LA GUERRA POR EL ESTANDAR Y TEORIA CRITICA DE LA TECNOLOGIA

                        
                                                    

          !"        #        $#

                 %                    &                       &'       (               '  )     * &        +  )    * & %            ,   * & +&    * &'  &                     &      (        &

   

    

       


   

- + 
  #  ' )   +  . * &/     ) 0   +.+  !
1+) 1   

  2   .    /    3  4  51  6       + 2 .        +  )  

           



 


       !  " " #$


   

       


   

                !  " " #$

%&' (

)'  !
                           

              !                           "   #       $    $  $     $     $       $      %             $ $ &  % 
'''   # #   () #*  (+(,-#./( +  0 12340 1  -5 678$779:96 ;$(   / )<=>789?@:A?9A$BC<=>789?@:A?9A> 3#   D   + (   6  10$- $-0 1$$ .0 1$6 ;$(&   0 1$ &  )*+,-./01023-045/3-02 )' 67%8 *9 -             /                     "   
   (               !  $     "  / $$$$     " '          '    '                              3" '''   + #   () #*       (+(,-#./( +  0 12340 1  -5 678$779:96 ;$0 +<=>789?@:A?9A$BC<=>789?@:A?9A> #  D   +  E6( +  E4 F G )*+,-./01023-045/3-02 3  H:A9: (+(,-#./( +  0 12340   (

 "6 ;:A9:

$TXLHQHVDSXHVWDQDODFUtWLFDDSHVDUGHODVDGYHUVLGDGHV VLQHOORV\HOODVODVFRVDVVHUtDQSHUHQQHV

Índice

ÍNDICE DE CONTENIDO

$JUDGHFLPLHQWRV ,QWURGXFFLyQ+DFLDXQD7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtD 3UHVHQWDFLyQJHQHUDO ,PSRUWDQFLDWHyULFDGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ /DREUDSRUFDStWXORV &DStWXOR+DFLDXQD7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtD (OHQIRTXHGHOD&RQVWUXFFLyQ6RFLDOGHOD7HFQRORJtD $OJXQRVLQVLJKWVFUtWLFRVVREUHODYLVLyQ6&27 8QDSURSXHVWDGHFRPELQDFLyQ³PDUFRWHFQROyJLFR´\³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´ 5DFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD\QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFD /DLPSRUWDQFLDGHORKLVWyULFRHQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV 3RVGDWDXQDDFODUDFLyQVREUHHOXVRGHOVLJQLILFDQWH³SULYDWLYR´ &DStWXOR/RKLVWyULFRHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR\OD8QLyQ (XURSHD 6RIWZDUHOLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRODVUDtFHVGHODIOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHOVRIWZDUH /DVUHJXODFLRQHV\HOPRGHORGHQHJRFLRVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR (OPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH³FRRSHUDFLyQVLQPDQGR´ /DVUDtFHVGHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDGH2IILFH2SHQ;0/HO SURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO (OPDUFRJHQHUDOGHODVGHFLVLRQHVHXURSHDVFRPRDQWHFHGHQWHVKLVWyULFRV 0DUFR*HQHUDOGHODVGHFLVLRQHVHXURSHDV ,QIRUPHVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV\FRQFOXVLRQHVGHDOWRLPSDFWRHQ GHWDOOH (O,QIRUPH9DORULV 5HFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHO7$& 3

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

3(*&62&RQFOXVLRQHV\UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV &DStWXOR/RVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVGHODIOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/ /D8QLyQ(XURSHD¢JUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHRQR" (OJUXSR)/266)UHH/LEUH2SHQ6RXUFH6RIWZDUH  (OJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPD /RV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ &DStWXOR(OSURFHVR³)DVW7UDFN´RHOSURFHVRGLUHFWRRUiSLGRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ ¢4XpHVHOSURFHVR)DVW7UDFN" 3ULPHUDHWDSD³)DVHGHFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV´ /RVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV\ODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVFRQVHFXHQWHVGH2IILFH2SHQ ;0/ 6HJXQGD(WDSD³9RWDFLyQGHFLQFRPHVHV´ 'HVFULSFLyQJHQHUDOGHODIDVH /RVSUREOHPDVSRUODIDOWDGHFRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD ³5HXQLRQHVGH5HVROXFLyQGH9RWR´%DOORW5HVROXWLRQ0HHWLQJ  /RVPHVHVSUHYLRVDO%50 /DVHPDQDGHO%50\ORVGtDVSRVWHULRUHV /DVDSHODFLRQHV\GHVSXpV /DVDSHODFLRQHV 'HVSXpV &DStWXOR3DODEUDVILQDOHV (OOXJDUGHOFDSLWDOLVPRODKLVWRULD\GHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV (OFDSLWDOLVPR\ODKLVWRULD /RVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV &DStWXOR&RQFOXVLRQHV6tQWHVLVHPStULFRWHyULFD /D)OH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDOD8QLyQ(XURSHD\HOSURFHVRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV 4

Índice

0DUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV (OPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGH0LFURVRIWFRPRFRQWUDGLFWRULRFRQODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVEiVLFDVGHORVHVWiQGDUHV 0DUFRWHFQROyJLFRFyGLJRWpFQLFR &UtWLFDGHODUDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFD (OOXJDUGHOFDSLWDOLVPR /DQHFHVLGDGGHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV %LEOLRJUDItD $QH[R &XDGURVLQySWLFRGHODSUHVHQWDFLyQWHyULFD 5HVXOWDGRGHODYRWDFLyQHQODHWDSDGHPHVHVVHJXQGDHWDSD ILQDOL]DGD HOVHSW /LVWDGHSDUWLFLSDQWHVGH%50UHVDOWDQGRODFDQWLGDGGHHPSOHDGRVGH 0LFURVRIWSDUWLFLSDQWHV &RSLDGHOSDSHOXWLOL]DGRSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHOYRWRHQHO%50VHJ~Q GHFLVLyQGH$%URZQ (OSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQUHVXPLGRHQIHFKDVGHVGHVXLQJUHVRDOD ,62,(&

5

6

AGRADECIMIENTOS 4XLVLHUD  DJUDGHFHU  D  XQD  VHULH  GH  SHUVRQDV  H  LQVWLWXFLRQHV  TXH  D\XGDURQ  GH GLIHUHQWHPRGRDTXHHVWHOLEURSXGLHUDVHUSHQVDGRGLVHxDGR\HGLWDGR(QSULPHU OXJDUDOD)XQGDFLyQ&DUROLQDSRUVXLPSRUWDQWHDSRUWHDPLIRUPDFLyQSURIHVLRQDO FRQVXYDOLRVDEHFDGHSRVJUDGRDOD8QLYHUVLGDGGH6DODPDQFDOXJDUGRQGHHVWDV LGHDVFRPHQ]DURQDWHQHUJUDQSDUWHGHVXIRUPDGHILQLWLYDSDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQHO VHQRGHO0iVWHUHQ(VWXGLRV6RFLDOHVGHOD&LHQFLD\OD7HFQRORJtD$JUDGH]FRDVX SODQWDGRFHQWH tQWHJUDPHQWHTXHULHQGRGHVWDFDUSRUVXVFRQWULEXFLRQHV D 2EGXOLD 7RUUHV*RQ]iOH]HVSHFLDOPHQWHSRUVXVYDOLRVRVFRQVHMRVVREUH HOWUDWDPLHQWRGHO WHPD  D  &DUPHQ  9HOD\RV  &DVWHOR  SRU  VXV  LPSRUWDQWHV  FRQWULEXFLRQHV  \ FXHVWLRQDPLHQWRVGXUDQWHODGHIHQVDGHXQDSRUFLyQGHHVWHHVFULWR\D-RDTXtQ*DUFtD &DUUDVFRSRUVXIOH[LELOLGDG\EXHQDSUHGLVSRVLFLyQ 7DPELpQTXLHURDJUDGHFHUDPLVSDGUHV$OEHUWR\5RVDOtDVLQTXLHQHVQDGDGHOR TXHKHYLYLGRKXELHUDH[LVWLGRDPLKHUPDQR'LHJRDTXLHQOHGHERFRQWDJLDUPHHO LQWHUpVSRUVDEHUGHWRGRXQSRFRPiV\DVXHVSRVD&\QWKLD5R]]DSRUDSRUWDU PD\RUIHOLFLGDGDQXHVWUDIDPLOLDDFROHJDVFRPSDxHURV\DPLJRVGHOD8QLYHUVLGDG 1DFLRQDO  GH  4XLOPHV  HVSHFLDOPHQWH  D  /HR  0DULQD  D $ULHO  9HUFHOOL  \  D  +HUQiQ 7KRPDVDPLVDPLJRV*HUPiQ9LOORUGR*HUPiQ6DQWRV0DUtD7RUUHV$OHMDQGUR -DTXHQRG  -XOLR  *RQ]iOH]  0DQXHO  6LQJ  &HFLOLD  *DOOHJR  +pFWRU  %D]TXH  5D~O 0D]DULHJRV*HUDUGR%UHDUG6HUJLR5RGUtJXH]/XFLDQD&iFHUHV6XVDQD%DUERVDD DPLJRVGHDQWLJXRVWUDEDMRV)ORUHQFLD7HOOHUtD\/DXUD9LOODUURHODPLVDPLJRV\ FRPSDxHURVGHO0iVWHUHQ(VWXGLRV6RFLDOHVVREUHOD&LHQFLD\OD7HFQRORJtDGHOD 8QLYHUVLGDG  GH  6DODPDQFD  HVSHFLDOPHQWH  D  &DUOD  (VWUHOOD   -DYLHU  8JDUWH $EULO 5RGUtJXH]$OEHUW0XQGHW$QGUpV5DLJRVD&DUORV/XJR.HQQHWK4XLUR]1LHYHV 0DUWLQ5REOHV(YD0DUtD*RQ]iOH]$OH[LD*DUFtD)HUUHU&pVDU(GXDUGR0RUHQR 9LFWRU%DOFHOOV\DWRGRVDTXHOORVTXHD\XGDURQDIRUMDUPLGHVWLQRGXUDQWHWRGRV HVWRVDxRV6LQGXGDVGHERWDPELpQDJUHJDUDTXtWDPELpQDPLDFWXDOGLUHFWRUGH EHFD  -XDQ  *ULJHUD  SRU  KDEHUPH  D\XGDGR  PiV  GH  OR  HVWLSXODGR  SRU  FXDOTXLHU 7

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

UHJODPHQWR )LQDOPHQWH  TXLVLHUD  DJUDGHFHU  FRQ  XQD  HVSHFLDO  DWHQFLyQ  D  *LVHOD  5LYHUR  SRU KDEHUPHGDGRWDQWRLQFRQGLFLRQDOPHQWHGXUDQWHHVWRVLQWHQVRVDxRVVLQVXDSR\R HVWH  OLEUR  QR  SRGUtD  KDEHU  YLVWR  MDPiV  OD  OX]  6LQ  GXGDV  WDPELpQ  VXV  SDGUHV  \ KHUPDQRV  PHUHFHQ  HVWDU  HQ  HVWRV  DJUDGHFLPLHQWRV  SRU  KDEHUPH  UHFLELGR  WDQ FiOLGDPHQWH\KDFHUPHSDUWHGHVXIDPLOLD

8

INTRODUCCIÓN: HACIA UNA TEORÍA CRÍTICA DE LA TECNOLOGÍA

9

10

Introducción

P RESENTACIÓN

GENERAL

(OSUHVHQWHOLEURSRVHHXQGREOHREMHWLYR3RUXQODGRSURSRQHXQDQiOLVLVGHO SURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHOIRUPDWRGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHDUFKLYRV HOHFWUyQLFRVGHRILFLQD2IILFH2SHQ;0/FRPRDVtWDPELpQXQDQiOLVLVVREUHODV FDXVDVTXHPRWLYDURQD0LFURVRIWDTXHUHUFRQVWUXLUXQIRUPDWR GHHVHWLSRSDUD HULJLUORFRPRHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDO,62,(&3RURWURODGRVHSURSRQHUHDOL]DUHVWH DQiOLVLV  D  WUDYpV  GH  OD  XWLOL]DFLyQ  \ UHYLVLyQ FUtWLFD  GHO  KHUUDPHQWDO  WHyULFR  GH  OD SHUVSHFWLYD  GH  OD  &RQVWUXFFLyQ  6RFLDO  GH  OD  7HFQRORJtD  LQVFULSWD  HQ  HO FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR  MXQWR FRQ  VX  FRPELQDFLyQ  FRQ DOJXQRV  HOHPHQWRV  GHO  WUDEDMR  GH $QGUHZ  )HHQEHUJ  (O  SULPHU  REMHWLYR  VH  REVHUYD  VHUi  HPStULFR  HO  VHJXQGR  HQ FDPELR WHyULFR (O SULPHUR  VH SUHVHQWD FRPR  H[FXVD SDUD SHQVDU  HO VHJXQGR 6H HQWLHQGH  SRU  OR  WDQWR  TXH  HQ  OD  SUHVHQWH  REUD  VH  EXVFD  SHQVDU  DQWHV  TXH  QDGD SUREOHPiWLFDVWHyULFDVLQVFULSWDVHQORVHVWXGLRVVRFLDOHVVREUHODWHFQRORJtD$QDOL]DU XQFDVRHPStULFRVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQDLPSRUWDQWHRFDVLyQSDUDFRQWUDVWDUODVLGHDV \DH[LVWHQWHV\VHILJXUDFRPRXQDLQWHUHVDQWHRSRUWXQLGDGSDUDFRPELQDUFRQFHSWRV SUHYLRV\UD]RQDUQXHYRV 3HUR¢TXpHVHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/"¢4XpHVXQHVWiQGDU" (OIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/HVXQWLSRGHIRUPDWRXWLOL]DGRSDUDDOPDFHQDUWRGR WLSRGHLQIRUPDFLyQGHVDUUROODGDSURGXFLGDRWUDQVFULSWDDXQSURJUDPDRVRIWZDUH ³RILPiWLFR´RGHRILFLQD(VWHWLSRGHSURJUDPDVRQORVPiVWtSLFRV\PiVXWLOL]DGRV SRU  ORV  XVXDULRV  GH  FRPSXWDGRUDV  X  RUGHQDGRUHV  HQ  HO  PXQGR  (O  HMHPSOR FDUDFWHUtVWLFRHVHOSDTXHWH2IILFHGH0LFURVRIW:RUG([FHO3RZHU3RLQWJXDUGDQOD LQIRUPDFLyQHQXQWLSRGHIRUPDWRHVSHFtILFR(VRVIRUPDWRVKDQWHQLGRSUREOHPDVGH FRPSDWLELOLGDGGHVGHTXHVHORVKDLQYHQWDGR(VRVSUREOHPDVGHFRPSDWLELOLGDGKDQ   ,62,(&  UHSUHVHQWD  DO  RUJDQLVPR  FRPELQDGR  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  UHSUHVHQWDGR  SRU  OD ³2UJDQL]DFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDOD(VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ´,62 \SRUOD³&RPLVLyQ(OHFWURWpFQLFD,QWHUQDFLRQDO´ ,(&  $PEDV  RUJDQL]DFLRQHV  WUDEDMDQ  HQ  FRQMXQWR  HQ  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  GH  IRUPDWRV  GH VRIWZDUHXQiUHDFRQVLGHUDGDFRP~QRLQWHUPHGLDDORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVTXHXQD\ODRWUDXVXDOPHQWHWUDWDQ LQGHSHQGLHQWHPHQWH(QHOPXQGRH[LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOSHUROD ,62,(&UHSUHVHQWDDODPiVLPSRUWDQWHGHWRGDVHOODV

11

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

H[LVWLGRWDQWRFRQSURJUDPDVDOWHUQDWLYRVDOSDTXHWH0LFURVRIW2IILFHSRUHMHPSOR 6WDU2IILFH  2SHQ2IILFH  R  PiV  UHFLHQWHPHQWH  /LEUH2IILFH   FRPR  WDPELpQ  HQWUH GLIHUHQWHV  YHUVLRQHV  GHO  SURSLR  SDTXHWH  2IILFH  /D  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  HQFRQWUy HVSHFLDOPHQWHSUREOHPiWLFRHVWHWLSRGHVXFHVRV\FRPHQ]yDILQDQFLDULQIRUPHV\D UHFRPHQGDU  OD  PHMRUD  GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  PHGLDQWH  HO  GHVDUUROOR  GH  HVWiQGDUHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV  3RU  GHILQLFLyQ  XQ  HVWiQGDU  ³HV  XQ  GRFXPHQWR  HVWDEOHFLGR  SRU FRQVHQVR  \  DSUREDGR  SRU  XQ  FXHUSR  UHFRQRFLGR  TXH  SURYHH  SDUD  XVR  FRP~Q  \ UHSHWLGR  UHJODV  GLUHFWULFHV  \  FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV  SDUD  DFWLYLGDGHV  R  VXV  UHVXOWDGRV WHQLHQGR  FRPR  REMHWLYR  ORJUDU  HO  JUDGR  ySWLPR  GH  RUGHQ  HQ  XQ  FRQWH[WR  GDGR´ ,62,(& 8QHVWiQGDULJXDOPHQWHGHEHWHQHUVXVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVWpFQLFDV  OLEUHPHQWHGLVSRQLEOHVSDUDTXHFXDOTXLHUHPSUHVDSXHGDGHVDUUROODUODVVLQWHQHUTXH SDJDUUHJDOtDVDOFUHDGRURULJLQDOGHHVHHVWiQGDU'HHVWHPRGRWLHQHFRPRILQDOLGDG HVWDEOHFHU  XQ  PRGR  FRP~Q  \  DPSOLDPHQWH  DGRSWDGR  GH  HQ  HO  FDVR  GHO  IRUPDWR DQDOL]DGRHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRDOPDFHQDUODLQIRUPDFLyQLQFRUSRUDGD\GHVDUUROODGD XWLOL]DQGRXQSURJUDPDGHRILFLQD 3DUD  VROXFLRQDU  HVRV  SUREOHPDV  KD  VXUJLGR  HQ  SULPHU  OXJDU  HO  IRUPDWR 2SHQ'RFXPHQW  )RUPDW  2')   YLQFXODGR  D  OD  FRPXQLGDG  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \ FHOHEUDGR  SRU  ODV  DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV  HXURSHDV  ODV  TXH  HVWDEDQ  GHPDQGDQGR FRPSDWLELOLGDGHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVWLSRVGHSURJUDPDVRILPiWLFRV$OWHUQDWLYDPHQWHD 2')  0LFURVRIW  LPSXOVy  OD  FUHDFLyQ  GH  XQ  IRUPDWR  SURSLR  SDUD  VHU  OXHJR HVWDQGDUL]DGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWHSRUSDUWHGHOD,62,(&DOLJXDOTXH2') 3DUD HOOREXVFyHODSR\RGH(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQRFXSDGDGHGHVDUUROODU HVWiQGDUHV  LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV  \  OLJDGD  D  OD  ,62,(&  PHGLDQWH  XQD  PHPEUHVtD SHUPDQHQWHGHWLSR $  (VHHVHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/X22;0/8QDGHODVLGHDVFHQWUDOHVGHO OLEURVHUiTXHHVHIRUPDWRVHKDGHVDUUROODGRSRUXQHQIUHQWDPLHQWRTXHYLHQHGHVGH KDFHGpFDGDVHQWUHGRVPRGRVGHFRQFHELU\GHVLJQLILFDUDOVRIWZDUHSRUXQODGR 12

Introducción

XQDVLJQLILFDFLyQUHDOL]DGDGHVGHORVGHIHQVRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHSRUHORWURXQD VLJQLILFDFLyQGHIHQGLGD\FRQVWUXLGDGHVGHORVSURPRWRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHSURSLHWDULRR SULYDWLYR  (Q HO iPELWR GH HVD FRQIURQWDFLyQ R ³IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD´  HQ OD VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GHO  VRIWZDUH  VH  SURGXFH  OD  FRQIURQWDFLyQ  HQWUH  ORV  SDUWLGDULRV  GHO VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  RSRVLWRUHV  D  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  GH  22;0/  \  ORV GHIHQVRUHV  GHO  VRIWZDUH  SURSLHWDULR  R  SULYDWLYR  HQ  HVWH  FDVR  UHSUHVHQWDGRV  SRU 0LFURVRIW\XQFRQMXQWRGHLQVWLWXFLRQHV\HPSUHVDVSDUWtFLSHVGH(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO 'HQWUR  GH  ODV  FDXVDV  GHO  LQLFLR  GHO  SURFHVR  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GH  22;0/ WDPELpQVHVHxDODODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDGHPDQGDQGR LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG\HVWiQGDUHVSHURVHKDFRQFHELGRFRPRXQIHQyPHQRVLELHQGH JUDQLPSRUWDQFLDVXSHGLWDGRRLQVFULSWRHQXQPDUFRPiVDPSOLRGHFRQIURQWDFLyQ HQWUHVRIWZDUHOLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR 3RURWURODGR\FRPR\DVHKDDGHODQWDGRWRGRHVWHDQiOLVLVVLELHQVHOHFFLRQDGR GHVGHHOLQWHUpVHPStULFRGHTXLHQHVFULEHVHKDUHDOL]DGRSHQVDQGRHQGHVDUUROODU XQD  UHYLVLyQ  \  SURSXHVWD  WHyULFD  GH  \  GHVGH  XQD  VtQWHVLV  GHO  FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR SULQFLSDOPHQWHGHVGHODFRUULHQWHGHOD&RQVWUXFFLyQ6RFLDOGHOD7HFQRORJtD FRQOD 7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtDGH)HHQEHUJ 8QD  GH  ODV  SURSXHVWDV  FHQWUDOHV  GHVGH  HO  DVSHFWR  WHyULFR  VHUi  OD  FRQH[LyQ  GHO FRQFHSWR  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GHO  FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR  FRQ  HO  FRQFHSWR  FyGLJR  WpFQLFR GHVDUUROODGRSRU$QGUHZ)HHQEHUJ/DLGHDSURYLQRGHSHQVDUHOPRGRHQTXHODV LQWHQFLRQHVGHODVSHUVRQDVTXHFRQVWUX\HQWHFQRORJtDVSURGXFHQFRQILJXUDFLRQHV\ GLVHxRVWHFQROyJLFRVHQOtQHDFRQHVDVPLVPDVLQWHQFLRQHV(VWDLGHDKDVLGRWRPDGD HQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRFRPRELVDJUDHQWUHDPERVFRQFHSWRV 3RUVXSDUWHORVDSRUWHVGHOHQIRTXHFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDVHUiQWRPDGRVFUtWLFDPHQWH WUDWDQGRGHSURSRQHUXQDSHUVSHFWLYDQRUHODWLYLVWDTXHDSXHVWHDODFUtWLFDGHODV WHFQRORJtDVHQODDFWXDOLGDG'HHVWDPDQHUDVHSUHVHQWDQFUtWLFDPHQWHORVHOHPHQWRV GHODFRQVWUXFFLyQVRFLDOGHODWHFQRORJtDKDFLHQGRFRQVWDQWHPHQWHKLQFDSLpHQOD 13

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

QHFHVLGDGGHDYDQ]DUKDFLDXQDFUtWLFDSURIXQGDGHODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD\GHOD QHXWUDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  LPSHUDQWHV  HQ  OD  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  ODV  WHFQRORJtDV  HQ  WLHPSRV PRGHUQRVRVLQHXIHPLVPRVGXUDQWHWRGRHOFDSLWDOLVPR(OLQWHUpVHQODFUtWLFDGHOD WHFQRORJtDSHURQRGHVGHSRVLFLRQHVKXPDQLVWDVRSHVLPLVWDVKDVLGRODJXtDGHO SURFHVR (QWpUPLQRVGHODQiOLVLVGHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGDGDVD22;0/ SUHFLVDVSDUD GHILQLU D ORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHV UHOHYDQWHV´ VHJ~QHO FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR VH FRQVLGHUDQ IXQGDPHQWDOHVODVVLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHVQRH[SOLFLWDGDVSRUHOHVWDFRUULHQWH3RUXQ ODGR  OD  FXHVWLyQ  GH  OD  KLVWRULD  FRPR  GHILQLWRULD  GH  XQ  iPELWR  QR  SOHQDPHQWH FRQWLQJHQWH  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  HQ  HO  FDVR  GH  HVWXGLR  HVWR  WLHQH  TXH  YHU  FRQ  ODV WHQVLRQHVKLVWyULFDVHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHO³VRIWZDUH´H[LVWHQWHVHQWUHODFRPXQLGDG GHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHRSHQVRXUFH\ORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR<DGHPiVFRQ HO  DFFLRQDU  SUHYLR  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  WHQGLHQWH  D  ORJUDU  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG DOPDFHQDPLHQWRDODUJRSOD]R\DSHUWXUDGHOVRIWZDUHHQVXVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV'H HVWD  PDQHUD OD  FXHVWLyQ  KLVWyULFD VH  FRQVLGHUD  LPSRUWDQWH  SDUD  ORJUDU  XQD  PD\RU FRPSUHQVLyQ GHODV VLJQLILFDFLRQHV EULQGDGDV D ORVDUWHIDFWRV\  VH SUHVHQWD FRPR HQWRUQRJHQHUDOHQHOTXHVHLQVFULEHQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV3RURWURODGRVHFRQVLGHUD LPSRUWDQWH  HO  OXJDU  GHO  FDSLWDOLVPR  HQ  WRGR  HO  SURFHVR  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  (O IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHODOyJLFDGHOFDSLWDOVHUiHVSHFLDOPHQWHPHQFLRQDGRHQHOFDVRGH ODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHOJUXSR)/266\GHOJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPD

I MPORTANCIA

TEÓRICA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN

/D  LQYHVWLJDFLyQ  H[SXHVWD  HQ  ODV  SUHVHQWHV  SiJLQDV  UHYLVWH  LPSRUWDQFLD  WHyULFD GHQWUR  GH  ORV  HVWXGLRV  VRFLDOHV  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  \D  TXH  UHYLVD  FUtWLFDPHQWH  HO KHUUDPHQWDO  WHyULFR  GH  XQD  GH  VXV  YHUWLHQWHV  FRQ  PD\RU  IXHU]D  WHyULFD  HQ  OD DFWXDOLGDGHOHQIRTXHFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDGHOD³&RQVWUXFFLyQ6RFLDOGHOD7HFQRORJtD´R HQIRTXH6&27SRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpV6RFLDO&RQVWUXFWLRQRI7HFKQRORJ\ (QHVWH 14

Introducción

VHQWLGR  HO  WUDEDMR  UHFRQRFH  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  HVWD  SHUVSHFWLYD  SHUR  WRPD FUtWLFDPHQWH  ORV  FRQFHSWRV  VLJXLHQWHV  ³JUXSR  VRFLDO  UHOHYDQWH´  ³IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD´ \ ³PDUFR WHFQROyJLFR´ (O  WRPDU  FUtWLFDPHQWH  HVWRV FRQFHSWRV VHUi IXQGDPHQWDO SDUD  FRPSUHQGHU  ORV  SURFHVRV  TXH  WHUPLQDURQ  FRQ  HQ  HVWH  FDVR  OD DSUREDFLyQGHOIRUPDWR22;0/ 8QD  GH  ODV  LGHDV  IXQGDPHQWDOHV  TXH  HVWH  OLEUR  SURSRQH  HV  TXH  HO  SURFHVR  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/  SXHGH  FRPSUHQGHUVH  ~QLFDPHQWH  VL  VH FRQVLGHUDQGRVHOHPHQWRVFUXFLDOHVWDQWRODVFRQIURQWDFLRQHVHQWUHORVSDUWLGDULRVGHO VRIWZDUHOLEUHFRQORVGHIHQVRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHSURSLHWDULRHQODGHILQLFLyQGHORTXH HVVRIWZDUHOODPDGDHQHVWHOLEURIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQWRUQRDOVRIWZDUH  FRPRWDPELpQODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV\SUHVLRQHVGHOD8(SDUDTXHODVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV GHVDUUROODGRUDV  GH  SURJUDPDV  RILPiWLFRV  JDUDQWL]DUDQ  OD  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  HQ GLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH\VRIWZDUH\OD FRQVHUYDFLyQ DODUJRSOD]RGH HVWRV  DUFKLYRV  /D  ODERU  GH  ORV  JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  LGHQWLILFDGRV  VH  PXHYH  HQ  HVH HVFHQDULR\VXVGHFLVLRQHV\DFFLRQHVHVWiQIXHUWHPHQWHLPSUHJQDGDVSRUVXYLVLyQ GHFyPRGHEHVHUHOVRIWZDUH3RURWURODGRVHVRVWLHQHTXHHVSRVLEOHFRPELQDUHO HQIRTXH6&27FRQXQHOHPHQWRGHOD7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtDHOFRQFHSWR ³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´$SDUWLUGHHVWRVHFULWLFDHOUHODWLYLVPRGHOFRQVWUXFWLYLVPR\ IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH  VH  RIUHFHQ  FUtWLFDV D  OD  QHXWUDOLGDG WpFQLFD  \  OD  UDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFDGHWRGRHOSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOIRUPDWR22;0//DFRQVLGHUDFLyQGH ODKLVWRULDHVSRUORWDQWRGHJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDDYDQ]DUHQODFRPSUHQVLyQGHORV VLJQLILFDGRV  RWRUJDGRV  D  ORV  DUWHIDFWRV  GH  ORV  DUWHIDFWRV  FRQVWLWXLGRV  SRU  ORV GLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQWRGRSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGH WHFQRORJtDV &DEH  DFODUDU SRU ~OWLPR TXH  HO REMHWR QR KD VLGR  DQDOL]DGR  D~Q HQ WpUPLQRV DFDGpPLFRVSRUORTXHQRVHSUHVHQWDQHQHOOLEURUHIHUHQFLDVDWUDEDMRVDFDGpPLFRV SUHYLRVVLQRDDUWtFXORVSHULRGtVWLFRV\DLQIRUPHVGHORVRUJDQLVPRVHLQVWLWXFLRQHV 15

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

LQYROXFUDGDVHQHOSURFHVR

L A OBRA POR

CAPÍTULOS

/DREUDHVWiHVWUXFWXUDGDHQFDStWXORV(QHOSULPHUFDStWXORVHRIUHFHQODVEDVHV WHyULFDV  VREUH  ODV  TXH  VH  HQFXDGUD  HO  DQiOLVLV  DTXt  SURSXHVWR  HVWR  HV  HO  PDUFR WHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFR  TXH  VH  KD  FRQVWUXLGR  FRPR  JXtD  GH  OD  LQYHVWLJDFLyQ  6LQ HPEDUJRQRVHKDOODPDGRDHVHFDStWXORPDUFRWHyULFRPHWRGROyJLFRGHELGRDTXH DOOtWDPELpQVHSUHVHQWDQORVDVSHFWRVWHyULFRVFRQVWUXLGRVDUDt]GHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQ UHDOL]DGD  (Q  HVWH  VHQWLGR  HO  SULPHU  FDStWXOR  HQFLHUUD  ORV  OLQHDPLHQWRV  WHyULFRV LQLFLDOHV  MXQWR FRQ ORV UHVXOWDGRV WHyULFRV  IUXWRGH UD]RQDU OD HYLGHQFLD HPStULFD HQFRQWUDGD  /D  WHRUtD  VH  SUHVHQWD  HQ  SULPHU  OXJDU  EXVFDQGR  FRQ  HOOR  EULQGDU  OD SRVLELOLGDGGHSUHYLVXDOL]DUORVDVSHFWRVWHyULFRVTXHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQKDWUDWDGRGH HYLGHQFLDU  (Q  RWUDV  SDODEUDV  ORV  DVSHFWRV  VHxDODGRV  VREUH  HO  HQIRTXH  GH  OD FRQVWUXFFLyQVRFLDOGHODWHFQRORJtD\GHODWHRUtDFUtWLFDGHODWHFQRORJtDVRQWUDWDGRV HQ  HO  FDStWXOR  LQLFLDO  \  VH  H[SOLFD  HO  PRGR  HQ  TXH  HVRV  FRQFHSWRV  FRQ  FLHUWDV PRGLILFDFLRQHV  \  DJUHJDGRV  QHFHVDULRV  UHVXOWDQWHV  GHO  DQiOLVLV  GHO  REMHWR  VRQ  GH XWLOLGDGSDUDDYDQ]DUHQXQDFUtWLFDGHODWHFQRORJtD (QHOFDStWXORVHSUHVHQWDODKLVWRULDFRPELQDGDGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\GHOVRIWZDUH SULYDWLYR  DGHPiV  GH  ORV  DQWHFHGHQWHV  KLVWyULFRV  TXH  H[SOLFDQ  ORV  SHGLGRV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHD/DLQFOXVLyQGHORVDVSHFWRVKLVWyULFRV VHH[SOLFDQDTXHOORTXHSRGUiOHHUVHHQHOFDStWXORSULPHUROD VLJQLILFDFLyQ\ORV DFWRV  FRQFUHWRV  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  QR  VH  GHVDUUROODQ  HQ  XQ  iPELWR  GH  SOHQD FRQWLQJHQFLD  VLQR  HQ  XQR  GH  LQVFULSFLyQ  HQ  XQD  VHQGD  KLVWyULFD  TXH  LQFLGH GLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHORVPDUFRVJHQHUDOHVGHDFFLyQLGHDVLQWHUHVHVHLQWHQFLRQHVGH ORV*65HVGHFLUVREUHVXVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV(QHVWHVHQWLGR\FRPRVHYHUiORV FyGLJRVWpFQLFRVDOVHUODH[SUHVLyQHQXQDUWHIDFWRGHHVDVDFFLRQHVLGHDVLQWHUHVHV HLQWHQFLRQHVHVWDUiQWDPELpQHQPDUFDGRV\FHxLGRVDORVSURFHVRVKLVWyULFRVTXH 16

Introducción

KDQLQFLGLGRHQODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHO*65(QHOFDVRGHOVRIWZDUHHODQiOLVLVGHOD KLVWRULDGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\GHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRRSURSLHWDULRHVGHLPSRUWDQFLD SDUDFRPSUHQGHUODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDTXHVHKDGHVDUUROODGRHQHOVRIWZDUH GHVGHHOLQLFLRGHODGpFDGDGHORFKHQWD\TXHDVXYH]LQFLGHVREUHODVLJQLILFDFLyQ GHOIRUPDWR22;0//DKLVWRULDGHODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDSDUD OOHYDUDGHODQWHODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHXQIRUPDWRGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHDUFKLYRVGH RILFLQD  \  ORV  WpUPLQRV  LQFOXLGRV  HQ  HVDV  UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV  YLQFXODGRV  FRQ UHTXHULPLHQWRVGHDSHUWXUDGHOIRUPDWRLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGDOPDFHQDPLHQWRDODUJR SOD]R  LQFLGHQ  GH  GLIHUHQWH  PRGR  HQ  ODV  DFFLRQHV  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  \  HQ  ODV VLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHORV*65 (QHO FDStWXOR VHSUHVHQWDQORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVLGHQWLILFDGRVHQOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHOIRUPDWR22;0/6HSUHVHQWDQDOOtSRUORWDQWRHOJUXSR)/266HO JUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPD\HOJUXSRGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ VHxDOiQGRVHWDPELpQSRUTXpVHKDGHFLGLGRQRFRQVLGHUDUDOD8QLyQ(XURSHDXQ JUXSRVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWH 3RVWHULRUPHQWH  HQ  HO FDStWXOR    VH  SUHVHQWD  OD  UHYLVLyQ  GHO  SURFHVR  UiSLGR  R GLUHFWRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWROODPDGRXVXDOPHQWHSRUVXQRPEUHHQLQJOpV SURFHVR³IDVWWUDFN´ (VWHHVHOSURFHVRHVSHFLDOPHQWHFUHDGRSRUOD,62,(&FRPR RSFLyQDEUHYLDGDSDUDODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQFLPHQWDGDHQODFRQILDQ]DHQHODQiOLVLV UHDOL]DGRSRUXQRUJDQLVPRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOLQVFULSWRFRQFDWHJRUtD

$ FRPRHQODFHOLDLVRQ FRQHO-7&GHOD,62,(&/RVSUREOHPDVHLGDV\YXHOWDV TXHHVWHSURFHVRDFDUUHyVHUiQWUDWDGRVHQHVWHFDStWXOR3RUORWDQWRVHSUHVHQWDQHQ pOORVDVSHFWRVPiVUHOHYDQWHVGHODLQYHVWLJDFLyQHPStULFD (OFDStWXORSRUVXSDUWHOODPDGR³3DODEUDVILQDOHV´SUHVHQWDXQEUHYHDQiOLVLV GHOOXJDUGHOFDSLWDOLVPR\GHORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV´FRQFHSWRSURSXHVWR HQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRSDUDGDUFXHQWDGHDTXHOORVJUXSRVGHSHUVRQDVTXHQRVRQ SDUWtFLSHVGHOSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDUWHIDFWRSHURTXHWDPSRFRWLHQHQLGHD 17

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VREUH  HVH  SURFHVR  GH  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  \  TXH  VXHOHQ  WRPDU  SRU  QDWXUDOL]DGDV  ODV WHFQRORJtDV  3RU  ~OWLPR  HO FDStWXOR   HVWi  UHVHUYDGR  D  OD  H[SRVLFLyQ  GH  ODV  FRQFOXVLRQHV JHQHUDOHV 3DUD  FRQFOXLU  HVWD  SUHVHQWDFLyQ  VH  FRQVLGHUD  FRQYHQLHQWH  UHPDUFDU  TXH  OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQSURSXHVWDHVWRPDGDFRPRHMHPSORGHDSOLFDFLyQGHORVDSRUWHVWHyULFRV HQSRVGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDWHRUtDFUtWLFDGHODWHFQRORJtD

18

CAPÍTULO 1. HACIA UNA TEORÍA CRÍTICA DE LA TECNOLOGÍA

19

20

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

1.1 EL ENFOQUE DE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN SOCIAL DE LA TECNOLOGÍA (OFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRHVXQDGHODVFRUULHQWHVGHPD\RUGHVDUUROOR HQORV~OWLPRV DxRVGHQWUR GHORVHVWXGLRVVRFLDOHVGHOD WHFQRORJtD/HMRV GH SRVHHU XQDYLVLyQ XQLILFDGD  HVWD  SHUVSHFWLYD  VH  HQFXHQWUD  IUDJPHQWDGD  HQ  GLIHUHQWHV  SRVLFLRQHV  \ HQIRTXHV :LQQHU     (Q  HVWH WUDEDMR VH  SURSRQH  WRPDU  FUtWLFDPHQWH ORV FRQFHSWRVGHVDUUROODGRVSRUXQDGHHVDVSHUVSHFWLYDVODGHODOODPDGD³&RQVWUXFFLyQ 6RFLDO  GH  OD  7HFQRORJtD´  SHUVSHFWLYD  SURSXHVWD  LQLFLDOPHQWH  SRU  7UHYRU  3LQFK  \ :LHEH%LMNHUDOLQLFLDUODGpFDGDGH3LQFK\%LMNHU\3LQFK 6XHOH KDFHUVH  DOXVLyQ  D  HVWH  HQIRTXH  FRQ  HO  QRPEUH  6&27  DFUyQLPR  GH  ODV  SDODEUDV LQJOHVDV6RFLDO&RQVWUXFWLRQRI7HFKQRORJ\ 8QD  VHULH  GH  FRQFHSWRV  SXHGHQ  UHSDVDUVH  UiSLGDPHQWH  SDUD  GDU  XQD  VtQWHVLV FRQFHSWXDOGHOHQIRTXH6&27(QSULQFLSLRHOFRQFHSWR³JUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWH´ *65   IXH  SURSXHVWR  SDUD  GDU  FXHQWD  GH  TXH  HO  IHQyPHQR  GH  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH WHFQRORJtDVVHSURGXFHJUDFLDVDODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHXQDVHULHGHJUXSRVGHSHUVRQDV HQFRQIURQWDFLyQHQWUHVt(QRWUDVSDODEUDVVHJ~QHVWHHQIRTXHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ\ GLVHxRGHWHFQRORJtDVVHSURGXFHJUDFLDVDODSDUWLFLSDFLyQ\HQFXHQWURGHGLIHUHQWHV JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  GH  UHOHYDQFLD  SDUD  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  SRVWHULRU  GHO  DUWHIDFWR  HQ FRQVWUXFFLyQ  (VWR  VLJQLILFD  TXH  FDGD  *65  VH  LGHQWLILFD  SRU  ODV  GHILQLFLRQHV  R VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  FRPXQHV  TXH  UHDOL]DQ  GHO DUWHIDFWR  HQ  FXHVWLyQ  (VD  GLIHUHQFLD  GH VLJQLILFDGRVRWRUJDGRVDODUWHIDFWRUHFLEHHOQRPEUHGH³IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD´ 3LQFK\%LMNHU  3RU  RWUR  ODGR  HO  SHUtRGR  GH  UHVROXFLyQ  GHO  FRQIOLFWR  GH  ILQDOL]DFLyQ  GH  OD ³IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD´  UHFLEH  HO  QRPEUH  GH  ³FODXVXUD´  (VWD  ILQDOL]DFLyQ UHSUHVHQWDHOWULXQIRGHXQDVLJQLILFDFLyQSRUVREUHODVRWUDVSRVLEOHVHVGHFLUTXHOD FODXVXUDUHSUHVHQWDODFRQVWLWXFLyQILQDOGHXQ~QLFRDUWHIDFWRTXHOOHJDUiOXHJRDORV XVXDULRV3RGUiLGHQWLILFDUVHPD\RUPHQWHFRQXQ*65HOVLJQLILFDGRILQDOPHQWHGDGR

21

&DSÇWXOR

/DVHOHFFLyQGHORVFRQFHSWRVGHVDUUROODGRVHQODVSUHVHQWHVSiJLQDVFDEHDFODUDUVHFRUUHVSRQGHQFRQOD DSOLFDELOLGDGTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVHUHDOL]DUiGHHOORVSDUDHVWXGLDUHOFDVRGHHVWXGLR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

SHURpVWHVHUiIUXWRGHODVYDULDFLRQHVVXIULGDVSURGXFWRGHODLQWHUDFFLyQFRQRWURV *65/D³HVWDELOL]DFLyQ´SRUVXSDUWHVHSURGXFHFXDQGRORVVLJQLILFDGRVGDGRVDXQ DUWHIDFWR VH  WRUQDQ HVWDEOHV DO  LQWHULRU  GH XQ *65 \D TXH GXUDQWH OD IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYDORV VLJQLILFDGRVDOLQWHULRUGHOJUXSRWDPELpQYDUtDQGHDFXHUGRDODV UHODFLRQHVTXHVHSRVHDQFRQRWURV*65$TXtSRGUtDFLWDUVHD7KRPDV  SDUD  FRPSUHQGHU  PHMRU  OD  GLIHUHQFLD  \  UHODFLyQ  HVWUHFKD  HQWUH  OD  ³FODXVXUD´  \  OD ³HVWDELOL]DFLyQ´ ³/RVSURFHVRVGHFODXVXUD\HVWDELOL]DFLyQDSDUHFHQFRPRGRVSHUVSHFWLYDVTXH LOXPLQDQGLIHUHQWHVDSDULHQFLDVGHXQPLVPRIHQyPHQRD ODFODXVXUDOOHYDD XQD  GLVPLQXFLyQ  GH  OD  IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  XQ  DUWHIDFWR  GHYLHQH GRPLQDQWH\ORVRWURVFHVDQGHH[LVWLUE FRPRSDUWHGHOPLVPRPRYLPLHQWRHO DUWHIDFWRGRPLQDQWHGHVDUUROODUiXQFUHFLHQWHJUDGRGHHVWDELOL]DFLyQHQXQRR PiVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV%LMNHU ´

$KRUD  ELHQ  ¢TXp  DUURMD  XQD  UHYLVLyQ  DOJR  PiV  SRUPHQRUL]DGD  GH  DOJXQRV FRQFHSWRVGHHVWHHQIRTXH"$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSURSRQHXQUHSDVRFRQPD\RUGHWDOOH DFHUFDGHORVEHQHILFLRVGHODSHUVSHFWLYDFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDGHOHQIRTXH6&27 /D  ³IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD´  VH  SURGXFH  FXDQGR  XQ  PLVPR  DUWHIDFWR  UHFLEH GLIHUHQWHVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVSRUSDUWHGHGLIHUHQWHV*65%LMNHU  &DGDXQDGH HVWDV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  GLIHUHQWHV  GHVFULELUiQ  XQ  DUWHIDFWR  GLIHUHQWH  FRQ  GLIHUHQWHV SURSyVLWRV\SRUORWDQWRXQDUWHIDFWR³IXQFLRQDQGR´R³QRIXQFLRQDQGR´'HHVWH PRGRXQPLVPRDUWHIDFWRSXHGHGHFRQVWUXLUVHHQGRVDUWHIDFWRVGLIHUHQWHVFDGDXQR GHORVFXDOHVVHLGHQWLILFDUiFRQXQ*65SDUWLFXODU%LMNHU 3DUDHOHQIRTXH 6&27HOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRRQRIXQFLRQDPLHQWRVHUiDVtHO³H[SODQDQGXP´\QRHO ³H[SODQDQV´GHOGHVDUUROOR\WULXQIRGHXQDUWHIDFWRWpFQLFRIUHQWHDRWURVDOWHUQDWLYRV D  pO  %LMNHU       (VWR  YD  HQ  FRQWUD  GH  ODV  SHUVSHFWLYDV  GHWHUPLQLVWDV WHFQROyJLFDVTXHFRQVLGHUDEDQTXHHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRHUDORTXHSHUPLWtDH[SOLFDUVHU H[SODQDQV  HO  WULXQIR  GH  XQ  DUWHIDFWR  VREUH  RWURV $KRUD  GHVGH  OD  YLVLyQ  GH  OD 22

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

&RQVWUXFFLyQ6RFLDOGHOD7HFQRORJtDHOIXQFLRQDPLHQWRRQRIXQFLRQDPLHQWR HVOR H[SOLFDGRSRUODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVGHFDGD*65SRUODFRQVWLWXFLyQTXH FDGD  XQR  UHDOL]D  GHO  DUWHIDFWR  \  D  SULRUL  DPERV  WLHQHQ  LJXDOHV  RSRUWXQLGDGHV  GH WULXQIDU  SULQFLSLR  GH  VLPHWUtD   (VWD  GHVFULSFLyQ  WLHQH  JUDQ  LPSRUWDQFLD  \D  TXH SHUPLWHDILUPDUTXHORVDUWHIDFWRVQRSRVHHQSURSLHGDGHVLQPDQHQWHVTXHORVKDJDQ WULXQIDU  IUHQWH  D  RWURV  GHVDUUROORV  DOWHUQDWLYRV  \HQGR  HQ  FRQWUD  SRU  OR  WDQWR  GH YLVLRQHV  OLQHDOHV  GHO  GHVDUUROOR  WpFQLFR  (VWDV  SHUVSHFWLYDV  HQWHQGtDQ  TXH  OD WHFQRORJtD VHJXtD XQDHYROXFLyQQDWXUDOJXLDGD SRUSULQFLSLRVWpFQLFRV UDFLRQDOHV YLHQGR  D  OD  WHFQRORJtD  FRPR  FLHQFLD  DSOLFDGD  (O  GHWHUPLQLVPR  WHFQROyJLFR  VH REVHUYDHVORFULWLFDGRIXHUWHPHQWHHQODSHUVSHFWLYD6&27 &DGD  XQD  GH  ODV  YLVLRQHV  GHO  DUWHIDFWR  GH  ODV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  SRU  RWUR  ODGR LPSOLFDQPRGLILFDFLRQHVGHGLIHUHQWHWDPDxRHQHODUWHIDFWRHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ(VWR VLJQLILFDTXHFDGD*65QRYHVyORGLIHUHQWHVDVSHFWRVGHXQDUWHIDFWRVLQRTXHHQ UHDOLGDGFRQVWLWX\HXQDUWHIDFWRGLIHUHQWH%LMNHU  (QHVWDFRQVWLWXFLyQ FDGD  *65  LQFRUSRUD  VXV  LQWHQFLRQHV  VXV  ILQDOLGDGHV  HQ  OD  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  ODV WHFQRORJtDV:LQQHU KDVHxDODGRHOPRGRHQTXHODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHORVDFWRUHV RVXMHWRVTXHFRQVWUX\HQWHFQRORJtDVSURGXFHQFRQILJXUDFLRQHV\GLVHxRVDOWDPHQWH  GHWHUPLQDGRV  SRU  HVDV  LQWHQFLRQHV (VWD  LGHD  FDPELDQGR  TXL]iV  HO  WpUPLQR ³GHWHUPLQDGRV´SRU³HVWUXFWXUDGRV´R³LQIOXHQFLDGRV´SXHGHFRPSOHPHQWDUVHFRQHO FRQFHSWRGH³PDUFRWHFQROyJLFR´GHOHQIRTXH6&27\FRQHOGH³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´GH )HHQEHUJ  'H  HVWH  PRGR  OD  LGHD  GH  :LQQHU  SXHGH  WRPDUVH  FRPR  XQ  LPSRUWDQWH

23

&DSÇWXOR

(VWHSULQFLSLRIXHSUHVHQWDGRRULJLQDOPHQWHSRU%ORRU\ SDUDHOFDPSRGHODVRFLRORJtDGHO FRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFR/XHJRIXHDGRSWDGRSRUODVRFLRORJtDGHODWHFQRORJtD6HJ~Q%ORRUORVVRFLyORJRV GHOFRQRFLPLHQWRFLHQWtILFRGHEtDQVHULPSDUFLDOHVFRQUHVSHFWRDODYHUGDGRIDOVHGDGGHODVFUHHQFLDV(Q HVWHVHQWLGRHVTXHpOHVWDEOHFHTXHODYHUGDG\ODIDOVHGDGGHEHUtDQVHUDQDOL]DGDVLJXDOPHQWHHQIRUPD VLPpWULFDVLQSULYLOHJLDUXQDVREUHODRWUD³3LQFK\%LMNHU H[WHQGLHURQHVWHSULQFLSLRDODQiOLVLVGHOD WHFQRORJtD  DUJXPHQWDQGR  TXH  HO  IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  R  QR  IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  GH  ODV  PiTXLQDV  VHD  DQDOL]DGR VLPpWULFDPHQWH´%LMNHU (VWDLGHDHVWRPDGDHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRDXQTXHTXLWDQGRVXVHQWLGR UHODWLYLVWDFRPRVHYHUiPiVDGHODQWH /DVFRQIXVLRQHVTXHSXHGHWUDHUODXWLOL]DFLyQGHXQVLJQLILFDQWHFRPR³GHWHUPLQDU´VRQLQGHVHDGDVHVWRVH HQWLHQGHD~QPiVHQXQFDPSRFRPRHQHOGHORVHVWXGLRVVRFLDOHVGHODFLHQFLD\ODWHFQRORJtDGRQGHKDQ FRUULGRUtRVGHWLQWDHQWRUQRDORV³GHWHUPLQLVPRV´

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GLVSDUDGRUSDUDSRGHUFRPELQDUXQFRQFHSWRSURSLRGHOFRQVWUXFWLYLVPRFRQRWUR SHUWHQHFLHQWH  D  OD  WHRUtD  FUtWLFD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  GHVDUUROODGD  SRU  )HHQEHUJ  (Q GHILQLWLYDHVDODERUVHUiGHXWLOLGDGSDUDDYDQ]DUHQXQDSURSXHVWDFHxLGDDOFDPLQR GHOD7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtD(VDWDUHDVHDERUGDHQHODSDUWDGR$QWHVGH HOORVHFRPHQWDQDFRQWLQXDFLyQDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVFUtWLFRVRFRPSOHPHQWDULRVDOD YLVLyQSURSXHVWDSRUHOHQIRTXH6&27DILQGHDYDQ]DUHQXQDSURSXHVWDHQOtQHDFRQ ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDFUtWLFDGHODWHFQRORJtD

1.1.1. ALGUNOS INSIGHTS CRÍTICOS SOBRE LA VISIÓN SCOT (OHQIRTXH6&27KDRIUHFLGRLPSRUWDQWHVDSRUWHVHQIDYRUGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGH XQD  FUtWLFD  DO  RUGHQ  GH  FRVDV  SUHHVWDEOHFLGDV  ,DQ  +DFNLQJ  KD  DILUPDGR  TXH  HO SRVWXODGR  FHQWUDO  GHO  FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR  HQ  JHQHUDO  \  QR  VyOR  HO  6&27  SRGUtD VLQWHWL]DUVHGLFLHQGRTXH³ODVFRVDVTXHSDUHFHQLQHYLWDEOHV\HWHUQDVSRGUtDQVHUGH RWUDPDQHUD\SRVLEOHPHQWHPHMRU´+DFNLQJFLWDGRSRU6RGHUEHUJ  (QHOORUDGLFDODIXQGDPHQWDOLPSRUWDQFLDTXHSRVHHHVWHDSRUWHSDUDODFRQVWUXFFLyQ GH  XQD  WHRUtD  FUtWLFD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  3HUR  KD\  HOHPHQWRV  TXH  GHEHQ  WUDWDUVH  \ HYDOXDUVHFRQPD\RUSURIXQGLGDG (QSULPHUOXJDUSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHHVWHHQIRTXHQRDILUPDHQQLQJ~QPRPHQWR TXHXQDYH]FODXVXUDGDODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDODVFUHDFLRQHV\FRQVWUXFFLRQHV VRFLDOHVPLJUDQSRUFXDOTXLHUPHGLRHOTXHGHSHQGHUiGHOWLSRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGH TXHVHWUDWHSHURPD\RUPHQWHHQODVRFLHGDGFDSLWDOLVWDHOFDQDOSULYLOHJLDGRVHUiHO PHUFDGR  \  ³KHWHURQRPL]DQ´  D  TXLHQHV  ODV  DGRSWDQ  /D  PLJUDFLyQ  VXUJH  GH  ORV GLIHUHQWHV*65HQFXHVWLyQDOUHVWRGHORVVXMHWRVSDVLYRVR³VXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV´ eVWRVSXHGHQVHUWDQWRVXMHWRVSDUWLFXODUHVFRPRFROHFWLYRV\VXQRPEUHUHPLWHDTXH ODV  OH\HV \ QRUPDV  GHO DUWHIDFWR  OH YLHQHQ GDGDV GH DIXHUD  (Q RWUDV  SDODEUDV  OD UHODFLyQFRQVWUXFFLRQHVVXMHWRLPSOLFDTXHKD\VXMHWRVSDUWLFLSDQGRHQODSURGXFFLyQ RIRUPDQGRSDUWHGH*65SHURpVWRVVRQVyORXQDSRUFLyQPHQRUGHODSREODFLyQ 24

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VXUJLHQGRDVtODKHWHURQRPL]DFLyQGHOUHVWRGHODVSHUVRQDV%LMNHUGHWRGRVPRGRV XWLOL]DXQFRQFHSWRSDUDGHQRPLQDUDXQDSRUFLyQGHHVWRVJUXSRV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHV VLQSRGHU´%LMNHU UHILULpQGRVHFRQHVWRDDTXHOORVJUXSRVTXHQRSXHGHQ ³KDEODUPiVDOWR´HQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODUWHIDFWR6LQHPEDUJRHVWHFRQFHSWRD~QQR SHUPLWHGDUFXHQWDGHWRGRVDTXHOORVTXHGLUHFWDPHQWHVRQUHFHSWRUHVSDVLYRVGHODV WHFQRORJtDVFRQVWUXLGDV(QRWUDVSDODEUDVVyORSHUPLWHGDUFXHQWDGHDTXHOORVJUXSRV TXHVDELHQGRGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODWHFQRORJtDHQFXHVWLyQQRORJUDQDO]DUVXYR] FRQODVXILFLHQWHIXHU]DFRPRSDUDVHUHVFXFKDGDVHLQFLGLUHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQILQDOGH ODWHFQRORJtD1RGDFXHQWDSRUWDQWRGHOUHVWRGHORVVXMHWRVTXHQLVLTXLHUDVH HQWHUDQGHWRGRHOSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDV 3RUORWDQWRUHVXOWDLQWHUHVDQWHTXH%LMNHUKD\DSURSRUFLRQDGRHVWHFRQFHSWRSHUR UHVXOWD  LQFRPSOHWR  SDUD  ODV  LQWHQFLRQHV  GH  OD  FUtWLFD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  'H  DKt  OD LPSRUWDQFLDGHORVVXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV 5HVWDUtDDTXtPHQFLRQDUHOFRQFHSWR³*UXSRV6RFLDOHV,UUHOHYDQWHV´ SUHVHQWDGR SRU:LQQHU GRVDxRVDQWHVTXHHOFRQFHSWRGH%LMNHU6XFUtWLFDVL ELHQH[WUHPDGDPHQWHLQWHUHVDQWHSRVHHFLHUWDVLPSUHFLVLRQHVHQORTXHUHILHUHDORV LQWHUHVHVGHODSUHVHQWHREUD:LQQHUKDSUHJXQWDGRFRQUHODFLyQDOHQIRTXH6&27 ³¢4XLpQGLFHFXiOHVVRQORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV\ORVLQWHUHVHVVRFLDOHV" ¢4XpKD\DFHUFDGHORVJUXSRVTXHQRWLHQHQYR]SHURTXHVLQHPEDUJRVHUiQ DIHFWDGRVSRUORVUHVXOWDGRVGHOFDPELRWHFQROyJLFR"¢4XpKD\GHORVJUXSRV TXHKDQVLGRVXSULPLGRVRGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHH[FOXLGRV"´ 

(QHOSUHVHQWHOLEUR\DVHKDFRPHQWDGRVLQWpWLFDPHQWHFyPRVHGHILQHQORVJUXSRV VRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVGHDFXHUGRDOPRGHOR6&27VHUiQ*65DTXHOORVFX\DVYRFHV SXHGDQVHUHVFXFKDGDVHQODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD$TXHOORVFX\DVYRFHVQRVHDQ HVFXFKDGDVRDFDOODGDVVHUiQ³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVVLQSRGHU´3RUORWDQWRODVSULPHUDV

25

&DSÇWXOR

(OFRQFHSWRHQLQJOpVHV³SRZHUOHVVVRFLDOJURXSV´ (QLQJOpV³³,UUHOHYDQW´6RFLDO*URXSV´

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

SUHJXQWDVGH:LQQHUIXHURQUHVSRQGLGDVSRUHOHQIRTXH6&274XL]iVWDPELpQSXHGD LQFOXLUVHHQWUHDTXHOORVFX\DVYRFHVQRSXHGHQVHUHVFXFKDGDVDORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHV VXSULPLGRVRGHOLEHUDGDPHQWHH[FOXLGRVSHURVXSRQJDPRVTXHIRUPDQXQHOHPHQWR GLIHUHQWH  'H  FXDOTXLHU  PRGR  D~Q  UHVWD  XQ  HOHPHQWR  ROYLGDGR  XQ  JUXSR  QR FRQVLGHUDGR(QHVWHVHQWLGRHQHOSUHVHQWHWH[WRVHVRVWLHQHTXHVHUiQHFHVDULROD LQWURGXFFLyQGHXQQXHYRJUXSRFRPSXHVWRSRUHVWRVVXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV(QHOORV SRGUiQ  LQFOXLUVH  WDQWR  DTXHOORV  FX\DV  YRFHV  QR  KDQ  SRGLGR  VHU  HVFXFKDGDV  \ IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH  DTXHOORV  TXH  QL  VLTXLHUD  KDQ  SRGLGR  HQWHUDUVH  GH  TXH  VH  KD SURGXFLGRODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHXQDUWHIDFWRFUXFLDORHVWUXFWXUDQWHGHVX YLGDFRWLGLDQD &RQYLHQHDFODUDUGHWRGRVPRGRVTXHHOFRQFHSWR*65VLELHQUHSUHVHQWDODIDOWD VHxDODGDHQORVSiUUDIRVSUHYLRVHVGHGHPRVWUDGDUHOHYDQFLDSDUDHODQiOLVLVGHORV SURFHVRVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDV6LQHPEDUJRVHVRVWLHQHDTXtODQHFHVLGDG GHDxDGLUXQWpUPLQRSDUDUHSUHVHQWDUDDTXHOORVVXMHWRVTXHQRSDUWLFLSDQ\TXHSRU HOOR  VyOR  UHFLEHQ  SDVLYDPHQWH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  GHVDUUROODGD  VX  QRPEUH  SXHGH  VHU ³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV´*6+  (QWpUPLQRVGHFRQMXQWRVSRGUtDGHFLUVHTXHORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVVLQSRGHU´\ORV ³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVLUUHOHYDQWHV´VRQXQHOHPHQWRSHUWHQHFLHQWHDORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHV KHWHUyQRPRV´ *6638*6,ෛ*6+ 'yQGH *663 *UXSRV6RFLDOHV6LQ3RGHU *6, *UXSRV6RFLDOHV,UUHOHYDQWHV *6+ *UXSRV6RFLDOHV+HWHUyQRPRV

26

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

*UiILFDPHQWHHVWRSRGUtDH[SUHVDUVHGHOVLJXLHQWHPRGR *UiILFR³6XMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV´\³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVVLQSRGHU´

6XMHWRV KHWHUyQRPRV

*UXSRVVRFLDOHV VLQSRGHU

/DLQFOXVLyQGHORV*6+HQHOHVTXHPDWHyULFRUHVXOWDGHVXPDLPSRUWDQFLDSDUD GDUFXHQWDGHODVLPSRVLFLRQHVDOFRQMXQWRGHVXMHWRVQRHQWHUDGRVGHODIOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD\SRUORWDQWRGHUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUQRFRQWHPSODGDVHQHOHQIRTXH 6&27'LFKRHVWRVXUJHXQLQWHUURJDQWHTXHGHEHUHVSRQGHUVH¢&yPRLGHQWLILFDUD ORVVXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRVRJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV" /DUHVSXHVWDDTXtHQVD\DGDHVTXHORV*6+SXHGHQVHULGHQWLILFDGRVWHQLHQGRHQ FXHQWDODLQFLGHQFLDGHODWHFQRORJtDFRQVWUXLGDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHVXVSURSLDVYLGDV 8QD  LQFLGHQFLD  HVWUXFWXUDQWH  GH  OD  YLGD  GH  PXFKRV  VXMHWRV  HV  LQGLFDWLYD  GH  OD  H[LVWHQFLDGHXQJUXSRGHVXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV'HHVWDPDQHUDODXWLOL]DFLyQSRU SDUWHGHORVVXMHWRVGHHVDVWHFQRORJtDV\DVHDGLUHFWDRLQGLUHFWDPHQWH\DGHPiVOD FRQVLGHUDFLyQGHXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQHQORVKiELWRV\FRVWXPEUHV GHODVSHUVRQDV LQYROXFUDGDV  HQ  HO  XVR  GH  HVDV  WHFQRORJtDV  GHEHUtD  VHU  FRQVLGHUDGR  GH  VXPD LPSRUWDQFLDHQODODERUGHGHWHFWDUODSUHVHQFLDGHVXMHWRVKHWHUyQRPRV +DFLD  HO  ILQDO  GHO  OLEUR  VH  UHDOL]DUi  XQD  PHQFLyQ  D  ORV  JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV KHWHUyQRPRV  MXVWDPHQWH  SRU  VHU  HO  ILQDO  GH  WRGR  SURFHVR  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  R  GH IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHOPRPHQWRHQTXHHOORVVXHOHQDSDUHFHU &DSÇWXOR

27

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

1.2 U NA PROPUESTA DE COMBINACIÓN : TÉCNICO ”

“MARCO

TECNOLÓGICO ” Y

“ CÓDIGO

3DUDHOHQIRTXH6&27 HOFRQFHSWR³PDUFRWHFQROyJLFR´ HVHOTXH³SURYHHORV REMHWLYRVODVLGHDV\ODVKHUUDPLHQWDVQHFHVLWDGDVSDUDODDFFLyQ´%LMNHU  HO TXH JXtD HO SHQVDPLHQWR \ OD LQWHUDFFLyQ RIUHFH ORV SUREOHPDV FHQWUDOHV \ ODV HVWUDWHJLDVSDUD UHVROYHUORV 7KRPDV    (O PDUFR WHFQROyJLFR HV HOTXH SHUPLWHODDFFLyQHOGHVDUUROORGHWHFQRORJtDVFRQVHQWLGRVHVSHFtILFRVSHURHVHO TXHDODYH]FRQVWULxHODOLEHUWDGGHORVPLHPEURVGHO*657KRPDV (V HOTXHSURYHHSRUORWDQWRODVILQDOLGDGHVHLQWHQFLRQHVDORV*65 (OFRQFHSWRHV~WLOSDUDSHQVDUODFUHDFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRVFRQVHQWLGRVHVSHFtILFRV GHEHUtDFRPSOHPHQWDUVHHPSHURFRQODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHXQDHVWUXFWXUDVRFLDOPiV DPSOLDTXHVLUYDDVXYH]GHiPELWRGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWR\GHGHVDUUROORGHHVRV PDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRVHQQXHVWUDVRFLHGDGSXHGHVHUHOFDSLWDOLVPR\ORVPRGRVHQTXH ORV*65VHSRVLFLRQDQHQWRUQRDpO,QFRUSRUDUODFRQVLGHUDFLyQGHOFDSLWDOLVPRHQ HO  FDVR  GH  HVWXGLR  GHO  SUHVHQWH  WH[WR  SXHGH  DUURMDU  OXFHV  HQ  OD  FRPSUHQVLyQ  GHO DFFLRQDUGHORV*653RUORWDQWRHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRVHVRVWLHQHDTXtHVHOTXH SURYHHXQPDUFRJHQHUDOGHDFFLyQ\SHQVDPLHQWRSHURTXHDODYH]VHHQFXHQWUDHQ UHODFLyQFRQXQDHVWUXFWXUDVRFLDOPiVDPSOLDVREUHODTXHVHGHVDUUROOD'HHVWH PRGR  HO  FDSLWDOLVPR  GHEH  YHUVH  FRPR  iPELWR  GH  DFFLyQ  FRQ  QRUPDV  \  OH\HV  GH IXQFLRQDPLHQWRHFRQyPLFR\VRFLDOHQFX\RiPELWRDFW~DQ³OLEUHPHQWH´ORV*65 3RUORWDQWRHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRHVHOTXHGDORVYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHVDORV*65 VLHQGRHVHSXQWRGRQGHWLHQHFRQH[LyQFRQHOFRQFHSWR³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´ (O³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´SDUD)HHQEHUJHVODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQXQ DUWHIDFWRGH³OD UHDOL]DFLyQGHXQLQWHUpVEDMRODIRUPDGHXQDVROXFLyQWpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWHDXQ SUREOHPD´)HHQEHUJ/DFXUVLYDHVPtD $TXtVHVRVWLHQHTXHHVHLQWHUpV VHUiSURYLVWRSRUHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRSXHVWRTXHHVpVWHHOTXHJXtDODDFFLyQ\HO SHQVDPLHQWRGHORV*65 3DUD)HHQEHUJODLQWHUYHQFLyQGHGLIHUHQWHVLQWHUHVHVQRUHGXFHQHFHVDULDPHQWHOD 28

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HILFLHQFLDGHODWHFQRORJtDSHUR\PiVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMR ³VHVJDVX ORJURGHDFXHUGRFRQXQSURJUDPDVRFLDOPiVDPSOLR´(VMXVWDPHQWHODDUWLFXODFLyQ HQWUHQHFHVLGDGHVVRFLDOHV\WpFQLFDVODTXHUHSUHVHQWDHOFRQFHSWR³FyGLJRWpFQLFR´ )HHQEHUJ (OFyGLJRWpFQLFRGDFXHQWDGHORVYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHVSURSLRV GH  XQ  JUXSR  R  YDULRV  JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  FULVWDOL]DGRV  HQ  XQ  DUWHIDFWR  WpFQLFR  3DUD )HHQEHUJFXDQGRHVWRVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRV ³HVWiQUHIRU]DGRVSRUODSHUFHSFLyQTXHORVLQGLYLGXRVWLHQHQ DFHUFDGHVX SURSLR  LQWHUpV  \  GH  OD  OH\  VX  VLJQLILFDGR  SROtWLFR  JHQHUDOPHQWH  SDVD GHVDSHUFLELGR(VRHVORTXHVLJQLILFDGHFLUTXHXQFLHUWRPRGRGHYLGDHVWi FXOWXUDOPHQWH  DVHJXUDGR  \  TXH  HO  SRGHU  FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH  HV KHJHPyQLFR $Vt FRPR  OD  ILORVRItD  SROtWLFD  FXHVWLRQD  ODV  IRUPDFLRQHV  FXOWXUDOHV  TXH  VH  KDQ DUUDLJDGR  D  Vt  PLVPDV  HQ  OD  OH\  OD  ILORVRItD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  FXHVWLRQD  ODV IRUPDFLRQHVTXHVHKDQDUUDLJDGRDVtPLVPDVHQFyGLJRVWpFQLFRV´)HHQEHUJ  

(VWD  LGHD  VLJQLILFD  RSRQHUVH  DO  UHODWLYLVPR  SURSLR  GHO  FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR  \D  TXH LPSOLFDUtD  DQDOL]DU  ORV  YDORUHV  LQWHQFLRQHV  H  LQWHUHVHV  GH  ORV  *65  \  FULWLFDUORV FXHVWLRQDUORVVLVHKD\DQDUUDLJDGRVRVLGHVHDQKDFHUOR'HHVWHPRGRHOFULWHULRGH VLPHWUtDSXHGHVHJXLUWRPiQGRVHSHURVLHPSUHWHQLHQGRFRPRKRUL]RQWH HOLQWHUpV GHODQDOLVWDGHGDUFXHQWDGHDTXHOORVYDORUHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQDUUDLJDGRVHQXQD  WHFQRORJtD\PHGLDQWHODFRQWUDVWDFLyQ\DVXQFLyQGHORVSURSLRVYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHV VLHPSUHLQGLVRFLDEOHVGHWRGRVXMHWR FULWLFDUORV6HUiIXQGDPHQWDOWHQHUSUHVHQWH WDPELpQHODQiOLVLVGHHVH³SURJUDPDVRFLDOPiVDPSOLR´DOTXHDSXQWDHOJUXSRVRFLDO HQ  FXHVWLyQ  3DUHFLHUD  VHU  TXH  OD  FODYH  GH  OD  FUtWLFD  WHFQROyJLFD  VH  HQFXHQWUD MXVWDPHQWHHQHVHHOHPHQWRHQODFUtWLFDDHVHSURJUDPDVRFLDOHQHOTXHVHLQVFULEHOD VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GDGD  DO  DUWHIDFWR  3HUR  ¢GyQGH  DQDOL]DU  HVH  SURJUDPD"  ¢GyQGH

29

&DSÇWXOR

 (QHOFDVRGH22;0/0LFURVRIWKDVHVJDGRDPSOLDPHQWHHOORJURGH³HILFLHQFLDWpFQLFD´HQSRVGHO FXPSOLPLHQWR  GH  XQ  ³SURJUDPD  VRFLDO  PiV  DPSOLR´  HO  PDQWHQLPLHQWR  GH  SRVLFLRQHV  GRPLQDQWHV PRQRSyOLFDV  HQ  HO  PHUFDGR  GH  SURJUDPDV  GH  RILFLQD  (VWR  VHUi  SXHVWR  HQ  HYLGHQFLD  HQ  ODV  SiJLQDV VLJXLHQWHVDOPHQFLRQDUODIDOWDGH³FRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD´HQODHVWUDWHJLDGHOJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HQFRQWUDUOR"$TXt VHVRVWLHQHTXHHVHSURJUDPD HVWDUiUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUHOPDUFR WHFQROyJLFR\VXYLQFXODFLyQFRQHORUGHQVRFLDOFDSLWDOLVWD¢&XiOHVHOSURJUDPD VRFLDOPiVDPSOLRTXHHVWiGHWUiVGHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHXQDUWHIDFWRSRUSDUWHGH XQ  JUXSR  VRFLDO"  ¢4Xp  EXVFD  VRFLDOPHQWH  HVH  JUXSR  FRQ  OD  FRQVWLWXFLyQ  GH  VX DUWHIDFWR"  (VRV  VRQ  LQWHUURJDQWHV TXH  GHEHQ  HVWDU  SUHVHQWHQ  HQ  OD  FUtWLFD  GH  OD WHFQRORJtD 7RGR  HVWR  SHUPLWH  VHxDODU  DGLFLRQDOPHQWH  TXH  OD  HVFLVLyQ  H[LVWHQWH  HQWUH  OR PHUDPHQWH  WpFQLFR  \  ORV  YDORUHV  HV  VLPSOHPHQWH  LOXVRULD  R  ILFWLFLD  )HHQEHUJ  KD VRVWHQLGRTXH ³FRQIUHFXHQFLDORVPpWRGRV\HVWiQGDUHVWpFQLFRVDFWXDOHVIXHURQIRUPXODGRV GLVFXUVLYDPHQWHDOJXQDYH]FRPRYDORUHV\TXHHQDOJ~QPRPHQWRGHOSDVDGR IXHURQOOHYDGRVDORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVTXHKR\GDPRVSRUVHQWDGRV´)HHQEHUJ  

(VWR  HV FRKHUHQWH  FRQ OD  LGHD  GH  TXH  HQ YHUGDG ORV DUWHIDFWRV  QR SRVHHQ  XQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  R  QR  IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  LQPDQHQWH  VLQR  TXH  pVWH  HV  FRQVWUXLGR VRFLDOPHQWHEiVLFDPHQWHSRUTXHFDGDDUWHIDFWRWLHQHLQFRUSRUDGRORVYDORUHVGHORV JUXSRVVRFLDOHVTXHSXGLHURQWULXQIDUHQHOPRPHQWRGHIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD $Vt QR H[LVWLUtDQHOHPHQWRVSXUDPHQWH WpFQLFRVQL YDORUHV HQ IRUPD DLVODGD6LQ HPEDUJR  \  HQ  FRQWUD  GHO  FRQVWUXFWLYLVPR  HO  FXHVWLRQDPLHQWR  R  FUtWLFD  GH  ODV LQWHQFLRQHVHLQWHUHVHVGHO³SURJUDPDVRFLDOPiVDPSOLR´HVXQDREOLJDFLyQHQHO HQIRTXHFULWLFRGH)HHQEHUJ (QHVWHPDUFRJHQHUDOHODQDOLVWDSXHGHRIUHFHUGHVGHODVYRFHVGHORV*65ODV OHFWXUDVTXHHOORVUHDOLFHQGHORVYDORUHVTXHVXSXHVWDPHQWHVHGHVHDQLQFRUSRUDUD ORVDUWHIDFWRV(VQHFHVDULRWHQHUSUHVHQWHVLQHPEDUJRTXHHOORVDSUHFLDUiQHVWD LQFRUSRUDFLyQGHYDORUHVFRPRXQDLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHOHPHQWRVIRUiQHRVDODWpFQLFD HQORVDUWHIDFWRVHVWRVLHPSUH\FXDQGRORVYDORUHVVHLQFRUSRUHQHQPRGRVTXHVHDQ ³WpFQLFDPHQWHLQFRKHUHQWHV´ 30

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

1.3 RACIONALIDAD TÉCNICA Y NEUTRALIDAD TÉCNICA (OSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQHVWiQGDUWHFQROyJLFRLQWHUQDFLRQDO\GHWRGD WHFQRORJtD VHHQFXHQWUDGRPLQDGRSRUXQDILFFLyQGHHYROXFLyQOLQHDOGHODWpFQLFD \SRUXQDILFFLyQGHDSOLFDELOLGDGGHFULWHULRVQHWDPHQWHWpFQLFRVHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQ  GHWHFQRORJtDV(VWDLGHDFROLVLRQDFRQHOKHFKRGHTXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHORVJUXSRV VRFLDOHVTXHSDUWLFLSDQHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDVLQFRUSRUDQVXVYDORUHVHQOD FRQGXFFLyQ  GHO  SURFHVR  WpFQLFR  (V  LQWHUHVDQWH  QRWDU  VLQ  HPEDUJR  TXH  OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ  GH  HVRV  YDORUHV  FRPR  GLFH  )HHQEHUJ  GHEH  UHYHVWLU  XQD  IRUPD  GH FRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD'HORFRQWUDULRGHHYLGHQFLDUVHODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHYDORUHVVLQOD ³DSDULHQFLD´GHDSOLFDFLyQGHUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDVHFRUUHUtDHOULHVJRGHVXIULUXQ UHFKD]R  DELHUWR  GHO  REMHWR  WpFQLFR  HQ  FXHVWLyQ  (Q  HVWR  VH  HYLGHQFLD  HO  HVStULWX UDFLRQDOWpFQLFRGHQXHVWUDpSRFD  (QHVWHPRPHQWRVHWRUQDFRQYHQLHQWHDFODUDUDTXpVHTXLHUHDOXGLUHQHOSUHVHQWH WUDEDMR  SRU  ³UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD´  \  SRU  ³QHXWUDOLGDG  WpFQLFD´  /D  XWLOL]DFLyQ  GHO WpUPLQR  ³UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD´  UHPLWH  D  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH  DSOLFDU  QRUPDV  \  UHJODV WpFQLFDV  HQ  HO  SURFHVR  GH  GLVHxR  WpFQLFR  \  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  XQD  WHFQRORJtD  \  GH PRVWUDUDHVDVQRUPDV\UHJODVFRPRLPSROXWDV0iVSUHFLVDPHQWHDODFUHHQFLDGH TXH  PHGLDQWH  OD  DSOLFDFLyQ  GH  HVDV  QRUPDV  \  UHJODV  WpFQLFDV  FyGLJRV  WpFQLFRV SUHYLDPHQWHFRQVWLWXLGRV QRVHHVWDUiMDPiVLQFRUSRUDQGRYDORUHVQLLQWHUHVHV\D VHDQSURSLRVGHORVGLVHxDGRUHVRSUHYLDPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGRVHQHVDVUHJODV\QRUPDV (VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHVLHPSUHTXHVHHPSOHHHOWpUPLQR³UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD´VH TXHUUiGDUFXHQWDGHOIHQyPHQRTXHLQYROXFUDVRVWHQHUTXHVLVHDSOLFDODUD]yQ QXQFDVHHVWDUiQLQFRUSRUDQGRYDORUHVDODUWHIDFWRHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ/DUDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFDSRUORWDQWRVHHQFXHQWUDVXVWHQWDGDSRUODFUHHQFLD HQODSRVLELOLGDGGH ³QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFD´

31

&DSÇWXOR

(QHVWRIDOOyHOJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPDFRPRVHYHUiGXUDQWHODHWDSDILQDOGHODQiOLVLVGHOSURFHVRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

/D  ³QHXWUDOLGDG  WpFQLFD´  UHPLWH  D  OD  FUHHQFLD  TXH  VRVWLHQH  OD  SRVLELOLGDG  \ QHFHVLGDG  GH  QR  LQYROXFUDU  YDORUHV  H  LQWHUHVHV  SHUVRQDOHV  R  GH  JUXSRV  HQ  OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDV'HHVWHPRGRODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDLPSOLFDXQDILUPH FUHHQFLDHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHDSOLFDUQHXWUDOPHQWHODWpFQLFDHQOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGH WHFQRORJtDV\HVHQGHILQLWLYDODTXHJXtDWRGRSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRV GHVGHTXHH[LVWHFDSLWDOLVPRHQQXHVWURPXQGR$QGUHZ)HHQEHUJKDGLFKRTXHHO GLVHxRGHODPiTXLQD\³ODUDFLRQDOLGDGWHFQROyJLFDTXHpOHQFLHUUDQRHVXQLYHUVDO VLQRSDUWLFXODUDOFDSLWDOLVPR´)HHQEHUJ7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD  (Q  DGLFLyQ  OD  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  LPSOLFD  UHFRQRFHU  TXH  ODV  WHFQRORJtDV HYROXFLRQDQSRUODFRUUHFWDDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDV\UHJODVWpFQLFDVHVWRHVSRUOD DSOLFDFLyQQHXWUDOGHODWpFQLFD(VWRSURGXFHVHJ~QXQSULQFLSLRGHUDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFDDUWHIDFWRVWHFQROyJLFDPHQWHPHMRUHV\WRWDOPHQWHQHXWUDOHV(VGHFLUVLVH DSOLFDQVyORQRUPDVUHJODV\OH\HVWpFQLFDVDODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRV\VLVH HOLPLQDQODVDSUHFLDFLRQHVYDORUDWLYDVSHUVRQDOHVGHFXDOTXLHUWLSRGXUDQWHWRGRHVH SURFHVR  VH  FUHH  EDMR  HVWRV  SULQFLSLRV  GH  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  TXH  OD  WHFQRORJtD GHVDUUROODGD  HVWDUi  OLEUH  GH  WRGD  FDUJD  YDORUDWLYD  \  SRU  FRQVLJXLHQWH  TXH  VH HQFRQWUDUiHQXQDSRVLFLyQGHVXSHULRULGDGFRQUHVSHFWRDORVGHVDUUROORVSUHYLRV 'HHVWDIRUPDODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDFXHQWDFRQORVVLJXLHQWHVHOHPHQWRV  1HFHVLGDGGHDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDV\UHJODVWpFQLFDVSDUDHO³FRUUHFWR´GHVDUUROOR GHWHFQRORJtDV  /DVQRUPDV\UHJODVWpFQLFDVVRQQHXWUDOHV ³QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFD´  ([LVWH SURJUHVR \ HYROXFLyQ  OLQHDO  VLHPSUH  \  FXDQGR  VH  HOLPLQHQ  FDUJDV YDORUDWLYDV\VHUHVSHWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDV\WpFQLFDVQHWDPHQWHQHXWUDOHVHQHO SURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDWHFQRORJtD (QGHILQLWLYDODDSOLFDFLyQGHODUD]yQOLEUHGHFDUJDVpWLFDVPRUDOHVSROtWLFDV 32

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

LGHROyJLFDVHWFFRQGXFHDXQDHYROXFLyQWpFQLFDRWHFQROyJLFD&RPRUHVXOWDGRGH HVWRVHORJUDVXSXHVWDPHQWHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRVVLQFDUJDVYDORUDWLYDV 7RGR  HVWR  TXLHUH  GHFLU  TXH  ORV  JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  UHOHYDQWHV  SDUWLFLSDQWHV  HQ  OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDWHFQRORJtDWHQGHUiQDVRVWHQHUTXHODDSOLFDFLyQGHQRUPDV\ UHJODVWpFQLFDVQRVRQVyORXQDSRVLELOLGDGVLQRXQDREOLJDFLyQFXDQGRVHWUDWDGHGDU FRQQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDV(VWRVHGHEHFDEHDxDGLUDTXHODUDFLRQDOLGDG³HVQXHVWUR KRUL]RQWH>FXOWXUDO@PRGHUQR´HQWHQGLHQGR³KRUL]RQWHFXOWXUDO´ FRPR³DVXQFLRQHV FXOWXUDOPHQWHJHQHUDOHVTXHIRUPDQHOWUDVIRQGRLQFXHVWLRQDEOHGHWRGRDVSHFWRGHOD YLGD´)HHQEHUJ7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD 3RUORWDQWRODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD VLELHQSXHGHVHUYLVWDFRPRXQDLOXVLyQRFRPRFRQFUHWDPHQWHLPSRVLEOHHVDOJR EXVFDGR SRU WRGRV HQORVWpUPLQRVSOHQRV DTXtH[SUHVDGRV HVGHFLUMXQWRFRQOD QHXWUDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  /D  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  DGLFLRQDOPHQWH  SXHGH  FRQVLGHUDUVH FRPRXQDSDUWHFRQVWLWXWLYDGHOLPDJLQDULRFDSLWDOLVWD 3RU HVWH PRWLYR HVTXH ODFUHDFLyQ GH FyGLJRV WpFQLFRVOpDVH  OD FUHDFLyQGH QXHYDV  UHJODV  \  QRUPDV  WpFQLFDV  DPSOLDPHQWH  FRQVHQVXDGDV  FRQ  OD  FRQVHFXHQWH LQFRUSRUDFLyQ\DVHDFRQVFLHQWHRLQFRQVFLHQWHGHORVYDORUHV GHJUXSRVVRFLDOHV UHOHYDQWHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHVDFUHDFLyQ QHFHVDULDPHQWHGHEHUHYHVWLUODIRUPDGH ³FRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD´FRQHOFXHUSRSUHYLRIXQGDPHQWDOGHQRUPDVWpFQLFDVGHELHQGR DVLPLVPRTXLHQHVTXLHUDQLQILOWUDUVXVYDORUHVHQHVRVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVGLVLPXODUORV DOSXQWRGHWRUQDUORVLQYLVLEOHV /DUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD\HOFyGLJRWpFQLFRVHKDSRGLGRYLVXDOL]DUSRVHHQXQ QH[R  LQH[WULFDEOH  /D  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  SDUHFH  JXLDU  HO  SURFHVR  ILFFLRQDO  GH HYROXFLyQ  \  SURJUHVLyQ  OLQHDO  GH  ODV  WHFQRORJtDV  KDFLD  WHFQRORJtDV  FDGD  YH]  PiV SHUIHFWDV3RUHVWHPRWLYRWDPELpQFRQWULEX\HDVRVWHQHUTXHVLXQDWHFQRORJtDH[LVWH \VHLPSRQHVREUHRWUDVVHGHEHDTXHSRVHHQHFHVDULDPHQWHVXSHULRULGDGWpFQLFD VREUHpVWDV/RVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVVLELHQVRQYDORUHVGHXQJUXSRVRFLDOFULVWDOL]DGRV

33

&DSÇWXOR

HQXQDUWHIDFWRSRVHHQXQDHILFLHQFLDTXHUDGLFDHQHOKHFKRGHTXHLQYLVLELOL]DQHVRV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

YDORUHVDSDUHFLHQGRVyORODILFFLyQGHUDFLRQDOLGDG\QHFHVLGDGWpFQLFD³/DLOXVLyQ GHQHFHVLGDGWpFQLFDVXUJHGHOKHFKRGHTXHHOFyGLJRHVWiOLWHUDOPHQWH³IXQGLGRHQ DFHUR´  R  ³ILMDGR  HQ  FRQFUHWR´  GHSHQGLHQGR  GHO  FDVR´  )HHQEHUJ     7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD 6LQGXGDVHQHOFDVRGHOVRIWZDUHHVWDUiUHSUHVHQWDGRSRUOtQHDV GHFyGLJRTXHKDFHQWUDEDMDUWUDQVLVWRUHVFKLSVPLFURFKLSVHQILQHOKDUGZDUH'H HVWHPRGRORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVLQFLGHQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQODVHOHFFLyQGHPDWHULDOHVHQ ORVPRGRVGHFRPELQDUORV\GHPiV<HVDVHOHFFLyQVHYHUiFRPRXQSURGXFWRGHOD DSOLFDFLyQGHUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDHQHOSURFHVRGHFRQVWLWXFLyQGHXQDWHFQRORJtD 7RGDVHVWDVLGHDVVREUHUDFLRQDOLGDG\QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFDSUHWHQGHQVHUFULWLFDGDV HQHOHQIRTXH6&27\HQOD7HRUtD&UtWLFDGHOD7HFQRORJtD(QHOHQIRTXH6&27QR VHKDORJUDGRSHUIHFWDPHQWHHQ)HHQEHUJ\:LQQHUVHFRQVLGHUDHQHOSUHVHQWHOLEUR VHKDQGDGRSDVRVPiVILUPHV

1.4 LA IMPORTANCIA DE LO HISTÓRICO EN LAS SIGNIFICACIONES )LQDOPHQWHVHPHQFLRQDODLPSRUWDQFLDGHOSDVDGRKLVWyULFRHQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV GDGDVSRUORV*65DORVDUWHIDFWRVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQHQFRQVWUXFFLyQ(OSDVDGR HVWUXFWXUDRLQIOXHQFLDODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVSUHVHQWHV(VWRQRHV QDGDGHVFDEHOODGRVLFRQVLGHUDPRVTXHHQHIHFWRORV*65VLJXHQORVYDORUHVGHVX PDUFRWHFQROyJLFRMXQWRFRQORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVLPSHUDQWHVFXDQGREXVFDUWULXQIDU HQODLPSRVLFLyQGHVXVLJQLILFDGRGDGRDODWHFQRORJtD/DFRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFDGHEH UHVSHWDUODVGHFLVLRQHVSUHYLDVORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVSUHHVWDEOHFLGRV&LHUWDPHQWHORV FyGLJRV  WpFQLFRV  WDPELpQ  SXHGHQ  VHU  GHVDILDGRV  \  FDPELDGRV  SHUR  GHEH  KDFHUVH VLHPSUHVLJXLHQGRODFRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFDHVGHFLUUHVSHWDQGRFULWHULRVGHUDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFD  R  WHFQROyJLFD  3RU  RWUR  ODGR  HO  SDVDGR  WDPELpQ  HV  LPSRUWDQWH  \D  TXH HVWUXFWXUDHOHVFHQDULRVREUHHOFXDOGHEHMXJDUVHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD'HHVWH PRGRODKLVWRULDHQHVWHFDVRORVKHFKRVGHLPSRUWDQFLDGHWUiVGHOQDFLPLHQWRGHO 34

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \  ODV  GHFLVLRQHV  GH  OD  8(  SDUD  LPSXOVDU  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ LQWHUQDFLRQDOGHIRUPDWRVGHJXDUGDGRGHDUFKLYRVHOHFWUyQLFRV GHRILFLQDIXHURQ HVWUXFWXUDQWHVGHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGDGDVD22;0/ &RQVLGHUDQGRHVWRSXHGHDILUPDUVHTXHVLQRKXELHUDQDFLGRHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHV GHFLUVLQRKXELHUDQVXFHGLGRORVKHFKRVTXHKDQPDUFDGRHOLQLFLRGHODIOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQWRUQRDORTXHHV\QRHVVRIWZDUH22;0/QXQFDKXELHUDH[LVWLGR  HQHOPRGRHQTXHHIHFWLYDPHQWHORKL]R,JXDOPHQWHVLODVDFFLRQHVHPSUHQGLGDVSRU OD8(QRKXELHUDQQXQFDVXFHGLGRTXL]iVVyORH[LVWLUtD2')\QR22;0/DXQTXH  HVRQXQFDSRGUiVDEHUVH 3RUORWDQWRODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGDGDVD22;0/QRVRQ  FRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQWLQJHQWHVVLQRTXHVHHQPDUFDQHQXQDPDWHULDOLGDGTXHOHVGD H[LVWHQFLD\ODVHVWUXFWXUDHVWRHVGHXQDPDWHULDOLGDGGHODTXHSDUWHVXH[LVWHQFLD (VWR HV  ~WLO  SDUD  VHxDODU  XQD  DFODUDFLyQ  DGLFLRQDO$O  KDEODU  GH HVWUXFWXUDU VH TXLHUHGHMDUHQFODURTXHQRVHHQWLHQGHDHVDPDWHULDOLGDGFRPRGHWHUPLQDQWHVLQR FRPR HVWUXFWXUDQWH  (Q  HVWH  VHQWLGR  VH  TXLHUH  GHMDU  HQ  FODUR  TXH  ORV  VXFHVRV KLVWyULFRVLQFLGHQGDQGRIRUPDDORVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV\DODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVOHV GDQHVWUXFWXUD/RVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVDFW~DQGHDFXHUGRDHVRVVXFHVRV\DVXYH]GDQ IRUPDDHVRVVXFHVRVSHURLJXDOPHQWHHVRVVXFHVRV\DFFLRQHV UHSHUFXWHQHQVXV SURSLDV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  \  HVWUDWHJLDV  GH  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  'H  HVWH  PRGR  QR  KD\  XQ GHWHUPLQDFLyQTXHLQGLTXHTXpHVORTXHYDDVXFHGHUVLQRXQDHVWUXFWXUDFLyQTXHGD IRUPD  D  PDQHUDV  GH  SHQVDU  \  DFWXDU  FRQFUHWDV  (Q  RWUDV  SDODEUDV HO  PDUFR WHFQROyJLFR\ODVHVWUDWHJLDVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQHVWiQLQVFULSWDV KLVWyULFDPHQWH\QR VRQ SOHQDPHQWH  FRQWLQJHQWHV  VLQR  UHODWLYRV  D  OD  HVWUXFWXUDFLyQ  FXOWXUDO  GH  OD VRFLHGDG\DOKRUL]RQWHFXOWXUDO\DPHQFLRQDGR(VWRHVORTXHOROOHYyD)HHQEHUJ DILUPDU  TXH  HO ³GHVDUUROOR  WHFQROyJLFR  HV  FRQVWUHxLGR  SRU  QRUPDV  FXOWXUDOHV´ )HHQEHUJ  3RUHOORKHUUDPLHQWDVOHJDOHVFRPRSRUHMHPSOROD2SHQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URPLVH\ 9HUSXQWRSDUDXQDH[SOLFDFLyQGHHVWDVGRVKHUUDPLHQWDV

35

&DSÇWXOR

OD&RYHQDQW1RWWR6XHGLVHxDGDVSRU0LFURVRIWSXHGHQHQWHQGHUVHDOFRPSUHQGHUHO

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GH  OD  HPSUHVD  D  VX  YH]  ODV  FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV  GH  HVH  PDUFR WHFQROyJLFRVHHQWLHQGHQDOFRQVLGHUDUVXLQVFULSFLyQHQODKLVWRULD3HURQXQFDSRGUtD KDEHUVHSUHGLFKRVXH[LVWHQFLDDUDt]GHHVWHPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRQLSRUFRQVLJXLHQWH GHORVVXFHVRVKLVWyULFRV  3RURWURODGR KD\TXHFRQVLGHUDUODVDFFLRQHVUHDOL]DGDVWHQGLHQWHVDORJUDUXQD VLJQLILFDFLyQHVSHFtILFDHQODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD(QHVWHVHQWLGRVHVRVWLHQH DTXt  TXH OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  FRPR  XQD  SDUWH  IXQGDPHQWDO  GH  OD  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  DUWHIDFWRV  UHTXLHUH  GH  DFFLRQHV  FRQFUHWDV  SDUD  ORJUDU  TXH  ORV  VLJQLILFDGRV  VH  FRQYLHUWDQHQFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVSDUWLFXODUHV\GHHVWDIRUPDJDUDQWL]DUTXHHOPRGR  GHYLGDTXHDFRPSDxDDHVDWHFQRORJtDVHDVHJXUH/DVDFFLRQHVOOHYDGDVDFDERSRU ORV*65VHYLQFXODQDOLJXDOTXHODVLJQLILFDFLyQTXHUHDOL]DQGHODUWHIDFWRFRQVX PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  (VWR  VLJQLILFD  TXH  HVDV  DFFLRQHV  OHMRV  HVWiQ  GH  SRVHHU tQWHJUDPHQWHIXQGDPHQWRWpFQLFRHQVXJUDQPD\RUtDSXHGHQUHPLWLUDHVWUDWHJLDV FRQVFLHQWHVRLQFRQVFLHQWHVOtFLWDVRLOtFLWDVGHDFXHUGRDORVYDORUHVGHOHQWRUQR VRFLDOGHTXHVHWUDWH\GHODUHODFLyQGHO*65FRQHOVLVWHPDVRFLDO'HWRGRVPRGRV HVIXQGDPHQWDOTXHORVYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHVTXHVHTXLHUDQLQFRUSRUDUDODUWHIDFWRVH DxDGDQ  HQ  WpUPLQRV  WpFQLFDPHQWH  FRKHUHQWHV  UHVSHWDQGR  HO  LGHDO  GH  OLQHDOLGDG  \ QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFD&XDQGRpVWRQRVXFHGDHORWURJUXSRFRPHQ]DUiDVHxDODUOR\D LQWHQWDUKDFHUORS~EOLFDPHQWHHYLGHQWH6LHQGRHYLGHQWHFRQHVWRHOLGHDOUDFLRQDO WpFQLFRSUHVHQWHHQWRGRHOSURFHVR (QVtQWHVLVVHLGHQWLILFDUiQHQHOSUHVHQWHOLEURORV*65\VXVLJQLILFDFLyQGDGDDO DUWHIDFWR  \  VH  VHxDODUiQ  ORV  GLIHUHQWHV  DUWHIDFWRV  FRQVWLWXLGRV  SRU  ORV  *65  OD IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD 3HURWDPELpQODVDSUHFLDFLRQHVGHHOORVVREUHODVDFFLRQHV 0HWRGROyJLFDPHQWHHQHVWHUHVSHFWRVHWRPDQODVFUtWLFDVGHXQJUXSRVREUHHORWUR\GHOJUXSRVREUHVt PLVPR,QWHUQHWHVHOHVFHQDULRLGHDOGRQGHEXVFDUHVDVFULWLFDV\DTXHH[LVWHQDEXQGDQWH\UHGXQGDQWH LQIRUPDFLyQ  HQ  ORV  P~OWLSOHV  EORJV  GH  ORV  VXMHWRV  SDUWLFLSDQWHV  HQ  ORV  JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  UHOHYDQWHV IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHGHORVJUXSRV)/266\0LFURVRIW±(FPD

36

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

FRQFUHWDV  GHO  RWUR  *65  'H  HVWD  PDQHUD  VH  EULQGDQ  ODV  YRFHV  GH  ODV  SDUWHV LQYROXFUDGDV  HQ  OD  IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  GH  22;0/  SHUR  QR  VyOR  HQ  OD VLJQLILFDFLyQGHOIRUPDWRDOJRFODYHHQHOHQIRTXH6&27VLQRWDPELpQHQODYLVLyQ TXHHOORVSRVHHQGHODVDFFLRQHVPHGLDQWHODVTXHHORWURJUXSRGHVHDFXPSOLUVX LQWHUpVHQHODUWHIDFWR 'HHVWDIRUPDKDEUiVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHODUWHIDFWR\GHODV  DFFLRQHVTXHVLUYHQSDUDODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHODUWHIDFWR/D FRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD VHUi IXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHQWHQGHUSRUTXpXQJUXSRHPLWHPD\RUHVFUtWLFDVDODVDFFLRQHVGHO RWUR6LXQ*65QRDSOLFDFRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFDHQHOSURFHVRVLQRHVFRKHUHQWHFRQORV FyGLJRVWpFQLFRVFRQHOLGHDOGHODWpFQLFDFRPRQHXWUDOFRPR QRJXLDGDSRUXQ SULQFLSLR  GH  HYROXFLyQ  \  GHVDUUROOR  HVWR  HV  SRU  XQD  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD   VX DUWHIDFWRVHUiVHxDODGRFRPRIUDXGXOHQWRRLPSXURGHHVWHPRGRODVLJQLILFDFLyQGH VXDUWHIDFWRFRUUHUiSHOLJURGHQRWULXQIDU2WURDVSHFWRFODYHFRPRVHDFDEDGHYHU VHUiODFRQVLGHUDFLyQKLVWyULFDGHORVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV

1.5 P OSDATA: “ PRIVATIVO ”

UNA

ACLARACIÓN

SOBRE

EL

USO

DEL

SIGNIFICANTE

¢&XiO  HV  HO  PHMRU  FRQFHSWR  SDUD  XWLOL]DU  VRIWZDUH  SURSLHWDULR  R  SULYDWLYR"  (O SVLFRDQiOLVLVIUHXGLDQR\OXHJRHOODFDQLDQRHLQFOXVRODVWHRUtDVGHDQiOLVLVFUtWLFR GHOGLVFXUVR KDQVHxDODGRORTXHODVHOHFFLyQGHXQVLJQLILFDQWHHVSHFtILFRLPSOLFD /RVXVRVGHXQRXRWURVLJQLILFDQWHQXQFDVRQFDVXDOHVHVPiVVLHPSUHH[SUHVDQ DOJRVREUHODHVWUXFWXUDLQFRQVFLHQWHGHXQVXMHWR3RUHVHPRWLYRVLODDSXHVWDGHOD SUHVHQWHREUDHVDODFUtWLFDWDOFRPRVHKDLQWHQWDGRGHIHQGHUDTXtGHEHGHMDUVHHQ FODURHOSRUTXpGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOVLJQLILFDQWHSULYDWLYRHQOXJDUGHSURSLHWDULR /D  VHOHFFLyQ  GH  HVH  FRQFHSWR  WLHQH  IXQGDPHQWDFLyQ  WHyULFD  HQ  OD  SURSXHVWD VXJHULGD  SRU9HUFHOOL    TXLHQ GHVDUUROOD XQDLQWHUHVDQWH H[SRVLFLyQ VREUH  HO FRQFHSWR  ³SULYDWLYR´ $ULHO  9HUFHOOL  HQWLHQGH  TXH  ORV  ELHQHV  SXHGHQ  GLYLGLUVH  GH

37

&DSÇWXOR

(VWDVLGHDVSRGUiQYHUVHHVTXHPiWLFDPHQWHHQHOJUiILFRSUHVHQWDGRHQHOSXQWRGHO$QH[R

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

DFXHUGRDVXFDOLGDGHQELHQHVPDWHULDOHV\HQELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVVREUHORVFXDOHV UHFDHQOH\HV\GHUHFKRVHVSHFtILFRV$VtVREUHORVSULPHURVUHFDHQGHUHFKRVUHDOHV GHUHFKR  GH  SURSLHGDG  \  VREUH  ORV  VHJXQGRV  GHUHFKRV  LQWHOHFWXDOHV  GHUHFKR  GH DXWRU\GHGHUHFKRGHFRSLD  ³8QD  YH]  GHILQLGD  OD FDOLGDG  GH  XQ  ELHQ  PDWHULDO  H LQWHOHFWXDO  \  SRU  HOOR WDPELpQ GHILQLGDVODV OH\HV DSOLFDEOHVHQFDGDFDVRGHUHFKRGH SURSLHGDGR GHUHFKRGHDXWRU\GHUHFKRGHFRSLD HVQHFHVDULRFRQVLGHUDUHO FDUiFWHU TXH SXHGHQ  DGTXLULU  HVWRV  ELHQHV´  9HUFHOOL       (VWH  DXWRU  FRQWLQ~D  VX GHILQLFLyQGHOFDUiFWHUDILUPDQGRTXHpVWHGHILQHXQ³FRQMXQWRGHFLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXHORURGHDQVXVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSURGXFFLyQORVWLWXODUHVVXV VRSRUWHVODV IRUPDVGHFLUFXODFLyQHODFFHVRRHQWUHRWURVSXQWRVVXGLVSRQLELOLGDG´

$OJR  VLJQLILFDWLYR  HV  TXH  HO  FDUiFWHU  GHILQH  XQD  VLWXDFLyQ  UHODFLRQDO  HQWUH  ODV SHUVRQDV\ORVELHQHVDGHPiVFRQDUUHJORDODFDOLGDGGHORV ELHQHVHOFDUiFWHU DIHFWDUiGHPRGRGLIHUHQWHDHVDVUHODFLRQHV\DODVGHILQLFLRQHVGHODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV TXHURGHDQDODREUDVXVFRQGLFLRQHVGHSURGXFFLyQFLUFXODFLyQHWF &RQ  UHVSHFWR  D  ORV  ELHQHV  GH  FDOLGDG  PDWHULDO  R  ³FRVDV´  ODV  UHODFLRQHV PHQFLRQDGDVGHILQHQTXHORVELHQHVSXHGHQSRVHHUXQFDUiFWHU³SULYDGRS~EOLFRR FRP~Q´ ³8Q  ELHQ  PDWHULDO  WLHQH  FDUiFWHU  SULYDGR  FXDQGR  WLHQH  XQ  SURSLHWDULR  9DOH =XNHUIHOGQRWD KDVXJHULGR\DDOJXQRVSUREOHPDVTXHSXHGHQVXUJLUGHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHO FRQFHSWR³ELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHV´ ³QRFLRQHV FRPRODGHELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHV QRFRQVLGHUDQHOHOHPHQWRIXQGDPHQWDO GHVGH XQD  SHUVSHFWLYD  PDWHULDOLVWD  GHO  FRQRFLPLHQWR  HO  VRSRUWH  HQ  HO  TXH  HO  ELHQ  VH  KDOOD  8Q  ŽELHQ LQWHOHFWXDOŽ  WLHQH  SURSLHGDGHV  HFRQyPLFDV  \  MXUtGLFDV  PX\  GLVWLQWDV  VL  HVWi  SRUWDGR  HQ  OD VXEMHWLYLGDGILMDGRFRPRLQIRUPDFLyQXREMHWLYDGRHQXQDUWHIDFWR´ =XNHUIHOGSURSRQHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOFRQFHSWR³ELHQHVLQIRUPDFLRQDOHV´&DEHDJUHJDUTXHHOSURSLR9HUFHOOL KDSURSXHVWRXQDH[SOLFDFLyQJUiILFDGHVXVLGHDVSUHVHQWDQGRHQODEDVHORVELHQHVPDWHULDOHV\VREUHHOORV DORVELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVKDFLHQGRXQDFODUDDOXVLyQDODEDVHPDWHULDOTXHGDVXVWHQWRDOUHVWRGHORVELHQHV LQWHOHFWXDOHV(OFDUiFWHUGHORVELHQHVSRURWURODGRSXHGHOOHJDUDUHSUHVHQWDUODV³SURSLHGDGHVHFRQyPLFDV \MXUtGLFDVPX\GLVWLQWDV´DGHFLUGH=XNHUIHOGGHORVELHQHVLQIRUPDFLRQDOHVRLQWHOHFWXDOHV (VWDVGLVFXVLRQHVH[FHGHQODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHODSUHVHQWHREUD SHURLJXDOPHQWHKDQPHUHFLGRHVWDEUHYH PHQFLyQ

38

Hacia una Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GHFLU  FXDQGR  XQD  SHUVRQD  ItVLFD  R  MXUtGLFD  HV  HO  WLWXODU  GH  VXV  GHUHFKRV H[FOXVLYRVGHSURSLHGDGRHVXQELHQSULYDGRGHXQ(VWDGR$VXYH]HOFDUiFWHU

S~EOLFR  HQ  ORV  ELHQHV  PDWHULDOHV  GHVFULEH  DTXHOODV  FRVDV  TXH  HVWDQGR  EDMR WLWXODULGDG  GH  XQ  (VWDGR  1DFLRQDO  3URYLQFLDO  R  0XQLFLSDO  VH  FRQVLGHUDQ SHUWHQHFLHQWHV D WRGDOD FRPXQLGDG SRU PHGLR GHO VLVWHPD GH UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ SROtWLFD6LELHQHOGHVWLQRGHHVWRVELHQHVHVHOXVRS~EOLFRHOHMHUFLFLRGHORV GHUHFKRVVREUHHOELHQTXHGDVLHPSUHVXMHWRDODUHJODPHQWDFLyQJXEHUQDPHQWDO TXHORKDELOLWHDGPLWD\VREUHWRGRTXHORJHVWLRQH/RVFDUDFWHUHVSULYDGR\ S~EOLFR  VREUH  ORV  ELHQHV  PDWHULDOHV  HVWiQ  OHJLVODGRV  FRQ  SUHFLVLyQ  HQ  ODV FRQVWLWXFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHV\HQODVOH\HVFLYLOHV GHFDGD(VWDGR/DVLWXDFLyQ FDPELD  HQ  UHODFLyQ  DO  FDUiFWHU  FRP~Q  9HUFHOOL  \ 7KRPDV   ´  9HUFHOOL  

3RUVXSDUWH ³SRUVXFDOLGDGORVELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVWLHQHQWRGRVXQFDUiFWHUFRP~QSXHGHQ FLUFXODU\DSURYHFKDUVHOLEUHPHQWHSRUWRGRVORVPLHPEURVGHODVFRPXQLGDGHV 6RQSDUWHGHOFDSLWDOLQWHOHFWXDOTXHWLHQHQODVFRPXQLGDGHVDQLYHOJOREDO/RV ELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVWLHQHQXQFDUiFWHUFRP~QSXHVWRTXHFXDOTXLHULQWHJUDQWHGH XQD  FRPXQLGDG  SXHGH  GLVSRQHU  GH  HOORV  GH  IRUPD  GLUHFWD  LQPHGLDWD  \  VLQ PHGLDFLRQHVSDUDFXDOTXLHUSURSyVLWR´9HUFHOOL 

'HEHDFODUDUVHHQHVWHFDVRTXHHVWDSRVLELOLGDGGHGLVSRQHUTXHWRGRLQWHJUDQWHGH XQDFRPXQLGDGWLHQHQRHVWDQDVt'HSHQGHUiGHODYROXQWDGGHTXLHQORSRVHDGH GLIXQGLUODHLQFOXVRHQHVHFDVRH[LVWHFRQRFLPLHQWRWiFLWRLPSRVLEOHGHFRGLILFDU TXHSRUHOORVHUiLQWUDQVIHULEOH'HWRGRVPRGRVHOVLJQLILFDQWH³ELHQHV´SRUVX ODGRSDUHFHUtDUHSUHVHQWDUODLGHDGHTXHVHHVWDKDEODQGRGH PHUFDQFtDV(QHVH FDVR ODV PHUFDQFtDV LQWHOHFWXDOHV R LQIRUPDFLRQDOHV  WHQGUiQ OD SRWHQFLDOLGDG GH

39

&DSÇWXOR

/DXWLOL]DFLyQGHXQFRQFHSWRSUHFLVRHVSUREOHPiWLFDYHUODQRWDDOSLHDQWHULRU8QSUREOHPDTXHWUDHHO XVRGHOFRQFHSWRPHUFDQFtDHQHVWHFDVRVLELHQKDFHPDQLILHVWDODPHUFDQWLOL]DFLyQRFRPRGLILFDFLyQGHORV ³ELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHV´XWLOL]DQGRHOFRQFHSWRGH9HUFHOOL WUDHSUREOHPDVJUDYHVDODKRUDGHTXHUHUGLVFXWLU HO  SURFHVR  GH  JHQHUDFLyQ  GH  YDORU  FXDQGR  VH  WUDWD  GH  pVWDV  6L  VH  WUDWD  GH  XQD  PHUFDQFtD  pVWD  GHEHUi

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

SRGHUWUDQVPLWLUVH\FRPSDUWLUVHFRQFXDOTXLHULQWHJUDQWHGHXQDFRPXQLGDGDXQ FRVWRHVFDVR 'HMDQGR GH  ODGR  HVWD  FXHVWLyQ  TXH  GHEHUi  WUDWDUVH  HQ  RWUD  REUD  ³HQ  ODV  REUDV LQWHOHFWXDOHVHOFDUiFWHUSXHGHVHU SULYDWLYR  S~EOLFR R FRP~Q ´9HUFHOOL  /DGHILQLFLyQHVSHFtILFDTXHGDHVWHDXWRUHVODVLJXLHQWH ³8QDREUDLQWHOHFWXDOWLHQHFDUiFWHU SULYDWLYR FXDQGRVXDXWRURWLWXODUGHULYDGR PDQWLHQHODUHVHUYDGHWRGRVVXVGHUHFKRVGHDXWRU\QRSHUPLWHDORVXVXDULRVR DODFRPXQLGDGHQJHQHUDOPiVXVRVTXHORVUHFRQRFLGRVFRPRH[FHSFLRQHV\ OLPLWDFLRQHVDVXVGHUHFKRVHQODVOH\HV>SRUHMHPSORHOGHUHFKRGHFRSLDXVRV MXVWRVKRQUDGRV@(VGHFLUXQDREUDLQWHOHFWXDOWLHQHFDUiFWHUSULYDWLYRFXDQGR HO  DXWRU  R  WLWXODU  GHULYDGR  GH  GHUHFKRV  SDWULPRQLDOHV  HVFRJH  XQD  IRUPD  GH JHVWLyQTXHSULYDDORVXVXDULRVGHHVWDVREUDVHODFFHVRXVRFRSLDGLVWULEXFLyQ R  GLVSRQLELOLGDG  GH  OD  PLVPD  (O  FDUiFWHU  SULYDWLYR  VREUH  XQD  REUD  WDPELpQ SXHGHVXUJLUGHOPDQGDWRRODVSUHVXQFLRQHVHVWDEOHFLGDVHQODVOH\HV/DVOH\HV QDFLRQDOHV  \  WUDWDGRV  LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV  UHFRQRFHQ  D  ORV  DXWRUHV  OD  UHVHUYD FRPSOHWDGHVXVGHUHFKRVVREUHODVREUDVLQWHOHFWXDOHV´9HUFHOOL 

'H  WRGR  HVWH  GHVDUUROOR  VH  VLJXH  TXH  GDGR  TXH  HO  FDUiFWHU  SULYDGR  HV  DOJR FDUDFWHUtVWLFR  GH  ORV  ELHQHV  GH  FDOLGDG  PDWHULDO  \  HO  SULYDWLYR  GH  ORV  ELHQHV LQWHOHFWXDOHVHQWUHORTXHVHFXHQWDHOVRIWZDUHHOPHMRUVLJQLILFDQWHDXWLOL]DUDO KDEODU  GHO  VRIWZDUH  SURSLHWDULR  R  SULYDWLYR  VHUi  HVWH  ~OWLPR  /D  XWLOL]DFLyQ  GHO VLJQLILFDQWH  ³SURSLHWDULR´  HQ  FDPELR  GD  OXJDU  D  FRQIXVLRQHV  6LQ  GXGDV  TXLHUH UHSUHVHQWDUTXHHOVRIWZDUHHVSURSLHGDGGHDOJXLHQSHURHQHVHFDVRFRPRVHKD YLVWRVHHVWDUiKDEODQGRGHOFDUiFWHUSULYDWLYR

LQWHUFDPELDUVHSRUGLQHURSDUDDVtSRGHUYDOLGDUHOFDSLWDOSXHVWRHQFLUFXODFLyQDOLQLFLDUODSURGXFFLyQ6H UHLWHUDHVRVWHPDVDXQTXHVHQVLEOHPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHVGHEHUiQWUDWDUVHHQRWURHVSDFLR

40

CAPÍTULO 2. LO HISTÓRICO: EL SOFTWARE LIBRE, EL SOFTWARE PRIVATIVO Y LA UNIÓN EUROPEA

41

42

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

2.1 S OFTWARE LIBRE Y SOFTWARE PRIVATIVO : FLEXIBILIDAD INTERPRETATIVA DEL SOFTWARE

LAS

RAÍCES

DE

LA

$JUDQGHVUDVJRVSXHGHHQWHQGHUVHSRUVRIWZDUHDOFRQMXQWRGHOtQHDVGHFyGLJR TXH  SHUPLWHQ  TXH  ODV  FRPSXWDGRUDV  X  RUGHQDGRUHV  IXQFLRQHQ  (O  VRIWZDUH  HV XVXDOPHQWHGHVFULSWRFRPRHOFRPSRQHQWHEODQGRGHODPiTXLQD\DTXHQRSRVHHOD PDWHULDOLGDGTXHHOFRPSRQHQWH³GXUR´HOKDUGZDUHVtRVWHQWD(OVRIWZDUHHVHOTXH SHUPLWHTXHORVKXPDQRVSXHGDQXWLOL]DUODVFRPSXWDGRUDV\DTXHVLQVRIWZDUHHO KDUGZDUHVHUtDVyORXQDSLH]DPDWHULDOREVROHWDHLQVHUYLEOH(QRWUDVSDODEUDVHO ³VRIWZDUHSHUPLWHSRQHUHQUHODFLyQDOVHUKXPDQR\DODPiTXLQD\WDPELpQDODV PiTXLQDVHQWUHVt´ 9LGDO   'HHVWHPRGRSXHGHHQWHQGHUVHDO VRIWZDUH FRPRXQDUHFHWDFRQFRPDQGRVTXHOHRUGHQDDODFRPSXWDGRUDTXpKDFHUSDUDTXH OOHYHDFDERFLHUWDVWDUHDVHVSHFtILFDV%XFNPDQ\*D\  (VLPSRUWDQWHGHMDUHQFODURTXHH[LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVQLYHOHVHQODSDUWHPiVEiVLFD H[LVWH  HO  OHQJXDMH  PiTXLQD  R  FyGLJR  REMHWR  FRQVLVWHQWH  HQ  XQD  VHULH  GH    \   XWLOL]DGRV  SRU  OD  PiTXLQD  HV  GHFLU  XQ  OHQJXDMH  ELQDULR  (Q  ORV  LQLFLRV  GH  OD LQIRUPiWLFD  VH  SURJUDPDED  HQ  HVH  OHQJXDMH  SHUR  SRVWHULRUPHQWH  FRPHQ]DURQ  D GHVDUUROODUVHORVOHQJXDMHVGHSURJUDPDFLyQFRPRHO&&R%$6,&TXHXWLOL]DEDQ \XWLOL]DQXQOHQJXDMHPiVDVHTXLEOH\HQWHQGLEOHSRUHOKXPDQR/RVOHQJXDMHVGH SURJUDPDFLyQ KDFHQ  OD  ODERU  GH  UHYLVDU XQ  VRIWZDUH  PXFKR  PiV DPHQD  \ UiSLGD SHUPLWLHQGRLJXDOPHQWHFRPHWHUPHQRUFDQWLGDGGHHUURUHV ³+DFH  WLHPSR  TXH  ORV  SURJUDPDGRUHV  HVFULEHQ  ODV  LQVWUXFFLRQHV  TXH  KD  GH HMHFXWDUHOSURFHVDGRUGHODPiTXLQDPHGLDQWHOHQJXDMHVIRUPDOHVOODPDGRV³GH DOWRQLYHO´EDVWDQWHFHUFDQRVDOLQJOpVVLELHQFRQUtJLGDVUHJODVVLQWiFWLFDVTXH ORDVHPHMDQDORVOHQJXDMHVOyJLFRIRUPDOHV´9LGDO

/RVOHQJXDMHVGHSURJUDPDFLyQQHFHVLWDQDVXYH]VHUFRQYHUWLGRVDOOHQJXDMH

43

&DSÇWXOR

ELQDULRTXHPDQHMDQODVFRPSXWDGRUDVPiVSUHFLVDPHQWHDOFyGLJRPiTXLQDGHELGR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

TXH pVWH  HV  HO ~QLFR OHQJXDMH TXH  SXHGHQ  SURFHVDU  $TXt HV GRQGH LQJUHVDQ ORV FRPSLODGRUHV  SURJUDPDV  HVSHFLDOPHQWH  GLVHxDGRV  SDUD  GHVDUUROODU  HVWD  WDUHD  GH ³FRQYHUVLyQ´  'H  HVWH  PRGR  OR  HVFULWR  SRU  HO  SURJUDPDGRU  UHFLEH  HO  QRPEUH  GH ³FyGLJRIXHQWH´\HOSURGXFWRGHHVDFRQYHUVLyQRPiVSUHFLVDPHQWH³FRPSLODFLyQ´ UHFLEH  HO  QRPEUH  GH  ³ FyGLJRREMHWR´  ³ELQDULRV´  R  ³ILFKHURV  HMHFXWDEOHV´  9LGDO      ³(Q  SULQFLSLR  DO  XVXDULR  FRP~Q  VyOR  OH  LPSRUWD  HVWH  ~OWLPR  QLYHO  ORV ³ELQDULRV´SHURFRQYLHQHWHQHUFODUDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHIXHQWHV\ELQDULRVSXHVHV FODYHSDUDHQWHQGHUHOHPSHxRGHORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHQGLVSRQHUGHODV IXHQWHV´9LGDO  $TXtLQJUHVDXQDGHODVFXHVWLRQHVFODYHVDWUDWDUHQHVWHDSDUWDGRHOVRIWZDUH OLEUH  /LJDGR  D  HVWRV  SULQFLSLRV  GHO  IXQFLRQDPLHQWR  GH  ODV  FRPSXWDGRUDV  X RUGHQDGRUHVHQHOPXQGRGHOVRIWZDUHH[LVWHQXVXDOPHQWHGRVJUDQGHVPRGRVGH VLJQLILFDUORSRUXQODGRVHHQFXHQWUDHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRSRUHORWURHOVRIWZDUH OLEUH\HORSHQVRXUFH+DVWDODILQDOL]DFLyQGHODGpFDGDGHOVHWHQWDHLQLFLRVGHODGHO RFKHQWDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHDPERVQRVHKDEtDLQVWLWXLGRGHELGRDTXHORVPRGRV JHQHUDOHV  GH  SURGXFFLyQ  \  GHVDUUROOR  GH  VRIWZDUH  HVWDEOHFtDQ  FRPR  FULWHULRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV  HO  FRPSDUWLU  ODV  OtQHDV  GH  FyGLJR  TXH  FRQVWLWX\HQ  FDGD  SLH]D  GH VRIWZDUH(OVRIWZDUHFRPRSURGXFWRGHODDFWLYLGDGGHSURJUDPDGRUHVHQFHQWURVGH LQYHVWLJDFLyQ  XQLYHUVLWDULRV  R  SHUWHQHFLHQWHV  D  HPSUHVDV  VH  FRUUHVSRQGtD SHUIHFWDPHQWHFRQHOPRGHORGHSURGXFFLyQGH³FLHQFLDDELHUWD´X³RSHQVFLHQFH´ $Vt  HO VRIWZDUH  GHVDUUROODGR  HQ  XQLYHUVLGDGHV \ SRU  SHUVRQDV  FX\R  KREE\ HUD  OD $XQTXHKD\TXHFRQVLGHUDUODDFODUDFLyQTXH9LGDO KDUHDOL]DGR ³/DOyJLFDELQDULDQRHVXQDOLPLWDFLyQRQWROyJLFDGH ODV PiTXLQDVGH KHFKRDOJXQRV GHORV SULPHURVRUGHQDGRUHVFRPRHO(1,$&RSHUDEDQHQEDVH6LORVRUGHQDGRUHVVHFRQVWUX\HQFRQ DUTXLWHFWXUDELHVWDEOHHVSRUTXHUHVXOWDQPXFKRPiVVHQFLOORV\ EDUDWRVGHIDEULFDUTXHVLHVH PLVPRKDUGZDUHHVWXYLHVHREOLJDGRDLQVWDQFLDUGLH]HVWDGRVGLVWLQWRV´ (QORVWpUPLQRVGHOPDUFRWHyULFRGHODSUHVHQWHREUDTXL]iVKDEUtDTXHHVWXGLDUPiVHQGHWDOOHORVPRWLYRV TXHOOHYDURQDTXHVHDGRSWDUDODOyJLFDELQDULDGHELGRDTXHVLQGXGDVHVWDPRVDQWHVXQFyGLJRWpFQLFR SHURHVWDVSDODEUDVIXHURQFLWDGDVVyORSDUDGHVWDFDUTXHHOHVWDGRELQDULRQRHVHO~QLFRSRVLEOHSDUDODV FRPSXWDGRUDV

44

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

HVFULWXUDGHVRIWZDUHVHFRPSDUWtDOLEUHPHQWHDOLJXDOTXHHOVRIWZDUHGHVDUUROODGR EDMRHODXVSLFLRGHHPSUHVDV(VWHSDQRUDPDVHWUDQVIRUPyUiSLGDPHQWHGXUDQWHOD GpFDGDGHOVHWHQWDPRPHQWRHQTXHVXUJLHURQHPSUHVDVGHVDUUROODGRUDVGHORTXH OXHJRVHOODPDUtD³VRIWZDUHSURSLHWDULR´R³SULYDWLYR´ 'LIHUHQWHVVXFHVRVSXHGHQLQGLFDUVHFRPRFHQWUDOHVHQODFUHDFLyQGHOVRIWZDUH OLEUHFRLQFLGHQWHVHQJUDQPHGLGDFRQORVVXFHVRVTXHGLHURQRULJHQDODFUHDFLyQGHO VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR(VWDFRLQFLGHQFLDUHVLGHHQHOKHFKRGHTXHDPERVUHSUHVHQWDQ XQDIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHOVRIWZDUHHQJHQHUDO/DKLVWRULD HQHVWHVHQWLGRREOLJDDPHQFLRQDUFLHUWRVHOHPHQWRVGHFLVLYRVHQODJHQHUDFLyQGH HVD IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD/DVDFFLRQHV FRQFUHWDV \ KHFKRV GHLPSRUWDQFLD VH VHxDODQDFRQWLQXDFLyQ (QSULQFLSLRFDEHGHVWDFDUHOFRODSVRGHODFRPXQLGDGKDFNHUGHO/DERUDWRULRGH ,QWHOLJHQFLD$UWLILFLDOGHO0,7GRQGHWUDEDMDED5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQIXWXUROtGHUGHOD FRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHFRPRDVtWDPELpQODGLVFRQWLQXDFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ GHODFRPSXWDGRUD3'3FRPSXWDGRUDTXHIXHUHHPSOD]DGDSRURWUDVTXHYHQtDQ FRQVXSURSLRVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRFHUUDGR(OSURSLR5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQKDVHxDODGROD LPSRUWDQFLDTXHVHJ~QpOKDQWHQLGRHVWRVGRVVXFHVRV/DFRPXQLGDGGHKDFNHUV TXH  IXQFLRQDED  HQ  HO  /DERUDWRULR  GH  ,QWHOLJHQFLD  $UWLILFLDO  GHO  0,7  KDEtD GHVDUUROODGR  \  GLVHxDGR  HQ  OHQJXDMH  HQVDPEODGRU  HO  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR  GH  WLHPSR FRPSDUWLGROODPDGR ,76 ,QFRPSDWLEOH7LPHVKDULQJ 6\VWHP  SDUD OD FRPSXWDGRUD 'LJLWDO  3'3  /D  PHMRUD  GH  HVH  VLVWHPD  HUD  HO  WUDEDMR  GH  ORV  KDFNHUV  TXH  DOOt WUDEDMDEDQ(OSULPHUVXFHVRHVWRHVHO FRODSVRGH HVD FRPXQLGDG KDFNHUVH GD FXDQGRXQDFRPSDxtDQDFLHQWHOODPDGD6\PEROLFVFRQWUDWyDFDVLWRGDODSODQWDGHO ODERUDWRULRGH,QWHOLJHQFLD$UWLILFLDO/DFRPXQLGDGFRQVXSREODFLyQGLVPLQXLGDQR SXGR  VRVWHQHUVH  HQ  HO  WLHPSR  6WDOOPDQ       /D  GLVFRQWLQXDFLyQ  GH  OD SURGXFFLyQSRUSDUWHGH'LJLWDOGHOD3'3PDUFyHOILQGHORSRFRTXHTXHGDEDGH

45

&DSÇWXOR

HVDFRPXQLGDG

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(QVHJXQGROXJDUSXHGHQQRPEUDUVHODVDFFLRQHVGH$7 7VREUH81,;VLVWHPD RSHUDWLYRHQWRUQRDOTXHWDPELpQH[LVWtDXQDFRPXQLGDGGHGHVDUUROOR81,;WHQtDHO EHQHILFLRGHVHUXQVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRSRUWDEOHHVWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHFRQWUDULDPHQWHD RWURVVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRVGHORVVHWHQWDQRHVWDEDHVFULWRHQOHQJXDMHHQVDPEODGRU VLQRHQOHQJXDMH&OHQJXDMHGHVDUUROODGRLJXDOPHQWHHQHOODERUDWRULR%HOOGH$7 7 /HUQHU\7LUROH 3RUHVHPRWLYRHUDXQVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOD HVWUXFWXUDPDWHULDOGHORUGHQDGRU%R\HU (VWRHVORTXHSHUPLWtDD81,; VHUXQVLVWHPDPXOWLSODWDIRUPDHVGHFLUXQVLVWHPDTXHSRGtDIXQFLRQDUHQGLIHUHQWHV SODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUHRHQRWUDVSDODEUDVHQGLIHUHQWHVPRGHORVGHFRPSXWDGRUDV XRUGHQDGRUHV+DVWDHVHPRPHQWRHLQFOXVRGXUDQWHHVDGpFDGDODVFRPSXWDGRUDV WUDtDQFRQVLJRHOVRIWZDUHHQRWUDVSDODEUDVHOKDUGZDUHVHYHQGtDVLHPSUHFRQVX SURSLRVRIWZDUH ³(OSURFHVRGHFRPSDUWLUHOFyGLJRIXHHQRUPHPHQWHDFHOHUDGRFRQODGLIXVLyQ GH8VHQHWXQDUHGGHFRPSXWDGRUDVLQLFLDGDHQFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHSRQHU HQFRQWDFWRDODFRPXQLGDGGHSURJUDPDGRUHV 81,;0LHQWUDVHOQ~PHURGH >QRGRV@  FUHFtD  UiSLGDPHQWH  SRU  HMHPSOR  GH    HQ    D    HQ     OD KDELOLGDGGHORVSURJUDPDGRUHVHQLQVWDODFLRQHVXQLYHUVLWDULDVRFRUSRUDWLYDVGH FRPSDUWLUUiSLGDPHQWHWHFQRORJtDVIXHFRQVLGHUDEOHPHQWHPHMRUDGD´/HUQHU\ 7LUROHWUDGXFFLyQSURSLD 

(VDFRPXQLGDGIXQFLRQDEDHQXQiPELWRGHLQIRUPDOLGDG\QRKDEtDQHVIXHU]RV SDUDHVWDEOHFHUOLQHDPLHQWRVVREUHODSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDOGHORVUHVXOWDGRVGHHVWH WUDEDMRWDPSRFRSDUDHVWDEOHFHUFULWHULRVGHUHVWULFFLyQDOD UHXWLOL]DFLyQ GHHVRV UHVXOWDGRV³(VDLQIRUPDOLGDGSUREyVHUSUREOHPiWLFDWHPSUDQDPHQWHHQORVRFKHQWD FXDQGR$7 7FRPHQ]yDLPSRQHUVXVVXSXHVWRV GHUHFKRVGHSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO UHODFLRQDGRVFRQ81,;´/HUQHU\7LUROHWUDGXFFLyQSURSLD  $VtODFRPXQLGDG8VHQHWR81,;YLROLPLWDGDVVXVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHWUDEDMRDO GHFLGLU$7 7UHVWULQJLUHODFFHVRDOFyGLJRIXHQWHGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRDOLQLFLDUOD 46

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

GpFDGDGHORFKHQWD%R\HU\5REHUW  (QDGLFLyQSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHH[LVWHQYDULDVKLVWRULDVVLPLODUHV(QWRGDVHOODV FRPLHQ]DQ  D  VXUJLU  ³DFXHUGRV  GH  FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG´  R  GH  QR  GLYXOJDFLyQ  \ UHVWULFFLyQ  DO  DFFHVR  GHO  FyGLJR  IXHQWH  6WDOOPDQ  DxDGH  DOJXQRV  FDVRV  FRPR  ODV FRPSXWDGRUDVGHHVDHUD9$;\ODODVTXHFRQWDEDQFRQVXVSURSLRVVLVWHPDV RSHUDWLYRV+DFLDIDOWDILUPDUXQDFXHUGRGHFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGLQFOXVRSDUDREWHQHU FRSLDVHMHFXWDEOHV6WDOOPDQ 6WDOOPDQWDPELpQPHQFLRQDXQFDVRHQHO TXHpOIXHSDUWHILQDOGHHVHDFXHUGRGHFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGHVGHFLUODSDUWHDTXLHQ GHEtD  PDQWHQHUVH  IXHUD GH OD GLYXOJDFLyQ GHO FyGLJR  (V HO FDVR  GH  OD LPSUHVRUD ;HUR[FRQODTXHFRQWDEDHO/DERUDWRULRGH,QWHOLJHQFLD$UWLILFLDOGHO0,7(QHVD RFDVLyQ  D  6WDOOPDQ  VH  OH  QHJy  HO  FyGLJR  IXHQWH  GHO  SURJUDPD  GH  FRQWURO  GH  OD LPSUHVRUDSRUTXHDFXHUGRVGHFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGOHSURKLEtDQDXQHPSOHDGRGH;HUR[ FRQTXLpQpOKDEOyKDFHUOR (QWRGRVHVRVFDVRVVHREVHUYDXQDHVWUDWHJLDGHODVHPSUHVDVGHTXHUHUH[FOXLUD WHUFHURV  GH  OD  LQIRUPDFLyQ  TXH  HO  FyGLJR  IXHQWH  UHSUHVHQWD  (VDV  HVWUDWHJLDV  GH PHUFDQWLOL]DFLyQHQHOiPELWRGHOVRIWZDUHVRQSRVLELOLWDGDVHQPD\RUJUDGRFRQOD VHSDUDFLyQGHOKDUGZDUH\GHOVRIWZDUHTXHKDEtDLQLFLDGR,%0DOILQDOGHODGpFDGD GHO  VHVHQWD  SRVWHULRUPHQWH  JUDFLDV  DO  IHQyPHQR  GH  SUROLIHUDFLyQ  GH  ORV  \D PHQFLRQDGRVVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRVPXOWLSODWDIRUPD
47

&DSÇWXOR

/DVWUDGXFFLRQHVDODREUDGH6WDOOPDQVXHOHQWUDGXFLU³QRQGLVFORVXUHDJUHHPHQWV´FRPR³DFXHUGRVGHQR UHYHODFLyQ´  DTXt  VH  KD  RSWDGR  SRU  ³DFXHUGRV  GH  FRQILGHQFLDOLGDG´  R  HQ  VX  GHIHFWR  ³DFXHUGRV  GH  QR GLYXOJDFLyQ´ ³$VtORGHVWDFD(GZDUG6WHLQPXOOHU ³7KHVHFRQGLPSRUWDQWHYHQWVXSSRUWLQJWKHJURZWKRIWKHLQGHSHQGHQWVRIWZDUHVHFWRUZDV,%0¶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¶VDQQRXQFHPHQWWKDWLWZRXOGFRQWLQXHWRSURYLGHV\VWHPVRIWZDUH DQGSUHYLRXVO\SURGXFHGDSSOLFDWLRQVDQGGHYHORSPHQWWRROVRIWZDUHWRERWKQHZDQGHVWDEOLVKHG XVHUV6WHLQPXOOHU ´=XNHUIHOG 

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HLQFOXVRGXUDQWHWRGDODGpFDGDGHOVHWHQWDODVPiTXLQDVYHQtDQFRQHOVRIWZDUH LQFRUSRUDGR  XQ  VRIWZDUH  SHUVRQDOL]DGR  \  TXH  IXQFLRQDED  H[FOXVLYDPHQWH  HQ  HVH PRGHOR  GH  KDUGZDUH  3RU  HVWH  PRWLYR  ³FXiQGR  HO  VRIWZDUH  HUD  XQ  SURGXFWR UHODWLYDPHQWHLQGLIHUHQFLDGRGHOKDUGZDUHORVGHUHFKRVGHSDWHQWHVVREUHHOVHJXQGR DFWXDEDQLQGLUHFWDPHQWHVREUHHOSULPHUR´=XNHUIHOG (VWDVHSDUDFLyQ HQFRQWUyXQiPELWRGHH[SDQVLyQFRPHUFLDOGHSRVLELOLGDGHVDQWHVLPSHQVDGDVGHVGH ODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHODFRPSXWDGRUDXRUGHQDGRUSHUVRQDO$OWDLUHQ ³(Q  IHEUHUR  GH    XQD  UHYLVWD  HVSHFLDOL]DGD  HQ  HOHFWUyQLFD 3RSXODU  (OHFWURQLFV  SXEOLFD  XQ  DUWtFXOR  SUHVHQWDQGR  HO  $OWDLU    XQ  RUGHQDGRU YHQGLGR  FRPR  NLW  GH  PRQWDMH  SDUD  DILFLRQDGRV  GHVDUUROODGR  SRU  OD  HPSUHVD 0,766XEDMRSUHFLRXQRVGyODUHV\VXIRUPDGHGLVWULEXFLyQDWUDYpVGH OD  FRPSDxtD  GH  FRUUHRV  KDFHQ  GH  pVWH  HO  SULPHU  RUGHQDGRU  HQ  GHVSHUWDU  OD DWHQFLyQGHOS~EOLFR´*yPH]6iQFKH] 

(Op[LWRGHOD$OWDLULPSOLFyTXHPXFKDVFRPSDxtDVTXLVLHUDQODQ]DUVXV SURSLDV  FRPSXWDGRUDV  SHUVRQDOHV  (VWD  HYROXFLyQ  KD  IXQFLRQDGR  GH  PDUFR  DO QDFLPLHQWR  GH  0LFUR  6RIW  HQ    OXHJR  0LFURVRIW  \  GH  OD  HYROXFLyQ  KDVWD  OD IDPRVD3HUVRQDO&RPSXWHUGH,%0R3&HQ(VWRVKHFKRVFRPELQDGRVKDQ VLGRHOSXQWDSLpIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDHOGHVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUHFRPHUFLDO\GHHPSUHVDV GHGLFDGDVH[FOXVLYDPHQWHDODSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUH /DOyJLFDGHH[SDQVLyQRH[SDQVLYDGHOFDSLWDO HVODTXHH[SOLFDHVWHIHQyPHQR (O  FDSLWDO  WLHQGH  D  DYDQ]DU  FDGD  YH]  PiV  D  QXHYDV  HVIHUDV  SURGXFWLYDV  HQ  HVWH VHQWLGR  WLHQGH  D  FUHDU  QXHYDV  PHUFDQFtDV  R  D  DYDQ]DU  HQ  HO  SURFHVR  GH PHUFDQWLOL]DFLyQ  GH  REMHWRV  R  FRVDV  TXH  SUHYLDPHQWH  QR  HUDQ  FRQVLGHUDGDV PHUFDQFtDV(VWHIHQyPHQRGHFRPRGLILFDFLyQHVHOTXHOOHJyFRQODFRPELQDFLyQGH HVRVHOHPHQWRVDODSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUHFRQYLUWLHQGRHQPHUFDQFtDORVOHQJXDMHV (QWHQGLHQGRDOFDSLWDOFRPRYDORUHQSURFHVRGHYDORUL]DFLyQ\DVXOyJLFDH[SDQVLYDFRPRHOSURFHVR PHGLDQWH  HO  FXDO  VH  SURGXFH HQ IXQFLRQDPLHQWR FRQVWDQWH HVD  YDORUL]DFLyQ GH  XQ PRGR FDGD YH]PiV DEDUFDGRUDiPELWRVSUHYLDPHQWHDMHQRVDODSURGXFFLyQFDSLWDOLVWD

48

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

GH  SURJUDPDFLyQ  \  OD  H[SUHVLyQ  GH  HVRV  OHQJXDMHV  GH  SURJUDPDFLyQ  HQ  OtQHDV  GH FRPDQGR  $KRUD  ELHQ  VL  VH  WLHQHQ  HQ  FXHQWD  OD  LQFXUVLyQ  GH  ORV  DFXHUGRV  GH FRQILGHQFLDOLGDGRGHQRGLYXOJDFLyQTXHVHKDPHQFLRQDGRPiVDUULEDVHHQWLHQGH TXHHVDPHUFDQWLOL]DFLyQVHKDGHVDUUROODGRPHGLDQWHODLQWURGXFFLyQGHFRQWUDWRVTXH SURKtEHQDFFLRQHVXVXDOHVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUHKDVWDHVHPRPHQWRFRPROR KDQVLGRHOFRPSDUWLUDSUHQGHUPHGLDQWHHOHVWXGLRGHOFyGLJRIXHQWHPRGLILFDUOR\ UHGLVWULEXLUOR'HHVWHPRGRODVUHJXODFLRQHVVHUiQODVGHFLVLYDVSDUDFRPSUHQGHUODV VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  GDGDV  DO  VRIWZDUH  (Q  HVD  IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  FRPR  \D  VH DGHODQWyVHHQFRQWUDUiSRUXQODGRDXQ*65VLJQLILFDQGRDOVRIWZDUHHQWpUPLQRV SULYDWLYRV\SRURWURODGRDXQ*65VLJQLILFiQGROR\FRQVWLWX\pQGRORHQWpUPLQRV OLEUHVRDELHUWRV

2.1.1. L AS

REGUL ACIONES Y EL M ODELO DE NEGOCIOS DEL SOFTWARE

PRIVATIVO  

(VWD  ~OWLPD  DILUPDFLyQ  WUDH  SRU  ILQ  HO  WHPD  FHQWUDO  HQ  OD  GHIHQVD  GH  ODV VLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHOVRIWZDUHODVUHJXODFLRQHV/DVUHJXODFLRQHVVREUHHOVRIWZDUHKDQ VLGRLPSRUWDQWHVHQODFRQIRUPDFLyQGHHVWRVGRVPRGHORVGHSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUH RORTXHHVORPLVPRGHVLJQLILFDUDOVRIWZDUH
49

&DSÇWXOR

 'HERD$ULHO9HUFHOOLQRWDUODLPSRUWDQFLDGHODVUHJXODFLRQHVHQODFHQWUDOLGDGGHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUH VRIWZDUHOLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HPSUHVDTXHVHUiDQDOL]DGDMXQWRFRQ(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOFRPRSDUWHGHXQRGHORV WUHVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVHQODSUHVHQWHREUD(QHVWHVHQWLGRHVVXKLVWRULDOD TXH  QRV  LQWHUHVD  SDUD  SRGHU  FRPSUHQGHU  FXDOHV  VRQ  ORV  PXURV  TXH  FRQWLHQHQ  OD  FRQWLQJHQFLDHQTXHVXVLJQLILFDFLyQGHOVRIWZDUHVHSURGXFH %LOO  *DWHV IXH  XQD  GH  ODV  SHUVRQDV  PiV  LPSRUWDQWHV  HQ  OD  LQVWDXUDFLyQ  GH  OD IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQHOFDPSRGHOVRIWZDUH PHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQGHXQ PRGHORGHQHJRFLRVTXHVHEDVDEDHQODSURKLELFLyQOHJDORFRQWUDFWXDOPHGLDQWH  OLFHQFLDVGHFRS\ULJKW\OXHJRSDWHQWHVGHODFFHVRHVWXGLRFRSLDPRGLILFDFLyQ\  UHGLVWULEXFLyQGHOFyGLJRIXHQWH (OLQLFLRGHVXQHJRFLRVHYLQFXODHVWUHFKDPHQWHFRQHOGHVDUUROORSRUSDUWHGHOD HPSUHVD0,76GHOD$OWDLUDQWHVPHQFLRQDGD(VWDFRPSXWDGRUDXWLOL]DEDFRPR OHQJXDMH  GH  SURJUDPDFLyQ  HO  FyGLJR  PiTXLQD  HQ  YLVWDV  GH  OD  GLILFXOWDG  TXH  HVWR DFDUUHDED  %LOO  *DWHV  MXQWR  D  3DXO $OOHQ  GHFLGLHURQ  FRQWDFWDU  DO  SUHVLGHQWH  GH  OD HPSUHVDGHVDUUROODGRUDGHHVWDFRPSXWDGRUD(G5REHUWVSDUDRIUHFHUOHXQOHQJXDMH GHSURJUDPDFLyQVHQFLOORGLVHxDGRSRUHOORVHQEDVHD%$6,& *yPH]6iQFKH]  5REHUWVDFHSWyUHXQLUVHFRQHOORVHQHOSOD]RGHXQPHV\GDGRTXH*DWHV \$OOHQHQUHDOLGDGQRWHQtDQQDGDTXHRIUHFHU³>O@RTXHKLFLHURQHQVXOXJDUIXH WRPDU  OD HGLFLyQ  GH GRPLQLR  S~EOLFR  GHO  OHQJXDMH  TXH  FLUFXODED SRU  ORV  HQWRUQRV XQLYHUVLWDULRV\DGDSWDUORDO$OWDLU´*yPH]6iQFKH] /RLQWHUHVDQWHGH HVWRHVTXH*DWHV\$OOHQVHUHVHUYDURQWRGRVORVGHUHFKRVFRPHUFLDOHVGHVXYHUVLyQ GH%$6,& ³/D  DFWLWXG  GH  WRPDU  XQ  SURJUDPD  GH  GRPLQLR  S~EOLFR  \  PRGLILFDUOR  SDUD YHQGHUORSRVWHULRUPHQWHIXHWRPDGDSRUPXFKRVFRPRXQDWUDLFLyQDOHVStULWX KDFNHU(VWDVLWXDFLyQOOHYyDXQHVSHFWDGRUGHXQDPXHVWUDGHLQIRUPiWLFDHQOD  %$6,&VRQVLJODVSDUD %HJLQQHUV$OOSXUSRVH6\PEROLF,QVWUXFWLRQ&RGH)XHGHVDUUROODGRSRU -RKQ .HPHQ\\7KRPDV(.XUW]HQ6XREMHWLYRIXHGHVDUUROODUXQOHQJXDMHGHSURJUDPDFLyQVHQFLOORSDUD SULQFLSLDQWHVGHELGRDTXHKDVWDHVHPRPHQWRORVOHQJXDMHVGHSURJUDPDFLyQSRGtDQVHUPDQHMDGRVVyORSRU SURJUDPDGRUHVSURIHVLRQDOHV

50

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

TXHVHSUHVHQWDEDDTXHO%$6,&DDJHQFLDUVHXQDFRSLDGHOSURJUDPDSDUDPiV WDUGHGLVWULEXLUODJUDWXLWDPHQWH/DSUHQVDKL]RHFRGHDTXHOVXFHVRSUHVHQWDQGR D*DWHVFRPROD YtFWLPD GHOSULPHUFDVRGHSLUDWHRLQIRUPiWLFRHQODKLVWRULD (O  HIHFWR  PHGLiWLFR  IXH  WDO  TXH  pVWH  OR  DSURYHFKy  SDUD  IXQGDU  OD  FRPSDxtD 0LFUR  6RIW  MXQWR  D  3DXO $OOHQ  \  GHVDUUROODU  YHUVLRQHV  GH  %$6,&  SDUD  ORV PLFURRUGHQDGRUHVPiVSRSXODUHVGHODpSRFD3RURWURODGRDPERVKDFHQYDOHU VXVGHUHFKRVVREUHHO%$6,&HQWUDQGRHQXQDGXUDEDWDOODOHJDOFRQWUD0,76 (G5REHUWVVDOHGHUURWDGRYLpQGRVHREOLJDGRDFHUUDUVXHPSUHVD\DYROYHUDVX DQWLJXDSURIHVLyQGHPpGLFR´*yPH]6iQFKH] 

/RV  QHJRFLRV  IORUHFLHQWHV  GH  H[FHOHQWH  SHUVSHFWLYD  SDUD  ODV  FRPSXWDGRUDV GRPpVWLFDV  FRQRFLGDV  HQ  OD  pSRFD  FRPR  ³KRPH  FRPSXWHUV´  KLFLHURQ  TXH  YDULDV FRPSDxtDV  ODQ]DUDQ  VXV  SURSLDV  FRPSXWDGRUDV  DO  PHUFDGR  \  PXFKDV  GH  HOODV XWLOL]DEDQ  OD  YHUVLyQ  GH  %$6,&  GH  0LFURVRIW  (O  PHUFDGR  GHO  VRIWZDUH  WXYR  GRV SURWDJRQLVWDV  LQGLVFXWLGRV  KDVWD    0LFURVRIW  \  'LJLWDO  5HVHDUFK  OD  SULPHUD GRPLQDEDHOFDPSRGHORVOHQJXDMHVGHSURJUDPDFLyQODVHJXQGDHOGHORVVLVWHPDV RSHUDWLYRVFRQVX&30 ,%0WUDVYDULRVLQWHQWRVGHGHVDUUROODUXQDFRPSXWDGRUDSDUDHOKRJDUFRQp[LWR ORJUyGLVHxDUXQDHQEDVHDOQXHYRPLFURSURFHVDGRUGH,QWHO6LJXLHQGRODOtQHD GHLQFOXLUHOOHQJXDMHGHSURJUDPDFLyQGH0LFURVRIW\HOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRGH'LJLWDO 5HVHDUFK,%0LQLFLyODVQHJRFLDFLRQHVFRQDPEDVHPSUHVDV/XHJRGHXQDVHULHGH QHJRFLDFLRQHV,%0FHUUyVXWUDWyVyORFRQ0LFURVRIWTXHGiQGRVHpVWDWDPELpQFRQ HO  FRQWUDWR  GHO  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR  /RV  PRWLYRV  QR  VRQ  FODURV  \  VH  KDQ  EDUDMDGR UHVSXHVWDVTXHQRYLHQHQDOFDVRVLQHPEDUJRHVLQWHUHVDQWHQRWDUTXH0LFURVRIWDO LJXDOTXHHQORVXFHGLGRFRQHOGHVDUUROORGH%DVLFQRFRQWDEDFRQVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYR 3RUHVHPRWLYRVHSXVRHQFRQWDFWRFRQXQSURJUDPDGRUGHOD6HDWWOH&RPSXWHU 3URGXFWV  7LP  3DWWHUVRQ  TXLHQ  KDEtD  GHVDUUROODGR  XQ  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR  OODPDGR

51

&DSÇWXOR

4'264XLFNDQG'LUW\2SHUDWLYH6\VWHP 0LFURVRIWFRPSUyHVWHVLVWHPDHQXQD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

FLIUDTXHSXGRKDEHURVFLODGRHQWUHORVDGyODUHV=XNHUIHOG  VLQPHQFLRQDUOHD3DWWHUVRQVXVSRVLEOHVQHJRFLRVFRQ,%0*yPH]6iQFKH]  'HHVWHPRGR0LFURVRIWLQLFLyVXLQFXUVLyQHQHOQHJRFLRGHORVVLVWHPDV RSHUDWLYRVLQFOXVRORJUDQGRQRFHGHUDORVSHGLGRVGHH[FOXVLYLGDGTXHOHSURSRQtD >LQWHQWDEDH[LJLU@,%0=XNHUIHOG &DEHDJUHJDUTXHDQWHVGHRIUHFpUVHOR D  ,%0  0LFURVRIW  FDPELy  HO  QRPEUH  GH  4'26  SRU  06'26  0LFURVRIW  'LVN 2SHUDWLQJ6\VWHP  ³'LFKDYHUVLyQWXYRTXHVHUUHYLVDGD\UHHVFULWDSRU,%0TXLHQWUDVHQFRQWUDU HUURUHVREXJVODUHEDXWL]yFRPR3&'26eVWHHVHOPRWLYRSRUHOTXH DPEDV  FRPSDxtDV  FRPSDUWtDQ  HO  FRS\ULJKW  VREUH  HO  SURGXFWR  &RQVFLHQWH  GHO SRWHQFLDO  HFRQyPLFR  GHO  '26  0LFURVRIW  SHUVXDGLy  D  ,%0  SDUD  TXH  OH SHUPLWLHVH  YHQGHUOR  SRU  VX  FXHQWD  FRQ  HO  QRPEUH  LQLFLDO  TXH  HOORV  KDEtDQ SURSXHVWR´*yPH]6iQFKH] 

8QGDWRDFRQVLGHUDUHVTXHHOSURSLR4'26\SRUHOORHOSURSLR06'26R3& '26 HVWDEDEDVDGRFDVLtQWHJUDPHQWHHQHO&30GH*DU\.LOGDOOHOSUHVLGHQWHGH 'LJLWDO  5HVHDUFK  7DO  FRPR  SURSRQH  =XNHUIHOG     HO  SURSLR  SURPRWRU  GH  OD GHIHQVDGHOFRS\ULJKWEDVyVXQHJRFLRLQLFLDOHQHOWHUUHQRGHORVVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRV HQXQVLVWHPDGHOTXHQRKDTXHGDGRFODURFXiQWRKDWRPDGR³SUHVWDGR´/DFXHVWLyQ HVTXHQDGDSXGRKDFHU.LOGDOOHQFRQWUDGHHVHVXSXHVWRSODJLRR³URER (QWRQFHVHQOXJDUGHGHPDQGDU.LOGDOOGHFLGLy\DFRUGyOLFHQFLDV&30D,%0 .LOGDOOTXHFRQPRYLGRFXDQGROD3&IXHODQ]DGDH,%0FDUJyGyODUHVSRUFRSLD SDUD&30\VyORSDUD'26.LOGDOODUURMyXQDFRQFOXVLyQVREUHHVWHKHFKRHQVXV PHPRULDVGLFLHQGRTXHFUHtDTXHWRGRHOHVFHQDULRKDEtDVLGRDUUHJODGRSRU,%0 FRQVHJXLUHOHVWDQGDUH[LVWHQWHDXQFRVWRFDVLLQH[LVWHQWH+DPP\*UHHQ  'HHVWHPRGR%LOO*DWHVSXGRTXHGDUVHFRQODYHQWDGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRD,%0 VLQLPSRUWDUORVLQWHQWRVGH.LOGDOOGHYHQGHUVXQXHYDYHUVLyQ/RVFRVWRVPDUFDURQ OD  GLIHUHQFLD  ³/RV  EDMRV  FRVWRV  HQ  TXH  KDEtD  LQFXUULGR  *DWHV  OH  SHUPLWtDQ 52

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

LQGXGDEOHPHQWHYHQGHUDXQSUHFLRPHQRUTXHVDFyGHOPHUFDGRDVXFRPSHWLGRU´ =XNHUIHOG  (OFUHFLPLHQWRGHOPHUFDGRGHFRPSXWDGRUHVIXHWDOTXHODULTXH]DGH*DWHV\GH VXFRPSDxtDFUHFLHURQHQFXHVWLyQGHSRFRVDxRV(Op[LWRGH,%0TXLVRVHUHPXODGR SRU  PXFKDV  HPSUHVDV  GHO  VHFWRU  TXH  FRPHQ]DURQ  D  ODQ]DU  DO  PHUFDGR  YHUVLRQHV SURSLDV  FRPSDWLEOHV  FRQ  OD  SURSLD  GH  ,%0  XWLOL]DQGR  REYLDPHQWH  HO  VLVWHPD RSHUDWLYR06'26 ³0LHQWUDV  TXH  SDUD  ,%0  VXSRQtDQ  XQD  PD\RU  FRPSHWHQFLD  SDUD  0LFURVRIW LPSOLFDEDXQLPSRUWDQWHDXPHQWRGHLQJUHVRV(O3&VHKDEtDFRQYHUWLGRHQXQ HVWiQGDUGHKHFKRODJHQWHTXHUtDWHQHUXQRUGHQDGRUFRPSDWLEOHHQVXRILFLQD\ HQVXKRJDU\XQDIORUHFLHQWHLQGXVWULDGHSURJUDPDVLQIRUPiWLFRVHPSH]yD VHUYLUOHVGHOVRIWZDUHTXHQHFHVLWDEDQ´*yPH]6iQFKH] 

0LFURVRIWJUDFLDVDO SRVLFLRQDPLHQWRTXHOHGLR DVX VLVWHPD RSHUDWLYR'26 HQ SULPHUOXJDU\:LQGRZVSRVWHULRUPHQWHSXGRPRQRSROL]DUWRGRVORVRWURVWLSRVGH VRIWZDUH TXH VLHPSUH UHTXLHUHQXQVLVWHPD RSHUDWLYRVREUH HOFXDO IXQFLRQDU(Q SDODEUDV  GH  =XNHUIHOG       ³FRQWDU  FRQ  XQD  SRVLFLyQ  GRPLQDQWH  HQ  ORV VLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRVLPSOLFDKHJHPRQL]DUWRGRVORVRWURVWLSRV GHSURJUDPDVTXH GHSHQGHQGHHOORV´ +DFHIDOWDPHQFLRQDUDOJXQRVHOHPHQWRVPiVVREUHHOPRGHORGHQHJRFLRVFUHDGR SRU  ODV  HPSUHVDV  GH  VRIWZDUH  SULYDWLYR  HVSHFLDOPHQWH  0LFURVRIW  \  FyPR  KDQ XWLOL]DGRODVUHJXODFLRQHVSDUDORJUDUVXVILQHV 0LFURVRIWKDGHVDUUROODGRXQPRGHORGHQHJRFLRVEDVDGRHQODYHQWDGHVLVWHPDV RSHUDWLYRV  \  GH  SURJUDPDV  HQODWDGRV  TXH  SURKtEHQ  PHGLDQWH  OD  XWLOL]DFLyQ  GHO FRS\ULJKW  \  SDWHQWHV  OD  SRVLELOLGDG  GH  FRSLDU  HVWXGLDU  PRGLILFDU  FRPSDUWLU  \

53

&DSÇWXOR

(QHOFDVRGHHVWXGLRDTXtSUHVHQWDGRHVDSRVLFLyQPRQRSyOLFDQRLEDDVHUOH~WLOSDUDVHJXLULPSRQLHQGR VXVSURJUDPDVRILPiWLFRVGHELGRDTXHXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQOD,62,(&\D KDEtDQRUPDOL]DGRHOHVWiQGDU2SHQ'RFXPHQW)RUPDW2') GHIHQGLGR\VXUJLGRGHODFRPXQLGDGSDUDHO VRIWZDUHOLEUH/DQ]DUVXSURSLRHVWiQGDUSDUDQRYHUSHOLJUDUVXSRVLFLyQPRQRSyOLFDIXHVXPHMRURSFLyQ (VRVHUiDQDOL]DGRHQORVFDStWXORVVLJXLHQWHV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

UHGLVWULEXLUHOFyGLJRIXHQWHGHOVRIWZDUH/RVDFXHUGRVGHFRQILGHQFLDOLGDGRGHQR GLYXOJDFLyQTXHFRPHQ]DURQDXWLOL]DUODVHPSUHVDVFRPR;HUR[R6\PEROLFVHUDQ FRQWUDWRVTXHLPSOLFDEDQTXHQRVHFRPSDUWLUtDHOFyGLJRIXHQWHFRQQLQJXQDSHUVRQD DMHQDDODHPSUHVD/DVOLFHQFLDVFRS\ULJKW\SDWHQWHVKDQWHQLGRHOPLVPRREMHWLYR GHQRSHUPLWLUHOFRPSDUWLUHOFyGLJRIXHQWH\PDQWHQHUORSULYDWLYR (QHVWHVHQWLGRFDEHPHQFLRQDUTXHODXWLOL]DFLyQGHSDWHQWHVVHKL]RSRVLEOHHQ (VWDGRV8QLGRVHQPHGLDQWHXQIDOORMXGLFLDOTXHSHUPLWLy SDWHQWDUVRIWZDUH VREUHODEDVHGHTXHpVWHFRQWURODEDXQSURFHVRSURGXFWLYR(VGHFLUFRPRHVWDED YLQFXODGRDXQXVRLQGXVWULDOHVSHFtILFRSXGRSDWHQWDUVH ³(QDOJXQRVVLVWHPDVOHJDOHVFRPRHO1RUWHDPHULFDQRSHVHDTXHVX/H\GHVGH 6HFFLyQ(VWDWXWRGH3DWHQWHVGH86$ SURKtEHSDWHQWDUSURJUDPDV LQIRUPiWLFRV\DOJRULWPRVDVtFRPRPRGHORVGHQHJRFLRVQRHVPHQRVFLHUWR TXH  GHVGH  OD  GpFDGD  GH  ORV  >RFKHQWD@  VH  KD  SHUPLWLGR  SRU  PHGLR  GH  XQ GHVDUUROOR  -XULVSUXGHQFLDO  )DOOR  GH    GHO  7ULEXQDO  6XSUHPR  GRQGH  VH SDWHQWyXQSURFHVRLQGXVWULDOFRQWURODGRSRUXQVRIWZDUH TXHHO6RIWZDUHVHD HYHQWXDOPHQWHREMHWRGHSURWHFFLyQSRUPHGLRGHODVOH\HVGH3DWHQWHV´5tRV 5XL]

$VtHOPRGHORGHQHJRFLRVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRGHGHILQLyEDMRHVRVWpUPLQRV (OFRS\ULJKW\OXHJRODVSDWHQWHVVLVHKDEODSRUHMHPSOR GH(VWDGRV8QLGRVR -DSyQ  VH  KDQ  XWLOL]DGR  SDUD  SURWHJHU  OD  SURSLHGDG  SULYDGD  GHO  FyGLJR  IXHQWH  (O 'HUHFKRGH$XWRUVHKDXWLOL]DGRHQ(XURSD\/DWLQRDPpULFD ³(QODPD\RUtDGHQRUPDVYLJHQWHVDOUHGHGRUGHOPXQGRVREUHSDWHQWHVVHKD H[FOXLGRGHPDQHUDGLUHFWDODSDWHQWDELOLGDGGHOVRIWZDUH$VtSRUHMHPSOROH\HV GHSDWHQWHVGHYDULRVSDtVHV(XURSHRV)UDQFLD$OHPDQLD5HLQR8QLGR(VSDxD \PXFKRVRWURV QRFRQWHPSODURQDORVSURJUDPDVGHRUGHQDGRUFRPRREMHWRGH SDWHQWDELOLGDG  KHFKR  HVWH  TXH HV  UDWLILFDGR HQ  HO&RQYHQLR  VREUH  OD 3DWHQWH (XURSHD&3( VXVFULWRLQLFLDOPHQWHHQHQODFLXGDGGH0XQLFKGRQGH 54

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

VHH[FOX\yGHSODQRVXSDWHQWDELOLGDG$UWDSDUWDGRƒGHOD&3( ´5tRV 5XL] 

0LFURVRIWLQGXGDEOHPHQWHUHSUHVHQWDILHOPHQWHWRGRHVWHLGHDO SULYDWLYRHQVX PRGHORGHQHJRFLRV'HHVWDPDQHUDSXHGHFRQFOXLUVHTXHORVUDVJRVTXHGLVWLQJXHQ HO  PRGHOR  GH  QHJRFLRV  GH  0LFURVRIW  VRQ  HO  FyGLJR  IXHQWH  FHUUDGR  XQ  PRGHOR WHQGLHQWH  D  OD  PRQRSROL]DFLyQ  OD  QR  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  FRQ  RWURV  SURJUDPDV  LQIRUPiWLFRVGHSHQGHQFLDDVXSODWDIRUPDGHVRIWZDUHHVSHFLDOPHQWHDVXVLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR   OD  XWLOL]DFLyQ  GHO  FRS\ULJKW  \  SDWHQWHV  SDUD  SUHVHUYDU  OD  SURSLHGDG  UHVWULFWLYDVREUHHOFyGLJRIXHQWHGHVXVRIWZDUH(VWRV DVSHFWRVGHVXPRGHORGH QHJRFLRVGHILQHQHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGH0LFURVRIW\HVWDUiQFRQ SOHQDYLJHQFLD GXUDQWHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQWRUQRD2IILFH2SHQ;0//ROODPDWLYRVHUi FRPRVH YHUi ODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHpVWH HQ WpUPLQRVFRQWUDULRVD  VX SURSLR PDUFR WHFQROyJLFRFRQODVFRQVHFXHQWHVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV\SUREOHPDVTXHHOORDFDUUHyHQHO  SURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ 7RGRHVWHHVFHQDULRSULYDWLYRFRQUHVSHFWRDOVRIWZDUHKDHQFRQWUDGRVXRSRVLWRU HQXQFRPLHQ]RWUDVHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHOPRYLPLHQWRSDUDHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHOLGHUDGR SRU5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQ

2.1.2. E L M AN DO ”

M OVIM IENTO POR EL SOFTWARE LIBRE :

“ COOPER ACIÓN

SIN

(OHVStULWXSUHYLRDODFUHFLHQWHSURSLHWDUL]DFLyQRSULYDWLYL]DFLyQ GHOVRIWZDUH HVGHFLUHOHVStULWXVROLGDULRFRQUHODFLyQDOFyGLJRIXHQWHIXHXQRGHORVVXVWHQWRV TXHSHUPLWLHURQSHQVDUXQDRSRVLFLyQDODSURSLHWDUL]DFLyQGHODVOtQHDVGHWH[WRR FyGLJRTXHFRPSRQHQWRGRVRIWZDUH(OSULQFLSDODFWRUHQHVDODERU\HQXQSULQFLSLR

3URSLHWDUL]DFLyQSRU³SURSLHWDULR´\SULYDWL]DFLyQSRU³SULYDWLYR´3XHGHVHUGLVFXWLEOHODXWLOL]DFLyQGH DPERVFRQFHSWRVSHURWDPELpQVHXWLOL]DHQODSUHVHQWHREUDHOPiVGLIXQGLGR³SULYDWL]DFLyQ´

55

&DSÇWXOR

FDVLHO~QLFRKDVLGR5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQ(VWHKDFNHUFRPRJXVWDDXWRFDOLILFDUVHIXH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HOFUHDGRUGHO3UR\HFWR*18HQ\IXQGDGRUGHOD)XQGDFLyQSRUHO6RIWZDUH /LEUH  HQ    FRQRFLGD  FRPR  ³)6)´  SRU  VXV  VLJODV  HQ  LQJOpV  )UHH  6RIWZDUH )RXQGDWLRQ 7DOFRPRORKDH[SUHVDGRHQHO*180DQLIHVWRR0DQLILHVWR*18 ³1RSXHGRHQEXHQDFRQFLHQFLDILUPDUXQDFXHUGRGHQRUHYHODFLyQ>QRQGLVFORVXUH DJUHHPHQW@RXQDFXHUGRGHOLFHQFLDGHVRIWZDUH´6WDOOPDQ  (QHVWHVHQWLGRHOREMHWLYRGHO3UR\HFWR*18IXHEULQGDUXQVRIWZDUHFRQHOTXH FRPHQ]DUDSRGHUFRQWUDUUHVWDUHOSRGHU\WHQGHQFLDFUHFLHQWHDODOLPLWDFLyQGHOD ³VROLGDULGDG´  \  ³KRVSLWDOLGDG´  HQ  HO  VRIWZDUH  WDO  FXDO  OR  GHILQH  6WDOOPDQ  HQ  HO 0DQLILHVWR(OVRIWZDUHPiVLPSRUWDQWHSDUDHOORVHJ~QpOHUDHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYR GHELGRDTXHHVHO³VRIWZDUHFUXFLDOSDUDFRPHQ]DUDXWLOL]DUXQDFRPSXWDGRUD&RQ XQVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRSXHGHVKDFHUPXFKDVFRVDVVLQpOQRSXHGHVKDFHUIXQFLRQDU XQDFRPSXWDGRUDSDUDQDGD´6WDOOPDQWUDGXFFLyQSURSLD 3RUHOOROD DFWLYLGDGLQLFLDOGHO3UR\HFWR*18IXHGHVDUUROODUXQVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRTXHFRPR 81,;SXGLHUDIXQFLRQDUHQGLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH 3RUVXSDUWHHOREMHWLYRGHOD)6)IXHJDUDQWL]DUODFRQWLQXLGDGGHHVWHSUR\HFWR\ GDUOH  VXVWHQWR  HFRQyPLFR  \  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  DO  SUR\HFWR  *18  /D  LGHD  JHQHUDO  GH 6WDOOPDQIXHLQLFLDUXQPRYLPLHQWRTXHEXVFDUDJDUDQWL]DUODOLEHUWDGGHHMHFXWDUGH HVWXGLDU\PRGLILFDUGHUHGLVWULEXLU\GHPHMRUDU\OLEHUDUYHUVLRQHVPRGLILFDGDVGH VRIWZDUH  OODPDGDV  FXDWUR  OLEHUWDGHV  D  WUDYpV  GH  OD  FUHDFLyQ  GH  XQD  OLFHQFLD HVSHFLDOPHQWH  GLVHxDGDV  SDUD  HOOR  OD  *HQHUDO  3XEOLF  /LFHQVH  R  /LFHQFLD  3~EOLFD /RTXHHVWiHQWUHFRUFKHWHVVHHQFXHQWUDHQHORULJLQDODTXtVHKDSUHIHULGRODWUDGXFFLyQ\ODXWLOL]DFLyQ GHOFRQFHSWR³DFXHUGRVGHFRQILGHQFLDOLGDG´ (OQRPEUHGHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRIXH*18XQDFUyQLPRUHFXUVLYRTXHVLJQLILFD*18 V1RW8QL[*18 1RHV8QL[  6WDOOPDQ  HQ  OD  GHILQLFLyQ  GH  6RIWZDUH  /LEUH  KD  OLVWDGR  ODV  VLJXLHQWHV  FXDWUR  OLEHUWDGHV  FRPR LQGLVSHQVDEOHVSDUDTXHXQVRIWZDUHVHDFRQVLGHUDGROLEUH ³/LEHUWDG/DOLEHUWDGGHHMHFXWDUHOSURJUDPDSDUDFXDOTXLHUSURSyVLWR /LEHUWDG/DOLEHUWDGGHHVWXGLDUFyPRIXQFLRQDHOSURJUDPD\GHDGDSWDUORDWXVQHFHVLGDGHV /LEHUWDG/DOLEHUWDGGHUHGLVWULEXLUFRSLDVGHPDQHUDWDOTXHSXHGDVD\XGDUDWXYHFLQR /LEHUWDG/DOLEHUWDGGHPHMRUDUHOSURJUDPD\OLEHUDUWXVPHMRUDUDOS~EOLFRGHPDQHUDWDOTXH WRGD OD FRPXQLGDGVH EHQHILFLH (O  DFFHVRDO FyGLJR IXHQWH HV  XQD  SUHFRQGLFLyQ SDUD HVWR ´ 6WDOOPDQ  /DOLEHUWDGHVFRP~QDFXDOTXLHUWLSRGHVRIWZDUHODVOLEHUWDGHV\VRQODVGLVWLQWLYDV\GHFLVLYDVHQOD GHILQLFLyQGHVRIWZDUHOLEUH4XL]iVHQHOORUDGLTXHODGHFLVLyQGHLQLFLDUODQXPHUDFLyQFRQHOQ~PHURFHUR

56

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

*HQHUDOPiVFRQRFLGDSRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpVFRPR*3/6WDOOPDQ (O SUR\HFWRGHFUHDUHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYRtQWHJUDPHQWHOLEUHSXGRFRQFUHWDUVHHQ FRQODD\XGDGH/LQXV7RUYDOGVVXUJLHQGRDVtHOVLVWHPDRSHUDWLYR*18/LQX[ (VODFUHDFLyQGHHVHPRYLPLHQWRHOTXHFRPLHQ]DDVLJQLILFDUDOVRIWZDUHFRPR ³VRIWZDUHOLEUH´(QFRQWUDSRVLFLyQHOVRIWZDUHTXHUHVWULQJHHVDVFXDWUROLEHUWDGHV IXH  GHQRPLQDGR  ³VRIWZDUH  SURSLHWDULR´  \  PiV  HVSHFtILFDPHQWH  ³SULYDWLYR´ JXDUGDQGR  SDUD  Vt  OD  SULPHUD  GHQRPLQDFLyQ  VRIWZDUH  SURSLHWDULR  ODV  HPSUHVDV GHVDUUROODGRUDVGHWDOWLSRGHVRIWZDUHXWLOL]DQGRODVHJXQGDVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR HO PRYLPLHQWRSRUVRIWZDUHOLEUHSDUDGHQRPLQDUDVXVRSRQHQWHV&RQHVHFDOLILFDWLYR ORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHOHVWHPRYLPLHQWRWLHQGHQDVHxDODUODFRQGLFLyQFDUDFWHUtVWLFDGHO VRIWZDUHSURSLHWDULRRSULYDWLYRGH³SULYDU´DRWURVGHODVFXDWUROLEHUWDGHV 6HREVHUYDTXHHQHVWHFDVRWDPELpQVHXWLOL]DHOFRS\ULJKWQRHOSDWHQWDPLHQWR  SDUDORJUDUODSUHVHUYDFLyQGHOD³OLEHUWDG´GHOVRIWZDUH6yORTXHHQHVWHFDVRHO FRS\ULJKWHV³UHYHUWLGR´FRPRORH[SUHVDHOXVXDOMXHJRGHSDODEUDVLGHDGRSRU'RQ +RSNLQV\UHFRQRFLGRSRU6WDOOPDQ³7RGRVORVGHUHFKRVUHYHUWLGRV´(VHMXHJRGH SDODEUDVHQFRQWUDSRVLFLyQDO³7RGRVORVGHUHFKRVUHVHUYDGRV´ SXHGHVHUYLUSDUD VHxDODUTXHSDUDUHDOL]DUHVDUHYHUVLyQGHOFRS\ULJKWKDFHIDOWDDFHSWDUOR'HKHFKRHO FRS\OHIWFRPRWDPELpQVHOODPDDHVWHWLSRGHOLFHQFLDVTXHSUHVHUYDQODVFXDWUR OLEHUWDGHVIXQFLRQDFRQODVQRUPDVGHOFRS\ULJKWORJUDQGRVRODPHQWHODUHQXQFLD GHDOJXQRVGHUHFKRVTXHHOFRS\ULJKWHQWUHJD-XVWDPHQWHJDUDQWL]DODUHQXQFLDGH DTXHOORV  GHUHFKRV  TXH  LPSRQHQ  UHVWULFFLRQHV  D  OD  FRSLD  OD  PRGLILFDFLyQ  \  OD UHGLVWULEXFLyQGHODREUDHQFXHVWLyQ (Q  OtQHD  FRQ  HVWDV  FXDWUR  OLEHUWDGHV  HO  PRYLPLHQWR  SRU  HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  KD

57

&DSÇWXOR

9HUOD SRVGDWDDOILQDOGHOFDStWXORGRQGHVHH[SRQHHOXVR\GHIHQVDGHOFRQFHSWR³SULYDWLYR´HQOD SUHVHQWHREUD /D*3/HVXQDOLFHQFLDGHWLSR³FRS\OHIW´RVHDFRQFRSLDSHUPLWLGDWDPELpQOODPDGDSRU6WDOOPDQHQ VXV FRQIHUHQFLDVHQFDVWHOODQR³L]TXLHUGRV GHFRSLD´FRQODLQWHQFLyQGH FRQWUDSRQHUORD³FRS\ULJKW´R ³GHUHFKRGHFRSLD´/DFRS\OHIWHVXQDOLFHQFLDXVXDOPHQWHOODPDGDYLUDO\DTXHFXDOTXLHUREUDTXHVH GHULYHGHXQWUDEDMROLFHQFLDGRFRQHOODWLHQHSURKLELGROLFHQFLDUVHFRQFRS\ULJKWWUDGLFLRQDO'HHVWDPDQHUD ODVFXDWUROLEHUWDGHVPHQFLRQDGDVVHYDQHVSDUFLHQGRUiSLGDPHQWHHQORVGLIHUHQWHVWUDEDMRVGHULYDGRV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

RUJDQL]DGRODSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUHD\XGDGRSRUODSUROLIHUDFLyQGH,QWHUQHW\GHOD ZHEHQSODWDIRUPDVFRODERUDWLYDVDELHUWDV8QDVSHFWRWtSLFRGHHVDSURGXFFLyQWLHQH TXHYHUFRQHVWDEOHFHUXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQGHODSURGXFFLyQ³VLQPDQGR´9LGDO  GRQGHODFRODERUDFLyQ\HOFRPSDUWLUHOFyGLJRIXHQWHHVORFHQWUDO\GLVWLQWLYR'H HVWH  PRGR  ORV  LQWHQWRV  \  GHPDQGDV  GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  SRU  SDUWH  GH  OD  8QLyQ (XURSHDQRWHQGUiQQDGDFRQWUDGLFWRULRFRQODVLGHDVLQWHUHVHVREMHWLYRV\DFFLRQHV GHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\GHFyGLJRIXHQWHDELHUWD )LQDOPHQWHVHFRQVLGHUDSHUWLQHQWHDFODUDUTXHHQHOSXQWRGHOFDStWXORVH SUHVHQWDXQDQiOLVLVHQPD\RUSURIXQGLGDGGHOOXJDUGHOFDSLWDOLVPRYLQFXOiQGROR FRQ  OR  KLVWyULFR  HQ  OR  UHIHUHQWH  D  DPERV  WLSRV  GH  VRIWZDUH  HVWR  HV  WDQWR  HQ  OR UHIHUHQWHDOVRIWZDUHOLEUHRDELHUWRFRPRDVtWDPELpQDOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR

2.1.3. L AS O PEN XML:

R AÍCES DE L A FLEXIBILID AD INTERPRETATIVA DE EL PROCESO DE ESTAND ARIZ ACIÓN INTERN ACION AL

O FFICE

6HKDGLFKRTXHORVJUXSRVLQYROXFUDGRVHQHVWRVGRVWLSRVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQGHO VRIWZDUH  FRPHQ]DURQ D  WHQHU  JUDQGHV  GLVSXWDV  GHVDUUROOiQGRVH  IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD VREUH OD  GHILQLFLyQ GH  ³VRIWZDUH´  (VWD  IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  HV HQWHQGLGD  FRPR  PDUFR  GH  GHVDUUROOR  GH  OD  FRQIURQWDFLyQ  TXH  GLR  QDFLPLHQWR  DO IRUPDWRTXHVHHVWXGLDHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/X2IILFH ;0/  WDPELpQ  FRQRFLGR  FRPR  22;0/  GHVDUUROODGR  SRU  0LFURVRIW  (VWH  HV  XQ IRUPDWRGHJXDUGDGRGHDUFKLYRVGHVDUUROODGRVFRQSURJUDPDVGHRILFLQDRSDTXHWHV RILPiWLFRV  HV  GHFLU  SURJUDPDV  TXH  VLUYHQ  SDUD GHVDUUROODU  DUFKLYRV  GH  WH[WR JUiILFRV  KRMDV  GH  FiOFXOR  \  SUHVHQWDFLRQHV  &DGD  XQR  GH  HVWRV  SURJUDPDV  XWLOL]D IRUPDWRVHVSHFtILFRVSDUDJXDUGDUORTXHHOXVXDULRGHVDUUROOD/DVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHV GH  HVH  IRUPDWR  HVWDEOHFHUiQ  SURSLHGDGHV  IXQGDPHQWDOHV  XQD  GH  HOODV  HV  OD LQWHURSHUDELOLGDGHQWUHGLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH\VRIWZDUH/DPD\RUtDGH

58

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

ORVIRUPDWRVXWLOL]DGRVHQODDFWXDOLGDGQRJDUDQWL]DQODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG\HVWRKD VLGR  XQD  SUHRFXSDFLyQ  WDQWR  GH  XVXDULRV  LQGLYLGXDOHV  FRPR  GH  HPSUHVDV FRUSRUDFLRQHV\(VWDGRV0LFURVRIWODHPSUHVDGHVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRPiVLPSRUWDQWH SRUVXFDUiFWHUPRQRSyOLFRHQHOPHUFDGRGHVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRVHVODSURSLHWDULDGHO FRQMXQWR  GH SDTXHWHV RILPiWLFRV  FRQ LJXDO SRVLFLyQ GRPLQDQWH  HQ  HO PHUFDGR HO 3DTXHWH2IILFHHQVXVGLIHUHQWHVYHUVLRQHVFDUDFWHUL]DGRVWDPELpQSRUVXVJUDQGHV SUREOHPDVGHLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGLQFOXVRHQWUHVt9DORULV  7HQLHQGRSUHVHQWHORVSUREOHPDVGHFRPSDWLELOLGDGOD8QLyQ(XURSHD 8( VH SODQWHy  FRPR  XQR  GH  VXV  REMHWLYRV  SULPRUGLDOHV  HO  SRGHU  JDUDQWL]DU  HVWD LQWHURSHUDELOLGDGDODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVS~EOLFDVWDQWRHQVXODERULQWHUQDFRPRHQOD TXH  LQYROXFUD  D  FLXGDGDQRV  \  HPSUHVDV  HQ  FRQWDFWR  FRQ  HOODV  (Q  HVH  PDUFR VH HQFRPHQGDURQ  YDULRV  LQIRUPHV  \  DQiOLVLV  ORV  TXH  UHFRPHQGDURQ  HQ  VX  FRQMXQWR LQLFLDUHOGHVDUUROORGHIRUPDWRVGHJXDUGDGRGHDUFKLYRVGHRILFLQDTXHSHUPLWLHUDQ JDUDQWL]DUGLFKDLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGYHUHODSDUWDGRVLJXLHQWHSDUDXQDQiOLVLVHQPiV GHGHWDOOHGHOFRQMXQWRGHHVWDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV &RPRPHGLGDFRPSOHPHQWDULDD HVWRUHFRPHQGDURQODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHHVRVIRUPDWRVHQRUJDQLVPRV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH  DQWH  OD  ,62  2UJDQL]DFLyQ ,QWHUQDFLRQDO  SDUD  OD (VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ   SHUR  QR VyOR  D  ORV  IRUPDWRV GH  SDTXHWHV RILPiWLFRVGH0LFURVRIWVLQRWDPELpQDOUHVWRGHORVSURJUDPDVGHRILFLQDH[LVWHQWHV HQHOPHUFDGRDXQTXHHORWURXVXDOPHQWHGHVWDFDGRHQORVGLIHUHQWHVGRFXPHQWRVIXH HOIRUPDWR2SHQ2IILFHRUJ9DORULV GH6XQ0LFURV\VWHPVSHUROLFHQFLDGR EDMRFRS\OHIW &RPRUHVXOWDGRGHHVWR 2SHQ2IILFHRUJ LQLFLyXQSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH VX  IRUPDWR  MXQWR  FRQ  2$6,6  2UJDQL]DWLRQ  IRU  WKH $GYDQFHPHQW  RI  6WUXFWXUHG

59

&DSÇWXOR

/D,62HVXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQQRJXEHUQDPHQWDOFRQVHGHHQ*LQHEUDHQFDUJDGDGHGHVDUUROODU\SXEOLFDU HVWiQGDUHVWpFQLFRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV(VWiFRQIRUPDGDSRUXQDUHGGHLQVWLWXWRVGHHVWiQGDUHVQDFLRQDOHVGH SDtVHVXQPLHPEURSRUFDGDSDtV\SRVHHVX6HFUHWDULDGR&HQWUDOHQ*LQHEUD6XL]D$OJXQRVPLHPEURV VHHQFXHQWUDQDVHQWDGRVHQJRELHUQRVQDFLRQDOHVRWURVHQFDPELRVRQVyORLQVWLWXWRVGHOVHFWRUSULYDGR  &RPSUDGRDFWXDOPHQWHSRU2UDFOHDGTXLVLFLyQTXHGHVHQFDGHQyHOVXUJLPLHQWRGH/LEUH2IILFHDQWHOD DPHQD]DGHWUDQVIRUPDUD2SHQ2IILFHHQXQVRIWZDUHQROLEUH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

,QIRUPDWLRQ  6WDQGDUGV   RUJDQL]DFLyQ  TXH  KD  DSUREDGR  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GHO IRUPDWRHOGHDEULOGH2$6,6D FRQHOQRPEUHGH³2SHQ'RFXPHQW )RUPDWIRU2IILFH$SSOLFDWLRQV´FRQRFLGRFRPR2')SXEOLFDQGRVXSULPHUDYHUVLyQ HO    GH  PD\R  GH    2$6,6  E   SRU  VX  SDUWH  HO  -7&   -RLQW 7HFKQLFDO &RPPLWWHH GHOD,62,(&ORKDSXEOLFDGRFRPRHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDOHQMXOLRGH FRQHOQRPEUH³,62,(&´,62,(&-7&  0LFURVRIWSRUVXSDUWHWDPELpQLQLFLyHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO GHXQIRUPDWRHVSHFLDOPHQWHGHVDUUROODGRSDUDHOORSRFRWLHPSRGHVSXpVGHTXHOD ,62,(&DSUREDUDODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWR2')(QSULPHUOXJDUORHQYLyD (FPD  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO SDUD  TXH  LQLFLDUD  VX  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  DSUREDQGR  HVWD RUJDQL]DFLyQ  HO  IRUPDWR  FRPR  ³(FPD  2IILFH  2SHQ  ;0/ )LOH  )RUPDWV´  HQ GLFLHPEUHGH(FPDSRVWHULRUPHQWHHQYLyVXHVWiQGDUUHFLpQDSUREDGRDO-7& GHOD,62,(&SDUDVXDSUREDFLyQFRPRHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDO,62,(& (VWHSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOSRUSDUWHGHOD,62,(&FRQGXMRD XQDJUDQWHQVLyQHQWUHORVGRVJUXSRVPHQFLRQDGRVODFRPXQLGDGRPRYLPLHQWRSRU HOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\ORVGHIHQVRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRTXHLQYROXFUyDORVFXHUSRV QDFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHVWHSURFHVRHVHODQDOL]DGRHQ SURIXQGLGDGHQORV  2$6,6 HV XQFRQVRUFLRVLQILQHVGH OXFURTXHVHRULHQWD DO GHVDUUROORFRQYHUJHQFLD\DGRSFLyQGH HVWiQGDUHV  DELHUWRV  )XH  IXQGDGR  HQ    FRQ  HO  QRPEUH  GH  ³6*0/  2SHQ´  FRPR  XQ  FRQVRUFLR  GH YHQGHGRUHV\XVXDULRVRULHQWDGRDOGHVDUUROORGHOtQHDVPDHVWUDVSDUDDYDQ]DUHQODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGHQWUH SURGXFWRV  FRPSDWLEOHV  FRQ  HO  OHQJXDMH  6*0/ 6WDQGDUG  *HQHUDOL]HG  0DUNXS  /DQJXDJH   (O  FRQVRUFLR FDPELyGHQRPEUHD2$6,6HQSDUDUHIOHMDUXQDH[SDQVLyQGHVXVREMHWLYRVGHWUDEDMRWpFQLFRKDFLDORV OHQJXDMHV;0/\RWURVHVWiQGDUHVUHODFLRQDGRV6XSiJLQDZHEHV KWWSZZZRDVLVRSHQRUJRUJDOOtVH SRGUiHQFRQWUDULQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDOVREUHORVGLIHUHQWHVIRUPDWRVHYDOXDGRV\HQHYDOXDFLyQ 3OLHJXHRFRPLWpGHWUDEDMRFRQMXQWRHQWUHOD³2UJDQL]DFLyQ,QWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDOD(VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ´\OD ³&RPLVLyQ(OHFWURWpFQLFD,QWHUQDFLRQDO´RUJDQL]DGRHQWRUQRDO-7&VLJODVSDUD-RLQW7HFKQLFDO&RPPLWWHH ORTXHSRGUtDWUDGXFLUVHFRPR&RPLWp7pFQLFR&RPELQDGR0iVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHHO-7&VHFRPSRQHGHO ³&RQVHMR  GH  $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ  7pFQLFD´  GH  OD  ,62  70%  \  HO  ³&RQVHMR  GH  $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ  GH (VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ´60% GHOD,(&3RUORWDQWRHO-7&GHOD,62,(&VHFRPSRQHGHORVGRVFRQVHMRVHO 70%\HO60%(OQ~PHURHVSDUDLGHQWLILFDUDO-7&TXHVHRFXSDGHOUXEUR7HFQRORJtDGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ 3RUHVRWDPELpQSXHGHHQFRQWUDUVHVXQRPEUHHQLQJOpVFRPR³,62,(&-7&,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\´(Q HOSUHVHQWHOLEURVLHPSUHVHKDEODUiGHO-7&VLQQHFHVLGDGGHQRPEUDUH[SOtFLWDPHQWHDQLQJXQRGHHVRV GRVFRQVHMRV (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOHVXQDDVRFLDFLyQGHLQGXVWULDVIXQGDGDHQ\GHGLFDGDDODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH WHFQRORJtDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQ1DFLGDFRPR (XURSHDQ&RPSXWHU0DQXIDFWXUHUV$VVRFLDWLRQ (&0$ FDPELyVXQRPEUHVyORD(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOFXDQGRGHYLQRXQDDVRFLDFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO

60

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

FDStWXORVVLJXLHQWHV

2.2 E L MARCO GENERAL ANTECEDENTES HISTÓRICOS 2.2.1. M AR CO G ENER AL

DE

LAS

DECISIONES

EUROPEAS

COMO

DE L AS DECISIONES EUROPE AS

6HKDVHxDODGRTXHHOLQLFLRGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH ORVIRUPDWRVGH DOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHDUFKLYRVJHQHUDGRVPHGLDQWHSURJUDPDVGHRILFLQDXRILPiWLFRV GH  0LFURVRIW  VH  UHPLWH  PiV  DOOi  GH  ORV  SHGLGRV  GH  FRQVXPLGRUHV  JRELHUQRV ELEOLRWHFDV  DUFKLYRV  \  HPSUHVDV  )DUTXKDU       D  XQD  VHULH  GH  LQLFLDWLYDV HYDOXDFLRQHV\UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVHPSUHQGLGDV\VROLFLWDGDVSRUOD8QLyQ(XURSHDHQ HOPDUFRGHVXVSURJUDPDVSDUDLPSXOVDUHOXVRGHWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ\OD FRPXQLFDFLyQHQVXDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ\HQODHFRQRPtDHXURSHDHQJHQHUDO6HSXHGH DJUHJDUDKRUDTXHORVLQLFLRVGHHVWDVSROtWLFDVSXHGHQUDVWUHDUVHHQODFUHDFLyQGHO 3URJUDPD  ,'$  ,QWHUFKDQJH  RI  'DWD  EHWZHHQ  $GPLQLVWUDWLRQV  HQ    FRPR UHVXOWDGR GH XQD UHVROXFLyQ GHO &RQVHMR GH OD8QLyQ (XURSHD 8( GH  TXH GHVWDFDEDODQHFHVLGDGGHPHMRUDUODVVLQHUJLDVHQWUHORVVLVWHPDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ QDFLRQDOHV\HXURSHRVPHGLDQWHODPHMRUDHQHOLQWHUFDPELRGHLQIRUPDFLyQHQWUHODV GLIHUHQWHVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV,'$%&VG (O3URJUDPD,'$SDVyDVXVHJXQGDHWDSD EDMRHOQRPEUH³,'$,,´ HQGHVWDFDQGRGRVSULRULGDGHVHQWUHODVFXDOHVFDEH VHxDODUOD³'HFLVLyQGH,QWHURSHUDELOLGDG´TXHKL]RIRFRHQODQHFHVLGDGGHSURYHHU VHUYLFLRV  TXH  ORJUDVHQ  XQ  DOWR  JUDGR  GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  HQWUH  ODV  UHGHV  GH  ORV FXHUSRV  DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV  QDFLRQDOHV  \  HXURSHRV  KDFLHQGR  FRQYHUJHU  D  HVWDV  UHGHV KDFLD  XQD LQWHUID] WHOHPiWLFD  FRP~Q  HQWUH OD &RPXQLGDG \ ORV  HVWDGRV PLHPEURV 8QLyQ(XURSHDD\E (OSURJUDPD,'$HQHOPDUFRGH OD,QLFLDWLYD H(XURSH DSUREDGR  SRU  HO  &RQVHMR  (XURSHR  GH  )HLUD  GH  MXQLR  GH    TXH

61

&DSÇWXOR

³,QWHUFDPELRGH'DWRVHQWUH$GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV´  9HUODSiJLQDZHEGHOD,QLFLDWLYDH(XURSH\REWHQHULQIRUPDFLyQDGLFLRQDODODSUHVHQWDGDDTXtHQ KWWSHFHXURSDHXLQIRUPDWLRQBVRFLHW\HHXURSHLDUFKLYHHHXURSHLQGH[BHQKWP

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GHVDUUROOy GRVSODQHV GHDFFLyQ VH WUDQVIRUPyHQXQSURJUDPD GH HJRELHUQRR JRELHUQRHOHFWUyQLFRSRUORTXHHOpQIDVLVVHWUDVODGyGHODVUHGHVDORVVHUYLFLRV ILQDOL]DQGRHO3URJUDPD,'$,,HQ\UHHPSOD]iQGRVHSRUHO3URJUDPD,'$%& ,QWHURSHUDEOH  'HOLYHU\  RI  3DQ(XURSHDQ  H*RYHUQPHQW  6HUYLFHV  WR  3XEOLF $GPLQLVWUDWLRQV%XVLQHVVHVDQG&LWL]HQV 8QLyQ(XURSHD  7UHV  VRQ  ODV  HVWUDWHJLDV  LQLFLDGDV  SRU  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  FRQ  LPSDFWR  HQ  ODV GHFLVLRQHVDFHUFDGHDYDQ]DUHQODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG³/D(VWUDWHJLDGH/LVERD´ORV SODQHV GHDFFLyQGHOD ,QLFLDWLYD ³H(XURSH´PHQFLRQDGRV \ HO ³/LEUR %ODQFR GH UHIRUPDGHOD&RPLVLyQ´ORVWUHVGHODxR(QHVHPDUFRVHLQLFLDXQSURFHVR GHWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHOD&RPLVLyQLQFRUSRUDQGRXQREMHWLYRIXQGDPHQWDOSUHVHQWHHQ OD  (VWUDWHJLD  GH  /LVERD  KDFHU  GH  OD  XQLyQ  HXURSHD  OD  HFRQRPtD  EDVDGD  HQ FRQRFLPLHQWR  PiV  FRPSHWLWLYD  \  GLQiPLFD  HQ  HO  PXQGR  FDSD]  GH  DOFDQ]DU  XQ FUHFLPLHQWR  HFRQyPLFR VRVWHQLEOH  FRQ  PiV  \  PHMRUHV  WUDEDMRV  \  PD\RU  FRKHVLyQ VRFLDO  3DUD  ORJUDU HVWR  OD  &RPLVLyQ  DGRSWy  HO  3ODQ  GH $FFLyQ  H(XURSH  HO  TXH UHFRQRFLy  GRV  REMHWLYRV  SULQFLSDOHV  HQ  SULPHU  OXJDU  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH  TXH  ODV DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVS~EOLFDVKLFLHUDQHVIXHU]RVHQWRGRVVXVQLYHOHVSDUDTXHPHGLDQWH HOXVRGHODVQXHYDVWHFQRORJtDVKLFLHUDQORPiVDFFHVLEOHSRVLEOHWRGDVXLQIRUPDFLyQ \HQVHJXQGROXJDUODQHFHVLGDGGHTXHORVHVWDGRVPLHPEURVSURYH\HUDQDFFHVR HOHFWUyQLFRJHQHUDOL]DGRDVHUYLFLRVS~EOLFRVEiVLFRVKDFLD&RPLVLyQ(XURSHD   (QHOPHPRUiQGXPDOD&RPLVLyQGHOODPDGR³7RZDUGVWKHH&RPPLVVLRQ ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ6WUDWHJ\±´VHPHQFLRQDQDVSHFWRVFODYHVHQHVWHPLVPR VHQWLGRTXHVHUHSHWLUiQHQGRFXPHQWRVSRVWHULRUHV(OGRFXPHQWRUHFRQRFHTXHXQ 3DUDYHUHQGHWDOOHHO3ODQGH$FFLyQH(XURSHYHU&RPLVLyQ(XURSHD 3DUDYHUHO3ODQGH $FFLyQH(XURSHYHU&RPLVLyQ(XURSHD 'HWRGRVPRGRVHOTXHSRVHHPD\RULQIOXHQFLDHQHO SURFHVRDDQDOL]DUHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRHVHOSULPHUSODQ (QFDVWHOODQR³3UHVWDFLyQLQWHURSHUDEOHGHVHUYLFLRVSDQHXURSHRVGHDGPLQLVWUDFLyQHOHFWUyQLFDDOVHFWRU S~EOLFRODVHPSUHVDV\ORVFLXGDGDQR´UHVROXFLyQHQFDVWHOODQRGLVSRQLEOHHQ8QLyQ(XURSHD   7DPELpQFRQRFLGDFRPR$JHQGDGH/LVERDR3URFHVRGH/LVERD9HUGRFXPHQWRGHODHVWUDWHJLDHQ &RQVHMR(XURSHR  3DUDYHUORVGRFXPHQWRVTXHFRQWLHQHQHO/LEUR%ODQFRYHU8QLyQ(XURSHDDE 

62

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

FDPELR  KDFLD  OD  LQWHUDFFLyQ  HOHFWUyQLFD  WDPELpQ  LPSOLFD  FDPELRV  PiV  JUDQGHV  DO WUDEDMRLQWHUQRGHODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV6HUHFRQRFHSRURWURODGRODFRPSOHMLGDG TXH  LPSOLFD  OD  DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  GH  HVWH  SURFHVR  \D  TXH  HO  GHVDItR  GH  PHMRUDU  OD HILFLHQFLD  HQ  HO  VHFWRU  S~EOLFR  UHTXLHUH  GH UHSHQVDU  OD  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQD  \ ORV FDPELRV  HOHFWUyQLFRV  WDQWR  DO  LQWHULRU  GH  ODV  DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV  FRPR  HQWUH  HOODV &RPLVLyQ(XURSHD (O/LEUR%ODQFRSRUVXSDUWHDUJXPHQWyDFHUFDGHOD QHFHVLGDG  GH  DYDQ]DU  KDFLD  XQD  H&RPLVLyQ  TXH  SXGLHUD  SRQHU  HQ  PDUFKD  ODV PRGLILFDFLRQHV  HQ  OD  DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  TXH  HO  SURFHVR  GH  FDPELDU  OD  LQWHUDFFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFDUHTXHUtD (VWR\DKDEtDVLGRUHFRQRFLGRSRUHO/LEUR%ODQFRGHUHIRUPDGHOD&RPLVLyQDO DUJXPHQWDUODQHFHVLGDGGHDYDQ]DUKDFLDXQDH&RPLVLyQR&RPLVLyQHOHFWUyQLFD TXHSXGLHUDSRQHUHQPDUFKDWDOHVPRGLILFDFLRQHV&RPRHO/LEUR%ODQFRGLFHGHEH KDFHUVHXQPHMRUXVRGHODVRSRUWXQLGDGHVEULQGDGDVSRUODVPRGHUQDVWHFQRORJtDVGH ODLQIRUPDFLyQFRQHOREMHWLYRGHFUHDUXQDH&RPLVLyQR&RPLVLyQHOHFWUyQLFDXQD FRPLVLyQ  TXH  VHD  XQ  HMHPSOR  HQ  VX  DYDQ]DGR  XVR  GH  ODV  WHFQRORJtDV  GH  OD LQIRUPDFLyQ  XQ  PRGHOR  GH  DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  FRPSOHWDPHQWH  FRPSXWDUL]DGR  XQD FRPLVLyQ  VLQ  SDSHOHV  ItVLFRV  &RPLVLyQ  (XURSHD      YHU  WDPELpQ  &RPLVLyQ (XURSHDF  3RURWURODGRODVHFFLyQGHGLFDGDDODH&RPLVLyQGHO/LEUR%ODQFRGH5HIRUPD LGHQWLILFy  WUHV  SULQFLSDOHV  REMHWLYRV  PRGHUQL]DU  OD  DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  LQWHUQD  ORJUDU PD\RUHILFLHQFLDHQODFRPXQLFDFLyQFRQVRFLRVH[WHUQRV\EULQGDUPHMRUHVVHUYLFLRV S~EOLFRV  D  ORV  FLXGDGDQRV  \  D  ORV  QHJRFLRV  &RPLVLyQ  (XURSHD       /D PRGHUQL]DFLyQGHODDGPLQLVWUDFLyQLQWHUQDIXHHOSLODUGHORVRWURVGRVREMHWLYRV\ SODQWHy  HQWUH  RWURV SXQWRV  PHMRUDU  OD  DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  \  HO PRGR  GH  FRPSDUWLU  HO FRQRFLPLHQWR \ ORJUDU WUDEDMR FRODERUDWLYR \ HQHTXLSR JUDFLDV  DO LQWHUFDPELR GH GRFXPHQWRV\GHGDWRV\DXQDLQIUDHVWUXFWXUDWpFQLFDFRKHUHQWHTXHDVHJXUDUDOD

63

&DSÇWXOR

LQWHURSHUDELOLGDGGHORVVLVWHPDV&RPLVLyQ(XURSHD 

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(OWHPDGHODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGHVUHVDOWDGRDORODUJRGHWRGRVORVGRFXPHQWRV PHQFLRQDGRVGHVWDFiQGRVHFRPRXQHOHPHQWRFHQWUDOWDPELpQHQHOiPELWRGHRWUR FXHUSRQRQRPEUDGRODH&RPLVLyQR&RPLVLyQHOHFWUyQLFD  ³/D JREHUQDELOLGDGGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\ODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG HVWiQ  VLHQGR  UHIRU]DGDV  D  XQ  SXQWR  WDO  TXH  SHUPLWD  JDUDQWL]DU  WDQWR  OD FRRUGLQDFLyQ  FRPR  HO LQWHUFDPELR  GH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQ HO iUHD  GH  VLVWHPDV GH LQIRUPDFLyQ  GH  OD  &RPLVLyQ $VLPLVPR  ORV  SUREOHPDV  GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG SDUWLFXODUPHQWHHQWUHORVVLVWHPDVGHODVHPSUHVDVHVWiQVLHQGRDERUGDGRVHQ iUHDVWDOHVFRPRILQDQ]DVUHFXUVRVKXPDQRV\DGPLQLVWUDFLyQGHGRFXPHQWRV´ H&RPPLVVLRQWUDGXFFLyQSURSLD 

(Q  HVWH  iPELWR  GH  QHFHVLGDG  GH  UHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ  WHFQROyJLFD  GH  QHFHVLGDG  GH PHMRUDUODFRPXQLFDFLyQHQWUHODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVORVFLXGDGDQRV\ORVQHJRFLRVGH DYDQFHKDFLDODFUHDFLyQGHXQD&RPLVLyQ(XURSHDHOHFWUyQLFDH&RPPLVVLRQ \GH PHMRUDJHQHUDOL]DGDHQHOXVRGHODVWHFQRORJtDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ\FRPXQLFDFLyQVH UHDOL]DURQ  HVWXGLRV  H  LQIRUPHV  HQWUH  ORV  TXH  GHVWDFDQ  (O  ³,QIRUPH  9DORULV´  ODV ³5HFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHO7$&7HOHPDWLFVEHWZHHQ$GPLQLVWUDWLRQV&RPPLWWHH ´\HO ³3(*&62  3DQ(XURSHDQ  H*RYHUQPHQW  6HUYLFHV  &RPPLWWHH    &RQFOXVLRQHV  \ UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV´

2.2.2. I NFORM ES , RECOM END ACIONES IM PACTO EN DETAL LE

Y

CONCLUSIONES

DE

ALTO

2.2.2.1 EL INFORME VALORIS38

6HWUDWDGHXQLQIRUPHUHDOL]DGRSRUHQFDUJRGHO3URJUDPD,'$TXHWXYRFRPR SURSyVLWRHYDOXDUODVWHQGHQFLDVGHPHUFDGR\ORVIRUPDWRVGHGRFXPHQWRDELHUWR 2') H[LVWHQWHVRHPHUJHQWHVFRPRXQSDVRKDFLDODUHFRPHQGDFLyQGHVXXVRSDUD HOLQWHUFDPELRGHGRFXPHQWRVGHRILFLQDHQWUHODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVGHORVHVWDGRV 9HU9DORULV 

64

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

PLHPEURVGHOD8(/DUHFRPHQGDFLyQIXQGDPHQWDOSDUDJDUDQWL]DUODFRPSDWLELOLGDG \ODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGGHDUFKLYRVHQGLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH\VRIWZDUH HV  TXH  HO  IRUPDWR  GHO  GRFXPHQWR  HVWp  HVWDQGDUL]DGR  \  SRU  HOOR  FRQ  VXV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHVSXEOLFDGDV\OLEUHPHQWHGLVSRQLEOHV(VWRQRHVFXPSOLGRSRUXQ VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRVtHQFDPELRSRUXQVRIWZDUHDELHUWR\HVWDQGDUL]DGR'HHVWD PDQHUD ³FXDQGR  HO  DUFKLYR  HV  JXDUGDGR  HQ  HO  IRUPDWR  HVWiQGDU  OD  UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ LQWHUQDGHOGRFXPHQWRGHWH[WRHVFRQYHUWLGDDOIRUPDWRHVWiQGDU,QYHUVDPHQWH FXDQGR  HO  DUFKLYR  HV  OHtGR  SRU  OD  PLVPD  X  RWUD  KHUUDPLHQWD  HO  IRUPDWR  HV DEVWUDtGR  \  FRQYHUWLGR  D  OD  UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ  LQWHUQD´  9DORULV     7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD 

'H  HVWD  IRUPD  VH  JDUDQWL]D  XQD  QR  GHSHQGHQFLD  GH  XQ  SURJUDPD  HVSHFtILFR SXGLHQGRPDQHMDU\PRGLILFDUHOFRQWHQLGRJXDUGDGRHQHVRVDUFKLYRV 2WURGHORVSXQWRVLPSRUWDQWHVWLHQHTXHYHUFRQODUHFRPHQGDFLyQGHXWLOL]DU ;0/  H;WHQVLEOH  0DUNXS  /DQJXDJH   ;0/  HV  XQ  FRQMXQWR  GH  UHJODV  GH FRGLILFDFLyQ  GH  GRFXPHQWRV  OHJLEOH  SRU  OD  PiTXLQD  TXH  SXHGH  XWLOL]DUVH  VREUH FXDOTXLHU  DSOLFDFLyQ  \  WLHQH  DGHPiV  OD  IDFXOWDG  GH  SRGHU  RSHUDUVH  HQ  FXDOTXLHU SODWDIRUPD  GH KDUGZDUH  R VRIWZDUH  6LQ HPEDUJR  VLELHQ GHEHUtD  VHU QHXWUDO  FRQ UHVSHFWR  D OD  SODWDIRUPD  XWLOL]DGD  OD H[SHULHQFLD KD  GHPRVWUDGR  GLFH  HO ,QIRUPH 9DORULV9DORULV TXHDOJXQRVYHQGHGRUHVFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHPDQWHQHU\ SURWHJHUHOPHUFDGRGHVXSODWDIRUPDLQFOX\HQHOHPHQWRVFRGLILFDGRVTXHSXHGHQVHU VyOR  SURFHVDGRV  SRU  VXV  SURSLDV  DSOLFDFLRQHV  $QWH  HVWR GHEH  JDUDQWL]DUVH  HO GHVDUUROOR  GH  HVWiQGDUHV  DELHUWRV  \  DPSOLDPHQWH  DGRSWDGRV  TXH  VLUYDQ  SDUD  EORTXHDUODLQFOXVLyQGHDSOLFDFLRQHVRSODWDIRUPDVHVSHFtILFDVGHFRGLILFDFLyQ )LQDOPHQWHHO,QIRUPH9DORULVGHVWDFDXQDOLVWDGHFULWHULRVTXHGHEHFXPSOLUXQ

(QFDVWHOODQRHOQRPEUHGHHVWHOHQJXDMHSRGUtDWUDGXFLUVHFRPR/HQJXDMHGH0DUFDGRH;WHQVLEOH

65

&DSÇWXOR

IRUPDWRGHGRFXPHQWRVGHRILFLQDLGHDO9DORULV 

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

 'HEH  VHU  DELHUWR  (VWR  VLJQLILFD  TXH  HO  IRUPDWR  GHO  GRFXPHQWR  GHEH  VHU FRPSOHWDPHQWH  GHVFULSWR  HQ  GRFXPHQWRV  S~EOLFDPHQWH  DFFHVLEOHV  TXH  HVD GHVFULSFLyQGHEHGLVWULEXLUVHOLEUHPHQWH\ILQDOPHQWHTXHHOIRUPDGRGHOGRFXPHQWR SXHGDVHULPSOHPHQWDGRHQSURJUDPDVVLQUHVWULFFLRQHVVLQSDJRVGHUHJDOtDV\VLQ DWDGXUDVOHJDOHV  1R  GHEH  VHU  ELQDULR  ³(O  FRPSRQHQWH  WH[WXDO  GHO  GRFXPHQWR  FRQ  VX FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHPDUFDGRSXHGHVHUJXDUGDGRFRPRXQDVHFXHQFLDGHGDWRVELQDULRV >FRPRORKDFHQ@0LFURVRIW:RUG\3') ´RFRPRIRUPDWRGHWH[WRSODQRWRGRVORV IRUPDWRV;0/\57) (OHVWiQGDUQRGHEHUtDVHUELQDULR\DTXHH[LVWHQLPSRUWDQWHV LQFRQYHQLHQWHVDVRFLDGRVFRQORVIRUPDWRVELQDULRV 'HSHQGHQFLD  GH  SODWDIRUPD  VXFHGH  VL  ORV  GRFXPHQWRV  SXHGHQ  DFFHGHUVH  \ XVDUVHHQGHSHQGHQFLDGHOVRIWZDUH\ODSODWDIRUPD3RUHMHPSORORVDUFKLYRVGH 0LFURVRIW:RUGQRSXHGHQVHULQWHUFDPELDGRVHQWUH,QWHO\0DFFRQLQGHSHQGHQFLD GHODDUTXLWHFWXUD(OSUREOHPDFRQHVWRUHVLGHHQTXHODGLVSRQLELOLGDGGHKDUGZDUH\ VRIWZDUHQRHVWiQGHQLQJ~QPRGRJDUDQWL]DGDVHQHOODUJRSOD]R$OLJXDOTXHHVRV IRUPDWRVELQDULRVSXHGHQOOHJDUDVHULQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGHOIXWXUR ³$XPHQWRGHODFRQFLHQFLDSRUHODUFKLYRGHODUJRSOD]RDOLJXDOTXHFRQORV GRFXPHQWRVHQSDSHOFXDQGRVHDOPDFHQDQGRFXPHQWRVHOHFWUyQLFRVGHWH[WRKD\ FLHUWRV  SHUtRGRV  GH  DOPDFHQDPLHQWR  REOLJDWRULRV  TXH  GHEHQ  UHVSHWDUVH  >«@ &RQVLGHUDQGR  HO  UiSLGR  FDPELR  TXH  YLYHQ  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GH  GRFXPHQWRV  QR  KD\ VROXFLRQHVVDWLVIDFWRULDVHQORVIRUPDWRVGHGRFXPHQWRSURSLHWDULRSDUDDOPDFHQDU GRFXPHQWRV  TXH  UHTXLHUHQ  VHU  DUFKLYDGRV  SRU  PiV  GH    DxRV  HQ  DJHQFLDV JXEHUQDPHQWDOHV ´9DORULV7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD   'HEHVHUPRGLILFDEOH'HEHSHUPLWLUPRGLILFDUODLQIRUPDFLyQJXDUGDGDQRVyOR FRPSDUWLUOD  R  GLVWULEXLUOD  (O  ³)RUPDWR  GH  'RFXPHQWR  3RUWDEOH´  R  3')  SRU  VXV VLJODVHQLQJOpVGH³3RUWDEOH'RFXPHQW)RUPDW´ HVXQHMHPSORHQFRQWUDGHHVWR6H 66

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

ORXWLOL]DSDUDFRPSDUWLUXQDLPDJHQLPSUHVDILMDGHXQGRFXPHQWR(O3')SRUOR WDQWRQRSHUPLWHPRGLILFDUODLQIRUPDFLyQJXDUGDGDDXQTXHVtSHUPLWHXQDSHUIHFWD SUHVHUYDFLyQ  GH  OD  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  \  GH  OD  FRQILJXUDFLyQ  GDGD  HQ  FDGD  SiJLQD  D  OD LQIRUPDFLyQ  'HSUHVHUYDUODILGHOLGDGGHOIRUPDWR'HEHSUHVHUYDUODGLVWULEXFLyQ\HOpQIDVLV YLVXDOGDGRDOGRFXPHQWR³(QDPELHQWHVOHJDOHV\UHJXODGRVPDQWHQHUODILGHOLGDG SXHGHVHUXQUHTXHULPLHQWRSDUDODVFRPXQLFDFLRQHVRILFLDOHVRSDUDODVWUDQVDFFLRQHV OHJDOPHQWH  YLQFXODQWHV´  9DORULV      7UDGXFFLyQ  SURSLD   ,QFOXVR  VH  KDQ SURGXFLGRDFFLGHQWHVIDWDOHVSRUPDOIRUPDWHRHQPDQXDOHVGHLQVWUXFFLRQHVDILUPD HOLQIRUPH3RUORWDQWRHOIRUPDWRGHEHSUHVHUYDUODGLVWULEXFLyQLQWHUQDGDGDDOD LQIRUPDFLyQHQHOGRFXPHQWRVLQLPSRUWDUHQTXpSODWDIRUPDXRUGHQDGRUVHKD\D DELHUWRHOGRFXPHQWR  ,QWHURSHUDELOLGDGHQWUH SODWDIRUPDV'HEH SUHVHUYDU VX VHPiQWLFDHQ GLIHUHQWHV SODWDIRUPDV  GH  KDUGZDUH  3&  6XQ  0DF  \  VRIWZDUH  GLIHUHQWHV  YHUVLRQHV  GH :LQGRZV  /LQX[  \  8QL[  HQ  GLIHUHQWHV  YHUVLRQHV  GH  HQWRUQRV  GH  HVFULWRULR  HWF  5HVSHWDUODVHPiQWLFDLPSOLFDUHVSHWDUODILGHOLGDGPHQFLRQDGD HQHOtWHPDQWHULRU ³3RU  GHILQLFLyQ  VyOR  IRUPDWRV  GH  GRFXPHQWR  QR  ELQDULRV  DXQTXH  QR  WRGRV QHFHVDULDPHQWH  HVWiQ  FDSDFLWDGRV  SDUD  FXPSOLU  HVWH  FULWHULR´  9DORULV     7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD  'HEHVHUFRPSDWLEOHFRQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHORVDFWXDOHVSURFHVDGRUHVGHWH[WR HOIRUPDWRGHOGRFXPHQWRGHEHSRGHUUHSUHVHQWDUFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVFRPXQHVHQFRQWUDGDV HQDSOLFDFLRQHVDFWXDOPHQWHGLVSRQLEOHVGHSURFHVDGRUHVGHWH[WR  'HEH  VHU  FRPSDWLEOH  FRQ  ORV  UHTXHULPLHQWRV  HPHUJHQWHV  ([WLHQGH  DO  FULWHULR DQWHULRUVRSRUWHDODVKHUUDPLHQWDVTXHORVSURFHVDGRUHVGHWH[WRSRGUiQLQFOXLUHQHO IXWXUR  'HEHVHUDPSOLDPHQWHDGRSWDGR(VWRVLJQLILFDTXHGHEHKDEHUVXILFLHQWHLPSXOVR

67

&DSÇWXOR

GHXVXDULRV\YHQGHGRUHVGHKHUUDPLHQWDVDXQQLYHOWDOTXHSHUPLWDPDQWHQHUOD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

H[LVWHQFLD\H[SORWDELOLGDGGHOIRUPDWR &DGDXQRGHHVWRVFULWHULRVVHJ~Q9DORULVQRSRGtDVHULQGHSHQGLHQWHGHORVRWURV 7RGRVGHEtDQFXPSOLUVHDODYH] $OJR  GHVWDFDEOH  GH  HVWH  LQIRUPH  VRQ  ODV  FUtWLFDV  UHDOL]DGDV  D  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GH 0LFURVRIW  SRU  QR FXPSOLU  OD PD\RUtD  GH  HVWDV FRQGLFLRQHV  VLQ  HPEDUJR  WDPELpQ UHFRQRFtD  FLHUWDV  YHQWDMDV  WHFQROyJLFDV  3RU  RWUR  ODGR  VH  GHVWDFDQ  ODV FDUDFWHUL]DFLRQHV  SRVLWLYDV  GH  2SHQ2IILFHRUJ  6HJ~Q  HO  LQIRUPH  HO  TXH  PiV SHUVSHFWLYDVGHFXPSOLUHVWDVFRQGLFLRQHVWHQtDDOPRPHQWRGHUHDOL]DUHOLQIRUPHHUD HOIRUPDWRGH2SHQ2IILFHRUJ(OIRUPDWRGHHVWDRUJDQL]DFLyQGHVRIWZDUHOLEUHVH HQFRQWUDEDHQSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHDFXHUGRDORLQIRUPDGRD9DORULVSRUHO SUHVLGHQWHGH2$6,6HORUJDQLVPRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQTXHOXHJRHQ UHPLWLUtD D  OD  ,62  OD  GRFXPHQWDFLyQ  SDUD  VX  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  6LQ  HPEDUJR QLQJXQRGHORVIRUPDWRVSUHVHQWDEDWRGDVODVJDUDQWtDVSDUDSUHVHUYDUODILGHOLGDGGH ODGLVWULEXFLyQGHOWH[WR

2.2.2.2 RECOMENDACIONES DEL TAC

8Q  JUXSR  GH  H[SHUWRV  GH  OD  ,'$  UHDOL]y  XQ  LQIRUPH  FRQ  XQD  VHULH  GH UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVTXHHO7$&WRPy\DVXYH]UHFRPHQGyDGRSWDU(OLQIRUPHIXH SXEOLFDGRSRUOD,'$EDMRHOQRPEUHGH³,'$FRQFOXVLRQHV\UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHO JUXSRGHH[SHUWRVVREUHIRUPDWRVDELHUWRV´,'$ (QWpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVHO LQIRUPH  IHOLFLWD  ORV  DYDQFHV  ORJUDGRV  FRQ  OD  SXEOLFDFLyQ  GH  ORV  IRUPDWRV 2SHQ2IILFHRUJ  \  HO  :RUG0/  GH  0LFURVRIW  \  DILUPD  TXH  ODV  LQLFLDWLYDV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  DVHJXUDUtDQ  XQ  PHUFDGR  MXVWR  \  FRPSHWLWLYR  FRPR  WDPELpQ  OD VDOYDJXDUGDGHODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGGHLPSOHPHQWDUVROXFLRQHVPLHQWUDVVHSUHVHUYDOD LQQRYDFLyQ\ODFRPSHWHQFLD3RUHVWHPRWLYRFHOHEUDHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ (QFDVWHOODQR&RPLWpGH7HOHPiWLFDHQWUH$GPLQLVWUDFLRQHV

68

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

GHO IRUPDWR 2SHQ2IILFHRUJ TXH SRUDTXHOPRPHQWRVH HQFRQWUDED HQSURFHVRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ\SRURWURODGRUHDOL]DUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDV$SDUWHGHODV UHODWLYDV  D  2$6,6  \  DO  2SHQ  'RFXPHQW  )RUPDW  SRU  pO  GHVDUUROODGR  LQFOX\H UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVH[SOtFLWDVD0LFURVRIW'HHVWHPRGRHOLQIRUPHUHFRPLHQGDTXH  0LFURVRIW  FRQVLGHUH  ORV  PpULWRV  GH  HQYLDU  ORV  IRUPDWRV  ;0/ D  XQ  yUJDQR  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHVXHOHFFLyQ  0LFURVRIWFRQVLGHUHHPLWLUXQFRPSURPLVRS~EOLFRGHSXEOLFDU\SURYHHUDFFHVR QRGLVFULPLQDWRULRGHIXWXUDVYHUVLRQHVGHVXVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHV:RUG0/  0LFURVRIW  HYDO~H  OD  SRVLELOLGDG  GH  H[FOXLU  FRPSRQHQWHV  QR  IRUPDWHDGRV  FRPR ;0/GHVXVGRFXPHQWRV:RUG0/  /D  LQGXVWULD  SURYHD  ILOWURV  TXH  SHUPLWDQ  TXH  GRFXPHQWRV  EDVDGRV  HQ  ODV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  :RUG0/ \  HQ  ODV  HPHUJHQWHV  GHO  ³2SHQ  'RFXPHQW  )RUPDW´  GH 2$6,6  VHDQ  OHtGDV  \  HVFULWDV  D  RWUDV  DSOLFDFLRQHV  SHUPLWLHQGR  TXH  D  OD  YH]  VH PDQWHQJDXQJUDGRPi[LPRGHFRQILDQ]DHQHOFRQWHQLGRHVWUXFWXUD\SUHVHQWDFLyQ (VWRVILOWURVGHEHUtDQHVWDUGLVSRQLEOHVSDUDWRGRVORVSURGXFWRV  ODLQGXVWULDSURYHDODVKHUUDPLHQWDV\VHUYLFLRVDSURSLDGRVSDUDSHUPLWLUDOVHFWRU S~EOLFRFRQVLGHUDUODIDFWLELOLGDG\FRVWRVGHXQDWUDQVIRUPDFLyQGHVXVGRFXPHQWRVD IRUPDWRVEDVDGRVHQ;0/  HOVHFWRUS~EOLFRSURYHDVXLQIRUPDFLyQDWUDYpVGHYDULRVIRUPDWRV'RQGHSRU HOHFFLyQ  R  FLUFXQVWDQFLDV  VyOR  XQ  IRUPDWR  GH  GRFXPHQWRV  SXHGD  VHU  XVDGR  pVWH GHEHUiVHUXQIRUPDWRVREUHHOTXHKD\DFRQVHQVRLQGXVWULDOFRPRHOGHPRVWUDGRSRU ODDGRSFLyQGHXQIRUPDWRFRPRHVWiQGDU $TXtQXHYDPHQWHVHREVHUYDODQHFHVLGDGGHJDUDQWL]DUODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGOD QHFHVLGDG  GH  PDQWHQHU  IRUPDWRV  ;0/  \D  TXH  HVWRV  SHUPLWHQ  PDQWHQHU  ORV

69

&DSÇWXOR

FRQWHQLGRVODHVWUXFWXUDODVHPiQWLFD\ODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHORVGRFXPHQWRVHQIRUPD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VHSDUDGD\GHHVHPRGRVHUPDQHMDGRVSRUXQDJUDQFDQWLGDGGHDSOLFDFLRQHV \GH OOHYDUORVDXQSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO

2.2.2.3 PEGCSO: CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES

(O  3(*&62 3(*&62     PiV  WDUGtDPHQWH  GLFLHPEUH  GH     KD UHFRQRFLGRWDPELpQODQHFHVLGDGGHJDUDQWL]DUODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG\HQOtQHDFRQ HVWR  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  QR  LPSRQHU  D  ORV  VXMHWRV  FRQ  ORV  TXH  VH  FRPXQLFD  OD DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ  S~EOLFD  HO  XVR  GH  GHWHUPLQDGRV  SURGXFWRV  SRU  HO  FRQWUDULR  HO 3(*&62  KD  VHxDODGR  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  TXH  ORV  FLXGDGDQRV  SXGLHUDQ  HOHJLU OLEUHPHQWH  TXp  XWLOL]DU  (VWH  FRPLWp  KD  LQVLVWLGR  LJXDOPHQWH  HQ  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH PDQWHQHU  DUFKLYRV  SDUD  XVRV  IXWXURV  3RU  HVH  PRWLYR  KD  DFRQVHMDGR  HO  XVR  GH HVWiQGDUHVDELHUWRVGHELGRDTXHpVWRVVRQORV~QLFRVFRQSRVLELOLGDGGHJDUDQWL]DU ORV  REMHWLYRV  VHxDODGRV  3UHIHUHQWHPHQWH  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GHEHQ  HVWDU  HVWDQGDUL]DGRV PHGLDQWH  SURFHGLPLHQWRV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  (Q  HVWH  VHQWLGR  HO 3(*&62KDUHDOL]DGRXQDVHULHGHUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVDODVDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHVS~EOLFDV  +DFHU  XVR  Pi[LPR  GH  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GH  DOPDFHQDPLHQWR  H  LQWHUFDPELR  DELHUWRV HVWDQGDUL]DGRV  LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH  WDQWR  SDUD  ODV  FRPXQLFDFLRQHV  LQWHUQDV  FRPR H[WHUQDV  8VDU  VyOR SURGXFWRV TXH  SXHGDQ  VHU  XWLOL]DGRV SRU  XQD  YDULHGDG  GH  SURGXFWRV HYLWDQGRGHHVWDPDQHUDLPSRQHUHOXVRGHSURGXFWRVHVSHFtILFRV&XDQGRHOXVRGH IRUPDWRVSURSLHWDULRVVHDLQHYLWDEOHVHUiUHFRPHQGDEOHSURYHHUHOXVRGHIRUPDWRV DELHUWRV DOWHUQDWLYRVH LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH HVWDQGDUL]DGRVHQIRUPDDGLFLRQDO DORV SURSLHWDULRV  $GDSWDUFXDQGRVHDDSURSLDGRODVUHJXODFLRQHV\UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVQDFLRQDOHV  6H  UHFXHUGD  QXHYDPHQWH  OR  TXH  VXV  VLJODV  UHSUHVHQWDQ  ³3DQ(XURSHDQ  H*RYHUQPHQW  6HUYLFHV &RPPLWWHH´  (Q  FDVWHOODQR  VX  QRPEUH  HV  ³&RPLWp  3DQHXURSHR  SDUD  6HUYLFLRV  GH  OD  $GPLQLVWUDFLyQ (OHFWUyQLFD´

70

Lo histórico: el software libre, el software privativo y la unión europea

WRPDQGRHQFXHQWDODOOHJDGDGHHVWiQGDUHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVHQHVWDiUHD  &RQVLGHUDUODGHILQLFLyQGHORVUHTXLVLWRVPtQLPRVHQYLVWDVGHODIXQFLRQDOLGDGGH ORV  IRUPDWRV  DELHUWRV  GH  LQWHUFDPELR  WHQLHQGR  SUHVHQWH  OD  FRPSDWLELOLGDG  GH  ODV DSOLFDFLRQHV 5HFRPLHQGD  OR  VLJXLHQWH  D  OD  LQGXVWULD  \  D  ORV  RUJDQLVPRV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ LQWHUQDFLRQDO  7UDEDMDUMXQWRVKDFLDODFUHDFLyQGHXQHVWiQGDUDELHUWRLQWHUQDFLRQDODFHSWDEOH SDUDWRGRV  'HVDUUROODU  DSOLFDFLRQHV  TXH  SXHGDQ  PDQLSXODU  WRGRV  ORV  HVWiQGDUHV LQWHUQDFLRQDOHVUHOHYDQWHVGHMDQGRODHOHFFLyQDORVXVXDULRVGHTXpIRUPDWRGHVHDQ TXHVHDXVDGR³SRUGHIDXOW´  &RQWLQXDU  OD  PHMRUD  GH  ORV  HVWiQGDUHV  H[LVWHQWHV  WRPDQGR  WDPELpQ  HQ  FXHQWD QHFHVLGDGHVDGLFLRQDOHVFRPRODILUPDHOHFWUyQLFDGHGRFXPHQWRV

3RUWRGRHVWRSXHGHDILUPDUVHTXHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDIXHODHQFDUJDGDGHVHQWDU  VyOLGDV  EDVHV  VREUH  ODV  TXH  GHEtD  FRQVWUXLUVH  HO  IRUPDWR  GH  DOPDFHQDPLHQWR  GH  DUFKLYRV  HOHFWUyQLFRV  GH  RILFLQD  /RV  HOHPHQWRV  FODYHV  \  FRPXQHV  HQ  HVWRV  GRFXPHQWRV  VRQ  WDO  FXDO  ORV  KHPRV  H[SXHVWR  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH  JDUDQWL]DU  OD  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDGHQWUHGLIHUHQWHVSODWDIRUPDVODLPSRUWDQFLDGHDSR\DUHLQFHQWLYDU ODXWLOL]DFLyQGHHVWiQGDUHVDELHUWRVODUHFRPHQGDFLyQGHJDUDQWL]DUFRPSDWLELOLGDG  GHDUFKLYRVQRVyORFRQHOSDVDGRSRVLELOLGDGGHDOPDFHQDUDUFKLYRVDODUJRSOD]R   VLQR  WDPELpQ  FRQ  ORV  YHQLGHURV  HQ  HO  IXWXUR  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH  REWHQHU  IRUPDWRV  HVWDQGDUL]DGRVLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWHSRURUJDQLVPRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQUHFRQRFLGRV OD,62HQHOPDUFRGHVXSOLHJRFRQOD,(&KDVLGRHORUJDQLVPRDFRQVHMDGRSDUD HOOR   (VWH  IXH  HO  DVSHFWR HVWUXFWXUDQWH SRU  SDUWH  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  GH  OD

71

&DSÇWXOR

IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD \ GH ORV UXPERV \ HVWUDWHJLDV SRVWHULRUHV GHORV JUXSRV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVHQHVWHVHQWLGRHVWHDVSHFWRKDVLGRHOTXHKDSHUPLWLGROLPLWDU  ODFRQWLQJHQFLDDODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQGHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV 6LQGXGDVHVRVHUiPiVYLVLEOHHQORUHIHUHQWHD0LFURVRIW±(FPD\DVXPDUFR WHFQROyJLFRFRPR\DVHKDVHxDODGRQRVHLGHQWLILFDFRQHVRVSULQFLSLRVJHQHUDOHV (QHOFDVRGHOJUXSR)/266SRURWURODGRQRKD\XQDLQFLGHQFLDPD\RUHQORTXH UHILHUHDODVLJQLILFDFLyQDXQTXHGHEHPHQFLRQDUVHTXHODVDFFLRQHVFRQFUHWDVODV HVWUDWHJLDVGHHVWHJUXSRKDQVROLGRUHPLWLUDODVGHFODUDFLRQHVGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHD LQWHQWDQGRVHxDODU FRQHVWR ODV FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV GH0LFURVRIWD HVWDVVROLFLWXGHV\ UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV 3RU RWURODGRGH DFXHUGR DO PDUFR WHyULFRSODQWHDGR HVWHSURFHVR LPSOLFD XQ SUREOHPDLQLFLDOUHODFLRQDGRFRQHOSRVLFLRQDPLHQWRTXHVHOHGHEHGDUDOD8QLyQ (XURSHDHQODGHILQLFLyQRQRFRPR*659HUHPRVHVDGHILQLFLyQ HQHOSUy[LPR FDStWXOR(VWRVHH[SRQHHQHOiPELWRGHSUHVHQWDFLyQJHQHUDOGHWRGRVORVJUXSRV VRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV

72

CAPÍTULO 3. LOS GRUPOS SOCIALES RELEVANTES PARTICIPANTES DE LA FLEXIBILIDAD INTERPRETATIVA DEL FORMATO OFFICE OPEN XML

73

74

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

3.1 L A U NIÓN E UROPEA, ¿ GRUPO

SOCIAL RELEVANTE O NO ?

 /RV  LQIRUPHV  UHDOL]DGRV  SRU  FXHQWD  \  RUGHQ  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  KDQ  VLGR VXPDPHQWHLQIOX\HQWHVHQHOLQLFLRGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH22;0/6LQ HPEDUJR¢KDLQFLGLGRHQVXSRVWHULRUVLJQLILFDFLyQ\FRQVWLWXFLyQ"(QRWUDVSDODEUDV ¢GHEHFRQVLGHUDUVHDOD8QLyQ(XURSHDXQJUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWH" $TXt  VH  VRVWLHQH  TXH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  MXQWR  FRQ  VXV  GLIHUHQWHV  FXHUSRV  \ RUJDQLVPRVQRSXHGHQFRQVLGHUDUVHJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV\DTXHVLELHQVXV FULWHULRVIXHURQDFHSWDGRV\WRPDGRVFRPRLQIOX\HQWHVHQHOLQLFLRGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ GHODUWHIDFWR22;0/SRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIWVXVFULWHULRVSXHGHQVHUUHSUHVHQWDGRV FDVLSHUIHFWDPHQWHSRUHOJUXSRLGHQWLILFDGRHQODVOtQHDVVLJXLHQWHVFRPR&XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOD,62,(&(VPiVHOORVPLVPRVDILUPDURQVHJ~Q VHKDLQGLFDGRHQHOFDStWXORDQWHULRUTXHORVHVWiQGDUHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVGHEtDQVHU GHVDUUROODGRV  SRU  RUJDQLVPRV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  UHFRQRFLGRV  (VWR SRGUtD  REMHWDUVH  GLFLHQGR  TXH  HQWRQFHV  VyOR  GHEHUtDQ  VHU  WRPDGRV  FRPR  JUXSRV VRFLDOHV  UHOHYDQWHV  (FPD  \  OD  ,62,(&  DPEDV  HQ  WDQWR  RUJDQLVPRV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDO'HMiQGRVHDIXHUDDGRVLPSRUWDQWHVDFWRUHV0LFURVRIW \MXQWRFRQpODXQDVHULHGHLQVWLWXFLRQHV\RUJDQLVPRVDGKHUHQWHV \DODFRPXQLGDG GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  6LQ  HPEDUJR  GHEH  FRQVLGHUDUVH  TXH  HIHFWLYDPHQWH  OD  8QLyQ (XURSHDQRLQWHUYLQRGLUHFWDPHQWHHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQGH22;0/HVGHFLUQRWXYR LQWHUYHQFLRQHVGLUHFWDVHQODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHOIRUPDWR 6HREVHUYDTXHORVFULWHULRVGHOD8(VHKDQFRUUHVSRQGLGRSHUIHFWDPHQWHFRQORV FyGLJRVWpFQLFRVH[LVWHQWHVDOPRPHQWRGHUHDOL]DUWRGDVHVDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV1R GHEHUHVXOWDUOODPDWLYRSRUORWDQWRTXH9DORULVOD8(\FRPRVHYHUiORV&XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQKD\DQFRPSDUWLGRORVPLVPRVFULWHULRVSDUDHYDOXDUHO IRUPDWR  TXH  GHEtD  FRQVWUXLUVH  7RGRV  HOORV  KDQ  H[SUHVDGR  FULWHULRV  ILUPHPHQWH DYDODGRV\SUHHVWDEOHFLGRVHQODVQRUPDVGHIXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD,62,(&\GHO-7&

75

&DSÇWXOR



La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

'HHVWHPRGRODGHFLVLyQGHQRFRQVLGHUDUDOD8(XQ*65HQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGH 22;0/VXUJHGHREVHUYDUTXHpVWDQRMXJyQLQJ~QSDSHOGHUHOHYDQFLDGXUDQWHHO SURFHVRPLVPRGHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHOIRUPDWRFRPRHVWiQGDU6yORORVSDtVHVTXH FRQIRUPDQ  OD  8(  HQ  HO  PDUFR  GH  VX  SDUWLFLSDFLyQ  HQ  OD  ,62,(&  LQWHUYLQLHURQ LQGLUHFWDPHQWHHQODFUHDFLyQGH22;0/ /D  8(  VLUYLy  DQWHV  TXH  QDGD  SDUD  VHQWDU  EDVHV  VyOLGDV  VREUH  ODV  TXH SRVWHULRUPHQWHLQWHUYHQGUtDQORVGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHV(QHVRUDGLFD IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH  VX  LPSRUWDQFLD  6H  DSURYHFKD  HVWD  RFDVLyQ  SDUD  DILUPDU  OD UHOHYDQFLD  GH  ODV  FXHVWLRQHV  KLVWyULFDV  HQ  OD  FRPSUHQVLyQ  GHO  DFFLRQDU  \  GH  ODV HVWUDWHJLDVOOHYDGDVDGHODQWHSRUSDUWHGHORVGLIHUHQWHVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVTXHSDUWLFLSDQ HQHOSURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQ\VLJQLILFDFLyQGHWRGDWHFQRORJtD(QHVWHVHQWLGR SXHGHGHFLUVHTXHHVWHFRQMXQWRGHUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV\GHDSRUWHVUHIRU]DURQORV FyGLJRVWpFQLFRVWDPELpQUHSUHVHQWDGRVSRUOD,62,(&3HURVXLQWHUYHQFLyQVHKD FHxLGRVyORDHVHKHFKR 'H  HVWD  PDQHUD  VH  GHVWDFD  DOJR  \D  DILUPDGR  HQ  HO  FDStWXOR    HO  WHyULFR  GHO SUHVHQWH  OLEUR  HVWR  HV  TXH  ODV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  ODV  FRQVWLWXFLRQHV  GH  GLIHUHQWHV DUWHIDFWRVQRVHGDQVREUHEDVHVWRWDOPHQWHFRQWLQJHQWHVDQWHVELHQVREUHEDVHV FLPHQWDGDVHQHODFFLRQDUGHP~OWLSOHVVXMHWRVHQRWUDVSDODEUDVODFRQWLQJHQFLDVH SURGXFHGHQWURGHPDUFRVHVWUXFWXUDQWHV (QHOSUHVHQWHFDVRHVRVP~OWLSOHVVXMHWRV HQWHQGLHQGRTXHORVVXMHWRVSXHGHQVHUWDQWRVLQJXODUHVSHUVRQDV FRPRFROHFWLYRV RUJDQLVPRV VRQODVGLIHUHQWHVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\FXHUSRVGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHD9DORULV \  ORV  GLIHUHQWHV  IXQFLRQDULRV  GH  ORV  SDtVHV  HXURSHRV  TXH  OXFKDURQ  SRU  ORJUDU  HO REMHWLYR  GH  KDFHU  GHO  HVSDFLR  HXURSHR  XQ  OtGHU  HQ  OD  OODPDGD  ³HFRQRPtD  GHO FRQRFLPLHQWR´  UHFRQRFLHQGR  DGHPiV  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWR  SDUD  JDUDQWL]DU  HO  FXPSOLPLHQWR  GH  XQD  EXHQD  SDUWH  GH  ODV SRWHQFLDOLGDGHVHXURSHDVSDUDFRQFUHWDUWDOILQ 6LQLPSRUWDUFODURHVWiVLILQDOPHQWHORJUDURQRQRHVHREMHWLYRQLWDPSRFRORFRQWURYHUVLDOGHOWpUPLQR ³HFRQRPtDGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR´

76

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

(Q VtQWHVLV OD8( QR KDVLGR XQ JUXSR VRFLDO UHOHYDQWH HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH 22;0/  SHUR  VX  DFFLRQDU  SUHYLR  DO  LQLFLR  GH  HVD  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  Vt  KD  VLGR  GH IXQGDPHQWDOLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDFRPSUHQGHUSRUTXp0LFURVRIWFRQVLGHUySULPRUGLDO LQLFLDUODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHXQIRUPDWRGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHDUFKLYRVHOHFWUyQLFRV GHRILFLQD/D8QLyQ(XURSHDDGHPiVKDVLGRHOHOHPHQWRGHILQLWRULRGHODVUHJODV TXHJXLDUtDQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHORV*65DVtVXVWUD]RVKLVWyULFRVKDQVLGRORV GHFLVLYRV  /DV  RWUDV  UD]RQHV  GH  LPSRUWDQFLD  VHUiQ  DQDOL]DGDV  HQ  ODV  SiJLQDV VLJXLHQWHV

3.2 E L

GRUPO

FLOSS (FREE /L IBRE O PEN S OURCE S OFTWARE )

6HKDVHxDODGRHQHOFDStWXORHOPRPHQWRHQTXHVXUJHHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH6HKD VHxDODGRWDPELpQTXHVXQDFLPLHQWRIXHHOSDVRLQLFLDOSDUDFRPHQ]DUODIOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  HQ  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GHO  VRIWZDUH  TXH  WXYR  FRPR  UHVXOWDGR  OD FRQVWLWXFLyQGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\GHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR1RVHKDQPHQFLRQDGRVLQ HPEDUJRODVKHWHURJHQHLGDGHVTXHSUHVHQWDHVWHJUXSR(VRVHUHDOL]DDFRQWLQXDFLyQ +DFLDILQDOHVGHORVQRYHQWDH[LVWtDQPDOHVWDUHVFRQHOVLJQLILFDGRGHOVLJQLILFDQWH ³IUHH´HQHOFRPSXHVWR³IUHHVRIWZDUH´(QLQJOpV³IUHH´SXHGHVLJQLILFDUWDQWROLEUH FRPRJUDWLVSRUHVR5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQLQFDQVDEOHPHQWHVHRFXSyGHDILUPDUTXHHO VRIWZDUHHV³IUHH´FRPRHQODOLEHUWDGIUHHGRP QRFRPRHQODEDUUDOLEUHGHFHUYH]D IUHHEHHU 6WDOOPDQ (QFDVWHOODQRSXHGHVRQDUJUDFLRVRSHURHQLQJOpVOD DPELJHGDG  GHO  WpUPLQR  ³IUHH´  UHSUHVHQWy  XQ  YHUGDGHUR  SUREOHPD  \  OOHYy  D  OD IUDJPHQWDFLyQGHOPRYLPLHQWRIXQGiQGRVHHQOD2SHQ6RXUFH,QLWLDWLYH26,  /DHOHFFLyQGHOWpUPLQRRSHQVRXUFHFyGLJRIXHQWHDELHUWR IXH GHIHQGLGDEDMRHO VXSXHVWRGHTXHSHUPLWLUtDDWUDHUDHPSUHVDV\DH[LVWHQWHVDOPXQGRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH \  DGHPiV  SURPRYHU  TXH  HPSUHVDV  QDFLHQWHV  HOLJLHUDQ  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  SDUD  VXV DFWLYLGDGHV 0iVDOOi GH HVWD\RWUDVGLIHUHQFLDVVHDILUPD TXH HO VRIWZDUHOLEUH

77

&DSÇWXOR

HQFDEH]DGR  PXQGLDOPHQWH  SRU  OD  )UHH  6RIWZDUH  )RXQGDWLRQ  \  HO  RSHQ  VRXUFH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

OLGHUDGRSRUOD2SHQ6RXUFH,QLWLDWLYHVRQ³FRPRGRVFDPSRVSROtWLFRVGHQWURGHOD FRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH´6WDOOPDQ  6WDOOPDQWDPELpQUHFRQRFHTXHVXHOHQWUDEDMDUHQSUR\HFWRVHVSHFtILFRVHQFRP~Q GHMDQGRGHODGRODVGLIHUHQFLDVHQORVSULQFLSLRVEiVLFRVTXHDPEDVYHUWLHQWHVSRVHHQ 6WDOOPDQ (OFDVRDQDOL]DGRHQHOSUHVHQWHOLEURHVMXVWDPHQWHXQRGH HVRV  FDVRV  HQ  TXH  OD  FRPXQLGDG  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  DXQy  HVIXHU]RV  HQ  FRQWUD  GHO DYDQFHGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRHQHOFDPSRGHORVIRUPDWRVGHDOPDFHQDPLHQWRGH DUFKLYRVGHRILFLQD 'HWRGRVPRGRVWDPELpQKDUHFRQRFLGR6WDOOPDQTXHSUHILHUHTXHQRVHFRQIXQGD HOVRIWZDUHOLEUHFRQHORSHQVRXUFH'HKHFKRODVGLIHUHQFLDVVRQFRQFUHWDVHQWUH DPERV/DVLWXDFLyQSXHGHFRPSOLFDUVHD~QPiVVLVHFRQVLGHUDTXHHVWHJUXSRVHKD FRPSXHVWRQRVyORGHOD)6)RGHOD26,VLQRTXHDGHPiVKDQVLGRSDUWtFLSHVGH XQD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  FRLQFLGHQWH  GH  22;0/ FRQ  RWUDV  LQVWLWXFLRQHV  DVRFLDFLRQHV  \ RUJDQLVPRV  'H  HVWH PRGR  KD\ TXH  WHQHU SUHVHQWH  QR  VyOR  ODV  IRUPDV  WtSLFDV  GH RUJDQL]DFLyQ  GH  OD  FRPXQLGDG  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \  RSHQ  VRXUFH  HQ  WRUQR  D  ORV OODPDGRV/8*VR/LQX[8VHUV*URXSV LQLFLDOPHQWHJUXSRVGHXVXDULRVGH/LQX[ TXH  VH  UHXQtDQ  SDUD  IRPHQWDU  HO  GHVDUUROOR  \  PHMRUD  GHO  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR SRVWHULRUPHQWHOODPDGRV³JUXSRVGHXVXDULRVGHVRIWZDUHOLEUH´ SDUDLQFOXLURWURV WLSRV  GH  VRIWZDUH  DGHPiV  GHO  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR   VLQR  WDPELpQ  DO  UHVWR  GH  ODV RUJDQL]DFLRQHV  \  HPSUHVDV  TXH  VH  RSXVLHURQ  D  22;0/  VLJQLILFiQGROR  GH  LJXDO PRGRTXHHOUHVWRGHODFRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH(VWDVSXHGHQVHUHPSUHVDV FRPR  ,%0  *RRJOH  \  6XQ  0LFURV\VWHPV  SHUR  WDPELpQ  RUJDQL]DFLRQHV  FRPR *URNODZ1R22;0/2')$OOLDQFHOD)XQGDFLyQ/LQX[FRPRDFWRUHVPiVDFWLYRV 'H  HVWH PRGR  VLJXLHQGR  OD FRKHUHQFLD  FRQ  HO  PDUFR  WHyULFR  H[SXHVWR OR  TXH SHUPLWHPDQWHQHUDHVWHJUXSRFRPRXQJUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHHVODGHILQLFLyQFRP~Q  6HDFODUDTXHHVHDYDQFHVHSURGXFLUtDVREUHEDVHVHQFXELHUWDVHVWRHVHQEDVHDODSUHVHQWDFLyQGHO IRUPDWRFRQFULWHULRVGHDSHUWXUD\OLEHUWDG3RUHVWHPRWLYRQXQFD0LFURVRIWSUHVHQWyDOIRUPDWR22;0/ FRPRVRIWZDUHSURSLHWDULR

78

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

TXHGLHURQDOIRUPDWR22;0/(VGHFLUHQWDQWRTXHVXVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVIXHURQ FRLQFLGHQWHV  OD  FRQVWLWXFLyQ  GHO  IRUPDWR WDPELpQ  IXH FRLQFLGHQWH  \ GH  DOOt  VH  KD GHVSUHQGLGRODFRKHUHQFLDGHWUDWDUDODVXPDGHHVWDVLQVWLWXFLRQHV\RUJDQL]DFLRQHV FRPR  XQ  *65  &RQVLGHUDQGR  HVWH  SULQFLSLR  EiVLFR  HV  TXH  VH  KD  SRGLGR  LQFOXLU WDPELpQD,%0D*RRJOH\D6XQ0LFURV\VWHPVHQHVWHJUXSR\DTXHGHILQLHURQDO IRUPDWR  FRPR  QR  HVWDQGDUL]DEOH  FHUUDGR  QR  FRPSDWLEOH  FRQ  *18/LQX[  \ GHIHFWXRVRWpFQLFDPHQWH$GHPiVHVFRQRFLGRHOFRPSURPLVRGH,%0*RRJOH\6XQ 0LFURV\VWHPVFRQHORSHQVRXUFH3XHGHSRQHUVHFRPRHMHPSORODSDUWLFLSDFLyQHQ OD2SHQ6RXUFH 'HYHORSPHQW /DEV FRQRFLGD SRU VXV VLJODV 26'/  SRU SDUWH GH ,%06XQ0LFURV\VWHPV\*RRJOHHQWUHRWURV(VWDRUJDQL]DFLyQVLQILQHVGHOXFUR IXQGDGDHQHODxRDVXPLyHOFRPSURPLVRGHDFHOHUDUHOGHVDUUROORGH/LQX[ SDUDODFRPSXWDFLyQHPSUHVDULD+DFLDHQHURGHHVWDPLVPDRUJDQL]DFLyQVHKD IXVLRQDGRFRQOD³)UHH6WDQGDUGV*URXS´SDUDFRQIRUPDU³7KH/LQX[)RXQGDWLRQ´ $GLFLRQDOPHQWH  VL  ELHQ  SXHGH  VXSRQHUVH  TXH  HVWDV  HPSUHVDV  VH  KDQ  XQLGR LQLFLDOPHQWHDORSHQVRXUFHRDOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHVWUDWpJLFDPHQWHSDUDFRQWUDUUHVWDU FLHUWR  SRGHU  IUHQWH  D  0LFURVRIW  SXHGH  UHFRQRFHUVH  TXH  OD  GHILQLFLyQ  TXH  KDQ UHDOL]DGRGH22;0/FXHVWDGLIHUHQFLDUODGHODGDGDSRUHOUHVWRGHORVDFWRUHVTXH FRPSRQHQHVWHJUXSR /DSRVLFLyQVREUH22;0/GHHVWHPRGRWDPELpQSXHGHVHUDQDOL]DGDFRPRXQD HVWUDWHJLDFRQWUD0LFURVRIW\VXLQWHQWRGHVRVWHQHUVXPRQRSROLRHQHOPHUFDGRGH VXLWHV  RILPiWLFDV  SHUR  LJXDOPHQWH  OR  LPSRUWDQWH  VHUi  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  TXH  KDQ UHDOL]DGRGH22;0/&RPRHMHPSORSXHGHGDUVHVXGHILQLFLyQGH22;0/FRPR LQIHULRUWpFQLFDPHQWHD2')\FRPRKHUUDPLHQWDSDUDJDUDQWL]DUHOPRQRSROLRGHVX VXLWHRILPiWLFDFHUUDGD/DLGHDIXQGDPHQWDOGH,%0FRPSDUWLGDFRQHOUHVWRGHORV LQWHJUDQWHV  GHO  JUXSR  )/266  HV  TXH  OD  ³WiFWLFD  GH  0LFURVRIW  VHUtD  EXVFDU  OD

79

&DSÇWXOR

1RWDQWRFRQHO³IUHHVRIWZDUH´ $OJXQRVRWURVSDUWLFLSDQWHVIXHURQ&LVFR+31RYHOO,QWHO\5HG+DW9HU%R\HU\5REHUW   (VWD  IXVLyQ  VH  PHQFLRQD  EUHYHPHQWH  HQ KWWSZZZOLQX[IRXQGDWLRQRUJDERXWVWDII  (VSHFtILFDPHQWH EXVFDUODVOtQHDVGHGLFDGDVD/LQXV7RUYDOGV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

DSUREDFLyQSRUOD,62GHVXSURSLRHVWiQGDU22;0/FRQHOILQGHJDUDQWL]DUTXHVX VXLWHGHSURGXFWLYLGDG2IILFHVLJDVLHQGRFRPSHWLWLYDIUHQWHD DOWHUQDWLYDVDELHUWDV FRPR,%0/RWXV1RWHV6XQ6WDU2IILFH2SHQ2IILFHRUJ\ODVEDVDGDVHQZHEFRPR ODVDSOLFDFLRQHVGH*RRJOHXRWUDV´5DQFKDO   (QORV~OWLPRVDxRVHVWDVHPSUHVDVKDQVHxDODGRVXFRPSURPLVR FRQHORSHQ VRXUFHSRUPiVFRQWUDGLFWRULDTXHKD\DSRGLGRSDUHFHUHVWDSRVLFLyQPiVD~QVLVH WLHQHHQFXHQWDVXSRVLFLyQKLVWyULFDVXGHIHQVDGHORSHQVRXUFHHVXQKHFKRFRQFUHWR GHORV~OWLPRVDxRV'HVSXpVGHWRGRODVDFFLRQHVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVDQLYHOPXQGLDO KDQSURYHQLGRGHODVDFFLRQHVGHORVDFWRUHVLQYROXFUDGRVHQODPLOLWDQFLDHQIDYRU GHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHGHORV/8*V\GHPiVDVRFLDFLRQHVGHVRIWZDUHOLEUH*URNODZ\ 1R22;0/ KDQ  UHDOL]DGR  XQD  ODERU  H[FHSFLRQDO  DO  UHVSHFWR  /D  FRPXQLGDG  GHO VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  HV  GH  QLYHO  PXQGLDO  \  HO  SHVR  GH  VXV  DFFLRQHV  IXHURQ HQ  Q~PHUR PD\RUHVDODVSURSLDVGHHVHSHTXHxRQ~PHURGHHPSUHVDV $Vt  FDEH  UHPDUFDU  TXH  DOJR  GHVWDFDEOH  HQ  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  TXH  HVWH  JUXSR  KD UHDOL]DGR GH22;0/ SXHGH HQFRQWUDUVH  HQ VX FRQFHSFLyQ GHO VRIWZDUH  (Q HVWH VHQWLGRORVSULQFLSLRVYDORUDWLYRVUHFWRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHKDQLQIOXHQFLDGRHQVX VLJQLILFDFLyQFUtWLFDGH2IILFH2SHQ;0/'HHVWHPRGRORVVLJQLILFDGRVFODYHVGH HVWH  JUXSR  KDQ  VLGR  FRPR  VH  GLMR  ³FHUUDGR´  ³SURSLHGDG  GH  XQD  FRPSDxtD´ ³GHILFLHQWHWpFQLFDPHQWH´\³HVWUDWHJLDPRQRSROLVWDGH0LFURVRIW´HVWRVHQWpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHVQRYDUtDQHQWRGRHOSURFHVRVDOYRSHTXHxDVPRGLILFDFLRQHV  6LQGXGDVSXHGHUHDOL]DUVHXQDFUtWLFDSURIXQGDVREUHODVSRVLFLRQHVGHHVWDVHPSUHVDVFRQUHVSHFWRDO VRIWZDUHOLEUH\DORSHQVRXUFHGHKHFKR,%0IXHXQDGHODVSULPHUDVHPSUHVDVHQQRGLVWULEXLUHOFyGLJR IXHQWHGHOVRIWZDUHTXHYHQGtDFRQVXKDUGZDUH3HURHVDDFWLYLGDGFDPELDHQODGpFDGDGHOQRYHQWD7RGR HVWHDQiOLVLVHVFDSDDODVLQWHQFLRQHVGHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRDOJRSURSLFLRDVHUWUDWDGRHQXQHVFULWRVREUHXQD KLVWRULDtQWHJUDGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\GHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR6HUHLWHUDDTXtVyORLQWHUHVDQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV UHDOL]DGDVD22;0//DVDFFLRQHVFRQFUHWDVWDPELpQIXHURQFRLQFLGHQWHVHQWUHWRGRVHOORV (QORVFDStWXORVVLJXLHQWHVSRGUiQYHUVHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV\YDULDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDVGHOIRUPDWRWDOFXDO ORIXHVLJQLILFDQGRHVWHJUXSRHQFDGDHWDSDGHGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ&DEHDFODUDUTXH ODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVYDQYDULDQGRHQODVGLIHUHQWHVHWDSDVGHDFXHUGRDODLQWHUDFFLyQTXHYDWHQLHQGRFDGD JUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHFRQORVRWURVLQYROXFUDGRV(VWR\DKDVLGRDSXQWDGRHQHOFDStWXORSULPHURHOWHyULFR GHOOLEUR

80

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

3.3 E L

GRUPO

MICROSOFT – E CMA

(VWH  JUXSR  HVWi  IXHUWHPHQWH  PDUFDGR  SRU  ODV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  GHO  VLJQLILFDQWH ³VRIWZDUH´SURSLDVGHORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR'HKHFKRHVHOGXHxRGH 0LFURVRIW  TXLpQ HVFULELy XQD FDUWD  DELHUWD  D  ORV KREELVWDV OpDVH  KDFNHUV  *DWHV  FDUDFWHUL]iQGRORVGHODGURQHVSRUFRSLDU\GLVWULEXLUXVXDOPHQWHVRIWZDUHFRQ FRS\ULJKW(VPiVODSURSLD0LFURVRIWHVODHPSUHVDHPEOHPiWLFDGHSURGXFFLyQGH VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRHQHOPXQGR 0LFURVRIWHVHODFWRUSULQFLSDOGHHVWHJUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHHQODFRQVWLWXFLyQGH 22;0/TXHHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRVHKDGHQRPLQDGRJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPD(VWD HPSUHVDQDFLGDHQHQ5HGPRQG(VWDGRV8QLGRVFRPHQ]yDWHQHUSRVLFLyQ GRPLQDQWH  HQ  HO  PHUFDGR  PXQGLDO  GH  VLVWHPDV  RSHUDWLYRV  SDUD  RUGHQDGRUHV SHUVRQDOHVDPHGLDGRVGHORVRFKHQWDFRQHOVLVWHPD06'26R3&'26KHUHGHURR FRSLD  SDUFLDO  GHO  VLVWHPD  &30  GLVHxDGR  SRU  .LOGDOO   VHJXLGR  OXHJR  SRU  ODV GLIHUHQWHVYHUVLRQHVGHORVVLVWHPDVRSHUDWLYRV:LQGRZV7DPELpQHVFUHDGRUDGHORV SDTXHWHVRILPiWLFRV³0LFURVRIW2IILFH´ &RPR  VH  PHQFLRQy  HQ  HO  FDSLWXOR    HVWD  HPSUHVD  GHFLGLy  VHJXLU  ODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHOD8(GHLQLFLDUODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHORVIRUPDWRVGHJXDUGDGR GHVXVSURJUDPDVRILPiWLFRVDWUDYpVGH(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO/R GHVWDFDEOHHVGH WRGRVPRGRVTXHLQLFLDUDHVWHSURFHVRMXVWRGHVSXpVGHTXHOD,62,(&DSUREDUDOD HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGH2')2SHQ'RFXPHQW)RUPDW IRUPDWRSURPRYLGR \GLVHxDGRHQJUDQSDUWHSRUORVGHIHQVRUHVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHQOXJDUGHLQLFLDUXQD LQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHVWHQXHYRHVWiQGDUDVXVSURJUDPDVGHRILFLQD (FPD  SRU  VX  SDUWH IXH  HO  RUJDQLVPR  FX\D  ODERU  FRQVLVWLy  HQ GRWDU  GH PD\RU REMHWLYLGDGDOHVWiQGDU22;0/HVWRGHELGRDTXHVXDFWLYLGDGSURIHVLRQDOFRQVLVWH HQGHVDUUROODUHVWiQGDUHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVTXHHQVXPD\RUtDVRQOXHJRUHPLWLGRVDOD

81

&DSÇWXOR

9HUSXQWRGHOFDStWXOR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

,62SDUDVXWUDWDPLHQWRGLUHFWRRUiSLGR'HHVWHPRGRUHFLELyHQGLFLHPEUHGH XQ  GRFXPHQWR  ERUUDGRU  GH    SiJLQDV  FRQ  ODV  HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  WpFQLFDV  GHO IRUPDWRFUHDQGRSDUDVXDQiOLVLVHO7&7HFKQLFDO&RPPLWWHH 6RQPLHPEURV GH  (FPD  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO  $SSOH  %DUFOD\V  &DSLWDO  %ULWLVK  3HWUROHXP  7KH  %ULWLVK /LEUDU\(VVLORU7KH*QRPH)RXQGDWLRQ,QWHO7KH/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV0LFURVRIW 1H[W3DJH1RYHOO6WDWRLO\7RVKLED /XHJR  GH  XQ  DxR  GH  WUDEDMR  HO  7&    FRQFOX\y  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  HO    GH 7KH*QRPH)RXQGDWLRQR)XQGDFLyQ*120(WLHQHXQDWUD\HFWRULDIXHUWHYLQFXODGDFRQHOGHVDUUROORGH VRIWZDUHOLEUH'HKHFKRHQVXFDPSRGHHVSHFLDOL]DFLyQLQLFLDOHOGHVDUUROORGHHQWRUQRVGHHVFULWRULRIXH ODRSFLyQIUHQWHD.'(SRUXWLOL]DUHVWH~OWLPRODOLEUHUtDRELEOLRWHFDFRPRSUHILHUHQWUDGXFLUPXFKRVHO WpUPLQROLEUDU\ ³47´QROLEHUDGDPHGLDQWH*3/DXQTXHSRVWHULRUPHQWHVtVHOLEHUyXWLOL]DQGRODOLFHQFLD /*3/   3RU  HVWH  PRWLYR  VX SDUWLFLSDFLyQ HQ HO 7&    GH  (FPD  WXYR  LPSOLFDFLRQHV QHJDWLYDV SDUD OD FRPSDxtDHQORVIRURV/DVOOXYLDGHFUtWLFDVQRVHKL]RHVSHUDU\*QRPHWXYRTXHHPLWLUXQDQXQFLRDO UHVSHFWR(QHVWHVHQWLGRHQOD*QRPH)RXQGDWLRQ SRGUiYHUVHODSRVLFLyQGHHVWDRUJDQL]DFLyQ ³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´/DFXUVLYDVQRHVSDUWHGHORULJLQDO (OSXQWRDILUPDTXHODIXQGDFLyQQRHVWiDYDODQGRRFRQWULEX\HQGRHQODSUHVHQWDFLyQGH22;0/DQWHOD ,626LQRTXHORTXHHVWiUHDOL]DQGRHVDSR\DUODSDUWLFLSDFLyQGHXQRGHVXVLQWHJUDQWHV-RG\*ROGEHUJHQ HO7&(OSXQWRSRURWURODGRORDOLxDFRQXQDFRQVWUXFFLyQRFRQVWLWXFLyQGH22;0/LGpQWLFDDODGHO PRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHDILUPDQGRTXHODVPDQLREUDVGH0LFURVRIWGHPXHVWUDQTXHODHPSUHVDQR HVWi EXVFDQGRODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQFRPRSODWDIRUPD  SDUD OD LQQRYDFLyQ0LFURVRIWDJUHJD*QRPHHQ HVH SXQWRKDHVWDGRFRPSRUWiQGRVHFRPRXQFRQYLFWRPRQRSROLVWDQRUHIRUPDGRFRQQLQJXQDSDVLyQSRUOD FRODERUDFLyQUHDOHQHOLQWHUpVGHORVXVXDULRV(VWRORKDFHQQRVHUSDUWHGHHVWHJUXSRDpOVLQRTXHPDUFDQ XQDSR\RDOPLHPEURGHVXVILODVQRPEUDGR

82

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

GLFLHPEUH  GH    QRPEUDQGR  DO  IRUPDWR  ³(FPD  2IILFH  2SHQ  ;0/  )LOH )RUPDW´  ,QPHGLDWDPHQWH GHVSXpV DSUREy  VX HQYtR  DO SURFHVR GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ UiSLGD  GHO  -7&    GH  OD  ,62,(&  6&    OXJDU  GRQGH  VH  DQDOL]DUtD  OD  SRVLEOH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOGHOIRUPDWR /RTXHGHILQHDWRGRJUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHFRPRVHKDH[SUHVDGRHQHOFDStWXOR HVODVLJQLILFDFLyQVLPLODUTXHFDGDLQWHJUDQWHGHHVHJUXSRUHDOL]DGHODUWHIDFWRHQ FRQVWUXFFLyQ  HQ  HVWH  FDVR  HO  JUXSR  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  VLJQLILFy  DO  DUWHIDFWR 22;0/DJUDQGHVUDVJRVFRPRLQWHURSHUDEOHLQGHSHQGLHQWHGHSODWDIRUPDVGH KDUGZDUH\VRIWZDUH\JDUDQWHGHODSUHVHUYDFLyQGLJLWDOSHUPLWHDUFKLYDUDODUJR SOD]R 6RUSUHQGHREVHUYDUTXHVLJQLILFDUDQDVXIRUPDWRFRQORVDGMHWLYRVXWLOL]DGRV SRU  OD  8(  SDUD  FDUDFWHUL]DU  ODV  HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  TXH  GHEtD  WHQHU  HO  IRUPDWR  GH DOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHDUFKLYRVGHRILFLQD(VWRSXHGHYHUVHFRPRSDUWHGHOFDUiFWHU HVWUXFWXUDQWH  GH  OD  KLVWRULD  HQ  ODV  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  HO  RWUR  DVSHFWR  HQ  HVWH  FDVR HVSHFtILFRSRGUiREVHUYDUVHHQHOOXJDUGHODSURSLDKLVWRULDGH0LFURVRIW\GHVX PDUFRWHFQROyJLFR$TXtFRPR VHYHUi GRVIXHU]DVHVWUXFWXUDQWHV FRQWUDGLFWRULDV UHFRUGDUTXHHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGH0LFURVRIWFRQGXFHDVLJQLILFDUDOVRIWZDUH FRPRSULYDWLYRRHQVXVWpUPLQRVSURSLHWDULRQRLQWHURSHUDEOHGHSHQGLHQWHGHVXV SURSLRV  SURGXFWRV  SULQFLSDOPHQWH  VX  VLVWHPD  RSHUDWLYR  HWF  FRQFOX\HQ  FRQ  ORV SUREOHPDVTXHWRUQDURQHVFDQGDORVRHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ3HUR¢HVWRQR GDUtD  FXHQWD  VyOR  GHO  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GH  0LFURVRIW  ROYLGDQGR  D  ORV  GHPiV LQWHJUDQWHVGH(FPD"¢6HUiTXH(FPDGHEHVHUFRQVLGHUDGDSRUORWDQWRXQ*65 GLIHUHQWH" $OJXLHQ  SRGUtD  DUJXPHQWDU  TXH  VL  VH  FRQVLGHUD  OD  ODERU  LQLFLDO  HQ  OD

83

&DSÇWXOR

(QORVFDStWXORVVLJXLHQWHVSRGUiQYHUVHODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV\YDULDFLRQHVHVSHFtILFDVGHOIRUPDWRWDOFXDO ORIXHVLJQLILFDQGRHVWHJUXSRHQFDGDHWDSDGHGHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  3DUDXQDFRPSDUDFLyQYROYHUHQHOFDStWXOR DODSDUWDGRGHGLFDGRDO,QIRUPH9DORULV\DO DSDUWDGR    TXH  SUHVHQWD  ODV  FRQFOXVLRQHV  \  UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV  GH  OD  ,'$  VXUJLGDV  D  UDt]  GH  ODV DILUPDFLRQHVGHO7$&

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ\VXVFRUUHFFLRQHVDOERUUDGRUHQYLDGRDHOORVSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIW (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOGHEHUtDVHUFRQVLGHUDGDXQJUXSRVRFLDOUHOHYDQWHGLIHUHQWHGH 0LFURVRIW  (VDV  FRUUHFFLRQHV  SRGUtDQ  FRQVLGHUDUVH  VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  GLIHUHQWHV  GH 22;0/VLQHPEDUJRHOPLVPR0LFURVRIWVROLFLWyHVWDVUHYLVLRQHVD(FPD\D~Q PiVLPSRUWDQWHODVPRGLILFDFLRQHVGH2IILFH2SHQ;0/VHUHDOL]DURQFRQHMHFXWLYRV GH0LFURVRIWDODFDEH]DGHO7&0iVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHVXVSUHVLGHQWHVIXHURQ\ D~QVRQ -HDQ3DROL'LUHFWRU6HQLRUGH$UTXLWHFWXUD;0/ GH0LFURVRIWH,VDEHOOH 9DOHW+DUSHU$GPLQLVWUDGRUD6HQLRUGHO3URJUDPDSDUD(VWUDWHJLDGH(VWiQGDUHV 6X9LFHSUHVLGHQWHIXH\D~QHV $GDP)DUTXKDUGHOD%ULWLVK/LEUDU\eVWH~OWLPR WDPELpQDGKLULyDODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGH0LFURVRIWGH22;0/ 0LFURVRIW  HQ  WRGR  PRPHQWR  WUDWy  GH  GHVOLJDUVH  GHO  IRUPDWR  GLFLHQGR  TXH  HUD UHVSRQVDELOLGDGGH(FPD\QRSURSLHGDGGH0LFURVRIWDILUPDQGRTXHVyORKDEtDQ GDGRHOSDVRLQLFLDOHQODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ6LQHPEDUJROXHJRGHODSUHVHQWDFLyQGH ORVKHFKRVGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQWHUQDFLRQDOTXHGDUiQHVFDVDVGXGDVVREUH HOOXJDUSURWDJyQLFRGH0LFURVRIWHQHVWHJUXSR\GHOPRGRHQTXH(FPDVLUYLyDORV LQWHUHVHVGHODHPSUHVDGH5HGPRQG3RUHVWHPRWLYRHOJUXSRHQODSUHVHQWHREUD VHUiOODPDGR³0LFURVRIW±(FPD´ &DEHDxDGLUDTXtTXHODFDXVDIXQGDPHQWDOTXHRULHQWDD0LFURVRIWDTXHUHULQLFLDU HOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHXQIRUPDWRGHJXDUGDGRGHDUFKLYRVHOHFWUyQLFRVGH RILFLQDHVODFRQIURQWDFLyQJHQHUDOTXHSRVHHFRQODFRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHQ OD  GHILQLFLyQ  GH  OR  TXH  HV  ³VRIWZDUH´  0LFURVRIW  SRVHH  YDORUHV  SULYDWLYRV  VXV OLFHQFLDVVRQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQHOGHUHFKRGHDXWRUWUDGLFLRQDO\FRQHOFRS\ULJKWHQ VHQWLGRSOHQR(OVRIWZDUHOLEUHHQFDPELRVHRSRQHDHVDWUDGLFLyQ\HVWiDIDYRU 6XFDUJRHQLQJOpVHV6HQLRUGLUHFWRURI;0/$UFKLWHFWXUH 6XFDUJRHQLQJOpVHV6HQLRUSURJUDPPDQDJHUIRUVWDQGDUGVVWUDWHJ\ &RQHVWRVHTXLHUHGHMDUHQFODURTXHQRORUHDOL]DFRPRHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHFRQODOLFHQFLD*3/6HKDYLVWR TXHODVOLFHQFLDV*3/WDPELpQXWLOL]DQHOFRS\ULJKWSHURGHXQPRGRWDOTXHOHVSHUPLWHHOLPLQDUFLHUWDV UHVWULFFLRQHVTXHHOFRS\ULJKWKDLPSXHVWR

84

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

GH  OD  HMHFXFLyQ  HVWXGLR  \  PRGLILFDFLyQ  UHGLVWULEXFLyQ  FRSLD  \  PRGLILFDFLyQ  GHO VRIWZDUH  *UDFLDV  D  OD  LQWHUYHQFLyQ  GH  OD  8(  UHDOL]DQGR  ODV  UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV  \D VHxDODGDV  0LFURVRIW  SXGR  HULJLU  XQD  H[FXVD  DXWRHYLGHQWH  GH  SRU  TXp  LQLFLDU  HO SURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH22;0/HQOXJDUGHDGRSWDU\EULQGDUFRPSDWLELOLGDG FRQ2')

3.4 L OS C UERPOS N ACIONALES

DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN

/RV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  SRVHHQ  XQ  OXJDU  SDUWLFXODU  HQ  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GH 22;0/  (VWH  RUJDQLVPR  UHSUHVHQWDUtD  DO  DUELWUR  LPSDUFLDO  TXH  DSOLFDQGR  OD UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDHVWDEOHFHVLODVSURSXHVWDVVRQ³WpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWHV´RQR /D  ,62,(&  FRPR  iPELWR  GH  DFWXDFLyQ  GH  ORV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  VXUJH  GH  OD  XQLyQ GH  OD  ,62 \ GH OD ,(&  SDUD HO  WUDWDPLHQWR  GH HVWiQGDUHVGHWHFQRORJtDVGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ$PEDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVKDQGHFLGLGRXQLU VXVHVIXHU]RVHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHHVWiQGDUHVTXHSDUHFHQVXSHUSRQHUVXVSURSLDV MXULVGLFFLRQHVWHPiWLFDVHQHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHHVWiQGDUHVHYLWDQGRGHHVWHPRGRHO GXSOLFDGRGHHVWiQGDUHV(OiPELWRGHWUDEDMRFRQMXQWRHVHO-7&-RLQW7HFKQLFDO &RPPLWWHH TXHXQHHO&RQVHMRGH$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ7pFQLFDGHOD,62FRQHO&RQVHMR GH$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ  GH (VWDQGDUL]DFLyQ GH  OD  ,(&  (O  Q~PHUR   HQ  ODV VLJODV  -7& UHPLWHHOiUHDHVSHFtILFDGHDFFLyQ³WHFQRORJtDVGHLQIRUPDFLyQ´$VXYH]HO-7& VH GLYLGH HQ ³6XEFRPLWpV´  DEUHYLDGRV FRPR 6&  \ pVWRV HQ ³JUXSRVGH WUDEDMR´ :*  $Vt  FRPR  ORV  GLIHUHQWHV  -7&  WLHQHQ  iUHDV  GH  HVSHFLDOL]DFLyQ  OR  PLVPR VXFHGH FRQ  HVWRV 6&  \ :*  'H HVWH  PRGR  HO  WUDWDPLHQWR GHO HVWiQGDU 22;0/ HVWXYRDFDUJRGHO-7&6&:*GHOD,62,(&HVWH:*KDHVWDGRSUHVLGLGR DOFRPHQ]DUHOSURFHVRSRU0DUWLQ%U\DQ(VWDQXPHUDFLyQVHGHEHDTXHHO6&HV HOHQFDUJDGRGHWUDWDUORVWySLFRVUHODWLYRVD³'HVFULSFLyQGHGRFXPHQWRV\OHQJXDMHV

85

&DSÇWXOR

(QODQRWDDOSLHQ~PHURGHODSUHVHQWHREUDSRGUiQUHFRUGDUVHWDPELpQHVWDVGHILQLFLRQHVEiVLFDVDTXt VHSURIXQGL]DODH[SOLFDFLyQ 3RUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpV³:RUNLQJ*URXSV´

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GHSURFHVDPLHQWR´\HO:*GHOD³'HVFULSFLyQGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQ´\³/HQJXDMHV GHPDUFDGR´  ,JXDOPHQWHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVVRQRUJDQLVPRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQFRQVHGH HQFDGDXQRGHORVSDtVHVFRQPHPEUHVtDHQOD,62,(&\HQHO-7&$VXYH]HVWRV RUJDQLVPRV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  QDFLRQDOHV HVWiQ FRQIRUPDGRV  SRU  LQVWLWXFLRQHV  \ HPSUHVDVLQWHUHVDGDVHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWiQGDUHV'HHVWHPRGRQRHVGHH[WUDxDU TXHHPSUHVDVFRPR0LFURVRIW,%06XQ0LFURV\VWHPV*RRJOHSXHGDQVHUSDUWHGH ORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV6LQGXGDVHVWRSXHGHVHUYLVWRFRPRXQHOHPHQWRTXHOH TXLWDREMHWLYLGDGDORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV\SRUH[WHQVLyQDOD,62,(&SHUROD LGHDJHQHUDO\VRFLDOPHQWHFRPSDUWLGDHVTXHVHDSOLFDQFULWHULRVWpFQLFRVHVWULFWRV SDUD  YRWDU  \  GHFLGLU  FRPHQWDULRV  VREUH  ORV  HVWiQGDUHV  &LHUWDPHQWH  HQ  WpUPLQRV JHQHUDOHVSXHGHVXSRQHUVHTXHODVSURSXHVWDV\SDUWLFLSDFLRQHVVHUHDOL]DQFRQOD FRKHUHQFLDWpFQLFD QHFHVDULDHQHVHVHQWLGRSXHGHQVHUYLVWDVFRPRDSUHFLDFLRQHV ³REMHWLYDV´  OD  GH  ORV  FXHUSRV  QDFLRQDOHV  7RGR  HVWH  HVFHQDULR  HV  FULWLFDGR  HQ  HO SUHVHQWH  OLEUR  FRQ  HO  FRQFHSWR  ³FyGLJR  WpFQLFR´  WRPDGR  GH  )HHQEHUJ  \  FRQ  ODV SURSXHVWDVFUtWLFDVVHJXLGDVGHHVHFRQFHSWRDFHUFDGHODUDFLRQDOLGDG\QHXWUDOLGDG WpFQLFDV (Q OtQHD FRQHVDLOXVLyQGH REMHWLYLGDG\QHXWUDOLGDG ODODERU GHORV&XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHVFRQVLVWHHQHYDOXDUUHFKD]DURDSUREDUORVIRUPDWRV SUHVHQWDGRVFRPR HVWiQGDUHV  FRQ  DUUHJOR  D  XQD  VHULH  GH  FULWHULRV  HVSHFtILFRV  'H  DFXHUGR  D  HVWRV FULWHULRV³XQHVWiQGDUHVXQGRFXPHQWRHVWDEOHFLGRSRUFRQVHQVR\DSUREDGRSRUXQ FXHUSR  UHFRQRFLGR  TXH  SURYHH  SDUD  XVR  FRP~Q  \  UHSHWLGR  UHJODV  GLUHFWULFHV  \ ³'RFXPHQWGHVFULSWLRQDQGSURFHVVLQJODQJXDJHV´ ³,QIRUPDWLRQ'HVFULSWLRQ´\³0DUNXS/DQJXDJHV´ 7RGDHVWDGHVFULSFLyQSXHGHSDUHFHUFRPSOHMDSHURVyORVHGHEHDODDJUHJDFLyQQXPpULFDH[LVWHQWHHQOD RUJDQL]DFLyQ/XHJRGHDFDERWRGRHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ KDQVLGRFUHDGRVORV:*\(O UHODWLYRDOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOIRUPDWR,62HVWRHV22;0/\HODODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGHQWUHpVWH ~OWLPRH,62,(&2')  ,5$0SRUHMHPSORHVHOQRPEUHGHODUJHQWLQR

86

Los grupos sociales relevantes...

FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVSDUDDFWLYLGDGHV RVXV UHVXOWDGRVWHQLHQGRFRPR REMHWLYRORJUDUHO JUDGRySWLPRGHRUGHQHQXQFRQWH[WRGDGR´,62,(& /RVHVWiQGDUHVGH DFXHUGR  D  OD  ,62,(&  GHEHUtDQ  HVWDU  EDVDGRV  HQ  HO  UHVXOWDGR  FRQVROLGDGR  GH  OD FLHQFLDODWHFQRORJtD\ODH[SHULHQFLD\GHEHQDSXQWDUDODSURPRFLyQGHEHQHILFLRV ySWLPRV  SDUD  OD  FRPXQLGDG  ,62,(&     /DV  ³'LUHFWLYDV  GHO  -7&  ´  GH  OD ,62,(&SRUVXSDUWHHVWDEOHFHQORVUHTXHULPLHQWRVTXHGHEHFXPSOLUWRGRHVWiQGDU LQWHUQDFLRQDO  ³LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG´  ³SRUWDELOLGDG´  ³DGDSWDELOLGDG  OLQJtVWLFD  \ FXOWXUDO´\³DFFHVLELOLGDG´,62,(& /RV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVSRUORWDQWR XWLOL]DQHVWDVGHILQLFLRQHVFRPRSULQFLSLRVJXtDSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHORVIRUPDWRV SUHVHQWDGRV(VODHQFDUJDGDGHGDUOHVHQWLGRUDFLRQDODWRGRHOSURFHVRSRUHOORVX ODERU  HV  FODYH  (Q  RWUDV  SDODEUDV  WRGRV  HVWRV  FULWHULRV  UHYHVWLGRV  GH  FRKHUHQFLD WpFQLFDUHSUHVHQWDQORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVSUHVHQWHVHQHOSURFHVR\VRQLGpQWLFRVDORV UHSURGXFLGRVSRUOD8QLyQ(XURSHDFRPRVHYLRHQHOSXQWRGHOSUHVHQWHFDStWXOR 6H  REVHUYD  DTXt  HQWRQFHV  TXH  ORV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  DSOLFDQ  FULWHULRV VXSXHVWDPHQWH  ³REMHWLYRV´  SDUD  OD  HYDOXDFLyQ  GH  ORV  HVWiQGDUHV  SUHVHQWDGRV  (V HYLGHQWHVLJXLHQGRHOPDUFRWHyULFRSURSXHVWRTXHHVWRVFULWHULRVQRVRQUHDOPHQWH ³REMHWLYRV´VLQRTXHVRQHOUHVXOWDGRGHODDSOLFDFLyQGHYDORUHVDQWHULRUHVHQXQD IRUPXODFLyQ  GLVFXUVLYD  SUHYLD  TXH  OOHYy  D  HVRV  FULWHULRV  DO  QLYHO  GH  ³iUELWURV´ LPSDUFLDOHVSDUDODHYDOXDFLyQGHODWHFQRORJtD6HVRVWLHQHDTXtSRUORWDQWR\FRPR VHSURSXVRHQHOFDStWXORTXHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHWpFQLFD\YDORUHVHVILFWLFLDSHUR TXH\DSHVDUGHHVWRQLQJXQRGHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVSXHGHKDFHUFDVRRPLVRDHVWD ILFFLyQ  GHELHQGR  FHxLUVH  FRQVFLHQWH  R  LQFRQVFLHQWHPHQWH  ILUPHPHQWH  D  HVWD FUHHQFLD7RGRHOSURFHVRGHHVWHPRGRVHFXEUHGHXQVXSXHVWRGHREMHWLYLGDG /RV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  VRQ  SRU  FRQVLJXLHQWH  iPELWRV  GH  HQIUHQWDPLHQWR GLVFXVLyQ\GLiORJRHQWUHORVGLIHUHQWHVLQYROXFUDGRVHLQWHUHVDGRVHQHOGHVDUUROORGH HVWiQGDUHVDQLYHOPXQGLDO6RQXQiPELWRGHUHVRQDQFLDGHORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHORVGRV

87

&DSÇWXOR

*65PHQFLRQDGRVFRQWURODGRVSRUHVHLGHDOGHHYROXFLyQOLQHDOGHODWHFQRORJtD+D

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VLGR  GLItFLO  HVWDEOHFHU  VL  VH  KD  WUDWDGR  R  QR  GH  XQ  *65  OD  FXHVWLyQ  TXH  VH  KD FRQVLGHUDGR  DTXt  HV  TXH  VXV  GHFODUDFLRQHV  KDQ  SDVDGR  SRU  XQD  GLVFXVLyQ HQIUHQWDPLHQWR  SXMDV  GH  SRGHU  TXH  KDQ  FXOPLQDGR  HQ  XQD  SRVLFLyQ  XQLILFDGD  HQ QRPEUHGHOD,62,(&3RUORWDQWRDQDOL]DUODHYROXFLyQGHODGLVFXVLyQHQHOiPELWR GHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVKDVLGRLPSRUWDQWHSDUDDQDOL]DUHOOXJDUGHORVGRV*65 HOJUXSR)/266\HO0LFURVRIW±(FPD8QDFXHVWLyQFHQWUDOKDVLGRHOKHFKRGHTXH HO-7&KDVLGRHOHQFDUJDGRGHDQDOL]DUFRUUHJLU\PRGLILFDUHOIRUPDWR22;0/ )LQDOPHQWHSXHGHDILUPDUVHTXHGRPLQDUHO-7&GHOD,62,(& PHGLDQWHHO FRQWURO  GH  ORV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  SXHGH  VHU  XQD  LPSRUWDQWH  HVWUDWHJLD  SDUD  ODV HPSUHVDVORJUDULPSRQHUVXVFULWHULRVVXVLQWHUHVHVREMHWLYRVLGHDVHLQWHQFLRQHVHQ ORVDUWHIDFWRVHOHYDGRVDODFDWHJRUtDGHHVWiQGDU(VWHIXHHOLQWHQWRGH0LFURVRIW DXQTXH  WDPELpQ  GH  ,%0  \  *RRJOH  DO  LQWURGXFLUVH  FRPR  QXHYRV  SDUWLFLSDQWHV  GH DOJXQRV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVHO~QLFRSUREOHPDFRQODHPSUHVDGH*DWHVIXHTXHQR DFWXy  VLJXLHQGR HVD FRKHUHQFLD  WpFQLFD  GHPDQGDGD HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQ GH  FyGLJRV WpFQLFRV7RGRHVWRSRGUiYHUVHHQODVSiJLQDVVLJXLHQWHV

9HUHOFDVRGHO&XHUSR1DFLRQDOGH6XHFLDHQHOFDStWXORSXQWR

88

CAPÍTULO 4. EL PROCESO “FAST-TRACK” O EL PROCESO DIRECTO O RÁPIDO DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN

89

90

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

4.1 ¿Q UÉ

ES EL PROCESO

FAST-T RACK ?

([LVWHQGLIHUHQWHVRUJDQLVPRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQDQLYHOPXQGLDOGRVGHHOORV\D KDQVLGRQRPEUDGRVHQODVSiJLQDVSUHYLDV2$6,6\(FPD,QWHUQDFLRQDO&DGDXQR GHHVWRVRUJDQLVPRVHYDO~DQ\FRQWULEX\HQDOGHVDUUROORGHHVWiQGDUHVSUHVHQWDGRV SRUHPSUHVDV\RWUDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHVTXHSRVHHQLQWHUpVSRUGDUDOX]XQHVWiQGDUSDUD HOiUHDSURGXFWLYDGHVXLQWHUpV(OOODPDGRSURFHVR)DVW7UDFNKDVLGRFUHDGRSRUOD ,62,(&WHQLHQGRSUHVHQWHODH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWDVRUJDQL]DFLRQHV\VXFRPSURPLVRHQ OD  HYDOXDFLyQ  \  GLVHxR  GH  HVWiQGDUHV  'H  HVWH  PRGR  WHQLHQGR  SUHVHQWH  TXH  ORV HVWiQGDUHV\D KDQ VLGR UHYLVDGRV GLVHxDGRV \ GHVDUUROODGRV SRU  HVRV RUJDQLVPRV RWRUJDUXQSURFHVRUiSLGRRGLUHFWRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQKDSDUHFLGRXQDYtDOyJLFD SDUD  DJLOL]DU  OD  JHQHUDFLyQ  GH  QXHYRV  HVWiQGDUHV  3HUR  QR  FXDOTXLHUD  GH  HVDV RUJDQL]DFLRQHVSXHGHSUHVHQWDUHVWiQGDUHVSDUDVXWUDWDPLHQWRUiSLGRSDUDHOORGHEH VHURELHQPLHPEUR 3 GHO-7&RELHQXQDRUJDQL]DFLyQFRQXQD³FDWHJRUtD $  OLDLVRQ´>RHQODFH@FRQHO-7& (OSURFHVRGLUHFWRRUiSLGRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQSRVHHWUHVHWDSDVVXEVLJXLHQWHV/D SULPHUDOODPDGD³IDVHGHFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV´HVGHFDUiFWHUREOLJDWRULR\FRQVLVWHHQOD E~VTXHGDGHFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVGHOHVWiQGDUFRQHVWiQGDUHVSUHH[LVWHQWHV6LOXHJRGH HVHSULPHUDQiOLVLVHOFRPLWpGHFLGHFRQWLQXDUFRQHOSURFHVRVHSDVDDODVHJXQGD HWDSD  OODPDGD  ³HWDSD  GH  YRWDFLyQ  GH  FLQFR  PHVHV´  (Q  OD  VHJXQGD  HWDSD  SXHGH UHVROYHUVH  SRVLWLYDPHQWH  OD  DSUREDFLyQ  GHO  HVWiQGDU  GH  HVH  PRGR  VH  REWLHQH  XQ QXHYR  HVWiQGDU  PXQGLDO  $XQTXH  WDPELpQ  SXHGH  VHU  XQD  UHVROXFLyQ  QHJDWLYD GHVDSUREiQGRVH  pVWH  \  SDViQGRVH  D  XQD  WHUFHUD  HWDSD  OODPDGD  ³UHXQLRQHV  GH UHVROXFLyQGHYRWR´R%50)LQDOPHQWH\\DIXHUDGHOSURFHVR³IDVWWUDFN´SXHGHQ UHDOL]DUVHDSHODFLRQHVDODUHVROXFLyQSRUSDUWHGHORVGLIHUHQWHVFXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHV

91

&DSÇWXOR

 3 SRU3HUPDQHQWRHQFDVWHOODQRSHUPDQHQWH 7DPELpQSRGUtDWUDGXFLUVHFRPR&DWHJRUtDGH(QODFH $ 6HUHFRPLHQGDUHYLVDUODVLJXLHQWHSiJLQDSDUD PD\RU  GHVFULSFLyQ  VREUH  ORV  ³HQODFHV´  GHO  6&    GHO  -7&   KWWSZZZLWVFMLSVMRUMSVFRSHQ6HFUHWDULDWBUHSRUWKWP/LDLVRQV$OOtSRGUiREVHUYDUVHTXHVyOR2$6,6 \(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO 3RUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpVGH³%DOORW5HVROXWLRQ0HHWLQJ´

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(QHOFDVRGHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/VHVXFHGLHURQWRGDVHVWDVHWDSDVKDVWDOD DSUREDFLyQILQDOGHOHVWiQGDUHOGHQRYLHPEUHGHOXHJRGHUHFKD]DUVHODV DSHODFLRQHV  SUHVHQWDGDV  SRU  DOJXQRV  FXHUSRV  QDFLRQDOHV  (VWR  SRGUi  YHUVH  PiV DGHODQWHHQHOPRPHQWRDGHFXDGRSDUDHOOR /RV QRPEUHV  GH  FDGD  XQD GH ODV  HWDSDV  FRPR  SXHGH REVHUYDUVH VRQ EDVWDQWH LOXVWUDWLYRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDXQH[DPHQHQGHWDOOHGHFDGDXQDGHHVWDV IDVHV

4.2 P RIMERA

ETAPA :

“FASE

DE CONTRADICCIONES ”

(VWDHWDSDSRVHHGtDVGHGXUDFLyQ\VXSRQHODOHFWXUD\HYDOXDFLyQSRUSDUWHGH ORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVGHODHVSHFLILFDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUSUHVHQWDGR&DGD&XHUSR 1DFLRQDOGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHEHUHDOL]DUVXVFRPHQWDULRVLQGLFDQGRFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV GHOHVWiQGDUeVWDVWHQGUiQTXHVHUUHVSRQGLGDVOXHJRSRUHORUJDQLVPRUHVSRQVDEOH GHOHQYtRGHOIRUPDWRDO-7& (Q GLFLHPEUH GH0LFURVRIW ± (FPD DSUREy HO HQYtR GH ODHVSHFLILFDFLyQ VREUHHOIRUPDWR(FPDDO-7&eVWDORUHFLELyFRQHOQRPEUH',6\OR HYDOXyGHVGHHQHURGHDIHEUHURGHUHVSRQGLHQGRRILFLDOPHQWHHOGH IHEUHUR /RV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVVHxDODURQFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV\SUREOHPDVGHOIRUPDWRTXH UHSHWLGDPHQWH  IXHURQ  XWLOL]DGDV  SRU  GLIHUHQWHV  DFWRUHV  LQFOX\HQGR  D  WRGRV  ORV SDUWLFLSDQWHVGHOJUXSR)/266 SDUDDUJXPHQWDUHQFRQWUDGHOIRUPDWR22;0/(Q WpUPLQRVJHQHUDOHVORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVPLHPEURVGHOD,62,(&GHVWDFDURQORV VLJXLHQWHVSUREOHPDV\FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV

 (QHO$QH[RSXQWRSRGUiHQFRQWUDUVHXQFXDGURUHVXPLHQGR ODVSULQFLSDOHVHWDSDVGHOSURFHVRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ GH 22;0/GHVGH HOLQLFLRGHVXWUDWDPLHQWR SRU SDUWH GH OD,62,(&(O OHFWRUSRGUi FRQVLGHUDUVXUHYLVLyQSDUDWHQHUXQDLGHDPiVJUiILFDHLQVWDQWiQHDVREUHIHFKDV\VXFHVRVGHVWDFDEOHV ',6VRQODVVLJODVSDUD'UDIW,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUG%RUUDGRUGH(VWiQGDU,QWHUQDFLRQDO ',6HV HOQRPEUHGHOIRUPDWR22;0/HQORVWpUPLQRVGHOD,62,(&GXUDQWHVXHYDOXDFLyQ

92

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

 ([LVWHVRODSDPLHQWR\FRQWUDGLFFLRQHVFRQHOHVWiQGDU2')&RPHQWDGRSRUGRFH &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV(VSHFtILFDPHQWHODUHVROXFLyQGHORVSURFHGLPLHQWRVUiSLGRV RGLUHFWRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHVWDEOHFHTXHVHGHEHGHWHFWDUFXDOTXLHUFRQWUDGLFFLyQ FRQRWURHVWiQGDU,62,(&FRQODLQWHQFLyQGHHYLWDUODDSUREDFLyQGHHVWiQGDUHV GXSOLFDGRV  \R  LQFRQVLVWHQWHV  FRQ  RWURV  HVWiQGDUHV  LQWHUQDFLRQDOHV  \D  H[LVWHQWHV (FPD  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO       3DUD  REVHUYDU  HVWD  FRQWUDGLFFLyQ  VH  H[SXVLHURQ OLWHUDOPHQWHORVREMHWLYRVGHDPERVIRUPDWRV /RV  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/ HUDQ  ³(VWD  SDUWH  HV  XQD  SLH]D  GH  XQ  HVWiQGDU  TXH GHVFULEHXQDIDPLOLDGHHVTXHPDV;0/FROHFWLYDPHQWHOODPDGR2IILFH2SHQ;0/ TXHGHILQHQORVYRFDEXODULRV;0/SDUDHOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHWH[WRVKRMDGHFiOFXOR\ GRFXPHQWRVGHSUHVHQWDFLyQDVtFRPRSDUDSDTXHWHVGHGRFXPHQWRVTXHVHDMXVWHQD HVWRVHVTXHPDV´(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD  3RUVXSDUWHHOHVWiQGDU2')GLFHHQVXDUWtFXOR(OSUHVHQWHGRFXPHQWR GHILQHXQHVTXHPD;0/SDUDDSOLFDFLRQHVGHRILFLQD\GHVXVHPiQWLFD(OHVTXHPD HV  DSWR  SDUD  GRFXPHQWRV  GH  RILFLQD  LQFOX\HQGR  GRFXPHQWRV  GH  WH[WR  KRMDV  GH FiOFXOR  WDEODV\ GRFXPHQWRV JUiILFRV FRPR  GLEXMRV R SUHVHQWDFLRQHV SHUR QR VH OLPLWDDHVWHWLSRGHGRFXPHQWRV(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO7UDGXFFLyQSURSLD  'HODQiOLVLVGHHVWDVGRVGHILQLFLRQHVGRFH&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVHQWHQGLHURQTXH H[LVWtDVRODSDPLHQWRHQWUHORVHVWiQGDUHV2')\22;0/$FRQVHMDURQSRUHOOROD DUPRQL]DFLyQGHDPERVHVWiQGDUHVRHOUHFKD]RGLUHFWRGH22;0/\DTXH2')HUD \DXQIRUPDWR,62,(&DFHSWDGRSUHYLDPHQWH  3UREOHPDV  GH  GHUHFKRV  GH  SURSLHGDG  LQWHOHFWXDO  6HxDODGR  SRU  VHLV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV /DVGXGDVHQHVWHUHVSHFWRSRGUtDQVLQWHWL]DUVHFRQODSUHJXQWD¢/RVXVXDULRV WLHQHQSHUPLWLGRFUHDUHVTXHPDVGHULYDGRVGHGLFDGRVDDSOLFDFLRQHVSDUWLFXODUHVVLQ LQIULQJLUGHUHFKRVGHSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO"¢7LHQHQSHUPLWLGRUHFODPDUVXVSURSLRV

93

&DSÇWXOR

GHUHFKRVVREUHORVHVTXHPDVGHULYDGRV"

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(VWDV  GXGDV  IXHURQ  VXVFLWDGDV  SRU  DOJXQRV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  GHELGR  D  TXH 0LFURVRIW  QR  RIUHFLy  OD  WRWDOLGDG  GH  VXV  HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  SDUD  TXH  SXHGDQ  VHU XWLOL]DGDVSRUORVGHVDUUROODGRUHVSDUWLFXODUHV6HGHWDOODHVWRHQHOSXQWRGHHVWD HQXPHUDFLyQDOKDEODUGHORVIRUPDWRVELQDULRV  3UREOHPDVFRQODVGLUHFWLYDVGHO-7&GHOD,62,(&'XUDFLyQGHO³3HUtRGRGH 5HYLVLyQ´GHGtDVVHJ~QHVWDEOHFLGRSRUODVGLUHFWLYDV2FKR&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV GLMHURQTXHGtDVVRQHVFDVRVSDUDHYDOXDUXQERUUDGRUGHSiJLQDVFXDQGRHQ SURPHGLRVXHOHQSRVHHUVyOR+DQDUJXPHQWDGRTXHHVRVHGHEHDTXH0LFURVRIW KL]RFDVRRPLVRGHORVHVWiQGDUHV,62H[LVWHQWHVUHHVFULELHQGRHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVGH XQQXHYRPRGR  )DOWD  GH  DQH[RV  VHxDODGRV  HQ  OD  HVSHFLILFDFLyQ  6HxDODGR  SRU  WUHV  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHVTXLHQHVDILUPDURQTXHHVXQDLQFRQVLVWHQFLDTXHHQHOWH[WRSUHVHQWDGR QRHVWXYLHUDQLQFOXLGRVORVDQH[RV\TXHVHWXYLHUDTXHDFFHGHUGHVGH,QWHUQHWDHOORV (VWRVHJ~QORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVFRQWUDGLFHODVQRUPDVGHO-7&  ([LVWHQLQFRQVLVWHQFLDVFRQORVVLJXLHQWHVHVWiQGDUHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHV,62 ,62    UHODWLYR  DO  WDPDxR  GH  ORV  SDSHOHV  'HVWDFDGR  SRU  GRV  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV ,62UHODWLYRDOFyGLJRGHOQRPEUHGHORVOHQJXDMHV'HVWDFDGRSRUVLHWH &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV ,62UHODWLYRDODVUHSUHVHQWDFLRQHVGH³IHFKD´\³WLHPSR´3XQWXDOPHQWH VH  FULWLFy  DPSOLDPHQWH  OD  FRQWUDGLFFLyQ  DO  &DOHQGDULR  *UHJRULDQR  \  TXH  IHFKDV SUHYLDV D  QR SXGLHUDQ  DOPDFHQDUVH  FRUUHFWDPHQWH  HQ  HO  IRUPDWR  OR  TXH VLQ GXGDV  WUDH  FRPSOLFDFLRQHV  SDUD  DTXHOORV  TXH  GHVHHQ  DUFKLYDU  IRUPXODULRV  SRU HMHPSOR  KLVWyULFRV  FRQ  IHFKDV  SUHYLDV  D    'HVWDFDGR  SRU  QXHYH  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV ,62UHODWLYRDOIRUPDWR6*0/'HVWDFDGRSRUXQ&XHUSR1DFLRQDO ,62,(&UHODWLYRDOPHWDDUFKLYRGHIRWRV'HVWDFDGRSRURFKR&XHUSRV 94

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

1DFLRQDOHV ,62,(&    UHODWLYR  DO  IRUPDWR  +70/  'HVWDFDGR  SRU  GRV  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV  3UREOHPDVFRQODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHKHUHQFLDQRGRFXPHQWDGDVFRPRVRQORV IRUPDWRVELQDULRVXWLOL]DGRVSRUIRUPDWRVGH0LFURVRIW2IILFHSUHYLRV0LFURVRIW± (FPD  HQ  OD  HVSHFLILFDFLyQ  SUHVHQWDGD  DILUPy  OD  FRPSDWLELOLGDG  KDFLD  DWUiV  FRQ ELOORQHVGHDUFKLYRVELQDULRVKHFKRVFRQODVGLIHUHQWHVGLVWULEXFLRQHVGHSURJUDPDV RILPiWLFRVTXHVtXWLOL]DEDQELQDULRVVLQHPEDUJRQRGRFXPHQWyFXiOHVHUDQHVRV ELQDULRVDOJRQHFHVDULRSDUDXQHVWiQGDU\DTXHVLDOJ~QGHVDUUROODGRUGHVRIWZDUH TXLHUHXWLOL]DUHOIRUPDWR22;0/GHEHUtDSRGHUKDFHUOR\WDPELpQJDUDQWL]DUOD FRPSDWLELOLGDGKDFLDDWUiVFRPRORKDUtD0LFURVRIW(OSUREOHPD GHVWDFDGRSRUORV &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVHQHVWHSXQWRHVTXHHQFDVRGHTXHDOJ~QGHVDUUROODGRUTXLVLHUD UHDOL]DULQJHQLHUtDGHUHYHUVDSDUDGDUFRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQIRUPDWRVELQDULRVFDHUtDHQ SUREOHPDVOHJDOHVSRULQIULQJLUOH\HVGHSURSLHGDGLQWHOHFWXDO0LFURVRIWDOPRPHQWR GHOHQYtRGHOERUUDGRUDOD,62,(&KDEtDUHDOL]DGRVX³2SHQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URPLVH´ 263FRPRVXHOHVHUOODPDGDXVXDOPHQWH XQDSURPHVDGHQRGHPDQGDUDWRGRVORV TXHXWLOLFHQHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVWpFQLFDVFRQWHQLGDVHQVXVSURJUDPDVOtQHDVGHFyGLJR \OLEUHUtDV &RPRORVHVWiQGDUHVLQWHUQDFLRQDOHVVRQOLEUHV\GHEHQSRGHUXWLOL]DUVH OLEUHPHQWH  SRU  SDUWH  GH  FXDOTXLHU  GHVDUUROODGRU  GH  VRIWZDUH  VLQ  WHQHU  TXH  VXIULU GHPDQGDVQLH[FOXVLRQHVRGLVFULPLQDFLRQHVHQHOXVRGHDFXHUGRDODVGLUHFWLYDVGH OD,62,(& 0LFURVRIWRIUHFLyHQHVHPRPHQWROD2SHQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URPLVH(O SUREOHPD VHxDODGR SRU ORV &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV HQ HVWD  HWDSD HV TXH ORV DUFKLYRV ELQDULRVGH0LFURVRIWQRFDHQHQHVDSURPHVDFRQORTXHLJXDOPHQWHSRGUtDQKDEHU GHPDQGDVSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIW $TXt  SXHGHQ  REVHUYDUVH  SULQFLSDOPHQWH  ODV  DSUHFLDFLRQHV  GH  ORV  &XHUSRV

95

&DSÇWXOR

1DFLRQDOHV(OORVGHVGHODSRVWXUDGHMXHFHVLPSDUFLDOHVRIUHFLHURQVXDSUHFLDFLyQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GHODVFRQGLFLRQHVGHOIRUPDWRGHDFXHUGRDORTXHORVFULWHULRVGH³REMHWLYLGDG´ WpFQLFDOHVLQGLFDURQHVWRHVGHDFXHUGRDORTXHODVGLUHFWLYDVGHO-7&\GHOD ,62,(&HVWDEOHFtDQ6HREVHUYDTXHHQHVWDIDVHVXHYDOXDFLyQQRIXHIDYRUDEOHDOD DSUREDFLyQ  IXWXUD  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/  VH  GHVFULELHURQ  ORV  SUREOHPDV  TXH  HOORV HQFRQWUDURQ  HO  VRODSDPLHQWR  HQWUH  2')  \  22;0/  SUREOHPDV  FRQ  OD SURSLHGDG LQWHOHFWXDOGHOIRUPDWRFRQODVGLUHFWLYDVGHO-7&ODVLQFRQVLVWHQFLDVWpFQLFDVFRQ HVWiQGDUHV  ,62  SUHYLRV  \  SUREOHPDV  FRQ  ODV  FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV  GH  KHUHQFLD  QR GRFXPHQWDV  3RU  OR WDQWR  GH OD HYDOXDFLyQ  KHFKD SRU  ORV  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV  VH REVHUYD  XQD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GHO  IRUPDWR  FRPR  QR  DFRUGH  D  ODV  QRUPDWLYDV  GH  OD ,62,(&  SHUR  FRQ  SRVLELOLGDGHV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DUVH  GH  KDFHUVH  ODV  PRGLILFDFLRQHV LQGLFDGDV 0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  UHVSRQGLy  D  WRGRV  HVWRV  FRPHQWDULRV  FRQ  DFWLWXG  SRFR FRQFLOLDGRUD&RQUHVSHFWRDOSULPHURDILUPyTXHHOVRODSDPLHQWRGHHVWiQGDUHVKD VLGRXVXDO\TXHSUREDEOHPHQWHVHGHEtDDTXHVHUYtDDXQSURSyVLWRSUiFWLFR(O DUJXPHQWRIXQGDPHQWDOIXHTXHORVGLIHUHQWHVHVWiQGDUHVVXHOHQH[LVWLUSRUTXHFDGD XQRFXEUHFXHVWLRQHVSXQWXDOHV(QOtQHDFRQHVWRDILUPDURQTXHVXIRUPDWRHUD~WLO SDUDJDUDQWL]DUFRPSDWLELOLGDGKDFLDDWUiVFRQORVPLOHVGHPLOORQHVGHDUFKLYRVFRQ IRUPDWRVELQDULRVXWLOL]DGRVSRUDSOLFDFLRQHVRILPiWLFDVSUHYLDV$ILUPDURQTXHHO HVWiQGDU2')QRFXPSOtDHVWHUHTXLVLWR\TXHSRUHOORORVSURSyVLWRVGHXQR\RWUR IRUPDWRVRQGLIHUHQWHV 6LQHPEDUJRHOFXHUSRQDFLRQDOGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH.HQLDUHVSRQGLyTXHQL VLTXLHUDHVWRHUDFLHUWR\DTXHODFRPSDWLELOLGDGKDFLDDWUiVUHTXHULUtDFRPR\DVHKD LQGLFDGRHQHOSUHVHQWHOLEURTXHODVHWLTXHWDVHVSHFLDOHVGH³KHUHQFLD´HVWXYLHUDQ GHWDOODGDVHQODHVSHFLILFDFLyQ\HVWRQRVXFHGLy6yORVHODVQRPEUDEDHQGHWDOOH SHURHOFRPSRUWDPLHQWRUHDOGHHVDVHWLTXHWDVRVXLPSOHPHQWDFLyQWpFQLFDHVWDED DXVHQWH 96

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

&RQ  UHVSHFWR  DO  VHJXQGR  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  DILUPy  TXH  OD  263 PHQFLRQDGD SHUPLWtDTXH ³HOVRIWZDUHGHFyGLJRIXHQWHDELHUWD\HOVRIWZDUHFRPHUFLDOLPSOHPHQWHQODV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  GHO  ',6    >22;0/@  'H  HVWD  PDQHUD  QR  KDEUtDQ SUREOHPDV  GH  LQIULQJLU  OH\HV  GH  SURSLHGDG  LQWHOHFWXDO´  (FPD  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO  

(QUHODFLyQDOSHUtRGRGHUHYLVLyQGHGtDVHOWHUFHUSXQWR0LFURVRIW±(FPD DILUPy  TXH  XQ  PHV  DOFDQ]DED  SDUD  SUHVHQWDU  ³FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV  SHUFLELGDV´  \  TXH DQiOLVLV  GH  FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV  FRQ  PD\RU  SURIXQGLGDG  SRGUtDQ  UHDOL]DUVH  HQ  OD  HWDSD SRVWHULRUGHPHVHVGHGXUDFLyQ3RURWURODGRVHxDOyTXH(FPDKL]RS~EOLFRVORV ERUUDGRUHVSUHYLRVHQVXSiJLQDZHEGHPRGRTXHSXGLHUDQVHUDQDOL]DGRVSRUOD ,62,(&  HQ  IRUPD  SUHPDWXUD  (Q  HVWH  PLVPR  VHQWLGR  WDPELpQ  PDQWXYR FRQWDFWR WHPSUDQRFRQHO6&GHO-7&DGHPiVDILUPyTXHPDQWXYRLQIRUPDGRDO6& GHORVGRFXPHQWRVERUUDGRUHV\TXHHO6&UHDOL]yJUDQFDQWLGDGGHFRPHQWDULRV $ILUPyLJXDOPHQWHTXHSURYH\yGHXQUHVXPHQGHSiJLQDVGHOGRFXPHQWRSDUD IDFLOLWDUODUHYLVLyQGHODHVSHFLILFDFLyQ\DOLYLDUODSUHRFXSDFLyQSRUVXORQJLWXG (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOD  (QUHODFLyQDOSXQWRFXDWUR0LFURVRIW±(FPDDILUPyTXHQREULQGyORVDQH[RVHQ IRUPD  LPSUHVD  SRUTXH  DO  VHU  VyOR  OHJLEOHV  SRU  ODV  PiTXLQDV  SUHILULy  SRQHUORV  D GLVSRVLFLyQHQ,QWHUQHW\DGHPiVSRUTXHFUH\ySHUWLQHQWHTXHVHGLVFXWLHUDQHQOD HWDSDSRVWHULRU (Q  HO  SXQWR  TXLQWR  GH  ORV  PHQFLRQDGRV  DFHUFD  GH  OD LQFRQVLVWHQFLD  FRQ  RWURV IRUPDWRV,62,(&0LFURVRIW±(FPDQRYLRFRQWUDGLFFLRQHV'HKHFKRDUJXPHQWy TXHKL]RXVRGHFDGDXQRGHORVIRUPDWRVSHURHQPRGRVHVSHFtILFRV'HKHFKR WDPELpQ  DUJXPHQWy  TXH ODV IHFKDV QR  FRQWUDGHFtDQ HO  FDOHQGDULR JUHJRULDQR ,62 ±(FPDQRYLRSUREOHPDDOJXQRHQHOOR(VWRVLQOXJDUDGXGDVH[SUHVySUREOHPDV 97

&DSÇWXOR

 VLQRTXHVyORWRPDEDUDQJRVPiVEDMRVOOHJDQGRKDVWDHODxR0LFURVRIW

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GHFRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQLQIRUPDFLyQJXDUGDGDKLVWyULFDGHLQGLVSHQVDEOHXWLOLGDGSDUD SRUHMHPSORKLVWRULDGRUHV/D~QLFDRSFLyQTXHGLRIXHODSRVLELOLGDGGHGLVFXWLUODV VXSXHVWDVFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVHQODHWDSDGHYRWDFLyQGHFLQFRPHVHV )LQDOPHQWH  DFHUFD  GHO  VH[WR  DVSHFWR  DILUPy  TXH  QR  KD\  SUREOHPDV  FRQ  ODV FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV  KHUHGDGDV  QR  GRFXPHQWDGDV  \D  TXH  HO  IRUPDWR  2')  KD  KHFKR  OR PLVPRFRQVXVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVHVWDQGDUL]DGDVLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWHSRUOD,62,(& (VWRV  VRQ  WRGRV  ORV  HOHPHQWRV  TXH  GHILQHQ  DO  IRUPDWR  22;0/ GH  DFXHUGR  D 0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  6H  REVHUYD  XQD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  RSXHVWD  D  OD  GH  ORV  &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV\SRUORWDQWRODFRQVWLWXFLyQGHGRVDUWHIDFWRVGLIHUHQFLDGRV 3RUVXSDUWHHOJUXSR)/266FRPHQ]yDHPLWLUVXVRSLQLRQHVGHVGHHOFRPLHQ]R\ ORVDUJXPHQWRVVHFRUUHVSRQGLHURQFRQORVHVJULPLGRVHQHVWDEUHYHHQXPHUDFLyQSRU SDUWHGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV$xDGLHURQVLQHPEDUJRDUJXPHQWRVDFHUFDGHODV LQWHQFLRQHVHLQWHUHVHVGH0LFURVRIW(QHVWHVHQWLGRDUJXPHQWDURQTXH0LFURVRIW SUHVHQWy  HO  IRUPDWR  SDUD  VX  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  FRQ  OD  LQWHQFLyQ  GH FRPSHWLUFRQHOIRUPDWR2')\FRQWLQXDUFRQVXREMHWLYRGHSRUXQODGRSUHVHUYDU VXSRVLFLyQGRPLQDQWHHQHOPHUFDGR\SRUHORWUR\OLJDGRDHVWRFRQWLQXDUFRQOD JHQHUDFLyQGHGHSHQGHQFLDVFRQVXSODWDIRUPDGHVRIWZDUH

4.3 L OS MARCOS TECNOLÓGICOS O FFICE O PEN XML

Y LAS SIGNIFICACIONES CONSECUENTES

DE

/RV  REMHWLYRV  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \  VXV  LGHDOHV  WLHQHQ  TXH  YHU  FRQ  ORJUDU  HO FXPSOLPLHQWRGHODVFXDWUROLEHUWDGHV(OWUDEDMRFRODERUDWLYRHQHOiPELWRGHORV SUR\HFWRVGHVRIWZDUHOLEUHKDWHQLGR\WLHQHDFWXDOPHQWHXQDHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQFRQ HO  PRGR  GH  RUJDQL]DU  OD  SURGXFFLyQ  H  LQYROXFUD  GLUHFWDPHQWH  OD  SRVLELOLGDG  GH GLVSRQHUGHFyGLJRIXHQWHDELHUWR\OLEUHPHQWHGLVSRQLEOH,QIOXLGRV\DEVRUELGRVSRU HVDV  GHILQLFLRQHV  EiVLFDV  ORV  DFWRUHV  LQYROXFUDGRV  HQ  HO  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GHO $UJXPHQWDGRSRUHOJUXSR)/266HQODSiJLQDZZZQRRR[PORUJ

98

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  FRPHQ]DURQ  D  FRQVWUXLU  XQD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/ \ FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH  D  RSRQHUVH  D  pO  GLUHFWDPHQWH  HVWR  DGHPiV  JUDFLDV  DO  SDVDGR KLVWyULFRGHFRQIURQWDFLyQFRQODVSURSLHGDGHVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR GHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR (OJUXSR)/266QRVHKDFDUDFWHUL]DGRQLVHFDUDFWHUL]DKR\GtDSRURSRQHUVHDO FDSLWDOLVPRVLQRSRUHVWDEOHFHUPRGRVGHDFWXDU\GHRUJDQL]DUQHJRFLRVDOWHUQDWLYRV DORVWUDGLFLRQDOHVSHURHQPDUFDGRVHQXQiPELWRGHGHVDUUROORFDSLWDOLVWD(QHVWH VHQWLGRVXSRVLFLRQDPLHQWRIUHQWHDOVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDHVWi VLJQDGRDOLJXDOTXH VXFHGHFRQORVSDUWLGDULRVGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRSRUODVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVTXHVHKDQ YHQLGRSURGXFLHQGRHQHOFDSLWDOLVPRHVGHODGpFDGDGHVHWHQWD/DUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQ GHOPRGRGHDFXPXODFLyQFDSLWDOLVWD\VXFRQVLJXLHQWHGHVDUUROORGHQXHYDVPHGLGDV SDUDH[SDQGLUODOyJLFDGHOFDSLWDODiPELWRVSUHYLDPHQWHQRLPSUHJQDGRVSRUHOOD HVWRHVHQHOFDVRTXHFRPSHWHDOSUHVHQWHOLEURODSRVLELOLGDGGHDSOLFDUFRS\ULJKWDO VRIWZDUHTXHVHLQDXJXUDOXHJRGHOFDPELRHQODMXULVSUXGHQFLDHVWDGRXQLGHQVHKDQ LQFLGLGRVREUHPDQHUDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHO VRIWZDUHOLEUH'HHVWHPRGRSXHGHVHxDODUVHDOJRGHILQLWRULR\SHFXOLDUGHOPDUFR WHFQROyJLFRGHOJUXSR)/266\GHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHHQJHQHUDO HQ UHODFLyQDHVHDOJRPiVJUDQGHTXHORLQIOXHQFLD\HVWUXFWXUDODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHVX FRQWLQJHQFLDHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHSXHGHVHUYLVWRSRUXQODGRFRPR  UHDFFLyQRSXHVWDDODH[SDQVLyQGHODOyJLFDGHOFDSLWDODiPELWRVSUHYLDPHQWHQR  RFXSDGRVSRUHOODSHURDODYH]SXHGHVHUYLVWRFRPRXQiPELWRGHGHVDUUROORGH QXHYRVPRGHORVGHQHJRFLRVFDSLWDOLVWDV(QRWUDVSDODEUDV HOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHO VRIWZDUHOLEUHSDUHFHVHUXQIHQyPHQRVXUJLGRFRPRPDQLIHVWDFLyQFRQWUDULDDOD  H[SDQVLyQFDSLWDOLVWDDQXHYDVHVIHUDVGHODSURGXFFLyQFRPRGLILFDFLyQ SHURTXH  DODYH]GHVDUUROODPRGHORVQXHYRVTXHSHUPLWHQFRQVROLGDUHVD H[SDQVLyQGHOD  OyJLFDGHOFDSLWDODOFDPSRGHOVRIWZDUHDXQTXHHQIRUPDDOWHUQDWLYDDODVVXJHULGDV  6HKDH[SUHVDGRHQHOFDStWXORWHyULFRHOPRGRHQTXHVHSURSRQHUHYLVDUHOFRQFHSWRPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR

99

&DSÇWXOR

SRU\VXUJLGDVGH HOPRGHORGHGHVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

'HHVWHPRGRHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\HOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRSURFHGHQGHODVPLVPDV WUDQVIRUPDFLRQHV  VRFLRHFRQyPLFDV  \  XQD  GLIHUHQFLD  FHQWUDO  \D  QRPEUDGD  ORV PDUFDODQHFHVLGDGGHFRPSDUWLUHOFyGLJRIXHQWHTXHPDQLILHVWDHOPRYLPLHQWRSRU HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  (Q  HVWR  VX  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GLILHUH  DELHUWDPHQWH  GHO FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHDOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR(OJUXSR)/266GHHVWHPRGRHYDO~DDO DUWHIDFWR22;0/FRQGLFLRQDGRDELHUWDPHQWHSRUHVWDFDUJDYDORUDWLYDSUHVHQWHHQVX PDUFRWHFQROyJLFRSHURDGHPiVHQVXVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRV(OLQWHUpVGHHOORVHVSRU VREUHWRGDVODVFRVDVFRQVHUYDUODVOLEHUWDGHVSURSLDVGHOVRIWZDUH\JDUDQWL]DUOD FRQWLQXLGDGWpFQLFDGHOPRGHORFRODERUDWLYRGHGHVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUH&RQGLFLRQDGR SRUHVWHPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRHOJUXSR)/266VLJQLILFyDOIRUPDWR 22;0/HQHVWD SULPHUDHWDSDGHOSURFHVRUiSLGRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQFRPRQRHVWDQGDUL]DEOHFHUUDGR GLVFULPLQDWRULR  LQFRPSDWLEOH  FRQ  2')  \  FRQ  YHUVLRQHV  SUHYLDV GH  0LFURVRIW  QR LQWHURSHUDEOH  HQWUH  GLIHUHQWHV  SODWDIRUPDV  GH  KDUGZDUH  \  VRIWZDUH  \  ILQDOPHQWH FRPRHVWUDWpJLFDPHQWHFUHDGRSDUDVRVWHQHUODSRVLFLyQGRPLQDQWHHQHOPHUFDGRSRU SDUWH  GH  0LFURVRIW  5DQFKDO     $QDOtWLFDPHQWH  VH  SXHGH  KDEODU  GH  OD FRQVWLWXFLyQGHODUWHIDFWR 22;0/IORVV >³QRHVWDQGDUL]DEOH\UHFKD]DEOH´@ (OJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPDSRUVXSDUWHLPSUHJQDGRSRUHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR SULYDWLYR  H  LJXDOPHQWH  LQIOXHQFLDGR  SRU  ORV  PLVPR  HOHPHQWRV  KLVWyULFRV  GHVFULWRV SDUDHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHDXQTXHHQVXFDVRGHIHQGLHQGRODH[SDQVLyQGHODOyJLFDGHO DILUPDQGRODQHFHVLGDGGHLQVFULELUORKLVWyULFDPHQWH\HQHOPDUFRGHOFDSLWDOLVPR(QHVWHSiUUDIRVHKD H[SUHVDGRXQDLGHDGHOPRGRHQTXHHVHPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRVHKDFRQIRUPDGRSURGXFWRGHFRQWLQJHQFLDV\ PDWHULDOLGDGHVKLVWyULFDVGHOFDSLWDOLVPRFRQWHPSRUiQHR8QDH[SOLFDFLyQPiVGHWDOODGDGHHVWDYLQFXODFLyQ \GHOVXUJLPLHQWRKLVWyULFRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHSHUPLWHQYHUHQPD\RUGHWDOOHHVRVQH[RVSHURHVHWUDEDMR H[FHGHORVREMHWLYRVGHOSUHVHQWHOLEUR8QDEUHYHH[SRVLFLyQGHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHVHSUHVHQWy HQHOFDStWXORSHURXQDODERUPiVSURIXQGRDFHUFDGHHVDKLVWRULDVHHVWiHPSUHQGLHQGRDFWXDOPHQWHHQOD WHVLVGRFWRUDOGHODXWRU (VRHVWDPELpQORTXHKDGHILQLGRPRGHORVGHQHJRFLRVDOWHUQDWLYRVDORVWUDGLFLRQDOHV\HMHPSOLILFDGRV HQHOPRGHORGHSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR

100

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

FDSLWDOPHGLDQWHODDSOLFDFLyQDOVRIWZDUHGHOFRS\ULJKWWUDGLFLRQDOWXYRTXHYHUVH GHILQLHQGRDOIRUPDWR22;0/HQORVWpUPLQRVH[SOLFLWDGRVHQODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV SUHYLDV  GH OD 8( \D TXH FRPR  VH VRVWXYR HOODV  IXHURQ  XQD  GH ODV UD]RQHV TXH H[SOLFDQ  HO  LQLFLR  GHO  SURFHVR  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  \  FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH  HQ  ORV WpUPLQRV  GHILQLGRV  SRU  ODV  QRUPDV  GH  OD  ,62,(&  \  ODV  GLUHFWLYDV  GHO  -7&    \D HQXQFLDGDV/DDSHUWXUDODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG\ODFRPSDWLELOLGDGVRQORVVLJQLILFDQWHV TXHVHGHVWDFDQHQHVWDVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHV\GLUHFWLYDVSRUHOOR0LFURVRIW±(FPD WXYRTXHFRPSDWLELOL]DUVXVLJQLILFDFLyQ\YLVLyQGHOIRUPDWRFRQHVDVSURSLHGDGHVQR FDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHVXPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR$VtVHHQWLHQGHTXHKD\DGHILQLGRD22;0/ FRPR  HVWDQGDUL]DEOH  DELHUWR  LQWHURSHUDEOH  FRPSDWLEOH  FRQ  YHUVLRQHV  SUHYLDV  GH 0LFURVRIW  2IILFH  \  FRQ  2')  \  FRQVLVWHQWH  FRQ  ORV  IRUPDWRV  ,62  DQWHULRUHV  QR SURSLHGDGVX\D$QDOtWLFDPHQWHHVHODUWHIDFWR 22;0/PVHFPD >³HVWDQGDUL]DEOH´@ (VWDLQFRKHUHQFLDHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHOJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPDFRQUHVSHFWRD VXSURSLRPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRHVORTXHGHILQHORVSUREOHPDVTXHPiVDGHODQWHWHQGUi HVWHJUXSRSDUDSRGHUVHJXLUDGHODQWHFRQHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ&RPRHV VDELGRILQDOPHQWHORJUDQODDSUREDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUSHURODV HVWUDWHJLDVVHJXLGDV SDUD  HOOR  KDQ  GHMDGR  PXFKR  TXH  GHVHDU  \  KDQ  LQIOXHQFLDGR  QHJDWLYDPHQWH  OD UHSXWDFLyQGHOD,62,(&(VRVSUREOHPDVSRGUiQYHUVHFRQPD\RUGHWDOOHGXUDQWHHO GHVDUUROORGHOSURFHVRHQODVVLJXLHQWHVSiJLQDV 'HHVWHPRGRODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDVHKDFHHYLGHQWHHQODH[LVWHQFLDGH HVWRVGRVIRUPDWRV22;0/GLIHUHQFLDGRV(OIRUPDWRGH)/266³22;0/IORVV´ >³QRHVWDQGDUL]DEOH\UHFKD]DEOH´@VHRSRQHGLUHFWDPHQWHDOGH 0LFURVRIW±(FPD

101

&DSÇWXOR

³22;0/PVHFPD´>³HVWDQGDUL]DEOH´@(QFDPELRHOIRUPDWRGHILQLGRSRUORV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

&XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  HV  FRLQFLGHQWH  FRQ  HO  GHILQLGR  SRU  HO  JUXSR  )/266 GLIHUHQFLiQGRVH  GH  pVWH  VyOR  HQ  HO  UHFRQRFLPLHQWR  GH  ODV  SRVLELOLGDGHV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQIXWXUDGHOIRUPDWR3RUHVRHVWHDUWHIDFWRHVGLIHUHQWHOODPiQGROR DQDOtWLFDPHQWHHQHOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMR 22;0/FQ >³QRHVWDQGDUL]DEOHFRQSRVLELOLGDGHVGH HVWDQGDUL]DUVH´@ /D  YLVLyQ  GH  HVWH  JUXSR  DFHUFD  GH  ³ODV  SRVLELOLGDGHV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DUVH´  VH GHVSUHQGHQGHOKHFKRGHTXHGHFLGHQGDUOHFRQWLQXLGDGHQHOSURFHVRIDVWWUDFNDO IRUPDWRHQOXJDUGHUHFKD]DUORGHSODQR\REOLJDUD0LFURVRIW±(FPDDUHHODERUDUOR 'H  HVWD  IRUPD  VH  SXHGHQ  REVHUYDU  HQ  HVWH  SHUtRGR  WUHV  IRUPDWRV  22;0/ GLIHUHQWHV(QRWUDVSDODEUDVORV*65KDQVLJQLILFDGR\FRQVWLWXLGRHQHVWDHWDSDWUHV WHFQRORJtDVELHQGLIHUHQFLDGDV

4.4 S EGUNDA E TAPA: “V OTACIÓN 4.4.1. D ESCRIPCIÓN

DE CINCO MESES ”

GENER AL DE L A FASE

(QHVWDIDVHFRPRVXQRPEUHORLQGLFDVHOOHYDDFDERXQDYRWDFLyQGRQGHVH GHFLGHODDSUREDFLyQRUHFKD]R\HQHVWHFDVRHOSDVRDODWHUFHUDHWDSD GHOIRUPDWR SUHVHQWDGRWRGRHQXQSOD]RSUHHVWDEOHFLGRGHFLQFRPHVHV/DDSUREDFLyQVLHPSUH UHTXLHUHTXHDOPHQRVSDUWHV GHORVYRWRVGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV SDUWLFLSDQWHVGHO-7&VHDQSRVLWLYRV\TXHDGHPiVQRPiVTXHó GHORV YRWRV GHO WRWDO GH &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV YRWH QHJDWLYDPHQWH  6L  VH  FXPSOHQ  DPERV FULWHULRVHOERUUDGRUVHDSUXHEDFRPRHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDOGHOD,62,(&HQFDVR FRQWUDULRVHSDVDDODWHUFHUDHWDSDOODPDGDUHXQLRQHVGH UHVROXFLyQGHYRWRYHU *UiILFR  (VWDHWDSDHQODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH22;0/FRPHQ]yHOGHDEULO GH\ 102

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

FRQFOX\yHOGHVHSWLHPEUHGH(QHVWHPRPHQWRLQLFLDODHWDSDPiVFDOGHDGD GHO  SURFHVR  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  TXH  LPSOLFy  WHQVLRQHV  PX\  IXHUWHV  HQWUH  ORV  GRV JUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVHQWRUQRD22;0//D,62,(&SRUVXSDUWHFRPHQ]yD YHUPDQFKDGDVXUHSXWDFLyQGHRUJDQL]DFLyQQHXWUDOSRUODVDFWLYLGDGHVGH0LFURVRIW ±(FPD 3RGUiQYHUVHJUiILFDPHQWHORVUHTXLVLWRVSDUDODDSUREDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUVHJ~QODV QRUPDVGHOSURFHVR)DVW7UDFNHQHOVLJXLHQWHJUiILFR *UiILFR5HTXLVLWRVGHYRWRVSDUDODDSUREDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUHQOD³(WDSDGH YRWDFLyQGHFLQFRPHVHV´ 6HGHEHQFXPSOLUORVVLJXLHQWHVGRVFULWHULRVVLPXOWiQHDPHQWH &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV 7RWDOHV





`

/tPLWHPi[LPR GHYRWRV QHJDWLYRVSDUD ODDSUREDFLyQ

&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV PLHPEURVGHO-7&





`

/tPLWHPtQLPR GHYRWRV SRVLWLYRVSDUD ODDSUREDFLyQ

)XHQWH&RQIHFFLyQSURSLDHQEDVHD,62D  /D  ,62,(&  HQ  VX  YRWDFLyQ  GHO    GH  VHSWLHPEUH  GH    UHFKD]y  OD HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWR1LQJXQDGHORVGRVUHTXHULPLHQWRV GHODYRWDFLyQVH FXPSOLy6yORHOGHORVYRWRVGH&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVSDUWLFLSDQWHVHQHO-7& GHOD,62,(&IXHURQSRVLWLYRV\HOGHORVYRWRVGHOWRWDOGH&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV SDUWLFLSDQWHV  HQ  OD  ,62,(&  IXHURQ  QHJDWLYRV  ,62  D   $  FRQWLQXDFLyQ  VH H[SRQHQDOJXQRVVXFHVRVSUHYLRVDHVHUHFKD]R &DSÇWXOR

103

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

4.4.2. L OS

PROBLEM AS POR L A FALTA DE COHERENCI A TÉCNIC A

(OSURFHVRGHYRWDFLyQOOHYyDXQRGHORVQLYHOHVPi[LPRVGHWHQVLRQHVMDPiV VXIULGRVHQXQSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGLUHFWDGHOD,62,(&(OJUXSR)/266 FRPHQ]yDSXEOLFDUHQVXVEORJVSiJLQDVSHUVRQDOHVHLQVWLWXFLRQDOHVQRWLFLDVVREUH FKDQWDMHV  \  VRERUQRV  GH  0LFURVRIW  D  DOJXQRV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  )XH SDUWLFXODUPHQWHIDPRVRHOFDVRGHOHPSOHDGRGH³0LFURVRIW6XHFLD´H[LJLHQGROD LQFRUSRUDFLyQ  D  GRV  HPSUHVDV  VRFLDV  GH  0LFURVRIW  DO  &XHUSR  1DFLRQDO  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQVXHFRHO,QVWLWXWR6XHFRGH(VWiQGDUHV6,6 SDUDYRWDUHQIDYRUGHOD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ  0LFURVRIW  DGHPiV  ILQDQFLy  HO  LQJUHVR  D  ~OWLPR  PRPHQWR  D  ORV FXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHODFFHVRDRUJDQLVPRVWpFQLFRV\HPSUHVDV GHOVHFWRUDO6,6VHFRQFHGHVHJ~QODVQRUPDWLYDVPHGLDQWHHOSDJRGHXQDFXRWD  +DYHUEODG     (Q  HO  FDVR  VXHFR  IXH  OODPDWLYR  TXH    GH  ODV    HPSUHVDV SUHVHQWDGDV  FRPR  QXHYDV LQWHJUDQWHV  GHO  6,6  PRPHQWRV  DQWHV  GH  OD  YRWDFLyQ  GHO IRUPDWR  IXHUDQ  DVRFLDGRV  FHUWLILFDGRV  ³*ROG´  D  0LFURVRIW  PiV  SURSLDPHQWH 0LFURVRIW*ROG&HUWLILHG3DUWQHU $TXtVHGHWDOODHOOLVWDGRWDOFXDODSDUHFLyHQHVRV PRPHQWRVHQORVEORJV 7DEOD/LVWDGRGHQXHYDVHPSUHVDVLQWHJUDQWHVGHO6,6D~OWLPRPRPHQWR 1RPEUHGHODHPSUHVD

0LFURVRIW*ROG&HUWLILHG 3DUWQHU

&DPDNR'DWD

%$6t

&RQQHFWD

%$6t

&RUQHUVWRQH6ZHGHQ

%$6t

&\EHUQHWLFV

6t

(PULF

%$1R

([RU

%$6t

)LVKERQH6\VWHPV

%$6t

)RUPSLSH6RIWZDUH

6t

3DUDOHHUXQHMHPSORVREUHODVSUHVLRQHVGH0LFURVRIWHQ6XHFLDYHU*ROGEHUJ XQHMHPSORGHHOOR HQFDVWHOODQRSRGUiHQFRQWUDUVHHQ6HS~OYHGD 

104

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

)66\VWHP$%

1R

*RRJOH

1R

+3

6t

,%L]NLW

%$6t

,'(1lWYHUNVNRQVXOWHUQD

6t

,79LVLRQ$%

1R

.QRZ,7

6t

0RGXO

6t

1RUGLF6WDWLRQ

%$6t

5HDG6RIW

%$6t

6RJHWL

6t

6ROLG3DUN

%$6t

6RXUFH7HFK$%

1R

6WUDQG,QWHUFRQQHFW

%$6t

7LHWR(QDWRU

6t

)XHQWH+DYHUEODG 

(OUHVXOWDGRGHODYRWDFLyQDOLQWHULRUGHO6,6SDUDGHILQLUHOYRWRGH6XHFLDHQOD ,62,(&VHGHFLGLyHQWDQVyORXQGtD\IXHDIDYRUGHODDSUREDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDU ,62,(&',6(OUHVXOWDGRILQDOIXHDIDYRUHQFRQWUD\PLHPEURV GHMDURQODUHXQLyQ(VWRVLJQLILFyWDPELpQTXHHOWUDEDMRFRQFLHQWRVGHFRUUHFFLRQHV VXJHULGDVVHDQXOyHQXQGtD&DVXDOPHQWHODPD\RUtDGHORVTXHYRWDURQHQFRQWUD IXHURQORVPLHPEURVFRQDFWLYLGDGSUHYLDHQHO6,6)),, (OUHVXOWDGRGH WRGRHVWRIXHODDGPLVLyQGHHVWRVSUREOHPDVSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIWDXQTXHGLFLHQGR TXHVHWUDWyGHODFFLRQDULQGLYLGXDOGHXQHPSOHDGRTXHSRUKDEHUDFWXDGRVRORIXH VDQFLRQDGR 0DWXVRZ \HOSDVDMHGHOYRWRSRVLWLYRDDEVWHQFLyQSRUSDUWHGHO SURSLR6,66,6  'HVGHHOJUXSR)/266VHLQLFLyXQDIHUYRURVDFDPSDxDHQFRQWUDGHOHVWiQGDU\

105

&DSÇWXOR

 9HU  FRPXQLFDGR  )),,     /D  )),,  HV  XQD  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  VXHFD  D  IDYRU  GH  OD  OLEHUDFLyQ  GH  OD LQIUDHVWUXFWXUDGHODLQIRUPDFLyQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

XQDDUJXPHQWDFLyQFRLQFLGHQWHDILUPy³VL0LFURVRIWWXYLHUDXQEXHQHVWiQGDU¢QR GHEHUtDYRWDUFDGDXQRSRUpODXWRPiWLFDPHQWHVLQWRGRHVWR"< VLXQHVWiQGDUVH DSUXHEDDVt¢HVXQHVWiQGDU"´-RQHV  0LFURVRIW  UHVSRQGLy  GLFLHQGR  TXH  ,%0  \  *RRJOH  KLFLHURQ  OR  PLVPR  HQ  RWURV FXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ\TXHORKLFLHURQHQXQPDUFRGHDEVROXWD OHJDOLGDGFXPSOLHQGRODVQRUPDVGHORVRUJDQLVPRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ0DWXVRZ  6LQHPEDUJR,%0\*RRJOH UHDOL]DURQHVWDVDFWLYLGDGHVSHURLQJUHVDQGR HOODVPLVPDVDORVFXHUSRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQSRUHMHPSORHOHVWDGRXQLGHQVHFRPR GLFH0DWXVRZ SHURQRSUHVLRQDURQDWHUFHUDVSDUWHVSDUDTXHVHLQFRUSRUDUDQ DORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV

(VWHHVXQHMHPSORQDGDVXWLOGHODVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUTXHFRQVWLWX\HQ\GDQ IRUPDDORVDUWHIDFWRV$TXtXQ*65FRQJUDQSHVRHFRQyPLFR\SROtWLFRDQLYHO PXQGLDOFRQODVXILFLHQWHFDSDFLGDGSDUDLQFLGLUHQHODFFLRQDUGHRWURVDFWRUHVKL]R XVRGHVXSRGHUPRYLOL]DQGRDVtODVDFFLRQHVGHHVRVRWURVDFWRUHVDOIDYRUHFLPLHQWR GHVXVSURSLRVLQWHUHVHV(VWDDFFLyQVDOLyDODOX]\DQWHODYLVLELOL]DFLyQGHOSRGHU SHUGLyJUDQSDUWHGHVXIXHU]D-XVWDPHQWHHVWHHOHPHQWRHVXQRGHORVFHQWUDOHVHQOD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDVORVKLORVGHOSRGHUGHEHQPDQWHQHUVHLQYLVLEOHVODIXHUWH SUHVHQFLDGHOLGHDOGHUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDHQHOGHVDUUROORGHHVWiQGDUHVDVtORH[LJH DSHVDUGHTXHHQFDGDXQRGHORVSURFHVRVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQODVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHU PiV  VXWLOHV  VH  OOHYHQ  DGHODQWH  /D  HVFLVLyQ  HQWUH  HILFLHQWH  WpFQLFD  \  YDORUHV  VH HYLGHQFLy\ODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDVHYLRSXHVWDHQSHOLJUR /D  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD  GRPLQD  HO  LPDJLQDULR  GH  FUHDFLyQ  GH  WHFQRORJtDV  \  OD ,62,(&  HV OD GHVWLQDGD D HQFDUQDU HVH OXJDUHQ WRGR SURFHVR GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ WpFQLFD3XHGHVXSRQHUVHTXHODVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUVLHPSUHVHKDFHQSUHVHQWHVDO LQWHULRUGHOUHFLQWRGHO-7&\GHWRGRVORVFRPLWpVWpFQLFRVIXQFLRQDQGRHQOD,62\  *RRJOHSRUHMHPSORSXHGHYHUVHHQOD7DEODFRPRXQDQXHYDLQWHJUDQWHGHO6,66HUHFXHUGDTXH *RRJOHKDVLGRLQWURGXFLGDSRUORVPRWLYDV\DHVJULPLGRVHQHOJUXSR)/266

106

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

HQ  OD  ,(&  \  DO  LQWHULRU  GH  FDGD  XQR  GH  ORV  :*  SHUR  VLQ  HPEDUJR  DQWH  OD YLVLELOL]DFLyQWDQ PDQLILHVWDGH HVWDVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHU GH HVWDVSUHVLRQHVTXH SXHGHQHVWDUGHWUiVGHJUDQSDUWHGHWRGRORTXHHQWHQGHPRVFRPRQDWXUDOL]DGRHQ QXHVWUDFXOWXUD ODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDVHYHFRQWDPLQDGDSRULQWHUHVHVSROtWLFRV\QR SXHGH  KDFHUVH  RWUD  FRVD  TXH  FULWLFDUVH  HVD  LQVWLWXFLyQ  3HUR  OD  FUtWLFD  VXUJH IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHSRUHYLGHQFLDUVHODLQWHQFLyQGHLQFRUSRUDUYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHVD ODV  WHFQRORJtDV  WpFQLFDPHQWH  LQFRKHUHQWHV  (VWR  HV  SRU  QR  UHVSHWDU  ORV  FyGLJRV WpFQLFRVSUHVHQWHVHQOD,62,(&\HQHOLPDJLQDULRWpFQLFRFRPSDUWLGRDFHUFDGHOR TXHGHEHFXPSOLUXQSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ &RQODGHVDSUREDFLyQHQHVWDHWDSDGHOHVWiQGDUVHSDVyDODVLJXLHQWHDEULpQGRVH DVtXQSHUtRGRGHDFWLYLGDGSDUD0LFURVRIW±(FPDFRQVLVWHQWHHQUHYLVDUWRGRVORV FRPHQWDULRVGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVUHFLELGRVHQXQDSiJLQDZHEHVSHFLDOPHQWH GLVHxDGDSDUDHOOROXHJRGHHVWHUHFKD]RGHELHQGRHPLWLUOXHJRXQGRFXPHQWRFRQ VXVUHVSXHVWDV$FRQWLQXDFLyQVHSUHVHQWDQHVWRVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRV

4.5 “REUNIONES M EETING )

DE

R ESOLUCIÓN

DE

V OTO ” (BALLOT R ESOLUTION

/DVUHXQLRQHVGHUHVROXFLyQGHYRWRPiVFRQRFLGDVSRUVXVVLJODVHQLQJOpVFRPR %50%DOORW5HVROXWLRQ0HHWLQJ FRQVWLWX\HQODHWDSDGHFLVLYDGHWRGRSURFHVRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GLUHFWD  R  )DVW  7UDFN  6HJ~Q  HO  UHJODPHQWR  GHEH  UHDOL]DUVH  XQ HQFXHQWURRUHXQLyQGHFLQFRGtDV\GHEHGDUVHXQPHVPiVSDUDSRGHUUHYLVDUHOYRWR GHODIDVHSUHYLD (VWD  IDVH  VH  UHDOL]y GHVGH  HO   KDVWD  HO   GH IHEUHUR  GH    HQ  HO  &HQWUR ,QWHUQDFLRQDOGH&RQIHUHQFLDVGH*LQHEUD\HOUHVXOWDGRGHOSHUtRGRGHUHYLVLyQGHXQ PHVORGLRDFRQRFHUOD,62,(&HOGHDEULO3UHYLRDHVWRVHGHVDUUROOyXQDHWDSD SUHSDUDWLYD  SDUD  HO  %50  (O  RUJDQLVPR  UHVSRQVDEOH  GH  OD  UHPLVLyQ  GH  OD

107

&DSÇWXOR

HVSHFLILFDFLyQDOD,62,(&GHEHUHVSRQGHUORVFRPHQWDULRVUHDOL]DGRVHQODHWDSD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

SUHYLD'XUDQWHHO%50VHGLVFXWHQHVWDVUHVSXHVWDV³GLVSRVLFLRQHVSURSXHVWDV´ \ GtDVGHVSXpVVHYRWDSRUODDSUREDFLyQRUHFKD]RHOHVWiQGDU

4.5.1. L OS

M ESES PREVIOS AL

BRM

(OGHRFWXEUHGH(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOSXEOLFyHQVXSiJLQDZHEXQDQRWLFLD LQIRUPDQGRODDSHUWXUDGHXQDSiJLQDDFFHVLEOHVyORDPLHPEURVGHOD,62,(&SDUD TXHVXELHUDQVXVFRPHQWDULRVDODHVSHFLILFDFLyQ(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOE 8Q PHVGHVSXpVHOGHQRYLHPEUHLQIRUPyDFHUFDGHODYDQFHUHDOL]DGRVREUHORV FRPHQWDULRVUHFLELGRVFXEULHQGRXQGHOWRWDO LQIRUPDQGRTXHVHJXLUtDQFRQHO WUDEDMR  WpFQLFR  LQWHQVR  SURJUDPDQGR  OD  HQWUHJD  ILQDO  HQ  UHVSXHVWD  D  WRGRV  ORV FRPHQWDULRVHOGHIHEUHURGH(FPDF HVWRHVRQFHGtDVDQWHVTXH LQLFLHHO%50 (QHVWDHWDSDFRPRHQORVPRPHQWRVILQDOHVGHODDQWHULRUVHHQFXHQWUDQWDQWR VLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHODUWHIDFWRGHVGHGLVFXUVRVSUHWHQGLGDPHQWHWpFQLFRVFRPRWDPELpQ HYDOXDFLRQHV\FUtWLFDVGHODVHVWUDWHJLDV\DFFLRQHVLQLFLDGDVSRUHORWURJUXSRVRFLDO HQGLVSXWDDFXViQGRODVGHLPSXUDVHQWpUPLQRVWpFQLFRV (O  JUXSR  )/266  GH  HVWH  PRGR  DFXVy  D 0LFURVRIW GH  ODV  VLJXLHQWHV  DFFLRQHV *URXFK=RREDE   /DVHOHFFLyQGHORVLQWHJUDQWHVGHORVFRPLWpVGHORVSDtVHVDJXVWRGH0LFURVRIW FRQHOSUHVLGHQWHGHOFRPLWpGHO%50$OH[%URZQYLQFXODGRD0LFURVRIW  (O  WDPDxR  GH  ORV  VDORQHV  HOHJLGRV  SDUD  ODV  UHXQLRQHV  GHO  %50  KD  VLGR LQWHQFLRQDOPHQWH  GHPDVLDGR  SHTXHxR  SDUD  TXH  QR  SXGLHUDQ  LQJUHVDU  WRGRV  ORV GHOHJDGRV  /DHOLPLQDFLyQGHODVSDWHQWHVFRPRWHPDDGLVFXWLUHQODVUHXQLRQHV 9HUHOSXQWRGHO$QH[RGRQGHVHGHVWDFDQORVUHSUHVHQWDQWHVGH0LFURVRIW2EVHUYDQGRHVWRHOJUXSR )/266KDDUJXPHQWDGRTXH0LFURVRIWKDEtDFRSDGRHO%50FRQVXVIXQFLRQDULRV8QHMHPSORGHHOORVH HQFXHQWUDHQ=RREDE

108

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

 (O  HVFDVR  WLHPSR  GDGR  SDUD  OD  UHYLVLyQ  GH  ODV  SURSXHVWDV  GH  VROXFLyQ  D  ORV FRPHQWDULRVGHODHWDSDSUHYLDVyORGtDV   (OLQWHQWRGHREWHQHUHOFRQWUROGHOPDQWHQLPLHQWRGHOIRUPDWR22;0/XQDYH] DSUREDGRFRPRHVWiQGDU,62$OJRTXHGHEHUHFDHUVLHPSUHVREUHDOJ~QHTXLSRGH WUDEDMR:* GHO-7&FUHDGRSDUDHOFDVRSDUDHYLWDUTXHORVIRUPDWRV DGTXLHUDQ FDUiFWHUSULYDWLYRVHYXHOYDQSURSLHGDGGHSDUWLFXODUHV  ,QFOXVRHOSUHVLGHQWHGHO³HTXLSRGHWUDEDMR´:* GHO-7&6&GHOD ,62,(&HQFDUJDGRGHDQDOL]DUODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWR0DUWLQ%U\DQDILUPy OXHJRGHGHMDU VXSXHVWRDQWHV GH OOHYDUVH D FDER HO%50 TXH PXFKRV &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV GHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQLQJUHVDURQFRPRQXHYRVPLHPEURV 3 DODYRWDFLyQ PLHPEURV  SHUPDQHQWHV  GH  ,62,(&   OODPDWLYDPHQWH  HVWRV  PLHPEURV  WHQtDQ  XQ SHFXOLDULQWHUpVSRUDSUREDUHOIRUPDWR22;0/(VWRIXHFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRU0DUWLQ %U\DQ  FRPR  XQ  SURFHVR  GH  ³HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  JXLDGR  SRU  OD  FRUSRUDFLyQ´  %U\DQ  (QOtQHDFRQHVWRHOJUXSR)/266DFXVyD0LFURVRIWGHLQFOXLUD &XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV HQ OD  ,62,(& TXH QXQFD KDEtDQ SDUWLFLSDGR HQ OD HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ GH WHFQRORJtDV  GH  OD  LQIRUPDFLyQ  FRQ  HO  VyOR  REMHWLYR  GH  TXH  DSUREDUDQ  HO  IRUPDWR 22;0/LJXDODORVXFHGLGRHQODHWDSDSUHYLDGHOSURFHVR )LQDOPHQWHDLQLFLRVGH IHEUHUROD&RPLVLyQ(XURSHDLQLFLyXQDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDQWLWUXVWFRQWUD0LFURVRIWSRU VXVDFFLRQHVHQOD,62HVWDLQYHVWLJDFLyQDYDQ]yOHQWDPHQWH\QROOHJyDILQDOL]DUHQ HOFXUVRGHOSURFHVR6FKHVWRZLW]D  0LFURVRIW±(FPDSRUVXSDUWHFDVLQLUHVSRQGLyDHVWRVFXHVWLRQDPLHQWRV6yOR HPLWLy DFXVDFLRQHV  VLPLODUHV  D  ODV  UHFLELGDV  SHUR  GLULJLGDV  FRQWUD  ,%0  (Q  HVWH VHQWLGR-HDQ3DROLGLUHFWRUVHQLRUGHWHFQRORJtD;0/GH0LFURVRIW\SUHVLGHQWHGHO 7&GH(FPD\ 1LFRV7VLODVGLUHFWRUVHQLRUGHLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG\  SROtWLFDGH SURSLHGDG  LQWHOHFWXDO  GH  0LFURVRIW  KDQ  DILUPDGR  TXH  ,%0  MXQWR  FRQ  SHUVRQDMHV

109

&DSÇWXOR

DILQHVDOD)UHH6RIWZDUH)RXQGDWLRQKDQHVWDGRSUHVLRQDQGRDORVJRELHUQRVSDUD

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

TXHUHFKDFHQODXWLOL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWR22;0/ :LQWHUIRUG  0iVDOOiGH HVWRVFRPHQWDULRVQRVHKDQREVHUYDGRPD\RUHVUHVSXHVWDVHQXQVHQWLGRTXHQRVHD HQ  OHQJXDMH  WpFQLFR  /R  DEXQGDQWH  HQ  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  KDQ  VLGR  SRU  OR  WDQWR UHVSXHVWDV  D  ORV  FRPHQWDULRV  WpFQLFRV  UHDOL]DGRV  SRU  ORV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  (VWH  LQWHUpV  SRU  OR  QHWDPHQWH  WpFQLFR  GH  0LFURVRIW  HQ  VXV FRPXQLFDGRVWXYRFRPRPHWDGDUOHSULRULGDGDODREMHWLYLGDG WpFQLFDTXLWDQGRHO IRFRDHVRVHOHPHQWRV³FRQWDPLQDQWHV´GHOSURFHVR(VWHHVSRUORWDQWRXQLQWHQWR GHPRVWUDUUHVSHWRDORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVFRPSDUWLGRVHLPSHUDQWHVHQHO-7&\GH PRVWUDUVXVDFFLRQHVODVGH0LFURVRIW±(FPD FRPRWpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWHV 6LQ  HPEDUJR  SRU  SDUWH  GHO  JUXSR  )/266  VL  ELHQ  VH  KD  KHFKR  KLQFDSLp  HQ FXHVWLRQHVpWLFDV\SROtWLFDVWDPELpQVHKDIRFDOL]DGRHQODFUtWLFDWpFQLFDDWDFDQGR DVtGHVGH³GRViPELWRV´DODUWHIDFWR22;0/ (QHVWHPDUFRJHQHUDOFRQIOLFWLYR\GHFRQIURQWDFLyQDELHUWD0LFURVRIW±(FPD RIUHFLyUHVSXHVWDVDORVFRPHQWDULRVGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHQ OHQJXDMHFRQFLOLDGRU\FRQEXHQDSUHGLVSRVLFLyQ(OGHIHEUHURGHWDOFXDOOR KDEtDDILUPDGRHQVXVLQIRUPHVGHSUHQVD0LFURVRIW±(FPDODQ]yVX³'LVSRVLFLRQHV SURSXHVWDVDORVFRPHQWDULRVGHORV &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV VREUH',6´(FPD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO     XQ  GRFXPHQWR  TXH  GHEH  HPLWLU  HO  RUJDQLVPR  D  FDUJR  GH  OD VROLFLWXGGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHQUHVSXHVWDDORVFRPHQWDULRVUHDOL]DGRVSRUORV&XHUSRV 1DFLRQDOHV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ OXHJR  GH  TXH  OD  SURSXHVWD  VHD  UHFKD]DGD  (VWH GRFXPHQWRFRQWXYRWRGDVODVUHVSXHVWDVDORVFRPHQWDULRVUHFLELGRV\TXHHQ HVHPRPHQWRGHEtDQVHUDQDOL]DGRVSRUORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVSDUDTXHUHYLVDUDQVX YRWR  HQ  HO  %50  GHO   DO    GH  IHEUHUR  (Q  WRWDO  VH SURSXVLHURQ    FDPELRV DUUHJORVRVROXFLRQHV HQXQGRFXPHQWRGHSiJLQDV(ODFFHVRDOGRFXPHQWR ILQDO  HVWXYR  UHVWULQJLGR  D  PLHPEURV  (FPD  \  ORV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  SHUR  (FPD ,QWHUQDWLRQDOSXEOLFyHQVXSiJLQDGH,QWHUQHWDOJXQDVVROXFLRQHVSURSXHVWDV(OODV 110

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

SXHGHQVLQWHWL]DUVHLQGLFDQGRTXH0LFURVRIW±(FPD  (VWXYRGHDFXHUGRFRQLQFOXLUORVHVWiQGDUHV,62SDUDOHQJXDMHVSDUDVFULSWV\ SDUDIHFKDVUHFODPDGRVFRPRREOLJDWRULRVHQODVHWDSDVDQWHULRUHV  2IUHFLySXEOLFDUODGRFXPHQWDFLyQFRPSOHWDGHDOJXQDVDSOLFDFLRQHVKHUHGDGDV SDUDHYLWDUODGHSHQGHQFLDFRQSURGXFWRVSUHYLRVGH0LFURVRIW  2IUHFLyODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHWUDGXFWRUHVGH22;0/D2')\YLFHYHUVD  2IUHFLyXQPRGRGHFRQFHELU22;0/FRPRWRWDOPHQWHFRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\ KDFLDDGHODQWHPHGLDQWHODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHFRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQIRUPDWRVREVROHWRVR GHIHFWXRVRV  DQWHULRUHV  PDQWHQLGRV  HQ  XQD  DQH[R  GH  OD  HVSHFLILFDFLyQ  \ FRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQODVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVUHFRPHQGDGDVSRUOD,62,(&/DSULPHUD HUDODSDUWH³WUDQVLWRULD´\ODVHJXQGDODHVWDEOHGHOIRUPDWR(QXQSHUtRGRWUDQVLWRULR VHEULQGDUtDFRPSDWLELOLGDGDODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVREVROHWDV\ODSDUWHHVWDEOHVHUtDOD XWLOL]DGDSDUDODFUHDFLyQGHQXHYRVGRFXPHQWRV ³(VWRDVHJXUDUiTXHHOFRQWHQLGRH[LVWHQWHWRGDYtDSXHGDVHUPLJUDGRFRQp[LWR SHURWDPELpQDVHJXUDUiTXHORVEXJVRODVHPiQWLFDKHUHGDGDQRVHSHUSHWXDUiQ HQHOHVWiQGDU2SHQ;0/´(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO 

(O  WHUFHUR  \  FXDUWR  SXQWR  VRQ  FUXFLDOHV  SDUD  GDU  FRQ  XQD  QXHYD  GHILQLFLyQ  D 22;0/SRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDFRQVWLWX\HQGRXQQXHYRIRUPDWR22;0/ GLIHUHQWHDORVRIUHFLGRVHQODVHWDSDVSUHYLDV(VWHIRUPDWRUHFLEHDQDOtWLFDPHQWHHQ HOSUHVHQWHWUDEDMRHOQRPEUHGH  22;0/PVHFPD >³22;0/HVWDQGDUL]DEOHSOHQDPHQWHFRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\KDFLDDGHODQWH´@ (OFRPSRQHQWHWUDQVLWRULR\HOHVWDEOHVRQSRUORWDQWRODVSDUWHVTXHPDUFDQOD

111

&DSÇWXOR

UHVLJQLILFDFLyQ\YDULDFLyQGHODUWHIDFWR

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

'HVGH  HO  JUXSR  )/266  VH  DxDGLHURQ  FUtWLFDV  D  OD  SUHVHQWDFLyQ  GH  HVWH GRFXPHQWR&RPRVHYLQRGHVDUUROODQGRSUHYLDPHQWHVHFULWLFDURQODVDFFLRQHVGH 0LFURVRIW±(FPD\HOIRUPDWR22;0/HQVtFRPRDUWHIDFWRWpFQLFR(QHOSULPHU VHQWLGR  HO  JUXSR  FULWLFy  HO  HVFDVR  WLHPSR  RIUHFLGR  SDUD  UHYLVDU  ODV  GLVSRVLFLRQHV SURSXHVWDVHQWUHJDQGRXQGRFXPHQWRH[WHQVR\SRFRWLHPSRSDUDVXUHYLVLyQ(QHO VHJXQGRVHQWLGRFULWLFy  /D  IDOWD  GH  XQ  QRPEUH  FODUR $UJXPHQWDURQ  TXH  HUD  HYLGHQWH  OD  FRQIXVLyQ  GH SURSRQHUXQQRPEUHFRPR2IILFH2SHQ;0/FXDQGRH[LVWtD\DXQSURJUDPDOODPDGR 2SHQ2IILFHRUJ  /DH[LVWHQFLDGHHUURUHVHQODVSURSXHVWDVRIUHFLGDV(OJUXSRH[SXVRHOPRGRHQ TXH  D~Q  QR  RIUHFtDQ VROXFLRQHV  DO  WHPD  GH OD  UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ  GH  IHFKDV  VLQR  TXH SURSRQtDQGLIHUHQWHVPDQHUDVGHUHSUHVHQWDUODVFXDQGRGHEtDXWLOL]DUVHXQ~QLFR PRGRHOGHILQLGRHQHOHVWiQGDU,62([SXVRDGHPiVHOSUREOHPDDOWUDWDUODV IHFKDVSUHYLDVDODHUDJUHJRULDQD\HVWRHV~WLOSDUDODUHSUHVHQWDFLyQGHLQIRUPDFLyQ GHSRUHMHPSORKLVWRULDGRUHVDUFKLYRVKLVWyULFRVRGHDVWUyQRPRVTXHULHQGRUHDOL]DU FiOFXORFRQHOSDVRGHPHWHRULWRVHQWLHPSRVURPDQRV  /DIDOWDGHLQWHURSHUDELOLGDG(OJUXSR)/266H[SOLFyDTXtTXH0LFURVRIW±(FPD HQ  XQ  FRPLHQ]R  UHPLWLy  UHIHUHQFLDV  TXH  LQKLEtDQ  OD  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  SRU  VHU YLQFXODEOHVDSODWDIRUPDVRDSOLFDFLRQHVGH0LFURVRIW&RPRVROXFLyQ0LFURVRIW± (FPD  UHPRYLy  VHJ~Q  )/266  ORV  YtQFXORV  D  ODV  SODWDIRUPDV  R  DSOLFDFLRQHV  GH 0LFURVRIWSHURVLQSURYHHUODGRFXPHQWDFLyQQLODOLVWDQRUPDWLYDFRQODVWHFQRORJtDV FRPSDWLEOHV  /DIDOWDGHFRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQGRFXPHQWRVKHUHGDGRV$TXtDUJXPHQWDURQTXHOD VROXFLyQGHLQFRUSRUDUHQXQDQH[RVRSRUWHSDUDHOHPHQWRVKHUHGDGRVREVROHWRVHQ 9HUIXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH2')$OOLDQFHVG  )XHHQWUHJDGRHOGHIHEUHUR\WHQtDTXHGLVFXWLUVHGHODOGHIHEUHUR 3DUDYHUHMHPSORVGHHVDFRQIXVLyQYHU2')$OOLDQFHVG 

112

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

IRUPD³WUDQVLWRULD´HVDOJRVLQVHQWLGR\DTXHHVRVGRFXPHQWRVQRHVWiQHQ22;0/ \QRVRQFRPSDWLEOHVGLUHFWDPHQWHFRQHVWHIRUPDWR  /DSURSXHVWDGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDGHRIUHFHUWUDGXFWRUHVGH22;0/D2')\ YLFHYHUVD\DTXHODWUDGXFFLyQVLHPSUHSXHGHLPSOLFDUHUURUHV 3RUHOORHOJUXSR )/266UHFRPHQGyOOHYDUDGHODQWHODDUPRQL]DFLyQGHORVGRVIRUPDWRVHO2')FRQ HO22;0/SDUDWHQHUXQ~QLFRHVWiQGDUDELHUWR (VWHWDPELpQHVXQQXHYRDUWHIDFWRGLIHUHQWHDO DQWHULRUSRUTXHRIUHFHQXHYDV DSUHFLDFLRQHVFUtWLFDVDOQXHYRDUWHIDFWRFRQVWLWXLGRSRU0LFURVRIW±(FPD6LQGXGDV HVWRHVORTXHGHEtDUHDOL]DUHOJUXSR)/266DQWHODQXHYDVLJQLILFDFLyQ\YDULDFLyQ GHO  DUWHIDFWR  FRQVWLWXLGR  SRU  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  &RQVHFXHQWHPHQWH  HVWD  PLVPD DFFLyQ GH UHVSXHVWD LPSOLFy OD VLJQLILFDFLyQ \ FRQVWLWXFLyQ GH XQ QXHYR DUWHIDFWR DQDOL]DQGRHVRVQXHYRVHOHPHQWRV\FULWLFiQGRORV/RVHOHPHQWRV FHQWUDOHVGHHVWD GHVFULSFLyQVRQODFUtWLFDIXQGDPHQWDODODSURSXHVWDFODYHGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDGH EULQGDUXQDSDUWHWUDQVLWRULDHQHOIRUPDWR\ODFULWLFDDODIDOWDGHDUPRQL]DFLyQTXH VLJQLILFDOD SURSXHVWDGHLQFRUSRUDUWUDGXFWRUHV(VWD IOH[LELOLGDG LQWHUSUHWDWLYD GH 22;0/  VH  H[SRQH  HQ  WpUPLQRV  DQDOtWLFRV  FRQ  OD  LGHQWLILFDFLyQ  GH  XQ  QXHYR DUWHIDFWRHQHOJUXSR)/266 22;0/IORVV´ >³QRHVWDQGDUL]DEOHSHURFRQSRVLELOLGDGHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DUVHVLVHDUPRQL]DFRQ 2')´@ (VWD  SURSXHVWD  GH  DUPRQL]DFLyQ  HV  FRKHUHQWH  FRQ  HO  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GHO VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \  RSHQ  VRXUFH  \D  TXH  ODV  FRQGLFLRQHV  SURSLDV  GH  XQ  HVWiQGDU EiVLFDPHQWHVXFDUiFWHUGHDSHUWXUD\GHOLEUHGLVSRQLELOLGDGVRQFRPSDWLEOHVFRQORV YDORUHVGHIHQGLGRVSRUODFRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH'HHVWDIRUPDODRIHUWDGH

113

&DSÇWXOR

DUPRQL]DFLyQ IXH  XQ  PRYLPLHQWR LPSRUWDQWH  \D  TXH  LPSOLFDED FHGHU  HO  OXJDU  GH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

2')SHUGLpQGRVHpVWHHQVXFRPELQDFLyQFRQ22;0/SHURORJUDQGRHOREMHWLYRGH REWHQHUXQ~QLFRHVWiQGDUQRLGHQWLILFDEOHYHUGDGHUDPHQWHFRQXQ~QLFRSURGXFWRU FRPR0LFURVRIW(OYDORUSULQFLSDOGHPDQWHQHUODOLEUHGLVSRQLELOLGDG\ODDSHUWXUD SRGtDQDVtFRQWLQXDUVLQFRQWUDGLFFLRQHVFRQHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\ RSHQVRXUFHVLQHPEDUJRHOUHFKD]RGHODSURSXHVWDSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIWSXHGH VHU  YLVWR  FRPR  LQGLFLR  GH  VXV  YHUGDGHUDV  LQWHQFLRQHV  PDQWHQHU  HO  PHUFDGR  GH SURJUDPDVGHRILFLQDFDXWLYR6LHQGRHVWRLJXDOPHQWHFRKHUHQWHFRQVXSURSLRPDUFR WHFQROyJLFRFRPR\DVHKDDGHODQWDGRHQHVWDVOtQHDV

4.5.2. L A

SEM AN A DEL

BRM

Y LOS

30

DÍ AS POSTERIORES

'XUDQWH  ORV  FLQFR  GtDV  GHO  %50  VH  LQWHQWDURQ  HYDOXDU  \  SRQHU  HQ  FRP~Q  ODV SURSXHVWDVGH0LFURVRIW±(FPD6HORJUDURQUHYLVDUHQWRWDOUHVSXHVWDVHQWUH ODVTXHVHDFHSWDURQVHUHFKD]DURQ\ VHGHFLGLHURQ GXUDQWH HO%50  ,62,(&-7&6&D (VGHFLUHQWRWDOVHDSUREDURQGHODVSURSXHVWDV UHYLVDGDVXQ $OILQDOL]DUHO%50VHOOHYyDFDERXQDYRWDFLyQHQODTXHVHGHEtDGHFLGLUOD DSUREDFLyQRQRGHODGLVSRVLFLyQSURSXHVWDSRU0LFURVRIW±(FPDDORVFRPHQWDULRV GHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVHVWDYRWDFLyQQRWLHQHYLQFXODFLyQFRQODDSUREDFLyQILQDO R  QR  GHO  HVWiQGDU  (Q  RWUDV  SDODEUDV  VH  YRWy  OD  DSUREDFLyQ  R  GHVDSUREDFLyQ  GHO GRFXPHQWRFRQWHQLHQGRODV³GLVSRVLFLRQHVSURSXHVWDV´QRVHYRWyODDSUREDFLyQR UHFKD]RILQDOGHOHVWiQGDUpVWRVHKDUtDHQORVGtDVSRVWHULRUHVDODILQDOL]DFLyQGHO %50  +DVWD  HO   GH  PDU]R  ORV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ WXYLHURQ WLHPSRSDUDUHYLVDUVXYRWRHPLWLGRHQODVHJXQGDHWDSD(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXHHO %50  WLHQH  SRU  REMHWR  GHFLGLU  OD  DSUREDFLyQ  R  UHFKD]R  GH  ODV  UHVSXHVWDV  D  ODV ³GLVSRVLFLRQHVSURSXHVWDV´SRUORVFXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHVGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQFRPRXQ FRQMXQWR  /D  YRWDFLyQ  SDUD  GHFLGLU  OD  DSUREDFLyQ  R  UHFKD]R  GHO  IRUPDWR  FRPR HVWiQGDUVHUHDOL]DUHJODPHQWDULDPHQWHGHQWURGHORVGtDVSRVWHULRUHVDODIHFKDGH 114

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

ILQDOL]DFLyQGHO%50 'HHVWHPRGRHOUHVXOWDGRGHODYRWDFLyQVREUHOD³GLVSRVLFLyQSURSXHVWD´\QR GHOIRUPDWRHQVtIXHHOVLJXLHQWH 7DEOD5HVXOWDGRGHODYRWDFLyQGHO%50 9RWR

3DtVHV 3

9RWRVWRWDOHV

$SUREDFLyQ





'HVDSUREDFLyQ





5HFKD]DUHJLVWUDUVXYRWR





$EVWHQFLyQ





7RWDOGHYRWRVHPLWLGRV





)XHQWH8SGHJURYH

+DEODQGRHVSHFtILFDPHQWHGHODYRWDFLyQSDUWLFXODUGHFDGDSURSXHVWDRUHVSXHVWD GXUDQWHODVHPDQDTXHGXUyHO%50SXHGHDILUPDUVHTXH   FRPHQWDULRV  R  SURSXHVWDV  IXHURQ  DQDOL]DGRV  HQ  SURIXQGLGDG  \  YRWDGRV LQGLYLGXDOPHQWH FRPHQWDULRVTXHQHFHVLWDEDQFRUUHFFLRQHVHGLWRULDOHVPHQRUHVSXQWRVFRPDV HWF IXHURQWDPELpQDGRSWDGRV 6H  EXVFDURQ  HVWUDWHJLDV  SDUD  ORJUDU  UHVROYHU  \  GLVFXWLU  WRGRV  ORV  FRPHQWDULRV SURSXHVWRVSRU0LFURVRIW±(FPDHQHOFRUWRHVSDFLRUHVWDQWH\VHFRQFOX\yTXHOD PHMRURSFLyQHUDTXHFDGDFXHUSRQDFLRQDOHPLWLHUDVXYRWRHQSDSHOHVGHYRWDFLyQ  (QHOORVVHOLVWyHOWRWDOGHSURSXHVWDVTXHD~QUHVWDEDQDQDOL]DUDOODGRGHFDGD SURSXHVWD  FDGD  FXHUSR  QDFLRQDO  GHEtD  LQGLFDU  VL  OD  DFHSWDED  OD  UHFKD]D  R  VL  VH DEVWHQtD8SGHJURYH (VWHSURFHGLPLHQWRVLJQLILFyXQVHULRLQFXPSOLPLHQWRD XQRGHORVREMHWLYRVGHO%50HVWRHVUHYLVDUSRUPHQRUL]DGDPHQWHFDGDUHVSXHVWD 8SGHJURYH KDVHxDODGRODVUHJODVTXHGHEtDQFXPSOLUVHHQHO%503RUXQ ODGREDMRODGLUHFWLYDGHODVUHJODVYLJHQWHVGHO-7&GHOD,62,(&VyORORV

115

&DSÇWXOR

9HUHOSXQWRGHO$QH[RDOOtSRGUiHQFRQWUDUVHXQDFRSLDGHOSDSHOGHYRWDFLyQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

YRWRVGHORVPLHPEURV 3 GHEtDQVHUWHQLGRVHQFXHQWD³6LQHPEDUJR$OH[%URZQHO SUHVLGHQWHGHO%50GHFLGLyGHDQWHPDQRDSHVDUGHODVQRUPDVSHUPLWLUTXHWRGDV ODVGHOHJDFLRQHVSUHVHQWHVSXGLHUDQYRWDU´8SGHJURYH 3RURWURODGRRWUDGH ODV  UHJODV  D  FXPSOLUVH  HVWDEOHFtD  TXH  VyOR  ORV  YRWRV  SRU  ³DSUREDFLyQ´  R ³GHVDSUREDFLyQ´  GHEtDQ  FRQWDUVH  &RQVLGHUDQGR  HVWD  ~OWLPD  UHJOD  $OH[  %URZQ GHFLGLyTXHVHSRGtDLJQRUDUODUHJODGHTXHVyORORVPLHPEURV³3´SRGtDQYRWDU -XQWRFRQHVWRGHFLGLyLJQRUDUODVSURWHVWDV\DEVWHQFLRQHVVLQFRQVLGHUDUTXHMXQWR FRQORVYRWRVSRUODGHVDSUREDFLyQUHSUHVHQWDEDQHOGHOWRWDOGHGHOHJDFLRQHV SUHVHQWHV  )LQDOPHQWH  VH  GHFLGLy  LJQRUDU  HO  KHFKR  GH  TXH  VyOR  XQD  SHTXHxD SURSRUFLyQGHODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVSURSXHVWDVIXHGHELGDPHQWHDQDOL]DGD (VWDIRUPDGHDGPLQLVWUDUHO%50HQIDYRUGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDODVPiVGH  SiJLQDVLQLFLDOHVVXPDGDVDODVPiVGHSiJLQDVGHOGRFXPHQWRFRQWHQLHQGR ODV  GLVSRVLFLRQHV  SURSXHVWDV  D  ORV  FRPHQWDULRV  GH  ORV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV SUHVHQWDGDV  SDUD  HO  %50  IXHURQ  LQGLFDWLYDV  SDUD  HO  JUXSR  )/266  GH  TXH  ODV  HVSHFLILFDFLRQHVGHOIRUPDWR22;0/QRHUDQDSURSLDGDVSDUDHOSURFHVRGLUHFWRR  UiSLGRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ 8SGHJURYH  &I6FKXO]%UD\-RQHV -RQHVD (VGHFLUDQDOL]DQGRHOWUDWDPLHQWRtQWHJURGHOSURFHVRHOJUXSR )/266  FRQILUPy  ILQDOPHQWH  TXH  HO  DUWHIDFWR  22;0/ QR  HUD  DO  PHQRV  HQ  HVH PRPHQWRHVWDQGDUL]DEOHHVGHFLUQRIXQFLRQDED (Q  FDPELR  GHVGH  HO  JUXSR  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  WRGR  IXH  LQGLFDWLYR  GHO  IXQFLRQDPLHQWRFRUUHFWRGH22;0/&RPRSUXHEDGHHOORVHxDODURQYHU-RQHV% 0DWXVRZ   /DDSUREDFLyQGHOGHODVUHVSXHVWDV  /DUHDOL]DFLyQGHPiVFDPELRVDDOJXQDVUHVSXHVWDVGXUDQWHHO%50PHMRUDQGR D~QPiVODVGLVSRVLFLRQHVSURSXHVWDV  /D  PHMRUD  GH  OD  FRQIRUPLGDG  GH  SDUWHV  ³WUDQVLWRULDV´  \  RWUDV  ³HVWULFWDV´ 116

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

DUJXPHQWDQGR  TXH  PXFKRV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV QR  HVWDEDQ  GH  DFXHUGR  FRQ  OD LQFRUSRUDFLyQGHODQH[RFRQWHQLHQGRODVSDUWHVREVROHWDV\TXLVLHURQLUPiVOHMRV GLVWLQJXLHQGR  HQWUH  FRQIRUPLGDG  WUDQVLWRULD  \  HVWULFWD  LQFRUSRUDQGR  LQFOXVR  GRV YHUVLRQHVGHORVHVTXHPDVXQR³WUDQVLWRULR´\RWUR³HVWULFWR´TXHULHQGRGHFLUFRQ HVWRTXHWRGDVODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVKHUHGDGDVTXHHVWDEDQSUHYLDPHQWHPDUFDGDVFRPR ³REVROHWDV´IXHURQPRYLGDVHQWRQFHVDXQDQXHYDSDUWHOODPDGD³WUDQVLWRULD´(VWR RIUHFtDODSRVLELOLGDGVHJ~Q%-RQHVGHFUHDUGRFXPHQWRV³HVWULFWRV´VLQXWLOL]DU QLQJXQDGHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVWUDQVLWRULDV /D IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  FRPR  VH  REVHUYD  QR  FHGLy  VLQR  TXH  VH  IXHURQ FRQVROLGDQGR  ODV  YLVLRQHV  GH  ORV  GRV  DUWHIDFWRV  HQIUHQWDGRV  /RV  DUWHIDFWRV  VRQ VLPLODUHVDORVGHVFULSWRVHQHOSDVRLQPHGLDWDPHQWHDQWHULRU 6yORVHREVHUYDXQD SHTXHxDPRGLILFDFLyQHQORVDUWHIDFWRVGHDFXHUGRDODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGHFDGD*65 6HFRQVROLGyHQHODUWHIDFWRGHOJUXSR0LFURVRIW±(FPDODGLVWLQFLyQHQWUHSDUWHV WUDQVLWRULDV\HVWULFWDVWUDVODGiQGRVHGHXQDQH[RDXQDSDUWHGHODHVSHFLILFDFLyQ  /D  HVWUDWHJLD  IXHUWH  GH  0LFURVRIW  SXGR  SRU  OR  WDQWR  FRQVWUXLU  XQ  IRUPDWR  FRQ SRVLELOLGDGHV  GH  DFHSWDUVH  (VWH  DUWHIDFWR  HQ  WpUPLQRV  DQDOtWLFRV  HV  OHYHPHQWH GLIHUHQWHDODQWHULRUSRUHVRVHOROODPDHQHOSUHVHQWHWH[WR 22;0/PVHFPD >³HVWDQGDUL]DEOHSOHQDPHQWHFRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\KDFLDDGHODQWH´@ (VWDVWHQVLRQHVSDVDUtDQDXQQXHYRHVWDGLRFRQHOFLHUUHGHO%50HOGHPDU]R /D,62,(&HOGHDEULOGHDQXQFLyODDSUREDFLyQGHOIRUPDWR',6(Q HVWDRFDVLyQHOIRUPDWRFXPSOLyHOGREOHUHTXLVLWRSDUDVHUDSUREDGRHVGHFLUSRUXQ ODGRREWXYRXQGHORVYRWRVGHORVPLHPEURVGHO-7&\SRURWURODGRUHFLELy VyORGHYRWRVQHJDWLYRVSRUSDUWHGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVWRWDOHVLQVFULSWRVHQ

117

&DSÇWXOR

HO,62,(&D 

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(QHVHPRPHQWRHOJUXSR)/266FRPHQ]yDSXEOLFDUXQDVHULHGHDUWtFXORV\ GHQXQFLDVS~EOLFDVDGHPiVGHFUtWLFDVWpFQLFDVDOIRUPDWR6LHQGRFRKHUHQWHGHHVWH PRGR FRQ ODVFUtWLFDV WDQWR DO SURFHVR \ DODV HVWUDWHJLDV GH 0LFURVRIW FRPR  DO IRUPDWRHQVtFRPRDUWHIDFWRWpFQLFR &RQUHVSHFWRDODVLJQLILFDFLyQGHODUWHIDFWRQDGDFDPELyHQORVPHVHVSRVWHULRUHV DO%50/RVVLJQLILFDQWHVXWLOL]DGRVSDUDVLJQLILFDUD22;0/IXHURQVLPLODUHVDORV \DSUHVHQWDGRV\QRVHUiQLQFOXLGRVDTXtSDUDHYLWDUODUHSHWLFLyQ6yORLQFOX\HURQXQ ~QLFRHOHPHQWRQXHYR\SRVLWLYRSDUD22;0/HOUHFRQRFLPLHQWRGHODVROXFLyQDO SUREOHPDGHODVIHFKDVHOUHVWRVHJ~QODRUJDQL]DFLyQ1R22;0/FRQWLQXyFRQ HUURUHV(VRSXHGHUHSUHVHQWDUVHHQORVWpUPLQRVGHOSUHVHQWHOLEURFRPR 22;0/IORVV >³QRHVWDQGDUL]DEOH´@ &RQUHVSHFWRDODFUtWLFDGHODVHVWUDWHJLDVSRFRpWLFDVGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDHO JUXSR)/266HQVXFRQMXQWRFRQWLQXyDILUPDQGRSULQFLSDOPHQWH HODUUHJORGHOD YRWDFLyQILQDOSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIWFRQORVSUHVLGHQWHVGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV TXLHQHV  R  ELHQ  KLFLHURQ  FDVR  RPLVR  D  ODV  GHFLVLRQHV  GHO  FXHUSR  QDFLRQDO  HQ  VX FRQMXQWR  R  ELHQ  DQWH  OD  IDOWD  GH  FRQVHQVR  DO  LQWHULRU  GHO  FXHUSR  QDFLRQDO VROXFLRQDURQHOGLVHQVRFDPELDQGRHOYRWRGHQHJDWLYRRGHDEVWHQFLyQDDILUPDWLYR -RQHVE6FKHVWRZLW]F  6H  REVHUYD  QXHYDPHQWH  OD  FUtWLFD  DQWH  OD  SXHVWD  HQ  HYLGHQFLD  GH  HOHPHQWRV VXSXHVWDPHQWHQRWpFQLFRVHQHOSURFHVR&DEHVHxDODUTXHORTXHVLHPSUHFULWLFyHO JUXSR)/266IXHODQRDSOLFDFLyQGHORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVTXHULJHQHOGHVDUUROORGHO SURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHQOD,62,(&HVWRHVVXUHJODV\GLUHFWLYDV6HUHFXHUGD (QHOVLJXLHQWHDUWtFXORVHHQFXHQWUDQYtQFXORVDGLUHFFLRQHVZHEGRQGHVHLQIRUPDQVREUHORVDUUHJORVGH 0LFURVRIWFRQORV &XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV GH$OHPDQLD&URDFLD3RORQLD1RUXHJD5HLQR8QLGR'LQDPDUFD\ )LOLSLQDV6FKHVWRZLW]D 

118

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

OR  VHxDODGR  HQ  HO  FDStWXOR    DSDUWDGR    GHO  SUHVHQWH  WH[WR  DO  LQGLFDU  TXH  ORV HVWiQGDUHV  GH  DFXHUGR  D  OD  ,62,(&  GHEHUtDQ  HVWDU  EDVDGRV  HQ  HO  UHVXOWDGR FRQVROLGDGR  GH  OD  FLHQFLD  OD WHFQRORJtD  \ OD H[SHULHQFLD  \  GHEHUtDQ  DSXQWDU  D  OD SURPRFLyQGHEHQHILFLRVySWLPRVSDUDODFRPXQLGDG,62,(& (OHVWiQGDUHV YLVWRGHHVWHPRGRFRPRXQDUWHIDFWRTXHOOHJDDODH[LVWHQFLDJUDFLDVDODDSOLFDFLyQ GHFRQRFLPLHQWRREMHWLYRGHRUGHQFLHQWtILFR\RWHFQROyJLFRTXHFRQWULEXLUiOXHJRD ODSURPRFLyQGHEHQHILFLRVSDUDODFRPXQLGDG (VD  YLVLyQ  QR  WLHQH  SUHVHQWH  TXH  ODV  GLUHFWLYDV  \  QRUPDV  IXHURQ  HQ  DOJ~Q PRPHQWR  IRUPXODFLRQHV  GLVFXUVLYDV  FRQ  YDORUHV  SDUWLFXODUHV  TXH  ORJUDURQ ILQDOPHQWHOOHJDUDHVHQLYHOGH³UHJOD´R³GLUHFWLYD´/RVPRGRVHQTXHpVWDVVH FRQVROLGDURQSXHGHQVHUGLYHUVRVDXQTXHSDUDWULXQIDUGHEHVHUSUHVHQWDGRFRPR ³WpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWH´FRQUHJODVSUHYLDVHVGHFLUGHEHUHVSHWDUODUDFLRQDOLGDG WpFQLFD  SHURVLHPSUH UHSUHVHQWD ODHOHYDFLyQGH ORVYDORUHV GH DOJ~QJUXSR D OD SRVLFLyQGHFyGLJRWpFQLFRVXSXHVWDPHQWHQHXWUDO /D  DSOLFDFLyQ  GH  HVRV  FyGLJRV  WpFQLFRV  HV  OR  TXH  VH  REVHUYD  FRPR  QHWDPHQWH WpFQLFR  \  HQ  HVR  FRQVLVWH  UHVSHWDU  OD  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD   VLQ  HPEDUJR  HVD DSOLFDFLyQ  WDPELpQ  UHSUHVHQWD  YDORUHV  TXH  VH  GHILHQGHQ  FRPR  QHXWUDOHV  SRU  HVWDU DEVROXWDPHQWHLQFRUSRUDGRVRLQWHULRUL]DGRVHQORVVXMHWRVHVWRWLHQHTXHYHUFRQHO PHQFLRQDGR³KRUL]RQWHFXOWXUDO´ 0LFURVRIW±(FPDWDPELpQFRPSDUWHHVRVYDORUHV \ORVWLHQHSUHVHQWHHQWRGRPRPHQWRHVDHVODUD]yQSRUODTXHSUHILHUHGHGLFDUVH GLVFXUVLYDPHQWH  FDVL  H[FOXVLYDPHQWH  D  ODV  FXHVWLRQHV  TXH  VRQ  FRPSDUWLGDV  FRPR QHWDPHQWH  WpFQLFDV  (O  QR  FXPSOLPLHQWR  GH  XQD  QRUPD  VLHPSUH  SXHGH  SRVHHU  XQ FDVWLJR VRFLDO VL HVH[SXHVWR S~EOLFDPHQWH(VWR H[SOLFDOD H[LVWHQFLDGH LQFOXVR PDQLIHVWDFLRQHVS~EOLFDVHQFRQWUDGHHVWHIRUPDWR (OJUXSR)/266SRUORWDQWRIXHHOPiVDFWLYRHQHVWHSHUtRGR0LFURVRIW±

119

&DSÇWXOR

 (VWRVHH[SOLFDDGHPiVSRUODH[LVWHQFLDGHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH/DVPDQLIHVWDFLRQHV IXHURQHQ1RUXHJD\VHPRYLOL]DURQDOUHGHGRUGHSHUVRQDVSRUODVFDOOHVGH2VOR6FKHVWRZLW]E  (UDQSDUWHLQWHJUDQWHGHO0RYLPLHQWRSRUHO6RIWZDUH/LEUHGH1RUXHJD6FKHVWRZLW]F 

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(FPDHQFDPELRVHOLPLWyDRIUHFHUFRPXQLFDGRVLQIRUPDQGRVREUHVXVSURSXHVWDV GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  QHJDQGR  OD  IDOWD  GH  LQWHURSHUDELOLGDG  FRQ  ODV  SODWDIRUPDV EDVDGDVHQ*18/LQX[$OH[%URZQHOSUHVLGHQWHOD:*GHO-7&GHFODUy ³$SHVDUGHODJUDQFRQWURYHUVLDHQWRUQRDpOODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH2SHQ2IILFH ;0/22;0/ HVXQDJUDQQRWLFLDSDUDORVQHJRFLRV&RPRODJUDQPD\RUtD GH  ODV  RUJDQL]DFLRQHV  HQ  HO  PXQGR  GHVDUUROODGR XWLOL]D  ODV  DSOLFDFLRQHV  GH HVFULWRULRGH0LFURVRIWHVXQLPSRUWDQWHSDVRTXHORVGDWRVFRQWHQLGRVHQHVWRV GRFXPHQWRVSXHGDQDKRUDDFFHGHUVHGHVGHFXDOTXLHUKHUUDPLHQWD;0/(VWR DEUH  ILQDOPHQWH  HO  FDPLQR  D  TXH  ORV  GRFXPHQWRV  KHUHGDGRV  SXHGDQ  VHU DFFHGLGRVSDUD FRQIRUPLGDG DUFKLYR\PLJUDFLyQKDFLDRWURVVLVWHPDVTXHQR VHDQGH0LFURVRIW´6FKHVWRZLW]GWUDGXFFLyQSURSLD

/D,62,(&SRUORWDQWRGHDFXHUGRDVXIXQFLRQDULR$OH[%URZQHQWHQGLyOD DSUREDFLyQGHOHVWiQGDUFRPRDOJRSRVLWLYR/D,62,(&LQWHQWySRUWRGRVORVPHGLRV VDOYDU  VX  SRVLFLyQ  GH  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  WpFQLFD  QHXWUDO MXVWLILFDQGR  OD  DSUREDFLyQ  GHO IRUPDWR  FRPR  VXFHGLGD  GHQWUR  GH  ORV  PDUFRV  OHJDOHV  SUHHVWDEOHFLGRV  SRU  ODV GLUHFWLYDVGHO-7&GHOD,62,(&YHU,62VG (VWHDUWHIDFWRVHOODPy 22;0/FQ >³HVWDQGDUL]DEOHSOHQDPHQWHFRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\KDFLDDGHODQWH´@ (VWHQXHYRDUWHIDFWRHVFRLQFLGHQWHFRQHOGH0LFURVRIW(FPD3RUORWDQWR 22;0/PVHFPD >³HVWDQGDUL]DEOHSOHQDPHQWH FRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\ KDFLDDGHODQWH´@

22;0/FQ >³HVWDQGDUL]DEOHSOHQDPHQWH FRPSDWLEOHKDFLDDWUiV\KDFLD DGHODQWH´@

$TXtOODPDODDWHQFLyQTXHODFRQIXVLyQDODVTXHOOHYDHOQRPEUHGHOIRUPDWRVHDDILUPDGDDXQTXHVLQ LQWHQFLyQSRU%URZQDOOODPDUDOIRUPDWR2SHQ2IILFH;0/YLQFXODEOHD2')\D2SHQ2IILFHRUJ HQ OXJDUGHOODPDUOR2IILFH2SHQ;0/HOSURSLRGH0LFURVRIW 

120

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

)LQDOPHQWHDILQDOHVGHPD\RFRPHQ]DURQODVDSHODFLRQHVDHVWDDSUREDFLyQ

4.6 L AS

APELACIONES Y DESPUÉS

4.6.1. L AS

AP EL AC IONES

/DV  DSHODFLRQHV  HVWiQ  FRQWHPSODGDV  HQ  ORV  SURFHGLPLHQWRV  GHO  -7&     GH  OD ,62,(&  SDUD SRGHU OOHJDU D XQFRQVHQVR  (Q HVWD RFDVLyQIXHURQ UHDOL]DGDVSRU %UDVLO,QGLD5HS~EOLFD6XGDIULFDQD\9HQH]XHOD/DVFUtWLFDVIXQGDPHQWDOHVIXHURQ DOWLHPSRGDGRDODGLVFXVLyQGHODVSURSXHVWDVHPLWLGDVSRU0LFURVRIW±(FPD\HQ GHILQLWLYDDODLQPDGXUH]GHOIRUPDWR22;0/SDUDVHUHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDO3HUR IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWHODDSHODFLyQVHUHDOL]yDOHJDQGRTXHODDSUREDFLyQVHUHDOL]yVLQ VHJXLUODVQRUPDVGHOD,62 ³(OGHMXQLRGH\WUDVHOH[DPHQGHGLFKDVDSHODFLRQHV HO&(2GH ,62,(&$ODQ%U\GHQ>UHFRPHQGy@DVXVFRPLWpVWpFQLFRV70%HQHOFDVRGH ,62\60%HQHOFDVRGH,(& QRFRQWLQXDUFRQODVDSHODFLRQHV3DUDHOORVH >FRQYRFyD@XQDYRWDFLyQHQWUHORVSDtVHVFRQUHSUHVHQWDFLyQHQ70%\60% SDUD  FRQRFHU  VL  WUDV  VX  SURSLR  DQiOLVLV  >DFHSWDEDQ@  R  >UHFKD]DEDQ@  OD UHFRPHQGDFLyQGHO>SUHVLGHQWH@GH,629RWDFLyQTXH>ILQDOL]y@HOGH$JRVWR GH´0RQWHQHJUR 

(O    GH  DJRVWR  GH    OD  ,62,(&  ODQ]y  XQ  FRPXQLFDGR  GH  SUHQVD  GRQGH LQIRUPDEDTXHGHFLGtDQQRFRQWLQXDUFRQHOSURFHVDPLHQWRGHODVDSHODFLRQHV,62 E $UJXPHQWDQGRPiVHVSHFtILFDPHQWHTXH ³1LQJXQDGHODVDSHODFLRQHVGH%UDVLO,QGLD6XGiIULFD\9HQH]XHODUHFLELHURQ HO DSR\R GHORVGRV WHUFLRV GH ORVPLHPEURVGHO &RQVHMR GH$GPLQLVWUDFLyQ 7pFQLFDGHOD,6270% \HO&RQVHMRGH$GPLQLVWUDFLyQGH(VWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH OD,(&60% WDOFRPRORUHTXLHUHQODVUHJODVGHOD,62,(&TXHJRELHUQDQHO

121

&DSÇWXOR

WUDEDMRGHVXFRPLWpWpFQLFRFRQMXQWR,62,(&-7&,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

'HDFXHUGRDODVQRUPDVGHOD,62,(&HO',6>22;0/@SXHGHVHU SXEOLFDGRFRPRXQ(VWiQGDU,QWHUQDFLRQDO,62,(&´,62E 

/DSXEOLFDFLyQSRUSDUWHGHOD,62GHOHVWiQGDUHOGHQRYLHPEUHGH,62 F PDUFyHOFLHUUHGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/ OODPDGRGHVGHHVHPRPHQWR³,6´ /D  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GH  OD  ,62,(&  WXYR  UHSHUFXVLRQHV  HQ  ODV  GHFODUDFLRQHV  GH GLIHUHQWHV  (VWDGRV TXLHQHV GHFODUDURQ TXH DFHSWDUtDQ  OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH  FXDOTXLHU HVWiQGDU  DELHUWR  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  DSUREDGR  SRU  OD  ,62  LQFOX\pQGRVH  REYLDPHQWH  HO IRUPDWR2IILFH2SHQ;0/6LQHPEDUJRQRPDUFDURQSUHIHUHQFLDVSRUQLQJXQRGH ORVGRVLQLFLDOPHQWHVyORHOJRELHUQRQRUXHJR 

4.6.2. D ESPUÉS (OJUXSR)/266D~QFRQWLQ~DUHDOL]DQGRFRPHQWDULRVFUtWLFRVD22;0/\GH KHFKR  VH  UHDYLYDURQ  ORV  PDOHVWDUHV  ODWHQWHV  GRV  DxRV  GHVSXpV  HQ  DEULO  GH   FXDQGR $OH[  %URZQ  SXEOLFy  XQD  FUtWLFD  DO  IRUPDWR  22;0/  DILUPDQGR  TXH  QR SDVDEDODVSUXHEDVWpFQLFDVGHHVWiQGDU%URZQ (VWRQRWXYRFRQVHFXHQFLDV HQFRQWUDGH2IILFH2SHQ;0/'HWRGRVPRGRVODVDFWLYLGDGHVGHOJUXSR)/266 D~Q  FRQWLQ~DQ  &DGD  XQR  GH  HVWRV  *65  VLJXHQ  WHQLHQGR  UHXQLRQHV  FRQ  DVHVRUHV WpFQLFRVGHSROtWLFRV\VXMHWRVFRQFDSDFLGDGGHGHFLVLyQSROtWLFDVREUHODVPHGLGDVD VHJXLUHQPDWHULDGHVRIWZDUH 6HREVHUYDSRUORWDQWRTXHQRVHKDSURGXFLGRXQDFODXVXUDVLQRTXHDPERV DUWHIDFWRVSHUGXUDQDSHVDUGHTXHHOSDVRLPSRUWDQWHTXHVLJQLILFDODDSUREDFLyQGH OD  ,62  KD\D  RULHQWDGR  OD  EDODQ]D  HQ  IDYRU  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/ GHILQLGR  HQ  ORV WpUPLQRVGH0LFURVRIW /DSRVLELOLGDGGHFODXVXUDWLHQHHVWUHFKDUHODFLyQFRQHOFRQIOLFWRHQWUHVRIWZDUH ,6VRQODVVLJODVSDUD,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUGRHQFDVWHOODQR(VWiQGDU,QWHUQDFLRQDO  (VWDGRV8QLGRV5HLQR8QLGR6XL]D6XHFLD6XL]D/LWXDQLD-DSyQ$OHPDQLD'LQDPDUFD%pOJLFD\ $XVWUDOLD

122

El proceso “Fast-Track”…

OLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR\KDVWDWDQWRQRKD\DXQDFODXVXUDHQpOQRSRGUiKDEHU FODXVXUDHQ22;0/2WUDVROXFLyQSRVLEOHHVTXH22;0/VHUHVLJQLILTXHHQORV WpUPLQRVLQGLFDGRVSRUHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\DTXHpVWHHVHOPiV DItQDODVQRUPDVGHOD,62,(&/RVSUREOHPDVVHWRUQDQHYLGHQWHVLQFOXVRHQHO WUDWDPLHQWRGH0LFURVRIWGHOIRUPDWRDOQRGDUVRSRUWHSOHQRHQVXVVXLWHVRILPiWLFDV DO  HVWiQGDU  (O  SURSLR  'RXJ  0DKXJK     XQD  GH  ODV  ILJXUDV  PiV  YLVLEOHV  GH 0LFURVRIW  HQ  HO   SURFHVR  DILUPy  TXH  UHFLpQ  KDEUtD  FRPSDWLELOLGDG  SOHQD  FRQ  HO FRPSRQHQWH³HVWULFWR´GHOIRUPDWRHQODYHUVLyQGH2IILFHDODQ]DUVHDILQDOHVGH RDSULQFLSLRVGH (VWRSHUPLWHGDUFXHQWDGHORVSUREOHPDVGHORVUHTXHULPLHQWRV GHOIRUPDWR\ DGHPiVGHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRSURSLRGH0LFURVRIW6XLQWHUpVHUDSRGHUDSUREDUXQ HVWiQGDUDOWHUQDWLYRDOSURPRYLGR\GHVDUUROODGRSRUHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUH OLEUH\SXGRORJUDUOR

123

&DSÇWXOR

 9HU  OD  QRWLFLD  GHO  ODQ]DPLHQWR  GHO  2IILFH    HQ KWWSZZZRIILFHFRP  (Q  HVD  SiJLQD  QR  VH HQFXHQWUDQLQJXQDLQIRUPDFLyQVREUHODFRPSDWLELOLGDGSOHQDFRQ22;0/

124

CAPÍTULO 5. PALABRAS FINALES

125

126

Palabras finales

5.1 E L LUGAR DEL CAPITALISMO , LA HISTORIA Y DE LOS GRUPOS SOCIALES HETERÓNOMOS 5.1.1. E L

C APITALISM O Y L A HISTORI A

(O  FDSLWDOLVPR  HQ  WRGR  HO  SURFHVR  VLUYH  FRPR  XQ  VLVWHPD  TXH  LQIOXHQFLD IXHUWHPHQWHDORVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV/DVVLJQLILFDFLRQHV\FRQVWLWXFLRQHVGHORV DUWHIDFWRVUHDOL]DGDVSRUORV*65QRVHUiQGHHVWHPRGRSOHQDPHQWHFRQWLQJHQWHV VLQRTXHGHSHQGHUiQGHORVPRGRVHQTXHHOJUXSRVRFLDOLQWHUDFW~HRDFFLRQHRKD\D DFFLRQDGRKLVWyULFDPHQWH IUHQWHDOVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDDGHPiV\FRQVHFXHQWHPHQWH GHSHQGHUiQGHORVSURFHVRVKLVWyULFRVSDVDGRVFRPRVHDILUPyHQHOFDStWXORWHyULFR GHODSUHVHQWHREUD
127

&DSÇWXOR

PXQGLDOPHQWH  ODV  EDVHV  FDSLWDOLVWDV  TXH  RFDVLRQDURQ  VX  SURSLD  UHDFFLyQ  \

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VXUJLPLHQWR  6LQ  HPEDUJR  HVD  PLVPD  UHDFFLyQ  IXH  GHFLVLYD  SDUD  OD  FUHDFLyQ  \ H[SDQVLyQGHVXSURSLRPRGHOROLEUHDELHUWR\FRODERUDWLYRGHWUDEDMDUDRWUDViUHDV\ iPELWRVHFRQyPLFRV\HPSUHVDULDOHV 'H  HVWH PRGR  VX VLJQLILFDFLyQ GH 22;0/ WDPELpQ  \OODPDWLYDPHQWH SXHGH PRVWUDUHVRVPLVPRVVLJQRV3DUHFHUtDH[WUDHUVHGHWRGRHOSURFHVRTXHXQHVWiQGDU SDUDHOJUXSR)/266QRGHEHVHUYLVWRFRPRPHUFDQFtD'HHVHPRGRXQHVWiQGDU QRSXHGHVHUFUHDGRSRUXQDHPSUHVDSDUDVDWLVIDFHUVXSURSLRFLFORGHYDORUL]DFLyQ GHOFDSLWDORHQWpUPLQRVPiVSODQRVSDUDHQULTXHFHUORVQHJRFLRVGH0LFURVRIW1R GHEH  VHU  GLVHxDGR  DGHPiV  HQ  WpUPLQRV  FHUUDGRV  FRPR  SDUHFH  KDEHU  TXHULGR LQWHQWDUOR0LFURVRIW ±(FPD  (Q  GHIHQVD GH VXSURSLR PRGHOR GH GHVDUUROOR KDQ GHIHQGLGRHOGLVHxRGHOHVWiQGDU22;0/GHXQDIRUPDDELHUWDSRUHOORHQWRGRHO SURFHVRQRKDVLGRLQXVXDOYHUEORJVFRPXQLFDGRVPDLOV\QRWLFLDVVROLFLWDQGRDODV SHUVRQDVTXHUHFODPDUDQ\HQYLDUiQFRPHQWDULRVDORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVGHVXV SURSLRV  SDtVHV  (VH  IXH  XQ  DFFLRQDU  WUDGLFLRQDO  (Q  $UJHQWLQD  GLIHUHQWHV RUJDQL]DFLRQHVGHVRIWZDUHOLEUHFRPR*UX/LF\&D)H/XJVHPDQLIHVWDURQHQFRQWUD GHOIRUPDWR\OODPDURQIUHFXHQWHPHQWHDODDFFLyQDWRGDVODVSHUVRQDV/DSiJLQD\ RUJDQLVPR  ³1R22;0/´  VXUJLy  HVSHFLDOPHQWH  FRPR  XQ  iPELWR  GH  GLVFXVLyQ  \ RUJDQL]DFLyQHQFRQWUDGH22;0/*URNODZWDPELpQIXHXQLPSRUWDQWH³IUHQWH´GH OXFKD  GHVGH  HO  JUXSR  )/266  HQ  FRQWUD  GHO  IRUPDWR  'H  HVWD  IRUPD  HO  PRGHOR FRODERUDWLYROLEUH\DELHUWRVLUYLySDUDDUPDUFUtWLFDVWpFQLFDVSRUPHQRUL]DGDVDODV HVSHFLILFDFLRQHVGHOIRUPDWRSRUXQODGR\SDUDRUJDQL]DUDFWLYLGDGHVFRQFUHWDVGH SUHVLyQDORVGLIHUHQWHVFXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHVSRUHORWUR/DDSHUWXUD\FRODERUDFLyQ IXHWDPELpQHOPRGHORXWLOL]DGRSDUDUHDFFLRQDU\DFWXDUHQFRQWUDGH2IILFH2SHQ ;0/ 6XDFWLYLGDGDGHPiVQRIXHHQFRQWUDGHTXHUHURUJDQL]DUQHJRFLRVDSDUWLUGHXQ HVWiQGDUHQJHQHUDOVLQRDODLGHDGHTXHTXLVLHUDTXHEUDQWDUVHODLQWHJULGDGWpFQLFDR UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDGHOSURFHVR6HFULWLFDURQDQWHWRGRORVLQWHQWRVPRQRSyOLFRVGH 128

Palabras finales

0LFURVRIW\ODFRUUXSFLyQTXHOOHYyDOD,62,(&GHVGHHO³3HUtRGRGHYRWDFLyQGH FLQFRPHVHV´ 6LQWpWLFDPHQWH  HO  JUXSR  )/266  IXQGDPHQWDOPHQWH  HO  PRYLPLHQWR  SRU  HO VRIWZDUHOLEUH KDVXUJLGRFRPRPDQLIHVWDFLyQFRQWUDULDDODOyJLFDGHH[SDQVLyQGHO FDSLWDOHQHOPRPHQWRHQTXHpVWDOOHJDDOFDPSRGHOVRIWZDUH'HDKt\DOLPHQWDGR SRUODFXOWXUDDFDGpPLFDXQLYHUVLWDULD DFRVWXPEUDGDDFRPSDUWLUHOFRQRFLPLHQWR\ GHMDUORIOXLUOLEUHPHQWHFRVWXPEUHV³KDFNHUV´VHJ~Q5LFKDUG6WDOOPDQ RUJDQL]DURQ XQDUHDFFLyQFRQODFRPELQDFLyQGHHVWRVHOHPHQWRV(VDUHDFFLyQ \FRQVHFXHQWH PRGRGHRUJDQL]DUODSURGXFFLyQGHVRIWZDUHPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR ORJXLDURQHQHO SURFHVRGHVLJQLILFDUD2IILFH2SHQ;0/ 3RURWURODGRSXHGHKDEODUVHGH0LFURVRIW6XDQiOLVLVHVPiVVHQFLOOR\FOiVLFR (O  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GH  OD  HPSUHVD  SURSLHGDG  GH  %LOO  *DWHV  VH  HQFXHQWUD LPSUHJQDGR  SRU  ODV  QHFHVLGDGHV  GHO  FDSLWDO  (O  FDSLWDO  FRQVWDQWHPHQWH  EXVFD  OD H[SDQVLyQ  \  FUHFLPLHQWR  LQWHQWDQGR  LQFUHPHQWDU  HO  GLQHUR  LQYHUWLGR  DO  LQLFLDU  HO SURFHVR  GH  YDORUL]DFLyQ  GHO  FDSLWDO  0LFURVRIW  FRPSURPHWLGD  FRQ  XQ  PRGHOR PRQRSROLVWD  WUDGLFLRQDO  GH  H[SORWDFLyQ  YLR  HQ  2')  XQ  SHOLJUR  D  VX  SRVLFLyQ GRPLQDQWHHQHOPHUFDGRGHSDTXHWHVRILPiWLFRVDOFRPHQ]DUDUHFLELUpVWHHODYDOGH DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV  S~EOLFDV  HXURSHDV  5DQFKDO     DQWH  HVWR  GHFLGLy DSURYHFKDQGR  ODV  UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  LQLFLDU  HO  SURFHVR  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHVXIRUPDWRHVSHFLDOPHQWHGLVHxDGRSDUDHOOR (O  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  GH  0LFURVRIW  FRPR  PDUFR  JHQHUDO  TXH  JXtD  DFFLRQHV  \ SHQVDPLHQWRVHQXQVHQWLGRGRPLQDGRSRUODOyJLFDGHYDORUL]DFLyQGHOFDSLWDOORKD RULHQWDGRDSURWHJHUVXSRVLFLyQGRPLQDQWHHQHOPHUFDGRGHSURJUDPDVRILPiWLFRV (OSUREOHPDUHVLGLyHQTXHODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHOD8QLyQ(XURSHDHUDQDILQHVD FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV QRFRQWHPSODGDVHQVXPDUFR WHFQROyJLFR VLQR  HQODVSURSLDVGHO

129

&DSÇWXOR

 9DOH  UHFRUGDU  FRPR  VH  GLMR  HQ  HO  FDStWXOR  TXH  VX  UHDFFLyQ  QR  IXH  DQWLFDSLWDOLVWD  3RU  HOOR  SXGR GHVDUUROODUVHWRGRXQQXHYRPRGHORGHQHJRFLRV

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VRIWZDUHOLEUH3RUHVWHPRWLYRLGHyQXHYDVIRUPDVGHVLJQLILFDUOD³DSHUWXUD´GHO VRIWZDUH  PHGLDQWH  OD  FUHDFLyQ  GH  VXV  SURPHVDV  \  SDFWRV  GH  QR  GHPDQGDU  OD &RYHQDQW1RWWR6XH &16 \2SHQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URPLVH 263 (OSUREOHPD UHVLGLyHQHOKHFKRGHTXHVXVPRGRVGHGHVDUUROODUVRIWZDUHKDQLPSOLFDGRGHVGHVXV FRPLHQ]RVODQRFRPSDWLELOLGDGSOHQDFRQRWUDVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH\GHHOOR KL]RXQDHVWUDWHJLDSRUODUJRVDxRV(VWRVSUREOHPDVVHHYLGHQFLDQDOGtDGHKR\DOQR KDEHU  SRGLGR  ODQ]DU  D~Q  XQD  YHUVLyQ  FRPSDWLEOH  FRQ  VXV  SURSLR  HVWiQGDU LQWHUQDFLRQDO3RUHVWHPRWLYRQRKDQLPSRUWDGRVXVHVWUDWHJLDVOHJDOHVHVWRHVOD &16  \  OD  263  \  HO  IRUPDWR  KD  VLGR  VLJQLILFDGR  SRU  HVWH  JUXSR  HQ  XQ  PRGR FRQWUDGLFWRULR  FRQ  VX  SURSLR  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  /OHYDQGR  D  ODV  FRQWUDGLFFLRQHV PHQFLRQDGDVHQHOFDStWXOR\DODVDFFLRQHVGHVFULSWDVFRPRQRpWLFDVSRUHOJUXSR )/266 )LQDOPHQWHVHGHEHPHQFLRQDUDOWHUFHU*65(OJUXSRGHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHV GHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQHVEDVWDQWHKHWHURJpQHR'HWRGRVPRGRVSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHHQ WDQWRSDUWHLQWHJUDQWHGHOD,62,(&FRPSDUWHQFRQHOODORVHOHPHQWRVVHxDODGRVHQ HOSXQWRGHOFDStWXORFRPRVXVSURSLRVDWULEXWRV/RVFXHUSRVQDFLRQDOHVGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ\OD,62,(&HQWpUPLQRVKLVWyULFRVUHSUHVHQWDQYDORUHVEDVWDQWH KHWHURJpQHRVSHURWRGRVHOORVFRPSDUWHQXQUDVJRSRVHHQXQHOHPHQWRFRP~QVHU KLMRVGHODPRGHUQLGDG&RQHVWRVHTXLHUHGHFLUTXHWLHQHQDODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD FRPRJXtDGHOWUDEDMRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGLVHxR\HYDOXDFLyQGHHVWiQGDUHV6LVHHVWi GH  DFXHUGR  FRQ  DOJXQRV  WHyULFRV  FRPR  *UQHU     SRGUtDPRV  GHFLU  TXH ³PRGHUQLGDG´  HV  XQD  IRUPD  HXIHPtVWLFD  GH GHFLU  ³FDSLWDOLVPR´  GH  HVWH  PRGR  HO VLVWHPD  FDSLWDOLVWD  HV  HO  FDUDFWHUL]DGR  KLVWyULFDPHQWH  SRU  OD  FHQWUDOLGDG  GH  OD

(QFDVWHOODQR&RPSURPLVRGHQR'HPDQGDU (QFDVWHOODQR3URPHVDGH(VSHFLILFDFLyQ$ELHUWD3DUDOD263YHUHOFDStWXORSXQWR  /D  ,62  KD  VLGR  VHxDODGD  FRPR  XQD  LQVWLWXFLyQ  VXUJLGD  GH  YDORUHV  WDQ  DQWLWpWLFRV  FRPR  FDSLWDOLVWDV VRFLDOLVWDV\SURJUHVLVWDV

130

Palabras finales

UDFLRQDOLGDG  HQ  JHQHUDO  \  HQWUH  HOODV  OD  UDFLRQDOLGDG  WpFQLFD   /D  ,62,(&  KD HQFDUQDGR  SRU  OR  WDQWR  SDUWH  GH  HVH  HVStULWX  UDFLRQDO  WpFQLFR  PRGHUQR  HQ  HO GHVDUUROORGHHVWiQGDUHV ,JXDOPHQWHXQGDWRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRGHOD,62,(&HVTXHORVHVWiQGDUHVSRUHOORV FRQVWUXLGRVVRQSXHVWRVHQYHQWD\SURWHJLGRVPHGLDQWHHOFRS\ULJKWWUDGLFLRQDO(QOD SiJLQD  GH  OD  ,62  SXHGH  OHHUVH  HQ  P~OWLSOHV  \  GLYHUVRV  OXJDUHV  ODV  DFODUDFLRQHV SHUWLQHQWHV  DO  FRS\ULJKW  TXH  SURWHJHQ  WRGRV  VXV  HVWiQGDUHV  (V  FLHUWR  TXH  ORV HVWiQGDUHVDOPHQRVHO,6X2IILFH2SHQ;0/SXHGHVHUEDMDGR3HURHV EDVWDQWHLQWULQFDGRHOPRGRHQTXHHOORSXHGHORJUDUVH/RPiVFODURHLQWXLWLYRHVHO PRGRGHFRPSUDUOR6XHQDH[WUDxRUHDOPHQWHVHPHMDQWHSURWHFFLyQ\UHVWULFFLyQDO DFFHVRWUDWiQGRVHGHXQHVWiQGDUGLVHxDGRSDUDPHMRUDUORVHVWiQGDUHVSURGXFWLYRVGH ODLQGXVWULD(VWiFODURTXHODPHUFDQWLOL]DFLyQGHORVHVWiQGDUHVVHKDSURGXFLGR\HV SURPRYLGD\GHIHQGLGDYLJRURVDPHQWHSRUOD,62,(&6LQHPEDUJRVLELHQHVXQ GDWR  VLJQLILFDWLYR  GH  XQD  RUJDQL]DFLyQ  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  LQWHUQDFLRQDO  OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHHVWiQGDUHVLQWHQWDIHUYLHQWHPHQWHUHDOL]DUVHVLJXLHQGRODILFFLyQGH UDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD 3RU  OR  WDQWR  SRVHHQ  UHJODPHQWDFLRQHV  \  GLUHFWLYDV  FRKHUHQWHV  FRQ  HO  PDUFR WHFQROyJLFR  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  HQ  P~OWLSOHV  DVSHFWRV  SHUR  VLQ  HPEDUJR  WDPELpQ SRVHHQ  FRQWUDGLFWRULDPHQWH  XQ  HOHPHQWR  GH  WLSR  SULYDWLYR  FRPR  HO  FRS\ULJKW WUDGLFLRQDOTXHLPSLGHHOFRPSDUWLUODVHVSHFLILFDFLRQHVGHORVHVWiQGDUHVVXFRSLD\ VX  OLEUH  GLVWULEXFLyQ  7HQLHQGR  SUHVHQWH  HVWR  SDUHFLHUD  HQFRQWUDUVH  XQD  SXQWD  GH RYLOORWHQGLHQWHDVHxDODUSRUTXpILQDOPHQWHSXGRGHVDUUROODUVHXQFRQIOLFWRGHWDQ VLJQLILFDWLYDHVFDODDOLQWHULRUGHOD,62,(&6LQHPEDUJRDQWHODIDOWDGHSUXHEDVHV PHMRUVyORVXSRQHUORPiVIDFWLEOHTXHWRGRHOFRQIOLFWRKDSRGLGRGHVDUUROODUVH JUDFLDVDOIDFLOLWDGRUHVHQFLDOTXHHOH[WUHPRSRGHU\GLQHURVLJQLILFDQ

131

&DSÇWXOR

$OJRVLPLODUDHVWRVHPHQFLRQyHQHOFDStWXORWHyULFRPHQFLRQDQGRD$QGUHZ)HHQEHUJ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

5.1.2. L OS

GRUPOS SOCI ALES HETERÓNOM OS

(VWHHVHOPRPHQWRHQTXHFDEHUHDOL]DUXQDPHQFLyQDDTXHOORVJUXSRVVHxDODGRV FRPRROYLGDGRVHQODFRQFHSFLyQFRQVWUXFWLYLVWDGHOHQIRTXH6&27(VWRVJUXSRV KDQ  VLGR  OODPDGRV  HQ  HO  SUHVHQWH  WH[WR  ³JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  KHWHUyQRPRV´ $TXt  VH LQFOXLUtDQ  ODV  HPSUHVDV  XVXDULRV  SDUWLFXODUHV  \  GHPiV  VXMHWRV  TXH  QR  SDUWLFLSDQ GLUHFWDPHQWHHQODVLJQLILFDFLyQ\XWLOL]DQODDSOLFDFLyQTXHVXSXHVWDPHQWHXVDOD HVSHFLILFDFLyQ  22;0/  HO  SDTXHWH  RILPiWLFR  ³2IILFH  ´  R  HO  ³´  (VWH JUXSRHVSDUWHGHXQDUHFHSFLyQSDVLYDTXHVHLQVFULEHHQODGLVSXWDPD\RUHQWUH VRIWZDUHOLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRWHQVLyQTXHIXQFLRQDFRPRDPELHQWHPiVDPSOLR HQHOTXHVHGHVDUUROODODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHQWRUQRDODUWHIDFWR22;0/ 'H  HVWH  PRGR  HOORV  UHFLEHQ  SDVLYDPHQWH  ODV  HVSHFLILFDFLRQHV  GHO  IRUPDWR  VLQ VLTXLHUDQRWDUTXpHVORTXHXWLOL]DQQLGHGyQGHSURYLHQHVXGHVDUUROOR(OORVGDQ VRSRUWH  LQFRQVFLHQWH  DO  IRUPDWR  22;0/  DO  XWLOL]DUOR  \D  VHD  FRPSUiQGROR  R DGTXLULpQGROR³SLUDWD´ 6HDFODUDILQDOPHQWHTXHHVWDH[SOLFLWDFLyQGHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRVVH GHVDUUROODDOILQDOGHOWH[WRSDUDVHxDODUTXHHOORVVRQVLHPSUHODSDUWHILQDOGHWRGR SURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDV(QHOSURFHVRGHVLJQLILFDFLyQGHODUWHIDFWR VH  YDQ  LQFRUSRUDQGR  HOHPHQWRV  TXH  ILQDOPHQWH  VRQ  VLJQLILFDGRV  SUHVHQWHV  HQ  OD WHFQRORJtDTXHVDOHDOPHUFDGRRODFLUFXODFLyQSRUFXDOTXLHUPHGLRDOWHUQDWLYR \HV HQHVDFLUFXODFLyQGRQGHODDFWLYLGDGGHHVWRVJUXSRVFREUDVXLPSRUWDQFLDSDUDOD DILUPDFLyQGHODVUHODFLRQHVGHSRGHUTXHGLHURQIRUPDDODUWHIDFWR$SOLFDQGRHVWRDO FDVRHVWXGLDGRODJUDQFDQWLGDGGHSHUVRQDVTXHXWLOL]DQORVSURJUDPDVRILPiWLFRVGH 0LFURVRIWDSDUWLUGHODYHUVLyQGDQVXDSR\RLQGLUHFWRVLQVDEHUORDOIRUPDWR 22;0/PiVDOOiGHTXHVXDSOLFDFLyQQRVHKD\DD~QGHVDUUROODGRtQWHJUDPHQWHHQ HVRVSURJUDPDV

$XQTXHVyORVHRIUH]FDVRSRUWHtQWHJURSDUDODSDUWHWUDQVLFLRQDO\GHOHFWXUDQRGHHVFULWXUDSDUDOD SDUWHHVWULFWDHQ2IILFH

132

CAPÍTULO 6. CONCLUSIONES: SÍNTESIS EMPÍRICO-TEÓRICA

133

134

Conclusiones

6.1 L A F LEXIBILIDAD INTERPRETATIVA, LA U NIÓN EUROPEA Y EL PROCESO DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN INTERNACIONAL : LOS GRUPOS SOCIALES RELEVANTES (QWpUPLQRVHPStULFRVVHKDQSUHVHQWDGRHQHOOLEURODVFDXVDVTXHPRWLYDURQHO GHVDUUROOR  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/ SRU  SDUWH  0LFURVRIW  \  HO  SURFHVR  JHQHUDO  GH  VX FRQVWLWXFLyQ 6H  VHxDODURQ  GHVGH  XQ  FRPLHQ]R  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  ODV  WHQVLRQHV H[LVWHQWHV  HQ  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GH  OR  TXH  HV  ³VRIWZDUH´  HQWUH  ORV  SDUWLGDULRV  GHO VRIWZDUH  SULYDWLYR  \  HO  PRYLPLHQWR  SRU  HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  6H  H[SXVLHURQ  DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV  TXH  VH  HQFXHQWUDQ  HQ  HO  RULJHQ  GH  OD IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  HQ  OD VLJQLILFDFLyQGHO³VRIWZDUH´HQWUHVRIWZDUHOLEUH\SULYDWLYR \HOPRGRHQTXHHVWH SDQRUDPD  IXQFLRQD  GH  PDUFR  TXH  GD  IRUPD  D  OD  IOH[LELOLGDG  LQWHUSUHWDWLYD  HQ  OD FRQVWUXFFLyQGHOIRUPDWR22;0/7HQLHQGRSUHVHQWHHVWRHOWH[WRLQWHQWyVHxDODU TXHHORULJHQGHOIRUPDWR22;0/VHH[SOLFDMXVWDPHQWHSRUODVWHQVLRQHVKLVWyULFDV HQWUH  HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  \  HO  SULYDWLYR  WHQVLRQHV  TXH  RULHQWDURQ  D  0LFURVRIW  D GHVDUUROODU22;0/HQOXJDUGHLQFRUSRUDU2')DVXVVXLWHVRILPiWLFDV 2WUR GH ORV HOHPHQWRVFRQVLGHUDGRV IXQGDPHQWDOHV HQ HO LQLFLRGHO SURFHVR GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GH  22;0/ IXHURQ  ODV  UHFRPHQGDFLRQHV  GH  OD  8(  DFHUFD  GH  OD QHFHVLGDG  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DU  LQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH  ORV  IRUPDWRV  GH  JXDUGDGR  GH  ORV DUFKLYRVHOHFWUyQLFRVGHRILFLQD$SURYHFKDQGRHVWDVDFFLRQHV0LFURVRIWSXGRLQLFLDU FRQPD\RUVXVWHQWRHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGHOIRUPDWRDQDOL]DGR 3DUDHODQiOLVLVJHQHUDOGHOSURFHVRGHHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQVHXWLOL]DURQHQHOSUHVHQWH OLEURORVFRQFHSWRVSURSLRVGHODWUDGLFLyQGHOD&RQVWUXFFLyQ6RFLDOGHOD7HFQRORJtD HQIRTXH6&27 FRUULHQWHGHSHQVDPLHQWRLQVFULSWDHQHO&RQVWUXFWLYLVPR6RFLDOGH OD  7HFQRORJtD  (O  SULPHU  FRQFHSWR  XWLOL]DGR  IXH  ³JUXSR  VRFLDO  UHOHYDQWH´  \  VH LGHQWLILFDURQ  HO  JUXSR  )/266  HO  JUXSR  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  \  FRPR  *65  FRQ SURSLHGDGHV  GLIHUHQWHV  ORV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  GH  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  eVWRV  VH LGHQWLILFDURQ  WHQLHQGR  SUHVHQWH  OD  VLJQLILFDFLyQ  GDGD  D  22;0/  GH  DKt  TXH  VH

135

&DSÇWXOR

FRQVLGHUDUDQ  SDUWH  GHO  JUXSR  )/266  D  ,%0  \  D  *RRJOH  \  QR  VyOR  D  ORV  TXH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHVHLQFRUSRUDUtDQHQpOFRPRVRQODVGRVJUDQGHVYHUWLHQWHVHQODV TXHVHGLYLGHODFRPXQLGDGGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHDQLYHOPXQGLDOOD)6)\OD26,  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  SRU  VX  SDUWH  VH  GHFLGLy  OODPDU  GH  HVH  PRGR  SRUTXH  VL  ELHQ 0LFURVRIWHVHODFWRUIXQGDPHQWDOVHXWLOL]yODHVWUXFWXUDGH(FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOSDUD LQLFLDU  OD  HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ  GHO  IRUPDWR  22;0/  /RV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  IXHURQ FRQVLGHUDGRVFRQODSDUWLFXODULGDGHVSHFLDOTXHSRVHHXQRUJDQLVPRTXHHQFDUQDOD QHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFDGHOSURFHVR 'HHVWDPDQHUDVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRVLPSRUWDQWHHOSDVDGRKLVWyULFRHQHOGHVDUUROOR GHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDHVWRHVGHODVGLIHUHQWHVHVWUDWHJLDVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQ GHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVUHOHYDQWHVLQWHUYLQLHQWHVHQODHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQGH22;0/ /RVVXFHVRVKLVWyULFRVTXHGHVHQFDGHQDURQHOVXUJLPLHQWRGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUH\ODV UHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHOD8(IXHURQFRQVLGHUDGDVGHIXQGDPHQWDOLPSRUWDQFLD\SRU HOORHVWUXFWXUDQWHVGHODFRQWLQJHQFLDHQTXHVLHPSUHVHSURGXFHWRGDVLJQLILFDFLyQ (Q  RWURV  WpUPLQRV  SRGUtD  GHFLUVH  TXH  HO  DVSHFWR  KLVWyULFR  KD  VLGR  FRQVLGHUDGR VXPDPHQWHLPSRUWDQWHHQODSUHVHQWHREUD\VHKDLQWHQWDGRVHxDODUVXFDUiFWHUGH HVWUXFWXUDQWHGHODFRQWLQJHQFLDHQTXHVHVXFHGHQODVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGLIHUHQWHVGHOD IOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD'HHVWHPRGRVHKDVHxDODGRTXHORVPRGRVHQTXHIXHURQ GHILQLGRVORVSUREOHPDVSRUGLIHUHQWHVDFWRUHVHQHOSDVDGR\D~QPiVFODUDPHQWHHQ HOFDVRHVWXGLDGR FRQVWULxHQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHVLJQLILFDFLyQ(OJUXSR0LFURVRIW± (FPDGHHVWHPRGRWXYRTXHUHDOL]DUVXVLJQLILFDFLyQGH22;0/VLJXLHQGRORV OLQHDPLHQWRV  GLFWDGRV  SRU  OD  8(  HV  GHFLU  UHVSHWDQGR  OD  DSHUWXUD  OD  OLEUH GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHOFyGLJRIXHQWHODFRPSDWLELOLGDGFRQRWUDVSODWDIRUPDVGHKDUGZDUH \VRIWZDUH(VWRVHKDDILUPDGRFRQWUDGLFHORVOLQHDPLHQWRVSURSLRVGHVXPDUFR WHFQROyJLFR  GHVHQFDGHQDQGR  ILQDOPHQWH  HO  FRQIOLFWR  PD\RU  HQ  HO  iPELWR  GH  OD ,62,(&GXUDQWHHOSURFHVRHVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ(VWRTXLHUHGHFLUTXH0LFURVRIWUHVSHWy ORV  GLFWDGRV  GH  VX  SURSLR  PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  PHGLDQWH  OD  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  XQD VLJQLILFDFLyQGH22;0/FRQWUDGLFWRULDFRQVXVSURSLRWpUPLQRV 136

Conclusiones

(O  JUXSR  )/266  HQ  FDPELR  WXYR  PD\RU  VXHUWH  \  SXGR  FRPSDWLELOL]DU  VX VLJQLILFDFLyQFRQORVSURSLRVGLFWDGRVGHORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRV GHOD,62,(&/RV VLJQLILFDQWHVXWLOL]DGRVHQODVUHFRPHQGDFLRQHVGHOD8(WDPELpQIXHURQFRLQFLGHQWHV FRQORVSURSLRVGHOJUXSR)/266\D~QPiVLPSRUWDQWHFRQVXVSURSLRVVLJQLILFDGRV GH  OR  TXH  GHEH  VHU  HO  VRIWZDUH  3RU  OR  WDQWR  HO  SDVDGR  KLVWyULFR  FRQGLFLRQy  OD VLJQLILFDFLyQTXHHVWHJUXSRGLRD22;0/SHURHQWpUPLQRVFRKHUHQWHVFRQVXV SURSLRVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV\SRUORWDQWRFRQVXSURSLDKLVWRULD6HDSUHFLDUiPHMRU HVWD  GLVWLQFLyQ  HQ  HO  SXQWR  VLJXLHQWH  GHGLFDGR D  SUHVHQWDU  FRQFOXVLRQHV  VREUH  ORV PDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV

6.2 M ARCOS

TECNOLÓGICOS

6.2.1. E L M ARCO CONTR ADICTORIO CON ESTÁND AR ES

TECNOLÓGICO DE M ICROS OFT COM O L AS C AR AC TERÍSTIC AS BÁSIC AS DE LOS

+DUHVXOWDGRHYLGHQWHTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHSRVHHXQPDUFR WHFQROyJLFR  GLIHUHQWH  DO  GH  0LFURVRIW  ±  (FPD  (Q  HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  HO  PDUFR WHFQROyJLFR  HVWUXFWXUD  DFFLRQHV  \  SHQVDPLHQWRV  HQ  IDYRU  GH  ODV  FXDWUR  OLEHUWDGHV HMHFXWDU  FRSLDU  PRGLILFDU  \  UHGLVWULEXLU  XQ  SURJUDPD   OR  TXH  LPSOLFD  OD  OLEUH GLVSRQLELOLGDGGHOFyGLJRIXHQWHODVOtQHDVGHWH[WRTXHFRPSRQHQWRGRVRIWZDUH \ ODDSHUWXUDGHODWHFQRORJtDODSRVLELOLGDGGHSRGHUREVHUYDUHVDVOtQHDVGHFyGLJR HVWRJDUDQWL]DGRFRQOLFHQFLDVDELHUWDVFRPRHOFRS\OHIW (OPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGH 0LFURVRIWHQFDPELRVHPRVWUyDFRUGHDOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRGHKHFKRVHLQGLFyHO OXJDUSURWDJyQLFRGH0LFURVRIWHQHOGHVDUUROOR\GHIHQVDGHOVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR  (VWHPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRLPSOLFDHOXVRGHOLFHQFLDVSULYDWLYDVSDUDHYLWDUODVFXDWUR OLEHUWDGHVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHGHKHFKRVHKL]RUHIHUHQFLDDOWH[WRGH%LOO*DWHVGH   GRQGH pVWH  OODPD  ODGURQHV  D  ORV  TXH UHDOLFHQ  HVDV  DFWLYLGDGHV FRQ VRIWZDUH

137

&DSÇWXOR

SURWHJLGR  PHGLDQWH  FRS\ULJKW  /RV  &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV  SRU  RWUR  ODGR  SRVHHQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

GLUHFWLYDV  TXH  HVWDEOHFHQ  OD  QHFHVLGDG  GH  DSHUWXUD  \  OLEUH  GLVSRQLELOLGDG  GH  XQ IRUPDWRSDUDVHUHVWDQGDUL]DGRLQWHUQDFLRQDOPHQWH(VWRIXHDQDOL]DGRHQHOSUHVHQWH OLEURFRPRFRPSDWLEOHFRQHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRGHOJUXSR)/266FRQWUDGLFWRULRHQ FDPELRFRQHOGH0LFURVRIW±(FPD &DEHGHVWDFDUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHTXHVHKDYLQFXODGRHOFRQFHSWRPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR FRQHOGHVDUUROODGRSRU$QGUHZ)HHQEHUJFyGLJRWpFQLFReVWHVLJQLILFDQWHSHUPLWH UHFRQRFHUTXHODVGLUHFWLYDVGHO-7&\GHOD,62,(&IXHURQHQDOJ~QPRPHQWR HOHYDGDVDODFDWHJRUtDGHFyGLJRWpFQLFRSRUHODFFLRQDUGHXQRRYDULRVJUXSRVTXH LQFRUSRUDURQHQHOODVVXYDORUHVHLQWHUHVHV 0LFURVRIWDQWHHVWRVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRVVHYLRDQWHHOSUREOHPDGHWHQHUTXH KDFHU  FRPSDWLELOL]DU  HO  VX\R  FRQ  ODV  FDUDFWHUtVWLFDV  GH  XQ  HVWiQGDU  LQWHUQDFLRQDO DELHUWR\OLEUHPHQWHGLVSRQLEOHSDUDTXHFXDOTXLHUSURGXFWRUGHVRIWZDUHSXGLHUD XWLOL]DUOR  'H  HVH  PRGR  LGHy  ORV  HOHPHQWRV  OHJDOHV  LQGLFDGRV  FRPR  VRQ  OD  &16 &RYHQDQW1RWWR6XH \OD2632SHQ6SHFLILFDWLRQ3URPLVH (OQRFXPSOLPLHQWR GHORVFULWHULRVGHDSHUWXUDGHDPEDVGHFODUDFLRQHVIXHREVHUYDGRUiSLGDPHQWHSRUHO JUXSR)/266\SRUHOORHPLWLHURQGXUDVFUtWLFDVDHVDVGRVSURPHVDVRSDFWRVGHQR GHPDQGDU(QUHDOLGDGSXHGHGHFLUVHTXHOD&16\OD263FXPSOLHURQVyORDPHGLDV ORVFULWHULRVGHDSHUWXUDPRVWUDQGRQXHYDPHQWHORVSUREOHPDVGHFRPSDWLELOL]DUXQ PDUFR  WHFQROyJLFR  SURSLR  GHO  VRIWZDUH  SULYDWLYR  FRQ  ORV  UHTXHULPLHQWRV  GH  XQ HVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDO (VQRWRULRTXHORVVLJQLILFDQWHVKDQVLGRVHOHFFLRQDGRVSRU0LFURVRIWSHQVDQGRHQ VXXVXDOVLJQLILFDGRDVRFLDGR³2SHQ´WLHQHODVLPSOLFDFLRQHVHYLGHQWHVDVRFLDGDVD ORVYDORUHVPHQFLRQDGRVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHGHODVGLUHFWLYDVGHOD,62,(&\DGHPiV D  ODV  GHPDQGDV  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  HQ  VXV  GLIHUHQWHV  LQIRUPHV  \  UHSRUWHV  6LQ HPEDUJRHVHVLJQLILFDQWHHVVLJQLILFDGRSRU0LFURVRIWFRQHOHPHQWRVTXHSRQHQHQ GXUDHOYHUGDGHURFDUiFWHU³RSHQ´RDELHUWRGHVXSUHVHQWDFLyQ'HQXHYRWRGRHVWR HVUHVXOWDGRGHOFDUiFWHUFRQWUDGLFWRULRGHVXPDUFRWHFQROyJLFR\GHODVH[LJHQFLDV 138

Conclusiones

GHORVFyGLJRVWpFQLFRVSURSLRVGHXQHVWiQGDULQWHUQDFLRQDO

6.2.2. M AR CO TECNOLÓGICO R ACION ALID AD TÉCNIC A

+

CÓDIGO TÉCNICO

= C RÍTIC A

DE L A

(OFRQFHSWRFyGLJRWpFQLFRGH)HHQEHUJIXHHPSOHDGRSDUDVHxDODUHOPRGRHQ TXHXQDUWHIDFWRRXQDWHFQRORJtDVLHPSUHSXHGHVHUYLVWDFRPRHOFXPSOLPLHQWRGH XQLQWHUpVEDMRODIRUPDGHXQDVROXFLyQWpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWHDXQSUREOHPD'H HVWH  PRGR  ORV  FULWHULRV  WpFQLFRV  VRQ  ORV  SULYLOHJLDGRV  SDUD  OD  UHDOL]DFLyQ  R FXPSOLPLHQWRGHXQLQWHUpVSDUWLFXODUGHXQJUXSRVRFLDO(VWRVLUYLyHQHOOLEURSDUD VHxDODUTXHORVDUWHIDFWRVVLHPSUHWUDHQLPSOtFLWRVLQWHUHVHVGHJUXSRV\QXQFDVRQ WpFQLFDPHQWHQHXWUDOHVHVGHFLUORVDUWHIDFWRVSRVHHQVHQWLGRVHVSHFtILFRV\HVWRV VHQWLGRVIXHURQYLQFXODGRVFRQORVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRV(QOtQHDFRQHVWRDORODUJR GHOWUDEDMRVHKDVHxDODGRODH[LVWHQFLDGHORVIRUPDWRV³22;0/IORVV´³22;0/ PVHFPD´\³22;0/FQ´&DGDXQRFRQGLIHUHQWHVQXPHUDFLRQHVGHDFXHUGRDODV QXHYDVVLJQLILFDFLRQHVGDGDFRQHOWUDQVFXUULUGHOSURFHVR 6LQWpWLFDPHQWHHOPDUFRWHFQROyJLFRFRQGLFLRQDODVDFFLRQHV\SHQVDPLHQWRVGH XQJUXSR\HOFyGLJRWpFQLFRUHSUHVHQWDODLQFRUSRUDFLyQGHHVRVSHQVDPLHQWRVHQXQ DUWHIDFWR  (VD  LQFRUSRUDFLyQ  QHFHVDULDPHQWH  GHEH  UHDOL]DUVH  HQ  WpUPLQRV WpFQLFDPHQWHFRKHUHQWHVHVWRHVUHVSHWDQGRODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFD /OHJDUDHVWDEOHFHUXQFyGLJRWpFQLFRHVWDELOL]DU\FODXVXUDUXQVLJQLILFDGRDXQ DUWHIDFWRLPSOLFDDFFLRQHV\HVWUDWHJLDVHPSUHQGLGDVSRUORVGLIHUHQWHV*65(VWR WDPELpQLPSOLFDVLJQLILFDFLRQHVH[SOtFLWDPHQWHGDGDVDORVDUWHIDFWRV3RUHOORHQHO OLEURVHSUHVHQWDURQVLJQLILFDFLRQHVH[SOtFLWDVD22;0/SRUSDUWHGHORV*65\SRU RWURODGRDFFLRQHV\HVWUDWHJLDVFRQFUHWDVGHHOORVeVWDV~OWLPDVIXHURQUHFRQRFLGDV DUDt]GHODOHFWXUDGHODVRSLQLRQHVGHORWUR*65RELHQSRUODVRSLQLRQHVSURSLDV &XDQGRHVWDVHVWUDWHJLDVRDFFLRQHVSRQtDQGHPDQLILHVWRODHVFLVLyQHQWUHWpFQLFD

139

&DSÇWXOR

\YDORUHVFXDQGRORVLQWHUHVHVEXVFDGRVVHHPSUHQGtDQHQDFFLRQHVTXHSXVLHURQHQ

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

HYLGHQFLDHOQRUHVSHWRDOLGHDOGHQHXWUDOLGDGWpFQLFDHORWURJUXSRVRFLDOHQGLVSXWD VHxDOy  VLHPSUH  OD  IDOWD  (Q  HO  FDVR  HVWXGLDGR  HVWH  JUXSR  IXH  HO  )/266  QR HQFRQWUiQGRVHFDVLDUJXPHQWRVGHHVWHWLSRSRUSDUWHGH0LFURVRIW±(FPD(OHUURU GH0LFURVRIWIXHSRUWDQWRLQFRUSRUDUVXVLQWHUHVHVHQ22;0/HQXQVHQWLGRQR FRKHUHQWH  WpFQLFDPHQWH  HVWR  HV  VLQ  VHJXLU  ORV  FyGLJRV  WpFQLFRV  TXH  GRPLQDQ  HO IXQFLRQDPLHQWRGHOD,62,(&2HQRWUDVSDODEUDVVXHUURUIXHKDFHUYLVLEOHVVXV HVWUDWHJLDV  GH  SRGHU  WRUQDQGR  GH HVH  PRGR  H[SOtFLWD  OD  HVFLVLyQ HQWUH  WpFQLFD \ YDORUHV  (O  JUXSR  )/266  HQ  FDPELR  DSURYHFKy  HVWR  FRPR  HVWUDWHJLD  FRQWUD 22;0/\DTXHODUDFLRQDOLGDGWpFQLFDLPSHUDQWHHQHOSURFHVRSURKLEtDHODFFLRQDU GH0LFURVRIW $UDt]GHHVWRODHVWUDWHJLDGH0LFURVRIW±(FPDQRIXHLQYROXFUDUVHHQHVWHWLSR GH  DUJXPHQWDFLRQHV  VLQR  HQ  ODV  SURSLDPHQWH  WpFQLFDV  WUDWDQGR  GH  LJQRUDU  OD H[LVWHQFLDGHVXVDFFLRQHV³LPSXUDV´ 'H  HVWD  PDQHUD  VH  HQWHQGLy  DO  SURFHVR  FRPR  FRPSOHWDPHQWH  PDUFDGR  SRU  HO LPDJLQDULR  GH  HYROXFLyQ  OLQHDO  H  LQFRQWDPLQDGR  GH  OD  WpFQLFD  GRQGH  FXHVWLRQHV SROtWLFDV  H  LGHROyJLFDV  QR  WLHQHQ  SRU  TXp  LQYROXFUDUVH  HQ  HO  SURFHVR  GH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ/D,62,(&PHGLDQWHORV&XHUSRV1DFLRQDOHVSRVHHQODODERUGH XELFDUVHHQHVHVLWLR³SXUR´H³LQFRQWDPLQDGR´$QWHODYLVLELOL]DFLyQGHORVKLORVGH SRGHU  TXH  PRYLOL]DQ  \  FRQGXFHQ  WRGR  SURFHVR  GH  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  GH  XQ  DUWHIDFWR FRPHQ]DURQDVXUJLUODVFUtWLFDVDOIRUPDWR22;0/HLJXDOPHQWHDOD,62,(&OD JDUDQWHGHFRQGXFLUHOSURFHVR(QHOWH[WRVHSXVRDFHQWRHQHVWDFXHVWLyQLQGLFDQGR TXHODLQYLVLELOL]DFLyQGHOSRGHUHVXQHOHPHQWRFODYHSDUDTXHVHVLJDVRVWHQLHQGROD ILFFLyQ  GH  OD  HYROXFLyQ  OLQHDO  TXH  LPSHUD  HQ  HO  GHVDUUROOR  GH  HVWiQGDUHV  \  SRU H[WHQVLyQGHWRGRDUWHIDFWRWpFQLFR (O  KRUL]RQWH  FXOWXUDO  PRGHUQR  HO  LGHDO  QHXWUDO  GH  OD  WpFQLFD  \  GH  DSOLFDFLyQ UDFLRQDOGHWpFQLFDHQODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRVWHFQROyJLFRVKDVLGRSRURWUR ODGRDVLPLODGRDORVYDORUHVSURSLRVGHFDSLWDOLVPR6XUJLHQGRFRQHVWRHORWURGHORV 140

Conclusiones

HOHPHQWRV  GH  LPSRUWDQFLD  SDUD  HO  DQiOLVLV  \  FRQ  FDUiFWHU  HVWUXFWXUDQWH  GH  ODV VLJQLILFDFLRQHV\GHORVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRVHOFDSLWDOLVPR

6.2.3. E L

LUG AR DEL C APITALISM O

(O  PRGR  HQ  TXH  HO  FDSLWDOLVPR  SXHGH  VHU  FRQVLGHUDGR  HQ  HO  DQiOLVLV  KD  VLGR PHQFLRQDGR  HQ  HO  FXHUSR  GH  OD  SUHVHQWH  REUD  FRQVLGHUDQGR  HO  OXJDU  GH  OyJLFD H[SDQVLYDGHOFDSLWDO'HHVWHPRGRVHKDGLFKRTXHHOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUH OLEUHSXHGHVHUHQWHQGLGRFRPRXQDPDQLIHVWDFLyQFRQWUDULDDODOyJLFDH[SDQVLYDGHO FDSLWDO  'XUDQWH  ORV  VHWHQWD  FRPLHQ]D  D  SURGXFLUVH  HVWD  H[SDQVLyQ  D  iPELWRV SUHYLDPHQWHQR³FRQWDPLQDGRV´SRUVXOyJLFDGHSURGXFFLyQGHHVWHPRGRFRPLHQ]D DSURGXFLUVHXQDFRPRGLILFDFLyQHQHOFDPSRGHODLQIRUPiWLFD\GHORVRUJDQLVPRV YLYRV  /RV UHVXOWDGRV  GH  OD LQYHVWLJDFLyQ EiVLFD  FRPSDUWLGRV OLEUHPHQWH KDVWD ORV VHWHQWDV  FRPLHQ]D  D  ³SULYDWLYL]DUVH´  R  ³SURSLHWDUL]DUVH´  SDUD  XWLOL]DU  ORV  GRV FRQFHSWRVDTXtEUHYHPHQWHLGHDGRV\FRPHQWDGRV HQHVHHQWRQFHV(QHVHHVFHQDULR VXUJH  HO  PRYLPLHQWR  SRU  HO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  WUDWDQGR  GH  HULJLUVH  HQ  FRQWUD  GH  HVD FRPRGLILFDFLyQ  HQ  HO  iPELWR  GHO  VRIWZDUH  ORJUDQGR  VLQ  HPEDUJR  FRQVROLGDU  HVD H[SDQVLyQ  GHO  FDSLWDO  HQ  WpUPLQRV  UHDOPHQWH  QRYHGRVRV  'H  HVWH  PRGR  ORJUDURQ FRQVWUXLUWRGRXQQXHYRPRGHORGHQHJRFLRVDOWHUQDWLYRDORVWUDGLFLRQDOHV 5HSURGXFLHQGR  ODV  SDODEUDV  SUHYLDPHQWH  HVFULWDV  SXHGH  VLQWHWL]DUVH  WRGR  HVWR GLFLHQGRTXH³HOPRYLPLHQWRSRUHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHSDUHFHVHUXQIHQyPHQRVXUJLGR  FRPR  PDQLIHVWDFLyQ  FRQWUDULD  D  OD  H[SDQVLyQ  FDSLWDOLVWD  D  QXHYDV  HVIHUDV  GH  OD SURGXFFLyQ  FRPRGLILFDFLyQ   SHUR  TXH  D  OD  YH]  GHVDUUROOD  PRGHORV  QXHYRV  TXH SHUPLWHQFRQVROLGDUHVD H[SDQVLyQGHODOyJLFDGHOFDSLWDODOFDPSRGHOVRIWZDUH  DXQTXH  HQ  IRUPD  DOWHUQDWLYD  D  ODV VXJHULGDV  SRU  \  VXUJLGDV  GH  HO  PRGHOR  GH GHVDUUROORGHVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR 3HURHVWDVWUDQVIRUPDFLRQHVHQODFRPRGLILFDFLyQFRPRVHKDVHxDODGRQRVRQ

141

&DSÇWXOR

SURSLDV  GHO  VRIWZDUH  OLEUH  VLQR  FRPSDUWLGDV  SRU  DPERV  WLSRV  GH  SURGXFFLyQ  GH

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

VRIWZDUH  'H  KHFKR  DPEDV  VRQ  KLMDV  GH  HVRV  VXFHVRV  \  ORV  SURSLRV  VLJQLILFDQWHV VRIWZDUHOLEUH\VRIWZDUHSULYDWLYRSURSLHWDULR VXUJHQDUDt]GHHVWRVVXFHVRVVRFLR HFRQyPLFRV/RVPDUFRVWHFQROyJLFRVGHXQR\RWURWLSRGHSURGXFLUVRIWZDUHVHYDQ FRQVROLGDQGR  HQ  HVRV  PRPHQWRV  \  FRPLHQ]DQ  D  GLVWLQJXLUVH  SRU  OD  QHFHVLGDG VRIWZDUHOLEUH RFRPSOHWDSURKLELFLyQVRIWZDUHSULYDWLYR GHFRPSDUWLUHOFyGLJR IXHQWHTXHFRPSRQHWRGRVRIWZDUH

6.2.4. L A

NECESID AD DE LOS GRUPOS SOCI ALES HETERÓNOM OS

)LQDOPHQWHVHVHxDOyHOOXJDUGHORVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRVHQHOSURFHVR H[SOLFiQGRVHVXWUDWDPLHQWRDOILQDOGHOWH[WRSRUTXHHVMXVWDPHQWHDOILQDOL]DUODV HWDSDVGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHDUWHIDFWRVFXDQGRHVRV JUXSRVDGTXLHUHQ UHOHYDQFLD6H VHxDOyTXHHVRVJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRVSRVHHQJUDQLPSRUWDQFLDDOILQDOL]DUHO SURFHVRGHFRQVWUXFFLyQGHWHFQRORJtDV\DTXHVRQORVTXHSHUPLWHQODFRQVROLGDFLyQ HVWDELOL]DFLyQ\FODXVXUDGHODUWHIDFWRTXHVHWUDWH(QHOFDVRHVWXGLDGRVLELHQVHKD GLFKRTXHQRH[LVWHFODXVXUD\VyORXQSULQFLSLRGHHVWDELOL]DFLyQVHKDPRVWUDGR FRPRHVRVJUXSRVSRVHHQSDUWLFLSDFLyQYDOLGDQGRHOIRUPDWR22;0/DOXWLOL]DUODV VXLWHVRILPiWLFDVGH0LFURVRIWTXHVtORHPSOHDQDXQTXHQRVHDtQWHJUDPHQWH(VWRV JUXSRVVHKDVRVWHQLGRVRQORVTXHVLQVDEHUORGDQVXVWHQWRPDWHULDODODUWHIDFWR FRQVWUXLGR 3RURWURODGRVHKDVHxDODGRTXHORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRV´DXQTXHQR VHxDODGRVSRUpOVRQXQDSDUWHFRPSRQHQWHGHORV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVVLQSRGHU´GH %LMNHU/RV³JUXSRVVRFLDOHVVLQSRGHU´VHJ~QHVWHDXWRUVRQDTXHOORVTXHVDELHQGR GHODFRQVWUXFFLyQGHXQDUWHIDFWRQRORJUDQODVXILFLHQWHIXHU]DRSRGHUHQUHODFLyQD ORVRWURVJUXSRVTXHVtSXHGHQKDEODUHQODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYD(VWRTXLHUH GHFLU TXHVHWUDWD GH JUXSRVFX\DV YRFHVQRSXHGHQVHU RtGDV HQ HOFRQFLHUWR GH VLJQLILFDFLRQHV  GLIHUHQWHV  6LQ  HPEDUJR  ORV  ³JUXSRV  VRFLDOHV  KHWHUyQRPRV´  VRQ DTXHOORVTXHQLVLTXLHUDKDQSRGLGRHQWHUDUVHGHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDSHUR 142

Conclusiones

TXHGHWRGRVPRGRVSRGUtDQHVWDUUHDOPHQWHLQWHUHVDGRVHQSDUWLFLSDUGHHOOD3HUR ¢FyPR  SXHGH  HVWDEOHFHUVH  HVH  SRVLEOH  LQWHUpV"  /D  UHVSXHVWD  HV  VLPSOH  GHEH SRQGHUDUVH  OD  LPSRUWDQFLD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD  HQ  FRQVWUXFFLyQ  HQ  OD  YLGD  GH  ORV GLIHUHQWHV  VXMHWRV  'H  HVWH  PRGR  QR  VHUi  LPSRUWDQWH  SDUD  XQ  PHFiQLFR  GH DXWRPyYLOHVHQWHUDUVHGHODIOH[LELOLGDGLQWHUSUHWDWLYDGHXQGLVSRVLWLYRXWLOL]DGRHQ XQDFHOHUDGRUGHSDUWtFXODVRGHOGLVHxRGHXQQXHYRWHOHVFRSLRHVSDFLDO(VWRTXLHUH GHFLUTXHVXFRQGLFLyQGHXVXDULRVSRWHQFLDOHVRGHLQIOXHQFLDGRVGLUHFWDPHQWHSRUOD WHFQRORJtDHQFXHVWLyQVHUiGHUHOHYDQFLDSDUDSRGHUGLVFHUQLUVLUHDOPHQWHHVWDPRV DQWHJUXSRVVRFLDOHVKHWHUyQRPRVRQR 'H  HVWH  PRGR  VHUi  LPSRUWDQWH  OD  FRQVWLWXFLyQ  GH  22;0/  FRPR  HVWiQGDU LQWHUQDFLRQDOSDUDWRGRVDTXHOORVIDPLOLDUL]DGRVFRQHOXVRSHULyGLFRGHKHUUDPLHQWDV GH  RILFLQD  $Vt  HPSOHDGRV  DGPLQLVWUDWLYRV  UHVSRQVDEOHV  GH  HGLWRULDOHV LQYHVWLJDGRUHVIXQFLRQDULRVS~EOLFRVGXHxRVGH3\0(VGHQHJRFLRVIDPLOLDUHV\GH JUDQGHV  HPSUHVDV  SDUD  SRQHU  VyOR  XQRV  SRFRV  HMHPSORV  GHEHUtDQ  WHQHU  XQ  UHDO LQWHUpVHQFRQRFHUODVSRVLELOLGDGHVTXHRIUHFH22;0/\WRGDVODVKHUUDPLHQWDVGH RILFLQD\DTXHQRVyORHODOPDFHQDPLHQWRGHODUJRSOD]RGHWRGDVXLQIRUPDFLyQHVWi HQMXHJRVLQRWDPELpQODVSRVLELOLGDGHVGHUHDOL]DUFiOFXORVFRQHOPHQRUJUDGRGH HUURU\GHFRPSDUWLUVXWUDEDMRRLQIRUPDFLyQFRQRWURV

&DSÇWXOR

143

144

BIBLIOGRAFÍA

145

146

Bibliografía

%LMNHU:LHEH ³'R1RW'HVSDLU7KHUHLV/LIH$IWHU&RQVWUXFWLYLVP´6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\ +XPDQ9DOXHV SS %LMNHU :LHEH  (    2I  %LF\FOHV  EDNHOLWHV  DQG  %XOEV  7RZDUG  D  7KHRU\  RI  6RFLRWHFKQLFDO&KDQJH7KH0,73UHVV&DPEULGJH0$ \/RQGUHV %ORRU'DYLG ³:LWWJHQVWHLQDQG0DQQKHLPRWKHVRFLRORJ\RIPDWKHPDWLFV´ 6WXGLHVLQ+LVWRU\DQG3KLORVRSK\RI6FLHQFH %ORRU  'DYLG    .QRZOHGJH  DQG  VRFLDO  LPDJHU\  5RXWOHGJH   .HJDQ  3DXO /RQGUHV %R\HU$QWRLQH ³eWXFHGXF\EHU0RXYHPHQWGX/RJLFLHO/LEUH´0pPRLUGH 5HFKHUFKHHQ6FLHQFH3ROLWLTXHVG %R\HU0DUFHO\5REHUW-DFTXHV ³7KH(FRQRPLFVRI)UHHDQG2SHQ6RXUFH 6RIWZDUH &RQWULEXWLRQVWR D*RYHUQPHQW 3ROLF\ RQ 2SHQ6RXUFH 6RIWZDUH´ 3URMHFW5HSRUW&,5$120RQWUHDO %UD\7LPRWK\ ³%501DUUDWLYH´2QJRLQJ7LP%UD\ V%ORJ  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZWEUD\RUJRQJRLQJ:KHQ[%50 QDUUDWLYHÒOWLPRDFFHVR %URZQ $OH[     ³0LFURVRIW  )DLOV  WKH  6WDQGDUG  7HVW´ $OH[  %URZQ V  ZHEORJ   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZDGMEQHWSRVW0LFURVRIW)DLOVWKH 6WDQGDUGV7HVWDVS[ÒOWLPRDFFHVR %U\DQ  0     ³5HSRUW  RQ  :*  DFWLYLW\  IRU  'HFHPEHU   0HHWLQJ  RI ,62,(&  -7&6&:*  LQ  .\RWR     'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZWKHRSHQVRXUFHUHUFRPZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVKWP ÒOWLPRDFFHVRHO %XFNPDQ  5LFKDUG (  \  *D\  -RVKXD   ³$ QRWH RQ  6RIWZDUH´  HQ  6WDOOPDQ 5LFKDUG    )UHH  6RIWZDUH  )UHH  6RFLHW\  6HOHFWHG  (VVD\V  RI  5LFKDUG  06WDOOPDQ*183UHVV±)UHH6RIWZDUH)RXQGDWLRQ%RVWRQ &RQVHMR(XURSHR ³3UHVLGHQF\FRQFOXVLRQV/LVERQ(XURSHDQ&RXQVLODQG 147

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología





PDUFK



´



/LVERD



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSZZZFRQVLOLXPHXURSDHXXHGRFVFPVBGDWDGRFVSUHVVGDWDHQHF UHQKWPÒOWLPRDFFHVR &RPLVLyQ(XURSHDD ³H(XURSH8QD6RFLHGDGGHOD,QIRUPDFLyQSDUDWRGRV &RPXQLFDFLyQ  VREUH  OD  LQLFLDWLYD  GH  OD  &RPLVLyQ  SDUD  HO  &RQVHMR  (XURSHR H[WUDRUGLQDULRGH/LVERDORVGtDV\GHPDU]RGH´8QLyQ(XURSHD 'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSHFHXURSDHXLQIRUPDWLRQBVRFLHW\HHXURSHLGRFVVSDQLVKUHDOO\ SGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR &RPLVLyQ(XURSHDE ³5HIRUPLQJWKH&RPPLVVLRQ$:KLWH3DSHU±3DUW´ 8QLyQ



(XURSHD



%UXVHODV



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSHXU

OH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR" XUL &(/(;'& (1+70/ÒOWLPRDFFHVR &RPLVLyQ(XURSHDF ³5HIRUPLQJWKH&RPPLVVLRQ$:KLWH3DSHU3DUW,,´ 8QLyQ  (XURSHD  %UXVHODV  3DUWH  ,,  GLVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSHXU OH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR" XUL &(/(;'& (1+70/ÒOWLPRDFFHVR &RPLVLyQ(XURSHD ³0(025$1'80727+(&200,66,217RZDUGV WKHH&RPPLVVLRQ,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ6WUDWHJ\$FWLRQVDQGRI WKH  5HIRUP  :KLWH  3DSHU ´  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  %UXVHODV  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSHFHXURSDHXGJVLQIRUPDWLFVHFRPPGRFVHFBBBHQSGI  ÒOWLPR DFFHVR &RPLVLyQ  (XURSHD     ³H(XURSH    8QD  VRFLHGDG  GH  OD  LQIRUPDFLyQ  SDUD WRGRV  3ODQ  GH  DFFLyQ  TXH  VH  SUHVHQWDUi  FRQ  YLVWDV  DO  &RQVHMR  (XURSHR  GH 6HYLOODGHMXQLRGH´ &20 ILQDO%UXVHODV'LVSRQLEOH HQ



KWWSHXUOH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR"

XUL &20),1(63')ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 148

Bibliografía

&RUUHD  +RUDFLR     ³/RV  2UtJHQHV  GHO  6RIWZDUH  /LEUH  /LFHQFLDV  /LEUHV  \ SURFHVRVVRFLRHFRQyPLFRVGHLPSRUWDQFLD´7UDEDMRSUHVHQWDGRHQHOFXUVRGH SRVJUDGR(OGHUHFKRGHDXWRU\HOGHUHFKRGHFRSLDHQODHUDGLJLWDO&$,&<7 FXUVR %XHQRV$LUHV (&RPPLVVLRQ ³&RPPXQLFDWLRQWRWKH&RPPLVVLRQ(&RPPLVVLRQ HQDEOLQJHIILFLHQF\DQGWUDQVSDUHQF\´8QLyQ(XURSHD'LVSRQLEOHHQ KWWSHFHXURSDHXGJVLQIRUPDWLFVHFRPPGRFHFRPP BFVBHQBYBSRVWFLVSGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOD ³2IILFH2SHQ;0/5HYLHZ´:KLWH3DSHU(FPD7& 'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSZZZHFPD

LQWHUQDWLRQDORUJQHZV7&BFXUUHQWBZRUN2SHQ;0/:KLWH3DSHUSGI ÒOWLPRDFFHVR (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDOE ³(FPD2IILFH2SHQ;0/)LOH)RUPDWFRPPHQWUHYLHZ 2QOLQH  SRUWDO  WR  IDFLOLWDWH  GLVSRVLWLRQ  RI  FRPPHQWV  RQ  ,62,(&  ',6   EDOORWV´  ,62  1HZV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZHFPD LQWHUQDWLRQDORUJQHZV7&BFXUUHQWBZRUN(FPD2IILFH2SHQ;0/ )LOH)RUPDWFRPPHQWUHYLHZKWPÒOWLPRDFFHVR (FPD,QWHUQDWLRQDO ³3URSRVHGGLVSRVLWLRQVIRU1DWLRQDO%RG\FRPPHQWVRQ ',6    FRPSOHWH    1HZ  SKDVH  WR  EHJLQ´    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZHFPDLQWHUQDWLRQDORUJQHZV7&BFXUUHQWBZRUN3URSRVHG GLVSRVLWLRQVIRU1DWLRQDO%RG\FRPPHQWVRQ',6 FRPSOHWHKWPÒOWLPRDFFHVR )DUTXKDU$GDP ³2IILFH2SHQ;0/´ 7&3UHVHQWDWLRQ%ULWLVK/LEUDU\ /RQGUHV )),, ³3UHVV5HOHDVH0LFURVRIWSXOOVWULFNVWRSURGXFH6ZHGLVKVXSSRUWIRU WKH  VWDQGDUGLVDWLRQ  RI  LWV  2IILFH  IRUPDW´    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZIILLVHSUVHRR[POYRWHHQKWPO  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR 149

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

 )HHQEHUJ  $QGUHZ     ³6XEYHUVLYH  5DWLRQDOL]DWLRQ  7HFKQRORJ\  3RZHU  DQG 'HPRFUDF\´,QTXLU\ 6HSWLHPEUH'LFLHPEUHSS )HHQEHUJ$QGUHZ ³7HRUtDFUtWLFDGHODWHFQRORJtD´5HYLVWD&76 MXQLR SS *DWHV  %LOO     ³$Q  2SHQ  /HWWHU  WR  +REE\LVWV´  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZEOLQNHQOLJKWVFRPFODVVLFFPSJDWHVZKLQHKWPO  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  *LXOLDQR  *XVWDYR     ³7HFQRORJtD  GHVDUUROOR  \  GHPRFUDFLD  KDFLD  RWUD DUWLILFLDOLGDGSRVLEOH´ 6FLHQWLDH6WXGLD MXOLR±VHSWLHPEUH6DQ3DEOR 'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSZZZVFLHOREUVFLHORSKS"SLG 6

 VFULSW VFLBDUWWH[WÒOWLPRDFFHVR *ROGEHUJ  'DQLHO     ³0LFURVRIW  SUHVVDGH  SDUWQHUV  DWW  U|VWD  MD´ &RPSXWHU6ZHGHQ







6XHFLD



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSZZZLGJVHÒOWLPRDFFHVR *yPH]  6iQFKH]  5DIDHO     ³6RIWZDUH  OLEUH  YV  6RIWZDUH  3URSLHWDULR SURJUDPDQGRQXHVWURIXWXUR´ +LVWRULD$FWXDO2QOLQH+$2/ 1R2WRxR   *URXFK    ³:KDW  :LOO  DQG  :RQ W  %H  'LVFXVVHG  DW  )HEUXDU\ V  %50  RQ 0622;0/´  *URNODZ  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ   KWWSZZZJURNODZQHWDUWLFOHSKS" VWRU\  PRGH QHVWHGÒOWLPRDFFHVR +DFNLQJ,DQ  7KHVRFLDOFRQVWUXFWLRQRIZKDW"+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV &DPEULGJH0$  +DPP6WHYH *UHHQH-D\ ³7KH0DQ:KR&RXOG+DYH%HHQ%LOO*DWHV´HQ %XVLQHVV:HHN&LWDGRSRU=XNHUIHOG  +DYHUEODG  .LP     ³0LFURVRIW  EX\V  WKH  6ZHGLVK  YRWH  RQ  22;0/´ 26:RUOGFRP 150







'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

Bibliografía

KWWSZZZRVZRUOGFRPFRQWHQWYLHZÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,'$     ³7$&  $SUREDFLyQ  RQ  FRQFOXVLRQV  DQG  UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV  RQ  RSHQ GRFXPHQWIRUPDWV,'$H[SHUWJURXSFRQFOXVLRQVDQGUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQRSHQ GRFXPHQW  IRUPDWV´ ,'$  ,,  PDQDJHPHQW  FRPPLWWH  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSHFHXURSDHXLGDEFHQGRFXPHQWKWPOÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,'$%&VG ³7KH,'$%&0RVW)UHTXHQWO\$VNHG4XHVWLRQV±)$4´&RPLVLyQ (XURSHD



VG



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSHFHXURSDHXLGDEFHQGRFXPHQWKWPOÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62,(&     ³5XOHV  IRU  WKH  VWUXFWXUH  DQG  GUDIWLQJ  RI  ,QWHUQDWLRQDO  6WDQGDUGV 5qJOHV  GH  VWUXFWXUH  HW  GH  UpGDFWLRQ  GHV  1RUPHV  LQWHUQDWLRQDOHV´  ,62,(& 'LUHFWLYHV  3DUW    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSLVRWFLVRRUJOLYHOLQNOLYHOLQN" IXQF OO REM,G  REM$FWLRQ EURZVH YLHZ7\SH   ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  ,62,(& ³6XSOHPHQW±3URFHGXUHVVSHFLILFWR-7&´,62,(&'LUHFWLYHV *LQHEUD



\



1XHYD










'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSLVRWFLVRRUJOLYHOLQNOLYHOLQNIHWFK -7&BB6XSSOHPHQWBSGIBYHUVLRQ SGI"QRGHLG  YHUQXP  ÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62,(&  -7&       ³)UHHO\  $YDLODEOH  6WDQGDUGV´  ,62,(&  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSVWDQGDUGVLVRRUJLWWI3XEOLFO\$YDLODEOH6WDQGDUGVLQGH[KWPO



ÒOWLPR

DFFHVR ,62,(&  -7&    6&    D   ³5HVXOW  RI  3URSRVHG  'LVSRVLWLRQ  RI  &RPPHQWV´   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZLWVFMLSVMRUMSVFRSHQSGI ÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62,(&-7&6&E ³,62,(&',6%DOORW5HVROXWLRQ0HHWLQJ 5HSRUW  E\  WKH  &RQYHQRU  DQG  3URMHFW  (GLWRU´  VG  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZLWVFMLSVMRUMSVFRSHQKWPÒOWLPRDFFHVR 151

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

,62,(&-7&6&F ³5HVROXWLRQVRIWKH0HHWLQJ´,62,(&',6 %$//27  5(62/87,21  0((7,1*  *LQHEUD  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZLWVFMLSVMRUMSVFRSHQSGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62  D   ³9RWH  FORVHV  RQ  GUDIW  ,62,(&  ',6    VWDQGDUG´  ,62  1HZV   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZLVRRUJLVRSUHVVUHOHDVHKWP" UHILG 5HIÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62E ³(FPD2IILFH2SHQ;0/)LOH)RUPDWFRPPHQWUHYLHZ±)LUVWJURXSRI SURSRVHG GLVSRVLWLRQV RI FRPPHQWV SRVWHGWR RQOLQHSRUWDO´ ,62 1HZV 



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSZZZHFPD

LQWHUQDWLRQDORUJQHZV7&BFXUUHQWBZRUN)LUVWJURXSRI SURSRVHGGLVSRVLWLRQVRIFRPPHQWVSRVWHGKWP ÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62 D ³,62,(&  ',6   UHFHLYHVQHFHVVDU\ YRWHVIRU$SUREDFLyQ DV DQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO  6WDQGDUG´  ,62  1HZV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ ZZZLVRRUJLVRSUHVVUHOHDVHKWP"UHILG 5HIÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62E ³,62DQG,(&PHPEHUVJLYHJRDKHDGRQ,62,(&',6´,62 1HZV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZLVRRUJLVRSUHVVUHOHDVHKWP" UHILG 5HIÒOWLPRDFFHVR ,62  F   ³3XEOLFDWLRQ  RI  ,62,(&    ,QIRUPDWLRQ  WHFKQRORJ\   'RFXPHQW  GHVFULSWLRQ  DQG  SURFHVVLQJ  ODQJXDJHV    2IILFH  2SHQ  ;0/  ILOH IRUPDWV´





,62



1HZV







'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSZZZLVRRUJLVRSUHVVUHOHDVHKWP"UHILG 5HI  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  ,62VG ³)XOOWH[WRILQWHUYLHZRI,626HFUHWDU\*HQHUDOE\5HXWHUVRQ,62,(& ´  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZLVRRUJLVRLQWHUYLHZBLVRBVHFUHWDU\ JHQHUDOBLVRÒOWLPRDFFHVR -RQHV%ULDQ ³0RUHWKRXJKWVRQODVWZHHN%50´06'1%ORJV%ULDQ-RQHV 152

Bibliografía

 =H\DG  5DMDEL  2IILFH  6ROXWLRQV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSEORJVPVGQFRPEEULDQBMRQHVDUFKLYHPRUHWKRXJKWVRQODVW ZHHNVEUPDVS[ÒOWLPRDFFHVR -RQHV3DPHOD ³0LFURVRIW0HPRWR3DUWQHUVLQ6ZHGHQ6XUIDFHV9RWH
*URNODZ    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ

KWWSZZZJURNODZQHWDUWLFOHSKS"VWRU\   ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  -RQHV3DPHODD ³7KH(GLWHG1RWHVDQGWKH5HVROXWLRQVIURPWKH%50± 8SGDWHG



;V´

*URNODZ







'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSZZZJURNODZQHWDUWLFOHSKS"VWRU\   ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  -RQHV3DPHODE ³+RZWKH3KLOLSSLQHV&KDQJHG,WV22;0/9RWHIURP1RWR


HQ



KWWSZZZJURNODZQHWDUWLFOHSKS"

VWRU\ ÒOWLPRDFFHVR -RQHV3DPHOD ³$OH[%URZQ22;0/LVOLNHDEDURTXHFDVWOHZLWKVHFUHW SDVVDJHVDQGFUXPEOLQJWRZHUV´ *URNODZKWWSZZZJURNODZQHWDUWLFOHSKS" VWRU\ ÒOWLPRDFFHVR /HUQHU-RVK\7LUROH-HDQ ³7KHVLPSOHHFRQRPLFVRI2SHQ6RXUFH´:RUNLQJ 3DSHU1DWLRQDO%XUHDXRI(FRQRPLF5HVHDUFK0DVVDFKXVHWWV 0DKXJK'RXJ ³2IILFH V6XSSRUWIRU,62,(&6WULFW´'RXJ0DKXJK 



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSEORJVPVGQFRPEGPDKXJKDUFKLYHRIILFHVVXSSRUWIRULVR LHFVWULFWDVS[ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 0DWXVRZ  -DVRQ     ³2SHQ  ;0/  7KH  9RWH  LQ  6ZHGHQ´ 0DWXVRZ V  %ORJ &RPPHQWV  RQ  WKH  VRIWZDUH  LQGXVWU\  9LHZ  EORJ  DXWKRULW\   'LVSRQLEOH



HQ 153

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

KWWSEORJVPVGQFRPEMDVRQPDWXVRZDUFKLYHRSHQ[POWKHYRWH LQVZHGHQDVS[ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 0DWXVRZ-DVRQ ³7KH2SHQ;0/%DOORW5HVROXWLRQ0HHWLQJ%50 :DV$Q 8QTXDOLILHG  6XFFHVV´ 0DWXVRZ V  %ORJ    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSEORJVPVGQFRPEMDVRQPDWXVRZDUFKLYHWKHRSHQ[POEDOORW UHVROXWLRQPHHWLQJEUPZDVDQXQTXDOLILHGVXFFHVVDVS[  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  0RQWHQHJUR+pFWRU ³$FWXDOL]DQGR2SHQ;0/,62,(&GDQHOYLVWREXHQRD ,62,(&  ',6  ´  (O  EORJ  GH  +HFWRU  0RQWHQHJUR  ±  1DWLRQDO 7HFKQRORJ\2IILFHU  GH  0LFURVRIW  ,EpULFD    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSEORJVWHFKQHWFRPEKHFWRUPRQWHQHJURDUFKLYHLVRLHF RSHQ[PODFWXDOL]DQGRDVS[ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 2$6,6D ³%DOORW'HWDLOV$SSURYH2SHQ'RFXPHQWYDV2$6,66WDQGDUG´ 2$6,6  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZRDVLVRSHQRUJFRPPLWWHHVEDOORWSKS" LG ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 2$6,6% ³2SHQ'RFXPHQW)RUPDWIRU2IILFH$SSOLFDWLRQV2SHQ'RFXPHQW  Y´



2$6,6



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSZZZRDVLV

RSHQRUJFRPPLWWHHVGRZQORDGSKS2SHQ'RFXPHQWYRVSGI  ÒOWLPR DFFHVR 2')$OOLDQFHVG ³(FPD V3URSRVHG'LVSRVLWLRQRI&RPPHQWVRQ22;0/+RZ ZH  JRW  KHUH  :KDW  LV  PLVVLQJ  :K\  \RX  VKRXOG  YRWH  1R´  2')$OOLDQFH 'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZRGIDOOLDQFHRUJUHVRXUFHV'LVSRVLWLRQRI &RPPHQWVSGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR 2')$OOLDQFH *RRJOH V3RVLWLRQRQ22;0/DVD3URSRVHG,626WDQGDUG 2')$OOLDQFH



IHEUHUR



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSZZZRGIDOOLDQFHRUJUHVRXUFHV*RRJOH22;0/4$SGI ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 154

Bibliografía

3(*&62 ³&RQFOXVLRQVDQG5HFRPPHQGDWLRQVRQ2SHQ'RFXPHQW([FKDQJH )RUPDWV´



&RPLVLyQ



(XURSHD



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSHFHXURSDHXLGDEFVHUYOHWV'RFHSGI"LG   ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  3LQFK7UHYRU ³7KH6RFLDO&RQVWUXFWLRQRI7HFKQRORJ\$UHYLHZ´HQ)R[5 HG 7HFKQRORJLFDO&KDQJH0HWKRGVDQG7KHPHVLQWKH+LVWRU\RI7HFKQRORJ\ +DUZRRG$PVWHUGDPSS 3LQFK  7UHYRU  \  %LMNHU  :LHEH     ³7KH  6RFLDO  &RQVWUXFWLRQ  RI  )DFWV  DQG $UWLIDFWV2U+RZWKHVRFLRORJ\RI6FLHQFHDQGWKH6RFLRORJ\RI7HFKQRORJ\ 0LJKW%HQHILW(DFK2WKHU´6RFLDO6WXGLHVRI6FLHQFH DJRVWR SS  5DQFKDO  -XDQ     ³,%0  UHVSRQGH  D  0LFURVRIW  22;0/  HV  WpFQLFDPHQWH LQIHULRU´ 7KH ,QTXLUHU 1RWLFLDV DQiOLVLV  UHDOLGDG  \ IULFFLyQ  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZWKHLQTXLUHUHVLEPBUHVSRQGHBDBPLFURVRIWBRR[POBHVBWHF QLFDPHQWHBLQIHULRUKWPOÒOWLPRDFFHVR 5tRV5XL]:LOVRQ5DIDHO ³$VSHFWRVOHJDOHVGHOVRIWZDUHOLEUHRGHFyGLJR DELHUWR´ 5HYLVWD  6LVWHPDV  $&,6  9RO    %RJRWi  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZDFLVRUJFRLQGH[SKS"LG ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 6FKHVWRZLW]5R\D ³22;0/$EXVHV0DNLQJ0DNLQJ5RRPIRU$QWLWUXVW 5HJXODWRUV´

7HFKULJKWV







'LVSRLEOH



HQ

KWWSWHFKULJKWVRUJRR[POUHJXODWLRQFRPPLVVLRQ  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  6FKHVWRZLW]  5R\  D   ³%\H%\H  µ6¶  2K2K´ 7HFKULJKWV   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSWHFKULJKWVRUJLVRVD\VJRRE\HWRFUHGLELOLW\ ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 6FKHVWRZLW]5R\E ³1RUZD\ V3URWHVW$JDLQVW0LFURVRIW$EXVH*RHV0RUH 3XEOLF  8SGDWHG ´

7HFKULJKWV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ 155

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

KWWSWHFKULJKWVRUJQRUZD\RR[POLVRSURWHVW  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  6FKHVWRZLW]  5R\  F   ³,62  )HHOV  2.  :LWK  &RUUXSWLRQ  2IILFLDOO\ $SSURYHV 22;0/  8SGDWHG ´

7HFKULJKWV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ

KWWSWHFKULJKWVRUJLVRDSSURYHVRR[PO



ÒOWLPR



DFFHVR

 6FKHVWRZLW]  5R\  G   ³$V  22;0/  JDLQV  $SUREDFLyQ  WR  EHFRPH  DQ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6WDQGDUG;0/LVSRLVHGWRWDNHFHQWUHVWDJHIRUWKHIXWXUHRIKLJK YDOXH  GDWD  FRQWHQW  VWRUDJH´ 7HFKULJKWV    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSWHFKULJKWVRUJDOH[EURZQPLFURVRIWEVLLVR  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  6FKXO]&KDUOHV+ ³22;0/LVVXHVQRWVROYHGGXULQJWKH%50´$ZHEORJ E\



&KDUOHV+



6FKXO]







'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSVWDQGDUGVDQGIUHHGRPQHWLQGH[SKSÒOWLPRDFFHVR 6HS~OYHGD  &ULVWLDQ     ³0LFURVRIW  FRPSUD  YRWRV  SDUD  DSUREDU  22;0/  HQ 68(&,$ \  )8'  HQ  1XHYD  =HODQGD´ /LEHUDFLyQ'LJLWDO    &KLOH 'LVSRQLEOHHQKWWSOLEHUDFLRQGLJLWDORUJDFHUFDÒOWLPRDFFHVR 6,6     ³2IILFH  2SHQ  ;0/    6,6  RJLOWLJI|UNODUDU  RPU|VWQLQJHQ´ 3UHVVPHGGHODQGH  6ZHGLVK  6WDQGDUGV  ,QVWLWXH    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZVLVVHSGI22;0/B)LQDOSGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR 6RGHUEHUJ-RKDQ   )UHHVRIWZDUHWRRSHQKDUGZDUH&ULWLFDO7KHRU\RQ WKH )URQWLHUVRI+DFNLQJ 6765HVHDUFK5HSRUWV8QLYHUVLGDGGH*RWHPEXUJR *RWHPEXUJR 6WDOOPDQ5LFKDUG ³7KH*180DQLIHVWR´UHSURGXFLGRHQ6WDOOPDQ \ GLVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZJQXRUJJQXPDQLIHVWRHVKWPO  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  6WDOOPDQ5LFKDUG  )UHH6RIWZDUH)UHH6RFLHW\6HOHFWHG(VVD\VRI5LFKDUG 156

Bibliografía

06WDOOPDQ*183UHVV±)UHH6RIWZDUH)RXQGDWLRQ%RVWRQ>7UDGXFFLyQDO HVSDxRO  6WDOOPDQ  5LFKDUG    6RIWZDUH  OLEUH  SDUD  XQD  VRFLHGDG  OLEUH 7UDILFDQWHVGH6XHxRV0DGULG@ 6WHLQPXOOHU  (GZDUG     ³7KH  86  6RIWZDUH  ,QGXVWU\  $Q  $QDO\VLV  DQG ,QWHUSUHWLYH+LVWRU\´HQ'DYLG&0RZHU\HG  7KH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPSXWHU 6RIWZDUH,QGXVWU\2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 7KRPDV+HUQiQ ³(VWUXFWXUDVFHUUDGDVYHUVXVSURFHVRGLQiPLFRVWUD\HFWRULDV \  HVWLORV  GH  LQQRYDFLyQ  \  FDPELR  WHFQROyJLFR´  HQ 7KRPDV  +HUQiQ  \  %XFK $OIRQVR  FRRUG  $FWRV  DFWRUHV  \  DUWHIDFWRV  6RFLRORJtD  GH  OD  WHFQRORJtD 8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH4XLOPHV(GLWRULDO%HUQDOSS 8SGHJURYH$QG\ ³6KRZGRZQLQ*HQHYD0DMRULW\RI3URSRVHG'LVSRVLWLRQV )DLO  WR  EH  $SSURYHG  E\  D  0DMRULW\´ 7KH  6WDQGDUGV  %ORJ   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZFRQVRUWLXPLQIRRUJVWDQGDUGVEORJDUWLFOHSKS" VWRU\ ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 8QLyQ  (XURSHD  D   ³'(&,6,Ï1  1R  &(  '(/  3$5/$0(172 (8523(2<'(/&216(-2GHGHMXOLRGHVREUHXQFRQMXQWR GH RULHQWDFLRQHVHQWUHODVTXHILJXUDODLGHQWLILFDFLyQGHORVSUR\HFWRVGHLQWHUpV FRP~QUHODWLYRDUHGHVWUDQVHXURSHDVGHVWLQDGDVDOLQWHUFDPELRHOHFWUyQLFRGH GDWRV  HQWUH  DGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV  ,'$ ´ 'LDULR  2ILFLDO  GH  OD  &RPXQLGDGHV  (XURSHDV  'HSDUWDPHQWR  GH  &RPXQLFDFLyQ  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  %UXVHODV 'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSHXUOH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR"

XUL 2-/(63')ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 8QLyQ  (XURSHD  E   ³'(&,6,Ï1  1R  &(  '(/  3$5/$0(172 (8523(2<'(/&216(-2GHGHMXOLRGHSRUODTXHVHDSUXHEDXQ FRQMXQWRGHDFFLRQHV\PHGLGDVDOREMHWRGHJDUDQWL]DUODLQWHURSHUDELOLGDGGH ODV  UHGHV  WHOHPiWLFDV  WUDQVHXURSHDV  GHVWLQDGDV  DO  LQWHUFDPELR  HOHFWUyQLFR  GH GDWRVHQWUHDGPLQLVWUDFLRQHV,'$ DVtFRPRHODFFHVRDODVPLVPDV´ 'LDULR 157

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

2ILFLDO  GH  OD  &RPXQLGDGHV  (XURSHDV  'HSDUWDPHQWR  GH  &RPXQLFDFLyQ  GH  OD 8QLyQ



(XURSHD



%UXVHODV



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSHXU

OH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR" XUL 2-/(63')ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 8QLyQHXURSHD D  ³5HIRUPLQJ WKH &RPPLVVLRQ$:KLWH 3DSHU  3DUW ,´ &20



ILQDO



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ



KWWSHXU

OH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR" XUL &(/(;'& (1+70/ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 8QLyQHXURSHDE ³5HIRUPLQJWKH&RPPLVVLRQ$:KLWH3DSHU3DUW,, $FWLRQ  SODQ

&20  ILQDO  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSHXU

OH[HXURSDHX/H[8UL6HUY/H[8UL6HUYGR" XUL &(/(;'& (1+70/ÒOWLPRDFFHVR 8QLyQ(XURSHD ³&255(&&,Ï1'((5525(6&RUUHFFLyQGHHUURUHVGHOD 'HFLVLyQ  &(  GH  OD  &RPLVLyQ  GH    GH  DEULO  GH    ²  'HFLVLyQ &(GHO3DUODPHQWR(XURSHR\GHO&RQVHMRGHGHDEULOGH UHODWLYDDODSUHVWDFLyQLQWHURSHUDEOHGHVHUYLFLRVSDQHXURSHRVGHDGPLQLVWUDFLyQ HOHFWUyQLFDDOVHFWRUS~EOLFRODVHPSUHVDV\ORVFLXGDGDQRV,'$%& ´'LDULR 2ILFLDO  GH  OD  8QLyQ  (XURSHD  'HSDUWDPHQWR  GH  &RPXQLFDFLyQ  GH  OD  8QLyQ (XURSHD



%UXVHODV



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSHFHXURSDHXLGDEFVHUYOHWV'RFGESGI"LG   ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  9HUFHOOL$ULHO 5HSHQVDQGRORVELHQHVLQWHOHFWXDOHVFRPXQHVDQiOLVLVVRFLR WpFQLFRVREUHHOSURFHVRGHFRFRQVWUXFFLyQHQWUHODVUHJXODFLRQHVGHGHUHFKR  GHDXWRU\GHUHFKRGHFRSLD\ODVWHFQRORJtDVGLJLWDOHVSDUDVXJHVWLyQ7HVLVGH GRFWRUDGRFRQPHQFLyQHQ&LHQFLDV6RFLDOHV\+XPDQDV8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDO GH  4XLOPHV  4XLOPHV  %XHQRV  $LUHV   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWSZZZDULHOYHUFHOOLRUJUOELFSGIÒOWLPRDFFHVR 158

Bibliografía

9HUFHOOL$ULHO\7KRPDV+HUQiQ ³5HSHQVDQGRORVELHQHVFRPXQHVDQiOLVLV VRFLRWpFQLFRVREUHODFRQVWUXFFLyQ\UHJXODFLyQGHORVELHQHVFRPXQHV´9HUVLyQ   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZELHQHVFRPXQHVRUJDUFKLYRUOEFSGI  ÒOWLPR DFFHVR 9DORULV     ³&RPSDUDWLYH  DVVHVVPHQW  RI  2SHQ  'RFXPHQWV  )RUPDWV  0DUNHW 2YHUYLHZ´ )LQDO  $VVHVVPHQW  5HSRUW  (175,'$0,''/(:$5(;0/  6SHFLILF  DJUHHPHQW  Qƒ  ,QIRUPH  SDUD  OD  &RPLVLyQ  (XURSHD  'LVSRQLEOH  HQ KWWS[POFRYHUSDJHVRUJ,'$7$&9DORULV5HFSGI  ÒOWLPR  DFFHVR  9LGDO0LTXHO ³&RRSHUDFLyQVLQPDQGRXQDLQWURGXFFLyQDOVRIWZDUHOLEUH´ 6LQGRPLQLRQHW



'LVSRQLEOH



HQ

KWWSELEOLRZHEVLQGRPLQLRQHWWHOHPDWLFDVRIWOLEUHÒOWLPRDFFHVR :LQQHU/DQJGRQ ³'R$UWLIDFWV+DYH3ROLWLFV"´HQ0DF.HQ]LHHWDOHGV  7KH6RFLDO6KDSLQJRI7HFKQRORJ\2SHQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV3KLODGHOSKLD :LQQHU  /DQJGRQ     ³8SRQ  2SHQLQJ  WKH  %ODFN  %R[  DQG  )LQGLQJ  LW  (PSW\ 6RFLDO&RQVWUXFWLYLVPDQGWKH3KLORVRSK\RI7HFKQRORJ\´6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\ +XPDQ9DOXHV 6XPPHU SS :LQWHUIRUG%UHWW ³0LFURVRIW,%0PDVWHUPLQGHG22;0/IDLOXUH´ ='1HW 8.    'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZ]GQHWFRXNQHZVGHVNWRS DSSVPLFURVRIWLEPPDVWHUPLQGHGRR[POIDLOXUH ÒOWLPRDFFHVR =RREDE ³0LFURVRIWWREX\,62QH[WZHHNEHIRUH&KULVWPDV"´ 1R22;0/   'LVSRQLEOH  HQ  KWWSZZZQRRR[PORUJIRUXPWPLFURVRIW WREX\LVRQH[WZHHNEHIRUHFKULVWPDVÒOWLPRDFFHVR =XNHUIHOG  0DULDQR    &DSLWDOLVPR  \  FRQRFLPLHQWR  0DWHULDOLVPR  FRJQLWLYR SURSLHGDG  LQWHOHFWXDO  \  FDSLWDOLVPR  LQIRUPDFLRQDO    9ROV  7HVLV  GRFWRUDO %XHQRV$LUHV 159

160

ANEXO

161

162

Anexo

1. C UADRO

163

SINÓPTICO DE LA PRESENTACIÓN TEÓRICA

ĞďĞ '^^Wh'^/ෛ'^, ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƌ

'^Z͗ĂŐƌƵƉĂĚŽƐƉŽƌůĂƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂĐŝſŶĚĂĚĂĂůĂƌƚĞĨĂĐƚŽ

&ůĞdžŝďŝůŝĚĂĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƚŝǀĂ͗ZĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂůĂƐƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂĐŝŽŶĞƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐĚĂĚĂƐƉŽƌ ůŽƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ'^Z

,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĂ ĂƉŝƚĂůŝƐŵŽ

DĂƌĐŽƚĞĐŶŽůſŐŝĐŽ͗WƌŽǀĞĞƵŶŵĂƌĐŽŐĞŶĞƌĂůĚĞ ƉĞŶƐĂŵŝĞŶƚŽ LJ ĂĐĐŝſŶ

ĐĐŝŽŶĞƐ ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĂƐ ŽƌŝĞŶƚĂĚĂƐĂůĂ ƐŝŐŶŝĨŝĐĂĐŝſŶ

&yGLJRWpFQLFR,PSOLFDEDMROD IRUPDGHXQDVROXFLyQ 7e&1,&$0(17(&2+(5(17($ 81352%/(0$ODUHDOL]DFLyQGH Ğ ůŝƚ

hŶĂĂĐĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶ'^Z ƐĞƌĄƚĠĐŶŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞ ĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚĞƐŝƌĞƐƉĞƚĂ ůŽƐĐſĚŝŐŽƐƚĠĐŶŝĐŽƐLJĂ ĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚĞƐ͘Ɛş͕ƐƵƐ ĂĐĐŝŽŶĞƐƐĞƌĄŶǀŝƐƚĂƐ ůŝďƌĞƐĚĞǀĂůŽƌĞƐ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůĞƐLJ͕ƉŽƌĞůůŽ͕ ͞ŶĞƵƚƌĂůĞƐ͕͟ŽďũĞƚŝǀĂƐ͘

,PSOLFD

ůŵ ƌĂ ƚĞ ĞŶ ƌşƚŝĐĂĂůĂƌĂĐŝŽŶĂůŝĚĂĚƚĠĐŶŝĐĂLJ ĂůĂŶĞƵƚƌĂůŝĚĂĚƚĠĐŶŝĐĂ

/ŶĐŝĚĞŶĞŶ

1RHVFRQWLQJHQWH VLQRLQVFULSWDHQ

/ŶĐŝĚĞŶĞŶ

ŶĞƐĂĂĐƚŝǀŝĚĂĚĐĂĚĂ'^ZĐŽŶƐƚŝƚƵLJĞĂƌƚĞĨĂĐƚŽƐĚŝĨĞƌĞŶƚĞƐ

KďũĞƚŝǀŽƐ /ĚĞĂƐ /ŶƚĞƌĞƐĞƐ /ŶƚĞŶĐŝŽŶĞƐ

^Ğ ŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂŶ ůƵĞŐŽĂůŽƐ ĂƌƚĞĨĂĐƚŽƐ ĐůĂƵƐƵƌĂĚŽƐ

ů͞ĐſĚŝŐŽƚĠĐŶŝĐŽ͕͟ƉĂƌĂ &ĞĞŶďĞƌŐ͕ĞƐůĂƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂĐŝſŶ ĞŶƵŶĂƌƚĞĨĂĐƚŽĚĞ͞ůĂ ƌĞĂůŝnjĂĐŝſŶĚĞƵŶŝŶƚĞƌĠƐďĂũŽ ůĂĨŽƌŵĂĚĞƵŶĂƐŽůƵĐŝſŶ ƚĠĐŶŝĐĂŵĞŶƚĞĐŽŚĞƌĞŶƚĞĂƵŶ ƉƌŽďůĞŵĂ͟;&ĞĞŶďĞƌŐ͕ϮϬϬϱ͗ ϭϭϰ͘>ĂĐƵƌƐŝǀĂĞƐŵşĂͿ

,ŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĞĚĞĐƌşƚŝĐĂ͗ďƷƐƋƵĞĚĂĚĞǀĂůŽƌĞƐĂƌƌĂŝŐĂĚŽƐĞŶ ĐſĚŝŐŽƐƚĠĐŶŝĐŽƐ DĂƌĐŽƐƚĞĐŶŽůſŐŝĐŽƐLJĐſĚŝŐŽƐƚĠĐŶŝĐŽƐ͕ƐĞƌĞůĂĐŝŽŶĂŶ ĐŽŶƵŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵĂƐŽĐŝĂůŵĄƐĂŵƉůŝŽƋƵĞĚĞďĞƐĞƌ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂĚŽĞŶůĂĐƌşƚŝĐĂĚĞůĂƚĞĐŶŽůŽŐşĂ

'RQGH *65 *UXSR6RFLDO5HOHYDQWH *663 *UXSRV6RFLDOHV6LQ3RGHU

*6, *UXSRV6RFLDOHV,UUHOHYDQWHV *6+ *UXSRV6RFLDOHV+HWHUyQRPRV

164

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

2. R ESULTADO

DE LA VOTACIÓN EN LA ETAPA DE

FINALIZADA EL

02/ SEPT /2007 91 :

3DtV $UJHQWLQD &KLOH ,VUDHO /X[HPEXUJR 0p[LFR 3HU~ 9LHWQDP $XVWUDOLD %pOJLFD )LQODQGLD ,WDOLD 0DODVLD 3DtVHV%DMRV (VORYHQLD (VSDxD 7ULQLGDG  \ 7REDJR 0DXULFLR =LPEDEZH $UPHQLD %LHORUUXVLD &RVWD5LFD &URDFLD &XED (JLSWR 0DUUXHFRV 5XPDQtD )HGHUDFLyQ  GH

&XHUSRGH HVWDQGDUL]DFLyQ

5

MESES ( SEGUNDA ETAPA )

0HPEUHVtD

9RWR

,5$0 ,11 6,, 6(( '*1 ,1'(&23, 7&91 6$ 1%1 6)6 81, '60 1(1 6,67 $(125

0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

$EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ

77%6

0LHPEUR3

$EVWHQFLyQ

0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2

$EVWHQFLyQ $EVWHQFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ

06% 6$= 6$50 %(/67 ,17(&2 +=1 1& (26 61,0$ $652 *2675

 )XHQWH  -7&    GH  OD  ,62,(& KWWSZHEDUFKLYHRUJZZZMWFVFRUJUHSRVLWRU\]LS  7DPELpQ SXHGH  REWHQHUVH  HQ  OD  VLJXLHQWH  GLUHFFLyQ KWWSRPJLOLFRPPDLOLQJOLVWGHELDQXVHU VSDQLVKOLVWVGHELDQRUJHEHFMIDEODDHIPDLOJPDLOFRPKWPO

Anexo

5XVLD 6HUELD 6UL/DQND 8FUDQLD $]HUEDL\iQ &RVWD  GH 0DUILO &KLSUH -DPDLFD .D]DNVWiQ /tEDQR 3DNLVWiQ $UDELD6DXGLWD %DQJODGHVK %DUEDGRV %RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD &RQJR 5HS~EOLFD 'HPRFUiWLFD GHO )LML .XZDLW 1LJHULD 3DQDPi 4DWDU 5HS~EOLFD ÈUDEHGH6LULD 7DQ]DQLD 5HS~EOLFD 8QLGDGH (PLUDWRV ÈUDEHV8QLGRV 8]EHNLVWiQ

,66 6/6, '668 $=67$1'

0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR3

$SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ

&2',1250

0LHPEUR3

$SUREDFLyQ

&<6 -%6 .$=0(067 /,%125 364&$ 6$62 %67, %16,

0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

$SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ

%$6

$SUREDFLyQ

2&&

$SUREDFLyQ

)764&2 .2:60' 621 &23$1,7 46

$SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQ

6$602

$SUREDFLyQ

7%6

$SUREDFLyQ

(60$

$SUREDFLyQ

8=67$1'$5'

$SUREDFLyQ $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV

$XVWULD

21

0LHPEUR2

%XOJDULD

%'6

0LHPEUR2

165

166

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

,&217(&

0LHPEUR2

*UHFLD

(/27

0LHPEUR2

3RORQLD

3.1

0LHPEUR2

3RUWXJDO

,34

0LHPEUR2

,11253,

0LHPEUR2

',1

0LHPEUR3

.HQ\D

.(%6

0LHPEUR3

0DOWD

06$

0LHPEUR3

635,1*6*

0LHPEUR3

6XL]D

619

0LHPEUR3

7XUTXtD

76(

0LHPEUR3

8UXJXD\

81,7

0LHPEUR3

)21'21250$

0LHPEUR3

86$

$16,

6HFUHDWDULDGR

*KDQD

*6%

-RUGDQLD

-,60

%UDVLO )LOLSLQDV 7DLODQGLD &DQDGi &KLQD 5HS~EOLFD &KHFD

$%17 %36 7,6, 6&& 6$&

0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR2 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

$SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV $SUREDFLyQFRQ FRPHQWDULRV 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ

&1,

0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ

&RORPELD

7~QH] $OHPDQLD

6LQJDSXU

9HQH]XHOD

Anexo

'LQDPDUFD (FXDGRU )UDQFLD ,QGLD ,UiQ5HS~EOLFD ,VOiPLFDGH ,UODQGD -DSyQ &RUHD 5HS~EOLFDGH 1XHYD=HODQGD 1RUXHJD 6XGiIULFD 5HLQR8QLGR

'6 ,1(1 $)125 %,6

0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ

,6,5,

0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ

16$, -,6&

0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ

.$76

0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ

61= 61 6$%6 %6,

0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3 0LHPEUR3

'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ 'HVDSUREDFLyQ

167

168

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

3. L ISTA DE PARTICIPANTES DE BRM, RESALTANDO LA CANTIDAD DE EMPLEADOS DE M ICROSOFT PARTICIPANTES 92 : (O  DOWR  QLYHO  GH  UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ  GH  0LFURVRIW  HQ  HVWD  HWDSD  HV  OR  FULWLFDGR GXUDPHQWHSRUHOJUXSR)/266

+R' $8675$/,$0U5LFN-(//,))(7RSRORJL3W\/WG $8675$/,$ 0U3DQMDQ1$9$5$71$06WDQGDUGV$XVWUDOLD %e/*,&$



0U



%UXQR



6&+52'(5

0,&5262)7

%e/*,&$ 0U3DXO9$1'522*(1%52(&.,%0 %5$6,/0U)HUQDQGR*(%$5$0,&5262)7%UDVLO %5$6,/ 0U'HLYL/RSHV.8+16(5352 d6HUYLoR)HGHUDOGH3URFHVVDPHQWR GH'DGRV %5$6,/0U-RPDU6,/9$2')$OOLDQFHGR%UDVLO &$1$'È0U-HDQ%(51$7&+(=7UHDVXU\%RDUG6HFUHWDULDWRI&DQDGD &$1$'È0U7LP%5$<6XQ0LFURV\VWHPV &$1$'È0U3DXO&277210,&5262)7&DQDGD &$1$'È 0U-RKQ+23.,1621 &$1$'È0U3KLOLS$0$16),(/' &$1$'È'U9680$0$+(6:$5$1,%0&DQDGD &+,/(   0U  &DUORV  5HFDEDUUHQ  0('(,526  &DPDUD  GH  &RPHUFLR  (OHFWUyQLFR &&(  &+,1$0U1LQJ/,%HLMLQJ,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\,QVWLWXWH &+,1$ 0UV1LQJ/,1&KLQD(OHFWURQLFV6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ,QVWLWXWH &+,1$0U=KLJDQJ:8&KLQD(OHFWURQLFV6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ,QVWLWXWH &267$'(0$5),/0V1QHQQD1:$.$10$)266)$ &267$'(0$5),/ 0U:HPED2327$0,&5262)7ÈIULFDGHOHVWH\FHQWUDO 5(3Ò%/,&$&+(&$0UâWHSiQ%(&+<16.é0,&5262)75HS~EOLFD&KHFD /WG )XHQWH,62,(&-7&6& 

Anexo

169

5(3Ò%/,&$&+(&$ 0U-LUND.26(. 5(3Ò%/,&$&+(&$0U)LOLS02/&$1266$OLDQFH ',1$0$5&$0U-DVSHU+HGHJDDUG%2-6(10,&5262)7'HQPDUN ',1$0$5&$0U-HQV0LNDHO-(16(1,%0 ',1$0$5&$ 0V3LD(OOHE\/$1*('DQLVK6WDQGDUGV ',1$0$5&$0U-HVSHU/XQG672&+2/0&LEHU'DQPDUN$6 (&8$'25  0V  /HWLFLD  %$48(5,=2  *8=0È1  0LVLyQ  3HUPDQHQWH 5HSUHVHQWDWLYDGH(FXDGRUHQ*LQHEUD0LQLVWURGH5HODFLRQHV([WHULRUHV (&8$'25   0U  5DIDHO  %21,)$=  )UHH  6RIWZDUH  'LUHFWRU  RI  6XEVHFUHWDULDW  RI ,QIRUPDWLFV ),1/$1',$0U.LPPR%(5*,860,&5262)7/WG ),1/$1',$0U9LOOH2.6$1(1(OHFWURQLF)URQWLHU)LQODQG ),1/$1',$0U0DQX6(7$/$&266&HQWUHIRU2SHQ6RXUFH6RIWZDUH ),1/$1',$ 0U$NL6,321(10LQLVWU\RI)LQDQFH)LQODQG )5$1&,$





0U



)UpGpULF



%21



&OHYHU$JH

UHSODFHPHQW 0U-HDQ)UDQoRLV/(*(1'5($)125 )5$1&,$0U7RQ\+,77(0$$)125 $/(0$1,$0U-DQ',77%(51(5',1 $/(0$1,$0U$UQG/$<(5,%0'HXWVFKODQG*PE+ $/(0$1,$'U7KRPDV5,&+7(56)LQDQ]EHK|UGH+DPEXUJ $/(0$1,$ 0U*HUG6&+h50$11)UDXQKRIHU)2.86 $/(0$1,$0U0DULR:(1'70,&5262)7'HXWVFKODQG*PE+ $/(0$1,$0U7RUVWHQ:(51(5$XVZlUWLJHV$PW *5(&,$0U$QWRQLRV&+5,672),',61DWLRQDO7HFKQLFDO8QLYHUVLW\RI$WKHQV *5(&,$0U6RFUDWLV0$$1,$1*UHHN,QGXVWU\$VVRFLDWLRQ ,1',$'U3%$/$68%5$0$1,$11DWLRQDO,QIRUPDWLF&HQWUH ,1',$'U6KDUDW&+$1'5$1,QGLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\%RPED\,QGLD ,1',$0UV5HHQD*$5*%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV

170

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

,1',$ 0U5DNHVK9(50$%XUHDXRI,QGLDQ6WDQGDUGV ,5/$1'$'U'DYLG$%5$+$06217ULQLW\&ROOHJH'XEOLQ ,5/$1'$ 'U,DQ&2:$11DWLRQDO6WDQGDUGV$XWKRULW\RI,UHODQG ,65$(/ 0U0DWLWLDKX$//28&+(,%0 ,65$(/0U6KPXHO<$,50,&5262)7 ,7$/,$ ,QJ0DVVLPR$&7,6'$7281,1)2 ,7$/,$,QJ'RPHQLFR648,//$&(,%0,WDOLD ,7$/,$,QJ$QGUHD9$/%21,0,&5262)7,WDOLD -$3Ï10U
Anexo

171

18(9$  =(/$1'$  0U  %UHWW  52%(576 0,&5262)7 1XHYD  =HODQGD 18(9$=(/$1'$ 0V0LFKHOOH:(66,1*6WDQGDUGV1XHYD=HODQGD 1258(*$0U(UOHQG‘YHUE\+\SDWLD$6 1258(*$0U6KDK]DG5DQD0,&5262)71RUJH$6 1258(*$ 0V%M¡UQKLOG67(5‘<6WDQGDUGV1RUXHJD 1258(*$0U.QXW6HEDVWLDQ7XQJODQG6WDWRLO+\GUR$6$ 32/21,$ 'U(O]ELHWD$1'58.,(:,&=(1(5*27(/6$ 32578*$/ 3URI0LJXHO6DOHV',$60,&5262)73RUWXJDO 32578*$/0U-RmR1(9(6,175$1(,$ 32578*$/0U3HGUR48,17$6-85,1)25 68'È)5,&$0U%RE-2//,))('HSDUWPHQWRI6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\ 68'È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

172

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

(FPD,QWHUQDFLRQDO0U%ULDQ-21(60,&5262)7 (FPD,QWHUQDFLRQDO'U7RP1*21H[W3DJH (FPD,QWHUQDFLRQDO 0U-HDQ3$2/,0,&5262)7&RUSRUDWLRQ (FPD



,QWHUQDFLRQDO



0U



)ORULDQ



5(87(5



1RYHOO

&RQYHQHU'U$OH[DQGHU'-%52:1*ULIILQ%URZQ'LJLWDO3XEOLVKLQJ/WG 3URMHFW(GLWRU0U5H[-$(6&+.( $VVLVWDQWWR3URMHFW(GLWRU0U7ULVWDQ'$9,60,&5262)7 ,62,(&,77)0U.HLWK%5$1121,77) ,62,(&



,77)



0U



*DEULHO



%$57$



,77)

&KDLU  -7&  6&    'U  6DP  2+  6XQJN\XQNZDQ  8QLYHUVLW\ 6HFUHWDULDW-7&6&0V7RVKLNR.,085$,36-,76&-

Anexo

4. C OPIA DEL PAPEL BRM SEGÚN DECISIÓN

173

UTILIZADO PARA LA REALIZACIÓN DEL VOTO EN EL DE A. B ROWN :

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

3RVLWLRQ 

$SSURYH>@ $SSURYH>@ $SSURYH>@ $SSURYH>@ $SSURYH>@ $SSURYH>@

)XHQWH,62,(&-7&6&F

'LVDSSURYH>@ 'LVDSSURYH>@ 'LVDSSURYH>@ 'LVDSSURYH>@ 'LVDSSURYH>@ 'LVDSSURYH>@

$EVWDLQ>@ $EVWDLQ>@ $EVWDLQ>@ $EVWDLQ>@ $EVWDLQ>@ $EVWDLQ>@

174

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

/DUHVROXFLyQGHODTXHKDEODHVWH³9RWLQJ3DSHU´GLFHORVLJXLHQWH ³5HVROXWLRQ³2SWLRQSULPH´7KH%50GHFLGHVWRXVHWKHIROORZLQJIRUP WRGHFLGHE\PDMRULW\YRWLQJRQHDFKGLVSRVLWLRQRIFRPPHQWVSURSRVHGE\WKH  (GLWRU³5HVSRQVH´ ZKLFKKDVQRWEHHQH[SOLFLWO\DFFHSWHGRUUHMHFWHGE\WKH %50LQRWKHUZD\VOLVWHQFORVHG $VLPSOHPDMRULW\RI³$SSURYHG´VRIWKH  YRWHV  RQ  WKDW  ³5HVSRQVH´  ZLOO  EH  UHTXLUHG  WR  LPSOHPHQW  HDFK  5HVSRQVH  $EVWHQWLRQVDUHQRWFRXQWHG,QWKHHYHQWRIDWLHRQD³5HVSRQVH´QRHGLWLQJ  LQVWUXFWLRQZLOOUHVXOWIURPWKDW³5HVSRQVH´²UHVXOWVRIWKHYRWHLQIDYRXU  QRQHDJDLQVWWZR$EVWHQWLRQV'(%(  VRUHVROYHG´ ,62,(&-7&6&

F

Anexo

175

5. E L

PROCESO DE ESTANDARIZACIÓN RESUMIDO EN FECHAS DESDE SU INGRESO A LA ISO/IEC

(WDSD

0HVHV

$xR

)DVHGH  FRQWUDGLFFLR QHV

(QHURD  IHEUHUR

9RWDFLyQGH  DEU  PHVHV DOVHSW

)HFKDV GHVWDFDEO HV

'HWDOOHV

VHSW

,62,(&UHFKD]D22;0/

RFW

(FPDDEULySiJLQDZHESDUDTXHORVPLHPEURVGH ,62,(&VXELHUDQORVFRPHQWDULRVD',6

:(FPDDILUPyKDEHUUHFLELGRFRPHQWDULRV $HVDIHFKDKDEtDQUHVSRQGLGRXQGHHVH GHQRY WRWDO :3URJUDPDURQHQWUHJDUVXVUHVSXHVWDVDORV VHSW (WDSD  FRPHQWDULRVGHORV&1HOGHIHEUHURGH DO SUHSDUDWLYD \ IHEUHU :,QFOX\yWRGDVODV DO%50  (FPD  ODQ]y  VX R UHVSXHVWDVDORV ³'LVSRVLFLRQHV FRPHQWDULRVUHFLELGRV GH SURSXHVWDV  D  ORV IHEUHURGH :(OGRFXPHQWRWXYR FRPHQWDULRV  GH  ORV  SiJLQDV &XHUSRV  1DFLRQDOHV :6HSURSXVLHURQ VREUH',6´ FDPELRV

%50

DO  GHIHEUHUR

:6HUHYLVDURQ UHVSXHVWDV :6HDFHSWDURQ :6HUHFKD]DURQ (QWRQFHV6HDSUREDURQ GHODVUHVSXHVWDVTXH :6HGHFLGLHURQ GXUDQWHHO%50 VHSXGLHURQUHYLVDU   :&UHDFLyQGH ³3DSHOHVGH9RWDFLyQ´

GtDV  SRVWHULRUHV  DO%50

IHEDO  PDU]R

7LHPSRGDGRSDUDODUHYLVLyQGHOYRWRGDGRSRU ORV&1HQOD6HJXQGD)DVH

(WDSDILQDO  GHOSURFHVR

'HVGHHO  DEULO

DEULO

,62,(&DQXQFLyODDSUREDFLyQGHO',6 6HSUHVHQWDURQDSHODFLRQHVDHVWDGHFLVLyQ

MXQ

&(2  GH  ,62,(&  UHFRPHQGy  QR  VHJXLU  FRQ  ODV DSHODFLRQHV6HVRPHWLyHVWHSHGLGRDYRWDFLyQ\

176

La Guerra por el Estándar y Teoría Crítica de la Tecnología

)XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD

DJR

6HDSUREyHOHVWiQGDU

DJR

,62,(&  ODQ]y  XQ  FRPXQLFDGR  GH  SUHQVD LQIRUPDQGR  HO  ILQ  GHO  SURFHVDPLHQWR  GH  ODV DSHODFLRQHV

QRY

,62,(&SXEOLFyHOHVWiQGDUFRPR,6

Buy your books fast and straightforward online - at one of world’s fastest growing online book stores! Environmentally sound due to Print-on-Demand technologies.

Buy your books online at

www.get-morebooks.com ¡Compre sus libros rápido y directo en internet, en una de las librerías en línea con mayor crecimiento en el mundo! Producción que protege el medio ambiente a través de las tecnologías de impresión bajo demanda.

Compre sus libros online en

www.morebooks.es VDM Verlagsservicegesellschaft mbH Heinrich-Böcking-Str. 6-8 D - 66121 Saarbrücken

Telefon: +49 681 3720 174 Telefax: +49 681 3720 1749

[email protected] www.vdm-vsg.de