'
.- . . ·-
... '
. . � .· \
.�
i .
.
·. .
...,,
[ '
·.
: · by
B
�
ruce M� Me ger. An introductory study of the New Testament for ;__ the beg i nni n g student, written by one ·of America's ou t s ta n di ng New Testa ment scholars. Dr. Metzger divides the subject matter into three main sec tions: (;1) the background of the New Testament pe r i od _:a summary of the political, social; cultural, rei igious, and philosophical factors. as Christianity developed and the New .Testament writings wer e produced; (2) the life and teachings of C h rist-an evaluation
and summary of our sources of knowl edge of the life and teachings of jesus Christ, both. Christian and non Christian, canonical and non-canonical; and (3) the history of the apostolic age-an excellent por t ra ya l of prirpitive Christianity, both Jewish and Gentile. In c l ear, straightforward s t yle the student recei ves a comprehensive and 'lucid view of present-day New Testament scholarship.
what others are saying: ."Th e reaction of this reviewer . . . may be summed up in the wish that he had had at his disposa l just such a text when he was first seriously introduced .to the New Testament." -!Jrinceton Seminary Bulletin " ... Professor Metzger has written a lucid, concise, and exciting volume . . , . It is a book of basic background information showing balanced judg e ment· and careful, accurate exegesis ." -Christianity Today
" ... by
no means disregards recent scholarship. Information pertaining to the times and message of the New Testament is p resen t ed iri clear, direct, and precise language. -Th e Westminster Theological Journal
". . . substantial and stimulating volume. It is an impressive accomplish -Theology Today ment." "This· work is scholarly' yet rea d a b le . It has much to offer young people and adults who want to know more · about the message of the New Testa -Presbyterian Journal ment." " ... a thorough, imaginative, highly readable work."
.
. . .
-Choice
" ... written with clarity and freshness and reflects the balanced, thorough, cautious scholarship for which Metzger is well known. One .is impressed both by its compactness and its comprehensiveness." ..-Interpretation
at your local bookstore
ABINGDON PBESS
- -,
FOR STUDENT-S OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK
Bruce M. Metzger
r'
..;.r,
ALSO BY BRUCE M. METZGER The Saturday
Lectionary
and
Sunday Lessons from Luke
in
the
Greek
Gospel
A Guide to the Preparation of a Thesis
Index of Articles on the New Testame nt and the E arly Church published in Festschriften
Textual Criticism
Annotated Bibliography of the Testament
of the New
The Text, Canon, and Principal Versions of the Bible Flack)
(with E.
E.
An Introduction to the Apocrypha Index to Periodical Literature on the Apostle Paul
Lists
of Words
O ccurring
Frequently in the Coptic New Testament
The Oxford Concise Concord ance to the Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible (with Isobel M. Metzger)
Chapters in the History of New Testament Textual Criticism
,
The Text of the New Testamen t its Transmission, Corruption. and Restoration (also in German, Japanese, and Mandarin) Index to Periodi cal Literature on Christ and the Gospels
The New
Testament,
its Background, Growth, and Content
Historical and Literary
Studies:
Pagan, Jewish, and Christian
A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament The Early Versions of the New Testament, their Origin, Transmis sion, and Limitations
Editor of:
New
Testament Tools and Studies (9 vols.)
Twentieth
Cen tury Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge (New Testament Editor)
The Oxford Annotated Bible (with Herbert G. May)
The
Oxford Annotated Apocrypha
:tJ
The nited Bible Societies' E di tion of the Greek New Testament {With K. Aland, M. Black, C. M. Martini, and A. Wikgren
)
LEXICAL AIDS FOR STUDENTS OF NEW TESTAMENT GREEK BRUCE M. METZGER Gearg• L. Collard Profusqr of
N•w Tutammt lAngug• and Lif4rMin Prinuttm ThMJIDgietd &miliary
NEW EDITION
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR Distributed by the Theological Book Agency Princeton, New Jersey 1978
COPYJUOHT
I
N•wEdition
g6g BY BRUCE M. METZOJ!.R
All rights reslfvetl. This book or parts_ thM•of �Y. not be r.protlzu:ed in any form without wntten permtmon
from thl author.
TYPE
COMPOSED IN
GREAT BRITAIN
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD PHOTOLITHOPRINTED
IN THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CUSHING-MALLOY, INC., ANN ARBOR,
MICHIGAN
ov ?To..U' llid. 1roM
'not
quantity but quality'
(literally, 'not many things but much')
p.EAlTTJ 'TO 1riiv
'practice makes perfect'
(literally, 'practice [is] everything')
PREFACE AccoRDING to the psychologist, man learns by associating the new
with the old, the strange with the familiar.
In studying a foreign
language, therefore , the beginner will do well to o bserve whatever similarities may exist between his own and the other language.
Part I of the following Lexical Aids makes use of this princip le of
associative learning by sup plying , after the English definitions of
Greek words, such English derivatives as may be of assistance in re
membering the meaning of the Greek vocabulary . The Greek words
in the list, furthermore , have been selected and arran ged in a ccord with their frequency of occ urrence in the New Testament.
Part II makes a different application of the same psychological
principle . Here are exhibited the family relationships among words of
freque n t and less frequent occurrence. Mter a stu d en t has become
acquainted with a minimum working v ocabul ary of words that occur
many times in the New Testament he can make more rapid progress in acquiring a larger vocabulary by lear ni ng such additional wor ds as resemble in general meani ng and form those which he already knows.
What proportio n of attention should be devoted to Part I ('Words
Classified According to Their Frequency') before b egin ning to employ
at the same time Part II
( Words Classified According to Their Root ) '
'
can be determined on the basis of economy of time and effort.
A
jud i c i ous and faithful use of both Parts will speed the day when the beginner can read the Greek Testament with pleasure and profit .
October
r,
1946
Vll
PREFACE TO THE ENLARGED EDITION of the sixth printing of this little book, it is appropriate to of some who have used it in the classroom that future printings include a list of the principal parts of verbs which AT the time
accede to the requests
occur most frequently in the New Testament. Accordingly,
Appendix
IV has been added to this enlarged edition. Furthermore, in order to
provide assistance in another area
of New
Testament
a list is given in Appendix V of all the nouns
that end in
-o�
and are feminine in gender.
lexicography,
of the second declension
Perhaps it may be confessed here that the Greek colophon that
for the compiler with which many a
stands on the last page is doubly appropriate--no less
than for the user of this booklet. This
couplet,
weary scribe in the Byzantine period brought his manuscript to a close, may be rendered, 'As travelers rejoice to see their native land,
so also is the end
of a book to those who
December r6, 1954
viii
labor!'
PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION THIS new edition differs from the previous ones more in form than in content.
The two earlier editions, which went through fourteen
printings totalling 6o,ooo copies, were reproduced from the typescript
copy prepared by the author; the present edition has been photo
lithoprinted from type set by the skilled craftsmen of the University
r
P ess at Oxford.
At the same time, the a doption of a new format has made it possible
ns in the contents.
to incorporate a number of modificatio
Minor ad
justments have been made in several of the definitions, and the
number of English derivatives has been increased. The bib liography
r
of G e ek lexicons (see pp. 5-6) has b een revised in the light of recent publications.
In
response
sv
to requests made by e e ral teachers,
the
present edition has been supplied with an alphabetical index of the
rq
Greek words that are included in the f e uency word lists.
February
g,
BRUCE
1g69
IX
M.
METZGER
CONTENTS PART
I.
WORDS
CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING
TO
THEIR
TO
THEIR
I
FREQUENCY
PART
II.
WORDS
CLASSIFIED
A C CORD I N G
ROOT
APPENDIX
I:
THE
INDO-EUROPE AN
FAMILY
OF
L AN
73
GUAGES APPENDIX
11:
P RE P O S I TION S
IN
COMPOSITION
WITH
79
VERBS APPENDIX AND
III:
ADVERBS
TA B L E
OF
APPENDIX IV:
P R I N C IP A L
APPENDIX
F E M INI N E
VERBS
V:
CORRELATIVE
OF GREEK
PRONOUNS
86 PARTS OF SOME IMPORTANT
NOUNS
CLENSION INDEX
41
OF
THE
SECOND
DE-
87 91 95
WORDS
XI
PART I
WORDS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR FREQUENCY AccoRDING to statistics
collected by Robert Morgenthaler,� the Greek
New Testament makes use of 5,436 different Greek words. More than
one half of these (namely, 3,246 words) occur only once, twice, or
thrice in the entire New Testament. Of the remainder, about eleven
,
hundred occur teh or more times. All of these with the exception of
proper names,2 are included in the following word lists (comprising
r r
a total of 1,067 words), and are arranged in descending o de of their
frequency.
The usefulness of suc
n
h lists is obvious.
By co
nsulting them the be
gi ner will not, so to speak, waste his time memorizing words that
occur only rarely in the New Testament. He can be assured that when
s , (other than the proper names)
t
he has learned, ay the first 513 words in the lists he h en knows all of
the words
in the New Testament.
l
that occur at east 25 times
guage always finds it easier to acquire wn parallels between it and his own langu age . Although several grammars for beginn ers of Classical Greek are provided with such mnemonic aids (as , for example, the grammars by H. L. Crosby andJ. N. Schaeffe r, The beginner of any foreign l an
a working knowledge of the vocabulary if he is sho
and by A. S. Way), grammarians of New Testament Greek have been
ti
slow in adop ng this pedagogically sound procedure. As a start in thi s
direction there have been added to the following frequency
word lists
such English derivatives as seemed likely to prove helpful to the student r Statisti/c des neuustamentlichen Wortschatzes (Zurich, 1958). The statistics are According to
based on the 21St edition of the Nestle Greek New Testament.
w
Morgenthaler (p. 26), the total number of words in the entire Greek N e Testa ment is 137,490 words. Every seventh word is a definite article, every fifteenth
word an 'and,' and every twenty-fifth word an
aoro>.
The ten most frequently
used words comprise about 45,000 of the total 137,328 words, and the approxi I
mately
roo,ooo
z As
70 words that occur more than one hundred times each comprise about
words of the total text (that is, about five-sevenths of the
New Testament).
rule the proper names in the Greek New Testament so closely resemble the corresponding names in English as to occasion very little difficulty of recogni a
tion. A table of equivalent letters is given below on p. 3· I
need scarcely be mentioned that not of New Testament Greek. It de:ivative. Nevertheless, a surp�is every Greek word has an English . can be sup� hed w_tth w�ng ingly large proportion of the .follo . attves. The denvattve, which more or less well-known Enghsh denv theses, is not to b e confused is italiciz ed and enclosed within paren . The d efinition is to be memo with the definition of the Greek word of assistance in remembering be to rized; the derivative is intended les of Englisn·derivations the definition. Although many other examp which are given frorn these Greek words might have been cited, those type of student the of ts interes e abl b o r p the to were chosen with an eye it was possible er whenev is, That who will make use of this booklet.
:.ror�s
·
to do
so,
derivatives were provided that involve theological, ecclesias
tical, or patristic terminology. In some instances the derivative is not direct but is from a closely related word in Greek. In these ca ses the English word is introduced 'compare'). Thus, for ex ampl e, the de by the abbreviation 'cf.' ( finition of the noun ot8daKaAos- is followed by ' (cf. didactic),' f or, although no noun in En gl ish is a dir ect derivative of otoaaKaAos-, the adjective didactic, being derived from a closely related Greek word (ouSaKTtK
Thus, after the definition of 7Tarf]p one
finds
'(akin to
paternal),'
for
paternal closely resembles 7Ta,..�p because the Eng li sh word is derived from the L a t in pater, which in turn is a cognate of the Greek word. z
Attention may be called to the o ccasi ona l use of a word or phrase enclosed within parentheses in conjunction with the d e fi nit ion of a Greek word .. a7Toa,..€>..\w is defined '/send (with a commission)'. Th : w�rds w1thm parentheses will not be confused with the English d:nvatlve, for the latter is in every case p rin t e d in italics. Again, it will be observed that a semi�colon is used (I) to separate quite diverse Engli sh definitions of the s ame Greek wo rd , and (2) to sepa r ate two or more English derivatives from one a:no ther .
T�us,
?'he foll?wing t�ble of equivalent letters and diphthongs will be of
assistance
m
learmng to become aware of
rnany E ngI"Ish denvat1ves . .
. ' To be exact, 467 of the 1066 words that occur ten ttmes or with English derivatives Th IS · · IS a b out 45 per cent. • • • 2 For further mformatiOn regarding cogna te words , see A
more
ppend'1x I •
2
.
are provtded
other than those which are cited by way of example. The Greek·· letters whose transliteration is immediately ·ob\ri.ous are not included� CONSONANTS
Greek
.English
Examples
ng
wa.wl.\wv, evangel
rY
t
K
c (sometimes k) 1
� "' X .p
ch ps
e?lxa.p"rrla., Eucharist ,PwtJop.a.,, pseudoAND
DIP;H THONGS
English
{
e
7J '
KLvlw, kinetic
evA.ov, xylophone t/Jwv!J, -phone
ph
Greek
CW?}, ,(,oe l·.U.�·ta. tcdesUutit ElKwv, icon (also ikon)
X
VOWELS
(initial)
{
.t
(followed
)
by a vowel) v
)'
e (or
O.L
ae)
i (or ei) EV
eu, before a vowel ev
e (or ov
(final) ,a.
oe)
{ {
Examples
'woq, Zoe Uirra ,jot , ]7JUOV!>, Jesus
1/Jv�. psyche
a.Cp.a, hemoglobin (or
haemo-)
elKwv, icon 8elKvvp.L, deictic e?l+t/J7Jp.l, euphemism e�ayyl..\,ov, evangel olKOVp.EVLKO�, ecumenical (also
u
oecumenical)
oll+To7To�;, Utopia
EllA.oyla., eulogy
)'
A few observations concerning the most efficient ways in which to lists will not be out of place. The usual and time-tested procedure is to concentrate on a Greek word and to rep eat it to oneself over and over again with the English definition. In doing so one should be careful always to put the stress on the syllable of the use the following word
1 In general when a Greek word has entered English through Latin it has kappa; when it has come direct, it has k.
3
c
for
e, if, for instance, Greek word which carries the accent mark. Otherwis
'fos tomorrow, and be pronounced. a'del-fos today, and o.-del h g t e o n e Greek word"JS o.-del-fos' at another time, the labor of learnm . practically tripled. . . pronunaation of Greek words Of great importance in the proper
auc.,. �..L'os ���
•
on int syllables. � is a knowledge of the rules governing their divisi les 1n a Greek syllab many as are These principles are simple. There e stand word as separate vowels or diphthongs. ( 1) A singl consonant
ing between two vowels in one word belongs with th e second vowel, (2) A group of consonants that can begin a word (such as a-ya-1n7. combinations may be seen in a lexicon), and a group fonned by a consonant followed by p. or v, belongs with the second vowel. (3) A group of consonants that cannot begin a word is divided between two syllables, as
8a-Aaa-aa..
J>....,.ts, d-p.ap-Ta-vw.
Doubled consonants are divid e d , as
(4-) Compound words
I J... I I Ew-.,.Epw, avv-Exw.
divide at
the point of union, as
An exceedingly helpful method of learning a foreign language
write
the
unfamiliar words.
is
to
of a ought to be
Indeed, according to the author
popular treatise on the study of languages, this method
practiced by every one learning a new language. Frederick Bodmer declares, 'Pen (or pencil) and p aper
are essential help. We are most apt to forget what we take in by ear, least likely to forget what we learn by touch. No one who has learned to swim or cycle forgets the
trick of doing so.'1 Most students discover that the effort of wri ting helps to fix their attention on the task at hand and thus impress es the new words more firmly in their memory. It is recommended that, in order to g�in
the greatest
benefit
from
the following word lists,
�he stu??nt utilize both the oral and the written disciplines. Moreover,
In addru n to me orizing lists of words, the highes t degree of pro ? � _ fi cre ncy m translating the New Testament can be attained only if long sections of the Greek text are read , preferably aloud. In counting the frequency of Gre ek word s in the New Testament the author utilized W. F Moulton and A S . Geden ' s uoncoruanc ro e t'o .1 the Greek Testament, 2nd edn (Edinburgh , 1 8gg) . It may be me n b oned that oult n Gc.den's orthography follows that of � Westcott and Hort m the1r ed1t1on of the Greek New Testament. ·
·
·
·
�
a��
1
The Loom
of Language (New York, 1944-), 4
p. 2s.
The definitions have been purposely kept brief and pointed, yet it is h op ed that n o denotation which occurs with any degree of fre� quency has b een neglected. For further information concerning various connotations and nuances of meaning, the following standard lexicons may be consulted. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF GREEK LEXICONS
ABBOTT-SMITH, G., A Manual Greek
(3rd edn., Edinburgh, 1937).
Reasonably material.
co mp lete
Lexicon of the New Testament
and not unwieldy, but does not make
ARNDT, WILLIAM F., and GINGRICH, F. Lexicon of the N ew Testament and other
full
use
of
new
Greek-English Christian Literature, a
WILBUR, A
early
translation and adaptation of Walter Bauer's Griechisch-Deutsches
Wiirterbuch
zu den
Schriften
des
Neuen
Testament usw.,
Berlin, I949-52 (Chicago and Cambridge ,
1 9 57).
4te
Aufl.,
Best of New Tes tament lexicons, with rich bibliographical data. The sth edition
of Bauer's Greek-German lexicon
w:u published
GINGRICH, F. WILBUR, Shorter Lexicon ( Chicago
and London,
1965).
in
1958.
of the
Greek New Testament
A condensation of the Hauer-Arndt-Gingrich lexicon, without bibliographical data.
KITTEL, GERHARD ( ed.), Theologisches ment, 8 vols. (Stuttgart, I933- ) ; W. Bromiley, Theological Dictionary Rapids, I964- ).
Worterbuch zum Neuen Testa
English trans. by Geoffrey
of the New
Testament (Grand
Combines strict philological method with theological insight; an unparalleled source of information. Vols. 5 ff. are edited by Gerhard Friedrich.
LAMPE, ford,
G. W.
H.,(ed.),A Patristic
1961-8).
Greek Lexicon, fascicles I-S
(Ox.�
The authoritative work in its field. Useful in tracing the early history of the exegesis of New Testament words and passages.
G., and ScoTT, R., A Greek-English Lexicon, new edn., revised and augmented throughout by H. S. Jones , assisted by
LIDDELL, H.
R. McKenzie
(Oxford, 1925-40).
The standard lexicon of Classical Greek. A Supplerrunt, edited by E. A. Barber, with the assistance of P. Maas, M. Scheller, an d M. L. West (Oxford, 19fj8),
incorporates addenda and corrigenda.
5
MouLTON, J.
H., and MILLIGAN, G., The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament Illustrated from the Papyri and Other Non-Literary Sources (London, 1914-29; one vol. edn., 1930).
Defines only those words on which the editors found fresh information in the papyri and other non-literary sources; unsurpassed in its field.
NEWMAN, BARCLAY M., Jr., A Concise Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament (New York, 197•r).
A companion volume to the United Bible Societies' edition of the Greek New Testament.
PRErsrcKE, FRIEDRICH, Worterbuch der griechischen Papyrusurkunden mit EinschlrijJ der griechischen Inschriften, Aufschriften, Ost raka , Mumien· schiider, usw., aus ifgypten, 3 vols. (Berlin, I 925-3 I). A general lexicon of the Greek papyri. A new edition is appearing as vols. 4 ff.
( 1 944- ). PRING,
J. T.,
The
(Oxford, 1965).
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Greek (Greek-English)
SoUTER , ALEXANDER, A Pocket Lexicon {Oxford, 1916).
to the Greek New
Testament
Fresh, .vivid definitions; its faults are those of extreme brevity and lack of helps
for locatmg forms.
ZoRELL, FRANcrscus, Le�·icon Graecum Novi (Paris, I g6 I).
Testamenti'
A useful Greek to Latin lexicon by a ca able Jesuit scholar. p
6
3rd edn.
WORD LISTS
FREQUENCY
Words occurring: more than 500 times,
201 to 500 times, 15I to 200 times, 121 to 150 times, IOI to 120 t imes , 91 to I oo times, 8I to go times , 71 to 8 o times, 6I to 7 0 times, s6 to 6o times, 50 to 55 times, 46 to 49 times, 42 to 45 times, s8 to 41 times, 34 to 37 times,
32 or 33 times, 30 or 3 I times,
28 or 29 times, 26 or 27 times,
PP·
pp. pp. pp. pp.
7-8 8-ro
IO-II II-12 I2-I3 p. 13 PP· I3-I4 pp. 14-I5 p. 15 p. r6
pp. I6-17
pp. 17-18 p. 18 pp. 18-rg
pp. I9-20
pp. 20-21
pp. 2I-22 p. 22 22-23 · PP
Words occurring: 25 times, pp. 24 times, 23 times, pp. 22 times, 21 times, pp .
20 times,
19 times,
I8 times ,
I7
times,
14
times,
16 times , 15 times, 13 times ,
12 times, I I times , 10 times ,
WORDS OCCURRING MORE THAN
/iv8pw1TO!>,
-ov,
pp. pp. pp. pp. pp. pp. pp.
500
PP· PP·
23-24 p. 24 24-25 p. 25 25-26 p. 26 P· 2 7 27-28 28--29 29-30 30-32 32-33 33-34 34-36 36--38 3B-4o
TIMES
o, a man (anthropology)
(apostasy, s t and ing [ aT-qvaL] off from) himself, herself, itself, same; he, she, it (autosoterism, the doc-
d.ml, with the gen., from
avnl!>, -�, -6,
trine th a t man is saved
yap, for
ylvoJLaL,
by his own efforts or character)
I become, am
lU, but, and Sul., with the gen., through; with th e ace., on account sure
eyw,
across
or through)
I (egotism)
ElJLl, I
El7Tov,
am
I said (cf. epic) 7
of(diameter,
mea-
retation of a text by read Els, with the ace., into (liregesis, faulty interp ing into it one's own ideas) of being [literally, l�e, lf, with the gen., out of, .from (atasy, state [literally, a way, standing, orijva.t.] out of one's senses; exodus, a going
o80s] out)
b, with the dat.,
in (enthusiast, one possessed or inspired by a god
[b8eos]) brl., with the gen., over, on, at the tim4 �; with the dat., on the basis of, at; with the ace., on, to, against (epidermis, upon the skin [.S.fp#-'4]) lpxop.ar., I come, go �w, I kmle, hold Be&s, -oii, o, a god, God (theology) tva., in ortkr t!w, that �ea.L, and, even, also Kaml, with the gen., down .from, against; with the ace., according to, throughout, during (cataclysm, a washing down or against) ICI!pws, -ov, &, a lord, the Lord Myw, I say, speak (all words ending in -ologue or -oloo) p.�, not, kst &, �.TO, the
os, if, o, who, which
o,.,, t!w, because
o�os, a.ih-r], ToiiTo, this; he, her, it
ov, ovK, ovx, not (utopia, no place [To?Tos]) 1ras, 1raaa, wav, every, all (Pan-American) wo,,'w, �do, make (poem; pharmacopoeia, making of drugs) 1rpos, ���the ace., to, towards, with (proselyte, one who has come [root of £.\8ew] to another religion)
cro,thou
Tts, .,[,who? what? which? why? �,r, n someone, something, a certain one, a certain thing, a'!)lone, anything ws, as, that, how, about WORDS OCCURRING 20 I TO
500
TIMES
ay�>,b·a., -o�, �ly; plural � a noun, saints (Hagiographa, book ,
s of the e rew c?ptures not mcluded under Law and Pro hets ' " a e ha -:,o(;:::)(Phil d lp i , [city of] brotherly
I�ve [�,,\{a.])
�:�:si
8
d.Ud, but, 11tUjJt �p, dv8p&s, d, a man (polyandry, having many husbands)
d.'1t0Kplvop.cu, I ti1ISWe1'
yfj, yfjs, 'lj, the earth (geopolitics)
know, learn, know, reali<;e 'lj, a woman, wife (miso&)lnist, 8t8w,u, I give (antidou) 8wa.p.cu, I am powerful, able (cf. dy�UUT�iu)
ywwuKw, I cow to
��
')'VV
a
woman-hater [l'wlw])
U.v, if �a.VTov, of himself El, if
(Uka) Ets, p.la., b, one (kenotheism,
.,laov, I saw he
is
the only God)
JKEi:vos, -TJ, -o,
€elpxol'a.', I go
I will,
asserting that
that
.;;, or 'ljp.lpa., -a.s, .q, a fJl>..w,
belief in one God without
out
day (ephemeral, for [Jif>' (= brl)] a day) wish, desire (Monothelite, one who holds that Christ
but one will,
A.D. 680)
has
the divine; condemned by the Sixth General Council,
>..a..\lw, I speak (cf. glossolalia, the gift of speaking in tongues [1 Cor. 14]) >..a.p.{Javw, I take, receive (epilepsy, a taking or seizing upon) ..\&yos, -ov, J, a word, the Word (logic) l'a.81]-rt,s, -ov, J, a disciple p.ETa, with the gen., with; with the ace., rifter (metaphysics, beyond or
after [Aristotle's treatise on] physics)
olaa., I know
ovop.a., -a.Tos, -r&, [in
a name (onomatopoeia, making
[7roui:v] a name or word
imitation of natural sounds], as 'buzz')
otl8Els, o..l8Ep.la., ov8lv,
oJv, therefore, then,
no one, none, nothing, no
accordingly
o/Jpa.v&s, -ov, J, heaven (the planet
ov-rws,
thus 'ITa.-rp&s, J, fa the r
Uranus;
the element uranium)
'ITa.-rt,p, (akin to paternal) 'ITEpl, with the gen., concerning, about; with the ace., around (perimeter, measure around) 'IT"17'EVw,
I havefaith (in), believe .q, faith, belief, trust
'1Tl<1'ns, •Ews,
9
A
1TV£Vfl4,
a
'" • ·e, Srtn
the doctrine of the 'J'• t (pneumtJ tology, the S,IHri
'v'' 'lf'OI\
much.'
. ) plural' many (po£Jithe1Sm
..0,-ros,
Holy Spirit) _,, 1
1
, 1101\VS, 'lf'OIV\'1],
, To,
&, a son w&, with the gen., skin [8lppa])
vt.Os, -ov,
by; with the
ace.,
WORDS OCCURRING I
5I
under (hypodermic, under the
TO
200
TIMES
�ov, &, a messenger, an angel (angel) . . the doctrme of sm) gy, rtiolo (hama sin sin a , ;. a"' a.l-'a.pna, - , .,, , to make a statement c:tv, an untranslatable word, the effe�t of gent which would otherwise be defimte
c:tneAos, •
'
which �s
contin
pa.ur.Aela, -as, �' a kingdom ) ypwpw, I write (palaeography, the study of ancient ['lf'aAauls] writing 8&ga., -1JS, �.glory (doxology) £8vos,
-ovs, To,
£pyov,
-ov,
a
nation; plural, the Gentiles (ethnology)
eiulpxop.a.�, I go or come in or into, enter To, work (ene rgy )
€u8lw, I eat
(akin to edible) evpfuKw, !find (heuristic, the method in education by which a
pupil is
set to find out things for himself; eureka, 'I have found [it]!' Archimedes
l8ov, see! behold!
{O"T'TJ,_,t, I cause to stand, I sta nd (akin to stand) Ka8ws, as, even as Kap8la., -as-, �. the heart (cardiac)
Kou,.,os,
au,
o, the world (cosmic, cosmos)
,.,lya.s, I-'EYM7J, p,lya., large, great (megaphone; omega [literally, great ' o ' ]) p,lv, postpositive particle, on the one hand, indeed (often it is better left untranslated and its presence shown by stress of the voice and by translating a following o£ by 'but') I
I I -a, -ov,
dead i as a noun, a dead body, a corpse (necropolis, city of the dead, a cemetery)
ve!Cpos,
vo,.,os-,
-ov,
o,
a
law)
law,
the Law (Deuteronomy, the second [statement of the]
• aCTT d ts, 7Jns, • on, whoever, wh"tcheuer, whatever
ox:\o;,
-�v, o,
a crowd, multitude (ochlocracy, mo b-rule)
'lf'apa, w1th the gen. from; with the dat., beside, in the presence 10
of; with
the ace., alongside of (paragraph, originally, in manuscripts, a stroke or line drawn in the margin beside the column of writing to mark the division of sections) 'lfo�'S'' -Ews, Tj, a city (Neapolis, 'New City,' Acts I6: I I'; Constan-
tinople, Constantine's City) 'lTOpEOop,a,, I go, p roceed TE, (an enclitic connective particle, weaker in force than �eal), and TOTE, then, at that time wtp, with the gen., in behalf of; with the ace., above (hypercritical) x&.p,s, -l-ros, Tj, grace (Charissa, [girl's name]) XElp, XE'pos, Tj, a hand (chirography, handwriting) WORDS OCCURRING
I2 I
I 50
TO
TIMES
tl:ya'IT&.w, I love
alwv, -wvos, o, an age (aeon) lli os, -1], -o, other, another (allegory, description of one thing under the
image of another) ap.�v. veri?;�, tru?J, amen (amen) a7TOO"TtA>.w, I send (with a commission) (cf. Apostle) apXlEpEJS, •EWS', o, chief priest, high priest atfolTJIL'• I let go, permit, forgive (aphesis, the gradual loss accented initial vowel, {J&».w, I
as
throw, put (ballistics,
{JM7Tw, I see
'squire' for 'esquire')
of a short un-
the science of the motion of projectiles)
8ovAos, -ov, &, a slave Mo, two (dyad) �yElpw, I raise up €ws, until; with the gen.,
as far as ,&.w, I live ,�, -i]>, Tj, life (.(oe [girl's name]) KaMw, I ca ll , name, invite �aos, -ov, &, a people (laity)
viiv, now 8-rav, whenever oll8£, and not, not even, neither, nor 71'Mw, again (palimpsest, a manuscript which earlier writing having been erased [�v, to 7Tapa8l8wp,,, I hand over, betrqy
has been used again, the
II
scrape or erase])
d, a proph4t (proPh4t) which R6sh (sarcophagus, a [stone] coffin aapKos, f/tJ"''
'ITf'O'Islrrqs, I
_
�ov,
r
I
aapE, the contents) cnW wtth the dat., .
M"th
(rwltax , �J--
' ea ts'
·
·
'f'aynv] (..1.. A
1
·
sentence · construction, mvo vmg of words W1'th one another)
�tical argran ement �'TdaaEw]
(somat�) (p �,q, �s, 4 sound, voice /wnltzc) awp.a., �a.'TOS, '1"0, a
body
W O R D S O C C U RRI N G I O I T O
d.ya8os, "'1j, '
'
1 2 0 TIMES
�&v, good (Agatha) •
1
e a.ya:tTTJ , �s, .,.,, ,ov d.\'lj8E�, �a.s, �' truth
ci.vlvrrjfU, I cause to rise ; I arise a'ITlpxop.a,, I depart ci.'ITo8vt1aKw, I die
a king (Basil) 8Et, it is necessary OUVafUS, �EWS, �' power (dynamite) lKKATJala, -as, �. assembly, congregation,
�aaVt.ros, �lws, &,
a church, the Church (ecclesiastic)
�Eovula., �as, �. authority
{rrrlw, I seek
(thanatopsis, a view of, or meditation on, death) ne's own (idiosyncrasy) o
Ocfva-ros, -ov, o, de ath
rsws, �a,
-ov,
Kplvw, /judge, decide (critic) p.E>..Aw, I am about to p.lvw, I remain (akin to permanent) oMs, -oii, �� a way, road, journey, (anode, cathode, electrical terminals) olKos, -ov, o, a house (economy, household management) o.\os, ...,.,, -ov' whole (holocaust) opcfw, I see (cf. panorama [miv, all + opap.a, a view]) ouos, �. -ov, as great
on,
when
as, as
many
as
'ITa.paKa>.Ew, I
beseech, exhort, console (Paraclete, the Comforter, Helper, Advocate, or Counselor)
'ITws, how ? a
r.'/Jpa.,
'lj, the hour -as,
an
hour (horoscope,
of one's birth)
prediction based on the observation of
W O R D S O C C U R R I N G 9 I TO
I 00 TIMES
a.tp.a., -a.Tos, TO, blood (anaemia, without blood ; haemoglobin) a.rpw, I take up, take awqy &.U�,\wv, of one another (parallel, beside [?Tap'] one another) aPTOS, -ov, o, bread, a loaf y�:vvdw, I beget (cf. hydrogen, so called as being considered the generator of water [�cl)wp] )
ci)JiO.uKw, I
teach (cf. didactic)
ci)LKa.LorrVInJ , -TJS, 'lj, righteousness
Elp�lnJ, •TJ S, 'lj, peace (Irene) lKt:: i, there Epw, I shall say €Tt::pos, -a, -ov, other, another, different (heterodoxy) Oa.Aa.uua, -TJ S , 'lj, the sea (thalassic) KaAos, �. &v, beautiful, good (kaleidoscope [t:: laos, -
form + O'KO?Tt:: iv, to
behold] )
'lj, a house oin-t::, neither, nor ocflJa.AJLos, -ov, o, an rye (ophthalmology) ?Tt::pmaTlw, I walk ; I liue (peripatetics) ?Tovs, ?To86s, o, a foot (podium) ?TpwTos, -.,, -ov, first (all words beginning with proto·) TlKvov, -ov, TC), a ch ild Tl8"lf''• I place (cf. antithesis) olKla, -as,
a place (topography, topic) Ifear (cf. phobia)
TO?Tos, -ov, o, cpofUop.aL,
W O R D S O C C U R RJ N G 8 I TO g o T I M E S aKoAov8lw,
Ifollow (cf. acolyte,
water and the lights
following the priest) tiva.{Jalvw, I go
the celebration
and of the Mass, attending or
up (Anabasis) I destroy ; middle, I perish (Apollyon, pit, Rev. 9 : 1 1 )
O.m�,\,\vp.�, less
at
the assistant who carries th e wine
the angel of the
bottom
t almost -·'· ,. m the New Testamen , w, I TU&�J a.PX lKa.cror s, -TJ, �ov, each lK�&.Mw, I cast out 0JJ.,wv, with the gen ., before ·
always middle, I begin .
b� still, yet, even IC&DrJ,.uu, I sit season Ka.r.pos, �oG, o, time, an appointed time,
p:qSE ls, p.7J8Ep.la., p.TJ8�v,
no
one
. p.tnJp, p.TJTpos, ?}, a mother (akin to TTUltemal)
lhrov, where, whither
.,['lt'Tw, Ifall
.,>."Jpow, Ifill, fulfill
.,poaf.pxop. a�, I come to '"poaEoxop.a�, I pray WOTE, so that WORDS O C CURRING
7
I
TO
80
TIMES
a.l-rlw, I ask
civolyw, I open a'II'O KTElvw , I kill ci'l!'oOTo>.os, -ov, o, an Apostle (Apostle) {Ja'lt'Tl�w , I bapti{e (bapti;:,e) 8lKa.r.os, -a, �ov, right, just, righteous 8w8EICa, twelve (dodecagon) ep.os, EIL'IJ• ep.ov, my, mtne t
I
S
I
e'lt'Ta, seven
'J
•
I
(heptagon)
-ov, -ro, go o d news (of the coming of the Messiah) , the Gospel (Evangel) lepov, -ofJ, TO, a temple (cf. hierarchy) Ka-ra{Jalvw, I go do wn KE4>a.A�, -�s, �. head (cephalic) 1-'a.>J.ov, more, rather p,ap-rvplw, I bear witness, testify (cf. marryr)
Evayyl>.�ov,
.,l,.,.,w, I send
'"lvw , I drink (cf. potion) '"o117Jp6s, -a, -o v , evil '"poaw 'll'o v, -ov, -ro , fiace (prosopography, descri p tion of the face or I
1
personal appearance)
'TTvp, 1TVpos, To, fire (pyre) U7Jf1.€iov, --ov, To, a sign (cf. UTOp.a., -aTos, TO, a mouth
T'T]ptw, I keep v�wp,
v8aTos,
semaphore, bearing
[
TO, water (hydrophobia ; dropsy [formerly .
xalpw,
light
sign)
(stomach)
v'TTCi.y w, I depart
r/Jws, r/Jw'Tos, TO,
a
hydropsy])
.
(photography, writing [ypd� £tv] with light)
I rejoice WORDS OC CURRIN G
6I
70
TO
T I M E S·
aya'TT1] TOs, -�, -ov, beloved ayw, I lead alwvtos, -ov, eternal (aeonian) a'TTO AUW,
I release
ypap.p.aT£vs, -Jws, o, a scribe (cf. grammatical) 8atp. ovtov, -ov, TO, a demon (demon)
8 o KEW , I think ;
(Docetism, the early heresy that Christ' s body was of celestial substance which merely seemed human)
seem
phantasmal or
�vToA�, --qs, 7J, a commandment
·
;,w, without ; with the gen . , outside
(W,'Y)p.a, -aTos, TO , will (Monothelite, o n e who holds that Christ had but o ne will, the divi n e ; condemned by the Sixth General Council, A.D. 680) lp.cinov, -ov, T6, a ga rm ent
Kapm)s, -ov, o, ftuit K7Jpvaaw, I p rocla im (as a herald, K-qpv�) . preach vv,, VVK'TOS, TJ, night
op os, opOVS1 T6, a mountain ( o ra logy , the scientific Study Of mountains) maT6s, -�. 6v�faithfol, believing 1TAoiov, -ov, TC$, a boat 7Tp£a{JvT£pos, -a, - ov, elder (presbyter) p-qp.a -a'Tos, T6, a word (cf. rhetoric) aa{J{JaTOV, -ov, r6, the Sab ba th {Sabbath) avvayw, I ga the r together (synagogue) Tptrfs, 'Tpla, three (triad) �epw, I carry, bear, lea d (Christopher, bearing Christ) eM£, hither, here
56
G WORDS O C CURRI N
TO
60
TIMES
ni (archaic) dpX"l, ..fjs, �' a btginng
clmr4Cof&4', I grett, salute 8/xof'&• I receive . tte) 8�&aKa.Aos, -ov, &, a teacher (cf. didat &f&Cw, I glorify (cf. doxology) r , I ask, question, demand of brEpurdtd r , I ask, request, entreat �purdtd .
;j&q, now, already 8p6vos, -ov, o, a throne (throne)
Kpa{w, I cry out \ 1 -o'v ; as an adverb, for the rest, .,,,.,. '· as a noun, the rest t r-"ining henceforth . p.tuos, •71, -ov, middle, in the midst (MesopotamJ.a., m the rmdst of the rivers [Tigris and Euphrates]) ovxt (strengthened fonn of ov), not 11'AElwv, -ovos, larger, rrwre (pleonasm) 11'pouKUJ/tw, I worship uvvaywY'7, -fjs, �. a synagogue (synagogue) 'TOUlVrOS, -a�, •OVrOV and -o fho, SUCh wapxw, I am, exist ; 'Ta wapxoVTa, one's belongings t/rr}p.t, I say xapa, -as, �. joy, delight 1
1\0"TOS, ....,,
.
WORDS O CCURRING
50
TO
55
.
TIMES
l1.XP' • 11.xp ts, with the gen.,
as jar as, up to ; as a conjunction, until �. a tongue, language (glossolalia, the gift of speaking [cf. .\a.\�:i.'v] in tongues, I Cor. 1 4) ypac/n}, -fjs, �. a writing, Scripture (Hagiographa, books of the Hebrew Scriptures not included um�er Law and Pro hets) p �E�tos, -a, -6v , right (opp. left) (akin to dexterous)
y.\waaa,
-7JS,
s,&, wherefore
tA11'ls, -lSos, �. hope \I t"11'ayyEI\ta, -as, 71, a promtse ;UXaTos, -7], -ov, last (eschatology) >
<
•
"�a�,,\[��· I bring good news, preach good tidi gs (the Gospel) (evangelize) n
. Ev8vs, strazghtway, zmm ediatefy
16
6Ewplw, / look at, behold (theorem ; theory) ).l6or, -ov, o, a stone (monolith ; lithograph) pmc&pwr, -C�, -ov, blessed, happy (macarism, a beatitude)
p:1J3l, but not, nor, not even �vo!;, -TJ, -ov, alone, onf1 (monologue) mrwr, in order that, that mu8lov, -ov, -r&, an irifant, child 1T"P"fJo).�, -ijr, 1}, a parable (parable) 1TEl8w, I persutllk aot/Jl", -a.!;, 1}, wisdom (philosophy) XP&vo!;, -ov, o, time (chronology)
WORDS O C C URRI N G
-ov, Slf'bI:,[ a,.,.a.PTw"os, .. ; as a ' \ '
46
.
TO
noun, a nnner a1TC�yyl).).w, I announce, report a1To3l8wp.t, I give back, pay ; middle, I sell ti.pa, then, therefore lp.1Tpou8£V, with the gen. , infront of, before lp1Jp.os, -ov, solitary, deserted ; as a noun, 1} '
. •
49
TI M E S
Ep7Jp.os,
the
desert, wilderness
(hermit)
a year (the Etesian winds in the Mediterranean region blow annualM Ka8l{w, I seat, sit (cf. cathedral, properly, the church which contains the bishop's chair or seat)
€-ros, -ovs, -r&,
K«K&s, �� -Ov, bad, evil (cacophony, discord)
Kpa-rlw, I grasp Kpla,s, - ew s ,
P.'Kpos, -&.,
(cf.
plutocratic, grasping wealth [1TAoih-os])
1}, judgment (crisis)
-ov, small, little (microscope ; omicron, little 'o')
ovK£-r,, no longer
1TapaAap.fJ&vw, I receive
1Tov, where ? whither?
1Tpo, with the gen . , before (prologue) 1Tpoat/Jlpw, I bring to, offer U1Telpw, I sow
aw77Jpla, -as, �� salvation -rpl-ros, -"J,
-ov,
rot/lAos, 4, -ov, t/Javepow,
(soteriology)
third
blind (typhlosis, medical term
I make manifest
for blindness)
�o{Jor, -ov, o, Jear, teror r (phobia) n, a watch �v>.a.K'IJ, -�r, �� a guard, a priso x.pEla.,
-a.r,
�� a need
WORDS O C C URRING '
•
42 TO 45
TIMES
doctrine of sin) , • s name]) [girl
ogy the a.p.apTa.Vw, I sin (cf. hamartiol . • �v&a-racnr, -Ewr, �. resurrection (Anastas1a cf.1rar; -a.ua, -av, all ·
')1€1/Ea, -fir, �' a generation (genealogy)
8EVrEpo�, -a, -ov, second (Deuteronomy, the second [statement of the] law) 8�w, I bind (diadem, literally, something bound around or across) 8twKw, Ipursue, persecute
lyyt,w, I come near
lmyLVWO't<w, I come to know, recognize Eu>.oyew, I b less (eulogize) 8avfLa,w, I marvel, wonder at (cf. thaumaturge, wonders)
8Epa7Tdw, I heal (therapeutic) 8r/P lov, ov, To, a wild beast -
theriomorphic gods)
8>.tifm;,
-Ew�,
a
worker
(theriomorphic, h aving
of miracles or
animal
form ; as,
�' tribulation
Ka'To"dw, I inhabit, dwell
A.vw, I loose (cf. anarysis, a resolving or unloosing into simple elements) fLEpoc;, -ov�, n5, a part (in biology, p entamerous, of five parts) vaoc;, -oil, o, a temple OfLo toc;, -a, -ov, like (Homoiousian, one holding that Fa t h e r and Son in the Godhe ad are of like [but not the same] substance ; a semi-Arian)
O'EaVTOV, oj thyself cn/fLEpov, today 0'1TEpfLa, -a'Toc;, To, a seed (sperm) O'Tavp6w, I crucify 'TLfL�; -ijc;, �. honor, price (cf. Timo thy,
honoring God )
WORDS O CCURRING 3 8 TO
4
I
TIMES
-a -ov wort/111 (axi . . om '. m . P Iu"l osoph y and psychology, axwlo gical, ' =-' ' ' per tam mg to the science of valu es)
a�LO�
.
•
18
3:rrTop.at, I touch
8tlpxop.at, I pass
through
8"cat&w, Ijustify, pronounce righteous
JmfJvp.la, -ar, �. eager desire, passion e,.,.,.[(J7JP.'• I lqy upon €py&.{op.at, I work (cf. enero) ETotp.&.{w, I prepare EvxapLuTl.w, I give thanks (Eucharist) fJ&p a, -a.r, �. a door l�ea.v&r, -�, -&v, sufficient, able, considerable , , , Ka.wor, -"�• -ov, new
KAalw, I weep
(cf. logic) hate (mirogynist, a woman-hater)
Ao yl{op. a.L, I acco un t, reckon p.wlw, I
p.v7Jp.e'i:ov, -ov, .,.&, a to m b , monument
olKo8op.l.w,
I build, edify
oAlyor, -7], -ov, little, few
(oligarchy, rule by the few)
oval, woe! alas! 7r&.VToTe, always
7rap aylvop.at, I come, arrive 7TaplU7'7JP.'• I am present, stand by
7T&.uxw, I suffer
7reptuue&w, I abound, am rich
7TAavaw,
I lead astrqy (planet, to the ancients, an apparently 'wandering '
celestial body)
7rpauuw, I t[o, perform (praxis,
1rp6{Ja.,.ov,
-ov,
practice, as opposed to theory)
.,.&, a sheep
·d>.or, -ovr, .,.6, end (teleology, in philosophy,
the view that develop ments are due t o the purpose or design [end] th a t is s erved by them) xwplr, with the gen., without, apart fro m WORDS OCCURRING
ayp6r, -oiJ, J, a field IJ.pn, now, just now lf.pxwv, -ovToS', o,
a
acrOevlw, I am weak
34
TO
37
TIMES
(akin to agrarian) ruler (monarch, sole [p.ovor]
{3Aacrcp7Jp.lw, I revile, blaspheme (blaspheme) {Jov>.op.at, I wish, detemzine (ak in to volition)
19
ruler)
1:> - .!ll
\ 5', 11' "'t"o"0
-
,_.�_0u.r ' ov, s'"''""' '
alse� ; accusmofi ..,
as
a noun, the A�cuser, the Devil
(diabolical) at table), 8w.Kovlw , I wait upon (especially (cf. tkacon) l1C'71'op�opm, I go out lp.a:rJTo6, ofmyself r tf,w, I tum to, return brurpJ dl8tw5', i171d111t iate{y
serve
(generally), minister
�ea..\wS', well
p.aprvpla, -as, �. a testimony, evidence (cf. marwdom) p.&prur, -vpoS', &, a witness (marryr) p.era.volw, I repent after (cf. opist/wgraph, a mrww, behind, rifler ; with the gen. , behind, 5 : I) manuscript written upon both the back and the front, Rev. elm, �5', �. anger
cWr, C:m$r, -ro, an ear (otology) cltf,eO.w, I owe, ought 1Tt:tpa,w, I test, tempt, attempt
1r&re, jive (Pentateuch) 1TEpt-rop.�, �r, �. circumcision 1rpoaevxr/, -TjS', � . prayer 1T7"WX05', �. -Ov, poor ; as a noun, a poor man -rlaaa.p t:S', -wv, four (the Diatessaron of Tatian, a harmony of the four
Gospels made about
A.D.
1 70 ; literally, through [the] four)
tmoO"rpl�w, I return wo-raaaw, I subject, put in subjection (in grammar, hypotaxis, sub ordination of clauses) w01rep, just as, even as
WORDS O C CURRI N G
&.va.ywwaw, I read apvlop.a.L, I deny PtP>..lov, -ov, -ro, a book (Bible) SetKVIiw or SelKvvp.t, I show (in logic, � oux
8TJK'T), ,
Sta.Ko.vla,
'
·T)>, T), -a>,
a covenant
32
OR
apodeictic'
33
TIMES
of clear demonstratio n)
�. waiting at table, (I·n a WI 'der sense)
(dwco nate) I 8 vva-ros-, -7J,I -ov, powerful, possible (cf. dynamite) I
20
.
.
service, mlmstry
Jyyv�,
near
�eecrn, it is lawful
£x0p&�, -&., -ov, hating ; as
a noun, an enemy
ijAtos-, -ov, o, the sun (helium) l£p£vs, -£ws-, o, a priest (hierarchy) K avxaop.a t , I boast
p.lAos-, -ovs, -ro, a member p.�-r£, neither, nor olvos, -ov, o, wine 1TAfj0os, -o v �, -ro, a multitude (cf. plethora) 77ofos-, �a, -ov, what sort of? what ? 1To�ptov, -ov, -ro, a cup uvvepxop.at, I come together v1rop.o�, �fjs, 'lj, stea4fast endurance cf>v"Aauaw, I guard (cf. prophylactic) WORDS O CCURRIN G
30
OR
3I
TIMES
ayopa{w, I buy (cf. agora, the market place) aKd.Bapros- , -ov, unclean avep.os-, -ov, o, a wind (anemone ; anemometer) ap v lo v, �ov, 7"00 a lamb
ye,
indeed, at least, really, evm
lltSa�, -7}>, 'lj, teaching ( cf. didactic) €Aeew, I have mercy (cf. eleemosynary ; alms) EA1Tl{w, I hope EmKaMw , I call, name ; middle, I invoke, appeal to lmnp.d.w, I rebuke, warn KaBapl{w, I cleanse (catharize) val, yea, truly, yes op.olws, likewise 1Tapayy £A)..w , I command, charge 1Tap£pxol-'at, I pass by, pass aw qy ; I arrive 7Tapp1Jala, -as-, 'lj, b o ldn ess (of speech) , confidence 1TA�v, however, but, only ; with the gen. , except uKavSaAl{w, I cause to stumble (scandalize) aKoros , -ovs, r6, darkr�ess (scolosco p e, a field-glass for seeing avv£l81Jats, -ews, 'lj, conscience cf>alvw , I shim, appear (jJhantom ; phenomenon) 2I
by night)
�EV-yw, Iflee (cf. fUgitive) �v>t.-t,, -fjS', �' a tribe (in zoology, phylum, one of the
large
fundamental
divisions of the animal kingdom)
WORDS O C CURRING 2 8 OR
tU.118woS', -7}, -6v, true
29
TI M E S
matured germ cell) yvwatS', -ewS', �. wisdom (gnosis ; Gnostic) 8taKovoS', -ov, o and �. a servant, administrator, deacon (deacon) bSVw, I put on, clothe l-ITel, when, since �yiop.at, I am chiif; I thit;k, regard 8vala, -a<;, �. a sacrifice t8e, see! behold! yap.iw, I marry
(in biology, gamete,
a
lCT)(Vpo<;, -a, -ov, strong lcrxvw, I am stro ng, able Kplp.a, -aTo<;, To, judgment
(cf. crisis) p.a-xatpa, ·7JS', �. a sword p.ta86<;, -ov, .6, wages, reward p.vO"T'l]pwv, -ov, To, a mystery (mystery) ovTTw, not yet TTapaKA7Jats, -ews, T], an exhortation, consolation (cf. Paraclete, the Comforter, Hel p er, Advocate, or Counselor) miaxa, indeclinable, To, a passo ver (paschal) TTAouaLo<;, -a, -ov, rich (cf. plutocratic) TTo8ev, whence ? TToTi, at some time, once, ever 7rpaaKaAiop.a.t, I summon 7rpocp7JTEVw, I p rophesy (cf. prophet) TeMw, I finish, fulfill (cf. teleology, in philosophy, the view that de velo p ments are due to the purpose or design [TeAos] that is served by them)
cplAo<;,
-7], -ov,
loving ; as a noun,
a friend
WORDS O C CURRING
ayLa,w, I sanctify (cf. hagiolatry, O.SeAcp�, -fjS', �. a sister
26
(bibliophile) OR
27
TI M E S
the worship of saints)
22
&,8,Kla.,
-aS', .q, unrighteousness
aATJO�S', ��S',
true
ci'IToKaAV7T'TW, I reveal (apocalypse) f3a.uTaCw, I bear, carry lKEiBEv, thence , from that place l:\EoS', �ovS', n1, pity, mercy (cf. eleemosynary ; alms) £opT'¥], -fjS', oq, a feast �Kw, I have come Ovya77Jp, --rpoS', .q, a daughter la.o p.al, I heal (cf. pediatrics, medical care of children ['1TaiS', .,a.,SOS'] )
Ka-rapylw, I bring
to naught, abolish
ICEAEvw, I order
Kwp.TJ, �TJS', .q, a village >..v.,lw, I grieve
vuccl.w, I conquer (cf. Nicholas, victor ove r the dp.vvw or op.vvp. ,, I swear, take an oath 'ITOOoS', �TJ, �ov, how great ? how much? oo§', o�, oov , thy, thine
p eople
[>.. a.oS'] )
OTavpoS', -ov, a, a cross OTpanwTTJ >, -ov, a, a soldier ovvl7Jp.l, I understand cppovlw, I think
xr]pa, �as-, �. a widow �wpa,
-a>, �. a
country (chorography, describing, or descrip tion, of dis�
tricts)
WORDS OCCURRING
2 5 TIMES
ciSudw, I wrong, do wrong civa{3Mrr w , look up, receive sight yvwpl{w, I make known MKa, ten (Decapolis, a league originally consisting mostly SE. of the sea of Galilee) llEvllpov, -ov, -r6, a tree (rhododendron, lit. rose-tree ) Sov:\.:vw, I serve
I
€v.:Ka or ;,,€K€11, with the gen . ,
on
account qf
Ka0ap6>, -a, -6,,, clean (catharsis) p.avOcl.vw,
I learn (cf.
mathematics)
/L�'ITOT£, lest perchance
23
of ten
Greek
cities,
v€rfll>.,,
�.
-7JS,
a
cloud (nephelometer) OfLOAoylw, I confess, profess
ov, where
7TV€VfLO.nK6s, -�, -6v, spiritual (pneumatic) 7Topv€la, -as, �, fornication (cf. pornography) 1rpoulxw , I attend to, give heed to r/JtM.w, I love (cf. bibliophile) WORDS OCCURRING
24 TIMES
aKrnJ, -fjs, TJ> hearing i a report avatplw, I take up ; kill ci.uBlvr::t a, · as, �' weakness (neurasthenia, nervous prostration) au8€V�S", -ls, weak (cf. neurasthenia) St6n, because
€KAEKTos,
£muToA� ,
-�, -6v, chosen, elect (cf. �fjs, -?, a letter (epistle)
Ka.To.AEl7Tw,
eclecticism)
I leave
KaTT)yoplw, I accuse ( cf. categorical)
KEtfLaL, I lie,
voiJs,
am
lai.d
voos, a, th e mind (noetic ) o and �. a bOJ',
girl, child, servant (pedagogue, literally, child�leader) m:f.pr::tfLt, I am jJresent ; I have arrived 1rapovuta., -as-, � ' presence, coming (especially Christ's [second] coming in
7To.fs , 1TatS6s,
glory) (Parousia)
1TEpt{3d.Mw, I put around,
7TtfL1TATJfLL, 1fill aw �p, -fjpos, o,
clothe
Saviour (cf.
soteriology )
WORDS OCCURRING
·2 3
afL1TEAwJ-·, ·Wl!os, o, a vineyard dvayw, I lead up ; middle, I put to sea, set sail
U7TtUTOS, )
I
I
•O!J,
Unbelieving, faithleSS t
aaT7Jp, -Epos-, o,
a
star
(
aster
)
avtd."w, I cause to grow ; increase
ypT)yoplw, I watch (Gregory)
€lKwP, -6vos, �' an image
(icon)
( cf.
auxiliary )
TIMES
€>..�8epo�, -a, -ov, Jree
-ov, nS, a living creature, an animal (zoology) -ov, TO, an altar 1Co1naw, I toil Kw>..Vw , Iforbid, hinder AEviCo�, -�, -ov, white (leukemia, literally, white blood [ a.tp.a.]) fL'fLvfJ aKop.a.,, I remember (cf. mnemonics) {cpov,
Ovu,aaT�p,ov,
veo�,
- a. ,
-o v,
new, young (all words beginning with neo-)
11'ewaw, I hunger
11'epa.v, with the gen., beyond 11'Ep,uu6�, -7], -ov, excessive, abundant
aKEvo�,
-ov�, TO,
TeAnow,
a vessel ; plural, goo ds
Ifulfill, make perfect
xa.pl{op.a.,, I give freely, forgive W O RDS OC C U R R I N G
22
TIMES
beseech aoK'fLa(w, I prove, approve 8eaop.at, I beho ld (theater) Ka.8E63w, I sleep Ka8lC177J fL'• I set, constitute Ka.TEpy aCop.at, I work out Ko,,\la., -as , �. the belly (stomach or intestines, or both) ; womb (coeliac, pertaining to the abdomen) fLETavota, -a�, �. repentance fL7JKET,, no longer vvvt, now 11'A7Jy7}, -fj�, �. a blow, wound, plague (plague) 11'AovTo�, -ov, o, wea lth (plutocrat) 11'W'M.w, I sell (cf. monopoly) UTp€
waet, as,
like, about
WORDS OCCURRING
2
I
TIMES
ayvolw, I do not know (agnostic) with the gen . , instead oj, jor (all WOrds beginning with anti-)
aVT{,
25
&.py&p,0v, -ov, To, silver (in pharmacy, Argyrol, the trade-name of silver-protein compound) fla.aV.e!Sw, I reign ybos, -ovs, To, race, kind (akin to genus)
a
8�a.uKa.Ala, -a5', �. teaching tKa.ToVTapX'J!i (or -a.pxos), -ov, J,
a centurion �KMyop.a,, I pick out, choose (eclectic) t:v8oKEw, I think it good, am well pleased with lcplcrrTJIL'• I stand over, come upon Ot:pl�w, I reap Aa-rp�Zvw, I serve, worsh ip (cf. Mariolatry) IL V7JfLOVEvw, I remember (cf. mnemonics) 1rapa1T-rwp.a, -aTos, To, a trespass 7Tetpaap.os, -ou, J, temptation T�ZAWV7JS', -ov, o, a taxgatherer TtZaaapaKovTa, indeclinable, forty
np.aw, I honor ( Timothy, honoring God)
inraKovw, I obey
X'Atas, �aoos, �. a
thousand (chiliasm, millenarianism)
WORDS OCCURRIN G
alTla, -as, �'
a
cause,
accusation
20
TIMES
(etiology,
the
investigation
causes)
aKpo{3vcrr{ a, •O.S', � J Uncircumcision {3&.-rrn ap.a, -a.ros, To, baptism (baptism) yovdc;, -Ews, o, a parent (cf. gonad) lv�Zpyl.w, I work, e.ffect ( cf. energy) lTrlyvwats, -�Zwc;, � ' knowledge lxfJus, -uo!i, J, a .fish (ichthyology) Kpv-rrT w, I conceal (cryptic) p.apTvpwv, -ov, To, a testimotry, witness, proof (cf. martyrdom) gJ,\ov, - o v , -ro, wood, tree (xylophone) -rrp o ayw , I lead forth, go b efo re
-ijc;, �' a tent, tabernacle (scene) aocpo>, -�, - o v , wise (cf. sophomore, literally, a
aKTJV�,
V7TTJ P ETTJS',
-ov,
wise fool
[fLwp6s])
o, a servant, assistant
v,P6w, I lift up, exalt (cf. lrypsophobia, fear
26
of high places)
of
W O R D S O CC U R R I N G
I
9
TIMES
a:rdx.w, I haoe rece ived
(payment) ; I a m distant y£wpy&s, -oii, &, a farmer (George) 8ta.�eplvw, I discriminate, judge ; middle, I doubt 8wpov, -ov, -r6, a gift (Theodore, Dorothea [or Dorothy], gift of God) €.,a.tpw, I lift up €mivw, above ; with the gen., over
Em{JO)J.. w , I
lay upon
EmJ..a.p.{Javop.a.t,
I take ho ld of
heavenly �y£p.ciJv, -avos, &, a leader, a (Roman) governor (cf. hegemony, leadership, especially of one s t ate of a confederacy) �eo wwvla., -a.s, �. fellowship ; contribution KpElaawv or Kp£l-r-rwv, -a vos , better �ept-n)s, �oii, &, a judge (critic) �e-rlats, -£ws, �. creation, creature p.Eptp.vaw, I am anxious, distracted JJ-EX.P' or p.lxpts, until ; with the gen., as far as V7JU1'£Vw , Ifast 11aAatos, �a, �6v, old (palaeography) 71apa-rl97Jp. L, I set before ; middle, I entrust
E'TTovpavtos,
-Lov,
7107'£, when ? 11p o �7JT£la. , - a s, � . a prophecy (p rophecy) TEA�:tos, - a., -ov, complete, perfect, mature ( cf. teleology) -roaofhos, -aV1'7J, -oiJ-rov and -ov7'o, so great, so much ; plural, so many -rplxw, I run W c;> R D S O C C U R R I N G
I 8 TIMES
OJ..7J 9ws, truly av0..y K 7J, -7JS, �' necessity a'TTOKaAV«/JLS, -EWS, �' a revelation (apocalypse) amuA�:La, -as, 1], destruction (cf. Apollyon) apt9p.os, -oii, &, a number (arithmetic) {3A.a.acfo7Jp.la, -as, �. reproach, blasphemy (blasphemy) aE7JULS, -£WS, 'I}, an entreaty 8£ap.6s, -oiJ, &, a fetter, bond £la7Top £vop.at, I enter
I.>.En<,w, I convict, reprove (elenchus, a logical refutation) l.p.{Ja.lvw, I embark EwLTplrrw, I permit Bup.&�, -oii, &, wrath ICa.Ta.')IYl.V.w, I proclaim Ko:ra.�eplvw, I condemn ICa.Tlxw, I hold back, hold fast ICEvo�, .-,], -ov, emp ry, vain (cenotaph, sepulchral monument to a whose body is not contained in it)
pers on
�e>.Tjpovop.lw, I inherit Kotp.aop.at, I
sleep, fall asleep (cemetery, literally, a sleeping chamber) �eorros, -ov, o, la b o r, trouble �epvrrTos, .-,], -ov, hidden (cryptic) p.�v, JL7JVo�, 6, a month (menology, a ca l end ar, especially that of the Greek Church, provided with short biographies of saints) JL�TL, interrogative particle in questions exp ecting a negative answer ol�eo�op.�, -fjs, �. a building ; edification rrapaxp1Jp.a, immediately rroLp.�v, -lvo>, 6, a shepherd (/Joimenic, pertaining to p as to ral theology) rro.\ep.o>, -ov, d, a war (polemics) rrpou-rl87JJLL1 I add, add to rrv.\c.Ov, -wvo�, J, a vestibule, gateway (pylon)
aT(,Pavo>, -ou, o, a -rapaaaw, I trouble
TlKTW, I give
crown
(Stephen)
b irth to
vrroKpLT�>. -oii, 6, a hypo cr it e
vrrop.l.vw, I tarry ; I endure
¢a.vep os, -a, ov, manifest xpvaeo>, -a., -ov, contracted literally, golden flower)
xpuaovs,
..fj,
W O R D S O C C U RR I N G
clpl.aKw, I please
-ouv, golden (chrysanthemum,
I
7
TIMES
O.VTOV1 of ftimself aifJECJtS, -ews, � � a sending away, remission (aphesis, the gradual loss of a short unaccen ted vowel at the beginning of a word '· as 'squire' for 'esquire')
f)pwp.a.,
·a·tos,
To, food
y&.p.o!;, -ov, &, a marriage, wedding (bigamy, double marriage ; digamy, s econd marriage after the decease of the first spouse, condemned as a
sin
�lu!J-tos-,
iKar& v ,
Chu rch Fathers) &, a prisoner one hundred (hecatomb, great by cer�in -ov,
[,Bovs]) Eflt17TJ!J-'• I amaze, am amazed
public sacrifice, properly of 1 00
oxen
lrravptov, on
the
morrow
E'1Tt!J-Jvw, I continue
erot!J-Oo, -TJ• -ov, ready, prepared 07Juavp&;, -oiJ, &, a storehouse, treasure (thesaurus) �'1T'1To;, -ov, o, a h orse (hippopotamus, literally, a river-horse) Ka 0 &.'1T£p , even as, as KaraAVw, I destroy ; I lodge (cf. cata!Jze) K£p�alvw, I gain vl'TT'Tw , I wash VV!J-q,lo;, -ov, &, a bridegroom (akin to nuptial) '1T£ptrl�J-vw, I circumcize 'TTA�pw�J-a, -aro ; , r&, fullness (pleroma, in Valentinian world of light , i nclu ding the body of eons) '1TA7Jalov, near ; as a noun, a neighbor '1ToAAaKt;, qften '1Tora�J-os, -oiJ, &, a river (hippopotamus,
literally,
a
Gnosticism, the
river-horse)
I rescue, deliver aKorla, -as, �. darkness (scotoscope, a field-glass for s e eing by night) xaptCT!J-a, -aTOS', ro, a gift (freely and graciously given) (charism, a Special spiritual gift or power divinely conferred ; I Cor. I 2) pvo�J-at,
wuath-ws-, likewise
W O RD S O C C U R R I N G
I
6
TIMES
a0£rJw, I reject (athetize, to reject a text or passage as spurious) avaKplvw, I examine a1J'ayw, I lead away 8Ei'1Tvov, -ov, r&, a supper 87]v&.pwv, -ov, r6, a denarius (denarius) StaAoyl,o�J-at, I debate Starauaw, I command . Stl{law, I thirst (cf. dipsomania, a craving for alcohol) 29
liC't'Elvw, I stretch forth (cf. extent/) lKXJw, I pour out
Jv.rbJ.op.QI,, I command lfrE,Ta., then brJJvp.�w, I desire ipy&..,..,., �, -ov, o, a workman
(cf. energp)
eiiA.oyla., -a.s, �. a blessing (eulogy) {7jA.os, -ov, &, zeal, jealousy (zeal) 8E�A,os, ·ov, &, afoundation ICO.ICWS, badly Ka.T�pxop.�, I come down, go down KAelw, I shut
KA�s, -ov, &, a thief (kleptomaniac) ot}a�1I'OTE, never mUITJp.a., -a.Tos, TO, suffering (cf. pathological ; apathy) 1ra.plx_w, I offer, afford
11'ETpa., -a.s, � . a rock (petrify) 11'A�p'f'JS, ·Es, full 1rpou�o�e&.w, I wait for pa.f3{3l, indeclinable, &, (my) master (rabbi) pl,a., -TJ>, �. a root (c£ rhizome) uv�efj, -fjs, �. afig tree (rycophant, a flatterer, reason for the name is
not definitely
uv>..Aa.p.f3&.vw, I take, conceive uuvlUTTJP. ' or uvvtuTavw,
literally,
transitive t ens es , I
tenses, I stand with, consist
a�pa.yls, -L'�os-, �.
a
fig-shower
known])
commend ; intransitive
a seal (sphragistics, the science of seals, their history,
age, distinctions, etc. )
TEpa.s, -a.Tos, TO, a wonder To).p.O.W, I dare 'Tp�, -fjs, �, food (cf. atrophy, wasting va'TEplw, I lack
xop-r&.{w,
[the
due to
malnutrition)
I eat to the full, am satisfied, am filled
t!J, O ! WORDS O C C U RR I N G I 5 TIMES
avlxop.a.t, I endure yEvop.a.t, I taste (cf. gusto,
disgust)
yvwOToS", -"], -&v, known yvp.v&s, ...q , -6v, naked (gymnasium) 8Jpw, I beat 8&ap.ap-rVpop.a,, I testify solemnly �)..ala., -aS', �. an olive tree
I promise Evul{J�:,a., -a.s, �. piety, godliness (Eusebius) Ellxa.p,uTla, -as, �. thanksgiving (Eucharist) 8plf, TP'x&s, �. a hair (trichina, a thread-like worm) K.aTaAap.{Javw, I overtake, apprehend K.aTEuOlw, I eat up, devour K.Aaw, I break (iconoclast, literally, a breaker of images) KA7Jpov&p.os, •ov, o, an heir KTl,w, I create >..n
, -ov, &, a robber >..Vrrrj , -'Y}s, �. pain, grief p.o,x£vw, I commit adultery �'"'oS', -ov, o, an irifant, child vop.l{w, I suppose f'YJpalvw, I dry up (cf. xerophagy, among early Christians, the p r acti ce of living on a diet of dry food, esp ecial ly d u ring Lent and o the r fasts) lJ8£v, whence, wherefore olKovp.lV7J, ·7Js, �. the (inhabited) world ( cf. ecumenical) op.otow, I make like, liken (homoeoteleuton, the occurrence of the same or similar endings of lines, a fre quent source of error in copied
t'1Tayyt>.Aop.a.,,
manuscrip ts) 1Tap OI.vos, -ov, �. a virgin (parthenogenesis) '1Tavop.at, I cease '1ToTl{w, I give drink to ( akin to potion) ua>..�:vw, I shake uKav8a>.. o v, -ov, To, a cause qf stumbling (scandal) uvwpl.pw, I bring together ; impersonally, it is profitable ucppayl,w, I seal (cf. sphragistics, the science of seals, their
history, age, etc.) Tpa1T£,a, •7Js, �. a ta ble (trape<;e, so called from the square or rectangle formed by the ropes and cros s b ar ) TV'1Tos, -ov, o, mark, example (type) mraKo,], ·fjs, �� Obedience distinctions,
31
•OV, o, grass, hay WfEAJw, I profit
'){f5pToS,
W O R D S O C C U R R I N G I 4 T IM E S
thorns (the acanthus plant) -ov, another's, strange
aiCa.v8a.t, -wv, a.l,
ci.UoTpws,
-a.,
&.p.t/JoTEpot,
-at, -a,
&.vaKnp.a.t, I recline
&.vaxwp,w, I depart
both
(at meals)
&.v8lC1rT]p.t, I resist &.vop.la, -as, �' lawlessness 3:rra�, once, once for all a1mfUw,
I disbelieve,
d.nvl,w, I look
avptov,
disobey
intentry, gaze upon intent{y
tomorrow
d.t/JlarrJp. t, I withdraw, depart yp ap.p. a , -aTOS', -ro, a letter (of 8ta.Ao y ,ap. o!>, -ov, o, a eKToS", -7), -ov,
the
alphabet) ;
plural, writings reasoning, questioning (cf. dialogue)
sixth
£>.axtaTos-, -T'J, -ov, least
....
1
t
r
c;vtaVTOS', -ov, o,
a year
e7TiaTap.at, I understand (cf.
epistemology, the science of the methods and
grounds of knowledge) Evt/Jp alvw, I rejoice (cf. Euphrosyne, one of the three Graces in Greek mythology) KaTavolw, I observe KATJpovop.la, - a s-, �' an inheritance Kotvos-, -?], - o v , common, unclean (ceremonially) Kotv6w, I make common, I defile (ceremonially) (c£ ce n o bi t e , one dwelling in a con v e n t community [where all is held in common]) K
wt/Jos-, --rl, -ov, deaf, dumb
Mxvos-,
-ov,
a lamp afar, afar -as-, �' long-suffering, patience, forbearance
o,
p.a�<poOc;v, Jrom p.aKp o8vp.la,
p.c;pl{w, I divide p.'-rpov, - o v, -ro, a measure (meter)
p.vpov,
-ov,
-ro, ointme11t
p. wp os-, -ci, -6v,joolislz (moron) 32
vo€w, I
�£vos,
understand (noetic)
-TJ,
-
o v,
strange ; as a noun,
a
stranger, host
(the chemical element
xenon) olos, -a , -ov, suck as ot/M, -Ews, a, a serpent (Opkites, Gnostics who revered the serp ent as the symbol of hidden, divine wisdom) 't.J. o'f't'a, -as, '1'}, euenzng 7TETn v &, -wv, Td, birds 7Tpou8€xo p. at , I receive, wait for CJEtup.os, -ov, o, an earthquake (seismogra p h) ui:Tos, -ov, o, wheat (parasite, literally, one who sits by [7Tap&] another's food an d eats at his exp en s e) O'T'I'JplCw, I establish TdAavTov, -ov, TO, a talent (talent) e
Ta7TEtv
•
o w , I humble
tf>povtp.os, -71, -ov, p ruden t xw.:\os, -"], -ov, lame WORDS OCCURRING
13
TlMES
ava, wi th the ace . , upwards, up ; wi th numerals, each ; &.va p.€uov, into the midst, among
ava:yylAAw, I announce, report ava>..ap./3avw, I take up avaO'Tporp�, -fjs, �. conduct avw8Ev; from above,
ag
ain ap7TaCw, I seize (cf. harpoon,
harpy)
{Jo&w, I cry a lou d {JavA.� , -fjs, �. counsel, purpose 8atp. ovl(o p. at, I am demon p ossessed (demonize) StaMyop.at, I dispute (dialectics) Starplpw, I differ Sp&Kwv, -oVTos, o , a dragon (dragon) elTa, then E1<7TA� uuo p. a.t, I am astonished, amazed EAE7Jp. ouvv71, -1]<;, �. alms (eleemosynary ; alms) €p.7TalCw, I mock ;g, six (Hexapla, the edition of the Old Testament compiled by O rige n, in the third century, comprising six c o l u mns)
33
J.ea11ocrrl>J.w, I send forth
l€w8Ev, with the gen. , from without m£,1jTEw, I seek for bn1Tl1T7'w, Ifall upon ,v,...17 , -7]3, �� leaven (enzyme) 8Ep£a,...&3, -oii, o, harvest (cf. thermal) Bvw, I sacrifice, kill (tJvlme)
ICCl1TV031 -oiJ, o, smoke
tCaTataxvvw, I put to shame tCaTaKalw, I bum up KaTaVT&.w, I come to
KaTa.pTl{w , I mend, fit, perfect tC>.ifTTw, I steal
(cf. cleptomania) chastise (cf. pedagogue) �� a maid servant
fTatSEow, I teach, 1Ta.t8laK7J, ., ,, •
11a.p0.8ocn!i,
-Ews ,
?],
a tradition
11plv, before
7Tws, at all, somehow, in any way
auvEpyos, -oiJ, o, afellow worker ( cf. synergism, the semi-Pelagian doctrine that there are two e ffi c i en t agents in regeneration, n a me ly the human will and the divine Spirit, which, in the strict sense of the
term,
co-operate)
precious, honorable, (cf. Timothy, honoring God) Tpo11os, -ou, o, manner, way (in rhetoric, trope, a figurative use of a word)
Ti�J.tos,
-a, -ov,
TthrTw,
I smite (cf. tympanum, the middle ear)
VrfLUTOS1 ., , •0111 highest cpuats, -Ews-, �. nature (physics) •
xpualov, -ou, 7'0 , gold (cf. chrysanthemum, li terally, go l d en flower)
xwpi{w, I separate,
depart
WORDS
OCCURRING
I 2
TIMES
aOtKOS, -ov, Unjust ciAEKTwp, - op o s-, o, a cock (cf. alectryoma ncy, divination by means of a cock encircled by grains of corn placed on letters of the alphabet , the l e t t ers bei.ng then put tog e th e r in the order in which the grains were eaten) ava'ITavw , I refresh ; middle : I take rest
&.va7Tl1T7'w, I recline
34
d:trapv£op.a. t, I deny -ov, o, a (leather)
aaiCaS",
bottle, wine-skin (in botany , ascidium, the leaf of the pitcher plant) av;\�, - fjS" , �. a court (in Austro-German history, the Aulic Council) flawncrrr} S" , -oii, &, baptist (Baptist) flaaa.vl,w, I torment flfjp.a, -aToS', To, judgment seat (in ecclesiastical architecture, bema, the inner part of the chancel, reserved for the clergy) flpoii'T7j, -fjS", �. thunder (brontosaurus, literally, thunder-lizard) yeEvva, -'Y}s, �. geh£nna (Geh£nna) yovv, -aToS", To, a knee (akin to genuflect) 8EijTE1 come ! 8u£vota, -aS", 7}, the mind, understanding, a thought 8lKTvov, -ov, To, a net ;(JoS", -ovS", To, a custom (ethics) Jg&.yw, I lead out €gov8Evew, I despise Eaw8Ev, from within, within �ealw, I burn (caustic) �ea�e£f ( Kat eKef) , and there �ea.i\ap.oS', -ov, o, a reed (calamus) KaTaK£tp.at, I lie down, lie sick, recline (at m ea l s) �eoAAaop.at1 I join, cleave to (cf. colloid) Kop.l,w, I receive �epaToS", -ovS", To, power, do min io n ( cf. democrary , rule of the people) Alav, ,greatly Atp.OS', -oii, o, hunger, famine (in medicine, limosis, excessive and morbid hunger) ;\vxvta, -aS", 7}, a lampstand p.a.i\ta-ra, especially o8ovs, ·OVTOS', o, a tooth (odontology) =
ol�eo8£a'1TaT'YJS' , -ov, o , a householder llpap.a, -aTos, To, a vision (panorama, opta,
-WV l
'Tcl1 boundarieS
7TapatTeop.at, I
(cf. lzorizon)
a complete [mivJ view)
make excuse, refuse ma,w, I take 'TTA 1J8vvw, I multiply '1TAovT£w, I am rich (cf. plutocrat) 7Topv1J, -TJ S' , 7}, a prostitute (pornography) 35
7Tpo0euts, -ews, �.
a setting forth ; a p u rpose
(in the
the pl aci n g of the
Eastern Church, the
eucharistic
prothesis, referring to 7TpouA.ap.{Javw, I receive 1rpwt, in the morning, early 7TwAo >, -ov, o, a colt p&.{J8os, -ov, �. a staff, rod (rlzabdomancy, divination ua.>.7Tl,w, I sound a trumpet 0'7TAayxvL,op.aL, I have compassion (splanchnic) 0'7Tov8-r/, -i]s, �. haste, diligence <17'7/Kw, I stand, stand fast uvvlxw, I holdfast, oppress
TaxJ, quickly (tachygraphy, Greeks and Romans)
stenography,
Tpls, thrice (in liturgics, the Tvyxavw, I o b ta in ,
happen
especially
elements)
by
that
rods)
of
Trisagion)
vyLalvw, I am in good health (cf. hygiene) VYL�S', •ES', Wh o le , healthy ( cf. hygiene) vifnlA&,, --r], -6v, high cfmJJ.TJ , -TJS, �' a cup, bowl (phial, vial) c/>ovt:uw, I kill, murder xo'ipos, -ov, d, a pig .jlevSop.aL, I lie (pseudo-) WORDS OCCURRING
dyaAAtaw, I
dyopa, -fis,
I I
TIMES
exult
�' a
market-place (agora)
a>.vats-, -t:ws, �. a chain
avaUTpecf>w, I return ; I live amUTla, -as, �' unbelief apxafos, -a, -ov, old, ancient (archaic) acf>pwv, -ov, joolish {Jpwuts, -ews, �. eating, food, rust y€p.w, Ifill OaKpv, -vos, and SaKpvov, -ov, To, a tear (akin to lachryma l) O tap.t:p l,w , I divide, distribute SoAos, -ov, d, guile owpea, -as, �. a gift M.w, I permit
the ancient
c;; �8wAov, - o v, TO, an image, idol (idol) c;; iKout, twenry (icosahedron, a geometric figure with twenty faces) c;;ludyw, I lead in EKXVvvop.at, I pour out �a,ov, -ov, TO, olive-oil (akin to oil, oleo-) eAEVfJEpla, -as, �' liherry £p.f3Mrrw , I look at £v8ElKvvp.at, I show forth E7Tawos, -ov, a, praise e1Tatuxvvop.at, 1 am ashamed e1TLUKE7TTop.at, 1 visit, have a care for (cf. episcopal) {71Aow, I am zealous (cf. zeal) 'qJ01Tot£w, I make alive 8avaTow, I put to death ( cf. thanatopsis) 8a7TTw, I bury (cf. c e n otaph ; epi taph) KaKla, -as, �' malice, evil KaTa{JoA�, -?js, �' a foundation (cf. katabolism) KaTauKc;; va ,w, I prepare Krl:rw, down, below Kavx'1/JJ-a, -a-ros, -ro, a boasting, ground of boasting KO.VX7JULS', -EWS, �' boasting Klpas, -a-ros, -ro, ho m (rhinoceros, literally, nose-horn) KJ\a8os, -ov, a, a b ran ch (of a tree) (in botany, cladophyll) KA?jpos, -ov, o , a lo t (that which is cast or drawn) ; a portion (clergy ; cleric, clerk) KA?juts, -�:ws , �. a (divine) call, invitation, summons KA7J To s , -�, -ov, called Kp af3a -r-ro s , -ov, o, a mattress, pa llet, bed (of a poor man) Atp.v71, -71s, �. a lake (limnolo gy , the scientific study of p o nd s and lakes) p.c;;-ra{Jalvw, I depart VI:O.VLCJKOS, -ov , o, a youth l'ouos, -ov, -It, a disease (nosophobia, a morbid fear of disease) op.o8vp.a8ov, with one accord ovn8l,w, I reproach 1rapayw, I pass by 7Tapa.Av-r uds , -ou, o, a paralytic (paralytic) 7Tap c;;p.j3o)o.�, -fj>, �' a camp, army, fortress 1T£pL auorlpws, more abutzdantly 7T7jy�, -7}>, �' a spring , fountain 37
1TO'p.o.lvw, I shepherd, rule (poimmic, pertaining to pastor?1 theology) 1rpfi:yp.a., -a.TOs, To, a deed, matter, thing (pragmatic) 1rpa.tiT'fls, _,fjTos, �' gentleness, humiliry, courtesy 1TpOTEpos, -a., -ov, jormer ; as an adverb, before (cf. proto-)
mJv8&.vop.a.,,
I inquire
�. a trumpet 0'1T>..d.yxva., -wv, Td., bowels ; heart, tender mercies,
a&A1nye, -tyyos,
compassion (splanchnic)
0'1Tov8&.Cw, I hasten, am eager mfoo8pa., exceedingly axl,w, I split (schism ; schizophrenia) T��evT&.w, I die Tp,&.KoVTa,
indeclinable, thirry
vp./.TEpOS", -a, -0111 JOUr wa.VT&.w, I meet, go to meet
V7TOKd.Tw, under, below, down at iJUT�pov, later, afterwards (in rhetoric, hysteron-proteron, a reversing of the natural order of the sense, as 'he is well and lives') rpvT�ow, I plant ,PwTl,w, I give light, enlighten (cf. photo-) I XHpwv, -ov, worse, more seve re xl�ot, -a,, -a, a thousand ( chiliasm, millenarianism) xm!Jv, -wvos, o, a tunic (chiton) xpO.op.a,, I use (catachresis, misuse of a word ; in rhetoric, a mixed metaphor) xpuaos, -ov, o, gold (chrysanthemum)
"'�u8o1rporp�1TJS", -ou, o, a false prophet
WORDS OCCURRING
&.y,aup.os,
-ov,
I 0 TIMES
J , sanctification
q.87Js, -ou, J, Hades (Hades)
a80VCLTOS', -ov, incapable, impossible -as, � ' UncleanneSS
aKa8apa{a, O.p.a,
at the same time ;
with the dat . ,
ava.ToA�, -fjs, �, east, dawn (Anatolia) rlval#pw, I bring up, o.ffe r
together with
avop.os, -ov, lawless, without law a1ro�o yl.op.a,, I defend myself (cf. apology) a7To�th-pwa,s, -�ws, �' redemption
riul.\yEta, �as, au1Taup.os,
�' licentiousness, debauchery, sensuality
�ov, o, a greeting
ricfoatpew, I take away (aphaeresis, dropping of a letter beginning of a wo rd , as ' l o ne ' from 'alone') O.cfoopl,w, I separate (aphorism) �lf3A.os, �ov, �. a book (Bible)
or
syllable from the
f3los, �ov, o, life (biology)
8r:u1TO'T1]S, -ov, o, a
master, lord (despot)
Starpl{3w, I con t inue (diatribe, a prolonged and acrimonious StKalwp.a, -a-ros , -ro, regulation, righteous deed
harangue)
Stwyp.os, -ov, a, persecution
eyKaTaAEl1Tw, I leaZJe behind, forsake, abandon
I cut out, cut off EKTTl1TTw, I fall away ep.cfoavl,w, I manifest eKK01TTw,
evaTos, -1] , -ov, ninth (Ennead, one division of the collection made by
Porphyry of the teachings of Plotinus, arranged in six
divisions of'
nine books each ) evoxos,
-ov,
involved in, liable, guilty
e�op.o>.oyeop.at, I corifess, profess (in th e ancient Church, exomologesis, the
public confession of sin, usually accompanied by fasting, weeping,
and mourning) E7TH��. since, because
emS lSwp. t , I give to
emTauaw , I command
emTEMw, I complete, perform 8>.. lf3w, I press, oppress
luxus, -tfos, T],
strength
andfrom there ; and therz partner, sharer (cf. cenobite, one dwelling in
Kai<E i8ev ( = Kat eKe i8ev) ,
Kotvwv o s, �oiJ, o,
a
community)
a
convent
Ko ap.ew , I adorn (cosmetics)
p.a�<pav, Jar away
p.a�<po8vp.ew, I am
p.i>.et, it is a care
patient
p.vfjp.a, -aros, ro, grave, tomb vop. t�
as a
noun ,
�evlsw , I entertain (a stranger) ; I startle, bewilder 39
one
skilled
in
the lv!osaic
�8E:,
TjSE:, roSE:, this (here)
ol�eov&,.,os, -ov, o, a steward (econoTIV') &vo,_,a,w, I name (cf. onomasticon, a collection
really (cf. ontology) opKoS, -ov, o, an oath
of proper names)
ovrws,
7Ta.no�eparwp, -opos, o, ruler of all, the Almighty TTa.niuuw, I smite 7TE:v8cfw, I mourn 7TE:ptUTE:pa, -as, �' a dove 1TAav'7, -71s, �, a wan dering, error (cf. planet, which apparently a wandering celestial body) 77..\anra, -as, �, a street (place) TTit.E:ovE:gla, -as, �. covetousness 7Tot�eO.os, 4, -ov, varied, ma n ifold n&pvos, -ov, o, a fornicator (pornography) npoepxof'at, I go in front, p recede npouKapnpl.w, I continue in or with
m)..\'7 ,
-'75',
�.
a
ga te, porch
the
ancients was
(pylon )
crl.f3of'at,
I reverence,
mwmfw,
am silent, become silent I am silent (aposiopesis, in
atyaw, I
to
worship
rhetoric, a
figure
of speech
the speaker breaks off suddenly)
in which
urparTjy6s, -oiJ, o, a commander uvyyEV7}s, -/.s, uuCTJTI.w,
kindred ; as a
I discuss,
noun, a
relative, kinsman
dispute
uvvSouAos, -ov, o, a fellow slave crcpd.Cw,
I slay
-raauw, I
arrange, appoi11t, order ( cf. tactics)
raxl.ws, quickly (cf. tachygraphy) ·dra.p-ros, -71 , -ov, fourth
vnoSTfj-LO.,
c/JElSof-Lat,
-aTO <;,
I spare
ro,
(cf. tetrarch ,
a sandal, slzoe
a ruler over a fourth
part)
XP 'Y/ a-ro-r.,s, -TJros, �' goodness, kindness x wp lo v, - ou, r6, a place, field (cf. chorogr aphy, describ ing, or descrip tion, of districts) a lie (cf. pseudo-) o, a liar (cf. pseudo-)
I{IEiJSos, -ous, -ro,
,P�:vuTTf<;,
-ov,
PART I I
WORDS CLAS S I F I ED AC CORDING TO THEIR ROOT AFTER the stud en t has mas te re d about four or in t he
five
hundred words of
Greek Testament, he can b egin to use with p rofi t the following groups of wo rd s arrange d according to their root. Here are coll e ct ed t h os e w or ds , scattered throughout Part I, which are r e lat ed to eac h other by reason of a common etymology. Each group was formed in acco rd with the requirement that it must contain at least three word s each of which occurs t en or more t imes in the New Testament. In a d diti o n to the words from Part I that satisfy this ar bitra ry re quirement, there have been added about 2 50 other words, e ach of which occurs from five to nine t imes in the New Testament. frequent
occurrence
It will be discovered t ha t these words of comparatively infrequent
occurrence c an be learned with very li ttle ad dit ion al effort when they thus grou p e d with othe rs derived from the same root.
are
THE
FORMATION OF WORDS
Words d o n ot grow h ap h a zard ly or in isolation from the rest of the
vocabulary. To see how verbs, no u ns ,
adjectives, adverbs, and par relatively few basi c roots is not only a fascinat� ing study in itself, but it a l s o lessens the d ru d gery of piecemeal memori zatio n of individual words. Th us , for example, from the root TEA, me a n i n g end, is fo r m e d the noun -rfD\a> with the same m eaning . From the noun a verb is produced , -rEA£w, meaning Ifinish or fulfill (that is, I make all appropriate end) . From the noun comes also the adj ective -r£AEta>, mea n in g complete, peifect, mature (that is, brought to its appropriate en d) . The adj ective, again, is m ade into the verb -rEA£Low, which means I complete, make peifect-being equivalent to -r£>-.. nov rrodw. Moreover, t h e s a m e root TEA appears in -r,;/.. w-rcfw, a verb formed ultim ately fro m -r£Ao> and which means I die (that is, I come to the end [if my life] ) . Finally, to complete the list of a l l the words from this ro ot which appear in t h e New Testament five times or more, by ticles
c an be
traced to
a
composition with prepositions the compound words J.ff',TE'Mw, ovVTl�Er.o., and· avVT€A.Iw are formed, each of which involves some asp ec t of the idea of end. This example illustrates the principle of the building of Greek words. The root is tlJ.e primitive part of the word; it conveys the basic mean ing or idea. From the root are produced various verb-stems and
· root
noun-stems
produce both nouns and adj ectives) . These stems are built ( 1 ) by the addition of various suffixes and for (2) by the internal modification of the s tem . The following is a sim plified classification of some of the more important ways in which the words of the Greek Testament are formed. For a more compl ete technical description,, any large reference grammar of New Testament Greek should be consulted. 1 The suffix is a formative element standing between the root and the declensional or conjugational ending. Suffixes limit or particularize the basic meaning of the root. Some suffixes2 have special meanings, and when these are known it is often possible to deduce the general significance of an unfamiliar Greek word by analyzing the root idea (the latter of which
in the stem as qualified by the suffix. A. Sriffixesforming
nouns
The following suffixes are listed
with
the ending of the nominative
case, singular number, attached . The numeral within the parentheses following the suffix indicates the declension of the nouns formed wi th that suffix. I
.
The agent
�xamples
2.
:
is i ndicated
by -rTJ�
(1).
{3a.1rnu-�!; (from {3a.1f'7't'w) , one who bapti.?;es, a baptizer, bap tist p.a.97J-T�!> (from p. a.v9cl.vw ), one who learns, a learner, disciple
An action is indicated by
-p.o!; (2) and
-ut�
( 3 ) . The latter suffix
often pro duces the abstract name of an action . 1 The best treatment is that by J. H. Moulton and W. F. Howard , A Grammar of New Teslammt Greek, vol. ii, Accidence arzd Word-Formation (Edinburgh, 1 929), pp. 268-4 1 0. 2 It should be n ted tha t roots, stems, and suffixes never existed as i ndependent � . . Greek, or mdeed m any known period of the par e nt language from which words m Greek and the other I n d o - E uropea n tongues were derived . The analysis of words into their component morphological elements is merel y a scientific device useful for purposes of arr ange m e nt and classification.
Examples : {3a1rTta-p.6� (from {3a"'T'Tl,w), a washing, purification (the act of which {3aTTTurp.a is the result ; see below) · · · · Ka8apur-p.6� (from Ka8ti.pl'w ) , a cleansing, purificatifm· aTTo'A&rpw-a's (from aTTOAVTpow, I release on payment of a .
ransom) , a releasing effected by payment Of a ransom ('A&rpov), redemp tion a,Kalw-a'� (from 8tK�w), an act of adjudging one to be righteous, justification
3·
The result
of an action is indicated by -p.a (3 ) .
Examp les : {3aTT-rta-p.a (from f3aTTTl,w) ,
baptism
(the abiding fact result
from the act of baptism ; see above, f3aTTTtap.Os) pa y p. p.a (from ypwpw) , thing written, a letter (of the alphabet) �pvy-p.a (from KTJpvaaw) , thing proclaimed by a herald, preaching ing
4· The abstract idea of quality is indicated by -La and -UVVTJ ( I ) . Examples :
(r),
- OTTJS
(3),
aotJ>-la, wisdom awTTJp-la, salvation Kvpt-OTTJ'>, lordship, dominion vE-OTTJS, youth ci:yaOw-aVVTJ, goodness 8umw-aVV7J, righteousness
B. Suffixes forming adjectives r . Adjectives expressin g the mean ing of or belonging to a person thing are formed by adding the suffix -ws to a noun-stem.
or
heavenly (from o !}pavo s, heaven) TTAovo-tos, wea lthy (from TTAoihos, wea lth) -rlp.-ws, precious, honorable (from .,.,p.�, honor, price)
Exa mp les : o!}pcl.v-ws,
2. Adjectives exp ressing the idea belonging to, pertaining to, with the characteristics of, are formed by adding the suffix ·LKo� to a noun-stem.
Examples :
f3aaLA-LKos, belonging to a king, kingly, royal (from {3aat.>..Evs, a king ) TTVEvp.a-r-tKck, pertaining to the spirit, with the characteristics of the spirit, spiritual (from TTVEvp.a, spirit) aapK-LKos, jleshly, carnal (from a&.p g, jfesh) awp. a-r-LKos, pertaining to the body, bodily (from awp.a, body) 43
3· Adjectives which express the material from which anything is made are formed with the suffix -wos. Examples :
8Epp.O:r- wos, of skin, leathern
>..1.8-wos-, of stone uap1NVOS", of the flesh
4· Many other adjectival suffixes have no characteristic significa tion. Some of these are -os, ->..os, -vos, -avos, -p.os, and -pos. 5· A special cl ass of adjectives, cal led verbal adjectives, is formed by the suffix -Tos. These either (a) have the meaning of a perfect passive participle or (b) express possibili�. Examples : (a) aya.'II'TJ-Tos, beloved Etl.�.o'Y71-TOS, blessed
Kpvrr-r&s, hidden (b) avE:K•'TOS", bearable, tolerable
In general the passive sense is more common. signification, as &.avva.-Tos, incapable or impossible. C. Suffixesforming
Some have
either
verbs
From the original verb-stem, which is ordinarily preserved un changed in the second aorist stem, the present stem is formed in various ways, some of which are the following. It will be observed that not only are suffixes employed but also an internal modification of the stem may take plac e (called Ablaut) . I . The verb-stem may remain unchanged.
Examples : O:y-w, I lead al-w, I bind >..V..w, I loose 2 . The initial consonant of the verb-stem may un d e rgo reduplica t:ion. Examples : ylvop.a.t, I become, from the stem y£v- (classical ylyvop.a.£, from *yt-ylv-op.at) 1 8l-8w-fU, I give, from the stem SoZ-crr7J-P.' cause to stand, from the stem uTa- (for * uL-uT7J·p.t) 11'L11'Tw, I fall, from the stem 7T£T- (for * m-rrlT-w)
I
1 An asterisk preceding a Greek word here and i n the list below signifies that no extant source, m u s t be p ostulated as the parent
the word, though preserved in
of existing forms.
44
vowel in the verb-stem may be lengthened. Examples : 'Ael7T-w, I leaue, from 'At7T- (cf. 2nd aor. l-'A£7T-ov) 7TEl8-w, I persuade, from 7Tt8- (cf. 2 nd aor. E-7Tt8-ov) 4>evy-w, /flee, from 4>vy- (cf. 2nd aor. £-tPvy-ov) 3 · The
4· The final consonant of the verb-stem may be doubled. Examples :
a7To-O"rl>.>.-w, I send awqy, from O"r£AI throw, from {Ja.>.- (cf. 2nd aor . £-{Ja.>.-ov)
{Jill- w,
5· Another consonant may be added to the verb-stem,
as -v-,
-a�e-,
or --r-.
Exampl es : OvfJ-a�ew, I die, from Oa.v- (cf.
2nd aor. £-Oa.v-ov) I drink, from m- (cf. 2 nd aor. E-7T£-ov) -rthr-rw, I strike, from TV7T- (cf. 2nd aor. £-TV7T-ov)
7Tl-vw,
6. An additional syllable may be ad ded to the verb-stem. (a) The ending -&.vw, sometimes with v (p. before a labial) inserted in the verb-stem, may b e adde d .
Examples : ap.a.pr-&.vw, I sin, p.a.vO-&.vw,
(b)
The en d i n gs
Examples :
from ap.a.pr- ( cf. 2nd aor. 1jp.a.pr-ov) I learn, from p.a.O- (cf. 2nd ao r. £-p.a.8-ov)
-&.,w, -l,w, or -v'w may
AdJ-a,w, I stone �h-l{w, I h ope yoyy-v,w, I grumble,
be added .
murmur
(c) Th e endings -&.w, -lw, or -e vw may be ad ded . These usually denote an action or state similar to that expressed by the noun-stem. Examples : aya.7T-ctw, I love, from aya7T1J, love 8ovA-n1w, I serve (as a slave) , from Soil'Aos, a slave cpt>..- lw, I love, amfriendly towards, from 4>D.os, afriend
(d) Th e endings -a.lvw , -ow, or -uvw may be add ed . These express causation, excep t in verbs of mental action such as I deem worthy, 8tKa.t-ow, I deem or judge or pronounce righteous. Examples : Sov>.. - ow, I enslave, from SoiJ'Aos,
a
slaue
usually tiet-ow,
7T£Kp -a.lvw, I make bitter, embitter, from mKpos, sharp, bitter 7TA7J8-uvw, (transitive) I multiply, (intransitive) I ab oun d, from 7TAfj8os, a multitude 45
(e) Some Greek verbs are 'irregular,' that is, their present stem is · entirely different from their aorist stem (and frequently other stems · likewise) . Thus, cfolpw means I carry, but ijveyKa means I carried ;
lcfoayov means I ate. The reason for the existence erbs is simply that the aorist t ense of one verb v gular e irr of these and the present tense of �other verb of quite similar meaning both fell into disuse. The remaining present and aorist tenses of these two la8lw means I eat,
verbs then came to be associated together as th ough they were rela ted etymologically. The same thing has happen ed in languages other than Greek. In English the verb went is not the etymological preterit of go ;
of the little-used verb wend. Further, modem Eng" lish rejects the e ar l i e r preterit of go (the Anglo-Saxon eode and M id dl e English yo de) . The tenses that remain of each verb now function as the principal parts of one verb. In French, to take an example of
it is the past tense
irregularity within th e same tense, the first
of the present
and second persons plural tense of the verb alter, 'to go, ' are nous allons, vous alle;:.,
other forms of the present tense are je vais, tu vas, etc. The conjugation of the verb is irregular because behind the different forms lie two different Latin words which, for some reason, came to be pre ferred in thos e persons (they are ambulare and vadare, both meaning 'to walk, go') . 1 The irregular verbs which (with their compounds) occur most but the
frequently in the Greek New Testament are the following. A hyphen before a principal part means that this form app ears only in co mp ou nd
verbs .
atp€w, I
take,
I choose, fut. a.lp�ao/La.t and -£Aw, 2nd aor. -riP7J!La t, aor. passiv e -np€87Jv. £lrrov and £lrra., I said, fut. lpw, perf. ei:p7JKa, p erf. passive dp7J/Lat, aor. passive €pp€87Jv and €p� B7Jv. middle,
-£f.\ov, middle £lAd./L7JV, perf.
€pxo!La.t, I come, go, fut. €Aeuao!La.t, 2nd aor . .ry.\Bov, perf. £A�Av8a. lafJtw and €a8w, I eat, fut. cfod.yo/La.L, 2nd aor. €c/Ja.yov. op d. , I see, fut. oiflo!Lat, 2nd aor. e loov, per£ £cfJpa.Ka and lopaKa,
w
aor . passive w
rp€xw,
I run, 2nd aor. €opa!Lov.
c/J�pw, ,I �arry, fut. o iaw, aor. f}veyKa. and -�veyKov, perf. -£v�voxa., aor.
pass 1ve 7J VEX87Jv.
' ;r'he Italian �erb andare exhibits the same irregularity : noi andiamo, voi andale,
but
10
'Jado, tu
val,
etc.
COMPOUND WORDS
Everything set forth above refers to the building of simple wo'rds from one stem. Compound words, on th e other hand, are formed frotn a union of two or more stems or parts, as t/J€�o-.,.pO#JTTJs, a false prophet, and d.li'Tt-'ITap-'fjA8€v, he passed by [1Taptt] on the otfier side [d.Jn-l], used of the priest and the Levite in the parable of the Good Samaritan (Luke 1 o : 3 1 f.) . As can be o bserved from these two examples, a compound word con tains a defining part and a defined part, usually in this order. The parts of a compound word stand in various syntactical relations to each other, as that of adjective or attributive genitive to a noun, or that of adverb or object to a verb , etc. Com pounds may thus be regarded as abbreviate d forms of syntax. In analyzing th e meaning of a compound, it must be kept in mind that no part of the word is without significance. Compound words are formed chiefly in the following three ways. I.
most
Various particles and adverbs may be p refixed . The two of occurrence are :
frequent
(a) The al ph a privative, a- (before vowels generally av-) , which gives a negative sense to the word to which it is affixed (cf. the English prefix 'un-') .
Examples : a-SLKOS' unjust a--rLp.a{w, I dishonor av-lyKATJTOS , unreprovable, blameless (b) The adverbial prefix EV-, which supplies 'prosperously, ' 'being well disposed.'
the general
idea
of
Examples : Ev-SoKlw, I a m well pleased, think it good Ev-Aoylw, I speak well of, praise, bless 2 . One or more prepositions may be prefixed. For detailed formation concerning this very large class of compound verbs, Appendix I I .
in see
3 · Two or more noun-stems or verb-stems may be comp ounded. As regards their meaning, compound nouns (substantives and adjec tives) may be divided into two principal classes.
(a) Obj ective compounds. In these the first part is related to the other as a kind of grammatical object . When the two are expressed
47
in English as separate words, the first is put in an oblique case depend� ing, either immediately or by means of a preposition, on the other. Examples :
8£6-TrvEvrrros, inspired by God
vop.o�£8cluKa).os, a teacher of [the] Law .
olKo�8EC1'11'b'T7JS,
(b) Possessive
a master of a house, a householder In these the first part
and descriptive compounds .
qualifies the second as an adjective or adverb .
Examples
:
p.aKpo-Ovp.la, long-suffering p.ov-6,P8a.>.p.os, one-eyed, having one eye
&,\,y&-7T,rrros, having little faith 'T«7T£wo-tfopouvV7J, In drawing up
lowliness of mind, humility
the following ninety-six
groups
of words
the
author has tried to avoid two extremes. He has tried to refrain from spinning out fanciful derivations for the sake of establishing connec tions between words which, according to scientific linguistics, are entirely unrelated .
No
statement about root or derivation is made
which involves a descent to the level of popular or folk-etymology.
If a
root is obscure or uncertain-or even merely probable-it has
not been given . ' The other extreme which he has tried to avoid is the cumbering of the lists with technical details of advanced l inguistics . It may very well be, for example, that originally there was but one root AEr which meant 'gather, pick '
inaccurate to differentiate between the
as
well as
two
'say,'
but it is not
by forming two separate
lists of words involving each of these meanings ; and certainly such an arrangement is less liable to engender confusion than the o ther.
Finally, it ought to be mentioned that several of the roots contain
the obsolete Greek letter
vau,
f, called 'digamma' (i . e .
from its shape.2 The sound of this letter was like that
double-gamma) of English w.
'see,' lies behind £l3ov (for E-p3-ov) and the second ol3a, I know (literally, I lzave seen) ; compare other I ndo-
Thus, the root FLcJ ,
perfect tense
' The chief aut hor i ties upon which the etymologies arc based arc 'Walther Prellwitz, Etymologisches WiMerbuch der lt.riechischen Spracltc, 2nd edn. (Gotti ngen , 1 90� ) , and Emile Boisacq, Dictiormaire etymologique de la langue grecquc, 3J"d edn.
( He1delberg and Paris, 1 938) . � Vau had not e n t i rely d isappeared in pronunciatio n when the Homeric epics were composed , a nd not a few a ppare n t i rregu larities of meter in these poems can be explained by postulating i ts i n fluence. For a discussion of the letter see
Edgar
H. S tur tevan t, T!te Pronunciation of Greek and Latin , 2nd
1 940) , pp.
65-8,
and W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca
48
�
edn . ( Ph i ladel h ia,
{Cambridge , 1 968) ,
pp. 45-50.
E uropean
words, such as Sanskrit ved-a, 'knowledge' ; Latin vid-eo, ' I see' ; German wis-sen, 'know' ; Anglo-Saxon wit-an (English to wit and the archaic wot [ means 'know' ; see Acts 3 : 1 7, Rom. 1 1 : 2, etc.,
in the King
James
Version] ) .
root ltF, 'drive, lead, weigh'
a:yw,
I lead
avayw, I lead up ; middle, I put to sea, set sail
a?Tayw, I lead awqy
Elaayw, I lead in, bring in
ee&.yw, I lead out ?Tapayw, I pass by 'ITEptayw, I lead about, go about ?Tpoayw, I leadforth, go before
avvayw, I ga ther together avvaywy�, -fjs, a synagogue apxtavvaywyos, -ov, o,• a ru ler oif a synagogue , ' emavvay w, I collect, gather together at one place {mayw, I depart
aypos, -oiJ, o, (place where cattle are led or driven) , afield �y€op.at, I am chief; (I lead through the mind) , I think, regard �yEp.wv, -avos, o, a leader, governor a�tos, -a, -ov, (of eq ual weigh t ) , worthy a�tow, I deem worthy, think.fit a.etws,
worthily
aywv, -wvos, o, an athletic contest, a
contest
root .:4.F, 'religious awe, reverence'
ayto s, -a, -ov, holy ayta,w, I make lzoly, sanctify aytaap.os, -oii, o, sanctification ayvos, -�. -ov, (in a condition prepared for worship) , ritually,
or
ceremonially ) , chaste
ayvt,w, I make pure
49
pure
(ethically,
&.ya.wc!w1 I love O.yc£'11"1/ 1 -71�1 �, love O.ya'IJ"'''To �1 .-,]1 -&v1 beloved ci:'Y')'EAos, -ov, &,
a messenger,
an
angel
ava.wE'Mw, I announce, report a'IT4'Y'Yl..\..\w, I announce, report
ma'Y')'£Ala., -a�, �' a promise l'ITanl..\..\ oiLa', I promise Eva.wEAl�w, I bring good news, prea&h good tidings (the Gospel) Eva.nE'.A,ov, -ov, -ro, good news, the Gospel Ka-ra.yyl..\..\w , I proclaim
1rapa.wE'Mw, I command, charge 1ra.pa'Y')'£Ala., -a�, �' a command
ahlw, I ask a.l-rla., -a�, �. a cause, accusation 'ITapa.,rlo p. a,, I make excuse, rifuse
aKovw,
I hear
EluaKovw, I hearken to , assent to 1hra.Kovw, I obey aKcnJ , -fj�, �� hearing, a repo r t urraKo�, -fj�, �, obedience
a..\,\ os,
-'T) ,
-o, other, another
root l4AA, 'other'
ci...\..\� A.wv, (reduplicated stem, aAA·7JAo) ,
of one another
llia, (neuter plural with changed accent : 'in another way ' ) , but
make other than it is) , I change, alter Kara.AMuuw, I change (from enmity to friendship) , lliauuw , (I
root
l4P, 'join,
fit'
apEUKW, (/fit or join together ; suit) , f jJ[ease apL8p.os, -o iJ, o, a number apn, (fitting exact?J) , now, just n o w aper�, -fj � , �. (moral fitness) ' virtue, excellence
reconcile
root :4PX, 'be first'
apxw, (first in point of station) , I rule ; middle, (first in point of time) , I begin apxwv, -ovros, o, a ruler &.pXJ1 , -fjs, � � a beginning apxa.Los,
-a, -ov,
old, ancient
apXtEpEVS, -lws, o, a chief priest, high priest inrapxw, (I am under as a foundation, support), I am, I exist, I belong (ra vTTapxovra, one's belongings, possessions)
to
aTTapXJ1, -fjs, � . first fruits
root BA, 'go' &.va{3alvw, I go up £,._,{3alvw, (I step into [a boat] ) , I embark lm{Jatvw, I go up to, mount, board (a boat) Kara{3atvw, I go down fL ETa{3alvw , I dep art 7Tap6.{3aat>, -Ew>, �. (a going over [the line]) , transgression, a transgression 7Tapa{36.r7Js, -ov, o, a transgressor 7Tpo{Jalvw, I go forward, go on 7Tpo{3arov, -ov, To, a sheep (that which goes fo rward) av11-fJalvw, (of events) happen, occur f3fjJ1-a, -aTos, To, Judgment seat (that which the judge moun ts ) {31{Jaws, -a, -ov, (reduplicated stem, {JE-{Ja-, standing fast) , solid, sure, firm {3E{3au)w, I co nfirm, ratify fU{37JAo>, -T), -ov, (lawful to be trodden) , p rofane, secu la r root BAA, 'throw'
{30)..>-.w, I throw, put lK{30)..>-.w, I cast out lm{3ill w , I lay upon >..d Jo{3oMw, I pet with stones, kill by stoning 7TEpt{3a>..>-.w, I put around, clothe au,._,{JQ)..).. w , (I th ro w together) , I encounter, meet, consider ; middle, contribute to inrep{3ill w , (I surpass in throwing) , I surpass, exceed Dta{3oAos, -ov, o, (one who throws across or at, with words, a slanderer) , the accuser, the Devil
Kara{Jo)..?j , -fjs , -Tj, (that which is put down) , a foundation
TTapafJo>.�, -fj�, � (a placing of one thing by the side of another, by Wl£)1 of comparison) , a parable TT«p£p.flo'A�, -fj�, �. a camp, army, fortress VTT£pfJo>.�, -fj�, �. (a throwing beyond) , excess, abundance .\ , Q t'Q,U£1\EV�,
,
•
-EWS', O,
k"
a tng
flauw\Evw, I reign flaut.At:la, -a�, �. a kingdom flaut.A"cos, �. -6v, kingly, royal root BA tP, 'dip' flaTTTl{w, I baptize {JaTTnap.a, -aTo�, To, baptism {JaTTT t crn1s, -oiJ, o, baptizer, Baptist (u s ed only of John) {JMTTw, I see
avo.fJMTTw, I look up, receive sight £p.f3'AETTw, I lo o k at TT£pt{JMTTop.at , I look around, survey root TEN, 'beget, become'
y{vofLat, (Attic , ytyvop.at, a reduplicated form, become, come into being, happen, am made, am
Trapaylvop.at, I come, arrive yovEv�, -lwr;;, o, a parent ylvor;; , -ovs, To, race, kind
p.ovoyo�r;; ,
-1>, only, unique, only-begotten
avyyEv�s, -Is, related; a relative, kinsman y£vEa, -iis, �. a generation ylv£ats, -EwS', 1j, birth, origin ylv7]p.a, -aTOS', To, fruit, produce
yE v v aw , I beget
root
TNO,
ytvwaKw, I know
avaytPWUKW, (I know again) , I read 52
'know'
=
* yt-ylv-o1J.at) ,
I
f.7rtytvwaKw, I come
to know, recognize .f), wisdom f.1rlyvwuts-, ·EWS', �. knowledge 7rpoytvwaKw, I know beforehand, foreknow yvwpl�w, I make known yvwCTTo S', �. -ov, known ; as a noun, an acquaintance yvwi-'7J• -1)S', �. opinion, counsel ayvolw, I do not know yvwuts-, -�;ws,
root yp &. w,
rP A cp, 'scratch, scrap e'
(signs
in stone or
wood)
I write -fj'>, �. a writing, Scripture f.mypaw, I write up o n , inscribe lmypa-1], -fjs-, �. an inscrip tion yp&p.f'a, -a-ro<;, To, a le tter (of the alphabet) , writing ypaf'l-'a-rev<;, -lw<;, o, a scribe ypa-1] ,
root JE,
Mw, I bind 8€af'to'i, -ov, o,
'bind'
a
prisoner OECTf'DS', -oiJ, o, a Jetter, bond -lnro87Jf'a, -aTos-, To (that which is bound under [the root JEIK, 'show, point' SelKvvl-'' and
OetKvvw , I show show
lv8£LKVVf'at, I lmSelKvv,.,_ ,, I
show, prove vrroSelKVVf' L, I show, indicate, warn V'TT D OEtyf'a, •a'ToS', To, an example, copy root JEK,
'take'
I take, receive arro8€xo,.,_a,, I accept fro m , receive, welcome Slxof'at,
lKSlxoP-at, I
expect, wait for wait for eagerly rrapaSlxoP-at, I accep t, receive rrpoaSlxoP-at, I receive, wa itfo r dmpoaO£K-ros, -ov, well-received, acceptable arreKSlxoP-at, I
53
foot] ) , a sandal, shoe
'1Tpou801c&a,, I waitfor
8£�ws, -a, -&v, [8£te+ u = 8£(1 , right (perhaps because the right hand is oftenest used in taking) Stateovos, -ov, o and ,j, a servant, deacon, deaconess Sta.teovew, I serve, wait
upon,
O£a.teovla., - a.s, ?], the office and
Sw&.utew,
one's needs, minister work of a 8u1.teovos, service, ministry
care for
I teach
Stoautea.Aos-, -ov, &,
a teacher
S,oautea.Ala, -as, �. teaching s,8a.X7], -fj>, � . teaching
O{KaLOS,
-a.,
•OV,
root .tHK, 'show, point' righteOUS (in aCCOrd With the Way pointed OUt)
O LKaLo w , I justify, pronounce righteous O£Ka.LocnJv1J , ·7J>, �. righteousness OLKa.lwp.a, -aTOS', ro, regulation, righteous deed OLKalws-, justly, uprightly £Kot�dw, I avenge
do wrong &8,Kos, -ov, U'!just aOLK[a, -as, �' unrighteousness ci.vrlo,Kos, - o v , o, an opponent in a suit at law, £KOLK1JCTL>, -Ews, �. vengeance, punishment MLKew, I w rong ,
root Ll 0, 'give'
an adversary
olowp.L, I give a?Toolowp.L, I give back, pay ; middle, I sell ci.vra.1Toolow p.,, I g ive back (in return) bnolowp.,, I give to JLE-ra8towp.t, I share with, impart '1Tapaol8wp.L, I hand over, betray 1Tap&.o o cns, -Ews, �. a tradition (that which has been handed over) OWpEa, -as, �' a gift owp£av, (accusativ e of the noun, used adverbiall y : as a gift, gift-wise) . freely
owpov, -ov, r6, a gift
54
root
LIOK, 'beseem, befit'
8oKlw, I think ; I seem Ev8o�e£w, I think it good, am well pleased with
Ev8 oKla, -as, 7], good will, favor, pleasure, approval avvEv8o K£w, I entirely
M{a, -TJ�, 7], glory
approve of, agree with
So�a,w, I glorify ooKtp.a,w, I prove, approve o:rro OOKtp. a ,w, I reject (after testing) OoKtp.�, -fjs, -IJ, a proving, app ro val, character 8oKtp.os, -ov, tested, approved aOOKtp.os, -ov (failing to pass the test) , unapproved, counterfeit Soyp.a, -aTos, To, a (public) decree -ov, o, a slave aJvSovAos, -ov, o, a fellow slave SovAEla, -as, -lj, slavery SovAEVw, I serve oovAow, I enslave
oovAos,
ovvap.at,
I am po werfu l, able I endue with power, make strong
Jvovvap.6w,
OVVaTOS', -TJ, -ov, powerful, possible
dovvaToS', -ov, impossible
Svvap.ts,
-Ews, -lj, power
To, pity, mercy I ha ve mercy
�AEos, -ovs, J,\E£w,
J,\ET)f'OCTVII1J, -TJS', TJ, a[ms
root
'EPX, 'come, go'
;pxop.at, I come, go a7Tlpxop.at, I depart
odpxop.at, I pass through
Elulpxop.at, I go in
Jtlpxop. at , I go out E7Tlpxop.at, I come upon (sometimes KaTlpxop.at, I come down, go down
with hostility)
55
7T4pl.pxop.m, I pass by, pass away TTpolpxop.o.L, I go before TTpoul.pxof«lL, I come to uvvl.pxof«lL, I come together
root 'E.E, 'be' �lp.l, I am t!TTELfU, I am absent 7T&.pELJ£L, I am present ; I have arrived 7TO.povalo., -o.S", iJ, presence, co ming (especially
Christ's [second) coming in
glory) ;�Ecrn, it is permitted, it is lawful €�ovalo., -o.s, iJ,
autlwrity
root 'EX and EEX, 'have'
I have, lwld (I bear up), I endure aVEKTOS, -ov, b eara b le, to le rab le lxw,
avlxop.o.L,
a7Texw, I hape received (payment) ; I am distant
I hold out, give attention to I lwld fast, hold back p.E-rExw, I have a share in, partake €7Tixw,
Ko.Texw,
of
sharing in ; as a noun, a partner 7To.plxw, I offer, afford 7Tpoalxw, I a ttend to, g ive heed to avvlxw, (I hold together, constrain) , I ho ld fast, oppress imEplx.w, (I hold over, above) , I rise above, am superior p.EToxos,
-ov,
Evoxos, -ov,
(
=
Euaxr}p.wv, -ov,
standing
lvEpxop,Evos, held in, bound by) , liable, guilty of elegant figure (way of holding oneself) , grace, of good
p.E-ro.ax7Jp.o.Tl,w, I
change the figure if, transfigure root FEP,
'speak'
£pw, (from a rare present stem, Etpw) , I shall say pfjp,a, -aTos, -r6, a word TTo.pp7Jala, -as, iJ, boldness (of speech) , co nfidence TTo.pp7Jrna{of'aL, I speak boldly
lpyov,
To, work
-ov,
lpydT1J!;, -ov, o,
root FEPr, 'work'
a worlcman
bEpytw, I work, effect avvEpyJw, I work along with, co-operate with avvEpy&s, -ov, & and �. a fello w worker lpyd{op.a£, I work lpya.uia., -a.s, �. wo rk , business, profit
Ka'TEp yd{op.a.£, I work out
yEwpyos, - ov, &, (a worker in the earth [yij]) , afarm8r AE£Tovpyos, -oiJ, o, (a public [Aa.o!;] minister) , a servant 1ra.vovpyia, -a.s, �. (ability to do anything, cleverness) , crqftiness, cunning apy&s, -ov, idle, lazy (COntracted from a-Epyos ) Ka.Ta.pyJw, I bring to naught, abolish
El8ov, I
root FI.d , saw
El8os, - o v s,
'see'
visible form, shape To, an image, ido l
To,
d'SwAov, -ov,
ElSwAoAchP7Js, -ov, d, an idolater olSa., (second perfect [I ha ve seen] with present sense) , �87]s,
-ov,
o,
(a privative and F'a,
the unseen
{dw, I live {w� , -fjs, �. life {�ov, -ov, r&, a living creature, an animal {7Jrtw, I seek £K{7]rtw, I seek out £m,7JrEw, I seekfor uvv {T}rtw, I question with, discuss {�T7Jp.a, -«TO!i, ro, a question, debate '�T7JUts, -Ews, �. a questioning, debate
root BAN, 'die
I die ; perfect tense, I am dead 9V7]ros, -�. -ov, liable to death, mortal 8'7]uKw,
57
'
I know
world), Hades
dttro8v6a�ew, I di8
8&.va:ros, -ov, o, dlath 8a.va.T&c,, I put to dlatk
root 8E, 'put, set,
place'
Tl8-qp.,, I place
a'tr0Tl8Ep.a.£, I put ojffrom myself, lay aside
8�Tl81JP.'• I appoint, make a covenant e,,Tto11p.,, I lqy upon
p.ETa.Tl81]p.£, I
transfer, change
'tra.pa.Tl91Jp.', I set before ; middle, I entrust
'tr'EP£Tl91Jp.', I place
around, cloth4
'trpoaTl81Jp.', I add, I add to a9E7·lw, I reject 8Ep.l>..ws, -ov, o,
afoundation I lay the foundation of, establish
8Ep.E>..uSw,
a'tro9-rj1C1J, -1]S,
8£a.ihj1C1],
-1]S,
�. a storehouse, granary, bam �. a covenant
d.va8Ep.a., -a.Tos, ro, (a thing laid by or set up ; a thing devoted
ven geance of God),
8Vw,
I sacrifice, kill
8vpl.a.p.a, -a.Tos, Ovula.,
-as,
��
a
root
8Y ( 1 ) , 'bum,
TO, incense
-ro, (a place for
-ov, a, wrath
fice) , an altar
sacri
root 8Y
(2 ) , 'rush'
t'tr£8vp.lw, (I have it upon "V' heart) , I desire
lm8vp. la., -as,
�. eager desire, passion
p.a�epofJvp.lw, I am patient
p.a�ep o8vp.la, -as,
�' long-suffiring with one accord -as, �' eagerness, enthusiasm
op.o8vp.a.86v, 'trpoOvp.la,
smoke'
sacrifice
9vu£a.f1'TT]p £ov, -ov,
Ovp.os,
a curse, a man accursed
sa
to the
root
/1v€a&s, -€ws, Tj,
a
'1, 'set in motion'
loosening ; relitj, rest
&.q,l"'P.'• I let go, permit, forgive
li.t/JEa&s,
-Ew S" ,
Tj,
a
sending away, remission
avvLTJP.'• (I go along with) ,
I understand
atJv£atS", -£ws, Tj, understanding ci.aVv£'TOS', -ov, without understanding, stupid lax&s, -vos, Tj, strength laxvpos, -&., -ov, strong laxvw,
I am strong
root KA e, 'clean' Ka8apos, -&., -ov, clean Ka8apl{w, I cleanse Ka8apurp.oS", -ov, o, a cleansing, purification ci.Ka8apala, -as, ci.Ka8apTos, -ov,
Tj, uncleanness unclean root KAA, 'call'
Ka.Mw, I call KA'r/ToS", �. -ov,
called KAija&s, -Ewr, Tj, a (divine) call, invitation eyt
call together, assemble
Ka.vxaop. a t , I
boast To, a boasting, a KO.VxrJO'tS', -EwS', Tj, boasting
Ka.vX"Jp.a,
- a.Tor,
ground of boasting
root KEI, 'lie outstretched' KEip.at, I lie
&.vaKEtp.cu, I recline
(at meals) oppose brlKHp.at, I lie upon, press upon, am urgent KaTaKEtp.at, I lie down, lie sick ; I recline (at meals) 1rEplKEtp.at, I am compassed about with, have around me 1TpoKEtp.at, I am set before, am present uvvavaKELp.at, I recline together, feast together Kotp.c1.op.at, (I lie at rest) , I sleep, fall asleep, die KWp.7J, -7Js, 7}, a village O.vTlKEtp.at, I resist,
-ov, 6, a lot, a portion KATJPov6p.os, -ov, 6, an heir KA:'/povop./.w, I inherit
KA:ijpos,
KA7Jpovop.la, -TJ>, 7}, an inheritance
-6v, common , unclean Kotv6w, I make common, defile Kotvwv/.w, I have a share of, take pa rt
Kotv6s, -�,
Kowwvta,
·a>,
Kotvwv6s,
-ou,
in
�. fellowship, collection 6 and �. a partner, sharer root
Ko7TTw, I cut ; middle, I
strike
ojJ, amputate £KK07TTw, I cut out, cut off £vK07TTw, (I cut into) , I block, a7TOK07T'TW, I cut
KOII, 'cut,
strike'
(my breast
or
head
m
lamentation)
hinder
7TpouKo7TTw, I strike against, stumble , stumble at
7TpouKop.p.a, -aToS', To, a stumbling, a stumbling-block, an obstacle
Ko7Tos, -ov, o, trouble, labor EvKo7To:;, -ov, with ea.ry lab or, ea.ry Komaw, I toil
root KP AT and KAPT, 'strong, hard'
KpaTos,
-o
vs , To, power,
dominion
KpaT/.w, I grasp
KP£La'(1wv, (or l
6o
.,.pouKa.pT.:plw, I continue in or with Tra.IIToKpaTwp, -opos, J, ruler of all, the Almighty root KPI, 'separate'
�eplvw, I judge, decide ava.Kp lvw, I exa m ine aTroKplvoj.Ult, I answer 8 ta.�eplvw , I discriminate ; middle, I doubt Ka.-ra.�eplvw, I condemn KpLJLa., -a. TO!>, To, judgment Kpluts, -.:ws, �. judgment
-oii, o, a judge !moKp trr}�, -ov, o, a hypocrite {literally, a preten der, �7ToKptu'>, -ews, �. (acting a part) , hypocrisy ci.vvTroKptTos, - o v, urifeigned, undisguised Kptrr}s,
an
actor)
root AAB, ' take, receive' 'Aa.p.{Javw, I take, receive (2nd aor. €->.a{J-01•)
ci.va.Aa.JLfJcl.vw , I take
ETTLAa.JLfU.vw,
up
I take hold of
Ka.Ta.Aa. p.{Javw ,
I undertake, appreheruf
p..:TaAa.JLfJ avw, I have a share of, partake of, get Tra.pa.AaJLfJcl.vw, I receive 1rp ou>.a.p.{Javw, I receive uv>-.>.a.JLfJavw, I take, conceive lmo>.a.p.{Javw, I take up (by supportin g beneath) ; I welcome ; I catch up (in speech) ; I suppose
root AA e, 'conceal' >.a.v 8 avw, I am lziddenfrom, escape notice (2nd aor. £-A.a.O-ov) ETTLAavOavoJL at , Iforget, neglect aA.7J{}��. - ��. true (not concealed) '\ 8Lvos, -TJ, -ov, true a"7J a>.�Oeta, -a!>, �. truth clA718 ws, l ruly •
,
,
( r ) , 'gather, pick' [thoughts] one fro m mwther) , I dispute
root AET 8ta.MyoJLat, (I pick out
8t aA£KTos, -ov , �. speech, language EKAEyop.a.t, l pick out, choose
6r
-� . -ov, chosen, elect -ijs, 1], a choosing out,
EKA�KT&s,
EKAoy�,
election
the divine choice)
(in the New Testament always
of
root AET (2) , 'say'
Myw,
I say, speak
Aoyos, -ov, J,
a
word, the
Word
I bless
EvAoylw, (I speak well of someone) ,
EVAOY"JTOs, -6v, blessed EVAoy lu., -u.s, �. a b lessing arro.:\oy lop.at, I defend myself arro.:\oyla, - as, Tj, a definse ( esp ecially in a law court )
Aoyl,op.at, I account, reckon Stu.Aoyl,op.at,
I
debate
8tu.Aoytap.6s, -oiJ, J,
a
reasoning, questioning
root AY, 'loose' Avw,
I loose
arro..\Vw, I
release
(loose fro m )
redemption weary, become faint-hearted
arrOAVTpWULS', -£WS, TJ, (a releasing) , EKAVop.at, I
am
unstrung, grow
KaTaAvw, (I dissolve) , I destroy ; I lodge
(after having
loosed the
straps
and packs of the beasts of burden as well as one's own garments) rrapu.AJop.at, (I am unstrnng ) , I am a paralytic
-�, -6v, paralytic
rrapu.Avn�e6s-,
root MA, 'reflex thought, persistency'
p.lvw,
(I be th ink myself, wait) , I remain
8tap.lvw, I remain
emp.lvw, I remain
rrpoap.lvw, I
throughout
in
remain with,
lmop.l11w, I tarry ; I endure
vrrop.ovr},
-
continue in
fjs , Tj, patient, steaijast an imitator
endurance
I-''I-'7J�s, -oiJ, o,
p.tp.vfJaKop.at, I remem ber
avap.tp.vfJaKop.at, I vrrop.tp.vfla�ew,
p.vEla,
call to remembrance I bring to remembrance
-as, �' remembrance, mention
To, (something that brings to remembrance), a sepulcher, ent monum tomb, p.Jn]fUiov, -ov, To , a sepulcher, tomb, monument p.ll'rJJ.'OV€Vw, I remember p.vijp.a, - aTo s-,
root MAP, 'thoughtful'
and Tj, a witness p.ap-rvpew, I bear witness, testify p.apTvpla , -as, Tj, testimony, evidence p.apTJp,ov, -ov, To, a testimony, witness, proof 8,ap.apTvpop.a,, I testify (solemnry) p.apTvs, -vpos, o
root
MEP,
'part'
p.epos, -ovs, TO, a part p.€p l,w , I divide (make parts of)
8,ap.€pl,w, I divide, distribute
vop.os, -ov, o,
root NEM, 'allot'
a
law, the Law
avop.la, -aS', Tj, (without law) , [aw[eSSTllSS
vop. l,w, I suppose, think vop.,Kos, -� , - o v, rela t ing to law ; a lawyer
as a noun,
one learned in the (Mosaic) law,
root NO, 'know'
volw,
I
understand
v&.,,.,.a, -aToS', -ro, a thought, a design 8,avOLa, -aS", Tj, the mind, understanding, a thought KaTavo ew, I observe
J.&€Tavolw, I repent J.&£-ravo,a, -as, Tj, repentance VOVS", voos, a, the m ind vov8eTlw, (I put in mind) , I admonish, warn, e.�lzort
ol�eos, -ov, J,
a
house
ol�eo8eC1"1roT1}�, -ov, o, ol�eo8op. tw, I build, ol�eo8op.1}, -fjs, �. a
a
householder
edify
building ; edificatio n
E'ITO,Ko8op.Jw, I build upon, build up -ov, o, a steward dwell, inhabit I dwell in
ol�eovop.os, ol�eJw, I
£vo"clw,
inhabit, dwell �. stewardship, arrangement, dispensation olKovp.lV'I'}, -'T]S, �. the (inhabited) world olKla, -as, �. a house KaTo,Ktw, I
ol�eovop.la, -as,
root 'OM,
'like'
op.oto�, -a, -ov, like op.otow, I make like, liken op.olwp.a, -aTOS, TO, a likeness, image oJLo>.oylw, (I sqy the same thing) , I confess,
€'op.oAoylop.at, I confess, profess
profess
op. oAo y la, -as, �. a confession, profession root ) on,
l5ifl o p.a t, (a'IT-uo-p.at) , I shall see ocp8a'AJL6<>, -ov, J, an eye
' see '
JLETw7rov, -ov, -ro, forehead I
1rpoaw7rov,
I fiace
- o v , -ro,
ml.axw, I suffer (2nd aor. €-7ra8-ov) 'ITa8TJp.a, -aTos, To, suffering '1Tev8lw, I mourn 'ITai:<;, 1Tat86�,
cl'
and �.
a
1Tat8euw, I teach, chastise
'1Tat8ela, 7rat8lov,
-as,
hoy, girl, child,
1], discipline, chastisement
-ov, To, an infant, child
7rat8laK7J , - 'T} s, 1], a maid-servant
EJL1Tal,w,
I mock
servant
1r6s, 1r6.aa., 1r6.11, every, all 3.'"a.�, -a.aa., -a.v, (used by some authors consonant ) ,
'"a.vTa.xov,
all everywhere
in preference to
ris after
a
1r&.VTw�, entirery, assuredry 'n'O.VTOKp&.Twp, -opo�, o,
ruler of all, the Almighty
root llEP
(I ) , 'press
or drive through'
1ropevop.a,, I go, proceed S'a'"opevop.a,, I go
through
I enter I go out 1rapa1rop£vop.o.,, I go past, pass by ep.1ropo�, -ou, &, ( on e on a journey [especially '"'pa.v, b eyon d (o n the further side) el0'1ropevop.�, �K1ropEvop.at,
for
business]) , a merchant
8ta.1rEp&.w, I cross over
a1rop lw , (I lose the way) , I am in doubt, perplexed root llEP
( 2 ) , c a us a l
of llEP ( r ) , 'export for sale'
p &.aKw, (for reduplicated m-1rEp-a.aKw) , I sell fornication ; metaphorically of
1rm
1rop vevw , I commit
(in accord between God and
idolatry
Biblical imagery, the marriage relationshp his people is broken by the worship of i d ols)
with
1ropvela, -a.�, �. fornication m)pVTJ, -7]�, � . (one whose body is sold) , a prostitute, harlot m)pvo;, -ov, &, afornicator 1rl:rop.a.,,
'n'E-rnv&.,
Ifly -wv,
root llET,
-rei, birds
'fly, fall'
Ka.-ra.rrl-raap.o., -o.-ro�, -ro, a veil (spread out) , a curtain rr l1r-rw, (for reduplicated m-'lfE-r- w ) , I fall O.vo.rrl'lfTw, I recline EK'Ifl1r-rw , I fall away Ep.1rl1f'Tw, I fall into emrr l1r-rw, Ifall upon 7Tpoa7Tl7T-rw, Ifall towards, prostrate myself before
.,.,.[pvf,
oq, a w ing To, (th8fallen body '![ one dead), a corpse
-vyo S",
'IITiiJp.a., -a:roS',
'11'o.p0.'1T'Twp.a., -o.ToS', .,.&, (a fall beside), root
a
sin, trespass
III and IIO, 'drink'
.,.[vw, I drink K.o.-ro..,.lvw,
I drink down, devour, swallow up
'IJ'orqp wv, -ov, TO, a
cup
'IJ'OTl{w, I give drink
to
1rel8w, I persuade
root IIIB, 'bind'
(hind myself)
a1re�Blw, I disbeliwe, disobey (not let myself be bound) a1Tel9e,a, -aS', T], disobedience, rebellion a'TTE,(}�S', -ES, disobedient 'TTE'IJ'olBYJu's, -ews, T], trust, confidence
-ewS", T], faith, belief, trust fait�ful, believing a'/TtUTOS'0 •Oil, Unbe[ieving, faithleSS a'!T,una, -aS', 'Y}, unbel� "·f" oAt)'O'ITtUTOS", -ov, '![ little faith '1Ttunvw, I have faith (in) , believe amu-rlw, I am utifaitliful, disbelieve 'ITlunS",
'ITtu-roS", -�, -ov, >
I
f
1rlp:rrATJJL'• 1 fill £p.1rl1T>.TJJL�
and
root IIA A,
£p.m1r>.aw, Ifill up
'ITA�PTJS', -es, full '1T>.7]p6w, I fill, fulfill ava'TTATJpow, Ifill up .,.,\�pwp.a, -a-ros, -ro, Jullness .,.,\ij8oS", -ovs, To, a multitude 7TA7J8vvw, I multiply '!ToMs, 'ITo>.>.�, '!To>.v, much; plural, many .,.>.elwv, -ov, larger, more 66
'fill'
1r1\eova{w, I abound in, make
to
abound
1T>..eovEKTEw, (I have more) , I gain the advantage of, defraud 1r>..eovetla, - as , 1], greedy desire to have more, covetousness
'safe
root EAF,
�nd sound, alive and
well'
ut{l{w, I save Staut{l,w, I save (rescue) though (some danger) uw-n}p, -fjpos, o, a savior, rescuer, preserver, the Saviour uWT'Y/pla, -as, 1], salvation aw i/Jp ovlw, I am sober-minded, self-controlled { aOEvos, -ovs, To, strength, might aaOevr]s, -es, weak
[not in the
New Testament] )
aa0ev€w , I am weak d.aOlveta, -as,
�. lack
of strength, weakness, illness
root
EKA,
'cover,
darken'
CTKTJ V�, -fjs, �. a tent, ta be rnac le CTKTJVow, I dwell in a tent, encamp aKta, -as, �� a sh adow lma1mi.,w, I overshadow, envelop
CTKOTOS',
-ovs,
To, darkrzess
aKorla, -as, 1], darkness
aiCorl,op.a� , I
am
cove re
d with darkness, darkened
root ETA, 'stand, set' raT'Y/J.L�, I cause to stand ; I stand avOtCTTTJ J.LL, (I stand aga inst ) , I resist aJI[CTTTJJ.Lt, I cause
to rise ;
I arise
ar/JlaTTJJ.LL, I withdraw, depart
Ev�CT ' ' TTJJ.L�, l am at rzl a nd, am present
l t laTTJ p.t , (I set one out of his senses) , I a maz e , am a mazed
l¢ lar 7Jp.t, I stand over, come upon
lmar aTTJS', -ov, o, (one standiTzg over another) , a master
Luke, used of Jesus)
(found only in
' '
£marap. at, I understand, know
Ka8[aTTJp.� , I set, coTzstitrtte
a1ToKa8laTT}p. t and a1TOKafhaTch'w, I set up again, restore to its former state
p.�Olcrrrnu and ,.,.�eun-avw, I transfer, remove 7TaplUTT)p. t, I am present, stand by 7Tpotcrr'r/p.t, I stand in front, lead, rule, practice uvvlUTT)p. t and CTVvtanf.vw, I recommend ; I stand with, consist u·nl.ats, -�ws, �' a standing ; an insurrection· avacrraats, -�ws, �. (a standing up), resurrection ;Kamms, -�ws, �' (standing outside oneself) , bewilderment, a trance vrrocrraats, -�ws, �. (a standing under) , Substance, confidence rlKaTO.O'TaU{a, -as, �' instability, disturbance, revolution root .ET AY
o r .ETAF, lengthened
a-ravp os , -o u, o, a cross a-ravpow, I crucify avva-ra.vpow, I crucify along with root .ETEA, 'set in order,
form of .ETA
equip'
cL7TOaT€Ail.w, I send away ( with a commission) n7Toa-roAos-, -ov, o, an Apostle OtaaT€il.il.ofLat, I command, ch arge expressly
€�a7ToaT€Ail.w, I send forth €m uT o A�, -ijs, �' (thing sent by a messenger) , a letter uToA-r/ , -fj>, �' (a piece d equipment, especially of clothes, apparel) , a long robe, a festal robe root .ETPEt:P,
'turn'
uTpeifJw, I turn cl.vau-rp€ifJw, I retum ; I behave, live avauTpo4n), -ij>, �' Conduct Starnp€ifJw, I pervert emuTp €�w, I turn to, return imouTpE�w, I return root TAF, 'arrange, order'
-rcf.uuw, I arrange, appoint, order cl.vnTaauofLat, I range in battle a,gainst, resist n7ToTCI.auofLat, I separate myself, take leave of, forsake OtaTaauw, I co 'nmand emTauuw, I command
EmTayr/, -fjs, �'
a
command,
order, authority
68
thro-rauuw, I subject .,.�,s-, -ews-, .q, an arrangement, order, right order, office root
TEA,
'end'
-rlA.os-, -ovs-, ro, end -reA.Ew, Ifinish, fulfill E7TLreA.Ew , I comple te, .IJerform uvJJTeMw, Ifinish, accomplish uvv-rlA.eta, -as-, �' completion, consummation rEAeLos-, -a, -ov, comp le te, perfect, mature
'TEAeuSw, I complete, make perfect reAevrc1w, (I come to the end of life) , I die 'TEuuapes-, -apa, four SeKa'Tluuapes-, -apa, fourteen reuuapaKov-ra, indeclinable, fo rty rlrap-ros-, -TJ, -ov, fourth rpchre,a, ·7Js-, �' (four-footed) , a table
rtp.�, -fjs-, �. ho no r, p rice np. cl.w, I honor Emnp.aw, I rebuke, warn
root TI, 'honor, pay'
,.{p.,os-, -a, -ov, honorable, precious
rlnp.a,w, I dishonor, insult rlnp. la, -as-, �. dishonor, disgrace
evnp.os- , -ov, held in honor, precious, prized
rpe�s-, rpla, three rpul.Kovra, indeclinable, thirty rpiros-, -"], - o v, third
rpls-, thrice, th ree times
.,,_ .. , v.1
, 1t�o<;, -71, , -ov, , hzg ' h vi/Jturos-, ·7J, -ov, highest vt/Jos-, -ovs-, r6, height, h ea ven vt/J6w, I lift up , exalt
6g
root tf> AF, tf> A, and tf>AN, 'shine, show'
cpaf.vw, I shine, appear €m�av€ta, �as, 7j, an appearing, manifestation (of Christ in glory) a� av t�w , (I make unseen) , I destroy ; passive, I vanish
ep.�avl�w, I manifest rpavepos, �a, -ov, manifest rpavepow, I make manifest {J1Tep{Jrpavos, -ov, (showing onself above others) , haughty, disdainful rfoTJfLt, (I bring to light, make known), I sqy 1Tporforrm5w, I prophesy 1TporfoTJrela, -as, r,, a prophecy
1Tporp�r'T}s, -ov, o, a prophet cpw�, -fjs, r,, a sound, voice rpwv €w, I call avf£rpwv€w, I am in accord, agree with {3Aaa�.,/L€w , I blaspheme fj>..a a�.,p.{a, -as, 7j, bla sphemy I .J.
t
TTpo'l' aa,s, -€ws, 'TJ, a pret ense, pretext � ws, (contracted from � cl o s ) , �wros, �wnwos, -�, -6v, shining , brilliant � wrl{w , I shed light on, enlighten
r6, light
root IPEP, ' bear'
�€pw, I carry,
bear, lead � d.TTo €pw, I ca rry ojf, bear away S,a �€pw, (I bear apart) , I diffe r
tda�lpw , I bring in, into EK�€pw, I carry out, bring out 1rpoa�€pw, I bring to, offer
1rpoa� opa,
-Eis,
r,,
an
offering, a sacrifice
O"VfL�€pw, I bring together ; it is profitable �op€w, I bear, carry, wear Kap1To�op€w, I bear fru i t 1TA.,po�op €w, I accomplish, satisfY fully, fully convince � op rlov, -ov, r6, a burden, load �pov€w , I think
root if:JPEN
Kara�pol'lw, I despise,
(in �p�v, midriff, hear t, min d)
scorn
70
uw rppovlw, I am sober-minded, self-controlled -ra.TTHvorppoar)v'fJ, -TJ>, �' lowliness of mind, humility rppovtp.o>, -TJ , -ov, prudent arppw v, -ov, foolish EVrppatvw, I gladden, cheer up ; am glad, rejoice root
rpv"A�, -fjS", -lJ, a tribe rp v"AA.ov, -ov, -ro, a leaf rpvut>, -Ew>, 7}, nature rpvTEvw, I plant root XAP, 'rej oice'
xatpw, I rejoice (2nd aor. pass. uvyxaipw, I rejoice with xapa, -Bs , �, joy, delight
£-xap-YJv )
t
I
xaptS'1 -LTOS', TJ, grace, fiavor
xap tv , (accusative of the noun xaptS' used absolutely, in favor of, for the pleasure qf) , prep osition with the gen . , on account of, for the sake of xapt�op.at, I give freely, forgive xaptUfLa, -O.TOS' , TO, a gift (freely and graciously given) EvxaptaTiw, I give thanks
EvxapwTta,
-a.s,
�, thanksgiving
-O.So>, �. a thousand a thousand x,A.tapxoS", -ov, o, a military tribune, captain TeTpat.. , J.s,
xt"Awt, -at, -a,
xp dofLat , I use
�. a Tleed XPTJ UTo>, -�, -6v, (usiful, good) , mild, comfortable, gracious XPYJUTonw, -TJToS', �' goodness, kindness xp·gw, I have need of XPfifLa, -aTO s , To, (whatever o n e uses, a thin,g ) , money ; pl ural, riches XP YJfLaTt�w, (I transact business, hence, consult, deliberat e) , 1 make answer xpeLa , - aS',
71
(in an oracle), I warn ; passive, I am warned by God; I receive a name (from my business), am called X,PVUOS, -ov, o, gold X,Pvulov, -ov, -ro, gold X,PVUEOS,
-a, •ov,
contracted xpvuous, -fj, -ovv,
golden
xwpa., -as, �. a country xwplov, -ov, -r6, a place, field xwplw, I make room, hold avaxwplw, I depart
xwpl,w, I separate, depart if!t:vSof'a',
I lie
testify falsely, bear false witness if!wSo-rrpocp�rTJs, -ov, o, a false prophet if!EuOos, -ovs, ro, a lie z· ·'· 't't:vur7Js, -ov, o, a tar ifJt:vOofJ-ap-rvplw, I
,
•
APPEND IX I
T H E I N D O - E U R O PEAN FA M I L Y O F LANGUAGES related to each other in families. estimates, there have been 2, 796 languages in the world and these may be classified into about 26 families. 1 The family oflanguages that is of most interest to the student of New Testament Gre e k is the Indo-European family. Besides Greek this family includes seven other sub-families of languages, the Indo Iranian , Armenian, Albanian, Italic, Celtic, Germanic, and Balta Slavic. (See Table I on pp. 74 £) What region was the common center, the home of the parent tongue from which a ll the Indo-European languages have developed, has long been a subject of discussion.� Earlier investigators were con fident that it was in Asia-t he continent which was the source of the ol d est civilization, the traditional site of th e Garden of Eden, and th e lo cality where Sanskrit was spok en . But more recently certain LANGUAGEs, like
individuals, are
Acco rd ing to two independent
scholars have favored the hypothesis that localizes what is pop ularly called ' the c rad le of th e Aryans' in the r egion extending north of the
Black Sea and
Caucasi a ,
and south
and west of the Volga River.l
Beginning about 3000 B . c . it is probable that successive migra tions of
tribes left the old home and drifted, some sou th-ea st to th e Gang es valley, others westward t hro ughout Europe ."' No remains of the parent Indo-European tongue are extan t , but, by means of comparative linguistics, scholars have been ab l e to reconstruct a large part of its vocabulary and granunar. s ' Louis H . Gray , Foundations rif Language ( New York, 1939) , pp . 4 1 7 f. and 303. 2 The question has not yet been satisfactorily answered ; for significant discus sions see F. Specht, ' Sprachliches zur Urheimat der Indogermanen' in Kuhn's l(eitschrifl for vergleichende Sprachforschung, lxvi ( 1 939) , pp. 1-74, and Giacomo
Origini indi!Uropee (Florence, [ 1 962 ] ) . See, e.g. , Harold H . Bender, The Home rif the Indo-Europeans ( Princeton, 1 92 2 ) ,
Devoto, 3
and
Gray, op. cit. , pp. 304- 1 0.
Today all of the l an g uag es of Eu rope belong to the Indo-European family except Basque, Esthonian , Finnish, Hungarian, Lapp, and Turkish. s Works of this kind a r e A. Walde and J. Pokorny, Etymologisches Worterbuch der 4
73
T A B L E I. T H E I N D O - E U R O P E A N L A N G U A G E S Extant modern languages are in the last column
lndic
INDO-IRANIAN
I ranian
Vedic Sanskri t ;
Classical San skrit
Aves tan
Old Persian
Pili, Prakrit dialects
Hindi
Marathi Guj arati , etc. Mod. Persian
Pahlavi Sogdian
Kurdish
Saci an
ARMENIAN
Bengali
Ossetan
Mghan Baluchi, etc .
Old Armenian
Armenian
Albanian
ALBANIAN Attic- I o n i c Arcadian-
East Greek
Cyprian
Aeolic :
T h e koine
or
Hellenistic Greek
Mod. Greek
Lesbi an, Thessalian , Boeotian
GREEK
NW Greek : Locri a n ,
Phocian,
Wes t Greek
Elean Doric : Laconian,
( Tsacon i an dialect )
Argolic,
Corinthian, Cretan, etc.
ITALIC
LatinFal iscan OscanU rn brian
Latin Faliscan
Vulgar Latin
Oscan Umbrian Pael ign iau
Volscian,
etc.
Fre n c h Provem;al Catalan Spanish Por t u gu ese I tal i a n
Rhae t o -
Roma n
Rumanian
74
Table I, continued
Gaelic
·
. ·
Old Irish
Irish
.
>
� ·
. ',
�
Scoteh cadit
. .
Manx . CELTIC
Britannic
Continental
Old Welsh
Webb
Old Breton
Breton
Old Cornish
Celtic
lrlll criptions
East Germanic
Gothic
North
Swedish
Germanic
Old Norse
Danish
Norwegian Icelandic GERMANIC
Anglo-
Old English
Old Frisian
Frisian
West German�c German
r
ow
High
Old Saxon Old Low
Franconian
Old High German
Baltic
Old Lithuanian
Old Lettie
Old Prussian South Slavic
Old Church Slavic
English Frisian
Dutch
German Lithuanian Lettie
Bulgarian Serbo-Croatian Slovenian
BALTO-SLAVIC
Bohemian
Slovak Polish
S l avic
West Slavic
Polabian
Wendish
Great Russian
White Russian
East Slavic
Ukrainian
From C arl D . Buck, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin (Chi cago, 1 937), PP· 3 f. Several Ana t ol ian languages of ancient Asia Minor (Hittite, Luwian, Palai � , . o B) of Central As1a Hter g l yp hic Hittite, Lydian, Lycian) and Tocharia n (A and
als o bel ong to the Indo-Eu ropea n family, but their yet been fully determined.
75
exact
rel ationsh ips have not
The method and validity of comparative linguistics can be illustrated ;within one branch of the Indo-European family. The Romance languages are obviously related , for it can be observed that,
within
historic times, they have assumed their present forms in developing from their common source, the Latin language. Thus, for example, the Latin wo rd caballus, meaning 'a pack-horse, a nag, ' is the origin of Ro mance words for ' h orse , ' such as F rench cheval, Spanish caballo, Italian cavallo, Portuguese cavalo, Rumanian cal, Provenc; a l and Catalan , cavall. I So, too, when the several sub-families of the extant
Indo-European languages are compared, the hypothetical parent tongue may be reconstructed with a considerable d egre e of probability .
Thus, the fact that
mtitdr-, Avestan
the Greek word p.�TTJP
resembles the Sanskrit
(Old Persian) mtita, Old Armenian
Old H igh German
muoter
mair,
(modern German Mutter), Old
Old Slavic mati, etc . , renders it highly proba ble that all
hav e come from an Indo-European word *matir-: �o
Latin mater, Irish mathir,
these
words
The wo r d s for 'horse' in the R oma nce l a ngu age s , all o f whi ch
have originated from t h e same Latin word, are said to be
to one another .
cognate
So, too, besides words in E ng l is h which are
borrowe d or derived from Greek (such as the derivatives supp l ied
in P art
I),
i n Greek.
o th er English wo rds are said
to
be cognate to words
Cognate wo rds , as their name indicates, l a r e words, in
differ e nt languages, which are ' rel ate d ' to each other because they ha ve descended from the same ancestor.
Al though Greek and
English have been separated from their co mm on parent stock for
so many centuries and have become widely different in so many
respects, linguists have observed t ha t some of the differences can be
accounted for in terms o f regular phonetic change s . Thus, b ecau s e
Greek and English are sister languages, it is possib le to identity words
in each which hav e descended from the same words in the p rimitive In do- E u ropea n speech .
Jacob Grimm
( I 785- 1 863 ) formulated
a
statement of the mutation of consonants involved in the de ve lopme n t
indogermanischen SprtJchen, 3 vols. (Berl in and Leipzig, 1 92 7-3 2 ) , A. Meillet, Intro duction a l'etude comparatiue des langues indo-europlennes, 7th edn. (Paris, 1 934) , and H. Hirt, Indogermanische Grammatik, 7 vols. (Heidelberg, 1 92 1 -3 7 ) . ' For still other diale c tical forms, see W. Meyer-Lubke, Romanisches etymologisches Wiirterbuch, 3 rd edn . ( Heidelberg, 1 935) , s.v. caballus.
1 Th e asterisk sign ifies that th is w or d does not appear in any historical source. For other derivations from this stem, see Walde-Pokorny, op. cit., s.v. miitlr-. 3
Latin
cognatus,
' related (by blood) . '
of the Teutonic languages.1
(In all languages consonants are the
skeleton-letters of words, for vowel-sounds are far from beitlg as persistent-a fact which may be observed by noting the' differing local pronunciations of the same words in our own language.)z
How Grimm ' s law operates is shown in the following table, . which indicates what forms the consonants in the Greek group will assume
in the English group, and illustrates them by a few examples. The Greek declensional terminations have, of course, no correspondence
in the English words. Other words which might be thought to be exceptions to Grimm' s law are accounted for by Grassmann' s law and Verner's law.3
The consonants which are involved are those that form the so-called
square of mutes :
voiceless
voiced
aspirate
Labials (lip sounds)
7r
Dentals (teeth sounds)
T
p
q,
Palatals (palate sounds)
I(
'Y
X
r . The voiceless stops,
words
(a)
8
are represented in cognate English
by J, th, h.
cognate father flick,flog
English
andf 1ra:rr]p 'father' 7rA7J'Y71 'stroke, blow' 1roAvs, 'much' 1rovs 'foot' 7rvp 'fire'
7r
(b) -r and
(c)
1r, -r, K,
8
foil ,Jill, foot
fire
th
o8ovs (stem o86VT-) ' tooth'
tooth
-rpe'is 'three'
three
K
and
h
1Cap8la
heart
'heart'
harvest
Kapmk 'fruit'
�evwv
(stem Kvv-)
hound
'dog'
Fo r a most interesting account of the steps by which the prese � t formulation of Grimm's law was attained, see Leonard Bloomfield's book ent1tled Language 1
(New
York , 1 933) , pp. 1 4 f. a nd 347-5 9 · , , . 2 E. g. a man wears a 'doiby' hat in the Bronx, a d arby m
a 'derby' elsewhere.
.
.
Great Bntam, an d .
3 A succinct statement of these laws may be read in Webster's New lnteTTilJtlonal
Dictiona1)1.
77
2. The voiced stops,
words by p, t, k.
{J, 8,
y, are represented in
English cognate
(a) fJ and p {Jvpua. ' a hide' KJJ{Jos 'loin'
purse
hip
(b) 8 and t
8pvs 'oak'
tree two
8vo ' two'
tooth
o8&VT• 'tooth'
(c )
y
and
k
yEvos 'race, family'
yovv 'knee' ywcfJuKw (stem yvw-)
kin
knee 'know'
3· Th e aspirated s to ps , cp, words by b, d, g .
(a) cp and b cp epw 'I
8,
x,
cpp&.-rTJp 'a member
a re represented in cognate
of a
bear
brother
hood '
(b)
8
brother
and d
8vyaTTJP 'daughter'
8upa.
'door'
p.e6v 'wine'
-rl67Jp.t (stem 8£-) 'I put, place' (c)
know
English cognate bear'
x and
cognate English '
daughter
door
mead do
g
oxew 'I uphold, carry, ride' X'7v ( dat. pl. xTJul) 'goose' xop-ror; ' enclosure, grass'
weigh
go os e
garden
English
APPEND I X I I
PRE P O S I T I ONS IN COMPOSITI ON WITH VERB S ORIG INALLY a preposition was an auxiliary word which assisted in defin ing and clarifYing the significance of the case of a noun. x When a preposition is compounded with a verb its primitive connotation may acquire various other functions and meanings. One of the most important of these is the so-called 'perfective' use of the preposition. When used in this way the preposition usually completes or emphasizes the action conveyed by the simple verb. All Indo-European languages employ prepositions in this perfectivizing sense. Compare, for example, the Engli sh verbs bring and bring up, burn and burn up, carry and carry o.fJ, drink and drink up, eat and eat up, follow and follow up or follow through, go and go away, knock and knock down, make and make over, pluck and pluck out, speak and speak out, wake and wake up, work &.ud work out. In each instance the compound verb intensifies the sense of the simple verb. So too in Greek-although Greek and English do not alw ays use the same preposition to convey the same idea. Compare £py&.{o· p.at, I work, with Kanpya{op.at, I wo rk out (l i te ral ly down to the finish, see Phil. 2 : I 2) ; Kalop.at, I burn, wi t h Ka:raKalop.at, I burn up, burn com pletely (see Matt. 3 : 1 2 ) ; £u8lw, I eat, with Ka-rEu8lw, I eat up, det•our (see Luke 20 : 4 7 ) .z In the following list each preposition is analyzed as to its principal Most of the seman tic meanings when in composition with verbs. shifts are perfectly clear. Occasionally, however, the meaning of the compound verb cannot easily be determined from the separate mean ings of its component parts. Thus, the force of a7T6 in a7TOKplvop.at and in a?To8vrluKW is no longer obvious. Perhaps originally the fanner verb meant 'I answer back' and the latter 'I die off'. . in the Se e , further, A . T. Robertson , A Gramma r of lhe Greek New Testament Research , 5 th e d n . ( New York, 1 93 1 ) , pp. 553- 7 · T e pn mary meani ngs of Greek preposi tions used with various cases may be seen m Table I I 1
?
Light of Historical
8o. 2 For addi tional informatio n Grammar of New Testament Greek, pp. l I 1-18. on p.
about perfective verbs see J . H . Moulton, A vol. i, Prolegomena, 3rd edn. (Edinbur gh, 1 go8) ,
79
T A B L E I I . G E O M E T RI C A R R A N G E M E N T O F T H E G R E E K P R E P O S IT I O N S
I5
d.VTl
o
I6
1rp6
o
I
7 d1rluw
6 1TpO!i
co
0
over against
... •t!
C') ..
Notes :
1.
The symbols,
18 O'Vfl
behind, after
o
I
A
above
2 t1Tl
G
upon .
8 wD
A
••
I
o, o,
VrrEp
�
.•
I I
--r·· I I
I
in
' I I
9
J.K
G
out
of
- - -- - - - - - .. � 3 v11& A under
4 Trap&.
;:s
and A should
�" ,. ,
• ••
5
be
read :
&.p.cf.l-
o A
'·J
10
&.110
§
on both sides of
'with the genitive case means,' 'with
the dative case
A
G
with
p
...._ ,
means,'
1 .. � l'l
!·
and 'with the accusative
means.' Number 5 appears in the New Testament only in compound words. 2 . Only the basic meanings of prepositions with certain cases are given here. For other meanings with other
consulted.
G
awiiJ from
I}
beside
with
D
I 9 f'n'tl
before
towards
-�
'lfEPL A arO!utd -
cases, a
case
lexicon should be
It will be remembered that a preposition which ends in a vowel drops that vowel when compounded with a verb which begins with a vowel, as a7T€pxop.aL from a7TO and lpxo,.,at. The only exeeptions to this rule a re compounds with 7TEpl and 11p6, which do not drop
their final vowel, as
. ,
ava
11poa:yw
( r ) Root meaning upwards ava{Jal.vw, I go up avlUTTJp.L, I cause
(2)
Again,
to stand up
anew, thoroughly
ava,&w, I live again, revive
ava11avw, I give rest
ava
(3)
,
(someone) thoroughly, refresh
Back, backwards,
to andfro down, tum back,
avar:rrp€�w, I tum upside avar:rrpo��. 'walk,'
'
to
crucify afresh
duct myself, live
avn
7TEpta:yw.
and
walk
to andfro, con-
conduct
( r ) Root meaning opposite,
against, over against
&.vn7Tap€pxop.a,, I paSs by [11apa] on
the other side
avn.Myw, I speak against, oppose, resist
avTlxpt
antichrist
(2 ) Requital
aVTa7ToOlow,.,,, I give back as an equivalent requital
presses the idea of a full, complete return)
, ' (aVTt
ex-
&.vnp.urOla, reward, requital
(3)
Substitution
, and v"1TaTos ' (aVTL ' . (}v7TaTos av , supreme) , a proconsul
' I an aI ternative £orm of V1TEpTaTos,
Perhaps aVTlxptr:rro s should be classified here as assumes the guise
,
I
a11o
( 1 ) Root
of Christ'
meaning away from
a11€pxop.at,
I departfrom
Back again
(like Latin
a7ToKaAV1TTw, I withdraw a cover from, uncover, reveal
(2 )
re- )
a7ToO{OwJJ.L, I give back, return a7ToAap.{Javw,
I take back, recover
BJ
'
one who
(3) Perfective
have fully, have received (in full; see Matt. 6 : 2, 5, I 6) ; als o in sense ( r ) , I am away, distant ; middle, I ho ld myself offfrom, abstain ci.7To>v\vp.t, I destroy utterly ; middle, I perish completely ci.7To�ovop.a.t, I wash myself thoroughly
a:rr£xw, I
8,&.
( r ) Root meaning through 8Llpxof'a.', I go through, pass th ro ugh (2 )
Distribution
Sta.yy£,\..\w, I publish abroad, p roclaim 8ta.8l8wp.t, I distribute
( 3 ) Transition, change 8 tafJ&.AA w ,
I throw
across, slander
8ta..\Acf.aaw , I change
( 4)
(make o the r
[&A�os]
than) ,
Separation
8ta.amiw, I tear apart
{5) Perftctive
I assert confidently, emphatically I cleanse thoroughly
Sta.{Je{Jau5op.at, StaKaBapl,w,
Sto4vM.uaw, I guard carefully
el�
Root meaning into ela£pxof'at, I go into, enter
lK
( r ) Root meaning from
out of
lK{3a>.. ..\ w, I cast out
l�/.pxof' a t, I go out
( 2) Perftctive lK7TA"r/p6w, I fill l�a7Top/.of'a£, I
lv
completely utterly at a loss
am
( r ) Root meaning in lvo t K Ew, I dwell in
( 2) Motion into
lp.{Ja.lvw, I step into [a boat] , 82
I embark
reconcile
0
I
( I ) Root meaning
E1T'
on, upon
or put upon or place upon
lTn{JO».w, I cast, lay,
E1T,.,.{(J"'P.'• I lay, set, towards
(2 ) Motion
E1Tlpxop.a,, I co m e E'trt{JO».w, I lay
( 3 ) Upwards E'tralpw,
I lift
upon (sometimes with hostility) or put upon
up, raise
(4 ) Superintendence
E1TlaKo'tro<;, one who ouersees, E7TtUTclT"/S, one who is
I
KClTCl
a
bishop
set ouer, a
master
( I ) Root meaning down from, down KClTa{Jalvw, I go down ( 2 ) Oppositio n KClTClKplvw, I giue judgment against, Ka.Tapaop.a,, I p ray against, curse (3) I n succession, in order Ka.Ta.pTl,w, I set in order, mend
condemn
Ka.-rev9uvw, I make straight, guide, direct
(4 ) After, behind
KO.Ta.KoAovOlw, I follow Ka-ra>.d7Tw, I leaue
tifter
behind, forsake
(s) Perfectiue
KO.Tepya,op.a.t, I work out thoroughly, accomplish Ka-reaOlw , I eat up, dez1our
I
fi.ETO.
( I ) Root meaning
association with
p.E-raSlSwp. , , I share (a thing) with (anyone) , impart
(2)
p.e-rlxw, I partake of, share in Change, alteration
p.e-ra.{Jalvw, I pass from one place to another, depart
p.e-ra1.wpcp6w, I change to another form, trarlifomz, transfigure
fl.t£Tavolw, I cha nge "!)' mind or purpose, repent
(3 ) After, in search of
p.e-ra.7TEp.1Tw, I send
after or for, 83
summon
1rapa ( I ) Root
meaning beside, near
1Tapaylvol-'at, I am at hand, arrive 7TapaKaAtw, I call to my side, summon, admonish, entreat, en
courage, comfort
(2 ) Violation,
transgression,
TTapapaLvw, I go by
neglect
the side of (and beyond), overstep, transgress
7TapaKovw, I hea r amiss, hear without heeding, disobey
7TEpl
( I ) Root meaning in a circuit about, around 7Tept{3a),),w, I throw around, I clothe 1TEpt7Ta'rtw, I walk about, Hebraistically, in an ethical sense,
I conduct myself, live
(2) Beyond
(because that which surrounds a thing does
not
belong to the thing itself but is beyond it)
1repuraEvw, I
exceed
cause to abound
1rpo
(the ordinary, the necessary ) , I a b oun d,
Root meaning b efo re (of place or time ) , forth 1rpoayw, I
leadforth, go before know beforehand, foreknow
7Tpoytvwoxw, I
7TpO�YJTEvw, Iforetell, speak forth,
7Tpos
( r ) Root meaning
to,
prophesy
towards
7Tpoa€pxol-'at, I come to, approach
7Tpoaexw, I bring to ; with rov vovv, I tum my mind to, attend to, give heed to 7TpoaKvvtfw, I m ake obeisance to one (in token of reverence) , fall do wn before, worship (2)
On, at 7TpoaKo1Trw, I strike (the hand or foot) against, stumble at
cnfv
( I ) Root
meaning
together with
auvrf:yw, I gather toge ther
auvEpy€w, I work toge ther
auvlwu, (I bring together in my mind) ,
(2) Peifective
avv8pv1Trw, I break in pieces, crush utterly auvJ
keep safe
I understand
{nrlp Root meaning over, above
{rrr�pfJ&.>.>..w , (I throw over or beyond), I exceed, surpass VTT�plxw, (I have or hold over) , I am superior, eKcel tJ7T£Pll'tccfw, I am more than
I
I
IJ1T0
a conqueror
Root meaning under, hence of subjection and compliance -lnroSiop.a.L, I bind under (the foot) -lnrop.lvw, (I remain under), I remain, persevere, endure vTTCfyw, (I lead under}, I withdraw myself, depart
85
A P P E N DIX I I I .
T A B L E o F C o R R E L AT I V E PRo N o u N s AND ADVERBS
DEMONSTRATIVE SIMPLE
PLACE
o3€, this (here) oihos, this (near) (KE ivos, that (yonder)
Tl; ; who? which ? what?
TLS,
atlToii, here, there c1i3.,, hither, here
1roii ;
1ro u, somewhere
;_VTEiifJu, hence
1r08Ev ; whence ?
eK.,;fJ.,v,
:0 ::n
thence
where?
RELATIVE andfor INDEFINlTB RELATIVE
lNDEI"INITl!
INTERROGATIVE
os, who, which ouns' whoever' whicluroer
someone, anyone
ov, whe re, whither owov, where, whitlur o8&, wheru:e
;_KEf, there
£v8al>E, here, hither
MANNER TIME
o vTws, thus, so
1rws ; how ?
viiv and vvvL, now
?rOT£ ;
TOT£,
then
QuANTITY
TOUO UTOS,
QuALITY SIZE
SO
great,
SO
much
wws, at all, somehow, in any way
when ?
?roT£, at some time, once,
evtr
ws,
as,
on, when D-ro.11, wheMI!ff, when
woaos ; how great? how much ?
oaos,
TOLOuTos, of .such a kind, .such
1rofos ; of what sort ?
olos,
T"/ALKOVTOS,
'""' MKos ; how large ? how great ?
SO
large,
SO
great
wha t ?
about
as
great
as, as
such as owotos, of what sort
�Al�eos, wluzt
s ite of
much
as
APP E N D I X
IV
P R I N C I P A L P A R T S O F S Q M;E. I M P O R T A N T V E R BS THE following list of principal parts is a summary of .sqm� .f#·. the important verbs in the New Testament. The seven irregular verbs which are given above on page 46 have not been rep eated here� The enclosing of a principal part in parentheses signifies that ·no fonn of the tense system immediately derived from that part occurs in Ute New Testament. In some instances, however, compound verbs which involve that principal part are found in the New Testament. Because of the exigencies of space the definitions of these verbs have been .
severely limited.
PRESENT
FUTURE
4yo.��
4ya�uw
liyw
/J.fw
love
lead
a(pw
talu
up,
apw
take away
alrr}uw
O.ICOuw hear
attouaw
I
sin allolyw
open
d1rclMup.t
destroy
•
(�xa)
,
ip.ap7TJUO. �p.apTOII
d.volf(l)
&.vlqJEa .;jvotfo. 'fjvlq>Ea
d�o.\Juw
d�wA£ua
a'll' o .\w
d.PlTJp.• d,P�uw let go; forgive throw,
ACTIVE
�p a
a�EUTE•,\o. a7roUTJ>J.w a�oUTor.\w send (with a commission)
�d>J.w
PERFECT
1jya1TTJICa ijyayo11 ��a.
alTlw ask for '
AORIST
{3o.,\Qi put
. , QIIE
4"lYf£4' 'fjvlq>yl'a' 7ivo•yp.a1
411Etp](fh]11 1jllolx8"1" 1j11Eq>](6'f/11
PERFECT
PERFECT
AORJST
ACTIVE
MIDDLE
PASSIVE
y£Vv�uw
yey(vv1)Kt1.
yt:ylvv1)p.at
lyEvv�81)v
ylvop.a.t
y£V1/ uop.a.t
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A P P E N D IX V
F E M I N I N E N O U N S OF THE S E COND D E C L E N S I ON THE beginner in Greek learns that, with a very few exceptions, noWJS of the second declension ending in -os are masculine in gender. The exceptions that occur most frequently in the New Testament are 7j oMs and � ;PTJILOS. Besid es these two word s , however, there are surprisingly enough-thirty- three additional feminine nouns of the second declension in the New Testament, as well as eighteen other nouns of the second declension that are sometimes masculine and sometimes feminine. Examples of the second group include 7Tap8,vos and Oeos ; the former word, which is usually feminine, is masculine in Revelation 1 4 : 4, and the latter word is feminine in Acts x g :37, where it refers to the goddess Artemis (sometimes called Diana) . In several cases what now functions as a noun was originally an adjective of two terminations used with a feminine noun. In the course of time, however, the latter came to be omitted, and the adjective alone was felt to be sufficient. For example, the adjective a{1vuuos, -ov, means bottomless; � af1vuuos (supply xclJpa, place) means the bottomless place, hence the abyss. In the following lists the numeral which follows the d efinition in dicates the number of times that the Greek noun appears in the New Testament.
A. Feminine Nouns of the Second Declension
af3vuuos, -ov, �. the abyss (g) rlp.eOvcrro s, -ov , �' an amethyst ( 1 ) ff.p.,.,.os, -ov, �� sand (5) O.,_,.rre>..o s , -ov, �' a vine (g) {3auavos , -ov , �' pain, torment (3) f3lf3>..os, -ov, �. a book ( 1 0) {Jvuuos, -ov, �. linen (1 ) St&.>..e K-ros, -ov, �. a language (6) s,egoSos, -ov, �. a thoroughfare ( I ) 91
So�e&s, -ov, -TJ, a beam, a log (6) EraoSos, -ov, �. an entrance (5) leoSos, -ov, -TJ, a departure ( 3 ) . " tive, 3 4) . , a desert ' w ilderness . (as a substan EP'T)(J-0 S', - ov ' ,;, �eaAA�€>.a.ws, -ov, -TJ, a cultivated olwe tree (I ) �eap.tvos-, ov, &, -TJ, afomace (4) �e€Spos, -ov, �. a cedar ( 1 ) �e�Pw-ros, -ov, �. a box, ark (6) vap8os, -ov, �. nard (2) vfjaos, -ov, �. an island (g) voaos, -ov, �' a disease ( I I ) oSos, -ov, �. a way, road, journey ( w i ) 7rapcDuos, -ov, � . a leuel place ( I ) 7rapoSos, -ov, �. a passing ( I ) papSos, -ov, -TJ, a staff, rod ( I 2 ) 'Polio>, -ov, �' (the island of) Rho des ( I ) aa7rrfoHpOS, -ov, �' a sapphire ( I ) aop6s, -ov, �. a coffin ( I ) a7roSos, -ov, � . ashes (3 ) UT&.p.vos, -ov, �. a jar (I ) avKap. �vo>, -ov, �. a .rycamine tree ( I ) -rp lPos, - o v, � . a p a th (3 ) -rporfoos, -ov, �' a nurse ( I ) vuaw7r o s, -ov, � . hyssop (2) XaAKoAl{Javo> , -ov, � ' burnished bronze (2) ¥/rfoos, -ov, �. a pebble, stone ; a vote (3) -
B. Nouns of the Second Declension, So metimes Masculine,
Sometimes Feminine
aAdflau-rpos, -ov, o, �. (is also sometimes neuter) , an alabaster jar (4) apKos, -o v , o, �� a bear ( I ) al{lwOos, -ov, o, � . wormwood (2) Pa-ros, -ov, o, �' a thorn or bramble-bush (4 ) p-r]pvAAo >, -ov, o , � ' be ry l (I ) StaKovos , -ov, o, � , a servant, deacon (2 9) 0£6s, -ov, o, �. God, a god, a goddess ( 1 3 I 4 ) Ovpwp6s, -oiJ, o, �. a doorkeeper, janitor (4) K&.p:YJAo>, -ov, o, �' a camel (6) A7Jv6s, -ov, �. rarely o, a wine p ress ( ) 4
92
>.. t{3avo�, -ov, o , rarely �,frankincense (2) AtfLCJs, -ov, o, rarely �. hunger, famine ( I 2) fLcLpfLapo>, -ov, &, �' marble ( 1 ) v£wK6po>, -ov, o, �' a temple keeper ( 1 ) ova>, -ov, o, � . an ass (6) 1rap8lvo>, -ov, o, �. a virgin ( 1 5) afLapay 3o�, -ov, o, �. an emerald ( I ) avyKA'Y)povofLo�, -ov, o, �. a fellow heir, joint heir (4)
93
I N D E X O F GR E E K WO RD S The numerals refer to pages of the Frequency Word Lists dya8&s-
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