Paint & Coating Industry June 2011

June 2011 VOLUME 27, NUMBER 6

INSIDE Lower-Cost Hiding Efficiency No-VOC Architectural Colorants

Paint

Coatings Industry

Sustainability of NanoparticleModified Coatings

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Globally Serving Liquid and Powder Formulators and Manufacturers

Just because your surfactant has been sidelined,

doesn’t mean you’re

out of the game. 3M™ Novec™ Fluorosurfactants.

We’re ready to play. Don’t let supply interruptions and price increases force you to play hurt. If you need to requalify your surfactant – or are just looking for a backup source of supply – Novec fluorosurfactants offer you the level of high performance that will keep you in the game. Production quantities available globally. 3M has been a leader in fluorosurfactant chemistry for over 60 years, and has been supplying C4 Novec fluorosurfactant chemistry for 10 years. We have the experience – and the capacity – to keep your products flowing.

Fluorinated surfactants for aqueous and solventborne systems

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CONTENTS PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY , V O L U M E 2 7 , N U M B E R 6

June 2011

FEATURES

40

ONLINE FEATURES w w w. pcimag.com Applying Solvent-Free, Two-Component Epoxy Systems Using Airless Spray, Belzona New APEO-Free Pigment Grind Surfactant, Dow Coating Materials Pioneering Improvements in the Coatings Industry, Eastman Chemical Company Non-Toxic Composite Material Offers Ignition Resistance and Fire Protection, Industrial Technology Research Institute

22 Polymeric Hiding Technologies That Make TiO2 Work Smarter, Dow Coating Materials

Get the Weathered Look, Without the Weather, NCCA

30 New Aspects in the Sustainability of Nanoparticle-Modified Coatings, BYK USA Inc.

DEPARTMENTS

36 Additive Improves Over-Print Varnish Coatings for Graphic Arts, Eastman Chemical Company 40 No-VOC Colorants for Architectural Tinting Systems, Colortrend USA LLC

ADDITIVES HANDBOOK 43 Additives Definitions 70 Additives Product Listings

6 8 12 14 20 21 97 98

Viewpoint Industry News Calendar of Events Company News Names in the News Products Classifieds Advertiser Index

78 Additives Supplier Listings

ON THE COVER:

86 Additives Distributor Listings

Cover design by Clare Johnson.

BUSINESS TOOLS 96 Supplier Showcases

PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY (ISSN 0884-3848) is published 12 times annually, monthly, by BNP Media, 2401 W. Big Beaver Rd., Suite 700, Troy, MI 48084-3333. Telephone: (248) 362-3700, Fax: (248) 362-0317. No charge for subscriptions to qualified individuals. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in the U.S.A.: $115.00 USD. Annual rate for subscriptions to nonqualified individuals in Canada: $149.00 USD (includes GST & postage); all other countries: $165.00 (int’l mail) payable in U.S. funds. Printed in the U.S.A. Copyright 2011, by BNP Media. All rights reserved. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the consent of the publisher. The publisher is not responsible for product claims and representations. Periodicals Postage Paid at Troy, MI and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. GST account: 131263923. Send returns (Canada) to Pitney Bowes, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON, N6C 6B2. Change of address: Send old address label along with new address to PCI - PAINT & COATINGS INDUSTRY, P.O. Box 2145, Skokie, IL 60076. For single copies or back issues: contact Ann Kalb at (248) 244-6499 or [email protected].

Audited by BPA Worldwide

Printed in the U.S.A.

V I EWPOINT

Sound Investments Pay Big Dividends Ben Franklin said “An investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.” Truer words could not be spoken regarding our knowledge of additives. There is no doubt that regulatory change, increased consumer awareness and sustainability issues have challenged the industry over the last three decades. That challenge has led to the development of multifunctional additives that are expected to increase coating performance as manufacturers increasingly turn toward waterborne, powder, low-energy-cure systems and new raw materials that are more compliant. For years the focus within the industry was on the major compositional materials – polymers, pigments and solvents – with additives playing a necessary role but not receiving prominent attention. Additives were used more as problem solvers to overcome defects, enable paint manufacturing, provide ease of application and improve film quality. Today their role is quite different – additives have had to compensate for changes in solvent use, trends toward high-solids coatings, increased use of waterborne technology and the introduction of a new generation of polymer and pigment technology. As one looks at the papers

Micro-Particle Surface Modification Innovating Particle Functionalization Gelest provides chemistries and deposition technologies for micro-particle modifications that dramatically enhance: s Color s Polarity s Adhesion s Dispersion s Rheological Behavior GELEST INC. 11 E. Steel Road Morrisville, PA 19067 888-734-8344 215-547-1015 www.gelest.com

s Photo, Chemical, Thermal Stability s Moisture & Corrosion Resistance s Mechanical & Electrical Properties

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being presented at recent industry events, and the coatings show exhibits, it becomes apparent that additives are critical and key formulation components. They always have been, but in today’s environment they are receiving the focused attention they justly deserve. Formulators need to rely on the expertise of the raw material manufacturer – they know their products best and, since many additives are proprietary, only the manufacturer can provide formulation information. We use many additives as “trade names” and don’t know much about their chemical composition or how they may perform in a given formulation. Many coating failures can be laid on the doorstep of an additive that has been misused. It is imperative to be working with the additive supplier when formulating a new coating. However, they can only provide information on their own products, which is why a single-source guide to additives in general and a working definition of their function is so important. The authors of this handbook were not fortunate enough to have this type of resource available years ago. What we have learned from our own experience and what we have culled together in this guide will hopefully be of value to the industry. PCI has been adding more information to the Additives Handbook each year with the intent of providing a superb source of concise information regarding additives. It is becoming more difficult to categorize many of the additives on the market, as many of them have become multifunctional in nature. That, along with the growth of nanotechnology, creates a challenge in putting the handbook together, but we have tried to cross reference as much as possible. We ask you to send us material that we may have inadvertently omitted – particularly if there are categories that we have not incorporated. Our goal is to continue to provide you with the best comprehensive source of additive information. In this June issue, we have chosen to publish a portion of the definitions that are included in our annual Additives Handbook, in order to give our readers an idea of how informative and thorough the definitions are. The complete Additives Handbook can be viewed online at www.pcimag.com (listed under Resources). The Additives Handbook, plus a directory of additives suppliers and distributors, is also available on CD for under $30. For purchase information, contact Andrea Kropp at [email protected], or fax back the order form that can be found at www.pcimag.com/PCI/Home/Files/PDFs/ BookandCD_OrderForm.pdf.

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

By Darlene Brezinski, Ph.D. / Technical Editor

Markets:

Architectural Coatings

Industrial Coatings

Container Automotive

Civil Aerospace Engineering

Coatings Technologies:

SolventBorne Coatings

WaterBorne Coatings

Powder Coatings

Surface/Substrate:

Wood

Brick

Concrete

Marine & Maintenance

UV Coatings

Metal

Stucco

High Solids Coatings

Vinyl

Plastic

Brenntag understands change is normal for the Coatings Industry. As the Coatings Industry has evolved through the years, Brenntag’s Paint and Coatings Team continues to provide our customers with the products and services to stay competitive in the marketplace. Whether you face different markets, technologies, or substrate applications, Brenntag’s Paint and Coatings Team can help you to adapt and make change work to your advantage.

Brenntag offers a complete specialty and industrial product portfolio, technical assistance with product development, formulations and applications know-how, superior logistics with versatile blending and re-packaging capabilities, and last, but not least, commitment to quality and safety. Change demands innovation and creativity. Brenntag Understands. Brenntag North America, Inc. (610) 926-6100 Ext: 3858 [email protected] brenntagnorthamerica.com

The Glocal® Chemical Distributor.

I NDUSTRY NEWS

Sales of Smart Coatings to Solar Industry Show Growth Potential GLEN ALLEN, VA – In a newly released report, NanoMarkets, Glen Allen, VA, states that smart coatings offer solar panel makers ways to increase efficiency, lower costs and create higher valueadded products. Since these are the three main factors determining success in the photovoltaics (PV) industry, NanoMarkets believes that sales of smart coatings to the PV sector, which are negligible now, will reach $504 million in 2016, growing to $847 million in 2018. Self-cleaning coatings deposited on PV panels promise both higher panel performance and lower maintenance costs. Self-cleaning glass

is already available from major glass manufacturers, so no great leaps in technology are required to deploy it in the PV space. NanoMarkets predicts that by 2016, self-cleaning smart coatings sold into the PV sector will reach more than $150 million in revenues.

Electrochromic and similar on-demandtinting smart coatings will generate $222 million from sales to the PV sector in 2016. NanoMarkets believes that by then, lucrative opportunities will have arrived in this sector through the melding of BIPV glass panels with electrochromic smart windows. Thermochromic smart coatings are also expected to play a role in PV. These can be used to turn panels “off” under extreme heat conditions that could permanently damage them. Additional details about the report, “Smart Coatings in Photovoltaics,” are available at www.nanomarkets.net.

Ceresana Research Studies European Paint and Varnish Market

ASTM Standard Provides Guide for Determining Open Time for Latex Paint

KONSTANZ, Germany – According to a new study published by Ceresana Research, the European paint and varnish market is expected to generate €27.7 billion by 2018. Germany is the largest market in Europe, with a 15-percent share, followed by Italy and Russia. The transport industry is of special significance. Although this sector accounts for less than eight percent of the entire paint and varnish market, its share in terms of value totals almost 15 percent. Demand for industrial varnishes, the second-largest field of application behind the construction industry, is especially increasing in Russia, Poland and Turkey. Paint and varnishes for wood applications represented the third-largest market in 2010. Italy accounts for almost onequarter of European demand for wood paints. The construction industry’s influence on the paint and varnish market continues to decline. While the construction industry accounted for approximately 59 percent of European demand in 2002, its share is anticipated to drop to 56 percent by 2018. However, this trend is weakened by rising sales of dispersion paints in Eastern Europe. Visit www.ceresana.com for additional information.

W. CONSHOHOCKEN, PA – A new ASTM International standard provides a means of determining open time for latex paint. ASTM D 7488, Test Method for Open Time of Latex Paints, was developed by Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings, part of ASTM International Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials and Applications.

Green Chemistry and Commerce Council Develops Guidelines for Chemical Suppliers LOWELL, MA – Members of the Green Chemistry and Commerce Council have developed a guidance document, “Meeting Customers’ Needs for Chemical Data: A Guidance Document for Suppliers.” The document covers how companies can address confidential business information, benefits suppliers can realize when sharing chemical data information with their customers, and the shortcomings of Manufacturer Safety Data Sheets and Safety Data Sheets. Visit www.greenchemistryandcommerce.org/publications.php. 8



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

New Bio-Based Label Available ST. LOUIS, MO – The recently announced U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) certified bio-based product label offers new opportunities for companies producing soy-based products. The new USDA label will be placed on products to identify them as being made from renewable resources composed wholly or significantly of biological ingredients. Instructions on applying for the label can be found at www.BioPreferred.gov.

EPA Moves to Electronic Reporting of New Chemical Notices WASHINGTON, DC – The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency now requires electronic submissions for new chemical notices under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Under TSCA, companies are required to submit new chemical notices, including pre-manufacture notices (PMNs), to EPA at least 90 days (in the case of PMNs) prior to the manufacture or import of the chemical. Companies are required to submit these notices using EPA’s electronic PMN software either on optical disk (for one more year) or via EPA’s Central Data Exchange. For more information, visit www.epa.gov.

China Consumed Some 1.4 Million Tonnes of TiO2 in 2010 GUANGZHOU, China – According to the latest research data from China Chemicals Market, a Chinese consulting company based in Guangzhou, China, the total capacity of China’s titanium dioxide

I NDUSTRY NEWS (TiO2) represents approximately 30 percent of world capacity. In 2010, the total capacity of China’s TiO2 reached 2,000,000 tonnes, and annual production reached 1,470,000 tonnes. According to the study, China has become the largest consumer of TiO2

in the world. In 2010, the consumption of TiO2 in China exceeded 1,400,000 tonnes. Demand for TiO2 is expected to grow at about 10 percent annually in the coming years. For additional information about this study, visit www.cnchemicals.com.

OBITUARIES Jess Walton Lobdell FONTANA, IL – Jess Walton Lobdell passed away March 23, 2011. He was 82 years old. Lobdell worked for Barbar-Coleman Co. and Crown Industrial Products. He purchased Tuff-Kote Co. in Woodstock, IL, and owned and managed it until his retirement in 2004.

Pillai T. Perumal ORLAND PARK, IL – Dr. Pillai T. Perumal, former employee of Steudel and employee of BTC Polymer Lab, passed away on March 30, 2011, after a battle with cancer.

Thomas Edward Ballway AKRON, OH – Thomas Edward Ballway passed away April 14, 2011. Ballway started working for Akron Paint and Varnish and then was employed by Sherwin-Williams for 38 years as a National Sales Manager, and Keeler and Long Paint Co. as Vice President and General Manager. He retired from PPG as Vice President at age 70.

DSCT Hosts FOCUS Conference TROY, MI – The Detroit Society for Coatings Technology hosted the 36th annu-

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

al FOCUS Conference May 5, 2011. The theme this year was “The Fusion of Technology and Design.” Several technical papers were presented, which focused primarily on interior and exterior coatings for the automotive industry. The highlight of the event was an hour-long Design Panel, which featured a distinguished group of automotive designers and coatings suppliers that discussed how designers work with available technologies to create cars that meet the needs and requirements of the consumer. 

WORLÉESOL – WELCOMES THE SUN ... and the rain, the frost and the wind that blows sand against our beach huts. For many years Thijs N. has helped our customers with the formulation of our waterborne alkyd resins known as WorléeSol. For wood protection and beach huts WorléeSol NW and WorléeSol E give excellent protection and decorative results. However we do not stop at beach huts as today the WorléeSol range is widely used in the formulation of air dry primers and topcoats as well as stoving systems for industrial and decorative use. Whatever your application we have a WorléeSol product for you giving perfect results not only for simple beach huts. For more information please contact us: [email protected] www.worlee.de

Thijs N., Laboratory Manager at Worlée

Worlée-Chemie GmbH · Soellerstrasse 14–16 · 21481 Lauenburg, Germany · Tel. +49(0)4153/596-0 · Fax +49(0)4153/53649 · www.worlee.de · [email protected]

C ALENDAR Meetings, Shows and Educational Programs JUNE 20-22 Symposium on Polymer Surface Modification Danbury, CT http://mstconf.com/surfmod8.htm 26-29 Photopolymerization Fundamentals 2011

18-20 Coatings for People in the General Industry, Sales and Marketing Rolla, MO http://coatings.mst.edu/index.html

Breckenridge, CO http://radtech.org/pf2011

JULY 13-14 Latin American Coatings Show Mexico City www.coatings-group.com

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18-22 Polymers and Coatings Introductory Short Course San Luis Obispo, CA www.polymerscoatings.calpoly.ed 24-30 19th International Conference on Composites Shanghai, China www.icce-nano.org

SEPT. 13-14 Coatings Trends & Technologies Oak Brook, IL www.coatingsconference.com 14-15 Asia Pacific Coatings Show Singapore www.coatings-group.com 19-23 Basic Composition of Coatings Rolla, MO http://coatings.mst.edu/basic1.html

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

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OCT. 6-8 Turkcoat Eurasia 2011 Istanbul, Turkey www.turkcoat.com/?dil=en 10-14 Introduction to Paint Formulation Rolla, MO http://coatings.mst.edu/index.html 16-18 ASC Fall Convention Indianapolis, IN www.ascouncil.org 18-20 RadTech Europe Basel, Switzerland www.radtech-europe.com 23-26 Western Coatings Symposium Las Vegas www.pnwsct.org/symposium-wcs 24-26 Future of Pigments Berlin, Germany www.pigmentmarkets.com

NOV. 1-3 Chem Show New York City www.chemshow.com

We are thinking about the same thing you are… How to make your products greener and their performance pure gold. Our customers come to us to help them stay ahead of competitive pressures by helping to re-formulate existing products and innovate new ones – meeting “green” goals while preserving and even enhancing performance. We call it Greenability. You’ll call it genius. 2 Another fine result of the Innovation Principle – . Let us help you work through the formula for Greenability.

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www.byk.com

Ask the Expert C O M PA N Y NEWS Jim Reader Lead Research Chemist

Q

I’m confused by the bewildering number of defoamers available. Do you have any simple guideline to help me choose a defoamer?

A

As waterborne coatings contain many different ingredients, it can be difficult to predict a defoamer’s performance. However, some simple elements to consider first are the VOC and viscosity of the formulation. High-PVC (pigment volume concentration) formulations and high-viscosity formulations need strong defoamers, like mineral oils, such as Surfy¯nol® DF75 defoamer. In high-gloss systems, mineral oils can cause haze, so in these systems silicone defoamers, such as Surfy¯nol DF58 defoamer or Surfy¯nol DF62 defoamer, can give effective foam control without haze. It can be difficult to control foam in lowviscosity formulations and clear coats, because strong defoamers can cause incompatibility problems like craters and fish-eyes. In these cases, molecular defoamers such as Surfy¯nol DF110D defoamer or EnviroGem® AD01 defoamer work best.

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Thermo Fisher Scientific FT-IR Spectrometer Receives Award MADISON, WI – Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.’s Nicolet iS5 FT-IR spectrometer received a 2011 Scientists’ Choice Award for Best New Spectroscopy Product of 2010. The award recognizes the affordable and compact FT-IR spectroscopy capabilities of this rugged instrument. More than 35,000 members of the Select-

Hockmeyer Granted Seventh Patent on Immersion Milling ELIZABETH CITY, NC – Hockmeyer has been awarded patent rights to an extension of the technology approved in its sixth patent. This new patent covers the use of sintered porous metal as the separation device. Although polymeric materials have substantial benefits, the addition of a sintered metal option adds the ability to operate at much higher temperatures and in those rare cases where a solvent in the feedstock may not be compatible with the polymeric containment wall, while retaining all the benefits of wear resistance and durability.

Dow Teams up With National Labs to Develop Next-Generation Cool Roofs MIDLAND, MI – The Dow Chemical Co. announced that the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) will fund key lab research as part of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between Dow and DOE’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to accelerate the adoption of cool roof technologies in the United States. As a critical element of the research agreement, ORNL will partner with DOE’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to bring a broad range of cool roof technology and experience from their applied research in this field. The research will focus on the development of new solar-reflective technologies. As part of the CRADA, Dow and ORNL/ LBNL also intend to develop accelerat-

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Science.net Web community were invited to nominate their favorite general lab, separations and spectroscopy products. Scientists then voted for the most popular nominated products. The Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS5 received approximately one quarter of the votes and was selected as winner from among eight final nominations.

ed weatherization testing protocols that speed commercialization and conduct studies to quantify the performance of the new cool roof products.

LANXESS Expands in the Middle East LEVERKUSEN, Germany/DUBAI – German specialty chemicals group LANXESS has founded a dedicated company for the Middle East, LANXESS Middle East GmbH, headquartered in Dubai. Managing Director of the new company is Elie Saad. LANXESS currently supplies customers in the Middle East primarily with specialty chemicals, color pigments for the construction industry, and high-tech plastics and rubbers.

ACCESSA Coatings Solutions Adds Sayerlack Products INDIANAPOLIS – ACCESSA Coatings Solutions has announced an agreement with Sayerlack, Pianoro, Italy, in which the company will distribute the Sayerlack line of premium polyester and polyurethane wood finishes. The Sayerlack products join the current product lines that ACCESSA offers.

Huntsman Polyurethanes Appoints New Distributor THE WOODLANDS, TX – Huntsman Polyurethanes has appointed Lintech International LLC, a specialty supplier of industrial chemicals and minerals, as a new southwest U.S. distribution partner for

Mason Color’s high performance pigment technology for coatings provides the ultimate in heat resistance, UV durability, and chemical resistance. Our mixed metal oxide pigments meet the most exacting color and durability requirements of the defense, architectural, stove and heating products, and roofing industries. These pigments add vibrant color to building facades, stove equipment, exhaust parts and outdoor furnishings and equipment. These advanced technology pigments can be incorporated into any coating platform including powder coatings, electrocoat, high solids and waterborne paints.

Mason Color Works, Inc. A History of Pigment Technology Excellence Mason Color Works has been manufacturing high temperature, inorganic pigments since 1842. For more than 40 years Mason Color has been a global supplier of high performance pigments to all sectors of the ceramic industry including pottery, artware, bricks, sanitaryware and roofing materials. In the last 45 years, Mason Color has expanded into the high technology Investment Casting Industry. Our ISO Compliant Cobalt Aluminate products are integral in the manufacturing jet turbine blades and medical devices. In the 1990s heralded the emergence of the fireplace gas log industry and Mason Color's participation as a supplier of high quality, high temperature pigments for this use. Soon thereafter, the Swimming Pool and Spa colorant industry embraced Mason's pigment technology. Our high quality pigment exceed the demands for resistance to punishing UV energy and the aggressive chemicals used in swimming pools. Our fully outfitted Powder Coating Laboratory and skilled technicians will help you choose the perfect color for your most demanding requirements.

C O M PANY NEWS the adhesives, coatings and elastomers market. Lintech will sell Huntsman’s polyurethane products and prepolymers to companies in the American Southwest.

ADM Launches Bio-Based Propylene Glycol Facility DECATUR, IL – Archer Daniels Midland Co. announced the successful startup of its bio-based propylene glycol facility in Decatur, IL. The facility is now producing industrial-grade bio-based propylene glycol. Over the next few months, ADM will ramp up the plant’s production capacity and work toward adding production of propylene glycol that meets USP specifications.

Perstorp Announces Capacity Expansions PERSTORP, Sweden – Perstorp’s investment in new capacity for production of valeraldehyde and its derivatives 2-PH alcohol and a new plasticizer, DPHP, is increasing. The company plans to build a new production plant in Stenungsund, Sweden,

at Perstorp’s current production site. The investment will come on-stream in 2014. The company is also extending capacity for 2-EHA in Europe and in Asia by establishing production at the group’s manufacturing unit in Singapore.

DSM Forms Functional Materials Business Unit ELGIN, IL – DSM is expanding its innovation activities in the area of formulated coatings and composites with the formation of a DSM Functional Materials Business Unit. DSM Functional Materials will focus on market trends pointing toward more environmentally friendly and lighter-weight materials. It will continue its leadership in UV-curable materials with a strong focus on Asia and other highgrowth economies. The new business unit will also target additional high-growth areas for its innovation efforts, including functional coatings and materials for solar applications, functional wood coatings, and composite materials.

DCOIT Recommended for Inclusion in BPD for Product Type 21 HORGEN, Switzerland – Dow Microbial Control, a business group of The Dow Chemical Co. (Dow), announced that after five years of evaluation, its active substance DCOIT (4,5-Dichloro-2-octyl2H-isothiazol-3-one) has been recommended by the EU Competent Authority for approval and inclusion into the Annex I of the Biocidal Products Directive for Product Type 21: antifouling products. The next step of the evaluation will be the peer review of a draft Competent Authority Report by other EU Member States during meetings that will take place in 2011 and 2012.

OMNOVA Solutions Receives Pair of Awards for Excellence FAIRLAWN, OH – OMNOVA Solutions’ Performance Chemicals facilities in Mogadore, OH, and Akron, OH, were presented with 2010 Awards for Excellence in Environmental, Health, Safety and Security (EHS&S) Performance from the Ohio Chemistry Technology Council (OCTC). OMNOVA’s Performance Chemicals facility in Mogadore received an EHS&S Performance Award for reducing its city water usage by nearly 20 percent, well water usage by almost 40 percent and its wastewater discharge by over 40 percent from 2009 to 2010. An EHS&S Performance Award was presented to OMNOVA’s recently acquired manufacturing facility in Akron for achieving an eight-percent improvement in overall energy required to produce one pound of product.

Elementis Specialties Expands J. F. Shelton’s Territory Zinc Oxide

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HIGHTSTOWN, NJ – Elementis Specialties announced the territory expansion of its West Coast distributor, J. F. Shelton Co. J.F. Shelton now serves coatings and inks customers in California, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona and Colorado, in addition to customers in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Utah and Montana.

Cabot Plans Expansion of Carbon Black Manufacturing 
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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

BOSTON – Cabot Corp., producer of carbon black, plans to invest more than $180 million between now and 2013 to expand manufacturing capacity in some of the fastest-growing regions of the world. Cabot is expanding capacity

Fan-tastic! COLORTREND® 808 No-VOC High Performance Colorants Introducing COLORTREND® 808HP No-VOC colorants and Vivid Expressions™, the newest color collection offering 460 of the brightest, cleanest colors in the coatings industry. Vivid Expressions™ provides the flexibility to expand an existing COLORTREND® system or be used as a stand alone point-of-sale color system. Now you will experience broader color space for brighter colors, plus high performance solutions for better durability, superior fade resistance and improved opacity. By utilizing this latest No-VOC colorant technology you will also meet growing market demands and exceed environmental regulations. As the largest independent colorant manufacturer and a global leader in specialty chemicals, Evonik continues to deliver eco-friendly, innovative, color system solutions. Just one more step to making our world safer, brighter, better – inside and out! colored by colortrend

For more information, please contact your local Account Manager. Colortrend USA LLC 2 Turner Place P. O. Box 677 Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA phone +1 732 981 5343 www.evonik.com/colortrend

C O M PANY NEWS at plants in China, Indonesia, Brazil and Argentina by the end of 2013, as well as adding capacity at three facilities in Europe. The expansions will increase Cabot’s annual global carbon black output by about 15 percent, or more than 300,000 metric tons.

be renamed EAG Life Sciences, to reflect its planned expansion of service offerings. All three laboratories will continue operations at their respective facilities.

Ashland Sells Distribution Business Wacker Chemical Corp. Opens Center in Michigan ADRIAN, MI – Wacker Chemical Corp. has opened a WACKER ACADEMY in Adrian, MI. The facility provides networking with North American-based customers, distributor partners and WACKER experts in market- and industry-specific seminar-style training. The academy will focus on silicone chemistry solutions and, like its counterparts, will include technical and commercial small-group classroom training and furnish hands-on laboratory learning experiences.

EAG Buys Chemir and CAS-MI SUNNYVALE, CA – Evans Analytical Group Inc. (EAG), a global provider of surface analysis and materials characterization services, microelectronics “release to production” services, and electronic failure analysis services, has acquired Chemir Analytical Services and its affiliates, CAS-MI Laboratories and Cyanta Analytical Services. Chemir and CAS-MI will continue to operate under their current names, and Cyanta will begin the process to

COVINGTON, KY – Ashland Inc. has closed the sale of its global distribution business, known as Ashland Distribution, to Nexeo Solutions LLC, an affiliate of TPG Capital. With the divestiture, approximately 42 percent of Ashland’s sales are now derived from outside North America, with nearly 20 percent originating in the Latin America and Asia-Pacific regions.

Momentive Sells North American Composites and Coatings Business COLUMBUS, OH – Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc. and PCCR USA Inc. have signed a definitive agreement for Momentive to sell its North American composites and coating resins business to PCCR USA, a subsidiary of Investindustrial, a European investment group with operations in specialty chemicals, resins and intermediates. The Momentive business to be purchased by PCCR includes manufacturing locations in Carpentersville, IL; Ennis, TX; Forest Park, GA; and Lynwood, CA. 

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

N AMES IN THE NEWS  Taminco Inc. has selected Kurt Buyse to lead the company’s global Performance Products business unit. Buyse will lead a team dedicated to the development of new products.

tomers in the thermoset composites marketplace and to internal technical programs.

 Bayer MaterialScience LLC scientist Michael Dvorchak has been nominated President Elect for the RadTech International North America Board. He will assume the office of President for a two-year term beginning in 2013.

Lagman

Miller

 Michael Noel has been promoted to Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for BWAY Corp. Mike Sheppard has been appointed Vice President of Distributor Sales. Mike Bero recently joined the company as Vice President of Commercial Sales.  Jeff Rainville

 Mike Green

has joined Hoover Materials Handling Group as Manager of Technology and Regional Sales Manager for the Gulf Coast region.

 Bogard Lagman,

the former Executive Vice Rainville President of Charles Ross & Son Co., has been appointed the new Regional Sales Manager for Asian and Middle Eastern countries.

 Ashley May has joined Archway Sales Inc. as the Staff Accountant. Tom Sennewald has joined Archway as the Credit Manager for large accounts. Jay Whitson has joined the company as the Cincinnati Warehouseman, reporting to Matt Ahlers.

 Plasticolors Inc.

appointed Brian Miller to Technical Service Representative. Miller will provide direct technical support to cus-

Making bubbles is child’s play.

von Hebel

has been named Director of Sales and Marketing for Polygon. Rainville will be responsible for strategic planning and implementation of all Polygon sales and marketing strategies in North America.

 Albert von Hebel has been appointed a member of the management team of BYK-Chemie GmbH responsible for the areas of finance, controlling, purchasing, IT, integrated management systems and general administration. He succeeds Gerd Büscher as Managing Director.  David Wells has been promoted to International Business Director for Addmaster (UK) Ltd. Wells will provide extra support to Addmaster’s existing customers and distributors in export markets. 

Controlling them requires Emerald’s advanced FOAM BLAST® technology. Effective foam control is necessary to help prevent unsightly defects and processing problems in coatings, inks, adhesives, latex processing and a wide array of other industrial end-uses. The introduction of higher performance formulations, combined with stricter environmental regulations mandating lower VOCs, means that foam control solutions that once worked may no longer be up to the challenge. That’s why Emerald continues to invest in advanced technologies to ensure our defoamers and anti-foam products meet all of today’s processing challenges. Our FOAM BLAST® defoamers have a proven track record for providing reliable and long-lasting persistent foam control in numerous industrial markets around the globe. We continue to expand our portfolio to offer products that meet not only today’s requirements, but also those of tomorrow. This includes low- and zero-VOC defoamers. No one does a better job when is comes to solving even the toughest foam control problems. Call 1-866-688-FOAM today to learn how we effectively make foam control look like child’s play. Email: [email protected]

For information on these and other Emerald products such as Hilton Davis® 0-VOC and Black Shield™ dispersions, MASIL® functional silicones, Kalama™ K-Flex® non-phthalate plasticizers, CVC specialty epoxies and more visit:

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© 2010 Emerald Performance Materials, LLC

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

P RODUCTS Mixer

Preservative

CHARLES ROSS & SON CO.:

CLARIANT: JMAC® Silver Technology for hygiene coatings reduces the spread of bacteria over the long term. Based on the inorganic composite of silver chloride on titanium dioxide, the released silver ions interact with microorganisms such as gram+ and gram– bacteria, yeasts and mold. The resulting effect ranges from growth inhibition to cell death. Controlled release over a long period of time ensures long-term effectiveness with very low environmental impact. Visit www.clariant.com.

The VersaMix multi-shaft mixer comes equipped with a threewing anchor agitator, high-speed disperser, rotor/stator mixer designed for sub-surface powder induction, feed ports with pneumatically actuated ball valves, jacketed mix vessel, level sensor, vacuum/pressure transmitter, clean-in-place rotary spray nozzles, a magnetic iron trap on the discharge piping and a transfer pump assembly that can measure viscosity and density. The system is explosion proof and includes PLC controls. E-mail [email protected].

Additive EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.: Optifilm™ Additive OT1200 allows formulators to significantly reduce VOC content in water-based trim and wall paints by replacing volatile glycols while improving open time and wet edge, without negatively affecting other paint properties. It also performs well over a range of application conditions and helps architectural paint formulators develop compliant solutions that meet regulatory standards without compromising performance. Visit www.eastman.com/Optifilm.

Surfactants DOW COATING MATERIALS: ECOSURF™ LF surfactants are low-foam, high-performance additives for pigment dispersion that offer excellent pigment wetting and color acceptance, plus additional foam control through cloud point defoaming. They are also readily biodegradable. Visit www.dow.com/surfactants.

Pyrolyzer FRONTIER LABORATORIES LTD.: The Multi-Shot Pyrolyzer EGA/PY-3030D multi-functional GC inlet can chemically characterize most liquids and solids. An attractive alternative to solventbased chemical extraction methods, it offers a choice of six analytical techniques: evolved gas analysis, thermal desorption, reactive pyrolysis, single-shot pyrolysis, multi-shot thermal desorption/ pyrolysis and heart cutting. Visit www.frontier-lab.com. 

Thermal Transfer Labeler GRAPHIC PRODUCTS, INC.: The DuraLabel 2000 PLUS prints labels on one-half-inch, one-inch and two-inch vinyl supply, and operates on a rechargeable battery. Features include a large LCD screen, zero printer cool-down time and a fast print speed. With an auto-size setting for text and images, the portable labeler is ideal for a variety of industrial labeling applications. Visit www.duralabel2000.com.

Viscometer ANTON PAAR: The L-Vis 510 inline process viscometer uses a new measurement technology based on the measurement of dynamic fluid pressure, providing an accurate measurement of viscosity and temperature over a wide range – up to 50,000 mPa.s. The system can easily be installed directly into a process pipe or tank to provide maximum flexibility. The accurate measurements are not influenced by variations in flow or pressure. Visit www.anton-paar.com.

Pigment ROCKWOOD PIGMENTS: Solaplex® Bright Orange (34H1004) is a red-shade orange high-performance grade pigment developed as an environmentally acceptable alternative to lead-, cadmium- or chromium-containing pigments. Its color brightness and durability enables use in applications ranging from coil coatings to automotive and transportation, even withstanding weather exposure and demonstrating proven heat-fastness properties in more demanding architectural, industrial and exterior masonry environments. Visit www.solaplex.com.

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21

Polymeric Hiding Technologies

That Make TiO2 Work Smarter

Scattering Efficiency Titanium dioxide has been used in paints for a century, and in the last 50 years has become the predominant white pigment in architectural coatings. The increase in utility was driven by the desire to reduce the toxicity and environmental impact of white lead. In addition, the higher refractive index and greater optical whiteness allowed formulators to achieve high-hiding white paints. The TiO2 suppliers continued to refine their processes to maximize the scattering and hiding power by reducing impurities and optimizing the particle size and distribution. Today’s commercial grades of TiO2 may be nearing the theoretical limit of scattering obtainable from individual particles of this costly raw material. However, when used in most paint formulations, some of this value is lost because the individual particles of TiO2 cannot scatter independently of one another. Particles that are close to one another interfere with their ability to scatter light efficiently. This effect has been quantified as the overlap of the scattering volumes, which are larger than the actual particles,1 and is known as dependent scattering or more commonly, crowding. There are three factors that contribute to crowding: • the use level or concentration of TiO2 in the paint film; • the effect of extender, especially those of larger particle size; • the quality of the TiO2 dispersion or distribution in the paint film. At the use level required in white, pastel and medium bases below critical PVC (CPVC) paints, the TiO2 scattering efficiency is compromised by crowding, as depicted by the regular TiO2 line in Figure 1. When using high levels of TiO2 there is little that can be done to overcome this effect. The distribution of TiO2 in a paint film

is, at best, random. As a result, pigment particles are not equally spaced, which results in areas of low and high concentration, as shown in Figure 2a. The high concentration areas lower the scattering efficiency of TiO2 by exaggerating the effect of crowding. Improving the scattering efficiency of TiO2 would likely reduce the cost of the formulation as well as the environmental footprint by allowing for reduced use levels of this costly and energy-intensive raw material. Extenders also play a role in the scattering efficiency of TiO2 by increasing the crowding effect because they reduce the available volume that TiO2 can occupy.2 Extender crowding is most evident for extenders greater than a few microns in diameter. Small particle size extenders are used to minimize the effect but they do not completely eliminate it. The spacing effect frequently attributed to small extenders does not lead to higher hiding than that attainable with a good dispersion of TiO2 in an unextended paint. It is the non-crowding effect of small particle size extenders, not an active spacing effect, that allows the paint to approach the compromised hiding obtainable with a best random distribution.

FIGURE 1 | The scattering efficiency of TiO2 can be increased by using the EVOQUE pre-composite polymer to form pigmentpolymer composites. 10

8 Scattering (S/mil)

W

ith the current tight supply and cost run-ups of TiO2, paint companies are looking into options to minimize the effect of the cost increases and reformulate for more efficient utilization of TiO2. This article presents two technologies from Dow Coating Materials that address this issue. ROPAQUE™ opaque polymer is a scattering pigment that partially replaces TiO2, while EVOQUE™ pre-composite polymer directly improves the wet and dry hiding efficiency of TiO2. These technologies can be used individually or in combination to formulate at lower TiO2 levels, and can contribute to overall better paint film properties.

6

4 Regular TiO2 Composite TiO2 2

0 0

10 TiO2 PVC

20

By Linda Adamson and Dave Fasano, Research Scientists | The Dow Chemical Company; Dow Coating Materials; Spring House, PA 22



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

removing up to 50% of the TiO2 from a paint formulation. The starting formulation and the formulation with the highest opaque polymer level are given in Table 1. PVC and volume solids were held constant at 49.5 and 34.8, respectively. Note that diatomaceous silica is introduced to maintain the sheen level of the starting formulation. The pigment and extender levels of the test formulation are given in Table 2. Through a 38% reduction in TiO2, performance was similar to the starting formulation. It was found that at higher opaque polymer levels, more diatomaceous silica was required to maintain sheen. However, the higher use level caused a small increase in burnish. The “A” samples

FIGURE 3 | ROPAQUE opaque polymer can directly add to the scattering of a below CPVC paint where extenders can detract or have little effect on scattering. ROPAQUE Ultra E (0.4 μm) Calcined Clay (1.5 μm) CaCO3 (10 μm)

8 Scattering (S/mil)

The effect of different pigments and extenders can be shown in a simple experiment. A model architectural paint formulation was made with 22 PVC of TiO2. Three different pigments and extenders were added while maintaining the TiO2 PVC and volume solids. The total PVC was allowed to increase with the additional pigment and extender. The pigments and extenders were a 10 μm calcium carbonate, a 1.5 μm calcined clay, and a 0.4 μm opaque polymer. The scattering of the paint was measured and is plotted in Figure 3. Note that the scattering decreases dramatically with the addition of the large calcium carbonate extender, indicating an increase in the crowding effect. The small-particle-size calcined clay has little effect on scattering, indicating a minimal change in crowding. Opaque polymer actually increases the scattering. Unlike extenders, it is a scattering pigment, so it directly contributes to scattering. Additionally, its small particle size does not further crowd the TiO2. The net effect is an increase in scattering when using opaque polymer, which allows for the removal of TiO2 while maintaining performance properties. In practice, opaque polymer can allow for the removal of half of the TiO2 in a flat formulation and up to 20% in a semigloss or satin formulation. When working with small-particle-size extenders, it is important to keep in mind the relatively high binder demand of these materials. By comparison, opaque polymer is much lower in binder demand due to its uniform spherical shape, which allows for higher use levels without compromising film properties.3

6

ROPAQUE Opaque Polymer A quality exterior acrylic flat formulation was chosen to study the effect of ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer on

4 0

FIGURE 2 | Cryo-scanning electron micrograph showing the TiO2 distribution in normally dispersed paints (a) and when using EVOQUE pre-composite polymer (b). a – Regular TiO2

10

30

TABLE 1 | Formulations for the opaque polymer level study: quality acrylic flat; 49.5 PVC; 34.8 VS. Pounds/100 Gallons Starting Opaque Polymer

Material

b – Composite TiO2

20

Opaque Polymer or Extender PVC

HEC (2.5%) Water TAMOL™ 165A dispersant KTPP TRITON™ CF-10 surfactant Defoamer TiO2 (dry) Nepheline syenite Attapulgite Grind for 20 minutes Add at slow speed Diatomaceous silica ROZONE™ 2000 microbicide Let Down RHOPLEX™ VSR-50 binder ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer Defoamer Coalescent Propylene glycol ACRYSOL™ RM-2020 NPR rheology modifier Water

100.0 105.0 16.3 1.6 2.0 1.0 225.0 225.0 5.0

100.0 0.0 6.7 0.7 2.0 1.0 106.6 3.7 5.0

0.0 5.8

71.3 5.8

369.7 0.0 3.6 8.4 0.0 22.2 81.3

369.7 161.0 3.6 10.8 0.0 22.2 117.7

PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y



23

Polymeric Hiding Technologies That Make TiO2 Work Smarter

TABLE 2 | Major formulation ingredients for opaque polymer level study: quality acrylic flat; 49.5 PVC; 34.8 VS.

ROPAQUE Ultra Opaque Polymer

225 194 171 153 138 126 126 116 116 107 107

0 23 46 69 92 115 115 138 138 161 161

224 208 187 162 135 106 76 77 40 46 4

0 6 12 18 24 30 61 36 73 43 85

80

0% 14% 24% 32% 38% 44% 44% 49% 49% 53% 53%

TABLE 3 | Property data showing the excellent performance of ROPAQUE even at very high use levels. ID

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 6B 7A 7B 8A 8B

ROPAQUE Hiding Ultra Opaque Tint Strength Polymer 0 23 46 69 92 115 115 138 138 161 161

45.0 44.9 44.6 44.5 44.8 44.7 45.3 45.0 45.3 45.1 45.6

Burnish % Increase

Gloss 60° 3 4 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5 3

85° 60° 3 4 4 4 5 6 4 7 5 7 5

-12 -10 -10 0 -5 4 5 6 17 26 50



40

Improved DPUR at higher levels of ROPAQUE Ultra

20 0 100 80 60 40

Excellent cracking at all levels of ROPAQUE Ultra

Abrasive Scrub

85°

1st Mark

Cut Through

-7 -11 0 18 -6 10 37 7 40 56 36

95 100 101 83 90 86 81 81 82 82 89

121 135 120 106 108 98 105 111 107 110 115

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

60

20

have diatomaceous silica added at the rate of 1 PVC for every 5 PVC of opaque polymer. For the “B” samples, the rate is 1 PVC for every 2.5 PVC. At either level of diatomaceous silica, the opaque polymer formulations still have performance similar to the starting formulation, but with a different balance of sheen and burnish properties. A summary of the laboratory performance properties showing the details of gloss and burnish and equal tint strength and scrub are given in Table 3. Through the highest levels of ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer, cracking and tint retention were maintained, and dirt pick-up resistance was improved after 34 months of exposure testing, as shown in Figure 4. Opaque polymer can be used to replace up to half of the TiO2 in a flat formulation. In semigloss and satin formulations, up to 20% can be replaced as there is insufficient extender present to balance the gloss and sheen requirements. By replacing TiO2 and lowering its use level, opaque polymer can improve the average efficiency of the remaining TiO2 in the formulation. As a small pigment replacing larger extender, it can reduce the additional crowding effect caused by the large extender that is removed during the reformulation. However, opaque polymer does not directly affect the quality of the dispersion or distribution of TiO2 in the paint film. 24

34 Month Exterior Exposure 100

Nepheline Diatomaceous Syenite Silica Dirt Pick-Up

TiO2 (dry)

Cracking

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 6B 7A 7B 8A 8B

TiO2 Reduction

Pounds/100 Gallons

0 100 Paint ID, lbs ROPAQUE Ultra/100 gal 80

8B, 161 7B, 138

Tint Retention

ID

FIGURE 4 | Property data showing the excellent exterior durability of ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer even at very high use levels. Note that dirt pick-up resistance (DPUR) improves at increased use levels.

60

6B, 115 5A, 92

40

4A, 69 Excellent tint retention at all levels of ROPAQUE Ultra

3A, 46 20

2A, 23 1A, 0

0 0

6

12

18

24

30

36

Age (Months)

EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymer The EVOQUE pre-composite polymer increases TiO2 hiding efficiency while working in combination with opaque polymer to provide the most economic route to developing hiding in white and pastel paints. The precomposite polymer is designed to interact with the TiO2 surface in such a way that the polymer adheres to the pigment surface. By placing polymer particles on the surface of TiO2, it is more difficult for the TiO2 particles to come in direct contact with each other. This effect can clearly be seen in Figure 2b, which shows a much more uniform distribution of TiO2 as compared to Figure 2a. This more uniform distribution leads to better utilization of the TiO2 and improvements in scattering efficiency. The improvements in scattering are seen in both wet and dry paints. It also allows for better barrier properties in the paint film by minimizing the pigment-pigment interactions, which ultimately lead to porosity, percolation channels and defects in the film. The improvement in scattering efficiency is shown in Figure 1, which includes the scattering for normally dispersed (regular) TiO2 as well as TiO2 modified with the EVOQUE pre-composite polymer (composite). It should be noted that this approach is similar in concept to highly coated grades of

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Polymeric Hiding Technologies That Make TiO2 Work Smarter

TABLE 4 | A quality, acrylic semigloss formulation showing a 20% reduction in TiO2 while maintaining hiding and gloss performance. Pounds/100 Gallons Pre-Composite Starting Polymer Composite EVOQUE pre-composite polymer Defoamer Water TiO2 slurry (76.5%) Grind Water TAMOL 165A dispersant Surfactant Defoamer Nepheline syenite TiO2 slurry (76.5%) Letdown RHOPLEX VSR-1050 binder ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer Propylene glycol Coalescent Defoamer Ammonia (28%) ACRYSOL RM-2020 NPR rheology modifier ACRYSOL SCT-275 rheology modifier Water Total PVC Volume solids Property KU equilibrated ICI equilibrated S/mil Tint strength Contrast ratio 20° Gloss 60° Gloss

FIGURE 5 | Improved household stain resistance (tea, coffee, grape juice, and lipstick) of a quality, low-VOC acrylic semigloss paint when using EVOQUE pre-composite polymer. Conventional EVOQUE Binder Pre-Composite Polymer

26



259.6 1.0 54.8 269.4 22.7 6.0 2.0 1.0 7.5 336.8

2.6 0.4 2.0 0.0 7.5 0.0

454.0 23.5 9.0 4.5 1.0 0.8 30.0 5.0 153.6 28.2 34.0

262.4 23.5 9.0 4.5 1.0 0.8 25.1 4.0 94.7 23.1 34.6

112 1.0 6.9 91% 0.983 22 62

115 1.3 7.1 100% 0.986 32 65

FIGURE 6 | Improved humidity resistance over cold rolled steel of a quality, low-VOC acrylic semigloss paint when using EVOQUE precomposite polymer.

Conventional Binder

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

EVOQUE Pre-Composite Polymer

TiO2. Unfortunately, the highly coated grades are lower in TiO2 content, which reduces their fundamental scattering per unit weight. Additionally, they are higher in binder demand than most grades, and it is difficult to use these grades without sacrificing performance properties. Thus the pre-composite polymer technology offers an improved approach to increasing TiO2 scattering efficiency while maintaining performance. When reformulating to take advantage of EVOQUE pre-composite polymer, TiO2 can be reduced by 10-20%. Sufficient pre-composite polymer is added to the formulation to fully saturate the surface of TiO2 and facilitate good stabilization of the pigment-polymer composite. For typical combinations of TiO2 and pre-composite, that is about one pound of pre-composite polymer (46% TS) for each pound of TiO2 slurry (76.5% TS). The TiO2 slurry is usually added to the pre-composite polymer with good mixing to facilitate the formation of the pigment-polymer composite. A semigloss paint was modified with pre-composite polymer, resulting in a 20% reduction in TiO2 as shown in Table 4. Since the TiO2 is stabilized by the pre-composite polymer, dispersant demand is reduced and less is required in the formulation. Additionally, less thickener is required, as the hydrodynamic volume of the pigmentpolymer composite increases the inherent viscosity of the paint. In this case, no adjustments were made in the other pigments and extenders, and since volume solids was held constant, the total PVC decreased. Other formulation approaches could be used, such as maintaining total PVC with opaque polymer, to further reduce TiO2 level. It can be seen that the pre-composite polymer technology allows for greater formulation flexibility by reducing TiO2, dispersant and thickener while opening up new options for opaque polymer and extender use while delivering equivalent hiding properties, as shown in Table 4. Pre-composite polymer is useful with all-acrylic binders, as shown in the example, as well as with styrene/acrylic, PVA and EVA latex binders. When replacing non-acrylic binders, the pre-composite polymer may provide films with more “acrylic-like” paint performance. While the key advantage of EVOQUE pre-composite polymer is hiding efficiency, there are other possible performance benefits with this technology due to its improved pigment distribution. Barrier properties such as household stain removal and humidity resistance are just two examples. A side-by-side drawdown of a conventional paint vs. a composite version of the same paint is shown in Figure 5. Tea, coffee and grape juice were applied and allowed to penetrate the dried films for 60 min before they were rinsed with tap water. The central portion of the test panel was then washed with a non-abrasive cleaner for 200 cycles on a Gardner Scrub Machine. Notice how much cleaner the composite paint looks compared to its conventional counterpart. At the bottom of the photo, there is a test strip of lipstick, which also shows the improved stain removal. The same two test paints were applied over cold rolled steel, allowed to dry for 7 days and then placed in a humidity chamber for 24 hours (Figure 6). Notice the composite paint on the right has fewer rust spots and less tarnishing/yellowing on the surface of the paint film. These performance enhancements observed with the

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Polymeric Hiding Technologies That Make TiO2 Work Smarter

composite paints can be attributed to the tighter films that are formed because of the better distribution of TiO2 particles in the paint film. Exposure testing on early research samples is demonstrating performance similar to the quality acrylic starting formulations that were modified with the pre-composite polymer technology.

Pigment Optimization Using Both Polymeric Hiding Technologies A natural question when looking at the two polymeric hiding technologies discussed above is – which is best for my formulation? In most cases the answer is – both, in combination. Each delivers hiding to a paint formulation by different hiding mechanisms. For opaque polymer, hiding is directly delivered as it is a scattering pigment and its small particle size helps alleviate crowding of TiO2 caused by large extenders. Pre-composite polymer improves the hiding efficiency of TiO2 by allowing the pigment to be more uniformly distributed in the paint film, minimizing the crowding effect. This improvement in scattering efficiency from pre-composite is seen in both wet and dry paints. To illustrate the value of these polymeric hiding technologies, an eggshell architectural paint was reformulated using opaque polymer and pre-composite polymer, individually and in combination. The goal in this study was to match or exceed the hiding and gloss/sheen of the starting formulation while removing TiO2 from the formulation. The main ingredients of the formulations and key appearance proper-

TABLE 5 | A quality, acrylic eggshell formulation showing the excellent performance of the polymeric hiding technologies, individually and in combination. Raw Material (pounds/100 gallon)

Control EVOQUE ROPAQUE Both TiO2 Pre-Composite Polymer Opaque Polymer Polymers

TiO2 slurry (76.5%) % TiO2 reduction Calcium carbonate Nepheline syenite Diatomaceous silica ROPAQUE Ultra opaque polymer RHOPLEX VSR-2015 binder EVOQUE pre-composite polymer Property Contrast ratio (wet) S/mil (dry) 60° Gloss 85° Sheen

311 0 44 44 2 0 423 0

268 14 44 44 2 15 174 279

261 16 25 25 2 47 423 0

227 27 25 25 2 60 211 236

0.966 6.2 20 35

0.971 6.7 20 34

0.954 6.2 33 54

0.958 6.4 34 54

ties are given in Table 5. Significant reductions in TiO2 are possible, and note that the reduction is nearly additive when using the polymeric technologies in combination. Once again, the hiding technologies can be used in combination because they contribute to hiding by two different mechanisms. The positive effect of the pre-composite polymer on wet hiding is evident especially when comparing the two paints with similar TiO2 levels [about 265 pounds of slurry TiO2 (76.5% TS)].

Conclusion

The additive for better waterborne coatings

Buhler Inc. (NT) [email protected] USA / Canada: 512 - 466 8005 Europe / Asia: +49 (0) 681 - 394 6550 www.buhlergroup.com



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

1

3

Fitzwater, S. and Hook, J.W. Dependent Scattering Theory: A New Approach to Predicting Scattering in Paints, Journal of Coatings Technology, 1985, 57, No. 721, 39-47. Steig, F.B. The Dilution Efficiency of Extenders, Journal of Coatings Technology, 1981, 53, No. 680, 75-79. Fasano, D.M. Use of Small Polymeric Microvoids in Formulating High PVC Paints, Journal of Coatings Technology, 1987, 59, No. 752, 109-116.

™ Trademark of The Dow Chemical Company (“Dow”) or an affiliated company of Dow.

Green. Flexible. Fast. Strong. Use the additive solution for: Stronger Faster Better Higher Increased

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References

2

TiO2 is the predominant white pigment used in architectural coatings due to its outstanding light-scattering properties. However in white and pastel paints, the full scattering effect is lost due to crowding and less than ideal distribution. ROPAQUE opaque

OxylinkTM

polymer and EVOQUE pre-composite polymer offer two distinct and complimentary approaches to reducing the use levels of TiO2 by as much as 50% while maintaining or increasing hiding. With reduced TiO2 levels other benefits are possible, such as reduced formulation cost, smaller environmental footprint and improved performance of both interior and exterior paints. 

waterborne coatings drying blocking resistance humidity resistance productivity

New Aspects in the Sustainability of

Nanoparticle-Modified

T

h demand he d d ffor enhanced h d scratch h and d wear resistance in today’s clear and pigmented coatings is increasing. The idea of an everlasting surface that retains its initial properties is the driving force for the ongoing research in this field. This article discusses the different mechanisms for increasing the life cycle of solventborne and waterborne coatings by incorporation of predispersed nanoparticle oxides. These nano oxides provide better wear and UV protection, and are not released as nanoparticles into the environment.

Nanotechnology Simply stated, a nanometer is a metric unit of length equal to one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology is the study of the controlling parameters of materials in

FIGURE 1 | The dispersion of nanoparticles into liquid. 1 Wetting

3 Stabilizing

2 Dispersing

atomic and d molecular l l scale. l Generally, G ll nanotechnology h l deals with structures of 100 nanometers or less in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices of that size. Nanoparticles are just like any other solid inorganic or organic particle that we try to incorporate into a resin matrix. If we just mix the particle into the solution, it will sink to the bottom because the solid particle has no compatible surface with the solution. It is similar to trying to float rocks on the surface of a lake. The rock is much denser than the water, and the water doesn’t have the required matrix to hold the rock at the surface. Figure 1 represents the dispersion of nanoparticles into liquid media with a proper wetting and dispersing additive. This is imperative for the functionality of these solid particles in today’s coatings systems. More energy must be used to disperse nanoparticles than micro pigments because of their small size and high surface energies. Once these solid nanoparticles are stabilized by steric hindrance or charge stabilization, they are easily mixed (1000 rpm for 2 min) into any compatible resin, clear or pigmented coating. Figure 2 shows the structures of controlled flocculation and deflocculation.

Dispersed Nanoparticles Enhance the Coating’s Life Cycle

Reduce surface tension differences between resin solution and nanomaterials.

Mechanical destruction of nanomaterial agglomerates.

FIGURE 2 | Controlled flocculation and deflocculation. Controlled Flocculation

Can have improved stability in the wet stage.

Prevent re-flocculation of nanomaterial particles.

Deflocculation

Optimal performance in the dry stage.

Additives containing alumina, silica, ceria and zinc oxide nanoparticles can provide improved wear and UV resistance for solvent, waterborne and UV coatings. These nanoparticles are predispersed in different media and easily incorporated with low shear into aqueous, solventborne, or solvent-free UV-curing systems. They work by setting up a network within the resin matrix to make the coating more resistant to damage from daily marring and scratching. Dispersed nanoparticles (alumina, zinc oxide and silica) can also improve corrosion resistance. This is accomplished through cathodic protection. This is a technique used to inhibit corrosion of buried or immersed structures by supplying an electrical charge that suppresses the electrochemical reaction. If correctly applied, corrosion can be stopped completely. In its simplest form, it is achieved by attaching a sacrificial anode, thus making the iron or steel the cathode in the cell formed. Due to the large surface area, nanoparticles are often more efficient than micro particles, resulting in lower concentration necessary to obtain good results. Surfaces exposed to direct sunlight usually suffer from solar UV radiation that destroys organic compounds such as binders, polymers, organic pigments and substrates. Zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles can stop solar

By Robert H. McMullin, Manager Nanotechnology, NAFTA | BYK USA Inc., Wallingford, CT 30



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Coatings d degradation d by b absorption b off the h UV radiation. d They absorb UV light and transfer it into vibration and heat. By transferring the UV light, the level of energy is lowered and does not destroy the polymer matrix. This absorption method also protects the substrate by not allowing UV radiation to penetrate through the coating. Different from organic UV absorbers, inorganic UV absorbers do not suffer from UV light, resulting in long-term protection. Typically, low dosages of nanoparticles, 0.5-2.0%, provide significant and long-term scratch, mar, wear, corrosion and UV resistance without adversely affecting gloss, color, clarity or other physical properties of the coatings.

The nano silica and alumina particles not only offer scratch resistance but can provide greater wear resistance, better adhesion and anti-staining because the nanoparticles create a denser, more compact film structure. Under normal conditions we consider a scratch and mar coating failure to occur when a coating loses 10% of it’s original gloss. The control had a starting gloss at 85º, while the nanocoating started at 90º gloss. Figure 5 shows that the control lost over 10% of its gloss after 150 cycles. The control continued to have the surface damaged until the gloss was below 20º after 800 cycles. This gives an indication that the control is not good for long-term scratch and mar resistance

Nano Stabilization BYK has practiced the concept of pigment stabilization since the 1870s, and has developed over 300 different types of wetting and dispersing additives over the last 50 years to meet industry needs. From the simple cook process to controlled polymerization, we have developed additives and unique processes for stabilizing different types of nanoparticles. Once these nanoparticles are stabilized with BYK’s propriety boundary phase technology, they can be predispersed in different media and easily incorporated with low shear into aqueous, solventborne or solvent-free UVcuring systems, or compounded into plastics. Initially, I theorized that these nanoparticles were being totally coated (encapsulated) by the wetting, dispersing or silicone additive, similar to what happens to micronized pigment particles (creating a + charge around the pigment surface). In 2006, I proposed that the nanoparticles form structural lines of particles similar to a string or strand of pearls throughout the clear resin matrix, thus forming a structure that strengthens the resin matrix. This string structure also gives the resin greater elasticity to endure the scratch and marring, rather than making the resin harder. This theory was confirmed in 2010 by the work of Matt Lane at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (Figure 3).1 This added credence to our work with dispersing nanoparticles and how these predispersed nanoparticles function within the coating. Nanoparticles must be uniformly distributed throughout the coating to provide the resin or coating with a continuous, solid, protective network layer of Al2O3 or SiO2. This is the unique nano advantage. As a coating is worn away, additional layers of nanoparticles remain to resist continued scratching. The nanoparticles also form a unique elastomeric structure within the coating. This structure resists objects from entering the surface of the coating and promotes the reflow of the coating, thus preventing severe damage to the coating (Figure 4).

FIGURE 3 | Spontaneous asymmetry of coated spherical nanoparticles in solution and at liquid-vapor interfaces. (Sandia National Laboratories).

FIGURE 4 | Nanoparticles form a unique elastomeric structure within the coating.

1μm

Arbeitsabstand = 5mm Hochsp. = 1.00 kV Daturn :21 Feb 2006 Vergröβerung = 20.00 K X Signal A = SE2 Zeit :8:57 :56 Dateiname = TSR 29322_MO9_20kx_05.tif

PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y



31

New Aspects in the Sustainability of Nanoparticle-Modified Coatings

The same coating with the addition of 2% silica in TPGDA did not lose 10% of its gloss until 1100 cycles. The nanocoating continued to have a gloss above 70º at 2000 cycles. This shows that the nanocoating was ten times

better in scratch and mar resistance than the control. This is a good example of nanoparticles being able to improve the life cycle of the coating.

Nanoparticles Improve Corrosion Resistance FIGURE 5 | UV-cured over-print varnish scratch test. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Gloss

Control LP X 20470

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Scratches 9 micron polishing paper on dry abrasion tester (ASTM D 2486). Substrate: paper, applied 3 mil draw down, 2 passes 50 FPM at 300 R.

FIGURE 6 | Nanoparticle effect on corrosion resistance.

Control

2% Nano silica

FIGURE 7 | Corrosion on a water-reducible, direct-to-metal primer.

Nanoparticles are uniformly distributed throughout the coating, thus providing the resin or coating with a continuous, solid, protective network layer of Al2O3 or SiO2. The nanoparticles also form a unique elastomeric structure within the coating, and create a denser, more compact film structure. Cathodic protection is a technique used to inhibit corrosion by supplying an electrical charge that suppresses the electrochemical reaction. If correctly applied, corrosion can be stopped completely. In its simplest form it is achieved by attaching a sacrificial anode, thus making the iron, steel or aluminum the cathode in the cell formed. Nanoparticles have a large amount of electrons on their surface, which can create this sacrificial anode. This again is one of my theories of the functioning of nanoparticles for corrosion resistance. Figure 6 shows that under 40X magnification, the creepage of the rust on the control panel was at least five times larger than the coating with the nanoparticles added. When you look at the magnification of the nanocoating, you can see there is almost no creepage after 580 h of salt spray. This was an automotive OEM clearcoat coating over ED coating on steel. The nanoparticles were post added to the formula and sprayed. This shows that nanoparticles can add a longer life to the automotive OEM coating. Figure 7 shows a water-reducible, direct-to-metal primer. The primer with no corrosion control additives showed complete failure after 260 h of salt spray. The standard corrosion package at 500 h salt spray showed heavy rust, and when scratched showed a 2 millimeter under creepage. The nanocoating showed almost no rust after 500 h, and when scratched had no under creepage. Helping to slow down corrosion is another way nanoparticles increase the life cycle of a coating. Amongst inorganic UV absorbers, zinc oxide and cerium oxide stand out with almost complete adsorption of UV-A, B and C. Reduction of particle size from micron to nanoscale enables the formulator to formulate clear coatings or adhesives that can both enhance the appearance of substrates as well as provide long-term protection for wood, metal and plastic substrates against UV degradation. Inorganic UV absorbers can outperform chemical UV absorbers because they are more permanent within the resin or coating, whereas the chemical UV absorbers gradually degrade over time within the resin (Figure 8).

Safety of Nanodispersions

Standard Corrosion Additive 500 h 32



Control: No Additives – Total Failure 260 h

1.2% Solid Nanoparticles 500 h

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Questions regarding the impact of released nanoparticles from use and wear remain. BYK worked with the German Government and NIST to evaluate nanoparticles in coatings. Two studies have been completed. The first study provided results by Tabor abrader. The article, titled Method for the Characterization of the Abrasion-Induced Nanoparticle Release into Air from Surface Coatings, was published September 30, 2008, in Elsevier Aerosol Science. The study concluded, “During the abrasion test no significant release of particle concentrations (<100 nm) was generated in

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New Aspects in the Sustainability of Nanoparticle-Modified Coatings

Appendix

FIGURE 8 | High-solid alkyd 1000 h QUV-B test.

Control

1.5% ZnO 1.5% Cerium

Testing Procedures The incorporation of additives into the coating formulations was as follows: • The additives were post added using a Dispermat CV with a 40 mm Cowles blade at 600 rpm for 2 min. In case of combination of wax and nano, the wax was added first at 600 rpm for 2 min and then nano at 600 rpm for 2 min. • Additives dosage Nano Al2O3 or SiO2, wax, acrylates and silicones All additives dosages mentioned are based on total formula weight (tfw).

3% Cerium

3% Organic Absorber

the aerosol flow. Therefore the nanoparticles are probably embedded in the generated wear. This could be confirmed with SEM, TEM and EDX. The nanoparticles were clearly visible and embedded in the resin and showed the characteristic morphology of the zinc oxide.” The second study provided results by sanding. The article, titled Characterization of Nanoparticle Release from Surface Coatings by Simulation of a Sanding Process, was published August 2, 2010, via the internet http://annhyg. oxfordjournals.org. “This conclusion agrees with the first study, that during abrasion test no significant release of particle concentrations (<100 nm) was generated.” The studies were conducted by the Research Group Mechanical Process Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, Techhnische Universitat Dresden, by Daniel Gohler, Michael Stintz, Lars Hillemann and Manuel Vorbau.

Conclusion Based on our studies, we conclude that predispersions of nanoparticles: • Are easy to mix into coatings; • Provide homogeneous distribution of nanoparticles in the coating film; • Prevent coating damage by innovative, immediate reflow effect; • Absorb the impacting energy like a shock absorber; • Do not increase the brittleness or reduce chemical resistance; • Are suitable for all systems, from low to high polarity.

% Gloss Retention = 100 x Gloss (60º) of scratched area Original gloss (60º) % Gloss Retention = 100 x

Gloss (20º) of scratched area Original gloss (20º) Testing for scratch covers both areas of mar and scratch

Abrasion Test ISO 9352 or ASTM D 1044. Taber Abraser (from TABER Industries) CS-10 abrading wheel, 1000 gm load, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 cycles

Reference

Pendulum Hardness Test – König After allowing the coating to dry for 8 h, and 48 h, a König pendulum hardness test was run. More objective than using pencil hardness testing.

Nanoparticles Resist Full Encapsulation Physical Review Letters 104, 235501. Published October 11, 2010.

This paper was presented at the 38th Annual Waterborne Symposium, February 2011, in New Orleans. For more information, contact Robert McMullin at Robert.mcmullin@ altana.com.



Scratch Test Each sample drawdown was evaluated for scratch resistance with 20 double rubs using 9 micron polishing paper pads on abrasion tester (dry) from BYK-Gardner. Gloss (20º) (60º) was measured (statistical average of 5 readings) using micro-TRI-gloss from BYK-Gardner before and after scratching the panels. Percent gloss retention was also calculated as follows

This is why we believe predispersed nanoparticles can be very beneficial to the life cycle of coatings. Nanoparticles have a lot to offer to the coatings industry. This is new technology, and we can truly say, “We have only scratched the surface.” There is much more still undiscovered.  1

34

Application Substrate: Masonite board (for abrasion test), Leneta chart (for scratch test), hot rolled steel, cold rolled steel and aluminum panels (for corrosion testing). Application tool: wire-wound bar, draw down bars and low-pressure, high-volume spray. Coats: 3 on Masonite board and 1 on Leneta chart, 1 coat on metal panels. Thickness: 4 mil wet of each coat. Thickness of dry film depends of percent solids of coating. Dry time: 2 h between each coat and at least 48 h after final coat for corrosion testing seven days before scribing and placing into salt spray. Sanding: after 2 h drying of 1st and 2nd coat, with a very fine sandpaper (220 grit) to ensure proper adhesion of additional coats.

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Light Microscopy A light microscopic image of each sample coating was taken after scratch test. Images were taken by MOTIC lens at 40X magnification.

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io n

Editors note: This is the eighth in a series of articles regarding the ‘Nuts and Bolts’ of formulating. It is intended to help formulators new to the industry, those who have changed jobs within the industry or simply as a refresher.

in g s

la t

• NU

o of C

at

• LTS

AND BO TS

For m

u

Additive Improves Over-Print Varnish Coatings for Graphic Arts

O

ver-print coatings, more commonly referred to as over-print varnishes (OPVs) are thin, protective films typically applied over a printed substrate at the printing press. OPVs are applied on a wide variety of packaging materials, such as cardboard, paper and plastic films, and also on magazines, advertisements and book covers. In addition to protecting attractive and complex graphics against wear, OPVs also provide gloss, and in some cases, color. In addition to these visual attributes, OPVs are also needed for practical properties such as slip and coating weight. Slip is an especially important feature as it determines how bags can be stacked and how well candy bars can move through a vending machine. OPVs are made using three distinctly different chemistries: waterborne (WB), solventborne (SB) and radiation-curable (RC) systems. The choice of chemistry for a given application depends to a large degree on the substrate and the final market. For example, for cardboard (packaging), 55% of OPVs are RC systems, followed by WB at 43% and SB at just 2%. For paper (magazines and packaging) these numbers are almost reversed with 62% WB, 36% RC and 2% SB. The 2010 market for OPVs is estimated to exceed 36 million gallons, valued at over $400M. From a substrate perspective, this market is dominated by paper and cardboard with 85%, followed by films and foils. With respect to the chemical makeup of the OPVs, the volumes used are 20% RC, 75% WB and 5% SB. Because RC OPVs demand higher prices, in dollar terms the market share estimates are 42% RC, 52% WB and 6% SB. All three types of OPVs will be discussed, but the emphasis will be on the use of cellulose esters as additives to improve flow and leveling, and in many cases adhesion. A cellulose ester-like material, called Solus™ 2100, provides much lower viscosities than traditional cellulose esters, and is very soluble in nearly all UV systems. In addition, Eastman’s cellulosics are based up to 60% on cellulose, nature’s most abundant and renewable resource.

TABLE 1 | Typical waterborne OPV formula. Ingredients Joncryl™ 678 Joncryl™ 77 Zinc oxide solution #1 Jonwax 26 Sodium hydroxide Defoamer 748 Water Total

Wt% 8.80 59.00 5.90 10.00 1.90 0.20 14.20 100.00

Waterborne OPVs The majority of WB OPVs are based on styrene-acrylic copolymers. A typical formula is shown in Table 1. Styrene acrylics form hard films with good adhesion for paper and cardboard. The addition of zinc ammonium carbonate solution is designed to improve heat resistance and film hardness. Fine-particle-size polyethylene emulsion wax is used for mar, early block and water resistance. Alcohols and glycols are often used as well. During production and sometimes during application, foam, both macro and micro foam, can cause issues, and a wide variety of surfactants and defoamers are available to reduce or eliminate that problem.

Solventborne OPVs Although the market for SB OPVs is small and declining, the 2010 markets still consumed over 2 million gallons, valued at over $24M. The most common resin is nitrocellulose, but cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), vinyl chloride copolymers, polyamides, alkyds and acrylics are also used for SB OPVs. Active solvents for these systems include ketones, esters, alcohols, and aromatic hydrocarbons; the latter are used as latent solvents and diluents. Plasticizers and other additives are used to provide flexibility. True thermoplastic lacquers, as well as some crosslinking twocomponent thermoset OPVs involving melamines catalyzed by p-toluenesulfonic acid, are used. A typical SB grease barrier OPV is shown in Table 2. The CAP 482-0.5 has a very high glass transition

By Jos de Wit, Ph.D., Senior Technical Associate, Specialty Coatings Technical Service | Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN 36



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

TABLE 2 | Typical solventborne grease barrier OPV formula. Ingredient Eastman CAP 482-0.5 Eastman Triacetin PZ Eastman Tecsol™ C solvent (denatured ethanol) Ethyl acetate Total

Weight % 21.7 1.8 53.5 23.0 100.0

temperature of 142 ºC, which will allow it to dry very fast and provide a hard film. Triacetin may be added to increase flexibility.

Radiation-Curable OPVs Nearly all RC OPVs are based on the free radical addition polymerization of acrylates (see Figure 1). The crosslinked film is formed from low-viscosity monomers and high-viscosity oligomers. Monomers, also referred to as reactive diluents, function as solvents in these 100% solids coatings (Table 3). They typically have one to four reactive acrylate groups, which is referred to as their functionality; each additional acrylate will increase crosslink density. Radiation-curable pre-polymers, called oligomers, provide the coating properties. Due to their larger molecular weight they increase the speed with which the crosslinked network is built. There are four main classes based on the underlying chemistry, as shown in Table 4. RC OPVs can be divided into two categories based on the method of free radical initiation: electron beam (EB) and ultraviolet (UV) curing systems (Table 5). The EB systems do not require photoinitiators. Additives play an important role in the performance of the OPV, affecting application characteristics as well as final film properties. Good flow and leveling is needed to create a smooth, defect-free OPV that truly showcases the graphical content and special effects beneath the varnish. Acrylics, cellulose esters, silicones and waxes have been used to improve slip, adhesion, reduce and equilibrate surface tension, modify the rheology, and improve flow and leveling. Many of these additives are offered in their acrylated forms, which polymerize to resist migration. Cellulose esters have been used in a wide variety of SB and RC coatings. In UV their intermediate surface tension (30-40 dynes/cm) allows for coating and re-coating. Their rheological and film-formation properties allow them to improve the integrity of curtain coatings (reducing or eliminating hole formation) and resistance to ‘orange peel’. In high-speed roll application, cellulose esters can be employed to reduce spattering. Because cellulose esters do not contain double bonds, they do not participate in the polymerization. This, in turn, reduces shrinkage, thereby improving adhesion but without significantly reducing film properties. One issue that can arise is their contribution to the coating viscosity, even at the 1-2% use level. Eastman’s Solus 2100 provides similar benefits as its conventional cellulose esters, but at a greatly reduced viscosity. Cellulose esters or Solus 2100 are best introduced into a coating as a solution in a monomer. Table 6 shows viscosities of commonly used cellulose esters in selected monomers. To demonstrate the effect of wetting, and flow and leveling in an OPV, the behavior of Solus 2100 was examined

in a generic RC OPV formula, and with Solus 2100 performance additive (OPV+), as shown in Table 7. To test the flow and leveling of the OPV, a 4 mil Bird bar was used for a drawdown on a thermoplastic polypropylene (TPO, 27 dynes/cm) automotive panel, which has a low surface tension and has difficulty with wetting and adherence. When the OPV was applied to the TPO substrate it almost immediately started to draw in, and the integrity of the film was gone, as can be seen in Figure 2. Adhesion on the TPO is zero; after curing, the film remaining fell off the panel. Figure 3 shows the OPV modified with 5% Solus 2100. Once applied, the film does not change, and the film integrity is preserved. The film did not fall off the panel, and adhesion improved to around 40%, measured using a cross-hatch test.

FIGURE 1 | Free radical addition polymerization of acrylates. CO2 R

H I

+

I

C H2

CO2 R

C

I

C H2 C H

CO2 R

n

*

CO2 R

TABLE 3 | Reactive diluent monomers. Monomer

Acronym

Functionality

Isobornyl acrylate 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate Tripropyleneglycol diacrylate Pentaerythritol triacrylate Trimethylolpropane triacrylate Di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate

IBA HDDA TPGDA PETA TMPTA DTMPTTA

1 2 2 3 3 4

TABLE 4 | The four main classes of oligomers. Oligomer Type

Performance Effects

Epoxy acrylates Aliphatic urethane acrylates Polyester acrylates Acrylic acrylates

Reactive, hard, chemical resistance Flexible, tough, good weathering Good wetting, low viscosity Adhesion, weathering

TABLE 5 | EB- and UV-curing OPVs. Ingredient Monomers Oligomers Photoinitiators Additives (flow, slip, dye) Total

UV

EB

30-60% 20-50% 4-15% 1-3% 100%

30-40% 60-70% 1-3% 100%

TABLE 6 | Viscosities of commonly used cellulose esters in RC OPVs. Additive CAP 504-0.2 CAB 553-0.4 CAB 381-0.1 CAB 321-0.1 CAB 551-0.2 CAB 551-0.01 Solus 2100 Solus 2100

(Wt%)

HDODA

TMPTA

DPGDA

TPGDA

Styrene

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20

NA 1550 60 53 87 29 18 56

NA 1550 1670 1420 2080 661 424 1660

NA 1190 113 93 136 40 30 104

NA 40000 180 128 204 57 44 172

NA NA NA NA 30 7 5 10

PA I N T & C O A T I N G S I N D U S T R Y



37

Come to King for the Chemistry Non-Tin Catalysts for Urethanes

Additive Improves Over-Print Varnish Coatings for Graphic Arts

FIGURE 2 | OPV-1 drawdown on TPO over 4 minutes. Time lapses in seconds are shown in corner. 0

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+45

+60

+75

+90

+105

+120

+135

+150

+165

+180

+195

+210

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FIGURE 3 | OPV modified with 5% of Solus 2100. 0

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+90

+120

+150

TABLE 7 | Formulation of generic radiation-curable OPV. Ingredient

OPV

Cytec Ebecryl 3720TP25 HDODA Cytec Additol BP MDEA Cytec Additol HDMAP Solus 2100, 15% in HDDA Viscosity cPs Liquid surface tension dynes/cm

35.0% 48.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.0% 0 62 34.8

OPV+ Solus 2100 35.0% 15.0% 6.0% 6.0% 5.0% 33.0% 113 33.5

Ebecryl™ 3720 is a bisphenol A epoxy acrylate Additol™ BP and HDMAP are the photoinitiators

Conclusion Radiation-curable over-print vanishes continue to gain market share, with new monomers and oligomers being introduced constantly. The use of additives to modify slip, adhesion, rheology, and flow and leveling is critical to optimize performance. Cellulose esters are a unique class of polymers that perform the role of several additives at once, improving adhesion and providing a rheology that allows application even on very difficult substrates, and in addition are based up to 60% on cellulose, nature’s most abundant and renewable resource. Solus 2100 provides these benefits at significantly reduced viscosities compared with traditional cellulose esters. 

References 1. Chemistry and Technology of UV & EB Formulation from Coatings, Inks and Paints, Volume IV, Lowe, C.; Webster, G.; Kessel, S.; and McDonald, I., Eds. John Wiley & Sons, 1997. 2. Flick, Ernest W. Printing Ink and Overprint Varnish Formulations, Second Edition. 3. Coatings, V11, Skeist Incorporated, NJ, October 2004. 4. “Enhancing Adhesion and Film Formation in UV Coatings” Jos S. de Wit, RadTech UV&EB 2008 Technology Expo & Conference in Chicago, IL, on May 7, 2008.

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e are all familiar with architectural tinting systems and paints, either as part of our professional activities or even more likely as consumers buy-

ing paint for our homes. Point of sale (POS) tinting systems have been in existence for over 50 years, and there have been evolutionary changes in paints, colorants and equipment over the years to meet technical, economic and regulatory challenges. However now is a time of major change in colorants for POS systems as there are desires for better lightfastness, larger color gamuts and increased opacity. Equally important are regulatory and marketing requirements to meet VOC and APE surfactant restrictions. Colortrend USA LLC has developed the Colortrend® 808 line of colorants to meet these desires and needs. These products are free of APE surfactants and are considered no-VOC colorants. (More about the meaning of no-VOC will be covered below.) The 808 line consists of a subset of colorants that are counterparts to the industrystandard Colortrend 888 colorants. This facilitates the transition from conventional high-VOC water/glycol colorants to the newer no-VOC colorants. It is very difficult to change the set of colorants because of the accumulation of color-matching formulas using the set of colorants. Changes would necessitate developing new color formulas, not only for colors currently featured in store displays, but also for past color matches. Because of this, most POS systems used the same lineup of colorants for many years. However, now users are considering changes to their colo-

FIGURE 1 | Regular and high-strength

FIGURE 2 | Regular and high-opacity

green.

red.

rant lineup. Evaluation of newer colorants to expand color space, provide better lightfastness and achieve greater opacity is taking place. Users are realizing the benefits of making changes, and the Colortrend 808 line consists of matches to traditional colorants but also adds a number of newer colorant options.

VOC Issues One of the most important features of the Colortrend 808 colorants is that they meet the need for no-VOC colorants. The issue of VOCs and colorants has been unclear for a number of reasons. First is the terminology used. The terms no-VOC, low-VOC, zero-VOC and ultralow-VOC have no official meanings for colorants. For the purposes of this article, the term no-VOC will be used. Also, up until this time VOC regulations applied to paint and not colorants. The colorants used at POS have not counted in the assessment of a tinted paint’s VOC, and levels were not regulated. One reason is that paint VOCs were fairly high in the past, and the contribution from colorants was not as important. Now that paints have been successfully developed with lower VOC levels, the contribution from colorant can be significant, especially with deeper colors using 10 to 12 ounces of colorant per gallon. There is also a question regarding the method for determining VOC. For several years a methodology known as EPA 24 or ASTM 3960 has been in use. This method was developed for testing materials containing conventional levels of VOC. For paints and colorants with very low VOC levels, imprecision in the method can result in inaccurate results. Newer methods, such as ASTM D 6886-03 or ISO 11890-2, are more appropriate for very low-VOC materials and are now used. A future methodology is to take into account each ingredient’s potential for ozone formation rather than to treat all volatiles as equal. These reactivity-based methods are under study, and we will hear more about maximum incremental activity (MIR) techniques as they are developed and considered by regulators. Another issue with VOC for paint and colorants is that there are multiple regulatory bodies involved. There are the national organizations such as the U.S. EPA and Environment Canada (EC). State and regional agencies have also been active in setting limits – mostly for paint to date. Examples are the California Air Resources Board (CARB), the Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) in the Northeast, and the South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) in California. SCAQMD has been considering VOC limits for colorants and has recently announced a limit of 50g/L for 2013. The 808 colorants are well under this limit and are determined to be zero VOC by calculation under the EPA 24 method.

By Daniel Phillips, Colorants Technical Service Manager | Colortrend USA LLC, Piscataway, NJ 40



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Tinting Systems Opacity and High-Strength Colorants In architectural POS tinting, paint bases with fixed TiO2 levels are used. Because of this, there is not the opportunity to optimize pigment or TiO2 loading for each individual color as is more the case for in-plant coloring. A color is made in the highest TiO2 level base possible, but the limitation is the amount of colorant that can be added to a base. In addition, the colorants traditionally used in POS tinting systems do not necessarily contain a high level of pigment. The black colorants and most of the organic pigment colorants contain a fairly low level of pigment. This was originally done to facilitate precise color reproduction of light colors in small container sizes, e.g. quarts. If a colorant was too strong, that is, had a high level of pigment, it would be difficult to make very light colors given the dispensing machine increments and accuracy originally available. With modern dispensing equipment these limitations are not as severe. Therefore, we have developed a series of higher strength colorants in the Colortrend 808 line. The pigment content and tinting strength of these colorants is from 1.5 to 3+ times as strong compared to traditional colorants. Therefore, the amount of pigment in the 12 ounces of colorant added to a neutral base can be about 2-3 times the amount of total pigment usually added, thereby achieving increased opacity. In addition, some colors can now be made in a base with a higher TiO2 level because less colorant is needed. For example, a color using 3-4 ounces of colorant per gallon of Deep base (which would need, for example, 10 ounces in Medium base) can now be made in Medium because it requires only 4-5 ounces of stronger colorants in Medium base. Another benefit of higher-strength colorants is that as less colorant needs to be added to a base, there is a decrease in any paint film effects caused by other materials in the colorant. There can also be a reduction in the cost of tinting by the use of high-strength colorants. As an example, Figure 1 contains a comparison of a conventional-strength and a high-strength colorant. On the left is the product Colortrend 888-5511 D green added to a white base. On the right is Colortrend 8085555 DXE from the Colortrend 808 product line. Equal amounts of the colorants were added to the paint base. The high-strength green is three times stronger than the regular green. High-strength counterparts are available for black, green, blue, magenta and violet colorants (colorants B, D, E, V, J). Figure 2 illustrates the benefit of newer colorants using more opaque pigments and colorants with higher pigment content. This is a comparison of a red color matched both with conventional red Colortrend 888-0836 R on the left side and on the right side using a higher strength red Colortrend 808-0755 REE. Here the drawdowns were

made on black and white cards using paints tinted with 12 ounces of colorant per gallon of neutral base. The appearance can be quantified by measuring the contrast ratio (CR). The color on the left has a CR of 85, while the color on the right made with REE has a CR of 98. Two or three coats of the paint on the left would be required to match the opacity of a single coat of the right side paint.

Comparison to Current Colorants A most important question in adopting the new Colortrend 808 colorants is how they compare to previous colorants. The Colortrend 808 products, although no VOC, are still universal colorants, meant to tint both latex and alkyd paints. Although their use may be decreasing, there are still conventional alkyds and stains in use, and it would be inconvenient for a paint store to need two sets of colorants and therefore two dispensing machines for tinting needs. The Colortrend 808 colorants were extensively tested for compatibility in a wide range of architectural coatings and confirmed to be useable in the same range of coatings as Colortrend 888. Effects of Colortrend 808 on paint film properties such as gloss, blocking and sag resistance were comparable to Colortrend 888 colorants. Viscosity drop in paint, although still present to some extent, was more uniform among colorants of the Colortrend 808 line than with Colortrend 888. The Colortrend 808 colorants are meant to be used in the same color formulas as the corresponding Colortrend 888 colorants, with no adjustments needed because of the colorant change. To ensure this, Colortrend 808 colorants are made from the same pigments and matched to the same color and strength standards as their Colortrend 888

FIGURE 3 | Comparison of color and tinting strength.

Color Difference and Tinting Strength of 808 vs. 888 Red Oxide Base DL Pastel -0.02 Medium -0.06 Deep 0.34 Neutral -0.15

888-1045 F Red Oxide

DE Strength 0.48 100.1 0.4 100.4 0.97 97.9 0.93 -

808-1045 F Red Oxide

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No-VOC Colorants for Architectural Tinting Systems

counterparts. Production batches of Colortrend 808 have been checked for linearity vs. Colortrend 888 standards in several sets of commercially available paint, using bases from white to neutral. Typical results are shown in Figure 3, which include tinting strength and CIELAB DE data.

systems or other coatings requiring very good lightfastness. In the past, the only inorganic colorants available for some of these applications were the iron oxides. Now with additional colorant types the range of colors possible is greatly expanded over that achievable with only red and yellow oxide.

FIGURE 4 | Color space comparison.

Expanded Color Space Coverage

Summary

The flexibility to increase the lineup from the traditional 12 colorants allows for expanded color space coverage. Brighter oranges, reds and purples are possible. Figure 4 shows a CIELAB A* B* color diagram (yellow at the top, blue at the bottom, green to the left, red on the right) with an outline of the range of colors possible with the traditional set of colorants. The space is expanded in the red area with the use of Colortrend 808 colorant REE red in place of the regular red R, and the use of magenta Colortrend 808 QME magenta in place of magenta V. Similar expansions are possible in the violet and orange areas with the use of the newer colorants. Colortrend 808 also includes a series of mixed metal oxide pigments such as cobalt blue, cobalt green, bismuth vanadate yellow and others for use in coloring inorganic coating

Colortrend 808 colorants are the colorants of the future and are being adopted now by a number of paint companies. The requirements of no- or very low-VOC and APE-free colorants are met. These products are uniV versal colorants, so everything now tinted QME with conventional colorants can still be colored. The product line consists of a wide variety of pigment choices. Subsets of colorants can be chosen in modular fashion to allow a company to emphasize color space, opacity, lightfastness and cost, depending on their market needs. There is the set of 12 colorants corresponding to the most common conventional colorant set, allowing easy transition to no VOC with no color rematching. Overall the Colortrend 808 colorants present many options to meet marketing, regulatory and technical goals.  R

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T W O

T H O U S A N D

E L E V E N

Additives Handbook By Dr. Joseph V. Koleske, Robert Springate and Dr. Darlene Brezinski Additives belong to a broad and diffuse category of key components in a coating formulation. They comprise a small percentage in that formulation, usually less than 5%, but their impact is significant. Additive function is almost always very specific in nature. Some additives are multi-purpose; for example, they may be important to the manufacturing process as well as to the coating’s performance. In recent years, multi-purpose additives have been developed, thus allowing the use of fewer additives in many formulations. Occasionally the use of one additive will require the use of another to counter some undesirable effect of the first.

Some additives are proprietary products with highly specific functions that work well in some systems but cannot be used in others. In addition, because of the proprietary nature of many additives, their chemical composition is not disclosed. This can make general recommendations difficult. In addition, this lack of structural knowledge means that additive substitutions cannot be made on the basis of fundamental structural chemistry. The focus on green technology, lower cost and safer products has led to the introduction of newer additives and chemistries. The industry demands that green additives perform the same or better than their traditional counterparts and that

they combine performance, sustainability and efficiency along with lower cost. With a large number of additives available for a particular problem, formulators can find themselves in trouble if the wrong additive is initially selected or added to alleviate or correct a problem. Correct additive selection is important to success, and such selection is made through vendor assistance or years of experience. Please note that there are a number of new nano-sized additives on the market today that are difficult to categorize. Their functions are varied and tend to overlap our traditional categories. For this reason we have included a number of these types under the Nanotechnology section.

We have chosen to publish a select number of definitions, or partial definitions, found in the Additives Handbook. Full definitions for all of the categories shown are available at www.pcimag.com, and are available on CD. Contact Andrea Kropp at [email protected] for more information.

2011 Additives Handbook ABRASION-RESISTANCE IMPROVERS, ABSORBENTS, ACCELERATORS, ACID CATALYSTS, ACID SCAVENGERS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.) ADHESION PROMOTERS See Coupling Agents Adhesion promoters improve a coating’s ability to withstand mechanical separation from a substrate. That is, they improve adhesive strength. Quite often these compounds contain two different functional ends, one of which will interact with the substrate and the other that will interact with the coating binder. Examples of the various coupling agents are the silanes, which are trihydrolyzable; the titanates, which can be mono-, di-, and tetrahydrolyzable; and the chromiums, which are complex in nature. For metal surfaces that are to be coated, this is particularly important because metals, as a class, are unstable. The pure metal is always oxidizing to the metal oxide on the surface of the metal substrate. Exposure to moisture, oxygen and salts accelerates the process. Almost all coatings contain microvoids through which oxygen, small molecules like water, and ionic materials can diffuse. If the coating can remain bonded to the metal, then the damage done by these diffuse agents will be nonexistent. In other words, corrosion can be prevented. It is, therefore, very important to do all that is possible to maximize adhesion. For some materials this involves a mechanical roughening of the substrate surface to increase the surface area for physical absorption. Chemical pretreatments such as zinc/iron phosphate and various other materials have also been used because tightly bound phosphated surfaces will retard access to the metal and, therefore, impede corrosion. Typically, organofunctional silanes have been used in coatings as adhesion promoters because they provide a polar functional group to contribute to increased bonding to a mineral substrate. They also

are hydrolyzable and provide wetting ability and surface activity. The silanes are moisture sensitive and will hydrolyze over time to silanols. This is not a problem in solventborne coatings systems but can cause problems for waterborne systems. The silanes react with both the polymer and the substrate to form covalent bonds across the interface. Silane adhesion promoters are used in urethane, epoxy, acrylic and latex systems. Receptive inorganic surfaces are those that have hydroxyl groups attached to elements such as Si, Al, Ti and Fe. Nonreceptive surfaces, such as boron, and alkaline earth oxides, do not form stable covalent bonds with silanols. A number of different commercial silane coupling agents are used in coatings. Levels that range from 0.05-1.0% are generally effective. Methacrylic phosphate monomers that improve adhesion to metal, concrete, glass and other inorganic substrates and that can be used in both water- and solventborne formulations are available. Some methacrylic phosphate monomers improve metal adhesion and also significantly improve corrosion resistance. There are also acrylic phosphate functional monomers that improve adhesion to various metal substrates. The acrylic reactive group provides a higher reaction rate in UV- and EB-curable applications. Other adhesion promoters that are in the marketplace are titanates (such as isopropyl tris-[N-ethylaminoethylamino] titanate), zircoaluminates, zirconates, aryl/alkyl phosphate esters and proprietary metal organic compounds. The titanates and zirconates suffer from moisture sensitivity as well, so caution is necessary when using them with waterborne systems. Neo-alkoxy products are claimed to not have this problem. Alkyl/aryl phosphate esters, zircoaluminates and the metal organic promoters are stable in waterborne coatings. They are quite different in chemical nature and therefore the formulator needs to evaluate them separately. PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY



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2011 Additives Handbook Epoxy/methoxy functional additives are effective in promoting adhesion of a variety of coating systems to glass, aluminum and steel. Methacrylate/methoxy functional additives improve adhesion of free radical cured resins, such as polyacrylates, to inorganic substrates. Epoxy functional silanes improve adhesion and water resistance of a variety of coating systems to inorganic substrates. Amine/ methoxy functional additives improve adhesion and water resistance of coatings and adhesives when bonded to glass or metal substrates.

Radiation-Curable Coatings Radiation-curable coatings applied over a variety of metal surfaces can pose an adhesive challenge. There are proprietary phosphate ester monomers that are best used on an additive basis to provide enhanced adhesive properties. These acid-functional monomers (AFMs) range in functionality from mono to tri, with differing acid level content. The AFM additives promote adhesion to a variety of metal substrates including aluminum, cold-rolled steel and tin-plated steel as well as promoting adhesion to wood and plastic substrates. AFMs should not be used with amines, as instability may result.

Powder Coatings The same precautions regarding clean substrates and pretreatments that apply to liquid coatings are advised for powder coatings. Adhesion promoters such as the silanes and titanates may also be used to enhance adhesion. Silanes designed for use in powder coatings have an organo functionality that has an affinity for the powder resin system. The organo-silane must orient itself at the coating-substrate interface. The choice of organo-silane is usually governed by the resin system, and experimental screening is advised to determine which promoter provides the most improvement. Adhesion promoter types commonly used in powder include mercaptosilanes, amino-silanes, carboxyl/hydroxyl-silanes, and carboxyl-silanes.

Plastic Substrates Due to high chemical stability, low price, excellent balance of physical properties, possible recycling, etc., the amount of polypropylene (PP) and thermoplastic olefin (TPO) consumed by automotive parts, household electrical appliances and molded general goods businesses is increasing. However, PP and TPO are materials with low surface energy that make painting and adhesion problematic, hence chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) has found wide use as an adhesion promoter. Solventborne CPOs have traditionally been used. Excellent adhesion between TPO substrates and CPO can be obtained as the result of good wetting and higher dispersion interaction, which are affected by the properties of the CPO’s chlorine content, crystallinity, melting temperature, molecular weight and its polydispersity. There are several factors that can affect the performance of a CPObased adhesion promoter. Application parameters play a significant role in designing a system that will provide optimum adhesion performance. Of particular importance is the temperature at which a coating applied to a PP or TPO part is cured or baked. In addition, substrate and CPO composition can influence overall adhesion performance. Coating bake temperature is the temperature at which the coating applied to the TPO part is cured. Coating bake temperature can have an effect on the interaction between a CPO-based adhesion promoter and the surface of TPO, which can affect performance. For best results, coating adhesion is enhanced when the coated TPO parts are baked at temperatures over 100 ˚C, given the same coating type. However, CPObased adhesion promoters are successfully used in applications, such as automotive refinish applications, where the coating is air-dried or baked at temperatures lower than 100 ˚C. The chemical and physical properties of the CPO can also have a significant effect on adhesion performance. Addition of co-resins to CPOs can enhance adhesion, reduce blistering, and improve the appearance of coatings applied over the adhesion promoter layer. CPOs have limited compatibility with most resin types, but unlike conventional coatings this may not be detrimental to performance. CPOs promote adhesion best when they are at the interface of the substrate and the coating applied over 44



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the substrate. This means that a formulated adhesion promoter system with a CPO and borderline compatible co-resin may actually allow the CPO to reach the interface more readily. A number of co-resin types can be used with CPO, including acrylic, acrylic-modified alkyds, polyesters and others. The level of CPO used in the formulation will be dependant upon the substrate, coating type and required performance properties. Research efforts are focused on waterborne coatings applicable to TPO substrates that coalesce well at baking temperatures as low as, or lower than, 80 ˚C (176 ˚F) in order to save energy costs and to avoid thermal deformation of TPO substrates at the higher temperatures. Chlorine-free adhesion promoters are also being used and are highly desirable.

ALGAECIDES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definition.) ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT Additive used to prevent the undesirable sticking together or adhesion of painted surfaces under moderate pressure, or specified conditions of pressure, temperature and humidity; or during storage, manufacture, or use. Blocking is a measure of the coating’s ability to resist adhesion to itself (on another freshly coated surface) or adhesion to other substrates, for example, weather-stripping, doors, hardware etc. A well-known example of blocking is when a freshly painted window frame is too rapidly closed. Sometimes it can be very difficult to open the window again. Blocking is a key performance parameter for architectural application and, for industrial and OEM applications, block resistance is important in the manufacture of roll stock that will be unrolled at a later date. It is also important for reducing the need for storage space for freshly painted parts. ASTM D 4949 may be used to measure blocking performance. Factors affecting blocking include the coating surface free energy, topography of the coating, the hardness and the Tg of the polymer. One approach to improve the block resistance of a coating is to introduce a surface-active agent that will bloom to the top – the air interface – of a film as it dries/cures. Carbinol-functional silicone polyether copolymers impart mar resistance and anti-blocking properties in addition to leveling and wetting. Methacrylate functional silicone polyether copolymers provide consistent and long-lasting slip, mar resistance and antiblocking to UV-cured coatings. Fluorochemical additives can be mixed into coating formulations, often as post-adds, and migrate to the air interface where they can provide effective protection where it is most needed, without affecting recoat adhesion. Common applications include latex semi- and high-gloss architectural paints used on doors and window trim, and applications where painted parts are stacked for shipping. Waxes decrease blocking so that unwanted transfer or adhesion to a contacted surface is prevented. This can be very important for materials that are coated, dried and stacked for storage and shipping. Waxes can be used in any type of coating that could benefit from mar resistance and/ or a slip aid. Both water- and solventborne metal coatings benefit from added lubricity and abrasion resistance. HDPE, paraffin and Carnauba waxes are typically used to counteract blocking. Anti-blocking agents are also very useful for any type of items that are coated, dried and immediately stacked or rolled up for storage or shipment. It should be noted that anti-blocking additives, since they tend to gather near the top surface of a film can change the appearance of a film – the gloss level. The type of paint is also a variable.

ANTI-CRATERING AGENT, ANTI-CRAWLING AGENT, ANTI-FLOAT AGENT, ANTI-FLOODING AGENT, ANTI-FOAMING AGENT, ANTI-FOULING AGENT, ANTI-FREEZING AGENT, ANTI-GELLING AGENT, ANTI-LIVERING AGENT (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

ANTI-MARRING AGENT A chemical or composition that will enhance the ability of a coating to resist damage caused by light abrasion, impact or pressure. Silicone polyether

The new Z-line of performance additives aims to provide improvements to customers developing environmentally sustainable green coatings. As the demand for "green" coatings continues to rise at a furious pace, Troy’s Z-line offers formulators enhanced performance in making greener coatings possible without adding undesirable components such as VOCs or HAP’s. With the Z designed products, Troy continues its commitment to assist industry in addressing the need for performance products that are environmentally responsible and yet economically viable. Contact your Troy Sales Representative for information on the Z-line of Troy performance additives or visit www.troycorp.com.

Troy Corporation, 8 Vreeland Road, Florham Park, New Jersey USA 07932 • Telephone: +1 973-443-4200 • Fax: +1 973-443-0258

2011 Additives Handbook copolymers impart mar resistance, improve leveling and reduce cratering, pinholing, orange peel and cissing. Carbinol functional silicone polyether copolymers impart mar resistance and anti-blocking properties in addition to leveling and wetting. Methacrylate functional silicone polyether copolymers provide consistent and long-lasting slip, mar resistance and anti-blocking to UV-cured coatings. Waxes are frequently used to improve mar resistance. (See Slip-Aid and Abrasion-Resistance for more discussion.)

ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definition.)

ANTIOXIDANT A chemical compound that prevents oxygen from reacting with other compounds that are susceptible to oxidation. Antioxidants are additives that are expected to prolong the lifetime of a coating and thus assist in maintaining its original high-performance characteristics as long as possible. Components of a coating, adhesive, ink or sealant are subjected to opportunities for degradation during component manufacture, storage, and transportation as well as during application and final use. The cause of degradation is almost always by oxygen or UV radiation attack (see UV Absorbers and Light Stabilizers). Oxygen attack can be by oxygen or ozone and it may occur under ambient or elevated temperature conditions. At elevated temperatures antioxidants decrease thermal oxidation and formation of peroxide radicals that, in turn, can cause formation of colored chromophores and/or other deleterious changes in coating properties. Effective antioxidants include the p-phenylenediamine derivatives such as the N,N´-diaryl, the N,N´-alkyl-aryl, and the N,N´-dialkyl compounds, but these compounds have a tendency to discolor or scorch during cure. Also effective and widely used are the hindered phenolic compounds, such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), octyl and certain higher alkyl phenols, phosphites (trisnonylphenol phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tris(2,4-di-tertbutylphenyl phosphite, bis(2,4-dicumylphenyl) pentaerythritol phosphite), and synergists that are mixtures of antioxidants that act in a synergistic manner. Antioxidants are usually used in a concentration range of 0.1-0.5%, and they are consumed in the stabilization process. For powder coatings, the purpose of the antioxidant is to minimize thermal degradation of the polymer in the coating. Thermal degradation causes yellowing and a reduction in mechanical and chemical properties. Usually hindered phenols are used as primary antioxidants. Organo-phosphites are sometimes used as secondary antioxidants. An organo-phosphite acts synergistically with a hindered phenol to check the thermal degradation of the polymers. These compounds act as peroxide decomposers and can be incorporated in a 2 or 3 to 1 ratio (hindered phenol to organo-phosphite). Hindered phenol-based antioxidants are usually used at a level of 0.2 – 0.8% of the binder. Higher levels will cause yellowing. It should be noted that antioxidants do not reduce degradation from UV light exposure. Various classes of antioxidants have different thermal stabilization mechanisms. The classic high-molecular-weight hindered-phenolic antioxidant is effective as an oxygen-centered radical scavenger, but can suffer from “pinking” in the presence of combustion gases like NOx, which can be found in gas oven exhaust. The phosphite antioxidants act as decomposers of hydroperoxides and provide protection during high temperature processing and/or curing cycles. The new lactone antioxidants function as a carbon or oxygen centered radical scavengers and inhibit auto-oxidation. The development of a high-performance “phenol free” antioxidant blend exploits synergistic effects between phosphite and lactone properties while illuminating the possibility of pinking. There is a synergistic effect when using different antioxidants blended together and the combination can meet heat and processing stability requirements.

ANTI-RUST AGENTS, ANTI-SAG AGENTS, ANTISETTLING AGENTS, ANTI-SILKING AGENTS, ANTI-SKID AGENTS, ANTI-SKINNING AGENTS, ANTI-SLIP AGENTS, ANTISTATIC AGENTS, ASSOCIATIVE THICKENERS, BACTERICIDES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.) 46



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BIOCIDES/FUNGICIDES/ANTIMICROBIALS See Antimicrobials and Enzyme Because coatings are largely organic in nature, they provide a source of food for microorganisms. Microorganisms are found everywhere and they work around the clock trying to cause viscosity loss, putrefaction, gas formation, emulsion breakdown, and other undesirable physical and chemical changes. These attacking species can cause discoloration, marring, loss of adhesion and finally coating failure. Microorganisms can contaminate paint in different ways during the manufacturing process. Unsanitary conditions may exist, such as for the raw materials (including thickeners, extenders, pigments, emulsions, surfactants and defoamers), water (process water and recycled water), containers and equipment (tanks, pipes, hoses, etc.). The ability of some microorganisms to attach to surfaces and form adherent biofilms is also important. Biofilms are functional consortia of microbial cells entrapped within an extensive matrix of extracellular polymer (glycocalyx) produced by them. Biofilms can be formed in water systems, processing tanks and other areas. Biofilms may be sources of contamination of the product, and may cause corrosion, scaling, the reduction of heat transfer efficiency and other problems in addition to the spoilage. Microbial biofilms are usually resistant to biocide treatments or disinfectants. Depending on the growth conditions (nutrients, minerals, gas composition, temperature, pH, water activity, etc.), microorganisms can reproduce very rapidly in the paint. Coatings need to be protected from microbe attack, and there are a number of microorganisms that the formulator needs to be conscious of when formulating paints. Sometimes the terminology of available agents is confusing: biocide, mildewcide, fungicide, algaecide (also spelled algicide) and so forth. Product literature and the suppliers will certainly assist in this regard. Many of these additives are multi-purpose and can curtail the growth of a number of organisms. Biocides (or microbiocides) are substances that will kill organisms and thus are used to protect coatings from biological attack caused by algae, fungi and other organisms that propagate in moist environments – particularly in warm climates. The “-cide” nomenclature refers to compounds that kill, in this case, microorganisms. A biostat prevents or interferes with the growth of the organism but does not kill it. The additives are often further defined as follows to describe the particular types or organisms that are killed or affected. Algaecide/Algicide — Chemical agent used to destroy algae. Bactericide — Compound used at low levels to kill bacteria. Bacteriostat — Substance that prevents or slows the growth of bacteria. Biocide — A chemical agent capable of killing organisms responsible for microbiological degradation. Efficacy — The effect of the microbiocide on the target organism or group of organisms; can be measured as percent killed versus a control containing no biocide. Efficacy can be expressed as MIC, or minimum inhibitory concentration, against a specific organism. Fungicide — Chemical agent that destroys, retards or prevents the growth of fungi and spores. Fungistat — Compound that inhibits the growth of a fungus, or prevents the germination of its spores. Mildewcide — Chemical agent that destroys, retards or prevents the growth of mildew. Spectrum — Refers to the effect a microbiocide may have on more than one organism such that a broad-spectrum biocide will be affective against more than one group of target organisms. For coatings we are concerned with bacteria (aerobic and anaerobic), fungi (multicellular [molds], unicellular [yeasts]) and algae (green and blue-green). The addition of an in-can preservative will protect coatings in the wet state during storage and transport. But after a coating has been applied and dried, it becomes susceptible to colonization by fungi and/or algae.

Biocidal agents are available to work both “in-the-can or batch” and also in the dried film. For this reason, many manufacturers include a biocide (anti-microbial) agent in the formulation of the paint so that it can kill both bacteria and yeasts that can be present. If not corrected before they start, microorganisms can lead to the production of gases – this can occur in the container and result in can lids popping and cans distending, offensive odors emanating and loss of film and application properties. Bacterial enzymes and certain fungi attack organic thickeners, and this can lead to viscosity changes in the liquid coating. The pH of the paint can be affected and the paint can undergo discoloration. Microbial contaminants can be introduced with water (process water, wash water), with raw materials (latex, fillers, pigments, etc.) and by poor plant hygiene. Bacteria are the most common spoilage organisms, but fungi and yeasts are sometimes responsible for product deterioration. Spoilage of waterborne products, which may go unnoticed until the product reaches the consumer, can result in significant economic loss. Good plant hygiene and manufacturing practices, when combined with the use of an optimized biocide, will minimize the risk of microbial spoilage. Enzymes are organic catalysts, which means that they are not consumed in any reactions. They are produced by living cells and are protein in chemical nature. Bacteria and their enzymes can degrade the organic components of paint – the polymer and its organic additives. One enzyme molecule can change hundreds of organic molecular structures and degrade them. The most obvious immediate result is a loss of viscosity. This renders the product unstable and unusable. This is more of a problem for architectural coatings, which tend to be warehoused, shipped and then stored on shelves for longer periods than typical industrial coatings, which are usually consumed rapidly. Manufacturers and formulators need to be conscious of the fact that the dried paint film is subject to microbe attack from mold, mildew and algae – particularly in certain climates where temperature and humidity encourage microbe growth. For dried coating films, algae and fungi can cause discoloration, dirt entrapment, cracking, blistering and loss of adhesion. A loss of adhesion is commonly associated with fungi growth as well as corrosion on certain substrates due to the moisture produced by fungi. Dependent on the climate, many exterior surfaces and roofs may be subject to algae growth, and not all fungicides are necessarily effective against algae. Certain areas of the world have already recognized this as a serious problem and one of concern for the preservation of exterior buildings. The type of microorganism that can attack the coating depends on many factors including the presence of nutrients, the moisture content and

the composition of both the substrate and the coating itself. Moisture is affected by the amount of rainfall, dew, humidity, temperature and time of year. Local environment conditions such as surfaces that are sheltered from wind and shaded areas also have an impact on microbial growth. Nutrient sources include constituents of the coating, partially biodegradable material from other microorganisms or simply dirt. The substrate may affect the pH of the surface and make it suitable for microbe growth. Fungi favor acidic conditions such as those provide by wood and some species of wood are more susceptible to fungi attack than others. Algae favor alkaline conditions such as those provided by masonry. For use in architectural coatings, it is important that the fungicidal material have a low solubility in water so that it is not readily leached out of the paint film. It should also not cause any weathering effect such as fading, chalking or discoloration. Some antimicrobial agents can cause fading in architectural coatings; therefore, it is always wise to expose the formulation to Weather-Ometer testing. There are thousands of kinds of fungi and algae throughout the world. However, only a relatively few disfigure and deteriorate exterior paint films. In general, research on painted panels and structures from around the world indicates that two types of fungi are the dominant causative agents of disfigurement and degradation of modern exterior paint films. These fungi were identified as Alternaria sp. and Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans. Aureobasidium pullulans is the fungus predominantly responsible for the development of mildew in exterior paints. The Pseudomonas species attacks paints, joint compounds, roof coatings, exterior insulation and finishing systems and clear finishes in the can. There are many effective biocides available for use. It is important to understand the operation of these agents and the differences in their activity. Some may be effective against certain bacteria in one concentration and effective against fungi in another concentration. Some biocides may be biocidal in certain concentrations and in other concentrations exhibit biostatic behavior. It is very important for the formulator to work with the supplier of these agents to understand their use and mode of action. Blends of biocides may often be used to enhance coating performance, as one biocide alone cannot always provide the desired results under demanding and varying climate conditions. Some of the typical chemistries of these agents include: formaldehyde donors; ortho-phenylphenol (OPPs); isothiazolinone derivatives (such as 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one [OIT]); guanides and biguanides (such as PHMB or polyhexamethylene biguanide); carbamates (such as 3-iodo-2-propynylbutyl carbamate [IPBC])

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2011 Additives Handbook and dithiocarbamates; copper or sodium or zinc pyrithione; benzimidazoles; n-haloalkylthio compounds; 1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7tri-aza-1-azonia-adamantane chloride; tetrachloroisophthalonitriles; cis[1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-tri-aza-1-azonia-adamantane] chloride and 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA); and quaternary ammonium compounds. These are but a few examples of the many agents available to the formulator. Some biocides on the market today are two-for-one and eliminate the need for separate in-can preservatives and mildewcides. DCOIT – 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is an example of one such biocide, which controls bacteria that cause coatings to degrade in the can and prevent mildew growth after the films dry. This particular biocide controls a wide range of microorganisms including fungi, algae and bacteria. The microbiological activity of 2,2-dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide (DBNPA) was documented as a seed fungicide in 1947 and later as an antimicrobial agent. DBNPA, when formulated as a 20% solution in water and polyethylene glycol, is completely miscible with water and readily disperses upon introduction into a water-based system. The DBNPA molecule begins functioning as an antimicrobial agent immediately upon introduction into a system; the rate of this activity is not affected by pH, and antimicrobial control is usually achieved before complete degradation occurs. The combination of instantaneous antimicrobial activity and rapid chemical breakdown makes this a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biocide. It is used as a quick-kill biocide and short-term preservative in watercontaining systems that require microbe control; it is ideal for the treatment of wastewater generated during the manufacture of paint. The collection and reuse of all wash water used to rinse paint mixing vats has been emphasized as crucial to achieving environmentally responsible production. This wash water contains a high concentration of paint solids and is usually heavily contaminated with microorganisms; it must be decontaminated prior to its re-introduction into the paint production process. DBNPA is ideal for this type of application. Mildewcide (fungicide) and algaecide testing has been very confusing for paint companies. A paint formulation’s resistance to attack by fungi and algae is the most difficult performance characteristic to determine; testing requires a specialized laboratory with trained personnel to work accurately with fungi and algae. The use of a single active ingredient may be sufficient to protect a coating against in-can spoilage or dry film defacement, but in many cases it may be advantageous to use a blend of the actives. For example, the combination of certain active ingredients can result in synergy whereby lesser amounts of each active are needed to bring about the same inhibitory effect as the use of either active alone. Thus blends of actives may allow manufacturers to protect a product at reduced levels, providing not only a potential cost benefit but also a product that is more environmentally friendly. Even more important is for formulators to recognize the fact that even a minor change in a formulation may have a major effect on the biocide in that formulation. It is crucial with every change in formulation that the coating be tested for biocide efficacy. Some of the common factors that will decrease biocide efficiency are: pH, temperature of addition to the batch, nonionic surfactants, solubility, the presence of other formulation additives that deactivate the biocide, UV radiation and so forth. The only way to determine the efficacy of a biocide in a coating is through testing. In testing various biocides in coatings there can be significant differences in performance of paint systems by exposure location. Since there can be such a wide variation in product performance by location, it is very dangerous to rely on data from one exposure site to assess how a national paint product might perform. To truly assess the potential commercial performance of paint systems, they should be tested at a variety of locations across the country. Laboratory tests alone are not sufficient to assess how well a particular film preservative will perform in the field. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com. 48



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BLOCK-RESISTANT ADDITIVE, BRIGHTENERS (OPTICAL), BURNISH-RESISTANT ADDITIVE (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

CATALYSTS Catalysts are additives that will increase the rate of a chemical reaction but are not consumed or changed in the reaction process. Catalysts have widely varying compositions that depend on the nature of the reaction being catalyzed. Many of the crosslinking reactions used to form durable films are accelerated by the use of catalysts. For example, melamine-crosslinked systems, polyurethanes and epoxies make use of catalysts. Some systems use acids as catalysts: phosphoric, carboxylic or sulfonic acids [such as para-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA)] can be used. Others make use of typical Lewis acid metal catalysts or Lewis tertiary amine base catalysts. Acid catalysts (and blocked acid catalysts) are used to accelerate the reaction between the crosslinking resin and the primary resin. Good crosslinking is desirable so that the final cured film will show improved properties. By increasing the molecular weight of the crosslinked product, improvements are gained in chemical, humidity and detergent resistance, corrosion resistance, film flexibility and film hardness. Typical acid catalysts used in coatings are: dinonylnaphthalene disulfonic acid (DNNDSA), dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (DNNSA), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DDBSA), para-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA), and alkyl acid phosphate (AAP). The relative catalyst strength is: PTSA>DNNDSA>DDBSA>DNNSA>phosphates. In general, the sulfonic and blocked sulfonic acids are strong acids, whereas the carboxylic and phosphates are considered weak acids. The formulator has to balance the properties of the catalyst with that of the crosslinking agent, the cure temperature and time, the pH of the system, and the desired final properties of the coating. This is not trivial and the raw-material suppliers have guidelines that can be followed. A new class of blocked sulfonic acid catalysts, derived from aromatic sulfonic acids, has been developed that promotes the crosslinking of hydroxyl-functional polymers with amino-formaldehyde crosslinking agents such as hexamethoxymethyl melamine, especially in coil coatings. These catalysts are particularly effective in coil primer formulations containing calcium ion exchange anti-corrosive pigments. In addition, the unique deblocking profile of these catalysts provides the so-called snap cure at the desired peak metal temperature and within the specified time. In coil primers, this new class of blocked sulfonic acids provide outstanding cure, viscosity stability upon oven aging, and corrosion/salt spray resistance. In addition to resistance to basic pigment deactivation, these catalysts reduce solvent popping defects and provide excellent adhesion/intercoat adhesion while allowing extended storage of formulated coatings. Products from this class of catalysts also are effective in topcoats where their cure response allows release of volatiles before cure, thereby preventing popping, while providing storage stability. Dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) and dibutyltin diacetate (DBTDA) are well-established catalysts for the isocyanate-hydroxyl reaction in the formation of urethane coatings. DBTDL is efficient but, as with any catalyst, problems such as reactivity and hydrolysis of ester groups may occur. Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) is a commonly used tertiary amine catalyst. The tertiary amines are effective for use with aromatic isocyanates. There are, however, some unique non-tin catalysts based on bismuth, aluminum and zirconium that are useful for these same reactions. The nontin catalysts are environmentally more acceptable and offer advantages such as: faster cure rate, improved pot life, improved catalysis in cationic electrocoating and reduced hydrolysis of polyester resins. Catalyst deactivation can occur because of water, resins with high acid numbers, anions and pigments that are carrying water into the formulation. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

CHELATING AGENTS, CLEANABILITY ADDITIVES, COAGULANTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

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2011 Additives Handbook COALESCENTS (COALESCING AGENT) Coalescing aids have a high boiling point which, when added to a coating, contributes to film formation by way of temporary plasticization (softening) of the vehicle. These aids facilitate the transition from liquid to solid state during the latex drying or film formation process. Coalescing agents have been traditionally used to obtain good film formation. Levels of coalescent affect drying time and ultimate film properties. Important properties of a coalescing agent include: hydrolytic stability, water solubility, evaporation rate, freezing point, odor, color and safety and regulatory concerns. Architectural latex paints are made from a variety of different polymers that are selected based on performance requirements and cost. The monomers used in these polymers determine the glass transition temperature (Tg), which characterizes the hardness of the final polymer at a given temperature. The Tg and polymer type influence the amount and type of solvent required to coalesce the polymer. Substrate, application, dry time, compatibility, VOC regulations and efficiency all play a role in determining the type of solvent or combination of solvents to be used. A conventional coalescent temporarily lowers the Tg, providing mobility to the polymer chains. The softened polymer can then flow and fuse with other polymer chains in the system, creating a protective, decorative film. To be effective, the coalescent has to remain in the film after the water has evaporated to ensure that a homogeneous film develops. A conventional coalescent will evaporate out of the film after a period of time and the film will regain its initial Tg and hardness. Various coalescents can be used individually or in combination to help formulators optimize performance in architectural coatings, while meeting VOC regulations. Typical coalescing aids are compounds such as aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ester alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers and glycol ether esters. As would be expected, the nature of the polymer – its solubility and affinity for various compounds – will affect the particular coalescing agent chosen. EB (ethylene glycol butyl ether) seems to have been the preferred coalescent agent in many industrial coatings for years. This is not by accident. While it is a fast-evaporating solvent, it appears to also have more of a swelling effect on emulsion particles that some of the other fastevaporating aids. It is very efficient in lowering the MFFT of emulsions. Other typical examples of coalescing solvents are: ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (butyl CELLOSOLVE™), propylene glycol n-butyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl (butyl CARBITOL™), ethylene glycol monohexyl ether, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol t-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n-butyl ether, ester alcohol or 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate [(TMB)Texanol™], 2-ethylhexyl benzoate. The various trade names can cause confusion at times. Butyl CARBITOL is a low-volatility coalescent and should be used to ensure proper film formation when air drying or using long flash-off times. Low-volatility coalescents are necessary when air drying in highhumidity conditions. Water-insoluble coalescents, such as hexyl Cellosolve, butyl Propasol™, etc., are hydrophobic solvents and can cause seeding if not premixed with water miscible solvents. Specific high-purity esters of fatty acids and their blends can also be used to provide low-odor, VOC-free, renewable coalescents to enhance the performance of latexes used in low-VOC paints. Coalescents based on renewable sources combine various long-chain acids with either a short-chain alcohol like methanol (the most economical option) or higher-chain alcohols and glycols or even glycol esters. Glycerol as an alcohol is not suitable for this use, as glycerol esters can have a negative impact on the adhesion of the paint film. Very shortchained acids like C8 are also not suitable as they contain VOCs. Longerchain esters with a higher molecular weight form softer films and act as plasticizers. New “green” coalescents that are high in efficiency, low in toxicity and improve early hardness development are a step in the right direction for making better paint, especially outdoor paint. 50



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A high-purity version of propylene glycol mono-oleate based on renewable oleic acid was introduced to meet stringent VOC requirements in the global consumer coatings market. A second-generation propylene glycol monoester with C-18 fatty acid mixtures is available that has better color and offers an improved value. A third product, based on renewable technology, is a high-purity version of linear short chain fatty esters, which is VOC-free based on the European definition but is over 90% VOC by Federal EPA method 24. This product has been found to be over 30% more efficient than trimethyl pentanediol monoisobutyrate ester (TMB) in many popular types of latexes and offers improved hardness development and dirt pick-up resistance. These renewable-based coalescents are naturally derived, low-odor agents and can be used in all types of decorative paints and result in improved performance and application properties, while helping to achieve compliance with new VOC regulations. New developments in polymer technology have introduced latex emulsions for solvent-free architectural coatings. Architectural paints using this new technology do not require the use of coalescing agents, plasticizers or cosolvents to achieve good film-formation properties. Test results have shown that formulated solvent-free paints maintain the properties of low-temperature appearance, durability, film formation and open time normally expected from quality conventional latex paints. Also, a significant advantage is the low-odor characteristics of these paints, both during and after application. Formulating approaches to solvent-free architectural coatings are now focused on the selection of raw materials that would not contribute any solvents or VOCs to the system. These ingredients include pigment dispersants and surfactants, rheology modifiers, preservatives and substrate wetting agents. There has also been development of new coalescing agents that are partially or completely free of VOCs. The efficacy of these materials in all varieties of formulations with different polymers has not been fully investigated. Reduction of VOC using VOC-exempt solvents is not always simple, and formulating with them can be a challenge. These solvents usually bring higher cost and some have very low flash points, which leads to increased shipping cost. Careful formulation evaluations need to be conducted.

COLLOID STABILIZERS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definition.)

CORROSION INHIBITORS See Anti-Rust Corrosion inhibitors are compounds that improve a coating’s ability to protect aluminum, brass, copper and steel. The term refers to a variety of materials used to prevent the oxidation of metals, including surface treatments, undercoats, and additives or elements alloyed to the surface of the metal. Corrosion poses a major potential problem for metal surfaces that are typically protected through the use of zinc-rich coatings, the use of anti-corrosive pigments and the application of a barrier coat. Flash rust inhibitors are often used to prevent in-can corrosion during the storage of waterborne coatings. Inhibitors also may prevent the corrosion of ferrous metals during the drying time of waterborne coatings. Sodium nitrite typically has been used in the past. Other types of materials include the following: organic zinc complexes, salts of dodecylnaphthalenesulfonic acid, ammonium benzoate, 2-aminomethoxypropanol and amine neutralized thiosuccinic acid. Long-term corrosion inhibitors have low water solubility and are often used in combination with anti-corrosion pigments although they may be used alone. Some examples of these materials include: metal salts of aminocarboxylates, salts of dodecylnaththalenesulfonic acids, zinc salts of cyanuric acid, zirconium or amine complexes of toluylpropionic acid, and tridecylamine salts of thiosuccinic acid. There are also organic, heavy-metal-free corrosion inhibitors to help industry meet regulatory trends toward restricting the use of lead, zinc and chromate. These corrosion inhibitors can improve wetting and adhesion over traditional corrosion inhibitors, and can be used to formulate highgloss coatings, as well as corrosion-resistant clear coatings.

CORROSION-INHIBITIVE PIGMENT, COUPLING AGENT, CRAZE-RESISTANCE ADDITIVE (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

CROSSLINKING AGENT Crosslinking agents are compounds that convert a thermoplastic into a thermoset. They are multifunctional chemical compounds that react with functionality on the macromolecular chains and thereby form a thermoset or three-dimensional polymeric material. The crosslinking agents are of di- or higher functionality, and they become an integral part of the final thermoset material except for materials lost in a condensation crosslinking process, for example. These agents can range from lowmolecular-weight to polymeric materials. Examples of crosslinking agents are melamines, such as hexamethoxymelamine, guanamines and other aminoplasts, isocyanates, epoxides, amines, and so forth. Epoxy-functional silane crosslinking agents for waterborne coatings are also available that will crosslink under heat or at room temperature on alkaline substrates if used in combination with recommended catalysts. These are designed primarily for carboxyl- or amino-functional acrylic latexes or polyurethane dispersions. The mechanism of crosslinking involves the epoxysilane’s dual chemical functionality. The epoxy portion of the molecule is reactive with the matrix resin and the alkoxysilane portion crosslinks after hydrolysis by condensation forming siloxane bonds. The alkoxysilane also can react with surfaces to improve wet adhesion of the coating, or with fillers to improve pigment binding. Crosslinking causes changes in physical and chemical properties. That is, it causes changes in hardness, tensile strength, modulus, elongation, solubility, swelling and other properties. For example, crosslinking renders a soluble or thermoplastic polymer into a thermoset polymer that is three-dimensional in nature and insoluble.

However, the crosslinked polymer system may be swellable to different degrees in liquids that may have been solvents for the uncrosslinked polymer. The greater the degree of crosslinking or the number of bonds formed between chains, the lower will be the degree of swelling in any particular solvent.

UV-Powder Coatings The latest development in powder coatings is the combination of powder coating technology and UV technology. This technology is making strong inroads especially for temperature-sensitive substrates. The most suitable approach for a coating formulation is the use of a major binder and a crosslinker. The crosslinker may control the network density for the coating, while the binder determines properties of the coating such as discoloration, out door stability, mechanical properties, etc. Furthermore this approach will lead to a more homogenous concept in powder coatings applications as a category bringing similitude to thermosetting coatings where crosslinkers such as TGIC and β–hydroxyl amides are used. A crosslinker should present properties quite specific for the application intended: molecular weight, high functionality, and physical properties compatible to the application. The existing UV-curing powder coating systems generally build on two binders. There is an option to the existing systems that consists of using unsaturated amorphous or amorphous-crystalline polyesters comprising maleic/fumaric moieties as reactive double bonds in combination with crystalline crosslinkers containing unsaturated reactive groups. PSG di-acrylate (CAS number: 85286-82-4) is rated as having high UV-DSC reactivity in powder coatings formulations. Coatings using a crystalline acrylic ester may be easily formulated using as a starting point any unsaturated polyester of maleic/fumaric type. Addition of a small quantity of PSG-diacrylate may improve the performance in

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2011 Additives Handbook commercial systems of lower reactivity. This approach appears to be a reliable option in UV powder coating formulations and makes possible the use of typical unsaturated polyesters as binders in powder coatings.

CURING AGENT, DEAERATOR, DEFLOCCULANT (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

DEFOAMER See Deaerators for discussion on microfoam. Additive used to reduce or eliminate foam in a coating or coating constituent. The terms ‘defoamer’ and ‘antifoaming’ agent are often used interchangeably. In fact, they are not quite the same. A defoamer is a surface-active agent that stops the foam and breaks the bubble once it has been formed. It is a bubble breaker. An antifoaming agent prevents the formation of foam so it never forms. The term “foam-control agent” is a more appropriate term to use. In an aqueous formulation, it is almost impossible (at acceptable use levels) to totally eliminate all foam. The correct foam control agent will help to prevent foam formation, but more importantly, it will allow the dried film to be free of foam and any resultant film defects that might result from an air void in a film. There is a difference between macrofoam and microfoam. Macrofoam is located mostly on the coating surface and is surrounded by a duplex film with two liquid/air interfaces (double layer), whereas microfoam occurs inside of a coating film (air entrapment) and is characterized by a single liquid/air interface. These two types of foam also differentiate defoamers from deaerators. Defoamers are mostly effective against macrofoam, whereas deaerators suppress microfoam. In practice, the terms are frequently confused and used interchangeably. Many of the commercial products are optimized to prevent macro- as well as microfoam. Both kinds of foam impair the surface optics of the coating and cause surface irregularities, as well as reduce gloss and transparency. Microfoam also adversely affects the coating’s protective properties because the effective film thickness is reduced and pinholes can form from the micro bubbles. The function of defoamers is based on disturbance of the double layer of the macrofoam lamella. Substances with very low surface tension are used as they are not wetted by the foam bubble. Foam-stabilizing substances move away from the defoamer droplet, which finally causes collapse of the bubble. Surfactants are often used with defoamers to improve the spreading of the defoamer droplet on the bubble surface. Foam may be introduced at various stages of manufacture and use of the coating. The raw materials used to make a coating, such as surfactants, dispersants, etc., enable foam to form. Entrapped air, or foam, is introduced into the manufacture of most paints as part of the process. Manufacturing care must be taken to avoid entrapping air during production by choosing the correct stirring equipment and stirring conditions. Letting the product stand for as long as possible is also helpful in preventing air entrapment. High levels of foam may occur during the milling stage, and defoamers are often used as a component in a grinding paste. Due to the activity of some surfactants at the air/water interface, foam is often created and stabilized in both the pre-mixing and milling chambers of dispersing equipment. Foam slows down the process of dispersion and adversely affects the moisture resistance of the coating. Using silicone anti-foam agents may present an additional potential for surface defects. Foaming occurs during application to some degree, depending on the method of application. For example, curtain coating carries entrapped air continuously around in the system. Entrapped air also occurs with airless spray systems. Airless spray does not use compressed air. Paint is pumped at increased fluid pressures through a small opening at the tip of the spray gun to achieve atomization. When the pressurized paint enters the lowpressure region in front of the gun, the sudden drop in pressure causes the paint to become an aerosol. Airless spraying has several distinct advantages over conventional air-spray methods. It is more efficient than the air spray because airless spray is less turbulent and, therefore, less paint is lost in bounce back. The droplets that are formed are usually 52



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larger than conventional spray guns and produce a heavier paint coat in a single pass. The system is also more portable, production rates are nearly double and transfer efficiency is usually greater. Other advantages include the ability to use high-viscosity coatings and to have good penetration in recessed areas of work pieces. One major disadvantage of airless spray is that pinhole formation from air entrapment is possible. Air-assisted airless spray is similar to airless application except that a small amount of atomizing air is used to further improve coating atomization. Spray application in relatively low humidity conditions or in high-temperature conditions can increase the tendency for foam entrapment. Latex paints are stabilized with surfactants that easily generate foam under agitation. Elimination of this foam is essential for the manufacturing process, for storage and for good application properties. Foam reduction can also be somewhat controlled by optimizing the settings on a spray gun and by adjusting the viscosity/solids level in the formulation. Foam is a dispersion of a relatively large volume of gas in a small volume of liquid. Gases are soluble in liquid media to different extents and are influenced by temperature. As the paint film starts to dry, the dissolved gases try to escape in the form of bubbles. A bubble, as a sphere, requires the least amount of surface energy. Large bubbles rise faster than small ones and collect on the surface. They are often covered by a surface film of surfactant or other additive in the coatings system. On the surface, the bubbles pack side by side as densely as possible. In some systems, densely packed microfoam can form on the surface and remain there even after the film has cured. This is possible for high-build systems like some plastisols. In the process of bubble escape, tiny pores may be formed in the film. In lower solids films that dry quickly, the viscosity of the coating is increasing quickly with drying. As this is happening, the smaller micro bubbles are still rising to the surface but quite slowly; in the process these bubbles can form small channels. If the rising bubble penetrates the surface, lack of flow allows for the formation of pinholes – a surface defect. Sometimes these microbubbles cannot penetrate the surface, but they will push a very thin, viscous layer of coating to the front surface. This layer will remain on the surface after drying or curing and becomes a spherical blister. Good defoamers not only need to be good bubble breakers, but they need to be able to keep the action sustained and maintain good defoaming over time in both oven and room temperature aging studies. Good defoamers need to be insoluble in the foaming system. If the product is too soluble it will only increase foaming. Defoamers need to have excellent dispersibility throughout the systems. Spreadability is the ability of the product to spread evenly and uniformly on the surface, coating the bubble particles and eliminating them. They work by lowering the surface tension around the bubble and cause them to coalesce to larger bubbles and eventually to break. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

DEGASSING AGENTS, DENATURANTS, DETACKIFICATION AGENTS, DESICCANTS, DETERGENTS, DISPERSANTS/(DISPERSING AGENTS) (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

DRIERS A drier is a compound that catalyzes or accelerates the drying (curing) of oil, paint, printing ink or varnish, or the crosslinking of polymers or drying oils. Driers are usually metallic – metal carboxylates. Driers are not the same as curing agents, which chemically react with functional groups in the polymer. Driers are catalytic in nature and do not chemically react with the polymeric material. Driers promote or accelerate the drying, curing or hardening of oxidizable coatings vehicles. The most common driers that have been used in paints are metallic salts of monocarboxylic acids, usually C8-C10 branched acids, such as naphthenic acid, and neodecanoic acid as an example. The choice of acid does not seem to have an effect on the drying. The choice of acid primarily affects solubility, stability and efficacy. The acid makes the metal soluble in the resin system. Insoluble salts, such as acetates or chlorides, do not function as driers. Drier levels are always expressed as

2011 Additives Handbook percent metal on resin solids. Use levels are generally in the ranges of 0.01-0.6%. The metal in all cases is the cation and has the capability of more than one oxidation state. The drying of oil-based paints occurs through a process that is characterized by oxygen absorption, followed by the formation of peroxide, and subsequent peroxide decomposition. The presence of driers in the paint accelerates the oxygen absorption and the resultant drying of the film. Traditional alkyds absorb oxygen into their double bonds and break those bonds to form free radicals that can undergo polymerization to give a dry film. Driers accelerate this process, improving the rate of absorption and utilization of the oxygen. Alkyds would dry to a soft film without driers over several days. Driers provide tack-free times of a few hours and hard dry overnight. A metal carboxylate drier catalyzes or promotes the crosslinking of resin polymers or drying oils. Driers are classified as: 1. Oxidation (catalytic, top driers or surface driers). Examples are: cobalt, manganese, vanadium, cerium and iron. 2. Polymerization (crosslinking drier). Examples are: zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, aluminum, bismuth, strontium, and barium. 3. Auxiliary (promoters) driers or catalysts. These are typically: calcium, potassium, lithium, and zinc. The first three increase the rate of top dry and zinc usually inhibits the top dry. The oxidative driers promote the absorption of oxygen by the film as well as catalyzing the formation and decomposition of peroxides. These driers promote the surface dry of a coating. The top driers catalyze the decomposition of the peroxides formed by the reaction of the oxygen in the air with the resin or drying oil. This leads to the formation of direct polymer-to-polymer crosslinks (top drying) and also the formation of hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups on the resin polymer and the drying oil. The hydroxyl groups are then available for through drying or

crosslinking by the through driers, which form oxygen-metal-oxygen bridges or crosslinks between polymers. The proper balance of driers in an oxidation-curing system is essential to stability, rate of cure and development of film properties. Cobalt is the most active drier and a strong oxidizer. It top dries the film very rapidly. Care must be taken because excess cobalt causes wrinkling and color changes in light-colored paints. Excess cobalt has also caused gelation in some varnishes. Manganese is also an active drier and is a potent oxidizer as well. It promotes polymerization to a greater degree than cobalt. It is often used alone in certain baking finishes. In air-dry systems it is used along with auxiliary driers. Manganese has a dark color, which can limit its use. Iron seems to promote rapid drying by polymerization and hence is used widely in baking finishes where the dark color is permissible. For air-dry finishes, it is useful in eliminating film tack of some paints. Rare Earth driers perform better than zirconium under marginal conditions such as high humidity or low temperatures. Lithium improves the efficiency of other driers and is the preferred esterification catalyst in alkyd manufacture. Zinc is an auxiliary drier and, in conjunction with cobalt, produces a harder film. It retards the surface drying in order to prevent wrinkling and allows freer access to oxygen, thus permitting hardening through the entire film. Zinc naphthenate is a good wetting agent and often improves gloss. Calcium is used as an auxiliary drier, usually in conjunction with zirconium. It frequently performs better than any other auxiliary drier in baking finishes. Calcium driers are often added to the grind portion of the paint as auxiliary dispersants. Zirconiums are used mostly with calcium as a replacement for lead. These show improved gloss, color, and gloss and color retention compared to lead, but do not perform as well as lead under adverse conditions such as low temperature and high humidity.

Aluminum offers outstanding polymerization and yellowing resistance without viscosity instability. Neodymium is a replacement for calcium and zirconium in VOC-compliant resins. It is cost effective and has proven performance. Neodymium and lanthanum are recommended for low-temperature/high-humidity applications. Vanadium is excellent for heavy film build (4+ mils) but has shown some discoloration in white coatings. Waterborne coatings present a different sort of problem when using driers. The presence of surface-active agents, in addition to ammonia and amines and various resins, make proper selection important – particularly so that seeding does not occur. For waterborne systems some potential problems are as follows: incompatibility between the resin and the drier; potential for seeding; potential for resin discoloration. There are many good water-reducible driers including the rare earths: lanthanum, cerium and neodymium. Vanadium octoate is also available in a water-emulsifiable form. Driers in high-solids systems also present the following possible problems: resin viscosity build, resin yellowing and slow dry times. The best sources for starting-point drier combinations are the resin manufacturers who have already found combinations that develop desirable properties. The change from natural acids like naphthenic acids to synthetic acids like octoates or neodecanoates provided more uniform products to the industry.

DRIER STABILIZERS, DYES (FOR USE IN STAINS), ELECTROCONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES, EMULSIFIERS, ENZYME-BASED ADDITIVES, ESSENTIAL OILS, EXTENDERS, FISHEYE PREVENTERS, FLAME RETARDANTS, FLASH RUST INHIBITORS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

FLATTING (MATTING) AGENTS A wide variety of natural and synthetic materials that are added to coatings to primarily affect gloss are called flatting agents. When light is reflected from a smooth surface, the surface appears to be glossy. When light is scattered as it hits the surface, instead of being reflected, a matte appearance will be created. Gloss is one of the key properties of a coating. The observed gloss of a film is dependent upon the angle and intensity of incident and reflected light from a surface. It is a function of the smoothness of the coating’s surface. A very smooth surface will reflect most of the light rays, so that the angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflectance. As a surface becomes less smooth, incident light rays are reflected at various angles, and the surface is perceived as being less shiny and of lower gloss. In order for light to be reflected in many directions instead of at the same angle, it is necessary to introduce some degree of microroughness to the surface of the film. The reduction in gloss to give satin, semi-gloss, flat or matte finishes can be controlled by adding pigments and extenders – or materials called flatting agents. Any tiny irregularities in a coating film will cause light to scatter. Flatting agents reduce gloss by imparting micro-roughness to the paint surface as it dries and cures. The rough surface diffuses light rather than reflecting it. The result to the eye is a matte surface. These agents include particles with dimensions that range from 1 to 50 microns in diameter. Thermoplastic flatting agents are being increasingly used for this application, and interestingly, the smaller particles reduce gloss to a greater extent than do the larger particles. Gloss is also affected by conditions under which a film forms, such as the coating application method, drying temperature, humidity, rate of solvent evaporation and solvent composition. These factors can cause an increase or decrease in gloss, depending on the particular coating formulation. Factors such as high temperature or slow solvent

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2011 Additives Handbook evaporation rate, which allow the polymeric resin to relax and find the most thermodynamically favorable position, tend to give the smoothest surfaces and highest gloss. The method of applying a coating (spray, brush and roller) has an influence on the gloss as well. The components in a formulation can also affect gloss. As film formation proceeds, volatile or nonvolatile leveling aids are sometimes required to assist relaxation of the polymeric film former to minimize the surface area of the coating and give a smoother surface. Other materials such as slip and anti-blocking aids can be used; these are meant to migrate to the surface of the film to perform their intended function. These materials change the characteristics of the surface and hence the gloss. Flatting agents are available in different chemical compositions and particle sizes. Common inorganic materials include silicas for clear coatings, and extender pigments, such as clays, talcs and carbonates, for pigmented systems. Hydrophilic materials, which include some silicas, must be stored under conditions that prevent moisture pick-up by hydration. The inadvertent addition of moisture to solventborne systems can be detrimental, while the additional water of hydration in waterborne systems might have to be compensated for, to retain the desired solids level.

Silicas Silicas have typically been used as the traditional flatting agents in the industry. Silicas with large particle size generally improve flatting efficiency; surface smoothness and clarity of the film will decline. Small silicas improve surface smoothness but are therefore less efficient at flatting. The performance of silica flatting agents is also influenced by surface treatments such as organic wax treatment and inorganic surface treatment. Surface treatment is used to prevent settling and also to improve mechanical properties and often adhesion. Silicas can be used in solvent and aqueous systems, and in virtually all types of resin systems: acrylics, vinyls, polyesters, nitrocellulosics, urethanes and alkyds. The reduction of gloss can have a significant corresponding effect on increasing viscosity that makes the job of formulation sometimes difficult. Silicas are available as: precipitated silica, fumed silica, diatomaceous silica and silica gels. The synthetic silica flatting agents are used to produce low-gloss finishes in organic solventborne systems, waterborne and high-solids coatings. Typically, waterborne finishes cannot withstand high shear that can destroy the emulsion and cause foaming. So the flatting agent must be easy to wet out and incorporate into the coating under lowshear conditions. Precipitated and Fumed Precipitated and fumed silicas are not resistant to overgrinding. In some cases, the overgrinding may occur under relatively low shear such as obtained in mixing while tinting a batch of paint. Silica gels are resistant. Fumed silica has a pronounced effect on thickening; silica gels do not. In fact, their impact on viscosity is minimal. Diatomaceous Earth Diatomaceous earth (silica, SiO2) has been used extensively in the coatings arena as a very efficient flatting agent, achieving appearance characteristics from a dead flat to a silky low luster in a range of coatings. It imparts increased toughness and durability, added ‘tooth’ for adhesion, and improved sanding properties. Because these microscopic particles are irregularly shaped, they diffuse light and are used to impart degrees of flatness to coating films. Diatomite consists of the siliceous skeletal remains of single-cell aquatic plants known as diatoms. The diatomite structure is porous with microscopic voids that serve to control vapor permeability and for the reduction of blistering and peeling and faster dry time. The use of this type of material results in uniform gloss and sheen reduction. Silica Gels Modern silica gel technology enables the production of highly pure, porous products. A silica gel is an amorphous form of silica composed 56



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of nearly 100% silicon dioxide (SiO2) produced synthetically in a liquid process. Silica gels belong to a class of synthetic silica materials known as hydrated silicas, which have an average water content of 6% to 8% by weight. Silica gels are produced from the acid treatment of an aqueous sodium silicate solution. Mixing sulphuric acid and sodium silicate under controlled conditions produces the base gel from which all types of silica gels are made. This glass-like, solid gel material is broken down into granules, then washed and dried to produce the highly porous material needed for matting agents. Physical parameters such as porosity, pore size and surface area can be manipulated to produce a range of different silica gel types. The physical properties of silica gel differ from other specialty silicas. The internal structure of silica gel is composed of a large network of interconnected microscopic pores that attract and hold water, hydrocarbons and other chemicals by the mechanism of physical adsorption and capillary condensation. This huge pore volume and extensive surface area gives the silica gel many of its unique properties. The rigidity of the silica gel particle is higher than that for precipitated silica and thus better resists the shear forces arising during the manufacture and application of the paint. Silica gels can influence rheological properties, although other agents are typically preferred for rheological control purposes. The efficiency of the matting agent depends on the type of silica, particle size distribution and porosity of the particle. A high porosity is a key feature of a modern matting agent as it enables the formulator to limit the addition rate of a matting agent in a formulation. Unfavorable viscosity effects as well as limitations in coating surface properties can be avoided. A new milestone in micronized silica gel technology was reached by achieving a pore volume of more than 2 ml/g for a micronized silica. Today, matting agents for industrial applications are available in a variety of particle sizes. The application segments for silica gel matting agents include coil coatings, industrial wood coatings, general industrial and automotive coatings as well as printing inks, leather/textile coatings and decorative coatings. Coil, wood and furniture coatings are the applications with the largest volumes, but radiation-cured coatings and other coating systems as well as printing inks also employ silica gels. The solventborne paint sector has been more important for silica gel than waterborne coatings. However, the pressure to reduce VOC emissions and formulate solvent-free paints has led to the development of grades of silica gel, which are suitable for formulation in powder, ultraviolet, and waterborne coatings. Surface-treated silica gel flatting agents for high-performance OEM and DIY wood coatings and other clear finishes are available. They contain an organic additive that aids in dispersion and suspension, and imparts mar- and burnishing-resistance to the finished surface. Silica gels are more resistant to overgrind compared to precipitated silica or fumed silica. This resistance provides gloss stability for demanding applications such as coil coatings. Synthetic silica gels contain internal voids – thereby giving pore volume or void volume. As pore volume increases, the specific volume of the particles increases while maintaining a constant weight. The result is more particles per unit weight, which yields higher flatting efficiency. The increase in pore volume must be balanced against application viscosity. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

FLOCCULANTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definition.) FLOW AND LEVELING AGENTS/FLOW MODIFIERS Flow and leveling agents are chemical compounds that increase a coating’s mobility after application, thus enabling the process of leveling. They reduce the surface tension of the wet coating and, more importantly, maintain a uniform surface tension over the entire surface area. Flow is the resistance to movement by a liquid material. Leveling is a measure of the ability of a coating to flow out after application so as to obliterate any surface irregularities such as brush marks, orange peel, or craters. Surface tension holds a liquid together and causes it to take the smallest possible volume. A drop of liquid on a solid surface will

cover a larger or smaller area depending on both the surface tension of the liquid and the surface tension of the substrate. For example, a drop of water, which has high surface tension, will bead up as small as possible on a clean and waxed automobile. The same drop of water will tend to completely spread out and ‘wet’ another portion of the automobile that is not so clean or waxed. A liquid will ‘wet’ a substrate when the substrate has an equal or higher surface tension than the liquid itself. Sufficient wet film thickness is also important for a smooth surface. The wetting of the substrate and leveling of the liquid film depend on the surface tension of the coating. Both processes have opposing requirements in terms of surface tension. If the surface tension is too high, poor wetting occurs, along with the formation of possible defects such as craters. If the surface tension is too low, poor leveling occurs and can cause orange peel. Because of the recent advances in technology within the industry in areas of powder and waterborne systems, good flow is more important than ever. Some of the resins that are being introduced exhibit poor wetting and flow characteristics. This is such an important area because good flow is necessary to eliminate possible surface defects such as craters, fish eyes, orange peel and pinholes. Many surface defects develop during the application of the coating. Application methods can influence leveling. For instance, some brushes, rollers and direct roller coaters can produce uneven surface films that require leveling for a smooth finish. Other methods that produce a smooth surface – spraying, curtain coating, reverse roller coating – need to maintain that smoothness during the baking and curing process. Leveling agents function by influencing the viscosity throughout the film. Solvents with good solvating power and a gradual evaporation rate influence the “open” time necessary for leveling. Leveling agents

can also be pigment dispersants that function by preventing the flocculation of pigments. Flow modifiers can differ greatly in their chemical structure and in their ability to affect surface tension and promote leveling within any given coating system. As such, they need to be evaluated in a formula at several different usage levels to determine the optimum level needed in any given formulation. Even more importantly, a given flow agent’s effectiveness will vary from system to system. The natures of the resin, other additives and application technique will all affect the flow agent. For this reason, great care must be taken when selection is made and laboratory work must be conducted to check on effectiveness and surface defects. Some flow modifiers are designed as ‘general purpose’, while some are very specific. Some are more effective at controlling craters while others are better at imparting good leveling. This is why proper selection is so important. Flow agents are available for powder systems, solvent and waterborne applications. The most commonly used flow agents are: silicones, surfactants, fluorinated alkyl esters, solvents and polyacrylates. Silicones form an important group of flow control agents. These consist of: 1. Polydimethylsiloxanes (silicone oils) — Increasing chain length gives materials with higher viscosities. Higher molecular weight means reduced solubility in coating systems and less compatibility. Lower-molecular-weight siloxanes (dimethyl units <60 for example) are used for surface flow control and to mask floating of pigments. Higher-molecular-weight polydimethylsiloxanes are effective as defoamers. Those products with molecular weight greater than 1400 are incompatible and are responsible for causing craters. They can be used to produce hammertone finishes.

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2011 Additives Handbook 2. Methylphenylsiloxanes 3. Organically modified polysiloxanes — Organo-modified siloxanes have distinctly different properties than their original polydimethylsiloxane counterparts, with respect to silicone crater formation, and other silicone-caused surface defects. The compounds are derived from low-molecular-weight polydimethylsiloxanes, and rather than having only methyl functionality, various organic chains replace certain methyl groups to increase the compound’s compatibility with coatings and inks. The organic portion of the molecule can be polyether, polyester or a long alkyl chain. The most important modification is the polyether chemistry derived from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. Hydrophilic character, i.e., water compatibility, increases as a function of the ethylene oxide content so that it is even possible to synthesize water-soluble silicone-based additives. Factors influencing the properties of modified siloxanes are silicone content, and the type and location of organic groups on the molecule. Polyether-modified siloxanes simultaneously influence the following effects in coatings. Evaporation of solvent from an applied film causes differences in temperature, surface tension, solvent concentration and density within the film. Solvent-rich material rises in the center of these cells, while material having a lower solvent concentration moves downward from the edges of the cells. As a result, the surface tension in the center of the cell is lower than at the edges. Material flow occurs from the lower surface tension to the higher surface tension areas, forming valleys in the center of the cells and ridges at the edges. Bénard cells can be particularly problematic in systems containing mixed pigments. In clear coatings containing a matting agent, the larger pigment particles are forced out of the zones of higher flow-rate to the center of the cell. Bénard cell effects can be suppressed with modified siloxane-based flow additives. The addition of modified siloxane compounds to a formulation suppresses the surface tension of an uncured film to a uniformly low level, which is altered during solvent evaporation. Therefore, no differences in surface tension occur on the coating surface. Uniform drying and uniform flow are achieved, due to the elimination of surface tension variations. Another benefit, the requirement of good flow, is maintained because low surface tension facilitates complete substrate wetting. Silicone and acrylate additives are typically used in combination in standard coating formulations. Acrylates improve the flow and leveling while the silicone contributes enhanced substrate wetting and prevents cratering. A silicone macromer-modified polyacrylate is available that incorporates both acrylate and silicone characteristics. In high-polarity coatings, the additive brings about a massive reduction in surface tension, therefore providing good substrate wetting with no significant reduction of the dry surface energy. The silicone part provides good anti-crater properties without increasing surface slip. The acrylate backbone provides excellent leveling. Silicones are multipurpose additives because, in addition to control of flow, they also assist as slip agents, prevent floating, and in general, are very effective at low levels. One of the most valuable characteristics of silicone flow additives is the prevention of cratering together with the reduction of sagging. Silicones concentrate at the paint surface and, because they are surface agents, in addition to reducing the surface tension they influence the slip resistance of the coating surface. [For more information, see Slip Agents] The chemical structure of silicone additives (molecular weight and functional groups on side chains) makes them more or less compatible with the resin solution. Very incompatible silicones will cause surface defects (craters). Compatible silicones will reduce surface tension and slip. Those whose structures cause them to be somewhere between compatible and incompatible will function as defoamers. Fluorocarbons are the most highly surface-active group of coating additives. Fluorosurfactants aid in wetting and flow because they decrease surface and interfacial tension. Some low-energy substrates, such as polyethylene or metal surfaces contaminated with oil, are very difficult to wet. Fluorochemical agents function quite effectively and do not usually affect other properties such as water sensitivity. 58



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Fluorosurfactants are leveling aids because they minimize surface tension gradients between the resin and solvent that resists leveling. They are generally used at very low levels (0.05-0.10%) and excesses can cause severe foaming. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

FLUIDIZING ADDITIVES, FLUORESCENT ADDITIVES, FOAMING AGENTS, FOAM-CONTROL AGENTS, FREEZE-THAW STABILIZERS, FUNGICIDES, FUNGISTATS, GELLING AGENTS, GLOSS IMPROVERS, GRINDING AIDS, HAMMER-FINISH ADDITIVES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

HARDENERS See Curing Agent/Accelerators The term ‘hardener’ is often applied to the amine or other catalyst used to cure epoxides. Hardeners are single compounds or mixtures of compounds that are added to a formulation to promote, enhance or control the curing reaction and thus aid in property development. The compounds act by taking part in the curing reaction and usually become a part of the final cured product. For example, in the epoxyamine curing reaction, the amine is the hardener that causes the basic component or epoxide to react and form an epoxy coating. Blush and bloom are surface defects that need to be avoided in an epoxy coating. They affect the coating performance as they can result in poor gloss retention, discoloration over time (yellowing), poor overcoatability and intercoat adhesion. The most important of these effects is the reduced overcoatability, i.e., insufficient adhesion of a subsequent coating layer to the system due to surface energy modification. In the case of the final layer (top-coat) the mechanical and chemical properties are altered and the visual appearance is worse. The propensity for blushing or blooming to occur is related directly to the structure of the amine. Low-molecular-weight (cyclo) aliphatic amines, typically used in combination with epoxy resins, are mostly hygroscopic and have a high vapor pressure. These types of products are very susceptible to blushing or blooming. Aliphatic amines are mainly used as raw materials to prepare “advanced” curing agents or in heat cure applications, but they are also used in room-temperature applications where appearance is not so important. An example of such an application would be grouting compounds (mortars) for anchoring heavy machinery. In priming/sealing applications aliphatic amine curing agents may also be used. Although the initial coating will be affected, the application of a subsequent layer in due time might overcome the problem of blushing. In order to eliminate the formation of blush or bloom, a wide range of modified amine curing agents has been developed. The two major categories are epoxy-amine adduct hardeners and a special class of adduct hardeners called Mannich-bases.

Epoxy-Amine Adducts Amines and amine derivatives are the most diverse group of epoxy curing agents. The epoxy-amine adduct curing agents are the largest category of products designed to have a reduced tendency to blush. Epoxy-amine adducts are reaction products of liquid epoxy resin with an excess of primary amine. Although epoxy-amine adducts still contain a large excess of free amine, they are less hygroscopic and have a lower vapor pressure compared to the neat amines. Epoxy-amine adducts are less sensitive to blush formation and, as a result, are better suited for coatings/floorings, which cure under high humidity/low temperature. A disadvantage of epoxy-amine adducts is their relatively high viscosity. In order to reduce the viscosity, epoxy-amine adducts are often modified with solvents or plasticizers, such as benzyl alcohol. The fully polymerized epoxy resins exhibit a very wide range of thermal and mechanical properties. Though other classes of compounds (e.g. anhydrides, phenolic resins, and Lewis acids) are used as hardeners for some applications, the breadth of performance imparted by amine hardeners is unmatched. The terms hardener,

curing agent and co-reactant are often used interchangeably to describe compounds that polymerize or co-polymerize with epoxy resins to produce usable materials. The polymerizing resin becomes harder than the starting material, thus the name hardener. Because unreacted groups can lead to property changes over time, a oneto-one ratio of epoxy groups to amine-hydrogen groups is typically desirable, though not always necessary, in epoxy formulations. Though a variety of epoxy resin products are commercially available, liquid resins based on the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (also termed DGEBA or BADGE type resins) have the widest use and availability due to their relatively low price, which is partially gained from economies of scale. Because of this, the epoxy portion of epoxy formulations often remains relatively fixed, and most variations in processing and performance are obtained by making changes to the hardener side of the formulation. The wide variety of commercially available amine compounds, and decades of study and formulation has helped to make this group of hardeners the most versatile and widely used of any epoxy reactants. The choice of epoxy resin can be used advantageously to affect some processing, thermal and mechanical properties, but the wide diversity of amine curing agents typically allows the greatest latitude in creating formulations to fit a wide variety of applications needs. The three main use criteria for creating or choosing an amine hardener (or blend) for an epoxy formulation are (in no particular order): cost, processing requirements and performance requirement. Use of amine compounds in epoxy resin curing is a primary way by which the use of epoxy resins has greatly expanded in the decades since their commercialization. Even greater versatility is being made available to the epoxy formulator as new hardeners are developed to meet unusual processing and performance requirements. Creative use of amine blends can provide a wide range of processing, thermal and mechanical performance combinations.

Mannich-Bases Mannich-base curing agents are adduct-type hardeners formed by the condensation of (aliphatic) amines, phenol (derivatives) and formaldehyde. The phenolic hydroxyl group present in these types of molecules has an accelerating effect on the epoxy-amine reaction rate. Moreover, Mannich-bases show better compatibility with liquid epoxy resins than unmodified alkylene amines as well as reduced blush/bloom tendency and improved early water spot resistance. Special grades of Mannich-bases are products using Cardanol, a major constituent of cashew nut shell liquid, as the phenol component. These types of products, often referred to as phenalkamines, are reference materials in low-temperature, high-humidity cure applications.

HASE THICKENERS, HEAT STABILIZERS, HEUR THICKENERS, HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZERS (HALS), HOMOGENIZERS, HUMECTANTS, HYDROPHILES, HYDROPHOBIC AGENTS, HYGIENIC COATING ADDITIVES, IMPACT-RESISTANCE IMPROVERS, IN-CAN PRESERVATIVES, INSECTICIDES, INTUMESCENT ADDITIVES, LEAFING AGENTS, LUBRICANTS (SURFACE), LUBRICANTS (SOLID), LUMINESCENT ADDITIVES, LUSTRANTS, MAR-RESISTANCE ADDITIVES, MASKING AGENTS, MATTING AGENTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

MICROSPHERES See Extenders Microspheres are small, spherical particles whose size ranges from 12 to 300 microns in diameter; wall thickness can vary from several microns to as low as 0.1 micron. Microspheres can be solid, porous or hollow; composed

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2011 Additives Handbook of acrylonitrile, glass, ceramic, phenolic or polymeric materials; coated or uncoated. Because most are hollow, the true density of microspheres is lower than that of other non-soluble additives and ranges from 0.60 g/cc to as low as 0.025 g/cc. The spherical shape is one of the unique features that differentiates these products from other non-soluble additives. A sphere has the lowest surface area of any shape and, because of this, microspheres have very low resin demand. Microspheres roll past one another like ball bearings, with no rough surfaces or branches to entangle. At common loadings, there is only a minimal impact on viscosity when they are added to a liquid. Formulators can use microspheres to increase the solid content of a coating while maintaining the proper application and flow characteristics. Higher solids can reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs), shrinkage and drying time. The large volume that microspheres displace for a given weight is an important attribute in their use. Because hollow spheres will lower the density of materials they are added to, a gallon of coating will weigh less than the same product made without spheres. Lower-density coatings are less expensive to ship and easier to carry up a ladder. A low-density coating will atomize better, give less spatter when rolling, and sag less once applied. And since a small weight-addition of microspheres increases the batch volume significantly, formulation cost can be reduced. Microspheres that are closed-cell, gas-filled particles are extremely good insulators. This characteristic is imparted to materials that contain microspheres. Thermal and acoustic insulation properties of coatings or substrates can be improved by the addition of microspheres. Makers of roof coatings, fire-retardant materials and sensitive acoustic equipment currently use this property. Microspheres have some limitations that must be considered. The large particle size, compared to some other solid additives, can result in surface texture or gloss reduction, particularly in thin films. Their low density, the very property that gives them so many benefits, requires proper training and handling equipment so that they do not become airborne when adding them into the batch. Also, there is a tendency for the microspheres to float to the surface of low-viscosity systems. Proper product selection, viscosity modifiers and operator training can overcome these issues in most cases. Architectural paints containing ceramic microspheres have a lower viscosity, better flow and improved sprayability due to their spherical shape. The surfaces that are coated with ceramic microspheres provide a level of soil and stain resistance typically associated with gloss and semi-gloss paints. These flat, matte paints produce a finish that is easier to clean than conventional flat paints because the surface can be scrubbed without burnishing. These systems are also ideal for large expanses as they reflect light more evenly, thus offering a uniform appearance. Microsphere technology targeting aerospace coatings can significantly reduce the weight of aircraft paints, thus providing savings in fuel consumption. Weight reduction can have an impact in other coating areas as well. Current areas under development are hollow glass microspheres coated with metals and pigments for application in various industrial areas. It is expected this technology will continue to grow in importance.

Polyethylene Opaque polyethylene microspheres act as superior opacifying agents and can provide maximum hiding power with just one monolayer of microspheres as small as 40 microns in diameter. The polymer is pigmented to achieve the exact color and opacity level desired by the customer. Particle size ranges from 10-25 microns up to 850-1000 microns are available and supplied as a dry powder that can be easily mixed into coatings, adhesives and oils. Just like clear polyethylene microspheres, opaque grades are inert in most solvents and have a sharp melting point at 114 °C -120 °C depending on the molecular weight of the material used. Microspheres are manufactured in any color, and even in combinations of two differently colored hemispheres. When light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered and the rest transmitted. An opaque substance transmits very little light, and therefore reflects, scatters or absorbs most of it. High level of opacity 60



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becomes more difficult to achieve for microscopic particles, because opacity is proportional to the thickness of the material. An opaque microsphere does not allow any light to pass through, which means every single particle has maximum hiding power. Opaque microspheres provide superior coverage with one invisible and feather-light layer
revolutionizing coatings products. Microparticles should be guaranteed to be >90% spherical and within specified particle size range. The exceptional smoothness, sphericity and particle size uniformity are responsible for the ball-bearing effect, which imparts the finished product with a silky  texture, enhanced slip, glide and omnidirectional spreadability. Outstanding roundness enhances lubrication. Red, green, blue, yellow or even multi-color microspheres make a product that is not only functional but fun and exciting by adding a hint of color, sparkle or even a color-changing effect, without dealing with difficult-to-disperse pigments. One particularly interesting and unique feature of these microspheres is their ability to orient themselves in response to an electromagnetic field and show a visual response. This is achieved by making spheres both bipolar and bichromal, with dipole precisely aligned with two differently colored hemispheres. Due to the dipole the sphere will rotate in an electromagnetic field to align more the positive hemisphere to the negatively charged stimuli and vise versa. As the spheres align themselves, the viewer will observe the color of one hemisphere, while the other hemisphere will be hidden from view, providing an obvious strong visible indication of the presence of the field. In an alternating electromagnetic field, these microspheres can spin at hundreds of times per second. This superior functionality is achieved with a proprietary and patented process that allows extremely precise coating on one hemisphere without affecting the other. Each coating is custom formulated for color; charge; magnetic, electric and surface properties; and solvent resistance per customers’ needs. Hemispherical coatings of less than 1 micron with tolerances as low as 0.25 micron have been routinely demonstrated. Color combinations are truly unlimited. White, black, silver, blue, green, red, yellow, brown, purple as well as transparent microspheres have been made. Sphericity of greater than 90% and custom particle size ranges are available. The spheres were originally developed for very high-tolerance electronic paper-reflective digital displays, where functionalized microspheres are used to create an image that appears to the viewer. To achieve high resolution in display applications it is critical that every single sphere responds to the electromagnetic field in the same way at the same time and aligns precisely with the other spheres. It is also critical that there are no color gradients in the display.

PPMA Small spherical beads of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are used as additives in coatings and inks. The size of the beads and the acrylic composition provide immediate and excellent dispersion into solvent and waterborne systems. Sizes range from 20 – 50 μm, which provides visual surface visual effects along with hardness and improved scratch and abrasion resistance. Other advantages include transparency, slip and block resistance, and thermal and UV resistance.

Thermoplastic Thermoplastic microspheres are compressible, resilient, hollow particles. The extremely thin shell wall possible with plastic spheres results in specific gravities as low as 0.025 and allows just a small weight-percent of these materials to displace large volumes. Because the resilient plastic can deform under stress, there is virtually no breakage when mixing or pumping these products, even with high shear mixing. Additionally, the compressible nature of plastic can absorb impacts that might ordinarily deform the finished product, thereby reducing damage caused by stone chips, foot traffic or freeze-thaw cycles.

Glass Glass bubbles provide the benefits of high heat and chemical resistance. The walls of glass bubbles are rigid. Products are available in a broad

range of densities from as low as 0.125 g/cc to 0.60 g/cc. The collapse strength of the glass bubble is directly related to the density, i.e., the higher the density, the higher the strength. For example, a glass bubble with a density of 0.125 g/cc is rated at 250 psi, whereas one with a density of 0.60 g/cc is rated at 18,000 psi. In order to minimize both the cost and the weight of the final product, the appropriate glass bubble is the one that is just strong enough to survive all of the manufacturing processes and the end use of the product. The 18- and 30-micron hollow glass microspheres offer improved scrub and burnish properties, viscosity control, thermal insulation and sound dampening characteristics, improved performance and other functional properties previously unattainable. Because they are made of colorless glass they do not discolor light or pastel formulations. Their hollow structure, low density (0.60 and 0.34 g/cc) and small particle size make them ideal for use as extenders for paint formulations. Paint that is extended with microspheres has a lower viscosity than a paint filled to an equivalent volume with a non-spherical extender. Spherical particles have a low-energy surface that minimizes friction and drag. As a result, an equal volume substitution of these microspheres for irregularly shaped extenders will decrease the coating’s viscosity. Lower viscosity is a significant benefit in solventborne systems as it allows formulators to remove some of the solvent and still maintain a viscosity that facilitates application and spreading properties. With particle sizes considerably finer than previously available, microspheres can be used in thin film coatings to improve integrity. Glass spheres do not absorb resin and they may be used to improve hiding properties or to replace some TiO2. The hollow glass spheres redirect the angle of light, imparting opacity. Depending on the formulation, equivalent tint strength can be achieved with 5-10% replacement of TiO2. To achieve the best economics with hollow microspheres, attention to formulating and mixing technique is necessary. Although higher density glass microspheres are extremely strong and resist virtually any shear applied, some consideration may be appropriate when hollow glass microspheres are used in paint manufacture. With a smooth glass surface, controlled particle size distribution and low surface area, as well as freedom from agglomerates, the hollow spheres wet out easily in virtually all systems. Adding spheres at the final mixing stage is usually best, and only relatively low shear needs to be applied to get spheres dispersed. Long periods of mixing employing high shear could result in some breakage of hollow spheres and should be avoided.

MILDEWCIDE, MOISTURE BARRIER (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

MOISTURE SCAVENGER See Water Removal Agents/Scavengers Moisture that gets trapped in a coating can be a nuisance and/or have devastating effects on the appearance and performance of the film. Exterior coatings, in general, can have problems with moisture, but certain coating applications are more sensitive to this than others. Applicators who are painting bridges, boats, offshore platforms and so forth are all concerned with moisture-related problems if they are using moisture-sensitive materials. [Some urethane systems are formulated to cure in the presence of moisture.] Moisture is introduced into the coating in the form of dissolved water in solvents and other raw materials. Often it is adsorbed water in fillers and pigments. For high-solids coatings this can have a serious effect because these coatings systems are higher in solids content. Humidity is a big factor in creating problems for the applicator using twocomponent moisture-sensitive urethanes. For urethane coatings this is particularly important because the slightest trace of moisture can react with isocyanates to form carbon dioxide and amines. The amines in turn react with more isocyanate to form ureas. Low-solids, two-component systems are generally more forgiving to moisture contamination. Higher solids systems are not forgiving because the formed carbon dioxide gas cannot readily escape from the curing product. As a result, entrapped bubbles or pinholes appear

which detract from system performance as well as appearance. This is especially true for higher build films that are usually found in industrial maintenance coatings. If it is desirable to remove or eliminate water from some coatings and raw materials it can usually be accomplished by one of the following methods. 1. Molecular sieves. They provide a physical trapping mechanism to isolate water in the formulation. These materials are synthetically prepared zeolites that are characterized by crystalline cavities or pores that are of extremely uniform dimensions. They are porous alumino-silicates in which silica and aluminum atoms are joined by oxygen bridges within tetrahedral units. Introduction of counter ions of sodium, potassium, or calcium into the system results in negatively charged surfaces that selectively adsorb particular molecules. If the counterion is potassium, molecules with a diameter of less than three angstroms (carbon monoxide, helium, and hydrogen) will be absorbed. If the counterion is calcium, molecules with a diameter of less than 5 angstroms (ethane, methane, and propane) will be absorbed. The compounds are used in a variety of ways. Zeolites are naturally occurring alumino-silicates. 2. PTSI (p-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate) is a low-viscosity, reactive additive useful as a water scavenger in the formulation of specialty urethane products such as coatings, adhesives and sealants. The reaction of PTSI with water generates carbon dioxide and the corresponding toluenesulfonamide, which is generally inert to further reaction with alkyl and aryl isocyanates. The sulfonamide is usually soluble in common coating solvents and presents no significant toxicity hazards. The reaction of PTSI with water introduced from pigments and solvents in the paint formulation generates carbon dioxide and soluble inert chemical products. Experience has demonstrated that 13 grams of PTSI effectively scavenges 1 gram of water, however compatibility with the binder should always be tested. PTSI provides the formulator of specialty urethane products with an expedient and efficient alternative to physical methods of dehydration in common use. It is also recommended for the storage stabilization of purified diisocyanates against deterioration or discoloration. It can be used for: moisture-curing prepolymers, catalyzed prepolymers, prepolymer and polyol systems, urethane alkyd production and urethane lacquer production. Both one- and two-part systems can be formulated with PTSI as a scavenger for water introduced with solvents, pigments and fillers. The reactivity of PTSI toward active hydrogen atoms makes it useful as a scavenger for water and other isocyante reactive groups such as free acid in powdered aluminum alkanoates and active hydrogen present in carbon black pigments, which causes polyurethane coatings to thicken during storage. 3. Oxazolidines. These ketone-based compounds chemically react to eliminate water. Oxazolidines remove the microbubbles without creating haze. In addition, gloss development and gloss retention is good, as well as distinctness of image (DOI) even under humid conditions. 4. Moisture scavengers in the form of hygroscopic silicas are used to scavenge water and prevent the oxidation of aluminum pigments and resulting instability, appearance and gassing problems in aluminum paints.

MOLECULAR SIEVES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definition.)

NANOTECHNOLOGY See UV Absorbers/Abrasion Resistance In the industry, the terms ‘smart’ and ‘nano’ are no longer buzzwords. Both terms appear with regularity and bring very innovative technology to the world of functional coatings. PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY



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2011 Additives Handbook Nano means one-billionth and, by definition, for nanotechnology we are looking at particles whose size ranges from 0.1 to 100 nanometers. It is hard to get our mental image around the concept of a billionth. By way of reference, the human hair is approximately 50,000 nanometers across and a bacterial cell is a few hundred nanometers across. A nanosecond is one billionth of a second and is a common measurement of read or write access time to random access memory (RAM). Time is currently measured in even lower increments such as picoseconds, femtoseconds and attoseconds – a 1 followed by 18 zeros. At the nano level, the traditional physical and chemical properties of materials, as we know and understand them, all change. For example, all the properties we might attribute to the element gold, for instance, would not be true at the nano level, including its color, which, at ~5 nm, would be red. The implications of course are that we can construct and build whole new systems with different properties when dealing with nano-sized material. This change in physical properties is attributed to a change in the electronic properties of matter. Electrons are confined in a smaller space causing these changes to occur. Nanotechnology deals with those electronic effects. At the same time the surface area of nanomaterial is enhanced by orders of magnitude so that surface effects become a critical aspect in nanotechnology. Stabilization of individual units as well as the surface activity becomes important when using nanomaterials. There are examples of nano materials around us in use today. For the most part we are not even aware of them. One example is zeolites, which are very common and have been in use for quite some time, particularly as water softeners. Their nanopore structure accounts for their capability and success. Some companies have been developing and using multilayer films where each layer (10-20 nanometers thick) is applied at the nanoscale level. The layers create an almost perfect reflective mirror and are used inside LCD displays today – for example in the laptops. This technology has been on the market for years. Coatings with nanoparticles can be used to increase the scratch and abrasion resistance of the surface, used to increase corrosion resistance and used for anti-reflective coating properties. There are applications for furniture coatings and flooring coatings. Nanoparticles can have a significant advantage over traditional fillers. The impact on polymer design may also be of great significance as properties such as heat resistance, stiffness, strength, electrical conductivity etc., can be engineered and controlled. In fact polymers can be custom made and tailored to fit the need. One of the most advanced markets in the field of nanotechnology is in the area of modifying surface properties using nanotechnology. Only well-dispersed individual units of nanomatter behave like nanomaterial in the best way. Even slight aggregation can cause the loss of all nanoeffects. For that reason pre-dispersed nanoparticle master batches are an ideal way to utilize nanomaterials in coatings. By using only small amounts of the active ingredient and by achieving very high active ingredient contents in the master batch, nanoadditives provide a smart way to introduce new or enhanced coating properties. Certain nanosized oxides, well dispersed into a coating formulation, can significantly impact the mechanical properties of the coating. Nanosized alumina and silica is of great interest because high-gloss high-transparent coatings can be achieved by using nanosized fillers instead of micron-sized materials.

Scratch Resistance The new nano silica and alumina particles can also be incorporated into pigmented coatings. The nano silica and alumina particles not only offer scratch resistance but can assist in wear resistance, better adhesion, staining and corrosion resistance because the nano particles create a denser coating structure. The nano particles have a synergistic effect with silicone, acrylates, silica and waxes. Silica nanoparticles are used in UV-curable systems primarily to promote scratch and abrasion resistance, but also to provide a variety of other mechanical and surface properties. The anionic, hydrophilic surface chemistry of silica is imparted by the silanol groups that dominate the surface of silica nanoparticles, and it creates challenges for the end user of silica in UV-curable polymer systems. The conventional 62



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availability of silica nanoparticles in either organic solvents or a limited range of monomers also limits the versatility of these products in UV-curable systems. End users can overcome some of these problems through treating the surface of silica particles with silane coupling agents, however, commercially pretreated silica particles, silica particles dispersed in more versatile system components and carrierfree monodispersed silica promise to increase ease of use of silica nanoparticles in UV-curable systems. Recently introduced additives containing alumina nanoparticles can provide improved scratch resistance for solvent, waterborne and UV coatings. These new nano alumina particles of 20 - 80 nm diameters are dispersed in different media and easily incorporated with low shear into aqueous, solventborne, or solvent-free UV-curing systems. Typically, low dosages of 0.5 – 2.0% provide significant and long-term scratch, mar and/or abrasion resistance without adversely affecting gloss, color, clarity or other physical properties of the coatings. The inclusion of surface-active modified poly(dimethylsiloxanes), acrylates, or waxes due to their orientation and crosslinking at the coatings surface as well as throughout the coating enhances the performance of the nanoparticles. Where high gloss is not desirable, combinations of the nano alumina particles with flatting waxes and matting agents allow the formulation of semi-gloss to flat coatings. When incorporating a small amount of nanoalumina in a UV-curable coating system the resistance against mechanical scratching can be increased significantly. If the combination of alumina nanoparticles and polysiloxane-based additive is used, the scratch resistance is improved dramatically. Just 1.5% alumina nanoparticles in combination with 0.2% surface-active polysiloxane-based additive is sufficient to reach an excellent scratch resistance. The specific combination of nanoparticles and additives gives the best scratch resistance. The extent of this effect depends on the chemical nature of the matrix and on the additive structure and composition. Currently the focus on the use of nanomaterials besides scratch resistance includes UV stabilization, anti-microbial activity, IR absorbance, or conductivity/anti-static properties of coatings.

Carbon Nanotubes Marine coatings formulated with carbon nanotubes have very high abrasion resistance. In addition, the coatings reduce the flow resistance between the ship’s hull and the water, thereby enabling reduction in fuel consumption. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used in this application for sea-going vessels. The coatings are suitable for new vessels and for subsequent repair and maintenance coatings. Another major advantage of the carbon nanotubes is the reduction of maintenance costs. This is because the ban on organic tin compounds for use as antifouling agents to prevent organic growth necessitated relative frequent cleaning of the coatings surface to ensure costeffective transport. CNTs provide smoothness and hardness thereby reducing organic growth. In other application areas, CNTs offer unique mechanical, optical and electrical properties. Coatings containing CNTs are available from many sources today but not all have properties compatible with commercial printing equipment and in high volume. The ability to print CNTs at high volume with commercial equipment without the past negative attributes facilitates a wide range of applications. Printing CNTs is safe and easy to use today with a workable viscosity range, no added surfactants or dispersants and no CNT airborne species. Direct printing means there is no need for subtractive patterning. Certain CNT ink fluids today have been successful on commercial screen printing equipment with relatively high CNT loadings (1 g/L). Commercial applications such as paper lighting, paper batteries, touch pads/screens are currently being investigated. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

ODORANTS, OILS, OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS, ORANGE PEEL PREVENTERS, ORGANOCLAYS, pH-CONTROL AGENTS, PHOTOINITIATORS, PHOTOSENSITIZERS, PIGMENTS, PINHOLE PREVENTATIVES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

PLASTICIZERS A material used to increase the flexibility or elongation of an inherently brittle film or to improve flow and processability or reduce brittleness in plastic compositions. Great care must be taken in the choice and level of plasticizer due to possible unwanted side effects such as after-tack, blocking, dirt pick-up and finger printing. Plasticizers are used in the coatings industry to increase the flexibility or distensibility (elongation) of a polymer or coating. This can often be recognized in films as offering greater impact resistance, toughness and adhesion. The organic plasticizers are usually moderately high-molecular-weight materials (liquids) or lowmelting solids. By imparting some degree of flexibility to the resin, film cracking can usually be minimized. The mechanism(s) by which plasticizers actually work has been theorized by many. There is general belief that smaller molecules have surrounding them a higher proportion of “free volume” than larger polymeric structures, which tend to be rather resistant to movement. By adding smaller, plasticizer molecules into the resin blend the free volume within the blend is increased and, thereby, permits easier internal motion of macromolecules – resulting in a more flexible film. The action of the plasticizer is such that it appears to actually solvate various points along the polymer chain. It is also felt that this is a very dynamic condition – in other words that the plasticizer molecules are attached to a given group and then are displaced and replaced by other groups and so forth. The addition of plasticizer lowers the softening point – Tg – of the resin. This can give elongation properties to the resin and subsequent coating, such that the film can withstand shock or impact resistance. Some emulsions are very hard and a plasticizer is required to ensure proper film formation. Primary plasticizers are those which are highly compatible with a given resin system. Secondary plasticizers are those, which upon aging, tend to form droplets or give internal cloudiness or bloom as a crystalline surface. In general, the phthalic anhydride esters – or phthalates – have been used widely throughout the coatings industry as general-purpose plasticizers. The most commonly known are the dibutyl phthalates and dioctyl phthalate. Obviously, whole arrays of plasticizers exist and are chosen for use based on specific performance and/or price considerations. Examples of plasticizers are: abietates, adipates, benzoates, castor oil, epoxidized soybean oil (which can also act as an acid scavenger), phosphates, phthalates, polymeric phthalates, sebacates, and so forth. Acrylic esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, in particular adipic and sebacic acids, provide excellent elasticity in coatings even at low temperatures. They are often mixed with the phthalate plasticizers. In selecting the proper plasticizer for a given resin system, the following factors will influence the effectiveness of the plasticizer: • presence or absence of specific functional groups in the resin; • polarity and hydrogen bonding ability of functional groups; • stearic hindrance; • molecular weight. Plasticizers are not permanently bonded to the resin in a coatings system; therefore they can often be extracted in part from a coating for purposes of analysis. Many types of plasticizers will extract with water as a polar solvent. Nonpolar solvents such as hexane are also often used. Plasticizers have been known to migrate from one polymeric material to another if there is compatibility between them. Plasticizers are very mobile compounds and can easily diffuse. Adipates and phthalates have been known to migrate from vinyl upholstery, handbags and so forth to lacquers and soften or destroy the surface coating. They can migrate into food and beverages, and sometimes affect odor and taste. Some plasticizers tend to migrate to the surface under conditions of high temperature and humidity. A type of water-plasticizer blend occurs that makes the surface feel sticky. In recent years, ortho-phthalate plasticizers such as BBP and DBP have become targets of consumer groups that have demanded the removal of these additives in products that range from toys to coatings. In December 2005, the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) added BBP and DBP, along with di-n-hexyl

phthalate (DnHP) to the Proposition 65 list of chemicals as being “known to the state to cause reproductive toxicity,” prompting manufacturers to seek alternative products. As a result, formulators are looking for non ortho-phthalate alternatives for their coatings. While there are several plasticizers on the market that are compatible with solventborne systems, there are very few that are compatible with both solvent- and waterborne systems. Fewer still have a boiling point over 300 °C to ensure that the plasticizer will remain in the film over an extended period to maintain film flexibility. Over the last few years, several new plasticizers have been introduced, positioned as alternatives to the ortho-phthalate plasticizers (DEHP, DINP, DIDP, DNOP, DBP, and BBP) that have been restricted in the EU and more recently in North America. Alternative chemistries include conventional esters (such as adipates and citrates), naturally derived plasticizers that are vegetable based, diisononylcyclohexane-1,2dicarboxylate, terephthalates (such as DOTP and DEHT), and alkyl sulfonic ester derivatives. There are newer, non-phthalate alternatives, such as some newer coalescents, on the market today with similar boiling points that are compatible with both solvent- and waterborne systems. In addition, they can help formulators meet a number of environmental regulations. Another benefit of this type of additive is that it not only keeps the films flexible but it also aids in film formation of latex systems. This is an important benefit to formulators who are under constant pressure to reduce VOC in coatings. Additives such as co-solvents, thickeners, preservatives and lower-boiling plasticizers can add to the VOC level of the coating. Solvents are also used as fugitive plasticizers. For powder coatings, the purpose is to reduce the viscosity of a binder to enhance flow and leveling. The types used are mainly derivatives of benzoic acid; others used include toluene sulfonamide, dicyclohexyl phthalate and epoxidized soy oil. The levels are usually 1.0-5.0% of the binder. Aqueous fumed silica dispersions are a new form of a well-known, longstanding additive that can improve a variety of performance attributes in waterborne coatings. Its liquid, water-like form overcomes the challenges of using traditional powder versions of fumed silica. Due to their unique ability to prevent cracking and lower MFFT, aqueous fumed silica dispersions serve as a unique tool for the waterborne coatings formulator. Pre-dispersed fumed silica provides the potential to lower VOCs by improving film formation and the possibility to reduce co-solvent with a number of acrylic resins. They also serve as a potential way to gain enhanced durability of waterborne coatings by helping to replace plasticizers commonly used to improve film formation.

POLYMERIC LIQUID CRYSTALS, PRESERVATIVES, PROTECTIVE COLLOIDS, PUFFING AGENTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

REACTIVE DILUENT A viscosity reducer, which becomes a permanent part of the coating through chemical reaction with other constituents of the formula, and does not significantly increase the VOC of the system. Reactive diluents are used in a variety of coatings such as waterborne, high-solids and radiation cure. Their main function is to decrease application viscosity and to become an integral part of the final protective or decorative coating by chemical reaction with itself or with other components of the formulation. It does this without significantly increasing the VOC of the system. Basically, a reactive diluent functions as a solvent but does not cause VOC increases as a solvent does. In waterborne coatings, reactive diluents are mainly used to replace co-solvents and coalescing agents. In high-solids and radiation-curable coatings, the main function of reactive diluents is to decrease viscosity for ease in application. They can also act as crosslinking agents as well as flexibilizers and hardness modifiers. Ideally reactive diluents will have a narrow molecular weight distribution (often they will be a single compound), low viscosity that will impart maximum viscosity reduction, and miscibility with PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY



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2011 Additives Handbook a variety of other compounds, including polymers and crosslinking agents. Functionality will vary, but it is usually greater than one, and the nature of the functionality will depend on the particular system being modified. The epoxy reactive diluents are commonly mono- or di-epoxides derived from aliphatic alcohols or glycols, or phenols. Most diluents decrease the glass-transition temperature (Tg), the chemical resistance, the water absorption and other physical properties of the cured resin. However, when used in moderation, the limited reduction in properties is usually acceptable. The most commonly used epoxy reactive diluent is probably Epoxide 8, derived from a C12-C14 alcohol. While this additive is effective in reducing viscosity, it has two drawbacks in addition to those applicable to diluents in general. It slows down the reaction with the curing agent and tends to facilitate solidification of the epoxy resin. Two reactive diluents that are less known but possess interesting properties are p-tert-butylphenyl glycidyl ether (p-TBGE) and cardanol glycidyl ether. p-TBGE reduces the solidification of epoxides, has good reactivity and does not reduce the heat resistance to the same extent as other reactive diluents. A 20% addition of this diluent will still give a heat distortion temperature of 74 ˚C to a bisphenol-A resin cured with triethylenetetramine while a 20% addition of a C8-C10 alkyl glycidyl ether will give a heat distortion temperature of just 56 ˚C. Cardanol glycidyl ether is derived from a phenol with a C15 chain in the meta-position. It has very low volatility and imparts good flexibility to the cured resin. Glycidyl epoxides crosslink into thermosetting materials by combining with various hardening agents such as amines, anhydrides, and polyamides in the presence of catalytic curing agents. The desired properties in the ultimate finished products are obtained by selecting the appropriate combination of epoxide(s) and hardener. Excellent chemical resistance, good electrical properties and toughness are common to nearly all epoxy systems. Epoxy systems of the bisphenol A-epichlorohydrin type and epoxy novalac type generally lack flexibility. There are a number of proprietary, flexible, low-viscosity epoxides that can be used to modify the above types to provide better impact resistance, elongation or flexibility. These flexible epoxides react completely with epoxy curing agents and become a permanent part of the cured system. However, they do not contribute toward lowering costs. It is often necessary and desirable to alter an epoxy formulation for one or more reasons: • to alter viscosity of the epoxide; increase the level of filler loading; • improve pot life and reduce exotherms; • improve certain physical properties such as impact and adhesive peel strength; • flexibilize, reduce surface tension, improve system wetting action; and reduce cost of the formulation. Diluents and viscosity modifiers for epoxides may be classified as: reactive diluents; viscosity modifiers; plasticizers, extenders and nonreactive diluents; and organometallic esters. Some of the most widely used reactive diluents are based on derivatives of glycidyl ethers. To be effective, the diluent should react with the curing agent at almost the same rate as the epoxide, contribute substantial viscosity reduction at low concentrations, and be nonreactive with the epoxide under normal storage conditions. Butyl glycidyl ether is most acceptable because maximum viscosity reduction is obtained with a minimum concentration. It contains reactive glycidyl groups that react with the epoxide, and it is therefore incorporated in the binder portion of the cured formulation. A number of proprietary, formulated epoxides are marketed with certain percentages of this reactive diluent to give a lower initial viscosity system. The amount of curing agent used with such systems is calculated on the total epoxide equivalents of the blend. Reactive diluents generally decrease the properties of cured epoxy compounds.

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Viscosity modifiers are used to improve thermal and mechanical shock, increase elongation, and obtain higher impact strength and flexibility. Usually, there is some sacrifice of physical strength, electrical properties and chemical or solvent resistance, and elevated temperature performance. Flexible epoxides or monofunctional epoxide compounds are examples of reactive epoxide-type modifiers. They can be used at ratios up to 1:1 to obtain a flexible and rubbery cured epoxy compound. They are shelf-stable when blended with the formulation. Modifiers that may be reactive as curing agents are often used. Among these are triphenyl phosphite, liquid polysulfide polymers and various polyamides. High-molecular-weight aliphatic polyamines, which are also widely used, cure the epoxide system slowly at room temperatures and usually must be heated to reduce their viscosity for easy blending with the epoxide. The polysulfide polymers react slowly with the epoxides when used alone. One to three parts of an active catalytic amine, or amine salt, is used to accelerate cure. Triphenyl phosphite reduces viscosity and somewhat reduces ultimate cost of a compound. Although reactive with epoxides, it is not effective as a curing agent by itself. A polyfunctional amine is necessary to effect a satisfactory cure. Acrylate polymers and certain poly(vinyl butyral), silicone fluids, titanate esters and fluorocarbon compounds are used as flow-control agents in epoxide-based powder coatings to modify the surface tension of the film in the melt stage preventing crater formation and improving substrate wetting. Vernonia oil is derived from the seed of Vernonia galamensis, a plant native to Africa. The oil is chemically similar to epoxidized soybean and linseed oil. Although the two modified seed oils are widely used in coatings, they are highly viscous. By contrast, vernonia oil has a low viscosity and is pourable below 32 ˚F. It has shown great potential as a reactive diluent in very low-VOC alkyd paint systems. Illustrative of some systems in which reactive diluents have been used is the following. Functional siloxanes are used to modify automotive clearcoats and provide exterior durability, which often means improved resistance to acid rain. Fatty acid diols are often used to increase the solids of isocyanate crosslinked systems. Monofunctional epoxides and oxetanes are used to reduce the viscosity of cationic radiation-cure formulations. In these systems, the monofunctional epoxide will react into the system and produce a hydroxyl group, which will also react. Thus, in effect the initially monofunctional compound is difunctional in nature. Compounds such as 2,7-octadienol are said to be used as reactive diluents for unsaturated alkyds.

RETENTION AIDS, RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS, SAG CONTROL AGENTS, SEAL COATING ADDITIVES, SLIP AIDS, SOIL REPELLANTS, SPREADING AGENTS, STAIN-RESISTANT ADDITIVES, SURFACEACTIVE AGENTS, SURFACE ADDITIVES/DEFECTS, SURFACE MODIFIERS, SURFACE TENSION REDUCERS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

SURFACTANTS See Dispersant/Dispersing Agent Surfactants encompass a variety of compounds that are used in various ways. The term ‘surfactant’ is derived from ‘surface-active agents,’ and as the name implies, the compounds are used to alter surface phenomena. These chemicals will reduce surface tension and improve wetting and spreading (wetting agents); aid in dispersion of pigments in formulated products (dispersants); inhibit foam formation (defoamers) although others will stabilize foams; and cause or improve emulsion formation (emulsifiers). These topics will be treated individually, but in each case keep in mind that we are really talking about compounds that affect surface activity – surfactants. There is widespread use of surfactants in waterborne coatings where surfactants play a crucial role, and yet the same compounds can cause problems in the final film that is laid down. In the chemical industry, surfactants have been used for many decades to: emulsify oil and

water systems; as wetting agents; for dispersion of solids in liquids; as defoamers; and as foam stabilizers in the polyurethane industry. At times it is difficult to categorize, define or associate particular surfactants in an end-use sense, because the same surfactant can be used as a dispersant in one application and as an emulsifier in another application. Thus, the roles of some of these materials can overlap and complement each other. The quantity of surfactant used can also play an important part in how the compound functions. Sometimes too much of a ‘good thing’ can turn it into an ‘undesirable thing.’ For this reason, it is important to discuss surfactant usage with suppliers. Surfactants are chemical compounds that have a hydrophilic or ‘water-loving’ portion and another portion that is hydrophobic or ‘water-hating’ in nature. Often the molecules are oligomeric in nature. This is particularly true in the case of nonionic surfactants. Usually the hydrophobic portion of the molecule is comprised of longchain hydrocarbons such as fatty acids; straight, branched or cyclic hydrocarbons; or aromatic hydrocarbons with or without alkyl side groups. The hydrophilic portion of the molecule will contain groups that attract or are attracted to water molecules. Groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfonate, sulfate and the like will be found in the hydrophilic portion of the molecule. In other cases, the hydrophilic portion will be an ethylene oxide chain that is relatively short – it is well known that each oxyethylene group will strongly associate and complex with two or three molecules of water, which markedly changes their nature. In addition, other water molecules will less strongly associate with the water/oxyethylene complex that is formed. Oxyethylene/oxypropylene copolymers are surface active and used in specialty areas. Surfactants preferentially concentrate at interfaces. These interface surfaces or interfacial regions are where one continuous phase ends and another begins. By their chemical nature, surfactants lower the total energy associated with the boundary and stabilize it. For example, consider a container with oil and water. The boundary layer between the two substances will be well defined, and there is a large energy involved in keeping the boundary layer stationary. If the system is shaken, the oil will disperse into the water because energy is being supplied by shaking, and this overcomes the energy holding the boundary in place. However, if allowed to stand under room conditions, the system soon returns to its original condition with a single boundary dividing the substances. If we add surfactant to the system, the oil is broken into droplets and dispersed. However, the process has created a large number of tiny drops of oil that are now dispersed in the water. The system is more or less stable. All of the droplets formed have surfaces that are now in contact with water. There has been a very large increase in the interfacial contact area between the two substances. The only reason this dispersion of oil into droplets can take place and be maintained is because the energy associated with the large surface has been significantly reduced. It should be apparent from this discussion that surfactants can have a marked affect on the interfacial forces between materials. They modify the properties of liquid-liquid, liquid-gas and liquidsolid interfaces by changing the interfacial tension. The usual effect of a surfactant is to decrease the surface tension of an aqueous system such as a waterborne coating. In such systems, the surfactant concentrates at the air/liquid interface. Surfactants vary in their ability to cause defoaming. As mentioned above, excessive use of surfactants in aqueous coatings can cause the undesirable situation of foam formation and stabilization. Although essential in latex preparation, it should be kept in mind that the hydrophilic portion of the surfactants is immiscible with the polymer matrix, which is hydrophobic in nature. During film formation, this immiscibility results in hydrophilic surfactant domains in the film, and these can have an effect on adhesion, moisture sensitivity and appearance. New surfactants that are copolymerizable or otherwise non-migratory in nature are being developed. In an overall sense, surfactants are classified according to the electronic charge associated with the molecules. They fall into four categories: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric.

1. Nonionic Surfactants. Nonionic surfactants usually refer to polyoxyethylene derivatives although other surfactants are included in this category. They are usually prepared by the addition reaction of ethylene oxide to hydrophobic compounds that contain one or more active hydrogen atoms. Examples of such hydrophobic compounds are fatty alcohols, alkyl phenols, fatty acids, fatty amine, alkanolamines, fatty mercaptans, fatty amines and certain polyols. The polyols can include oxypropylene polyols, polyesters, and the like. These surfactants do not carry a charge nor do they dissociate. Their surface-active character comes from the oxyethylene portion of the molecule. Both the nature of the hydrophobe and the length of the oxyethylene chain have an effect on the surface-active character. Nonionic surfactants are the most common ones used in latex coatings. In such systems, these surfactants do not ionize. Instead, they hydrate in water through association complex formation and hydrogen bonding at the ether-oxygen sites as well as interaction with the hydroxyl groups that usually, but not necessarily, are found at the end of the molecule. Overall, these groups are weakly hydrophilic in comparison to the hydrophobic portion of the molecule. Also present in many nonionic surfactants are weak ester and amide linkages. Because of this difference, or needed balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature, the oxyethylene portion of the molecule is much larger than the hydrophobic portion in a molecular weight sense. A particular advantage of the nonionic surfactants is that they are compatible with ionic surfactants. For example, many nonionic surfactants function well with anionic surfactants. In such combinations, they impart good freeze-thaw stability to aqueous systems and are less deleterious to mechanical properties than the ionic compounds. Nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) is a typical example of such surfactants. Other examples are: octylphenol ethoxylates (OPE), secondary alcohol ethoxylates, trimethyl nonanol ethoxylates (TMN), specialty alkoxylates, and amine ethoxylates. In emulsion polymerization, alkyl ether sulfates are one of the major surfactants necessary to provide for the stabilization of micelles. Traditionally, these sulfates have been based on alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs). Their good cost/performance coupled with their distinctive structural and physical properties led to their widespread use in emulsion polymerization. Typically, emulsion polymerization uses two types of surfactants – one nonionic and the other anionic. Each provides separate stabilization mechanisms for the micelles, but the combination provides better stabilization, especially as temperature increases. The nonionic surfactants bestow a steric separation between micelle groups, while anionic surfactants yield a charged repulsion between the micelles. Alternate surfactants are desired to expand formulators’ surfactant options and product materials free of APEOs. Narrow-range alcohol ethoxylates, based on different hydrophobic feedstocks, are effective APEO alternatives as nonionics in emulsion polymerization. New APEO-free ether sulfates have been developed that yield emulsion polymerization characteristics similar to that of the APEO-based ether sulfates. Globally, many areas have banned use of APEOs for applications where surfactants could contact sewer water, and as a result the use of NPEs and NPE sulfates is being phased out. Nonionic surfactants generally perform well over a range of pH values, and they will usually foam less than anionic and cationic surfactants. However, nonionic surfactants may not lower the surface tension as well as anionic or cationic surfactants in complex coating formulations. There are non-ionic polymeric fluorochemical surfactants that provide low surface tensions in organic coating systems. The lower the surface tension, the more effectively a coating wets, levels and spreads. Consequently, these are excellent wetting, leveling and flowcontrol agents for a variety of waterborne, solventborne and high-solids coatings systems. This is particularly important on surfaces that are not clean, as contamination, surface defects and hard-to-wet surfaces can cause orange peel, cratering, fish eyes and picture framing. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

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2011 Additives Handbook SUSPENSION AGENTS, SYNERGISTS, TACKIFIERS, TEXTURIZING AGENTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

THICKENERS See Rheology Modifiers; Sag Control Agents A material used to thicken (increase the viscosity of) a liquid. Thickening agents provide the proper consistency to coatings, aid in applying an adequate thickness of coating to a substrate, and prevent pigment settling. Basically, thickening agents increase the viscosity at moderate shear rates and thereby increase the coatings resistance to flow during mixing, pouring and stirring. Rheology modifiers are often difficult for a formulator to appreciate and work with conveniently. They are necessary additives to prevent excessive sag and spatter during the application process, but they cannot add such a significant viscosity increase to the product such that it affects the package viscosity. Rheology control is particularly important in products that are sold to the do-it-yourself market. It is not uncommon for cans of house paint to stay on the shelf in small market areas for one or more years. Therefore, it becomes imperative that the formulation is such that the paint in the can will be free from pigment settling and will still apply properly. Emulsion paints usually require the addition of thickeners so that the paint has the proper application viscosity and so that the pigments and other particulates do not settle. Ideally, rheology modifiers would: • have minimal impact on the package viscosity of the coating; • provide anti-sag control at elevated temperatures; and • not detract from the final film properties. These additives are carefully designed to promote high viscosity at low shear rates (i.e., in the can for instance) and low viscosity at higher shear rates (during application). Very small amounts of additive are required to affect the rheological properties of a coating – generally amounts from 0.1-5% by weight. Rheological additives used to be easy to categorize into solvent and waterborne systems. With technological advances in waterborne additives, these categories are no longer logical, as many of the thickeners are applicable to both water and solvent systems. The literature also is confusing at times as different companies choose to categorize the organic thickeners in a variety of different ways. For example, the organic thickeners and rheology modifiers are often referred to (and sometimes categorized) as follows: • HEC Hydroxyethylcellulose • HMHEC Hydrophobically Modified HEC • HASE Hydrophobically Modified Alkali-Soluble Emulsion • NSAT Nonionic Synthetic Associative Thickeners • HEUR Hydrophobically Modified Ethoxylate Urethane • HMPE Hydrophobically Modified Polyether • PEPO Polyether Polyol

NSATs and HASEs are divided into two major categories: low-shear effective, which increase Stormer consistency, and high-shear effective, which increase ICI viscosity. High-shear effective types interact more weakly with latexes. For this reason, a high-shear effective NSAT may not be the best choice to increase ICI viscosity in high-PVC/low-latex flat paint. It will do the job, but only at very high levels. A more strongly interacting low-shear effective product may be the better choice. In low-PVC/high-latex paints, a low-shear effective product may interact too strongly to be the primary thickener – it will deliver the KU target at such a minute concentration that ICI viscosity will be unacceptably low. In this type of paint, a high-shear effective product will be the better choice for a primary thickener. The following major types of thickener additives that are used to control rheological properties in coatings are discussed in more detail and categorized as follows. • Associative Thickeners • Non Associative Thickeners that interact with the water phase Cellulosics Acrylics • Inorganic Thickeners Clays Swelling Non-swelling Fumed Silicas Overbased Calcium Sulfonate • Mixed Mineral Thixotropes • Organic Thixotropes (includes cellulosics, acrylics, etc. as well as castor oil derivatives/polyamides)

Associative Thickeners Surfactants are typically characterized as: hydrophile – hydrophobe. Associative thickeners can be characterized as: hydrophobe – hydrophile – hydrophobe. In other words, a long hydrophilic center with two hydrophobic ends. One hydrophobic end would be attracted to the resin surface and the other end plays a role in the thickening mechanism. This other end can associate with another resin particle or it can associate with another hydrophobic end of another thickener molecule. Associative thickeners are polymers that are based on water-soluble polymers. These can be acrylate polymers, cellulose ethers or, for the top-quality nonionic products, poly(ethylene glycol). These are capped with water-insoluble hydrophobic groups such as fatty alcohols, for example. In aqueous media or in emulsion, these polymers form a network that increases the viscosity. The water-soluble backbone polymer is dissolved in water. The hydrophobic caps are adsorbed onto the hydrophobic emulsion polymer particles, or they form micelles structures with hydrophobes from other polymers. As each associative thickener polymer contains at least two hydrophobic caps, the result is a three-dimensional network within the emulsion. This increases the viscosity. Mainly high- and mid-shear viscosities are affected. Therefore, it improves anti-spatter and brush drag more than many other thickeners.

Thickener performance, especially for synthetic associative thickeners, depends on interactions with latexes and surface-active paint ingredients such as surfactants and dispersants. However, each of the four types of organic thickeners in the following table may be characterized by several attributes that are fairly independent of paint type and composition. PROPERTY Spatter resistance High-shear viscosity Sag resistance Leveling Gloss Viscosity retention on tinting Water resistance Robustness (insensitive to other ingredients) pH insensitivity 66



HEC Poor - Fair Poor - Good Excellent Poor - Fair Fair Excellent Excellent Excellent Excellent

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HMHEC Good - Excellent Fair - Good Excellent Fair - Good Fair Good Excellent Good - Excellent Excellent

HASE Good - Excellent Good - Excellent Good - Excellent Fair - Good Good Fair Poor - Fair Poor - Fair Fair

NSAT Excellent Excellent Poor Excellent Excellent Poor Good Poor Excellent

Because the thickener interacts with the polymer surface, consideration must be made of the particular polymer when choosing the appropriate thickener. Factors to be evaluated are the following: polymer particle size, polymer volume solids and polymer surface hydrophobicity. As the polymer particle size changes, the total surface area can change dramatically – this becomes very important in terms of the associative thickener. Because associative thickeners are surface active, they function by associating with the surface of the emulsion binder particles. The particle size and size distribution of the emulsion, as well as the surfactant system, can have major effects on the efficiency and performance of thickeners. Other wetting agents can also affect the thickener behavior. Sound experimental design is appropriate for looking at wetting agent alternatives and levels as well as particle size and distribution of the emulsion. Sometimes a combination of thickeners will provide a synergistic effect and increase efficiency. As a class, the associative thickeners offer excellent scrub resistance and flow. Diminishment of spattering is a major advantage. They are sensitive to surfactants. By association of these hydrophobes with other components of the paint such as latex particles, pigment particles or other thickener molecules, they impart a rheology to the paint that is significantly different than the traditional high-molecular-weight cellulosics. As shear forces are applied to these materials, there is thought to be a disruption of the associative bonds causing a temporary decrease in viscosity. Upon removal of the shear force, the hydrophobes reassociate, causing an increase in viscosity. Paints containing associative thickeners generally exhibit higher viscosity at high rates of shear and lower viscosity at low rates of shear than paints formulated to comparable Stormer viscosity with cellulosic thickeners. The primary thickening mechanisms have been described as providing viscosity by intermolecular association and by association with disperse phase components. These thickeners have terminal hydrophobic groups that have been drawn into solution by the watersoluble backbone. The number and type of hydrophobic groups determine the viscosity of the solution. Under ideal conditions, coatings containing associative thickeners are highly dispersed and show little evidence of depletion flocculation. This improves the rheology of the coating and also may impart improved hiding and gloss. Decreased spatter is also obtained with the use of associative thickeners. The features of associative thickeners are: impart flow and leveling; give very little roller spatter; give better sag resistance; usually give better gloss than HEC; give higher film build; are cost effective with HEC; are easy to incorporate (usually liquid); are resistant to enzymes; and provide one-coat hiding. The problems with associative thickeners are: pH sensitive; sensitive to surfactant HLB; sensitive to type of surfactant, and this is dependent on the total paint formula (anionic, non-ionic, nonyl phenol, octyl phenol are the types of surfactants commonly used); sensitive to latex particle size; sensitive to type of coalescent; sensitive to type of glycol; and water sensitivity is increased. The water sensitivity is due to the increased use of surfactant necessary to stabilize the thickener emulsion. Increased water sensitivity causes a decrease in scrub resistance. Heat stability is also not very predictable and can present problems if the formula is not properly tested. The right surfactants and dispersants can help here, but again the formula needs to be tested. Associative thickeners are usually supplied as a latex dispersion or a viscous solution. When using these thickeners, initially it is wise to follow suppliers’ recommended formulations until one becomes experienced with how the thickeners function. Associative thickeners and rheology modifiers are often referred to as ATRMs.

2. Among the very best thickeners used for rheological purposes are those in the class known as HEURs – or Hydrophobically modified Ethylene oxide Urethane Rheology modifiers. Sometimes these are merely referred to as PU thickeners. These compounds provide excellent high film-build, leveling, reduced spatter and a nonflocculative thickening mechanism. These types are nonionic and exhibit poor sag resistance in most instances. Urethane type associative thickeners network with themselves and the binder and sometimes even with the pigment. New technology significantly reduces the viscosity loss upon tinting. These HEUR, non-ionic-type thickeners deliver excellent flow and leveling, are free of both solvent and tin for compliance and offer viscosity stability. The viscosity stability is achieved through a new viscosity-building mechanism. This technology is designed to have a lower molecular weight than the high-shear thickener and for tinted paints offers improved resistance to viscosity loss, improved sag resistance and preservation of excellent flow.

1. Hydrophobically modified acrylic thickeners, often referred to as HASE are often used. HASE stands for Hydrophobically modified Alkali Swellable Emulsion.

THIXOTROPES (BODYING AGENTS), TOUGHENING AGENTS, TRIBO-CHARGING ADDITIVES

3. Because of this and some few other deficiencies, the HEURASE type of thickeners was developed. These alkali-soluble addition terpolymers are produced by the emulsion polymerization of a carboxyl functional monomer, a water insoluble monomer, and a hydrophobic-terminated urethane functional ethoxylate monomer. Different products and characteristics can be achieved by varying the ratio of the three monomers and the type of hydrophobe, degree of ethoxylations and so forth. These materials are supplied as aqueous emulsions of water insoluble polymer. When a base, such as ammonium hydroxide is added, the polymer swells, becomes soluble and strongly associates with water – hence its thickening action. The HEURASE types of thickeners (water-soluble polymers) have relatively long chains within the polymer. There are also many carboxyl anions scattered along the polymer backbone, which repel one another. The hydrophobe interaction is what is responsible for the thickening mechanism in this type of polymer. The HEURASE family of thickeners can also be blended so that the rheology of the coating can be fairly unique. 4. Aminoplast Associative Thickeners – There is a new class of associative thickeners called HEAT – Hydrophobically modified Ethoxylated Aminoplast Thickener. The aminoplast linkage is done by use of an aminoplast instead of a diisocyanate. The aminoplast linkage in most cases is more hydrophilic and more water-soluble than the diurethane groups. The ability to add very high levels of hydrophobe is a special property of aminoplast chemistry, and it allows the production of associative thickeners that resist viscosity loss when glycols or surfactants are added to coating systems, as happens during tinting of paints with concentrated colorants. 5. Hydrophobically Modified Polyether (HMPE) – There are new highshear modifiers on the market based on HMPE that are VOC and APEO free that are easy to incorporate and handle. They have a high degree of efficiency in building high-shear viscosity but also provide mediumshear viscosity contribution. Consequently, lower incorporation levels are needed to achieve the same viscosity target as compared to some currently existing HMPEs or HEURs. 6. HMHEC – The hydrophobically modified cellulosics (HMHEC) are cellulosic thickeners, which have a hydrophobe modification on some branches – several long chain alkyl groups have been introduced along the backbone of the structure. These molecules build viscosity by association of the various hydrophobic groups. These paints have higher viscosity at high shear rates, and therefore get better film build and hiding. See the discussion under Cellulosics. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

(Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

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2011 Additives Handbook UV ABSORBERS AND LIGHT STABILIZERS See Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers, Nanotechnology Materials that preferentially absorb UV radiation in a coating and transform the UV energy into longer wavelength energy. Chemical compositions that protect the coating film, transparent or semitransparent films, and the substrate from photo-degradation. The ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum extends from about 100 to 400 nanometers. It contains the following regions: • Ultraviolet A: 320 to 400 nanometers (used for photocuring); • Ultraviolet B: 280 to 320 nanometers (used for photocuring and causes ‘sunburn’); • Ultraviolet C: ~15 to 280 nanometers (usually used for sterilization purposes). Many radiation sources emit ultraviolet wavelengths to some degree. The sun emits very strongly throughout the ultraviolet region, and even though it is only a portion of the total energy reaching the earth, it is the radiation that is particularly harmful to exterior coatings. Ultraviolet radiation is sufficiently energetic to break covalent bonds in polymer structures that hold a coating film together. This energy decreases as wavelength increases and is about 140 kilocalories at 200 nanometers and 70 kilocalories at 400 nanometers. Coatings are not only protective or functional; they also provide decorative effects that are aesthetically pleasing. In either case they must withstand environmental influences and possible subsequent damage. This means that coatings have to be able to withstand deterioration and/or failure of any sort. Ultraviolet radiation is often responsible for polymer degradation in a coating. This radiation, coupled with moisture and various other air pollutants such as acid rain, can quickly cause the degradation of an organic film if it is not adequately protected. The polymeric binder in the coating film is subject to attack by ultraviolet radiation because of its organic nature. When a polymer readily absorbs ultraviolet radiation, and this is the usual case, regions in the polymer are activated to a higher energy state and free radicals can be formed. When these radicals are formed, the degradation process has begun. Certain polymers have chromophores as a part of the chemical structure of the polymer-aromatic-group containing polymers in particular. These readily absorb radiation. However, even the binder polymers that do not contain chromophores as a part of their polymer structure end up being formulated and cured in a system that contains crosslinking agents, pigments, fillers, extenders, catalysts, flow-control agents, biocides and other ingredients that will absorb radiation and thus can lead to degradation. Merely because chromophores exist in the molecular structure and ultraviolet radiation is absorbed, it does not mean that bond breakage and degradation will occur. It only means that the potential for degradation exists. Sunlight, oxygen and water all work together to cause coating degradation of the polymer. In the process free radicals are formed that react with atmospheric oxygen to generate peroxy radicals. These very quickly form hydroperoxides, which in turn generate a radical on the polymer backbone itself. The weak hydroperoxide will cleave easily in the presence of heat and sunlight and produce more radicals. As this process occurs, the polymers mechanical and chemical structure is slowly degraded and broken down. We usually see this in the form of peeling, flaking, chalking and fading. Absorption and degradation are very complicated processes. For purposes of simplicity here we can look at the process as follows: Polymer-R absorbs ultraviolet radiation to generate a photoexcited state: Polymer-R* Excited Polymer-R* —-> Polymer-R• free radical Free Radical Polymer-R• + O2 —-> Polymer-ROO• a peroxy radical The peroxy radical then abstracts a hydrogen from a molecule, R-H, in the system that has an available hydrogen to form Polymer-ROOH and R•, a new free radical. Then the process continues. 68



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All of the commercial UV absorbers (UVAs) and stabilizers that we use as additives act on one of the above processes. The UV absorbers prevent the excitation state by absorbing the UV radiation that would produce it. Absorbers today have good thermal stability and some have the capability of being crosslinked to the coating polymer. UV absorbers are designed such that they preferentially absorb UV radiation, dissipate the absorbed energy and do not cause degradation of the polymeric film. UV absorbers are incorporated into organic films that are subjected to exterior exposures. Their function is to absorb incoming UV radiation and dissipate the energy before it can be absorbed by the polymer in the coating. This action has to continue to occur over the lifetime of the coating. The most important UV absorbers are: 2-(2´-hydroxyphenyl) benzotriazoles, 2-hydroxyphenyltriazines, 2-hydroxybenzophenones, cyanoacrylates, salicylates, and oxanilides. The benzotriazoles and triazines have excellent spectral coverage, high extinction coefficients, and excellent photopermanence. Recent UVA developments have focused on increasing molecular weight and/or adding functionality, which minimizes migration out of the coating, improvements on increasing extinction coefficients and photo-permanence and designing encapsulation techniques which facilitate waterborne systems without the need for solvents or pre-emulsification. UV absorbers compete for the incoming UV radiation with the polymer itself. The more effective the use of UV absorbers in an exterior coating, the less prone the coating will be to the visual effects of UV degradation such as chalking, loss of gloss etc. UV absorbers depend on the thickness of the coating to be effective. The thinner the coating, the less effective they are. UV absorbers are even more effective when used in combination with Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers. [See HALS for more information on these additives.] For coatings used in exterior environments the combination of UV absorbers and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) is effective in reducing the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. The development of new reactive HALS and UVAs can meet needs for improved compatibility in polar coatings as well as reduced migration. In addition, work continues on development of high-purity powder forms that are also ideal for use in the powder coatings. These systems are compatible with highly polar, highly crosslinked systems such as polyester (or acrylic) urethanes and melamines. A non-reactive HALS – or NOR-HALS – possesses a reactive hydroxy functionality enabling it to co-condense with melamine and isocyanate crosslinkers. As a result, it exhibits improved compatibility and migration resistance in many coatings systems. These may be combined with other HALS that contain reactive hydroxy functionality to achieve non-migrating systems. Potential applications include coatings-over-plastic substrates (particularly polyurethanes), acid-catalyzed clearcoats, clearcoats over acidcatalyzed basecoats and powder coatings. The reactable HALS and UVAs react quickly, are noninteracting and exhibit outstanding solubility, thermal permanence and radiation stabilizing effectiveness. Their migration resistance makes them attractive for use in wet-on-wet applications. There are also reactables with low melting ranges for use in powder coating applications and UV/ powder hybrid applications. In powder coatings, the purpose of UV absorbers is to reduce the rate of polymer degradation due to the environmental exposure of UV radiation. The chemistry is usually based on benzotriazole but can also be benzophenone based. These materials absorb harmful UV radiation and convert it into low levels of heat energy. The levels are usually 1.0-5.0% and they are normally used in combination with a hindered amine light stabilizer. Definition continued at www.pcimag.com.

VISCOSITY MODIFIERS, WATER-REMOVAL AGENTS/SCAVENGERS, WATER REPELLENTS (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

WAXES See Slip Aids; Surface Modifiers The term ‘wax’ encompasses a large range of naturally occurring and synthetic material made from high-fatty-acid esters (typically C36 – C50) or from polymeric compounds (700 <molecular weight<10,000) that differ from fats in being harder and less greasy. It is, however, important to realize that the chemical composition alone does not determine a wax. The term wax is basically a generic term for materials that have the following physical characteristics: • solid at 20 °C, varying in consistency from soft and plastic to brittle and hard; • a melting point of at least 40 °C without decomposing, which distinguishes waxes from oils and natural resins; and • a relatively low viscosity at temperature slightly above the melting point; non-stringing but producing droplets. Droplet formation will exclude most low molecular weight polymers. There are a large variety of waxes available on the market, often classified according to their origin. PP and PTFE although not being real waxes, are very often associated with this class of surfaceconditioner additives because of the similar effects and performances they can provide. Naturally Occurring Waxes Animal

Vegetable

Synthetic Mineral*

Bee wax

Carnauba

Montan

HDPE (high-density polyethylene), LDPE (low-density polyethylene), and PP (polypropylene)

Lanolin

Candellila

Paraffin

Fischer-Tropsch (polymethylene)

Lanocerin™ Jojoba oil

Microcrystalline Fatty acid amide

Shellac

Intermediate

Ouricouri

Esparto Ozokerite (Ozocerite)

PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)

usage of extremely non-polar waxes like paraffins and the surface effects tend to last longer because wax particles migrate very slowly to the surface. Typical Wax Effects Wax Type

Effects

Carnauba

Slip and lubricity, anti-blocking, abrasion resistance

Parafin

Anti-blocking, water repellency

Amides

Sandability, slip and lubricity, soft-feel

HDPE, LDPE

Slip, abrasion (scratch and mar) resistance, anti-blocking

PP

Anti-slip, anti-blocking, abrasion resistance

PTFE

Excellent slip and lubricity, anti-blocking, abrasion resistance.

Wax emulsions are extensively used in aqueous coating formulations. Ready-to-use emulsions can be incorporated by simple mixing. Their very fine particle size ensures an intimate and homogeneous incorporation. Wax emulsions can be stabilized by either a steric mechanism (using nonionic emulsifiers) or by an electrostatic mechanism (using ionic emulsifiers, mostly anionics). Combining anionic and nonionic emulsifiers gives the emulsion an optimum stability. Wax properties that have the greatest impact on formulation performance include the chemical composition, molecular weight, melting point, hardness and, in the case of emulsions or dispersions, the particle size. When selecting a wax it is important to consider the melting point, particle size and particle size distribution, pH, type of surfactant and order of component addition. Most of the emulsions available are characterized by a monomodal particle size distribution of either a unique wax or wax combination. There are bimodal-function-distribution (BFD) emulsions available that result in a much higher packing density of wax particles at the coating surface. This is achieved because the small particles will insert into the interstices created by the larger particles. Thus,  a layer with a much higher wax density is formed, and this results in enhanced performance.

Polyamide

*Also called semi-synthetic waxes.

WET EDGE EXTENDERS, WETTING AGENTS, XANTHAN GUM, ZEOLITES (Refer to www.pcimag.com for full definitions.)

To have a significant impact on coating or ink properties, the wax must migrate to the surface and be present in sufficient quantity to impart the desired properties. Two of the migration mechanisms that are generally proposed are noted here. • Blooming mechanism – Molten wax particles float (or bloom) to the surface. When the coating cools down and recrystallization of wax particles takes place, a thin, continuous, wax-enriched surface layer is formed. The coating cools down and recrystallization of wax particles takes place, forming out a thin but continuous wax-enriched surface layer. Usually, the softer (low-melting) the wax, the more predominant is the blooming mechanism. Incompatibility or immiscibility between wax and coatings can enhance the migration phenomenon. • Ball Bearing mechanism – In this case, solid wax particles individually migrate to the surface. Here they act as a physical spacer by protruding above the coating surface, preventing another surface from coming into close intimate contact. Hard and high-melting-point waxes (HDPE, PTFE) function through this mechanism under certain conditions. Both the particle hardness and the extent of protrusion influence the importance of this effect. With the wax layer or wax particles at the surface of the coating, the coefficient of friction has been altered (decreased) and the desired slip effect has been imparted to the film. This explains why waxes are often classified as ‘surface conditioner additives.’ Waxes are usually less expensive, more reliable and less often associated with side effects (i.e., recoatability) than some other surface conditioner additives. In most cases, a decrease in intercoat adhesion is related to the

References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Bieleman, J., Ed., Additives for Coatings; Wiley-VCH: Germany, 2000. Biller, K. Powder Coatings – Foundation for the Novice Formulator; BNP Media: Troy, MI, 2004. Calbo, L.J., Ed., Handbook of Coatings Additives; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1992. Hare, C.H., Protective Coatings; Technical Publishing Company; Pittsburgh, PA 1994, SSPC 94-17 Koleske, J.V., Ed., Paint and Coating Testing Manual, 14th Edition of the Gardner-Sward Handbook, ASTM Philadelphia, 1995. LeSota, S., Ed., Coatings Encyclopedic Dictionary; Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology: Blue Bell, PA, 1995. Orr, E.W. Performance Enhancement in Coatings; Hanser/Gardner Publications, Inc.: Cincinnati, 1998. Schick, M.J., Ed., Nonionic Surfactants, Physical Chemistry, Vol. 23 of Surfactant Science Series; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1987. Schick, M.J., Ed., Nonionic Surfactants, Vol. 1 of Surfactant Science Series; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1966. SciQuest CD, Vol. 1. Created by Consolidated Research and ITE Consultants. Wicks, Z.W., Jr.; Jones, F. N.; Pappas, P.S. Organic Coatings Science and Technology, 2nd Edition; John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999. Zorll, U., Ed., European Coatings Handbook; Vincentz Verlag: Germany, 2000. Commission International de l’Eclairage, “International Lighting Vocabulary,” CIE, Paris, 1970.

In addition, raw material supplier literature was used, as well as material taken directly from feature articles published in PCI. While the PCI staff made every effort to make sure this handbook is accurate, we may have inadvertently omitted or misstated some information, and regret any errors. PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY



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2011 Additives Products ABRASION RESISTANCE IMPROVERS N 3M Company Clariant Corporation Honeywell Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. Marshall Additive Technologies N Michelman N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N NEI Corporation N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. N Troy Corp. N Unimin Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ACID CATALYSTS Reaxis Inc. ACID SCAVENGERS P.A.T. Products Inc. ADHESION PROMOTERS Chartwell International Cytec Industries Eastman Chemical Company Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N Gelest Inc. Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale LANXESS Corporation Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N NEI Corporation N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas P.A.T. Products Inc.

Primary Silane Rhodia Inc. Sartomer USA LLC N Troy Corp. N Wacker Chemical Corporation N Worlee Chemie GmbH AMINE NEUTRALIZERS ANGUS Chemical Company Taminco

ANTI-FOULING AGENTS N American Chemet Corporation N International Specialty Products (ISP) Laurel Products N Nexeo Solutions W.D. Service Co. ANTI-BLOCKING AGENTS N Buhler Inc. Chemguard Cytec Industries DuPont Company Esprix Technologies Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Expancel Honeywell KaMin Performance Minerals Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Michelman N Micro Powders Inc. N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-CRATERING AGENTS Cytec Industries N Nexeo Solutions PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-CRAWLING AGENTS Cytec Industries N Troy Corp. ANTI-FLOAT AGENTS Cytec Industries Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N Flychemical Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. RLM Industries N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-FLOODING AGENTS Cytec Industries Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp.

Moly-White C-100 and ST#1 Continuing on our 38 year tradition of excellence in the supply of effective, nonhazardous corrosion inhibitors, Moly-White Pigments Group is proud to offer two new inhibitor products: Moly-White C-100, a high-performance inhibitor for latex formulations, and Moly-White ST#1, a highly cost-effective (zinc phosphate replacement) inhibitor for solvent-based alkyd and epoxy formulations.

Moly-White Pigments Group Ph: (216) 566-1294 [email protected] www.moly-white.com 70



Refer to pages 78-85 for supplier contact information. Refer to pages 86-96 for a list of additive distributors. NSee our ad in this issue.

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

ANTI-FREEZING AGENTS N Nexeo Solutions ANTI-GELLING AGENTS Cytec Industries N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-LIVERING AGENTS Cytec Industries ANTI-MARRING AGENTS N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation Cytec Industries Dow Corning Corporation N Elementis Specialties Honeywell Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Michelman N Micro Powders Inc. N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N Nexeo Solutions PCI Group Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Siltech Corporation N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-RUST AGENTS Buckman N Heucotech Ltd. Invotec LLC N King Industries Inc. LANXESS Corporation R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-SAG AGENTS N COATEX Cytec Industries Expancel N King Industries Inc. N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc. N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp. ANTI-SETTLING AGENTS N BYK Additives & Instruments N COATEX Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties Honeywell Huber Engineered Materials N King Industries Inc. Kowa American Corp. N Micro Powders Inc. N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals N Troy Corp. ANTI-SILKING AGENTS PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp.

ANTI-SKINNING AGENTS Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ANTI-STATIC AGENTS (Anti-Stats) N 3M Company Clariant Corporation Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. Nanogap USA P.A.T. Products Inc. ANTI-OXIDANTS Clariant Corporation N Emerald Performance Materials N King Industries Inc. LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Technical Industries Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

ANTIMICROBIALS Algicides N Arch Chemicals Inc. N International Specialty Products (ISP) LANXESS Corporation N Troy Corp. Bactericides LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions N Troy Corp. Biocides N American Chemet Corporation N Arch Chemicals Inc. Buckman

Clariant Corporation

N International Specialty Products (ISP)

LANXESS Corporation Nanogap USA N Nexeo Solutions R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Troy Corp. Cuprous Oxide N American Chemet Corporation Enzyme-Based Additives N Troy Corp.

N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

Fungicides N American Chemet Corporation N Arch Chemicals Inc. Buckman

N OMG Americas Reaxis Inc. CAUSTICS & CAUSTIC SODA N Nexeo Solutions Clariant Corporation N International Specialty Products (ISP) LANXESS Corporation R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Troy Corp. ZOCHEM Inc. In-Can Preservatives

CHELATING AGENTS N Nexeo Solutions N Troy Corp. CLEANABILITY ADDITIVES Laurel Products COAGULANTS N International Specialty Products (ISP)

CORROSION-INHIBITIVE PIGMENTS Buckman N Heucotech Ltd. Invotec LLC N MOLY-WHITE Pigments Group NYCO Minerals Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals COUPLING AGENTS N Buhler Inc. Dow Corning Corporation N Gelest Inc. Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. Pilot Chemical

COALESCENTS (Coalescing Agents)

Clariant Corporation Cytec Industries N International Specialty Products (ISP) LANXESS Corporation N Troy Corp. Misc. Preservatives Acme-Hardesty Co. N American Chemet Corporation N Arch Chemicals Inc. Buckman N International Specialty Products (ISP) Nanogap USA N Troy Corp. ZOCHEM Inc. Non-Mercurial N American Chemet Corporation N Arch Chemicals Inc. Buckman N International Specialty Products (ISP) Nanogap USA R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Troy Corp.

BASF Corporation N Croda Inc. Eastman Chemical Company

Primary Silane Taminco N Wacker Chemical Corporation CROSSLINKING AGENTS N Buhler Inc. Cytec Industries

N Emerald Performance Materials N Gelest Inc. LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions Sartomer USA LLC N Siltech Corporation N Wacker Chemical Corporation CURING AGENTS N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. N Buhler Inc. Cytec Industries N Emerald Performance Materials N Gelest Inc. N Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Synasia Inc. Technical Industries Inc. DEAERATORS N Emerald Performance Materials Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Harcros Organics N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

N Emerald Performance Materials N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions Rhodia Inc. Taminco CORROSION INHIBITORS N 3M Company N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Buckman Chartwell International

BODYING AGENTS KaMin Performance Minerals N Troy Corp. BRIGHTENERS (Optical) Eastman Chemical Company KaMin Performance Minerals N Worlee Chemie GmbH BURNISH-RESISTANT ADDITIVES N 3M Company N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N Troy Corp. CATALYSTS N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Buckman N Buhler Inc. N BYK Additives & Instruments Cytec Industries N Emerald Performance Materials N Gelest Inc. Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. N Nexeo Solutions

N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries N Gelest Inc. Harcros Organics N Heucotech Ltd. Invotec LLC Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. LANXESS Corporation Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N MOLY-WHITE Pigments Group N NEI Corporation N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc. P.A.T. Products Inc. Pilot Chemical Potters Industries Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals

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2011 Additives Products DEFLOCCULANTS Cytec Industries N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas

DEFOAMERS Misc. Defoamers N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Buckman N BYK Additives & Instruments

Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties N Emerald Performance Materials Ethox Chemicals LLC Harcros Organics Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC Hydrite Chemical Co. N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

Non-silicone N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries DuPont Company

N Emerald Performance Materials Ethox Chemicals LLC Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Harcros Organics Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC Hydrite Chemical Co. N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH Silicone N Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

Selecting the best Additives is Child’s Play Serving the Paint and Coatings Industry with innovative silicone additives for better flow, leveling, slip, mar resistance, and foam control. Innovative Silicones for your Technology

Refer to pages 78-85 for supplier contact information. Refer to pages 86-96 for a list of additive distributors. NSee our ad in this issue. N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation Dow Corning Corporation N Emerald Performance Materials Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Harcros Organics Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC Hydrite Chemical Co. N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. N Siltech Corporation N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

modified & reactive silicones. SILTECH CORPORATION 225 Wicksteed Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4H 1G5 Tel: (416) 424-4567 Fax: (416) 424-3158 www.siltechcorp.com

DENATURANTS Synasia Inc. DRIER STABILIZERS Cytec Industries N Troy Corp.

DRIERS Drying Salts N Emerald Performance Materials N Troy Corp. Misc. Driers N OMG Americas R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Troy Corp. Naphthenates N Munzing N OMG Americas N Troy Corp. Neodecanoates N OMG Americas Reaxis Inc. N Troy Corp.

Water Dispersible N Buhler Inc. N OMG Americas Reaxis Inc. N Troy Corp. Waterborne N Buhler Inc. Cytec Industries N OMG Americas Reaxis Inc. N Troy Corp. DYES (For Use in Stains)

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

EXTENDERS N 3M Company Huber Engineered Materials KaMin Performance Minerals NYCO Minerals Inc. Pacer Corporation R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals Sasol North America Sphere One Inc.

DEGASSING AGENTS N Nexeo Solutions N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

Octoates H.L. Blachford Ltd. N OMG Americas Reaxis Inc. N Troy Corp. Manufacturer of organo

ELECTROCONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES Asbury Carbons Inc. Nanogap USA P.A.T. Products Inc. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

N Emerald Performance Materials LANXESS Corporation United Color Manufacturing Inc.

N Unimin Corp. FILLERS — NATURAL, CELLULOSIC, POLYMERIC N 3M Company Esprix Technologies Expancel KaMin Performance Minerals Marshall Additive Technologies N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc. Pacer Corporation R. E. Carroll Inc. FISH EYE PREVENTERS N 3M Company Chemguard N Nexeo Solutions PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH FLAME RETARDANTS N 3M Company Asbury Carbons Inc. Buckman Clariant Corporation N Emerald Performance Materials Huber Engineered Materials

LANXESS Corporation Laurel Products Marshall Additive Technologies P.A.T. Products Inc. R. E. Carroll Inc.

FLATTING AGENTS Dispersed Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale P.A.T. Products Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. Misc. Flatting Agents N Elementis Specialties H.L. Blachford Ltd. KaMin Performance Minerals Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale N Micro Powders Inc. NYCO Minerals Inc.

P.A.T. Products Inc. Plasticolors Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Unimin Corp. Non-Metallic Expancel Honeywell Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale NYCO Minerals Inc. P.A.T. Products Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. FLOCCULANTS Buckman Cytec Industries N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions FLOW & LEVELING AGENTS N 3M Company

GREEN ADDITIVES Acme-Hardesty Co. N COATEX N Croda Inc. N Flychemical Laurel Products N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc. N OMG Americas P.A.T. Products Inc. Sasol North America GRINDING AIDS N 3M Company N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Troy Corp. HALS (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers) Clariant Corporation P.A.T. Products Inc.

Brilliant Solutions! Look to Brilliant Additions to achieve a real competitive advantage. Formulators use these versatile functional fillers to add performance and value without compromising cost targets. Meaningful cost savings are possible with higher loading rates, improved production efficiencies and rationalized raw materials inventories.

HAMMER FINISH ADDITIVES N Worlee Chemie GmbH

BASF Corporation Chemguard N COATEX Cytec Industries Dow Coating Materials Dow Corning Corporation Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N Flychemical Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions

HARDENERS N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries N Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America Inc. N Nexeo Solutions Polystar LLC Rhodia Inc. Synasia Inc. HASE THICKENERS N COATEX Dow Coating Materials N Elementis Specialties N Nexeo Solutions HEAT STABILIZERS Asbury Carbons Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions

N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

HEUR THICKENERS N COATEX Dow Coating Materials N Elementis Specialties N OMG Americas

FLUORESCENT ADDITIVES United Color Manufacturing Inc.

HUMECTANTS Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation N Nexeo Solutions

FOAMING AGENTS Chemguard Cytec Industries Expancel Harcros Organics N Nexeo Solutions Pilot Chemical FREEZE-THAW STABILIZERS N Nexeo Solutions GELLING AGENTS H.L. Blachford Ltd. N International Specialty Products (ISP) GLOSS IMPROVERS KaMin Performance Minerals N Nexeo Solutions N Siltech Corporation N Worlee Chemie GmbH GLYCERINE Acme-Hardesty Co. N Nexeo Solutions Perstorp Polyols Inc.

HYDROPHILES Sasol North America HYDROPHOBIC AGENTS N Gelest Inc. N Nexeo Solutions Sasol North America N Worlee Chemie GmbH HYGIENIC COATING ADDITIVES Clariant Corporation N International Specialty Products (ISP)

For more information and our complete product portfolio visit:

www.BrilliantAdditions.com

IMPACT RESISTANCE IMPROVERS N Worlee Chemie GmbH INK ADDITIVES N 3M Company N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. ANGUS Chemical Company Asbury Carbons Inc.

SPECIALTY AND PERFORMANCE MINERALS

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2011 Additives Products

N N

N

N N

N N N N N N

N N N N

BASF Corporation BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation Croda Inc. Cytec Industries Dow Corning Corporation Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Flychemical H.L. Blachford Ltd. Honeywell Huber Engineered Materials International Specialty Products (ISP) King Industries Inc. Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. Michelman Micro Powders Inc. Munzing Nanophase Technologies Corporation Nexeo Solutions OMG Americas P.A.T. Products Inc. Potters Industries Inc. Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America Shamrock Technologies Inc. Siltech Corporation Troy Corp. Unimin Corp. United Color Manufacturing Inc. Worlee Chemie GmbH

INTUMESCENT ADDITIVES Asbury Carbons Inc. Clariant Corporation Expancel LANXESS Corporation Perstorp Polyols Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals LEAFING AGENTS PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp. LUBRICANTS (Solids) Acme-Hardesty Co. Asbury Carbons Inc. Laurel Products LUBRICANTS (Surfaces) Acme-Hardesty Co. Asbury Carbons Inc. N International Specialty Products (ISP) MASKING AGENTS N International Specialty Products (ISP) MICROSPHERES N 3M Company Dow Coating Materials Esprix Technologies Expancel N International Specialty Products (ISP) MISC. OTHER ADDITIVES N 3M Company N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. ANGUS Chemical Company

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Asbury Carbons Inc. N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation N COATEX Cytec Industries Ethox Chemicals LLC Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Expancel Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Munzing N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc. P.A.T. Products Inc. PCI Group Inc. Reaxis Inc.

Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp.

N Unimin Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH MISC. OTHER CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co. N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. N American Chemet Corporation ANGUS Chemical Company N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries H.L. Blachford Ltd. Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC N International Specialty Products (ISP) Laurel Products N Munzing N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. Perstorp Polyols Inc. Reaxis Inc. Sartomer USA LLC Synasia Inc. N Troy Corp.

VanDeMark Chemical Inc. MISC. POWDER COATING ADDITIVES N 3M Company

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Cytec Industries N King Industries Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Micro Powders Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas P.A.T. Products Inc. Potters Industries Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp.

OILS Acme-Hardesty Co. N Nexeo Solutions R. E. Carroll Inc. ORANGE PEEL PREVENTERS N 3M Company Chemguard Cytec Industries N Nexeo Solutions PCI Group Inc. N Troy Corp. N Worlee Chemie GmbH ORGANIC PEROXIDES N Nexeo Solutions ORGANOCLAYS

N Unimin Corp. MISC. VISCOSITY & FLOWCONTROL AGENTS N 3M Company N BYK Additives & Instruments N COATEX Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Expancel H.L. Blachford Ltd. Huber Engineered Materials N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. MOISTURE SCAVENGERS N OMG Americas

VanDeMark Chemical Inc. MONOMERS Cytec Industries Eastman Chemical Company N Emerald Performance Materials Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kowa American Corp. N Nexeo Solutions Perstorp Polyols Inc. RAHN USA Reaxis Inc. Rhodia Inc. Sartomer USA LLC NANOTECHNOLOGY ADDITIVES N 3M Company N Buhler Inc. Esprix Technologies N Gelest Inc. Laurel Products Nanogap USA N Nanophase Technologies Corporation N NEI Corporation N Nexeo Solutions

N Elementis Specialties pH-CONTROL AGENTS ANGUS Chemical Company N Nexeo Solutions Shamrock Technologies Inc. PHOTOINITIATORS BASF Corporation Cytec Industries N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kowa American Corp. RAHN USA Synasia Inc. PINHOLE PREVENTATIVES Chemguard Cytec Industries N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions PCI Group Inc. N Worlee Chemie GmbH

PLASTICIZERS Adipates Ethox Chemicals LLC Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions Sartomer USA LLC Synasia Inc. Benzoates

N Emerald Performance Materials Ethox Chemicals LLC N Nexeo Solutions R. E. Carroll Inc. Castor Oil (Polymerized/ Oxidized) Acme-Hardesty Co. Castor Oil (Raw/Refined) Acme-Hardesty Co. N Nexeo Solutions

Epoxidized Acme-Hardesty Co. N Nexeo Solutions Misc. Plasticizers Acme-Hardesty Co. N Croda Inc. N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale LANXESS Corporation P.A.T. Products Inc. Sartomer USA LLC Oil-Modified Acme-Hardesty Co. Phosphates LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions Phthalates Ethox Chemicals LLC

LANXESS Corporation N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. Perstorp Polyols Inc. R. E. Carroll Inc.

N OMG Americas Sasol North America N Troy Corp.

Polymerics P.A.T. Products Inc. Sebacates Acme-Hardesty Co. Ethox Chemicals LLC

N

PRINTING INK VARNISHES & COMPOUNDS Shamrock Technologies Inc.

Sulfonamides N Nexeo Solutions PRETREATMENT CHEMICALS

PROTECTIVE COLLOIDS Perstorp Polyols Inc. PUFFING AGENTS Expancel REACTIVE DILUENTS Cytec Industries

N N N N

Primary Silane PRINTING INK DISPERSANTS & VEHICLES N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. BASF Corporation Clariant Corporation Cytec Industries Eastman Chemical Company Ethox Chemicals LLC Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N Flychemical Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions

N N N Emerald Performance Materials N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. Polystar LLC Rhodia Inc. Sartomer USA LLC SEAL COATING ADDITIVES N Nanophase Technologies Corporation SLIP AIDS Acme-Hardesty Co. N BYK Additives & Instruments

Clariant Corporation Cytec Industries Elementis Specialties Ethox Chemicals LLC H.L. Blachford Ltd. Honeywell Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. Michelman Micro Powders Inc. Nexeo Solutions OMG Americas Plasticolors Inc. R. E. Carroll Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. Siltech Corporation Worlee Chemie GmbH

SOIL REPELLANTS N International Specialty Products (ISP) SPREADING AGENTS N International Specialty Products (ISP)

STABILIZERS Misc. Stabilizers Cytec Industries N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale RAHN USA

AMAZING FINISHES DON’T JUST HAPPEN We’ve had years of practice to perfect ours. Few specialty chemical manufacturers can offer the same level of performance or experience in the coatings industry. That has given us plenty of practice at perfecting an extensive line of additives – from pigment dispersions and colorants to defoamers – to achieve that perfect finish. So don’t settle for anything less than a proven performer.

t Black Shield carbon black pigment dispersions t FOAM BLAST® defoamers/antifoams t MASIL® reactive silicones/silanes t Hilton Davis® color dispersions for paints/stains t CVC specialty epoxies t Kalama K-FLEX® dibenzoate plasticizers TM

TM

For more information on these products, visit www.emeraldmaterials.com

® Registered trademarks of Emerald Performance Materials, LLC ™ Trademarks of Emerald Performance Materials, LLC © 2009 Emerald Performance Materials, LLC

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2011 Additives Products STAIN-RESISTANT ADDITIVES N 3M Company Laurel Products N Nexeo Solutions STEARATES Acme-Hardesty Co. H.L. Blachford Ltd. N Nexeo Solutions R. E. Carroll Inc. SURFACE MODIFIER Clariant Corporation Cytec Industries N Gelest Inc. Harcros Organics Honeywell Laurel Products Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Michelman N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Pilot Chemical N Worlee Chemie GmbH SURFACE TENSION REDUCER N 3M Company Chemguard Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties Ethox Chemicals LLC Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. Pilot Chemical N Worlee Chemie GmbH SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co. Chemguard Clariant Corporation N COATEX N Croda Inc. Dow Coating Materials Dow Corning Corporation Esprix Technologies Ethox Chemicals LLC

N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Pilot Chemical Sasol North America Taminco

SURFACTANTS & DISPERSING AGENTS Anionic N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co. Buckman Clariant Corporation N COATEX N Croda Inc. DuPont Company N Elementis Specialties Ethox Chemicals LLC Harcros Organics N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Pilot Chemical Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America N Troy Corp. Cationic Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation Esprix Technologies N Nexeo Solutions Nonionic N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation N COATEX N Croda Inc. Dow Coating Materials DuPont Company

N Elementis Specialties Ethox Chemicals LLC

Croda Coatings & Polymers – your natural choice LoVOCoatTM polymeric surfactants for high quality and reduced solvent coatings ZephrymTM non/low VOC polymeric pigment dispersants CrodacorTM innovative, environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors PycalTM non-phthalate plasticizer and coalescing agent

N Flychemical Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas R. E. Carroll Inc. Rhodia Inc.

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Emulsifiers Acme-Hardesty Co. N Air Products and Chemicals Inc.

Sasol North America Detergents Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation Harcros Organics N Nexeo Solutions Pilot Chemical R. E. Carroll Inc. Dispersing Agents Acme-Hardesty Co. N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. ANGUS Chemical Company

BASF Corporation Buckman N BYK Additives & Instruments Chartwell International

Clariant Corporation N COATEX

N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries Dow Coating Materials N Elementis Specialties Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation N Flychemical Harcros Organics Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions

For information and free samples go to:

www.crodacoatingsandpolymers.com/formulators

PCI Group Inc. Plasticolors Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America N Troy Corp. N Wacker Chemical Corporation

N OMG Americas

Clariant Corporation

N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries Ethox Chemicals LLC Harcros Organics N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Pilot Chemical Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America Flow Modifiers Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation N COATEX Cytec Industries DuPont Company N Elementis Specialties Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Plasticolors Inc. N Troy Corp. N Wacker Chemical Corporation Misc. Surfactants & Dispersing Agents N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co. N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. ANGUS Chemical Company N BYK Additives & Instruments Chemguard Clariant Corporation N COATEX N Croda Inc. Ethox Chemicals LLC Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Rhodia Inc. Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. Wetting Agents N 3M Company Acme-Hardesty Co.

N Air Products and Chemicals Inc. Buckman Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries Dow Corning Corporation DuPont Company N Elementis Specialties Ethox Chemicals LLC Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation Harcros Organics Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. N King Industries Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas PCI Group Inc. Pilot Chemical Polystar LLC Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America N Troy Corp. SUSPENSION AGENTS Kowa American Corp. N Nexeo Solutions TACKIFIERS Eastman Chemical Company N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions TEXTURIZING AGENTS Clariant Corporation N COATEX Dow Coating Materials Ethox Chemicals LLC Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. Marshall Additive Technologies N Nexeo Solutions NYCO Minerals Inc.

Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp.

THICKENING AGENTS AND RHEOLOGY MODIFIERS Associative Thickeners ANGUS Chemical Company

BASF Corporation N COATEX Dow Coating Materials

N Elementis Specialties N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas N Troy Corp. Cellulosics Dow Coating Materials N Nexeo Solutions R. E. Carroll Inc. Clays N Elementis Specialties KaMin Performance Minerals R. E. Carroll Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. Fumed Silica N Wacker Chemical Corporation Misc. Thickeners N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries H.L. Blachford Ltd.

N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Plasticolors Inc. Rio Tinto Minerals Sasol North America N Troy Corp.

UV ABSORBERS & LIGHT STABILIZERS Buckman Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale N Nanophase Technologies Corporation P.A.T. Products Inc. R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. ZOCHEM Inc. VISCOSITY MODIFIERS Acme-Hardesty Co. Clariant Corporation N COATEX Cytec Industries Dow Coating Materials Ethox Chemicals LLC N International Specialty Products (ISP) Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas WATER REPELLENTS Chemguard Dow Corning Corporation Laurel Products N Michelman N Nexeo Solutions

Primary Silane Shamrock Technologies Inc. N Troy Corp. N Wacker Chemical Corporation N Worlee Chemie GmbH WATER-REMOVAL AGENTS/ SCAVENGERS

Precipitated Silica Huber Engineered Materials R. E. Carroll Inc. Solvent N BYK Additives & Instruments N Elementis Specialties N International Specialty Products (ISP) N King Industries Inc. Kowa American Corp. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Sasol North America N Troy Corp. Water N COATEX Cytec Industries N Elementis Specialties Kowa American Corp. Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. N Troy Corp.

N OMG Americas

VanDeMark Chemical Inc. WATER-TREATMENT CHEMICALS Clariant Corporation Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) LANXESS Corporation N Munzing N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. WAX EMULSIONS N BYK Additives & Instruments

Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Michelman N Micro Powders Inc. N Nexeo Solutions Shamrock Technologies Inc. WAXES Acme-Hardesty Co. N BYK Additives & Instruments Clariant Corporation N Elementis Specialties Esprix Technologies H.L. Blachford Ltd. Honeywell Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. N Michelman N Micro Powders Inc. N Nexeo Solutions P.A.T. Products Inc. R. E. Carroll Inc.

Shamrock Technologies Inc. WET EDGE EXTENDERS N International Specialty Products (ISP) WETTING AGENTS Acme-Hardesty Co. BASF Corporation N BYK Additives & Instruments Chemguard Clariant Corporation N Croda Inc. Dow Coating Materials Dow Corning Corporation N Flychemical Harcros Organics N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions N OMG Americas Rhodia Inc. Sasol North America N Siltech Corporation N Worlee Chemie GmbH XANTHAN GUM N International Specialty Products (ISP) N Nexeo Solutions

The Additives Handbook definitions and listings are available for purchase on a CD.

Call Andrea Kropp at 810/688.4847.

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2011 Additives Suppliers cupric oxide, copper powder, copper catalyst. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 71

A comprehensive product range of high-performance defoamers, thickeners, dispersants and wetting agents, as well as slip and leveling agents that improve efficiency and functionality while reducing environmental impact.

3M Company, Energy & Advanced Materials Division 6744 33rd St. N. Oakdale, MN 55128 (800) 367-8905 Fax: (800) 810-8514 [email protected] www.3m.com/pciguide Paints & Coatings Customer Service Fluorochemical surfactants, ceramic microsphere additives, glass microspheres, micro milling media, stain-resistant coatings. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 2

ANGUS Chemical Company, Dow Advanced Materials (ANGUS is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Dow Chemical Company) 1500 E. Lake Cook Rd. Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 (800) 447-4639; (989) 832-1560 Fax: (989) 832-1465 [email protected] www.angus.com Justin Conklin; Esin Busche Performance-enhancing additives for coatings and inks. Distributors: Ashland Distribution Company, www.ashland.com M.F. Cachat Company, www.mfcachat.com

Acme-Hardesty Co. 450 Sentry Pkwy. E., Ste. 140 Blue Bell, PA 19422 (215) 591-3610 Fax: (215) 591-3620 [email protected] www.acme-hardesty.com Bryan A. Huston, V.P.-Sales/Mktg. Vegetable and animal-based oleochemicals for the coatings market. Products include castor oil and derivatives, fatty acids, glycerine, surfactants and polyols.

Air Products and Chemicals Inc. 7201 Hamilton Blvd. Allentown, PA 18195-1501 (800) 345-3148 (US & Canada); (610) 481-6799 Fax: (610) 481-4381 [email protected] www.airproducts.com/coatings Product Info Center (800) 348-3145 We offer full lines of performanceoriented epoxy curing agents and modifiers; specialty resins; surfactants, defoamers, and pigment grind aids to serve the paint and coatings market. SEE OUR ADS ON PAGES 14 AND 25

Arch Chemicals Inc., Biocides 5660 New Northside Dr., Ste. 1100 Atlanta, GA 30328 (800) 523-7391 Fax: (866) 705-0465 [email protected] www.archbiocides.com Craig Waldron, Global Mkt. Mgr.-Arch Bldg. Prod.; David Tierney, Global Bus. Mgr. Preservatives for dry film and wet state preservation; architectural paints, algaecides, antifoulants; marine paints. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 4

Asbury Carbons Inc., Div. of Asbury Graphite Mills Inc. 405 Old Main St., P.O. Box 144 Asbury, NJ 08802 (908) 537-2155 Fax: (908) 537-2908 [email protected] www.asbury.com Nicholas T. Mares; Albert V. Tamashausky; Lance Miller Graphites and carbons for all applications, including flame retardants, conductive pigments, and black pigments. Also custom grinding/blending of all materials.

Buckman 1256 McLean Blvd., P.O. Box 80305 Memphis, TN 38108 (901) 278-0330 Fax: (901) 276-5343 [email protected] www.buckman.com C. E. Carncross, V.P.; Dr. C. L. Wiatr, Techl. Mgr. Preservatives, anti-foaming agents, dispersants, anti-rust agents, corrosion inhibitors, catalysts, flame and smoke retardants, printing ink dispersants, water treatment chemicals. Distributors: D.B. Becker Company Inc., www.dbbecker.com CNX Distribution, www.cnxdistribution.com Dunleary Inc., www.dunleary.com D.N. Lukens Inc., www.dnlukens.com Maroon Inc., www.marooninc.com

BASF Corporation

740 Waukegan Rd., Ste. 202 Deerfield, IL 60015 (847) 948-0800 Fax: (847) 948-0811 [email protected] www.chemet.com Skip Klatt; Kim Klatt; Jeff King; Bill H. Shropshire Cuprous oxide for anti-fouling paint, preservatives, zinc oxide,

100 Campus Dr. Florham Park, NJ 07932 www.basf.com/usa Michael Hoppe, Prod. Group Mgr.; Jere Kaplan, PhD, Prod. Mgr.-Energy Curable Materials; Homer Jamasbi, Ph.D., MBA., Coatings Techl. Mgr./ Global Techl. Leader-Coatings Additives

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SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 13

Chartwell International 100 John Dietsch Blvd. Attleboro Falls, MA 02763 (508) 695-1690 Fax: (508) 699-6693 [email protected] www.chartwellintl.com Lawrence B. Cohen; Laura Hunt Proprietary metal organic adhesion promoters, many zero-VOC (non-silane, non-titante type); both liquids and solids (chartsil).

Chemguard 204 S. 6th Ave. Mansfield, TX 76063 (817) 473-9964 Fax: (817) 473-0606 [email protected] www.chemguard.com Bob Gilbert, Sr. Sales/Mktg. Mgr. Provide a line of high-performance short chain specialty fluorosurfactants for the coatings industry that are based on telomer chemistry.

Clariant Corporation, Additives Business

Buhler Inc., Nanotechnology 13105 12th Ave. N. Plymouth, MN 55441 (763) 847-9900; (512) 466-8005 Fax: (763) 847-9911 [email protected] www.buhlergroup.com Steffen Pilotek, Bus. Devel. Director Nanotechnology Oxylink performance additive for water-based coatings and paints, increases crosslinking for stronger films and accelerates drying for higher productivity. Distributors: CheMarCo Inc., www.chemarco.com SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 28

BYK Additives & Instruments, A member of Altana American Chemet Corporation

rheological additives, surfactants, nanotechnology, additives for paper coatings and industrial applications.

524 S. Cherry St. Wallingford, CT 06492 (203) 265-2086 Fax: (203) 284-9158 [email protected] www.byk.com/additives Bruce Seeber; Phil Saglimbeni Product range: wax additives, adhesion promoters, wetting and dispersing additives, surface additives, defoamers,

4000 Monroe Rd. Charlotte, NC 28205 (704) 331-7222 Fax: (704) 331-7272 [email protected] www.additives.clariant.com Additives, antioxidants, and waxes.

Clariant Corporation, Industrial & Consumer Specialties 625 E. Catawba Ave. Mount Holly, NC 28120 (800) 942-7239; (704) 822-2613 [email protected] www.paints-coatings.clariant.com Customer Service, Indl./Consumer Spec.; Michael Haspel, Coatings/ Construction Chemicals Bus. Mgr. Pigment and additive dispersants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, copolymerizable emulsifiers, biocides, defoamers, humectants, glycol ethers, and polyethylene glycols. Distributors: Ashland Distribution, www.ashdist.com Charles Tennant, www.ctc.ca Dowd & Guild, www.dowdandguild.com TH Hilson Company, www.thhilson.com PT Hutchins, www.pthutchins.com

Rheology modifiers, dispersants, opaque polymers and surfactants.

COATEX 547 Ecology Ln. Chester, SC 29706 (800) 238-5120; (803) 379-8739 Fax: (803) 581-0956 [email protected] www.coatex.com Bill Rosenthal Coatex’s rheological additives for aqueous formulations offer innovative solutions to help its customers switching from solventbased to waterborne coatings. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 79

Dow Corning Corporation, Global Headquarters P.O. Box 0994 Midland, MI 48686-0994 (989) 496-4400 Fax: (989) 496-4821 [email protected] www.dowcorning.com/coatings Customer Service Dept. Global supplier of resins, performance additives, process aids, coatings and waterproofing materials. Provider of supportive services, solutions and processing expertise.

DuPont Company, DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts

Croda Inc. 300-A Columbus Cir. Edison, NJ 08837-3907 (732) 417-0800 Fax: (302) 574-1790; (732) 417-0804 [email protected] www.crodacoatingsandpolymers.com James O’Dwyer, Sales Dir. Croda Inc., a global supplier of specialty chemicals, has a broad portfolio of specialty surfactants, dispersants, emulsifiers, bio-based building blocks and oleochemicals for coatings and polymers applications. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 76

Cytec Industries 5 Garrett Mountain Plz. Woodland Park, NJ 07424 (800) 652-6013; (973) 357-3193 Fax: (973) 357-3050 [email protected] www.cytec.com Cytec Coating Resins delivers innovative products beyond our customers’ imagination. We are pioneers in the development and production of high-performance coating solutions. Our line of low-VOC coatings, radiation curing and powder coating resins and additives allow our customers to create sustainable change for the industries they serve.

Dow Coating Materials 100 Independence Mall W. Philadelphia, PA 19106 (800) 693-3311; (215) 592-3000 Fax: (989) 832-1465 [email protected] www.dowcoatingmaterials.com/ surfactants Rusty Johnson, Field Mktg. Mgr.-Arch Ctngs.; Shiona Stewart, Field Mktg. Mgr.Additives

Chestnut Run Plz., Bldg. 702 Rm. 2230-B, 4417 Lancaster Pike Wilmington, DE 19805 (866) 828-7009 www.capstone.dupont.com Amy Moore; Joe McClung Fluorosurfactants.

Eastman Chemical Company P.O. Box 431 Kingsport, TN 37662-5280 (800) EASTMAN; (423) 229-2000 Fax: (423) 229-1193 www.eastmancoatings.com Corporate Headquarters Specialty solvents, coalescing agents, adhesion promoters, miscellaneous chemical specialties, cellulose esters, and resin intermediates.

Elementis Specialties 329 Wyckoffs Mill Rd. Hightstown, NJ 08520 (609) 443-2000; (800) 866-6800 Fax: (609) 443-2207 [email protected] www.elementis-specialties.com Ayaz Khan, Tech.Manager; Sel Avci, Mktg. Mgr. Specialty additives for solvent and waterborne coatings including rheology modifiers, defoamers, dispersants, wetting agents, wax dispersions, flow modifiers, coalescents and many other performance additives. Elementis offers a wide range of pigment dispersions and tinting systems. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 53

Coatex is a BROAD based company offering acrylic Dispersants, Thickeners, and Polyurethanes

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2011 Additives Suppliers reduction, property enhancement. Heatexpandable microspheres for foaming. Distributors: Chem-Materials Company

Emerald Performance Materials, Hilton Davis, Kalama Chemical, CVC, Foam Control 2020 Front St., (HQ only) Cuyahoga Falls, OH 44221 (330) 916-6700 [email protected] www.emeraldmaterials.com Manufacturer of resins and additives incl.: color/black/white pigments, dyes, dispersions; plasticizers; defoamers; antifoams; AOs; epoxy resins, monomers and accelerators. SEE OUR ADS ON PAGES 20 and 75

Flychemical Huangong Road,Yongkang Industry Tainan City, Taiwan, R.O.C. +886-6-2961810 Fax: +886-6-2961812 [email protected] www.flychemical.com Dispersing agents, organic pigments, nano pigment paste, leveling agents. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 97

Esprix Technologies, Performance Chemistries 7680 Matoaka Rd. Sarasota, FL 34243 (800) 237-7748 x305; (941) 355-5100 x305 Fax: (941) 358-1339 [email protected] www.esprixtech.com Philip W. Nace, Jr., Pres. Esprix products include primary absorbent resins, dye fixatives, crosslinkers and peripherals, delivering consistency, predictability, quality and performance with R&D capability.

Ethox Chemicals LLC 1801 Perimeter Rd. Greenville, SC 29605 (864) 277-1620 Fax: (864) 277-8981 [email protected] www.ethox.com Edward R. Godwin; Charles (Chip) Palmer Produce dispersants, polymer emulsifiers, alkyd emulsifiers, defoamers, nanodispersants, plasticizers, antistats, emulsifiers, and wetting agents.

Heucotech Ltd.

Huber Engineered Materials

99 Newbold Rd. Fairless Hills, PA 19030 (215) 736-0712 Fax: (215) 736-1699 [email protected] www.heubachcolor.com David B. Thompson, Coatings Ind. Mgr.; Biren Oza, Coatings Sales Serv. Mgr. Manufactures a full color spectrum of aqueous dispersions; also markets anticorrosive pigments, organic pigments, specializing in phthalocyanine green, indanthrone blue, as well as inorganic colors. Distributors: Intertrade SA de CV Precept International

1000 Parkwood Cir., Ste. 1000 Atlanta, GA 30339 (866) 564-8237 Fax: (678) 247-2797 [email protected] www.hubermaterials.com Huber Engineered Materials has product offerings in silica, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, barium sulfate and ground calcium carbonate.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 27

Gelest Inc. 11 E. Steel Rd. Morrisville, PA 19067 (215) 547-1015 Fax: (215) 547-2484 [email protected] www.gelest.com Craig Smith; Gabrielle Horvath; Joel Zazyczny Specialty organosilanes, silicones and organometallics for adhesives, sealants, paints and coatings. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 6

Hi-Mar Specialty Chemicals LLC 3939 W. McKinley Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53208 (414) 342-5443 Fax: (414) 342-7871 [email protected] www.hi-mar.net Robert Pietrangelo, CEO; Albert Hernandez, V.P.-Sales; Paul Bradin, V.P.-Oper. Defoamers, dispersants, wetting agents.

H.L. Blachford Ltd., Chemical Specialties Division

Evonik Goldschmidt Corporation, Coating Additives/ TEGO P.O. Box 1299 Hopewell, VA 23860-1299 (800) 446-1809 Fax: (804) 541-6290 [email protected] www.tego.us Frances Eggleston; Jennifer Turner As a leading brand of the paint and graphic arts additives industry, Tego offers a broad variety for waterborne, UV and high solids systems.

2323 Royal Windsor Dr. Mississauga, ON L5J 1K5 Canada (905) 823-3200 Fax: (905) 823-9290 www.blachford.com Aldo Pighin, Prod. Mgr.-Stearates/ Metallic Soaps Manufacturers of stearates and metallic soaps, including aluminum, barium, calcium, magnesium, zinc stearates, potassium and aluminum octoates.

Expancel, Eka Chemicals Inc.

Harcros Organics

2240 Northmont Pkwy. Duluth, GA 30096-5835 (678) 775-5102; (800) 786-4630 Fax: (770) 813-8639 [email protected] www.expancel.com Chris Rosenbusch, Mktg. Mgr.; Mark Timmers; Maf Ahmad; Chip Gill, Sales Engr. Ultra-low-density hollow plastic microspheres for VOC and density

5200 Speaker Rd. Kansas City, KS 66106 (913) 621-7772 Fax: (913) 621-7876 [email protected] www.harcrosorganics.com/ Manufacturer of surfactants (nonionic and anionic), dispersants, antifoams and unique reactive monomers for superior paint, coatings and adhesives formulations.

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Honeywell, Specialty Materials 101 Columbia Rd. Morristown, NJ 07962-1053 (973) 455-2485; +32 0 16 39 12 25 Fax: +86 (21) 28942363 [email protected] www.honeywell.com/additives Kurt Severyns, Field Mktg. Mgr.EMEAI; Andrew Huang, Field Mktg. Mgr.-ASIA; Ernie Ballester, Field Mktg. Mgr.-Americas A-C and ACumist polyethylene, polypropylene homopolymers/ copolymers to improve the surface properties and performance of paints and coatings. Distributors: Canada Colors & Chemicals Ltd., www.canadacolors.com The M.F. Cachat Company, www.mfcachat.com Univar USA Inc., www.univarusa.com

Hydrite Chemical Co. P.O. Box 0948 Brookfield, WI 53008-0948 (262) 792-1450 Fax: (262) 792-8721 [email protected] www.hydrite.com Bruce Schimmel; Chris Crawford, Bus. Group Dir. Hydrite Chemical Co. offers a complete line of defoamers in all chemistries for the paint, coatings, ink and adhesive markets.

International Specialty Products (ISP) 1361 Alps Rd. Wayne, NJ 07470 (877) 477-5676; (973) 628-4000 Fax: (973) 628-3812 www.ispcorp.com Pierre Varin, Dir.-Sales N.A.Performance Chemicals/Biocides; Scott Edris, Dir.-Global Mktg.Performance Chemicals; Joe Druga, Mgr.-Biocides Monomers, dispersing agents, solvents, specialty solvents, reactive diluents for radiation-cured coatings, industrial biocides and acrylate technologies. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 49

Invotec LLC P.O. Box 129 Oswego, IL 60543 (630) 636-6003 Fax: (630) 551-1132 [email protected] M. Jay Austin, Pres.; Carl A. Albee, V.P. Corrosion inhibitors, flash rust inhibitors, tannin stain inhibitors, rust preventatives, liquid corrosion inhibitors, phosphatizing catalysts.

Distributors: Bossco Industries, www.bosscoindustries.com Debro Chemicals, www.debro.com E. W. Kaufmann Company, www.ewkaufmann.com Pacific Coast Chemicals Company, www.pcchem.com TH Hilson Company, www.thhilson.com Yuwon Intec Ltd., www.yuwonint.com

Mark K. Smith; Mark Townsell; Tom Mase, Sales Mgr. Offers wide variety of specialty monomers: acrylamides, acrylates and methacrylates; VOC-exempt solvents, p-chlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC); Hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer & biuret. aluminum paste.

Marshall Additive Technologies

KaMin Performance Minerals 822 Huber Rd. Macon, GA 31217 (478) 750-5410 [email protected] www.kaminllc.com Jason Maxwell, Global Prod. Mgr.; Matt Kilyk, Dir.-Global Sales; Thomas Anderskow, V.P.-Comml.; Maureen Halstead, Dir.-Global Prod. Management High-quality hydrous, calcined and delaminated kaolin clays for paints, inks, coatings, adhesives, sealants and freeflow applications. Please contact us at [email protected].

Kromachem Inc., Farmingdale 30 Southard Ave., P.O. Box 744 Farmingdale, NJ 07727 (732) 751-0980 Orders; (800) 640-1932 Tech Service Fax: (732) 751-0981 Orders; (845) 782-8359 Tech Service [email protected] www.kromachem.com Kay O’Connor Specialty additives including in-can stabilizers and surface modifiers for the radiation curing industry.

26776 W. 12 Mile Rd. Southfield, MI 48034 (248) 353-4100; (800) 338-7900 Fax: (248) 948-6460 [email protected] www.rjmarshall.com Stephanie Nichols, Techl.; Richard Marshall, Sales Paint and coating texturizers, accent colorants, polymeric antiskid texturizing abrasives, fillers (natural) cellulosic, polymeric, hydrated aluminas, smoke suppressants, flame retardants.

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America Inc. 655 Third Ave., 24th Flr. New York City, NY 10017 (212) 687-9030 ext. 104 Fax: (212) 687-2810 [email protected] www.aromaticchemicals.com Daisuke (Dale) Shoji Performance amines and dilutions for epoxy hardeners. Aromatic aldehydes and aromatic acids. Featuring 1,3BAC, a highly reactive cycloaliphatic diamine used as an intermediate for a variety of chemicals, as well as an epoxy curing agent where color stability, fast ambient cure and good chemical resistance are required. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 29

Michelman

Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. 140 E. 22nd St., P.O. Box 32 Bayonne, NJ 07002-0032 (201) 823-9000 Fax: (201) 823-0691 [email protected] www.4kenrich.com Salvatore J. Monte, Pres.; Erika G. Monte, V.P.; Charles A. Lucania, V.P.Oper. Plasticizers, catalysts, corrosion inhibitors, coupling agents, antistatic agents.

(216) 447-5000 Fax: (216) 447-6291 [email protected] www.lubrizolcoatings.com High-performance additives for wood, automotive, masonry construction and OEM metal applications. Lubrizol Performance Coatings products are engineered to provide unique solutions for formulators.

LANXESS Corporation 111 RIDC Park West Dr. Pittsburgh, PA 15275 (412) 809-1000; (800) 526-9377 [email protected] www.us.lanxess.com Terri Fitzpatrick Industrial chemicals, biocides, preservatives, plasticizers, dyes and pigments, polyamide and EVA resins, flame retardants, water treatment chemicals.

9080 Shell Rd. Cincinnati, OH 45236 (513) 793-7766; (800) 333-1723 Fax: (513) 793-2504 [email protected] www.michelman.com Steve Ruehrwein, Comm. Sales Mgr.Chemical Spec.; Marty Riehemann, V.P.-Chemical Spec.; David Towell, Global Mktg. Mgr.-Chemical Spec.; Philip Holden, Inside Sales Rep. Technology leaders in water-based surface modifiers, polymers and coatings.

MOLY-WHITE Pigments Group 601 Canal Rd. Cleveland, OH 44113 (216) 566-1294 Fax: (216) 566-2751 [email protected] www.moly-white.com Charles Simpson, Mgr.-Tech. Serv. Nontoxic, molybdate-based corrosion inhibitors for coatings, adhesives and sealants. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 70

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 10

King Industries Inc. Science Rd., P.O. Box 588 Norwalk, CT 06852 (800) 431-7900; (203) 866-5551 Fax: (203) 866-1268 [email protected] www.kingindustries.com Dave Deters, V.P./Gen. Mgr.-Ctgs. Div.; Steven Knight, Ctgs. Sales Mgr.; Bob Burk, Mktg. Mgr. Acid and blocked acid catalysts, polyester polyols and urethane diols, dispersants, rust and corrosion inhibitors, non-aqueous additives, polyurethane crosslinkers, rheology and surface control agents, PUR associative thickeners and specialty silanes.

Munzing Laurel Products 47 Park Ave. Elverson, PA 19520 (610) 286-2534 Fax: (610) 286-2540 [email protected] www.laurelproducts.com Wes Demonde, Techl. Mgr.; James Downing, Jr., Dir.-New Bus. Devel. Laurel designs, processes and supplies PTFE and FEP micropowder, PTFE dispersions, and fluoropolymer dry-film lubricants, under the Ultraflon trade name.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 38

Kowa American Corp. 55 E. 59th St., 19th Flr. New York, NY 10022 (800) 221-2076; (212) 303-7800 Fax: (212) 310-0101 [email protected] www.chemical.kowa.com

Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. 9911 Brecksville Rd. Cleveland, OH 44141

Micro Powders Inc. 580 White Plains Rd. Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 793-4058 Fax: (914) 472-7098 [email protected] www.micropowders.com Gary Strauss, V.P./Gen. Mgr.; John McAllister, Domestic Sales Mgr. Synthetic waxes, polyethylene waxes, polypropylene waxes, PTFE, combinations of polyethylene waxes and PTFE, and wax emulsions and dispersions. Distributors: TH Hilson Company, www.thhilson.com McCullough & Associates, www.mccanda.com The NP Group Inc., www.npgrouinc.com Pacific Coast Chemicals Co., www.pcchem.com SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 99

1455 Broad St. Bloomfield, NJ 07003 (800) 524-0055; (973) 279-1306 Fax: (973) 338-0420 [email protected] www.munzing.com Jim Krejci, Regl. Mgr.; Joe Kettenacker, V.P.-Global Sales Defoamers/antifoaming agents, rheology modifiers, ink additives, thickening agents, dispersing and wetting agents. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 100

Nanogap USA P.O. Box 590128 San Francisco, CA 94159-0128 (415) 519-8166 Fax: (415) 789-4150 [email protected] www.nanogap-usa.com Nanogap manufactures highly conductive silver nanofibers, nanoparticles and sub-nanometer particles that are transparent in use and have antimicrobial properties.

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2011 Additives Suppliers Dr. Ganesh Skandan, CEO; Krista Martin, Eng. Support Self-healing pretreatments, primers, and topcoats extend the service life and reduce maintenance costs by preserving long-term integrity of the substrate.

Nanophase Technologies Corporation 1319 Marquette Dr. Romeoville, IL 60446 (630) 771-6717 Tom Williams Nanophase provides concentrated dispersions of nanometal oxides in a variety of polar/non-polar products for scratch resistance and UV attenuation. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 16

NEI Corporation 400 Apgar Drive, Unit E Somerset, NJ 08873 (732) 868-3141 Fax: (732) 868-3143 [email protected] www.neicorporation.com

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 57

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals P.O. Box 2219 Columbus, OH 43216 (800) 531-7106 (option 3) Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com Tony Gutierrez, Mktg. Mgr.-Specialties Distribute resins, thickeners, additives, surfactants and dispersants, solvents, plasticizers, monomers, pigments, lubricants, preservatives, foam control, etc. Call us at 1-800-531-7106. Distributors: Nexeo Solutions, www.nexeosolutions.com SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 83

Check out www.pcimag.com

Shelley Parkerson, Mkt. Devel. Mgr. Dispersants, moisture scavengers, anti-foam, thickeners, flow control, rheology modifiers, surfactants, emulsifiers, driers. New technology: No-VOC, cobalt-free paint curing additive.

NYCO Minerals Inc. 803 Mountain View Dr., P.O. Box 368 Willsboro, NY 12996 (518) 963-4262 Fax: (518) 963-4187 [email protected] www.nycominerals.com Michael Wolfe, Gen. Mgr.-Sales/ Coatings NYCO Wollastonite-A specialty mineral that gives improved corrosion protection and durability. Ten WOLLASTOCOAT products work as auxiliary pigments with other inhibitors for improved performance and cost savings.

OMG Americas 811 Sharon Dr. Westlake, OH 44145-1522 (440) 899-2950; (800) 321-9696 Fax: (440) 808-7117 [email protected] www.omgi.com

The WCS Symposium and Show is the major coatings event in the west this year and features an extensive technical program covering a wide spectrum of topics along the following lines. • New Formulations & Coatings • Management of Technologies in the Coatings Industry

30th Biennial Western Coatings Societies Symposium and Show

October 23 - 26, 2011 Mirage Hotel & Casino An Oasis within an Oasis Las Vegas, NV

www.wcsshow.com Hosted by the Arizona, Golden Gate, Los Angeles, & Pacific Northwest Societies for Coatings Technology, the 30th Biennial WCS Symposium and Show is being held October 23-26, 2011 at the Mirage Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada.

• New Environmental & Manufacturing Developments • New Trends in the Coatings Industry • Global Economic Outlooks for the Coatings Industry Find a complete list of the presentations at

www.wcsshow.com Complimenting this year’s Technical Program is a Trade Show representing the industry’s foremost manufacturers, distributors and suppliers of raw materials, equipment, and innovative technologies. Visit ads.pcimag.com

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JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 59

P.A.T. Products Inc. 44 Central St. Bangor, ME 04401 (207) 942-6348 Fax: (207) 942-9662 [email protected] www.patproducts.com Leo Coyle, Pres.; Erik Espling, V.P.Sales/Mktg. Organic matting agents, spherical/ micro round waxes, silanes, anti-stats, chlorinated paraffins, phenolic resins, ink additives, shellac, urethanes, epoxy resins, CPO/APO primers and adhesion promoters, pigment dispersions.

Pacer Corporation 245 Mt. Rushmore Rd. Custer, SD 57730 (800) 568-2492; (605) 673-4419 Fax: (605) 673-4459

WCS Exhibitors as of 5/12/2011: Specialty Polymers J. F. Shelton TCR Industries Buhler, Int. Anton PAAR Thor Specialties Organik Kimya USA U.S. Polymers Accurez LLC Dow Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. Wacker Polymers Tavco Chemicals NYCO Minerals, Inc. E.T Horn Arkema Huntsman Advanced Materials Halox Michelman Inc. Kyowa Hakko Chemical Americas ISP Rhodia Chemical Distributors, Inc. Nexeo Solutions Elementis Specialties, Inc. American Coatings Association Rio Tinto Minerals Sartomer USA, Inc. Southern Clay Products Trans Western Chemicals EPS - Materials Dominion Colour Corporation Custom Milling & Consulting Micro Powders, Inc. Ethox Chemicals, LLC 3M Energy & Advanced Materials Division Heucotech Ltd. Paint & Coatings Industry Magazine

With the world’s leading paint and coatings suppliers. With the brands you know and trust. With a breadth of product options. With superior technical support.

Your best connection for product options to help support and grow your business …

Formerly Ashland Distribution

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2011 Additives Suppliers [email protected] www.pacerminerals.com Jeanine Gould, V.P.-Cust. Serv.; William A. Cheek II, V.P.-Sales/Mktg. Dry Ground Muscovite mica and Potash Feldspar. Distributors: George C. Brandt Brenntag Specialties Inc. Canada Colors & Chemicals R.E. Carroll Inc. Chemarco William B. Tabler Company Inc. Brenntag Specialties Inc., www.brenntagspecialties.com

waterborne, solvent, UV, and zeroVOC vehicles.

Polystar LLC 216 Brookhollow Industrial Blvd. Dalton, GA 30721 (706) 279-4114 Fax: (706) 279-3624 [email protected] www.polystarusa.com Adam Boyle, V.P.-Oper. Polystar LLC offers a full line of products for epoxy systems. ChemCure - amine hardeners. ChemMod - reactive diluents. ChemRes - epoxy resins.

Potters Industries Inc.

PCI Group Inc. 23043 N. 15th Ln. Phoenix, AZ 85027 (623) 581-1938 Fax: (623) 582-5963 [email protected] www.pcigroupinc.com Kevin M. Sullivan, Dir.-Sales/Mktg. Flow agents (non-silicone and silicone), anti mar and slip agents, surface tension modifiers, defoamers, anti-flood and anti-float agents, and other special chemistries.

P.O. Box 840 Valley Forge, PA 19482-0840 (610) 651-4700 Fax: (610) 408-9724 www.pottersbeads.com William Shaker; Christopher Smith, Mkt. Dev. Mgr.-Spec. Prod. Solid and hollow glass beads from 5 microns to 25 mm for paints, coatings, inks; VOC reduction, mar resistance, and sandability; additives for paints and inks.

Vergil Carlson, Sales Mgr.; Janis Anderson, Paint Lab. Mgr.; Lynn Peel, Comm. Mgr. Driers, flatting agents, preservatives, dispersing agents, thickening agents, extender pigments.

Rio Tinto Minerals, Luzenac Talc

RAHN USA 1005 N. Commons Dr. Aurora, IL 60504 (630) 851-4220 Fax: (630) 851-4863 [email protected] www.rahn-group.com Steve Lundstram, Gen. Mgr.; Dawn MacMinn, Cust. Serv.; Steven Schmitt, Techl. Sales Mgr.; Jeff Mockaitis, TSM; Sean DesRoche, Lab Mgr. Raw materials for radiation (UV/ EB)-curable formulations; Genomer, Genorad, Genocure, GENOPOL, Miramer. Distributors: Dorsett & Jackson (West Coast)

Primary Silane Perstorp Polyols Inc. 600 Matzinger Rd. Toledo, OH 43612-2695 (419) 729-5448 Fax: (419) 729-3291 [email protected] www.perstorppolyols.com Toni Del Bene; Rashel Prochnow; Jeffrey Jones World’s largest producer of pentaerythritol and trimethylolpropane; producer of many specialty polyalcohols, isocyanates, allyl ethers, dendritic polymers and caprolactone polyols.

146 Cherokee Rd. Hendersonville, TN 37075 (615) 430-6655 [email protected] www.primarysilane.com Jeff Smythe, Owner Supplier of organosilanes to coatings and compounding industries. Silanes greatly enhance adhesion, chemical resistance, and toughness of your coating.

Pilot Chemical 2744 E. Kemper Rd. Cincinnati, OH 45241 (800) 70-PILOT; (513) 326-0600 Fax: (513) 326-0601 [email protected] www.pilotchemical.com Glynn Goertzen, V.P.-Comm.; Binh Nguyen Alcohol/ether sulfates, alkanolamides, alkyl aryl sulfonates, alkyl benzene sulfonates, diphenyl oxide disulfonates, performance concentrates, personal care specialties, sulfonates.

R. E. Carroll Inc. 1570 N. Olden Ave. Trenton, NJ 08638 (609) 695-6211; (800) 257-9365 Fax: (609) 695-0102 [email protected] www.recarroll.com Robert E. Carroll III, Pres.; David Carroll, Dir.-Mktg. Wholesale distribution of raw materials for the paint and coatings industry. Also offering liquids repackaging and warehousing services.

Plasticolors Inc. 2600 Michigan Ave. Ashtabula, OH 44005 (440) 997-5137 Fax: (440) 992-3613 [email protected] www.plasticolors.com Sue Ann Spang; Michael McCormick Manufactures high-quality colorants in acrylic, polyurethane, epoxy, plasticizer, polyetheramine, unsaturated polyester, polysiloxane,

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R. T. Vanderbilt Co. Inc. 30 Winfield St., P.O. Box 5150 Norwalk, CT 06856 (203) 853-1400 Fax: (203) 853-1452 [email protected] www.rtvanderbilt.com

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

stabilizers, open time extenders, phosphate esters, wetting agents.

Reaxis Inc. 941 Robinson Hwy. McDonald, PA 15057-2213 (724) 796-1511 Fax: (724) 796-3160 [email protected] www.reaxis.com Michael Curcione, Acct. Mgr.; Dr. Leon Perez, V.P.-Tech./Bus. Devel. Reaxis products are used in numerous industries, including plastics, coatings, elastomers, adhesives, sealants, personal care, hydrogen peroxide, oil/gas drilling additives, electronics and lubricants. Our specialty products are applicable for a wide range of chemical processes, including catalysis of esterification, transesterification, polyurethane and polysiloxane reactions, as well as surface finishing, complexation and redox chemistries.

Rhodia Inc. 8 Cedar Brook Dr. Cranbury, NJ 08512 (888) 776-7337; (609) 860-4000 Fax: (609) 860-0463 rhd-namcustomerconcierge@ us.rhodia.com www.rhodia.com Ning Wu, Techl. Mkt. Mgr.; Jose Ruiz, Techl. Serv. Mgr.; Pierre Hennaux, Bus. Devel. Mgr.; Simon Mawson, Global Bus. Dir.-Coatings Additives for waterborne paints and coatings, defoamers, dispersants, emulsion polymers, freeze-thaw

8051 E. Maplewood Ave., Bldg. 4 Greenwood Villiage, CO 80111 (303) 713-5219 Fax: (303) 713-5788 [email protected] www.luzenac.com Forrest Hentz, Techl. Mgr.-Paints/ Coatings Additives that improve coatings performance, lower formulation costs, and add value and functionality across a wide range of applications.

RLM Industries, Additives 3714 Jonlen Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45227 (513) 527-4057; (502) 244-7688 Fax: (513) 527-4048 [email protected] www.rlmind.net R.L. McKie, Pres. Home of the original X-2280 Imperial Anti Float, and manufacturer of the famous Lab Saddle Dryer. Distributors: Alchemy, www.alchemy-south.com The Cary Co., www.thecarycompany.com Dorsett & Jackson, www.dorsettandjackson.com GMZ Inc., www.gmzinc.com Ivodex, [email protected] Valhalla, [email protected] Walsh & Assoc., www.walsh-assoc.com

Sartomer USA LLC 502 Thomas Jones Way, Oaklands Corporate Center Exton, PA 19341 (610) 363-4100; (800) Sartomer Fax: (610) 363-4140 [email protected] www.sartomer.com Michael Rose, Sales Dir. Acrylic and methacrylic monomers, oligomers, and other specialty chemicals.

Sasol North America 900 Threadneedle, Ste. 100 Houston, TX 77079-2990 (337) 494-4157 Fax: (281) 368-1531 [email protected] www.sasoltechdata.com

Melanie Sharp, Tech. Serv.; Thomas Clark, Mkt. Devel. Sales Mgr. Supplier of APEO-free surfactants, wetting agents, dispersing aids, emulsifiers, solvents, alumina, waxes, alcohols, paraffins, and more.

Synasia Inc.

Shamrock Technologies Inc. Foot of Pacific St. Newark, NJ 07114 (973) 242-2999 Fax: (973) 242-8074 marketing@shamrocktechnologies. com www.shamrocktechnologies.com Mike Oliveri; Joe Coffey Specialty powdered additives, micronized PTFE, polyethylene, polypropylene, waxes for slip, mar and abrasion resistance, matting, textured appearance, hydrophobicity, and flow control.

Shepherd Color Company 4539 Dues Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45246 (513) 874-0714 Fax: (513) 874-5061 [email protected] www.shepherdcolor.com Chris Manning, Sales/Mktg. Mgr. Complex inorganic color pigments (CICPs) for the most demanding applications, including premium coil coatings. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 51

Siltech Corporation 225 Wicksteed Ave. Toronto, ON M4H 1G5 Canada (416) 424-4567 Fax: (416) 424-3158 [email protected] www.siltechcorp.com Organo-modified siloxanes, silicone additives and reactive silicones for inks and coatings. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 72

Sphere One Inc. 601 Cumberland Ave. Chattanooga, TN 37404 (423) 629-7160 Fax: (423) 698-0614 [email protected] www.sphereone.net John Kish; Brian Richards; Mark Bonne Lightweight microspheres, ceramic spheres, plastic spheres and mica products Distributors: The Kish Comapny Inc., kishcompany.com

240 Amboy Ave. Metuchen, NJ 08840 (631) 859-3988 Fax: (732) 205-1788 [email protected] www.synasia.com Kevin Greene, Dir.-Mktg. Manufactures cycloaliphatic epoxy resins for UV cationic or conventional curing. Novel resins. Custom/ toll manufacturing. IEM (MOI). Photoinitiators.

Unimin Corp. 258 Elm St. New Canaan, CT 06840 (618) 747-2311; (203) 442-2500 Fax: (618) 747-9318; (203) 972-1378 [email protected] www.brilliantadditions.com Customer Service Functional mineral fillers and extenders; including nepheline syenite, calcium carbonate, kaolin clays, and ground and microcrystalline silicas. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 73

United Color Manufacturing Inc. Taminco Two Windsor Plz., Ste. 411, 7540 Windsor Dr. Allentown, PA 18195 (888) 826-4680; (610) 366-6730 Fax: (610) 366-6784 [email protected] www.specialtyamines.com Michael Hakos; Kurt Buyse, Global Dir.-Performance Prod. Manufactures amine additives and solvents used in coatings as well as intermediates for the production of paints and resins.

660 Newtown-Yardley Rd., Ste. 205, P.O. Box 480 Newtown, PA 18940 (215) 860-2165; (800) 852-5942 Fax: (215) 860-8560 [email protected] www.unitedcolor.com Thomas Nowakowski, Pres.; Robert Cwik Jr., Natl. Sales Mgr.; Dr. Haresh Doshi, Techl. Dir.; John Wilson, Bus. Devel. Mgr. Dyes — liquid, highly concentrated liquids and powder forms. Sub-micron pigment dispersions.

AQUEOUS Q VanDeMark Chemical Inc. Technical Industries Inc. 217 Church St., P.O. Box 65 Peace Dale, RI 02883-0065 (401) 783-5887 Fax: (401) 789-2270 [email protected] www.tidispersion.com F. Steven DiMasi, V.P.-Quality/Mfg.; Eric A. Rose, Pres. Pigment dispersions (aqueous); aqueous dispersions and emulsions for latex cure systems; ISO 9001:2008.

One N. Transit Rd. Lockport, NY 14094 (716) 433-6764; (800) 836-8253 Fax: (716) 433-2850 [email protected] www.vdmchemical.com Michael A. Kucharski, Pres./CEO; Paul A. Ameis, COO; John M. Dobrolsky Jr., Sales Mgr.; Candice Gancasz, Sales/ Cust. Serv. P-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate (PTSI) is a water scavenger used in urethanebased coatings, sealants adhesives and energy-curable inks.

Troy Corp. 8 Vreeland Rd., P.O. Box 955 Florham Park, NJ 07932 (973) 443-4200 Fax: (973) 443-0843 [email protected] www.troycorp.com David E. Faherty, V.P.-Mktg.; Marie Williams, Dir.-Corp. Mktg. Serv. Manufacturers of a wide range of biocides that include fungicides, bactericides, algaecides and specialty additives to the paint and coating industry. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 45

W.D. Service Co. P.O. Box 147 Bellmawr, NJ 08099 (800) 366-9326 Fax: (856) 931-4505 [email protected] www.wdserviceco.com Paul A. Cuccinello; Susan T. Calabro Ammonia solutions, reagent grade, all size containers: 1 gal., 5 gal., 50 gal., totes-200, 250, 300 gallon and bulk. Any concentration available. Private labeling.

Wacker Chemical Corporation 3301 Sutton Rd. Adrian, MI 49221 (888) 922-5374 Fax: (517) 264-4068 [email protected] www.wacker.com/coatings Laurent Morineaux, Business Team Leader-Construction Chemicals; Kenneth Fiorvanti, Comm. Dir.Americas Siloxane high-temperature resins and intermediates for industrial/ protective coatings, polymer dispersions and silicone resins for decorative coatings; silane additives, silicone-based water repellents. SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 35

Worlee Chemie GmbH Soellerstr. 14-16 Lauenburg, 21481 Germany 011 49 4153 5960 Fax: 011 49 4153 53649 [email protected] www.worlee.de Klaus D. Koehler Acrylics, polyester and additives, waterborne and solvent-based alkyds and acrylics. Distributors: J.H. Calo Company, www.jhcalo.com Ferguson Chemical Innovation The Tryline Group, www.tryline.com SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 11

ZOCHEM Inc. 1 Tilbury Ct., P.O. Box 11 20 Brampton, ON L6V 2L8 Canada (905) 848-3813 Fax: (905) 848-9477 [email protected] www.zochem.com Dwayne Dietrich; Scott Gilliard Produce and market high-quality ZOCO brand zinc oxide to all markets and locations; ISO 9002 certified. Distributors: Boehle Chemicals Inc., www.boehlechem.com R.E. Carroll Inc., www.recarroll.com Chemcore ChemRep, www.chemrep.com Cypress Color & Chemical PT Hutchins, www.pthutchins.com Meyers, www.meyerschemical.com Monson, www.monsonco.com Palmer Holland, www.palmerholland.com Tara Chemical Co., www.tarachemical.com Univar-Corapolis, www.univarusa.com Univar-Norcross, www.univarusa.com Walsh, www.walsh-assoc.com

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2011 Additives Distributors ALABAMA CheMarCo Inc. (864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates (See Georgia Headquarters)

Ribelin Sales Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Phoenix, AZ (877) Ribelin; (877) 742-3546 www.ribelin.com (See Texas Headquarters)

291 W. Adams St. Colton, CA 92324 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

TAVCO Chemicals Inc. 7444 W. Foothills Dr. Glendale, AZ 85310 Len M. Lowski (See California Headquarters)

ARKANSAS E.T. Horn Company Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3300 Ball St. Birmingham, AL 35234 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(800) 442-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 701 Western Dr. Mobile, AL 36607 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Process, Materials & Engineering, Raw Materials 1021 Sedgefield Dr. Sylacauga, AL 35150 (256) 249-2724 Fax: (256) 249-4275 [email protected] Allene B. Laughridge; W. N. Laughridge Representing: Aarbor International Inc., Alabama Pigments Company, Dromont srl, K & T and Pangang TiO2, Semi-Bulk Systems Inc.

ARIZONA Dowd and Guild Inc.

1900 W. 65th St., Ste. 11 Little Rock, AR 72209 (800) 791-8498 www.ashland.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

CALIFORNIA Dowd and Guild Inc. 17316 Edwards Rd., Ste. 280 Cerritos, CA 90703-2449 (800) 959-8222 Tim Fetters (See California Headquarters)

E.T. Horn Company

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 6839 W. Chicago St. Chandler, AZ 85226 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

16141 Heron Ave. (Corporate Headquarters) La Mirada, CA 90638 (800) 442-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] or [email protected] www.ethorn.com Vince Anderson, V.P.-Sales-Coatings/Bldg. Materials Group; Bob Ahn, Pres.-Indl. Groups Representing: 3M, A.B. Colby, Albemarle (excluded in LA), American Lecithin Co., Bayer MaterialScience, Cabot Corporation, Dow Chemical, Georgia Pacific Resins-Division of Koch, King Industries, Lansco, Omnova Solutions, Silberline (excluded in AR & LA)

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2461 Crocker Cir. Fairfield, CA 94533 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Pacific Coast Chemicals Co., San Francisco Bay Area 2424 Fourth St. Berkeley, CA 94710 (510) 549-3535 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Dominic Stull; Bob Robyns; Roy Blackburn

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co., Southern California 5100 District Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90058 (323) 771-7700 Fax: (323) 771-0520 [email protected] www.pcchem.com (See California Headquarters)

*Dowd and Guild Inc. 14 Crow Canyon Ct., Ste. 200 San Ramon, CA 94583-1668 (925) 820-7222 Fax: (925) 820-7225 [email protected] www.dowdandguild.com Tina Onderbeke, Exec. V.P.; Howard Guild, Pres.; Tom Dowd, CEO Representing: BYK USA Inc., CVC Thermoset Specialties, Clariant Corporation, Cytec, EP Minerals LLC, Heucotech Ltd., Lanxess Corporation, Momentive Performance Materials, OPC Polymers, PQ Corporation, Sachtleben Corporation, Solutia Inc., Southern Clay Products Inc., Tronox LLC, US Zinc

*E.T. Horn Company, Western Region 16141 Heron Ave. La Mirada, CA 90638 (800) 442-HORN (4676); (714) 523-8050 Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] or [email protected] www.ethorn.com Bob Ahn, Pres.-Indl. Groups; Vince Anderson, V.P.-Sales Representing: 3M, Air Products Performance Materials, Air Products Specialty Additives, Albemarle, Ashland Aqualon Functional Ingredients, Ashland Performance Materials, BASFMinerals, BASF-Pigments & Additives, Bayer MaterialScience, Cabot Corporation, Dow Chemical, Dow Microbial Control, DuPont Specialty Polymers, Eastman Chemicals, Georgia Pacific Resins, HALOX, J.M. Huber, King Industries, NYCO Minerals, Omnova Solutions, Silberline, Unimin Specialty Minerals (excludes AZ, NM & PNW), Zeeospheres Ceramics LLC

The Kish Company Inc. City of Industry, CA (440) 205-9970 Fax: (440) 205-9975 [email protected] www.kishcompany.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. 4625 N. 45th Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85031 (800) 348-1579 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Mary Keane (See California Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

3815 W. Washington St. Phoenix, AZ 85009 (800) 959-8222 Steve O’Donnell (See California Headquarters)

(800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected], www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

*E.T. Horn Company, Southwest Region

*TAVCO Chemicals Inc. 25401 Cabot Rd., #121 Laguna Hills, CA 92653 (949) 770-7666 Fax: (949) 770-8889 [email protected] or ted@tavcochem. com www.tavcochem.com Ted Venia, Pres.; Paul Bethke, V.P.; Bob Newcomb, Saleman; Len Milowski, Regl. Mgr. Representing: Burgess Pigment Company, Ferro Pigments, Nubiola, Shepard Bros., United Minerals & Chemicals

*TCR Industries Inc. 26 Centerpointe Dr., Ste. 120 La Palma, CA 90623 (714) 521-5222; (877) 827-1444 toll-free Fax: (714) 521-1636 [email protected] www.tcrindustries.com Sam Rumfola; Dan Coots Representing: 3V Inc., CR Minerals, Cinic America, Columbia River Carbonates, Columbian Chemicals, Dianal, Dover Chemical, Durez, EMD, Fawcett, Frank B. Ross, Fuji Silysia, Imerys, Instrumental Polymers Technology, Kronos, LCP Technology, Momentive, Nuroz LLC, Perstorp, Reichhold Inc., Rockwood Pigments, Specialty Polymers, TOR Minerals, Taminco, Toyo, Troy Corporation, Vitro Minerals, Wayne Pigments, World Minerals

*Trans Western Chemicals Inc. E.T. Horn Company

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

(800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

20915 S. Wilmington Carson, CA 90810 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

7766 Industry Ave. Pico Rivera, CA 90660 (562) 942-1833 Fax: (562) 942-9412 www.twchem.com Henry Kirsch, Pres.; John Kirsch, Sales; Jeff Mitzner, Sales Representing:

Alabama Pigments/Oxides, Color Corp of America, Dixie Chemical Company, Dominion Colour Co., EPS Materials, Ferro Corporation, Grace Epoxy, I.D. Additives, Industrial Minerals (IMCO), Milliken Chemical, OMG Borchers, Petro Canada, Poly-Resyn Inc., Raybo Chemical Co., SNCZ, Shin-Etsu Silicones of America, Siovation Silicones, Soltech, TR International, Toyal America

DELAWARE E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

CheMarCo Inc.

2600 S. Garfield Ave. Commerce, CA 90040 (971) 563-9538 [email protected] www.univarusa.com Bill Chelf (See Washington Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates

850 Colorado Blvd. #202 Los Angeles, CA 90041 (323) 254-9798 Fax: (323) 257-6968 [email protected] or ravi@ wfmcdonald.com www.wfmcdonald.com Chris McDonald; Tom McDonald; Ravi Hoshi PhD.

COLORADO E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

(864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

Tampa, FL (727) 834-8523 Fax: (727) 834-8561 [email protected] www.mccanda.com Jeff Crawford (See Georgia Headquarters)

Ribelin Sales Inc. 200 N.E. 181st St. Miami, FL 33162 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 5125 W. Hanna Ave. Tampa, FL 33634 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

CheMarCo Inc. 156 W. 56th Ave. Denver, CO 80216 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. 5150 Colorado Blvd. Denver, CO 80216 (800) 348-1579 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Mary Keane (See California Headquarters)

(864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

*Hinton & Hillman Inc. 5755 N. Point Pkwy., Ste. 26 Alpharetta, GA 30022 (770) 416-7500 Fax: (770) 416-0977 [email protected] Michael Hinton, Pres. Representing: Henkel Corporation, Konan, PPG Industries

(800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 14 Henderson Rd. New Hartford, CT 06057 (800) 523-0429 Fax: (860) 738-4689 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com John Nomelli (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Atlanta, GA (877) Ribelin; (877) 742-3546 www.ribelin.com (See Texas Headquarters)

Univar USA Inc., Southeast Region 2145 Skyland Ct. Norcross, GA 30071 (404) 395 9682 [email protected] www.univarusa.com Tom Watson (See Washington Headquarters)

2790 Sandy Creek Cir. Loganville, GA 30052 (678) 639-0075 Fax: (770) 466-1503 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com Ralph Hartman (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

IDAHO E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

*Brandt Technologies Inc. *McCullough & Associates 1746 N E Expressway Atlanta, GA 30329 (404) 325-1606 Fax: (404) 329-0208 [email protected] www.mccanda.com Anne M. Campbell; George L. McCullough; Earl T. Tveit Representing: Active Minerals, Albemarle, American Colloid, Arde Barinco, Baule, Bayer Material Science, Bendel, Burgess, C.W. Brabender, CMC, CR Minerals, Cabot Corporation, Cognis Corporation, Cortec, Disti, EMD

6800 W. 68th St. Chicago, IL 60638 (800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Larry Caughlin (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Emco Chemical Distributors Inc. 2100 Commonwealth Ave., P.O. Box 1030 North Chicago, IL 60064 (847) 689-2200 Fax: (847) 689-8470 [email protected] www.emcochem.com Randy Polen; Robert Korman; Jerry Hahn; Scott Wallenberg, Spec. Bus. Dir. Representing: Citgo, Eastman, ExxonMobil, Momentive Performance Products, Perstorp

Hall Technologies Inc. 701 Harger Rd. Oak Brook, IL 60523 (800) 878-6699 Fax: (314) 862-7377 www.halltechinc.com Debbie Streeter (See Missouri Headquarters)

Maroon West 7750 Industrial Dr. Forest Park, IL 60130 (877) 627-6661 [email protected] www.marooninc.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc.

ILLINOIS

CONNECTICUT E. W. Kaufmann Co.

4550 N.E. Expressway Atlanta, GA 30340 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

400 Telfair Ave. Savannah, GA 31401 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

GEORGIA Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

(630) 629-6600 Fax: (630) 629-3690 www.thecarycompany.com Jim Donovan; Larry Bonick; Brian Ehlert Representing: Arizona Resins, Emerald Specialty Minerals, Evonik Degussa Corp., Nubiola USA, Nuplex Resins, Unimin Specialty Minerals

Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

FLORIDA

Univar USA Inc., Western Region

*W. F. McDonald Co.

Chemicals, EMI, Eliokem, Exakt, FCS, Fawcett, Grace Davison, ICM Corporation, ISP, LanXess, Lansco Pigments, Liquid Packaging Solutions, MM Industries, Micro Powders, Myers Engineering, Neville Chemical, Plasticolors, Rexson Systems, Silberline, World Minerals

231 W. Grand Ave. Bensenville, IL 60106 (630) 787-1800 Fax: (630) 787-1801 [email protected] www.brandttech.com Thomas R. Brandt, Pres.; Arthur G. Fox, V.P.; Robert M. Costin, Sr. Sales Mgr. Representing: Dianal America, DuPont White Pigment & Mineral Products, Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Reichhold Inc.

*The Cary Company 1195 W. Fullerton, P.O. Box 403 Addison, IL 60101

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 11524 W. Addison St. Franklin Park, IL 60131 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 8500 S. Willow Springs Rd. Willow Springs, IL 60480 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*TH Hilson Company 1761 S. Naperville Rd. Wheaton, IL 60189 (800) 665-3087 Fax: (630) 665-0196 [email protected] www.thhilson.com Lori Hilson; Bruce Weihrauch; Matt Krause

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2011 Additives Distributors Representing: Cabot, www.cabot-group.com, Clariant, www.clariant.com, Dover Chemical, www. doverchem.com, EPS/CCA, www.epscca. com, K&S Industries, www.kandsepoxy. com, King Industries, www.kingindustries. com, Lansco, www.pigments.com, Micro Powders, www.micropowders.com, Neville, www.nevchem.com

Inc., www.pcigroupinc.com, Polysat Inc., Rexson Systems Ltd., www.rexsonusa. com, Wise Technical Dispersions, www. wisetechnical.com, Wise Technical Intermediates, www.wisetechnical.com, Wise Technical Pigments, www.wisetechnical. com

Univar USA Inc., North Central Region

Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Sean Wagner (See Ohio Headquarters)

11109 S. Choctaw Dr. Baton Rouge, LA 70815 (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

8500 W. 68th St. Bedford Park, IL 60501 (708) 728-6740 [email protected] www.univarusa.com Christopher Ernst (See Washington Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Co. Inc. (800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Ken Burdick (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

(See Georgia Headquarters)

170 Lockhouse Rd. Westfield, MA 01085 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

MICHIGAN IOWA

KANSAS Chem-Materials Company

INDIANA

McCullough & Associates

(800) 585-0808 www.chem-materials.com Sean Wagner (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Cal-Chem Inc./Cal-Pak Inc.

MAINE E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

MARYLAND E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3501 Cooper Dr. Elkhart, IN 46514 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 8315 E. 33rd St. Indianapolis, IN 46226 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

McCullough & Associates

5420 Speaker Rd. Kansas City, KS 66106 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(See Georgia Headquarters)

(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Ken Burdick (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 1817 W. Indiana Ave. South Bend, IN 46613 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 1730 Twin Springs Rd., Ste. 217 Baltimore, MD 21227 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

MASSACHUSETTS

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Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 12005 Toepfer Rd. Warren, MI 48089 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

MINNESOTA The Cary Company Minneapolis, MN (See Illinois Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 549 Blue Sky Pkwy. Lexington, KY 40509 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Wise Technical Marketing Inc. 800 Industrial Blvd. New Albany, IN 47150 (800) 495-WISE (9473); (312) 635-WISE (9473) Fax: (773) 913-6460 [email protected] www.wisetechnical.com Claude Wise, Pres.; Joe Rizzo, Acct. Mgr.; Art Davis, Acct. Mgr; David Wise, V.P. Representing: Celanese Emulsions, www.vinamulpolymers.com, Creative Material Technologies, www.creativematerial.com, Hauthaway Corporation, www.hauthaway.com, LAU GmbH, Mount Packaging Systems Ltd., www.mountpackaging.com, PCI Group

(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Phil Haagensen (See Ohio Headquarters)

2011 Turner St. Lansing, MI 48906 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 15280 Heriman Blvd. Noblesville, IN 46060 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

KENTUCKY Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

30000 Stephenson Hwy. Unit C Madison Heights, MI 48071 (248) 691-8422 Fax: (248) 691-8428 [email protected] or lianacr@ cal-chemusas.com www.calchemusa.com L. Callas-Roberts, Sales Pres.; Sarah Mustonen, Cust. Serv. Inside Sales Representing: CVC Emerald Specialty Chemicals, Ferro Corporation, Pflaumer Brothers, R.T. Vanderbilt, Shamrock Technologies

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

4185 Algonquin Pkwy. Louisville, KY 40211 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Scott Stayart (See Ohio Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. Minneapolis, MN (800) 878-6699 Fax: (314) 862-8373 www.halltechinc.com Robin Norcutt (See Missouri Headquarters)

LOUISIANA E.T. Horn Company (800) 442-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 400 Main St. Tewkbury, MA 01876 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 395 James Ave. Saint Paul, MN 55102

(800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

www.chem-materials.com Sean Wagner (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

NEVADA

4401 Valley Industrial Blvd. Shakopee, MN 55379 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

MISSISSIPPI McCullough & Associates (See Georgia Headquarters)

MISSOURI The Cary Company Kansas City, MO (630) 629-6600 (See Illinois Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Company (800) 585-0808 www.chem-materials.com Sean Wagner (See Ohio Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. 1828 Swift, Ste. 204 North Kansas City, MO 64116 (816) 221-1368 Fax: (816) 221-6719 www.halltechinc.com Robert Risner (See Missouri Headquarters)

E.T. Horn Company *Hall Technologies Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

6300 Bartmer Industrial Dr. Saint Louis, MO 63130 (800) 878-6699; (314) 725-2600 Fax: (314) 862-7377 [email protected] www.halltechinc.com Mark D. Loudenslager Representing: Akzo Nobel Cellulosic Specialties, American Talc, Arizona Chemicals, BYK, Cimbar, Dianal America, Dover Chemical, Dura Chemical, Eckart, Eka division Akzo Nobel, Everlight USA, Halox, MiniFibers Inc., Mississippi Lime, Nuplex Resins, Paramount Colors Inc., Rockwood Pigments, Sensient Technical Colors, Specialty Polymers Inc., Tor Minerals, Tronox, Unimin, Verichem

7710 Polk St. Saint Louis, MO 63111 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. 6300 Bartmer Industrial Dr. Saint Louis, MO 63130 (800) 878-6699 Fax: (314) 862-7377 www.halltechinc.com Maria Heintz (See Missouri Headquarters)

(800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

Reade West Office Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 1649 Springhill St. Chilicothe, MO 64601 (660) 247-2730 [email protected] Greg Hughes (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

MONTANA E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

P.O. Box 12820 Reno, NV 89434 (775) 352-1000 Fax: (775) 352-1000 [email protected] www.reade.com Bethany Satterfield (See Rhode Island Headquarters)

NEW HAMPSHIRE E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

NEW JERSEY

NEBRASKA

*DKSH North America Inc.

Chem-Materials Company

100 Stierli Ct., Ste. 102 Mount Arlington, NJ 07856 (973) 810-5511 Fax: (973) 810-5520

(800) 585-0808

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2011 Additives Distributors [email protected] or info.us@dksh. com www.dksh.com Lance Croft; Ted Wursta; Joseph Ariemma, Paint/Coating Sales Mgr. Representing: Otsuka Chemical, Patcham Ltd, Toyobo

E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

www.chem-materials.com Scott Stayart (See Ohio Headquarters)

OHIO E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 91

*Landman Chemical Corp.

*Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

24 Shadowlawn Dr. Livingston, NJ 07039-3216 (973) 533-9198 Fax: (973) 535-5705 [email protected] Alan D. Bass, Pres. Representing: Lanxess Corp., Polysat Inc., Synray Corp., Troy Corp., Vertellus

16600 Sprague Rd. Cleveland, OH 44130-6318 (440) 243-5590; (800) 585-0808 Fax: (440) 243-1940 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Bob Morsek, Pres.; Phil Haagensen, Gen. Sales Mgr. Representing: Arakawa Hydrocarbon Resins, www.arakawa-usa.com, Arkema Molecular Sieves, www.arkema.com, Evonik Industries, www. evonik.com, Expancel Thermoplastic Spheres, www.expancel.com, General Carbon Lampblack, www.generalcarboncompany.com, Hanse-Chemie, www. hanse-chemie.com, Mace Polyurethanes, www.maceco.com, Nano Resins, www. hanse-chemie.com, Nubiola Anticorrosive Pigments, www.nubiola.com, Pan Technology, www.pantechnology.com, Prom Biocides, www.prom.co.uk, R.T. Vanderbilt, www.rtvanderbilt.com, REAXIS Catalysts, www.reaxis.com, Tate & Lyle, www.tateandlyle.com, Tego Coatings & Ink Additives, www.tego.de, Tolsa Rheological Additives, www.tolsa.com, United Initiators, www. unitedinitiators.com

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3 Broad St. Binghamton, NY 13902 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 350 Roosevelt Ave. Carteret, NJ 07008 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*R. E. Carroll Inc. 1570 N. Olden Ave. Trenton NJ 08638 (609) 695-6211; (800) 257-9365 Fax: (609) 695-0102 [email protected] www.recarroll.com David Carroll, Dir.-Mktg.; Robert E. Carroll III, Pres.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3701 River Rd. Tonawanda, NY 14150: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 3343 Harlem Rd. Buffalo, NY 14225 (716) 834-8275 Fax: (716) 834-2178 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com Jay Meyers (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

NORTH CAROLINA CheMarCo Inc. (864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 17 Mirrow Pl. Oak Ridge, NJ 07438 (973) 229-3691 Fax: (973) 208-5559 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com Tom Castorina (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

9303-C Monroe Rd. Charlotte, NC (704) 845-9141 Fax: (704) 845-4028 [email protected] www.mccanda.com George McCullough (See Georgia Headquarters)

NEW MEXICO E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

NEW YORK Chem-Materials Co. Inc., Western New York (800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Phil Haagensen (See Ohio Headquarters)

90



Mark Reichard; Mark Maroon Representing: AGI Corporation, AllCoat Technology, Asahi Glass Co., Brilliant Pigments, Buckman Labs, CCP Melamines, Century Container, ChemMet Maroon PTSI, Chitec Technologies, Evonik, Huntsman, Hydrite Chemical, Inchem, LCP Technology, Microchem, Nan Ya Epoxy, Norac, Nubiola, OCI Company, Omnova Eliokem, Phoenix Container, Polystar Inc., Rianlon Chemical, SNCZ, Solutia, Zeochem

*The Kish Company Inc. 8020 Tyler Blvd., Ste. #100 Mentor, OH 44060 (440) 205-9970 Fax: (440) 205-9975 [email protected] www.kishcompany.com John Kish; Brian Richards Representing: Cardinal Color, Cimbar, Mississippi Lime, Potters Corp., Specialty Minerals, Sphere One, US Gypsum

*The M. F. Cachat Company 14725 Detroit Ave., Ste. 300 Lakewood, OH 44107 (216) 228-8900; (800) 729-8900 ext. 284 Fax: (216) 228-9141 [email protected] or masimon@ mfcachat.com www.mfcachat.com Alison Azar, V.P./Dir.-Sales; John Mastrantoni, Pres./CEO

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 5399 E. Providence Dr. Cincinnati, OH 45246 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2788 Glendale-Milford Rd. Cincinnati, OH 45241 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals P.O. Box 2219 Columbus, OH 43216 (800) 531-7106 (option 3) Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com or www. mynexeo.com Tony Gutierrez, Mktg. Mgr.-Specialties Representing: Akzo Chemical, Albermarle, Angus, Arkema, BASF, Clariant, Cristal Global, Dover Chemical, Dow Chemical, Dow Corning, Eastman Chemical, Ferro, ICL Supresta, LCY Elastomers LP, Lyondell Basell, Merisol, Momentive, Oxea Corp., Pilot Chemical Company, Rhodia, Texas Petrochemical LP, UCAR Emulsion Systems, XIAMETER SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 83

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3849 Fisher Rd. Columbus, OH 43228 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

3930 Glenwood Dr. Charlotte, NC 28208 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

5200 Blazer Pkwy. Dublin, OH 43017 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

*Maroon Inc.

NORTH DAKOTA Chem-Materials Company (800) 585-0808 Fax: (440) 243-1940 [email protected]

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

1390 Jaycox Rd. Avon, OH 44011 (440) 937-1000 Fax: (440) 937-1001 [email protected] or [email protected] www.marooninc.com

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3250 Southwest Blvd. Grove City, OH 43123 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

We’ll Give You A Hint … Some might say that we have a one track mind, and they may be right. We continually strive to create success for our customers with creative solutions for their raw material and packaging needs. Maroon Incorporated is a great answer to the supply puzzle you are working to solve. Specialty chemical distribution by Maroon Incorporated.

1390 Jaycox Road, Avon, Ohio 44011 | Phone 877.MAROON1 | Web marooninc.com

2011 Additives Distributors Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2854 Springboro W. Moraine, OH 45439 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(215) 337-6202 [email protected] www.univarusa.com Michael Zibit (See Washington Headquarters)

OREGON Dowd and Guild Inc. 2720 N.W. 35th Ave. Portland, OR 97210

*Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc.

(800) 959-8222

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Nick Motto

*E. W. Kaufmann Co.

1842 Enterprise Pkwy. Twinsburg, OH 44087 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(See California Headquarters)

www.nexeosolutions.com

140 Wharton Rd. Bristol, PA 19007 (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com Brian O’Connor, Pres.; Thomas Rudeau, V.P.-Sales; Stephen Schmidt, V.P.-Mktg. Representing: Akcros Chemicals America, Burgess Pigment Co., Chimista, Cognis - Now part of BASF, DisperseTech, Disti-Kleen Inc., EC Pigments, Eco-Shell Inc., Gellner Industrial, Huntsman Tioxide, IGM Resins Inc., IMI Fabi LLC, Ideal Manufacturing, Ineos Chlor, Ineos Melamines, Invotec, Ivanhoe Industries, JREZ LLC, MM Industries Inc., Mix-Mor Inc., Myers Engineering Inc., NiChem Corp., OMYA Inc., Polyaziridine LLC, Reichhold Inc., Solae Company, State Mix, Tolsa USA Inc., Toyal America Inc., U.S. Zinc, Unimin Specialty Minerals Inc., Vertellus Performance, Werner G. Smith, Westdry Industries, Yuen Liang/TRInternational

(See Ohio Headquarters)

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 89

E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

*Schibley Chemical Co. Inc. 1570 Lowell St. Elyria, OH 44135 (440) 322-1350 Fax: (440) 322-1430 [email protected] www.schibley.com Reed Schibley Representing: Akzo Nobel, Arkema, BASF, Blachford, Chattam Chemical, Hexion Resins, Magnum Venus Equipment, Pergan, Rhodia, Uniqema/Vantage Oleochemicals

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 7425 N. Leadbetter Portland, OR 97203 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc.

2720 N.W. 35th

2520 Farrel Dr., #117 Columbus, OH 43235 (814) 404-7472 [email protected] Mara C. Golitz (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Portland, OR 97210 (800) 348-1579 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Mike Harris (See California Headquarters)

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 6075 Wedgewood Rd. Medina, OH 44256 (330) 242-0278 [email protected] Jan Breckel (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

PENNSYLVANIA

E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

The Kish Company Inc. Reading, PA (440) 205-9970 Fax: (440) 205-9975 [email protected] www.kishcompany.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

OKLAHOMA E.T. Horn Company (800) 442-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals *Brenntag North America 5083 Pottsville Pike Reading, PA 19605 (610) 926-6100 x3858 Fax: (610) 926-0420 [email protected]

McCullough & Associates

www.brenntagnorthamerica.com

(See Georgia Headquarters)

Lance Kitzelman, ACES Specialties Mktg. Dir. Representing: BASF, COGNIS, Cytec, Henkel, Wacker

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3535 W. 21st St. Tulsa, OK 74107 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

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150 W. 4th Ave. Freedom, PA 15042 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals Buncher Industrial Park, Ave. B Leetsdale, PA 15056 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 7

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

Chem-Materials Co. Inc., Western Pennsylvania

1101 New Ford Mill Rd. Morrisville, PA 19067 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Phil Haagensen (See Ohio Headquarters)

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

Univar USA Inc., Northeast Region 200 Dean Sievers Pl. Morrisville, PA 19067

201 E. Elm St., P.O. Box 269 Conshohocken, PA 19428 (610) 828-4500; (800) 523-0424 Fax: (610) 828-0936 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com Barrett C. Fisher III, Pres.; Brian Boorman, E.V.P. Representing: Air Products & Chemicals, Ashland, BASF, Chemguard, Chemtura, Cinic, Cytec, Surface Specialties, DuPont Titanium Technologies, Eagle Picher, Evonik, Excalibar Minerals, Fuji Silysia Chemical, GBS Fumed Silica, Hoover Color, J. Rettenmaier USA LP, Lubrizol Advanced Minerals, Pearlescent Pigments, RTM, Luzenac, Sekisui, Sensient, Taminco, Verichem, Wacker Polymers, Yongfeng, Carbon Blacks

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 401 Orchard St. Sewickley, PA 15143 (412) 741-8076 Fax: (724) 741-7039 [email protected] www.vanhornmetz.com Timothy C. Zeffiro, V.P. (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

RHODE ISLAND E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

*Reade Advanced Materials Eastern Region Offices, P.O. Box Drawer 15039 Providence, RI 02915-0039) 433-7001 [email protected] www.reade.com Bethany Satterfield, Western Regl. (USA) Office; Charles Reade, Gen. Sales Mgr.; Karen Ramos, Eastern Regl. (USA) Office; Annie Barrios, Latin America Sales Admin.

*The Chemical Company 19 Narragansett Ave., P.O. Box 436 Jamestown, RI 02835 (401) 423-3100 Fax: (401) 423-3102 [email protected] www.thechemco.com Robert Roach; Nicholas Roach; Forest Goodman

SOUTH CAROLINA

*CheMarCo Inc. 63 Pelham Davis Cir. Greenville, SC 29615 (864) 234-6975 [email protected] www.chemarco.com Martin Carter, Pres.; Richard P. Carter, CFO Representing:

Air Products & Chemicals, CB Mills, Chang Chun Plastics, Chartwell International, Deltech Resins, Hanse Chemie, J. Rettenmaier USA, JLS Chemical, Keim-Additec Surface, Kemira Chemicals, Nanoresins, PCC-Chemax, Pacer Minerals, TOR Minerals, US Borax, Vitro Minerals

McCullough & Associates (See Georgia Headquarters)

Van Horn, Metz & Co. Inc. 170 Lake Pointe Dri. Forest Mill, SC 29708 (803) 370-1039 Fax: (803) 548-6623 [email protected] Joseph Powell (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Company

E.T. Horn Company

CheMarCo Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 729 Mauney Dr. Columbia, SC 29201 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Dowd and Guild Inc.

SOUTH DAKOTA

TENNESSEE

105 Chapman Rd. Anderson, SC 29625 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates

TEXAS 12344 E. Northwest Hwy. Dallas, TX 75228 (800) 959-8222 Ray Hurst (See California Headquarters)

(800) 585-0808 Fax: (440) 243-1940 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Scott Stayart (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

www.kishcompany.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. Memphis, TN (800) 878-6699 Fax: (314) 862-7377 www.halltechinc.com Tony Indriolo (See Missouri Headquarters)

The Kish Company Inc. Chattanooga, TN (440) 205-9970 Fax: (440) 205-9975 [email protected]

(See Georgia Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 5263 National Dr. Knoxville, TN 37914: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2351 Channel Ave. Memphis, TN 38113 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2315 Clifton Ave. Nashville, TN 37209 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

(800) 442-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. Houston, TX Richard Keeler (See Missouri Headquarters)

Hall Technologies Inc. Dallas & Houston, TX (800) 878-6699 Fax: (314) 862-7377 www.halltechinc.com Peter Winkelman (See Missouri Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates Houston, TX John Rogeri (See Georgia Headquarters)

Innovation and Sustainability The latest developments and future trends in coatings www.abrafati2011 .com.br ABRAFATI – Brazilian Coatings Manufacturers Association

November 21, 22 and 23 – 2011 – São Paulo – Brazil Visit ads.pcimag.com

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2011 Additives Distributors Ribelin Sales Inc.

WISCONSIN

Houston, TX (877) Ribelin; (877) 742-3546 www.ribelin.com (See Texas Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 3101 Wood Dr. Garland, TX 75041 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 8901 Old Galveston Rd. Houston, TX 77034 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Univar USA Inc., South Central Region 3636 Dan Morton Dr. Dallas, TX 75236-1071 (972) 467-7814 [email protected] www.univarusa.com John Grimes (See Washington Headquarters)

UTAH Dowd and Guild Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 10919 Country Rd. Midland, TX 79711 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

1812 S. Empire Rd., Ste. I Salt Lake City, UT 84127 (800) 959-8222 Rolf Ahonen (See California Headquarters)

Chem-Materials Co. Inc.

E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

McCullough & Associates (See Georgia Headquarters)

WASHINGTON E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

530 Andover Park W. Tukwilla, WA 98188 (800) 348-1579 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Bob Robyns (See California Headquarters)

*The NP Group LLC 14332 Gillis Rd. #100 Dallas, TX 75244 (800) 203-5783; (972) 386-5442 Fax: (972) 386-5457 [email protected] www.npgroupinc.com Gus Munoz, Pres.; William Hopson, Chmn.; Josh Hopson, Sales Exec.; Eric Kostyszyn, Sales Exec.; George Roy, Sales Exec. Techl. Dir. Representing: CIMBAR, COGNIS, CVC Thermoset Specialties, DIANAL America Inc., ELEMENITS Speciaties, EVONIK Industries, ICG, IGM, MICRO POWDERS, MINTECH International Inc., MOLYWHITE, NAN YA Corporation, NISSEKI Chemical Texas Inc., NUBIOLA Inorganic Pigments, PERSTORP, POLYSAT Inc., R. T. VANDERBILT Company Inc., REAXIS, SCOTT BADER Inc., TOYAL, UNIFRAX, WESTBRIDGE Industries Inc.

The NP Group LLC, Houston Branch Houston, TX 77040 (713) 690-6202 Fax: (713) 690-6298 (See Texas Headquarters)

*Ribelin Sales Inc., Headquarters 3857 Miller Park Dr. Garland, TX 75042 (972) 272-1594; (800) 374-1594 Fax: (972) 535-1219 [email protected] www.ribelin.com Dan Weiss, VP Marketing; Jordan Muller, VP Sales Representing: Aqualon, BASF, Hexion, Huntsman Advanced Materials, Kronos, Rockwood Pigments, Ropak, Unimin, Wacker Polymers

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(800) 585-0808 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Scott Stayart (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 204 Madison St. Menasha, WI 54952 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

WYOMING E.T. Horn Company (800) 422-HORN (4676) Fax: (714) 670-6851 [email protected] www.ethorn.com (See California Headquarters)

ALBERTA

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals P.O. Box 160367, Freeport Center Bldg. 12 Clearfield, UT 84016 (800) 531-7106 Fax: (800) 791-8498 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Pacific Coast Chemicals Co. 1812 S. Empire Rd. Salt Lake City, UT 84104 (800) 348-1579 Fax: (510) 549-0890 [email protected] www.pcchem.com Mary Keane (See California Headquarters)

VERMONT E. W. Kaufmann Co. (800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

VIRGINIA

*Univar USA Inc. 17425 N.E. Union Rd. Redmond, WA 98052 (708) 325-2436; (800) 234-4588 Fax: (708) 594-7021 [email protected] www.univarusa.com or www. univarusa.com/pagesi/case Steve Hollman; Dave Johnson; Nicole Bradley Representing: Dow Chemical Company, www.dow. com, Dow Corning, www.dowcorning. com, DuPont, www.dupont.com, Eastman, www.eastman.com, Rohm & Haas, www. rohmhaas.com

(864) 234-6735 [email protected] (See South Carolina Headquarters)

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

1720 106 Ave. Edmonton, AB T6P 1X9 (800) 563-3435 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

BRITISH COLUMBIA

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 39

WEST VIRGINIA Chem-Materials Company (800) 585-0808 Fax: (440) 243-1940 [email protected] www.chem-materials.com Ken Burdick (See Ohio Headquarters)

E. W. Kaufmann Co. CheMarCo Inc.

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals

(800) 635-5358 Fax: (215) 364-4397 [email protected] www.ewkaufmann.com (See Pennsylvania Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 9750 McCarthy Rd. Kelowna, BC V4V 1S5 (800) 563-3435 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2060 Viceroy Pl. Richmond, BC V6V 1Y9 (800) 563-3435 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

THE CUTTING-EDGE EVENT IN THE COATINGS INDUSTRY, COATINGS TRENDS AND TECHNOLOGIES PROVIDES TIMELY AND RELEVANT INFORMATION TO COATINGS FORMULATORS

www.coatingsconference.com

EARLY-BIRD DISCOUNT Register by July 1 and SAVE $100

SEPTEMBER 13-14, 2011 OAK BROOK, IL Q

TWENTY FIVE PAPERS TO BE PRESENTED ALONG TWO DIFFERENT TRACKS A SAMPLE OF TOPICS THAT WILL BE INCLUDED: SESSION TOPICS INCLUDE: Dow Coating Materials BASF Corporation Atlas Material Testing Hielscher USA, Inc. Advanced Composite Materials Arkema Emulsion Systems OMG Americas BYK

PRODUCERS

Formulation Approaches for Dealing with the TiO2 Situation Advantages with Innovative and Trend-Setting Pigment Technologies for Formulators Measuring Specimen Temperature in Accelerated Weathering Instruments Ultrasonic Production of Nano-Size Dispersions and Emulsions Silicon Carbide Whiskers for Exceptionally Tough Polymeric Coatings A New Method for Measuring Latex Film Formation and Correlation to Open Time in Paint Films Moisture Scavengers, Types, Differences and How to Use Them Newest Additives for “Green Coatings”

CURRENT EXHIBITORS

888 E. Belvidere Rd. Grayslake, IL 60030

MANITOBA

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 1591 Dugald St. Winnipeg, MB R2J OH3 (866) 201-0051 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

QUEBEC

NANO DISPERSION RESEARCH

Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 10515 Rue Notre Dame E. Montreal, QC H1B 2V1 (866) 650-3800 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

EMI laboratory Mini Mills are ideal for producing realistic Nano dispersion samples for product research, technical service & quality control applications. These self pumping & self contained mills can wet mill samples as little as 25 ml’s, providing results that will answer dispersion questions quickly with minimum amounts of raw materials. Investigating Nano dispersions can be done using 0.05 mm & larger grinding media which are capable of producing sub-micron particles. Ideal for paints, inks, colorants, chemicals & industries requiring fine particles. Pilot scale and production mills are also available.

Contact EMI - Mills & Mixers for more information or to arrange a demonstration. Tel: 847-548-0044

E-mail: [email protected]

ONTARIO 888 E. Belvidere Rd. Grayslake, IL 60030

PUERTO RICO Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals Nexeo Solutions, Chemicals 2463 Royal Windsor Dr. Mississauga, ON L5J 1K9 (866) 201-0051 www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

Street 4, Bldg. 4 Las Palmas Industrial Park Cantano, PR 00962 (866) 878-0402 internationalcsrteam@ nexeosolutions.com www.nexeosolutions.com (See Ohio Headquarters)

The Microtron Mill is used for the production of Nano Dispersions by wet milling and fine grinding. Highly efficient use of the grinding media results in fine particles and a narrow particle distribution. Ideal for the production of high quality paints, inks, colorants & chemicals. Low energy costs, minimum wear and ease of operation. Single pass or high flow re-circulation milling. Capable of using grinding media from 0.05 to 0.8 mm diameter. Test equipment available in our Chicago area laboratory.

Lab & Production equipment available. Contact EMI Mills to arrange a test today! Tel: 847-548-8224

E-mail: [email protected]

“Welcome to Our World”

The 2011 Additives CD provides a more complete source of additive descriptions than found in the PCI 2011 June issue! The PCI Coatings Additives Handbook CD contains the most current information regarding the multitude of additives used in the coatings industry. Correct additive selection is important to formulation success. The Additives Handbook offers a full description of various coating additives along with some generic examples. The majority of additive types are represented.

THINGK Alberdingk

Many ‘seniors’ in the industry have remarked how beneficial this tool would have been when they first joined the industry years ago. Make additive selection easy with the PCI Coatings Additives Handbook CD. Order it today for just $29.95 plus shipping!

Contact Andrea Kropp at [email protected] to order your CD. 

JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

PCI-CoatingsAdditives-qtr_H.indd 1

For product and application information call: Kurt Bimmler at 978-988-0880, ext-311 or email [email protected]

THINGK AC 2403

This is an extensive compilation, and the CD is of great benefit to all formulators, manufacturers and applicators of coatings in addition to resource centers such as libraries and educational facilities.

96

100 Eames St. Wilmington, MA 01887 ph: 978-988-0880 fax: 978-658-3366 www.allcoattech.com [email protected]

AllUthane 30522 is a solvent-free, water-based aliphatic polyurethane dispersion. It has excellent adhesion to a variety of substrates making it suitable for formulating low-VOC coatings for metal, wood and plastic substrates. The polymer exhibits exceptional toughness and has superb abrasion and chemical resistance making it ideal for challenging interior or exterior applications.

5/13/11 2:01 PM

Y Solvent-free Polyurethane dispersions Y Renewable Polyurethane dispersions Y Solvent-free Waterborne UV dispersions Y Veryy Low-VOC Self-Crosslinking g multiphase p emulsions

www.AlberdingkUSA.com alberdingkusa.com/AC2403TechBulletin.pdf

SUPPLIER SHOWCASES

2011 Additives Distributors

C LASSIFIEDS EQUIPMENT

EQUIPMENT

POSITIONS AVAILABLE PAINT FORMULATOR – N.E. PA

USED AND REBUILT MIXING EQUIPMENT

This position will be responsible for working on products from concept through commercialization including formulations for coatings for masonry, wood stains and clear wood finishes, both water borne and solvent and interior and exterior. Knowledge in the formulation and development of caulks, spackles and paste products would be a plus. Responsibilities include preparation of lab samples, evaluation, scale up and troubleshooting. Also, source new raw materials, assist in quality control processes and support customer service through technical assistance. This position would also assist in assuring that all products meet required government regulations and to keep abreast of current VOC regulations.

World’s largest inventory! • Genuine Ross rebuilt mixers, blenders, dispersers and mills • All original OEM parts • Most come with the same guarantee as our new equipment! Call Ross today!

1-800-243-ROSS

Requirements: BS in Chemistry, with at least 10 years formulating experience in water based and solvent based paints both interior as well as exterior. Masonry coatings, clear wood finishes and wood stains desired; pastes, caulks and spackles a plus.

www.mixers.com

HOCKMEYER

EQUIPMENT CORPORATION A leader in the grinding and dispersion industries New & Used Equipment Dispersers • Mills • Mixers • Tank & Tote Washers • Particle Size Analysis • Vessels Visit us at www.hockmeyer.com or call us at 252-338-4705

Applicants should submit a resume to: [email protected] Stainless IT

Stainless ITT

CONN Blade®s

The Most Efficient & Aggressive Available

UHMW Poly

www.connblade.com

(814) 723-7980

Wanted to purchase: Used Dispersers & Mixers

LABORATORY SUPERVISOR-OHIO Coatings Research Group, Inc. is an international association of architectural paint manufacturers with an applied R&D laboratory near Cleveland.

For more information concerning this position visit the POSITIONS AVAILABLE link at www.pcimag.com/classifieds

AGENT WANTED

www.grindingmediadepot.biz

www.bladedepot.biz

800-726-1366 [email protected] Visit

www.pcimag.com/classifieds for additional EQUIPMENT and POSITIONS AVAILABLE classifieds.

Insider News

Sign up for your free copy of PCI’s weekly e-mail newsletter at

www.pcimag.com.

PA I N T & C O AT I N G S I N D U S T RY



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C LASSIFIEDS PRODUCTS & SERVICES

CUSTOM MANUFACTURING TOLL BLENDING ISO-9001 certified manufacturer with nationwide network of plants seeks toll blending inquiries: sand/cement blends, latex or epoxy liquid packing, FFS form fill & seal packaging, private label products. Contact Dominic Di Cenzo 203.272.8202 or 203.915.0279

Custom Pigment Dispersions Reitech Corporation

To place your classified ad, contact

Let us solve your Color Match Puzzle with our Aqueous products. 37+ years of technical expertise. www.reitechcorporation.com (610) 929-9451

Ph: (810) 688-4847 Fax: (248) 502-1048 Email: [email protected]

Andrea Kropp

www.pcimag.com/classifieds

RECRUITMENT SERVICES Specializing in paint/coatings industry. Seeking passionate, high-impact professionals for nationwide positions. Send your resume in confidence to: Spencer M. Hermann

SEARCHLIGHT PARTNERS 28052 Camino Capistrano, Suite 209 Laguna Niguel, CA 92677 (949)429-8813 • [email protected]

Paint & Coatings Industry Executive Search Recruitment & Org. Consulting

www.thomasbrooke.com THOMAS BROOKE INTERNATIONAL Contact Nicola James [email protected]

888-896-3330 ext. 22

AD INDEX 3M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Heubach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

www.3M.com/pci

www.heubachcolor.com

Abrafati Show 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

ISP Performance Chemicals . . . . . . . . 49

www.abrafati2011.com.br

www.ispcoatings.com/water

Air Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14, 25

Jyoti Ceramic Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

www.airproducts.com/surfactants www.airproducts.com/defoamer

www.jyoticeramic.com

Alberdingk Boley, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

www.kingindustries.com

www.AlberdingkUSA.com

KW Container. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

AllCoat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

www.kwcontainer.com

www.allcoattech.com

Maroon, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

American Chemet Corporation . . . . . 71

www.marooninc.com

www.chemet.com

Mason Color Works, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Arch Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

www.masoncolorpigments.com

King Industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

www.archbiocides.com/proxelbzplus

Michelman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Arkema Emulsion Systems . . . . . . 54-55

www.michelman.com

www.arkemaemulsionsystems.com

Brenntag North America. . . . . . . . . . . . 7 www.brenntagnorthamerica.com

Buhler Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 www.buhlergroup.com

BYK USA Inc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 www.byk.com

CAS-MI Laboratories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 www.CAS-MI.com www.innovationCAS-MI.com

CINIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 www.cinic.com

Coatex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 www.coatex.com

Coating Trends & Technologies . . . . 95 www.coatingsconference.com

Conn and Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 www.connblade.com

Croda Coatings & Polymers. . . . . . . . . 76 www.crodacoatingsandpolymers.com/ formulators

DeFelsko Corp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 www.defelsko.com

E.W. Kaufmann Company. . . . . . . . . . 89 www.ewkaufmann.com

Elcometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 www.elcometer.com

Elementis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 www.elementis.com

EMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Micro Powders, Inc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 www.micropowders.com

Mitsubishi Gas Chemical America, Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 www.aromaticchemicals.com

Moly-White Pigments Group . . . . . . . 70 www.moly-white.com

Munzing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100 www.munzing.com

Nanophase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 www.nanophase.com

NEI Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 www.neicorporation.com

Nexeo Solutions, LLC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 www.nexeosolutions.com

OM Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 www.omgi.com

Ross, Charles & Son. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 www.mixers.com

The Shepherd Color Company . . . . . . 51 www.shepherdcolor.com

Siltech Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 www.siltechcorp.com

Troy Corporation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 www.troycorp.com

Unimin Corp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 www.BrilliantAdditions.com

Univar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 www.univarcorp.com

Wacker Chemical Corporation. . .35, 47

www.EMImills.com

www.wacker.com/e-business.com www.wacker.com/knows-solutions

Evonik Degussa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Western Coating Symposium. . . . . . . 82

www.evonik.com/colortrend

www.wcsshow.com

Gelest Inc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Worlee-Chemie GmbH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

www.gelest.com

www.worlee.de

Visit ads.pcimag.com 98



JUNE 2011 | W W W . P C I M A G . C O M

P U B L I S H I N G / S A L E S S TA F F Publisher/ Donna M. Campbell East Coast Sales Tel: 610/650.4050 • Fax: 248/502.1091 E-mail: [email protected] Midwest/ Lisa Guldan West Coast Sales Tel: 630/882.8491 E-mail: [email protected] China Media Rep. Arlen Luo Tel: 0086-10-88579899 E-mail: [email protected] Europe Regional Uwe Riemeyer Manager Tel: 40 (0)202-271690 E-mail: [email protected] Inside Sales Manager Andrea Kropp Tel: 810/688.4847 E-mail: [email protected] Production Manager Brian Biddle Tel: 248/244.6434 • Fax: 248/244.3915 E-mail: [email protected]

E D I T O R I A L S TA F F Editor Kristin Johansson Tel: 248/641.0592 • Fax: 248/502.2094 E-mail: [email protected] Technical Editor Darlene R. Brezinski, Ph.D. E-mail: [email protected] Associate Editor Karen Parker Tel: 248/229.2681 E-mail: [email protected] Art Director Clare L. Johnson

O P E R AT I O N S S TA F F Single Copy Sales Ann Kalb E-mail: [email protected] Reprint Manager Jill L. DeVries 248/244.1726 E-mail: [email protected] For subscription information or service, please contact Customer Service at: Tel: 847/763.9534 or Fax: 847/763.9538 or e-mail [email protected]

Relentlessly working for YOUR perfect solution

Münzing. Solving your foam issues by providing the broadest range of defoamer chemistries and unlimited technical assistance to the coatings and printing ink industry. While we may deal in complex science, what we do is very simple. We make your job easier. By conducting unlimited, rigorous testing with the broadest range of defoamer chemistries, we’ll develop precisely the defoaming additive that solves your problem. It’s this kind of unyielding commitment to the needs of coating and printing ink formulators everywhere that has gotten us to where we are today. Practically on speed dial at some of the largest, and smallest, coating and printing ink R&D labs around the world.

The Industry Standard in Defoamers DEE FO® XRM-1537A DEE FO® XRM-1547A DEE FO® 3010E/50 DEE FO® 97-3 DEE FO® PI-12

DEE FO® PI-30 DEE FO® PI-35 DEE FO® PI-40 DEE FO® PI-45 DEE FO® PI-75

AGITAN® 299 AGITAN® 350 AGITAN® 760 AGITAN® 771

To try our AGITAN and DEE FO defoamers and take advantage of our unlimited technical service, call

1-800-524-0055

www.munzing.com I [email protected]