Radiology of Rodents, Rabbits and Ferrets: An Atlas of Normal Anatomy and Positioning

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Radiology of Rodents, Rabbits, and Ferrets: An Atlas of Normal Anatomy and Positioning Copyright © 2005, Elsevier (USA). All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-7216-9789-5

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 238 7869, fax: (+1) 215 238 2239, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier Science homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’.

NOTICE Veterinary Medicine is an ever-changing field. Standard safety precautions must be followed, but as new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug to be administered to verify the recommended dose, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the licensed prescriber, relying on experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient. Neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from this publication.

International Standard Book Number 0-7216-9789-5

Acquisitions Editor: Anthony J. Winkel Developmental Editor: Jolynn Gower Publishing Services Manager: John Rogers Senior Project Manager: Beth Hayes Designer: Kathi Gosche Cover Designer: Jyotika Shroff

Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number:

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The untiring efforts of many individuals made this atlas a reality. Hundreds of radiographic images were produced by Jody Nugent-Deal and Kristina Palmer-Holtry. Candi Stafford and Michelle Santoro provided technical advice and assistance to optimize image quality and develop radiographic protocols. Bob Smith was our technical liaison with the 3M Corporation. Jason Peters and Richard Larson developed the computed tomography techniques for acquiring thorough alternative imaging studies. Francesca Angelesco, John Gardiner, and Kathy West had exceptional artistic talents and technical skills. The attention to detail and resourcefulness of the aforementioned individuals resulted in production of quality images that serve as the basis of this text. The animals imaged were integral to this text’s creation. They were housed and maintained in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act and the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. All radiographic and alternative imaging procedures were performed according to an approved animal care and use committee protocol. We are indebted to the individuals who cared for these animals and provided permanent homes for them when imaging was completed. The diagnostic images created for this text were catalogued, digitized, and reproduced by a technical support staff consisting of Jamie Ina, Andrea Pomposo, and Jennifer Chow, DVM. They also provided extensive research and technical support to the authors. John Duval assisted with digitization of radiographic images and graciously provided access to image processing equipment. Ned Waters donated his personal time and efforts to help digitize images when scanners were being serviced. Drs. Seth Wallack, Karen Rosenthal, James Morrissey, Donald Thrall, David Crossley, and Frank Verstraete reviewed the text and images for accuracy and content. Dr. Helen Diggs was an invaluable resource and helped with the anatomic drawings. The insight of these individuals greatly enhanced this atlas. The concept of this atlas evolved because of the vision of Ray Kersey, former Executive Editor of Veterinary Medicine for Elsevier. His dedication to disseminating veterinary medical knowledge cannot be understated. Dr. Anthony Winkel, Jolynn Gower, Beth Hayes, and Kathi Goshe of Elsevier provided invaluable assistance during the final production phase of this atlas. Their dedication, hard work, and guidance regarding technical and esthetic matters were crucial and greatly appreciated. Production of this atlas entailed 3 years of work, and we would be remiss not to acknowledge the goodwill, support, and understanding of our families. Our spouses, Debrah Tom and Don Preisler, constantly provided support and encouraged us to continue even though there were many hours devoted to the creation of the atlas rather than family affairs. Debrah Tom never failed to say “Have Fun” and Don Preisler responded with “No Problem” when told of a weekend of work ahead. Alexander and Nicholas Preisler made many visits to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital on weekends to say hello to their Mom and to bring the entire crew refreshments. In closing, we would like to extend our appreciation to all of these individuals for their encouragement, efforts and sacrifices. We are indebted to them for their persistence and dedication. SS and LT

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P R E FA C E

The species included in this text historically have been vital in biomedical research, but are becoming increasingly popular as companion animals. Documentation of radiographic and alternative imaging findings associated with disease conditions of these species has expanded greatly. However, there is no single reference that provides normal radiographic and alternative imaging anatomy for these species as there is for dogs, cats, horses, and other domestic animals. Diagnostic studies of these species were previously interpreted based on clinical experience and extrapolated knowledge from other species. The purpose of this atlas is to provide veterinary clinicians with normal radiographic images and alternative imaging studies. We hope this atlas increases the utilization and accuracy of diagnostic imaging of these species and enhances their medical care.

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ANATOMIC REFERENCE Images in this text were anatomically labeled to coincide with illustrations from A Colour Atlas of the Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals: Vols. I (Rabbit and Guinea Pig) and II (Rat, Mouse, and Golden Hamster), authored by P. Popesko, V. Rajtova, and J. Horak Wolfe (2002, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa.). Individual organs may not always be completely and clearly visualized on radiographs; therefore anatomic drawings have been provided as references for the rat, hamster, guinea pig, and rabbit. These anatomic drawings can be used as general guidelines. However, the location of abdominal organs may be affected by the animal’s reproductive status and by distention of the digestive tract and urinary bladder. In addition, vertebral formulas for animals in this text may differ from those in other references because of individual variation.

RADIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT The x-ray generator should be capable of 5.0 to 7.5 milliampere second (mAs) exposures, have a range of 40 to 100 kilovoltage peak (kVp), and be adjustable in 1- to 2-kVp increments. Rapid exposure times (i.e., 0.017 of a second and faster) should be possible to minimize patient motion artifact. Most diagnostic x-ray tubes have small and large focal spots. Whenever possible, the small focal spot is selected because it produces radiographic images of superior detail. The disadvantage of the small focal spot is a lower milliampere capacity compared with the large focal spot, therefore requiring longer exposure times for equivalent milliampere second techniques. The small focal spot is also more prone to thermal damage associated with x-ray production. The height of the x-ray tube on the tube stand should be adjustable because it may be necessary to make small changes in the focal spot to film distance (FFD) to manipulate the exposure technique. The FFD used to produce the radiographic images in this text ranged from 38 inches (97 cm) to 40 inches (102 cm), except for the magnification studies. An Innovet Select 20kHz High Frequency Radiographic Machine (Summit Industries, Inc., Chicago, Ill. 60625) was used to produce the radiographic images in this book. Although the animals in this text are relatively small in body size compared to more traditional small animal veterinary patients (e.g., dogs and cats), an x-ray generator, an x-ray tube, and a tube stand with the aforementioned capabilities would offer maximal flexibility and are standard in most small animal veterinary clinics. Asymetrix Detail Intensifying Screens (3M Animal Care Products, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minn. 55144-1000) and Ultra Detail Plus or SE+ radiographic film (3M Animal Care Products) were used to produce the radiographic images in this book. This film–screen combination produced a radiographic system speed of 100 to 350. Other film–screen combinations of similar speed and resolution could be used. Table 1-1 summarizes radiographic exposure factors used for creating this text’s radiographic images using the table-top technique. These settings are intended to be guidelines and may require modification depending on the x-ray generator, film–screen combination, radiographic film processing, and patient size.

PATIENT POSITIONING Imaging the animals included in this text can be challenging because of their resistance to restraint, small body size, relatively short extremities, and body conformation. It is often difficult to palpate anatomic landmarks because of thick subcutaneous adipose layers and luxuriant hair coats. Correct patient positioning is often achieved using visual anatomic landmarks rather than palpation. Optimal image detail is obtained by performing studies on anesthetized or sedated patients. Anesthesia or sedation

facilitates safe and accurate patient positioning and decreases patient motion artifact. All studies in this text were performed on anesthetized or sedated patients. Important factors in patient positioning are symmetry and stabilization of the subject. Small pieces of radiolucent foam are occasionally used to aid positioning. Radiolucent paper masking tape is ideal for securing the patient’s extremities. Weighted objects (e.g., sandbags) for extending and placing traction on the extremities are not as useful for the smaller patients because of their short limb length and the failure of weighted objects to conform to their extremities. Therefore smaller patients are secured directly on the cassette with tape. The extremities of larger patients may require more traction to prevent their limbs from obscuring the thorax and abdomen; therefore circumferentially wrapping their extremities with tape before the tape is secured to the cassette or table may be necessary. The following are brief descriptions of recommended positioning techniques.

POSITIONING TECHNIQUE FOR LATERAL RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE WHOLE BODY, THORAX, AND ABDOMEN The patient is placed on the cassette in lateral recumbency. The right lateral recumbent position is standard. The dependent limbs are fully extended, minimizing superimposition on the thorax and abdomen, and secured with tape to the cassette or table in a lateral position. The contralateral limbs are superimposed and similarly secured. The head is fixed in a straight lateral position by gently extending the neck and then securing the head and neck with tape onto the cassette or table. To optimize correct patient positioning, it is sometimes necessary to make minor positional adjustments to the head or extremities by placing small pieces of radiolucent foam under the nose or between the limbs. The tail is extended caudally and taped if necessary (Figures 1-1 to 1-3).

POSITIONING TECHNIQUES FOR VENTRODORSAL OR DORSOVENTRAL RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE WHOLE BODY, THORAX, AND ABDOMEN Obtaining ventrodorsal or dorsoventral radiographic images of the whole body, thorax, or abdomen is facilitated by the body conformation and flaccid muscle tone of these animals when they are anesthetized. For the ventrodorsal projection, the patient is placed on the cassette in dorsal recumbency. The pelvic limbs are symmetrically extended caudally, rotated slightly medially (adducted), and secured to the cassette or table if the legs extend beyond the cassette. The distal tips of the digits of both pelvic limbs are similarly positioned. The thoracic limbs are fully and symmetrically extended cranially, and the dorsal surfaces of the digits are placed on the cassette or table and secured with radiolucent tape. The head is placed in a straight ventrodorsal position and taped. A similar technique is used for the dorsoventral studies, but the patient is positioned in ventral recumbency. Gentle traction on the head and spine can be used to minimize rotation and other positioning artifacts (Figures 1-4 to 1-6).

POSITIONING TECHNIQUES FOR RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THORACIC AND PELVIC LIMBS Radiographic images of entire thoracic and pelvic limbs are made with the patient in lateral or dorsal recumbency. Therefore radiographic images of the thoracic or pelvic limbs are mediolateral projections and ventrodorsal or dorsoventral projections, respectively. For a lateral radiographic study of the thoracic limb, the neck is extended dorsally to minimize superimposition of adjacent soft tissues on the extremity being examined. Positioning and securing limbs are similar to the methods described for the whole-body radiographic projections. Circumferential application of tape around the extremity is avoided because it induces limb rotation and may compress the digits, thereby reducing image detail. The x-ray beam is centered on the middle portion of the extremity, and the x-ray beam field includes the entire limb and a small portion of adjacent structures (Figures 1-7 to 1-9).

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Table • 1-1 Radiographic exposure guidelines for rodents, rabbits, and ferrets using table-top technique and focal film distances of 40 inches (102 cm) for extremities and 38 inches (97 cm) for all other studies Species

Mouse

Approximate Body Size (g)

30

Hamster

150

Rat

300

Chinchilla

500

Guinea Pig

1200

Ferret

1200

Rabbit (small)

1200

Rabbit (medium)

2200

Rabbit (large)

4000

Radiographic Study

Whole body Skull Whole body Skull Whole body Skull Whole body Skull Extremities Whole body Skull Extremities Whole body Skull Extremities Whole body Skull Extremities Whole body Skull Extremities Thorax Spine Pelvis Whole body Skull Extremities Thorax Spine Pelvis

Film Screen System

mAs

kVp

** ** ** ** ** ** *** ** ** *** ** ** *** ** ** *** ** ** *** ** ** *** *** *** *** ** ** *** *** ***

7.5 7.5 6.0 7.5 6.0 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0-7.5 5.0 7.5 7.5 5.0 6.0 6.0-7.5 5.0 7.5 7.5

48 49 54 52 52 52-53 44 54-56 48-52 44 54 48-52 44 54 48-52 44 54 48-52 45 55 50-52 45 47 47 46-48 56-58 52-54 46 48 48

**3M (3M Animal Care Products, 3M Center, St. Paul Minn. 55144-1000) Asymmetrix Detail Intensifying Screen with SE+ radiographic film. ***3M (3M Animal Care Products, 3M Center, St. Paul Minn. 55144-1000) Asymmetrix Detail Intensifying Screen with Ultra Detail Plus radiographic film.

POSITIONING TECHNIQUES FOR RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF EXTREMITIES Positioning patients for lateral radiographic projections of the extremities is similar to that for the whole-limb examinations. For distal extremities to be in contact with the cassette and minimize rotation of the area of interest, additional strips of tape may be required. The tape is applied across the limb. Circumferential application of tape around the extremity is avoided because it induces limb rotation and compresses the digits, thereby reducing image detail. The contralateral limb should not be superimposed for these studies. The respective contralateral limb is circumferentially taped, and traction is applied to minimize superimposition on the limb being studied. The body is rotated appropriately to minimize superimposition of adjacent structures on the area of interest. Dorsal plane radiographic images of the thoracic limb distal to the antebrachiocarpal joint are termed dorsopalmar projections; in the pelvic limb dorsal plane radiographic images distal to the tarsocrural joint are termed dorsoplantar projections.

POSITIONING TECHNIQUES FOR RADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE HEAD Radiographic studies of the head include lateral and dorsoventral radiographic projections and, when necessary, oblique views. For lateral and oblique projections, the patient is placed in a lateral recumbent position. For dorsoventral projections, the patient is positioned in ventral recumbency. Small wedges of radiolucent foam may be required for precise positioning

before the head is secured to the cassette. The oblique radiographic projections require rotation of 30 degrees or less off the straight lateral projection. Oblique projections are described by the point of entrance of the x-ray beam to the point of exit (Figures 1-10 to 1-11). Magnification radiographic images of rodent and rabbit heads are included in this text. The principles of magnification radiography have been described in other veterinary radiology texts. In brief, the technique utilizes an ultrasmall focal spot x-ray tube and an increased object–film distance as compared to standard radiographs. The result is an enlarged image of the object being radiographed. These enlarged images are useful for critically examining small patients or body parts (Figure 1-12).

RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT As a result of inherently poor tissue contrast of the animals represented in this text, special radiographic procedures can help to evaluate their digestive and urinary tracts. These studies can provide excellent anatomic detail, but evaluation of functional parameters can be compromised by the anesthesia or sedation used to acquire the images. Administration of contrast medium for gastrointestinal studies can be performed using a catheter-tipped syringe, a metal feeding tube, a soft flexible urinary catheter, or an esophageal tube. On occasion patients can be induced to swallow the contrast medium by

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Figure 1-1 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of the rat whole body. The rat is placed on the cassette in right lateral recumbency. The thoracic limbs are secured to the cassette in full extension using radiolucent tape. The pelvic limbs are extended slightly caudally and taped. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the middle portion of the body, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the head and entire pelvis. (Drawing by Kathy West.)

Figure 1-2 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of the rabbit thorax. The rabbit is placed on the cassette in right lateral recumbency. The thoracic limbs are secured to the cassette in full extension using radiolucent tape. Full extension of the thoracic limbs is required for optimal radiographic detail of the cranial thorax. The pelvic limbs are positioned using a sandbag (tape can be used instead of a sandbag). The neck is gently extended. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the caudal border of the scapulae, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the caudal cervical and cranial abdominal regions. The radiographic exposure is timed to coincide with peak inspiration.

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Figure 1-3 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of the rabbit abdomen. The rabbit is placed on the cassette in right lateral recumbency. The thoracic and pelvic limbs are extended and positioned using radiolucent tape or sandbags. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the middle region of the abdomen, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the caudal thorax and entire pelvis. The x-ray exposure is timed to coincide with the end of expiration.

Figure 1-4 Positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of the rat whole body. The rat is placed on the cassette in dorsal recumbency. The thoracic and pelvic limbs are gently extended and secured to the cassette with tape. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the midline at the thoracolumbar vertebral junction, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the head and entire pelvis. (Drawing by Kathy West.)

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Figure 1-5 Positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of the rabbit thorax. The rabbit is placed on the cassette in ventral recumbency. The thoracic limbs are extended and secured cranially and in close apposition to the skull rather than extended laterally. Cranial extension of the thoracic limbs minimizes superimposition of the scapulae and associated musculature on the cranial aspect of the thorax. The ears are positioned to minimize superimposition on the thoracic cavity. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the midline of the middle portion of the thoracic vertebrae. The x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the caudal cervical and cranial abdominal regions. The radiographic exposure is timed to coincide with peak inspiration.

Figure 1-6 Positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of the rabbit abdomen. The rabbit is placed on the cassette in dorsal recumbency. The thoracic and pelvic limbs are gently extended and secured. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the midline of the middle portion of the lumbar vertebral column. The x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the caudal thorax and entire pelvis. The x-ray exposure is timed to coincide with the end of expiration.

Figure 1-7 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of the ferret thoracic limb. The ferret is positioned in lateral recumbency so that the limb being radiographed is dependent. The thoracic limb is placed on the cassette and secured in the lateral position with radiolucent tape, and the contralateral limb is pulled caudally and dorsally to minimize superimposition of tissues. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the elbow, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the entire limb of interest.

slowly infusing it into the oral cavity through a cathetertipped syringe or a metal feeding tube (avian gavage feeding tube) before anesthesia. In most instances the contrast medium is administered via an esophageal tube while the patient is anesthetized. Soft flexible urinary catheters or stomach tubes are preferred for esophageal or gastric administration, although rigid metal feeding tubes (avian gavage feeding tube) also can be used to dose nonanesthetized patients depending on the administrator’s skill level. If a metal feeding tube is used, the ball-tipped orifice is placed in the

oral diastoma. Contrast medium is slowly infused as the patient swallows. The recommended volume of positive contrast medium for gastrointestinal procedures is approximately 2% of the body weight (2 ml of contrast medium/100 g of body weight). A suspension of micropulverized barium sulfate (60% weight/volume) was used for the gastrointestinal studies in this text. In species with a relatively simple digestive system (e.g., mice, rats, and ferrets), double contrast gastrointestinal studies can be performed to provide superior detail of the mucosal

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Figure 1-8 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study

Figure 1-10 Positioning technique for lateral radiographic study

of the ferret pelvic limb. The patient is positioned in lateral recumbency. The pelvic limb is placed on the cassette and secured in the lateral position with radiolucent tape. The contralateral limb is pulled caudally and abducted to minimize superimposition of soft tissues. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the region of the stifle joint, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the entire limb of interest.

of the rabbit head. The rabbit is placed in right lateral recumbency with the head resting on the cassette. A wedge-shaped piece of foam is placed under the rostral portion of the head so the sagittal plane is parallel to the top of the radiographic table. The legs are positioned symmetrically and the patient’s body placed in a straight lateral position. If additional stabilization is necessary, radiolucent tape is used. The x-ray beam (+) is centered just rostral and ventral to the eye, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) extends to the cervical region.

Figure 1-9 Positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of the ferret thoracic limb. The patient is placed in dorsal recumbency, but slightly rotated to the opposite side to minimize superimposition of soft tissues. The thoracic limb is placed on the cassette and secured in a ventrodorsal position with radiolucent tape. The x-ray beam (+) is centered on the region of the elbow joint, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the entire limb.

Figure 1-11 Positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of the rabbit head. The patient is positioned in ventral recumbency with the mandible resting on the cassette. The thoracic limbs are extended cranially and laterally approximately 45 degrees to the long axis of the body to minimize superimposition on the head. The x-ray beam (+) is centered between the eyes on the midline, and the x-ray beam field (dotted lines) includes the entire head and extends to the region of the cervical vertebrae.

surfaces and to assess distensibility of the digestive tract. Double contrast gastrointestinal studies are performed under general anesthesia to minimize patient discomfort and obtain optimal distention of the digestive tract. Positive contrast medium (60% weight/volume barium sulfate) is first administered via a gastric tube. The volume administered is usually 1 /4 to 1/2 the calculated volume for positive contrast studies. Following barium sulfate administration, the stomach is distended with room air using the same gastric tube. The volume administered is usually 100% to 200% of the volume

of positive contrast medium administered for single contrast gastrointestinal studies. Complete gastric distention is desired. Double contrast studies should be performed with caution in patients with gastric tympany or potential gastrointestinal obstruction. If the stomach remains severely distended with gas after the last radiograph is made, the residual gastric gas should be evacuated by passing a gastric tube. Colonic radiographic studies (barium enema) require retrograde infusion of contrast medium into the colon. Soft flexible catheters are usually sufficient. A suspension of

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given the natural tortuous nature of the colon. Another method of volume calculation is to make radiographs during infusion of contrast medium, or if available the contrast medium infusion can be monitored fluoroscopically.

RADIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST STUDIES OF THE URINARY TRACT

Figure 1-12 Table-top technique for a laterolateral magnification radiographic study of the guinea pig head. The cassette is placed on the top of the radiology table. The object–film distance (OFD) is increased by elevating the patient above the cassette with radiolucent foam sponge. The focal–film distance (FFD) is decreased by lowering the tube housing closer to the cassette. For the technique depicted in this illustration, the OFD is 12 inches (31 cm) and the FFD is 20 inches (51 cm). This technique resulted in a magnification factor of approximately 2.0.

Excretory urographic studies (rabbit and ferret) were performed after inserting a catheter into the cephalic vein and administering contrast medium intravenously. Abdominal compression was used to enhance visualization of the renal collecting system. Several layers of gauze sponge were applied to the ventral abdomen just cranial to the urinary bladder before compressing and wrapping the caudal abdomen with elastic bandage material. If urine production is low during the procedure, an intravenous diuretic can be administered after the contrast medium is injected. This may not be necessary in all patients. Tomcat or small-diameter polyethylene catheters are used to administer contrast medium for retrograde cystography. Organic iodinated urographic contrast media with an iodine content of approximately 37% are acceptable. RenoCal-76 (66% diatrizoate meglumine and 10% diatrizoate sodium; Bracco Diagnostics, Princeton, NJ 08543) was used for the studies in this text. For double contrast procedures a small volume of positive contrast medium is first infused and then the urinary bladder is fully distended with gas. Although room air is commonly used, it does increase the potential for iatrogenic air embolism. Use of carbon dioxide gas (instead of room air) can prevent this complication. The volume of gas administered is determined by abdominal palpation during gas infusion. If the urinary bladder is prominently distended at the end of the study, contrast media and urine should be withdrawn through the catheter. A double contrast cystogram is particularly valuable in rabbits with a large amount of radiopaque urinary bladder debris.

MYELOGRAPHIC STUDIES

micropulverized barium sulfate (60% weight/volume) is recommended. Precise dosing guidelines for retrograde colon studies have not been determined. The approximate colonic volume is estimated by evaluating the colon on survey radiographs. The length and diameter of the colon are the parameters used to approximate the colonic volume. One method of estimating the colonic volume is to superimpose a syringe barrel of similar diameter as the colon on the radiographs and follow the course of the colon through the abdomen. The number of syringe barrels necessary to course the entire length of the colon would be the estimated volume of barium used for the study. This estimation technique can be difficult

Performing myelography in guinea pigs, rabbits, and ferrets is similar to that described for dogs (Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, ed 4, Donald E. Thrall, editor, 2002, WB Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 114-126). The anatomy of the spinal canal and cord of rodents and rabbits differs from that of feline and canine patients; therefore an anatomic text should be consulted. For obtaining survey radiographs of rabbits and guinea pigs, positioning the patient in ventral recumbency minimizes rotation. For the rabbit and guinea pig myelographic studies included in this text, contrast medium was injected under fluoroscopic guidance through a 27-gauge spinal needle. General anesthesia was used. As with any myelographic studies, anticonvulsant drug therapy should be considered.

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2

Laboratory Mouse (Mus musculus)

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A

1

2

3

4

B Figure 2-1, A and B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trachea Heart Lung Liver Stomach Kidney Cecum Urinary bladder Scrotum

5

6

7

8

9

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1

2 3 4 5

6 9 7 8

10

11

R

A Figure 2-2, A Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

L

R

L

Figure 2-2, B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Trachea Heart Lung Liver Stomach Spleen

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Left kidney Cecum Right kidney Urinary bladder Scrotum

B

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A Figure 2-3, A Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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CHAPTER 2

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2 3 4

56 7

8 9 10 11 12 13

14

15 16

•

Laboratory Mouse (Mus musculus)

17 18 19

20

13

21

B 22 23

24 25 26 27 28 29

30 31 32

34

33

35 36 37 38

39

40 41 42 43 44 45

Figure 2-3, B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Incisive bone Maxilla Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Frontal bone Tympanic bulla Parietal bone Occipital bone Atlas 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra 4th rib 13th thoracic vertebra

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

1st lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium Ischium Caudal vertebra Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bone Radius Ulna Humerus Clavicles

31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Manubrium of sternum Scapula Xyphoid process Costal cartilage Pubis Obturator foramen Os penis Femur Patellae Tibia Fibula Calcaneus Tarsal bone Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 2-4, A Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

R

L

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1 2 28 29 30 31 32

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

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36 37

38 39

14 15 40 41

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17 18 19 20 21

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22

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48 49 50

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R

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B

15

Figure 2-4, B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.

Incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandible Zygomatic bone Frontal bone Ear canal Parietal bone Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Foramen magnum Atlas 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Patella Fabellae Femoral condyle Fibula Tibia Phalanges Metacarpal bone Carpal bone Radius Ulna Humerus Clavicle Humeral head Scapula Spine of scapula Rib Costal cartilage Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium Transverse process of caudal vertebra Caudal vertebra Calcaneus Tarsal bone Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 2-5, A Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Figure 2-5, B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

10 11 12

Incisive bone Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Maxilla Maxillary molar tooth Frontal bone Parietal bone

11 13 14 15 16

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Temporal bone Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla

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Laboratory Mouse (Mus musculus)

Figure 2-6, A Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

R

L

A

12

1 2

13 14

3 4

15

5 6

16 7 17

8

18

9 10 11 R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

L

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Frontal bone Mandible Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Basisphenoidal bone Foramen magnum

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Occipital bone Occipital condyle Mandibular symphysis Maxilla Nasal cavity Molar teeth Pterygoid bone Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity

B

Figure 2-6, B Type of animal: Mouse Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 27 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

17

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•

3

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

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Figure 3-1, A Anatomic drawing (view of the left side) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female rat. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trachea Esophagus Heart Lung Diaphragm Liver Stomach Spleen

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Left adrenal gland Left kidney Left ovary Small intestine Cecum Descending colon Left horn of uterus Urinary bladder

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Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

Figure 3-1, B Anatomic drawing (ventrodorsal view) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female rat. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trachea Esophagus Heart Diaphragm Spleen Left adrenal gland Stomach Left kidney Left ovary

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Cecum Urinary bladder Lung Liver Right adrenal gland Right kidney Small intestine Right horn of uterus Descending colon

21

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1

2

3

4

5

6

B 7

Figure 3-2, A and B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trachea Heart Lung Liver Stomach Kidney Cecum Scrotum

8

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Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

23

1

2

4

3 4 5

6

7 8

9

10

A

R

L

Figure 3-3, A Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

R

L

B

Figure 3-3, B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Trachea Cranial mediastinum Heart Lung Liver

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Stomach Left kidney Cecum Urinary bladder Scrotum

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A Figure 3-4, A Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

17

18 19

20

•

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

21 22 23 24

25 26 27

28

25

29

B 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 34 38 39 40 41

42 43

44

45

46

47 48 49 50

51 52

Figure 3-4, B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Mandibular incisor tooth Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Maxillary molar tooth Frontal bone Tympanic bulla Parietal bone Occipital bone Dorsal tubercle of atlas Spinous process of axis 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Spinous process of 2nd thoracic vertebra 3rd rib Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

1st lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium Femoral head Ischium Caudal vertebra Femur Fibula Calcaneus Phalanges Metacarpal bone Carpal bone Radius Mandible Ulna Mandibular molar tooth

37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52.

Humerus Clavicle Suprahamate process Scapula Manubrium of sternum 6th sternebra Xyphoid process Costal cartilages Pubis Obturator foramen Os penis Patella Fabella Tibia Tarsal bone Metatarsal bones

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Figure 3-5, A Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

R

L

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27

1

28

2

29 30 3 31

•

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

27

Figure 3-5, B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

4

32

5

33

6

34

7

35 8

36

9

37

10

38

11 39 40 41

42 12 13

14

15 16 17 43

18

44

19 20

45

21 22

46 23

47

24

48

25

26

R

L

B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Transverse process of atlas Clavicle Scapula Spine of scapula 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head Lesser trochanter of femur Ischium Patella Femoral condyles Tibia Fibula Calcaneus Phalanges Metacarpal bone Carpal bone Mandible Radius Ulna Tympanic bulla Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Humerus Humeral head 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Rib Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage 13th thoracic vertebra Pubis Obturator foramen Femur Fabella Caudal vertebra Transverse process of caudal vertebra

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Figure 3-6, A Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months

A

1

2

3 4

5 6

15

16

15 17

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

Figure 3-6, B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months

B 14

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

16

Nasal bone Incisive bone Nasoturbinates Maxilla Ethmoturbinates Maxillary molar teeth Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Petrous part of temporal bone External occipital protuberance

18 19

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

20

21

Occipital bone Occipital condyle Maxillary incisor tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Zygomatic process of temporal bone Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bullae

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2

3

4

5

6

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

•

7

8

9

10

11

29

12

C 13

14

15

16 14 16

17

16 18

19

20 21

Figure 3-6, C Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Nasal bone Incisive bone Nasal cavity Ethmoturbinates Maxillary molar teeth Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Petrous part of temporal bone External occipital protuberance Occipital bone

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Occipital condyle Maxillary incisor tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Zygomatic process of temporal bone Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bullae

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Figure 3-7, A Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months

R

A

Figure 3-7, B Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Incisive bone Infraorbital hiatus Mandible Zygomatic bone Palatine bone Pterygoid bone Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible Petrous part of temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Zygomatic process of maxilla Nasal cavity Coronoid process of mandible Tympanic cavity Ear canal Paracondylar process of occipital bone

L

1 2 3 4 16 5

17

6 7 8

18 19

9 10 11 12

20 21

13 14 15 22

B

R

L

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31

1 2 11

3

12 4

13

14 5

15 16

6 17 18

7

19

8

20

9 10 21

22 23

R

L

C Figure 3-7, C Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 387 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 5 months 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Infraorbital hiatus Palatine bone Coronoid process of mandible Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible Parietal bone Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Zygomatic process of maxilla Nasal cavity Mandible Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic cavity Ear canal Paracondylar process of occipital bone Occipital condyle Foramen magnum

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A 1

1

1

3

4

B 2 1

5 4

1

3

C 5

2

Figure 3-8, A-G Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B C

Time (hr) Survey 0.25 0.50

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

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33

3

D 2

5

8

E 2

Figure 3-8, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image D E

Time (hr) 2.75 5.25

3

5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

6

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

7

8

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8

F 2

3

5

8

7 7

G 2

Figure 3-8, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image F G

Time (hr) 8.25 22.00

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

8 9

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Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

35

1

1

2 1

4

3

5

A

R

L

Figure 3-9, A-G Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.25

R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

L

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

B

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1

1 2

2 1

3 4 3

5 5

R

L

R

L

D

C Figure 3-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 0.50 2.75

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

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Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

37

2

2

3

3 5 7

5

8 7 6 7 9

R

L

R

L

F

E Figure 3-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Time (hr) 5.25 8.25

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

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2

7

9

G

R

Figure 3-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rat Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 5 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 224 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image G

Time (hr) 22.00

L

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum

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3

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

2

4

Figure 3-10 Longitudinal view of the body. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. Liver 2. Stomach

Figure 3-11 Longitudinal view of the body. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 3. Liver 4. Cecum

3

5

1

3

1

3

1. Lung 2. Diaphragm

3. Left kidney 4. Cecum

4

39

2

1

4

5

•

2

6

2

1

4

Figure 3-12 Longitudinal view of the body. (From Krinke GJ,

Figure 3-13 Longitudinal view of the body. (From Krinke GJ,

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

1. Brain 2. Heart 3. Spinal cord

4. Liver 5. Intestinal tract

1. Brain 2. Lung 3. Diaphragm

4. Liver 5. Right kidney 6. Intestinal tract

2 1

1

2

3 3

Figure 3-14 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. Eye 2. Nasal cavity

3. Tongue

Figure 3-15 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. Eye 2. Bulbus olfactorius

3. Tongue

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2

3

3

1

4

2 1 5

6

Figure 3-16 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ,

Figure 3-17 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ,

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

1. Optic nerve 2. Fissura rhinalis

3. Frontal cerebral hemisphere

1. Basal ganglia (caudatoputamen) 2. Frontal cortex 3. Corpus callosum

2

2

3 4

1

3

1

5

4

5

8

6

6 7

Figure 3-18 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

4. Lateral cerebral ventricle 5. Commissura anterior 6. Area parolfactoria

Basal ganglia (caudatoputamen) Corpus callosum Septum Commissura anterior Fissura rhinalis Cortex piriformis Chiasma opticum Area preoptica

7

Figure 3-19 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Basal ganglia (caudatoputamen) Corpus callosum Lateral cerebral ventricle Septum Stria medullaris thalami Fasciculus medialis telencephali Anterior hypothalamus

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3

Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

•

4

2 5

1

1 8

Figure 3-21 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Fissura rhinalis Dorsal hippocampus Corpus callosum Stria medullaris thalami Thalamus Lemniscus medialis Hypothalamus Third cerebral ventricle

Ventral hippocampus Dorsal hippocampus Corpus callosum Third cerebral ventricle Thalamus Pedunculus cerebri Trigeminal nerve Pituitary gland

4

4

5

5

3

6

2 1

6

2

10

9

8

7

Figure 3-22 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

6

7

Figure 3-20 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

3

5

7

8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

3

4

6

41

Fissura rhinalis Tegmentum mesencephali Hippocampus Colliculus superior Substantia grisea centralis Corpus geniculatum mediale Pedunculus cerebri Nucleus interpeduncularis Pituitary gland Trigeminal root

1

7 8

Figure 3-23 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Raphe Fissura rhinalis Colliculus inferior Colliculus superior Aqueductus cerebri Formatio reticularis Pedunculus cerebellaris medius and trigeminal root Pons and tractus corticospinalis

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4 3

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2

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9

7

1

10 11

9

Figure 3-24 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Raphe Pedunculus cerebellaris superior Substantia grisea centralis Occipital cortex Pineal body Colliculus inferior Aqueductus cerebri Pedunculus cerebellaris medius Formatio reticularis Spinal trigeminal root Tractus corticospinalis

3

8

Figure 3-25 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Spinal trigeminal root Trigeminal motor root Cerebellar cortex Colliculus inferior Fourth cerebral ventricle Trigeminal motor nucleus Radix nervi facialis Complexus olivae superioris Corticospinal tract

3

5 4

4

6

5 2 7

2

1

6

1

7

8

Figure 3-26 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ,

Figure 3-27 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ,

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Reticular nuclei Paraflocculus Deep cerebellar nuclei Cerebellar cortex Fourth cerebral ventricle Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus Corticospinal tract

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Reticular nuclei Spinocerebellar tract Cerebellar cortex Deep cerebellar nuclei Fourth cerebral ventricle Vestibular nuclei Spinal trigeminal tract and nucleus Corticospinal tract

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Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus)

2

1

4

16

5

6

7

43

8 9 10

5

1

3 6

15

14 13

Figure 3-28 Transverse view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Raphe Cerebellar cortex Fourth cerebral ventricle Cuneate nucleus and fascicle Spinal trigeminal root and nucleus Corticospinal tract

12

11

Figure 3-29 Mid-longitudinal view of the head. (From Krinke GJ, editor: The laboratory rat, San Diego, 2000, Academic Press.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Bulbus olfactorius Cerebral cortex Septum Corpus callosum Colliculus anterior Pineal body Colliculus posterior Aqueduct

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Cerebellum Fourth cerebral ventricle Medulla oblongata Pons Pituitary gland Third cerebral ventricle Optic nerve Thalamus

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CHAPTER

•

4

Syrian (Golden) Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus)

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16

Kathy West

Figure 4-1, A Anatomic drawing (view of the left side) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female hamster. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trachea Esophagus Heart Lung Liver Stomach Pancreas Spleen

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Left adrenal gland Left kidney Small intestine Left ovary Cecum Descending colon Left horn of uterus Urinary bladder

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15 16 17 18

10

11

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Kathy West

R

L

Figure 4-1, B Anatomic drawing (ventrodorsal view) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female hamster. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Trachea Esophagus Heart Diaphragm Spleen Pancreas Left adrenal gland Stomach Left kidney Left ovary

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Cecum Urinary bladder Lung Liver Right adrenal gland Right kidney Small intestine Right ovary Descending colon Body of uterus

47

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1

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B 7

8

Figure 4-2, A and B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Trachea Lung Stomach Kidney Urinary bladder Scrotum Heart Caudal vena cava Liver Cecum

9

10

6

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A R Figure 4-3, A Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

L

R

L

Figure 4-3, B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4.

Trachea Lung Heart Liver

5. Stomach 6. Cecum 7. Scrotum

B

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A Figure 4-4, A Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29

30

31 32 33 34 35

51

36

B 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49

50

51

52

53 54

55

56

57 58 59

Figure 4-4, B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Mandibular incisor tooth Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Incisive bone Maxilla Maxillary molar teeth Frontal bone Parietal bone Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Occipital condyle Dorsal tubercle of atlas Spinous process of axis 7th cervical vertebra Scapula Spine of scapula 1st thoracic vertebra Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra

21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40.

13th rib Lumbar intervertebral space Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Mammillary process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral foramen 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae 1st caudal vertebra Ischium Femur Caudal intervertebral space Fibula Caudal vertebra Calcaneus Phalanges Metacarpal bone Carpal bone Ulna

41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

Radius Mandibular molar teeth Mandible Humerus Clavicles Suprahamate process Manubrium of sternum 1st rib Xyphoid process Costal cartilage Ilium Obturator foramen Os penis Pubis Patella Tibia Tarsal bone Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 4-5, A Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

R

A

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

38 39

40 41 42

13 14

43 44

15 16

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17 46 18

47

19 20 48

21

49 50 22 23 51

24 25

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26 53

27 28

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29 55

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32 57 58

33

34

59 60 61

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53

Figure 4-5, B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 150 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61.

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Frontal bone Tympanic bulla Parietal bone Atlas Transverse process of axis Clavicle 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Scapula Spine of scapula 6th rib Costal cartilage Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur Pubis Ischium Patella Caudal intervertebral space Caudal vertebra Calcaneus Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones Ulna Radius Lateral epicondyle of humerus Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Humeral head Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebrae 1st rib Thoracic intervertebral space Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae 13th rib Dorsal facet of lumbar vertebrae Lumbar intervertebral space Sacroiliac joint Acetabulum Femoral head Obturator foramen Femur Fabellae Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 4-6, A Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Figure 4-6, B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 9

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10

11

12 10 13 11

Nasal bone Incisive bone Zygomatic process of maxilla Maxillary molar teeth Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone Maxillary incisor tooth

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

14 15

16

17

18

Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Coronoid process of mandible Tympanic cavity Angular process of mandible Tympanic bullae Petrous part of temporal bone Occipital condyle

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9

C 10

11

12

10

13

11

14

15 16 17 16 18

Figure 4-6, C Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Incisive bone Zygomatic process of maxilla Maxillary molar teeth Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Coronoid process of mandible Condylar process of mandible Angular process of mandible Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Occipital condyle

19

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Figure 4-7, A Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 4-7, B Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Incisive bone Mandibular symphysis Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic process of maxilla Coronoid process of mandible Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic cavity Parietal bone Hyoid bones Paracondylar process of occipital bone Occipital condyle Foramen magnum Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Nasal cavity Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible Ear canal Occipital bone

R

L

14 1

15 16

2

3 4

17

5 18 19 6 20 7

21 22

8

23

9 10 11 12

24

13

B

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3 4

12 5 6 13 14 15 16 7

17

18 8 19 9 10 20 21

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C Figure 4-7, C Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 130 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Nasal bone Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Zygomatic process of maxilla Mandible Pterygoid bone Petrous part of temporal bone Paracondylar process of occipital bone Foramen magnum Maxillary incisor tooth

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Infraorbital hiatus Nasal cavity Palatine bone Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible Basisphenoidal bone Ear canal Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Occipital condyle

57

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A

1

1

3

B 2

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Figure 4-8, A-G Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.25

5

4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

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5

C 1

2

3

3

D 1

2

4

Figure 4-8, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image C D

Time (hr) 0.67 1.75

3

5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

6

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

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E 1

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F 1

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Figure 4-8, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image E F

Time (hr) 3.25 4.25

6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

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G 1

2

Figure 4-8, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image G

Time (hr) 23.00

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

8

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1

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5

A

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Figure 4-9, A-G Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.25

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

L

B

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2 2

4 3 3

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C

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Figure 4-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image C D

Time (hr) 0.67 1.75

R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

L

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

D

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3 7

6

6

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E Figure 4-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image E F

Time (hr) 3.25 4.25

R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

L

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

F

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7

8

R

L

Figure 4-9, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Hamster Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 4 ml administered via esophageal gavage Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 190 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.3 years Image G 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Time (hr) 23.00

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum

G

65

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Domestic Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

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2 3 4

5

6

7

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B 10 11

Figure 5-1, A and B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Trachea Heart Pulmonary vein Lung Stomach Spleen Cecum Colon Scrotum Caudal vena cava Liver Urinary bladder

9

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1 2 3 1 4 5

6 6

8

7

A

R Figure 5-2, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

L

R

L

Figure 5-2, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4.

Lung Cranial mediastinum Heart Liver

5. 6. 7. 8.

Stomach Cecum Scrotum Urinary bladder

B

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A Figure 5-3, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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Domestic Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)

11

12 13

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15

71

16

B 17 18 19 20

21 22 23 24 25

26 27

28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

42 43 44

Figure 5-3, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Atlas Spinous process of axis 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Rib Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 14th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral foramen Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae 1st caudal vertebra Ischium Articular process of caudal vertebra Caudal vertebra Caudal intervertebral space Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones Radius Ulna Humerus Clavicle

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Manubrium of sternum 1st rib Xyphoid process Costal cartilage Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinal canal 6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium Greater trochanter of femur Femur Patella Obturator foramen Fabellae Pubis Tibia Transverse process of caudal vertebra Calcaneus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

45

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Figure 5-4, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

R

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Figure 5-4, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

21 22 23 24 25 1 26 27

2 3

28 29 30

4 5

31 32 33 34 6 7 8

35 36 37

9 38

10 11 12 13 14 15

39 40 41 42

16

17 18 19

20

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B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

Atlas Clavicle 7th cervical vertebra Spine of scapula Scapula Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium Tibia Calcaneus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bone Ulna Radius Humerus Humeral head Glenoid of scapula 1st rib 1st thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space 14th rib 14th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space 1st caudal vertebra Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Patella Fabellae

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Figure 5-5, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Figure 5-5, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 13 14 13 15

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Nasal cavity Ethmoturbinates Frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone

16

14

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

11 10

17

18

Tympanic bulla(e) Tympanic cavity Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Maxillary premolar tooth Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Petrous part of temporal bone External acoustic meatus

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14

C 15

16

15

16

17

16

14

13

Figure 5-5, C Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Incisive bone Maxillary incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Nasal bone Maxilla Infraorbital hiatus Frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Parietal bone Temporal bone Tympanic bulla(e) Tympanic cavity Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Petrous part of temporal bone External acoustic meatus

18

19

13

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Figure 5-6, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2 3

4

5

6 7

8 9

10

11

10

Figure 5-6, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 12 13

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

12 14

13

15 16 17 10

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Parietal bone Coronoid processes of mandible

10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth 15. Petrous part of temporal bone 16. External acoustic meatus 17. Angular process of mandible

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8

9 10

11 12

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13 12

C 14

15

16

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Figure 5-6, C Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Incisive bone Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Maxilla Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible Parietal bone

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Temporal bone Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Angular process of mandible

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Figure 5-7, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

R

L

A

Figure 5-7, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Zygomatic process of maxilla Premolar and molar teeth Mandible Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Foramen magnum Occipital bone Maxilla Infraorbital hiatus Vomer Pterygoid bone Angular process of mandible Ear canal

1 2 14

3

15

4 5 6 7 8 9

16 17

18 10 11 12

19

13

B

R

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1 2 3

4 5 15

6

16

7 8 9 17 10

18 11 19 12

13 14

R

L

C Figure 5-7, C Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible Palatine bone Angular process of mandible

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Foramen magnum Occipital bone Zygomatic process of maxilla Premolar and molar teeth Basisphenoidal bone Petrous part of temporal bone Ear canal

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Figure 5-8, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2

3

4

5

6 7

8

9

10

Figure 5-8, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bones Radius Humeral condyle Humerus Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Clavicle Scapula Spine of scapula Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Accessory carpal bone Ulna Trochlear notch of ulna Olecranon of ulna Humeral head Scapulohumeral joint space

B 11 12 13

14

15

16 17

18

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1 13

14

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15

4 5

6 7

16

8 17

9

18 10

19 20 I

21 22 23 24 25

A Figure 5-9, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

12

V IV

11

II III

B

Figure 5-9, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spine of scapula Clavicle Humerus Anconeal process of olecranon Humeral condyles Humeroradial joint space Radius Distal radial epiphysis Intermedioradial carpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Phalanges Scapula Humeral head Olecranon of ulna Ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Carpal bone IV Carpal bones I, II, and III Metacarpal bone IV Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit IV Middle phalanx of digit IV Distal phalanx of digit IV

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Figure 5-10, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 5-10, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

4

1

2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Olecranon of ulna Trochlear notch of ulna Ulna Humerus Humeral condyle Radius

5 3

6

B

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Figure 5-11, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1 6 2

3

7

4

5

B

Figure 5-11, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Humerus Anconeal process of olecranon Humeral condyles Humeroradial joint space Radius Olecranon of ulna Ulna

83

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Figure 5-12, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 5-12, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Ulna Accessory carpal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Radius Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

6 1 7

2

8

3

9

4 5

B

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Figure 5-13, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

7

1

8

2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12

I

13

14

6 V

15

II IV

16

III

B

Figure 5-13, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Radius Distal radial epiphysis Intermedioradial carpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Carpal bone IV Carpal bones I, II, and III Metacarpal bone IV Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit IV Middle phalanx of digit IV Distal phalanx of digit IV

85

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Figure 5-14, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 5-14, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Greater trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur Os penis Femur Fabella Fibula Calcaneal tuber Talus Calcaneus Medial tibial bone Central tarsal bone Tarsal bones I, II, III, and IV Digit V Proximal sesamoid bone Metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Femoral head Femoral condyles Patella Tibia Trochlea of talus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

1

19

2 3 4 5

20 21

6 7 8

22

9 10 23

11

24

12

25

26

B

13 14 15 16 17 18

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1

21

2 3 22 23 24

4 5

25

6

26

7 8 9 10 11 12

27 I 28 V

29

II

IV III

A Figure 5-15, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Figure 5-15, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Acetabulum Femoral head Lesser trochanter of femur Medial fabella Medial femoral condyle Tibia Calcaneus Talus Medial tibial bone Central tarsal bone Tarsal bone I Tarsal bone II Tarsal bone III Tarsal bone IV Proximal phalanx of digit V

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Distal phalanx of digit V Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Greater trochanter of femur Femur Patella Lateral fabella Lateral femoral condyle Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 5-16, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 5-16, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Femur Fabella Fibula Patella Femoral condyles Tibial tuberosity Tibia

1

2 4

3 5 6 7

B

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Figure 5-17, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1 6 7

2

8

3 4

9

5

B

Figure 5-17, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Femur Medial fabella Medial femoral condyle Lateral tibial intercondylar tubercle Tibia Patella Lateral fabella Lateral femoral condyle Fibula

89

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Figure 5-18, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 5-18, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Tibia Calcaneal tuber Talus Calcaneus Medial tibial tarsal bone Central tarsal bone Tarsal bones I, II, III, and IV Digit V Proximal sesamoid bone Metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Trochlea of talus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

1 2

3 4 5

14

6 15

7

8 16 9 10 11 12 17 13

B

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Figure 5-19, A Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1 2 16

3 4 5

17

6 7 8 I 9

18 10 11

V

12 13 14

19

15

II IV III

B

Figure 5-19, B Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 486 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Tibia Calcaneus Talus Medial tibial tarsal bone Central tarsal bone Tarsometatarsal bone I Tarsal bone II Tarsal bone III Tarsal bone IV Proximal phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

91

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1

1

2

4

B 3

Figure 5-20, A-J Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.5

5

10

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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4

93

7

C 2

1

3

1

5

3

6

5

10

7

D 2

4

Figure 5-20, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 1.0 2.0

5

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

10

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E 2

5 8

4

7

3

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7

10

8

F 2

Figure 5-20, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Time (hr) 3.5 5.5

5

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

10

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3

8

95

7

G 2

5

8

7

3

10

8

H 2

Figure 5-20, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image G H

Time (hr) 7.5 9.5

8

8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

10

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8

9

I 2

8

3

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8

9

J 2

Figure 5-20, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image I J

Time (hr) 14.5 24.0

8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

10

10

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1

2 3 4

5

A

R

L

Figure 5-21, A-J Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.5

R

L

B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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6 7 7

6 7

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R

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D

C Figure 5-21, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 1.0 2.0

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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F

E Figure 5-21, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Time (hr) 3.5 5.5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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2

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8

8 7

8 8

7

7 7

78 8

R

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H

G Figure 5-21—cont’d, A-J Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image G H

Time (hr) 7.5 9.5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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2

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7 8 8

8

8

8 8 7 7

9

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L

R

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J

I Figure 5-21—cont’d, A-J Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 12 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 480 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image I J

Time (hr) 14.5 24.0

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Ileum Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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P

1 2 S

I

L

R

3

A

A

A

P

B

P

6 2 7

L

R

4

L

R

8 9

5

A

A

C

Figure 5-22, A-K Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Nasal bone Nasal septum Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Zygomatic bone Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Frontal bone Olfactory bulb

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Frontal sinus Maxilla Nasal cavity Mandible Eyeball Cerebrum Nasopharynx Parietal bone Lens of eyeball Mandibular ramus Basisphenoidal bone

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Temporomandibular joint Condylar process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Hyoid bones Larynx Ear canal Inner ear Occipital bone Cervical vertebra

D

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P

P 12

16

12

10

14 17

11

7

14

L

R

L

7

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R

18 8

15

9 15

E

A

A

P

P

F

19 17 20

23

18

L

7

R

L

R

24

21 22 15

25

A

A

G

Figure 5-22—cont’d, A-K Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Nasal bone Nasal septum Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Zygomatic bone Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Frontal bone Olfactory bulb

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Frontal sinus Maxilla Nasal cavity Mandible Eyeball Cerebrum Nasopharynx Parietal bone Lens of eyeball Mandibular ramus Basisphenoidal bone

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Temporomandibular joint Condylar process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Hyoid bones Larynx Ear canal Inner ear Occipital bone Cervical vertebra

H

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P 19 17 25

25

L

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R

L 29

27

30

28

A

A

I

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31 26 17 30

L

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32 26

A

K Figure 5-22—cont’d, A-K Type of animal: Chinchilla Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 430 g Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Juvenile 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Nasal bone Nasal septum Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Mandibular incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Zygomatic bone Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Frontal bone Olfactory bulb

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Frontal sinus Maxilla Nasal cavity Mandible Eyeball Cerebrum Nasopharynx Parietal bone Lens of eyeball Mandibular ramus Basisphenoidal bone

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Temporomandibular joint Condylar process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Hyoid bones Larynx Ear canal Inner ear Occipital bone Cervical vertebra

J

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Domestic Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)

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1112

13

14

15

Kathy West

Figure 6-1, A Anatomic drawing (view of the left side) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female guinea pig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trachea Esophagus Lung Heart Liver Stomach Spleen Left adrenal gland

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Small intestine Left kidney Cecum Left ovary Descending colon Left horn of uterus Urinary bladder

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3 12 4 13 5 6 14

7

15

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17 18

11

Kathy West

R

L

Figure 6-1, B Anatomic drawing (ventrodorsal view) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female guinea pig. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trachea Esophagus Heart Diaphragm Spleen Stomach Left adrenal gland Left kidney Left ovary

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Cecum Urinary bladder Lung Liver Right adrenal gland Right kidney Small intestine Descending colon Right horn of uterus

107

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1

2

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6

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B 8

Figure 6-2, A and B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Trachea Heart Lung Stomach Kidney Colon Scrotum Liver Cecum Urinary bladder

9

10

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R Figure 6-3, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

L

R

L

Figure 6-3, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Lung Heart Liver Stomach Cecum Scrotum

B

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A Figure 6-4, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

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111

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B 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28

29

30 31 32

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Figure 6-4, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Dorsal tubercle of atlas Spinous process of axis Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra Spinous process of 1st thoracic vertebra Scapula Spinous process of 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space 6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Caudal vertebra Ischium Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bone Radius Ulna Clavicle Humerus Suprahamate processes Manubrium of sternum 1st rib Xyphoid process Costal cartilages 13th ribs

30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41.

Pubis Femur Obturator foramen Patella Os penis Fabella Tibia Fibula Calcaneus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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Figure 6-5, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

R

L

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11 12 13 14

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16 37 17 18 19 38 20 21 22 23

39 40 41

24 25 26

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29 30

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113

Figure 6-5, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45.

Phalanges Metacarpal bones Carpal bone Radius Ulna Transverse process of cervical vertebra Humerus 1st thoracic vertebra Acromion Spine of scapula Scapula Costal cartilage 8th rib Costal cartilage 13th rib 13th thoracic vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium 6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Obturator foramen Fibula Tibia Caudal vertebra Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Atlas Spinous process of cervical vertebra Clavicle 7th cervical vertebra Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of sacral vertebra Acetabulum Pubis Patella Fabellae Ischium Os penis Calcaneus

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Figure 6-6, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2 3 4

5

6

7

8 9

10

11 12

13

14

Figure 6-6, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

15 16 17 15 17 18

Incisive bone Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Infraorbital hiatus Ethmoturbinates Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Supraorbital margin of frontal bone Temporal bone Parietal bone External acoustic meatus

19 20 21

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

22 23 24

External occipital protuberance Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Zygomatic bone Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Angular process of mandible Occipital condyle

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18 19

Figure 6-6, C Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Incisive bone Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Infraorbital hiatus Ethmoturbinates Supraorbital margin of frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Temporal bone Parietal bone External acoustic meatus

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible

18

20 21 22

23

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Figure 6-7, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2 3

4 2

5

6

8

7

9 10

11 12

Figure 6-7, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

13

14

15

15

Incisive bone Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Nasoturbinates Ethmoturbinates Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone External acoustic meatus External occipital protuberance

16

17

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

18

19

20

21 18

Occipital bone Maxilla Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Zygomatic bone Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Occipital condyle

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C 4

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16 17

18

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20 17 21

Figure 6-7, C Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Incisive bone Nasal bone Nasoturbinates Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal cavity Frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Parietal bone Temporal bone External acoustic meatus Petrous part of temporal bone

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Occipital condyle External occipital protuberance Occipital bone Maxilla Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Zygomatic bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible

10 22

21

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Figure 6-8, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 6-8, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of Animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Incisive bone Maxillary incisor tooth Maxilla Palatine bone Mandible Pterygoid bone Tympanic cavity Angular process of mandible Paracondylar process of occipital bone Foramen magnum Nasal bone Vomer Infraorbital hiatus Zygomatic process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Basisphenoidal bone Rostral margin of pinna Tympanic bulla Ear canal Occipital bone Caudal margin of pinna External occipital protuberance

R

L

1 11

2

12

3

13 14 4 5

15 16

6 17 7

18 19 20 21

8

22

10

9

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R

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17 5

18 6 7 8 19 9 20 21

10

22 11

23

12

24

13 25

R

L

C Figure 6-8, C Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Dorsoventral 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Maxilla Zygomatic process of maxilla Palatine bone Mandible Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Tympanic cavity Foramen magnum Angular process of mandible Paracondylar process of occipital bone

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Incisive bone Vomer Nasal cavity Infraorbital hiatus Premolar and molar teeth Rostral margin of pinna Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic bulla Ear canal Occipital bone Caudal margin of pinna External occipital protuberance

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20

5 6

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7 8 9 22

10

11 23

12 13 14 15 16

24 25 26

17 18

27

19

A

B Figure 6-9, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

Figure 6-9, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Scapula Spine of scapula Acromion Hamate process Scapulohumeral joint space Humeral head Humerus Olecranon of ulna Medial humeral epicondyle Trochlear notch of ulna Ulna Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Falciform carpal bone

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Metacarpal bone I Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Supraglenoid tubercle Clavicle Humeral condyle Radius Proximal row of carpal bones Distal row of carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

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20 21

1

22

2 3 4

23

5

24

6 7 8

25 9

26

10 11 12 13

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

14 15

16

V II IV

A Figure 6-10, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Coracoid process of scapula Lesser tubercle of humerus Clavicle Humerus Supratrochlear foramen of humerus Humeral condyles Medial humeral epicondyle Humeroradial joint space Radius Distal radial epiphysis Intermedioradial carpal bone Carpal bone III

III

Figure 6-10, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Carpal bone I Metacarpal bone I Metacarpal bones Phalanges Spine of scapula Scapula Acromion Hamate and suprahamate processes Greater tubercle of humerus Humeral head Olecranon of ulna Lateral humeral epicondyle

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36.

Ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Carpal bone IV Carpal bone II Falciform carpal bone Metacarpal bone V Proximal phalanx of digit V Proximal sesamoid bones Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V

B

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Figure 6-11, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

Figure 6-11, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

1 5 2

3

6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Olecranon of ulna Medial humeral epicondyle Trochlear notch of ulna Ulna Humerus Humeral condyle Radius

4

7

B

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Figure 6-12, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

6 1 7 2 3 4

8

5

B

Figure 6-12, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus 2. Medial humeral epicondyle 3. Humeral condyles 4. Humeroradial joint space 5. Radius 6. Olecranon of ulna 7. Lateral humeral epicondyle 8. Ulna

123

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Figure 6-13, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

Figure 6-13, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Ulna Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Falciform carpal bone Metacarpal bone I Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Radius Proximal row of carpal bones Distal row of carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

1 10 2 11 3 12 4 5 13 6

7 14 8

9

B

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Figure 6-14, A Type of Animal: Guinea pig Type of Study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

9 1 2 10

3

11 12

4

13

5

14

6

15

7

16 17 18 19 20 8

V

II IV

III

B

Figure 6-14, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Radius Distal radial epiphysis Intermedioradial carpal bone Carpal bone III Carpal bone I Metacarpal bone I Metacarpal bones Phalanges Ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Carpal bone IV Carpal bone II Metacarpal bone V Falciform carpal bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Proximal sesamoid bones Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V

125

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11

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12 13 14 22

15

A

B Figure 6-15, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

Figure 6-15, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Greater trochanter of femur Femur Fabella Fibula Calcaneus Talus Middle row of tarsal bones Distal row of tarsal bones Tarsal bone II Tarsometatarsal bone I Metatarsal bone Proximal sesamoid bones

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Femoral head Patella Femoral condyle Tibia Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

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8 9 10 11

I 24

12 13 14

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15 II

IV III

A Figure 6-16, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

16

B

Figure 6-16, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Acetabulum Lesser trochanter of femur Fabellae Medial femoral condyle Tibial intercondylar eminence Tibia Calcaneus Talus Medial tibial tarsal bone Tarsal bone III Tarsometatarsal bone I Metatarsal bone II Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit II

15. Middle phalanx of digit II 16. Distal phalanx of digit II 17. Femoral head 18. Greater trochanter of femur 19. Femur 20. Patella 21. Lateral femoral condyle 22. Fibula 23. Tarsal bones 24. Metatarsal bones 25. Phalanges

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Figure 6-17, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

Figure 6-17, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Femur Fabella Fibula Patella Femoral condyle Tibia

1

4

2

5

6 3

B

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Figure 6-18, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

4

5 1

6

2

3

7 8

B

Figure 6-18, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Fabellae Medial femoral condyle Tibial intercondylar eminence Femur Patella Lateral femoral condyle Tibia Fibula

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Figure 6-19, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

Figure 6-19, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Calcaneus Talus Middle row of tarsal bones Distal row of tarsal bones Tarsal bone II Tarsometatarsal bone I Metatarsal bone Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx Tibia Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

1 12 2 3 4

5

13

6

7 14 8 9

10 15 11

B

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Figure 6-20, A Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

A

1

12

2 13

3 4 5 6 I

14 7

8

9 15 10 11

IV II III

B

Figure 6-20, B Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Tibia Calcaneus Talus Medial tibial tarsal bone Tarsal bone III Tarsometatarsal bone I Metatarsal bone II Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

131

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3

B 1

1

2

Figure 6-21, A-F Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.25

4

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary Bladder

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D 2

Figure 6-21, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 0.50 2.25

5

9

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary Bladder

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E 2

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7

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Figure 6-21, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Time (hr) 9.0 12.0

7

6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

6

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary Bladder

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B Figure 6-22, A-F Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.25

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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6 5

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C Figure 6-22, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 0.50 2.25

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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Figure 6-22, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 30 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Time (hr) 9.00 12.00

R

L

F 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Duodenum Small intestine Cecum Colon Rectum Urinary bladder

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B Figure 6-23, A-G Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Projection Cervico-thoracic vertebral column survey Cervical vertebral column myelogram

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Lumbar intervertebral foramen 6th lumbar vertebra Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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D Figure 6-23, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Projection Cervico-thoracic column survey Thoracic vertebral column myelogram

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Lumbar intervertebral foramen 6th lumbar vertebra Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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F Figure 6-23, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Projection Lumbar vertebral column survey Lumbar vertebral column myelogram

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Lumbar intervertebral foramen 6th lumbar vertebra Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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15

G Figure 6-23, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

Image G

Projection Lumbar vertebral column test injection

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Lumbar intervertebral foramen 6th lumbar vertebra Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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R 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

A

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Figure 6-24, A-F Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Projection Cervico-thoracic vertebral column survey Cervical vertebral column myelogram

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinous process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Lateral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Sacrum

L

B

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Figure 6-24, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Projection Cervico-thoracic column survey Thoracic vertebral column myelogram

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

L Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinous process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Lateral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Sacrum

D

143

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E

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Figure 6-24, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L6-S1 Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E F

Projection Lumbar vertebral column survey Lumbar vertebral column myelogram

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

L

F

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinous process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Lateral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Sacrum

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B

A Figure 6-25, A Sagittal image of left kidney

Figure 6-25, B Sagittal image of left kidney

6 5

C

D Figure 6-25, C Sagittal image of right adrenal gland

Figure 6-25, D Sagittal image of left adrenal gland

Figure 6-25, A-E Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: Ultrasound study of urinary tract and associated structures Weight of animal: 1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1 year

7

E Figure 6-25, E Sagittal image of urinary bladder

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Renal cortex Cranial pole of kidney Renal pelvis Renal medulla Right adrenal gland Left adrenal gland Urinary bladder

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2 cm

2 cm

B Figure 6-26, A-F Type of Animal: Guinea pig Type of Study: MRI head Image Plane: Sagittal

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasal cavity Cerebellum Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Nasoturbinates

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Mandible Trachea Spinal cord Nasopharynx Tongue Brain stem

C

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2 cm

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A 2 cm

Figure 6-26, A-F—cont’d Type of Animal: Guinea pig Type of Study: MRI head Image Plane: Sagittal

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasal cavity Cerebellum Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Nasoturbinates

F 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Mandible Trachea Spinal cord Nasopharynx Tongue Brain stem

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1 6 2 7 3

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2 cm

2 cm

B Figure 6-27, A-G Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Transverse

C 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Nasal cavity Nasal septum Nasoturbinates Tongue Mandible Olfactory bulb Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasopharynx

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Cerebrum Masseter muscle Cerebral aqueduct Tympanic cavity Larynx Cerebellum Brain stem Trachea

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A 2 cm

2 cm

D

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A 2 cm

2 cm

G

F Figure 6-27, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Transverse

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Nasal cavity Nasal septum Nasoturbinates Tongue Mandible Olfactory bulb Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasopharynx

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Cerebrum Masseter muscle Cerebral aqueduct Tympanic cavity Larynx Cerebellum Brain stem Trachea

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2 cm

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I 2 cm

E Figure 6-28, A-E Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Coronal

1. 2. 3. 4.

Olfactory bulb Cerebrum Cerebellum Nasal septum

5. 6. 7. 8.

Nasal cavity Tympanic cavity Molar teeth Larynx

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C

D Figure 6-29, A-N Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal septum Mandibular incisor tooth Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Ethmoturbinates Molar tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Cribriform plate Eyeball Zygomatic bone Cerebrum

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Nasopharynx Basisphenoidal bone Pterygoid muscle Temporomandibular joint Mandible Hyoid bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Larynx Ear canal (calcified) Ear canal Occipital condyle Dorsal sagittal crest Atlas

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G Figure 6-29, A-N—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal septum Mandibular incisor tooth Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Ethmoturbinates Molar tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Cribriform plate Eyeball Zygomatic bone Cerebrum

H 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Nasopharynx Basisphenoidal bone Pterygoid muscle Temporomandibular joint Mandible Hyoid bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Larynx Ear canal (calcified) Ear canal Occipital condyle Dorsal sagittal crest Atlas

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K Figure 6-29, A-N—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal septum Mandibular incisor tooth Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Ethmoturbinates Molar tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Cribriform plate Eyeball Zygomatic bone Cerebrum

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Nasopharynx Basisphenoidal bone Pterygoid muscle Temporomandibular joint Mandible Hyoid bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Larynx Ear canal (calcified) Ear canal Occipital condyle Dorsal sagittal crest Atlas

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27 28 21

A

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M Figure 6-29, A-N—cont’d Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: 1.5 years

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Maxillary incisor tooth Nasal septum Mandibular incisor tooth Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Ethmoturbinates Molar tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Cribriform plate Eyeball Zygomatic bone Cerebrum

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.

Nasopharynx Basisphenoidal bone Pterygoid muscle Temporomandibular joint Mandible Hyoid bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Larynx Ear canal (calcified) Ear canal Occipital condyle Dorsal sagittal crest Atlas

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9 10 11 12 13 6 14

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C Figure 6-30, A-E Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT thorax Imaging plane: Transverse

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spine of scapula Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Trachea Cranial mediastinum Sternebra Rib Scapula Lung Pulmonary artery Aorta

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Humerus Heart Costal cartilage Ulna Radius Bronchus Pulmonary vein Elbow joint Caudal vena cava Liver

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20

19 21

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R

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D

E Figure 6-30, A-E Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT thorax Imaging plane: Transverse

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spine of scapula Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Trachea Cranial mediastinum Sternebra Rib Scapula Lung Pulmonary artery Aorta

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Humerus Heart Costal cartilage Ulna Radius Bronchus Pulmonary vein Elbow joint Caudal vena cava Liver

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C Figure 6-31, A-D Type of animal: Guinea pig Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Sacral vertebra

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Spinous process of sacral vertebra Femoral head Femoral neck Femur Acetabulum Greater trochanter of femur Caudal vertebra

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Domestic Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

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Kathy West

Figure 7-1, A Anatomic drawing (view of the left side) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female rabbit. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trachea Esophagus Thymus Heart Lung Liver Stomach Spleen Right adrenal gland

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Right kidney Left adrenal gland Left kidney Small intestine Left ovary Cecum Descending colon Left horn of uterus Urinary bladder

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Kathy West

R

L

Figure 7-1, B Anatomic drawing (ventrodorsal view) of viscera of the thorax and abdomen of an adult female rabbit. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Trachea Esophagus Thymus Diaphragm Stomach Spleen Cecum Left adrenal gland Left kidney Left ovary Descending colon

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Urinary bladder Lung Heart Liver Pancreas Small intestine Right adrenal gland Right kidney Right ovary Right horn of uterus

161

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

10

11

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Stomach Kidney Cecum Colon Urinary bladder

B Figure 7-2, A and B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Trachea Heart Pulmonary vasculature Caudal vena cava Lung Liver

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B Figure 7-3, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

Figure 7-3, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Lung Heart Liver Stomach Left kidney Cecum

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Figure 7-4, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

3 4

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9 10

16

17 18

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Figure 7-4, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 12

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

13 14 15

Maxillary incisor teeth Incisive bone Nasal bone Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth 8. Condylar processes of mandible 9. Parietal bone 10. Temporal bone

13

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

19

20

Tympanic cavity Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Maxilla Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Angular process of mandible Tympanic bulla Occipital condyle Occipital bone External occipital protuberance

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11 12 13

C 14

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18

Figure 7-4, C Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone 2nd maxillary incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Nasal bone Nasal cavity Maxilla Ethmoturbinates Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Frontal bone Condylar process of mandible

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Parietal bone Temporal bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Rostral margin of mandibular ramus Zygomatic bone Tympanic bulla Tympanic cavity Occipital bone External occipital protuberance

19

20

21

22

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Figure 7-5, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1

2 3

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8

9

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19 20

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Figure 7-5, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Oblique (30 degree) ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

B 13

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

14

15

16

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Nasal bone 2nd maxillary incisor tooth Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth 9. Zygomatic bone 10. Rostral margin of mandible 11. Parietal bone

17 14

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

18

22

Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Maxilla Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Masseteric fossa of mandible Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Occipital condyle Tympanic bulla External occipital protuberance

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12 13

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C 14

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18 19

Figure 7-5, C Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Oblique (10 degree) ventrodorsal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone 2nd maxillary incisor tooth Nasal bone Nasoturbinates Nasal cavity Maxilla Ethmoturbinates Frontal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Zygomatic bone Parietal bone

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Temporal bone Mandibular incisor tooth Mandible Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Coronoid process of mandible Condylar process of mandible Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital condyle Occipital bone

20

21 20

22

23

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Figure 7-6, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 7-6, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth 2nd maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Zygomatic process of maxilla Zygomatic bone Angular process of mandible Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Foramen magnum Mandibular incisor tooth 1st maxillary premolar Facial tuber of maxilla Palatine bone Mandible Pterygoid bone Basisphenoidal bone Ear canal Occipital bone

R

L

1 2 3 4 12 5 13 14

6

15 16

7 17 18 8 9 10 11

19 20

B

R

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L

C Figure 7-6, C Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Magnification study of head Projection: Dorsoventral 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Nasal bone Maxillary incisor tooth 2nd maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Maxilla Facial tuber of maxilla Zygomatic bone Pterygoid bone Tympanic bulla Angular process of mandible External acoustic meatus Occipital condyle

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Foramen magnum Mandibular incisor tooth Nasal cavity Mandible 1st maxillary premolar tooth Zygomatic process of maxilla Palatine bone Basisphenoidal bone Tympanic cavity Ear canal Occipital bone

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A Figure 7-7, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

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13

14 15

16 17

171

18

B 19 20 21 22

23

24

25

26

27

Figure 7-7, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Atlas Spinous process of axis Cervical intervertebral foramen Cervical spinal canal Spinous process of cervical vertebra Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Head of rib Spine of scapula Scapula Thoracic intervertebral foramen Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Thoracic spinal canal

15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27.

Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae Mammillary process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Humerus Clavicles Transverse process of cervical vertebra Suprahamate processes Manubrium of sternum Xyphoid process Rib Costal cartilage Thoracic intervertebral space

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Figure 7-8, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

R

L

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Figure 7-8, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 2 3

13

4 5 6

14 15

7 16

8 9 10

17

11 12 18

19

20 21 22 23

R

L

B

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Atlas Transverse process of atlas Spinous process of axis Transverse process of cervical vertebra Articular processes of cervical vertebrae Scapulohumeral joint space Suprahamate process 7th cervical vertebra Acromion 1st rib Spine of scapula Scapula Dens of axis Clavicle Cervical intervertebral space 1st thoracic vertebra Tubercle of rib Transverse process of thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Thoracic intervertebral space 13th thoracic vertebra 13th rib 1st lumbar vertebra

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1

2 3

4

5

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15

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19 20

Figure 7-9, A and B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

13th thoracic vertebra Thoracolumbar intervertebral foramen 1st lumbar vertebra Articular processes of lumbar vertebra Mammillary process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Spinal canal 7th lumbar vertebra Ilium Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

1st caudal vertebra Ischium Ischial tuberosity 12th rib Lumbar intervertebral space Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Sacrum Femoral head Pubis Obturator foramen

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2 11

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13 8 14 15 16

9

17 18

A

R

Figure 7-10, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

L

R

L

B

Figure 7-10, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

13th rib 1st lumbar vertebra Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Mammillary process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum 1st caudal vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space 7th lumbar vertebra Spinous process of sacral vertebra Acetabulum Pubis Ischium Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity

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A

R

Figure 7-11, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Scapula Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

L

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

9

10

11

R Figure 7-11, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Scapula Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Humerus Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Clavicle Humeral head Greater tubercle of humerus Scapulohumeral joint space Hamate process Suprahamate process Acromion Spine of scapula Scapula

L

B

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Figure 7-12, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

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5 6 7 8 9 10

11

21 22

12

23 13 14 15

24 25

16 17 V

26

18 19

II-IV 20

B

Figure 7-12, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Scapula Clavicle Scapulohumeral joint space Humeral head Humerus Humeral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Humeral condyle Ulna Radius Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Carpal bone IV Metacarpal bone V Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Distal sesamoid bone Distal radial epiphysis Intermedial carpal bone Radial carpal bone Carpal bones I to III Metacarpal bones Phalanges

179

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Figure 7-13, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

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Figure 7-13, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1 2 17 18

3 4

19

5

6 7 20 21

8 9 10

11

22 23 24 25

12 13

26 27 28 29 30 31 32

14 15 I 16

33 34 35

V

36 37

II

IV III

B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Acromion Suprahamate process Hamate process Greater tubercle of humerus Deltoid tuberosity of humerus Humerus Olecranon of ulna Lateral humeral epicondyle Lateral humeral condyle Humeroradial joint space Ulna Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Scapulohumeral joint space Humeral head Clavicle Supratrochlear foramen of humerus Medial humeral condyle Radius Ulnar carpal bone Intermedial carpal bone Radial carpal bone Carpal bone II Carpal bone III Carpal bone I Metacarpal bone I Carpal bone IV Proximal phalanx of digit I Distal phalanx of digit I Metacarpal bone II Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II

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Figure 7-14, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 3.4 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

Figure 7-14, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 3.4 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Medial humeral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Anconeal process of ulna Trochlear notch of ulna Ulna Humerus Humeral condyle Humeroradial joint space Radius

6

1 2 7

3 4

8 9

5

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A Figure 7-15, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 3.4 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

4

11

5

12

6

Figure 7-15, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 3.4 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Humerus Olecranon of ulna Lateral humeral condyle Medial humeral condyle Radius Distal radial epiphysis Supratrochlear foramen of humerus Lateral humeral epicondyle Humeroradial joint space Proximal radius Ulna Styloid process of ulna

B

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Figure 7-16, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 7-16, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Ulna Styloid process of ulna Ulnar carpal bone Accessory carpal bone Carpal bone IV Metacarpal bone V Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Distal sesamoid bone Radius Distal radial epiphysis Intermedial carpal bone Radial carpal bone Carpal bones I, II, and III Metacarpal bones Phalanges

1 12 13

2

14

3

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4

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5 6

17 7 8

V

18

9 10

IV

II III

B

11

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Figure 7-17, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1 2 7

3

Figure 7-17, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

8 9 10 4

11 12 13

5

14 15 16

I

17 6

18 19 20 V 21 22 23

II

IV III

24

B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Radius Ulna Styloid process of ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Accessory carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone Distal radial epiphysis Intermedial carpal bone Radial carpal bone Carpal bone I Carpal bone II Metacarpal bone I Proximal phalanx of digit I Carpal bone III Distal phalanx of digit I Carpal bone IV Metacarpal bone II Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Distal sesamoid bone

185

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Figure 7-18, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1

2

3 4

5

6

Figure 7-18, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

B 7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8

9

10 11

Ilium Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae 1st caudal vertebra Articular process of caudal vertebra Ischia Ischial tuberosity Transverse process of lumbar vertebra

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

12

13

14

7th lumbar vertebra Lumbosacral intervertebral space Sacrum Femoral heads Obturator foramen Lesser trochanter of femur Pubis

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Figure 7-19, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

R

L

A

1 2 12 3 4 13

5 6

14 15

7

16

8 9 10 11

R 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

L Iliac crest Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head 3rd trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

B

Obturator foramen Ischium Ischial tuberosity 7th lumbar vertebra Spinous process of sacral vertebra Acetabulum Pubis 1st caudal vertebra

Figure 7-19, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

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Figure 7-20, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

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Figure 7-20, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

V IIIV

B 21

22

23

24

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

Patella Femoral head Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Fabella Femoral condyles Fibula Tibial crest Tibia Calcaneal tuber Trochlea of talus Talus Calcaneus Central tarsal bone Tarsal bones II, III, and IV Metatarsal bone V Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Distal sesamoid bone

189

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Figure 7-21, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

R

L

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Figure 7-21, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15

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L

16

191

B

Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head 3rd trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Patella Fabellae Lateral femoral condyle of femur Medial femoral condyle of femur Tibial intercondylar eminence Fibula Tibia Calcaneal tuber Talus Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones

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Figure 7-22, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of Animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 7-22, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Femur Fabellae Medial femoral condyle Fibula Tibia Patella Femoral epicondyle Lateral femoral condyle Tibial crest

1 6 7

2

8

3

4 9 5

B

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8 9 10

6

11

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R Figure 7-23 Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Stifle joints Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

L

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Femur Patella Medial femoral condyle Lateral femoral condyle Tibial intercondylar eminence Fibula

7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

B

Tibia Fabellae Lateral femoral epicondyle Medial femoral epicondyle Femorotibial joint space

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Figure 7-24, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 7-24, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Tibia Calcaneal tuber Lateral malleolus of fibula Calcaneus Trochlea of talus Talus Central tarsal bone 3rd tarsal bone Metatarsal bone Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal sesamoid bone Distal phalanx of digit II Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

1 2 3 4 5 6

15

7 8 16 9

10 11

17

12 13 II

IV

14 III

B

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Figure 7-25, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

15

1 16

2 3 4 5 6

17

7 8 9 10 18 11

12 13

19

14 V II III

IV

B

Figure 7-25, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 2.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Calcaneal tuber Lateral malleolus of fibula Tibiotarsal joint space Talus Calcaneus Central tarsal bone Tarsal bone IV Tarsal bone III Tarsal bone II Metatarsal bone V Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Tibia Medial malleolus of tibia Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges

195

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A

1

2

2

B 3

Figure 7-26, A-E Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.5

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Liver Stomach Small intestine Cecum Ileum Vermiform appendix Urinary bladder Right kidney Left kidney Colon

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D 2

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Figure 7-26, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 1.5 3.0

3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

7

Liver Stomach Small intestine Cecum Ileum Vermiform appendix Urinary bladder Right kidney Left kidney Colon

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E 4

Figure 7-26, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E

Time (hr) 6.0

7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Liver Stomach Small intestine Cecum Ileum Vermiform appendix Urinary bladder Right kidney Left kidney Colon

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Figure 7-27, A-E Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (hr) Survey 0.5

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Liver Stomach Small intestine Spleen Left kidney Vermiform appendix Cecum Ileum Colon

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Figure 7-27, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (hr) 1.5 3.0

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Liver Stomach Small intestine Spleen Left kidney Vermiform appendix Cecum Ileum Colon

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Figure 7-27, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Gastrointestinal positive contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 60 ml administered per os Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image E 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Time (hr) 6.0

Liver Stomach Small intestine Spleen Left kidney Vermiform appendix Cecum Ileum Colon

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Figure 7-28, A Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Double contrast barium enema Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 80 ml administered per rectum Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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Stomach Hepatic flexure of colon Transverse colon Ascending colon Descending colon Rectum Positive contrast medium on hair Urinary bladder

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R Figure 7-28, B Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Double contrast barium enema Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 80 ml administered per rectum Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

L

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Stomach Transverse colon Splenic flexure of colon Descending colon Rectum Positive contrast medium on hair 7. Hepatic flexure of colon 8. Ascending colon 9. Urinary bladder

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B Figure 7-29, A-D Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 9 ml IV (3 ml/kg) Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (min) Survey 1.0*

*Compression bandage applied 20 min after image B was obtained.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Right ureter Left ureter Compression bandage

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Figure 7-29, A-D—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 9 ml IV (3 ml/kg) Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

Time (min) 40.0* 45.0

*Compression bandage removed after image C was obtained.

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Right kidney Left kidney Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Right ureter Left ureter Compression bandage

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Figure 7-30, A-E Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Excretory urogram Projection: Ventrodorsal Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 9 ml IV (3 ml/kg) Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

Time (min) Survey 1.0*

*Compression bandage applied 20 min after image B was obtained.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Right ureter Left ureter Compression bandage

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Figure 7-30, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Excretory urogram Projection: Ventrodorsal Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 9 ml IV (3 ml/kg) Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

7

Image C D E

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Figure 7-31, A-D Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Double contrast retrograde cystogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2 ml administered via urinary catheter; 1 ml of fluid in bladder removed after administration of RenoCal-76; 35 ml of air administered via urinary catheter Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Projection Laterolateral survey Laterolateral double contrast retrograde cystogram

Body of urinary bladder Neck of urinary bladder Urinary catheter Wall of urinary bladder Gas-filled lumen of urinary bladder Positive contrast medium

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Figure 7-31, A-D—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Double contrast retrograde cystogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2 ml administered via urinary catheter; 1 ml of fluid in bladder removed after administration of RenoCal-76; 35 ml of air administered via urinary catheter Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image C D

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Projection Ventrodorsal survey Ventrodorsal oblique double contrast retrograde cystogram

Body of urinary bladder Neck of urinary bladder Urinary catheter Wall of urinary bladder Gas-filled lumen of urinary bladder Positive contrast medium

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C Figure 7-32, A-F Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L5-L6 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

Image A B C

Projection Cervical vertebral column survey Cervical vertebral column myelogram Thoracic vertebral column survey

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Cervical intervertebral foramen 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae Lumbar intervertebral foramen 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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Figure 7-32, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L5-L6 Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

Image D E F

Projection Thoracic vertebral column myelogram Lumbar vertebral column survey Lumbar vertebral column myelogram

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Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Cervical intervertebral foramen 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Thoracic intervertebral foramen 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae Lumbar intervertebral foramen 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Dorsal aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord Ventral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal needle

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Figure 7-33, A-F Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L5-L6 Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image A B C

Projection Cervical vertebral column survey Cervical vertebral column myelogram Thoracic vertebral column survey

L

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Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Lateral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord

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Figure 7-33, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Myelogram Contrast medium: Isovue 200 (iopamidol injection 41%, 20% bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ); injection site L5-L6 Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult Image D E F

Projection Thoracic vertebral column myelogram Lumbar vertebral column survey Lumbar vertebral column myelogram

L

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Atlas Cervical intervertebral space Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 13th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae 7th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Lateral aspect of subarachnoid space Spinal cord

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B Figure 7-34, A Sagittal image of liver

Figure 7-34, B Transverse image of liver

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B Figure 7-35, A Sagittal image of left kidney

Figure 7-35, B Sagittal image of left kidney

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D Figure 7-35, C Sagittal image of left kidney

Figure 7-35, D Transverse image of left kidney Figure 7-35, A-E Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: Ultrasound study of urinary tract Weight of animal: 3.2 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

5 6 7

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

E Figure 7-35, E Transverse image of urinary bladder

Renal cortex Renal medulla Renal pelvis Cranial pole of kidney Ventral aspect of urinary bladder wall Lumen of urinary bladder (debris filled) Dorsal aspect of urinary bladder wall

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

2 cm

Tympanic cavity Eyeball Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Cerebellum Cerebrum

7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Olfactory bulb Basisphenoidal bone Tongue Brain stem Spinal cord Pharynx

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D Figure 7-36, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Sagittal Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Tympanic cavity Eyeball Maxillary molar tooth Mandibular molar tooth Cerebellum Cerebrum

E 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Olfactory bulb Basisphenoidal bone Tongue Brain stem Spinal cord Pharynx

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C Figure 7-37, A-F Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Transverse Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Olfactory bulb Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasopharynx Tongue Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Masseter muscle Cerebrum

D 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Pterygoid muscle Thalamus Tympanic cavity 3rd ventricle Basisphenoidal bone Cerebellum Ear canal Larynx

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E Figure 7-37, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Transverse Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Olfactory bulb Eyeball Lens of eyeball Nasopharynx Tongue Mandible Mandibular molar teeth Masseter muscle Cerebrum

2 cm

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Pterygoid muscle Thalamus Tympanic cavity 3rd ventricle Basisphenoidal bone Cerebellum Ear canal Larynx

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C Figure 7-38, A-F Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: MRI head Imaging plane: Coronal Gender: Male Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Eyeball Ethmoturbinates Lens of eyeball Cerebellum Nasal cavity

2 cm

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Brain stem Molar teeth Mandible Masseter muscle Pterygoid muscle Tympanic cavity

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Cerebrum Olfactory bulb Eyeball Ethmoturbinates Lens of eyeball Cerebellum Nasal cavity

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Brain stem Molar teeth Mandible Masseter muscle Pterygoid muscle Tympanic cavity

F

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A Figure 7-39, A-I Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

A

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

External nare Mandible Mandibular incisor tooth Nasal bone Incisive bone Nasoturbinates Nasal septum Maxillary incisor tooth Frontal sinus Frontal bone Oral cavity Nasopharynx Vomer Maxillary molar tooth Masseter muscle

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

Mandibular molar tooth Palatine bone Ethmoturbinates Sphenopalatine sinus Zygomatic bone Tympanic cavity Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Parietal bone Inner ear Larynx Ear canal Occipital condyle Atlas

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A Figure 7-39, A-I—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 4.1 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

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External nare Mandible Mandibular incisor tooth Nasal bone Incisive bone Nasoturbinates Nasal septum Maxillary incisor tooth Frontal sinus Frontal bone Oral cavity Nasopharynx Vomer Maxillary molar tooth Masseter muscle

16. Mandibular molar tooth 17. Palatine bone 18. Ethmoturbinates 19. Sphenopalatine sinus 20. Zygomatic bone 21. Tympanic cavity 22. Tympanic bulla 23. Occipital bone 24. Parietal bone 25. Inner ear 26. Larynx 27. Ear canal 28. Occipital condyle 29. Atlas

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Trachea Clavicle Humerus Humeral head Cervical vertebra Sternebra Rib Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

D

Scapula Thoracic vertebra Spine of scapula Heart Aorta Lung Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Pulmonary vasculature

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A

16

•

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Trachea Clavicle Humerus Humeral head Cervical vertebra Sternebra Rib Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Scapula Thoracic vertebra Spine of scapula Heart Aorta Lung Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Pulmonary vasculature

225

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P Figure 7-41, A-G Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT abdomen Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

D 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sternebra Liver Lung Rib Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Stomach Abdominal cavity Thoracic vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Lumbar vertebra Articular process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium Spinous process of sacral vertebra Femoral head Acetabulum Caudal vertebra

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G Figure 7-41, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT abdomen Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sternebra Liver Lung Rib Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Stomach Abdominal cavity Thoracic vertebra Transverse process of lumbar vertebra

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Lumbar vertebra Articular process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium Spinous process of sacral vertebra Femoral head Acetabulum Caudal vertebra

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Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Urinary bladder Cecum Colon Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Caudal end plate of 7th lumbar vertebra Articular process of lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Spinous process of sacral vertebra Sacral vertebra Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Femur Femoral neck Femoral head Acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Caudal vertebra

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10

14

H

G Figure 7-42, A-I—cont’d

Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Urinary bladder Cecum Colon Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Caudal end plate of 7th lumbar vertebra Articular process of lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Spinous process of sacral vertebra Sacral vertebra Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Femur Femoral neck Femoral head Acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Caudal vertebra

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Figure 7-42, A-I—cont’d

Type of animal: Rabbit Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 3.5 kg Gender: Female Reproductive status: Intact Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Urinary bladder Cecum Colon Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Caudal end plate of 7th lumbar vertebra Articular process of lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint Spinous process of sacral vertebra Sacral vertebra Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Femur Femoral neck Femoral head Acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Caudal vertebra

1 3 15 16 17 18 19

I

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A

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2

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10

11 2 10

6

2

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8

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B

Figure 8-1, A and B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

Trachea (endotracheal tube within lumen) Lung Pulmonary vasculature Bronchus Pulmonary vein Stomach Kidney Spleen Colon Intrathoracic adipose tissue Heart Liver Small intestine Urinary bladder

12

13

8

14

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13 9

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L

R

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A Figure 8-2, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year

Figure 8-2, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Viscera of thorax and abdomen Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Trachea (endotracheal tube within lumen) Lung Cranial mediastinum Left primary bronchus Heart Liver Stomach Spleen Left kidney Urinary bladder Right primary bronchus Small intestine Right kidney

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A Figure 8-3, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year

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15 16 17

18

235

19 20

21

B 22 23 24 25 26 27

28

29

30

31

32 33

34

35 36

37

Figure 8-3, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Trachea (endotracheal tube within lumen) Cervical intervertebral space Scapula 7th cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Spine of scapula Spinous process of thoracic vertebra 14th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ventral margin of spinal canal Spinal canal Lumbar intervertebral foramen

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Ilium 1st caudal vertebra Ischium Femur Fabella Fibula Radius Ulna Humerus Humeral head Manubrium of sternum

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

1st rib Sternebra Xyphoid process Costal cartilage 14th rib Lumbar intervertebral space Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Obturator foramen Pubis Patella Tibia

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Figure 8-4, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year

R

A

L

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25 26 27

4 5 6

28

7

8

9

29

10 11

30

12

13

31 14

15 16

32

17

33

18 19 20 21 22

34 35 36 37

23 24

R

L

B

237

Figure 8-4, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Whole body skeleton Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 900 g Gender: Female Reproductive status: Spayed Age: 1 year 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Transverse process of cervical vertebra Humerus Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra Spine of scapula Scapula 5th rib Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Transverse process of thoracic vertebra 14th thoracic vertebra 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Transverse process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum Femoral head Femur Spinous process of caudal vertebra Patella Fabella Tibia Fibula Clavicle Humeral head Spinous process of cervical vertebra 1st thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral space 14th rib Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Sacroiliac joint 1st caudal vertebra Acetabulum Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium

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Figure 8-5, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1

2 3

4 5 6 7 8

9

10

11 12 13 14 15

16

Figure 8-5, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

B 17 18

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

19 20

21 22 23 24

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Nasal bone Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Nasal cavity Maxilla Hard palate Nasoturbinates Ethmoturbinates Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Petrous part of temporal bone Basal part of occipital bone Occipital protuberance

25 26 27

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

28

29

Occipital bone Mandibular incisor tooth Maxillary canine tooth Mandibular canine tooth Mental foramen Mandibular premolar and molar teeth Coronoid processes of mandible Mandibular foramen Condylar processes of mandible Angular processes of mandible Hyoid bones Tympanic cavity Tympanic bullae Occipital condyle

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Figure 8-6, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head with open mouth Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1

2

3 4 5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12

13 14

15

Figure 8-6, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head with open mouth Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

B 16 17 18

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Maxillary incisor tooth Incisive bone Nasal bone Nasal cavity Maxillary premolar and molar teeth Nasoturbinates Palatine bone Ethmoturbinates Frontal bone Parietal bone Temporal bone Petrous part of temporal bone Basal part of occipital bone External occipital protuberance Occipital bone

26

27

16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

28

29

Maxillary canine tooth Mandibular incisor tooth Mandibular canine tooth Mandibular premolar tooth Mental foramen Mandible Mandibular molar tooth Coronoid process of mandible Condylar process of mandible Angular process of mandible Hyoid bones Tympanic cavity Tympanic bullae Occipital condyle

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Figure 8-7, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

R

L

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14 15 16 17 18

6 7 8 9 10

19 20 21 22

Figure 8-7, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Head Projection: Dorsoventral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

11

23

12 13

R

L

B

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Incisor tooth Mandibular canine tooth Maxillary canine tooth Maxilla Mandibular symphysis Frontal bone Molar tooth Zygomatic bone Coronoid process of mandible Pterygoid bone Tympanic bulla Occipital bone Occipital condyle Premolar tooth Mandible Vomer Nasal cavity Ethmoturbinates Presphenoidal bone Temporomandibular joint Ear canal Basisphenoidal bone Sagittal crest

241

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A Figure 8-8, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

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16

243

17

B 18 19 20

21

22

23 24

25

26

Figure 8-8, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Epihyoid bone Ceratohyoid bone Basihyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Occipital condyle Dorsal tubercle of atlas Dens of axis Spinous process of axis Spinal canal Spinous process of cervical vertebra 7th cervical vertebra Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Thoracic intervertebral foramen

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Transverse process of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Articular processes of thoracic vertebrae 14th thoracic vertebra Cricoid cartilage Transverse process of atlas Transverse process of axis Cervical intervertebral space Manubrium of sternum 1st rib 1st thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Thoracic intervertebral space

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Figure 8-9, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

R

L

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1 2 13 14

3 4

5

15

6

16 17

7

18 8

9 10 19

11

12

R

L

B

245

Figure 8-9, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Cervical and thoracic vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Occipital bone Atlas Transverse process of atlas Spinous process of axis Transverse process of cervical vertebra Articular processes of cervical vertebrae Scapula Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Head of rib Thoracic intervertebral space Articular process of thoracic vertebra Costal cartilage Occipital condyle Dens of axis Cervical intervertebral space 7th cervical vertebra 1st rib 1st thoracic vertebra Costochondral joint

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Figure 8-10, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 10 11 12

Figure 8-10, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

B 13

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

14th thoracic vertebra Rib 1st lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Spinal canal Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae Ilium Sacrum 1st caudal vertebra Caudal intervertebral foramen Caudal intervertebral space Ischium Lumbar intervertebral space

14 15

16 17 18 19 20

21 22

14. Transverse process of lumbar vertebra 15. Lumbar intervertebral foramen 16. 6th lumbar vertebra 17. Lumbosacral intervertebral space 18. Spinous processes of sacral vertebrae 19. Iliopubic eminence 20. Pubis 21. Os penis 22. Obturator foramen

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1 2 3

4

5

6

13

7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

9 10 11

12

R

A Figure 8-11, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

L

R

L

Figure 8-11, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

14th thoracic vertebra 14th rib 1st lumbar vertebra Lumbar intervertebral space Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Articular processes of lumbar vertebrae 6th lumbar vertebra Sacrum Femoral head Greater trochanter of femur Femur Spinous process of sacral vertebra Sacral foramen Sacroiliac joint Ilium 1st caudal vertebra Pubis Obturator foramen Ischium

B

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1

2

3

4

5

6

7

A Figure 8-12, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Caudal vertebral column Projection: Laterolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Sacrum 1st caudal vertebra Articular processes of caudal vertebrae Caudal intervertebral foramen Hemal arch of caudal vertebra Caudal articular process Transverse process of caudal vertebra Caudal intervertebral space Last caudal vertebra

8

9

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2

3

R

L

B

Figure 8-12, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Caudal vertebral column Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. Caudal articular process 2. Caudal intervertebral space 3. Last caudal vertebra

249

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18

1 2

19

3 20 4 5 6

21

7 8

22

9 10 23

11 12 13 14 15

24

II-IV

A Figure 8-13, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

16 17

V

25

B

Figure 8-13, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Spine of scapula Scapulohumeral joint space Humeral head Humerus Olecranon of ulna Anconeal process of olecranon Ulna Radial carpal bone Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone Carpal bones I, II, III, and IV Metacarpal bone V

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Scapula Supraglenoid tubercle Greater tubercle of humerus Humeral condyle Radius Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

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13 1 2 3

14 15

4 5 6 16 17 7 18 19 20 21 22

8 9 10

23 24

11

25 I

26

12

27 V

28 29 30 31 32

A Figure 8-14, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

II III

IV

B Figure 8-14, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Thoracic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Acromion Scapulohumeral joint space Humeral head Humerus Humeral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Ulna Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Spine of scapula Supraglenoid tubercle Clavicle Humeral condyle

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

Humeroradial joint space Radius Ulnar carpal bone Radial carpal bone Palmar sesamoid bone Carpal bone I Carpal bone II Carpal bone III Carpal bone IV Metacarpal bone I Proximal phalanx of digit I Distal phalanx of digit I Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Proximal sesamoid bones

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Figure 8-15, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-15, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Olecranon of ulna Anconeal process of olecranon Ulna Humerus Humeral condyle Radius

4 1

2 5

3

6

B

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Figure 8-16, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

4

1

2

5 6 3 7

B

Figure 8-16, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Elbow joint Projection: Caudocranial Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Humeral epicondyle Olecranon of ulna Ulna Humerus Humeral condyle Humeroradial joint space Radius

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Figure 8-17, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-17, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Radial carpal bone Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Ulnar carpal bone Carpal bones I, II, III, and IV Metacarpal bone V Proximal sesamoid bone Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V Radius Ulna Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges

1 2

11 12

3

13

4 5

14 6 7 8 9 10

15

V

II-IV

B

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Figure 8-18, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

7 8 1

9

2

10

3

11

4

12 5

13 14 15

6 16

I

17 V 18 19 20

II III

IV

21

B

Figure 8-18, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal thoracic limb Projection: Dorsopalmar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Ulna Styloid process of ulna Accessory carpal bone Carpal bones Metacarpal bones Phalanges Radius Ulnar carpal bone Radial carpal bone Palmar sesamoid bone Carpal bone I Carpal bone II Carpal bone III Carpal bone IV Metacarpal bone I Proximal phalanx of digit I Distal phalanx of digit I Proximal phalanx of digit II Middle phalanx of digit II Distal phalanx of digit II Proximal sesamoid bones

255

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Figure 8-19, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

1 2

3

4 5 6

Figure 8-19, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Laterolatera (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

B 7 8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

9

2 10 11 12

13 11 14 15

Spinal canal Ilium Sacrum 1st caudal vertebra Greater trochanter of femur Ischia 6th lumbar vertebra Lumbosacral intervertebral foramen Lumbosacral intervertebral space Spinous process of sacral vertebra Femoral head

12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

16

Os penis Iliopubic eminences Pubis Femur Obturator foramen

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Figure 8-20, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

R

L

A

1 2 3

12

4

13

5 14

Figure 8-20, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvis Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

6 7

15 16

8 9 10

17 18

11

19

R 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

L Transverse process of lumbar vertebra 6th lumbar vertebra Lumbosacral intervertebral space Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Acetabulum Greater trochanter of femur Femoral head Lesser trochanter of femur Ischium

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

B

Transverse process of caudal vertebra Ilium Sacral foramen Spinous process of sacral vertebra 1st caudal vertebra Pubis Obturator foramen Os penis Caudal intervertebral space

257

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Figure 8-21, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

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10

11

12 2 13 3 14 4

15 16

5

17 18 19

6

20 21 22 7

23 24 25

B

259

Figure 8-21, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Greater trochanter of femur Fabella Fibula Calcaneal tuber Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Acetabulum Femoral head Os penis Femur Patella Femoral condyle Tibia Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Tarsal bone IV Central tarsal bone Tarsal bones I, II, and III Proximal sesamoid bone Metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx

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Figure 8-22, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Pelvic limb Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Acetabulum Femoral head Greater trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of femur Femur Patella Lateral femoral condyle Medial femoral condyle Head of fibula Tibia Fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Calcaneal tuber Lateral malleolus of fibula Calcaneus Talus Tarsal bone IV Tarsal bone III Central tarsal bone Tarsal bone II Tarsal bone I Metatarsal bone I Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V

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Figure 8-23, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-23, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Femur Fabella Fibula Patella Femoral condyle Tibia

1 4 2 5 6 3

B

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Figure 8-24, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-24, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Stifle joint Projection: Craniocaudal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1 2 3 4 5

6

B

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Femur Patella Lateral femoral condyle Medial femoral condyle Fibula Tibia

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Figure 8-25, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-25, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Mediolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Fibula Calcaneal tuber Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges Tibia Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Tarsal bone IV Central tarsal bone Tarsal bones I, II, and III Proximal sesamoid bone Metatarsal bone Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal phalanx

1 6 2 7 8 3 9 10 11 4

12 13 14

5

15

16 17

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Figure 8-26, A Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

Figure 8-26, B Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Distal pelvic limb Projection: Dorsoplantar Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1 2 3 4 5 6

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

I

14 15 V II

16 IV

III

B

Tibia Fibula Calcaneal tuber Lateral malleolus of fibula Calcaneus Talus Tarsal bone IV Tarsal bone III Central tarsal bone Tarsal bone II Tarsal bone I Metatarsal bone I Proximal sesamoid bones Proximal phalanx of digit V Middle phalanx of digit V Distal phalanx of digit V

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Figure 8-27, A-F Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Laterolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image A B

Time (min) Survey 1

Position R lateral R lateral

2

9

8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Esophagus Stomach Spleen Right kidney Left kidney Descending colon Liver Duodenum Urinary bladder Small intestine Rectum

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Figure 8-27, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Laterolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image C D

Time (min) 15 30*

Position R lateral R lateral

*50 ml of air was infused into the stomach after image D (30 min) was obtained.

8

10

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Esophagus Stomach Spleen Right kidney Left kidney Descending colon Liver Duodenum Urinary bladder Small intestine Rectum

9

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E

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F 2

7

Figure 8-27, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Laterolateral Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image E F

Time (min) 35 35

Position R lateral L lateral

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

2

Esophagus Stomach Spleen Right kidney Left kidney Descending colon Liver Duodenum Urinary bladder Small intestine Rectum

10

9

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R

L

Figure 8-28, A-F Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Ventrodorsal (except for image F) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image A B

Time (min) Survey 1

Position VD VD

R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

L

Esophagus Liver Stomach Spleen Left kidney Urinary bladder Duodenum

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Right kidney Small intestine Rectum Transverse colon Ascending colon Descending colon

B

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R

L

C Figure 8-28, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Ventrodorsal (except for image F) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image C D

Time (min) 15 30*

Position VD VD

*50 ml of air was infused into the stomach after image D (30 min) was obtained.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Spleen Left kidney Urinary bladder Duodenum

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Right kidney Small intestine Rectum Transverse colon Ascending colon Descending colon

D

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Figure 8-28, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Gastrointestinal double contrast study Contrast medium: Barium sulfate suspension (Novopaque 60% w/v; Lafayette Pharmaceutical, Inc., Lafayette, Ind.) 20 ml administered via esophageal gavage; 50 ml of air infused 30 min following contrast administration Projection: Ventrodorsal (except for image F) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image E F

Time (min) 35 35

Position VD DV

R

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Esophagus Liver Stomach Spleen Left kidney Urinary bladder Duodenum

L

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Right kidney Small intestine Rectum Transverse colon Ascending colon Descending colon

F

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1

Figure 8-29, A-E Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Time (min) 0 5

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

A 5

1

2

3

3

3 and 4

B 4

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Figure 8-29, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image C D

Time (min) 10 35*

*25 min following application of compression bandage.

C 5

1

6

6

2

D 8

5

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

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7

6

2

3

Figure 8-29, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Laterolateral (right lateral recumbency) Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image E

Time (min) 60*

*25 min following release of compression bandage.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

E 6

4

5

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Figure 8-30, A-E Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

4

5

R

L

A

1

2

4 3

5

R

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B

Image A B 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Time (min) 0 5

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

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Figure 8-30, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image C D

1 2

7

6 7 3 4

Time (min) 10 35*

*25 min following application of compression bandage.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

5

C

R

L

1 6

2

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6 7

8

5

D

R

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4

Figure 8-30, A-E—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Excretory urogram Contrast medium: RenoCal-76 (37% organically bound iodine; Bracco Diagnostics, Inc., Princeton, NJ) 2.75 ml IV (2.3 ml/kg) Projection: Ventrodorsal Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult Image E

Time (min) 60*

*25 min following release of compression bandage. 5

R

L

E

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Right kidney Left kidney Right ureter Left ureter Urinary bladder Renal pelvis Recesses of renal pelvis Compression bandage

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5 1 6 2 1

3

A

B Figure 8-31, B Sagittal image of liver*

Figure 8-31, A Transverse image of liver

4 7 8

C Figure 8-31, C Sagittal image of spleen Figure 8-31, A-C Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Ultrasound study of liver and spleen Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Liver Gallbladder Diaphragm Spleen Portal vein Caudal vena cava Left adrenal gland Aorta

*CVC, Caudal vena cava; HV, hepatic vein; PV, portal vein.

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B

A Figure 8-32, A Sagittal image of left kidney

Figure 8-32, B Sagittal image of left kidney

5 9

6

7 8

C

D Figure 8-32, C Sagittal image of urinary bladder

Figure 8-32, A-D Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: Ultrasound study of urinary tract and associated structures Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

Figure 8-32, D Sagittal image of right adrenal gland

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Renal medulla Cranial pole of left kidney Renal cortex Renal pelvis Body of urinary bladder Neck of urinary bladder Wall of urinary bladder Urethra Right adrenal gland

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A

B

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C

A

A Figure 8-33, A-L Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

External nare Maxillary incisor tooth Endotracheal tube Tongue Mandibular incisor tooth Maxillary canine tooth Nasal cavity Vomer Palatine bone Mandible Nasal bone Nasal septum Nasoturbinates Nasopharynx Zygomatic bone Maxilla Ethmoturbinates

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Cerebrum Sphenopalatine sinus Frontal sinus Pterygoid bone Sella turcica Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Ear canal Hyoid bone Sagittal crest Tentorium cerebelli osseum Inner ears Occipital bone Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Atlas

D

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10

E

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R

A

A

P

P

F

18 18 21

L

3

R

22

L

R

15 10

23

G

A

A Figure 8-33, A-L—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

H 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

External nare Maxillary incisor tooth Endotracheal tube Tongue Mandibular incisor tooth Maxillary canine tooth Nasal cavity Vomer Palatine bone Mandible Nasal bone Nasal septum Nasoturbinates Nasopharynx Zygomatic bone Maxilla Ethmoturbinates

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Cerebrum Sphenopalatine sinus Frontal sinus Pterygoid bone Sella turcica Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Ear canal Hyoid bone Sagittal crest Tentorium cerebelli osseum Inner ears Occipital bone Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Atlas

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P 27 28

24

L

R

29

L

R

25

23

23

3 26

I

A

A

P

P

27

J

27 30

L

30

R 31

L

R

32 23 33

26

K

A Figure 8-33, A-L—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT head Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A

3

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

External nare Maxillary incisor tooth Endotracheal tube Tongue Mandibular incisor tooth Maxillary canine tooth Nasal cavity Vomer Palatine bone Mandible Nasal bone Nasal septum Nasoturbinates Nasopharynx Zygomatic bone Maxilla Ethmoturbinates

L 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

Cerebrum Sphenopalatine sinus Frontal sinus Pterygoid bone Sella turcica Tympanic cavity Petrous part of temporal bone Ear canal Hyoid bone Sagittal crest Tentorium cerebelli osseum Inner ears Occipital bone Foramen magnum Occipital condyle Atlas

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R

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5

6 6

7 8

A

A

C

D Figure 8-34, A-J Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT thorax Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Dorsal lamina of thoracic vertebra Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Trachea Cranial mediastinum Sternebra Costochondral joint Rib Thoracic vertebra Epaxial muscles Pulmonary vasculature

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Lung Bronchi Left ventricle of heart Carina of trachea Pericardial adipose tissue Caudal mediastinum Liver Fundus of stomach Spleen Falciform adipose tissue

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3 9

9 8 5

5

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L

11

E

R

11

14

14

6

6

15

16

R

A

A

12

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12

F

P 1

3

3

9

17

17

11

11

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18 12

19

P

L

R

18

12

A A

G Figure 8-34, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT thorax Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Dorsal lamina of thoracic vertebra Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Trachea Cranial mediastinum Sternebra Costochondral joint Rib Thoracic vertebra Epaxial muscles Pulmonary vasculature

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

H Lung Bronchi Left ventricle of heart Carina of trachea Pericardial adipose tissue Caudal mediastinum Liver Fundus of stomach Spleen Falciform adipose tissue

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P 12

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20

19

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R

20

21

21

18

18

I

A Figure 8-34, A-J—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT thorax Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Spinous process of thoracic vertebra Dorsal lamina of thoracic vertebra Spinal canal of thoracic vertebra Trachea Cranial mediastinum Sternebra Costochondral joint Rib Thoracic vertebra Epaxial muscles Pulmonary vasculature

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

J Lung Bronchi Left ventricle of heart Carina of trachea Pericardial adipose tissue Caudal mediastinum Liver Fundus of stomach Spleen Falciform adipose tissue

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2 3

R R

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L

4 5 6

S

A

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A

A

8 7

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9 10 8

11 12 13

C

P Figure 8-35, A-F Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT abdomen Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

14

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Stomach Rib Gallbladder Liver Lung Thoracic vertebra Intestine Spleen Right kidney Epaxial muscles Caudal vena cava

P

D 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Lumbar vertebra Aorta Left kidney Os penis Urinary bladder Colon Sacral vertebra Ilium Pubis Sacrum Femur

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20

18 21

19

22

E

P

P Figure 8-35, A-F—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT abdomen Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Stomach Rib Gallbladder Liver Lung Thoracic vertebra Intestine Spleen Right kidney Epaxial muscles Caudal vena cava

F 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Lumbar vertebra Aorta Left kidney Os penis Urinary bladder Colon Sacral vertebra Ilium Pubis Sacrum Femur

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C

P Figure 8-36, A-G Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

P

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Spinous process of sacral vertebra Colon

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

D

Os penis Femoral head Pubis Acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Greater trochanter of femur Pubic symphysis Caudal vertebra

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Figure 8-36, A-G—cont’d Type of animal: Ferret Type of study: CT pelvis Imaging plane: Transverse Weight of animal: 1.2 kg Gender: Male Reproductive status: Neutered Age: Adult

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Transverse process of lumbar vertebra Lumbar vertebra Spinal canal of lumbar vertebra Spinous process of lumbar vertebra Ilium Sacrum Spinal canal of sacral vertebra Spinous process of sacral vertebra Colon

G

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Os penis Femoral head Pubis Acetabulum Lunate surface of acetabulum Greater trochanter of femur Pubic symphysis Caudal vertebra

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A Abdomen of domestic ferret, transverse view of CT study of, 286f-287f of domestic rabbit positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 5f positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 5f transverse view of CT study of, 226f-227f viscera of of domestic chinchilla laterolateral view of, 68f-69f ventrodorsal view of, 69f of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 232f ventrodorsal view of, 232f of domestic guinea pig anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 106f laterolateral view of, 108f ventrodorsal view of, 109f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 107f of domestic rabbit anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 160f laterolateral view of, 162f ventrodorsal view of, 163f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 161f of laboratory mouse laterolateral view of, 10f ventrodorsal view of, 11f of Norway rat anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 20f laterolateral view of, 22f ventrodorsal view of, 21f, ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 23f of Syrian (golden) hamster anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 46f laterolateral view of, 48f ventrodorsal view of, 49f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 47f Adrenal gland left, of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f right of domestic ferret, sagittal view of, 279f of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f Air embolism, iatrogenic, room air and, 8 Anatomic drawing of ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of domestic guinea pig, 107f of domestic rabbit, 161f of Norway rat, 21f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 47f

Anatomic drawing (Continued) of view of left side of viscera of thorax and abdomen of domestic guinea pig, 106f of domestic rabbit, 160f of Norway rat, 20f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 46f Anesthesia gastrointestinal positive contrast study and, 8 patient positioning and, 2 Anticonvulsant drug therapy, myelography and, 8 Asymetrix Detail Intensifying Screens, 2

B Barium enema, 8 Bladder, urinary. See Urinary bladder. Body skeleton, whole. See Whole body skeleton.

C Carbon dioxide gas in prevention of iatrogenic air embolism and, 8 Caudal vertebral column of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 246f, 248f ventrodorsal view of, 247f, 239f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 174f ventrodorsal view of, 175f Caudocranial view of elbow joint of domestic chinchilla, 83f of domestic ferret, 253f of domestic rabbit, 183f of scapula of domestic rabbit, 176f-177f Cavia porcellus. See Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Cervical vertebral column of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 242f-243f, 246f ventrodorsal view of, 244f-245f, 247 of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 170f-171f ventrodorsal view of, 172f-173f Chinchilla, domestic. See Domestic chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) Chinchilla lanigera. See Domestic chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). Colonic radiographic studies, 8 Colour Atlas of the Anatomy of Small Laboratory Animals, A, 2 Contrast medium administration of, 7 organic iodinated urographic, 8 volume of, 8

Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; by t, tables.

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Coronal view of MRI of head of domestic guinea pig, 150f of domestic rabbit, 220f-221f Craniocaudal view of elbow joint of domestic guinea pig, 123f of stifle joint of domestic chinchilla, 89f of domestic ferret, 263f of domestic guinea pig, 129f of domestic rabbit, 193f CT study of abdomen of domestic ferret, transverse view of, 286f-287f of domestic rabbit, transverse view of, 226f-227f of head of domestic chinchilla, transverse view of, 102f-104f of domestic ferret, transverse view of, 280f-282f of domestic guinea pig, transverse view of, 151f-154f of domestic rabbit, transverse view of, 222f-223f of pelvis of domestic ferret, transverse view of, 288f-289f of domestic guinea pig, transverse view of, 157f of domestic rabbit, transverse view of, 228f-230f of thorax of domestic ferret, transverse view of, 283f-285f of domestic guinea pig, transverse view of, 155f-156f of domestic rabbit, transverse view of, 224f-225f Cystography double contrast retrograde. See Double contrast retrograde cystogram. retrograde, 8

D Diagnostic x-ray tubes, radiographic, 2 Diatrizoate meglumine, contrast medium and, 8 Diatrizoate sodium, contrast medium and, 8 Digestive study. See Gastrointestinal positive contrast study. Distal pelvic limb of domestic chinchilla dorsoplantar view of, 91f mediolateral view of, 90f of domestic ferret dorsoplantar view of, 265f mediolateral view of, 264f of domestic guinea pig dorsoplantar view of, 131f mediolateral view of, 130f of domestic rabbit dorsoplantar view of, 195f mediolateral view of, 194f Distal thoracic limb of domestic chinchilla dorsopalmar view of, 85f mediolateral view of, 84f of domestic ferret dorsopalmar view of, 255f mediolateral view of, 254f of domestic guinea pig dorsopalmar view of, 125f mediolateral view of, 124f of domestic rabbit dorsopalmar view of, 185f mediolateral view of, 184f Domestic chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera), 68-104 caudocranial view of elbow joint of, 83f craniocaudal view of stifle joint of, 89f dorsopalmar view of distal thoracic limb of, 85f dorsoplantar view of distal pelvic limb of, 91f dorsoventral view of head of, 78f magnification study of, 79f

Domestic chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) (Continued) laterolateral view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 92f-96f of head of, 74f magnification study of, 75f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 68f of whole body skeleton of, 70f-71f mediolateral view of distal pelvic limb of, 90f of distal thoracic limb of, 84f of elbow joint of, 82f of pelvic limb of, 86f of stifle joint of, 88f of thoracic limb of, 80f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 92f-96f of head of, 74f magnification study of, 75f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 68f of whole body skeleton of, 70f-71f transverse view of CT study of head of, 102f-104f ventrodorsal view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 97f-101f of head of, 76f magnification study of, 77f of pelvic limb of, 87f of thoracic limb of, 81f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 69f of whole body skeleton of, 72f-73f Domestic ferret (Mustela putorius), 231-290 caudocranial view of elbow joint of, 253f craniocaudal view of stifle joint of, 263f dorsopalmar view of distal thoracic limb of, 255f dorsoplantar view of distal pelvic limb of, 265f dorsoventral view of head of, 240f-241f laterolateral view of caudal vertebral column of, 248f-249f of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 242f-245f of excretory urogram of, 272f-274f of gastrointestinal double contrast study of, 266f-269f of head of, 238f of head with open mouth of, 239f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 246f of pelvis of, 256f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 232f of whole body skeleton of, 234f-235f mediolateral view of distal pelvic limb of, 264f of distal thoracic limb of, 254f of elbow joint of, 252f of pelvic limb of, 258f-259f of stifle joint of, 262f of thoracic limb of, 250f pelvic limb of, positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 7f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 224f-225f of excretory urogram of, 272f-274f of head of, 238f of head with open mouth of, 239f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 246f of pelvis of, 256f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 232f of whole body skeleton of, 234f-235f thoracic limb of positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 6f positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 7f

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Domestic ferret (Mustela putorius) (Continued) transverse view of CT study of abdomen of, 286f-287f of head of, 289f-282f of pelvis of, 288f-289f of thorax of, 283f-285f ultrasound study of liver and spleen of, 278f of urinary tract and associated structures of, 279f ventrodorsal view of caudal vertebral column of, 247f of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 244f-245f of excretory urogram of, 275f-277f of gastrointestinal double contrast study of, 269f-271f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 247f of pelvic limb of, 260f-261f of pelvis of, 257f of thoracic limb of, 251f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 233f of whole body skeleton of, 236f-237f Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), 105-158 anatomic drawing of ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 107f of view of left side of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 106f caudocranial view of elbow joint of, 123f coronal view of MRI of head of, 150f craniocaudal view of stifle joint of, 129f dorsopalmar view of distal thoracic limb of, 125f dorsoplantar view of distal pelvic limb of, 131f dorsoventral view of head of, 118f magnification study of, 118f of myelogram of, 142f-144f laterolateral view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 132f-134f of head of, 114f magnification study of, 115f of myelogram of, 138f-144f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 108f of whole body skeleton of, 110f-111f mediolateral view of distal pelvic limb of, 130f of distal thoracic limb of, 124f of elbow joint of, 122f of pelvic limb of, 126f of stifle joint of, 128f of thoracic limb of, 120f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 132f-134f of head of, 114f magnification study of, 115f of myelogram of, 138f-141f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 108f of whole body skeleton of, 110f-111f sagittal image of left adrenal gland of, 145f of left kidney of, 145f of MRI of head of, 146f-147f of right adrenal gland of, 145f of urinary bladder of, 145f transverse view of CT study of head of, 151f-154f of pelvis of, 157f of thorax of, 155f-156f of MRI of head of, 148f-149f ultrasound study of urinary tract and associated structures of, 145f

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Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) (Continued) ventrodorsal view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 135f-137f of head, 116f magnification study of, 117f of pelvic limb of, 127f of thoracic limb of, 121f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 109f of whole body skeleton of, 112f-113f Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 159-230 abdomen of positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 5f positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 6f anatomic drawing of ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 161f of view of left side of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 160f caudocranial view of elbow joint of, 183f of scapula of, 176f-177f coronal view of MRI of head of, 220f-221f craniocaudal view of stifle joint of, 193f dorsopalmar view of distal thoracic limb of, 185f dorsoplantar view of distal pelvic limb of, 195f dorsoventral view, of myelogram of, 212f-213f head of dorsoventral view of, 168f magnification study of, 169f positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of, 7f positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 7f laterolateral view of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 170f-171f of double contrast barium enema of, 202f of excretory urogram of, 204f-205f of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 196f-198f of head of, 164f magnification study of, 165f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 174f of myelogram of, 210f-211f of pelvis of, 186f and ventrodorsal view of double contrast retrograde cystogram of, 208f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 162f mediolateral view of distal pelvic limb of, 194f of distal thoracic limb of, 184f of elbow joint of, 182f of pelvic limb of, 188f-189f of stifle joint of, 192f of thoracic limb of, 178f-179f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency and ventrodorsal view of double contrast retrograde cystogram of, 208f right lateral recumbency view of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 170f-171f of double contrast barium enema of, 202f of excretory urogram of, 204f-205f of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 196f-198f of head of, 164f magnification study of, 165f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 174f of myelogram of, 210f-211f of pelvis of, 186f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 162f sagittal view of MRI of head of, 216f-217f thorax of positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of, 6f

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Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (Continued) positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 4f transverse view of CT study of abdomen of, 226f-227f of head of, 228f-223f of pelvis of, 228f-230f of thorax of, 224f-225f of MRI of head of, 218f-219f ultrasound study of liver and spleen of, 214f of urinary tract of, 215f ventrodorsal view of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of, 172f-173f of double contrast barium enema of, 203f of double contrast retrograde cystogram of, 209f of excretory urogram of, 206f-207f of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 199f-201f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of, 175f of pelvic limb of, 190f of pelvis of, 187f of thoracic limb of, 180f-181f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 163f Dorsopalmar view of distal thoracic limb of domestic chinchilla, 85f of domestic ferret, 255f of domestic guinea pig, 125f of domestic rabbit, 185f of extremities, 3 Dorsoplantar view of distal pelvic limb of domestic chinchilla, 91f of domestic ferret, 265f of domestic guinea pig, 131f of domestic rabbit, 195f of extremities, 3 Dorsoventral view of abdomen, positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f of head of domestic chinchilla, 78f magnification study of, 79f of domestic ferret, 240f-241f of domestic guinea pig, 118f magnification study of, 119f of domestic rabbit, 7f, 168f magnification study of, 169f of laboratory mouse, 17f of Norway rat, 30f magnification study of, 31f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 56f magnification study of, 57f of myelogram of domestic guinea pig, 142f-144f of domestic rabbit, 212f-213f of thorax positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f of rabbit, 6f of whole body, positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f Double contrast barium enema of domestic rabbit, laterolateral view of, 202f-203f Double contrast retrograde cystogram of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 208f ventrodorsal view of, 209f

E Elbow joint of domestic chinchilla caudocranial view of, 83f mediolateral view of, 82f

Elbow joint (Continued) of domestic ferret caudocranial view of, 253f mediolateral view of, 252f of domestic guinea pig craniocaudal view of, 123f mediolateral view of, 122f of domestic rabbit caudocranial view of, 183f mediolateral view of, 182f Embolism, iatrogenic air, room air and, 8 Enema, barium, 8 Equipment, radiographic, 2, 3t Excretory urogram, 8 of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 272f-274f ventrodorsal view of, 275f-277f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 204f-205f ventrodorsal view of, 204f-205f Exposure times, rapid, radiographic, 2 Extremities positioning techniques for radiographic studies of, 3 radiographic exposure guidelines for of chinchilla, 3t of ferret, 3t of guinea pig, 3t of rabbit, 3t

F Ferret, domestic. See Domestic ferret (Mustela putorius). FFD. See Focal spot to film distance (FFD). Foam, radiolucent, patient positioning and, 2 Focal spot of diagnostic x-ray tubes, 2 Focal spot to film distance (FFD), 2, 8f

G Gastrointestinal double contrast study of domestic ferret, laterolateral view of, 266f-268f of domestic ferret, ventrodorsal view of, 269f-271f Gastrointestinal positive contrast study, 7-8 administration of contrast medium for, 7 of domestic chinchilla laterolateral view of, 92f-96f ventrodorsal view of, 97f-101f of domestic guinea pig laterolateral view of, 196f-198f ventrodorsal view of, 199f-201f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 196f-198f ventrodorsal view of, 199f-201f of Norway rat laterolateral view of, 32f-34f ventrodorsal view of, 35f-38f of Syrian (golden) hamster laterolateral view of, 58f-61f ventrodorsal view of, 62f-65f volume of contrast medium for, 8 Golden hamster. See Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Guinea pig. See Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).

H Hamster golden. See Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Syrian. See Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Head of domestic chinchilla CT study of, transverse view of, 102f-104f dorsoventral view of, 78f magnification study of, 79f

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Head (Continued) laterolateral view of, 75f magnification study of, 69f ventrodorsal view of, 76 magnification study of, 77f of domestic ferret dorsoventral view of, 240f-241f laterolateral view of, 238f with mouth open, view of, 239f transverse view of CT study of, 280f-282f of domestic guinea pig coronal view of MRI of, 150f dorsoventral view of, 118f magnification study of, 119f laterolateral view of, 114f magnification study of, 115f sagittal view of MRI of, 146f-149f transverse view of CT study of, 148f-149f transverse view of MRI of, 148f-149f ventrodorsal view of, 116f magnification study of, 117f of domestic rabbit coronal view of MRI of, 220f-221f dorsoventral view of, 116f magnification study of, 169f laterolateral view of, 164f magnification study of, 165f ventrodorsal view of, 166f magnification study of, 167f positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of, 7f for lateral radiographic study of, 7f sagittal view of MRI of, 216f-217f transverse view of CT study of, 222f-223f of laboratory mouse dorsoventral view of, 17f laterolateral view of, 16f of Norway rat dorsoventral view of, 30f magnification study of, 31f laterolateral view of, 28f magnification study of, 29f mid-longitudinal view of, 44f transverse view of, 39f-44f positioning techniques for radiographic studies of, 6, 7f, 8f of Syrian (golden) hamster dorsoventral view of, 56f magnification study of, 57f laterolateral view of, 54f magnification study of, 55f

I Iatrogenic air embolism, room air and, 8 Innovet Select 20 kHz High Freqency Radiographic Machine, 2 Iodinated urographic contrast media, organic, 8

J Joint elbow. See Elbow joint. stifle. See Stifle joint.

K Kidney, left of domestic ferret, sagittal view of, 279f of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f

L Laboratory mouse (Mus musculus), 9-18 dorsoventral view of head of, 17f laterolateral view of head of, 16f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 10f of whole body skeleton of, 12f-13f

Laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) (Continued) radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of head of, 16f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 9f of whole body skeleton of, 12f-13f ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 11f of whole body skeleton of, 14f-15f Large focal spots of diagnostic x-ray tubes, 2 Lateral recumbency, lateral radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen and, 2 Lateral view of abdomen positioning techniques for, 2, 4f, 5f of rabbit, 5f of head of rabbit, 7f of pelvic limb of ferret, 7f of thoracic limb of ferret, 6f of thorax positioning techniques for, 2, 4f, 5f of rabbit, 4f of whole body skeleton positioning techniques for, 2, 4f, 5f of rat, 4f Laterolateral view of caudal vertebral column of domestic ferret, 246f of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of domestic ferret, 242f-243f of domestic rabbit, 170f-171f of double contrast barium enema of domestic rabbit, 202f of double contrast retrograde cystogram of domestic rabbit, 208-209f of excretory urogram of domestic ferret, 272f-274f of domestic rabbit, 204f-205f of gastrointestinal double contrast study of domestic ferret, 254f-256f of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of domestic chinchilla, 92f-96f of domestic guinea pig, 132f-134f of domestic rabbit, 199f-201f of Norway rat, 32f-34f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 58f-61f of head of domestic chinchilla, 74f magnification study of, 75f of domestic ferret, 238f of domestic guinea pig, 114f magnification study of, 115f of domestic rabbit, 164f magnification study of, 165f of laboratory mouse, 15f of Norway rat, 28f magnification study of, 29f with open mouth of domestic ferret, 239f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 54f magnification study of, 55f lateral radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen and, 2 of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of domestic ferret, 246f of domestic rabbit, 174f of myelogram of domestic guinea pig, 138f-141f of domestic rabbit, 210f-211f of pelvis of domestic ferret, 246f of domestic rabbit, 187f and ventrodorsal view of double contrast retrograde cystogram of domestic rabbit, 208f-209f

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Laterolateral view (Continued) of viscera of thorax and abdomen of domestic chinchilla, 68f of domestic ferret, 232f of domestic guinea pig, 108f of domestic rabbit, 163f of laboratory mouse, 10f of Norway rat, 22f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 46f-47f of whole body skeleton of domestic chinchilla, 70f-71f of domestic ferret, 234f-235f of domestic guinea pig, 110f-111f of laboratory mouse, 12f-13f of Norway rat, 24f-25f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 50f-51f Left adrenal gland of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f Left kidney of domestic ferret, sagittal view of, 279f of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f Limb distal pelvic. See Distal pelvic limb. distal thoracic. See Distal thoracic limb. pelvic. See Pelvic limb. thoracic. See Thoracic limb. Liver of domestic ferret sagittal view of, 278f transverse view of, 278f ultrasound study of, 278f of domestic rabbit, ultrasound of, 214f Lumbar vertebral column of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 246f ventrodorsal view of, 247f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 174f ventrodorsal view of, 175f

M Masking tape, radiolucent paper, patient positioning and, 2 Mediolateral view of distal pelvic limb of domestic chinchilla, 90f of domestic ferret, 264f of domestic guinea pig, 130f of domestic rabbit, 193f of distal thoracic limb of domestic chinchilla, 84f of domestic ferret, 254f of domestic guinea pig, 124f of domestic rabbit, 184f of elbow joint of domestic chinchilla, 84f of domestic ferret, 252f of domestic guinea pig, 122f of domestic rabbit, 182f of pelvic limb of domestic chinchilla, 86f of domestic ferret, 258f-259f of domestic guinea pig, 126f of domestic rabbit, 188f-189f of stifle joint of domestic chinchilla, 88f of domestic ferret, 262f of domestic guinea pig, 128f of domestic rabbit, 192f of thoracic limb of domestic chinchilla, 80f of domestic ferret, 250f of domestic guinea pig, 120f of domestic rabbit, 178f-179f

Mesocricetus auratus. See Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). Micropulverized barium sulfate, 8 Mid-longitudinal view of head of Norway rat, 44f Mouse, laboratory. See Laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). MRI of head of domestic guinea pig coronal view of, 150f sagittal view of, 146f-147f transverse view of, 148f-149f of domestic rabbit coronal view of, 220f-221f sagittal view of, 216f-217f transverse view of, 218f-219f Mus musculus. See Laboratory mouse (Mus musculus). Mustela putorius. See Domestic ferret (Mustela putorius). Myelogram, 8 of domestic guinea pig dorsoventral view of, 142f-144f laterolateral view of, 138f-141f of domestic rabbit dorsoventral view of, 212f-213f laterolateral view of, 210f-211f

N Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), 19-44 anatomic drawing of left side of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 20f of ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 21f dorsoventral view of head of, 30f magnification study of, 31f laterolateral view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 32f-34f of head of, 28f magnification study of, 29f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 22f of whole body skeleton of, 24f-25f longitudinal view of body of, 39f mid-longitudinal view of head of, 43f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 32f-34f of head of, 28f magnification study of, 29f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 22f of whole body skeleton of, 24f-25f transverse view of head of, 39f-43f ventrodorsal view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 35f-38f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 23f of whole body skeleton of, 26f-27f whole body skeleton of positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 4f positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 5f

O Object–film distance (OFD), radiographic, 8f OFD. See Object–film distance (OFD). Organic iodinated urographic contrast media, 8 Oryctolagus cuniculus. See Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

P Paper masking tape, radiolucent, patient positioning and, 2 Patient positioning. See Positioning techniques. Pelvic limb distal. See Distal pelvic limb. of domestic chinchilla mediolateral view of, 86f ventrodorsal view of, 87f

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Pelvic limb (Continued) of domestic ferret mediolateral view of, 258f-259f positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 7f ventrodorsal view of, 260f-261f of domestic guinea pig mediolateral view of, 126f ventrodorsal view of, 127f of domestic rabbit mediolateral view of, 188f-189f ventrodorsal view of, 190f-191f positioning techniques for radiographic studies of, 3, 6f, 7f Pelvis of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 256f transverse view of CT study of, 288f-289f ventrodorsal view of, 257f of domestic guinea pig, transverse view of CT study of, 157f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 186f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t transverse view of, CT study of, 228f-230f ventrodorsal view of, 187f Pig, guinea. See Domestic guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Positioning techniques, 2-7, 4f, 5f, 6f, 7f, 8f for dorsoventral radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen, 2-3, 5f, 6f for lateral radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen, 2, 4f, 5f for radiographic studies of extremities, 3 of head, 6, 7f, 8f of thoracic and pelvic limbs, 3, 6f, 7f for ventrodorsal radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen, 2-3, 5f, 6f

R Rabbit, domestic. See Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Radiographic contrast studies of gastrointestinal tract, 7-8 of urinary tract, 8 Radiographic positioning techniques. See Positioning techniques. Radiology anatomic reference for, 2 of domestic chinchilla, 67-104 of domestic ferret, 231-290 of domestic guinea pig, 105-158 of domestic rabbit, 159-230 equipment for, 2, 3t of laboratory mouse, 9-18 myelographic studies for, 8 of Norway rat, 19-44 positioning techniques for. See Positioning techniques. radiographic contrast studies of gastrointestinal tract for, 7-8 of ùrinary tract for, 8 of Syrian (golden) hamster, 45-66 Radiolucent foam, patient positioning and, 2 Radiolucent paper masking tape, patient positioning and, 2 Rapid exposure times, radiographic, 2 Rat, Norway. See Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Rattus norvegicus. See Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus). Recumbency, lateral, lateral radiographic studies of whole body, thorax, and abdomen and, 2. See also Laterolateral view. RenoCal-76, 8 Retrograde cystography, 8 double contrast. See Double contrast retrograde cystogram.

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Right adrenal gland of domestic ferret, sagittal view of, 279f of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f Right lateral recumbency view. See Laterolateral view.

S Sacral vertebral column of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 246f ventrodorsal view of, 247f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 174f ventrodorsal view of, 175f Sagittal view of left adrenal gland of domestic guinea pig, 145f of left kidney of domestic ferret, 279f of domestic guinea pig, 145f of liver of domestic ferret, 278f of MRI of head of domestic guinea pig, 146f-147f of domestic rabbit, 216f-217f of right adrenal gland of domestic ferret, 279f of domestic guinea pig, 145f of spleen of domestic ferret, 278f of urinary bladder of domestic ferret, 279f of domestic guinea pig, 145f Sandbags, patient positioning and, 1 Scapula of domestic rabbit, caudocranial view of, 176f-177f SE+ radiographic film, 2 Sedation gastrointestinal positive contrast study and, 7 patient positioning and, 2 Skeleton, whole body. See Whole body skeleton. Skull, radiographic exposure guidelines for of chinchilla, 3t of ferret, 3t of guinea pig, 3t of hamster, 3t of mouse, 3t of rabbit, 3t of rat, 3t Small focal spots of diagnostic x-ray tubes, 2 Spine, radiographic exposure guidelines for, of rabbit, 3t Spleen of domestic ferret sagittal view of, 278f ultrasound study of, 278f ultrasound of, of domestic rabbit, 214f Stabilization, patient positioning and, 2 Stifle joint of domestic chinchilla craniocaudal view of, 89f mediolateral view of, 88f of domestic ferret craniocaudal view of, 263f mediolateral view of, 262f of domestic guinea pig craniocaudal view of, 129f mediolateral view of, 128f of domestic rabbit craniocaudal view of, 193f mediolateral view of, 192f Symmetry, patient positioning and, 2 Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), 45-66 anatomic drawing of ventrodorsal view of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 47f of view of left side of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 46f

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Syrian (golden) hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) (Continued) dorsoventral view of head of, 56f magnification study of, 57f laterolateral view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 58f-61f of head of, 54f magnification study of, 55f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 48f of whole body skeleton of, 51f-52f radiographic exposure guidelines for, 3t right lateral recumbency view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 56f-61f of head of, 54f magnification study of, 55f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 48f of whole body skeleton of, 51f-52f ventrodorsal view of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of, 62f-65f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of, 49f of whole body skeleton of, 52f-53f

T Table-top technique for laterolateral magnification radiographic study of guinea pig head, 8f Tail, extension of, patient positioning and, 2 Tape, masking, radiolucent paper, patient positioning and, 2 Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 6 Thoracic limb distal. See Distal thoracic limb. of domestic chinchilla mediolateral view of, 80f ventrodorsal view of, 81f of domestic ferret mediolateral view of, 250f positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 6f for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 7f ventrodorsal view of, 251f of domestic guinea pig mediolateral view of, 120f ventrodorsal view of, 121f of domestic rabbit mediolateral view of, 178f-179f ventrodorsal view of, 180f-181f positioning techniques for radiographic studies of, 3, 6f, 7f Thoracic vertebral column of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 242f-243f ventrodorsal view of, 244f-245f of domestic rabbit laterolateral view of, 170f-171f ventrodorsal view of, 165f-166f Thorax of domestic ferret, transverse view of CT study of, 283f-285f of domestic guinea pig, transverse view of CT study of, 155f-156f of domestic rabbit positioning technique for dorsoventral radiographic study of, 6f positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 4f transverse view of, CT study of, 224f-225f radiographic exposure guidelines for, of rabbit, 3t viscera of of domestic chinchilla laterolateral view of, 68f ventrodorsal view of, 69f of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 232f ventrodorsal view of, 233f of domestic guinea pig

Thorax (Continued) anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 106f laterolateral view of, 108f ventrodorsal view of, 109f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 107f of domestic rabbit anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 160f laterolateral view of, 162f ventrodorsal view of, 163f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 161f of laboratory mouse laterolateral view of, 10f ventrodorsal view of, 11f of Norway rat anatomic drawing of left side of, 20f laterolateral view of, 22f ventrodorsal view of, 23f ventrodorsal view of, anatomic drawing of, 21f of Syrian (golden) hamster anatomic drawing of, 46f-47f laterolateral view of, 48f ventrodorsal view of, 49f Transverse view of CT study of abdomen of domestic ferret, 286f-287f of domestic rabbit, 226f-227f of head of domestic chinchilla, 102f-104f of domestic ferret, 280f-282f of domestic guinea pig, 151f-154f of domestic rabbit, 222f-223f of pelvis of domestic ferret, 288f-289f of domestic guinea pig, 157f of domestic rabbit, 228f-230f of thorax of domestic ferret, 283f-285f of domestic guinea pig, 155f-156f of domestic rabbit, 224f-225f of head of Norway rat, 39f-43f of liver of domestic ferret, 278f of MRI of head of domestic guinea pig, 146f-147f of domestic rabbit, 218f-219f Tube stand, height of x-ray tube on, 2

U Ultra Detail Plus film, radiographic, 2 Ultrasound study of liver and spleen of domestic ferret, 278f of domestic rabbit, 214f of urinary tract and associated structures of domestic ferret, 279f of domestic rabbit, 215f Urinary bladder of domestic ferret, sagittal view of, 279f of domestic guinea pig, sagittal view of, 145f Urinary tract of domestic ferret, ultrasound study of, 279f of domestic rabbit, ultrasound study of, 215f radiographic contrast studies of, 8 Urogram, excretory. See Excretory urogram. Urographic contrast media, organic iodinated, 8

V Ventrodorsal view of abdomen of domestic rabbit, 6f positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f of caudal vertebral column of domestic ferret, 247f

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Ventrodorsal view (Continued) of cervical and thoracic vertebral column of domestic ferret, 244f-245f of domestic rabbit, 172f-173f of double contrast retrograde cystogram of domestic rabbit, 209f of excretory urogram of domestic ferret, 275f-277f of domestic rabbit, 206f-207f of gastrointestinal double contrast study of domestic ferret, 269f-271f of gastrointestinal positive contrast study of domestic chinchilla, 97f-101f of domestic guinea pig, 135f-137f of domestic rabbit, 199f-201f of Norway rat, 35f-38f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 62f-65f of head of domestic chinchilla, 76f magnification study of, 77f of domestic guinea pig, 116f magnification study of, 117f of lumbar, sacral, and caudal vertebral column of domestic ferret, 247f of domestic rabbit, 178f of pelvic limb of domestic chinchilla, 87f of domestic ferret, 260f-261f of domestic guinea pig, 127f of domestic rabbit, 190f-191f of pelvis of domestic ferret, 257f of domestic rabbit, 187f of thoracic limb of domestic chinchilla, 81f of domestic ferret, 251f of domestic guinea pig, 121f of domestic rabbit, 180f-181f of ferret, 7f of thorax, positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f of viscera of thorax and abdomen of domestic chinchilla, 69f of domestic ferret, 233f of domestic guinea pig, 109f anatomic drawing of, 107f of domestic rabbit, 163f anatomic drawing of, 161f of laboratory mouse, 11f of Norway rat, 23f anatomic drawing of, 21 of Syrian (golden) hamster, 49f anatomic drawing of, 47f of whole body skeleton of domestic chinchilla, 72f-73f of domestic ferret, 236f-237f of domestic guinea pig, 112f-113f of laboratory mouse, 14f-15f of Norway rat, 26f-27f positioning techniques for, 2-3, 5f, 6f of rat, 5f of Syrian (golden) hamster, 52f-53f Vertebral column caudal. See Caudal vertebral column. cervical. See Cervical vertebral column. lumbar. See Lumbar vertebral column. sacral. See Sacral vertebral column. thoracic. See Thoracic vertebral column. Viscera of thorax and abdomen of domestic chinchilla laterolateral view of, 68f ventrodorsal view of, 69f

Viscera of thorax and abdomen (Continued) of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 232f ventrodorsal view of, 233f of domestic guinea pig anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 106f laterolateral view of, 108f ventrodorsal view of, 109f anatomic drawing of, 107f of domestic rabbit anatomic drawing of view of left side of, 160f laterolateral view of, 162f ventrodorsal view of, 163f anatomic drawing of, 161f of laboratory mouse laterolateral view of, 9f ventrodorsal view of, 11f of Norway rat anatomic drawing of left side of, 20f laterolateral view of, 22f ventrodorsal view of, 23f anatomic drawing of, 21f of Syrian (golden) hamster anatomic drawing of, 46f-47f laterolateral view of, 48f ventrodorsal view of, 49f

W Weighted objects, patient positioning and, 2 Whole body skeleton of domestic chinchilla laterolateral view of, 70f-71f ventrodorsal view of, 72f-73f of domestic ferret laterolateral view of, 234f-235f ventrodorsal view of, 236f-237f of domestic guinea pig laterolateral view of, 110f-111f ventrodorsal view of, 112f-113f of laboratory mouse laterolateral view of, 12f-13f ventrodorsal view of, 14f-15f of Norway rat laterolateral view of, 24f longitudinal view of, 25f positioning technique for lateral radiographic study of, 4f positioning technique for ventrodorsal radiographic study of, 5f ventrodorsal view of, 26f-27f radiographic exposure guidelines for of chinchilla, 3t of ferret, 3t of guinea pig, 3t of hamster, 3t of mouse, 3t of rabbit, 3t of rat, 3t of Syrian (golden) hamster laterolateral view of, 50f-51f ventrodorsal view of, 52f-53f

X X-ray generator, radiographic, 2 X-ray tube diagnostic, radiographic, 2 height of, on tube stand, 2

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