Lipomas - A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References

LIPOMAS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES

J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS

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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2004 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1

Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Lipomas: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83953-0 1. Lipomas-Popular works. I. Title.

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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.

Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail: [email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.

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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on lipomas. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.

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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.

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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes&Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health

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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LIPOMAS .................................................................................................... 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Lipomas ......................................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 6 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LIPOMAS.................................................................... 29 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 29 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................. 29 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 31 General References ....................................................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON LIPOMAS ................................................................................................ 33 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 33 Patent Applications on Lipomas .................................................................................................. 33 Keeping Current .......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LIPOMAS .................................................................................................... 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ............................................................................. 35 Chapters on Lipomas.................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LIPOMAS ...................................................................... 39 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 39 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 39 Academic Periodicals covering Lipomas ...................................................................................... 40 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 45 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 45 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 45 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 47 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 49 The Genome Project and Lipomas................................................................................................ 49 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 55 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 55 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 55 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 57 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 59 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 59 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 59 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 59 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 59 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 65 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 65 LIPOMAS DICTIONARY .............................................................................................................. 67 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 93

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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with lipomas is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about lipomas, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to lipomas, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on lipomas. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to lipomas, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on lipomas. The Editors

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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.

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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON LIPOMAS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on lipomas.

The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and lipomas, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •

Lipoma Excision Source: American Family Physician. 65(5): 901-904. March 1, 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on lipoma excision. Lipomas are adipose tumors that are often located in the subcutaneous tissues of the head, neck, shoulders, and back. Lipomas have been identified in all age groups but usually first appear between 40 and 60 years of age. Solitary lipomas are more common in women, but multiple tumors are more common in men. These slow growing, nearly always benign tumors usually present as nonpainful, round, mobile

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masses with a characteristic doughy feel. A rare cause, lipomas can be associated with syndromes such as hereditary multiple lipomatosis, adiposis dolorosa, Gardner's syndrome, and Madelung's disease. There are also variants such as angiolipomas, neomorphic lipomas, spindle cell lipomas, and adenolipomas. Lipomas can usually be correctly diagnosed by their clinical appearance alone. Most are best left alone, but rapidly growing or painful lipomas can be treated with various procedures ranging from steroid injections to excision. Steroid injections result in local fat atrophy, thus shrinking the lipoma. Liposuction can be used to remove small or large lipomatous growths, particularly those in locations where large scars should be avoided. However, complete elimination of the growth is difficult to achieve with liposuction. Surgical excision often results in a cure. Small lipomas can be removed by enucleation, whereas larger ones are best removed through incisions made in the skin overlying the lipoma. Lipomas must be distinguished from liposarcoma, which can have a similar appearance. 5 figures, 2 tables, and 18 references. (AA-M).

Federally Funded Research on Lipomas The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to lipomas. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to lipomas. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore lipomas. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for lipomas: •

Project Title: CORE--PATIENTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sims, Katherine B.; Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit St Boston, Ma 02114 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 23-JAN-1987; Project End 31-AUG-2006 Summary: The Patient Core has 3 specific aims: 1) To provide a patient core for patient ascertainment, patient and family member clinical assessment. Family history and pedigree information will be obtained directly through the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Tuberous Sclerosis and Neurofibromatosis clinics, from the MGH Neurogenetics DNA Diagnostic Lab, as well as from outside referring professionals and patient support organizations. Clinical and pedigree data will be entered into our central database; 2) To obtain tissues from patients affected by TSC1, TSC2, NF2, and atypical NF variants Blood samples will be used for transformation and lymphoblast line establishment. Tissue samples to be solicited and collected include CNS

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Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).

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tumors/CNS dysplasias, renal and pulmonary lesions, subungal fibromas, skin, sperm, and/or hair follicles. Tissues will be cultured and stored frozen for molecular genetic analysis and expression studies. Brain and other tissues from affected patients will be obtained from autopsy, when available, through MGH or from outside referral sources. Research enrollment and sample acquisition from autopsy will be priority for TSC work. In addition to classic NF2 patient tissues, collection of tissues from those enrolled patients with familial schwannomatosis , multiple lipomas or atypical NF variants will be a high priority. Lymphoblast cell lines will be established on all atypical patients and available family members. DNA will be extracted from all samples and stored. RNA will be extracted directly from tissues and blood. All materials will be available to the relevant projects for molecular study, mutational screening, expression an/or protein studies; and 3) To maintain, upgrade and add to our centralized clinical, mutational and sample/tissue databases. We will continue to maintain and add clinical, mutational and tissue/sample data to the TSC and NF databases. These databases will maintain demographic, clinical, family information/ pedigree, tumor/cell line/tissue storage and genotype data. This database will be designed to facilitate data summary, query/analysis and update functions. Design will optimize on-line export/import functions with outside institution project investigator and collaborator databases. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •

Project Title: GENETIC STUDIES OF FAMILIAL MULTIPLE LIPOMATOSIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Phillips, John A.; Director, Division of Genetics; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, Tn 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: Lipomas are very common, benign tumors that are caused by abnormal growth and proliferation of adipocytes. Lipomas are usually isolated and sporadic but several large families have been described whose affected members develop multiple, primary tumors with increasing age. This genetic form of multiple lipomas, called familial lipomatosis (FL) has an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. Cytogenetic studies of sporadic lipomas show that -70% have chromosomal aberrations, most of which are balanced translocations between chromosome 12q13-q15 and chromosome 1, 2, 4-7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21 or X. Several candidates for the FL gene map to 12q13-15 including the High Mobility Group protein (HMGI-C), a member of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CHOP), Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2), Sarcoma Amplified Sequence (SAS) and Cyclin- Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) genes. Finding rearranged HMGI-C or CHOP genes in isolated lipomas, uterine leiomyomata or malignant liposarcomas suggests that chimeric genes comprised of HMGI-C or CHOP and another gene as the translocation partner may cause these tumors. To map the FL gene we will: 1) obtain DNAs and lipoma samples from other FL family members, 2) test markers on 12q13-15 to determine if they or the HMGI-C, CHOP, MDM2, SAS or CDK4 genes exhibit linkage, 3) identify chromosomal translocations in lipomas from affected family members, 4) identify growth factors or other candidate genes at 12q13-15 or the translocation breakpoints and 5) if needed, perform a total genome scan to localize the FL gene. In the future we will examine the FL gene for loss of heterozygosity, deletions, rearrangements or gene fusions to identify chimeric genes or other mutations. We will determine the functional importance of and the mechanisms by which these mutations cause familial lipomatosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

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Project Title: VESSEL REMODELING

MATURATION

AS

A

REGULATOR

OF

TISSUE

Principal Investigator & Institution: Rupnick, Maria A.; Children's Hospital (Boston) Boston, Ma 021155737 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 30-SEP-2003; Project End 31-AUG-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): My long-term career goal is to contribute to the advancement of angiogenesis research. As an investigator and cardiologist, my principle commitment is to research. My earlier studies showed adipose tissue growth was angiogenesis dependent. Current efforts are directed at examining vascular maturation as a regulator of this tissue remodeling. These findings have implications for endothelial regulation of tissue growth. A K02 award would enable me to devote greater than 75% effort to the laboratory protected from non-research obligations. This would not only further the studies but also greatly advance my development as an investigator. Vessel remodeling and maturation are critical events following angiogenesis. Vascular density is fine-tuned while the nascent tubes are still immature. In most tissues this vascular plasticity is transient. Pericytes then stabilize the structure and a mature, quiescent vasculature results. In contrast, tumor vessels stay immature. This enables continued remodeling but also renders the tumor vasculature susceptible to anti-angiogenic drugs. We propose that adipose tissue, like tumors, maintains a chronically immature vasculature. Unlike most adult organs, adipose tissue can undergo rapid, substantial shifts in mass. Our prior work shows that adipose vasculature is also plastic and is susceptible to angiogenesis inhibitors. Our hypothesis is that adipose tissue vasculature is chronically immature, thereby preserving its plasticity after development. We will examine markers of vessel maturity during adipose tissue remodeling in wildtype and genetically obese mice under a variety of weight modifying conditions. We will characterize and examine the functional significance of the angiopoietin/tie system and pericytes content. Lipomas and normal human adipose tissue will be compared in terms of vascular maturation was greater in the more stable pathology. These studies are expected to further our understanding of the mechanisms of vascular remodeling and identify potential strategies for regulating tissue growth via the vasculature. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen

E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to fulltext articles. The following is a sample of items found for lipomas in the PubMed Central database:

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Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.

With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.

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Compression of the Superior Vena Cava by a Mediastinal Lipoma. by Del Campo C, Mpougas PP.; 2000; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101084

The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with lipomas, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for lipomas (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •

A large, superficial lipoma and three deep-seated lipomas. Author(s): Ohtsuka H. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 2000 March; 44(3): 348-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10735236&dopt=Abstract

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A multidisciplinary care unit for congenital intraspinal lipomas. Author(s): Pierre-Kahn A. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1995 January; 11(1): 17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7712493&dopt=Abstract

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A novel LPP fusion gene indicates the crucial role of truncated LPP proteins in lipomas and pulmonary chondroid hamartomas. Author(s): Lemke I, Rogalla P, Bullerdiek J. Source: Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 2001; 95(3-4): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063392&dopt=Abstract

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Another indication for liposuction: small facial lipomas. Author(s): Wilhelmi BJ, Blackwell SJ, Mancoll JS, Phillips LG. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1999 June; 103(7): 1864-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10359246&dopt=Abstract

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PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.

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Antenatal diagnosis of spinal lipomas. Author(s): Thorne A, Pierre-Kahn A, Sonigo P. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2001 December; 17(12): 697-703. Epub 2001 November 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862434&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical lipomas, liposarcomas, and other fat-containing sarcomas. CT analysis of fat element. Author(s): Ehara S, Rosenberg AE, Kattapuram SV. Source: Clinical Imaging. 1995 January-March; 19(1): 50-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7895200&dopt=Abstract

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Bannayan-Zonana syndrome: a rare autosomal dominant syndrome with multiple lipomas and hemangiomas: a case report and review of literature. Author(s): Gujrati M, Thomas C, Zelby A, Jensen E, Lee JM. Source: Surgical Neurology. 1998 August; 50(2): 164-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9701122&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral and symmetric diaphragmatic crus lipomas: report of a case. Author(s): Oyar O, Yesildag A, Gulsoy UK. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 2002 March-April; 26(2): 135-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11818192&dopt=Abstract

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Bilateral large ankle lipomas. Author(s): Davis E, Barrett M. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 1997 May; 87(5): 242-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9158320&dopt=Abstract

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Cardiac lipomas. Description of 3 cases. Author(s): Grande AM, Minzioni G, Pederzolli C, Rinaldi M, Pederzolli N, Arbustini E, Vigano M. Source: The Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 1998 December; 39(6): 813-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9972906&dopt=Abstract

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Central nervous system lipomas. Author(s): Kiymaz N, Cirak B. Source: The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 November; 198(3): 203-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597248&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellopontine angle lipomas, multiple pigmented nevi, and temporal lobe hypoplasia: a new neurocutaneous syndrome? Author(s): Amonkar PP, U KK, Patil JA, Merchant SA. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1997 November; 169(5): 1429-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9353474&dopt=Abstract

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Cerebellopontine angle lipomas: report of four cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Tankere F, Vitte E, Martin-Duverneuil N, Soudant J. Source: Neurosurgery. 2002 March; 50(3): 626-31; Discussion 631-2. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11841733&dopt=Abstract

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Clinical outcome differences for lipomyelomeningoceles, intraspinal lipomas, and lipomas of the filum terminale. Author(s): Bulsara KR, Zomorodi AR, Villavicencio AT, Fuchs H, George TM. Source: Neurosurgical Review. 2001 December; 24(4): 192-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11778825&dopt=Abstract

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Colonic lipomas at the University Hospital of the West Indies. Author(s): Mitchell DI, McDonald AH, Williams NP, Royes CA, Duncan ND, Hanchard B. Source: The West Indian Medical Journal. 2001 June; 50(2): 144-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11677913&dopt=Abstract

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Comparison of chromosomal patterns with clinical features in 165 lipomas: a report of the CHAMP study group. Author(s): Willen H, Akerman M, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, Fletcher CD, Mandahl N, Mertens F, Mitelman F, Rosai J, Rydholm A, Sciot R, Tallini G, Van den Berghe H, Vanni R. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1998 April 1; 102(1): 46-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9530339&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital intraspinal lipomas: histological analysis of 234 cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Lellouch-Tubiana A, Zerah M, Catala M, Brousse N, Kahn AP. Source: Pediatric and Developmental Pathology : the Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society. 1999 July-August; 2(4): 346-52. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10347278&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital lumbosacral lipomas. Author(s): Pierre-Kahn A, Zerah M, Renier D, Cinalli G, Sainte-Rose C, LellouchTubiana A, Brunelle F, Le Merrer M, Giudicelli Y, Pichon J, Kleinknecht B, Nataf F. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1997 June; 13(6): 298-334; Discussion 335. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9272285&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital lumbosacral lipomas: pitfalls in analysing the results of prophylactic surgery. Author(s): Dorward NL, Scatliff JH, Hayward RD. Source: Child's Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2002 July; 18(6-7): 326-32. Epub 2002 July 09. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172940&dopt=Abstract

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Congenital spinal lipomas--tumor versus hamartoma. Author(s): Khanna G, Mishra K, Agarwal S, Sharma S. Source: Indian J Pediatr. 1999 November-December; 66(6): 940-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10798163&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic analysis of subcutaneous angiolipoma: further evidence supporting its difference from ordinary pure lipomas: a report of the CHAMP Study Group. Author(s): Sciot R, Akerman M, Dal Cin P, De Wever I, Fletcher CD, Mandahl N, Mertens F, Mitelman F, Rosai J, Rydholm A, Tallini G, Van den Berghe H, Vanni R, Willen H. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1997 April; 21(4): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9130991&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic and histologic findings in 17 pulmonary chondroid hamartomas: evidence for a pathogenetic relationship with lipomas and leiomyomas. Author(s): Fletcher JA, Longtine J, Wallace K, Mentzer SJ, Sugarbaker DJ. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1995 March; 12(3): 220-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7536462&dopt=Abstract

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Cytogenetic investigation of canine lipomas. Author(s): Reimann N, Nolte I, Bonk U, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1999 June; 111(2): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10347559&dopt=Abstract

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Diagnosis and treatment of lipomas of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Wang CC, Tien HC, Hsu CY. Source: Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal. 2001 May; 80(5): 340-2, 345. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11393914&dopt=Abstract

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Disruption of the architectural factor HMGI-C: DNA-binding AT hook motifs fused in lipomas to distinct transcriptional regulatory domains. Author(s): Ashar HR, Fejzo MS, Tkachenko A, Zhou X, Fletcher JA, Weremowicz S, Morton CC, Chada K. Source: Cell. 1995 July 14; 82(1): 57-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7606786&dopt=Abstract

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Dorsal brain stem lipomas: case report. Author(s): Baeesa SS, Higgins MJ, Ventureyra EC. Source: Neurosurgery. 1996 May; 38(5): 1031-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8727830&dopt=Abstract

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Dysarthria, progressive parkinsonian features and symmetric necrosis of putamen in a family with painful lipomas (Dercum disease variant). Author(s): Kyllerman M, Brandberg G, Wiklund LM, Mansson JE. Source: Neuropediatrics. 2002 April; 33(2): 69-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12075486&dopt=Abstract

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Ekbom's syndrome: lipomas, ataxia, and neuropathy with MERRF. Author(s): Calabresi PA, Silvestri G, DiMauro S, Griggs RC. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1994 August; 17(8): 943-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041403&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscope-assisted suction extraction of lipomas. Author(s): Hallock GG. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1995 January; 34(1): 32-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7702298&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic balloon dissection for removal of lipomas via transaxillary route. Author(s): Saray A, Ocal K, Berberoglu M. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2001 November-December; 25(6): 463-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11731856&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic excision of large capsulated lipomas. Author(s): Sakai Y, Okazaki M, Kobayashi S, Ohmori K. Source: British Journal of Plastic Surgery. 1996 June; 49(4): 228-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757672&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic extraction of lipomas using an ultrasonic suction scalpel. Author(s): Sawaizumi M, Maruyama Y, Onishi K, Iwahira Y, Okada E. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1996 February; 36(2): 124-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8919373&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas

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Endoscopic removal of colonic lipomas. Author(s): Stone C, Weber HC. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 2001 April; 96(4): 1295-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11316189&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic removal of large colonic lipomas. Author(s): Kim CY, Bandres D, Tio TL, Benjamin SB, Al-Kawas FH. Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002 June; 55(7): 929-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12024158&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic removal with clipping for colonic lipomas. Author(s): Araki Y, Isomoto H, Tsuji Y, Matsumoto A, Yasunaga M, Hayashi K, Yamauchi K, Kodama T. Source: Kurume Med J. 1998; 45(4): 341-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9914721&dopt=Abstract

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Endoscopic-assisted transaxillary removal of lipomas in the back and shoulder region. Author(s): Takeuchi M, Nozaki M, Sasaki K. Source: Annals of Plastic Surgery. 1997 February; 38(2): 109-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9043578&dopt=Abstract

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Expression of growth hormone receptor in human liposarcomas and lipomas. Author(s): Temmim L, Kolle S, Baker H, Sinowatz F. Source: Oncol Rep. 2000 July-August; 7(4): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10854539&dopt=Abstract

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Fusion of RDC1 with HMGA2 in lipomas as the result of chromosome aberrations involving 2q35-37 and 12q13-15. Author(s): Broberg K, Zhang M, Strombeck B, Isaksson M, Nilsson M, Mertens F, Mandahl N, Panagopoulos I. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2002 August; 21(2): 321-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118328&dopt=Abstract

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Genomic characterization of human HMGIC, a member of the accessory transcription factor family found at translocation breakpoints in lipomas. Author(s): Ashar HR, Cherath L, Przybysz KM, Chada K. Source: Genomics. 1996 January 15; 31(2): 207-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8824803&dopt=Abstract

Studies

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Gigantic lipomas. Author(s): Born G. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1995 December; 96(7): 1750-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7480310&dopt=Abstract

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Gigantic lipomas. Author(s): Hakim E, Kolander Y, Meller Y, Moses M, Sagi A. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1994 August; 94(2): 369-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8041830&dopt=Abstract

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Glycosylation of lipoprotein lipase in human subcutaneous lipomas. Author(s): Park JW, Yang JY, Rhee SR, Cho CG, Park BH, Rho HW, Kim JS, Kim HR. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 1996 January; 28(1): 7-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8820986&dopt=Abstract

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Head and neck lipomas: sonographic appearance. Author(s): Ahuja AT, King AD, Kew J, King W, Metreweli C. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1998 March; 19(3): 505-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9541308&dopt=Abstract

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HMG1 is not rearranged by 13q12 aberrations in lipomas. Author(s): Kazmierczak B, Dal Cin P, Meyer-Bolte K, Van den Berghe H, Bullerdiek J. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1999 March; 24(3): 290-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10451712&dopt=Abstract

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HMGA2 is expressed in an allele-specific manner in human lipomas. Author(s): Ashar HR, Tkachenko A, Shah P, Chada K. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 2003 June; 143(2): 160-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12781451&dopt=Abstract

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HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) immunoreactivity correlates with cytogenetic abnormalities in lipomas, pulmonary chondroid hamartomas, endometrial polyps, and uterine leiomyomas and is compatible with rearrangement of the HMGI-C and HMGI(Y) genes. Author(s): Tallini G, Vanni R, Manfioletti G, Kazmierczak B, Faa G, Pauwels P, Bullerdiek J, Giancotti V, Van Den Berghe H, Dal Cin P. Source: Laboratory Investigation; a Journal of Technical Methods and Pathology. 2000 March; 80(3): 359-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10744071&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas

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Identification of new translocation breakpoints at 12q13 in lipomas. Author(s): Merscher S, Marondel I, Pedeutour F, Gaudray P, Kucherlapati R, Turc-Carel C. Source: Genomics. 1997 November 15; 46(1): 70-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9403060&dopt=Abstract

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Image cytometry analysis of Feulgen-stained nuclei in 72 lipomatous lesions including atypical lipomas and well-differentiated liposarcomas. Author(s): Berthe JV, Goldschmidt D, Salmon I, Decaestecker C, Remmelink M, Petein M, Pasteels JL, Roels H, Frierson H Jr, Kiss R. Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 1996 September; 106(3): 289-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8816584&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging features of intraosseous lipomas of the calcaneus. Author(s): Hatori M, Hosaka M, Ehara S, Kokubun S. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2001 September; 121(8): 429-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11550827&dopt=Abstract

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Imaging findings of lipomas in the orofacial region with CT, US, and MRI. Author(s): Chikui T, Yonetsu K, Yoshiura K, Miwa K, Kanda S, Ozeki S, Shinohara M. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 1997 July; 84(1): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9247958&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial lipomas in neonate. Author(s): Puvabanditsin S, Garrow E, Applewhite L, Akpalu D, Quizon MC. Source: Journal of Perinatology : Official Journal of the California Perinatal Association. 2002 July-August; 22(5): 414-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12082480&dopt=Abstract

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Intracranial lipomas: demonstration by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Author(s): Ichikawa T, Kumazaki T, Mizumura S, Kijima T, Motohashi S, Gocho G. Source: Journal of Nippon Medical School = Nihon Ika Daigaku Zasshi. 2000 October; 67(5): 388-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11031374&dopt=Abstract

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Intradural spinal lipomas not associated with spinal dysraphism: a report of four cases. Author(s): Fujiwara F, Tamaki N, Nagashima T, Nakamura M. Source: Neurosurgery. 1995 December; 37(6): 1212-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8584165&dopt=Abstract

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Intramedullary spinal cord lipomas. Author(s): Lee M, Rezai AR, Abbott R, Coelho DH, Epstein FJ. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 1995 March; 82(3): 394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7861216&dopt=Abstract

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Intramuscular lipoma of the intercostal muscle--the source of hour-glass transmural thoracic lipomas? Author(s): Carr CS, Rawlins R, O'Keefe PA. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2001 March; 19(3): 361. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11251281&dopt=Abstract

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Intrapulmonary lipomas: report of four cases. Author(s): Kim NR, Kim HJ, Kim JK, Han J. Source: Histopathology. 2003 March; 42(3): 305-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605653&dopt=Abstract

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Intratentorial lipomas with Meckel's cave and cerebellopontine angle extension. Author(s): Ruocco MJ, Robles HA, Rao KC, Armonda RA, Ondra SL. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 1995 August; 16(7): 1504-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7484642&dopt=Abstract

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Intussuscepted colonic lipomas: loss of fat attenuation on CT with pathologic correlation in 10 cases. Author(s): Buetow PC, Buck JL, Carr NJ, Pantongrag-Brown L, Ros PR, Cruess DF. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1996 March-April; 21(2): 153-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8661763&dopt=Abstract

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Isolated choroid plexus lipomas. Author(s): Sener RN. Source: Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics : the Official Journal of the Computerized Medical Imaging Society. 1995 September-October; 19(5): 423-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734780&dopt=Abstract

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Large lipomas of the colon: CT and MR findings in three symptomatic cases. Author(s): Liessi G, Pavanello M, Cesari S, Dell'Antonio C, Avventi P. Source: Abdominal Imaging. 1996 March-April; 21(2): 150-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8661762&dopt=Abstract

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Lesions of 13q may occur independently of deletion of 16q in spindle cell/pleomorphic lipomas. Author(s): Dal Cin P, Sciot R, Polito P, Stas M, de Wever I, Cornelis A, Van den Berghe H. Source: Histopathology. 1997 September; 31(3): 222-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9354891&dopt=Abstract

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Lipochoristomas (lipomatous tumors) of the acoustic nerve. Author(s): Wu SS, Lo WW, Tschirhart DL, Slattery WH 3rd, Carberry JN, Brackmann DE. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 November; 127(11): 1475-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14567720&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas as a potential cause for uptake of In-111 MAb72.3 (Oncoscint CR). Author(s): Sakow NK, Japanwalla M, Tuckson WB, Shields RE. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1996 April; 21(4): 332-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8925626&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the cord and round ligament. Author(s): Lilly MC, Arregui ME. Source: Annals of Surgery. 2002 April; 235(4): 586-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11923616&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the esophagus: a new case. Author(s): Sossai P, De Bernardin M, Bissoli E, Barbazza R. Source: Digestion. 1996; 57(3): 210-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8739097&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the frontal lobe. Author(s): Sasaki H, Yoshida K, Wakamoto H, Otani M, Toya S. Source: Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 1996 February; 98(1): 27-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8681475&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the head and neck in children. Author(s): de Jong AL, Park A, Taylor G, Forte V. Source: International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology. 1998 February; 43(1): 5360. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9596370&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle. Author(s): Bigelow DC, Eisen MD, Smith PG, Yousem DM, Levine RS, Jackler RK, Kennedy DW, Kotapka MJ. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1998 October; 108(10): 1459-69. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9778284&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Greinwald JH Jr, Lassen LF. Source: The Laryngoscope. 1997 March; 107(3): 364-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9121314&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Singh SP, Cottingham SL, Slone W, Boesel CP, Welling DB, Yates AJ. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 1996 July; 120(7): 681-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8757476&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the large bowel. Author(s): Vecchio R, Ferrara M, Mosca F, Ignoto A, Latteri F. Source: The European Journal of Surgery = Acta Chirurgica. 1996 November; 162(11): 915-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8956963&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the larynx and hypopharynx: a review of the literature with the addition of three new cases. Author(s): Wenig BM. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1995 April; 109(4): 353-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7782700&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the oral cavity: clinical findings, histological classification and proliferative activity of 46 cases. Author(s): Fregnani ER, Pires FR, Falzoni R, Lopes MA, Vargas PA. Source: International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2003 February; 32(1): 4953. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653233&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas of the pancreas. Author(s): Katz DS, Nardi PM, Hines J, Barckhausen R, Math KR, Fruauff AA, Lane MJ. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1998 June; 170(6): 1485-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9609158&dopt=Abstract

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Lipomas

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Lipomatous polyposis of the colon with multiple lipomas of peritoneal folds and giant diverticulosis: report of a case. Author(s): Brouland JP, Poupard B, Nemeth J, Valleur P. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 2000 December; 43(12): 1767-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11156466&dopt=Abstract

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Liposarcoma associated with multiple intramuscular lipomas. A case report. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Hukuda S, Ishizawa M, Egawa M, Okabe H. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2000 April; (373): 202-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10810478&dopt=Abstract

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Liposuction-assisted excision of cervicofacial lipomas. Author(s): Calhoun KH, Bradfield JJ, Thompson C. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 1995 October; 113(4): 401-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7567011&dopt=Abstract

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Loss of heterozygosity at 11q13: analysis of pituitary tumors, lung carcinoids, lipomas, and other uncommon tumors in subjects with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1. Author(s): Dong Q, Debelenko LV, Chandrasekharappa SC, Emmert-Buck MR, Zhuang Z, Guru SC, Manickam P, Skarulis M, Lubensky IA, Liotta LA, Collins FS, Marx SJ, Spiegel AM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1997 May; 82(5): 1416-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9141526&dopt=Abstract

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Loss of heterozygosity of the retinoblastoma (RB1) gene in lipomas from a retinoblastoma patient. Author(s): Rieder H, Lohmann D, Poensgen B, Fritz B, Aslan M, Drohm D, Strombach Angersbach FJ, Rehder H. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998 February 18; 90(4): 324-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9486820&dopt=Abstract

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LPP, the preferred fusion partner gene of HMGIC in lipomas, is a novel member of the LIM protein gene family. Author(s): Petit MM, Mols R, Schoenmakers EF, Mandahl N, Van de Ven WJ. Source: Genomics. 1996 August 15; 36(1): 118-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8812423&dopt=Abstract

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Lumbar spinal cord motion measurement with phase-contrast MR imaging in normal children and in children with spinal lipomas. Author(s): Brunelle F, Sebag G, Baraton J, Carteret M, Martinat P, Pierre-Kahn A. Source: Pediatric Radiology. 1996; 26(4): 265-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8677142&dopt=Abstract

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Macrodactylia fibrolipomatosis complicated by multiple small bowel lipomas and intussusception. Author(s): Gates LK Jr, Keate RF, Smalley JJ Jr, Richardson JD. Source: Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 1996 October; 23(3): 241-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8899514&dopt=Abstract

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Magnetic resonance imaging of intraosseous lipomas: a radiologic-pathologic correlation. Author(s): Blacksin MF, Ende N, Benevenia J. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1995 January; 24(1): 37-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7709250&dopt=Abstract

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Management of colonic lipomas. Author(s): Chung YF, Ho YH, Nyam DC, Leong AF, Seow-Choen F. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1998 February; 68(2): 1335. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9494006&dopt=Abstract

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Mapping of the translocation breakpoints of primary pleomorphic adenomas and lipomas within a common region of chromosome 12. Author(s): Wanschura S, Belge G, Stenman G, Kools P, Dal Cin P, Schoenmakers E, Huysmans C, Van den Berghe H, Bartnitzke S, Van de Ven WJ, Bullerdiek J. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1996 January; 86(1): 39-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8616784&dopt=Abstract

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Membranous fat necrosis in lipomas. Author(s): Ramdial PK, Madaree A, Singh B. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1997 July; 21(7): 841-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9236841&dopt=Abstract

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Midline developmental anomalies with lipomas in the corpus callosum region. Author(s): Kieslich M, Ehlers S, Bollinger M, Jacobi G. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2000 February; 15(2): 85-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10695892&dopt=Abstract

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Mitochondrial G8363A mutation presenting as cerebellar ataxia and lipomas in an Italian family. Author(s): Casali C, Fabrizi GM, Santorelli FM, Colazza G, Villanova M, Dotti MT, Cavallaro T, Cardaioli E, Battisti C, Manneschi L, DiGennaro GC, Fortini D, Spadaro M, Morocutti C, Federico A. Source: Neurology. 1999 March 23; 52(5): 1103-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10102446&dopt=Abstract

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MR imaging findings of intramedullary lipomas. Author(s): Patwardhan V, Patanakar T, Patkar D, Armao D, Mukherji SK. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 June; 174(6): 1792-3. Erratum In: Ajr Am J Roentgenol 2001 March; 176(3): 815. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10845529&dopt=Abstract

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MRI findings in 32 consecutive lipomas using conventional and advanced sequences. Author(s): Bakshi R, Shaikh ZA, Kamran S, Kinkel PR. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 1999 July; 9(3): 134-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10436754&dopt=Abstract

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MRI findings in 32 consecutive lipomas using conventional and advanced sequences. Author(s): Truwit C. Source: Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging. 2000 July; 10(3): 190-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10918751&dopt=Abstract

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MRI findings in intramuscular lipomas. Author(s): Matsumoto K, Hukuda S, Ishizawa M, Chano T, Okabe H. Source: Skeletal Radiology. 1999 March; 28(3): 145-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10231912&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple circumscribed subcutaneous lipomas associated with use of human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors? Author(s): Bornhovd E, Sakrauski AK, Bruhl H, Walli R, Plewig G, Rocken M. Source: The British Journal of Dermatology. 2000 November; 143(5): 1113-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11069542&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 gene alterations in MEN1-associated and sporadic lipomas. Author(s): Vortmeyer AO, Boni R, Pak E, Pack S, Zhuang Z. Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998 March 4; 90(5): 398-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9498491&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple gastric lipomas: report of an asymptomatic case found at autopsy. Author(s): Ventura L, Leocata P, Guadagni S, Ventura T. Source: Pathology International. 1997 August; 47(8): 575-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9293540&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple infiltrating lipomas of the tongue. Author(s): Keskin G, Ustundag E, Ercin C. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 2002 May; 116(5): 395-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12081004&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple intracranial lipomas, hypogenetic corpus callosum and vestibular schwannoma: an unusual spectrum of MR findings in a patient. Author(s): Shah J, Srinivasa P, Gala B, Patkar D, Patankar T, Kale H. Source: Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 1999 April-June; 45(2): 53-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10734334&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple lipomas linked to an RB1 gene mutation in a large pedigree with low penetrance retinoblastoma. Author(s): Genuardi M, Klutz M, Devriendt K, Caruso D, Stirpe M, Lohmann DR. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2001 September; 9(9): 690-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11571558&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple lipomas, angiolipomas, and parathyroid adenomas in a patient with BirtHogg-Dube syndrome. Author(s): Chung JY, Ramos-Caro FA, Beers B, Ford MJ, Flowers F. Source: International Journal of Dermatology. 1996 May; 35(5): 365-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8734663&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple pericallosal lipomas in two siblings with frontonasal dysplasia. Author(s): Alzoum MA, Alorainy IA, Al Husain M, Al Ruhaimi K. Source: Ajnr. American Journal of Neuroradiology. 2002 April; 23(4): 730-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950677&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple spindle cell lipomas and dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans within a single patient: evidence for a common neoplastic process of interstitial dendritic cells? Author(s): Harvell JD. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2003 January; 48(1): 82-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522375&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple spindle cell lipomas of the tongue: report of a case. Author(s): Kaku N, Kashima K, Daa T, Nakayama I, Kerakawauchi H, Hashimoto H, Yokoyama S. Source: Apmis : Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica, Et Immunologica Scandinavica. 2003 May; 111(5): 581-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12887510&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple spindle cell lipomas: a report of 7 familial and 11 nonfamilial cases. Author(s): Fanburg-Smith JC, Devaney KO, Miettinen M, Weiss SW. Source: The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 1998 January; 22(1): 40-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9422314&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple subcutaneous lipomas: do they need further diagnostic approach before excision? Author(s): Fotiades CI, Kouerinis IA, Zografos GC. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2002 November; 110(6): 1608-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409799&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple submucosal ileal lipomas. Author(s): Anvari M. Source: The American Journal of Gastroenterology. 1995 March; 90(3): 503-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7872298&dopt=Abstract

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Multiple subpial lipomas with dumb-bell extradural extension through the intervertebral foramen without spinal dysraphism. Author(s): Subramaniam P, Behari S, Singh S, Jain VK, Chhabra DK. Source: Surgical Neurology. 2002 November; 58(5): 338-43; Discussion 343. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504304&dopt=Abstract

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Multiplication of infantile spinal lipomas after surgical untethering. Report of two cases. Author(s): Morimoto K, Takemoto O, Wakayama A. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 April; 98(3 Suppl): 285-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691386&dopt=Abstract

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Nasal lipomas presenting as part of a syndromic diagnosis. Author(s): Hollis LJ, Bailey CM, Albert DM, Hosni A. Source: The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 1996 March; 110(3): 269-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8730367&dopt=Abstract

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Operative resection of 100 spinal lipomas in infants less than 1 year of age. Author(s): Byrne RW, Hayes EA, George TM, McLone DG. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1995; 23(4): 182-6; Discussion 186-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8835207&dopt=Abstract

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Oral infiltrating lipomas. Author(s): Bataineh AB, Mansour MJ, Abalkhail A. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 1996 December; 34(6): 520-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8971447&dopt=Abstract

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Overrepresentation of 1q21-23 and 12q13-21 in lipoma-like liposarcomas but not in benign lipomas: a comparative genomic hybridization study. Author(s): Szymanska J, Virolainen M, Tarkkanen M, Wiklund T, Asko-Seljavaara S, Tukiainen E, Elomaa I, Blomqvist C, Knuutila S. Source: Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics. 1997 November; 99(1): 14-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9352790&dopt=Abstract

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Palmar lipomas associated with compression of the median nerve. Author(s): Babins DM, Lubahn JD. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 1994 September; 76(9): 1360-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8077265&dopt=Abstract

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Pathogenetic aspects of the A8344G mutation of mitochondrial DNA associated with MERRF syndrome and multiple symmetric lipomas. Author(s): Larsson NG, Tulinius MH, Holme E, Oldfors A. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 1995; 3: S102-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7603509&dopt=Abstract

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Penile lipomas, cause of sexual dysfunction. Author(s): Perimenis P, Liatsikos E, Athanasopoulos A, Barbalias G. Source: International Urology and Nephrology. 2002; 34(1): 3-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12549628&dopt=Abstract

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Posttraumatic lipomas: where do they really come from? Author(s): Signorini M, Campiglio GL. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 1998 March; 101(3): 699-705. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9500386&dopt=Abstract

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Radiologic-pathologic correlation of intraosseous lipomas. Author(s): Propeck T, Bullard MA, Lin J, Doi K, Martel W. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2000 September; 175(3): 673-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10954449&dopt=Abstract

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Removal of lipomas by liposuction. Author(s): Ersek RA. Source: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 2000 February; 105(2): 807. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10697203&dopt=Abstract

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RFLP analysis of human chromosome 11 region q13 in multiple symmetric lipomatosis and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-associated lipomas. Author(s): Morelli A, Falchetti A, Weinstein L, Fabiani S, Tomassetti P, Enzi G, Carraro R, Bordi C, Tonelli F, Brandi ML. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1995 February 6; 207(1): 363-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7531972&dopt=Abstract

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Role of the high mobility group A proteins in human lipomas. Author(s): Fedele M, Battista S, Manfioletti G, Croce CM, Giancotti V, Fusco A. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2001 October; 22(10): 1583-91. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11576996&dopt=Abstract

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Safe management of dermolipomas. Author(s): Fry CL, Leone CR Jr. Source: Archives of Ophthalmology. 1994 August; 112(8): 1114-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8053827&dopt=Abstract

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Sclerotic lipoma: lipomas simulating sclerotic fibroma. Author(s): Zelger BG, Zelger B, Steiner H, Rutten A. Source: Histopathology. 1997 August; 31(2): 174-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9279570&dopt=Abstract

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Secondary tumors in mammary adenolipomas: a report of 2 unusual cases. Author(s): Harigopal M, Mudrovich SA, Hoda SA, Rosen PP. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 March; 127(3): E151-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653605&dopt=Abstract

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Sequence analysis of the MEN I gene in two patients with multiple cutaneous lipomas and endocrine tumors. Author(s): Schulte KM, Simon D, Dotzenrath C, Scheuring S, Kohrer K, Roher HD. Source: Hormone and Metabolic Research. Hormon- Und Stoffwechselforschung. Hormones Et Metabolisme. 2000 February; 32(2): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10741690&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal lipomas in children. Author(s): Xenos C, Sgouros S, Walsh R, Hockley A. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 2000 June; 32(6): 295-307. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10971191&dopt=Abstract

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Spinal lipomas in children: outcome of 270 procedures. Author(s): La Marca F, Grant JA, Tomita T, McLone DG. Source: Pediatric Neurosurgery. 1997 January; 26(1): 8-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9361112&dopt=Abstract

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Spindle cell lipomas. A report of two cases: one with multiple lesions. Author(s): Mehregan DR, Mehregan DA, Mehregan AH, Dorman MA, Cohen E. Source: Dermatologic Surgery : Official Publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et Al.]. 1995 September; 21(9): 796-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7544675&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical experience of 120 patients with lumbosacral lipomas. Author(s): Arai H, Sato K, Okuda O, Miyajima M, Hishii M, Nakanishi H, Ishii H. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001 September; 143(9): 857-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11685617&dopt=Abstract

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Surgical pearl: use of the cutaneous punch for the removal of lipomas. Author(s): Christenson L, Patterson J, Davis D. Source: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 2000 April; 42(4): 675-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10727317&dopt=Abstract

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Sylvian fissure lipomas: case reports and review of the literature. Author(s): Sarioglu AC, Kaynar MY, Hanci M, Uzan M. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 1999 August; 13(4): 386-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10616565&dopt=Abstract

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Tethered spinal cord with double lipomas. Case illustration. Author(s): Endo T, Yoshida Y, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2001 October; 95(2 Suppl): 277. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11599854&dopt=Abstract

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The contribution of image cytometry to the characterization of clinical subgroups of lipomas. Author(s): Berthe JV, Remmelink M, Werry J, Salmon I, Kiss R, Decaestecker C. Source: International Journal of Oncology. 2001 June; 18(6): 1315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11351268&dopt=Abstract

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The role of surgery in asymptomatic lumbosacral spinal lipomas. Author(s): Chumas PD. Source: British Journal of Neurosurgery. 2000 August; 14(4): 301-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11045193&dopt=Abstract

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The surgical approach to cerebellopontine angle lipomas. Author(s): Salpietro FM. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 October; 21(5): 257. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286036&dopt=Abstract

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The use of suction-assisted surgical extraction of moderate and large lipomas: longterm follow-up. Author(s): Al-basti HA, El-Khatib HA. Source: Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 2002 March-April; 26(2): 114-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016495&dopt=Abstract

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Therapeutic considerations in cerebellopontine angle lipomas inducing hemifacial spasm. Author(s): Ruggieri RM, Manfre L, Calbucci F, Piccoli F. Source: Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology. 2000 October; 21(5): 329-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11286047&dopt=Abstract

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Thoracic intradural extramedullary lipomas. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Author(s): Klekamp J, Fusco M, Samii M. Source: Acta Neurochirurgica. 2001 August; 143(8): 767-73; Discussion 773-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11678397&dopt=Abstract

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Thymolipomas in association with myasthenia gravis. Author(s): Rios Zambudio A, Torres Lanzas J, Roca Calvo MJ, Martinez Barba E, Parrilla Paricio P. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2001 October; 122(4): 825-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11581624&dopt=Abstract

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Thymolipomas with myasthenia gravis in Japan. Author(s): Yamamura M, Miyamoto T, Yao H. Source: The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2003 January; 125(1): 220-1; Author Reply 221. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12539017&dopt=Abstract

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Transgenic mice expressing a truncated form of the high mobility group I-C protein develop adiposity and an abnormally high prevalence of lipomas. Author(s): Arlotta P, Tai AK, Manfioletti G, Clifford C, Jay G, Ono SJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2000 May 12; 275(19): 14394-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10747931&dopt=Abstract

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Translocation breakpoints upstream of the HMGIC gene in uterine leiomyomata suggest dysregulation of this gene by a mechanism different from that in lipomas. Author(s): Schoenberg Fejzo M, Ashar HR, Krauter KS, Powell WL, Rein MS, Weremowicz S, Yoon SJ, Kucherlapati RS, Chada K, Morton CC. Source: Genes, Chromosomes & Cancer. 1996 September; 17(1): 1-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8889500&dopt=Abstract

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Uncoupling protein-1 mRNA expression in lipomas from patients bearing pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Author(s): Vila MR, Gamez J, Solano A, Playan A, Schwartz S, Santorelli FM, Cervera C, Casali C, Montoya J, Villarroya F. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2000 November 30; 278(3): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11095987&dopt=Abstract

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Unusual presentation of colonic lipomas. Author(s): Melzer E, Holland R, Dreznik Z, Bar-Meir S. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2000 October; 2(10): 780-1. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11344734&dopt=Abstract

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Upper body lipomas in an HIV-infected man. Author(s): Meza AD, Verghese A. Source: Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1999 April 15; 34(4): 130, 135. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10212637&dopt=Abstract

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Value of fat suppression magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of lipomas of the internal auditory canal. Author(s): Hara A, Takahashi K, Ito Z, Kusakari J, Kurosaki Y. Source: The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 1997 April; 106(4): 343-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9109728&dopt=Abstract

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Vesico sphincteric function in spinal lipomas. Review of 80 cases. Author(s): Buffa P, Di Rovasenda E, Scarsi PL, Granata C, Podesta E, Ciardi MR, Cama A. Source: European Journal of Pediatric Surgery : Official Journal of Austrian Association of Pediatric Surgery. [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 1997 December; 7 Suppl 1: 59-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9497134&dopt=Abstract

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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND LIPOMAS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to lipomas. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to lipomas and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to lipomas: •

Adiposis dolorosa associated with defects of lipid metabolism. Author(s): Blomstrand R, Juhlin L, Nordenstam H, Ohlsson R, Werner B, Engstrom J. Source: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 1971; 51(4): 243-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4105769&dopt=Abstract

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Atypical presentation of plantar fasciitis secondary to soft-tissue mass infiltration. Author(s): Ng A, Beegle T, Rockett AK. Source: Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2001 February; 91(2): 8992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11266484&dopt=Abstract

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Extrarenal Wilms' tumor. Unusual presentation in the lumbosacral region. Author(s): Fahner JB, Switzer R, Freyer DR, Mann JD, Mann RJ.

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Source: Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1993 February; 15(1): 117-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8383474&dopt=Abstract •

Laparoscopically assisted resection of a colonic lipoma. Author(s): Scoggin SD, Frazee RC. Source: J Laparoendosc Surg. 1992 June; 2(3): 185-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1535813&dopt=Abstract

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Shakoor v Situ. [2000] 4 All ER 181. Author(s): Devereux J. Source: J Law Med. 2003 February; 10(3): 268-70. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649998&dopt=Abstract

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Standard of care for alternative medicine. Author(s): Brahams D. Source: Lancet. 2000 October 21; 356(9239): 1422. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11052596&dopt=Abstract

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Survival of patients with HTLV-I-associated lymph node lesions. Author(s): Ohshima K, Suzumiya J, Sato K, Kanda M, Simazaki T, Kawasaki C, Haraoka S, Kikuchi M. Source: The Journal of Pathology. 1999 December; 189(4): 539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10629555&dopt=Abstract

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The traumatic pseudolipoma. Author(s): Rozner L, Isaacs GW. Source: The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery. 1977 December; 47(6): 77982. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=274122&dopt=Abstract

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The value of chemical pre-anesthesia in acupuncture anesthesia. Second report: controlled studies of the method from the Luserna Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy. Author(s): Nguyen-Van-Nghi. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1973 January; 1(1): 143-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4590184&dopt=Abstract

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Treatment of metastatic lipid cell tumor of the ovary with BV-CAP and VAC chemotherapy, using serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone as tumor markers. Author(s): Patsner B, Piver MS. Source: Eur J Gynaecol Oncol. 1988; 9(6): 441-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2466668&dopt=Abstract

Alternative Medicine 31

Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •

Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/

•

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats

•

Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/

•

drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/

•

Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/

•

MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/

•

HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs

•

WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/

General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.

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CHAPTER 3. PATENTS ON LIPOMAS Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.7 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “lipomas” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on lipomas, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.

Patent Applications on Lipomas As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.8 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to lipomas:

7Adapted

from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm. 8 This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.

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Lipomas

•

Reduction of adipose tissue Inventor(s): Bronsther, Burton; (Hewlett Bay Park, NY), Jacob, Erwin T.; (Stonybrook, NY), Wegman, Edwin H.; (Hewlett Bay Park, NY) Correspondence: Roland Plottel; Rockefeller Center Station; P.O. Box 293; New York; NY; 10185; US Patent Application Number: 20030129178 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: The amount of adipose tissue, including lipomas, at selected locations in the body is reduced by introducing collagenase or collagenase plus another proteinase into the tissue. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/757,904 filed Nov. 27, 1996, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/356,122 filed 12-5-94. Liposuction (otherwise known as suction lipectomy, suction assisted lipectomy dissection, as well as by other names), is a procedure that mechanically removes fat from the subcutaneous tissues. It has been used primarily in cosmetic surgery to extract adipose tissue at specific areas of the male and female human body. Less common uses of liposuction have been removal of lipoma (benign fatty tumor) and much less commonly it has been used for the removal of unusual fatty tumors. It has also been used as a staged procedure for weight loss with questionable success. The procedure is carried out by anesthetizing the patient to a varying degree or the area that is to be treated. Small incisions are made at points chosen by the treating physician and a canulla (a long hollow metal tube) having a series of holes along its length is inserted into the subcutaneous adipose tissue. A vacuum of roughly one negative atmosphere is applied and the semi-solid fat is mechanically loosened by the combined forces of the pushing and pulling of the canulla and the vacuum. The loosened fatty tissue is then drawn by vacuum through the canulla and removed from the body Liposuction by mechanicalvacuum means is a very common and desirable procedure performed around the world. However, the mechanical traumatization of the subcutaneous fat caused by this method of removal carries with it significant morbidity and other undesirable post-operative effects including, but not limited to, ecchymosis (black and blue skin), infection, hematoma, prolonged edema, and contour deformity due to uneven removal of fat. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html

Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with lipomas, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on lipomas. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning lipomas. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.

35

CHAPTER 4. BOOKS ON LIPOMAS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to lipomas. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on lipomas include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.

The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:9 •

Benign tumors of the colon; a pathological and clinical review of lipomas, myomas and neurofibromas. Author: Long, Gabe Celsor,; Year: 1939; [Minneapolis] 1945

•

Intraspinal and intragranial lipomas: report of cases, review of the literature, and clinical and pathological study of intraspinal lipomas with report of gases and discussion of intracranial lipomas. Author: Ehni, George,; Year: 1945; [Minneapolis] 1943

•

Retroperitoneal lipomatous tumors; a study of 21 lipomas and 91 liposarcomas. Author: Pluth, James R.,; Year: 1943; [Minneapolis] 1969

9

In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.

36

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•

Submucous and intramuscular lipomas of the large and small intestines, a clinical and pathological study of twelve cases which produced symptoms necessitating surgical intervention. Author: Tenner, Robert Johnson,; Year: 1953; [Minneapolis, Minn.] 1939

Chapters on Lipomas In order to find chapters that specifically relate to lipomas, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and lipomas using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on lipomas: •

Chapter 113: Neoplasms of the Subcutaneous Fat Source: in Freedberg, I.M., et al., eds. Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. 5th ed., Vol. 1. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. 1999. p. 1292-1300. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill Customer Services. P.O. Box 548, Blacklick, OH 43004-0548. (800) 262-4729 or (877) 833-5524. Fax (614) 759-3749 or (614) 759-3641. E-mail: [email protected]. PRICE: $395.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0070219435. Summary: This chapter provides health professionals with information on the clinical features and histopathology of neoplasms of subcutaneous fat. Solitary lipomas are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms. These disc-shaped, round or ovoid, lobulated, yellow masses with a doughy consistency are common in people who are obese. Some people have numerous lipomas in their subcutaneous tissue, and these multiple lipomas are microscopically indistinguishable from solitary lipomas. Multiple lipoma syndromes include lipomatosis, familial multiple lipomas, benign symmetric lipomatosis, adiposis dolorosa, and congenital lipomatosis. Congenital lipomatosis may also be a manifestation of an inherited disorder known as Proteus syndrome. The Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, a congenital disorder transmitted in autosomal dominant fashion, consists of multiple lipomas. Angiolipomas resemble lipomas clinically, but they develop in young adults. Angiolipomas are small, firm, well circumscribed, yellow to red, subcutaneous tumors that tend to occur on the arms and trunk. They are usually numerous, often painful or tender, and mobile. Spindle cell lipomas are solitary, painless, relatively small, firm, subcutaneous masses that are yellow to gray-white and usually apparent by middle age in men. Pleomorphic lipomas are benign, subcutaneous neoplasms that can be distinguished from other types of lipomas by the presence of floret cells. Chondroid lipomas are small lesions with a rubbery, yellow, cut surface that are uncommon and usually occur in women. Myolipomas are very rare neoplasms with a soft to slimy, yellow-white cut surface that clinically resemble large lipomas. Angiomyolipomas usually occur in the kidneys of people who have tuberous sclerosis. Hibernomas are uncommon, benign, subcutaneous neoplasms that tend to be small, mobile, and tan to reddish-brown. Lipoblastomas are uncommon neoplasms that occur only in infants and children and can be either benign or diffuse. Liposarcomas are among the most common soft tissue malignancies of adults. These tumors are

Books

37

nonmobile and cause pain by compression or infiltration of nerves. 15 figures and 45 references. •

Chapter 207: Noncancerous Skin Growths Source: in Berkow, R., ed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information: Home Edition (online version). Rahway, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc. 2000. 6 p. Contact: Available online from Merck and Company, Inc. (800) 819-9456. Website: www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_home/contents.htm. Also available from your local book store. PRICE: $29.95 plus shipping. Summary: This chapter provides the general public and people who have noncancerous skin growths with information on the symptoms and treatment of moles, atypical moles, skin tags, lipomas, angiomas, pyogenic granulomas, seborrheic keratoses, dermatofibromas, keratoacanthomas, and keloids. Moles are usually dark skin growths that vary in size, may be flat or raised, may be smooth or rough, or may have hairs growing from them. Moles are harmless and do not need to be removed unless they change. Atypical moles, which are flat or raised dark skin growths, may appear anywhere on the body. People who have atypical moles, especially those with a family history of melanoma, must have the moles examined at least once a year for any changes that might indicate malignant melanoma. Skin tags are soft, small, flesh colored or slightly darker skin flaps that usually occur on the neck, in the armpits, or in the groin. They can be removed by freezing them with liquid nitrogen or cutting them off. Lipomas are soft deposits of fatty material that grow under the skin and cause round or oval lumps. Lipomas are not cancers, and they rarely become cancerous. Bothersome lipomas may be removed by surgery or liposuction. Angiomas are collections of abnormally dense blood or lymph vessels that cause red or purple skin discolorations. Angiomas include port wine stains, strawberry marks, cavernous hemangiomas, spider angiomas, and lymphangiomas. Port wine stains are flat pink, red, or purplish discolorations that are present at birth. They are physically harmless, but may be psychologically harmful. These birthmarks can be covered with cosmetic cream or removed with a laser. Strawberry marks are raised, bright red areas that range in size from small to large. Oral prednisone may be taken to shrink them. Cavernous hemangiomas are raised red or purplish areas composed of abnormal, enlarged blood vessels. Treatment options include oral prednisone, electrocoagulation, or surgical removal. Spider angiomas are bright red areas with a central reddish or purplish spot with slender projections. They are common in pregnant women and women taking oral contraceptives. The central blood vessel can be destroyed by electrocoagulation. Lymphagiomas are bumps caused by a collection of enlarged lymphatic vessels. Treatment is not usually needed, but they can be removed surgically. Pyogenic granulomas, which usually occur after injury to the skin, are scarlet, brown, or blue black slightly raised areas caused by increased capillary growth and tissue swelling. They can be removed surgically or by electrocoagulation. Seborrheic keratoses are brown, black, or flesh colored growths that can appear anywhere on the body. Treatment is usually not needed, but they can be removed by freezing them with liquid nitrogen or by cutting them out. Dermatofibromas are small red to brown bumps that are caused by an accumulation of fibroblasts. They do not require treatment unless they become bothersome or enlarged; then they can be surgically removed. Keratoacanthomas, which resemble squamous cell carcinoma, are round, firm, usually flesh colored growths that have an unusual central crater filled with a pasty material. They can be treated surgically or with injections of corticosteroids or fluorouracil.

38

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Keloids are growths of fibrous tissue that form over areas of injury or surgical wounds. Monthly injections of corticosteroids may flatten them somewhat. •

Benign Tumors Source: in Bork, K., et al. Diseases of the Oral Mucosa and the Lips. Orlando, FL: W.B. Saunders Company. 1993. p. 293-320. Contact: Available from W.B. Saunders Company. Order Fulfillment, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4430. (800) 545-2522 (individuals) or (800) 782-4479 (schools); Fax (800) 874-6418 or (407) 352-3445; http://www.wbsaunders.com. PRICE: $99.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0721640397. Summary: This lengthy chapter, from a textbook on diseases of the oral mucosa and the lips, discusses benign tumors. Topics include epulis, pyogenic granuloma, epulis gravidarum, peripheral fibromas, peripheral giant cell granuloma, congenital gingival granular cell tumor (congenital epulis), traumatic fibroma, oral squamous papilloa, oral papillomatosis, atypical fibrous histiocytoma, keloid and hypertrophic scar, fibromatosis, lipomas, juvenile xanthogranuloma, verruciform xanthoma, myxomas, chondromas and osteomas, hemangiomas, glomus tumor, other vascular tumors, lymphangiomas, myomas (leiomyoma and rhabdomyoma), neural tumors, granular cell tumor, pigmented lesions (labial and oral melanotic macules, melanocystic nevi or moles, Spitz nevus, blue nevus, combined nevus, nevus of Ota, melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy), keratoacanthoma, epidermal nevus, malanoacanthoma, warty dyskeratoma, benign adnexal tumors, chondroid syringoma, sebaceous adenoma, and salivary gland neoplasms. For each topic, the authors describe the clinical features and present brief therapeutic recommendations. Full-color photographs illustrate the chapter; references are provided for most sections. 52 figures. 73 references.

39

CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON LIPOMAS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover lipomas.

News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on lipomas is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to lipomas. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “lipomas” (or synonyms). The NIH Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date

40

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at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “lipomas” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to lipomas, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “lipomas” (or synonyms).

Academic Periodicals covering Lipomas Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to lipomas. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering lipomas that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.”

Researching Medications

41

If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”

43

APPENDICES

45

APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.

NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute10: •

Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm

•

National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/

•

National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html

•

National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25

•

National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm

•

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm

•

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375

•

National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/

10

These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.

46

Lipomas

•

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm

•

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/

•

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm

•

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm

•

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/

•

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm

•

National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html

•

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm

•

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm

•

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm

•

National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html

•

National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm

•

Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp

•

National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/

•

National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp

•

Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html

•

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm

Physician Resources

47

NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.11 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:12 •

Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html

•

HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html

•

NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html

•

Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html

•

Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html

•

Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/

•

Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html

•

Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html

•

Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html

•

MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html

11

Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 12 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.

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•

Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html

•

Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html

The NLM Gateway13 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.14 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total

Items Found 7379 27 32 0 0 7438

HSTAT15 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.16 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.17 Simply search by “lipomas” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.

13

Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.

14

The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 15 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 16 17

The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.

Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.

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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists18 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.19 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.20 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.

Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •

CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.

•

Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.

The Genome Project and Lipomas In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and lipomas. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).21 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. 18 Adapted 19

from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.

The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 20 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process. 21 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.

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To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for lipomas: •

Lim Domain-containing Preferred Translocation Partner in Lipoma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600700

•

Lipoma Hmgic Fusion Partner; LHFP Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606710

•

Lipomatosis, Multiple Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?151900

•

Macrocephaly, Multiple Lipomas, and Hemangiomata Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?153480

•

Palpebral Coloboma-lipoma Syndrome Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?167730 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)

The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •

Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html

•

Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html

•

Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html

•

Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan

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syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html •

Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html

•

Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html

•

Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez

Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •

3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books

•

Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome

•

NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/

•

Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide

•

OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM

•

PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset

•

ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo

•

Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein

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•

PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed

•

Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure

•

Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy

To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database22 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database23 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.

22

Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 23 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.

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To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).

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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on lipomas can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.

Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to lipomas. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to lipomas. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “lipomas”:

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•

Other guides Adrenal Gland Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/adrenalglanddisorders.html Benign Tumors http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/benigntumors.html Connective Tissue Disorders http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/connectivetissuedisorders.html Eye Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyecancer.html Eye Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/eyediseases.html Soft Tissue Sarcoma http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/softtissuesarcoma.html

You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on lipomas. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •

What Are Lipomas? Source: American Family Physician. 65(5): 905. March 1, 2002. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. E-mail: [email protected]. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This journal article uses a question and answer format to provide people who have lipomas with information on these benign, slow growing adipose tissue tumors. These round, moveable, flattened lumps feel soft and doughy. Lipomas are typically found in the neck, shoulders, back, or arms. They can often be diagnosed by their clinical appearance alone. Treatment is usually not necessary unless the lipomas are painful or are growing quickly. Treatment options include steroid injections, liposuction, or surgical excision.

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The NIH Search Utility The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to lipomas. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •

AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats

•

Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm

•

Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html

•

Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/

•

Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/

•

WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics

Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to lipomas. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with lipomas. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about lipomas. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at

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http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “lipomas” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “lipomas”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “lipomas” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “lipomas” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”

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APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.

Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.24

Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.

Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of

24

Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.

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libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)25: •

Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/

•

Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)

•

Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm

•

California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html

•

California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html

•

California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html

•

California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)

•

California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/

•

California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp

•

California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html

•

California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/

•

California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/

•

California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/

•

California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html

•

California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/

•

Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/

•

Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/

•

Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/

25

Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.

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•

Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml

•

Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm

•

Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html

•

Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm

•

Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp

•

Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/

•

Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm

•

Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html

•

Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/

•

Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm

•

Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/

•

Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/

•

Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/

•

Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm

•

Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html

•

Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm

•

Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/

•

Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/

•

Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10

•

Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/

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•

Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html

•

Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp

•

Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp

•

Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/

•

Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html

•

Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm

•

Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp

•

Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/

•

Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html

•

Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/

•

Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm

•

Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/

•

Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html

•

Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm

•

Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330

•

Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)

•

National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html

•

National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/

•

National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/

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•

Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm

•

New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/

•

New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm

•

New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm

•

New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/

•

New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html

•

New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/

•

New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html

•

New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/

•

Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm

•

Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp

•

Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/

•

Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml

•

Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html

•

Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html

•

Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml

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Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp

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Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm

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Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/

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South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp

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Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/

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Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/

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Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72

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ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •

ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html

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MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp

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Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/

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Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html

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On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/

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Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp

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Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm

Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).

Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •

Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical

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MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html

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Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/

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Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine

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LIPOMAS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Ablate: In surgery, is to remove. [NIH] Acoustic: Having to do with sound or hearing. [NIH] Acupuncture Anesthesia: Insertion of acupuncture needles at specific points in the body to block the afferent nerve impulses from reaching the brain, thus producing the loss of sensation of pain. The technique is used in performing surgery. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adipocytes: Fat-storing cells found mostly in the abdominal cavity and subcutaneous tissue. Fat is usually stored in the form of tryglycerides. [NIH] Adipose Tissue: Connective tissue composed of fat cells lodged in the meshes of areolar tissue. [NIH] Adiposis Dolorosa: A rare disease, believed to be autosomal dominant, manifested by fatty deposits that press on nerves causing weakness and pain. [NIH] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH]

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Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Anomalies: Birth defects; abnormalities. [NIH] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]

Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU]

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Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autopsy: Postmortem examination of the body. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]

Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived

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constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachial Plexus: The large network of nerve fibers which distributes the innervation of the upper extremity. The brachial plexus extends from the neck into the axilla. In humans, the nerves of the plexus usually originate from the lower cervical and the first thoracic spinal cord segments (C5-C8 and T1), but variations are not uncommon. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]

Broad Ligament: A broad fold of peritoneum that extends from the side of the uterus to the wall of the pelvis. [NIH] Calcaneus: The largest of the tarsal bones and is situated at the lower and back part of the foot forming the heel. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare. [EU] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinogens: Substances that increase the risk of neoplasms in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. [NIH] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]

Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Cavernous Hemangioma: Proptosis, oedema of the conjunctiva and eyelid, together with paralysis of the oculomotor cranial nerves. [NIH]

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Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellopontine: Going from the cerebellum (the part of the brain responsible for coordinating movement) to the pons (part of the central nervous system located near the base of the brain.) [NIH] Cerebellopontine Angle: Junction between the cerebellum and the pons. [NIH] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cervical: Relating to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck; cervical cancer refers to cancer of the uterine cervix, which is the lower, narrow end (the "neck") of the uterus. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Choroid Plexus: A villous structure of tangled masses of blood vessels contained within the third, lateral, and fourth ventricles of the brain. It regulates part of the production and composition of cerebrospinal fluid. [NIH] Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chromosome Aberrations: Deviations from the normal number or structure of chromosomes, not necessarily associated with disease. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often

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resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Cicatrix: The formation of new tissue in the process of wound healing. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the

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standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Conjunctiva: The mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of the sclera. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Constitutional: 1. Affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. Pertaining to the constitution. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Callosum: Broad plate of dense myelinated fibers that reciprocally interconnect regions of the cortex in all lobes with corresponding regions of the opposite hemisphere. The corpus callosum is located deep in the longitudinal fissure. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Corticosteroids: Hormones that have antitumor activity in lymphomas and lymphoid leukemias; in addition, corticosteroids (steroids) may be used for hormone replacement and for the management of some of the complications of cancer and its treatment. [NIH] Cortisone: A natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal gland. It can also be made in the laboratory. Cortisone reduces swelling and can suppress immune responses. [NIH]

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Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Cranial Nerves: Twelve pairs of nerves that carry general afferent, visceral afferent, special afferent, somatic efferent, and autonomic efferent fibers. [NIH] Curettage: Removal of tissue with a curette, a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge. [NIH]

Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]

Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans: A type of tumor that begins as a hard nodule and grows slowly. These tumors are usually found in the dermis (the inner layer of the two main layers of tissue that make up the skin) of the limbs or trunk of the body. They can grow into surrounding tissue, but do not spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Dissection: Cutting up of an organism for study. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Ecchymosis: Extravasation of blood into the skin, resulting in a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch, larger than a petechia. [NIH] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH]

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Endemic: Present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. [EU] Endometrial: Having to do with the endometrium (the layer of tissue that lines the uterus). [NIH]

Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enucleation: Removal of the nucleus from an eucaryiotic cell. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]

Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophilia: Abnormal increase in eosinophils in the blood, tissues or organs. [NIH] Epidemic: Occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other healthrelated event occurring in such outbreaks. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU] Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]

Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Expert Systems: Computer programs based on knowledge developed from consultation with experts on a problem, and the processing and/or formalizing of this knowledge using these programs in such a manner that the problems may be solved. [NIH]

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Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Extremity: A limb; an arm or leg (membrum); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Fasciitis: Inflammation of the fascia. There are three major types: 1) Eosinophilic fasciitis, an inflammatory reaction with eosinophilia, producing hard thickened skin with an orangepeel configuration suggestive of scleroderma and considered by some a variant of scleroderma; 2) Necrotizing fasciitis, a serious fulminating infection (usually by a beta hemolytic Streptococcus) causing extensive necrosis of superficial fascia; 3) Nodular/Pseudosarcomatous/Proliferative fasciitis, characterized by a rapid growth of fibroblasts with mononuclear inflammatory cells and proliferating capillaries in soft tissue, often the forearm; it is not malignant but is sometimes mistaken for fibrosarcoma. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fat Necrosis: A condition in which the death of adipose tissue results in neutral fats being split into fatty acids and glycerol. [NIH] Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibroid: A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called leiomyoma. [NIH] Fibroma: A benign tumor of fibrous or fully developed connective tissue. [NIH] Fibrosarcoma: A type of soft tissue sarcoma that begins in fibrous tissue, which holds bones, muscles, and other organs in place. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Foam Cells: Lipid-laden macrophages originating from monocytes or from smooth muscle cells. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Follicles: Shafts through which hair grows. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH]

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Fourth Ventricle: An irregularly shaped cavity in the rhombencephalon, between the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the isthmus in front, and the cerebellum behind. It is continuous with the central canal of the cord below and with the cerebral aqueduct above, and through its lateral and median apertures it communicates with the subarachnoid space. [NIH]

Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]

Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]

Gene Fusion: Fusion of structural genes to analyze protein behavior or fusion of regulatory sequences with structural genes to determine mechanisms of regulation. [NIH] Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Globus Pallidus: The representation of the phylogenetically oldest part of the corpus striatum called the paleostriatum. It forms the smaller, more medial part of the lentiform nucleus. [NIH] Glucocorticoid: A compound that belongs to the family of compounds called corticosteroids (steroids). Glucocorticoids affect metabolism and have anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. They may be naturally produced (hormones) or synthetic (drugs). [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]

Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Granular Cell Tumor: Unusual tumor affecting any site of the body, but most often encountered in the head and neck. Considerable debate has surrounded the histogenesis of this neoplasm; however, it is considered to be a myoblastoma of, usually, a benign nature. It affects women more often than men. When it develops beneath the epidermis or mucous membrane, it can lead to proliferation of the squamous cells and mimic squamous cell

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carcinoma. [NIH] Granuloma: A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents. [NIH] Gravis: Eruption of watery blisters on the skin among those handling animals and animal products. [NIH] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]

Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Hamartoma: A focal malformation resembling a neoplasm, composed of an overgrowth of mature cells and tissues that normally occur in the affected area. [NIH] Hematoma: An extravasation of blood localized in an organ, space, or tissue. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolytic: A disease that affects the blood and blood vessels. It destroys red blood cells, cells that cause the blood to clot, and the lining of blood vessels. HUS is often caused by the Escherichia coli bacterium in contaminated food. People with HUS may develop acute renal failure. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU]

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Hyperlipoproteinemia: Metabolic disease characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels. The inherited form is attributed to a single gene mechanism. [NIH] Hypopharynx: The portion of the pharynx between the inferior portion of the oropharynx and the larynx. [NIH] Hypoplasia: Incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. [EU] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Ileal: Related to the ileum, the lowest end of the small intestine. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Image Cytometry: A technique encompassing morphometry, densitometry, neural networks, and expert systems that has numerous clinical and research applications and is particularly useful in anatomic pathology for the study of malignant lesions. The most common current application of image cytometry is for DNA analysis, followed by quantitation of immunohistochemical staining. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]

Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infantile: Pertaining to an infant or to infancy. [EU] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]

Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inguinal: Pertaining to the inguen, or groin. [EU] Innervation: 1. The distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. The supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. [EU] Intercostal: Situated between the ribs. [EU] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU]

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Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intussusception: A rare disorder. A part of the intestines folds into another part of the intestines, causing blockage. Most common in infants. Can be treated with an operation. [NIH]

Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]

Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keloid: A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (cicatrix, hypertrophic) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues. [NIH] Keratoacanthoma: A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Larynx: An irregularly shaped, musculocartilaginous tubular structure, lined with mucous membrane, located at the top of the trachea and below the root of the tongue and the hyoid bone. It is the essential sphincter guarding the entrance into the trachea and functioning secondarily as the organ of voice. [NIH] Leiomyoma: A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the uterus and the gastrointestinal tract but can occur in the skin and subcutaneous tissues, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]

Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and

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strengthen joints. [EU] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Lipectomy: Removal of localized subcutaneous fat deposits by suction curettage or blunt cannulization in the cosmetic correction of obesity and other esthetic contour defects. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipoma: A benign tumor composed of fat cells. [NIH] Lipomatosis: A disorder consisting of the accumulation of abnormal localized, or tumor-like fat in the tissues. [NIH] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoprotein Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. The enzyme hydrolyzes triacylglycerols in chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins, and diacylglycerols. It occurs on capillary endothelial surfaces, especially in mammary, muscle, and adipose tissue. Genetic deficiency of the enzyme causes familial hyperlipoproteinemia Type I. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.34. [NIH] Liposarcoma: A rare cancer of the fat cells. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Loss of Heterozygosity: The loss of one allele at a specific locus, caused by a deletion mutation; or loss of a chromosome from a chromosome pair. It is detected when heterozygous markers for a locus appear monomorphic because one of the alleles was deleted. When this occurs at a tumor suppressor gene locus where one of the alleles is already abnormal, it can result in neoplastic transformation. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]

Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph

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nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malformation: A morphologic developmental process. [EU]

defect

resulting

from

an

intrinsically

abnormal

Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]

Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Median Nerve: A major nerve of the upper extremity. In humans, the fibers of the median nerve originate in the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal cord (usually C6 to T1), travel via the brachial plexus, and supply sensory and motor innervation to parts of the forearm and hand. [NIH] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medullary: Pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. [EU] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Mesenchymal: Refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and

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viruses. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Myasthenia: Muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be progressive. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Neostriatum: The phylogenetically newer part of the corpus striatum consisting of the caudate nucleus and putamen. It is often called simply the striatum. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis,

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as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Nevus: A benign growth on the skin, such as a mole. A mole is a cluster of melanocytes and surrounding supportive tissue that usually appears as a tan, brown, or flesh-colored spot on the skin. The plural of nevus is nevi (NEE-vye). [NIH] Nevus, Blue: Usually a benign tumor, that commonly presents as a solitary blue nodule with spindled melanocytes covered by smooth skin. Several variants have been identified, one variant being malignant. The blue color is caused by large, densely packed melanocytes deep in the dermis of the nevus. In children, they usually occur on the buttocks and lumbar area. Malignant blue nevi are more commonly found on the scalp. [NIH] Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Oculomotor: Cranial nerve III. It originate from the lower ventral surface of the midbrain and is classified as a motor nerve. [NIH] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] On-line: A sexually-reproducing population derived from a common parentage. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Orofacial: Of or relating to the mouth and face. [EU] Oropharynx: Oral part of the pharynx. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]

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Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Paralysis: Loss of ability to move all or part of the body. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]

Pedigree: A record of one's ancestors, offspring, siblings, and their offspring that may be used to determine the pattern of certain genes or disease inheritance within a family. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perforation: 1. The act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. A hole made through a part or substance. [EU] Pericytes: Smooth muscle cell that wraps around normal blood vessels. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneum: Endothelial lining of the abdominal cavity, the parietal peritoneum covering the inside of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum covering the bowel, the mesentery, and certain of the organs. The portion that covers the bowel becomes the serosal layer of the bowel wall. [NIH] Petechia: A pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. [EU] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top

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of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]

Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Pleomorphic: Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei. [NIH] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Pons: The part of the central nervous system lying between the medulla oblongata and the mesencephalon, ventral to the cerebellum, and consisting of a pars dorsalis and a pars ventralis. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states. [NIH] Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from cortisone. It is

Dictionary 87

biologically inert and converted to prednisolone in the liver. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Primary tumor: The original tumor. [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]

Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Putamen: The largest and most lateral of the basal ganglia lying between the lateral medullary lamina of the globus pallidus and the external capsule. It is part of the neostriatum and forms part of the lentiform nucleus along with the globus pallidus. [NIH] Pyogenic: Producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). [EU] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor

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cortex. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Round Ligament: A fibromuscular band that attaches to the uterus and then passes along the broad ligament, out through the inguinal ring, and into the labium majus. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary Gland Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the salivary glands. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Scalpel: A small pointed knife with a convex edge. [NIH] Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that begins in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported. [NIH] Sclera: The tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior fivesixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. [EU] Scleroderma: A chronic disorder marked by hardening and thickening of the skin. Scleroderma can be localized or it can affect the entire body (systemic). [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Sclerotic: Pertaining to the outer coat of the eye; the sclera; hard, indurated or sclerosed. [NIH]

Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sebum: The oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands. It is composed of keratin, fat, and cellular debris. [NIH] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to

Dictionary 89

as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as female or male. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]

Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH]

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Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tarsal Bones: The seven bones which form the tarsus - namely, calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, and first, second and third cuneiforms. The tarsus is a skeletal part of the foot. [NIH]

Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss,

Dictionary 91

movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thymus: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system, in which T lymphocytes grow and multiply. The thymus is in the chest behind the breastbone. [NIH] Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor suppressor gene: Genes in the body that can suppress or block the development of cancer. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive;

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called also neoplasm. [EU] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]

Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or rickettsiae), antigenic proteins derived from them, or synthetic constructs, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases. [NIH]

Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Veins: The vessels carrying blood toward the heart. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vestibular: Pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. [EU] Vestibule: A small, oval, bony chamber of the labyrinth. The vestibule contains the utricle and saccule, organs which are part of the balancing apparatus of the ear. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Villous: Of a surface, covered with villi. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Xanthoma: A tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma. [EU] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH]

93

INDEX A Abdominal, 15, 67, 85 Ablate, 67, 74 Acoustic, 16, 67 Acupuncture Anesthesia, 30, 67 Adaptation, 67, 86 Adenoma, 38, 67 Adipocytes, 5, 67 Adipose Tissue, 6, 34, 56, 67, 76, 81 Adiposis Dolorosa, 4, 36, 67 Afferent, 67, 74 Age Groups, 3, 67 Aged, 80 and Over, 67 Algorithms, 67, 70 Alleles, 67, 81 Alternative medicine, 30, 40, 67 Amino Acids, 67, 68, 85, 86, 87 Analog, 68, 76 Anaplasia, 68 Anatomical, 68, 81, 88 Anemia, 51, 68 Anesthesia, 30, 68 Angiogenesis, 6, 68 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 6, 68 Ankle, 8, 68 Anomalies, 19, 68 Antibacterial, 68, 89 Antibiotic, 68, 89 Antibody, 68, 72, 79 Antigen, 68, 72, 74, 79 Antigen-presenting cell, 68, 74 Anti-inflammatory, 68, 77, 86 Antimetabolite, 68, 76 Antineoplastic, 68, 76 Apolipoproteins, 68, 81 Arterial, 68, 71, 87 Arteries, 68, 69, 70, 73, 81, 82 Arterioles, 69, 70 Asymptomatic, 20, 26, 69 Ataxia, 11, 19, 51, 69, 91 Atrophy, 4, 50, 51, 69 Attenuation, 15, 69 Atypical, 4, 8, 14, 29, 37, 38, 69 Auditory, 10, 17, 27, 69 Autopsy, 5, 20, 69 B Bacteria, 68, 69, 82, 89, 92 Basal Ganglia, 69, 87

Basal Ganglia Diseases, 69 Base, 69, 71, 74, 80, 90 Benign, 3, 5, 23, 34, 35, 36, 38, 56, 67, 69, 76, 77, 80, 81, 83, 84, 88 Benign tumor, 3, 5, 35, 38, 69, 76, 80, 81, 84 Bile, 69, 81, 90 Biological therapy, 69, 78 Biosynthesis, 69, 87 Biotechnology, 6, 7, 35, 40, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 69 Bladder, 70, 87, 92 Blood vessel, 37, 68, 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92 Body Fluids, 70, 74, 91 Bone Marrow, 70, 81, 82, 89 Bowel, 17, 19, 70, 80, 85 Brachial, 70, 82 Brachial Plexus, 70, 82 Brain Stem, 11, 70, 71 Branch, 63, 70, 82, 85, 89 Broad Ligament, 70, 88 C Calcaneus, 14, 70, 90 Capillary, 37, 70, 81, 92 Carcinogenic, 70, 90 Carcinogens, 70, 84 Carcinoma, 70 Cardiac, 8, 70, 83, 90 Case report, 8, 11, 18, 25, 70 Cavernous Hemangioma, 37, 70 Cell Division, 50, 69, 71, 78, 86 Cell Survival, 71, 78 Cerebellar, 19, 69, 71, 87 Cerebellopontine, 9, 15, 17, 26, 71 Cerebellopontine Angle, 15, 17, 26, 71 Cerebellum, 71, 77, 86, 87 Cerebral, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 90 Cerebral hemispheres, 69, 70, 71 Cerebrospinal, 71 Cerebrospinal fluid, 71 Cerebrum, 71, 91 Cervical, 70, 71, 82 Chemotherapy, 30, 71 Cholesterol, 69, 71, 72, 79, 81, 90 Cholesterol Esters, 71, 81 Choroid, 15, 71, 88 Choroid Plexus, 15, 71 Chromosomal, 5, 9, 71

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Chromosome, 5, 12, 19, 24, 71, 81 Chromosome Aberrations, 12, 71 Chronic, 50, 71, 75, 79, 80, 81, 86, 88, 90 Chronic renal, 71, 86 Chylomicrons, 72, 81 Cicatrix, 72, 80 Clinical trial, 4, 47, 72 Cloning, 70, 72 Cofactor, 72, 87 Collagen, 72, 76, 80 Complement, 72 Complementary and alternative medicine, 29, 31, 72 Complementary medicine, 29, 72 Computational Biology, 47, 49, 73 Computed tomography, 14, 73 Computerized axial tomography, 73 Computerized tomography, 73 Conjunctiva, 70, 73 Connective Tissue, 56, 70, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80, 81, 82 Constitutional, 73, 83 Contraindications, ii, 73 Coronary, 73, 82 Coronary Thrombosis, 73, 82 Corpus, 19, 21, 73, 77, 83, 87 Corpus Callosum, 19, 21, 73 Cortex, 69, 73, 76, 87, 88 Corticosteroids, 37, 73, 77, 86 Cortisone, 73, 86 Cranial, 70, 71, 74, 84, 85 Cranial Nerves, 70, 74 Curettage, 74, 81 Cutaneous, 24, 25, 74 D Databases, Bibliographic, 47, 74 Deletion, 16, 74, 81 Dendrites, 74 Dendritic, 21, 74, 82 Dendritic cell, 21, 74 Density, 6, 74, 81, 84 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 21, 74 Diagnostic procedure, 33, 40, 74 Diffusion, 74, 79 Digestion, 16, 69, 70, 74, 80, 81, 90 Digestive tract, 74, 89, 90 Dihydrotestosterone, 30, 74 Direct, iii, 74, 88 Dissection, 11, 34, 74 Duct, 74, 75, 88 Dysplasia, 21, 51, 74 Dystrophy, 50, 74

E Ecchymosis, 34, 74 Edema, 34, 74, 84 Electrocoagulation, 37, 74 Endemic, 75, 89 Endometrial, 13, 75 Endometrium, 75 Endopeptidases, 75, 87 End-stage renal, 72, 75, 86 Enhancer, 5, 75 Enucleation, 4, 75 Environmental Exposure, 75, 84 Environmental Health, 46, 48, 75 Enzyme, 75, 81, 87 Eosinophilia, 75, 76 Epidemic, 75, 89 Epidermal, 38, 75, 82 Epidermis, 75, 77 Epidermoid carcinoma, 75, 89, 90 Epigastric, 75, 85 Epithelial, 67, 75, 80 Erythrocytes, 68, 70, 75 Esophagus, 16, 74, 75, 86, 90 Essential Tremor, 51, 75 Exocrine, 75, 85 Expert Systems, 75, 79 Extracellular, 73, 76, 90 Extracellular Matrix, 73, 76 Extraction, 11, 26, 76 Extravasation, 74, 76, 78 Extremity, 70, 76, 82 F Facial, 7, 76 Family Planning, 47, 76 Fasciitis, 29, 76 Fat, 4, 8, 15, 19, 27, 34, 36, 67, 70, 76, 81, 88, 89 Fat Necrosis, 19, 76 Fatty acids, 76 Fibroblasts, 37, 76 Fibroid, 76, 80 Fibroma, 24, 38, 76 Fibrosarcoma, 76 Fibrosis, 51, 76, 88 Fissure, 25, 73, 76 Fluorouracil, 37, 76 Foam Cells, 76, 92 Fold, 70, 76 Follicles, 76 Foramen, 22, 76 Forearm, 76, 82 Fourth Ventricle, 71, 77

Index 95

Frontal Lobe, 16, 77 G Ganglia, 69, 77, 83, 85 Gas, 74, 77, 84, 90 Gastric, 20, 77 Gastrin, 77, 78 Gastrointestinal, 12, 76, 77, 80, 91 Gastrointestinal tract, 76, 77, 80, 91 Gene, 5, 7, 18, 20, 21, 24, 27, 35, 51, 52, 67, 70, 77, 79, 84, 86 Gene Fusion, 5, 77 Genotype, 5, 77 Germ Cells, 77, 84 Gland, 56, 73, 77, 81, 85, 87, 88, 91 Globus Pallidus, 69, 77, 87 Glucocorticoid, 77, 86 Glucose, 50, 77, 78, 88 Glycerol, 76, 77, 86 Gonadal, 77, 90 Governing Board, 77, 86 Granular Cell Tumor, 38, 77 Granuloma, 38, 78 Gravis, 26, 78 Groin, 37, 78, 79 Growth, 4, 5, 6, 12, 37, 50, 68, 69, 71, 76, 78, 82, 83, 84, 86, 91 Growth factors, 5, 78 H Hair follicles, 5, 78 Hamartoma, 10, 78 Hematoma, 34, 78 Hemoglobin, 68, 75, 78 Hemoglobinuria, 50, 78 Hemolytic, 76, 78 Hemorrhage, 74, 78 Hereditary, 4, 78, 88 Heredity, 77, 78 Hormonal, 69, 78 Hormone, 12, 13, 24, 73, 77, 78, 85, 87, 90, 91 Hybrid, 78 Hybridization, 23, 78 Hydrophobic, 78, 81 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 79, 81 Hypopharynx, 17, 79 Hypoplasia, 9, 79 I Id, 31, 57, 62, 64, 79 Ileal, 22, 79 Ileum, 79 Image Cytometry, 25, 79 Immune response, 68, 73, 79, 92

Immunodeficiency, 20, 50, 79 Immunosuppressant, 76, 79 Indicative, 79, 85, 92 Infancy, 38, 79 Infant, Newborn, 67, 79 Infantile, 22, 79 Infarction, 73, 79, 82 Infection, 34, 69, 76, 79, 81, 82, 84, 90 Infiltration, 29, 37, 79 Inflammation, 68, 76, 79, 87 Inguinal, 79, 88 Innervation, 70, 79, 82 Intercostal, 15, 79 Intermittent, 79, 81 Interstitial, 21, 79 Intervertebral, 22, 80 Intestinal, 80, 82 Intestine, 70, 80 Intracellular, 79, 80 Intramuscular, 15, 18, 20, 36, 80 Intussusception, 19, 80 Invasive, 80, 82 Involuntary, 69, 75, 80, 83, 89 Ischemia, 69, 80 K Kb, 46, 80 Keloid, 38, 80 Keratoacanthoma, 38, 80 Kidney Disease, 46, 51, 80 L Large Intestine, 74, 80, 87, 89 Larynx, 17, 79, 80, 91 Leiomyoma, 38, 76, 80 Lesion, 78, 80 Leukemia, 50, 80 Library Services, 62, 80 Ligament, 80, 87 Linkage, 5, 81 Lipectomy, 34, 81 Lipid, 29, 30, 68, 76, 77, 81, 92 Lipoma, 3, 5, 7, 15, 23, 24, 30, 34, 36, 50, 81 Lipomatosis, 4, 5, 24, 36, 50, 81 Lipoprotein, 13, 81 Lipoprotein Lipase, 13, 81 Liposarcoma, 4, 18, 81 Liquor, 81, 87 Liver, 67, 69, 81, 87 Localized, 78, 79, 81, 84, 86, 88 Long-Term Care, 6, 81 Loss of Heterozygosity, 5, 81 Low-density lipoprotein, 81 Lumbar, 18, 81, 84

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Lipomas

Lymph, 30, 37, 71, 81, 82 Lymph node, 30, 71, 81, 82 Lymphatic, 37, 79, 81, 82, 84, 89, 91 Lymphatic system, 81, 82, 89, 91 Lymphoid, 73, 82 Lymphoma, 50, 82 M Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 27, 82 Malabsorption, 50, 82 Malformation, 78, 82 Malignant, 5, 37, 50, 68, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88 Malnutrition, 69, 82, 83 Mammary, 24, 81, 82 Median Nerve, 23, 82 MEDLINE, 47, 49, 51, 82 Medullary, 82, 87 Melanocytes, 82, 84 Melanoma, 37, 50, 82 Membrane, 71, 72, 73, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88 Mesenchymal, 36, 82 Metastasis, 82 Metastatic, 30, 82 MI, 65, 82 Microbiology, 67, 69, 82 Mitochondrial Swelling, 83 Mobility, 5, 24, 27, 83 Molecular, 5, 47, 49, 70, 73, 83 Molecule, 68, 69, 72, 83, 84, 87 Mononuclear, 76, 78, 83 Mucosa, 38, 83 Muscle Fibers, 83 Muscular Atrophy, 51, 83 Muscular Dystrophies, 74, 83 Myasthenia, 26, 83 Myocardium, 82, 83 Myotonic Dystrophy, 51, 83 N Necrosis, 11, 76, 79, 82, 83 Need, 3, 22, 36, 37, 58, 72, 83 Neoplasia, 18, 20, 24, 50, 83 Neoplasm, 77, 78, 83, 92 Neoplastic, 21, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83 Neostriatum, 83, 87 Nephropathy, 80, 83 Nerve, 11, 16, 23, 67, 68, 69, 70, 74, 79, 82, 83, 84, 88 Nervous System, 7, 8, 10, 51, 67, 71, 77, 83, 84, 85, 86 Networks, 79, 83 Neural, 38, 67, 79, 83

Neuropathy, 11, 84 Nevus, 38, 84 Nevus, Blue, 38, 84 Nitrogen, 37, 84 Nuclear, 16, 69, 83, 84 Nuclei, 14, 82, 84, 86 Nucleic acid, 78, 84 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 78, 84 Nucleus, 69, 75, 77, 83, 84, 87, 90 O Oculomotor, 70, 84 Oedema, 70, 84 Oncogene, 50, 84 On-line, 5, 65, 84 Opacity, 74, 84 Orofacial, 14, 84 Oropharynx, 79, 84 Ovary, 30, 84 P Pancreas, 17, 67, 85, 91 Pancreatic, 50, 85 Pancreatic cancer, 50, 85 Paralysis, 70, 85 Parathyroid, 21, 85, 90 Parathyroid Glands, 85 Paroxysmal, 50, 85 Patch, 74, 85 Pathologic, 15, 19, 23, 73, 85 Patient Education, 56, 60, 62, 65, 85 Pedigree, 4, 21, 85 Pelvic, 85, 87 Peptide, 75, 85, 86, 87 Perforation, 76, 85 Pericytes, 6, 85 Peripheral Nervous System, 85, 88 Peritoneal, 18, 84, 85 Peritoneum, 70, 85 Petechia, 74, 85 Pharmacologic, 68, 85, 91 Pharynx, 79, 84, 85 Phospholipids, 76, 81, 86 Physiologic, 69, 86, 87 Pigment, 82, 86 Plants, 77, 86, 88, 91 Plasticity, 6, 86 Pleomorphic, 16, 19, 36, 86 Polycystic, 51, 86 Polypeptide, 72, 78, 86 Polyposis, 18, 86 Pons, 70, 71, 77, 86 Port, 37, 86 Port-a-cath, 86

Index 97

Posterior, 69, 71, 85, 86, 88 Practice Guidelines, 48, 86 Prednisolone, 86, 87 Prednisone, 37, 86 Prevalence, 27, 87 Primary tumor, 5, 87 Progesterone, 87, 90 Progressive, 11, 71, 78, 83, 87, 91 Prostate, 50, 87, 91 Protease, 20, 87 Protease Inhibitors, 20, 87 Protein C, 68, 81, 87 Protein S, 5, 35, 51, 70, 87 Proteins, 7, 24, 67, 68, 72, 78, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 91, 92 Public Policy, 47, 87 Publishing, 6, 87 Pulmonary, 5, 7, 10, 13, 87 Putamen, 11, 69, 83, 87 Pyogenic, 37, 38, 87 Q Quiescent, 6, 87 R Receptor, 12, 67, 68, 87 Rectum, 18, 74, 77, 80, 87 Red Nucleus, 69, 87 Refer, 1, 72, 88, 92 Refraction, 88, 89 Refractory, 74, 88 Resection, 22, 30, 88 Retina, 71, 88 Retinoblastoma, 18, 21, 50, 88 Round Ligament, 16, 88 S Saliva, 88 Salivary, 38, 85, 88 Salivary Gland Neoplasms, 38, 88 Salivary glands, 88 Saponins, 88, 90 Scalpel, 11, 88 Schwannoma, 21, 88 Sclera, 71, 73, 88 Scleroderma, 76, 88 Sclerosis, 51, 88 Sclerotic, 24, 88 Screening, 5, 72, 88 Sebaceous, 38, 88 Sebum, 88 Seizures, 85, 88 Semen, 87, 89 Serum, 30, 72, 81, 89 Sex Characteristics, 89, 90

Sex Determination, 51, 89 Skeletal, 19, 20, 83, 89, 90 Skull, 89, 90 Small intestine, 36, 72, 78, 79, 80, 89 Smooth muscle, 76, 80, 85, 89 Soft tissue, 36, 70, 76, 89 Solid tumor, 68, 89 Spasm, 26, 89, 90 Specialist, 57, 89 Spectrum, 21, 89 Sperm, 5, 71, 89 Sphincter, 80, 89 Spinal cord, 15, 18, 25, 70, 71, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89 Spleen, 81, 82, 89 Sporadic, 5, 20, 88, 89 Squamous, 37, 38, 75, 77, 80, 89, 90 Squamous cell carcinoma, 37, 75, 78, 80, 89, 90 Squamous cells, 77, 89, 90 Sterile, 85, 90 Steroid, 4, 56, 73, 88, 90 Stomach, 67, 74, 75, 77, 78, 86, 89, 90 Subacute, 79, 90 Subclinical, 79, 88, 90 Subcutaneous, 3, 10, 13, 20, 22, 34, 36, 67, 74, 80, 81, 84, 90 Suction, 11, 26, 34, 81, 90 Suppression, 27, 90 Symphysis, 87, 90 Symptomatic, 15, 90 Systemic, 79, 84, 86, 88, 90 T Tarsal Bones, 70, 90 Telangiectasia, 51, 90 Temporal, 9, 90 Temporal Lobe, 9, 90 Testosterone, 30, 90 Tetany, 85, 90 Thalamic, 69, 90 Thalamic Diseases, 69, 90 Thigh, 78, 91 Thoracic, 15, 26, 70, 82, 91 Thrombosis, 87, 91 Thymus, 81, 82, 91 Thyroid, 85, 91 Thyroid Gland, 85, 91 Tomography, 91 Toxic, iv, 75, 84, 91 Toxicology, 48, 91 Toxins, 68, 79, 91 Trachea, 80, 86, 91

98

Lipomas

Transfection, 70, 91 Translocation, 5, 12, 14, 19, 27, 50, 91 Trauma, 14, 69, 83, 91 Tuberous Sclerosis, 4, 36, 51, 91 Tumor marker, 30, 91 Tumor suppressor gene, 81, 91 Tumour, 91, 92 U Unconscious, 79, 92 Urethra, 87, 92 Urine, 70, 78, 92 Uterus, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 80, 87, 88, 92 V Vaccines, 92

Vascular, 6, 38, 71, 79, 84, 91, 92 Veins, 70, 92 Venous, 84, 87, 92 Venules, 70, 92 Vertebrae, 80, 89, 92 Vestibular, 21, 92 Vestibule, 92 Veterinary Medicine, 47, 92 Villous, 71, 92 Virus, 20, 75, 92 X Xanthoma, 38, 92 X-ray, 73, 84, 92

Index 99

100 Lipomas