The Basics of English Grammar for Bangladeshi students

The Sentence (evK¨) mwVKfv‡e mvRv‡bv kãmgwó m¤ú~b© A_© ev fve cÖKvk Ki‡j Zv‡K Sentence ( evK¨) e‡j | A Sentence a set of words which gives a complete sense. ‡hgbÑHe is a good boy. I am going to school. cÖf„wZ | GB Sentence ‡K `ywU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq, h_vÑì) Subject (D‡Ïk¨) Ges ìì) Predicate (we‡aq) | hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq, Zv‡K Sentence-Gi Subject e‡j Ges Subject m¤^‡Ü hv ejv nq, Zv‡K Predicate e‡j | †hgbSubject Predicate Subject Predicate Babies cry The cow gives us milk The boy learns his lesson daily Respect your teachers (You) N.B. mvavibZ Sentence-Gi Verb-Gi c~‡e©i AskwU Subject Ges Verb-mn cieZx© AskwU Predicate | A_v©bymv‡i mvavibZ Sentence cvuP cÖKvi; h_v: 1) Assertive Sentence (wee„wZg~jK evK¨), 2) Interrogative Sentence (cÖkœ‡evaK evK¨), 3) Imperative Sentence (AbyÁvevPK evK¨) 4) Optative Sentence (B”Qv cªKvkK evK¨), 5) Exclamatory Sentence (Av‡eM cªKvkK evK¨) ‡h Sentence †Kvb wee„wZ cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡K Assertive Sentence ev Statement e‡j| †hgb Ñ He is going to school. I am playing cricket. cÖf„wZ | ‡h Sentence-G †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—y m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wKQz wRÁvmv Kiv ev cÖkœ Kiv eySvq, Zv‡K Interrogative Sentence ev Question e‡j | †hgb-Who are you? Do you know the man? cÖf„wZ | N.B. Interrogative Sentence- Gi †k‡l Aek¨B cÖk‡œ evaK wPý (?) _vK‡e | ‡h Sentence Øviv †Kvb Av‡`k, wb‡la, Dc‡`k, Aby‡iva, Abybq BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡K Imperative Sentence e‡j | †hgbÑ Stand up.( Av‡`k) Do not make a noise.( wb‡la) Read attentively.(Dc‡`k) Please help me.( Aby‡iva) Help me, O God. (Abybq) cÖf„wZ | ‡h Øviv g‡bi B”Qv, cÖv_©bv, AvKv•Lv, Awfjvl, ‡`vqv cÖf„wZ cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Optative Sentence e‡j | †hgb-Long live Bangladesh. May you be happy. Blessed be your tongue. cÖf„wZ | ‡h Øviv g‡bi AvKw¯§K fvev ev Av‡eM cÖKvk cvq, Zv‡K Exclamatory Sentence e‡j | †hgb-Alas! We have lost the game. How nice the flower is! What a fool you are! cÖf„wZ | N.B. Exclamatory Sentence-G Aek¨B Avðh©‡evaK wPý (!) _vK‡e | GB cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKvi Sentence Avevi `ywU fv‡M wef³; h_v- a) Affirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨), b) Negative Sentence (bv-‡evaK evK¨) | ‡h Sentence Øviv ‡Kvb wKQz ¯^xKvi Kiv nq ev nvu †evaK Dw³ Kiv nq,Zv‡K Affirmative Sentencee‡j | †hgb-Amin is a good boy. I can do this work. cÖf„wZ | ‡h Sentence Øviv †Kvb wKQz A¯^xKvi Kiv ev bv-‡evaK Dw³ Kiv nq, Zv‡K Negative Sentence e‡j | †hgb-He is not a good boy. No one can do this work. Is Islam not bad boy.cÖf„wZ | N.B. hw` †Kvb Sentence G not A_ev †Kvb bv- †evaK kã _v‡K, Z‡e †mwU Ges bv _vK‡j Zv Aek¨B Affirmative Sentence n‡e | MVb Abymv‡i Avevi wZb cÖKvi; h_v1) Simple Sentence (mij evK¨) 2) Complex Sentence (RwUj evK¨) 3) Compound Sentence (‡hŠwMK evK¨) ‡h Sentence G GKwU gvÎ Subject Ges GKwU gvÎ Finite verb _v‡K, Zv‡K Simple Sentence e‡j | †hgb- This girl can sing. I am a student. You have no pen. cÖf„wZ |

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡h Sentence G GKwU Principal Clause gvÎ Ges GK ev GKvwaK Subordinate Clause _v‡K, Zv‡K Complex Sentence e‡j | †hgb-I know that he is a honest man. He said that the earth moves round the sun. cÖf„wZ | ‡h Sentence G GKvwaK Principal Clause _v‡K Ges †Kvb Co-ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ nq, Zv‡K Compound Sentence e‡j | †hgb- Do or die. I am tall and I can reach it. He is rich yet he wants more. cÖf„wZ | N.B. Complex Sentence- G Aek¨B as, if, though, although, that, so, what, when, whom, whose, why, where, which, who Ges Compund Sentence- G Aek¨B and, or, but, yet _vK‡e | hw` Dci³ kãMy‡jvi GKwUI bv _v‡K Zv Aek¨B Simple Sentence n‡e | GKvwaK Principal Clause- _vK‡jI Zv Compound Sentence n‡e | Z‡e‡h Compound Sentence G gvÎ `ywU Principal Clause _v‡K, Zv‡K Double Sentence e‡j | ‡hgbI went to him and informed him that Mr. Ali would go in the second flight. ‡h Compound Sentence G `yB‡qi AwaK Principal Clause _v‡K, Zv‡K Multiple Sentence e‡j | †hgb- When the office hour was over, I stopped walking, went to him and informed him that Mr. Ali would go in the second flight. GKB word-Gi cybiyw³ Gov‡bvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq Compound Sentence Gi AvKvi msKzwPZ K‡i †jLv nq, Giƒc msKzwPZ Compound Sentence †K Contracted Sentence e‡j | †hgb- He came and (he) encouraged us in our efforts. I was pleased but (I) could not do anything. Both he (is guilty) and you are guilty. cÖf„wZ |

Tag Question K_vevZ©v ejvi mgq †Kvb Sentence- Gi †k‡l ¯^xK„wZ ev mg_©ib †P‡q †h msw¶ß cÖkœ Ry‡o †`qv nq, Zv‡K Tag Question e‡j | †hgb- He can swim, can’t he? He cannot swim, can he? cÖf„wZ | Tag Question MVb Kivi wbqgì) Affirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag Question- ¸‡jv Negative Ges Negative Sentence (bv-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag Question- ¸‡jv Affirmative n‡q _v‡K | Negative form - wU me mgq msw¶ß AvKv‡i wjL‡Z nq | A_v©r Do not n‡j Don’t, Can not n‡j Can’t, is not n‡j isn’t, are not n‡j aren’t, have not n‡j haven’t, has not n‡j hasn’t, did not n‡j didn’t, will not n‡j willn’t, shall not n‡j shalln’t cÖf„wZ | ìì) g~j Subject I Tag Question Gi gv‡S Kgv wPý(,) Ges me©‡k‡l cªk‡œ evaK wPý(?) emv‡Z nq| ììì) Tag Question Gi Subject wU g~j Subject Gi Pronoun wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq | ìv) g~j Subject G †h Auxiliary verb (†hgb- am, is, are, was, were, shall, will, can, may, have, had cÖf„wZ) _vK‡e, Tag Question G †mB verb B n‡e| Auxiliary verb bv _vK‡j Subject I Tense Abyhvqx Do, Does ev Did n‡e| ‡hgbAffirmative Sentence (nvu-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag QuestionFish swim, don’t they? Fire- burns, doesn’t it? Man is mortal, isn’t he? Rafiq was studying English, wasn’t he? He can do this, can’t he? Birds can fly, can’t they? We are learning English, aren’t we? I am your friend, amn’t I? All men are brothers, aren’t they? Negative Sentence (bv-‡evaK evK¨)-Gi Tag QuestionFishes cannot fly, can they? You are not reading, are you? He cannot speak English, can he? Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Parts of Speech (c`) ev‡K¨ word- Gi KvR Abyhvqx Bs‡iwR word- ¸‡jv‡K †h KqwU †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq Zvi cÖ‡Z¨KwU fvM‡K GK GKwU Parts of Speech e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z GB Parts of Speech AvU cÖKvi;h_v1. Noun (we‡kl¨), 2.Pronoun (me©bvg), 3.Adjective (we‡klb), 4.Verb (wµqv), 5.Adverb (wµqv ev we‡kl‡bi we‡klb), 6.Preposition (c`vš^qx Ae¨q), 7.Conjunction (ms‡hvRK Ae¨q), 8. Interjection (Av‡eM cÖKvkK Ae¨q) .

The Noun (we‡kl¨) ‡Kvb wKQzi bvg‡K Noun e‡j| (Noun is a naming word.) ‡hgb- Allah, Iron, School, Dog, Horse, Illness, Kindness, Truth, Library cÖf„wZ | Noun -¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yB †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq, h_v- a. Abstract Noun (¸bevPK we‡kl¨), b. Concrete Noun (e¯—yevPK we‡kl¨)| ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi ¸b, Ae¯’v I Kv‡h©i bvg‡K Abstract Noun e‡j| †hgb- Industry, Illness, Honesty, Truth, Poverty, Love, Goodness, Boyhood, Virtue, Friendship, Childhood, Happiness, Misery, Reading, Sleeping, Beauty, Cruelty cÖf„wZ| ‡h Gi evwn¨K ev ‰`wnK Aew¯’wZ Av‡Q Ges hv‡K Bw›`ª‡qi Øviv Dcjwä Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Concrete Noun e‡j| †hgbÑ Ali, School, Gold, Class, Book, Army, Team, Rice, Tea, Committee, Library, Branch cÖf„wZ| Concrete Noun ‡K Pvi ‡kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq, h_va. Proper Noun (msÁvevPK we‡kl¨), b. Common Noun (RvwZevPK we‡kl¨), c. Material Noun (`ªe¨evPK we‡kl¨), d. Collective Noun (mgwóevPK we‡kl¨)| ‡h †Kvb e¨w³, e¯—y, ¯’vb, cÖf„wZi wbw`©ó bvg eySvq, Zv‡K Proper Noun e‡j| †hgb- Monir, Dhaka, Padma, China, Japan cÖf„wZ| ‡h †Kvb GK†kªbxi e¨w³ ev e¯—yi cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki mvavib bvg eySvq, Zv‡K Common Noun e‡j| †hgb- Man, Pen, Cat, Dog, River, Bird, Book cÖf„wZ| ‡h Ggb †Kvb e¯—y ev c`v_©‡K eySvq hv Mbbv Kiv hvq bv, †Kej IRb Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Material Noun e‡j| ‡hgb- Gold, Iron, Rice, Air, Clothe, Wood, Milk, Ink, Jute, Tea, Paper cÖf„wZ| ‡h GKRvZxq KZ¸‡jv e¨w³ ev e¯—y †K c„_Kfv‡e bv eywS‡q G‡`i Awf³ mgwó‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Collective Noun e‡j| †hgb- Army, Team, Committee, Library, Bunch, Class, Crew, Party, Cattle, Fleet, Troop, Meeting, Crowd, Flock, Jury, Navy cÖf„wZ| Collective Noun hLb Awf³ mgwó bv eywS‡q, †mwUi Aš—if~³ e¨w³ ev e¯—y¸‡jv‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e eySvq, ZLb Zv‡K Noun of Multitude (eûZ¡evPK we‡kl¨) e‡j| †hgb- The committee are divided in their opinions. The jury are divided in their opinions. Mbbvi w`K †_‡K Noun †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq, h_vi. ‡h Noun †K Mbbv Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Countable Noun e‡j| Proper Noun , Common Noun I Collective Noun †K GK‡Î Countable Noun e‡j| †hgb- Egg, Mango cªf„wZ| ii. ‡h Noun †K Mbbv Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K Uncountable Noun e‡j| Abstract Noun I Material Noun †K GK‡Î Uncountable Noun e‡j| †hgb- Water, Sugar, Light cÖf„wZ|

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Number of Nouns (we‡k‡l¨i ePb) hLb Noun †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK msL¨v eySvq, ZLb Zv‡K Number (ePb) e‡j| †hgb-Babies are crying. I am a boy. You have two books. Number `yB cÖKvi; h_va. Singular Number (GK ePb), b. Plural Number (eûePb). ‡h Noun GKwU gvÎ e¨w³, cÖvYx ev ev e¯—y eySvq, Zv‡K Singular Number e‡j| †hgb- Boy, Pen, Man, Cow cÖf„wZ| ‡h Noun GKvwaK e¨w³, cÖvYx ev e¯—y‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Plural Number e‡j| †hgb- Boys, Pens, Men, Cows cÖf„wZ| Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Number Number Number Number Number Number Men Oxen Axes Man (gvbyl) Ox (lvo) Axis (A¶) Knives Woman (gwnjv) Women Knife Datum (cÖ`Ë Data (PvKz,†Qvov) welq) Mice Wives Deer Mouse (B`yi) Wife (¯¿x) Deer (nwib) Agendum Agenda Genus Mr./ Mistress Messrs (KÕwU Genera (Av‡jvP¨ welq) (g‡nv`q) ¶z`ª RvwZi mgwó) Teeth Feet Bodies Tooth (`vZ) Foot (cv) Body (†`n)

Gender of Nouns (we‡k‡l¨i wj½) ‡h Noun †Kvb cyi“l RvwZ, ¯¿x RvwZ ev A‡PZb e¯—y †K eySvq, Zv‡K Gender (wj½) e‡j| †hgb-He is a man. She is a woman. It is a baby. This is a book. cÖf„wZ| Gender mvavibZ Pvi cÖKvi; h_v- a. Masculine Gender (cys wj½) b. Feminine Gender (¯¿x wj½) c. Common Gender (Dfq wj½) d. Neutral Gender (K¬xe wj½) ‡h Noun Øviv cyi“l RvwZ‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Masculine Gender e‡j| †hgb- Ox, Ram, Man, Boy, God, Dog cÖf„wZ| ‡h Noun Øviv ¯¿x RvwZ‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Feminine Gender e‡j| †hgb- Cow, Ewe, Woman, Girl, Goddess, Bitch cÖf„wZ| ‡h Noun Øviv cyi“l RvwZ I ¯¿x RvwZ Dfq‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Common Gender e‡j| †hgb- Baby, Child, Student, Friend, Parent cÖf„wZ | ‡h Noun Øviv †Kvb cyi“l ev ¯¿x RvwZ‡K bv eywS‡q †Kvb A‡PZb e¯—y ev c`v_©‡K eySvq, Zv‡K Neutral Gender e‡j| ‡hgb- Book, Pen, Chair, Table, Bench, Bag cÖf„wZ| Masculine (cys wj½) Bachelor (Kzgvi) Bull, Ox (lvo) Dog (KzKzi) Gentleman (f`ª‡jvK) Horse (†Nvov, †NvUK) King (ivRv) Husband (¯^vgx) Lad (PvKi) Male (cyi“l)

Feminine (¯¿x wj½) Maid, Spinster (Kzgvix) Cow (Mi“) Bitch (KzKzix) Lady (f`ªgwnjv) Mare (‡NvUKx) Queen (ivbx) Wife (¯¿x) Lass, Maid (PvKivbx) Female (¯¿x †jvK)

Masculine (cys wj½) Monk (mbœvmx) Ram (‡fov) Tailor (`wR©) Uncle (PvPv,gvgv, Lvjy) Widower (wecZœxK) Wizard (Rv`yKi) Hero (exi, bvqK) Emperor (mgªvU) Tiger (evN)

Feminine (¯¿x wj½) Nun (mbœvwmbx) Ewe (†fox) Seamstress (†g‡q `wR©) Aunt (PvPx,gvgx, Lvjv) Widow (weaev) Witch (hv`yKix) Heroin (wei½bv, bvwqKv) Empress (mgªvÁx) Tigress (evwNbx)

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Case of Noun (we‡k‡l¨i KviK) Noun Ges Pronoun Gi mv‡_ Gi Ab¨vb¨ Gi word †h m¤úK© Zv‡KB Case (KviK) e‡j| Case Bs‡iwR‡Z Pvui cÖKvi; h_v- a. Nominative Case (KZ…©KviK) b. Objective Case (Kg©KviK) c. Possessive Case (m¤^Ü c`) d. Vocative Case (m‡¤^vab c`) ‡Kvb Sentence G ‡h Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb verb Gi Kvh© wb¯úbœ K‡i, Zv‡K †mB verb Gi Subject ev Nominative e‡j Ges Zvi Nominative Case nq| †hgb- The boy goes to school. Lila made tea. The girl is beautiful. cÖf„wZ| Nominative Case `yB cÖKvi;h_v-ì. Complementary Nominative,ìì. Nominative Absolute. ‡h Noun ev Pronoun GKw`‡K Complement Ges Avi GKw`‡K Nominative Gi mv‡_ Awfbœ Z_v Nominative Case G _v‡K, Zv‡K Complementary Nominative e‡j| †hgb- He seems to be a honest man. Anwar is a good boy. He became a great leader. He was elected captain. The man was named Monir. cÖf„wZ| ‡h word ev word Gi mgwó Sentence Gi A_© m¤ú~b© K‡i, Zv‡K Complement e‡j| †hgb- Salma is a girl. We made him chairman. He is our team captain. cÖf„wZ| Avevi, †h word ev word Gi mgwó GKw`‡K qualifier ev modifier wn†m‡e Subject Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z _v‡K, Zv‡K Subjective Complement e‡j| †hgb- The night was dark. Everything looks different. The girl came to me dancing. Your dream may come true. He is growing old. cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Noun ev Pronoun hw` Sentence Gi Am¤ú~b© cÖ_g As‡k Present Participle ev Perfect Participle Gi m‡½ m¤úKhy³ n‡q †mwUi c~‡e© e‡m Ges Sentence wUi ¯^qsm¤ú~b© wØZxq As‡ki Finite Verb Gi mv‡_ Zvi ‡Kvb m¤úK© bv _v‡K, Z‡e †mB Noun ev Pronoun †K Nominative Absolute e‡j| †hgb- He being ill, his son did not attend school. The sun having set, we left the place. Dinner being over, the guest left the table. cªf„wZ| hLb †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb Transitive Verb ev Preposition Gi object nq, ZLb Gi Objective Case nq| †hgb- The pen is on the table. He buys a book. I helped the man. cÖf„wZ| Objective Case Avevi `yB cÖKvi;h_v-ì. Accusative Case, ìì. Dative Case. Transitive verb Gi Direct object Ges Preposition Gi Object Gi Accusative Case nq| †hgbHe bought the book. Birds fly in the sky. Transitive verb Gi Indirect object Gi Dative Case nq| †hgb- He showed me the picture. I give the man a book. Verb with double object A_v©r wØKg©K wµqvi e¨w³evPK Kg©‡K Indirect object (†MŠb Kg©) Ges e¯—yevPK Kg©‡K Direct object (g~L¨ Kg©) e‡j| †hgbSubject Verb Indirect Direct Subject Verb Indirect Direct object object object object Monir gave me a book. We showed them pictures. Direct object wU hw` Finite verb Gi Kv‡Q Av‡m Z‡e Indirect object Gi c~‡e© to A_ev for e‡m, ZLb Zv‡K Prepositional object e‡j| †hgb- He gave a watch to me. Father built a house for me.cÖf„wZ| KZ¸‡jv Transitive verb Gi Object _vKv m‡Ë¡I A_© m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z AwZwi³ Object Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq, Giƒc AwZwi³ Object †K Factitive object ev Objective Complement e‡j| †hgb- Her father named her Nasima. We made him captain. They elected me chairman.cÖf„wZ|

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Intransitive verb hLb mgv_©K Object Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q Transitive verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, ZLb †mB Object †K Cognate object e‡j| ‡hgb- Rina sings a song. I sleep a sound sleep. We ran a race. He fought a fight. cÖf„wZ| ‡h Noun †KvbVerb ev Preposition Gi Object bv n‡q ¯’vb (Place), `~iyZ¡ (Distance), mgq ev Kvj(Time), g~j¨(Value), IRb(Weight), ixwZbxwZ (Manner) BZ¨vw` eySvq, Zv‡K (wµqv we‡klbxq Kg© ) Adverbial object e‡j| †hgb- I shall go home (¯’vb- Place). We worked for six hours (mgq ev Kvj-Time). The pen cost me twenty taka (g~j¨-Value). The bag of rice weight two mound (IRb-Weight). cÖf„wZ| Indirect object hLb e³vi ¯^v_© cªKvk K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Dative interest ev Ethical Dative (bxwZwelqK m¤cÖ`vb KviK) e‡j | ‡hgb- Please send me a pen. Give me a book.cÖf„wZ| Active voice ‡K Passive voice G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq hw` Transitive verb Gi `yBwU Object Gi GKwU Subject nq Ges Aci Object wU ¯^¯v’ ‡b †_‡K hvq, Z‡e †h Object wU ¯^¯v’ ‡b †_‡K hvq Zv‡K Retained object e‡j| †hgb- Act. He teaches us English. Pass. English is taught us by him. or, We are taught English by him.cÖf„wZ| Reflexive Pronounhw` Object wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡KReflexive Object e‡j| †hgb- He killed himself. We enjoyed ourselves at Zoo.cÖf„wZ| Objective Case ‡Kvb Gi c‡i‘to be’ Verb e¨envi K‡i Zvi ci †h Noun e¨envi Kiv nq, †mB Noun †K Complementary Object e‡j| †hgb- I know him to be a coward. We look him to be a marchant.cÖf„wZ| ‡h word Aci †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi ms‡M m¤^Ü cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Possessive Case Gi nq| ‡hgb-This is Anwar’s pen. He is Rahim’s father. You are Monir’s friend.cÖf„wZ| Possessive Case ‡K Genitive Case I ejv nq| Possessive Noun Gi c~‡e© of e¨envi Kiv n‡j G‡K Double Possessive e‡j| †hgb-A friend of Babul’s. A book of Kasem’s.cÖf„wZ| Possessive Pronoun Gi c~‡e© of e¨envi Kiv n‡j G‡K Treble Possessive e‡j| †hgb- A friend of yours. A friend of mine.cÖf„wZ| Possessive Noun Gi c‡i house, shop, school, church cÖf„wZ Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i, G‡K Elliptical Possessive e‡j| ‡hgb- We were invited at Anwar’s.(house) I went to the jeweller’s.(shop)cÖf„wZ| ‡h Noun †K m‡¤^vab K‡i †Kvb wKQz ejv nq, Zvi Vocative Case ev Case of address nq| †hgbBabul, come to me. Where are you going, Arif? Friend’s what are we to do now?cªf„wZ| hLb `yBwU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m GKB e¨w³ ev e¯—y†K eySvq ZLb wØZxq Noun wU‡K cÖ_g Noun Gi Case in Apposition ejv nq| †hgb- Mr. Alam, Headmaster of this school, is a good man. Akbar, Emperor of India, was a good ruler.cÖf„wZ|

Pronoun (me©bvg) ‡h word †Kvb Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Pronoun (me©bvg)e‡j| Pronoun is a suitable word of Noun. ‡hgb- I, He, She, We, They, Them, Who, What, How cÖf„wZ| Pronoun AvU cÖKvi;h_v- 1.Personal Pronoun, 2.Demonstrative Pronoun, 3.Interrogative Pronoun, 4.Relative Pronoun, 5.Indefinite Pronoun, 6.Distributive Pronoun, 7.Reflexive Pronoun, 8. Reciprocal Pronoun.

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡h Pronoun ‡Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yevPK Noun Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- I have a book. He is a good boy. We lived in a village. She is dancing. Babul is a friend of mine.cÖf„wZ| Personal Pronoun wZb cÖKvi; h_va. First Person (DËg cyi“l), b. Second Person (ga¨g cyi“l), c. Third Person (bvg cyi“l)| ‡h Pronoun e³vi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun of the First Person e‡j| †hgb-I, we, me, us, mine, my, our cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun †h e¨w³i wbKU ejv nq Zvi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun of the Second Person e‡j| †hgb- Thou, you, your, yours, Thy, Thee, Thine cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun ‡h e¨w³ ev e¯—y m¤^‡Ü ejv nq Zvi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Personal Pronoun of the Third Person e‡j| †hgb- He, him, she, her, it, its, hers, they, theirs, them, their cÖf„wZ| My, our, thy, your, his, her, its, their- G‡`i ci GKwU Noun Aek¨B em‡e, GRb¨ G‡`i Possessive Adjective e‡j| †hgb-My pen, your house, his book, her doll, its tail, their garden cÖf„wZ| Mine, ours, thine, yours, his, hers, theirs -G‡`i c‡i †Kvb Noun e‡m bv, GRb¨ G‡`i Possessive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- The pen is mine. The pen is yours. My book and yours are the same. The book of his will do. The ball is ours.cÖf„wZ| Mfxi cwiwPwZ ev cÖej Av‡eM ev AbyivM eySv‡Z KLbI KLbI Noun Gi c~‡e© First Person Gi e¨eüZ nq, G‡K Possessive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb-Our Arabia was once very powerful. My President delivered his speech.cªf„wZ| This, these, that, those Gi c‡i hLb Noun e‡m ZLb G‡`i‡K Demonstrative Adjective e‡j| †hgb- This pen. That book. Those bags.cÖf„wZ| †h Pronoun ‡Kvb cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Interrogative Pronoun e‡j| What, Why, Which, Whose, Whom cÖf„wZ Interrogative Pronoun | †hgb- Who is your brother? What is your father? Which is your book? Why are you sad? cÖf„wZ| hw` Noun- Gi Ae¨wnZ c~‡e© Interrogative Pronoun e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Interrogative Adjective e‡j| †hgb-What matter did you discuss? Which pen did he want to buy? Whose book is this?cÖf„wZ| KZ AwaK GB A‡_© we¯§q cÖKvk Ki‡Z hLb Interrogative Pronoun ‘what’ e¨eüZ nq, ZLb G‡K Exclamatory ‘what’ e‡j| †hgb- What a clever man he is? What a disgrace?cÖf„wZ| Nominative -Who(†K) Objective -Whom(Kv‡K) Possessive -Whose(Kvi) ‡Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î we‡kl †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ Possessive Adjective Gi c~‡e© own G word wU e¨envi Kiv nq, ZLb G‡K Emphatic Possessive ejv nq| ‡hgb- This is my own garden. That is our own house.cÖf„wZ| Person

Number

Gender

Nominative or Subject

Objective or Object

Possessive Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

Reflexive Pronoun

First

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular

All All All All Masculine Feminine Neutral All

I We You You He She It They

Me Us You You Him Her It Them

My Our Your Your His Her Its Their

Mine Ours Yours Yours His Hers Its Theirs

Myself Ourselves Yourselves Yourselves Himself Herself Itself Theirselves

Second Third

Plural

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡h Pronoun †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi cwie‡Z© e‡m †mB e¨w³ ev e¯—y†K wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Demonstrative Pronoun e‡j| That, This, These, Those, One, Ones, None, The same, Such, So cÖf„wZ Demonstrative Pronoun | †hgb- This is my pen, it is a good one. Here are my books,these are good ones. Did you saw the boys? I saw none. I don’t think of my good or evil, it is all the same. I am a party in this case and as such I can not help him. Is he your friend? He is so. Both cows and dogs are useful, these gives us milk and those watch over our house at night.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Gi cwie‡Z© Zvi Ae¨wnZ c‡i e‡m I Zvi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i Zv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i Ges `yBwU †K hy³ K‡i, †mB Pronoun †K Relative Pronoun e‡j| Who, whom, whose, that, which, what, why, where, when cÖf„wZ Relative Pronoun | †hgb- This is the boy who played well. The man who came here is my uncle. I know whose pen is this. I heard the baby which was crying. He knows what the time is. cÖf„wZ| Relative Pronoun Zvi c~e©eZx© Noun ev Pronoun Gi m‡½ m¤^Ü iv‡L, Zv‡K Antecedent (ante A_© c~‡e© I cedent A_© Mgb K‡i‡Q) ejv nq| †hgb- This is the pen that I want. That is the cow which I bought cªf„wZ| hLb Antecedent Dn¨ _v‡K ZLb Relative Pronoun c~e©Mvgx Noun ev Pronoun Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i bv, Conjunction Gi b¨vq ïay `yBwU Sentence †K hy³ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡`i Conjunctive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- This is who stood first in the examination. This is which I bought. I do not know what his name is. cÖf„wZ| But KLbI KLbI Relative Pronoun iƒ‡c that not A_© cÖ`vb K‡i, †mRb¨ G‡K Negative Relative e‡j| †hgb- There is no mother but loves her child. There is none but wishes to be happy. There is none but loves flower.cÖf„wZ| Who Ges Which hLb Noun Gi mxgv†K msKzwPZ K‡i bv Ges ïay Sentence †K `xN© Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i e¨envi‡K Continuative use e‡j| †hgb- I went to my father who (and he) gave me a pen. I went to Chittagong which (and it) is a good port.cÖf„wZ| Who Ges Which ‡Kvb †Kvb mgq Ggbfv‡e e¨eüZ nq †h, ZLb Zv‡`i Øviv Kvib A_ev D‡Ïk¨ eySvq, Zv‡`i Giƒc e¨envi †K Adverbial use e‡j| †hgb- He would excuse my son who (because he) has never committed such a fault before. I should beat the dog which (because it) has broken the glass.cÖf„wZ| What ïay e¯—y‡K wb‡`k© K‡i Ges Gi †Kvb Antecedent _v‡K bv e‡j, G‡K Compound Relative ejv nq| †hgb- What is done can not be undone. Listen to what he says.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯—y‡K bv eywS‡q †Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯—yi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Indefinite Pronoun e‡j| Few, a few, another, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, no one, one, all, both, none, any, some, others, many, they cÖf„wZ Indefinite Pronoun | †hgbOne can not please all. Both of them are dead. None of the boys fared well. Any of the books will do. Many were present there. Did anybody go there? Everybody’s business is nobody’s business. They say so. Some are born rich. Do good to others.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³ ev e¯—yi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨K‡K c„_Kfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i †`q, Zv‡K Distributive Pronoun e‡j| Each, either, neither, everyone cªf„wZ Distributive Pronoun| †hgb- Each of the boys has a pen. Either of the two roads leads to the station. Everyone of the seasons comes in turn.cªf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Self ev Selves hy³ n‡q †Kvb Pronoun hLb Object iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq Ges cðv‡Z wd‡i wM‡q cybivq Subject †K wb‡`©k K‡i †`q, ZLb G‡K Reflexive Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- He killed himself. One should not praise oneself. We enjoyed it ourselves. cÖf„wZ| Self ev Selves hy³ Pronoun ¸‡jv hLb †Rvi †`Iqvi Rb¨ †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Gi m‡½ m¤úK©hy³fv‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb G‡`i †K Emphatic Pronoun e‡j| †hgb- I myself wrote the letter. They did it themselves.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Pronoun Øviv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK Kvh© eySvq, Zv‡K Reciprocal Pronoun e‡j| Each other I One another n‡jv Reciprocal Pronoun | ‡hgb- Karim and Rahim helped each other. Brother should not quarrel with one another. The two sisters loved each other.cÖf„wZ|

Adjective (bvg-we‡klb) ‡h word Øviv Noun ev Pronoun †Kvb Gi †`vl, ¸b, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvb BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Ges †mB Noun ev Pronoun Gi A_© we‡klfv‡e wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective e‡j| An Adjective is an qualifying word. †hgb- He is a bad boy. I have five books. I drank some milk.cÖf„wZ| hLb Adjective ‡Kvb Noun Gi Ae¨wnZ c~‡e© e‡m cÖZ¨¶fv‡e G‡K qualify K‡i, ZLb Adjective Gi Attributive use nq| †hgb- He is a good boy. It is an interesting book.cÖf„wZ| hLb Predicative Verb Gi c~‡i e‡m c‡iv¶fv‡e Subject †K qualify K‡i, ZLb Adjective Gi Predicative Use nq| †hgb- The boy is good. The book is interesting.cªf„wZ| Adjective cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi; h_v1.Adjective of quality ev Descriptive Adjective, 2. Adjective of quantity ev Quantitative Adjective, 3. Adjective of Number ev Numeral Adjective, 4. Pronominal Adjective. ‡h Adjective †Kvb e¨w³ e¨w³ ev e¯—yi †`vl, ¸b, Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective of quality ev Descriptive Adjective e‡j| †hgb- He is a dull. The woman is old. The man is ill.cÖf„wZ| Proper Noun n‡Z †hme Adjective MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Proper Adjective e‡j| Proper Adjective †K Adjective of Quality Gi Aš—if~³ Kiv nq| †hgb- He is an English dress. It is a Chinese restaurant.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Adjective †Kvb Noun Gi cwigvb cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Adjective of quantity ev Quantitative Adjective e‡j| Much, some, any, enough, sufficient, all, whole, half, little cÖf„wZ Adjectiveof quantity | †hgb- I ate some food. This will cost much money. It will take enough time. Give me all the goods.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Adjective †Kvb Noun Gi msL¨v µgvbymv‡i ¯’vb ev ch©vq A_ev KZ¸b Zv eySvq, Zv‡K Adjective of Number ev Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- He has three pens. Monir sits in the second bench. I earn double his salary.cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi wbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq, Zv‡`i‡K Cardinal Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- One, two, three, four, five cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi msL¨v µgvbymv‡i ¯’vb ev ch©vq eySvq, Zv‡K Ordinal Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- First, second, third, fourth cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Adjective Øviv †Kvb Noun Gi KZ¸b Zv eySvq, Zv‡K Multiplicative Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- Single, double, triple or treble or threefold, quandruple or fourfold cÖf„wZ| Adjective of Number `yB cÖKvi, h_v1. Definite Numeral Adjective, 2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective.

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡h Numeral Adjective Øviv wbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq, Zv‡K Definite Numeral Adjective e†j| †hgbOne, two, three, first, second, third, single, double, triple cÖf„wZ| Cardinal, Ordinal Ges Multiplicative Adjective †K Definite Numeral Adjective ejv nq| ‡hme Numeral Adjective ¸‡jv Øviv †Kvb wbw`©ó msL¨v eySvq bv, msL¨v m¤^‡Ü Avfvm †`q A_©vr Awbw`©ó msL¨v wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡K Indefinite Numeral Adjective e‡j| †hgb- All the boys must attend. Some boys may go. No man or none are happy. Many men are gathered in a fair. Few men are happy. Several men came here.cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m †mB Noun †K qualify K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Pronominal Adjective e‡j| †hgb-This is old. That pen is new. My garden.cÖf„wZ| Pronominal Adjective cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi; h_va. Demonstrative Adjective, b. Interrogative Adjective, c. Distributive Adjective, d. Possessive Adjective. Demonstrative Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m G‡K qualify K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Demonstrative Adjective e‡j| †hgb- I like this book. These pens are new.cÖf„wZ| Interrogative Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m G‡K qualify K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Interrogative Adjective e‡j| †hgb- What class do you read in? Which book do you like most? cÖf„wZ| Distributive Pronoun hLb †Kvb Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m G‡K qualify K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Distributive Adjective e‡j| †hgb- Each boy will get a prize. Every man had a gun. There are trees on the either side of the pond. You should join neither of the of the party. cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Pronoun ¸‡jv Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zvi mwnZ m¤^Ü cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i †K Possessive Adjective e‡j| †hgb- My book is interesting than your one. This is his house.cÖf„wZ| ‡hme word ¸‡jv Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m G‡K qualify K‡i, ‡Rvi cÖ`vb K‡i, Zv‡`i †K Emphatic Adjective e‡j| †hgb- I have seen it with my own eyes. He is the very boy who has broken my watch.cÖf„wZ|

The Article A, an, the ‡K Article e‡j| Article GK cÖKvi Adjective | Article `yB cÖKvi, h_v-1.Definite Article, 2. Indefinite Article. A ev An Øviv †Kvb Awbw`©ó e¨w³, e¯—y ev cÖvYx‡K eySvq e‡j, G‡`i †K Indefinite Article e‡j| Singular Noun Gi c~‡e© A I An e‡m| †hgb- A pen, A cow, An owl, An ass cÖf„wZ| The Øviv †Kvb GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³, e¯—y ev cÖvYx‡K eySvq e‡j, G†K Definite Article e‡j| Singular Ges Plural Dfq cÖKvi Noun Gi c~‡e© The e‡m| †hgb- The cow, The cattle cÖf„wZ| A ev An †Kvb †Kvb mgq Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m †mB RvZxq mgy`q e¨w³, e¯—y ev cÖvYx‡K eySvq, ZLb †mB a ev an †K Generalizing A ev An e‡j| †hgb- A student should go to school regularly. An ass is a best of burden.cÖf„wZ| KLbI KLbI On A‡_© a e¨eüZ nq, ZLb a †K Disguised Preposition e‡j| †hgb- He goes a hunting (a=on). The man fell a sleep (a=on).cÖf„wZ| a, e, i, o, u GB cvPuwU eb©‡K Vowel Ges evwK Bs‡iwR 21 wU eb©‡K Consonant e‡j| Use of ‘A’ and ‘An’ 1.Word Gi ïi“‡Z Consonant (b,c,d,k cÖf„wZ) _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© mvavibZ a Ges Vowel(a,e,i,o,u) _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgb- A book, a bird, an elephant, an egg cÖf„wZ| 2. Word Gi ïi“‡Z D”PvwiZ (Sound) h _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© a Ges(Silent) h _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgb- A horse, a high school, an hour, an heir, an honestman cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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3. Word Gi ïi“‡Z GK ev GKvwaK Vowel _vK‡jI D”Pvib hw` ÕBDÕ Gi gZ nq, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m| †hgb- A European, a university, a ewe, a useful thing. cÖf„wZ| wKš—y Word Gi ïi“‡Z u Gi D”Pvib hw` ÕAvÕ Gi gZ nq, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgb- An umbrella, an ugly bird, an upper class compartment cÖf„wZ| 4. Word Gi ïi“‡Z _vK‡jI †mB Gi D”Pvib hw` ÕIqvÕ Gi gZ nq, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© a e‡m| †hgb- A oneeyed man, a one taka note, a once famous leader cÖf„wZ| 5. Vowel-Gi D”Pvib wewkó Letter (A¶i)-Gi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgb- An M.A.; an M.P.; an L.L.B cÖf„wZ| wKš—y A B.A.; A B.Sc.| 6. ïi“‡Z hy³ Gi D”Pvib Ki‡Z hw` wØZxq G †Rvi c‡o, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© an e‡m| †hgb- An hotel, an historian.cÖf„wZ| 7. Singular Common Noun-Gi c~‡e© me©`v a ev an e‡m| †hgb- The elephant is a large animal. I have an urgent piece of bussiness.cÖf„wZ| 8. Many, such Gi c‡i Singular Common Noun e¨eüZ n‡j Zvi c~‡e© a ev an e‡m| †hgb- Many a boy completed for the prize. We keep such an animal as is useful. cÖf„wZ| 9. Exclamative eySv‡Z What Ges how Gi c‡i a ev an e‡m| †hgb- What a nice ball! How useful an animal! cÖf„wZ| 10. Adjective Gi c~‡e© so, tooBZ¨vw` _vK‡j, Zv‡`i c‡i a ev an e‡m| †hgb- We discussed too serious a matter. The cow is so useful an animal. cÖf„wZ| 11. Quite I rather Gi c‡i e¨eüZ Adjective Gi c~‡e© a ev an e‡m| †hgb- The cuckoo is quite a popular bird. The crow is rather an ugly bird.cÖf„wZ| Use of ‘The’ 1. wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡j Singular Ges Plural Dfq cªKvi Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- Let the man come in. The boys are playing.cÖf„wZ| 2.GK RvZxq mKj‡K mvavibfv‡e eySv‡Z Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The dog is a faithful animal. The cow is an useful animal. cÖf„wZ| Z‡e mKj gvbyl Ges mKj bvix RvwZ eySv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv | †hgb-Man is mortal. Woman is fond of flowers. cÖf„wZ| 3. Zvwi‡Li c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- I shall start on the 10th May. It is the 23rd April of 2006. 4. c„w_ex, P›`ª, m~h©, b¶Î, AvKvk, w`K cÖfw„ Z †hme bvg GKvwaK e¯—y †K eySvq bv, Zv‡`i c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The earth is round. The sun is rising in the east. The moon shines at night. The sky is blue. The great Bear consists of seven stars.cÖf„wZ| 5. Possessive Adjective (my, our, your, his, her, their) Gi cwie‡Z© KLbI KLbI the e‡m, ZLb †mB the †K Possessive ‘the’ e‡j| †hgb-The dog bit him in the (=his) right leg. He pulled me by the (=my) hand.cÖf„wZ| 6. Superlative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb-cªf„wZ| 7. `yB Gi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q fvj ev g›` eySv‡Z Comparative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- Of the two girls, Rani is the more beautiful. Of the two things, buy the less costly.cÖf„wZ| 8. hZ...ZZ eySv‡Z Adverb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ Comparative degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The sooner, the better. The more a man gets, the more he will want.cÖf„wZ| 9. Ordinal Numeral-Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- George the sixth was the king of England. He is the first boy in the class.cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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10. RvwZ eySv‡Z Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m Ges ZLb Zv‡K Plural Common Noun e‡j Mb¨ Kiv nq| †hgb- The rich should not hate the poor. The virtuous are happy.cÖf„wZ| 11. †Kvb Phrase ev Clause Øviv †Kvb Common Noun †K wbw`©ó Kiv n‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgbThe woman in blue, is my aunt. The boy who played well, is my brother.cªf„wZ| 12. †Kvb Proper Noun Gi Adjunct iƒ‡c Adjective ev Adjective Phrase e¨eüZ n‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- Richard, the lion-hearted, was a great king. Akbar, the great, was a humane ruler. cÖf„wZ| 13. Proper Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš—y Ñ a. mvMi, DcmvMi, gnvmvMi, b`x, ce©Zgvjv I Øxccy‡Äi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The ship crossed the Arabian sea. The Atlantic is the busiest ocean. The top of the Himalayas is covered with snow. The Andamans are a group of island.cÖf„wZ| e¨wZµg- GKwU gvÎ Øxc ev GKwU gvÎ ce©‡Zi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Srilanka is a island. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. cÖf„wZ| b.cÖwm× ag©MÖš’, msev`cÎ, mvgwqKx, cÖwm×MÖš’ ev Rvnv‡Ri bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The Quran is a holy book. The Ittefaq is a daily. The babur sailed for Khulna. The Shahnama is a famous book. The Diganta is a monthly.cÖf„wZ| c. A_©hy³ †`k ev ¯’vb, cÖwm× cÖwZôvb ev cÖvmv`, HwZnvwmK NUbv I e¯—yi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgbThe United States of America is a rich country. The Deccan is a plateau. The Tajmahal looks very beautiful. Do you know anything about the Kahinoor? The French revolution is a historical event.cÖf„wZ| d. RvwZ, m¤cÖ`vq ev `‡ji bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The Bangladeshies are brave. He is a member of the Schedule Caste.cÖf„wZ| e. ‡h mKj G e„wË ev †ckv eySvq, Zv‡`i c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- I shall join the bar. He entered the army.cÖf„wZ| f. GKB ¸b wewkó `yB e¨w³ ev e¯—yb g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv n‡j hvi ms‡M Zyjbv Kiv nq, Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- A.K. Fazlul Haq was the Burke of Bangladesh. Nazrul is the Byron of Bangladesh.cÖf„wZ| 14. †Kvb wbw`©ó ¯’vb ev wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii c`v_© eySv‡j Material Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb-The rich of Dhaka is fine. The water of Meghna is not clean. The gold of Africa is famous.cÖf„wZ| 15. †Kvb wbw`©ó e¨w³ ev e¯—yi ¸b eySv‡j Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The kindness of Mohsin is well known. We should be greatful for the mercy of Allah.cÖf„wZ| 16.mgMÖ e¯—yi Askwe‡kl eySv‡Z †Kvb Adjective hLb Noun iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- I like the yellow of the egg.cÖf„wZ| 17.Abstract idea (¸b) eySvevi Rb¨ Common Noun ev Adjective Gi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgbEverybody should check the beast (=animal nature) in him. The mother (=motherly affection) in her rose at this sad night.cÖf„wZ| Omission of Article 1. wbw`©ó K‡i wKQz bv eySv‡j Material Noun Ges Abstract Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Water has no taste. Kindness is devine.cÖf„wZ| 2. wbw`©ó K‡i wKQz bv eySv‡j Plural Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Cows give us milk. Horses can run fast.cÖf„wZ| 3.m‡¤^vab c`iƒ‡c e¨eüZ Common Noun Gi c~‡e© Article e‡m bv| †hgb- Come here, boy. Girls, you are the future mothers. cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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4. Common Noun ‡K Pronominal A_ev Numeral Adjective hw` qualify K‡i, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- This is his pen. There are fifty boys in this class. cÖf„wZ| 5. Rank ev Profession †evaK †KvbNoun hLb †Kvb Proper Noun Gi Apposition iƒ‡c A_ev Complement iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq,ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Mr. Rahman, Headmaster of the school is a good man. We elected him, Chairman. cÖf„wZ| 6. n«‡`i bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Caspian is the largest lake in the world.cÖf„wZ| 7.fvlvi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- He speaks English. He is good at Bangoli.cÖf„wZ| wKš—y fvlvi bvg Adjective iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡j Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m| †hgb- The English language is a very rich language. cÖf„wZ| 8. RvwZ eySv‡Z Man Ges Woman Gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv | †hgb-The proper study of man is mankind. Woman is credulous. cÖf„wZ| 9.GKwU gvÎ Øxc ev GKwU gvÎ ce©‡Zi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Hatiya is a island. Mount Everest is one of the peak of the Himalayas. cÖf„wZ| 10.Common Noun hLb Proper Noun Gi Adjective iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq,ZLb Zvi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- Emperor Akbar was a great king. cÖf„wZ| 11.evi ev gv‡mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- He saw me on Sunday. February is the second month of the English year. cÖf„wZ| 12.iv¯—vi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| wKš—y iv¯—vi bv‡g †k‡l Road _vK‡j the em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- I drove through Park street and Manikmiah Avenue. The Nawabpur Road is very busy. cÖf„wZ| 13.mvavibZ †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- He died of Cholera. He suffered from malaria.cÖf„wZ| wKš—y wbw`©ó e¨w³i †¶‡Î wbw`©ó †ivM‡K eySv‡bv n‡j, †iv‡Mi bv‡gi c~‡e© the em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-The old man has been suffering from the gout. 14. Phrase G e¨eüZ †Kvb †Kvb Singular Common Noun Gi c~‡e© the Article e‡m bv| †hgb-A begger begs from door to door. He lives from hand to mouth.cÖf„wZ| 15. ‡h Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯’vwcZ †mB KvR eySv‡j bed, school, market, mosque, hospital, hostel cÖf„wZi c~‡e© the e‡m bv| †hgb- I went to school (co‡Z ev cov‡Z), I went to the school(co‡Z ev cov‡Z bq, Ab¨ Kv‡R), He went to market (µq weµ‡qi Rb¨), He went to the market (µq weµ‡qi Rb¨ bq, Ab¨ Kv‡R) cÖf„wZ|

The Verb (wµqv) ‡h word Øviv †Kvb KvR Kiv eySvq, Zv‡K verb e‡j| A verb is telling or describing word. †hgbDo, go, play, run, eat cªf„wZ| Verb cªavbZ `yB cÖKvi;h_v-1. Finite Verb(mgvwcKv wµqv) Ges 2. Nonfinite Verb(AmgvwcKv wµqv)| ‡h †Kvb e³e¨ †kl K‡i A_© m¤ú~b©iƒ‡c cÖKvk K‡i Ges Nominative Gi Number I Person †f‡` hvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq, Zv‡K Finite Verb e‡j| †hgb- He buys a book. They buy book. cÖf„wZ| ‡h Øviv †Kvb e³e¨ †kl nq bv I A_© m¤ú~bi© ƒ‡c cÖKvwkZ nq bv Ges Nominative Gi Number I Person †f‡` hvi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡K e‡j| †hgb- He wants to buy a book. They want to buy books.cÖf„wZ| Verb cªavbZ `yB cÖKvi;h_v- a. Principal verb (cÖavb ev g~j wµqv), b. Auxiliary verb (mvnvh¨Kvix wµqv)| †h Verb Ab¨ ‡Kvb Verb Gi mvnvh¨ QvovB ¯^vaxbfv‡e A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K e‡j| †hgb- He plays. She made tea.cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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†h Verb Ab¨ ‡Kvb Verb Gi mwVK A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i, Zv‡K Auxiliary verb e‡j| †hgbHe is playing. She has made tea.cÖf„wZ| Principal verb cªavbZ `yB cÖKvi;h_v- ì.Intransitive Verb(AKg©K wµqv), ìì.Trnasitive Verb(mKg©K wµqv)| ‡h Verb Gi Kvh© Subject Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K A_©vr †h Verb Ab¨ †Kvb word Gi mvnvh¨ QvovB A_© m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K Intransitive Verb e‡j| †hgb- Boys run. Birds fly in the sky. The girl is dancing.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Verb Gi A_© Subject Gi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K bv †_‡K Ab¨ †Kvb word G we¯—…Z n‡q hvq A_vr †h Verb Ab¨ †Kvb word Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov A_© m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K Trnasitive Verb e‡j| †hgbBoys learn their lessons. Girls buy dolls. He gave me a dollar.cÖf„wZ| ‡h word †Kvb Transitive Verb Gi Kg© wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq Ges Zvi A_© m¤ú~b© K‡i, Zv‡K Object e‡j| †hgb- I gave him a doll. It is my house.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Verb Gi `yBwU Object _v‡K, Zv‡`i †K Transitive Verb with double objects e‡j| G‡`i e¨w³evPK Kg©wU Indirect Object Ges e¯—yevPK Kg©wU Direct Object | †hgbIndirect Object Direct Object I showed him the letter. His brother gave me a watch. Indirect Object mvavibZ Direct Object Gi c~‡e© e‡m| Indirect Object hw` Direct Object Gi c‡i e‡m, Z‡e Zv‘to’ ev‘for’ Preposition Gi Object iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- He sent me a letter. He sent a letter to me. Father built me a house. Father built a house for me.cÖf„wZ| Auxiliary Verb cªavbZ Pvi cÖKvi;h_vì. Verb ‘to be’; ‡hgb- am, is , are, was. were, shall, will, be cÖf„wZ| ìì. Verb ‘to have’; ‡hgb- have, has, had, will have, shall have cÖf„wZ| ììì. Model Auxiliary; ‡hgb- Can, may, dare, need, ought to cÖf„wZ| ìv. Verb ‘to do’; ‡hgb- Do, does, did cÖf„wZ| hLb †Kvb Intransitive Verb AwZwi³ word Gi mvnvh¨ bv wb‡q A_©‡K m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, ZLb Zv‡K Intransitive Verb of Incomplete Predication ev Copulative Verb e‡j| †hgb- The boy is intelligent. We become sad. The man has gone mad. The boy seems nervous.cÖf„wZ| Intransitive Verb of Incomplete Predicate ‡h word Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q A_© m¤ú~b© K‡i, Zv‡K Subjective Complement e‡j| ‡Kvb Transitive Verb hLb Object _vKv m‡Ë¡I AwZwi³ Gi mvnvh¨ Qvov A_© m¤ú~b© Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, ZLb Zv‡K Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication ev Factative Verb e‡j| †hgb- His father named him Anwar. The students made me captain. They called you a liar.cÖf„wZ| Transitive Verb of Incomplete Predication ‡h word Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q A_© m¤ú~b© K‡i, Zv‡K Objective Complement e‡j| wKš—y Passive Voice G cwiewZ©Z nq, Objective Complement ZLb Subjective Complement ev Complementary Nominative G cwibZ nq, Kvib Object wU Subject n‡q hvq| †hgbObjective Complement Subjective Complement We made him captain. He was made captain by us. The called you a liar. You were called a liar by them. His father named her Sabina. She was name Sabina by his father. cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Intransitive Verb hLb Aci KZ…K AbywóZ ev cÖ‡hvwRZ A‡_© e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv Transitive Verb n‡q hvq Ges Giƒ‡c e¨eüZ Intransitive Verb †K Causative Verb (cÖ‡hvRK wµqv) e‡j| †hgb-

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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He flies a kite. The mother walks the child. She boils water. Farmers grow the paddy.cÖf„wZ| wb‡b¥ KZ¸‡jv Verb Gi Causative form †`qv n‡jvSimple Verb Causative form Simple Verb Causative form Dive (Wye †`qv) Dip (Zi‡j Wyev‡bv) Learn (wk¶v Kiv) Teach (wk¶v †`Iqv) Eat (LvIqv) Feed (LvIqv‡bv) Rise (DVv) Raise (DVv‡bv) Fall (cwZZ nIqv) Fell (f~cvwZZ nIqv) See (‡`Lv) Show (‡`Lv‡bv) Know (Rvbv) Inform (Rvbv‡bv) Sit (emv) Set (¯’vcb Kiv) ‡h me Verb Gi Giƒc c„_K †Kvb Causative form †bB, Zv‡`i c~‡e© have, cause, make, get cÖf„wZ ewm‡q Causative Gi A_© cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb- I have the letter written by him. I got the letter written by him. I made him write the letter. I caused him to write the letter.cÖf„wZ| Intransitive Verb hLb Zvi mgv_©K Object Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q Transitive Verb G cwibZ nq, ZLb †mB Intransitive Verb †K Cognate Verb e‡j Ges mgRvZxq Object wU‡K Cognate Object e‡j| †hgbCognate Verb Cognate Object Cognate Verb Cognate Object He ran a race. Kasem laughed a heartly laugh. I slept a sound sleep. I dreamt a terrible dream. KZ¸‡jv Intransitive Verb Gi m‡½ Preposition hy³ n‡q GKK Transitive Verb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K, Giƒ‡c e¨eüZ Verb †K Prepositional Verb ev Group Verb e‡j| †hgb- I look upon you as my brother. He takes after his father. Do not laugh at the lame man.cÖf„wZ| Reflexive Pronoun ‡Kvb Verb Gi Object n‡j †mB Verb †K Reflexive Verb e‡j| †hgb- She washed herself. He fans himself. The man killed himself. I gave myself much trouble. The rat hid itself into a hole.cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Verb hw` AvKv‡i Active Voice Gi n‡qI Passive Voice Gi A_© cÖKvk K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡K Quasipassive Verb (Quasi=half) e‡j| †hgb- Rice sells cheap (=is sold). Honey tastes sweet (=when it is tasted). The stone fells rough (=when it is felt). The house is building (=is being built). The book is priting (=is being printed).cÖf„wZ| Impersonal ‘It’ ‡Kvb Verb Gi Subject n‡j †mB Verb †K Impersonal Verb e‡j| †hgb- It rains heavily. It hails. It dews in winter. It seems that he is wrong.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Verb †Kvb Ae¯’vq cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv, Zvi weKvk A_ev Zvi P~ovš— cwibwZi A_© Ávcb K‡i, Zv‡K Inchoative (Bb‡Kv‡qwUf) Verb e‡j| †hgb-The old man is getting weaker. Ali has become the richest man in the twon. Her dream will come true. The leaves are turning brown. Everything has gone wrong.cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Verb Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ Abyf~wZi avibv †`q, Zv‡`i‡K Verbs of Preception e‡j| †hgb- I see a bird on the tree. You heard him saying something. We smell something burning. The mango tastes nice.cÖf„wZ| Reciprocal Pronoun hLb ‡Kvb Verb Gi Object nq, ZLb †mB Verb †K Reciprocal Verb e‡j| †hgb- Two brothers help each other. We should love one another.cÖf„wZ| wKQy wKQy Verb Av‡Q hv gvbwmK Dcjwä cÖKvk K‡i Ges hv B”QvgvwdK ïi“ ev mgvß Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡`i †K Non-conclusive Verb e‡j| †hgb- I like sweet. Aslam knows English. Can you understand what he means? cÖf„wZ| Verb Gi Past Tense I Past Participle MV†bi ixwZ Abymv‡i Bs‡iwR ¸‡jv‡K `yB †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq;h_v-1.Strong Verb Ges 2. Weak Verb.

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡hme Verb Gi wfZ‡ii Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i Past Tense Ges wfZ‡ii Vowel cwieZ©b K‡i A_ev n, ne ev en †hvM K‡i Past Participle mvab Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K Strong Verb e‡j| †hgb- Arise-arosearisen;Begin-began-begun; Break-broke-broken cÖf„wZ| ‡hme Verb Gi †k‡l d, ed ev t †hvM K‡i Past Tense I Past Participle mvab Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K Weak Verb e‡j| †hgb- Bend-bent-bent;Hear-heard-heard;Show-showed-showed cÖf„wZ| Present Past Past Present Past Past Participle Participle was been made made Am. is(nB,nq) Make(‰Zwi Kiv) were been might might Are(nB,nI,nq) May(m¤¢Z cviv) aboad abode meant Abide(_vKv,evm Mean(A_© eySv‡bv, meant Kiv) g‡b Kiv) arose arisen met met Arise(DVv) Meet(mv¶vZ Kiv) awoke awoke, melted melted, Awake(RvMÖZ Melt(Mjv, Mjvb) awoked molten nIqv) Be (am, is, are) was, were been mistook mistaken Mistake(fyj Kiv) bore needed needed Bear(enb Kiv) borne (†evb©) Need(cÖ‡qvRb) bore nipped nipped Bear(Rb¥v‡bv) born(eb©) Nip(wU‡c aiv) beaten owed owed Beat (cÖnvi Kiv) beat (†eU&) Owe(F„bx _vKv) bit bit, bitten partaken Bit (Kvgov‡bv) Partake(Ask †bqv) partook became become paid paid Become(nIqv) Pay(cÖ`vb Kiv) bound bound, passed passed, Bind(evauv) Pass (hvcb Kiv, bounden past AwZµg Kiv) begun perished Begin (ïiy Kiv) began Perish(bó nIqv, perished †kl nIqv) beheld beheld praised praised Behold(‡`Lv) Praise(cÖmskv Kiv) bent bent, ridden Bend (evuKv‡bv) Ride(Avinb Kiv, road bended †Nvovq Pov) bled bled rung Bleed(i³cvZ Ring(N›Uv evRvb ev rang nIqv) evRv) bade bidden risen Bid(Av‡`k Kiv) Rise(DVv, D`q nqv) rose blew blown raised Blow(evZvm Raise(RvMÖZ nqv, raised env,dzu †`qv) DVv‡bv) broke broken ran run Break (fv½v) Run(‡`Šovb) burnt, burned, raced Burn(‡cvov‡bv, Race(`ªZ †e‡M raced burned burnt †cvov) †`Šovb) built said said Build(wbg©vb Kiv) built Say(ejv) brought brought saw seen Bring (Avbv) See(‡`Lv) bought sought sought Buy(µq Kiv, bought Seek(‡LvR Kiv) †Kbv) buried sold sold Bury(Kei †`qv) buried Sale(weµq Kiv) caught caught sent sent Catch(aiv) Send(cvVvb) chose chosen sewed sewed, Choose(cQ›` Sew(‡mjvB Kiv) sewn Kiv)

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Present

Past

Come(Avmv) Clothe(Kvco civ ev civ‡bv) Creep(nvgv¸wo w`‡q Pjv) Can (cviv) Dare(mvnm Kiv)

came clothed, clad crept

could dared, durst Dare(hy‡× AvnŸvb dared Kiv) dug Dig(Lbb Kiv) did Do(Kiv) Die(giv ev gviv died hvIqv) Deal(e¨emv Kiv, dealt e¨envi Kiv) drew Draw(Uvbv) Dream(¯^cœ †`Lv) dreamed, dreamt drank Drink(cvb Kiv) Drive(Pvjv‡bv) Drop(‡d‡j †`Iqv, civ) Eat(LvIqv) End(‡kl nqv) Fall(cwZZ nIqv) Feed(LvIqvb) Feel(Abyfe Kiv) Find (‡`L‡Z cvIqv) Flee (cvj‡bv) Flow (cÖevwnZ nIqv) Fly (Dov) Forbid(wb‡la Kiv) Forget (fy‡j hvIqv) Forsake(Z¨vM Kiv) Fight(hy× Kiv)

Past Participle come clothed

Present

Past

Shake(bvovb) Shave(`vwo PvuQv)

shook shaved

Past Participle shaken shaved

crept

Shine(wKib †`qv)

shone

shone

could dared, durst

shot Shoot (¸wj Kiv) Shoe(RyZv civ ev shod civb) shrank Srink(msKzwPZ nqv)

dared dug done died dealt

shut Shut (eÜ Kiv) slew Slay(nZ¨v Kiv) Sing(Mvb MvIqv ev sang Kiv) sank Sink(Wy‡e hvIqv)

shot shod shrunk, shrunken shut slain sung sank, sunken sat smelt

Sit(emv) Smell(Nªvb jqv)

sat smelt

Show(‡`Lv‡bv)

showed

drove dropped

drawn dreamt, dreamed drunk, drunken driven dropped

Smite(AvNvZ Kiv) Sow(ecb Kiv)

smote sowed

ate ended fell fed felt found

eaten ended fallen fed felt found

spoke spoilt spelt spent spit,spad sped

fled flowed

fled flowed

Speak(K_v ejv) Spoil(bó Kiv) Spell(D”Pvib Kiv) Spend(e¨q Kiv) Spit(_yZz †djv) Speed(ZvovZvwo Kiv) Spring(jvd †`qv) Stand(`vuov‡bv)

showed, shown smitten sowed, sown spoken spoilt spelt spent spit sped

sprang stood

sprung stood

flew forbade

flown forbidden

stole stuck

stole stuck

forgot

forgotten

struck

forsook

forsaken

Steal(Pzwi Kiv) Stick(‡j‡M _vKv, AvU‡K _vKv) Strick(AvNvZ Kiv, ag©NU Kiv) String(Zvi jvMv‡bv)

strung

struck, stricken strung

fought

fought

Swear(kc_ Kiv)

swore

sworn

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

17

Present

Past

Present

Past

froze

Past Participle frozen

Strive(‡Póv Kiv)

strove

Past Participle striven

Freeze (R‡g hvIqv) Get (cvIqv) Give (†`Iqv) Go (hvIqv) Grind (P~b© ev ¸ov Kiv) Grow (Rb¥v‡bv, Rb¥) Gild (avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv) Hang (Szjv‡bv) Hang(dvuwm †`Iqv) Have (Av‡Q) Hide (jyKv‡bv) Hear (ïb‡Z cviv) Hold (avib Kiv) Jump (jvd †`Iqv) Keep (ivLv) Knit(‡evbvb)

got gave went ground

got, gotten given gone ground

Sweep(Svo– ‡`Iqv) Swim(mvuZvi KvUv) Swing(‡`vj LvIqv) Shall(fwel¨‡Z n‡e)

swept swam swung should

swept swum swung should

grew

grown

Take(jIqv)

took

taken

gilded, gilt gilded, gilt

Teach(wk¶v †`qv)

taught

taught

hung hanged

hung hanged

told tore

told torn

had hid heard

had hid, hidden heard

Tell(ejv) Tear(wQ‡o †djv, wQbœ Kiv) Think(wPš—v Kiv) Throw(wb‡¶c Kiv) Thrust(‡Vjv †`qv)

thought threw thrust

thought thrown thrust

held jumped

held jumped

Wake(RvMv) Wear(cwiavb Kiv)

woke wore

woke worn

kept knit, knitted

Weave(‡evbv) Wed(we‡q Kiv)

known help laid

Weep (Kvu`v) Win(Rq jvf Kiv) Will(fwel¨‡Z n‡eB)

wove wed, wedded wept won would

woven wed, wedded wept won would

led

Wring(‡gvPov‡bv)

wrung

wrung

lain leaned, learnt left

Write(‡jLv) Work(KvR Kiv)

wrote worked

written worked

Want(PvIqv)

wanted

wanted

lent lied lit, lighted

Warn(mZK© Kiv) Weight(IRb Kiv) Wish(B”Qv Kiv)

warned weighted wished

warned weighted wished

loaded

Whip(PveyK gviv)

whipped

whipped

lost

Wrap(¸Uv‡bv)

wrapped

wrapt

kept knit, knitted know Know(Rvbv) Help(mvnvh¨ Kiv) helped Lay(wWg cvov, laid ¯’vcb Kiv) Lead (cwiPvjbv led Kiv) lay Lie(kqb Kiv) Learn(wk¶v Kiv) leaned, learnt left Leave(cwiZ¨vM Kiv) lent Lend(avi †`qv) lied Lie(wg_¨v ejv) lit, lighted Light(Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv) loaded Load(‡evSvB Kiv) Lose(nvivb, nviv) lost

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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wb‡b¥ KZ¸‡jv Weak Verb †`Iqv n‡jv hv‡`i Past I Past Particple Gi iƒ‡ci cwieZ©b nq bv| Present Past Past Present Past Past Participle Participle bet bet put put Bet(evwR ivLv) Put(ivLv) burst burst Burst(we`xb© Kiv) Read(cvV Kiv) read(‡iW&) read cast cast rid rid Cast(wb‡¶c Kiv) Rid(gy³ nIqv) cost cost set set Cost(LiP jvMv) Set(¯’vcb Kiv) cut cut shed shed Cut(KvUv, ev` †`qv) Shed(el©b Kiv) hit hit shut shut Hit(AvNvZ Kiv) Shut(eÜ Kiv) hurt hurt split split Hurt(AvNvZ ev AvnZ Kiv) Split(we`xb© Kiv) let let spread spread Let(fvov †`qv, AbygwZ Spread(we¯—vi †`Iqv) Kiv) Verbal ev Non-finite Verb ¸‡jv‡K wZb †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq;h_v1. Participle, 2.Gerund, Ges 3.Infinitive ‡h Verb-form Øviv GK ms‡½ Verb Ges Adjective Gi KvR wb¯úbœ nq, Zv‡K Participle e‡j| Participle wZb cÖKvi, h_v- i. Present Participle, ii. Past Participle,iii. Perfect Participle. Verb Gi m‡½ ing hy³ form hLb GK m‡½ Verb I Adjective Gi KvR wb¯úbœ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Present Participle e‡j| †hgb- Do not get down from a moving bus. A running train looks beautiful. A rolling stone gathers no moss.cÖf„wZ| Verb Gi m‡½ d,ed,i,n,ne ev en hy³ form hLb GK m‡½ Verb I Adjective Gi KvR wb¯úbœ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Past Participle e‡j| †hgb- He is a retired officer. Keep a loaf of the rotten mango. Ill gotten money is generally ill spent. The man is much pleased. cÖf„wZ| Verb Gi Past Participle Gi c~‡e© having hy³ n‡q hw` GK m‡½ Verb I Adjective Gi KvR wb¯úbœ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Perfect Participle e‡j|†hgb- Having seen the snake, the boy ran way. Having received the letter, I am relieved of the anxiety. Having passed M.A. examination, he sailed for England. Having examined the account, the clerk returned home.cÖf„wZ| Verb Gi Present form Gi m‡_ ing hy³ n‡q hLb GK m‡½ Verb I Noun Gi KvR wb¯úbœ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Gerund e‡j| †hgb- Writing makes a man perfect. It is my reading room. Stop writing. He is interested in playing cricket. His hobby is collecting stamps. Walking is a good exercise. He is bent on doing this. I shall practice swimming.cÖf„wZ| Gerund Gi c~‡e© the Ges c‡i of e¨eüZ n‡j, Zv‡K Verbal Noun e‡j| †hgb-The reading of good books is useful. He is absorbed in the reading of history. The writing of Monir is good.cÖf„wZ| hw` †Kvb Verb Gi c~‡e© to e‡m Ges Number, Person I Tense †f‡` Zvi iƒ‡ci †Kvb cwieZ©b bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Infinitive e‡j| †hgb- I am to go there. He was to go there.cÖf„wZ| Infinitive `yB cÖKvi;h_v- i. Simple or Noun Infinitive, Ges ii. Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive ‡Kvb Infinitive hLb Noun Gi KvR K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K Simple or Noun Infinitive e‡j| †hgb-To forgive is divine. To tell a lie is a sin. I like to read good books. I know how to write. He is about to go away. She is about to fall down from the tree. I am to see him today. He appears to be a rich man. It is useful to read good books. I know how to swim. He knows how to draw pictures.cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡Kvb Infinitive hLb Adjective-Gi b¨vq, Adverb Gi b¨vq Ges Parenthetically (Finite Verb Gi ms‡M Aš^qnxbfv‡e) e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive e‡j| †hgb-This is a house to let. It is a pen to write with. This is a house to live in. This is a room to sleep in. This is a chair to sit on. This is a bat to play with. I walk fast to catch the bus. I am glad to receive your letter. He is sad to hear the news of my illness. To speak the truth, he is a good man. To say in brief, a man of learning is respected by all.cÖf„wZ| Infinitive Gi wPý‘to’ Ges Verb Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb Adverb e¨eüZ n‡j, Zv‡K Split Infinitive e‡j| †hgb- I request you to kindly return the book. I tried to always do good to him. He requested me to at once help him.cÖf„wZ| Infininitive Verb -wUi Past Particple iƒc I †mwUi c~‡e© ‘have’em‡j, Zv‡K Perfect Infinitive e‡j| ‡hgb- He intended to have helped you. I wished to have finished the work in time but I could not. You hope to have succeeded but you failed.cÖf„wZ| Participle KLbI KLbI Noun †K qualify Kiv QvovI Gerund ev Gerundial Noun Gi BwáZ A_© cÖ`vb K‡i, ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Gerundive Participle ejv nq| †hgb- I depend on the wall being made at once. We depend on the money being given by today.cÖf„wZ|

Moods (wµqvi fve) Verb ‡h wewfbœ ixwZ ev avibvi g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K, Zv‡K Mood e‡j| Mood indicates the mode or manner in which the action of a verb is represented. †hgb- I saw a bird. Please see me next Friday. If you see me, I shall tell you everything. He wants to see me.cÖf„wZ| Mood cÖavbZ Pvi cÖKvi;h_v-1.Indicative Mood, 2.Imperative Mood, 3.Subjunctive Mood, Ges 4.Infinitive Mood. hLb †Kvb Verb mvavibfv‡e †Kvb NUbv wee„Z K‡i A_ev †Kvb cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i ZLb Zvi Indicative Mood nq| ‡hgb-He learns his lessions. He does not quarrel with anybody. Do you go to market daily? cÖf„wZ| hLb †Kvb Verb Av‡`k, Dc‡`k, wb‡la BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Zvi Imperative Mood nq A_©vr Imperative sentence G Verb Gi Imperative Mood nq| †hgb- Try to better your condition. Do not waste your time. Please help the boy.cÖf„wZ| Imperative Mood hLb Second Person I Present Tense G e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Subject ‘You’ Dn¨ _v‡K| First Ges Third Person G let Øviv Sentence ïi“ nq| ‡hgb- Let me (or him) go to market. hLb †Kvb Verb AwbðqZv ev m‡›`n, kZ©, B”Qv, AvKvO&¶v, Abygvb, cÖ_b© v, D‡Ïk¨ BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i, ZLb Zvi Subjunctive Mood nq| If, though, till, until, unless, lest cÖf„wZ Conjunction ¸‡jv mvavibZ Subjunctive Mood G e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgb- If you help me, I shall be greatfull to you. If love for the country be (or is) a crime, I am a criminal. May you be happy in life. Had I know it, I would have been careful. We eat that we may live. Unless you work hard, you will not succeed in life. Man eats that he may live. Be careful lest you should fall in danger.cÖf„wZ| Subjunctive Mood G Third Person Singular Number G Verb Gi †k‡l s ev es †hvM bv Ki‡jI P‡j|‘Be’ verb Gi mKj Number I Person G Present Tense G ‘be’ Ges Past Tense G ‘were’ nq| ‡hgb- If I were rich, I would have gone to Macca. If I were you, I would help the boy. I wish my son were as strong as Ali.cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡j that, so that ev in order that e¨eüZ nq Ges Zvi cieZx© Verb Gi c~‡e© May e‡m| ‡hgb- He took medicine that (or, so that or, in order that) he might get well. We eat that (or, so that or, in order that) we may live.cÖf„wZ| hLb ‡Kvb Verb Øviv †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi KZ…K bv eywS‡q ïay †Kvb wµqvi bvg eySvq, ZLb Zvi Infinitive Mood nq| Infinitive Mood G Verb Gi c~‡e© ‘to’nq Ges Gi Øviv †Kvb Kv‡h©i m¤ú~bZ © v eySvq bv| †hgb- He likes to read good books. You wanted to play cricket.cÖf„wZ| Finite Verb Gi Indicative Mood, Imperative Mood I Subjunctive Mood nq Ges Noninfinite Verb Gi Infinitive Mood nq|

Phrases And Clauses (k㸔Q I evK¨vsk) ‡h word group ev k㸔Q GKwU we‡kl A_© cÖKvk K‡i Ges Sentence G e¨eüZ n‡q †Kvb Parts of Speech Gi Kvh© m¤úbœ K‡i, wKš—y †Kvb Subject I Finite Verb _v‡K bv, Zv‡K Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- The man was killed in broad daylight. What he says is nothing but the truth.cÖf„wZ| Phrase cÖavbZ mvZ cÖKvi;h_v-1.Noun Phrase, 2.Adjective Phrase, 3.Verbal Phrase, 4.Adverbial Phrase, 5.Prepositional Phrase, 6.Conjunctional Phrase, 7. Interjectional Phrase. ‡h Phrase †Kvb Noun Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Noun Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- He is proud of his blue blood (es‡ki AvwfRvZ¨). To rise early is good for health. He likes to ride a horse. His going home is uncertain. He enjoys walking by the riverside. Life is not a bed of roses (cy¯ú mh¨v).cÖf„wZ| ‡h Phrase †Kvb Adjective Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K.Adjective Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- There is no hard and fast (aivevav) rule in this matter. He is all in all (m‡e©mev©) in the company. I am in a fix (nZeyw×) what to do. A thing of beauty is joy forever. The law is now null and void (evwZj). He is well off (¯^”Qj) and he can help you.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Phrase †Kvb Verbal Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Verbal Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb- He bids fair to (m¤¢eZ) be a great poet in future. Do not speak ill of (wb›`v Kiv) others. Do not look down upon (N„bv Kiv) the poor. Get the poem by heart (gyL¯— Kiv). He is going to the dogs (‡Mvj−vq hvIqv) mixing with the bad boys. I have run into debts (Fb nIqv). cÖf„wZ| ‡h Phrase †Kvb Adverb Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Adverbial Phrase e‡j| †hgb- He left the hostel bag and baggage (ZwíZívmn). He can walk ten miles at a stretch (GKUvbv). The theif was caught red handed (nv‡Z bv‡Z aiv). He comes from here every (cÖvqB). I am trying heart and soul (cÖvb c‡b, g‡b cÖv‡b) to pass the test. He lives from hand to mouth (w`b G‡b w`b LvIqv). He reached home safe and sound (wbivc`). cÖf„wZ| ‡h Phrase †Kvb Preposition Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Prepositional Phrase e‡j| †hgb- Monir succeeded by dint of (e‡j, Øviv) industry. I took Physics in lieu of (cwie‡Z©) Chemistry. Inspite of (m‡Ë¡I) all my wealth, I am not happy. In quest of (mÜv‡b) knowledge he reads books. The case was decided in favour of (AbyKz‡j) him. He came to see me.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Phrase †Kvb Conjunction Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunctional Phrase e‡j| †hgb- He as well as (Ges, AviI, mn) his brothers comes to me now and then. Do it as soon as (hZ kxNÖ) you can. Give me as much as (hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb) you can spare. We must not go out as long as (hZ¶b chš—©)it rains. He talks as if (‡hb) he is mad. He hates me, on the contrary (c¶vš—‡i) I love him. No sooner (‡hB gvÎ) had he left the place than the fire broke out. cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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‡h Phrase †Kvb Interjction Gi KvR K‡i, Zv‡K Interjectional Phrase e‡j| †hgb- By God! What I say is quite true. What a pity! You have failed. Good Havens! What a tragic accident! O dear! I have forgotten your name. Fie upon You! cÖf„wZ| ‡h kãmgwó ev group of words Gi GKwU Subject I GKwU Predicate _v‡K Ges GKwU e„nËi ev‡K¨i Askiƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Clause e‡j| †hgb- I know that he will help you. The boy who came to him is my brother.cÖf„wZ| Clause cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi; h_v- a. Principal Clause (cÖavb evK¨vsk), b. Subordinate Clause (Aaxb evK¨vsk), c. Co-ordinate Clause (mn-evK¨vsk). ‡h Clause †K g~j Sentence n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kiv n‡jI ¯^vaxbfv‡e m¤ú~b© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv‡K Principal Clause ev Independent Clause e‡j| †hgb- The man who came here is my uncle. I had reached school before the bell went. I saw the ball that was rolling. cÖf„wZ| ‡h Clause †K m¤ú~b© A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z Principal Clause Gi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K Subordinate Clause ev Dependent Clause e‡j| †hgb- I asked him if he knew the man. The man who came here is a Cricketer.cÖf„wZ| Subordinate Clause wZb cÖKvi; h_v- i. Noun Clause,ii. Adjective Clause,iii. Adverb Clause. ‡h Clause Øviv Noun Gi KvR wb¯úbœ nq, Zv‡K Noun Clause e‡j| †hgb- What he says is not clear. He understood what had happened. I can not rely on what he says. This is what he says. It is known to all that the sun rises in the east.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Clause Øviv Adjective Gi KvR wb¯úbœ nq, Zv‡K Adjective Clause e‡j| †hgb- This is the boy who stood first. The man whom I helped is poor. I remember the place where I was born. This is the dog that bit him. Nobody knows the time when he will come. Please explain the way how you did it.cÖf„wZ| ‡h Clause Øviv Gi Adverb KvR wb¯úbœ nq, Zv‡K Adverb Clause e‡j| †hgb- We eat that we may live. If you come in time, I shall help you. When he was five years old, his mother died. He could not come, because he was ill. Return home as early as you can. I am so weak that I cann’t walk. cÖf„wZ| hLb `yBwU Priciple Clause †Kvb Co-ordinating Conjunction Øviv hy³ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Coordinating Clause e‡j| †hgb- I invited him and he accepted it. I love him but he hates me. Study hard or you will not pass. He is poor but honest. cÖf„wZ|

Tense (Kvj) wµqv ev Verb Gi Kvj‡K Tense e‡j| A_v©r †Kvb wµqvi KvR †Kvb mg‡q msMwVZ nq, n†qwQj ev n‡e Zv eySvevi Rb¨ Verb Gi †h wfbœwfbœ iƒc nq, Zv‡K Tense e‡j| †hgb- He goes to school. He went to school yesterday. He will go to school tomorrow. cÖf„wZ| Tense cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi;h_v-1.Present Tense (eZ©gvb Kvj), 2.Past Tense (AZxZ Kvj), 3.Future Tense (fwel¨Z Kvj)| ‡Kvb Verb Gi KvR eZ©gvb Kv‡j wb¯úbœ nq, Giƒc eySv‡Z Verb Gi Present Tense nq| †hgb- I read a book. She draws a picture.cÖf„wZ| Present Tense Pvi cÖKvi; h_v- a. Present Indefinite Tense (mvavib eZ©gvb Kvj), b. Present Continuous Tense (NUgvb eZ©gvb Kvj), c. Present Perfect Tense (cyivNwUZ eZ©gvb Kvj), d. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (cyivNUgvb Kvj)|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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eZ©gvb Kv‡ji Kvh© ev NUbv, wPiš—b mZ¨, wbKU fwel¨Z, Af¨vm ev cÖKw… Z cÖf„wZ eySv‡Z Verb Gi e¨eüZ Present Indefinite Tense nq| ‡hgb- He writes a letter. The man beats the servant. We swim in the pond. He goes to bed at ten every night.cÖf„wZ| evsjv iƒc: Kwi, Ki, Kwim, K‡i, K‡ib BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖbvjxt Subject Gi ci g~j Verb Gi Present form e¨eüZ nq| Subject hw` Third Person Singular Number nq, Z‡e Verb Gi †k‡l‘s’ ev‘es’ †hvM Ki‡Z nq (Verb Gi †k‡l Vowel _vK‡j‘es’ Ges Consonant _vK‡j‘s’ e¨eüZ nq)| †hgb- He wants a book. He goes to school.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + Verb (‘s’ev ‘es’ hy³ A_ev Qvov) + Extention Uses: i. AZxZ Kv‡j †Kvb HwZnvwmK NUbv †hb eZ©gvb Kv‡j NwU‡Z‡Q Giƒc ewY©Z n‡j, AZxZ Kv‡ji †Kvb Kvh© ev NUbv eySv‡jI Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq Ges Zv‡K Historic ev Graphic Present e‡j| ‡hgb- Akbar faces the Rajput and routs them. Aurangazeb meets Shivaji. The Sultan now hurries to the capital.cÖf„wZ| ii. `ywU fwel¨Z NUbvi GKwU AciwUi c~‡e© msNwUZ n‡j, †h NUbvwUi eY©bv Ki‡Z when, before, whenever, as soon as, till, until, while, since, where, unless, if, in case BZ¨vw` Øviv ïi“ Ki‡Z nq, Zvi eY©bvq Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- I shall go there if he comes. He will get married as soon as he reaches Dhaka. He will learn his lessions before he goes to bed.cÖf„wZ| iii. wbKU fwel¨Z eySv‡Z †Kvb †Kvb mgq Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- He starts for Dhaka on Friday next. The school closes tomorrow.cÖf„wZ| iv. Af¨vmMZ KvR (Habitual) cÖKvk Ki‡Z Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbBabies cry. Dogs bark. Birds fly. He smokes. He sleeps at 10 p.m.cÖf„wZ| ejvi mgq KvRUv Pj‡Q wKbv Zv GB Gi Øviv eySv hvq bv| ZvB e¨vcviUv ¯úó Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi mv‡_ Present Continuous Tense Gi GKwU Verb ‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- The man smokes but he is not smoking now. v. wPiš—b mZ¨(universal truth) cÖKvk Ki‡Z Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgbThe sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Fortune favours the brave. A bird has two wings. Character is the crown. Ice floats on water.cÖf„wZ| vi. Once a year, everyday, everyweek, every year, on weekdays, always, usually, often, never cÖf„wZ Adverb Phrase ev Adverb Gi mv‡_ Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq| ‡hgbHe comes here once a year. I go to school everyday. They go to mosque on Friday. He always disturbs me. This man never tells a lie.cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Kvh© eZ©gvb Kv‡j Pj‡Q ev n‡”Q eySv‡j Verb Gi Present Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- I am reading a book. He is writting a letter. You are doing the work.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Ki‡ZwQ, Ki‡ZQ, Ki‡ZwQm, Ki‡Z‡Q, Ki‡Z‡Qb A_v©r evsjv wµqvi †k‡l †ZQ, †ZwQ, †ZwQm, †Z‡Q, †Z‡Qb BZ¨vw` wµqvwefw³ _v‡K| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i am, is, are e‡m (First Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î am I Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î is Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î are e‡m) Ges Zvici Verb Gi m‡½ ing hy³ nq| †hgb- I am doing. He is doing. They are doing. We are doing.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + am/is/are + Verb + ing + Extension

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Uses: i. ‡Kvb †Kvb mgq fwel¨Z A_© eySv‡Z Future Tense Gi cwie‡Z© Verb Gi Present Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Are you starting for Chittagong tomorrow? Say where you are meeting today. I am going to Dhaka tomorrow.cÖf„wZ| ii. Love, fell, hope, like, believe, want, see cÖf„wZ Verb Gi Present Continuous Tense bv n‡q mvavibZ Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- I see a bird. I fell unwell. You like good books. cÖf„wZ| iii. wPiš—b mZ¨ eySv‡j Verb Gi bv n‡q Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- The earth moves round the sun. The sun sets in the west.cÖf„wZ| iv. ejvi mgq †Kvb KvR Pj‡Z‡Q, Giƒc eySv‡j Present Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- I am writting a letter now. What are you doing? cÖf„wZ| v. cÖvq ejvi mgq †Kvb KvR Pj‡Z‡Q wKš—y †mB gyn‡~ Z© Aek¨ bvI Pj‡Z cv‡i GgbwU eySv‡Z Present Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- I am learning Arabic. He is repairing the house.cÖf„wZ| vi. cÖvq evis evi NU‡Z‡Q Ggb †Kvb KvR eySv‡Z always Gi mv‡_ Present Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- He is always disturbing me. You are always playing.cÖf„wZ| vii. ‡Kvb wµqv ïi“ n‡q‡Q wKš—y mvavib eZ©gvb Kv‡j wKQy mgq a‡i Pj‡e eySv‡Z (Giƒc †¶‡Î Kvh©wU D‡j−L Kivi mgq wµqvwU Pj‡Z cv‡i ev bvI Pj‡Z cv‡i) Present Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Jhon is staying with his grandfather this winter. We are having cold weather at present.cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kvh© GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q, wKš—y Zvi dj GLbI we`¨gvb Av‡Q, Giƒc eySv‡j Verb Gi Present Perfect Tense nq| †hgb- He has finished the work. I have bought a book. You have seen a bird. cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: KwiqvwQ, KwiqvQ, KwiqvwQm, Kwiqv‡Q, Kwiqv‡Qb A_v©r evsjv wµqvi †k‡l BqvwQ, BqvQ, BqvwQm, Bqv‡Q, Bqv‡Qb BZ¨vw` wµqv wefw³ _v‡K| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i have ev has e‡m (Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î has Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î have e‡m) Ges Zvici Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- I have done it. You have done it. He has done it. They have done it.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + have ev has + Verb Gi Past Participle + Extension Uses: i. ‡h KvR GBgvÎ †kl n‡q‡Q eySv‡Z; †hgb- I have done the sum. She has said so just now. He has just reached the house.cÖf„wZ| Z‡e Just Gi Giƒc e¨envi Negative Sentence Gi ‡¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| ii. AZxZ Kv‡ji dj GLbI eZ©gvb Av‡Q, Giƒc eySv‡Z; †hgb- The British have left our country. Monir has gone to Australia. Alam has spent many days in England.cÖf„wZ| iii. AZxZ Kv‡j mgvß †Kvb Kv†Ri mywbw`©ó mgq D‡j−L bv _vK‡j; †hgb- Ahsan has written many letters. He has passed the examination. The man has died in a tragic accident.cÖf„wZ| wKš—y AZxZ Kv‡ji mgq D‡j−L _vK‡j Aek¨B Past Indefinite Tense n‡e; †hgb- Ahsan wrote many letters yesterday. He passed the SSC examination in March last. He died last week.cÖf„wZ| iv. ‡Kvb KvR AZx‡Z enymgq a‡i Pj‡Q Ges †m mgq GLbI †kl nqwb Giƒc eySv‡Z; †hgb-We have lived here twelve years. He has been diligent from his boyhood.cÖf„wZ| Z‡e †Kvb KvR AZx‡Z ïi“ n‡q AZx‡ZB †kl n‡q _vK‡j Zv n‡e bv| †hgb-We lived here twelve years.cÖf„wZ| v. When, before, as soon as cÖf„wZ Time Clause G Future Perfect Tense e¨eüZ bv n‡q Present Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq; †hgb- We shall go to the station before the train has arrived. He will write to me as soon as he reached home. You shall write to me when you have reached home. When (after) I have finished my work, I shall go home.cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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vi. Motion ev Change cÖKvkK KZ¸‡jv Infinitive Verb Gi Present Perfect Tense MVb Ki‡Z Verb ‘to be’ †K Auxiliary Verb wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq, Giƒc e¨envi‡K Alternative Perfect e‡j| †hgb- He is gone. The sun is risen.cÖf„wZ| vii. ‡Kvb KvR AZx‡Zi †Kvb mgq n‡Z ïi“ n‡q GLbI Pj‡Q eySv‡j Present Perfect Tense nq| †hgb- I have been in this school for two years. He has been ill since Monday last.cÖf„wZ| AZx‡Z †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq n‡Z eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— Pjgvb eySv‡Z since Ges ïay mg‡qi e¨wß eySv‡Z for e¨envi Kiv nq| ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kvh© AZx‡Z kyi“ n‡q eZ©gv‡b Kv‡jI Pj‡Q Gi~c eySv‡j Present Perfect Continuous Tense nq| ‡hgb- I have been reading in this school for four years. evsjviƒc: (c~e©eZx© †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq n‡Z ev KZK mgq hver) Kwi‡Z‡Q, Kwi‡ZwQ, Kwi‡ZwQm, Kwi‡Z‡Qb, Kwi‡ZQ A_v©r evsjv wµqvi ‡k‡l BqvQ, BqvwQ, BqvwQm, Bqv‡Q, Bqv‡Qb cÖfw„ Z wµqv wefw³ _v‡K| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i have been ev has been e‡m (Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î has been Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î have been e‡m) Ges Zvici Verb Gi m‡½ ing hy³ nq| †hgb- We have been working since this morning. He has been reading for two hours. cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + have been has been + ing hy³ Verb + Extension Uses: i. ‡Kvb KvR AZx‡Zi †Kvb mg‡q Avi¤¢ n‡q GLbI Pj‡Q eySv‡Z Present Perfect Continuous Tense e¨eüZ nq; †hgb- It has been raining for two hours. I have been living here since 1998. She has been suffering from fever since Monday last.cÖf„wZ| AZx‡Zi †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq n‡Z Pjgvb eySv‡Z since Ges kyay mg‡qi e¨wß eySv‡Z for e¨eüZ nq| ‡Kvb Verb Gi KvR AZxZ Kv‡j wb¯úbœ n‡qwQj, Giƒc eySv‡Z Verb Gi Past Tense nq| †hgb- I caught the bird. I saw a man. He knew it.cÖf„wZ| Past Tense Pvi cÖKvi; h_v- a. Past Indefinite Tense (mvavib AZxZ Kvj), b. Past Continuous Tense (NUgvb AZxZ Kvj), c. Past Perfect Tense (cyivNwUZ AZxZ Kvj), d. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (cyivNUgvb AZxZ Kvj)| ‡Kvb Verb Gi KvR AZxZ Kv‡j wb¯úbœ n‡qwQj Ges Zvi dj GLb Avi eZ©gvb ‡bB, Gi~c eySv‡Z Verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq; ‡hgb- He died yesterday. I drew a picture. You caught a bird.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: KwiqvwQjvg, KwiqvwQ‡j, KwiqvwQwj, KwiqvwQj, KwiqvwQjvg, Kwijvg, Kwi‡j, Kwiwj, Kwij, Kwi‡jb, KwiZvg, Kwi‡Z, KwiwZ, KwiZ, Kwi‡Zb (wbqwgZ KvR ev Af¨vm eySv‡Z)| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Verb Gi Past form e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- I went to college. He came here. cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + Verb Gi Past form + Extension Uses: i. AZxZ Kv‡ji GKwU gvÎ KvR eySv‡Z Past Indefinite Tense nq; †hgb-The boy fell from a tree. He took a book.cÖf„wZ| ii. AZxZ Kv‡ji †Kvb wbqwgZ KvR eySv‡Z Verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq; †hgb- He worked hard when he was a student. I walked in the morning.cÖf„wZ| wKš—y AZxZ Kv‡ji AwbqwgZ Kv‡Ri Af¨vm eySv‡Z Verb Gi c~‡e© would ev used to e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- He would (used to) walk for an hour every morning. Z‡e GKB mv‡_ ev‡K¨ `ywU Verb KLbI Past Tense n‡e bv| †hgb- Inc. Did I went there? Cor. Did I go there? iii. Since hLb Conjunction iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, ZLb c~ee© Zx© Clause G Verb Gi Present Indefinite ev Present Perfect Tense nq Ges cieZ©x Clause G Verb Gi me©`v Past Indefinite Tense nq; †hgbIt is long time since I received your letter. Five years have passed since his father died. cÖf„wZ|

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iv. Past Continuous Tense Gi cwie‡Z© KLbI KLbI Verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq; †hgbWhile they sang (=were singing), we danced (were dancing). While we worked (were working), they played (=were playing). Nero fiddled (=was fiddling) while Rome burnt (=was burning).cÖf„wZ| v. bgªZv, f`ªZv, Am¤§wZ ev Aby‡gv`b cÖKvk Ki‡Z Present I Future Tense G Verb Gi Past Indefinite Tense nq; †hgb- Would you grant me a loan of Tk.600.00? Could you tell me the time please? Could you go there once to help him? Was this the sort of thing you wanted? cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kvh© AZx‡Z wKQy mgq a‡i PjwQj Giƒc eySv‡j Verb Gi Past Continuous Tense nq; †hgb- She was singing a song. We were working since monrning. cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Kwi‡ZwQjvg, Kwi‡ZwQ‡j, Kwi‡ZwQwj, Kwi‡ZwQj, Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb A_v©r evsjv wµqvi †k‡l B‡ZwQjvg, B‡ZwQ‡j, BwZwQwj, B‡ZwQj, B‡ZwQ‡jb cÖf„wZ wµqv wefw³ hy³ nq| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i was ev were e‡m (First I Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î was Ges Ab¨vb¨ †¶‡Î were e‡m) Ges Zvici cÖavbVerb Gi †k‡l ing hy³ nq| †hgb- I was going to Dhaka. You were going to Dhaka. cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + was ev were e‡m + ing hy³ Verb + Extension Uses: i. AZxZ Kv‡ji †Kvb KvR wKQy mgq a‡i PjwQj eySv‡j; †hgb-They were playing in the field. I was writing an essay.cÖf„wZ| ii. ‡Kvb AZxZ KvR evi evi NUvi d‡j e³vi weiw³i fve cÖKvk †c‡j Gi mv‡_; †hgb-The boy was always asking me for this and that.cÖf„wZ| iii. m`„k, Ae¨vnZ I AweiZ KvR eySv‡j today, last night, in the morning, yesterday, last week cÖf„wZ mgq evPK expression Gi mv‡_; †hgb- It was raining last night. Yesterday I was shopping and driving the car.cÖf„wZ| iv. AZxZ Kv‡j GKwU KvR PjvKv‡j Av‡iKwU KvR msMwVZ n‡j, †h KvRwU PjwQj †mwU eySv‡Z; †hgb- A naughty boy threw stones at me while I was crossing the road. The sun was just setting as we reached home.cÖf„wZ| v. AZx‡Z GKwU `xN© KvR wKQy mgq hver PjwQj eySv‡Z; †hgb- Kamal was learning Arabic last year. vi. AZxZ Kv‡j `ywU KvR GK‡Î PjwQj eySv‡j; †hgb-Ahmed was reading the Quran while I was saying my prayers. While they were playing we were working in the field. Hena was cleaning the window and Rehana was sweeping the floor.cÖf„wZ| AZxZ Kv‡j msNwVZ `yBwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ A‡c¶vK…Z c~‡e© msNwUZ Kvh©wUi Past Perfect Tense nq Ges c‡i msNwUZ Kvh©wUi Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb-We had reached home before it began raining. evsjviƒc: (‡Kvb wbw`©ó AZxZ NUbvi c~‡e©) KwiqvwQjvg, KwiqvwQ‡j, KwiqvwQwj, KwiqvwQj, KwiqvwQ‡jb BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi c‡i had Ges Zvici Verb Gi Past Perticiple e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-He reached the station after the train had left. She had reached the station before the train left.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + had + Verb Gi Past Perticiple + Extension Uses: i. Before Gi c~‡e© Ges after Gi c‡i Past Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq; †hgb-The patient had died before the doctor came. It rained after we had reached the station.cÖf„wZ| ii. That Øviv `yBwU AZxZ Kvh© hy³ n‡j cieZx©wUi Verb Gi Past Perfect Tense nq; †hgb-He said that he had informed his brother. I told him that you had gone to market. cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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iii. No sooner ...than, Scarcely...when, Hardly...when (or, before) Øviv `yBwU Clause hy³ n‡j c~e©eZx© Clause G Verb Gi Past Perfect Tense nq Ges Subject Gi c~‡e© had e‡m; †hgb- No sooner had the teacher entered the class than the students stood up. Scarcely had the Headmaster come when the students entered their respective classes. Hardly had the bell rung when (or, before) the boys left the class-room.cÖf„wZ| iv. ejvi Av‡M AZx†Zi †Kvb GK mg‡q †Kvb KvR †mB mgq ch©š— PjwQj ev Zvi wVK Av‡M †kl n‡qwQj GgbwU eySv‡Z for, since cÖf„wZ e‡m Ges Verb Gi Past Perfect Tense nq; †hgb-He had been in this school for two years. The man had been in the army since he was twenty.cÖf„wZ| wbw`©ó K‡i eySv‡Z since Ges ïay mg‡qi e¨vwß eySv‡Z for e¨eüZ nq| v. AZx‡Z `yBwU KvR GK mv‡_ n‡qwQj Giƒc eySv‡j Gi c†i Verb Gi Past Perfect Tense nq; †hgbWhen Sabrina had sung a song, the audience listened to her spell bound.cÖf„wZ| vi. AZx‡Z `yBwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU KvR Ab¨ GKwU Kv‡Ri Aí mgq c~‡e© †kl n‡q _vK‡j Just Gi m‡½ Past Perfect Tense e¨eüZ nq Ges Sentence wU mvavibZ when Øviv kyiy nq| †hgb-When I came in he had just finished his homework. AZx‡Z msNwUZ `ywU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ A‡c¶vK…Z c~‡e© msNwUZ Kvh©wU wKQy mgq a‡i Pj‡ZwQj eySv‡j Verb Gi Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq| †hgb- He had been teaching for two years when (or, before) he was appointed Headmaster. evsjviƒc: (†Kvb wbw`©ó AZxZ NUbvi c~‡e©) Kwi‡ZwQjvg, Kwi‡ZwQ‡j, Kwi‡ZwQwj, Kwi‡ZwQj, Kwi‡ZwQ‡jb BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi c‡i had been e‡m Ges Zvic‡i Verb Gi m‡½ ing hy³ nq| †hgb-We had been working for two hours before he came. Structure: Subject + had been + ing hy³ Verb + Extension Uses: i. AZx‡Z msNwUZ `ywU Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ A‡c¶vK…Z c~‡e© msNwUZ Kvh©wU wKQy mgq a‡i Pj‡Q Giƒc eySv‡j Verb Gi Past Perfect Continuous Tense nq Ges A‡c¶vK…Z c‡i msNwUZ Kvh©wU Past Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- I had been doing the work before (or, when) they reached the station. ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kvh© fwel¨r Kv‡j msNwUZ n‡e eySv‡j Zvi Future Indefinite nq; †hgb-I shall go home. He will buy a pen.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Kwie, Kwiwe, Kwi‡e, Kwi‡eb, A_v©r evsjv wµqvi †k‡l Be, Bwe, B‡e, B‡eb BZ¨vw` wµqv wefw³ _v‡K| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Person Abyhvqx Shall ev Will e‡m (First Person Gi †¶‡Î shall Ges Second I Third Person †¶‡Î will e‡m) Ges Zvici g~j Verb Gi Present form e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- I shall go. They will go.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject + Shall ev Will + Extension Uses:i. mvavibfv‡e fwel¨‡Zi GKwU gvÎ KvR eySv‡Z e¨eüZ Future Indefinite nq| †hgb-It will rain. They will do the work.cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kvh© fwelr Kv‡j wKQy Kvj a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e eySv‡j, Zvi Future Continuous Tense nq| †hgb-Birds will be singing in the morning. I shall be learning my lession at night.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Kwi‡Z _vwKe, Ki‡Z _vwKwe, Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e, Kwi‡Z _vwK‡eb BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Person Abyhvqx Shall be ev Will be e‡m (First Person Gi †¶‡Î shall be Ges Second I Third Person †¶‡Î will be e‡m) Ges Zvic‡i Verb Gi ‡k‡l ing hy³ nq| ‡hgb- He will not be working. I shall be working.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject +Shall be ev Will be + ing hy³ Verb + Extension

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Uses:i. ¯^vfvweKfv‡e †Kvb NUgvb fwel¨Z KvR eySv‡Z e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-I shall be doing it tomorrow. He will be doing it.cÖf„wZ| Present Continuous Tense ØvivI KLbI KLbI fwel¨Z KvR eySvq| †hgb- I am doing it tomorrow. Z‡e Present Continuous Tense Øviv wbKU fwel¨Z KvR eySvq| Giƒc †¶‡Î mg‡qi D‡j−L _vKv Avek¨K| wKš—y Future Continuous Tense Gi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó mg‡qi D‡j−L _vK‡Z cv‡i, bvI cv‡i| †hgb- Present Continuous Tense-We are meeting him tomorrow. Future Continuous Tense- We will meet him tomorrow.cÖf„wZ| fwel¨Z †Kvb Kvh© m¤úbœ n‡q _vK‡e Giƒc Abygvb Kiv n‡j A_ev `ywU fwel¨Z Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ †h Kvh©wU A‡c¶vK…Z c~‡e© m¤úbœ n‡e Zvi Verb Gi Future Perfect Tense nq| †hgb-He will have done this work by this time. I shall have finished the work before the clock strickes five.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Kwiqv _vwKe, Kwiqv _vwKwe, Kwiqv _vwK‡e, Kwiqv _vwK‡eb BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Person Abyhvqx Shall have ev Will have e‡m (First Person Gi †¶‡Î shall have Ges Second I Third Person †¶‡Î will have e‡m) Ges Zvic‡i Verb Gi e¨eüZ Past Participle nq| †hgb- We shall have reached home by now. They will have reached the station by 2 pm.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject +Shall have ev Will have + Verb Gi Past Participle + Extension Uses:i. Before Øviv `ywU fwel¨Z Kvh© hy³ n‡j, c~ee© Zx© Clause G Verb Gi Future Perfect Tense nq Ges cieZx© Clause G Verb Gi Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgb- I shall have prepared the report before he arrives. He will have reached school before the bell rings.cÖf„wZ| ii. fwel¨‡Z †Kvb Kvh© m¤úbœ n‡q _vK‡e Giƒc Abygvb Kiv n‡j Verb Gi Future Perfect Tense nq| ‡hgb- He will have reached home by now. You will have heard the name of Hazi Mohsin. I shall have done this work by this time tomorrow.cÖf„wZ| fwel¨‡Z †Kvb GKwU KvR Aci GKwU fwel¨r KvR ïi“ nIqvi c~‡e© ch©š— wKQy Kvj a‡i Pj‡Z _vK‡e Giƒc eySv‡j c~e©eZx© Clause Gi Verb Gi Future Perfect Continuouse Tense nq Ges cieZx© Clause Gi Verb Gi Future Indefinite Tense nq Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î Present Indefinite Tense nq| †hgbWe shall have been working for some hours before he arrives. He will have been doing the work before they come.cÖf„wZ| evsjviƒc: Kwi‡Z _vwKe, Kwi‡Z _vwKwe, Kwi‡Z _vwK‡e, Kwi‡Z _vwK‡eb BZ¨vw`| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Person Abyhvqx Shall have been ev Will have been e‡m (First Person Gi †¶‡Î shall have been Ges Second I Third Person †¶‡Î will have been e‡m) Ges Zvic‡i Verb Gi mv‡_ ing hy³ nq| †hgb- The boy will have been reading for several hours before he will sit for the examination.cÖf„wZ| Structure: Subject +Shall have been ev Will have been + ing hy³ Verb + Extension Voice, Mood, Tense, Number I Person †f‡` Verb Gi iƒ‡ci †h cwieZ©b nq, Zv †`Lvevi ixwZ‡K Conjugation (avZyi“c ev wµqviƒc) ejv nq| wb‡b¥ Verb ‘to do’Gi Conjugation Gi ZvwjKv †`Iqv n‡jvTense Indefinite Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Persent I do. I am doing. I have done. I have been doing. We do. We are doing. We have done. We have been doing. You do. You are doing. You have done. You have been doing. He does. He is doing. He has done. He has been doing. She does. She is doing. She has done. She has been doing. They do. They are doing. They have done. They have been doing.

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Voice (evP¨) Verb Gi †h form ev AvKvi Subject mwµq wKsev A‡b¨i Øviv K…ZKg© Zvi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv nq Zv eySvq, Zv‡K Voice (evP¨) e‡j| Intransitive Verb Gi Passive Voice nq bv| Transitive Verb Gi Voice `yB cÖKvi; h_v- i.Active Voice(KZ…©evP¨) Ges ii. Passive Voice (Kg©evP¨)| ‡Kvb Sentence Gi Subject hLb wb‡R mw¯Œq (Active) n‡q Kg© m¤úv`b K‡i, ZLb Zvi Active Voice nq; †hgb- I read a book. You see a bird. He killed a tiger. cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb Sentence Gi Subject hLb wbw¯Œq (Passive) †_‡K A‡b¨i Øviv K…ZKg© Zvi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv nq, ZLb Zvi Gi Passive Voice nq; ‡hgb- A book is read by me. A bird is seen by you. A tiger was killed by him. cÖf„wZ| Active Voice ‡K Passive Voice G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z mvavib wbqgvejxa. Active Voice Gi Verb Gi Object wU Passive Voice Gi Subject Gi nq| b. Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq Ges Zvi c~‡e© Subject Gi Number Person I Tense Abymv‡i Verb ‘to be’Gi iƒc emv‡Z nq| c. Active Voice Gi Subject wU Passive Voice G Object nq I Zvi c~‡e© ‘by’ e‡m, KLbI KLbI ‘to’ A_ev ‘with’ Preposition e‡m| i. Present Indefinite Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nq| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i am, is ev are e‡m Ges Zvici Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + am, is ev are + Verb Gi Past Participle Active: Kazal draws a picture. Passive: A picture is drawn by Kazal. Active: I know him. Passive: He is known to me. (mvavibZ known Gi ci to e‡m) Active: I give them some water. Passive: They are given some water by me. ii. Present Continuous Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nB‡Z‡Q| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i am being, is being ev are being e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + am being, is being ev are being + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Active: He is reading a book. Passive: A book is being read by him. Active: I am drawing a picture. Passive: A picture is being drawn by me. Active: Rani is making tea. Passive: Tea is being made by Rani. iii. Present Continuous Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nBqv‡Q| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i have been ev has been e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + have been ev has been + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Active: They have seen the book. Passive: The book has been seen by them. Active: You have eaten rice. Passive: Rice has been eaten by you. Active: Kazal has bought a car. Passive: A car has been bought by Kazal. iv. Past Indefinite Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nBqv‡Q|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i was ev were e‡m Ges Zvici Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + was ev were + Verb Gi Past Participle Active: I drank water. Passive: Water was drunk by me. Active: He did sums. Passive: Sums were done by him. Active: The teacher scolded the boy. Passive: The boy was scolded by the teacher. v. Past Continuous Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nB‡ZwQj | MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i was being ev were being e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + was being ev were being + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Active: She was cooking rice. Passive: Rice was being cooked by her. Active: Mother was feeding us. Passive: We were being fed by my mother. Active: He was blowing a pipe. Passive: A pipe was being blown by him. v. Past Perfect Tense evsjviƒc: (‡Kvb AZxZ NUbvi c~‡e©) Kiv nBqvwQj | MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci had been e‡m Ges Zvici Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + had been + Verb Gi Past Participle Active: He had taken tea. Passive: Tea had been taken by him. Active: I had sold the watch. Passive: The watch had been sold by me. Active: He had done it before I came. Passive: It had been done by him before I came. vii. Future Indefinite Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nB‡e | MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i Shall be ev Will be e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + Shall be ev Will be + Verb Gi Past Participle Active: I shall help him. Passive: He will be helped by me. Active: He will drive the car. Passive: The car will be driven by him. Active: You will teach her. Passive: She will be taught by you. viii. Future Continuous Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nB‡Z _vwK‡e| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i Shall be being ev Will be being e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Structure: Subject + Shall be being ev Will be being + Principal Verb Gi Past Participle Active: I shall be reading the book. Passive: The book will be being read by me. Active: He will be doing sums. Passive: Sums will be being done by him. Active: Lila will be making tea. Passive: Tea will be being made by Lila. ix. Future Perfect Tense evsjviƒc: Kiv nBqv _vwK‡e| MVb cÖYvjx: Subject Gi ci Person Abymv‡i Shall have been ev Will have been e‡m Ges Zvici Principal Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq | Structure: Subject + Shall have been ev Will have been + g~j Verb Gi Past Participle Active: You will have learnt it. Passive: It will have been learnt by you. Active: He will have done the work. Passive: The work will have been done by him. Active: I shall have read it by 2pm. Passive: It will have been read by me by 2pm.

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Active: They will have seen it by now. Passive: It will have been seen to them by now. x. Active Voice-Gi Sentence Gi cÖavb Verb Gi c~‡e© can, could, may, might, should, would cÖf„wZ _vK‡j Passive Voice G cÖavb Verb Gi Past Participle Gi c~‡e© can be, could be, may be, might be, should be, would be cÖf„wZ e‡m| Active: He can help. Passive: You can be helped by him. Active: You can do it. Passive: It could be done by you. Active: I may sell the pen. Passive: The pen may be sold by me. Active: We should respect our elder. Passive: Our elder should be respected by us. Active: I would take exercise in my youth. Passive: Exercise would be taken by me in youth. xi.hLb Active Voice Gi Verb Gi `ywU Object _v‡K, ZLb Passive Voice Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU Object †K Subject G cwibZ Ki‡Z nq Ges Aci Object wU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| GB AcwiewZ©Z Object wU‡K Retained Object (A¶zbœ Kg©) e‡j| Active: He gave me a watch. Passive: I was given a watch by him. A watch was given to me by him. Active: Mr. Alam teaches us English. Passive: We are taught English by Mr. Alam. English is taught us by Mr.Alam. xii. Complex Sentence Gi Voice cwiewZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Principal I Subordinate Clause Df‡qiB cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| Principal Clause Gi Object bv _vK‡j Subordinate Clause Gi cwiewZ©Z Ask cÖ_‡g e‡m| Principal I Subordinate Clause Df‡qi Object bv _vK‡j Subordinate Clause AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq cÖ_‡g e‡m| Subordinate Clause hw` wPiš—b mZ¨ (Universal truth) nq Z‡e Zv AcwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g e‡m| Active: He told me that he would buy a book. Passive: I was told by him that a book would be bought by him. Active: I know that he did the work. Passive: That the work was done by him is known to me. Active: You know that the work is hard. Passive: That the work is hard is known to you. Active: The teacher said that the earth is round. Passive: That the earth is round was told by the teacher. Rule-a. Interrogative Sentence Gi Voice Change Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g Sentence wU‡K Assertive Sentence G iƒcvš—i K‡i Zvici GwU‡K Passive Ki‡Z nq| Passive Voice Kivi ci cybivq Interrogative Sentence G iƒcvš—wiZ Ki‡Z nq| Active: Is he writing a letter? ⇒He is writing a letter.⇒A letter is being written by him. Passive: Is a letter being written by him? Active: Do you know this? Passive: Is this known to you? Rule-b. Interrogative Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z hw` What, Why, When, How BZ¨vw` cÖk‡œ evaK kã _v‡K Z‡e Passive Voice G¸‡jv mivmwi Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g e‡m| Active: What do you want? Passive: What is wanted by you? Active: Why did he beat the boy? Passive: Why was the boy beaten by him? Active: When you will write the letter? Passive: When will the letter be written by you? Active: How did you do it? Passive: How was it done by you? Rule-c. Interrogative Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z ‘Who’ _vK‡j Passive Voice G By whom Ges ‘Whom’ _vK‡j Who n‡e Ges Sentence Gi cÖ_‡g e¨eüZ n‡e| Active: Who opened the door? Passive: By whom was the door opened?

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Active: Whom do you want? Passive: Who is wanted by you? Active: Who gave you this pen? Passive: By whom were you given this pen? xiv. Imperative Sentence ‡K Passive Voice Ki‡Z n‡jA. Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z Let e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Ges Negative Sentence n‡j Øviv Let not ïi“ Ki‡Z nq| B. Active Voice Gi Verb Gi Object †K Let Gi Object iƒ‡c e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| C. Zvici g~j Verb Gi Past Participle Gi c~‡e© be e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Active: Do the sum. Passive: Let the sum be done. Active: Take care of your health. Passive: Let your health be taken care of. Active: Do not laugh at poor. Passive: Let not the poor be laughed at. Z‡e Sentence G Let _vK‡j bZzb K‡i ‘Let’ e¨env‡ii †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Active: Let me write a letter. Passive: Let a letter be written by me. Active: Let him read the book. Passive: Let the book be read by him. xv. Present Participle hy³ Sentence (g~j Verb Gi cieZx© Verb Gi mv‡_ ‘ing’ _vK‡j)-‡K Voice Change Kivi mgq Present Participle Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, g~j Verb Gi ci †h Object _v‡K Passive Voice G ZvB Subject nq Ges Active Voice Gi Subject wU by †hv‡M Object n‡q me© †k‡l P‡j hvq| Active: I saw him going there. Passive: He was seen going there by me. Active: I saw him carrying a stick. Passive: He was seen carrying a stick by me. xvi. ‡hme Verb ¸‡jv iƒ‡c Active wKš—y A‡_© Passive Zv‡`i‡K Quasi-Passive Verb e‡j| Giƒc Sentence Gi †kl kãwU Adjective A_ev ‘ing’ hy³ Verb n‡Z cv‡i| hw` Sentence Gi ‡kl kãwU Adjective nq, Z‡e †mB Sentence ‡K Passive Ki‡Z n‡jA. Active I Passive Voice Gi Subject GKB _v‡K| B. Subject Gi ci Zvi Number I Person Abymv‡i is ev are e‡m Ges Gici Adjective wU e‡m| C. Adjective Gici H Sentence Gi Subject Gi Number I Person Abymv‡i ‘When it is’ A_ev ‘When they are’ e‡m (Subject wU Third Person Singular Number n‡j ‘when it is’ Ges Third Person Plural Number n‡j ‘when they are’ e‡m) Ges Gici g~j Verb Gi Past Participle e¨eüZ nq| Active: Honey tastes sweet. Passive: Honey is sweet when it is tasted. Active: The bed feels soft. Passive: The bed is soft when it is felt. Active: The books read well. Passive: The books are well when they are read. Active: Roses smell sweet. Passive: Roses are sweet when they are smelt. Avevi, hw` Sentence Gi †kl kãwU ‘ing’ hy³ Verb nq, Z‡e †mB Sentence †K Passive Ki‡Z n‡jA. Active I Passive Voice Gi Subject wU GKB _v‡K| B. Subject Gici Zvi Number, Person I Tense Abymv‡i Verb ‘to be’ e‡m Ges Zvici being e‡m| C. Being Gici g~j Verb Gi Past Participle e‡m| Active: The house is building. Passive: The house is being built. Active: The book was printing. Passive: The book was being printed. Active: The cows are milking. Passive: The cows are being milked. Active: The drums were beating. Passive: The drums were being beaten. xvii. ‡Kvb Sentence Gi Object hw` Reflexive Pronoun (A_©vr myself, ourselves, himself cÖf„wZ) nq Active †_‡K Passive Kivi mgq Subject I Object Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv| Active: He killed himself. Passive: He was killed by himself. Active: The ladies fan themselves. Passive: The ladies are fanned by themselves. Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Active: You hurt yourself. Passive: You were hurt by yourself. xviii. Intransitive Verb Gi Passive Voice nq bv;wKš—y Intransitive Verb hLb Cognate Object Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q Transitive Verb nq, ZLb Zvi Passive Voice nq Ges Zv mvavib wbq‡gB n‡q _v‡K| Active: They ran a race. Passive: A race was run by them. Active: She is walking the child. Passive: The child is being walked by her. Active: He laughed at me. Passive: I was laughed at by him. Active: A car ran over an old man. Passive: An old man was run over by a car. xix. ‡Kvb Sentence G hw` Verb ‘to have’ Principal Verb wnmv‡e e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e Active Voice Gi Subject wU Passive Voice G with Gi Object nq| Active: I had a cow. Passive: A cow was had with me. Active: He has a book. Passive: A book is had with him. Active: You have the pen. Passive: The pen is had with you. ZvQvov, †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi Dci mš—ywó, ivM ev N„Yv eySv‡Z with e¨eüZ nq| Active: He pleased us. Passive: We were pleased with him. wKš—y, e¨w³i Dci mš—ywó bv eywS‡q hw` Zvi †Kvb AvPi‡bi Dci mš—ywó eySvq, Z‡e at e¨eüZ nq| Active: His conduct pleased us. Passive: We were pleased at his conduct. Passive ‡K Active Kivi wbqgi. Active Voice ‡K Passive G cwibZ Ki‡Z †h AwZwi³ kã Avbv nq Ges KZ©v I K‡g©i cwieZ©b nq, wVK †mB AwZwi³ kã †K ev` w`‡j Ges KZ©v I Kg© †K h_v¯’v‡b emv‡jB Passive Voice wU Active G wd‡i Avm‡e| ii. KZ¸‡jv Sentence me mgq Passive AvKv‡i _v‡K; G‡`i †Kvb Object _v‡K bv| G RvZxq Sentence †K Active Kivi mgq myweavgZ Object a‡i Subject K‡i wb‡Z nq| Passive: Rome was not built in a day. Active: The Romans did not build Rome in a day. Passive: My pocket has been picked. Active: Some one has picked my pocket. Passive: He has been punished enough. Active: We have punished him enough. Passive: He was needed for work. Active: They needed him for work. AwaKvsk mgq Active Voice e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K, wKš—y wbb¥wjwLZ ¯’‡j Passive Voice e¨envi KivB fvj| ‡hgbi. ‡Kvb Kv‡h©i †kl ev djvdj eySv‡Z; The game was drawn. ii. wµqv m¤úv`bKvixi D‡j−‡Li cÖ‡qvRb bv n‡j; Tea is grown in Sylhet. The School was founded in 1962. iii. wµqv m¤úv`bKvix AÁvZ ev ¸i“Z¡nxb n‡j, wKsev wµqv m¤úv`bKvixi †P‡q †fv³‡fvMx (Sufferer) †ekx ¸i“Z¡c~b© n‡j; All is lost. The city is well provided with colleges. He was robbed on the way. The old man was run over by a car. iv. cÖm½ n‡Z wµqv m¤úv`bKvix‡K my¯úó I Aåvš—fv‡e eyS‡Z cvi‡j; He was dismissed from the post. The thief was sent to jail. The boy was educated in England. v. wbgš¿b, Aby‡iva, †NvlYv BZ¨vw` eySv‡Z; You are requested to attend in the meeting. Passengers are requested not to smoke in the bus. vi. Af¨vmMZ Kvh© (habitual action) eySv‡j; Vegetables should be eaten in plenty. Tigers are found in the Sunderbans. vii. Passive Voice Gi Sentence G `yBwU Finite Verb _vK‡j Ges Zv‡`i Person wewfbœ n‡j Dfq Verb Gi c~‡e©B Person Abyhvqx Auxilary Verb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Inc. Four men were wounded and one killed. Cor. Four men were wounded and one was killed. Z‡e D‡j−L¨ ‡h, Intransitive Verb Gi KLbB Pssive Voice nq bv| Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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Adverb (fve-we‡klb) ‡h word Øviv Noun Ges Pronoun e¨wZZ Ab¨vb¨ Parts of Speech Gi we‡klZ¡ cÖKvwkZ nq, Zv‡K Adverb e‡j| †hgb- Quickly, just, slowly, not, very, fast, well cÖf„wZ| An Adverb is a modifying word. Adverb cÖavbZ wZb cÖKvi; h_v-1.Simple Adverb, 2.Interogative Adverb, 3.Relative or Conjunctive Adverb. ‡h Adverb ïay †Kvb word ev Sentence †K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Simple ev Independent Adverb e‡j| †hgb- The boy plays well. Unfortunately he failed in his attempt.cÖf„wZ| A_© Abymv‡i Simple Adverb †K wbb¥ wjwLZ K‡qK cÖKv‡i fvM Kiv nqAdverb of Time: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb Gi Kvj wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Time e‡j| †hgb- Now, then, early, always, before, daily, ever, never, soon, ago, whole, already, immediately, today, yesterday, since, lately cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Place:‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb Gi ¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Place e‡j| †hgb- There, here, hither, thither, near, above, after, blow, thence, inside, far, in, within, out, up, away cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Manner and Quality: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb wKiƒ†c wb¯úbœ Zv wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Manner and Quality e‡j| †hgb- Well, badly, ill, aloud, thus, wisely, quickly, so, fast, highly, hardly, gently, swiftly cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Frequency ev Adverb of Number: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Verb KZevi m¤úbœ nq Zv eySvq, Adverb of Frequency ev Adverb of Number Zv‡`i‡K e‡j| †hgb- Once, again, ever, always, often, never, usually, generally, rarely, sometimes, occasionally cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Degree: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQyi cwigvb I ZviZg¨ wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Degree e‡j| †hgb- Almost, quite, very, too, enough, rather, much, little, hardly, partly, no, half cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Order: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQy ‡Kvb chv©‡q N‡U Zv wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Order e‡j| †hgb- Firstly, secondly, thirdly, fourthly cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Affirmation and Negation ev Adveb of Assertion: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv ‡Kvb wKQy m¤^‡Ü nvu-m~PK, bv-m~PK ev wbðqZvm~PK gš—e¨ cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Affirmation and Negation ev Adveb of Assertion e‡j| †hgb- Yes, no, surely, certainly, indeed, perhaps, really, probably, truly, possibly cÖf„wZ| Sentence Adverb: ‡h Adverb ‡Kvb Sentence ‡K modify K‡i, Zv‡K Sentence Adverb e‡j| †hgb- Fortunately, surely, unfortunately, perhaps, yes, no, indeed, yet, besides, therefore cÖf„wZ| wKš—y, wKQy wKQy Adverb KLbI KLbI †Kvb cÖ‡kœi Dˇi A‡bK mgq Sentence Gi cwie‡Z© e¨eüZ nq,ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Substitute of Sentence ev Substitute Adverb e‡j| †hgb- Yes, no cÖf„wZ| Adverb of Cause and Effect: ‡h mg¯— Adverb †Kvb wKQyi Kvib I djvdj wb‡`©k K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Adverb of Cause and Effect e‡j| †hgb- Why, therefore, wherefore, hence, accordingly, consequently cÖf„wZ| Genetive Adverb: ‡h Adverb ¸‡jv Possessive Noun n‡Z MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Genetive Adverb e‡j| †hgb-Once (= of one time), twice(= of two times), thrice(= of three times), always(= of all ways) cÖf„wZ| G‡K Possessive Adverb I e†j|

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Introductory Adverb: ‡Kvb Sentence ïi“ Ki‡Z hLb here ev there e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Introductory Adverb e‡j| †hgb-Here is your book. There lived a wise man. cÖf„wZ| ‡h me Adverb cÖkœ wRÁvmv Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Interrogative Adverb e‡j| Interrogative Adverb Øviv time, place, cause, manner, number, quantity cÖf„wZ eySvq| †hgbWhen, where, why, how, how many, how much cÖf„wZ| Interrogative Adverb Øviv Sentence ïi“ n‡j Auxiliary Verb me©`v Subject Gi c~‡e© e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-When is he starting for Khulna? Where does he go everyday? Why did you go there? How have you done the work? cÖf„wZ| ‡h mKj Adverb †Kvb Noun Gi m‡½ m¤úK© †i‡L `yBwU Clause †K hy³ K‡i ZLb Zv‡`i‡K Relative Adverb e‡j| †hgb-This is the place where he was born. I do not know the time when he will return. cÖf„wZ| Relative Adverb ‡h Noun Gi m‡½ m¤úK© i¶v K‡i, Zv‡K Antecendent e‡j| †hgb-I do not know the reason why he failed. hLb Relative Adverb Gi Antecendent Dn¨ _v‡K ZLb Zv ïay Conjunction Gi b¨vq `yBwU Clause †K hy³ K‡i e‡j, Zv‡K Conjunctive Adverb e‡j| †hgb- This is the place where he lives. I do not know when he will come. I do not know why he failed.cÖf„wZ| Noun ev Adjective Gi c~‡e© Preposition hy³ n‡q KZ¸‡jv Adverb MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Prepositional Adverb e‡j| †hgb-Away (=on + way), asleep (=on + sleep), indeed (=in + deed), o’clock (=of + clock), afoot, anew, beside (=by + side), today, tomorrow cÖf„wZ| cwigvc (by how much) ev e¨wß (to what extant) eySv‡Z KLbI KLbI Relative Adverb of Quantity iƒ‡c The e¨eüZ nq| ZLb Zvic‡i Antecedent iƒ‡c The e¨eüZ nq Ges cieZ©x The †K Demostrative Adverb ejv nq| ‡hgb-The sooner, the better. The more you read, the more you learn. cÖf„wZ| Giƒc e¨eüZ The †K The Instrumental ‘The’ e‡j| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK kã GKwÎZ n‡q †h mKj MwVZ Adverb nq, Zv‡`i‡K Compound Adverb e‡j| †hgbOtherwise, beside, thereupon, meanwhile, midway, yesterday, now here, some how, upstairs, today, never the less cÖf„wZ| KZ¸‡jv Adjective A‡_© KLbI KLbI Adverb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Quasi-Adverb e‡j| †hgbHe loved all irrespective of caste and creed. You acted contrary to my advice. cÖf„wZ| GKBfv‡e, Previous, pursuant, preparatory, priliminary, regardless BZ¨vw` Quasi-Adverb|

Comparision of Adjective and Adverb (we‡klb I fve-we‡kl‡bi Zzjbv) wewfbœ e¨w³, cÖYx ev e¯—yi g‡a¨ Zyjbv eySv‡Z Adjective Gi †h wewfbœiƒc e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Comparision of Adjective e‡j| GwU Degree of Comparision bv‡gI cwiwPZ| Degree of Comparision wZb cÖKvi; h_v1.Positive Degree, 2.Comparative Degree, 3. Superlative Degree. Zzjbv bv eywS‡q †Kvb Adjective mvavibfv‡e ¸b ev †`vl cÖKvk Ki‡j Zvi Positive Degree nq| †hgbRani is beautiful. He is bad.cÖf„wZ| hLb ‡Kvb Adjective Øviv `yB‡qi g‡a¨ ¸b ev †`v‡li g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySvq, ZLb Zvi Positive Degree nq| †hgb-Rani is more beautiful than Ava. He is worse than you. cÖf„wZ| hLb †Kvb Adjective Øviv `yB‡qi AwaK A_©vr eûi g‡a¨ Zzjbv eySvq, ZLb Zvi Superlative Degree nq| †hgb-Rani is the most beautiful of all the girls. He is the worst boy in the class. cÖf„wZ|

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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wb‡b¥ KZ¸‡jv Adverb Gi Comparision †`qv n‡jvPositive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative Forth further furthest Out outer,utter outmost,outermost,uttermost In inner inmost,innermost Up upper upmost,uppermost wb‡b¥ KZ¸‡jv Adjective Gi Comparision †`qv n‡jvPositive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative Rich richer richest Poor poorer poorest Small smaller smallest Wise wiser wisest Wide wider widest Fine finer finest Big bigger biggest Hot hotter hottest Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative Fat fatter fattest Thick thicker thickest Broad broader broadest Dry drier driest Happy happier happiest Gay gayer gayest Beautiful more most Intelligent more most beautiful, beautiful, intelligent, intelligent, less least less least beautiful beautiful intelligent intelligent Difficult more most Ferocious more most difficult, less difficult, ferocious, ferocious, difficult least less least difficult ferocious ferocious Active more active, most active, Useful more useful, most useful, less active least active less useful least useful Careless more most Precious more most careless, less careless, precious, precious, careless least careless less precious least precious Far farther, fatherest, Fore former foremost, further furtherest first Near nearer nearest Noble nobler noblest Large larger largest Narrow narrower narrowest Late later, latter latest, last Deep deeper deepest Hind hinder hindmost Bad,ill,evil worse worest Old older, elder oldest,eldest Good, will better best Little less least Much, many more most Heavy heavier heaviest Great greater greatest j¶Yxqi. Comparative Degree Gi Adjective Gici than e‡m| †hgb-Karim is better than Alim. He is more intelligent than his brother. cÖf„wZ| ii. Superlative Degree Gi c~‡e© the Ges hv‡`i g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq, Zv‡`i c~‡e© of e‡m| †hgb-He is the best of all the boys. Monir is the wisest of all in this village. cÖf„wZ| iii. GKB †kªbxi GKwU cÖvYx ev e¯—yi mwnZ A‡b‡K cÖvYx ev e¯—yi Zyjbv eySv‡j Comparative Degree Gi Adjective Gi c‡i than Ges Zvic‡i any other ev all other e‡m| †hgb-The elephant is larger than any other animal (or, all other animals.).

Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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iv. GKB e¨w³ ev e¯—yi ¸‡bi Zyjbv eySv‡j A_©vr `ywU Adjective Gi ZviZg¨ eySv‡j cÖ_g Adjective wUi c~‡e© more e‡m Ges KLbI ‘er’ hy³ nq bv| ‡hgb-The boy is more strong than tall. v. Superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, prefer, preferable BZ¨vw`‡K Latin Comparatives e‡j| G‡`i c~‡e© more e‡m bv Ges than bv e‡m to e‡m| †hgb-He is senior to me in age by three years. Rice is preferable to bread. cÖf„wZ| Prefer Gi c‡i `yBwU Noun ev Gerund (verb + ing) e‡m Ges G‡`i g‡a¨ to e‡m| †hgb-I prefer milk to tea. He prefers writing to reading.cÖf„wZ| vi.KZ¸‡jv Adjective Gi †Kvb Comparison nq bv| ‡hgb-Annual, blind, circule, complete, dead, earthen, extreme, false, golden, monthly, perfect, right, round, superior, square, wrong, unique, weekly, several, fortnight, oblong, solar cÖf„wZ| vii. GK ev GKvwaK Syllable (word ‡h K‡qK ev‡i D”PvwiZ nq, Zvi cÖwZwU fvM‡K GK GK Syllable e‡j) wewkó Adjective Gi c‡i‘er’ †hvM K‡i Comparative Ges ‘est’ †hvM mvavibZ MVb Superlative form Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-He is taller than I. He is the tallest man in the village. cÖf„wZ| viii. `yB‡qi AwaK Syllable wewkó Adjective G mvavibZ more ev less ewm‡q Comparative Ges Zrc~‡e© most ev least ewm‡q Superlative form MVb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-Lila is more beautiful than Latifa. He is the most daring of my friends. cÖf„wZ| ix. Double Comparative ev Double Superlative Bs‡iwR‡Z e¨eüZ nq bv| †hgbInc. He is comparatively better today. Cor. He is comparatively well today. or, He is better today. Inc. Cobra is the most deadliest of all snakes. Cor. Cobra is the most deadly of all snakes. x. hLb `yB Gi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kiv nq ZLb Comparative nq Ges `yB‡qi Awa‡Ki g‡a¨ Zyjbv Kiv eySv‡j Superlative Degree e¨eüZ nq| †hgbInc. Rahim is the cleverest of the two boys. Cor. Rahim is the cleverer of the two boys. Inc. Of Rahim, Karim and Alim, latter came to me. Cor. Of Rahim, Karim and Alim, the last named came to me. cÖf„wZ| xi. Comparative Degree Gi Adjective Gi ci mvavibZ ‘than’ e‡m| wKš—y hLb `yB‡qi g‡a¨ †_‡K GKwU‡K †e‡Q †bqvi A_© cÖKvk cvq, ZLb Comparative Gi c~‡e© the I c‡i of e‡m| †hgb-Hamida is the taller of the two girls. Ali is the more intelligent of the two brothers. cÖf„wZ| xii. GKwU Sentence G `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Adjective e¨eüZ n‡j cÖ‡Z¨KwU Adjective Gi Degree of Comparison GKB nq| †hgbInc. Lila is better and beautiful than Gita. Cor. Lila is better and more beautiful than Gita. Inc. She is the best and clever of the three. Cor. She is the best and cleverest of the three. xiii. `yBwU mgvb mgvb e¨w³ ev e¯—yi g‡a¨ Zzjbvq Affirmative G as...as Ges Negative G as...as ev so...as Øviv cÖKvk Kiv nq| †hgb-An apple is usually as big as an orange. A grape is not so (or, as) big as a mango. cÖf„wZ| xiv. mgvbycvwZK n«vm ev e„w× cÖKvk Ki‡Z the + Comparative....... the + Comparative e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-The sooner, the better. The more you leisure he has, the happier he is. The more you read, the more you learn. cÖf„wZ| xv. ‡Kvb Verb Gi Kv‡h©i Comparison GKB wbq‡g Kiv nq| ‡hgb-Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a car. It is nicer to go with some one than to go alone. Than Gi ci hLb Infinitive e¨eüZ nq ZLb to Dn¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-It is sometimes quicker to walk than take a bus. It is nicer to go with someone than alone.cÖf„wZ| Monir Ahmed, Phone-01918-713432, e-mail: [email protected]

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xvi. Zyjbvi mgq `ywU Noun Gi cÖ_gwUi Possessive Case n‡j cieZ©xwUi Possessive Case n‡e| GKB Noun †K wØZxq evi bv †j‡L Zr¯’‡j that of ev these of e¨envi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgbInc. The climate of Dhaka is better than Rajshahi. Cor. The climate of Dhaka is better than that of Rajshahi. Inc. The streets of Chittagong are bigger than Sylhet. Cor. The streets of Chittagong are bigger than those of Sylhet. cÖf„wZ| xvii. Positive Degree Gi Adjective Gi c~‡e© Very Ges Comparative Degree Gi c~‡e© much e‡m| †hgb-Inc. I am much glad to hear this. Cor. I am very glad to hear this. Inc. He is very better today. Cor. He is much better today.cÖf„wZ| Z‡e Present Participle Gi c~‡e© Very Ges Past Participle Gi c~‡e© much e‡m| †hgbInc. It is much interesting. Cor. It is very interesting. Inc. He is very bewildered at this. Cor. He is much bewildered at this. cÖf„wZ| xviii. Unique, supreme, false, universal, complete cÖf„wZ Superlative Gi A_© cÖ`vb K‡i e‡j G‡`i c~‡e© most e‡m bv| †hgb-Inc. He gave me the most complete account. Cor. He gave me the complete account. xix. Comparative Degree Gi Adjective Qvov kyay else ev other Gi c‡i than e‡m; else Gi c‡i than I but DfqB em‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-He is none else but (or, other) my brother. He is none other than my brother. cÖf„wZ| Than Gi ci hw` ïay gvÎ GKwU word e¨eüZ nq, Z‡e Zv Nominative Case Gi n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-He is taller than I. You are not bigger than he. Double forms of Comparison i. Older, oldest-e¨w³ ev e¯—y Df‡qi †¶‡Î Giv e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-Karim is older than Rahim. He is the oldest boy in the class. Ours is the oldest house in this village. cÖf„wZ| ii. Elder, eldest-kyay e¨w³i †¶‡Î Giv e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-He is my elder brother. Do you know my eldest son? iii. Later, latter-Later Øviv mgq Ges latter Øviv µg (order) ev Ae¯’vb eySvq| †hgb-He often comes later than me. Spring comes in the latter part of the year. iv. Latest, last-Latest Øviv mgq Ges last Øviv µg ev Ae¯’vb eySvq| †hgb-Have you received the latest news? He came last of all. Do not sit in the last bench. v . Nearest, next-Nearest Øviv `~iZ¡ Ges next Øviv µg ev Ae¯’vb (position) eySvq| †hgb-This is the nearest post office from our school. The man who lives in the next house is honest. vi. First, foremost-First Øviv µg Ges foremost Øviv ¸i“Z¡cb~ © ev cÖwm× (notable) eySvq| ‡hgb-He is the first boy in the class. A.K. Fazlul Haq was the foremost leader of his time. vii. Farther, further-Farther AwaKZi `~iZ¡ Ges further AviI (additional) A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| ‡hgbKhulna is farther from Dhaka than Barisal. This order will remain valid until further notice. viii. Former, first-`yB‡qi g‡a¨ eySv‡j former Ges `yB‡qi AwaK eySv‡j first e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-Kamal and Salam are two brothers, the former is senior to the later by three years. ix. Outer, utter- Ae¯’vb eySv‡Z Outer Ges AvwaK¨(degree) eySv‡Z utter e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- He lives in the outer suburbs. She is utter stranger to me. x. Less, fewer-Less Øviv cwigvb Ges fewer Øviv msL¨v eySvq| †hgb-No less than one kilogram milk was in the pot. No fewer than ten men were present there. cÖf„wZ|

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Degree cwieZ©b Kivi wbqgSuperlative ‡_‡K Positive: Superlative ‡K Positive Kivi mgq cÖ_‡g No other w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici Adjective Gi †k‡li Ask em‡e| Verb Gi ci as em‡e Ges Gici Adjective †K Positive K‡i Zvici as emv‡Z nq| me ‡k‡l Superlative Degree Gi Subject e‡m| A_v©r-No other + Adjective Gi †k‡li Ask + Verb + Positive Degree + Subject ‡hgb- Sup. He is the best boy in the class. Pos. No other boy in the class is as good as he. Sup. Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh. Pos. No other city in Bangladesh is as big as Dhaka.Z‡e Sentence G hw` Superlative Degree Gi c~‡e© one of the _v‡K, Zvn‡j †mB Sentence †K Positive Ki‡Z n‡j No other Gi cwie‡Z© Very few e¨eüZ nq| †hgb-Sup. Ali is one of the tallest boys in the class. Pos. Very few boys in the class is as tall as Ali. Sup. Chittagong is one of the greatest seaports of Bangladesh. Pos. Very few seaports of Bangladesh are as big as Chittagong. Superlative ‡_‡K Comparative: Superlative ‡K Comparative Degree †Z cwieZ©b Kivi mgq ev‡K¨i Superlative Degree (the best, the biggest, the tallest, the most BZ¨vw`) DwV‡q w`‡Z Z`¯’‡j (better, bigger, taller, more BZ¨vw`) emv‡Z nq Ges Zvici than I any other/every other/all other emv‡Z nq (any other I every other Gi ci Singular Number Ges all other Gi ci Plural Number e‡m)| †hgbSup. Dhaka is the biggest city in Bangladesh. Com. Dhaka is bigger than any other city (or, every other city or, all other cities) in Bangladesh. Sup. He is the best boy in the class. Com. He is better than any other boy (or, every other boy or, all other boys) in the class. Comparative n‡Z Positive: Comparative ‡K Positive Kivi mgqa. Subject †K Object Ges Object †K Subject Ki‡Z nq| b. Verb hw` Affirmative nq Z‡e Zv‡K Negative Ges Negative nq Z‡e Affirmative G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| c. Zvici as + positive degree + as emv‡Z nq| d. Than D‡V hvq| †hgbCom. Dhaka is bigger than Chittagong. Pos. Chittagong is not as big as Dhaka. Com. He is taller than me. Pos. I am not as tall as he. Com. You are not more active than he. Pos. He is as active as you. Negative Sentence Gi †¶‡Î as...as Gi cwie‡Z© so...as I e¨eüZ nq| †hgb- Com. He is taller than I. Pos. I am not so tall as he.

Preposition (cØvš^qx Ae¨q) ‡h me word †Kvb Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Sentence Gi Aš—M©Z Ab¨vb¨ Noun ev Pronoun Gi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i, Zv‡`i‡K Preposition (Pre- c~‡e©, Position- Ae¯’vb) e‡j| A Preposition is a relating (connecting-expressing) word. ‡hgb- On, to, of, into, up, before, above cÖf„wZ| Preposition ‡K mvavibZ Qq †kªbx‡Z fvM Kiv nq; †hgb- 1.Simple Preposition, 2.Double Preposition, 3.Compound Preposition, 4.Participle Preposition, 5. Phrase Preposition, Ges 6.Disguised Preposition.

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‡h Preposition GKwU gvÎ word (kã) Øviv MwVZ nq, Zv‡K Simple Preposition e‡j| †hgb- At, by, for, from, in, of, on, to, up, through, after, with, under, off cÖf„wZ| hLb `yBwU Simple Preposition GKwÎZ n‡q ev hy³ n‡q GKwU Preposition Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡K Double Preposition e‡j| ‡hgb- A fox fell into (in+to) a well. I rely upon (up+on) you. cÖf„wZ| GKBfv‡e, out of, from behind, on to, within, from within cÖf„wZ Double Preposition | Simple Preposition Gi mv‡_ Noun, Adjective ev Adverb hy³ n‡q †h Preposition MwVZ nq, Zv‡K Compound Preposition e‡j| †hgb- Across (on+cross), along (on+along), aside (on+side), behind (by+hind), beside (by+side), amidst (on+middle), before (by+fore), between (by+twin), beyond (by+yond), about (on+by+out), above (on+by+up) cÖf„wZ| KZ¸‡jv Present I Past Participle Gi e¨envi Preposition Gi e¨envi Gi b¨vq n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡`i‡K Participle Preposition e‡j| †hgb-Considering, not-withstanding, concerning, regarding, owing, during, past granting, respecting, pending. cÖf„wZ| `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word GK‡Î e‡m hLb Preposition Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Phrase Preposition e‡j| †hgb-In lieu of, on account of, at the top of, in front of, for want of, for fear of, in accordance with, inspite of cÖf„wZ| ‡Kvb †Kvb Preposition KLbI KLbI Sentence Gi g‡a¨ msw¶ß ev AcÖKvk¨fv‡e e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Disguised Preposition e‡j| †hgb-We went a hunting (a=on). It is five O’clock (O=of). Rice sells ten grams a taka (a=per). He comes twice a day (a=in). cÖf„wZ| Relative Pronoun, Interrogative Pronoun, Interrogative Adverb Gi c~‡e© Preposition e‡m bv| G‡`i m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ Preposition G‡`i c~‡e© bv e‡m Sentence Gi †k‡l P‡j hvq; ZLb †mB Preposition †K Detached Preposition e‡j| †hgb-There is much in the world which man hankers after. What is Dhaka famous for? Where have you come from? cÖf„wZ| wKQz wKQz Conjunction KLbI KLbI Preposition Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, ZLb Zv‡K Special Preposition e‡j| ‡hgb-I cann’t accept less than fifty taka for this article. I speak of Shakespear, than whom there is none greater as a dramatist. None but the brave deserves the fair. All is lost but honour. cÖf„wZ|

Conjunction (ms‡hvRK Ae¨q) ‡h word `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK word ev Sentence †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction e‡j| Conjunction is a joining word. ‡hgb-And, or, but, while, also, too cÖf„wZ| Conjunction mvavibZ wZb cÖKvb;h_v-1.Co-ordinating or Co-ordinative Conjunction, 2.Sub-ordinating or Sub-ordinative, 3.Correlative Conjunction ‡h Conjunction `yBwU mgRvZxq word ev Sentence †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Co-ordinating ev Coordinative Conjunction e‡j| †hgb-And, but, or, as well as, nor, for cÖf„wZ| Avevi, Co-ordinating or Co-ordinative Conjunction Pvui cÖKvi;h_va. Cumulative or Copulative Conjunction: GwU mvavibfv‡e GKwU e³e¨‡K Aci GKwU e³‡e¨i mv‡a mshy³ K‡i; †hgb-He is guilty and he is punished. She as well as her sister is well.cÖf„wZ| GKBfv‡e too, also cÖf„wZ Cumulative or Copulative Conjunction | b. Adversative Conjunction: GwU ‰ecwiZ¨ ÁvcK e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i; †hgb-But, yet, still, only, while, whereas cÖf„wZ| c. Alternative Conjunction: GwU `yBwUi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K evQvB K‡i wb‡q e³‡e¨i g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab K‡i; †hgb-Or, nor, else, otherwise cÖf„wZ|

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d. Illative Conjunction: GwU GKwU e³‡e¨i mv‡_ †mB e³e¨ †_‡K cÖgvwYZ ev †mwUi Øviv mgw_©Z Ab¨ GKwU e³‡e¨i ms‡hvM mvab K‡i; †hgb-For, therefore, than, so, thus cÖf„wZ| ‡h Conjunction GKwU Principal Clause Ges GKwU Sub-ordinate Clause †K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Sub-ordinating ev Sub-ordinative Conjunction e‡j| †hgb-He had reached the station before the train left. He works hard so that he may pass. cÖf„wZ| GKBfv‡e Since, as because, if, if not, as if, in case, unless, whether, provided that, though, although, than, after, until, till cÖf„wZ Sub-ordinating ev Sub-ordinative Conjunction | `yBwU Conjunction A‡”Q`¨fv‡e wg‡j GKwU Conjunction G cwibZ n‡j, Zv‡K Correlative Conjunction e‡j| †hgb-Either...or, nither...nor, whether...or, other...than, no less...than, both...and, not only...but also, as...as, so...as, the same...as, the same...that, such...as, such...that, though...yet, hardly...when (or, before), no sooner...than, scarcely...when cÖf„wZ|

Interjection (Av‡eM cÖKvkK kã) ‡h me word Øviv nl©, welv`, N„bv, we¯§q BZ¨vw` g‡bi Av‡eM cÖKvk Kiv nq, Zv‡`i‡K Interjection e‡j| An Interjection is an emotion-expressing word. ‡hgb- a. nl© (Joy)-Hurrah! Huzza! b. welv` (Grief)-Alas! c. we¯§q (Surprise)-Ha! What! Oh! Ah! d. Aby‡gv`b (Approval)-Bravo e. Ab¨vb¨ (Others)-Hush! Hark! cÖf„wZ| KZ¸‡jv Phrase ev‡K¨i mv‡_ †Kvb cÖKvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb bv K‡i Interjection Gi b¨vq e¨eüZ nq, Zv‡`i‡K Interjectional Phrase e‡j| ‡hgb-Ah me! For shame! Well done! Good heavens! cÖf„wZ|

Sequence of Tense (Kv‡ji ch©vqµg) ‡h me wbgq Abymv‡i Principal Clause Gi Verb Gi Tense Abymv‡i Sub-ordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi Tense wbiƒwcZ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K Sequence of Tense e‡j| Sequence of Tense Gi `ywU cÖavb wbqg Av‡Q| wbb¥ G‡`i D‡j−L Kiv n‡jv1. Principal Clause Gi Verb hw` Present Tense ev Future Tense Gi nq, Z‡e Subordinate Clause Gi Verb †h †Kvb Tense Gi n‡Z cv‡i; †hgb-He says/will say that he goes to school. He says/will say that he went to school. He says/will say that he will go to school. Z‡e Principal Clause Gi Verb hw` Present Tense ev Future Tense Gi n‡j Ges D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi c~‡e© may e¨envi Kiv nq: ‡hgb-He reads/will read attentively that he may stand first. 2. Principal Clause Gi Verb hw` Past Tense nq Z‡e Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Aek¨B Gi Past Tense n‡e; †hgb- He said that he was going to school. He said that he had gone to school. He said that he would go to school. I knew that he was happy. It was settled that I would do it. He was honest though he was poor. He worked hard that he might get a scholarship. We walked so far that we were quite tired. e¨wZµga. hw` Subordinate Clause Øviv †Kvb wPiš—b mZ¨ (Universal truth) ev Af¨vmMZ (Habitual fact) Kvh© cÖKvwkZ nq, Z‡e Principal Clause Gi Verb wU Past Tense Gi n‡jI Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi Present Tense n‡e; †hgb-The teacher said that the earth is round. He said that man is mortal. We knew that blind cann’t see. Alam told me that his brother drinks tea.

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b. Zzjbv Ávc‡bi Rb¨ Subordinate Clause hw` than, as well as ev as Øviv Principal Clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq, Z‡e Principal Clause Gi Tense Gi mv‡_ Subordinate Clause Gi ‡h ‡Kvb Tense n‡Z cv‡i; †hgb-i. He loves me more than he loves my brother. He loved me more than he loves my brother. He will love me more than he loves my brother. He loved me more than he will love my brother. ii. He likes me as well as (or, as) he likes Alam. He liked me as well as (or, as) he likes Alam. He will like me as well as (or, as) he likes Alam. He liked me as well as (or, as) he will like Alam. c. Subordinate Clause hw` Adjective Gi KvR K‡i, Z‡e Principal Clause Gi †h †Kvb Tense Gi mv‡_ Subordinate Clause Gi †h †Kvb Tense n‡Z cv‡i; †hgb-I like the man who helps the poor. I liked the man who helps the poor. I will like the man who helps the poor. I liked the man who helped the poor. I liked the man who will help the poor. d. Subordinate Clause hw` ‡Kvb Conjunction of purpose (that, so that, in order to BZ¨vw`) Øviv Principal Clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ nq Ges D‡Ïk¨ eySvq, Z‡e `yBwU wbqg gvb‡Z nq;h_vi. Principal Clause G Present Tense ev Future Tense Gi _vK‡j Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi c~‡e© may e‡m| ii. Principal Clause G Past Tense Gi _vK‡j Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi c~‡e© might e‡m| †hgbAli works hard that or, so that he may succeed. Present Ali has worked hard or, in order that Ali will work hard that or, so that he may succeed. Future Ali will have worked hard or, in order that Ali worked hard that or, so that he might succeed. Past Ali had worked hard or, in order that e. Subordinate Clause hw` lest (=for fear that) Øviv ‡h †Kvb Tense Gi Principal Clause Gi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j‘lest’ Gi c‡i Ges Subordinate Clause Gi Verb Gi c~‡e© ‘should’ A_ev ‘might’ e‡m| †hgb-She is not appearing at the examination lest she should (or, might) fail. The man ran away lest he should (or, might) be seen. He will not accompany you lest you should (or, might) harm him. f. ‘As...as’ Gi c‡ii Subordinate Clause †h †Kvb Tense Gi n‡Z cv‡i; †hgb-He loves me as dearly as he loved Karim. We used to come here as frequently as we do now. Ali received from me as money much as he require (or, he will require) for his brother’s marriage. g. Since I Ago hw` Adverb iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡q Period of time eySvq Z‡e G‡`i c~ee© Z©x Verb wUi Past Tense n‡e| †hgb- He came an hour ago. (he has come bq) Monir left the place long since. (has left bq) Father came home yesterday. (has come bq)| Z‡e Since kãwU Conjunction iƒ‡c e¨eüZ n‡j Gi c~‡e© Verb wUi Present Perfect Tense Ges cieZ©x Verb wUi Past Tense nq| †hgb-Three years have passed since the boy died. Two years have passed since I met you.

Narration (Dw³)- Direct and Indirect Narration (or, Speech) hv wKQz ejv nq ev e³v hv wKQz e‡j ZvB Speech ev Narration (Dw³)| Narration cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi; h_v-1.Direct Narration ev Speech (cÖZ¨¶¨ Dw³), Ges 2.Indirect Narration ev Speech (c‡iv¶ Dw³)|

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hw` †Kvb e³vi Dw³ AweKj Zvi K_vi DׄZ Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Direct Narration ev Speech e‡j| †hgb-He said, “I shall go today.” My father said, “Go to school.” cÖf„wZ| hw` ‡Kvb e³vi Dw³ eb©bvKvixi fvlvq cwieZ©b K‡i e¨³ Kiv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K Indirect Narration ev Speech e‡j| †hgb- He said that he would go that day. KviI †Kvb Dw³ A‡b¨i wbKU DׄZ ev e¨³ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Verb Gi mvnvh¨ MÖnb Ki‡Z nq, †mB Verb †K Reporting Verb ejv nq| ‡hgb-He said, “I shall go to market.” e³vi †h Dw³‡K DׄZ ev e¨³ Kiv nq, Zv‡K Reported Speech e‡j| Direct Speech G GwU Inverted Comma (“ ”) Gi wfZi _v‡K| †hgb-He said, “You will go to Dhaka.” Direct Speech ‡K Indirect Speech G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z wbb¥ wjwLZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ nqa. Person Gi cwieZ©b nq| b. Verb Gi Tense cwieZ©b nq| c. ‰bKU¨evPK word ev Phrase ¸‡jv `~iZ¡evPK word ev Phrase G cwiewZ©Z nq| d. Indirect Speech Gi Comma Gi ¯’‡j mvavibZ that e‡m Ges Inverted Comma D‡V hvq| Rules for changing Personsa. Reported Speech G hw` First Person _v‡K Z‡e Zv Reporting Verb Gi Subject Gi Gender, Number I Person Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z nq; ‡hgbDirect: I say, “I am well.” Indirect: I say that I am well. Direct: You say, “I am well.” Indirect: You say that you are well. Direct: He says, “I am well.” He says that he is well. b. Reported Speech G hw` Second Person _v‡K Z‡e Zv Reporting Verb Gi Object Gi Gender, Number I Person Abymv‡i cwiewZ©Z nq; †hgbDirect: He says to me, “You are honest.” Indirect: He tells to me that I am honest. Direct: He says to you, “You are honest.” Indirect: He tells to you that you are honest. Direct: He says to Karim, “You are honest.” Indirect: He tells to Karim that he is honest. c. Reported Speech G hw` Third Person _v‡K Z‡e Zv cwiewZ©Z nq bv; †hgbDirect: I say, “ He is honest.” Indirect: I say that he is honest. j¶Yxqi. ‘Tell’ Verb KLbI Inverted Comma Gi c~‡e© Direct Speech G Say Gi ¯’‡j e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ii. ‘Tell’ Verb KLbI Indirect Object Qvov e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Ges‘Tell’ Verb e¨eüZ n‡j ‘to’ D‡V hvq| iii. We Øviv gvbe RvwZ eySv‡j Indirect Speech G GwU AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K; †hgbDirect: He said, “We shall all die.” Indirect: He said that we should all die. iv. ‘We’hw` e³v(Speaker) I hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq (the person spoken to) G Dfq‡KB eySvq, Z‡e Indirect Speech G Zv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K; †hgb-Direct: He said to me, “We are not responsible.” Indirect: He told me that we were not responsible. Rules for changing Verbsa. Direct Narration G Reporting Verb hw` Present Tense A_ev Future Tense nq, Z‡e Reported Speech Gi Verb Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, ïay Person cwiewZ©Z nq; †hgb-Direct: He says, “I am happy.” Indirect: He says that he is happy. Direct: They say, “We were playing.” Indirect: They say that they were playing. Direct: You will say, “I am ready.” Indirect: You will say that you are ready.

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b. Direct Narration G Reporting Verb hw` Past Tense Gi nq, Z‡e Narration cwieZ©b Kivi mgq Reported Speech Gi Verb Gi Tense cwiewZ©Z n‡q Abyiƒc Past Tense nq, A_©vr cwiewZ©Z n‡q Present Indefinite Past Indefinite cwiewZ© Z n‡q Present Continuous Past Continuous cwiewZ©Z n‡q Present Perfect Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous cwiewZ©Z n‡q Past Perfect Continuous cwiewZ©Z n‡q Past Indefinite Past Perfect cwiewZ©Z n‡q Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Tense I Past Perfect Continuous Tense Gi cwieZ©b nq bv| cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q Can Could Shall Should cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q May Might Will Would Must, could, might, should, would cwiewZ©Z nq bv| j¶Yxqi. Infinitive KLbI cwiewZ©Z nq bv| †mRb¨ shall, will, can, may, make, bid, dare, see, near BZ¨vw` Verb ¸‡jvi Tense cwieZ©b nq, wKš—y G‡`i cieZ©x Verb ¸‡jv Infinitive e‡j G‡`i †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv; †hgbDirect: He said, “I go to college.” Indirect: He said that he went to college. Direct: He said, “I am playing.” Indirect: He said that he was playing. Direct: He said, “I have helped Abul.” Indirect: He said that he had helped Abul. Direct: He said, “I went there.” Indirect: He said that he had gone there. Direct: He said, “I was reading.” Indirect: He said that he had been reading. Direct: He said, “I shall do it.” Indirect: He said that he would do it. Direct: He said, “He can swim.” Indirect: He said that he could swim. Direct: He said, “I may succeed.” Indirect: He said that he might succeed. Direct: He said, “We should do it.” Indirect: He said that they should do it. ii. Reporting Verb wU Past Tense Gi n‡jI Reporting Speech Øviv hw` wPiš—b mZ¨ ev Af¨vmMZ mZ¨ eySvq, Z‡e Narration cwieZ©b Kivi mgq Reported Speech Gi Verb wUi Tense Gi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv; †hgbDirect: You said, “The earth is round.” Indirect: You said that the earth is round. Direct: He said, “Cats walk on all fours.” Indirect: He said that cats walk on all fours. Rules for changing words or phrasewbb¥ wjwLZ ‰bKU¨evPK word ev phrase ¸‡jv `~iZ¡evPK word ev phrase G cwiewZ©Z nq, h_v: Tomorrow

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

Yesterday

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

Last night

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

Next week/year Yesterday morning/afternoon Tomorrow morning/afternoon This day To night Thus

cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q

the next day/the following day the previous day/the following day the previous night/the night bofore the following week/year the previous morning/afternoon the following morning/afternoon that day that night so/in that way

Now

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

then

Here

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

there

Hence

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

thence

Today This

cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q

that day that

These

cwiewZ©Z n‡q

those

Hither Come

cwiewZ©Z n‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q

thither go

It KLbI cwiewZ©Z nq bv| †hgb-

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Direct: He said,“I shall start tomorrow.”Indirect: He said that he should start the next day. Direct: He said, “I wanted to do it.” Indirect: He said that he had wanted to do it. j¶Yxqi. hv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i ejv nq(the speaker spoken to) Zvi mvg‡b eZ©gvb Giƒc wKQz eySv‡j here, now, this BZ¨vw`i cwieZ©b `iKvi nq bv; †hgbDirect: He said to his friend, “I live here in Dhaka.” Indirect: He told his friend that he lived here in Dhaka. Direct: He said to me, “We can never be happy in this world.” Indirect: He told me that we could never be happy in this world. ii. ‡Kvb Phrase Øviv hw` †Kvb we‡kl A_© cÖKvk K‡i Z‡e Zv cwiewZ©Z nq bv| †hgbDirect: He said to me, “I come of a respectable family.” Indirect: He told me that he came of a respectable family. Change of different kinds of Sentences: Assertive SentenceAssertive Sentence- G Direct Narration Gi Reporting Verb of ‘saying’Gi ci Indirect Object _vK‡j Indirect Narration G mvavibZ ‘tell’ Verb e¨envi Kiv nq Ges Comma Gi cwie‡Z© that e¨eüZ nq, Verb of ‘saying’ Gi ci Indirect Object bv _vK‡j Zv cwiewZ©Z nq bv| ‘Tell’ Verb Gi ci Preposition ‘to’ e‡m bv| †hgbDirect: He said to his son, “You are wasting your time.” Indirect: He told his son that he was wasting his time. Direct: The teacher said to Karim, “I shall see your son.” Indirect: The teacher told Karim that he would see his son. Direct: Abul says, “I was doing sums.” Indirect: Abul says that he was doing sums. j¶Yxqi. Direct Narration G Reported Speech G `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Verb hw` Past Indifite nq Z‡e Indirect Narration G †m¸‡jv AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K| †hgbDirect: The teacher said, “Mohsin was good and kind and helped everyone.” Indirect: The teacher said that Mohsin was good and kind and helped everyone. Direct: Rahim said, “Lily came home at noon, took her lunch and then went to sleep.” Indirect: Rahim said that Lily came home at noon, took her lunch and then went to sleep. Interrogative SentenceInterrogative Sentence-Gi Direct Narration †K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡ja. Interrogative Sentence Gi Indirect Narration G Reporting Verb of ‘saying’ Gi cwie‡Z© A_© Abymv‡i ask, enquire of, demand of BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbDirect: I said to him, “Will you see me tomorrow?” Indirect: I asked him that if(or,whether)he would see me the next day. Direct: He said to me, “Did you buy this book?” Indirect: He asked me if (or,whether) I had bought that book. b. ‡h me Interrogative Sentence Gi DËi‘yes’ ev ‘no’ Øviv ‡`qv hvq A_©vr †h me Interrogative Sentence ¸‡jv Auxiliary Verb Øviv kyi“ nq, Indirect Narration G Zv‡`i Comma Zz‡j †d‡j Z`¯’‡j if ev whether e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbDirect:The man said to me, “Can you tell me the way to the post office?” Indirect: The man asked me if (or,whether) I could tell him the way to the post office. Direct: The teacher said to me, “Do you have it?” Indirect: The teacher enquired of (or,asked) me if(or,whether) I had it.

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c. †h me Interrogative Sentence Gi DËi ‘yes’ ev ‘no’ Øviv †`qv hvq bv A_©vr †hme Interrogative Sentence ¸‡jv Interrogative Pronoun ev Interrogative Adverb Øviv kyi“ nq, Indirect Narration G Zv‡`i Comma DwV‡q w`‡Z nq Ges Z`¯’‡j †mB Interrogative Pronoun ev Interrogative Adverb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbDirect: The man said to me, “What is your name?” Indirect: The man asked me what my name was. Direct: I said to Karim, “Where is your pen?” Indirect: I asked karim where is pen was. d. Narration cwieZ©b Kivi ci Sentence wU Assertive n‡q hvq A_©vr Subject Gi ci Verb e‡m| †hgbDirect: I said to him, “When will you come back?” Indirect: I asked him when he would come back. j¶Yxqi. fwel¨Z Abygvb eySv‡j Indirect Speech G shall/will Gi mvavib wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e Ges Reporting Verb wU ‘wonder’ Verb G cwiewZ©Z n‡e| ‡hgbDirect: He said, “Where shall I be in 2009.” Indirect: He wondered where he would be in 2009. Imperative SentenceImperative Sentence- Gi Direct Narration †K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡ja. Imperative Sentence Gi Indirect Narration G Reporting Verb of ‘saying’ A_©vbymv‡i order, request, command, ask, pray, advise, tell, forbade BZ¨vw` Verb G cwiewZ©Z nq| b. Verb Gi Imperative Mood Gi cwie‡Z© Infinitive Mood nq A_©vr Verb Gi c~‡e© to e‡m| c. Negative Imperative n‡j Do D‡V hvq Ges not I Verb Gi g‡a¨ to e‡m| Z‡e bv †evaK Verb (†hgb- forbade) e¨envi Ki‡j do Ges not DfqB D‡V hvq Ges Verb Gi c~‡e© to e‡m| †hgbDirect: He said to his son, “Go to school.” Indirect: He ordered his sons to go to school. Direct: He said to his friends, “Please help the poor boy.” Indirect: He requested his friends to help the poor boy. Direct: The teacher said to the boy, “Do not waste your time.” Indirect: The teacher advised the boy not to waste his time. Or, The teacher forbade the boy to waste his time. Direct: He said to his friends, “Try to come here.” Indirect: He told (or, asked) his friends to try to go there. Direct: My brother said to me, “Do not quarrel with anyone.” Indirect: My brother advised me not to quarrel with anyone. Or, My brother forbade me to quarrel with anyone. Z‡e Let Øviv Sentence ïiy n‡j Zvi †¶‡Îa. Direct Narration G Reported Speech G Let cÖ¯v— e (proposal or suggestion) eySv‡j Indirect Narration Gi Reporting Verb ‘say’ †K cwieZ©b K‡i propose ev suggeste e¨envi Ki‡Z nq, Reported Speech Gi c~‡e© that e‡m Ges Let D‡V wM‡q should e¨eüZ nq| Let Øviv hLb cÖ¯v— e eySvq, ZLb ZviObject mvavibZ Plural Number nq| †hgbDirect: He said, “Let us go home.” Indirect: He proposed (or, suggested) that they should go home. Direct: I said to him, “Let us have some music.” Indirect: I proposed (or, suggested) to him that we should have some music.

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Direct: He said, “Let us meet in a meeting.” Indirect: He proposed (or, suggested) that they should meet in a meeting. b. Let Øviv cÖ¯v— e bv eywS‡q AbygwZ eySv‡j Reporting Verb ‘say’ †K cwieZ©b bv Ki‡jI P‡j, Z‡e KLbI KLbI tell ev ask e¨eüZ nq Ges Let Gi cwie‡Z© may ev might ev might be allowed to e¨envi Ki‡Z nq I Reported Speech Gi c~‡e© Conjunction ‘that’ e‡m| †hgbDirect: Nila says, “Let him say what ever he likes.” Indirect: Nila says that he may say whatever he may like. Direct: He said to me, “Let me go.” Indirect: He told (or, asked) me that he might (or, might be allowed to) have some food. Optative SentenceOptative Sentence-‡K Direct Narration n‡Z Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j Reporting Verb of ‘saying’ †K cwieZ©b K‡i A_©vbymv‡i pray, wish BZ¨vw` Verb e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| Narration cwieZ©b Kivi ci Optative Sentence wU Assertive Sentence G cwibZ nq| †hgbDirect: They said, “Long live the President.” Indirect: They prayed that the President might live long. Direct: The old man said to me, “May you by happy.” Indirect: The old man wished me that I might be happy. Direct: The woman said to the boy, “God may bless you.” Indirect: The woman wished (or, prayed for) the boy that God might bless him. Direct: He said, “Could I but get the reward.” Indirect: He wished (or, expressed a desire) that he could but get the reward. Exclamatory SentenceExclamatory Sentence- Gi Direct Narration †K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡ja. Reporting Verb of ‘say’ ‡K A_©vbymv‡i cry out, exclaim, shout BZ¨vw` Verb G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| b. Interjection Gi fve‡K h_vh_ Phrase Øviv cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq A_©vr `ytL eySv‡j with sarrow ev with grief, Avb›` eySv‡j with joy, we¯§q eySv‡j with surprise BZ¨vw` Øviv Interjection G cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| c. Narration cwieZ©b Kivi ci Sentence wU Assertive Sentence G cwibZ nq| †hgbDirect: He said, “Alas! I am undone.” Indirect: He cried out (shouted or, exclaimed) in/with sorrow that he was undone. Direct: The boy said, “Hurrah! We have won the game.” Indirect: The boy cried out (shouted/exclaimed) with/in joy that they had won the game. wKš—y †hme Exclamatory Sentence Gi ïi“‡Z AvwZkh¨ eySv‡Z how, what, had BZ¨vw` word Gi †h‡Kvb GKwU _v‡K, Narration cwieZ©b Kivi mgq G‡`i cwie‡Z© great, very, much, greatly BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| †hgbDirect: He said, “What a nice bird it is!” Indirect: He exclaimed (shouted or, cried out) that it was a very nice bird. Direct: The girl said, “How beautiful the flower is!” Indirect: The girl exclaimed (shouted or, cried out) that the flower was very beautiful. Direct: He said, “What fool I am!” Indirect: He exclaimed with grief that he was a great fool. Direct: The poet said, “Had I the wings of a bird!” Indirect: The poet strongly desired that he had the wings of a bird. Direct: The old man said, “By God! What a good news.”

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Indirect: The old man swore by the God that it was a good news. wKQz Sentence †K we‡kl wbq‡g Direct Narration †_‡K Indirect Narration G cwieZ©b Kiv nq; ‡hgba. Vocative Case ev Case of Address †K wbb¥ cÖ`Ë Dcv‡q cwieZ©b Kiv hvq; †hgbDirect: He said, “Anwar, come in.” Indirect: He asked Anwar to go in. Direct: He said, “Friends, listen to me.” Indirect: Addressing as them as friends, he requested them to listen to him. Direct: The boy said, “Sir, may I go out.” Indirect: The boy asked respectfully (or, with respect or, politely) if he might go out. b. KLbI KLbI m¤ú~b© Sentence ejv nq bv| wKš—y cwieZ©b Kivi mgq Sentence wU‡K m¤ú~b© K‡i wb‡Z nq| †hgbDirect: He said to me, “What is your name?” I said, “Monir.” Indirect: He asked me what my name was. I replied/ answered that my name was Monir. Direct: I said to him, “Will you go there?”He said, “Yes.”But I said, “No.” Indirect: I asked him whther (or, if) he would go there. He replied in the affirmative. But I replied in the negative. c. Awfev`b, ab¨ev` cÖf„wZ eySvq †hme Sentence Zv‡`i wbb¥ wjwLZ Dcv‡q Narration cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgb-Direct: He said, “Good morning my friends.” Indirect: He said to his friends’ good morning. or, He bade his friends good morning. Direct: He said, “Thanks my friends.” Indirect: He thanked his friends. or, He gave thanks to his friends. Direct: He said to me, “By God! I shall help you.” Indirect: He swore by God that he would help me. Direct: “Fie! You are a rogue,”said he, to the man.or, He said to the man, “Fie! You are a rouge.” Indirect: He cried shame on the man and called him a rouge. Direct: He said to his friends, “Good-bye.” Indirect: He bade his friends’ good-bye. [wet`ªt m¤¢vlb eySv‡Z ‘bid’ Verb e¨eüZ nq|] Direct: He said to me, “Good morning.” Indirect: He greeted (or, wished or, bade) me good morning. Direct: He said, “Karim, I am looking for you.” Indirect: He told Karim that he was looking for him. Direct: He said, “By Allah! I am true to my words.” Indirect: He swore by Allah that he was true to his words. [wet`ªt kc_ eySv‡Z‘swear’ Verb e¨eüZ nq|] d. Reporting Verb Ges Zvi Subject I Object cÖKvk¨fv‡e bv _vK‡j The speaker told the person spoken to that ev A_©vbymv‡i kã ewm‡q Narration cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| †hgbDirect: “I shall do it tomorrow.” Indirect: The speaker told the person spoken to (or,he said) that he would do it tomorrow. Direct: “Will you go with me.” Indirect: The speaker told the person spoken to (or, he said) that he would go with him. Direct: “We have lost the game.” Indirect: They said that they had lost the game.

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e. GKB Reported Speech Gi g‡a¨ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii GKvwaK Sentence _vK‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †¶‡Î Indirect Speech G cwieZ©b Kivi mgq cÖ‡Z¨KwUi Rb¨ Avjv`v Avjv`v ev c„_K c„_K Reporting Verb Gi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbDirect: Rafiq said, “I am off to the pictures. Where are you going?” Indirect: Rafiq said that he was off to the pictures and wanted to know (or, asked) where I was going. Direct: The man said to her, “Did you hear that noise? Go and see what has happened.” Indirect: The man asked her if she had heard that noise and told her to go and see what had happened. Passage Gi Narration cwieZ©bDirect: “It was not for myself I was speaking,” said she, “I was anxious to have that baby covered up for the rest of the winter.” Indirect: She said that it had not been for herself she had been speaking. She added (or, also said) that she had been anxious to have that baby covered up for the rest of the winter.” Direct: The Mayor said, “Have you killed the rats?” The Piper said, “Yes, I have. Please give me the promised money.” The Mayor said, “We can not give you so much. Take only fifty guilders.” Indirect: The Mayor asked the Piper if he had killed the rats. The Piper replied that (or, in affirmative that) he had and requested him (or, Mayor) to give him the promised money. The Mayor said that they could not give so much money and told him to take fifty guilders. Direct: The teacher said to the student, “What a funny boy you are! Why do you disturb the class in this way? I have told you before that you should listen to your teacher. Go out and do not return today.” Indirect: The teacher cried out to the student that he was a very funny boy. Then he asked him why he disturbed the class in this way and said that he had told him before that he should listen to his teachers. At last he ordered him to go and not to (or, forbade to) return that day. Direct: “My Lord,” he said to the Caliph in a humble voice, “I have done wrong and must suffer for it.” Indirect: With due respect (or, With respect) he told the Caliph in a humble voice that he knew that he had done wrong and must suffer for it."

Derivatives k‡ãi g~j‡K root e‡j| †hgb- Boy, good, sun, sing cÖf„wZ| g~j k‡ãi g‡a¨w¯’Z e‡Y©i cwieZ©b Øviv A_ev g~j k‡ãi Avw` ev A‡š— eY© ev eY©mgwó †hvM K‡i †h mKj bZyb kã MVb Kiv nq, Zv‡`i †K Derivatives e‡j| †hgb-Adjective Gi †k‡l ent ev ant _vK‡j t Gi ¯’‡j ce ev cy †hvM K‡i Noun Form MVb Kiv nq| Adjective Noun Adjective Noun Absent (Abycw¯’Z) Absency (Abycw¯’wZ) Accept (MÖnb Kiv) Acceptance (MÖnb) k‡ãi c~‡e© †hme eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ nq, Zv‡`i †K Prefix (DcmM©) e‡j| ‡hgb-Careful-Becareful, Act-Enact cÖf„wZ|

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k‡ãi ci †hme eY© ev eY©mgwó hy³ nq, Zv‡`i †K Suffix (cÖZ¨q) e‡j| †hgb-Omit-Omission, CareCareful cÖf„wZ|

Punctuation (weivg wPý) Punctuation kãwU j¨vwUb kã Punctus †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Punctuas Gi A_© we›`y ev wPý| weiwZ Ávc‡bi Rb¨ wjwLZ Sentence Gi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l †h we‡kl wPý e¨envi Kiv nq, †mB wPýMy‡jv‡K Punctuation Marks (hwZ wPý ev weiwZ wPý) e‡j| Bs‡iwR‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb cÖavb Punctuation Marks Gi bvg I cÖZxK wPý wb‡P †`Iqv n‡jv1. Note of Interrogation or, Question Mark (?) 8. Apostrophe (’) 2. Note of Exclamation or, Exclamation Mark (!) 9. Dash (-) 3. Full stop (.) 10. Colon-dash (:-) 4. Comma (,) 11. Colon (:) 5. Semi-colon (;) 12.Hyphen (-) 6. Brackets or, Parenthesis Marks/Parenthesis (){}[] 13. Asterisk (*) (....) 7. Inverted Commas or Quotation Mark (“ ”) 14. Marking Omissions

Conversion of Sentence (ev‡K¨i iƒcvš—i) and Transformation of Sentence (evK¨vš—i) GKwU Sentence †K Zvi e¨vKibMZ iƒc cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ iƒ‡c cwieZ©b Kivi ixwZ‡K Conversion of Sentence e‡j| wb‡b¥ Conversion Gi KwcZq `„óvš— Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv: a. Affirmative ‡_‡K Negative 1. Verb ‘to be’ Gi c‡i not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative I am busy. I am not busy. You are weak. You are not weak. He was good. He was not good. They are playing. They are not playing. 2. Verb ‘to be’ bv _vK‡j g~j Verb Gi c~‡e© do not ev did not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative I go to school. I do not go to school. You went to school. You did not go to school. He goes to school. He does not go to school. He went to school. He did not go to school. [wet`ªt Third Person Singular Number Gi †¶‡Î kyay does not e‡m Ges g~j Verb Gi ‘s’ ev‘es’ D‡V hvq|] 3. Verb ‘to have’ Gi Object Gi c~‡e© no ewm‡q A_ev Verb ‘to have’ Gi c~‡e© do not ev does not ev did not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative I have a pen. I have no pen. / I do not have a pen. He had a watch. He had no watch. / He did not have a watch. Z‡e j¶Yxqi. ‘No’ em‡j Article wU‡K Acmvib K‡i| †hgbAffirmative Negative I have a book. I have no book.

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ii. Verb ‘to have’ Gi c~‡e© hw` †Kvb Auxiliary Verb _v‡K Z‡e Verb ‘to have’ Gi c~‡e© kyay not e‡m| wKš—y Verb ‘to have’ Gi Object Gi c~‡e© no ewm‡q me©`v Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative I shall have a pen. I shall have no pen. / I shall not have a pen. 4. mKj Auxiliary Verb Gi c‡i not ewm‡q Affirmative Sentence †K Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative He is going to He is not going to I have drawn a I have not drawn a market. market. picture. picture. The boy was The boy was not He will help you. He will not help you. reading. reading. He can not swim. You should do it. You should not do it. He can swim. 5. Imperative Sentence G g~j Verb Gi c~‡e© do not ewm‡q Negative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative Come here. Do not come here. Beat the boy. Do not beat the boy. Write to him. Do not write to him. Go there. Do not go there. b. Assertive Sentence ‡_‡K Interrogative1. Auxiliary Verb ‡K Subject Gi c~‡e© wb‡q G‡m Assertive Sentence †K Interrogative Sentence G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative The boy is intelligent. Is the boy intelligent? I had a book. Had I a book? You are helping him. Are you helping him? He can swim. Can he swim? He has done the work. Has he done the work? I must do it. Must I do it? The will win the game. Will they win the game? He was reading. Was he reading? 2. †Kvb Sentence G hw` †Kvb Auxiliary Verb bv _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi c~‡e© do ev does ev did ewm‡q Interrogative Sentence G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| †hgbAssertive Interrogative Assertive Interrogative I hear the sound. Do I hear the sound? He caught a bird. Did he catch a bird? I called him. Did I call him? He goes to school. Does he go to school? c. Interrogative ‡_‡K Negative Interrogative1. Interrogative Sentence Gi Nominative Gi ci not ewm‡q Negative Interrogative Kiv nq| Z‡e Subject wU Noun n‡j Zvi c~‡e© not e‡m| †hgbInterrogative Negative Interrogative Interrogative Negative Interrogative Is he a good Is he not a good boy? Was Monir reading? Was Monir not boy? reading? Are you Are you not playing? Am I going to Am I not going to playing? school? school?

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d. Negative Negative ‡_‡K Interrogative1. Negative Sentence Gi Auxiliary Verb †K Nominative Gi c~‡e© ewm‡q Negative Interrogative G iƒcvš—i Kiv nq| Z‡e Nominative wU Noun n‡j Auxiliary Verb I not DfqB Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m| †hgbNegative Negative Interrogative Negative Negative Interrogative Is she a student? Is she not a student? You did not cut a Did you not cut a tree? tree. I can not write it. Can I not write it? Monir will not come. Will not Monir come? Karim is not Is not Karim lazy? He does not do the Does he not do the lazy. work. work? [wet`ªt msw¶ß AvKv‡i not †jL‡j Nominative Gi c~‡e© not e‡m| †hgb-Haven’t I do it? Don’t you hear me? Didn’t we play cricket? cªf„wZ|] A‡_©i †Kvb cwieZ©b bv K‡i GK cÖKv‡ii Sentence †K Ab¨ cÖKv‡ii Sentence G iƒcvš—i Kivi ixwZ‡K Transformation of Sentence e‡j| a. Affirmative ‡_‡K Negative1. ‡h‡nZz A‡_©i cwieZ©b nq bv, ZvB Opposite words ev Antonyms (wecixZ kã) e¨envi K‡i Affirmative Sentence †K Negative Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative Affirmative Negative I found a few people. I did not find many I did the I did not leave the work people. work. undone. 2. Only ev Alone Gi ¯’‡j None but, Every Gi ¯’‡j No, must Can not but, as soon as Gi ¯’‡j No sooner, always Gi ¯’‡j never, Everybody ev Everyone Gi ¯’‡j None, Everybody Gi ¯’‡j nobody, Both...and Gi ¯’‡j Not only...but also cÖf„wZ e¨envi K‡i Affirmative Sentence †K Negative Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Negative God alone can help us. or, Only God can None but God can help us. help us. Only the graduate should apply. None but gradutes should apply. The brave alone deserve the fair. None but the brave deserve the fair. Everyman is liable to error. No man is free from error. Every man wishes to be happy. There is no man but wishes to be happy. or, No man wishes to be unhappy. I must do it. I can not but do it. All men must die. None can avoid death. He is a good man. He is not a bad man. Man is mortal. Man is not immortal. I will always remember you. I will never forget you. Everybody should admit the truth. Nobody should deny the truth. or, None should deny the truth. He acted wisely. He did not act foolishly. As soon as he arrived, we welcomed him. or, No sooner had he arrived than we He arrived and at once we welcomed him. welcomed him. He is sometime reasonable. He is not always unreasonable. Everyone had to admit that he acted rightly. No one could deny that he acted rightly.

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b. Assertive ‡_‡K Interrogative1. Assertive Sentence wU Affirmative n‡j Zv Interrogative G Negative Ges Negative n‡j Zv Affirmative K‡i Assertive Sentence †K Interrogative Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Interrogative Affirmative Interrogative It is a good book. Is it not a good book? She is not beautiful. Is she beautiful? 2. Everbody, Everyone cÖf„wZi cwie‡Z© Who Ges e¯—yevPK c`v_© eySvq Giƒc (†hgb-It) Gi cwie‡Z© What e‡m KLbI KLbI Assertive Sentence †K Interrogative G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbAffirmative Interrogative Everybody likes a rose. Who does not like a rose? Does anybody hate a rose? No one can bear such an insult. Can anyone bear such an insult? I shall never forget you. Shall I ever for get you? You can not call it justice. Can you call it justice? Nobody else could have done it. Who else could have done it? Nobody trusts a lier. Who trusts a lier? Does anybody trust a lier? It does not matter if we lose. What does it matter if we lose? There is nothing better than a pious life. Is anything better than a pious life? Every mother loves her child. Is there any mother who does not love her child? c. Exclamatory Sentence ‡_‡K Assertive1. What I How Gi †¶‡Î Very ev great nq| Noun Gi c~‡e© great Ges Adverb I Adjective Gi c~‡e© very e‡m| If I had Gi †¶‡Î I wish e‡m| Avevi Hurrah! n‡j I/we rejoice ev It is a great joy, Alas! n‡j I/we mourn ev It is a great sorrow e‡m| †hgbExclamatory Assertive How sweet her song is! Her song is very sweet. What a beautiful sight! It is a very beautiful sight. Good morning Mr. Ali! I wish Mr. Ali good morning. Hurrah! We have won the game. We rejoiced that we have won the game. If I had died! I wish I were dead. What a fool you are! You are a great fool./You are very foolish. What a wonderful piece of work! It is a wonderful piece of work. How sweetly the cuckoo sings! The cuckoo sings very sweet. What a dangerous thing a little learning is! A little learning is a dangerous thing. How foolish the man is! / What a fool the The man is a great fool. / The man is very man is! foolish. Had I the wings of a bird! I wish I had the wings of a bird. If I were a millionaire! I wish I were a millionaire. d. Simple Sentence ‡_‡K Complex Sentence1. That, if, what, when, though cÖf„wZi Structure e¨envi K‡i Simple Sentence †K Complex Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbSimple Sentence Complex Sentence I do not know his name. I do not know what his name is. We eat to live. We eat that we may live. Tell me his name. Tell me what his name is.

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Simple Sentence Complex Sentence He is too old to run. He is so old that he can not run. He wants me to go. He wants that I should go. He has a nice cow. He has a cow which is nice. Tell me the time of his arrival. Tell me when he will arrive. I know his birth place. I know where he was born. Being ill treated by his master, he ran As he was ill treated by his master, he ran away. away. e. Complex Sentence ‡_‡K Simple Sentence1. Complex Sentence Gi Structure DwV‡q w`‡q Simple Sentence Gi Structure ewm‡q Complex Sentence †K Simple Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbComplex Sentence Simple Sentence As he was ill, he could not do it. He could not do it on account of his illness. Though he was rich, he was unhappy. Ispite of his riches, he was unhappy. I do not know what his father’s name is. I do not know his father’s name. I am sure that I shall get a scholarship. I am sure to get a scholarship. or, I am sure of my getting a scholarship. f. Simple Sentence ‡_‡K Compound Sentence 1. And, or, but, yet cÖf„wZi Structure e¨envi K‡i Simple Sentence †K Compound Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbSimple Sentence Compound Sentence The man being very hungry ate too much. The man was hungry and ate too much. Being dissatisfied, he resigned his post. He was dissatisfied and resigned his post. Eating rice, he came to school. He ate rice and came to school. g. Compound Sentence ‡_‡K Simple Sentence1. Compound Sentence Gi Structure DwV‡q w`‡q Simple Sentence Gi Structure ewm‡q Compound Sentence ‡K Simple Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbCompound Sentence Simple Sentence Be honest and you will be happy. By being honest you will be happy. He tried hard, but did not succeed. He tried without success. We must eat or we can not live. We must eat to live. h. Compound Sentence ‡_‡K Complex Sentence1. And, or, but, yet cÖf„wZi Structure DwV‡q w`‡q Complex Sentence Gi Though, if, when, what, that cÖf„wZi Structure ewm‡q Compound Sentence ‡K Complex Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgbCompound Sentence Complex Sentence Move and die. If you move you will die. Move or die. If you do not move you will die. The man is poor but honest. Though the man is poor, he is honest. i. Complex Sentence ‡_‡K Compound Sentence 1. Complex Sentence Gi Structure DwV‡q Compound Sentence Gi And, or, but, yet Gi Structure ewm‡q Complex Sentence ‡K Compound Sentence G cwieZ©b Kiv nq| †hgb-

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Complex Sentence I know that he is ill.

Compound Sentence He is ill and I know it. or, He is ill and it is known to me. Study hard and you will succeed. He is poor but honest. He is rich but unhappy.

If you study hard, you will succeed. Though he is poor, he is honest. Though (or, Although) he is rich, he is unhappy. j. Other Changes (Ab¨vb¨ cwieZ©b)ì. I can not but go there. (Use 'help' in place of 'but') Ans. I can not help going there. ìì. I could not but laugh. (Omit 'but') Ans. I could not help laughing. ììì. He could not but do it. (Use introductory 'there') Ans. There was no help for him but do it. ìv. Only Karim called upon me. (Replace 'Only' by 'none') Ans. None but Karim called upon me. v. He alone came to help me. (Replace 'alone' by none) Ans. None but he came to help me. vì. I have not seen him for a week. (Replace 'for' by 'since') Ans. I saw him a week since. or, It is a week since I saw him. or, A week has passed since I saw him. vìì. He is so weak that he can not walk. (Replace 'so' by 'too') Ans. He is too weak to walk. vììì. Though he is poor, he is honest. (Replace 'though' by 'as') Ans. As poor he is, he is honest.

Grammar Gi Ab¨vb¨ msÁv a. Parsing word (c` cwiPq): ‡Kvb Sentence Gi Aš—iMZ word ¸‡jvi Parts of Speech wK Ges Zviv ci¯úi wK m¤úK© i¶v K‡i, Zv †h we‡kl c×wZ‡Z wb‡`©k Kiv nq, Zv‡K Parsing e‡j| b. Analysis Sentence (evK¨ we‡k−lb): †Kvb GKwU Sentence †hme word wb‡q MwVZ nq, Zv‡`i ci¯ú‡ii m¤úK© we‡k−lb Kiv‡K Analysis e‡j| c. Synthesis of Sentence (evK¨ ms‡hvRb): `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Simple, Compound ev Complex Sentence †K GKwU Simple, Compound ev Complex Sentence G cwibZ Kivi ix‡Z †K Synthesis of Sentence e‡j| d. Syntax (evK¨ MVb): Sentence Gi h_v¯’v‡b Dchy³ word ¯’vcb ‡K Syntax e‡j| Laws of Syntax †K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq; h_v-1. Laws of Agreement, Ges 2. Laws of Arrangement 1. Laws of Agreement - i. Subject Gi Number I Person Gi mv‡_ Verb Gi Number I Person Gi m½wZ| ii. Demonstrative Adjective 'this' I'that' †h Noun ‡K Qualify K‡i Zvi Number Gi m½wZ| iii. Pronoun ev Ab¨ Noun Gi mv‡_ Noun in Apposition Gi Case Gi m½wZi wbqg‡K Laws of Agreement ev Concord e‡j| 2. Laws of Arrangement-Sentence G Subject, Object I Ab¨vb¨ word ev Phrase †K h_v¯’v‡b ms¯’vcb Kivi wbqg‡K Laws of Arrangement e‡j|

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