone, each of different size. (c) Pieces of tooth enamel from75.7, a tissue that usually shattersinto smaller and even less recognizable fragmentsthan these. (d) Fiftyseven tooth root fragmentsfrom75.7. The recoveryof such a large number of these small and easily overlookedfragmentssuggeststhat the bones were gatheredup withgreat thoroughness. (e) A large chunk of the right half of the mandible and eleven tooth root fragmentsfrom107.27. Furtherevidence of the thoroughnesswith which the bones were collected. (/) More easily overlookedsmall bones: hand phalanges from107.29. Human crematedbones. (a) A whole fingerfrom 107.29. To the untutored eye and in monochrome these bones do not look burnt,but burnttheycertainlywere. (b) Two fragmentsfromthe back of the skull, in the vicinityof the external occipital protruberance. The differencein colour- one is black, the other white- and hence degree of burning suggests that the two pieces became separated at an earlystage of the proceedings.From 107 Level 7. (c) A selection of large bone fragmentsfrom 107.59. Clockwise: two pelvic fragments;a femoral head and neck fragment;upper end of a left? tibia; upper end of a left?radius; a rightpatella. (d) Three quarters of a rightparietal bone fromJ. 2 (Lower Burial), made up of several pieces glued back together.The upper hole is symmetrical,shows traces of reorganizationand may thereforebe pathological. (e) A cloth impressionon mud stillclingingto the lower border of this cranial fragmentfromG. (/) A cloth impressionon a piece of mud from75.72. (g) Some large pieces of charcoal from24 Level 7. Horse bones: (a) T. 79 'east' horse metapodials: (b) T. 152, scapulae; (c) T. 152, humérus; (d) T. 161,tibiae (anteriorview). Dog skeleton I, T. 79: (a) mandible; (b) humérus; (c) radius and ulna; (d) femora;(e) pelves; (/) tibia and fibula.
Plate i . Sitebeforeand duringexcavation
Plate 2. Generalsiteviews
in thecemetery Plate 3. Sourcesofdisturbance
conditionson thesite Plate 4. Working
Plate 5. Fortetsa 1967tombs
Plate 6. TekeTombsD-F
Plate 7. Teke TombsG-H
Plate 8. TekeTombJ
Plate 9. TekeTombsL-O
Plate io. TekeTomb Q
Piate ii. Main site.Tombs1-2, 13(part)
Plate 12.Main site.Tombs13(part)14,16,18
Plate 13.Main site.Tomb 19.
Plate 14.Main site.Tombs24, 25,26 (part).
Plate 15.Main site.Tombs26 (part),28.
Plate i6. Main site.Tombs30, 34.
PLATE17.Main site.Tomb 40, Orientalizing.
Plate i8. Main site.Tomb40, Subminoan.
Plate 19.Main site.Tombs44-5, 48, 55.
Plate 20. Main site.Tombs56, 59-61.
Plate 21.Main site.Tombs63, 69, 75 (part).
Plate 22. Main site.Tomb 75 (remaining part).
Plate 23. Main site.Tombs78-9.
Plate 24. Main site.Tombs82, 86, 98, 100.
Plate 25. Main site.Tomb 104.
Plate 26. Main site.Tomb 106.
Plate 27. Main site.Tomb 107.
Plate 28. Main site.Tombs112,121.
Plate 29. Main site.Tombs125,126,132.
Plate 30. Main site.Tombs134,135.
Plate 31.Main site.Tombs138,146,153,157.
Plate 32. Main site.Tombs159,160,163.
Plate 33. Main site.Tombs 175,186.
Plate 34. Main site.Tombs200,202.
Plate 35. Main site.Tombs201,207.
Plate 36. Main site.Tomb 218.
Plate 37. Main site.Tomb 219,229.
Plate 38. Main site.Tombs280, 282,283 (part),285 (part).
Plate 39. Main site.Tomb 283 (remaining part).
Plate 40. Main site.Tomb 285,Orientalizing.
Plate 41. Main site.Tomb 285,Geometric.
Plate 42. Main site.Tomb 287.
Plate 43. Main site.Tomb 292.
Plate 44. Main site.Tombs286, 294,306.
TombsA, B, D Plate 45. Pottery:
Tomb D PLATE46. Pottery:
Plate 47. Pottery: Tomb D
Plate 48. Pottery: Tomb F
Plate 49. Pottery: Tomb G
PLATE50. Pottery: Tomb G
Plate 51. Pottery: Tomb G
Tomb G Plate 52. Pottery:
Piate 53. Pottery: Tomb G
Plate 54. Pottery: Tomb G
Plate 55. Pottery: Tomb G
Tomb G Plate 56. Pottery:
o
1
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1
Tomb G Plate 58. Pottery:
Plate 59. Pottery: Tomb G
PLATE 6o. Pottery:Tomb G
Tomb H Plate 6i. Pottery:
Plate 62. Pottery: Tomb H
TombJ Plate 63. Pottery:
Plate 64. Pottery: TombJ
Plate 65. Pottery: TombJ
Plate 66. Pottery: TombJ
PLATE67. Pottery: TombsK (above,left),L
Plate 68. Pottery: Tomb M
Plate 69. Pottery: Tomb M
Plate 70. Pottery: TombN 2, krater
Plate 71.Pottery: Tomb N
TombN Plate 72. Pottery:
PLATE73. Pottery: Tomb O
Plate 74. Pottery: Tomb O
Plate 75. Pottery: Tomb O
Plate 76. Pottery: Tomb O
Plate 77. Pottery: Tomb O; 'Tomb' P
Plate 78. Pottery: Tomb Q
Plate 79. Pottery: Tomb Q
Fiate 8o. Pottery:lomb C¿
Plate 8i. Pottery: Tomb Q
Plate 82. Pottery: Tomb Q,
Platk 83. Pottery: Tomb Q,
PLATE84. Pottery: Tomb Q,
Plaie 85. Pottery: Tomb Q,
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Plate 87. Pottery: Tomb 1
Plate 88. Pottery: Tombsi, 2, 8
Plate 89. Pottery: Tomb 13
Tomb 13 Plate go. Pottery:
Plate 91. Pottery: Tomb 13
Plate 92. Pottery: Tomb 14
Plate 93. Pottery: Tomb 14
Plate 94. Pottery: Tombsi6, 18,31
Plate 95. Pottery: Tomb 19
Tomb 19 Plate 96. Pottery:
Plate 97. Pottery: Tomb 19
Plate 98. Pottery: Tombs24, 25 (below,right)
Tomb 26 Plate 99. Pottery:
Plate ioo. Pottery:Tomb 28
Plate ioi. Pottery: Tombs30, 31 (below)
Plate 102.Pottery: Tomb 34
Plate 103.Pottery: Tomb 34.18,WildGoat dinos
Plate 104.Pottery: Tomb 34
Plate 105.Pottery: Tomb 40
Plate io6. Pottery: Tomb40, Subminoan
Tomb 40 Plate 107.Pottery:
Plate io8. Pottery: Tombs45 (above),48 (below)
Tomb 48 Plate 109.Pottery:
Plate no. Pottery: Tombs55 (above,left),56
Plate hi. Pottery: Tomb 56
Tomb56 Plate 112.Pottery:
Plate 113.Pottery: Tombs57,59 (below,right)
Plate 114.Pottery: Tomb 60
Plate 115.Pottery: Tomb 60
Tombs6i, 63 (above);'Tomb' 65; Tomb 69 (below,right) Plate i i6. Pottery:
I
Plate i i8. Pottery: Tomb 75
Plate 119.Pottery: Tomb 75
Plate 120.Pottery: Tomb75
Plate 121.Pottery: Tomb 75
Plate 122.Pottery: Tomb 75
Plate 123.Pottery: Tomb 75
Plate 124.Pottery: Tomb75
Plate 125.Pottery: Tomb 75
Tomb 75 Plate 126.Pottery:
Tomb 75 Plate 127.Pottery:
Tomb 75 Plate 128.Pottery:
Plate 129.Pottery: Tomb75
Tombs76 (above,left),79 (above,right);78 (below) Plate 130.Pottery:
Plate 131.Pottery: Tomb 79.4,LG/EO pithos
Plate 132.Pottery: Tombs80 (above,left),82
Plate 133.Pottery: Tombs85 (above),98
PLATE134.Pottery: Tomb 100
Plate 135.Pottery: Tomb 100
Piate 136.Pottery: Tomb 100.33,LPG oinochoe
Platk 137.Pottery: Tomb 100
Plate 138.Pottery: Tombs100,101(below,right)
Plate 139.Pottery: Tomb 104
Piate 140.Pottery: Tomb 104
Tomb 104 Plate 141.Pottery:
Plate 142.Pottery: Tomb 104
Plate 143.Pottery: Tomb 104
Plate 144.Pottery: Tomb 104
Plate 145.Pottery: Tomb 106
Plate 146.Pottery: Tomb 106
Plate 147.Pottery: Tomb 106
Plate 148.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 149.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 150.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 151.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 152.Pottery: Tomb 107
Tomb 107 Plate 153.Pottery:
Plate 154.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 155.Pottery: Tomb 107
Plate 156.Pottery: Tomb 107.114,PGB pithoswithGoddessscene
Tomb 107 Piate 157.Pottery:
Piate 158.Pottery: Tomb 107
Tomb 107 Plate 159.Pottery:
Plate i6o. Pottery: Tomb 107
Tomb 107 Plate i6i. Pottery:
Plate 162.Pottery: Tomb 107
PLATE163.Pottery: Tomb 107.214,Minoan larnax
Plate 164.Pottery: Tomb 107.214,Minoanlarnax
Plate 165.Pottery: Tombs111-13,121,123
Plate i66. Pottery: Tomb 125
Piate 167.Pottery: Tombs 125,126(below)
Plate i68. Pottery: Tombs126,129(below)
Plate 169.Pottery: Tomb 132
Plate 170.Pottery: Tomb 132
Plate 171.Pottery: Tomb 132
Plate 172.Pottery: Tomb 132
Plate 173.Pottery: Tomb 134
Plate 174.Pottery: Tomb 134
Plate 175.Pottery: Tomb 134
Plate 176.Pottery: Tombs135,146-7,159,160,163,168
Plate 177.Pottery: Tomb 175
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Plate 179.Pottery: Tomb 175
Plate i8o. Pottery: Tomb 175
Tomb 175 Plate i8i. Pottery:
Plate 182.Pottery: Tomb 175
Plate 183.Pottery: Tombs 175,182,186,200 (below)
Plate 184.Pottery: Tomb 207
Plate 185.Pottery: Tomb 207
Plate i86. Pottery: Tomb 207
Tomb 207 Plate 187.Pottery:
Plate i88. Pottery: Tomb 218
Tomb 218 Plate 189.Pottery:
Plate 190.Pottery: Tomb 218
Plate igi. Pottery: Tomb 218
Plate 192.Pottery: Tomb 218
Tomb 218 Plate 193.Pottery:
Plate 194.Pottery: Tomb 218
Plate 195.Pottery: Tomb 218
Tomb 218 Plate 196.Pottery:
Plate 197.Pottery: Tomb 218
Tomb 218 Plate 198.Pottery:
Plate 199.Pottery: Tomb 219
Plate 200. Pottery: Tomb 219
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Tomb 219.33,AtticMG II amphora Plate 203. Pottery:
Plate 204. Pottery: Tomb 219
Tomb 219.71,Euboean LG kraterfragments PLATE205. Pottery:
Plate 206. Pottery: Tomb 219
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Tomb 229 Plate 208. Pottery:
Plate 209. Pottery: Tomb 229
Plate 210.Pottery: Tombs222,242,280, 293
Plate 211.Pottery: Tomb 283
Plate 212.Pottery: Tomb 283
Plate 213.Pottery: Tomb 283
Tomb 283 Plate 214.Pottery:
Tomb 283 Plate 215.Pottery:
Plate 216.Pottery: Tomb 283
Plate 217.Pottery: Tomb 283
Plate 218.Pottery: Tomb 283
Plate 219.Pottery: Tomb 285
Tomb 285 Plate 220. Pottery:
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Plate 223. Pottery: Tomb 285
Plate 224. Pottery: Tomb 285
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Tomb 285 Plate 226. Pottery:
Plate 227.Pottery: Tomb 285
Plate 228. Pottery: Tomb 285
Tomb 285 Plate 229. Pottery:
Plate 230. Pottery: Tomb 285
Tombs286 (above),287 (left) Plate 231.Pottery:
Plate 232. Pottery: Tomb 287
Plate 233. Pottery: Tomb 287
Plate 234. Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 235. Pottery: Tomb 292
Tomb 292 Plate 236. Pottery:
Plate 237.Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 238. Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 239. Pottery: Tomb 292
Tomb 292 Plate 240. Pottery:
Plate 241.Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 242. Pottery: Tomb 292.144,PGB pithos
Plate 243. Pottery: Tomb 292
Tomb 292 Plate 244. Pottery:
Plate 245. Pottery:lomb 292
Plate 246. Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 247.Pottery:lomb 292
Plate 248. Pottery: Tomb 292
Plate 249. Pottery: Tomb 292
Tomb 292 Plate 250. Pottery:
Plate 251.Pottery: Tomb 294
Plate 252.Pottery: Tomb 294.15,LO dinos
Plate 253. Pottery: Tomb 294
Plate 254. Pottery: Tomb 294
Plate 255. Pottery: Tomb 294
Plate 256. Pottery: Tomb 294
Plate 257.Pottery: Tomb 306
Plate 258. Pottery: Tomb 306
Plate 259. Pottery: Tomb 306
Tomb 306 Plate 260. Pottery:
Plate 261.Pottery: Fortetsa1967,Tombs 1,4
Plate 262. Pottery: Fortetsa1967,Tombs5, 9, 13,14
Plate 263. Gold: TombsJ-Q,,40-104
Plate 264. Gold: Tombs18 (withMinoangem),107,219
Plate 265. Gold: Tombs 182-285
Plate 266. Silver:TombsJ (withbronze),26, 40, 78 (Í26,gilt),292^26. Lead: nearTomb 75; Tombs287,2o,2.ftoa, 292J7,13a (withbronze).Scale:J,9:4; 26.f6,78^26, 292^26, 3:2; others,1:1.
Plate 267. Silver:Tombs26, 78-229. Scale Ts. 119,208, 1:1,others3:2
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Plate 269. Bronze:TombsD-Q,
Plate 270.Bronze:Tombs19-56
Plate 271.Bronze:Tombs75-100
Piate 272.Bronze:Tombs104,107
PlAl'K273.Bronze:Tombs 121-75,207,221-283
Plate 274.Bronze,ironand stone:Tomb 186
Piai K275.Bronze,faience,glass,stoneand ivory:Tomb 200
offour-sided Platk 276. Bronze:Tomb 201.Í1,fragments openworkstand
Piau: 277.Bronzeand iron:Tomb 201
Plate 278. Ivory,bone and boar'stusk:Tomb 201
PLATE279. Ivory,bone,boar'stusk:Tomb 201.13
Plate 280. Bronze:Tombs201,218
Plate 281. Bronze:Tomb 219
Piiate 282. Bronze:Tomb 219
Plate 283. Bronze:Tomb 219
Plate 284. Bronze:Tombs283,285,294,306
Plate 285. Bronzevessels:Tomb 285
Plate 286. Bronze:Tomb 292
Piate 287. Iron:Tombs 13-45
l'i ..VI1. 288. Iron: Tombs -,(> 100
Piate 289. Iron:Tombs 106,107,218
Plate 290. Iron:Tomb 219.^65(fire-basket), 67,70 (bier-attachments)
Pi.. VIT. J()i. Iron: Tombs
ji<). jtt'y j()j
Plate 292. Faience:Tombs13,26, 34. EgyptianBlue: Tombs48, 107
Plate 293. Faience:Tomb 34, aryballoi
Plate 294. Faience:Tomb 34^40, phiale
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Plate 296. Faience:T.75.f27EgyptianBlue: T.65. Glass:T.75J17,31,33. Stone:T. 78
Plate 297. Faience:Tomb 78, figurines
Piate 298. Faience:Ts. 78, 100.f4i.EgyptianBlue: T. 107.fô.Glass:T. 107.fiia, 47; T. 219.fi2.Stone:T. 107.f2,9. Shell:T. 100.f28.
Piate 299. Faience:Tomb 219,lionvase
Plate 300. Faience:Tomb 219,lionvase
Plate 301.Faience:T. 285^34,55,73; T. 310. EgyptianBlue: T. 229. Glass T. 280; T. 285^16, 19c,24; T. 292.
Plate 302. Stone:personalornaments and Pgamingset(Tomb294^17)Scale 3:4
PLATE303. Stone:rockcrystal, Minoan sealstones,and limestone'altar'(H.fi).Scale: TombsJ, 129,285,3:2; others,1:1.
Plate 304. Stone:variousobjects.Scale: Tombs1J3,3:2; others1:1
Plate 305. Stone:latersculpture, vessels,architectural pieces.Scale: T. 244',4:3; T. 34, 1:1;T. 292, 1:3;T.60, 1:5.
Plate 306. Clay: beads,buttons, 'whorls'.Scale 1:1
Plate 307. Clay: figurines and otherobjects.Scale 1:1
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Plate 309. Ivory:Tomb 219.Bone: Tomb 40. Scale 1:1
Plate 310.Ivoryand bone: Tombs219,292
Plate 311.Bone: T. 75,292^35 (withsilvermount).Shell:Tomb 285. Clay: T.2Q,2.f24, 44.
Plate 312.(a) barleyseeds;(b) fruitseeds;(c) eggimpressions; seeds;(e)-(g):textileimpressions (d) fenugreek
Plate 313.Human crematedbones.
Plate 314.Human crematedbones.
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Plate 316.Dog skeletonI, T. 79: (a) mandible;(b) humérus;(c) radiusand ulna; (d) femora;(e) pelves;(f) tibiaand fibula
