Personality Disorders - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

PERSONALITY DISORDERS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES...

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PERSONALITY DISORDERS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R E FERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright 2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Personality Disorders: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-84160-8 1. Personality Disorders-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International, Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on personality disorders. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS ........................................................................ 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Personality Disorders.................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 33 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS .............................................................. 77 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 77 Finding Nutrition Studies on Personality Disorders .................................................................. 77 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................... 78 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 78 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS ........................................ 81 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 81 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 81 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 85 General References ....................................................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS .......................................................... 87 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 87 Dissertations on Personality Disorders ....................................................................................... 87 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 90 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS ..................................................... 91 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 91 Recent Trials on Personality Disorders ....................................................................................... 91 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ............................................................................................. 92 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS ..................................................................... 95 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 95 Patents on Personality Disorders ................................................................................................ 95 Patent Applications on Personality Disorders............................................................................. 98 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 99 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS....................................................................... 101 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 101 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 101 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 102 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 110 Chapters on Personality Disorders ............................................................................................ 110 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS ............................................................ 113 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 113 Audio Recordings....................................................................................................................... 113 Bibliography: Multimedia on Personality Disorders ................................................................. 114 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS ......................................... 115 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 115 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 115 Academic Periodicals covering Personality Disorders............................................................... 118 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 119 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 119 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 119 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 120 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 123 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 123 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 123

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NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 125 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 127 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 129 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 129 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 129 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 131 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 133 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 133 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 133 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 133 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 133 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 139 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 139 PERSONALITY DISORDERS DICTIONARY......................................................................... 141 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 177

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with personality disorders is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about personality disorders, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to personality disorders, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on personality disorders. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to personality disorders, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on personality disorders. The Editors

1

From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on personality disorders.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and personality disorders, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Treatment Efficacy: Voice Disorders Source: JSLHR. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 41(1): S101-S116. February 1998. Summary: This article, one in a series of three articles on treatment efficacy, reviews the literature on the efficacy of treatment for voice disorders (primarily by using studies published in peer-reviewed journals). The authors define voice disorders, report on their frequency of occurrence across the life span, and document their impact on the lives of individuals who experience these disorders. The goal of voice treatment is to maximize vocal effectiveness and to reduce the handicapping effect of the voice problem. Voice treatment may be the preferred treatment to resolve the voice disorder when medical (surgical or pharmacological) treatments are not indicated; it may be the initial

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Personality Disorders

treatment in cases where medical treatment appears indicated, sometimes to eliminate the need for medical treatment; it may be completed before and after surgical treatment to maximize long-term post-surgical voice; and it may be used as a preventative treatment to preserve vocal health. The authors reviews experimental and clinical data that support these roles for voice therapy applied to various disorder types: vocal misuse, hyperfunction and muscular imbalance (frequently resulting in edema, vocal nodules, polyps or contact ulcers); medical or physical conditions (for example, laryngeal nerve trauma or Parkinson disease); and psychogenic disorders (for example, conversion reactions or personality disorders. The authors conclude by suggesting directions for future research which maximize clinical outcomes and scientific rigor to enhance knowledge on the efficacy of voice treatment. 1 table. 191 references. (AA-M). •

Prevalence and Correlates of Dysthymia and Major Depression Among Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Source: American Journal of Psychiatry. 152(1): 37-44. January 1995. Summary: This study examined the prevalence, risk factors, and correlates of depression among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Researchers examined 103 patients with probable AD with a structured psychiatric interview and assessed them for the presence of cognitive impairments, deficits in activities of daily living, social functioning, and anosognosia. Results show that 51 percent of the patients had depression (28 percent with dysthymia and 23 percent with major depression). Women had a significantly higher prevalence of both major depression and dysthymia than men. Depressed and nondepressed patients had a similar frequency of family and personal histories of depression, a similar frequency of personality disorders before the onset of depression, and no significant differences in cognitive deficits and impairment in activities of daily living. Dysthymia usually started after the onset of dementia and was significantly more prevalent in the early stages of dementia; patients with dysthymia had a significantly better awareness of intellectual deficits than patients with major or no depression. However, patients with major depression had an earlier onset of depression (half of them before the onset of dementia), and the prevalence of major depression was similar across the different stages of the illness. 5 tables, 50 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Personality Disorders The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to personality disorders. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to personality disorders.

2 Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

Studies

5

For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore personality disorders. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for personality disorders: •

Project Title: 5-HT2A RECEPTOR STRUCTURE: AN INTEGRATED APPROACH Principal Investigator & Institution: Westkaemper, Richard B.; Associate Professor; Medicinal Chemistry; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Va 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Serotonin has been implicated in a large number of processes including the regulation of sleep, appetite, mood, aggression, perception, memory, and anxiety. At least 14 separate 5-HT receptors have evolved, which are divided into seven main families. Not surprisingly, alterations of 5-HT receptor activity have been shown to occur in many psychiatric diseases including anxiety, depression, eating disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and many drug-induced psychotic states. Additionally, a number of effective psychopharmacologic agents for diseases as diverse as schizophrenia and anxiety have been developed which either specifically alter brain levels of serotonin or bind to 5-HT receptor subtypes. We propose to use a novel tripartite approach to develop an understanding of the relationships between ligand structure, neurotransmitter receptor structure, and ligand-receptor association. Specifically, we intend to elucidate the molecular determinants of the interactions between 5-HT2 receptors and a series of novel tricyclic antagonists using an integrated approach that combines information from site-directed mutagenesis and ligand structure-activity relationships (SAR) to refine hypothetical three-dimensional (3D) receptor models. The first and most basic event that determines the pharmacological activity of an agent is the association of a ligand with the receptor. The ultimate pharmacological outcome is a result of receptor activation or deactivation following formation of the ligand-receptor complex. Since there are no direct experimental structures for the membrane bound G-protein coupled receptors, the molecular details of ligand-receptor structure can only be investigated indirectly by examining ligand SAR and receptor SAR by site-directed mutagenesis. Computational chemistry and molecular modeling provide means to evaluate and organize indirect data into a hypothetical 3D framework at the atomic level of detail. Such 3D models provide a means to not only organize experimental observations but also to generate testable hypotheses concerning ligand-receptor interactions. We will synthesize and evaluate compounds designed specifically on the basis of receptor models to test the importance of certain amino acid residues for ligand binding and receptor function, thus testing model accuracy. The affinities and functional properties of the designed target compounds will be evaluated with both the native and selected mutant receptors. This is one of the first times that a combined approach, utilizing receptor modeling, modelspecific ligand design, and model-directed mutagenesis, has been applied to 5-HT receptors. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: A OUTPATIENTS

COGNITIVE

GROUP

TREATMENT

FOR

BORDERLINE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Black, Donald W.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 09-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2006

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Personality Disorders

Summary: The goal of this project is to test the efficacy of a new cognitive-behavioral systems-based group treatment for persons with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and to compare it to "treatment as usual" (TAU). We elected to modify a program originally developed by Bartels and Crotty. This led us to develop STEPPS, an acronym that stands for Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving. Briefly, the program involves both cognitive-behavioral techniques and skills training combined with a systems component; the latter involves the patients with BPD and those in their system, including family members, friends, and health care professionals. STEPPS involves twenty 2-hour group meetings with two facilitators; the therapy is manual-based and each week specific goals are set. We propose to recruit approximately 160 adults with DSM-IV BPD during the first 2 1/2 years of the project. Subjects will be recruited through referral from area psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health clinics, and hospitals. Subjects will be screened using the Revised Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB-R) and relevant sections of the Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SIDP-IV). Appropriate subjects meeting specified inclusion/exclusion criteria will be randomized to STEPPS or TAU. Subjects in both groups will be allowed to continue to see their psychiatrist, take psychotropic medication, and continue with other therapy. Baseline assessments will include the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the SIDP- IV, the Hollingshead Scale, the Social Adjustment Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale, the Symptom Checklist-90-R, the Barrett Impulsivity Scale, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form Health Survey. A new self-rated scale, the Borderline Evaluation of Severity Over Time (BEST), will also be used to rate BPD symptoms. Subjects will be assessed at baseline, and at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20. Lay and professional support system members (informants) will be asked to rate the subjects progress at specified intervals. Satisfaction with STEPPS and TAU will be assessed in informants and subjects at the conclusion of the trial. Therapy fidelity will be maintained through regular supervision, and blind ratings of videotaped sessions. Subjects randomized to STEPPS will be followed up at months 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 poststudy completion. We hypothesize that subjects participating in STEPPS will have better symptomatic improvement than subjects receiving TAU; improvement will include greater mood stability, less deliberate self-harm, less anger/impulsivity, and lower rates of health care utilization. We hypothesize that the gains of STEPPS will be maintained over 1 year. These findings should add to our understanding of the appropriate clinical management of BPD. If the efficacy of STEPPS is confirmed, future studies will include larger samples to help test whether specific subgroups will preferentially respond, and comparisons of STEPPS to other programs, including Dialectical Behavior Therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ACOUSTICS OF AFRICAN AMERICAN INFANT DIRECTED SPEECH Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, Ruby; Herbert H. Lehman College Bedford Park Blvd W New York, Ny 10468 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Current research related to the mental health of African Americans raises concerns about the psychological, social and educational adjustment of African American youth. The institutionalization of African American youth have doubled since 1966 and there has been a 38 percent increase in the rate of youths placed in correctional institutions. African American youth are over-represented in psychiatric diagnoses of conduct disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders. In addition, African American youth comprise approximately 15 percent of the youth

Studies

7

population but they account for almost half of the youth arrests for violent crimes, one fourth of the youth arrests for property crimes, and over half of the youth arrests for murder and aggravated assault. Previous research suggests that for African American children there is an incongruity between the skills they need to be competent in the home and neighborhood environments and those valued in outside settings. This incongruity puts African American children at risk for a range of psychological disorders. Differences between the socialization and communication styles of African Americans and European Americans are largely responsible for this incongruity. These differences can be seen very early in caregiver-infant communication styles. The three main goals of this project are to increase knowledge about the effects of culture on caregivers' speech to their infants, to examine the role of socioeconomic status on caregivers' infant-directed speech and to understand the role of the interaction context on infant-directed speech. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: ADHERENCE TO PROTEASE INHIBITORS Principal Investigator & Institution: Erlen, Judith A.; Professor; Health Promotion & Development; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (adapted from the Abstract): Protease inhibitors require persons with HIV (PWHIV's) infection to adhere strictly to the rigorous therapeutic regimen. Missing just a few doses or changing the intervals between doses may lead to increase in viral load, decreases in CD4 T-cell counts, and the development of drug-resistant mutant strains. Researchers are being challenged to demonstrate the efficacy of interventions to enhance adherence; however, no intervention studies with PWHIV's who are taking combination therapy including protease inhibitors have been published. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to compare the effect of the habit-training and problem-solving intervention with usual care on adherence to combination therapy including a protease inhibitor. This 12-session telephone intervention and 12-week maintenance program is based on social learning and theory and self-efficacy theory. The sample of 200 PWHIV's who are taking combination therapy including protease inhibitor, and who are without cognitive dysfunction, alcohol and/or injection drug abuse, and/or chronic emotional disorders/personality disorders will be randomly assigned to one of two protocol arms. The intervention arm will receive a telephone-delivered 12-week intervention followed by a 3-month maintenance program of weekly telephone calls. Data will be collected at baseline, post-treatment, post-maintenance, and 6- months post-maintenance. Medication Electronic Monitoring System (MEMS) TrackCaps, daily diaries, and pill counts will be used to assess adherence. Efficacy moderators will be measured using the Medical Outcomes Study-HIV (mood and physical function), the Symptom Distress Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Clinical response will be assessed using viral load and CD4 T-cell count. A repeated-measures model with planned comparisons will be used to test the hypotheses for the primary aim (p<.05, two-tailed). Longitudinal data analytic techniques will be used. PWHIV's who adhere to therapy will live longer and require fewer hospitalizations, less skilled nursing care, and less home care, thus reducing the costs of their health care. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Personality Disorders

•

Project Title: BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Mc Carley, Robert W.; Professor; Psychiatry; Harvard University (Medical School) Medical School Campus Boston, Ma 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1994; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) The broad aim of this 5-year multidisciplinary research study is to advance our understanding of the biological basis of schizotypal personality disorder (SPD), using neuropsychological, electrophysiological, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies on DSM IVdiagnosed patients and age-, sex-, and parental socioeconomic status-matched normal controls (NC). SPD is on intrinsic interest, and is also important to study because it is shares a common heritability with schizophrenia (SZ). SPD thus affords a unique opportunity to investigate the biological substrate and markers of SZ spectrum disorders without the complicating and perhaps confounding factors of SZ, e.g., chronic illness, chronic medication, and chronic hospitalization. We propose to study 150 SPD and 150 NCs recruited from the community, equally balanced for males and females, all right-handed and with no history of neuroleptic medication or current psychotropic medication. We will develop clinical syndrome measures from the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and Structured Interview for Schizotypy. Based on data collected in our laboratory, as well as studies reported in the literature, we predict an association of "positive clinical symptoms" with structural and functional measures referable to the temporal lobe (and, specifically, the left temporal lobe for languagerelated functions), as well as an association of "negative clinical symptoms" with structural and functional measures referable to the frontal lobe. In SPD, we thus predict conjoint associations among positive symptoms (including thought disorder), left temporal P300 ERP amplitude reduction, and MRI cortical gray matter volume reductions, especially of the left Planum Temporale and Superior Temporal Gyrus, as well as deficits in dichotic shadowing (implying deficits in cognitive inhibition) and the Continuous Performance Task (CPT) with Interference (high verbal load). We further predict, based on intracranial recording localization, that N400 abnormalities, indicating deficiencies in semantic inhibition and activation, will be associated with inferior temporal and fusiform gyri MRI gray matter volume reduction. Similarly, we predict conjoint associations among negative symptoms, poor performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (perseverative errors), a Delayed Alternation test, CPT-interference and -memory tasks, and the presence of MRI developmental abnormalities (Cavum Septi Pellucidum and sulco-gyral pattern), prefrontal gray matter volume reductions and MR diffusion tensor abnormalities in fronto-temporal white matter tracts. We further predict the SZ abnormalities of early neurophysiological processing (e.g., gamma frequency following and mismatch negativity) will not be present in SPD, but that both SPD and SZ will show qualitatively similar deficits on later, cognitively more complex processing (e.g., P300 and N400). Finally, we predict less severe abnormalities in female than male SPD subjects. Our long-term goal is to link the clinical manifestations of SPD to brain structural and functional abnormalities. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

•

Project Title: BRAIN FUNCTION IN SUBSTANCE-DEPENDENT ABUSED WOMEN (PILOT) Principal Investigator & Institution: Ernst, Frederick A.; Professor; Meharry Medical College 1005-D B Todd Blvd Nashville, Tn 37208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-AUG-2003; Project End 31-JUL-2007

Studies

9

Summary: Substance dependence has had an enormous deleterious impact on the health and well-being of Americans. Understanding the process by which persons become vulnerable to substance abuse will be necessary to more effectively prevent and treat this pervasive problem in American society. It is well-known that childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is strongly related to various manifestations of psychopathology including dissociative disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance abuse. However, the empirical study of this relationship is difficult because of the private, very personal, and traumatic nature of the childhood experiences associated with CSA. Current methods of screening for CSA in treatment programs for chemical dependence depend largely on the Addictions Severity Index (ASI) and are believed to be inadequate. Part of this proposed pilot investigation seeks to test the validity of the ASI for the identification of CSA by comprehensive interview methods and through the use psychometric and neuropsychological measures that are likely to indirectly detect adult manifestations of CSA experiences. An additional aim of the proposed investigation is to study prefrontal cortical functioning in eighty women, 40 blacks and 40 whites, from the treatment programs of the Meharry Alcohol and Drug Abuse Program. Forty women with reported histories of CSA will be compared to 40 women who report no history of CSA. It is hypothesized that substance-dependent women with histories of CSA will reveal more severely impaired prefrontal function than women reporting no history of CSA when matched on potential confounding variables including race, SES, age, substance abused, and length and severity of substance dependence. The Emotional Stroop Task, a modified version of the original Stroop, the Trails A and B, a Stop-Signal Test, a Negative Priming Task, and Directed Forgetting will form a battery of tests to yield a composite measure of prefrontal function. Data will be analyzed by MANOVA with Race and Sexual Abuse History as independent variables and prefrontal function as a dependent variable. The validity of the ASI is expected to reveal a significant frequency of false negatives when compared to comprehensive interview. No racial difference in the extent of CSA history or its effect on prefrontal function is expected and subjects with histories of CSA are expected to reveal relatively impaired prefrontal functioning irrespective of race. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CHILDHOOD COMORBIDITY

TRAUMA,

PARENTAL

ALCOHOLISM,AND

Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Elliot C.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 05-SEP-2002; Project End 31-AUG-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This revised new investigator ROl application proposes an assessment of adult twin pairs, their full siblings, and parents ascertained via twins' participation in a recently completed survey of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council '1989 cohort. The target sample will be: (1) a "childhood abuse" (CA) group (N=500 families) in which at least one twin reported having experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA), physical abuse (PA), or both; and (2) a "control" group (N=500 families) in which neither twin reported a history of abuse, matched to the CA group on the basis of gender. zygosity, and age. The specific aims of this investigation are: AIM1 To examine parental alcoholism and other parental predictors of offspring CSA and PA, and the routes by which these associations are mediated. AIM2 To use data from non-abused co-twins and siblings to control for family background risk factors to permit: (i) improved estimation of the risks for negative outcomes associated with CSA and PA; (ii) examination of routes by which

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Personality Disorders

these risks are mediated and moderated. AIM3 To more comprehensively determine the contributions of CSA and PA, cluster B personality disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders, to the inheritance of alcohol dependence risk and to identify critical intervening variables. These aims will be accomplished by better assessing childhood abuse and neglect history and additional Axis I and II diagnoses in previously interviewed adult twin pairs and by obtaining comprehensive assessments of parents and other siblings (Axis I and H psychopathology as well as childhood abuse and neglect). Despite the limitations of retrospective data, this study population offers important advantages: 1) data available from the recently completed, extensive assessment of twins including history of early home environment, traumatic events, drug use, and parental alcohol problems in addition to psychiatric diagnostic assessments; 2) families with a demonstrated history of cooperation including the twins' willingness to allow telephone assessment of questions about CSA and PA history; 3) an established relationship between twin reports of childhood abuse and parental alcohol problems; 4) very low frequency of abstinence and high mean levels of alcohol consumption suggest that hypothesized relationships are likely to be expressed; 5) a powerful twin sibship design; 6) an ability to generalize findings to the twin panel as a whole. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CIRCUIT-LEVEL ENHANCEMENT

ANALYSES

OF

CONDITIONED

BLINK

Principal Investigator & Institution: Lindquist, Derick H.; Psychology; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal will test several hypotheses relevant to a circuit-level model of Pavlovian fear conditioning that our lab has been developing. As part of this effort, we developed a new procedure for assessing acquired fear in rats based on conditioned enhancement of the RI component of the eyeblink reflex. This general paradigm, which has a half-century tradition at Yale, was originally derived from the learning theory of Clark Hull. Conditioned RI enhancement is especially amenable to detailed analysis because of its neurophysiological and biomechanical simplicity. Importantly, the methods and results translate easily to non-invasive studies of emotion in humans. The proposed experiments test four hypotheses derived from our conceptual model of acquired fear. Over the long term, these kinds of experiments will contribute significantly to a deep understanding, through this simple model system, of the neurobiology of simple associative learning in general and acquired emotions in particular. Such information has obvious neurobiological and health significance. In regard to the latter, mood and emotional disorders (including bipolar disorders, phobias, post-traumatic stress syndrome, depression and suicide, chronic anxiety, possibly borderline personality disorders, attendant drug abuse and eating disorders, and more general consequences of these conditions) are well recognized to rank among the most important health problems facing the nation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLASSIFICATION AND MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Westen, Drew; Professor; Psychology; Boston University Charles River Campus 881 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, Ma 02215

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Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUN-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2002 Summary: This abstract is not available. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: CLASSIFICATION OF EARLY ONSET DYSTHMIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Klein, Daniel N.; Professor; Psychology; State University New York Stony Brook Stony Brook, Ny 11794 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1991; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: (Adapted from Applican't Abstract): Dysthymic Disorder (DD) is a fairly prevalent condition with substantial social costs. As a nosological construct, it is defined and distinguished from Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) primarily on the bases of longitudinal course. Ironically, however, prospective data on the long-term course of DD are extremely limited. The present proposal seeks funding to complete the last five years of a then-year naturalistic follow-up study of DD, with follow-up evaluations being completed at 30 months intervals. Subjects include 97 outpatients who met DSMIII-R criteria for primary, early-onset dysthymia at entry into the study, and a comparison group of 45 outpatients with non-chronic (or episodic) major depression. Baseline and follow-up assessments include structured diagnostic interviews assessing Axis I and Axis II disorders conducted blind to the baseline evaluation, a comprehensive battery of self-report inventories, interviews with knowledgeable informants, and review of medical records. Attrition over the first five years of follow-up has been relatively low. The study addresses five major issues: (1) the diagnostic stability of DD; (2) the long-term naturalistic course of DD; (3) clinical, Psychosocial, and familial predictors of course and outcome; (4) the stability of comorbid anxiety and personality disorders, and their relationship with DD over time; and (5) the long-term course of social adjustment in DD. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR HIGH RISK & REFRACTORY DEPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Jarrett, Robin B.; Professor; Psychiatry; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, Tx 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1998; Project End 30-NOV-2003 Summary: This request for an Independent Scientist Award (KO2) fosters the candidate's research proficiency in personality disorders and treatment development within the context of three randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of cognitive therapy (CT) in reducing the likelihood of mood disorders in high risk or refractory outpatients. Project 1 (an ongoing R01) compares continuation phase CT (C-CT) to evaluation only (control) in reducing the risk of relapse during the first eight months following response to acute phase CT in outpatients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). Approximately 156 male and female outpatients, aged 18-65, have entered 20 sessions of acute phase CT. Approximately 84 responders were randomized to either 8 months of: (a) 10 C-CT sessions, or (b) 10 evaluation only (control sessions); subjects are followed for an additional 16 months CT free. Relapse/recurrence (DSM IF MDD) is assessed by a blind evaluator using the LIFE at 4, 8, 12, and 24 months postacute phase CT and at suspected relapse/recurrence, or exit. Project 2 is a proposed, multi-site collaboration with University of Pittsburgh (Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic; WPIC). This blinded, controlled RCT will evaluate the efficacy of and indications for eight months of C-CT, pharmacotherapy (the standard of care) (FLX: fluoxetine), and

12

Personality Disorders

pill placebo (PBO: the control) in outpatients with recurrent MDD who are at higher risk for relapse/recurrence. "Higher risk" is a score >6 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS-D) during the last six weeks of acute phase CT, while "lower risk" is defined as a score of 6 or less. The primary hypotheses is that higher risk patients who receive either C-CT or FLX have a longer time until relapse than higher risk patients who receive acute phase CT only plus PBO. The lower risk patients will be followed for 24 months without CT and are predicted to have a 20% relapse/recurrence rate in the first 8 months after acute phase CT. Project 3 is a proposed, multi-site collaboration with WPIC comparing the differential efficacy of a trial of: (a) FLX and (b) FLX plus CT in out- patients with recurrent MDD who were refractory to 20 sessions of acute phase CT. Blind evaluation of outcome will aid in testing the prediction that combination therapy is more efficacious for refractory depression than FLX alone. The KO2 focuses the candidate on (a) identifying the residual symptoms and social impairment remaining after CT and (b) designing treatment sequences to restore full functioning. These RCTs have great public health significance because they will help identify (a) when CT reduces the risk of relapse-recurrence for patients suffering from recurrent MDD, an illness with high morbidity and mortality, and (b) if refractory MDD is best treated with combination therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COGNITIVE THERAPY FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hayes, Adele M.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Miami Coral Gables University Sta Coral Gables, Fl 33124 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The Cluster C personality disorders (obsessivecompulsive, avoidant, and dependent) are the most prevalent personality disorders (PDs) in outpatient samples. These PDs are highly comorbid with mood and anxiety disorders. Patients with comorbid PD and Axis I disorders present with more severe and chronic symptom profiles, and they do not respond well to psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy. It is particularly difficult to establish a therapeutic alliance, a welldocumented predictor of treatment outcome, and treatment retention and compliance are often compromised. Given the prevalence of Cluster C PDs and their significant impact on psychosocial functioning, treatment response, and health care utilization, it is surprising that little attention has been paid to treatment development for this population. Cognitive therapy has been demonstrated to be an effective treatment across a number of Axis I disorders and recently has been extended to PDs. In a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive (OCPD) and avoidant (AVPD) PDs, the first open trial of cognitive therapy for PDs (CT-PD) demonstrated significant improvements in personality symptoms, as well as in symptoms of depression and anxiety. Because the therapy is in early stages of development, general principles and guidelines for treatment of PDs are provided, but there are few specific details on how to treat OCPD and AVPD. This lack of specificity limits the extent to which the manual can be used to conduct larger scale clinical trials outside of the Center for Cognitive Therapy, where the manual was developed. The goal of this R-21 treatment development research is to identify active ingredients of the therapy and to use this process research to improve the specificity of the manual. CT-PD is thought to have its effects by exposing patients to corrective information challenging existing personality patterns, identifying the historical roots of these patterns, and providing exercises to facilitate generalization. The proposed study will examine these interventions as predictors of three hypothesized precursors of change: turbulence in defensiveness and avoidance (protection), the

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therapeutic alliance, and in-session affect. Growth curve modeling will be used to examine sequencing and timing of therapist interventions and relations between these interventions and the hypothesized precursors of change, which will then be examined as predictors of symptom reduction. Quality of therapeutic alliance in early sessions will be examined as a predictor of treatment retention. With this information, sections of the treatment manual on OCPD and AVPD can be refined, strategies to facilitate therapeutic alliance and symptom change can be specified, and the refined manual can be used in future proposals examining treatment efficacy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PERSONALITY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Gunderson, John G.; Professor; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, Ma 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): This application is a revision of an application for 5 years continuation that was submitted in 1999. At that time a one year extension was awarded; this application is for four years. The overall aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the course and outcome of four specific personality disorders (PDs): schizotypal (STPD), borderline (BPD), avoidant (AVPD), and obsessivecompulsive (OCPD). The present application continues a multi-site collaborative effort to follow a carefully diagnosed sample of 668 subjects having either these representative PDs or major depressive disorder (MDD) (controls) for the period from 3 to a maximum of 6 years after recruitment. Sixty new minority subjects will be recruited and followed for at least 2 years. Using a prospective, longitudinal, repeated measures design, we will develop the same basic knowledge about course and outcome for the PDs that has previously resulted from similar investigations of affective and anxiety disorders, thus addressing an important gap in our knowledge. The extended period of follow-up is essential to discern clinically meaningful descriptions of course and outcome and their determinants. The sample is large enough and sufficiently diverse demographically to attain a unique array of results generalizable to most clinical settings. To accomplish our overall aim, we propose three approaches: I. descriptive, II. predictive, and III. validating. The descriptive approach will provide data on diagnostic stability of PDs, on presence and course of comorbid Axis I disorders, on persistence of functional impairment, and on utilization of health care resources that allow comparison between the PDs and to similar data on Axis I disorders. The predictive approach will identify clinically meaningful determinants of prognosis within and across PDs. The validating approach will examine the homogeneity of descriptive and longitudinal features for the PDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COLLABORATIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PERSONALITY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Shea, M T.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (APPLICANT'S ABSTRACT): The overall aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the course and outcome of four specific personality disorders (PDs): schizotypal (STPD), borderline (BPD), avoidant (AVPD), and obsessive-

14

Personality Disorders

compulsive (OCPD). The present application continues a multi-site collaborative effort to follow a carefully diagnosed sample of 668 subjects having either these representative PDs or major depressive disorder (MDD) (controls) for the period from 3 to a maximum of 6 years after recruitment. Sixty new minority subjects will be recruited and followed for at least 2 years. Using a prospective, longitudinal, repeated measures design, we will develop the same basic knowledge about course and outcome for the PDs that has previously resulted from similar investigations of affective and anxiety disorders, thus addressing an important gap in our knowledge. The extended period of follow-up is essential to discern clinically meaningful descriptions of course and outcome and their determinants. The sample is large enough and sufficiently diverse demographically to attain a unique array of results generalizable to most clinical settings. To accomplish our overall aim, we propose three approaches: I. descriptive, II. predictive, and III. validating. The descriptive approach will provide data on diagnostic stability of PDs, on presence and course of comorbid Axis I disorders, on persistence of functional impairment, and on utilization of health care resources that allow comparison between the PDs and to similar data on Axis I disorders. The predictive approach will identify clinically meaningful determinants of prognosis within and across PDs. The validating approach will examine the homogeneity of descriptive and longitudinal features for the PDs. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: COLLABORATIVE LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF PERSONALITY DISORDER Principal Investigator & Institution: Morey, Leslie C.; Professor; Psychology; Texas A&M University System College Station, Tx 778433578 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1996; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (Adapted from Applicant's Abstract) The overall aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the course and outcome of four specific personality disorders (PDs): schizotypal (STPD), borderline (BPI), avoidant (AVPD), and obsessivecompulsive (OCPD). The present proposal continues a multi-site collaborative effort to follow a carefully diagnosed sample of 668 subjects having either these representative PDs or major depressive disorder (MDD) (controls) for the period from 2 to a minimum of 6 years after recruitment. Using a prospective, longitudinal, repeated measures design, we will develop the same basic knowledge about course and outcome for the PDs that has previously resulted from similar investigations of affective and anxiety disorders, thus addressing an important gap in our knowledge. The extended period of follow-up is essential to discern clinically meaningful descriptions of course and outcome and their determinants. The sample is large enough and sufficiently diverse demographically to attain a unique array of results generalized to most clinical settings. To accomplish our overall aim, we propose three approaches I. Descriptive, II. Predictive, and III. Validating. The descriptive approach will provide data on diagnostic stability of PDs, on presence and course of comorbid Axis I disorders, on persistence of functional impairment, and on utilization of health care resources that allow comparison between the PDs and similar data on Axis I disorders. The predictive approach will identify clinically meaningful determinants of prognosis within and across PDs. The validating approach will examine the homogeneity of descriptive and longitudinal features for the PDs, as defined by the DSM system, and how this compares with alternative schemes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: COUNSELING CONDITONS FOR THRICE WEEKLY BUP IN A PCC Principal Investigator & Institution: Schottenfeld, Richard S.; Professor; Psychiatry; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, Ct 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Utilization of primary care settings for opioid agonist maintenance treatment would facilitate expanding access to and availability of this treatment, but there are no studies that have evaluated the counseling needed in this setting to obtain optimal results. Our current study provides evidence of the efficacy of three times per week (3x/wk) buprenorphine (BUP) maintenance, and 3x/wk BUP dosing will facilitate its use for maintenance treatment in a primary care clinic (PCC). Before widespread implementation in this setting, however, it is essential to evaluate the level of counseling needed for patients with differing prognostic risk factors. The proposed study will compare Standard Medical Management (SMM) vs. SMM enhanced with additional education about addiction and recovery (Enhanced Medical Management, EMM). SMM is a relatively brief intervention that approximates the usual counseling provided by primary care practitioners to patients with chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes. EMM provides a more extended opportunity for a primary care practitioner to educate the patient about the recovery process and provide additional advice about lifestyle changes and 12-step participation. Both SMM and EMM can be easily implemented in a PCC. The study will test the hypothesis that EMM has greater efficacy that SMM for reducing illicit opiodi and other drug use during 3x/wk BUP maintenance in a PCC. Additionally, the study will evaluate potential patient predictors of differential treatment response (cocaine abuse or dependence, cluster B personality disorders, unemployment) and explore whether SMM may be sufficient for some patient groups (e.g. employed patients without comorbid substance use or psychiatric disorders). Opioid-dependent subjects (n=168) will be randomly assigned to SMM or EMM in a 24wekk trial of 3x/wk BUP maintenance in a hospital PCC. Primary outcome measures assessed during the trial include reductions in illicit opioid use and achievement of documented abstinence from illicit opioids, as assessed by 3x/wk urine toxicology testing and self report. Secondary outcome measures include retention in treatment, reductions in cocaine use and HIV risk, and improved health status. Utilization and costs of services, spillover effects in the PCC, and patient and staff perceptions of benefits and problems with PCC agonist maintenance treatment will also be evaluated. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: TREATMENTS

DEPRESSION

AND

ANXIETY--REFINING

EFFICACIOUS

Principal Investigator & Institution: Moras, Karla K.; Assistant Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, Pa 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JUL-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2002 Summary: An Independent Scientist Award is sought to enable the applicant to devote major effort to mental health treatment research, specifically to the identification, development, and refinement of efficacious and efficient treatments for the most common presenting problems of adult outpatients (e.g, depression, comorbid anxiety and depression, interpersonal problems). The award also is sought to augment the applicant's expertise in treatment research with training in mental health services research, cost-effectiveness evaluation, and advanced statistical techniques. The specific research aim f the award is to conduct two treatment development projects, each on a patient group that is poorly or incompletely responsive to existing treatments that have

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Personality Disorders

been found to be efficacious for patients with similar disorders and symptoms. One group is referred to as having "drug resistant depression" (DRD), the other group has a specific pattern of DSM-IV Anxiety and Mood Disorder comorbidity. The ultimate aim of the DRD work is to develop an effective combined cognitive therapy (CT) + drug treatment for DRD. Three immediate aims are to: (1) Extend CT to the treatment of DRD by integrating three existing forms of CT: CT for depression, CT for personality disorders, and CT for anxiety disorders; (2) develop a treatment manual for conducting CT + drug treatment that will optimize the efficacy of combined treatment for DRD, and (3) obtain outpatient pilot outcome data on the combined CT + drug treatment to determine if it merits further investigation in a controlled clinical trial. The second project extends the applicant's prior developmental research on a psychotherapy that integrates cognitive-behavioral anxiety control techniques (ACT) with Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT) for patients with DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and an independent Major Depressive Episode (MDE). Two central aims are to: (1) Evaluate the effects of two alternative strategies for sequencing the components of ACT + IPT on symptoms of anxiety and depression, and (2) obtain pilot data on ACT + IPT to compare with outcomes of diagnostically and symptomatically matched patients who receive CT at the University of Pennsylvania Center for Cognitive Therapy to evaluate the treatment's potential to have enhanced benefit for GAD + MDE, compared to existing standard treatments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF PERSONALITY JUDGEMENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Funder, David C.; Professor; Psychology; University of California Riverside 900 University Ave Riverside, Ca 92521 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1986; Project End 31-MAY-2003 Summary: Judgments of personality are inferences about traits that underlie consistent, coherent patterns of behavior across diverse situations. Such judgments are relevant to mental health from both the clinician's and client's perspective. From the clinician's perspective, a better understanding of the bases of accurate interpersonal judgment is relevant to improvements in clinical assessment, evaluation, diagnosis, and subsequent treatment. From the client's perspective, many problems in living and several of the major personality disorders are directly relevant to or even stem directly from deficiencies in the accuracy of social perception. Patterns of paranoia, hostility, fearfulness, shyness, narcissism and others are produced, exacerbated and sometimes fundamentally characterized by inaccurate social perception. Research on accurate personality judgment over the past decade has settled several important issues, and opened others. Some of the unsettled issues are addressed by the PI's Realistic Accuracy Model (RAM, Funder, 1995), which describes how accurate personality judgment is the result of a social psychological process by which relevant information becomes available to and then is detected and correctly utilized by a judge. RAM yields hypotheses concerning the effect of informational context and individual differences among judges on the accuracy of personality judgment. To test these hypotheses and address other issues, 144 undergraduate subjects of both sexes and varied ethnicity will interact in one of 4 1-hour experimental contexts, and another 4-hour context. These contexts are designed to vary in the kind and amount of personality-relevant information that becomes available in them. Afterwards, subjects will provide their judgments of each others' personalities. The accuracy of these judgments will be assessed against and correlated with a wide range of measures of personality and mental health derived from

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self-reports, informants' reports, assessments by mental health professionals, and direct behavioral observations. Hypotheses predict differences in accuracy across experimental conditions as well as mediating individual differences in information pickup and judgmental ability within conditions. Data will be analyzed using profile analyses, item analyses, the social relations model, and structural equation modeling. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FAMILIAL PSYCHIATRIC DIS & ATTENTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Asarnow, Robert F.; Professor; None; University of California Los Angeles 10920 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1200 Los Angeles, Ca 90024 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-AUG-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): This project addresses two major bottlenecks to progress in detecting susceptibility genes for schizophrenia: 1) the probable genetic heterogeneity of the schizophrenia disorders and 2) uncertainty over the boundaries of the schizophrenia phenotype. This project was stimulated by the hypothesis that early (childhood) onset schizophrenia is associated with increased genetic loading for this disorder. The proposed project will replicate and extend important findings from the first phase of this project indicating that there is a significantly increased familial aggregation of schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum personality disorders, and certain neurocognitive impairments in families of probands with childhood-onset schizophrenia compared to families of community control and adult-onset schizophrenia probands. The long-term stability and predictive validity of schizophrenia spectrum diagnoses and neurocognitive impairments detected during adolescence in the siblings of probands with childhood-onset schizophrenia will be determined. Hypotheses about the role obstetric complications play in triggering an early onset of schizophrenia and about the relation between history of obstetric complications and impaired functioning of the hippocampal/temporal lobes will be tested. The hypothesis that relatives of probands with childhood-onset schizophrenia who have neurocognitive impairments will show subtle signs of formal thought disorder impaired discourse and impairments in working memory will also be tested. The proposed project will test a number of genetic models of the familial transmission of putative measures of the extended schizophrenia phenotype, including analyses to examine the evidence for a single vulnerability factor versus two familial vulnerability factors (one influencing mainly neurocognitive measures and the other mainly schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis. Whether chromosomal regions found in prior research to be associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia are associated with susceptibility to childhood-onset schizophrenia and potentially associated phenotypes (including neurocognitive impairments) will be determined. These specific aims will be addressed by rediagnosing all previously studied (N = 50) probands and relatives with childhood-onset schizophrenia to confirm their original diagnoses, enrolling an additional 90 new families of probands with childhood-onset schizophrenia and 60 families of probands of community controls, and capitalizing on data from 120 families of adult-onset schizophrenia probands which has already been collected. We will conduct a genetic linkage analysis to determine whether putative susceptibility genes identified in prior research are associated with the presence of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and/or neurocognitive impairments in families of probands with childhoodonset schizophrenia. DNA will be retained for use in future linkage, linkage disequilibrium, association and other studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Personality Disorders

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Project Title: DISORDERS

FAMILIAL

SCHIZOPHRENIA

SPECTRUM

PERSONALITY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Thaker, Gunvant K.; Research Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, Md 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Identifying disease-related genetic effects is a major focus in schizophrenia research. Efforts have been multifaceted with the ultimate goal to describe a causal path from specific genetic variants to changes in neuronal functioning to behavioral and functional impairments. The schizophrenia diagnosis likely reflects a heterogeneous combination of several such causal paths,and is therefore characterized by a varying collection of phenotypes each associated with specific neurocognitive deficits reflecting the effects of a small subset of genes. Thus genetic findings based on the clinical phenotype are likely to vary, which may explain repeated failures to replicate identified disease loci. Defining who is affected based on the clinical diagnosis also ignores the likelihood that some relatives, although clinically unaffected, also carry aspects of disease risk. Environmental factors are also implicated, adding to the etiologic complexity of the disease. In light of these complexities there is a critical need for phenotypes that reflect specific aspects of disease risk. The identification, validation, and application of endophenotypes that mark specific aspects of disease risk has important implications for future genetic studies, studies examining the interaction of genes and environment, studies ofpathophysiology, and prevention research. We propose to conduct a family case-control study to confirm the association(s) between putative neurophysiological and cognitive phenotypes and schizophrenia liability and to determine if these deficits are associated with the presence of schizophrenia,spectrum personality (SSP) symptoms among case relatives ruling out the effects of SSP symptoms per se. We propose to examine the relationships among neurophysiological/cognitive measures to determine which deficits reflect a common underlying phenotype and which represent independent aspects of disease risk. We will determine the differential risk of single and composite deficits among case relatives based on the presence/absence of deficits in case probands. Within family correlations for implicated measures will be examined to derive estimates of heritability and to examine the relative contributions of genetic and shared environmental effects. We also propose to examine the relationships between neurophysiological phenotypes and schizophrenia-related symptom domains. We plan to recruit 120 patients and all available first-degree relatives (300, 60 with SSP). For each case proband, we will identify an age (+ 3 yrs), sex, race, county matched control proband using targeted telephone calling (TTC) procedures. We will recruit all available and eligible control relatives (300). We will also recruit a separate group of persons from the community who exhibit SSP in the absence of a family history of psychotic disorders in order to examine the effects of SSP symptoms per se. Clinical information, electrophysiological and cognitive measures will be collected and compared among the groups using standard family case control analytic procedures. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: DISORDER

FAMILY

PERSPECTIVES

ON

BORDERLINE

PERSONALITY

Principal Investigator & Institution: Hoffman, Perry D.; National Education Alliance Bpd 11 Norman Dr Rye, Ny 10580 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-JUL-2003; Project End 30-JUN-2008

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Summary: (provided by applicant): The objectives of the annual Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder Conferences are: 1) the dissemination of scientific information to professionals, consumers, and families for understanding the complex psychiatric condition of borderline personality disorder (BPD); 2) the dissemination of family perspectives to researchers and clinicians to understand the challenges, problems and impact of the disorder on relatives; and 3) the promotion of research in the area of family needs with junior and senior researchers. The need for these family/consumer/researcher/clinician forums is based on the fact that BPD is a severe and persistent psychiatric illness and, to date, no conference has addressed consumer and family perspectives. Ten percent of patients suicide which, along with other behaviors, makes BPD a critical public health problem. Estimated prevalence of BPD in the general population is 2-3%, with 11% of outpatients and 20% of psychiatric inpatients meeting DSM-IV criteria. Families and consumers can benefit from the knowledge of professionals and researchers; professionals and researchers can benefit from the perspectives of families and consumers for treatment and research planning. The two-day conferences build on the first conference From Research to Community: Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder 2002, at Columbia UniversityCollege of Physicians and Surgeons. Speakers each year are internationally acknowledged researchers, clinicians and family/consumers each speaking to their areas of expertise, and then responding to questions. The format of the conference, which includes break-out sessions at lunchtime, further promotes discussion. The 2003 conference, Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder: Co-occurring Disorders and BPD, is the second annual conference. The conference for 2004 is entitled Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD Across the Life-Span. The 2005 conference Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder, BPD across the Waters, will be at Universite de Geneve. The 2006 conference, back in NYC, will be Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality Disorder: BPD and Treatment Options. The 2007 conference restarts the conference series and focuses again on From Research to Community: Family Perspectives on Borderline Personality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: FUNCTIONAL ANATOMIC STUDIES OF SELF-KNOWLEDGE Principal Investigator & Institution: Kelley, William; Psychological & Brain Scis; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, Nh 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Background --Researchers have long debated whether knowledge about the self is unique in terms of its functional anatomic representation within the human brain. In experimental psychology, the debate has centered on two main issues. Is the self a unique cognitive structure? Does selfreferential processing have some privileged status in the brain, or is it functionally equivalent to semantic processing about other classes of stimuli, such as cars, politicians, and Caribbean islands? Behaviorally, knowledge about the self is typically remembered better than other types of semantic information. But why does this memorial effect emerge? Our prior research shows that self-referential memory enhancement is associated with specific activation of medial prefrontal cortex. Specific Aims --The overall goal of the proposed research is to establish an interdisciplinary program involving research and training in social cognitive neuroscience. Working together, our team of cognitive neuroscientists and social psychologists will investigate potential neural substrates of self-referential processing using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods --Experiments are proposed to better understand the

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Personality Disorders

contributions of regjons within prefrontal cortex to aspects of the mental representation of self. Specific studies will seek to: (1) better understand the neural basis for the memory enhancement afforded to material processed in a self-referential manner, (2) determine whether knowledge about the self shares the same neural architecture as knowledge about intimate others (e.g. a parent or best friend), and (3) identify potential differences in the functional anatomic representation of "self" across cultures that may place differential emphasis on the family as part of one's individual concept of self. A series of fMRI studies will address these issues. Significance --These studies will provide important insights into the specific cognitive operations engaged by brain regions during self-referential processing. Such insight may ultimately aid in the understanding and development of more effective cognitive rehabilitation strategies for the treatment of mood and personality disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: EMOTIONS

FUNCTIONAL

NEUROIMAGING

OF

DISTINCT

POSITIVE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Morrone-Strupinsky, Jeannine V.; Psychology; University of Arizona P O Box 3308 Tucson, Az 857223308 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of this research is to elucidate the neuroanatomical networks underlying distinct positive emotions that map onto the major components of extraversion. Distinct agentic and affiliative components are associated with different types of positive emotional experience, incentive motivationpositive activation and warmth-affection, respectively. There is growing evidence that these different states of positive emotion differ by type and not simply by level of activation or arousal. To test this hypothesis, pictures from the International Affective Picture System will be used to induce emotional and neutral states in 12 subjects (half female) high on both agentic and affiliative extraversion as measured by questionnaire during fMRI scans. There will be five picture conditions: agentic, affiliative, neutral, low arousal nonaffiliative, and high arousal nonagentic. During the scans, autonomic measures of skin conductance will be taken as objective indicators of arousal induced by the pictures. After the scans are completed subjects will view the slides again and rate them on five affective scales (valence, arousal, dominance, positive activation, and warmth-affection). SPM ?99 will be used to analyze the data, comparing regions of significant activation during the two types of positive states, and their relationship with affective ratings of the pictures and autonomic measures. It is hypothesized that these positive emotions will differ not only in degree of arousal, but also in regions of activation unrelated to arousal, albeit with some overlap. Elucidating the underlying neural networks of distinct positive emotions may contribute to understanding of normal positive emotional experience and disordered emotional states that are manifested in affective and personality disorders, and have implications for the role of different types of positive emotions in health and well-being. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: HARVARD BROWN ANXIETY RESEARCH PROJECT Principal Investigator & Institution: Keller, Martin B.; Associate Professor; Psychiatry and Human Behavior; Brown University Providence, Ri 02912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1995; Project End 30-JUN-2003

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Summary: We propose to continue the Harvard/Brown Anxiety Research Program (HARP), a unique, naturalistic, prospective, multicenter study of 478 currently active subjects with anxiety disorders, for an additional 4 years of follow-up. This will enable us to create a complete master file with a minimum of 11 years of follow-up data on all active subjects and to incorporate new assessments and data analysis methods in order to address important unanswered questions and develop a comprehensive picture of the longitudinal course and outcome of 3 common anxiety disorders: panic disorder with and without a agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and social phobia. Our specific aims are to 1) comprehensively map patterns of course for the 3 anxiety disorders; 2) examine predictors/mediating variables, such as stressful life events, depression, substance abuse, and personality disorders, associated with the course of anxiety disorders; describe medication received and investigate the mediating effect of medication on course; 4) assess the relationship between psychosocial functioning and anxiety; symptom severity; and 5) examine the utility of a dimensional approach (i.e., anxiety - and mood-related traits) in characterizing the nature and course of the anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive disorders. Subjects will be evaluated at 6 month intervals with instruments that obtain detailed information on symptom status and severity, diagnostic status, treatment received, psychosocial functioning, and other domains. Since our earlier submission we have added new assessments that measure stressful life events, underlying mood- and anxiety-related traits, and symptom severity independent of diagnosis and functioning; we have also incorporated new data analysis methods in order to answer important questions about the anxiety disorders. To have sufficient statistical power to test our hypotheses, 4 more years of prospective observation are needed. The HARP data set is unique in its large number of subjects, comprehensiveness of assessment, and length of prospective follow-up. This proposal will allow us to more completely investigate the aims and hypotheses of the previously funded grant and to add new, previously unexplored aims and hypotheses generated by findings from HARP and other investigators during the past 4 years. Continuation of HARP is expected to shed new light on clinically and theoretically important, innovative questions about a group of common and impairing disorders which have not been adequately addressed by previous research. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTERPERSONAL PERCEPTION AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Jacqueline; None; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Though interpersonal relationship impairment is highlighted as a defining factor for personality disorders, few studies have explored the exact nature of these interpersonal difficulties, especially in the early stages of relationship formation. This study focuses on the relationship of personality pathology to impaired ability in both initial impression management and the ability to form accurate impressions of others. Measurement of these impressions will be conducted using the social psychological technique of thin slices of expressive behavior, in which a group of raters assess the personality of a group of targets after watching a thirty-second videotaped clip. An extensive battery of self- and peer-measures of personality pathology will be available for both the targets and the raters. These initial steps toward understanding qualities of relationship formation for individuals with personality disorders are critical for future understanding of the etiology of these disorders and development of effective treatments.

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Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: INTIMACY IN DEPRESSED ELDERLY WITH AXIS II COMORBIDITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Compton, Jill S.; Psychiatry; Duke University Durham, Nc 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Major depression is a serious and prevalent psychiatric disorder among the elderly. Psychotropic and psychosocial interventions have been used with some success, still significant numbers of patients fail to respond adequately to treatment. Approximately one third of depressed elderly patients show only partial response to treatment, and partial responses are associated with higher rates of relapse. Many others are unable to tolerate pharmacotherapy because of existing medical conditions, interactions with other prescription medications, and unwanted side effects. Thus, it is important to understand the factors associated with treatment resistant depression in the elderly. Many patients with chronic depression have co-existing personality disorders (PD's) that complicate treatment. Comorbid PD's among the elderly have been associated with poorer response to treatment, greater risk of suicide, and impaired social support. Social support factors have been associated with the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms and level of emotional support, in particular, appears to have a critical role in the course of depressive disorders. However, research investigating intimate relationships in the elderly have been scarce, overly global, and often contradictory. The primary aim of the proposed study is to better understand tile role of emotional support and relationship quality in the treatment of older adults with major depression and coexisting Axis II psychopathology. This study is an add-on to a larger project investigating the relative outcomes of antidepressant medication and a combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy plus antidepressant medication for this complex population. Thirty-six subjects (n = 36) will complete pre- and post-treatment assessments, including questionnaires, interviews, and interaction tasks. Videotaped interactions will be coded using the IDGOS, an observational coding system that measures intimacy. Bivariate correlations and MANCOVA procedures will be used to examine correlations between relationship factors and depressive symptoms at Time 1 and Time 2. Data from this study will clarify the role between emotional support and complex depression in the elderly and will yield estimates of effect size for a subsequent K Award submission. Thus, the proposed study is the first step in a research trajectory aimed at developing and testing a couple/family intervention for improving outcomes among treatment resistant elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: M-CPP/PET IN IMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Siever, Larry J.; Professor; Psychiatry; Mount Sinai School of Medicine of Nyu of New York University New York, Ny 10029 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1998; Project End 28-FEB-2003 Summary: (Adapted from applicant's abstract): The proposed studies are designed to evaluate regional brain glucose metabolism in response to the administration of 0.4 mg/kg, 0.8 mg/kg of d-fenfluramine and placebo to test the hypothesis that fenfluramine-induced changes in brain metabolism of the orbital frontal cortex and adjacent ventral medial frontal cortex (primary hypothesis) as well as temporal and cingulate cortex (secondary hypotheses) are blunted in patients with impulsive/aggressive personality disorders. These studies build on a body of evidence

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that reduced serotonergic activity as reflected in reduced neuroendocrine responses to serotonergic challenges or diminished concentrations of serotonin metabolites is associated with impulsive aggression in personality disorder patients. They provide an opportunity to directly visualize serotonergic modulation of metabolism of key brain regions implicated in the regulation of aggression. The specific aims of this proposal are to: 1) identify and clinically characterize 40 impulsive personality disordered patients (20 males, 20 females) (as defined by DSM-IV criteria in Methods) as well as 30 nonimpulsive personality disordered patients (15 males, 15 females) and 30 normal volunteer control subjects (15 males, 15 females) over four years, 2) administer dfenfluramine at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg and placebo in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled design on two separate days before PET scanning, 3) administer a higher dose of fenfluramine (0.8 mg/kg) on a third day in half of the sample randomly assigned to the third day (20 impulsive aggressive patients, 15 nonimpulsive aggressive patients and 15 normal control subjects-- blind to the order of d-fenfluramine dose/placebo regimen), 4) obtain and analyze blood samples for prolactin, dfenfluramine and d-norfenfluramine levels prior to and following fenfluramine and for prolactin following placebo administration, and 5) evaluate and compare brain glucose metabolism in the hypothesized regions of interest as well as prolactin following the fenfluramine dose(s) and placebo between the three groups. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: MEDICATED & UNMEDICATED ADHD BOYS AT MIDLIFE (35 TO 45) Principal Investigator & Institution: Loney, Jan; Professor; Pediatrics; University of Iowa Iowa City, Ia 52242 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 16-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: This is the midlife follow-up phase of the earliest, largest, and most comprehensive pre-DSM-III U.S. study of boys with the constellation of behavior problems that includes what is currently called Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This phase will involve 364 subjects in four groups: (1) 164 probands who were medicated as children with a central nervous system stimulant such as methylphenidate for an average of 3 years (the MED group), (2) 50 probands who were never medicated (UNMED), (3) 75 unreferred and never medicated full brothers of these 214 probands (BRO), and (4) 75 normal boys drawn from middle school classrooms of the probands during an adolescent follow-up (CLASS). The probands have been followed by the current research team since their referral for diagnostic evaluation and treatment to the University of Iowa outpatient child psychiatry clinic between 1967 and 1978. Their data were used to derive and validate Loney and colleagues' two-factor model for (1) assessing inattention-overactivity (10) and aggression-defiance (AG) in boys with behavior problems, (2) placing such boys into symptomatically homogeneous diagnostic subgroups (10, AG, IO+AG, and neither), and (3) predicting their adolescent and young adult outcomes. All subjects will be comprehensively evaluated between ages 35 and 45 in psychiatric, psychological, cognitive, neuropsychological, and psychosocial domains to describe their midlife functioning and to answer questions about selected adult psychiatric outcomes: adult/residual ADHD, personality disorders (e.g., antisocial, paranoid, schizotypal, and avoidant), adult bipolar spectrum disorders (mania, hypomania, and cyclothymia), depression, and alcohol and drug use, abuse, and dependence. Diagnostic information will also be obtained from 433 parents. As children, probands were assigned to medication conditions essentially randomly. Therefore, the investigators will be able to compare the midlife outcomes of (1) MED and UNMED

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groups to determine the long-term impact of childhood stimulant medication and (2) UNMED ADHD and CLASS groups to determine the impact of ADHD, thus separating the effects of the disorder from the effects of its most common and controversial treatment. Analyses within the MED group will identify which aspects of medication (initial response, maintenance dosage, treatment duration) predict midlife outcomes. The investigators will also examine the external validity of the two-factor JO and AG dimensions and the DSM-IV ADHD inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined subtypes. Additional information will be available to determine the associations of the probands' childhood and adult disorders with the childhood symptoms of their sons and daughters. This study will provide valuable information about the diagnosis, midlife prognosis, and generational transmission of ADHD and related disorders and about the long-term effects of stimulant medication. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN BONNET MACAQUES Principal Investigator & Institution: Gorman, Jack M.; Professor; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 16-AUG-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): In attempting to understand the fundamental neurobiology of social behavior, a primate animal model would be ideal. The bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) is a particularly good example of a species of nonhuman primate that exhibits a range of sophisticated social behaviors. In this proposal, we propose a collaboration between a biobehavioral primatology laboratory and a clinical neuroimaging group to explore, develop, and implement methods that would allow for the study of specific neurobiological substrates modulating aspects of primate social behavior. First, we plan to conduct baseline magnetic resonance imaging studies, including volumetric analyses, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and diffusion tensor imaging, in 24 bonnets early in development in order to characterize a profile of brain structure and function which is reflected in social performance. The major region of interest is the corpus striatum, reflecting a convergence of evidence of this region's role in modulating brain reward pathways, which might subserve a primate's reinforcement to engage in social activity. Second, to assess social behavior, we will develop a series of video simulations of social interactions that can be used to test bonnets' differentiable responsivity, enabling the study of social behavior under controlled and quantifiable conditions. The study's main hypotheses are that there will be a continuum of striatal pathology among the 24 bonnets as measured by the 3 imaging modalities, and those bonnets who display the most pathological imaging profiles will display less social engagement when confronted with live social interactions than when confronted with social video encounters. If confirmed, this suggests that abnormal striatal "viability" impedes a primate's overall social dexterity and drive for social interaction. A secondary aim of this project is to develop an educational and future research component, which will include a research apprenticeship and opportunities for graduate and undergraduate students to work in social neuroscience-related projects. Ultimately, this knowledge will contribute to a better understanding of the biobehavioral processes related to social behavior, with relevance to disorders such as schizophrenia, social anxiety disorder, autism, and personality disorders involving disruption of interpersonal social behavior. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NEUROBIOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND EMOTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Depue, Richard A.; Professor; Human Development; Cornell University Ithaca Office of Sponsored Programs Ithaca, Ny 14853 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAR-1997; Project End 31-OCT-2003 Summary: Dopamine facilitation of incentive motivation lays the very foundation of normal goal-oriented behavior, and is suspected of being involved directly or indirectly in an array of abnormal behavioral conditions. Incentive-motivated behavior is facilitated by corticolimbic glutamatergic afferents that carry the salient context predictive of reward to DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and to spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAS). Much animal work demonstrates that individual differences in VTA DA and NAS DA functioning modulate the extent to which salient incentive contexts a) are bound to VTA and NAS neurons, and hence b) facilitate the behavioral expression of incentive motivational processes in the NAS. We demonstrated (Depue & Collins, 1999) that the foundation of the major personality trait of extraversion is positive incentive motivation, and that variation in both of these is associated with individual differences in DA functioning. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that variation in extraverted affect and behavior is associated with variation in the strength to which salient context comes to facilitate incentive motivational processes. The proposed studies specifically test this hypothesis through four experimental studies that assess a) the extent to which context is paired with a methylphenidate-facilitated incentive motivational state, b) dose dependence of these effects, and the extent to which the effects are modified by c) latent inhibition and d) extinction processes. Significance of the work derives from its development of new methodology, performance measures, and pharmacological designs to study contextmotivational associations in humans. Also, these studies are designed to provide information that may enlighten several psychiatric problems that may involve a contribution of DA to, and contextual facilitation of, disordered behavior. Recent research raises the possibility that determination of DA-behavior relations could have benefit in understanding, and perhaps in treating, pathological forms of personality disorders, some forms of affective disorders, and schizophrenic positive symptoms. Furthermore, the proposed studies may have direct implications for understanding and modeling the genetic-experiential interactive liabilities to alcohol and psychostimulant substance abuse that may depend on the sensitivity of DA receptor systems in interaction with environmental context. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: NIA ACADEMIC CAREER LEADERSHIP AWARD Principal Investigator & Institution: Lachs, Mark S.; Associate Professor; Medicine; Weill Medical College of Cornell Univ New York, Ny 10021 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: This application proposes use of the NIA Academic Career Leadership Award to link renowned aging related programs at the New York Hospital- Cornell University Medical College by pairing the research methodology expertise of the candidate. Mark Lachs MD, MPH, a geriatrician, clinical epidemiologist, and health services researcher, with that of other gerontology program faculty in the mentorship of a fellow or junior faculty member in specific research projects for each year of the award. The newly appointed Chief of the Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology at the Medical College, Dr. Lachs has laid the foundation for leveraging Cornell's existing resources in the areas of geriatric medicine, psychiatry, mobility, sociology, and

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neurology in a way that will efficiently expand the aging research and training capabilities of the institution consistent with the goals of the RFA. These remarkable resources include: (1) An NIMH Research Center Grant on Mood Disorders under the direction of Dr. George Alexopoulos, (2) A NIAMS Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disease Center Grant headed by Dr. Steven Paget, Chief of Rheumatology at Cornell and Physician-in-Chief of the Hospital for Special Surgery, (3) An NIA Roybal Social Gerontology Center Grant based at the Cornell Applied Geriatrics Research Institute headed by Dr. Karl Pillemer (the candidate's long-standing collaborator in studies of family violence committed against the elderly), (4) The Cornell Neurogeriatrics Program at Cornell Medical College and the Hebrew Home for the Aged in Riverdale, headed by Drs. Fred Plum and Norman Relkin, and (5) an AHCPR funded training program for physicians leading to a masters degree in clinical epidemiology and health services research from the Cornell's Graduate School of the Medical Sciences, headed by Drs. Mary Charlson and Pamela Williams-Russo, and on which the candidate serves as faculty. Additionally, in the spring of 1998, the institution will open the Irving Sherwood Wright Center on Aging, a 15,000 square foot community- based aging center, named in honor of pioneer in aging research and Cornell Professor Emeritus Irving Wright. A sample pilot project for year one is provided, the specific aim of which is to estimate the incidence of new or worsening depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment in a group of "self-neglecting" older adults referred to adult protective services and who have been followed for over a decade as part of the New Haven EPESE cohort. This project pairs the candidate with two members of the geropsychiatry program (Dr. Martha Bruce, a Psychosocial Epidemiologist, and Dr. Robert Abrams, a geriatric psychiatrist with expertise in late life personality disorders) in the mentorship of Dr. Denis Keohane, a new faculty member in the Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology who has a scientific interest in prognostication in medical illness and a clinical interest in the homebound elderly. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PATHWAYS TO DISTURED EMOTIONS, PERCEPTIONS AND BELIEFS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berenbaum, Howard; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Henry Administration Bldg Champaign, Il 61820 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): The proposed project has four major goals: (1) to examine in a large representative community sample the strength of the association between a history of psychological trauma and elevated levels of peculiar perceptions and beliefs, assessed by measuring symptoms of schizotypal personality disorder; (2) to examine whether the effects of neurodevelopmental factors and psychological trauma on vulnerability to peculiar perceptions and beliefs are additive or interactive; (3) to examine the relation between peculiar perceptions and beliefs and disturbances in emotional awareness and the processing and utilization of emotionally-valenced information; and (4) to examine psychological mechanisms (disturbances in emotional awareness and the processing and utilization of emotionally-valenced information, dissociation, absorption, and an intuitive-experiential thinking style) that may mediate the links between distal vulnerability factors, such as psychological trauma and neurodevelopmental factors, and the later development of elevated levels of peculiar perceptions and beliefs. The association between trauma history and schizotypal personality disorder will be examined in a telephone survey of 1500 individuals

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randomly selected from the community. The remaining goals will be addressed by conducting intensive laboratory/interview assessments of 300 individuals, recruited via telephone screening and newspaper advertising, intentionally oversampling individuals with high levels of schizotypal symptoms. The laboratory/interview assessments will include the assessment of minor physical anomalies, handedness, dermatoglyphic asymmetries, Cluster A personality disorders, childhood maltreatment as well as other traumas, and questionnaire and behavioral measures of the processing and utilization of emotionally-valenced information. The proposed project will improve our understanding of the nature and etiology of schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid personality disorders. The proposed project will also provide clues concerning which psychological mechanisms might contribute to peculiar perceptions and beliefs across the psychiatric spectrum, such as the hallucinations and delusions exhibited by individuals with psychotic and mood disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PEER ASSESSMENT OF PERSONALITY TRAITS AND PATHOLOGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Oltmanns, Thomas F.; Professor; Psychology; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, Va 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: This study will examine the construct validity of personality disorders (PDs) by combining methods developed for studying the social psychology of person perception with laboratory performance measures, structured interviews, and real world data regarding social and occupational functioning. Current knowledge regarding PDs relies almost exclusively on self-report measures (questionnaires and interviews). Unfortunately, people with PDs are frequently unable to view themselves realistically and unaware of the effect their behavior has on other people. Our study compares information regarding pathological personality traits from self-report measures with peer nominations made by people who are well-acquainted with each other. Participants are groups of men and women who completed basic military training together (2,100 Air Force recruits) or who have lived together in a college dormitory (1,200 first-year students). We have shown that peer judgments regarding pathological traits are reliable and valid and that our sample includes a substantial number of people who meet DSM-IV criteria for at least one PD. We have also found that correlations between self-report and peer-report measures range from.20 to.30. In the next five years, we will pursue these findings to compare the validity of self-report and peer-based measures. Our extensive data set will also be used to examine related issues such as gender bias in diagnostic criterion sets. Follow-up information will be collected using electronic personnel databases (for AF recruits) and performance on laboratory tasks (for college students). These data will allow us to evaluate the impact of pathological personality traits on functional outcomes in people's lives. We will also develop assessment procedures that can be used to supplement traditional self-report instruments. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PERSONALITY DISORDER OVER 20YRS--RISKS, COURSE, & IMPACT Principal Investigator & Institution: Cohen, Patricia R.; New York State Psychiatric Institute 1051 Riverside Dr New York, Ny 10032 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 17-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004

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Summary: Clearly, most personality disorders develop over the course of Childhood, adolescence and young adulthood. Although these disorders are often associated with serious impairment, an empirical basis for theories about influences on their incidence and course is only beginning to accumulate. The proposed study extends a longitudinal study of about 800 persons who have been studied since 1975, and who will be an average age of 31 in 2000. The cohort was originally randomly sampled, and has remained Closely representative of the population from which it was sampled. Uniquely, personality disorders (PDs) have been assessed since early adolescence, in conjunction with the Axis I disorders, a broad range of risks, and outcomes. PDs have been shown to be related to a number of childhood risks and1 in turn, to constitute a risk for both adult Axis I disorders and for impairment in function. Our first aim is to identify influences on the course of PDs in the adult years. We will investigate whether the decline in PD symptoms shown in earlier age groups will have leveled off by the late 20's and which risk and protective factors assessed during childhood and adolescence continue to have effects on new onset PD or symptom persistence in middle adulthood. A second aim is to continue our investigation of the connection between Axis disorders (assessed with the CIDI) and PD, examining the extent to which comorbidity may be due to shared risks or due to the prior influence of one kind of disorder on another. We will also investigate the impact of PD on adult function, and on the attainment of socioeconomic level, as well as the independence of these effects from those of comorbid Axis I disorder. Finally, we will investigate the impact of PD on parenting and offspring emotional and behavioral problems. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: PRECURSORS TO ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY AND VIOLENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Loeber, Rolf; Associate Professor; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1987; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: The proposed research concerns the follow-up of males initially seen in mental health clinics in 1987, mostly for disruptive behavior disorders at ages 7 to 12. Since that time the participants have been regularly assessed to document the course and outcome of disruptive behavior disorders. The latest assessments were at ages 18 and 19, with the aim of documenting antisocial personality disorder and the infliction of harm. Currently, 36 percent qualify for the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder. Forty five percent have inflicted moderate to serious injury on other individuals, and 24 percent have attempted suicide. Because violence usually increases during early adulthood, and because the stability of antisocial personality disorder over time is modest, the project proposes to follow up the participants at age 24.The aims of the proposed research are to test and extend a life-span developmental model of the origins of adult antisocial personality disorder and harm infliction using data on potential risk factors measured from childhood into early adulthood, and to document the relationship between antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, other personality disorders, and personality traits to identify those individuals who are most at risk to inflict harm and to improve understanding of the adult outcomes of chronic conduct disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY AND BIOSTATISTICS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cottler, Linda B.; Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry; Psychiatry; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-FEB-1983; Project End 30-JUN-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): This NIMH Training Grant, in its nineteenth year, is seeking continued support for Post-doctoral training slots. The Department of Psychiatry, the parent Department of this T32, has noted strengths in the areas of Epidemiology and Prevention, Genetics and Genetic Epidemiology, and Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. With research programs in areas such as mood and substance use disorders, schizophrenia, PTSD, Alzheimer's, child disorders, pathological gambling, personality disorders, and eating disorders, applicants have a wide range of opportunities for research training and career development. The training program allows trainees the opportunity to work with Preceptors in all of these areas. In the past ten years, the program has funded 22 individuals with the five awarded slots per year. We are now requesting eight slots per year, with four dedicated slots for Child Psychiatry, reflecting the increased requests for training in this field. The goals of this training grant have been enhanced to take into consideration the changing nature of our field, and the recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences' report for welltrained psychiatric epidemiologists with interdisciplinary research skills. Thus, we have added, to our already rich training repertoire, the participation of a number of additional faculty who support interdisciplinary research. The focus of our training program is: ( i.) to increase the opportunities for interdisciplinary research training with the broadest range of research opportunities for persons wishing to specialize in psychiatric epidemiology; (ii.) to train in areas of perceived shortage in behavioral research; (iii.) to recruit and equip researchers from diverse academic backgrounds with the skills needed to address challenging problems related to psychiatric disorders; (iv.) to provide trainees with an apprentice-type experience, along with traditional education, to master the skills needed to critically evaluate data and to conduct every aspect of psychiatric epidemiologic research in order to become successful, independent investigators; (v.) to train individuals to maintain the highest ethical standards in their academic community and profession. The experience of the Training Director and CoDirectors bodes well for the continued success of this program. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: PSYCHOTHERAPY ENHANCEMENT FOR TC RETENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ball, Samuel A.; Associate Professor; Apt Foundation, Inc. 1 Long Wharf Dr, Ste 321 New Haven, Ct 06511 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 25-SEP-2001; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant) Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment can be an effective psychosocial modality for addiction, but premature dropout remains a major problem. Personality disorders are very common in residential programs, and TCs regard personality disturbance as core to all people with addiction. Severe personality dysfunction is associated with higher dropout rates from TCs, and adding cognitivebehavioral treatmentsmay improve retention and outcome. We hypothesize that severe personality disturbance causes significant problems with an individual's initial adjustment and effective utilization of TC processes and techniques. We predict that a behavioral therapy that targets personality pathology will result in better TC engagement, retention, and outcome than will a more standard addiction counseling

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approach. To begin to improve retention, research should begin to systematically evaluate the impact on TC efficacy of adding interventions targeted at decreasing premature dropouts through controlled clinical trials. We have developed the first empirically tested treatment manual for the full range of personality disorders in substance abusers. This 4-year study proposes to conduct a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of Dual Focus Schema Therapyin comparison to Individual Drug Counseling as 6-month manualized individual behavioral therapy enhancements to the orientation/early treatment phase of 100 TC residents. In addition to evaluating retention differences, we will analyze the rate and degree of change for these two conditions monthly and at 6, 12, 18, and 24-month follow-up for psychological indicatorsrelated to personality disorder and therapeutic processes related to the TC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: RESEARCH TRAINING -- BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Principal Investigator & Institution: Wehner, Jeanne M.; Professor; Inst of Behavioral Genetics; University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, Co 80309 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1989; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: The institutional training grant is for training in the field of behavior genetics. The goals of behavior genetics are to elucidate the genetic and environmental components that regulate individual differences for a multitude of complex normal and abnormal phenotypes. Using multi-disciplinary approaches, the genetic basis of psychopathologies, personality disorders, as well as normal cognition and personality, can be investigated. The application of biometrical genetic techniques and the development of quantitative trait loci methods allows the mapping of genes that regulate complex polygenic traits. Information from such analyses, along with neurochemical, neuropharmacological, and molecular genetic studies, will provide an understanding of gene function related to behavior. The Institute for Behavioral Genetics (IBG) at the University of Colorado has actively pursued the goals of behavior genetics for over 30 years. Its faculty is distinguished and active in research. Major research projects are now in progress in both humans and animal behavior genetics. Facilities are available for gene mapping studies in human, mouse and nematode models, behavioral and biochemical studies in mice and nematodes, and biometrical analyses. Funds are requested to support five predoctoral and two postdoctoral trainees. Predoctoral trainees receive doctorate degrees from a cooperating academic unit and certification in behavior genetics. Academic requirements in the training program include training in behavior genetics, quantitative and biometrical genetics, theoretical and computer-based statistics, molecular genetics, responsible conduct of research, and courses on behavioral and clinical phenotypes. Additional requirements vary according to the degree granting academic unit. Research experience is an integral part of training. Training for postdoctoral trainees is tailored to the individual, but acquisition of competence in all areas of the predoctoral program, as well as active participation in supervised researcher, is emphasized. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: SCREENING FOR PERSONALITY DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pilkonis, Paul A.; Professor of Psychiatry & Psychology; Psychiatry; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, Pa 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 10-APR-1998; Project End 31-AUG-2002

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Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): There has been increased recognition of the clinical importance of personality disorders (PDs) in both psychiatric and medical samples and related efforts to develop better methods of case identification. Sufficient progress has been made to propose a comparative test of screeners currently available: the Iowa Personality Disorder Screen, the self-directedness scale from the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the scales for PDs developed from the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (lIP). To maximize their scientific value, these tests should include both crossvalidation in psychiatric samples and an examination of their operating characteristics in samples where the base rate of PDs is likely to be lower. We propose a 2- stage assessment methodology for these purposes. Stage I is the completion of all three screening instruments and stage 2 is a more intensive clinical assessment with stratified, randomly selected subsamples of subjects identified by the different screeners. The specific aims of the work are: (1) To crossvalidate the initial results from our IIP PD screening scales in a new psychiatric sample and to investigate the comparative utility of the other screening tools now available; (2) To extend the work into samples with lower base rates of PDs: a medical sample with diabetes and a community sample ascertained from University of Pittsburgh sources; and (3) To examine the predictive validity or PD diagnosis by the different methods over a 6month follow-up period. The outcomes of interest will be both personal outcomes (psychiatric status, medical status, symptomatology, role functioning) and social outcomes (use of treatment services). Our hypothesis is that there will be the same rank ordering of outcomes in both areas in all three samples: subjects with cluster B (dramatic, expressive, externalizing) PDs will have the poorest personal outcomes and require the most treatment services, followed by subjects with cluster C (anxious, fearful, internalizing) PDs, followed by subjects without PDs, who will have the best personal outcomes while requiring the fewest services. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIAL AGGRESSION: PRECURSORS AND OUTCOMES Principal Investigator & Institution: Underwood, Marion K.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Texas Dallas 2601 N Floyd Rd Richardson, Tx 75080 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 25-SEP-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This longitudinal investigation will examine developmental precursors and outcomes of engaging in and being the victim of social and physical aggression. Whereas physical aggression inflicts or threatens bodily harm, social aggression hurts others by damaging their friendships, peer relations, or social status. Social aggression includes behaviors such as social exclusion, friendship manipulation, malicious gossip, and non-verbal efforts at alienation and manipulation. Preliminary studies have established that social aggression hurts children and is related to psychosocial maladjustment, but longitudinal research is needed to explore precursors, stability, and sequelae of perpetrating and being victimized by social and physical aggression. This study will follow a normal sample of 300 children from ages 9 - 14, a developmental period in which social aggression has been shown to become more frequent and intense. This investigation will examine how frequently children engage in and experience these behaviors and explore whether and when gender differences emerge, using multiple methods to measure social aggression (observations and telephone interviews, as well as peer nominations and teacher and parent reports). This study will explore factors that may contribute to individual differences in engaging in and being victimized by social and physical aggression: family, peer group, and school factors. This research will investigate developmental outcomes associated with engaging

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in and being the victim of social and physical aggression: qualities of peer and romantic relationships, self-concept, academic progress, identity formation, externalizing symptoms, internalizing symptoms, personality difficulties, and eating disorder symptoms. This study will explore developmental precursors of adolescent psychopathology for both girls and boys, with the long-term goal of determining whether reducing social aggression might be helpful in preventing externalizing symptoms, internalizing problems, personality disorders, and eating disorders. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: SOCIAL ANHEDONIA AND SCHIZOPHRENIA PRONENESS Principal Investigator & Institution: Blanchard, Jack J.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Maryland College Pk Campus College Park, Md 20742 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1994; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: The accurate identification of individuals prone to the development of schizophrenia is necessary for the study of environmental and biological factors that heighten or reduce the probability of developing this disorder. The detection of such vulnerable individuals would also help in prevention efforts. Unfortunately, prior research on the psychometric detection of schizophrenia-proneness has been limited in that what has been detected is more generally psychosis-proneness. Also, there are concerns that prior research is limited by the study of non-minority college students that are not representative of the general population. In this revised application it is proposed that social anhedonia may be a promising indicator of the latent liability for schizophrenia. The role of social anhedonia in the development of schizophrenia will be studied in a randomly ascertained community sample of 18 year-olds who will be selected independently of race, education, or socio-economic status. First, this study will examine the hypothesis that taxometrically identified socially anhedonic individuals are at risk for schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Subjects (social anhedonics and controls) will be assessed for schizophrenia and other Axis I disorders, schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders, and psychotic-like experiences at a base assessment and again at a 3-year follow-up. Second, to understand the range of outcomes in at-risk individuals, other individual difference variables will be assessed that may potentiate the expression of schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. It is hypothesized that, in vulnerable individuals, reduced social support, elevated trait negative affect, and attentional impairment at the base assessment will increase the probability of clinically diagnosable illnesses and generally poorer functioning at the follow-up assessment. Third, the proposed investigation will examine the hypothesized genetic risk for schizophrenia associated with social anhedonia by directly assessing schizophrenia-related diagnoses and characteristics in the biological parents of social anhedonics and controls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: THE THERAPY RELATIONSHIP AND ANXIOLYIC DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Follette, William C.; Associate Professor; Psychology; University of Nevada Reno Reno, Nv 89557 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: Functional Analytic Psychotherapy was developed from radical behavioral theory. The theoretical foundations of the therapy are that there are classes of behavioral excesses and deficits that contribute to interpersonal poor functioning. In many cases these problem behaviors and resulting ineffective ways of relating to the environment

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can lead to anxiety or depressive symptoms. If the problems are longstanding, there may evidence of personality disorders. These problems are often seen as indications for the prescription of benzodiazapines by primary care physicians that may lead to benzodiazapine misuse. This application applies FAP to a sample of benzodiazapine dependent subjects in the context of a treatment development study. Though FAP has a strong theoretical foundation, this proposal is one of the first empirical tests of the principles behind FAP. We have developed a coding and training system for studying FAP. We propose to test FAP using an innovative Theory Driven Research Design we have explicated elsewhere that tests not only if therapy works, but by what mediating mechanisms. We propose a set of plausible causal paths to benzodiazapine dependence that FAP will test. This project combines radical behavioral theory to a significant drug abusing population in a research context that tests basic behavioral principles, theory, and adherence. The study proposes to combine a 20 week FAP intervention with a drug tapering protocol in 30 patients. The purpose of the study will be to develop and refine the treatment so it is replicable and trainable in additional studies. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for personality disorders in the PubMed Central database: •

Attentional mechanisms of borderline personality disorder. by Posner MI, Rothbart MK, Vizueta N, Levy KN, Evans DE, Thomas KM, Clarkin JF.; 2002 Dec 10; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138617

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Functioning styles of personality disorders and five-factor normal personality traits: a correlation study in Chinese students. by Wang W, Hu L, Mu L, Chen D, Song Q, Zhou M, Zhang W, Hou J, Li Z, Wang J, Liu J, He C.; 2003; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=212553

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Reliability and cultural applicability of the Greek version of the International Personality Disorders Examination. by Fountoulakis KN, Iacovides A, Ioannidou C, Bascialla F, Nimatoudis I, Kaprinis G, Janca A, Dahl A.; 2002; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=116573

3 4

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with personality disorders, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for personality disorders (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A behavior analytic conceptualization of personality disorders: a response to Clark, Livesley, and Morey. Author(s): Follette WC. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Fall; 11(3): 232-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348487&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of purging and non-purging eating disorder patients in comorbid personality disorders and psychopathology. Author(s): Murakami K, Tachi T, Washizuka T, Ikuta N, Miyake Y. Source: Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2002 April; 27(1): 9-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12472165&dopt=Abstract

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A comparison of self-concept and personality disorders in women with pain accounted for by psychological factors, women with major depression, and healthy controls. Author(s): Zlot SI, Herrmann M, Hofer-Mayer T, Adler M, Adler RH. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 2001; 31(1): 61-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11529391&dopt=Abstract

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A pilot study of defenses in adults with personality disorders entering psychotherapy. Author(s): Perry JC. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2001 October; 189(10): 651-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11708665&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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A structured interview for the assessment of the Five-Factor Model of personality: facet-level relations to the axis II personality disorders. Author(s): Trull TJ, Widiger TA, Burr R. Source: Journal of Personality. 2001 April; 69(2): 175-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11339795&dopt=Abstract

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A twin study of personality disorders. Author(s): Torgersen S, Lygren S, Oien PA, Skre I, Onstad S, Edvardsen J, Tambs K, Kringlen E. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 November-December; 41(6): 416-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086146&dopt=Abstract

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Aberrant social relations in the personality disorders. Author(s): Haslam N, Reichert T, Fiske AP. Source: Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2002 March; 75(Pt 1): 19-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12006197&dopt=Abstract

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Addicted patients with personality disorders: traits, schemas, and presenting problems. Author(s): Ball SA, Cecero JJ. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 February; 15(1): 72-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236816&dopt=Abstract

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Adjectival descriptions of personality disorders: a convergent validity study of the MCMI-III. Author(s): Craig RJ, Olson RE. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2001 October; 77(2): 259-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11693858&dopt=Abstract

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Affective instability in personality disorders. Author(s): Links PS, Heisel MJ, Garland A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 February; 160(2): 394-5; Author Reply 395. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562610&dopt=Abstract

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Age-related differences in the frequency of personality disorders among inpatient veterans. Author(s): Kenan MM, Kendjelic EM, Molinari VA, Williams W, Norris M, Kunik ME. Source: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2000 September; 15(9): 831-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10984730&dopt=Abstract

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Alexithymia in patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid cluster C personality disorders: a 6-month follow-up study. Author(s): Honkalampi K, Hintikka J, Antikainen R, Lehtonen J, Viinamaki H. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 June; 15(3): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11406996&dopt=Abstract

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Antisocial and borderline personality disorders: two separate diagnoses or two aspects of the same psychopathology? Author(s): Paris J. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1997 July-August; 38(4): 237-42. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9202881&dopt=Abstract

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Are there gender differences in DSM-IV personality disorders? Author(s): Grilo CM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 43(6): 427-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12439828&dopt=Abstract

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Associations of past conduct disorder with personality disorders in 'non-psychotic' psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Dowson JH, Sussams P, Grounds AT, Taylor JC. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 February; 16(1): 49-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11246292&dopt=Abstract

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Attachment styles and personality disorders as predictors of symptom course. Author(s): Meyer B, Pilkonis PA, Proietti JM, Heape CL, Egan M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 October; 15(5): 371-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723873&dopt=Abstract

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Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, reading disability, and personality disorders in a prison population. Author(s): Rasmussen K, Almvik R, Levander S. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2001; 29(2): 186-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11471785&dopt=Abstract

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Authority conflicts and personality disorders. Author(s): Vereycken J, Vertommen H, Corveleyn J. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 February; 16(1): 41-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881160&dopt=Abstract

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Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: putting the personality back into personality disorders. Author(s): Rettew DC. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 8(6): 283-97. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11133823&dopt=Abstract

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Axis I and axis II disorders as predictors of prospective suicide attempts: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Author(s): Yen S, Shea MT, Pagano M, Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Skodol AE, Bender DS, Zanarini MC, Gunderson JG, Morey LC. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2003 August; 112(3): 375-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943016&dopt=Abstract

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Bad or Mad? Personality disorders and legal responsibility-the German situation. Author(s): Krober HL, Lau S. Source: Behavioral Sciences & the Law. 2000; 18(5): 679-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11113968&dopt=Abstract

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Behavioral assessment of personality disorders. Author(s): Nelson-Gray RO, Farmer RF. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 April; 37(4): 347-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204280&dopt=Abstract

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Behind bars: personality disorders. Author(s): Trestman RL. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2000; 28(2): 232-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10888193&dopt=Abstract

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Biochemical endophenotypes in personality disorders. Author(s): New AS, Siever LJ. Source: Methods in Molecular Medicine. 2003; 77: 199-213. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12298370&dopt=Abstract

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Biologic factors in personality disorders. Author(s): Zemishlany Z, Siever LJ, Coccaro EF. Source: The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences. 1988; 25(1): 12-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2908042&dopt=Abstract

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Biological markers in borderline personality disorders: an overview. Author(s): Fleming JA. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1988 December; 33(9): 873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3214836&dopt=Abstract

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Biological markers in borderline personality disorders: an overview. Author(s): Steiner M, Links PS, Korzekwa M. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1988 June; 33(5): 350-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136905&dopt=Abstract

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Biological markers, with special regard to platelet monoamine oxidase (trbc-MAO), for personality and personality disorders. Author(s): Oreland L, Ekblom J, Garpenstrand H, Hallman J. Source: Adv Pharmacol. 1998; 42: 301-4. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9327900&dopt=Abstract

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Birth weight and length in schizophrenics personality disorders and their siblings. Author(s): Woerner MG, Pollack M, Klein DF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1971 April; 118(545): 461-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5576647&dopt=Abstract

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Body awareness group therapy for patients with personality disorders. 1. Description of the therapeutic method. Author(s): Skatteboe UB, Friis S, Hope MK, Vaglum P. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1989; 51(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602527&dopt=Abstract

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Body awareness group therapy for patients with personality disorders. 2. Evaluation of the Body Awareness Rating Scale. Author(s): Friis S, Skatteboe UB, Hope MK, Vaglum P. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1989; 51(1): 18-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602528&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline and avoidant personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: a comparison between DSM-IV diagnoses and NEO-PI-R. Author(s): Wilberg T, Urnes O, Friis S, Pedersen G, Karterud S. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Fall; 13(3): 226-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10498036&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline and schizotypal personality disorders treated with low-dose thiothixene vs placebo. Author(s): Goldberg SC, Schulz SC, Schulz PM, Resnick RJ, Hamer RM, Friedel RO. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1986 July; 43(7): 680-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3521531&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline and schizotypal personality disorders: mutually exclusive or overlapping? Author(s): Serban G, Conte HR, Plutchik R. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1987 Spring; 51(1): 15-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3572708&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline personality disorders. Author(s): Tarnopolsky A, Berelowitz M. Source: Lancet. 1986 November 22; 2(8517): 1224-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2877365&dopt=Abstract

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Borderline symptom inventory: assessing inpatient and outpatient borderline personality disorders. Author(s): Mann LS, Wise TN, Segall EA, Goldberg RL, Goldstein DM. Source: Psychopathology. 1988; 21(1): 44-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3222432&dopt=Abstract

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Brief psychotherapy of personality disorders. Author(s): Winston A, Pollack J, McCullough L, Flegenheimer W, Kestenbaum R, Trujillo M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1991 April; 179(4): 188-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2007888&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in adult patients with binge eating disorder. Author(s): Grilo CM, Masheb RM. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 106(3): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197855&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes EM, Bernstein DP. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 July; 56(7): 600-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401504&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Smailes EM, Skodol AE, Brown J, Oldham JM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2001 January-February; 42(1): 16-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11154711&dopt=Abstract

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Childhood victimization and the development of personality disorders. Unanswered questions remain. Author(s): Widom CS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 July; 56(7): 607-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10401505&dopt=Abstract

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Chronic depression and comorbid personality disorders: response to sertraline versus imipramine. Author(s): Russell JM, Kornstein SG, Shea MT, McCullough JP, Harrison WM, Hirschfeld RM, Keller MB. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 May; 64(5): 554-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12755659&dopt=Abstract

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Circumplex models for the similarity relationships between higher-order factors of personality and personality disorders: an empirical analysis. Author(s): Pukrop R, Sass H, Steinmeyer EM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 November-December; 41(6): 438-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086149&dopt=Abstract

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Circumplex scales of interpersonal values: reliability, validity, and applicability to interpersonal problems and personality disorders. Author(s): Locke KD. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 2000 October; 75(2): 249-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11020143&dopt=Abstract

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Classification of frequency distributions of diagnostic criteria scores in twelve personality disorders by the curve fitting method. Author(s): Lyoo IK, Youn T, Ha TH, Park HS, Kwon JS. Source: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2003 August; 57(4): 417-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839524&dopt=Abstract

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Client personality disorders affecting wife assault post-treatment recidivism. Author(s): Dutton DG, Bodnarchuk M, Kropp R, Hart SD, Ogloff JP. Source: Violence Vict. 1997 Spring; 12(1): 37-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9360287&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical syndromes and personality disorders. Author(s): Millon T. Source: The Harvard Mental Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 1999 March; 15(9): 4-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10030149&dopt=Abstract

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Clinician ratings of the five-factor model of personality and the DSM-IV personality disorders. Author(s): Blais MA. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 June; 185(6): 388-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9205425&dopt=Abstract

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Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder with other personality disorders in hospitalized adolescents and adults. Author(s): Becker DF, Grilo CM, Edell WS, McGlashan TH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 December; 157(12): 2011-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11097968&dopt=Abstract

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Co-morbidity of personality disorders in individuals with substance use disorders. Author(s): Verheul R. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 August; 16(5): 274-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11514129&dopt=Abstract

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Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV borderline, schizotypal, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Author(s): Sanislow CA, Morey LC, Grilo CM, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Skodol AE, Stout RL, Zanarini MC, McGlashan TH. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 January; 105(1): 28-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12086222&dopt=Abstract

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Confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Author(s): Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Morey LC, Bender DS, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Stout RL, Zanarini MC, McGlashan TH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 February; 159(2): 284-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11823272&dopt=Abstract

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Consequences of comorbid personality disorders in major depression. Author(s): Brieger P, Ehrt U, Bloeink R, Marneros A. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 May; 190(5): 304-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12011610&dopt=Abstract

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Co-occurrence of DSM-IV personality disorders with borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, McGlashan TH. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 August; 190(8): 552-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193841&dopt=Abstract

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Co-occurrence of mood and personality disorders: a report from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study (CLPS). Author(s): Skodol AE, Stout RL, McGlashan TH, Grilo CM, Gunderson JG, Shea MT, Morey LC, Zanarini MC, Dyck IR, Oldham JM. Source: Depression and Anxiety. 1999; 10(4): 175-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10690579&dopt=Abstract

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Covariance in the measurement of depression/anxiety and three Cluster C personality disorders (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive). Author(s): Rees A, Hardy GE, Barkham M. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1997 September; 45(3): 143-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9298427&dopt=Abstract

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Current issues in the assessment of personality disorders. Author(s): Widiger TA, Chaynes K. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2003 May; 5(1): 28-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12685999&dopt=Abstract

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Day treatment for personality disorders: a review of research findings. Author(s): Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 May-June; 9(3): 105-17. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287405&dopt=Abstract

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Day treatment of patients with personality disorders: experiences from a Norwegian treatment research network. Author(s): Karterud S, Pedersen G, Bjordal E, Brabrand J, Friis S, Haaseth O, Haavaldsen G, Irion T, Leirvag H, Torum E, Urnes O. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2003 June; 17(3): 243-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839103&dopt=Abstract

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Dependence, locus of control, parental bonding, and personality disorders: a study in alcoholics and controls. Author(s): Marchiori E, Loschi S, Marconi PL, Mioni D, Pavan L. Source: Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire). 1999 May-June; 34(3): 396-401. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10414616&dopt=Abstract

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Detention of people with dangerous severe personality disorders: a systematic review. Author(s): Buchanan A, Leese M. Source: Lancet. 2001 December 8; 358(9297): 1955-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11747920&dopt=Abstract

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Determinants of diagnostic prototypicality judgments of the personality disorders. Author(s): Evans DL, Herbert JD, Nelson-Gray RO, Gaudiano BA. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 February; 16(1): 95-106. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11881163&dopt=Abstract

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Developing services for people with dangerous and severe personality disorders. Author(s): Lavender A. Source: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : Cbmh. 2002; 12(2 Suppl): S46-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12459810&dopt=Abstract

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Development of an integrated model of personality, personality disorders and severe axis I disorders, with special reference to major affective disorders. Author(s): von Zerssen D. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2002 April; 68(2-3): 143-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063143&dopt=Abstract

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Dexamethasone suppression test findings in subjects with personality disorders: associations with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Author(s): Grossman R, Yehuda R, New A, Schmeidler J, Silverman J, Mitropoulou V, Sta Maria N, Golier J, Siever L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1291-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832244&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosing personality disorders. Author(s): Westen D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 February; 158(2): 324-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156826&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis of personality disorders in learning disability. Author(s): Alexander R, Cooray S. Source: Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 2003 January; 44: S28-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509306&dopt=Abstract

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Dialectical behavior therapy for personality disorders. Author(s): Rizvi SL, Linehan MM. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2001 February; 3(1): 64-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177762&dopt=Abstract

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Differentiating narcissistic and antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Gunderson JG, Ronningstam E. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 April; 15(2): 103-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345846&dopt=Abstract

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Difficulties in interpersonal relationships associated with personality disorders and axis I disorders: a community-based longitudinal investigation. Author(s): Johnson JG, Rabkin JG, Williams JB, Remien RH, Gorman JM. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Spring; 14(1): 42-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10746204&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensional personality profiles of borderline personality disorder in comparison with other personality disorders and healthy controls. Author(s): Pukrop R. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 April; 16(2): 135-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12004490&dopt=Abstract

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Dimensions and categories: the “big five” factors and the DSM personality disorders. Author(s): Morey LC, Gunderson J, Quigley BD, Lyons M. Source: Assessment. 2000 September; 7(3): 203-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11037388&dopt=Abstract

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Discriminative validity of the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale with Cluster B personality disorders. Author(s): Smith SR, Hilsenroth MJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2001 June; 57(6): 801-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344466&dopt=Abstract

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Divalproex in the treatment of impulsive aggression: efficacy in cluster B personality disorders. Author(s): Hollander E, Tracy KA, Swann AC, Coccaro EF, McElroy SL, Wozniak P, Sommerville KW, Nemeroff CB. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 June; 28(6): 1186-97. Epub 2003 April 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700713&dopt=Abstract

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Divergences between clinical and research methods for assessing personality disorders: implications for research and the evolution of axis II. Author(s): Westen D. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 July; 154(7): 895-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210738&dopt=Abstract

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Do eating disorders co-occur with personality disorders? Comparison groups matter. Author(s): Grilo CM, Sanislow CA, Skodol AE, Gunderson JG, Stout RL, Shea MT, Zanarini MC, Bender DS, Morey LC, Dyck IR, McGlashan TH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2003 March; 33(2): 155-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616581&dopt=Abstract

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Dysfunctional beliefs discriminate personality disorders. Author(s): Beck AT, Butler AC, Brown GK, Dahlsgaard KK, Newman CF, Beck JS. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 2001 October; 39(10): 1213-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11579990&dopt=Abstract

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Economic impact of personality disorders in UK primary care attenders. Author(s): Rendu A, Moran P, Patel A, Knapp M, Mann A. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2002 July; 181: 62-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12091265&dopt=Abstract

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EEG does not predict response to valproate treatment of aggression in patients with borderline and antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Reeves RR, Struve FA, Patrick G. Source: Clin Electroencephalogr. 2003 April; 34(2): 84-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784906&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of comorbid anxiety, depressive, and personality disorders on treatment outcome of somatoform disorders. Author(s): Leibbrand R, Hiller W, Fichter MM. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1999 May-June; 40(3): 203-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10360615&dopt=Abstract

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Effect of personality disorders on the treatment outcome of axis I conditions: an update. Author(s): Reich JH, Vasile RG. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1993 August; 181(8): 475-84. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8103074&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of nursing interventions in people with personality disorders. Author(s): Woods P, Richards D. Source: Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003 October; 44(2): 154-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14521682&dopt=Abstract

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Effectiveness of psychotherapy for personality disorders. Author(s): Perry JC, Banon E, Ianni F. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 September; 156(9): 1312-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10484939&dopt=Abstract

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Effects of client-centered psychotherapy for personality disorders alone and in combination with psychopharmacological treatment. An empirical follow-up study. Author(s): Teusch L, Bohme H, Finke J, Gastpar M. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2001 November-December; 70(6): 328-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11598432&dopt=Abstract

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Efficacy of combined therapy and pharmacotherapy for depressed patients with or without personality disorders. Author(s): Kool S, Dekker J, Duijsens IJ, de Jonghe F, Puite B. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2003 May-June; 11(3): 133-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12893503&dopt=Abstract

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Emotion processing in borderline personality disorders. Author(s): Levine D, Marziali E, Hood J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 April; 185(4): 240-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9114809&dopt=Abstract

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Empirical clusters of DSM-III personality disorders in violent offenders. Author(s): Blackburn R, Coid JW. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Spring; 13(1): 18-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228924&dopt=Abstract

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Envy manifestations and personality disorders. Author(s): Habimana E, Masse L. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2000 June; 15 Suppl 1: 15-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520469&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of personality disorders. Author(s): Sater N, Samuels JF, Bienvenu OJ, Nestadt G. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2001 February; 3(1): 41-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177758&dopt=Abstract

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Epidemiology of psychiatric disorders in Edmonton. Antisocial personality disorders. Author(s): Swanson MC, Bland RC, Newman SC. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 1994; 376: 63-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8178687&dopt=Abstract

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Establishing the psychometric properties of the DSM-III-R personality disorders: implications for DSM-V. Author(s): Blais MA, Benedict KB, Norman DK. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1998 October; 54(6): 795-802. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9783659&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluating NEO Personality Inventory-Revised profiles in veterans with personality disorders. Author(s): Huprich SK. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2003 February; 17(1): 33-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659545&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of DSM-IV personality disorder criteria as assessed by the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorders. Author(s): Farmer RF, Chapman AL. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 43(4): 285-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107866&dopt=Abstract

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Evaluation of intensive inpatient treatment of patients with severe personality disorders. Author(s): Gabbard GO, Coyne L, Allen JG, Spohn H, Colson DB, Vary M. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 2000 July; 51(7): 893-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10875954&dopt=Abstract

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Excluding personality disorders from the insanity defense--a follow-up study. Author(s): Reichlin SM, Bloom JD, Williams MH. Source: Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1993; 21(1): 91-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8477109&dopt=Abstract

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Extent of comorbidity between mental state and personality disorders. Author(s): Tyrer P, Gunderson J, Lyons M, Tohen M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Fall; 11(3): 242-59. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348488&dopt=Abstract

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Eye movements in spectrum personality disorders: comparison of community subjects and relatives of schizophrenic patients. Author(s): Thaker GK, Cassady S, Adami H, Moran M, Ross DE. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 March; 153(3): 362-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8610823&dopt=Abstract

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Face validity of the DSM-III-R personality disorders. Author(s): Blashfield RK, Breen MJ. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1989 December; 146(12): 1575-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2589551&dopt=Abstract

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Factor structure of DSM-III-R personality disorders shown by self-report questionnaire: implications for classifying and assessing personality disorders. Author(s): Dowson JH, Berrios GE. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1991 December; 84(6): 555-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1792930&dopt=Abstract

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Factorial structure of traits delineating personality disorders in clinical and general population samples. Author(s): Livesley WJ, Jackson DN, Schroeder ML. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992 August; 101(3): 432-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1500600&dopt=Abstract

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Factors predicting readmissions in personality disorders and other nonpsychotic illnesses. A retrospective study on 64 first-ever admissions to the Psychiatric Clinic of Turku, Finland. Author(s): Korkeila JA, Karlsson H, Kujari H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1995 August; 92(2): 138-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7572260&dopt=Abstract

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Familial aggregation of adolescent personality disorders. Author(s): Johnson BA, Brent DA, Connolly J, Bridge J, Matta J, Constantine D, Rather C, White T. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1995 June; 34(6): 798-804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7608054&dopt=Abstract

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Familial correlates of reduced central serotonergic system function in patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Coccaro EF, Silverman JM, Klar HM, Horvath TB, Siever LJ. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1994 April; 51(4): 318-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8161292&dopt=Abstract

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Family history assessment of personality disorders: I. Concordance with direct interview and between pairs of informants. Author(s): Ferro T, Klein DN. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Summer; 11(2): 123-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203107&dopt=Abstract

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Family history assessment of personality disorders: II. Association with measures of psychosocial functioning in direct evaluations with relatives. Author(s): Lara ME, Ferro T, Klein DN. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Summer; 11(2): 137-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203108&dopt=Abstract

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Family study of early-onset dysthymia. Mood and personality disorders in relatives of outpatients with dysthymia and episodic major depression and normal controls. Author(s): Klein DN, Riso LP, Donaldson SK, Schwartz JE, Anderson RL, Ouimette PC, Lizardi H, Aronson TA. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995 June; 52(6): 487-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7771919&dopt=Abstract

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Family therapy and some personality disorders in adolescence. Author(s): Villeneuve C, Roux N. Source: Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 20: 365-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7598198&dopt=Abstract

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Finding the “person” in personality disorders. Author(s): Gabbard GO. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997 July; 154(7): 891-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9210736&dopt=Abstract

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Five-year outcome from eating disorders: relevance of personality disorders. Author(s): Wonderlich SA, Fullerton D, Swift WJ, Klein MH. Source: The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1994 April; 15(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8199603&dopt=Abstract

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Fluoxetine in the treatment of borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Author(s): Markovitz PJ, Calabrese JR, Schulz SC, Meltzer HY. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 August; 148(8): 1064-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1853957&dopt=Abstract

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Follow-up study on borderline versus nonborderline personality disorders. Author(s): Modestin J, Villiger C. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1989 May-June; 30(3): 236-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2731422&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of comorbid personality disorders in bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Author(s): Brieger P, Ehrt U, Marneros A. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 January-February; 44(1): 28-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12524633&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of DSM-III personality disorders in patients with panic disorder: comparison with psychiatric and normal control subjects. Author(s): Reich J, Troughton E. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1988 October; 26(1): 89-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3237909&dopt=Abstract

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Frequency of personality disorders in two age cohorts of psychiatric inpatients. Author(s): Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Quinlan DM, Walker ML, Greenfeld D, Edell WS. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998 January; 155(1): 140-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9433356&dopt=Abstract

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Functional analysis and response covariation in the assessment of personality disorders: a reply to Staats and to Bissett and Hayes. Author(s): Farmer RF, Nelson-Gray RO. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1999 April; 37(4): 385-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10204283&dopt=Abstract

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Further comments on psoriasis and personality disorders. Author(s): Rubino IA, Zanna V. Source: Psychological Reports. 1996 December; 79(3 Pt 2): 1248-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9009773&dopt=Abstract

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Further exploration of gender differences in personality disorders. Author(s): Akhtar S. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 June; 153(6): 846-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8633718&dopt=Abstract

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Gender bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders. Author(s): Widiger TA. Source: The Harvard Mental Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2000 April; 16(10): 5-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10712761&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in borderline personality disorder: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Author(s): Johnson DM, Shea MT, Yen S, Battle CL, Zlotnick C, Sanislow CA, Grilo CM, Skodol AE, Bender DS, McGlashan TH, Gunderson JG, Zanarini MC. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 July-August; 44(4): 284-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12923706&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in personality disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Author(s): Grilo CM, Becker DF, Fehon DC, Walker ML, Edell WS, McGlashan TH. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 August; 153(8): 1089-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8678180&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in personality disorders in psychiatrically hospitalized young adults. Author(s): Grilo CM, Becker DF, Walker ML, Edell WS, McGlashan TH. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1996 December; 184(12): 754-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8994459&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in personality disorders. Author(s): Golomb M, Fava M, Abraham M, Rosenbaum JF. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995 April; 152(4): 579-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7694907&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in social and interpersonal features and personality disorders among Japanese patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Author(s): Matsunaga H, Kiriike N, Matsui T, Miyata A, Iwasaki Y, Fujimoto K, Kasai S, Kojima M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 July-August; 41(4): 266-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10929794&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in the frequency of personality disorders in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Carter JD, Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Sullivan PF, Luty SE. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Spring; 13(1): 67-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10228928&dopt=Abstract

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Gender differences in the prevalence of symptom disorders and personality disorders among poly-substance abusers and pure alcoholics. Substance abusers treated in two counties in Norway. Author(s): Landheim AS, Bakken K, Vaglum P. Source: European Addiction Research. 2003 January; 9(1): 8-17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566793&dopt=Abstract

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Gender role and personality disorders. Author(s): Klonsky ED, Jane JS, Turkheimer E, Oltmanns TF. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 October; 16(5): 464-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489312&dopt=Abstract

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Gender stereotypes for paranoid, antisocial, compulsive, dependent, and histrionic personality disorders. Author(s): Rienzi BM, Scrams DJ. Source: Psychological Reports. 1991 December; 69(3 Pt 1): 976-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1784694&dopt=Abstract

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Gender-related distribution of personality disorders in a sample of patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Barzega G, Maina G, Venturello S, Bogetto F. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2001 April; 16(3): 173-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353596&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic and nosological aspects of schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. A twin study. Author(s): Torgersen S. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1984 June; 41(6): 546-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6732416&dopt=Abstract

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Genetic factors and personality disorders. Author(s): Dominian J. Source: Med Lab Technol. 1971 October; 28(4): 367-72. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5116322&dopt=Abstract

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Genetics of personality disorders: perspectives from personality and psychopathology research. Author(s): Nigg JT, Goldsmith HH. Source: Psychological Bulletin. 1994 May; 115(3): 346-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8016285&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of interest in personality disorders. Author(s): Von Knorring L, Ekselius L, Alton V. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 July; 158(7): 1168-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11431263&dopt=Abstract

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Growth of the literature on the topic of personality disorders. Author(s): Blashfield RK, Intoccia V. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 March; 157(3): 472-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10698831&dopt=Abstract

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Guidelines for developing, evaluating, and revising the classification of personality disorders. Author(s): Livesley WJ, Jackson DN. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1992 October; 180(10): 609-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1402838&dopt=Abstract

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Heredity in personality disorders--an overview. Author(s): Dahl AA. Source: Clinical Genetics. 1994 July; 46(1 Spec No): 138-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7988070&dopt=Abstract

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Heritability of personality disorders in childhood: a preliminary investigation. Author(s): Coolidge FL, Thede LL, Jang KL. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 February; 15(1): 33-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11236813&dopt=Abstract

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High prevalence of personality disorders among circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD) patients. Author(s): Dagan Y, Sela H, Omer H, Hallis D, Dar R. Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 1996 October; 41(4): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971666&dopt=Abstract

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Historical comment on DSM-III schizoid and avoidant personality disorders. Author(s): Livesley WJ, West M, Tanney A. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 November; 142(11): 1344-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3904489&dopt=Abstract

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How are psychotic syndromes related to personality disorders? Author(s): Gold L. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1985 October; 142(10): 1231-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4037146&dopt=Abstract

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How to deal with personality disorders. Author(s): Ellard J. Source: Mod Med Asia. 1977 August; 13(8): 28-9, 32-3. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=600256&dopt=Abstract

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Husband violence: personality disorders among male batterers. Author(s): Holtzworth-Munroe A, Meehan JC. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 February; 4(1): 13-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814390&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying narcissistic personality disorders in preadolescents. Author(s): Guile JM. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1996 August; 41(6): 343-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8862853&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying personality disorders: towards the development of a clinical screening instrument. Author(s): Nurnberg HG, Martin GA, Somoza E, Coccaro EF, Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Andrews G, Mulder RT, Joyce PR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 March-April; 41(2): 137-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10741893&dopt=Abstract

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Identifying the unique and common characteristics among the DSM-IV antisocial, borderline, and narcissistic personality disorders. Author(s): Holdwick DJ Jr, Hilsenroth MJ, Castlebury FD, Blais MA. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 September-October; 39(5): 277-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9777280&dopt=Abstract

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Identity disturbance in personality disorders. Author(s): Modestin J, Oberson B, Erni T. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1998 November-December; 39(6): 352-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9829142&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of Cluster C personality disorders on outcomes of contrasting brief psychotherapies for depression. Author(s): Hardy GE, Barkham M, Shapiro DA, Stiles WB, Rees A, Reynolds S. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1995 December; 63(6): 997-1004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8543722&dopt=Abstract

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Impact of comorbid personality disorders and personality disorder symptoms on outcomes of behavioral treatment for cocaine dependence. Author(s): Marlowe DB, Kirby KC, Festinger DS, Husband SD, Platt JJ. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 August; 185(8): 483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9284861&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired social functioning and symptoms of personality disorders assessed by peer and self-report in a nonclinical population. Author(s): Oltmanns TF, Melley AH, Turkheimer E. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 October; 16(5): 437-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489310&dopt=Abstract

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Implicit and self-attributed dependency needs in dependent and histrionic personality disorders. Author(s): Bornstein RF. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1998 August; 71(1): 1-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9807227&dopt=Abstract

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Impulsive traits and 5-HT2A receptor promoter polymorphism in alcohol dependents: possible association but no influence of personality disorders. Author(s): Preuss UW, Koller G, Bondy B, Bahlmann M, Soyka M. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2001; 43(3): 186-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11287798&dopt=Abstract

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Impulsivity, personality disorders and pathological gambling severity. Author(s): Steel Z, Blaszczynski A. Source: Addiction (Abingdon, England). 1998 June; 93(6): 895-905. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9744125&dopt=Abstract

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Influence of personality disorders on therapy outcome in somatoform disorders at 2year follow-up. Author(s): Leibbrand R, Hiller W, Fichter M. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1999 August; 187(8): 509-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10463069&dopt=Abstract

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Interest and limitations of projective techniques in the assessment of personality disorders. Author(s): Petot JM. Source: European Psychiatry : the Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists. 2000 June; 15 Suppl 1: 11-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11520468&dopt=Abstract

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Interictal mood and personality disorders in temporal lobe epilepsy and juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Author(s): Perini GI, Tosin C, Carraro C, Bernasconi G, Canevini MP, Canger R, Pellegrini A, Testa G. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1996 December; 61(6): 6015. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971108&dopt=Abstract

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Internal consistency, intercriterion overlap and diagnostic efficiency of criteria sets for DSM-IV schizotypal, borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Morey LC, Gunderson JG, Skodol AE, Shea MT, Sanislow CA, Zanarini MC, Bender D, Oldham JM, Dyck I, Stout RL. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 October; 104(4): 264-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11722301&dopt=Abstract

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Interpersonal problems of persons with personality disorders and group outcomes. Author(s): Rice AH. Source: Int J Group Psychother. 2003 April; 53(2): 155-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12712587&dopt=Abstract

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Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II), version 2.0. Author(s): Maffei C, Fossati A, Agostoni I, Barraco A, Bagnato M, Deborah D, Namia C, Novella L, Petrachi M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Fall; 11(3): 279-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348491&dopt=Abstract

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Introduction to the special feature: research directions for the personality disorders: Part I. Author(s): Pilkonis PA, Blehar MC, Prien RF. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Fall; 11(3): 201-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9348485&dopt=Abstract

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Invited essay: sex biases in the diagnosis of personality disorders. Author(s): Widiger TA. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Summer; 12(2): 95-118. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9661097&dopt=Abstract

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Irresistible joys and discouraging pitfalls in diagnosing personality disorders. Author(s): Gitlin M. Source: The Western Journal of Medicine. 2002 May; 176(3): 215. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016255&dopt=Abstract

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Issues in the assessment and conceptualization of personality disorders. Author(s): Farmer RF. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2000 October; 20(7): 823-51. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11057374&dopt=Abstract

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Jung's typology and DSM-III personality disorders: a comparison of two systems of classification. Author(s): Ekstrom SR. Source: The Journal of Analytical Psychology. 1988 October; 33(4): 329-53. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3056894&dopt=Abstract

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Justification for separating schizotypal and borderline personality disorders. Author(s): Spitzer RL, Endicott J. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1979; 5(1): 95-104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=441693&dopt=Abstract

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Lifetime prevalences of nine common psychiatric/personality disorders in female domestic abuse survivors. Author(s): Watson CG, Barnett M, Nikunen L, Schultz C, Randolph-Elgin T, Mendez CM. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1997 October; 185(10): 645-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9345258&dopt=Abstract

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Lithium carbonate in personality disorders: a case of hysteria. Author(s): van Putten T, Alban J. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1977 March; 164(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=320290&dopt=Abstract

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Long-term outcome in personality disorders. Author(s): Stone MH. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1993 March; 162: 299-313. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8453424&dopt=Abstract

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Major depression, double depression and personality disorders. Author(s): Kool S, Dekker J, Duijsens IJ, de Jonghe F. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Fall; 14(3): 274-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019750&dopt=Abstract

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Male-female response profile differences on the WAIS-R in clients suffering from borderline personality disorders. Author(s): Mandes E, Kellin J. Source: The Journal of Psychology. 1993 September; 127(5): 565-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8271234&dopt=Abstract

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Managed care. Getting managed care organizations to cover extended psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Sabin JE. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1996 April; 47(4): 365-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8689364&dopt=Abstract

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Managing patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Paris J. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 April; 43(3): 235. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561311&dopt=Abstract

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Manualized treatment for substance abusers with personality disorders: dual focus schema therapy. Author(s): Ball SA. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 1998 November-December; 23(6): 883-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9801723&dopt=Abstract

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Maximum likelihood estimates of the ability of the MMPI and MCMI personality disorder scales and the SIDP to identify personality disorders. Author(s): Miller HR, Streiner DL, Parkinson A. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1992 August; 59(1): 1-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1512671&dopt=Abstract

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MCMI-II personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorders. Author(s): Turley B, Bates GW, Edwards J, Jackson HJ. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1992 May; 48(3): 320-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1602021&dopt=Abstract

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Measurement of change in personality disorders. Author(s): Endicott J, Shea MT. Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1989; 25(4): 572-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2698485&dopt=Abstract

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Measuring the core features of personality disorders in substance abusers using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Author(s): Gutierrez F, Sangorrin J, Martin-Santos R, Torres X, Torrens M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 August; 16(4): 344-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224127&dopt=Abstract

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Mental and personality disorders as well as personality traits in a Swedish male criminal population. Author(s): Longato-Stadler E, von Knorring L, Hallman J. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 56(2): 137-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11960567&dopt=Abstract

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Microgenetic styles in histrionic and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Author(s): Rubino IA, Greco E, Zanna V, Pezzarossa B. Source: Percept Mot Skills. 1994 February; 78(1): 51-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8177687&dopt=Abstract

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Mnemonics for DSM-IV personality disorders. Author(s): Pinkofsky HB. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1997 September; 48(9): 1197-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9285984&dopt=Abstract

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Modeling and measuring the personality disorders. Author(s): Parker G, Hadzi-Pavloic D, Wilhelm K. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Fall; 14(3): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11019743&dopt=Abstract

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Modeling relapse in unipolar depression: the effects of dysfunctional cognitions and personality disorders. Author(s): Ilardi SS, Craighead WE, Evans DD. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1997 June; 65(3): 381-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9170761&dopt=Abstract

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Modernising mental health services. Personality disorders are arbitrary medicalisation of human variation. Author(s): Sharkey J. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 March 20; 318(7186): 806. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10082717&dopt=Abstract

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Modifying therapeutic homework for patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Freeman A, Rosenfield B. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2002 May; 58(5): 513-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11967877&dopt=Abstract

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Morbid risks for major disorders and frequencies of personality disorders among spouses of psychiatric inpatients and controls. Author(s): Heun R, Maier W. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1993 March-April; 34(2): 137-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8485983&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple personality disorders. Author(s): Piper A Jr. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1990 March; 35(2): 195-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2317749&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple personality disorders: treatment coordination in a partial hospital setting. Author(s): Kelly KA. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1993 Summer; 57(3): 390-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8401391&dopt=Abstract

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Multivariate modelling and the Defence Mechanism Test: a comparative study of defensive structures in borderline, other personality disorders and schizophrenic disorder. Author(s): Sundbom E, Kullgren G. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1992 November; 86(5): 379-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1485528&dopt=Abstract

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Narcissistic personality disorders-a clinical discussion. Author(s): Schwartz L. Source: J Am Psychoanal Assoc. 1974; 22(2): 292-306. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4414775&dopt=Abstract

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Neurocognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders, and psychopathy. Author(s): Blair RJ. Source: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 2001 December; 71(6): 72731. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11723191&dopt=Abstract

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Neuroleptic treatment of schizotypal personality disorders. Author(s): Hymowitz P, Frances A, Jacobsberg LB, Sickles M, Hoyt R. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1986 July-August; 27(4): 267-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3731762&dopt=Abstract

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Neuropsychiatric impairment in impulsive personality disorders. Author(s): Stein DJ, Hollander E, Cohen L, Frenkel M, Saoud JB, DeCaria C, Aronowitz B, Levin A, Liebowitz MR, Cohen L. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1993 September; 48(3): 257-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8272447&dopt=Abstract

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Notes on the pathogenesis and nosology of borderline and narcissistic personality disorders. Author(s): Rinsley DB. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1985 July; 13(3): 31728. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4044353&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing care of personality disorders in the medical surgery setting. Author(s): Trimpey M, Davidson S. Source: Nurs Clin North Am. 1998 March; 33(1): 173-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9478913&dopt=Abstract

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Nursing patients with personality disorders. Author(s): MacArthur CH. Source: Nurs Times. 1971 December 2; 67(48): 1494-5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5135393&dopt=Abstract

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Observations on the handedness preferences of patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Standage KF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1983 June; 142: 575-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6882979&dopt=Abstract

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Occurrence and effects of personality disorders in depression: are they the same in the old and young? Author(s): Agbayewa MO. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1996 May; 41(4): 223-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8726787&dopt=Abstract

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Oedipal conflicts in narcissistic personality disorders. Author(s): Rothstein A. Source: The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis. 1979; 60(Pt 2): 189-99. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=553057&dopt=Abstract

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On modelling personality disorders: are personality style and disordered functioning independent or interdependent constructs? Author(s): Parker G, Roussos J, Wilhelm K, Mitchell P, Austin MP, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1998 November; 186(11): 709-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9824174&dopt=Abstract

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On moral judgements and personality disorders. The myth of psychopathic personality revisited. Author(s): Blackburn R. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 1988 October; 153: 505-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3074857&dopt=Abstract

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On the incremental validity of MMPI-2 Psychopathology-5 scales over the revised NEO Personality Inventory scales for predicting personality disorders. Author(s): Byravan A, Ramanaiah NV. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 2): 1084-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150388&dopt=Abstract

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On the relationship of the five-factor personality model to personality disorders: four reservations. Author(s): Coolidge FL, Becker LA, DiRito DC, Durham RL, Kinlaw MM, Philbrick PB. Source: Psychological Reports. 1994 August; 75(1 Pt 1): 11-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7984716&dopt=Abstract

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One analyst's journey into darkness: countertransference resistance to recognizing sexual abuse, ritual abuse, and multiple personality disorders. Author(s): Perlman SD. Source: The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 1995 Spring; 23(1): 137-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7558976&dopt=Abstract

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One-year follow-up of day treatment for poorly functioning patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Wilberg T, Urnes O, Friis S, Irion T, Pedersen G, Karterud S. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1999 October; 50(10): 1326-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10506302&dopt=Abstract

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One-year follow-up of patients with cluster C personality disorders: a prospective study comparing patients with “pure” and comorbid conditions within cluster C, and “pure” C with “pure” cluster A or B conditions. Author(s): Gude T, Vaglum P. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 June; 15(3): 216-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11406993&dopt=Abstract

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Outcome research on the psychosocial treatment of personality disorders. Author(s): Target M. Source: Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 1998 Spring; 62(2): 215-30. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9604517&dopt=Abstract

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Outcomes of poorly functioning patients with personality disorders in a day treatment program. Author(s): Wilberg T, Karterud S, Urnes O, Pedersen G, Friis S. Source: Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.). 1998 November; 49(11): 1462-7. Erratum In: Psychiatr Serv 1999 August; 50(8): 1075. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9826249&dopt=Abstract

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Out-patient behaviour therapy in alcoholism: impact of personality disorders and cognitive impairments. Author(s): Wolwer W, Burtscheidt W, Redner C, Schwarz R, Gaebel W. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2001 January; 103(1): 30-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11202126&dopt=Abstract

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Overdiagnosis of major psychiatric disorders in individuals with substance use disorders and personality disorders: the downside of the Woodruff principle. Author(s): Brim JA. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1998 July; 59(4): 477-8. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9647431&dopt=Abstract

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Overlap between borderline and schizotypal personality disorders. Author(s): Kavoussi RJ, Siever LJ. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1992 January-February; 33(1): 7-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1555413&dopt=Abstract

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Patients' versus informants' reports of personality disorders in predicting 7 1/2-year outcome in outpatients with depressive disorders. Author(s): Klein DN. Source: Psychological Assessment. 2003 June; 15(2): 216-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847782&dopt=Abstract

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Patterns of adaptation and personality disorders. Author(s): Rubino IA, Pezzarossa B, Siracusano A. Source: Psychological Reports. 2003 February; 92(1): 27-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12674253&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and adult attachment dimensions in a mixed psychiatric sample: a multivariate study. Author(s): Fossati A, Feeney JA, Donati D, Donini M, Novella L, Bagnato M, Carretta I, Leonardi B, Mirabelli S, Maffei C. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2003 January; 191(1): 30-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544597&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and personality dimensions in anorexia nervosa. Author(s): Karwautz A, Troop NA, Rabe-Hesketh S, Collier DA, Treasure JL. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2003 February; 17(1): 73-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659548&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder in motor vehicle accident survivors. Author(s): Malta LS, Blanchard EB, Taylor AE, Hickling EJ, Freidenberg BM. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 November; 190(11): 767-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12436017&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and self-perceived quality of life in an elderly psychiatric outpatient population. Author(s): Condello C, Padoani W, Uguzzoni U, Caon F, De Leo D. Source: Psychopathology. 2003 March-April; 36(2): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766317&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and the duration of depressive episode: a retrospective study. Author(s): Rothschild L, Zimmerman M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 August; 16(4): 293-303. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12224123&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders and violence among female prison inmates. Author(s): Warren JI, Burnette M, South SC, Chauhan P, Bale R, Friend R. Source: J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2002; 30(4): 502-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12539904&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders associated with substance use among American and Greek adolescents. Author(s): Serman N, Johnson JG, Geller PA, Kanost RE, Zacharapoulou H. Source: Adolescence. 2002 Winter; 37(148): 841-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12564834&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders at the crossroads. Author(s): Endler NS, Kocovski NL. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 December; 16(6): 487-502. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12616826&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in adolescence and risk of major mental disorders and suicidality during adulthood. Author(s): Johnson JG, Cohen P, Skodol AE, Oldham JM, Kasen S, Brook JS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 September; 56(9): 805-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884886&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in former child psychiatric patients. Author(s): Ramklint M, von Knorring AL, von Knorring L, Ekselius L. Source: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2002 December; 11(6): 289-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12541008&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in melancholia. Author(s): Switzer PK 3rd, Stankovic SR, Libb JW, Houck C, May RS, Griffeth B, Wischhusen LL, Freeman AM 3rd. Source: J S C Med Assoc. 2003 February; 99(2): 34-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664825&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in people with learning disabilities: a community survey. Author(s): Khan A, Cowan C, Roy A. Source: Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : Jidr. 1997 August; 41 ( Pt 4): 324-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9297610&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in prison: aren't they all antisocial? Author(s): Rotter M, Way B, Steinbacher M, Sawyer D, Smith H. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2002 Winter; 73(4): 337-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12418360&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviour. Author(s): Coid JW. Source: Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : Cbmh. 2002; 12(3): 209-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12830313&dopt=Abstract

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Personality disorders, psychopathy, and crime in a Norwegian prison population. Author(s): Rasmussen K, Storsaeter O, Levander S. Source: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. 1999 January-February; 22(1): 91-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10086294&dopt=Abstract

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Personality factors and weight preoccupation: a continuum approach to the association between eating disorders and personality disorders. Author(s): Davis C, Claridge G, Cerullo D. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1997 July-August; 31(4): 467-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352473&dopt=Abstract

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Personality traits and personality disorders in early onset versus late onset major depression. Author(s): Ramklint M, Ekselius L. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 2003 June; 75(1): 35-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781348&dopt=Abstract

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Personality, temperament, and character dimensions and the DSM-IV personality disorders in substance abusers. Author(s): Ball SA, Tennen H, Poling JC, Kranzler HR, Rounsaville BJ. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1997 November; 106(4): 545-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9358685&dopt=Abstract

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Quality assurance project reports on the treatment of personality disorders. Author(s): Burvill PW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 September; 25(3): 311-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1958154&dopt=Abstract

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Quality assurance project: treatment outlines for schizoid and schizotypal personality disorders. Author(s): Mellsop G, Werry J. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 June; 25(2): 153. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1877949&dopt=Abstract

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Rates of personality disorders in substance abusers: a comparison between DSM-IIIR and DSM-IV. Author(s): Poling J, Rounsaville BJ, Ball S, Tennen H, Kranzler HR, Triffleman E. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Winter; 13(4): 375-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633317&dopt=Abstract

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Re Stig Soderberg's “Personality disorders in parasuicide” in the Nordic journal of psychiatry (2001;55:163-7). Author(s): Persson ML. Source: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. 2002; 56(1): 67; Author Reply 67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11869469&dopt=Abstract

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Recent developments in research of trauma and personality disorders. Author(s): Yen S, Shea MT. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2001 February; 3(1): 52-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11177760&dopt=Abstract

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Recent research of relationships among eating disorders and personality disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM. Source: Current Psychiatry Reports. 2002 February; 4(1): 18-24. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11814391&dopt=Abstract

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Recollections of conflict with parents and family support in the personality disorders. Author(s): Klonsky ED, Oltmanns TF, Turkheimer E, Fiedler ER. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Winter; 14(4): 327-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11204340&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions of obsessive-compulsive disorder to personality disorders. Author(s): Mataix-Cols D, Baer L, Rauch SL, Jenike MA. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 September; 102(3): 199-202. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008855&dopt=Abstract

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Relation of personality disorders to subtypes of major depression according both to DSM-IV and ICD-10. Author(s): Iacovides A, Fountoulakis KN, Fotiou F, Fokas K, Nimatoudis I, Kaprinis G. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 2002 March; 47(2): 196-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11926086&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between 5-HT function and impulsivity and aggression in male offenders with personality disorders. Author(s): Dolan M, Anderson IM, Deakin JF. Source: The British Journal of Psychiatry; the Journal of Mental Science. 2001 April; 178: 352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11282815&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship between perfectionism, personality disorders and agoraphobia in patients with panic disorder. Author(s): Iketani T, Kiriike N, Stein MB, Nagao K, Nagata T, Minamikawa N, Shidao A, Fukuhara H. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 106(3): 171-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197853&dopt=Abstract

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Relationship of personality disorders to observer ratings of interpersonal style in forensic psychiatric patients. Author(s): Blackburn R. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Spring; 12(1): 77-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9573522&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships between personality disorders and anthropometry, hormones and metabolism in women. Author(s): Rosmond R, Baghei F, Holm G, Bjorntorp P. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2001 March; 24(3): 159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11314744&dopt=Abstract

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Relationships of personality disorders with MMPI-2 malingering, defensiveness, and inconsistent response scales among forensic examinees. Author(s): Wise EA. Source: Psychological Reports. 2002 June; 90(3 Pt 1): 760-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12090504&dopt=Abstract

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Repetition of parasuicide--ICD-10 personality disorders and adversity. Author(s): Dirks BL. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 September; 98(3): 208-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9761407&dopt=Abstract

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Representations of therapists by patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Bender DS, Farber BA, Sanislow CA, Dyck IR, Geller JD, Skodol AE. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 2003; 57(2): 219-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12817552&dopt=Abstract

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Response to cognitive therapy in depression: the role of maladaptive beliefs and personality disorders. Author(s): Kuyken W, Kurzer N, DeRubeis RJ, Beck AT, Brown GK. Source: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2001 June; 69(3): 560-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11495185&dopt=Abstract

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Response to light therapy in seasonal affective disorder: personality disorders and temperament as predictors of outcome. Author(s): Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Lingjaerde O. Source: Journal of Affective Disorders. 1996 November 25; 41(2): 101-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8961037&dopt=Abstract

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Review of the update of personality disorders. Author(s): Smith GL 3rd. Source: Southern Medical Journal. 1999 June; 92(6): 639-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372864&dopt=Abstract

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Revising and assessing axis II, Part II: toward an empirically based and clinically useful classification of personality disorders. Author(s): Westen D, Shedler J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999 February; 156(2): 273-85. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9989564&dopt=Abstract

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Rigid and extreme: a geometric representation of personality disorders in five-factor model space. Author(s): O'Connor BP, Dyce JA. Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2001 December; 81(6): 1119-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11761312&dopt=Abstract

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Risk of repeat offending among violent female offenders with psychotic and personality disorders. Author(s): Putkonen H, Komulainen EJ, Virkkunen M, Eronen M, Lonnqvist J. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 May; 160(5): 947-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727700&dopt=Abstract

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Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorders in the first-degree relatives of children with schizophrenia: the UCLA family study. Author(s): Asarnow RF, Nuechterlein KH, Fogelson D, Subotnik KL, Payne DA, Russell AT, Asamen J, Kuppinger H, Kendler KS. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001 June; 58(6): 581-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11386988&dopt=Abstract

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Screening for personality disorders in a nonclinical population. Author(s): Scarpa A, Luscher KA, Smalley KJ, Pilkonis PA, Kim Y, Williams WC. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Winter; 13(4): 345-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633315&dopt=Abstract

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Selecting the most informative items in the IIP scales for personality disorders: an application of item response theory. Author(s): Kim Y, Pilkonis PA. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Summer; 13(2): 157-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10372349&dopt=Abstract

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Self-concept correlates of the personality disorders. Author(s): Klein MH, Wonderlich SA, Crosby R. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2001 April; 15(2): 150-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11345850&dopt=Abstract

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Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality disorders. Measurement of trait and distress characteristics: the ADP-IV. Author(s): Schotte CK, de Doncker D, Vankerckhoven C, Vertommen H, Cosyns P. Source: Psychological Medicine. 1998 September; 28(5): 1179-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9794025&dopt=Abstract

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Serum cholesterol and impulsivity in personality disorders. Author(s): New AS, Sevin EM, Mitropoulou V, Reynolds D, Novotny SL, Callahan A, Trestman RL, Siever LJ. Source: Psychiatry Research. 1999 February 22; 85(2): 145-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10220005&dopt=Abstract

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Sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders: an evaluation of the DSM-IV criteria. Author(s): Funtowicz MN, Widiger TA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1999 May; 108(2): 195-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10369029&dopt=Abstract

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Sexual abuse and personality disorders. Author(s): Brewitt RW. Source: Aust Fam Physician. 2000 May; 29(5): 405-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10835775&dopt=Abstract

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Short-term diagnostic stability of schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessivecompulsive personality disorders. Author(s): Shea MT, Stout R, Gunderson J, Morey LC, Grilo CM, McGlashan T, Skodol AE, Dolan-Sewell R, Dyck I, Zanarini MC, Keller MB. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 December; 159(12): 2036-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12450953&dopt=Abstract

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Six basic dimensions of personality and a seventh factor of generalized dysfunctional personality: a diathesis system covering all personality disorders. Author(s): Andresen B. Source: Neuropsychobiology. 2000; 41(1): 5-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10629431&dopt=Abstract

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So many researchers are sincerely scientific about factitious fictions: some comments on the DSM classification of personality disorders. Author(s): Mahrer AR. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000 December; 56(12): 1623-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11132577&dopt=Abstract

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Special feature: family-genetic research strategies for personality disorders. Author(s): Maier W, Franke P, Hawellek B. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Fall; 12(3): 262-76. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785267&dopt=Abstract

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Special feature: personality and personality disorders. A facet theoretical analysis of the similarity relationships. Author(s): Pukrop R, Herpertz S, Sass H, Steinmeyer EM. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Fall; 12(3): 226-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785265&dopt=Abstract

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Special feature: pharmacotherapy in personality disorders. Author(s): Kapfhammer HP, Hippius H. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1998 Fall; 12(3): 277-88. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9785268&dopt=Abstract

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Stability and change in dimensional ratings of personality disorders in drug abuse patients during treatment. Author(s): de Groot MH, Franken IH, van der Meer CW, Hendriks VM. Source: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2003 March; 24(2): 115-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12745028&dopt=Abstract

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Stability and change in personality disorder features: the Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders. Author(s): Lenzenweger MF. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 November; 56(11): 1009-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10565501&dopt=Abstract

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Stability and course of personality disorders: the need to consider comorbidities and continuities between axis I psychiatric disorders and axis II personality disorders. Author(s): Grilo CM, McGlashan TH, Skodol AE. Source: The Psychiatric Quarterly. 2000 Winter; 71(4): 291-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11025909&dopt=Abstract

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Structure of personality disorders from the perspective of the Revised Neo Personality Inventory domain scales and the Psychopathology-5 Scales. Author(s): Byravan A, Ramanaiah NV. Source: Psychological Reports. 1999 December; 85(3 Pt 2): 1119-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10710968&dopt=Abstract

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Substance dependence and personality disorders: comorbidity and treatment outcome in an inpatient treatment population. Author(s): Thomas VH, Melchert TP, Banken JA. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 March; 60(2): 271-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091966&dopt=Abstract

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Symptom profiles of gender dysphoric patients of transsexual type compared to patients with personality disorders and healthy adults. Author(s): Haraldsen IR, Dahl AA. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2000 October; 102(4): 276-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11089727&dopt=Abstract

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Temperament, character, and personality disorders: etiologic, diagnostic, treatment issues. Author(s): Svrakic DM, Draganic S, Hill K, Bayon C, Przybeck TR, Cloninger CR. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2002 September; 106(3): 189-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12197856&dopt=Abstract

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The associations of social self-control, personality disorders, and demographics with drug use among high-risk youth. Author(s): Sussman S, McCuller WJ, Dent CW. Source: Addictive Behaviors. 2003 August; 28(6): 1159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12834658&dopt=Abstract

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The big five factors of personality and their relationship to personality disorders. Author(s): Dyce JA. Source: Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1997 October; 53(6): 587-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9316813&dopt=Abstract

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The classification of personality disorders: critical review and need for rethinking. Author(s): Jablensky A. Source: Psychopathology. 2002 March-June; 35(2-3): 112-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12145494&dopt=Abstract

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The comorbidity of bipolar disorder and axis II personality disorders: prevalence and clinical correlates. Author(s): George EL, Miklowitz DJ, Richards JA, Simoneau TL, Taylor DO. Source: Bipolar Disorders. 2003 April; 5(2): 115-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680901&dopt=Abstract

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The dimensional view of personality disorders: a review of the taxometric evidence. Author(s): Haslam N. Source: Clinical Psychology Review. 2003 February; 23(1): 75-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559995&dopt=Abstract

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The effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy and cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of personality disorders: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Leichsenring F, Leibing E. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 July; 160(7): 1223-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832233&dopt=Abstract

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The epidemiology of personality disorders in the U.S. Navy. Author(s): Gunderson EK, Hourani LL. Source: Military Medicine. 2003 July; 168(7): 575-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901471&dopt=Abstract

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The impact of personality disorders on behavioral treatment outcome for social phobia. Author(s): van Velzen CJ, Emmelkamp PM, Scholing A. Source: Behaviour Research and Therapy. 1997 October; 35(10): 889-900. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9401130&dopt=Abstract

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The prevalence of atypical features across mood, anxiety, and personality disorders. Author(s): Posternak MA, Zimmerman M. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2002 July-August; 43(4): 253-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107862&dopt=Abstract

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The relationship of personality disorders to treatment outcome in depressed outpatients. Author(s): Mulder RT, Joyce PR, Luty SE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2003 March; 64(3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716266&dopt=Abstract

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The representation of borderline, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive, and schizotypal personality disorders by the five-factor model. Author(s): Morey LC, Gunderson JG, Quigley BD, Shea MT, Skodol AE, McGlashan TH, Stout RL, Zanarini MC. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2002 June; 16(3): 215-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12136679&dopt=Abstract

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The Spanish-Language Version of the Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV personality disorders: development and initial psychometric evaluation of diagnoses and criteria. Author(s): Grilo CM, Anez LM, McGlashan TH. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2003 March-April; 44(2): 154-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12658625&dopt=Abstract

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Toward an empirical/theoretical grouping of the DSM-III-R personality disorders. Author(s): Blais MA, McCann JT, Benedict KB, Norman DK. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Summer; 11(2): 191-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9203113&dopt=Abstract

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Traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders: findings from the collaborative longitudinal personality disorders study. Author(s): Yen S, Shea MT, Battle CL, Johnson DM, Zlotnick C, Dolan-Sewell R, Skodol AE, Grilo CM, Gunderson JG, Sanislow CA, Zanarini MC, Bender DS, Rettew JB, McGlashan TH. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002 August; 190(8): 510-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12193835&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment rejecting and treatment seeking personality disorders: Type R and Type S. Author(s): Tyrer P, Mitchard S, Methuen C, Ranger M. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2003 June; 17(3): 263-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839104&dopt=Abstract

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UK proposes new approach to personality disorders. Author(s): Dyer C. Source: Bmj (Clinical Research Ed.). 1999 July 24; 319(7204): 210. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10417069&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Understanding the comorbidity between early-onset dysthymia and cluster B personality disorders: a family study. Author(s): Riso LP, Klein DN, Ferro T, Kasch KL, Pepper CM, Schwartz JE, Aronson TA. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1996 July; 153(7): 900-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8659612&dopt=Abstract

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Update on instruments to measure DSM-III and DSM-III-R personality disorders. Author(s): Reich JH. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989 June; 177(6): 366-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2723626&dopt=Abstract

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Use of the TAT in the assessment of DSM-IV cluster B personality disorders. Author(s): Ackerman SJ, Clemence AJ, Weatherill R, Hilsenroth MJ. Source: Journal of Personality Assessment. 1999 December; 73(3): 422-48. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10689653&dopt=Abstract

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Use of transference interpretations in dynamically oriented individual psychotherapy for patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Ogrodniczuk JS, Piper WE. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1999 Winter; 13(4): 297-311. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10633312&dopt=Abstract

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Using the five-factor model to represent the DSM-IV personality disorders: an expert consensus approach. Author(s): Lynam DR, Widiger TA. Source: Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2001 August; 110(3): 401-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11502083&dopt=Abstract

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Utilization of medical resources in persons with DSM-III personality disorders in a community sample. Author(s): Reich J, Boerstler H, Yates W, Nduaguba M. Source: International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine. 1989; 19(1): 1-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2722402&dopt=Abstract

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Validating schizotypal personality disorders: problems with the schizophrenia connection. Author(s): Frances A. Source: Schizophrenia Bulletin. 1985; 11(4): 595-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4081653&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the self-report questionnaire DIP-Q in diagnosing DSM-IV personality disorders: a comparison of three psychiatric samples. Author(s): Bodlund O, Grann M, Ottosson H, Svanborg C. Source: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1998 June; 97(6): 433-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9669516&dopt=Abstract

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Validation of the Wisconsin Personality Disorders Inventory-IV with the SCID-II. Author(s): Smith TL, Klein MH, Benjamin LS. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2003 June; 17(3): 173-87. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839098&dopt=Abstract

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Variations on the family resemblance hypothesis as applied to personality disorders. Author(s): McElroy RA Jr, Davis RT, Blashfield RK. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1989 November-December; 30(6): 449-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2582753&dopt=Abstract

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What are personality disorders and are they treatable? Author(s): Flood C. Source: British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen Publishing). 1999 February 25-March 10; 8(4): 231-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10347409&dopt=Abstract

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What dimensions underlie cluster B personality disorders? Author(s): Looper KJ, Paris J. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 2000 November-December; 41(6): 432-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11086148&dopt=Abstract

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When the system gets sick. Personality disorders in the church. Author(s): Miller D. Source: J Christ Nurs. 1997 Summer; 14(3): 4-7, Discussion 8-9. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9362732&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and personality disorders.

Finding Nutrition Studies on Personality Disorders The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail: [email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.

7 Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

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The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “personality disorders” (or a synonym): •

Alexithymia: relationship to personality disorders. Author(s): Department of Psychiatry, University of Vienna, Austria. Source: Bach, M de Zwaan, M Ackard, D Nutzinger, D O Mitchell, J E ComprPsychiatry. 1994 May-June; 35(3): 239-43 0010-440X

Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •

healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0

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The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov

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The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov

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The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/

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The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/

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Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/

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Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/

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Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition

Nutrition

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to personality disorders. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to personality disorders and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to personality disorders: •

“Dropping out” from an adolescent therapeutic group: a study of factors in the patients and their parents which may influence this process. Author(s): Holmes P. Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1983 December; 6(4): 333-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6668373&dopt=Abstract

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“Mater puerorum'. A medieval naming for an enigmatic children's disease. Author(s): Kottek SS. Source: European Journal of Pediatrics. 1981 September; 137(1): 75-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7023949&dopt=Abstract

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“Schizoid” personality in childhood: auditory P300 and eye tracking responses at follow-up in adult life.

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Author(s): Blackwood DH, Muir WJ, Roxborough HM, Walker MR, Townshend R, Glabus MF, Wolff S. Source: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1994 August; 24(4): 487-500. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7961332&dopt=Abstract •

A character in search of character: Narcissistic Personality Disorder and Ego State Therapy. Author(s): McNeal S. Source: Am J Clin Hypn. 2003 January; 45(3): 233-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570094&dopt=Abstract

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A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. Author(s): Siever LJ, Davis KL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1991 December; 148(12): 1647-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1957926&dopt=Abstract

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A test of the therapeutic mechanism in social skills training with avoidant personality disorder. Author(s): Stravynski A, Lesage A, Marcouiller M, Elie R. Source: The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1989 December; 177(12): 739-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2592963&dopt=Abstract

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Body awareness group therapy for patients with personality disorders. 1. Description of the therapeutic method. Author(s): Skatteboe UB, Friis S, Hope MK, Vaglum P. Source: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 1989; 51(1): 11-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2602527&dopt=Abstract

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Conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder and substance use disorders in schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Author(s): Mueser KT, Rosenberg SD, Drake RE, Miles KM, Wolford G, Vidaver R, Carrieri K. Source: J Stud Alcohol. 1999 March; 60(2): 278-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10091967&dopt=Abstract

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d,l-fenfluramine response in impulsive personality disorder assessed with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Author(s): Siever LJ, Buchsbaum MS, New AS, Spiegel-Cohen J, Wei T, Hazlett EA, Sevin E, Nunn M, Mitropoulou V. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999 May; 20(5): 413-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10192822&dopt=Abstract

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Dialectical behavior therapy versus comprehensive validation therapy plus 12-step for the treatment of opioid dependent women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Linehan MM, Dimeff LA, Reynolds SK, Comtois KA, Welch SS, Heagerty P, Kivlahan DR. Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2002 June 1; 67(1): 13-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12062776&dopt=Abstract

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Enhanced intensity dependence as a marker of low serotonergic neurotransmission in borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Norra C, Mrazek M, Tuchtenhagen F, Gobbele R, Buchner H, Sass H, Herpertz SC. Source: Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2003 January-February; 37(1): 23-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12482467&dopt=Abstract

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Impaired startle prepulse inhibition and habituation in patients with schizotypal personality disorder. Author(s): Cadenhead KS, Geyer MA, Braff DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1993 December; 150(12): 1862-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8238643&dopt=Abstract

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Modulation of the startle response and startle laterality in relatives of schizophrenic patients and in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder: evidence of inhibitory deficits. Author(s): Cadenhead KS, Swerdlow NR, Shafer KM, Diaz M, Braff DL. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 October; 157(10): 1660-8. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry 2000 November; 157(11): 1904. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11007721&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple personality disorder: an analysis of 236 cases. Author(s): Ross CA, Norton GR, Wozney K. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1989 June; 34(5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2766193&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple personality disorder: where is the split? Author(s): Fahy T. Source: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 1990 September; 83(9): 544-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2213797&dopt=Abstract

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Neurobiological measures of schizotypal personality disorder: defining an inhibitory endophenotype? Author(s): Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, McDowell JE, Braff DL.

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Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002 May; 159(5): 869-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986147&dopt=Abstract •

omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Author(s): Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 January; 160(1): 167-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505817&dopt=Abstract

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Prospective follow-up study of borderline personality disorder: prognosis, prediction of outcome, and Axis II comorbidity. Author(s): Links PS, Heslegrave R, van Reekum R. Source: Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne De Psychiatrie. 1998 April; 43(3): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9561315&dopt=Abstract

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Psychosurgery and personality disorders. Author(s): Cosyns P. Source: Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien). 1988; 44: 121-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3066127&dopt=Abstract

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Reduced processing resource availability in schizotypal personality disorder: evidence from a dual-task CPT study. Author(s): Moriarty PJ, Harvey PD, Mitropoulou V, Granholm E, Silverman JM, Siever LJ. Source: J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2003 May; 25(3): 335-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916647&dopt=Abstract

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Relaxation and merging in the treatment of personality disorders. Author(s): Glantz K, Goisman RM. Source: American Journal of Psychotherapy. 1990 July; 44(3): 405-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2221212&dopt=Abstract

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Samson was heroic, exhausted, depressed, and in love, but he does not have antisocial personality disorder. Author(s): Ryan R. Source: Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002 June; 59(6): 564-5; Author Reply 565-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12044202&dopt=Abstract

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Sensory gating deficits assessed by the P50 event-related potential in subjects with schizotypal personality disorder. Author(s): Cadenhead KS, Light GA, Geyer MA, Braff DL.

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Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2000 January; 157(1): 55-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10618013&dopt=Abstract •

Social skills deficits in schizotypal personality disorder. Author(s): Waldeck TL, Miller LS. Source: Psychiatry Research. 2000 April 10; 93(3): 237-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10760382&dopt=Abstract

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Special feature: psychobiologic perspectives on treatment of personality disorders. Author(s): Soloff P. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 1997 Winter; 11(4): 336-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9484695&dopt=Abstract

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The classification of personality disorders should be rooted in biology. Author(s): Paris J. Source: Journal of Personality Disorders. 2000 Summer; 14(2): 127-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10897463&dopt=Abstract

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The diagnosis of hysterical personality disorder: a study of attitudes. Author(s): Slavney PR. Source: Comprehensive Psychiatry. 1978 November-December; 19(6): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=720034&dopt=Abstract

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The overlap of depressive personality disorder and dysthymia, reconsidered. Author(s): Huprich SK. Source: Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2001 July-August; 9(4): 158-68. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11410539&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment utilization by patients with personality disorders. Author(s): Bender DS, Dolan RT, Skodol AE, Sanislow CA, Dyck IR, McGlashan TH, Shea MT, Zanarini MC, Oldham JM, Gunderson JG. Source: The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001 February; 158(2): 295-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156814&dopt=Abstract

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

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drkoop.com: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

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WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

The following is a specific Web list relating to personality disorders; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •

General Overview Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com

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Alternative Therapy Hypnotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,706,00.html

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 4. DISORDERS

DISSERTATIONS

ON

PERSONALITY

Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to personality disorders. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “personality disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on personality disorders, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.

Dissertations on Personality Disorders ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to personality disorders. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •

A Study of the Cognitive and Academic Features of Children with Borderline Personality Disorders by Berg, Michele E., PhD from Kansas State University, 1985, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8604773

•

Adult Emotional Development: a Comparison of Emotion Processing in Borderline Personality Disorders and Non-Borderline Subjects by Levine, Deborah, PhD from University of Toronto (Canada), 1992, 181 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NN73819

•

An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship between Defense Mechanisms and Personality Disorders by Whyne-Berman, Stacey Merrill, PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo, 1993, 115 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9330130

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An Empirical Study of Personality Disorders and Sexual Abuse Within a Bulimic Sample (Eating Disorders) by Bernstein, Richard Alan, PhD from University of South Florida, 1992, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9222584

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An Exploration of Ego Development and the Suppression of Anger in Persons with Borderline Personality Disorder As Seen in Art Therapy: A Case Study by Madden, Alice Judith; MA from Concordia University (Canada), 2002, 85 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ74866

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An Investigation of Sex Bias in Psychiatric Diagnosis: The Antisocial and Histrionic Personality Disorders by Ford, Maureen Rose, PhD from University of Kentucky, 1986, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8715925

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Attachment Styles, Adult Romantic Attachment, and Measures of Personality Disorders in a Clinical Sample of Adult Females by Daniels, Lisa Gail, Edd from Auburn University, 1996, 139 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9700725

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Borderline and Narcissistic Rage and Emptiness: Their Dramatization and Drama Therapy (Borderline Personality Disorder) by Kaplan, Howard Gary, PhD from Northwestern University, 1990, 410 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9114570

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Clinical Interventions in the Treatment of Narcissistic and Borderline Personality Disorders by Warren, Muriel Prince, DSW from Adelphi University, School of Social Work, 1994, 136 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9524388

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Dissociative Experiences in a College Population (Personality Disorders) by Murphy, Patricia Stewart, PhD from University of Idaho, 1992, 190 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9230108

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Domestic Violence Link with Personality Disorders by Berger-Jackson, Laurie; PhD from Union Institute and University, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069013

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Evocative Visual and Verbal Memory Functioning of Borderline Personality Disorders by Curran, Kathleen Ann, PhD from Boston College, 1987, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8807515

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Family of Origin Characteristics and Personality Disorders/Tendencies of Type 1 Male, Type 2 Male and Female Alcoholics by Lisek, Victor Joseph, PhD from University of Wyoming, 1995, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9540150

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Five-Factor Model Personality Traits and Personality Disorder Pathology in Remitted Bipolar Patients by Sacher, Jennifer Ann; PhD from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074799

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Gender and Ethnic Bias in the Diagnosis of Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders by Delphin, Miriam Elizabeth; PhD from Purdue University, 2001, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043718

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Hypertext Computer-Aided Instruction in Training Graduate Students in the Use of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Axis Ii (Personality Disorders) by Patterson, David Amaker, PhD from The University of Utah, 1991, 279 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9128095

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Influence of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology on Adult Personality Disorder by Ramklint, Mia; PhD from Uppsala Universitet (Sweden), 2002, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1029633

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Models of Social Relations and Neuroticism and the DSM-IV Personality Disorders by Caralis, Dionyssios; PhD from New School for Social Research, 2002, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062362

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Mothering and the Etiology of Borderline Personality Disorder in Female Adolescents by Golomb, Anath Chana, PhD from The University of Michigan, 1990, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9116184

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Pastoral Care of People with Malformed Personalities: Educating Pastors Through Object Relations Theory (Personality Disorders) by Bucy, Roger Allen, DMIN from Lancaster Theological Seminary, 1991, 154 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9129297

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Personality Disorders in Female Prisoners: Intraindividual Variability in Borderline and Narcissistic Criteria by Hurt, Susan; PhD from University of Virginia, 2002, 203 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3022105

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Predicting Personality Disorders with the Five-factor Model of Personality and Other Personality Measures by Carroll, Michelle-Renee; MA from University of Windsor (Canada), 2002, 90 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75819

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Self-regulation and Borderline Personality Disorder: Integrating Developmental, Interpersonal, and Cognitive Perspectives by Davis, Nancy Beth; PhD from The University of Wisconsin - Madison, 2002, 44 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072832

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Separation Anxiety Disorder in Adults with Borderline Personality Disorder by Aaronson, Cindy J.; PhD from Columbia University, 2001, 114 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3028492

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Sex and Cult Affiliation Biases in the Diagnosis of Dependent and Narcissistic Personality Disorders: An Empirical Investigation by McKibben, Jodi Beth Aronoff; PhD from Ohio University, 2003, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3089487

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Structural Brain Abnormalities in Schizophrenia-spectrum Personality Disorders: a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study by Yaralian, Pauline Seta; PhD from University of Southern California, 2002, 78 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3093423

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Substance Abuse, Personality Disorders, and Comorbid Disorders among Parolees and Probationers by Merchant, Rose Coretta; PhD from Howard University, 2002, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066514

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The Assessment of Personality Disorders: A Comparison of Five Semi-Structured Interviews by Saylor, Kimberly Iris; PhD from University of Kentucky, 2003, 113 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074499

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The Diagnosis and Classification of Personality Disorders by Standage, Kevin Francis; PhD from Memorial University of Newfoundland (Canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK38654

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The Gestalt Resistances and Millon's Typology of Personality Disorders: A Correlational Study Within a Clinical Sample of Male Batterers by Wagner, John Joseph, PhD from The Ohio State University, 1998, 272 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9911283

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The Impact of Family Routines and Personality Disorders on Treatment Adherence in Outpatient Mental Health Services by Cahalane, John F., PhD from University of Pittsburgh, 1997, 182 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9821236

Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.

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CHAPTER 5. DISORDERS

CLINICAL

TRIALS

AND

PERSONALITY

Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning personality disorders.

Recent Trials on Personality Disorders The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to personality disorders.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •

Antisocial Behavior: Passing From Parent to Child to Grandchild Condition(s): Dyssocial Behavior; Antisocial Personality Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Antisocial behavior often occurs in different generations within the same family. However, it is not known what factors contribute to this passing of antisocial behavior from parent to child to grandchild. This study is part of a project evaluating antisocial behavior in families; it focuses on the passage of such behavior from one generation to the next. Study Type: Observational Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00060788

•

Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder Condition(s): Borderline Personality Disorder Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)

8

These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.

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Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to determine the most effective therapy for the treatment of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Study Type: Interventional Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00055315

Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “personality disorders” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •

For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/

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For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html

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For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/

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For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm

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For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm

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For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp

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For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm

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For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/

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For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm

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For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm

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•

For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm

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For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm

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For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm

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For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials

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CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “personality disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on personality disorders, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patents on Personality Disorders By performing a patent search focusing on personality disorders, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. 9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.

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The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on personality disorders: •

2-(3-phenylpropyl)hydrazines and method of treating personality disorders Inventor(s): Effland; Richard C. (Bridgewater, NJ), Klein; Joseph T. (Bridgewater, NJ) Assignee(s): Hoechst-Roussel Pharmaceuticals Incorporated (Somerville, NJ) Patent Number: 5,229,417 Date filed: December 5, 1991 Abstract: Novel 2-(3-phenylpropyl)hydrazines, intermediates in and processes for the preparation thereof, and a method of treating personality disorders utilizing compounds or compositions thereof are disclosed. Excerpt(s): As used through the specification and appended claims, the term "alkyl" refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing no unsaturation and having 1 to 7 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl, 2-propyl, 1-butyl, 1pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-hexyl, 4-heptyl and the like; the term "alkoxy" refers to a monovalent substituent which consists of an alkyl group linked through an ether oxygen and having its free valence bond from the ether oxygen such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, 1,1-dimethylethoxy, pentoxy, 3-methylpentoxy, 2-ethylpentoxy and the like; the term "aryl" refers to a phenyl group substituted by one or more alkyl, alkoxy, halogen, or trifluoromethyl groups; the term "halogen" refers to a member of the family consisting of chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine. The term "lower" as applied to any of the aforementioned groups refers to a group having a carbon skeleton containing up to and including 6 carbon atoms. The compounds of the present invention which lack an element of symmetry exist as optical antipodes and as the racemic forms thereof. The optical antipodes may be prepared from the corresponding racemic forms by standard optical resolution techniques, involving, for example, the separation of diastereomeric salts of those instant compounds characterized by the presence of a basic amino group and an optically active acid, or by the synthesis from optically active precursors. The present invention comprehends all optical isomers and racemic forms thereof. The formulas of the compounds shown herein are intended to encompass all possible optical isomers of the compounds so depicted. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05229417__

•

Method for treating certain psychiatric disorders and certain psychiatric symptoms Inventor(s): Norden; Michael J. (348 NW. 113th Pl., Seattle, WA 98177) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,114,976 Date filed: November 5, 1990 Abstract: There is disclosed a method for treating psychiatric disorders including circadian rhythm disorders, borderline personality disorders, personality disorders, Late Luteal Phase Dysphoric Disorder, psychoactive substance use disorders, sexual disorders, and schizophrenia and certain psychiatric symptoms including stress, anger, worry, rejection sensitivity and lack of mental or physical energy with administration of a nontoxic dose of a serotonin re-uptake blocker. Preferably, the serotonin re-uptake blocker is fluoxetine or norfluoxetine.

Patents 97

Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of treating various psychiatric disorders and psychiatric symptoms with a class of pharmaceutical compounds called serotonin re-uptake blocking agents. The present invention relates to the treatment of six different types of psychiatric disorders and treatment of several specific symptoms. The disorders and their clinical manifestations are known to practicing psychiatrists, but are briefly described herein from the American Psychiatric Association, The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The specific symptoms can be recognized by most psychiatrists. Personality traits are enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, or thinking about the environment and ones self, and are exhibited in wide range of important social and personal contexts. It is only when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive and cause either significant functional impairment or subject distress that they constitute personality disorders. The manifestations of personality disorders are often recognizable by adolescence or earlier and continue throughout most of adult life. The diagnostic criteria for the personality disorders refer to behaviors or traits that are characteristic of the person's recent and long-term functioning since early adulthood. The constellation of behaviors or traits causes either significant impairment in social or occupational functioning or subjective distress. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05114976__ •

Serotonin receptor binding benzo[e]isoindoles and benzo[h]isoquinolines Inventor(s): Bos; Michael (Rheinfelden, CH), Stadler; Heinz (Rheinfelden, CH), Wichmann; Jurgen (Steinen, DE) Assignee(s): Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. (Nutley, NJ) Patent Number: 6,310,208 Date filed: January 6, 1998 Abstract: Since the compounds in accordance with the invention can bind to serotonin receptors (5HT.sub.2), they are especially suitable for the treatment or prevention of central nervous disorders such as depressions, bipolar disorders, anxiety states, sleep and sexual disorders, psychoses, schizophrenia, migraine and other conditions associated with cephalic pain or pain of a different kind, personality disorders or obsessive-compulsive disorders, social phobias or panic attacks, mental organic disorders, mental disorders in childhood, aggressivity, age-related memory disorders and behavioral disorders, addiction, obesity, bulimia etc., nervous system damage caused by trauma, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases etc.; cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, thrombosis, stroke etc.; and gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract motility. Excerpt(s): Serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and neurotransmitter present in the brain, intestinal tissue and blood platelets. Regulation of the binding of serotonin can provide a method of treatment and prevention of a variety of illnesses including central nervous disorders, personality disorders, nervous system damage, cardiovascular disorders and gastrointestinal disorders. The compounds of this invention bind to serotonin receptors and are suitable for treatment of many therapeutic indications including those listed above. n signifies 0 or 1 as well as pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the compounds of formula I, with the exception of racemic 2-methyl-1,3,4,4a,5,10bhexahydro-2H-benzo[h]isoquinolin-6-one. The compounds of formula I are novel with the exception of rac. 2-methyl-1,3,4,4a,5,10b-hexahydro-2H-benzo[h]isoquinolin-6-one (DE 19 26 022). The compounds described in this Offenlegungsschrift have

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antiphologistic properties for use against inflammations as well as oedemas following contusions, distortions or fractures. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06310208__

Patent Applications on Personality Disorders As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to personality disorders: •

Phenylalanine hydroxylase gene variants, and amino acid and pterin homeostasis, in the definition, detection, treatment and prevention of psychotic, mood and personality disorders Inventor(s): Richardson, Mary Ann; (New York, NY) Correspondence: Sughrue, Mion, Zinn, Macpeak & Seas, Pllc; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W.; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20020106645 Date filed: December 12, 2000 Abstract: The present invention describes sequence variants in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene, and biochemical measures of amino acid and pterin homeostasis, which are associated with Psychotic, Mood and Personality Disorders. Methods for the definition of etiological/pathophysiological subtypes of the disorders and for the detection of disorder susceptibility are provided. Treatment and prophylactic strategies targeted at the elaborated psychopathology are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): The Inventor has developed and successfully applied a metabolic model of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism to treatment development for neurological disorders, both to those seen only in psychiatric patients, and to those seen in the general population (U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,784; U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,539, allowed application U.S. application Ser. No. 08/545,095). The treatment method relates to a medical food product which has been clinically proven to reduce the availability of Phe to the central nervous system. The instant invention applies the Phe metabolism model to define and develop treatments to the genetics of psychotic, mood and personality disorders based on the results of (a) DNA analysis of the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, and (b) Phe dosing studies, in 124 patients with these disorders. The PAH enzyme catalyzes the conversion of Phe to tyrosine (precursor of the amine neurotransmitter, dopamine), and deficient activity of this enzyme leads to increased plasma levels of Phe. Phe, as an indirect precursor of dopamine and noradrenaline, supports their synthesis at low plasma concentrations while at higher concentrations, it inhibits the synthesis of these two neurotransmitters in addition to serotonin. Thus plasma Phe levels play an important role in modulating neurotransmitter synthesis. A model for Phe metabolism is valuable in the study of psychotic, mood and personality disorders (a) because of the role of Phe in amine neurotransmitter synthesis, (b) the suspected role of neurotransmitter function in these disorders, and (c) the fact that the limited treatment success that has been seen in these disorders is from agents that regulate

10

This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

Patents 99

neurotransmitter synthesis. Further, the acute sensitivity of the brain to higher than normal levels of Phe and its metabolites that occurs with deficiencies of PAH activity is well exemplified by the mental retardation, seizures, spasticity and EEG irregularities seen in phenylketonuria, a hyperphenylalanemia caused by deficient or absent PAH activity. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with personality disorders, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on personality disorders. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning personality disorders. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

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CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to personality disorders. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on personality disorders include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on personality disorders: •

Handbook of Treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Source: Carlsbad, CA : Guerze Books, 528p., 1997. Contact: Guerze Books, P.O. Box 2238 Carlsbad, CA 92018. (800) 756-7533. www.guerze.com. Summary: This book covers treatment advancements in such areas as assessment, epidemiology, diagnosis, complications, psychological and biological factors in pathogenesis, and research on treatment outcomes. The 30 chapters are divided into five sections: Context for Treatment; Cognitive- Behavioral and Educational Approaches; Psychodynamic, Feminist, and Family Approaches; Hospital and Drug Treatments; and Special Topics, such as group therapy, treatment refusal, patients with personality disorders, and sexual abuse.

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•

Professional Psychology in Long Term Care: A Comprehensive Guide Source: Long Island City, NY: Hatherleigh Press. 2000. 495 p. Contact: Available from Hatherleigh Press. 5-22 46th Avenue, Suite 200. Long Island City, NY 11101. (800) 367-2550; FAX: (212) 832-1502. E- mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $39.95; special price $19.95. ISBN: 1578260353. Summary: This book is a guide to the provision of psychological services in long term care (LTC) settings. It is written primarily to help familiarize mental health professionals with state-of-the-art clinical practice within the LTC facilities. Part 1, Assessment, addresses general issues in the psychological assessment of older patients, neuropsychological assessment in LTC, and the medications, medical conditions, and neurological disorders that can alter mental status and need to be considered in the indepth psychiatric assessment. Part 2, Treatment, includes chapters on individual therapy, working with families, group psychotherapy, enhancing quality of life, interventions for older adults with personality disorders, behavioral interventions for patients with dementia, counseling the elderly dying patient, training nursing assistants to work with nursing home residents with dementia, interprofessional health care teams, and basic psychopharmacology in the nursing home. Part 3, Professional Issues, discusses the practice of psychology in LTC, ethical issues, training psychologists in LTC, gender and cultural issues in LTC, conducting clinical research, and health care policy and service delivery issues. Standards for psychological services in LTC facilities are included in an appendix.

•

Alzheimer's Disease: A Guide to Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management Source: Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1995. 195 p. Contact: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 88 Post Road West, PO Box 5007, Westport, CT 06881-15007. (800) 225-5800; (203) 226-3571; FAX (203) 222-1502. PRICE: $55.00. ISBN: 0275954609. Summary: This book is intended to help diagnosticians, clinicians, graduate students, health care professionals, and family members understand the diagnosis, treatment, and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It describes the epidemiology of AD, other types of dementia affecting older adults, the normal aging process, and the biological basis of dementia. It reviews special considerations in the diagnosis of AD; and discusses the role of the mental status examination, the clinical interview, the family interview, psychological assessment, neuropsychological testing, and functional evaluation. This book also discusses various aspects of the treatment and management of people with AD, including the use of psychotropic drugs, psychological treatment, communication, general principles of care, specific management problems and solutions, the effect of AD on the family, coping strategies for the family, use of community resources, selection of a long-term care facility, and ethical and legal issues. It also discusses paranoia, anxiety, depression, and personality disorders that may occur concurrently in older people with dementia and complicate their diagnosis and management.

Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also

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include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “personality disorders” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “personality disorders” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “personality disorders” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •

A God Called Father: One Woman's Recovery from Incest and Multiple Personality Disorder by Judith Machree (2002); ISBN: 0759661464; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0759661464/icongroupinterna

•

Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions by Otto F. Kernberg (1995); ISBN: 0300065086; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300065086/icongroupinterna

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Analysis of the Self: Systematic Approach to Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders by Heinz Kohut (2000); ISBN: 0823680029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823680029/icongroupinterna

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Antisocial Behavior: Personality Disorders from Hostility to Homicide by Benjamin B. Wolman (1999); ISBN: 1573927015; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573927015/icongroupinterna

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Antisocial Personality Disorder - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide t by Health Publica Icon Health Publications (2003); ISBN: 0597835616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597835616/icongroupinterna

•

Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorders : The ICD-10 International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) by Armand W. Loranger (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0521580439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521580439/icongroupinterna

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Bad Boys, Bad Men: Confronting Antisocial Personality Disorder by Donald W. Black, C. Lindon Larson (2000); ISBN: 0195137833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195137833/icongroupinterna

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Behind the Masks: Personality Disorders in Religious Behavior by Wayne Edward Oates (1987); ISBN: 0664240283; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0664240283/icongroupinterna

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Behind the Masks: Personality Disorders in the Church by C. Marvin Pate, et al; ISBN: 0805418431; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805418431/icongroupinterna

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Biological and Neurobehavioral Studies of Borderline Personality Disorder (Progress in Psychiatry, No 45) by Kenneth R. Silk (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0880484802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484802/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder by John G. Gunderson (1984); ISBN: 0880480203; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880480203/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder : The Latest Assessment and Treatment Strategies by Melanie A. Dean (2001); ISBN: 1887537171; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1887537171/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder: A Clinical Guide by John G., Md. Gunderson; ISBN: 1585620165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585620165/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder: A Multidimensional Approach by Joel, M.D. Paris (1994); ISBN: 0880486554; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880486554/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide to Treatment by Roy Krawitz, Christine Watson (2003); ISBN: 0198520670; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198520670/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder: Clinical and Empirical Perspectives by John F. Clarkin (Editor), et al; ISBN: 089862262X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089862262X/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorder: Etiology and Treatment by Joel Paris (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 088048408X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088048408X/icongroupinterna

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Borderline Personality Disorders: The Concept the Syndrome the Patient by Peter Hartocollis (1977); ISBN: 0823605752; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0823605752/icongroupinterna

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Chemical Dependency and Antisocial Personality Disorder: Psychotherapy and Assessment Strategies by Gary G., Ph.D. Forrest (1994); ISBN: 1560243082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560243082/icongroupinterna

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Clinical Assessment and Management of Severe Personality Disorders by Paul S. Links (Editor), Paul S. Apaks (1996); ISBN: 0880484888; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484888/icongroupinterna

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Clinical Perspectives on Multiple Personality Disorder by Catherine G., Ph.D. Fine (Editor), Richard P. Kluft (Editor) (1993); ISBN: 0880483652; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880483652/icongroupinterna

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Cognitive Analytic Therapy and Borderline Personality Disorder : The Model and the Method by Anthony Ryle (Author) (1997); ISBN: 0471976172; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471976172/icongroupinterna

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Cognitive Psychotherapy of Psychotic and Personality Disorders: Handbook of Theory and Practice by Carlo Perris (Editor), Patrick D. McGorry (Editor); ISBN: 0471982210; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471982210/icongroupinterna

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Cognitive Therapy for Personality Disorders: A Schema-Focused Approach (Practitioner's Resource Series) by Jeffrey E. Young (1999); ISBN: 1568870477; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568870477/icongroupinterna

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Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders, Second Edition by Aaron T. Beck (Author), et al (2003); ISBN: 1572308567; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308567/icongroupinterna

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Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder by Marsha Linehan; ISBN: 0898621836; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898621836/icongroupinterna

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Creating Hysteria : Women and Multiple Personality Disorder by Joan Acocella (Author) (1999); ISBN: 0787947946; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787947946/icongroupinterna

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Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder: Response and Role of the Psychiatric Team by Len Bowers (2002); ISBN: 0415282373; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0415282373/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and Treatment of DSM-III Personality Disorders by Allen Frances; ISBN: 0898629519; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898629519/icongroupinterna

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Diagnosis and Treatment of the Personality Disorders by Gregory Hacke (Editor), Martin D. Kantor (1992); ISBN: 0912791896; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0912791896/icongroupinterna

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Distancing : Avoidant Personality Disorder, Revised and Expanded by Martin Kantor (Author) (2004); ISBN: 027597829X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/027597829X/icongroupinterna

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DSM-IV Personality Disorders Explained by David J. Robinson; ISBN: 189432823X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/189432823X/icongroupinterna

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Ego Development and the Personality Disorders by D. P. Ausubel; ISBN: 0808900234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0808900234/icongroupinterna

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Family Treatment of Personality Disorders: Advances in Clinical Practice by Malcolm M. MacFarlane (Editor) (2004); ISBN: 0789017903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0789017903/icongroupinterna

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Handbook Of Diagnosis And Treatment Of The DSM-IV Personality Disorders by Len Sperry; ISBN: 0876307802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876307802/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Personality Disorders : Theory and Practice by Jeffrey J. Magnavita (Author) (2003); ISBN: 0471201162; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471201162/icongroupinterna

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Handbook of Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment by W. John Livesley (Editor); ISBN: 1572306297; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572306297/icongroupinterna

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Hoax and Reality: The Bizarre World of Multiple Personality Disorder by August Piper (1997); ISBN: 1568218540; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568218540/icongroupinterna

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I'm Not Supposed to Be Here: My Recovery from Borderline Personality Disorder by Rachel Reiland, Laura Paxton (2002); ISBN: 0971822409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971822409/icongroupinterna

•

Influence of Child & Adolescent Psychopathology on Adult Personality Disorder (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of mediciNe, 1163) by Mia Ramklint (2002); ISBN: 9155453384; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155453384/icongroupinterna

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International Personality Disorder Examination (Ipde Manual) by World Health Organization (Editor) (1997); ISBN: 0880489170; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880489170/icongroupinterna

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Interpersonal Diagnosis and Treatment of Personality Disorders: Second Edition by Lorna Smith Benjamin (2002); ISBN: 1572308605; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308605/icongroupinterna

106 Personality Disorders

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Interpersonal Group Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder by Elsa Marziali, et al; ISBN: 0465088937; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465088937/icongroupinterna

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Jekyll on Trial: Multiple Personality Disorder and Criminal Law by Elyn R. Saks, Stephen H. Behnke (Contributor) (2000); ISBN: 0814797644; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0814797644/icongroupinterna

•

Let Me Make It Good: A Chronicle of My Life With Borderline Personality Disorder by Jane Wanklin (1997); ISBN: 0889626278; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0889626278/icongroupinterna

•

Living in the Dead Zone: Janis Joplin and Jim Morrison: Understanding Borderline Personality Disorders by Ralph M. Faris, Gerald A. Faris (2001); ISBN: 0971654204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971654204/icongroupinterna

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Lost in the Mirror: An Inside Look at Borderline Personality Disorder by Richard A. Moskovitz M.D. (2001); ISBN: 0878332669; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0878332669/icongroupinterna

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Measuring Patient Changes: In Mood, Anxiety, and Personality Disorders by Hans H. Strupp (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 155798414X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/155798414X/icongroupinterna

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Medical, Mental & Emotional Factors in Human Personality Disorders: Index of New Information With Authors, Subjects & Bibliography by Roger Mulby Mocker (1993); ISBN: 1559148225; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1559148225/icongroupinterna

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Medical, Mental & Emotional Factors in Human Personality Disorders: Index of New Information With Authors, Subjects and Bibliography by Rober Mulby Mocker (1995); ISBN: 0788307096; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788307096/icongroupinterna

•

Mental Health Disorders Sourcebook: Basic Consumer Health Information About Anxiety Disrders, Depression and Other Mood Disorders, Eating Disorders, Personality Disorders, Schizophrenia by Karen Bellenir (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 0780802403; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0780802403/icongroupinterna

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Multiple Personality Disorder from the Inside Out by Barry M. Cohen (Editor), et al (1991); ISBN: 0962916404; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962916404/icongroupinterna

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Multiple Personality Disorder in the Netherlands: A Study on Reliability and Validity of the Diagnosis by Suzette Boon, Nel Draijer (1993); ISBN: 9026513615; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9026513615/icongroupinterna

•

My Name is Kathryn - Whole in One: From Multiple Personality Disorder to Wholeness by Kathleen Fox (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0962817856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962817856/icongroupinterna

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Pastoral Counseling and Personality Disorders: A Manual by Richard P. Vaughan (1994); ISBN: 1556126603; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1556126603/icongroupinterna

•

Personalities: Master Clinicians Confront the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder by Gerben Hellinga (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 0765702940; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765702940/icongroupinterna

Books

107

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Personality and Dangerousness : Genealogies of Antisocial Personality Disorder by David McCallum (Author) (2001); ISBN: 0521008751; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521008751/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Characteristics of the Personality Disordered by Charles G. Costello (Editor) (1995); ISBN: 0471015296; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471015296/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Disorder: Temperament or Trauma? an Account of an Emancipatory Research Study Carried Out by Service Users Diagnosed With Personality Disorder (Forensicfocus, 23) by Heather Castillo (2003); ISBN: 1843100533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1843100533/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Disorders (1986); ISBN: 0683050443; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683050443/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Disorders : Recognition and Clinical Management by Jonathan H. Dowson (Author), Adrian T. Grounds (Author) (1995); ISBN: 0521450497; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521450497/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model of Personality by Paul T. Costa (Editor), Thomas A. Widiger (Editor); ISBN: 1557988269; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557988269/icongroupinterna

•

Personality Disorders in Children and Adolescents by Paulina F. Kernberg, et al; ISBN: 0465095623; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0465095623/icongroupinterna

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Personality Disorders in Older Adults: Emerging Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment by Erlene Rosowsky (Editor), et al (1999); ISBN: 0805826831; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0805826831/icongroupinterna

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Personality Disorders over Time: Precursors, Course, and Outcome by Joel Paris (2003); ISBN: 1585620408; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1585620408/icongroupinterna

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Personality Disorders: Epidemiology of Mental Disorders and Psychosocial Problems by Giovanni De Girolamo (1993); ISBN: 9241561602; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9241561602/icongroupinterna

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Personality Disorders: Medical Subject Analysis With Research Bibliography by Nita Constantine Galanakis (1985); ISBN: 0881642320; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881642320/icongroupinterna

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Personality disorders; diagnosis and management by John R. Lion; ISBN: 0683050427; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683050427/icongroupinterna

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Practical Management of Personality Disorder by W. John Livesley (Author) (2003); ISBN: 1572308893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572308893/icongroupinterna

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Psychology of Multiple Personality Disorders by Richard Lasky (1999); ISBN: 1568210612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568210612/icongroupinterna

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Psychosomatic Symptoms: Psychodynamic Treatment of the Underlying Personality Disorder by C. Philip Wilson, et al; ISBN: 0876688776; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0876688776/icongroupinterna

108 Personality Disorders

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Quest for Answers: A Primer of Understanding and Treating Severe Personality Disorders by Salman Akhtar (1995); ISBN: 1568213646; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1568213646/icongroupinterna

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Relational Therapy for Personality Disorders by Jeffrey J. Magnavita (Author); ISBN: 0471295663; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471295663/icongroupinterna

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Restructuring Personality Disorders: A Short-Term Dynamic Approach by Jeffrey J. Magnavita, Stanley B. Messer (Introduction); ISBN: 1572301856; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572301856/icongroupinterna

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Role of Sexual Abuse in Etiology of Borderline Personality Disorder by Mary C. Zanarini (Editor); ISBN: 0880484969; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880484969/icongroupinterna

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Self-Management Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Therapist-Guided Approach by Michael H. Langley; ISBN: 082618300X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/082618300X/icongroupinterna

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Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies by Otto F. Kernberg (1993); ISBN: 0300053495; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0300053495/icongroupinterna

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Shorter Term Treatments for Borderline Personality Disorders by John D. Preston (1997); ISBN: 157224092X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157224092X/icongroupinterna

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Social Factors in the Personality Disorders : A Biopsychosocial Approach to Etiology and Treatment by Joel Paris (Author), Peter J. Tyrer (Editor) (1996); ISBN: 0521472245; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521472245/icongroupinterna

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Sometimes I Act Crazy : Living with Borderline Personality Disorder by Jerold J. Kreisman (Author), Harold Straus (Author) (2004); ISBN: 0471222860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471222860/icongroupinterna

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Stop Walking on Eggshells; Coping When Someone You Care about Has Borderline Personality Disorder by Paul T. Mason, et al (1998); ISBN: 157224108X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/157224108X/icongroupinterna

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Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) by Michael B. First, et al (1997); ISBN: 0880488115; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880488115/icongroupinterna

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Tactical Psychotherapy of the Personality Disorders: An MCMI-III Based Approach by Paul D. Retzlaff (Author); ISBN: 020515932X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020515932X/icongroupinterna

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The DSM-IV Personality Disorders by W. John Livesley (Editor); ISBN: 0898622573; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898622573/icongroupinterna

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The Healing of Satanically Ritually Abused Multiple Personality Disorder by John, Ph.D. Clark, John Clark PH. D. (2003); ISBN: 1410717801; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1410717801/icongroupinterna

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The Infinite Mind: Multiple Personality Disorder by Lichtenstein Creative Media Inc. (1998); ISBN: 1888064412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1888064412/icongroupinterna

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The Osiris Complex: Case-Studies in Multiple Personality Disorder by Colin A., M.D. Ross (1994); ISBN: 0802073581; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802073581/icongroupinterna

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The Personality Disorders : A New Look at the Developmental Self and Object Relations Approach: Theory - Diagnosis - Treatment by James F. Masterson (2000); ISBN: 1891944339; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1891944339/icongroupinterna

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The Personality Disorders Explained by David J. Robinson (2003); ISBN: 1894328264; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1894328264/icongroupinterna

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The Personality Disorders: A Psychological Approach to Clinical Management (Psychology Practitioner Guidebook Series) by Ira Daniel Turkat; ISBN: 020514487X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/020514487X/icongroupinterna

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The Stop Walking on Eggshells Workbook: Practical Strategies for Living With Someone Who Has Borderline Personality Disorder by Randi Kreger, James Paul Shirley (2002); ISBN: 1572242760; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1572242760/icongroupinterna

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The Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder (Clinical Insights Monograph) by Bennett G., M.D. Braun (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0880480963; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880480963/icongroupinterna

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Through the Looking Glass: Women and Borderline Personality Disorder (New Directions in Theory and Psychology) by Dana Becker (1997); ISBN: 0813333105; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813333105/icongroupinterna

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Time-Limited Day Treatment for Personality Disorders: Integration of Research and Practice in a Group Program by William E., PhD Piper, et al (1996); ISBN: 1557983704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557983704/icongroupinterna

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Treatment Multiple Personality Disorder by Braun (Author) (1987); ISBN: 0521347017; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521347017/icongroupinterna

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Understanding & Treating Antisocial Personality Disorder: Criminals, Chemical Abusers, & Batterers by Gregory L. Little, Kenneth D. Robinson (1997); ISBN: 0940829177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0940829177/icongroupinterna

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Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder: The Dialectical Approach (Book & VHS Tape) by Marsha M. Linehan (Author); ISBN: 089862567X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089862567X/icongroupinterna

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When the Other Woman Is His Mother: Book One/Boys As Incest Victims and Male Multiple Personality Disorder/for Partners and Professionals by Faith Brodie (1992); ISBN: 0962600903; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0962600903/icongroupinterna

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Women and Borderline Personality Disorder: Symptoms and Stories by Janet WirthCauchon, Janet Wirth Cauchon (2001); ISBN: 0813528917; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0813528917/icongroupinterna

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Working With Traits: Psychotherapy of Personality Disorders by Joel Paris (1998); ISBN: 0765700964; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0765700964/icongroupinterna

110 Personality Disorders

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •

Neuroses and personality disorders. Author: McNeil, Elton B.; Year: 1974; Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall [c1970]; ISBN: 136115098

Chapters on Personality Disorders In order to find chapters that specifically relate to personality disorders, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and personality disorders using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on personality disorders: •

Psychiatric Disorders Source: in Scully, C. and Cawson, R.A. Medical Problems in Dentistry. 4th ed. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1998. p. 374-395. Contact: Available from Butterworth-Heinemann. 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041. (800) 366-2665 or (781) 904-2500. Fax (800) 446-6520 or (781) 933-6333. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.bh.com. PRICE: $110.00. ISBN: 0723610568. Summary: Some dental patients are difficult or even impossible to manage because of anxiety, phobia, personality disorders or psychiatric disease, but age, drug use, cultural and other factors can also cause difficulties in communication and, as a consequence, require extra time and patience. This chapter on psychiatric disorders is from a text that covers the general medical and surgical conditions relevant to the oral health care sciences. The authors distinguish between the normal anxiety associated with a dental visit and psychiatric disorders, which are exceedingly common but often underdiagnosed. Topics include stress, anxiety states, phobias (phobic neuroses), personality disorders, psychosomatic diseases (psychogenic disorders), depressive neurosis, chronic fatigue syndrome (myalgic encephalomyelitis), obsessional neuroses (obsessive-compulsive neuroses), hysterical states, eating disorders, hypochondriacal neuroses, manic-depressive psychosis, schizophrenia, Korsakoff's psychosis, the acutely

11

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

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disturbed or hostile patient, the confused patient, psychiatric disorders caused by organic brain disease, dementia, sexual abuse, and systemic disease causing psychiatric disorders. For each condition, the authors discuss general aspects, diagnosis and management issues (including drug therapy), dental aspects, and patient care strategies. The chapter includes a summary of the points covered. 3 figures. 8 tables. 46 references. •

Psychiatric Complications of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Source: in Bayless, T.M. and Hanauer, S.B. Advanced Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Hamilton, Ontario: B.C. Decker Inc. 2001. p. 573-576. Contact: Available from B.C. Decker Inc. 20 Hughson Street South, P.O. Box 620, L.C.D. 1 Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3K7. (905) 522-7017 or (800) 568-7281. Fax (905) 522-7839. Email: [email protected]. Website: www.bcdecker.com. PRICE: $129.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1550091220. Summary: This chapter on psychiatric complications is from the second edition of a book devoted to the details of medical, surgical, and supportive management of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and UC, together known as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). About one-half of patients with active Crohn's disease have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder, a proportion that is significantly increased compared with that among patients suffering from other chronic medical illnesses. About one-quarter of patients suffering from ulcerative colitis likewise have a diagnosable psychiatric disorder. However, this proportion is not significantly greater than the proportion of patients with psychiatric disorder with other chronic medical illnesses. The common psychiatric disorders found in association with IBD include delirium, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. The author discusses each of these disorders, emphasizing current concepts in management. The role of the psychiatrist in IBD is to assist the gastroenterologist in the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. 6 references.

•

Why Me?: Causes of Male Erectile Dysfunction Source: in Newman, A.J. Beyond Viagra: Plain Talk About Treating Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Montgomery, AL: Starrhill Press. 1999. p. 26-44. Contact: Available from Black Belt Press. P.O. Box 551, Montgomery, AL 36101. (800) 959-3245 or (334) 265-6753. Fax (334) 265-8880. PRICE: $13.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1573590142. Summary: This chapter on the causes of male erectile dysfunction is from a book that discusses the drug sildenafil (Viagra) in the context of a larger discussion about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. The author discusses the causes of male erectile dysfunction in two general categories: physical (or organic) and psychological. Factors prevent initiation of an erection usually involve the nerve supply, but can also be psychological. Factors that prevent the erectile tissue from fully filling with blood usually have to do with problems of arterial blood flow to the penis. Factors that lead to loss of the erection before orgasm and ejaculation tend to involve failure of the venous occlusive mechanism that traps blood in the penis and thus maintains the erection. Most men complaining of erectile dysfunction have at least one, and sometimes several, of the following problem areas: blood flow problems, nerve problems, diabetes, prior surgery, drugs, pelvic trauma or pelvic radiation, Peyronie's disease, and psychological problems. Psychological problems can include anxiety and fear of failure, depression, marital conflict, misinformation or lack of information about normal male sexual function and changes with aging, and psychiatric problems (including psychotic

112 Personality Disorders

disorders and obsessive compulsive personality disorders). The chapter is written in nontechnical language but includes enough medical information to be of use to medical professionals wishing to learn more about sexuality and sexual dysfunction. One table reviews the drugs that may produce erectile dysfunction. 1 table.

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CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on personality disorders. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.

Audio Recordings The Combined Health Information Database contains abstracts on audio productions. To search CHID, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find audio productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Sound Recordings.” Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for sound recordings on personality disorders: •

AIDS and Risk Reduction in Drug Abuse Treatment Settings Contact: Audio Visual, Incorporated, 5542 Tuxedo Rd, Cheverly, MD, 20781, (301) 3225600. Summary: This sound recording of a National Institute on Drug Abuse Conference session held January 14, 1991, presents a panel discussion of various types of treatment for drug and alcohol abuse, and how risk reduction for Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission can be modeled on these, or integrated into them. The first speaker discusses a variety of treatment programs and what types of tactics work. Programs for adolescents require special consideration. The second speaker describes personality disorders frequently found in drug and alcohol abusers which affect treatment outcome. The third speaker explains the health-belief model as an Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) preventive measure.

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Bibliography: Multimedia on Personality Disorders The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in personality disorders (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on personality disorders: •

Brief therapy with personality disorders [sound recording] Source: AHI; Year: 1992; Format: Sound recording; Silver Spring, MD: American Healthcare Institute, p1992

•

DCT, assessment and treatment planning with [videorecording]. Year: 1990; Format: Videorecording; Microtraining Associates, c1990

•

Diagnosis and treatment of personality disorders [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Health Communications Network [and] the Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences; Year: 1991; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: The University, c1991

•

DSM-III personality disorders [sound recording]: diagnosis and treatment Source: Allen J. Frances; Year: 1987; Format: Sound recording; New York, NY: BMA Audio Cassettes, c1987

•

Personality disorders [videorecording] Source: a production of Alvin H. Perlmutter, Inc., in association with Toby Levine Communications, Inc; Year: 1991; Format: Videorecording; [New York, N.Y.]: A.H. Perlmutter: T. Levine Communications, c1991

•

Personality disorders [videorecording] Source: a presentation of Films for the Humanities & Sciences; Sheffield University Television; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; Princeton, N.J.: Films for the Humanities & Sciences, c1998

•

Personality disorders [videorecording]: antisocial, histrionic, and schizotypal behaviors Source: [presented by] Medical Sciences Teaching Laboratories, Television Section and the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Ch; Year: 1987; Format: Videorecording; [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: The Labs, c1987

•

Personality disorders [videorecording]; Dissociative disorders Source: Glen O. Gabbard; Year: 1998; Format: Videorecording; [Irvine, Calif.]: CME, c1998

•

Personality disorders simulated [videorecording] Source: [presented by] West Virginia University and Chestnut Ridge Hospitals; Year: 1988; Format: Videorecording; [Morgantown, W. Va.]: D.C. Fidler, c1988

personality disorders North Amherst, MA:

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CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON PERSONALITY DISORDERS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover personality disorders.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on personality disorders is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to personality disorders. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “personality disorders” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for personality disorders: •

Guideline issued for treatment of borderline personality disorder Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: October 15, 2001

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•

Personality disorders more common in city dwellers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 22, 2001

•

Brain difference spotted in antisocial personality disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 14, 2000

•

Personality disorders common among compulsive computer users Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 07, 2000

•

British plan to detain people with personality disorder would violate human rights Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 29, 1999

•

Naltrexone effective in treating personality disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: October 19, 1999

•

Adolescent personality disorders predict mental disorders, suicide risk in adulthood Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 21, 1999

•

Drug reduces self-mutilation in borderline personality disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: September 01, 1999

•

Abused children at risk of personality disorder in adulthood Source: Reuters Medical News Date: July 15, 1999

•

Brief screening tool may improve detection, referral of patients with personality disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: June 28, 1999

•

Plastic surgery patients may have personality disorder Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 28, 1999

•

New powers to detain patients with severe personality disorders in UK proposed Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 19, 1999

•

Divalproex reduces impulsivity in subset of patients with personality disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 16, 1999

•

Borderline personality disorder patients: complex mix of comorbid axis I disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 01, 1999

•

Extreme traits basis of personality disorders Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 31, 1998

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•

Prevalence of personality disorders in patients with eating disorders similar in Japan and Western cultures Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 20, 1998

•

Low-Dose Clozapine Effective For Severe Borderline Personality Disorder Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 06, 1998

•

Fluoxetine Reduces Aggression In Patients With Personality Disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 05, 1998

•

Abuse A Contributing Factor To Personality Disorders Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 16, 1995

•

Total Cholesterol Level May Be Linked To Antisocial Personality Disorder and Violent Death Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 28, 1995 The NIH

Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests.

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Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “personality disorders” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to personality disorders, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “personality disorders” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Personality Disorders Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to personality disorders. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering personality disorders that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

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CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.

U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for personality disorders. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI Advice for the Patient can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with personality disorders. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).

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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to personality disorders: Fluoxetine •

Systemic - U.S. Brands: Prozac; Sarafem http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202247.html

Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.

Mosby’s Drug Consult Mosby’s Drug Consult database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

12

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

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•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

13 Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 20594 539 778 35 6 21952

HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “personality disorders” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

15

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

16

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 17 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 18 19

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

20 Adapted 21

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on personality disorders can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to personality disorders. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to personality disorders. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “personality disorders”:

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•

Other guides Alzheimer's Caregivers http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimerscaregivers.html Alzheimer's Disease http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html Bipolar Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bipolardisorder.html Eating Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eatingdisorders.html Mental Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mentalhealth.html Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/obsessivecompulsivedisorder.html Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/posttraumaticstressdisorder.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “personality disorders” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •

Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder Source: American Psychiatric Association - Medical Specialty Society; 2001 October; 52 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2972&nbr=2198&a mp;string=personality+AND+disorders Healthfinder™

Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database:

Patient Resources

•

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Online Screening for Personality Disorders Summary: PDS is a screening test that is designed to give a preliminary indication of certain personality traits that might be associated with a personality disorder. Source: Educational Institution--Follow the Resource URL for More Information http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=1126 The NIH Search Utility

The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to personality disorders. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMDHealth: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to personality disorders. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with personality disorders. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about personality disorders. For more

132 Personality Disorders

information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “personality disorders” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “personality disorders”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “personality disorders” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “personality disorders” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

133

APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.23

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

23

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)24: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

24

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

136 Personality Disorders

•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

•

Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

•

Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

138 Personality Disorders

•

South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

•

Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

•

Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

•

Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

139

ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

•

MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

•

Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

•

Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

•

On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

•

Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

•

Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on personality disorders: •

Basic Guidelines for Personality Disorders Personality disorders Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000939.htm

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

•

MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

•

Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

•

Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

141

PERSONALITY DISORDERS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] ACE: Angiotensin-coverting enzyme. A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH]

Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Activities of Daily Living: The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, eating, etc., in rehabilitation. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU]

142 Personality Disorders

Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Agoraphobia: Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alienation: Disruption of feeling of belonging to a larger group such as, for example, the deepening of the generation gap or increasing of a gulf separating social groups from one another. In a more limited sense breaking down of a close relationship. [NIH] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amenorrhea: Absence of menstruation. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino acid: Any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. [EU] Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Amnestic: Nominal aphasia; a difficulty in finding the right name for an object. [NIH]

Dictionary 143

Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Anorexia Nervosa: The chief symptoms are inability to eat, weight loss, and amenorrhea. [NIH]

Anosognosia: Inability to recognize loss of function, disease, or defect in a part of one's own body. [NIH] Anthropometry: The technique that deals with the measurement of the size, weight, and proportions of the human or other primate body. [NIH] Anti-Anxiety Agents: Agents that alleviate anxiety, tension, and neurotic symptoms, promote sedation, and have a calming effect without affecting clarity of consciousness or neurologic conditions. Some are also effective as anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, or anesthesia adjuvants. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of anxiety but are not included here. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidepressant: A drug used to treat depression. [NIH] Antidepressive Agents: Mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. Several monoamine oxidase inhibitors are useful as antidepressants apparently as a long-term consequence of their modulation of catecholamine levels. The tricyclic compounds useful as antidepressive agents also appear to act through brain catecholamine systems. A third group (antidepressive agents, secondgeneration) is a diverse group of drugs including some that act specifically on serotonergic systems. [NIH]

144 Personality Disorders

Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antipsychotic: Effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Apathy: Lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. [EU] Applicability: A list of the commodities to which the candidate method can be applied as presented or with minor modifications. [NIH] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Artery: Vessel-carrying blood from the heart to various parts of the body. [NIH] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH]

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Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bonnet macaque: That portion of Tenon's capsule posterior to the points where the rectus muscles pierce it. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH]

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Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 36, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested. [NIH] Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid thebaine that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than morphine. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Caudate Nucleus: Elongated gray mass of the neostriatum located adjacent to the lateral ventricle of the brain. [NIH] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Child Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders in children. [NIH] Chin: The anatomical frontal portion of the mandible, also known as the mentum, that contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (symphysis menti).

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This line of fusion divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area called the mental protuberance. On each side, inferior to the second premolar tooth, is the mental foramen for the passage of blood vessels and a nerve. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Fatigue caused by the combined effects of different types of prolonged fatigue. [NIH] Circadian: Repeated more or less daily, i. e. on a 23- to 25-hour cycle. [NIH] Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, feeding, etc. This rhythm seems to be set by a 'biological clock' which seems to be set by recurring daylight and darkness. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]

Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the

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action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Cognitive behavior therapy: A system of psychotherapy based on the premise that distorted or dysfunctional thinking, which influences a person's mood or behavior, is common to all psychosocial problems. The focus of therapy is to identify the distorted thinking and to replace it with more rational, adaptive thoughts and beliefs. [NIH] Cognitive Therapy: A direct form of psychotherapy based on the interpretation of situations (cognitive structure of experiences) that determine how an individual feels and behaves. It is based on the premise that cognition, the process of acquiring knowledge and forming beliefs, is a primary determinant of mood and behavior. The therapy uses behavioral and verbal techniques to identify and correct negative thinking that is at the root of the aberrant behavior. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Colon: The long, coiled, tubelike organ that removes water from digested food. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comorbidity: The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the

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alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Compliance: Distensibility measure of a chamber such as the lungs (lung compliance) or bladder. Compliance is expressed as a change in volume per unit change in pressure. [NIH] Compulsions: In psychology, an irresistible urge, sometimes amounting to obsession to perform a particular act which usually is carried out against the performer's will or better judgment. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continuum: An area over which the vegetation or animal population is of constantly changing composition so that homogeneous, separate communities cannot be distinguished. [NIH]

Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Controlled clinical trial: A clinical study that includes a comparison (control) group. The comparison group receives a placebo, another treatment, or no treatment at all. [NIH] Contusions: Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin. [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH]

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Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Striatum: Striped gray and white matter consisting of the neostriatum and paleostriatum (globus pallidus). It is located in front of and lateral to the thalamus in each cerebral hemisphere. The gray substance is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus (the latter consisting of the globus pallidus and putamen). The white matter is the internal capsule. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Criterion: A standard by which something may be judged. [EU] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyclothymia: Manic-depressive insanity of mild type. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Delusions: A false belief regarding the self or persons or objects outside the self that persists despite the facts, and is not considered tenable by one's associates. [NIH] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]

Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively

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persistent. [NIH] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dexterity: Ability to move the hands easily and skillfully. [NIH] Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of amphetamine. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Dissociative Disorders: Sudden temporary alterations in the normally integrative functions of consciousness. [NIH] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several

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systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Double-blind: Pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. [EU] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Ejaculation: The release of semen through the penis during orgasm. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Empirical: A treatment based on an assumed diagnosis, prior to receiving confirmatory laboratory test results. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin

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system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endogenous: Produced inside an organism or cell. The opposite is external (exogenous) production. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endorphins: One of the three major groups of endogenous opioid peptides. They are large peptides derived from the pro-opiomelanocortin precursor. The known members of this group are alpha-, beta-, and gamma-endorphin. The term endorphin is also sometimes used to refer to all opioid peptides, but the narrower sense is used here; opioid peptides is used for the broader group. [NIH] Enkephalins: One of the three major families of endogenous opioid peptides. The enkephalins are pentapeptides that are widespread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in the adrenal medulla. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH] Erection: The condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. [EU] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]

Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Factor V: Heat- and storage-labile plasma glycoprotein which accelerates the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in blood coagulation. Factor V accomplishes this by forming a complex with factor Xa, phospholipid, and calcium (prothrombinase complex). Deficiency of

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factor V leads to Owren's disease. [NIH] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]

Fats: One of the three main classes of food and a source of energy in the body. Bile dissolves fats, and enzymes break them down. This process moves fats into cells. [NIH] Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants. [NIH] Free Radicals: Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Functional magnetic resonance imaging: A noninvasive tool used to observe functioning in the brain or other organs by detecting changes in chemical composition, blood flow, or both. [NIH]

Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastroenterologist: A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the digestive system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of

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heredity. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH]

Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Habituation: Decline in response of an organism to environmental or other stimuli with repeated or maintained exposure. [NIH] Hallucinogens: Drugs capable of inducing illusions, hallucinations, delusions, paranoid ideations, and other alterations of mood and thinking. Despite the name, the feature that distinguishes these agents from other classes of drugs is their capacity to induce states of altered perception, thought, and feeling that are not experienced otherwise. [NIH] Handedness: Preference for using right or left hand. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Health Status: The level of health of the individual, group, or population as subjectively assessed by the individual or by more objective measures. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]

Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH]

Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Histrionic Personality Disorder: A personality disorder characterized by overly reactive

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and intensely expressed or overly dramatic behavior, proneness to exaggeration, emotional excitability, and disturbances in interpersonal relationships. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH] Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypomania: An abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hysteria: Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Illusions: The misinterpretation of a real external, sensory experience. [NIH] Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group. [NIH]

Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunodeficiency syndrome: The inability of the body to produce an immune response. [NIH]

Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH]

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Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inflammatory bowel disease: A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. [NIH]

Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Inpatients: Persons admitted to health facilities which provide board and room, for the purpose of observation, care, diagnosis or treatment. [NIH] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Institutionalization: The caring for individuals in institutions and their adaptation to routines characteristic of the institutional environment, and/or their loss of adaptation to life outside the institution. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Capsule: White matter pathway, flanked by nuclear masses, consisting of both afferent and efferent fibers projecting between the cerebral cortex and the brainstem. It consists of three distinct parts: an anterior limb, posterior limb, and genu. [NIH] Interpersonal Relations: The reciprocal interaction of two or more persons. [NIH] Intervention Studies: Epidemiologic investigations designed to test a hypothesized causeeffect relation by modifying the supposed causal factor(s) in the study population. [NIH] Interview, Psychological: A directed conversation aimed at eliciting information for psychiatric diagnosis, evaluation, treatment planning, etc. The interview may be conducted by a social worker or psychologist. [NIH] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the stomach to the anus. It includes the

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large intestine and small intestine. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Jealousy: An irrational reaction compounded of grief, loss of self-esteem, enmity against the rival and self criticism. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Laryngeal: Having to do with the larynx. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Laterality: Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames,

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http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Lobe: A portion of an organ such as the liver, lung, breast, or brain. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (magnetic resonance imaging). [NIH] Malingering: Simulation of symptoms of illness or injury with intent to deceive in order to obtain a goal, e.g., a claim of physical illness to avoid jury duty. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Manic-depressive psychosis: One of a group of psychotic reactions, fundamentally marked by severe mood swings and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU]

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Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Records: Recording of pertinent information concerning patient's illness or illnesses. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Memory Disorders: Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with dementia; craniocerebraltrauma; encephalitis; alcoholism (see also alcohol amnestic disorder); schizophrenia; and other conditions. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Mental: Pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. [EU] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Health Services: Organized services to provide mental health care. [NIH] Mental Processes: Conceptual functions or thinking in all its forms. [NIH] Mental Retardation: Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH]

Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of attention-deficit disorders in children and for narcolepsy. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of dextroamphetamine. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microglia: The third type of glial cell, along with astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (which together form the macroglia). Microglia vary in appearance depending on developmental stage, functional state, and anatomical location; subtype terms include ramified, perivascular, ameboid, resting, and activated. Microglia clearly are capable of phagocytosis

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and play an important role in a wide spectrum of neuropathologies. They have also been suggested to act in several other roles including in secretion (e.g., of cytokines and neural growth factors), in immunological processing (e.g., antigen presentation), and in central nervous system development and remodeling. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monoamine: Enzyme that breaks down dopamine in the astrocytes and microglia. [NIH] Monoamine Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines. It is a flavin-containing enzyme that is localized in mitochondrial membranes, whether in nerve terminals, the liver, or other organs. Monoamine oxidase is important in regulating the metabolic degradation of catecholamines and serotonin in neural or target tissues. Hepatic monoamine oxidase has a crucial defensive role in inactivating circulating monoamines or those, such as tyramine, that originate in the gut and are absorbed into the portal circulation. (From Goodman and Gilman's, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p415) EC 1.4.3.4. [NIH] Mood Disorders: Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]

Multiple Personality Disorder: A dissociative disorder in which the individual adopts two or more distinct personalities. Each personality is a fully integrated and complex unit with memories, behavior patterns and social friendships. Transition from one personality to another is sudden. [NIH] Mutilation: Injuries to the body. [NIH] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Narcissism: A psychoanalytic term meaning self-love. [NIH] Narcolepsy: A condition of unknown cause characterized by a periodic uncontrollable tendency to fall asleep. [NIH]

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Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nem: The unit of nutrition in Pirquet's system of feeding, equivalent to the nutritive value of 1 g of breast milk. [NIH] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neurodegenerative Diseases: Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroleptic: A term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. [EU] Neurology: A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU] Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuroses: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurosis: Functional derangement due to disorders of the nervous system which does not affect the psychic personality of the patient. [NIH] Neurotransmitter: Any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine,

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epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nonverbal Communication: Transmission of emotions, ideas, and attitudes between individuals in ways other than the spoken language. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Norfenfluramine: A fenfluramine analog that inhibits serotonin uptake and may provoke release of serotonin. It is used as an appetite depressant and an experimental tool in animal studies. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nursing Care: Care given to patients by nursing service personnel. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Obsessional: Neurosis characterized by the repetitive intrusion into the mind, against volition, of ideas, numinations and phobias, often associated with compulsive actions. [NIH] Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Orbit: One of the two cavities in the skull which contains an eyeball. Each eye is located in a bony socket or orbit. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU]

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Orgasm: The crisis of sexual excitement in either humans or animals. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Paranoia: A psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose. [EU] Paranoid Personality Disorder: A personality disorder characterized by the avoidance of accepting deserved blame and an unwarranted view of others as malevolent. The latter is expressed as suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, and mistrust. [NIH] Paresthesias: Abnormal touch sensations, such as burning or prickling, that occur without an outside stimulus. [NIH] Partial response: A decrease in the size of a tumor, or in the extent of cancer in the body, in response to treatment. [NIH] Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]

Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Peer Group: Group composed of associates of same species, approximately the same age, and usually of similar rank or social status. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Pelvis: The lower part of the abdomen, located between the hip bones. [NIH] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third

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compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Personality Disorders: A major deviation from normal patterns of behavior. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharmacotherapy: A regimen of using appetite suppressant medications to manage obesity by decreasing appetite or increasing the feeling of satiety. These medications decrease appetite by increasing serotonin or catecholamine—two brain chemicals that affect mood and appetite. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH] Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phenylalanine Hydroxylase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the formation of L-tyrosine, dihydrobiopterin, and water from L-phenylalanine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen. Deficiency of this enzyme may cause phenylketonurias and phenylketonuria, maternal. EC 1.14.16.1. [NIH] Phenylketonurias: A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase or less frequently by reduced activity of dihydropteridine reductase (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; seizures; skin hypopigmentation; eczema; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952). [NIH] Phobia: A persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. [EU] Phobic Disorders: Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable. [NIH] Phototherapy: Treatment of disease by exposure to light, especially by variously concentrated light rays or specific wavelengths. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age.

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[NIH]

Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Pneumonia: Inflammation of the lungs. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Post-traumatic: Occurring as a result of or after injury. [EU] Potentiate: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Practicability: A non-standard characteristic of an analytical procedure. It is dependent on the scope of the method and is determined by requirements such as sample throughout and costs. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body,

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secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Projective Techniques: Techniques whereby personality attributes are revealed through the subject's responses to relatively unstructured, ambiguous, or vague stimuli. These responses represent projections of the subject's own fears and needs. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Proneness: Susceptibility to accidents due to human factors. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]

Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU]

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Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatric: Pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. [EU] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychoactive: Those drugs which alter sensation, mood, consciousness or other psychological or behavioral functions. [NIH] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]

Psychology: The science dealing with the study of mental processes and behavior in man and animals. [NIH] Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psychopathology: The study of significant causes and processes in the development of mental illness. [NIH] Psychopharmacology: The study of the effects of drugs on mental and behavioral activity. [NIH]

Psychosis: A mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. [EU] Psychotherapy: A generic term for the treatment of mental illness or emotional disturbances primarily by verbal or nonverbal communication. [NIH] Psychotropic: Exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. [EU] Psychotropic Drugs: A loosely defined grouping of drugs that have effects on psychological function. Here the psychotropic agents include the antidepressive agents, hallucinogens, and tranquilizing agents (including the antipsychotics and anti-anxiety agents). [NIH] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the

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neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH] Racemic: Optically inactive but resolvable in the way of all racemic compounds. [NIH] Radiata: The hyaline or faintly radially striated oesinophilic membrane in immediate contact with the outer wall of the ovum. [NIH] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized clinical trial: A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments; neither the researchers nor the participants can choose which group. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the groups will be similar and that the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial. [NIH] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU] Reality Testing: The individual's objective evaluation of the external world and the ability to differentiate adequately between it and the internal world; considered to be a primary ego function. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Serotonin: Cell-surface proteins that bind serotonin and trigger intracellular changes which influence the behavior of cells. Several types of serotonin receptors have been recognized which differ in their pharmacology, molecular biology, and mode of action. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU]

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Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time. [NIH]

Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Retrospective: Looking back at events that have already taken place. [NIH] Retrospective study: A study that looks backward in time, usually using medical records and interviews with patients who already have or had a disease. [NIH] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Risk patient: Patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. [EU] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Seasonal Affective Disorder: A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (phototherapy), during the season of recurrence. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the

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elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Sedative: 1. Allaying activity and excitement. 2. An agent that allays excitement. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serotonin: A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-tryptophan. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (receptors, serotonin) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator. [NIH] Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression. [NIH]

Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]

Shyness: Discomfort and partial inhibition of the usual forms of behavior when in the presence of others. [NIH] Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Social Behavior: Any behavior caused by or affecting another individual, usually of the same species. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Social Isolation: The separation of individuals or groups resulting in the lack of or minimizing of social contact and/or communication. This separation may be accomplished by physical separation, by social barriers and by psychological mechanisms. In the latter,

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there may be interaction but no real communication. [NIH] Social Perception: The perceiving of attributes, characteristics, and behaviors of one's associates or social groups. [NIH] Social psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with mental processes operating in social groups. [NIH] Social Support: Support systems that provide assistance and encouragement to individuals with physical or emotional disabilities in order that they may better cope. Informal social support is usually provided by friends, relatives, or peers, while formal assistance is provided by churches, groups, etc. [NIH] Social Work: The use of community resources, individual case work, or group work to promote the adaptive capacities of individuals in relation to their social and economic environments. It includes social service agencies. [NIH] Socialization: The training or molding of an individual through various relationships, educational agencies, and social controls, which enables him to become a member of a particular society. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Spasticity: A state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU]

Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH]

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Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Striatum: A higher brain's domain thus called because of its stripes. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH] Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups. Other factors contributing to structure-activity relationship include chemical reactivity, electronic effects, resonance, and inductive effects. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic disease: Disease that affects the whole body. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Temperament: Predisposition to react to one's environment in a certain way; usually refers to mood changes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the

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skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendon: A discrete band of connective tissue mainly composed of parallel bundles of collagenous fibers by which muscles are attached, or two muscles bellies joined. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]

Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiothixene: A thioxanthine used as an antipsychotic agent. Its effects are similar to the phenothiazine antipsychotics. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]

Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tone: 1. The normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. A particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. To make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. [EU] Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH]

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Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Tranquilizing Agents: A traditional grouping of drugs said to have a soothing or calming effect on mood, thought, or behavior. Included here are the anti-anxiety agents (minor tranquilizers), antimanic agents, and the antipsychotic agents (major tranquilizers). These drugs act by different mechanisms and are used for different therapeutic purposes. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translation: The process whereby the genetic information present in the linear sequence of ribonucleotides in mRNA is converted into a corresponding sequence of amino acids in a protein. It occurs on the ribosome and is unidirectional. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Treatment Outcome: Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, practicability, etc., of these interventions in individual cases or series. [NIH]

Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tubercle: A rounded elevation on a bone or other structure. [NIH] Tyramine: An indirect sympathomimetic. Tyramine does not directly activate adrenergic receptors, but it can serve as a substrate for adrenergic uptake systems and monoamine oxidase so it prolongs the actions of adrenergic transmitters. It also provokes transmitter release from adrenergic terminals. Tyramine may be a neurotransmitter in some invertebrate nervous systems. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ulcerative colitis: Chronic inflammation of the colon that produces ulcers in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH]

176 Personality Disorders

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] VE: The total volume of gas either inspired or expired in one minute. [NIH] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venter: Belly. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in the blood. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is used as a surrogate marker in HIV disease progression. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Voice Disorders: Disorders of voice pitch, loudness, or quality. Dysphonia refers to impaired utterance of sounds by the vocal folds. [NIH] Volition: Voluntary activity without external compulsion. [NIH] Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]

177

INDEX A Abdominal Pain, 141, 154, 175 Aberrant, 35, 141, 148 ACE, 48, 141 Acetylcholine, 141, 162 Activities of Daily Living, 4, 141 Adaptation, 64, 141, 157 Adjustment, 6, 11, 29, 141 Adolescence, 17, 28, 40, 49, 65, 81, 97, 141 Adrenergic, 141, 143, 144, 152, 153, 173, 175 Adverse Effect, 141, 171 Afferent, 141, 157, 166 Affinity, 141, 142, 144 Age Groups, 28, 142 Aged, 80 and Over, 142 Agonist, 15, 142, 146, 152 Agoraphobia, 21, 68, 142, 156, 164, 165 Algorithms, 142, 145 Alienation, 31, 142 Alkaloid, 142, 146, 147, 161 Alleles, 142, 155, 159 Allylamine, 142 Alpha Particles, 142, 169 Alternative medicine, 117, 142 Amenorrhea, 142, 143 Amine, 98, 142 Amino acid, 5, 98, 142, 155, 165, 167, 171, 174, 175 Ammonia, 142 Amnestic, 142, 160 Amphetamines, 143, 147 Anal, 7, 18, 32, 34, 104, 143, 159 Analgesic, 143, 146, 161 Analog, 143, 163 Anatomical, 143, 146, 156, 160 Animal model, 24, 143 Anomalies, 27, 143 Anorexia, 64, 86, 101, 143, 154 Anorexia Nervosa, 64, 86, 101, 143 Anosognosia, 4, 143 Anthropometry, 68, 143 Anti-Anxiety Agents, 143, 168, 175 Antibacterial, 143, 172 Antibiotic, 143, 172 Antibody, 141, 143, 144, 148, 157, 160, 172 Anticoagulant, 143, 167 Antidepressant, 22, 143, 154, 156

Antidepressive Agents, 143, 168 Antigen, 141, 143, 144, 148, 156, 157, 160, 161 Anti-infective, 144, 158 Antipsychotic, 144, 162, 174, 175 Anus, 143, 144, 145, 148, 157 Anxiety Disorders, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 21, 144, 164 Apathy, 144, 162 Applicability, 33, 40, 144 Aqueous, 144, 145 Aromatic, 144, 165 Arterial, 111, 142, 144, 156, 167, 173 Arteries, 144, 145, 149, 160 Artery, 144, 145, 149, 176 Astrocytes, 144, 160, 161 Atrophy, 144, 162 Atypical, 73, 145, 165 Auditory, 81, 145, 166 Autonomic, 20, 141, 144, 145, 163, 165 B Bacteria, 143, 144, 145, 150, 160, 172, 175 Bacterial Physiology, 141, 145 Basal Ganglia, 144, 145, 158, 163, 168 Base, 31, 32, 145, 150, 158, 173 Behavior Therapy, 6, 44, 83, 145 Biochemical, 30, 37, 98, 142, 145, 171 Biotechnology, 33, 34, 110, 117, 125, 145 Bipolar Disorder, 10, 58, 73, 97, 130, 145 Bladder, 145, 149, 175 Blood Coagulation, 145, 146, 153, 174 Blood Platelets, 97, 145, 171 Blood pressure, 145, 156 Blood vessel, 141, 145, 146, 147, 159, 172, 173, 174, 176 Bone scan, 145, 170 Bonnet macaque, 24, 145 Bowel, 111, 143, 145, 151, 157, 175 Bowel Movement, 145, 151 Branch, 137, 146, 152, 164, 168, 172, 173, 174 Bromine, 96, 146 Bulimia, 97, 101, 146 Buprenorphine, 15, 146 C Calcium, 146, 148, 153, 167 Carbohydrate, 146, 163, 170 Carcinogenic, 146, 157, 167

178 Personality Disorders

Cardiovascular, 97, 146, 171 Catecholamine, 143, 146, 151, 165 Caudal, 146, 151, 163, 166 Caudate Nucleus, 146, 150, 162, 163 Causal, 18, 33, 146, 157 Cell, 7, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153, 157, 158, 160, 162, 164, 166, 169, 174, 175 Cell Count, 7, 146 Central Nervous System, 23, 98, 141, 143, 146, 147, 151, 154, 155, 160, 161, 165, 171 Cerebral, 145, 146, 150, 153, 154, 157, 158, 168, 174 Character, 31, 59, 66, 72, 82, 146 Child Psychiatry, 23, 29, 146 Chin, 146, 160 Chlorine, 96, 147 Cholesterol, 70, 117, 147 Chromosomal, 17, 147 Chromosome, 147, 159 Chronic, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 22, 28, 40, 110, 111, 146, 147, 151, 156, 157, 159, 168, 173, 175 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 110, 147 Circadian, 53, 96, 147 Circadian Rhythm, 53, 96, 147 Clinical Medicine, 147, 166 Clinical study, 147, 149 Clinical trial, 5, 12, 91, 92, 125, 147, 152, 161, 167, 169 Cloning, 145, 147 Coagulation, 145, 147, 155 Coca, 147 Cocaine, 15, 55, 147 Cofactor, 147, 167, 174 Cognition, 30, 148, 162 Cognitive behavior therapy, 73, 148 Cognitive Therapy, 11, 12, 16, 69, 104, 148 Colitis, 148 Collagen, 142, 148 Colon, 148, 157, 158, 175 Combination Therapy, 7, 12, 148 Comorbidity, 16, 28, 41, 47, 72, 73, 75, 84, 148 Complement, 148, 149 Complementary and alternative medicine, 81, 86, 149 Complementary medicine, 81, 149 Compliance, 12, 149 Compulsions, 149, 163 Computational Biology, 125, 149 Computed tomography, 149, 170

Confounding, 8, 9, 149 Consciousness, 143, 149, 150, 151, 168 Consumption, 10, 149, 154 Continuum, 24, 66, 149 Contraindications, ii, 149 Controlled clinical trial, 16, 30, 149 Contusions, 98, 149 Coordination, 60, 149 Coronary, 149, 160 Coronary Thrombosis, 149, 160 Corpus, 24, 150, 155, 159, 162, 164, 167 Corpus Striatum, 24, 150, 155, 162 Cortex, 20, 22, 150, 154, 157, 166, 167, 169 Cortical, 8, 9, 150, 166, 171 Criterion, 27, 150 Curative, 150, 174 Cyclothymia, 23, 150 D Deamination, 150, 161 Delirium, 111, 144, 150 Delusions, 27, 150, 155, 164, 168 Dementia, 4, 102, 111, 144, 150, 160 Dendrites, 150, 162 Dental Caries, 150, 154 Depersonalization, 150, 164, 170 Depressive Disorder, 11, 13, 14, 21, 22, 36, 63, 150 Derealization, 150, 151, 164 Dexterity, 24, 151 Dextroamphetamine, 151, 160 Diagnostic procedure, 95, 117, 151 Diastolic, 151, 156 Diathesis, 71, 151 Diencephalon, 151, 166, 174 Digestive system, 93, 151, 154 Direct, iii, 5, 17, 25, 49, 119, 147, 148, 151, 152, 169 Disease Progression, 151, 176 Disorientation, 150, 151 Dissociation, 26, 141, 151 Dissociative Disorders, 9, 151 Distal, 26, 151, 167 Dizziness, 151, 164 Dominance, 20, 151, 158 Dopamine, 25, 98, 144, 147, 151, 161, 163, 165 double-blind, 84 Double-blind, 23, 152 Drive, ii, vi, 24, 77, 152 Drug Interactions, 120, 152 Dysphoric, 72, 96, 150, 152 Dyspnea, 152, 164

Index 179

E Eating Disorders, 5, 10, 29, 32, 45, 49, 66, 67, 106, 110, 117, 130, 152 Edema, 4, 152 Efficacy, 3, 6, 7, 11, 13, 15, 16, 30, 44, 46, 152, 175 Ejaculation, 111, 152, 171 Electrolyte, 150, 152 Electrophysiological, 8, 18, 152 Elementary Particles, 152, 159, 163, 167 Empirical, 9, 28, 33, 40, 46, 74, 87, 88, 89, 104, 152 Encephalitis, 152, 160 Encephalomyelitis, 110, 152 Endocrine Glands, 152 Endocrine System, 152, 162 Endogenous, 151, 153 Endopeptidases, 153, 167 Endorphins, 153, 163 Enkephalins, 153, 163 Environmental Health, 124, 126, 153 Enzymatic, 142, 146, 148, 150, 153 Enzyme, 98, 141, 153, 161, 165, 167, 173, 174, 176 Epinephrine, 141, 152, 153, 163, 175 Erectile, 111, 153, 164 Erection, 111, 153 Esophagus, 151, 153, 173 Estrogen, 153, 167 Ether, 96, 153 Excitability, 153, 156 Excitation, 143, 153, 162 Extensor, 153, 168 Extrapyramidal, 144, 152, 153 F Factor V, 17, 153 Family Planning, 125, 154 Fatigue, 147, 154 Fats, 147, 154 Fenfluramine, 22, 82, 154, 163 Fissure, 154, 166 Fluorine, 96, 154 Fluoxetine, 11, 49, 96, 117, 120, 154 Free Radicals, 151, 154 Frontal Lobe, 8, 154, 166 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 19, 154 G Gallbladder, 151, 154 Ganglia, 141, 154, 162, 165 Gas, 142, 147, 154, 156, 163, 176 Gastroenteritis, 146, 154

Gastroenterologist, 111, 154 Gastrointestinal, 97, 153, 154, 171 Gastrointestinal tract, 97, 154, 171 Gene, 30, 98, 110, 142, 145, 151, 154 Genetics, 29, 30, 52, 53, 98, 151, 154 Genotype, 155, 165 Globus Pallidus, 150, 155, 168 Glucose, 22, 155, 156 Glutamic Acid, 155, 163 Glycine, 142, 155, 163 Glycoprotein, 153, 155, 174 Governing Board, 155, 166 Growth, 13, 53, 141, 143, 155, 161, 166, 174, 175 H Habitual, 146, 155 Habituation, 83, 155 Hallucinogens, 155, 168 Handedness, 27, 61, 155 Health Services, 25, 155 Health Status, 15, 155 Hemorrhage, 149, 155, 173 Hemostasis, 155, 171 Hepatic, 150, 155, 161, 165 Heredity, 53, 154, 155 Heterogeneity, 17, 141, 155 Heterozygotes, 151, 155 Histrionic Personality Disorder, 52, 55, 88, 155 Homeostasis, 98, 156 Homogeneous, 23, 149, 156 Hormone, 147, 153, 156, 158, 166, 167, 174 Hydrogen, 142, 145, 146, 156, 161, 163, 167 Hydroxyproline, 142, 148, 156 Hypersensitivity, 156, 164 Hypertension, 97, 156 Hypoglycaemia, 150, 156 Hypomania, 23, 156 Hypoxia, 150, 156 Hysteria, 57, 104, 156 I Id, 78, 85, 130, 131, 136, 138, 156 Illusions, 155, 156, 170 Imipramine, 40, 156 Immune response, 144, 156, 176 Immunodeficiency, 113, 156 Immunodeficiency syndrome, 113, 156 Impairment, 4, 12, 13, 14, 21, 26, 28, 32, 61, 97, 150, 156, 160, 168 Impotence, 153, 156 Incision, 157, 158 Indicative, 103, 157, 164, 176

180 Personality Disorders

Induction, 144, 157, 167 Infant, Newborn, 142, 157 Infarction, 149, 157, 160 Infection, 7, 150, 152, 154, 156, 157, 159, 173 Inflammation, 148, 152, 154, 157, 166, 175 Inflammatory bowel disease, 111, 157 Initiation, 111, 157 Inotropic, 152, 157 Inpatients, 19, 36, 50, 60, 157 Insight, 20, 157 Institutionalization, 6, 157 Intermittent, 157, 159 Internal Capsule, 150, 157 Interpersonal Relations, 21, 44, 156, 157 Intervention Studies, 7, 157 Interview, Psychological, 102, 157 Intestinal, 97, 157 Intestines, 154, 157 Intoxication, 150, 158, 176 Intracellular, 157, 158, 169 Intrinsic, 8, 141, 158 Invasive, 10, 158, 159 Involuntary, 158, 161, 169 Iodine, 96, 158 Ions, 145, 151, 152, 156, 158, 161, 167 J Jealousy, 158, 164 K Kb, 124, 158 L Labile, 148, 153, 158 Lactation, 158, 167 Large Intestine, 151, 158, 169 Laryngeal, 4, 158 Larynx, 158 Latent, 25, 32, 158 Laterality, 83, 158 Library Services, 136, 158 Limbic, 158, 166 Limbic System, 158, 166 Linkage, 17, 159 Linkage Disequilibrium, 17, 159 Liver, 151, 154, 155, 159, 161, 170 Liver scan, 159, 170 Lobe, 8, 159 Localization, 8, 159 Localized, 150, 157, 159, 161, 166 Longitudinal study, 28, 159 Long-Term Care, 102, 159 Lutein Cells, 159, 167 Lymphatic, 157, 159

M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 8, 24, 89, 159, 170 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 24, 159 Malingering, 68, 159 Mania, 23, 156, 159 Manic, 110, 144, 145, 150, 159, 168 Manic-depressive psychosis, 110, 159, 168 Medial, 19, 22, 155, 159 Mediate, 26, 152, 159 Mediator, 160, 171 Medical Records, 11, 160, 170 MEDLINE, 125, 160 Melanin, 160, 165, 175 Membrane, 5, 144, 149, 153, 158, 160, 161, 169 Memory, 5, 8, 17, 19, 88, 97, 143, 150, 160 Memory Disorders, 97, 160 Meninges, 146, 160 Mental Disorders, 65, 93, 97, 107, 116, 146, 160, 168 Mental Health Services, iv, 4, 15, 59, 90, 126, 160 Mental Processes, 151, 160, 168, 172 Mental Retardation, 99, 160 Mesolimbic, 144, 160, 176 Meta-Analysis, 73, 160 Methylphenidate, 23, 25, 160 MI, 33, 139, 160 Microbiology, 141, 145, 160 Microglia, 144, 160, 161 Mobility, 25, 161 Modeling, 5, 13, 17, 25, 59, 161 Modification, 142, 161, 169 Molecular, 5, 30, 37, 125, 127, 145, 149, 161, 167, 169, 175 Molecular Structure, 161, 175 Molecule, 144, 145, 148, 151, 153, 161, 169 Monoamine, 38, 143, 151, 161, 175 Monoamine Oxidase, 38, 143, 151, 161, 175 Mood Disorders, 11, 26, 27, 106, 161 Morphine, 146, 161 Motility, 97, 161, 171 Mucosa, 161, 167 Mucus, 161, 175 Multicenter study, 21, 161 Multiple Personality Disorder, 62, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 161 Mutilation, 116, 161 Myocardium, 160, 161

Index 181

N Narcissism, 16, 161 Narcolepsy, 151, 160, 161 Nausea, 144, 154, 162, 164 NCI, 1, 92, 123, 162 Need, 3, 4, 7, 18, 19, 72, 73, 101, 102, 110, 132, 162, 174 Nem, 59, 162 Neostriatum, 146, 150, 162, 169 Nerve, 4, 111, 141, 147, 150, 160, 161, 162, 172, 175 Nervous System, 97, 141, 146, 160, 162, 165, 173, 175 Networks, 20, 162 Neural, 19, 20, 141, 161, 162 Neurodegenerative Diseases, 97, 162 Neuroendocrine, 23, 162 Neuroleptic, 8, 61, 144, 162 Neurology, 26, 56, 60, 162, 165 Neuronal, 18, 162 Neurons, 25, 147, 150, 154, 162, 173 Neuroses, 110, 162 Neurosis, 110, 162, 163, 165 Neurotransmitter, 5, 97, 98, 141, 142, 151, 155, 162, 163, 175 Neutrons, 142, 163, 169 Nitrogen, 142, 163, 175 Nonverbal Communication, 163, 168 Norepinephrine, 141, 152, 162, 163 Norfenfluramine, 23, 163 Nuclei, 142, 158, 159, 163, 166, 167 Nucleus, 25, 150, 152, 155, 163, 166, 167, 169, 176 Nucleus Accumbens, 25, 163, 176 Nursing Care, 7, 163 Nutritive Value, 162, 163 O Obsessional, 110, 163 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 51, 67, 97, 130, 163 Oral Health, 110, 163 Orbit, 163 Orbital, 22, 163 Orgasm, 111, 152, 164 Outpatient, 12, 16, 23, 39, 64, 90, 164 Ovum, 164, 167, 169 P Palliative, 164, 174 Pancreas, 151, 164 Panic, 21, 50, 52, 68, 97, 156, 164 Panic Disorder, 21, 50, 52, 68, 156, 164 Paranoia, 16, 102, 164

Paranoid Personality Disorder, 27, 164 Paresthesias, 164 Partial response, 22, 164 Parturition, 164, 167 Pathogenesis, 61, 101, 164 Pathologic, 149, 156, 164, 168 Peer Group, 31, 164 Pelvic, 111, 164 Pelvis, 164, 175 Penis, 111, 152, 164 Peptide, 142, 153, 165, 167 Perception, 5, 16, 27, 150, 155, 165, 170 Peripheral Nervous System, 153, 162, 165 Pharmacologic, 165 Pharmacotherapy, 11, 12, 22, 46, 71, 165 Phenotype, 17, 18, 165 Phenyl, 96, 165 Phenylalanine, 98, 165, 175 Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, 98, 165 Phenylketonurias, 165 Phobia, 21, 37, 73, 110, 165 Phobic Disorders, 165 Phototherapy, 165, 170 Physiologic, 142, 165, 169 Physiology, 152, 166 pilot study, 84 Pilot study, 34, 166 Pitch, 166, 176 Plants, 142, 147, 155, 163, 166, 175 Plasma, 98, 153, 155, 166, 167, 171, 176 Pleomorphic, 163, 166 Pneumonia, 149, 166 Poisoning, 150, 154, 158, 162, 166 Polymorphism, 55, 166 Posterior, 143, 145, 157, 164, 166 Post-traumatic, 10, 166 Potentiate, 32, 166 Practicability, 166, 175 Practice Guidelines, 126, 130, 166 Precursor, 98, 152, 153, 163, 165, 166, 167, 175 Prefrontal Cortex, 19, 166 Presynaptic, 162, 166 Prevalence, 4, 12, 19, 52, 53, 73, 117, 166 Progesterone, 166, 167 Progression, 143, 167 Progressive, 150, 155, 162, 167, 170 Projection, 163, 166, 167, 169, 176 Projective Techniques, 55, 167 Prolactin, 23, 167 Promoter, 55, 167 Prone, 32, 167

182 Personality Disorders

Proneness, 32, 156, 167 Prospective study, 63, 159, 167 Protease, 7, 148, 167 Protease Inhibitors, 7, 167 Protein C, 5, 167 Protein S, 110, 145, 167 Proteins, 142, 144, 148, 161, 163, 165, 166, 167, 169, 175 Prothrombin, 153, 167, 174 Protocol, 7, 33, 167 Protons, 142, 156, 159, 167, 169 Proximal, 151, 166, 167 Psoriasis, 50, 168 Psychiatric, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 15, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 36, 47, 48, 50, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 72, 76, 83, 88, 96, 97, 98, 102, 105, 110, 111, 130, 157, 160, 168 Psychic, 160, 162, 168, 171 Psychoactive, 96, 168, 176 Psychogenic, 4, 110, 168 Psychomotor, 150, 162, 168 Psychopathology, 9, 10, 22, 32, 34, 36, 39, 52, 62, 64, 72, 73, 89, 98, 105, 168 Psychopharmacology, 58, 102, 168 Psychosis, 32, 110, 144, 168 Psychotropic, 6, 8, 22, 102, 168 Psychotropic Drugs, 102, 168 Public Health, 12, 19, 126, 168 Public Policy, 125, 168 Pulmonary, 145, 147, 149, 168, 176 Pulmonary Edema, 147, 168 Putamen, 150, 162, 168 Q Quality of Life, 64, 102, 169 R Race, 9, 18, 32, 96, 97, 169 Racemic, 96, 97, 169 Radiata, 24, 169 Radiation, 111, 152, 154, 169, 170, 176 Radioactive, 145, 156, 159, 169, 170 Randomized, 6, 11, 23, 30, 152, 169 Randomized clinical trial, 11, 30, 169 Reagent, 147, 169 Reality Testing, 168, 169 Receptor, 5, 25, 55, 97, 141, 144, 152, 169, 171 Receptors, Serotonin, 169, 171 Rectum, 144, 145, 148, 151, 154, 157, 158, 169 Recur, 169, 170 Recurrence, 11, 145, 147, 159, 169, 170

Red Nucleus, 169, 176 Refer, 1, 97, 148, 151, 153, 159, 162, 163, 168, 169 Reflex, 10, 169 Refraction, 169, 172 Refractory, 11, 169 Regimen, 7, 23, 152, 165, 170 Relapse, 11, 22, 59, 170 Reliability, 33, 40, 56, 106, 170 Remission, 145, 159, 169, 170 Renal failure, 150, 170 Retrospective, 10, 48, 64, 170 Retrospective study, 48, 64, 170 Risk factor, 4, 9, 15, 28, 167, 170 Risk patient, 12, 170 S Salivary, 151, 170 Salivary glands, 151, 170 Scans, 20, 170 Schizoid, 27, 53, 66, 81, 170, 176 Schizophrenia, 5, 6, 8, 17, 18, 24, 29, 32, 57, 69, 75, 82, 89, 96, 97, 106, 110, 160, 164, 170, 176 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 8, 26, 39, 49, 61, 63, 66, 74, 75, 83, 84, 85, 150, 170, 176 Screening, 9, 27, 31, 54, 70, 116, 131, 147, 170 Seasonal Affective Disorder, 69, 170 Secretion, 147, 158, 161, 170, 171 Sedative, 156, 171 Seizures, 99, 150, 165, 171 Self Care, 141, 171 Semen, 152, 171 Sequencing, 13, 16, 171 Serotonin, 5, 23, 96, 97, 98, 144, 154, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 175 Sertraline, 40, 171 Sex Characteristics, 141, 171 Shock, 171, 175 Shyness, 16, 37, 171 Side effect, 22, 119, 141, 144, 171, 174 Signs and Symptoms, 170, 171 Skeleton, 96, 171 Skull, 163, 171, 174 Social Behavior, 24, 171 Social Environment, 169, 171 Social Isolation, 170, 171 Social Perception, 16, 172 Social psychology, 27, 172 Social Support, 22, 32, 172 Social Work, 88, 157, 172

Index 183

Socialization, 7, 172 Soft tissue, 171, 172 Somatic, 141, 156, 158, 164, 165, 166, 172 Spasticity, 99, 172 Specialist, 132, 172 Species, 24, 153, 154, 164, 169, 171, 172, 173, 176 Specificity, 12, 141, 153, 172 Spectrum, 8, 17, 18, 23, 27, 32, 48, 69, 89, 161, 172 Spinal cord, 144, 146, 147, 152, 160, 162, 165, 169, 172 Sporadic, 162, 172 Staging, 170, 172 Stimulant, 23, 151, 160, 172 Stimulus, 152, 153, 164, 165, 169, 172, 174 Stomach, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 162, 173 Stress, 10, 43, 64, 74, 96, 110, 130, 146, 154, 162, 173 Striatum, 162, 163, 173 Stroke, 93, 97, 124, 173 Structure-Activity Relationship, 5, 173 Subacute, 157, 173 Subclinical, 157, 171, 173 Subcutaneous, 152, 173 Subspecies, 172, 173 Substrate, 8, 173, 175 Suppression, 43, 88, 173 Sympathomimetic, 151, 152, 153, 163, 173, 175 Symptomatic, 6, 143, 173 Symptomatology, 26, 31, 173 Synaptic, 162, 173 Synergistic, 167, 173 Systemic, 111, 120, 145, 150, 153, 157, 173 Systemic disease, 111, 173 Systolic, 156, 173 T Temperament, 31, 59, 66, 69, 72, 107, 173 Temporal, 8, 17, 22, 56, 173, 174 Temporal Lobe, 8, 17, 56, 174 Tendon, 172, 174 Thalamus, 150, 151, 158, 166, 174 Therapeutics, 120, 161, 174 Thermal, 151, 163, 174 Thiothixene, 39, 174 Threshold, 153, 156, 174 Thrombin, 153, 167, 174 Thrombomodulin, 167, 174 Thrombosis, 97, 167, 173, 174 Thyroid, 158, 174, 175 Thyroxine, 165, 174

Tissue, 97, 111, 144, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 162, 164, 171, 172, 174 Tolerance, 146, 174 Tomography, 82, 149, 159, 170, 174 Tone, 172, 174 Tooth Preparation, 141, 174 Toxic, iv, 152, 174 Toxicity, 152, 174 Toxicology, 15, 126, 174 Toxins, 144, 152, 157, 175 Trace element, 154, 175 Tranquilizing Agents, 168, 175 Transfection, 145, 175 Translation, 142, 175 Transmitter, 141, 144, 152, 160, 163, 175 Trauma, 4, 26, 67, 97, 107, 111, 150, 175 Treatment Outcome, 12, 45, 72, 73, 74, 101, 113, 175 Tricyclic, 5, 143, 156, 175 Tryptophan, 148, 171, 175 Tubercle, 163, 175 Tyramine, 161, 175 Tyrosine, 98, 152, 165, 175 U Ulcerative colitis, 111, 157, 175 Unconscious, 156, 175 Urethra, 165, 175 Urine, 15, 145, 175 Uterus, 150, 167, 175 V Vaccine, 167, 175 Vascular, 142, 157, 176 Vasodilator, 152, 176 VE, 35, 47, 176 Veins, 145, 176 Venous, 111, 167, 176 Venter, 176 Ventral, 22, 25, 163, 176 Ventral Tegmental Area, 25, 176 Ventricle, 146, 163, 173, 174, 176 Veterinary Medicine, 125, 176 Viral, 7, 152, 176 Viral Load, 7, 176 Virus, 113, 176 Voice Disorders, 3, 176 Volition, 158, 163, 176 W Wakefulness, 150, 176 Weight Gain, 170, 176 Withdrawal, 150, 176 X Xenograft, 143, 176

184 Personality Disorders

X-ray, 149, 170, 176 Y Yeasts, 165, 176

Z Zymogen, 167, 176

Index 185

186 Personality Disorders

Index 187

188 Personality Disorders

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