The
HUMAN BRAIN during the THIRD TRIMESTER
ATLAS OF HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SERIES Shirley A. Bayer...
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The
HUMAN BRAIN during the THIRD TRIMESTER
ATLAS OF HUMAN CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT SERIES Shirley A. Bayer and Joseph Altman
VOLUME 1 The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month
VOLUME 2 The Human Brain during the Third Trimester
VOLUME 3 The Human Brain during the Second Trimester
VOLUME 4 The Human Brain during the Late First Trimester
VOLUME 5 The Human Brain during the Early First Trimester
The
HUMAN BRAIN during the THIRD TRIMESTER Shirley A. Bayer and Joseph Altman
CRC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress under LCCN: 2003065455 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. SpeciÞc permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiÞcation and explanation, without intent to infringe.
Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1421-6 Library of Congress Card Number Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper
DEDICATION We dedicate this volume to the memory of Dr. Paul Ivan Yakovlev (1894-1983) who spent 42 years (1930-1972) of his productive life in assembling and processing more than 1000 normal and pathological human brain specimens that now constitute the precious Yakovlev Collection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. William DeMyer, pediatric neurologist at Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, for access to his personal library on human central nervous system development. We also thank the staff of the National Museum of Health and Medicine at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Walter Reed Hospital, Washington, D.C.: Dr. Adrianne Noe, Director; Archibald J. Fobbs, Curator of the Yakovlev Collection; Elizabeth C. Lockett, and William Discher. We are most grateful to Dr. James M. Petras at the Walter Reed Institute of Research who made his dark room facilities available so that we could develop all the photomicrographs on location rather than in our laboratory in Indiana. Finally, we thank Barbara Norwitz, Erika Dery, Samar Haddad, Shayna Murry, and Jonathan Pennell at CRC Press for their personal attention to us and for expert help during production of the manuscript.
CONTENTS PART I. INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 A. Organization of the Atlas --------------------------------------------------------- 1 B. Specimens Used --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 C. Photography and Computer Processing -------------------------------------- 1 D. Identification of Brain Structures ---------------------------------------------- 2 E. References --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
High Magnification Plates 42A, 42B: (Level 16: Section 1221) ------------ 58, 59 High Magnification Plates 43A, 43B: (Level 17: Section 1311) ------------ 60, 61 High Magnification Plates 44A, 44B: (Level 18: Section 1371) ------------ 62, 63 High Magnification Plates 45A, 45B: (Level 19: Section 1501) ------------ 64, 65 High Magnification Plates 46A, 46B: (Levels 20, 21: Sections 1611, 1711) ------------------------------------------- 66, 67
PART II. GW37 CORONAL --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4 Low Magnification Plate 1 (Level 1: Section 161) ---------------------------------- 6 Low Magnification Plate 2 (Level 2: Section 281) ---------------------------------- 7 Low Magnification Plate 3 (Level 3: Section 361) ---------------------------------- 8 Low Magnification Plate 4 (Level 4: Section 511) ---------------------------------- 9 Low Magnification Plate 5 (Level 5: Section 611) -------------------------------- 10 Low Magnification Plate 6 (Level 6: Section 691) -------------------------------- 11 Low Magnification Plate 7 (Level 7: Section 721) -------------------------------- 12 Low Magnification Plate 8 (Level 8: Section 761) -------------------------------- 13 Low Magnification Plate 9 (Level 9: Section 831) -------------------------------- 14 Low Magnification Plate 10 (Level 10: Section 881) ----------------------------- 15 Low Magnification Plate 11 (Level 11: Section 981) ----------------------------- 16 Low Magnification Plate 12 (Level 12: Section 1021) --------------------------- 17 Low Magnification Plate 13 (Level 13: Section 1081) --------------------------- 18 Low Magnification Plate 14 (Level 14: Section 1141) --------------------------- 19 Low Magnification Plate 15 (Level 15: Section 1181) --------------------------- 20 Low Magnification Plate 16 (Level 16: Section 1221) --------------------------- 21 Low Magnification Plate 17 (Level 17: Section 1311) --------------------------- 22 Low Magnification Plate 18 (Level 18: Section 1371) --------------------------- 23 Low Magnification Plate 19 (Level 19: Section 1501) --------------------------- 24 Low Magnification Plate 20 (Levels 20, 21: Sections 1611, 1711) ------------- 25 High Magnification Cortex Plate 21: Frontal Cortex ----------------------------- 26 High Magnification Cortex Plate 22: Frontal Cortex ----------------------------- 27 High Magnification Cortex Plate 23: Precentral Gyrus --------------------------- 28 High Magnification Cortex Plate 24: Precentral Gyrus --------------------------- 29 High Magnification Cortex Plate 25: Postcentral Gyrus ------------------------- 30 High Magnification Cortex Plate 26: Postcentral Gyrus ------------------------- 31 High Magnification Cortex Plate 27: Parietal Cortex ----------------------------- 32 High Magnification Cortex Plate 28: Parietal Cortex ----------------------------- 33 High Magnification Cortex Plate 29: Striate/Peristriate Cortical Transition Area ----------------------------------------- 34 High Magnification Cortex Plate 30: Striate/Peristriate Cortical Transition Area ----------------------------------------- 35 High Magnification Plates 31A, 31B: (Level 5: Section 611) --------------- 36, 37 High Magnification Plates 32A, 32B: (Level 6: Section 691) --------------- 38, 39 High Magnification Plates 33A, 33B: (Level 7: Section 721) --------------- 40, 41 High Magnification Plates 34A, 34B: (Level 8: Section 761) --------------- 42, 43 High Magnification Plates 35A, 35B: (Level 9: Section 831) --------------- 44, 45 High Magnification Plates 36A, 36B: (Level 10: Section 881) -------------- 46, 47 High Magnification Plates 37A, 37B: (Level 11: Section 981) -------------- 48, 49 High Magnification Plates 38A, 38B: (Level 12: Section 1021) ------------ 50, 51 High Magnification Plates 39A, 39B: (Level 13: Section 1081) ------------ 52, 53 High Magnification Plates 40A, 40B: (Level 14: Section 1141) ------------ 54, 55 High Magnification Plates 41A, 41B: (Level 15: Section 1181) ------------ 56, 57
PART III. GW37 SAGITTAL ------------------------------------------------------------------- 68 Low Magnification Plate 47 (Level 1: Section 961) ------------------------------ 70 Low Magnification Plate 48 (Level 2: Section 941) ------------------------------ 71 Low Magnification Plate 49 (Level 3: Section 841) ------------------------------ 72 Low Magnification Plate 50 (Level 4: Section 781) ------------------------------ 73 Low Magnification Plate 51 (Level 5: Section 721) ------------------------------ 74 Low Magnification Plate 52 (Level 6: Section 661) ------------------------------ 75 Low Magnification Plate 53 (Level 7: Section 621) ------------------------------ 76 Low Magnification Plate 54 (Level 8: Section 501) ------------------------------ 77 High Magnification Plates 55A, 55B: (Level 1: Section 961) --------------- 78, 79 High Magnification Plates 56A, 56B: (Level 2: Section 941) --------------- 80, 81 High Magnification Plates 57A, 57B: (Level 3: Section 841) --------------- 82, 83 High Magnification Plates 58A, 58B: (Level 4: Section 781) --------------- 84, 85 High Magnification Plates 59A, 59B: (Level 5: Section 721) --------------- 86, 87 High Magnification Plates 60A, 60B: (Level 6: Section 661) --------------- 88, 89 High Magnification Plates 61A, 61B: (Level 7: Section 621) --------------- 90, 91 High Magnification Plates 62A, 62B: (Level 8: Section 501) --------------- 92, 93 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 63: Nodulus ------------------------------- 94 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 64: Paramedian Lobule ------------------ 95 PART IV. GW37 HORIZONTAL -------------------------------------------------------------- 96 Low Magnification Plate 65 (Level 1: Section 341) ------------------------------ 98 Low Magnification Plate 66 (Level 2: Section 441) ------------------------------ 99 Low Magnification Plate 67 (Level 3: Section 531) ----------------------------- 100 Low Magnification Plate 68 (Level 4: Section 561) ----------------------------- 101 Low Magnification Plate 69 (Level 5: Section 631) ----------------------------- 102 Low Magnification Plate 70 (Level 6: Section 731) ----------------------------- 103 Low Magnification Plate 71 (Level 7: Section 761) ----------------------------- 104 Low Magnification Plate 72 (Level 8: Section 801) ----------------------------- 105 Low Magnification Plate 73 (Level 9: Section 851) ----------------------------- 106 Low Magnification Plate 74 (Level 10: Section 921) ---------------------------- 107 Low Magnification Plate 75 (Level 11: Section 981) ---------------------------- 108 Low Magnification Plate 76 (Level 12: Section 1051) -------------------------- 109 Low Magnification Plate 77 (Level 13: Section 1111) -------------------------- 110 Low Magnification Plate 78 (Level 14: Section 1161) -------------------------- 111 Low Magnification Plate 79 (Levels 15, 16: Sections 1251, 1311) ------------ 112 Low Magnification Plate 80 (Levels 17, 18, 19: Sections 1331, 1381, 1441) ---------------------------------- 113 High Magnification Plates 81A, 81B: (Level 3: Section 531) ------------ 114, 115 High Magnification Plates 82A, 82B: (Level 4: Section 561) ------------ 116, 117 High Magnification Plates 83A, 83B: (Level 5: Section 631) ------------ 118, 119 High Magnification Plates 84A, 84B: (Level 6: Section 731) ------------ 120, 121 High Magnification Plates 85A, 85B: (Level 7: Section 761) ------------ 122, 123 High Magnification Plates 86A, 86B: (Level 8: Section 801) ------------ 124, 125
CONTENTS High Magnification Plates 87A, 87B: (Level 9: Section 851) ------------ 126, 127 High Magnification Plates 88A, 88B: (Level 10: Section 921) ----------- 128, 129 High Magnification Plates 89A, 89B: (Level 11: Section 981) ----------- 130, 131 High Magnification Plates 90A, 90B: (Level 12: Section 1051) --------- 132, 133 High Magnification Plates 91A, 91B: (Level 13: Section 1111) --------- 134, 135 High Magnification Plates 92A, 92B: (Level 14: Section 1161) --------- 136, 137 High Magnification Plates 93A, 93B: (Level 15: Section 1251) --------- 138, 139 High Magnification Plates 94A, 94B: (Levels 16, 17: Sections 1311, 1331) ---------------------------------------- 140, 141 High Magnification Plates 95A, 95B: (Levels 18, 19: Sections 1381, 1441) ---------------------------------------- 142, 143 PART V. GW32 SAGITTAL ------------------------------------------------------------------ 144 Low Magnification Plate 96 (Level 1: Section 801) ----------------------------- 146 Low Magnification Plate 97 (Level 2: Section 741) ----------------------------- 147 Low Magnification Plate 98 (Level 3: Section 681) ----------------------------- 148 Low Magnification Plate 99 (Level 4: Section 581) ----------------------------- 149 Low Magnification Plate 100 (Level 5: Section 481) ---------------------------- 150 Low Magnification Plate 101 (Level 6: Section 421) ---------------------------- 151 High Magnification Plates 102A, 102B: (Level 1: Section 801) --------- 152, 153 High Magnification Plates 103A, 103B: (Level 2: Section 741) --------- 154, 155 High Magnification Plates 104A, 104B: (Level 3: Section 681) --------- 156, 157 High Magnification Plates 105A, 105B: (Level 4: Section 581) --------- 158, 159 High Magnification Plates 106A, 106B: (Level 5: Section 481) --------- 160, 161 High Magnification Plates 107A, 107B: (Level 6: Section 421) --------- 162, 163 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 108: Culmen, Lingula ------------------ 164 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 109: Folium ------------------------------ 165 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 110: Uvula, Nodulus ------------------- 166 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 111: Germinal Trigone ----------------- 167 PART VI. GW30 HORIZONTAL ------------------------------------------------------------- 168 Low Magnification Plate 112 (Level 1: Section 261) ---------------------------- 170 Low Magnification Plate 113 (Level 2: Section 400) ---------------------------- 171 Low Magnification Plate 114 (Level 3: Section 441) ---------------------------- 172 Low Magnification Plate 115 (Level 4: Section 521) ---------------------------- 173 Low Magnification Plate 116 (Level 5: Section 621) ---------------------------- 174 Low Magnification Plate 117 (Level 6: Section 671) ---------------------------- 175 Low Magnification Plate 118 (Level 7: Section 701) ---------------------------- 176 Low Magnification Plate 119 (Level 8: Section 721) ---------------------------- 177 Low Magnification Plate 120 (Level 9: Section 761) ---------------------------- 178 Low Magnification Plate 121 (Level 10: Section 801) -------------------------- 179 Low Magnification Plate 122 (Level 11: Section 841) -------------------------- 180 Low Magnification Plate 123 (Level 12: Section 861) -------------------------- 181 Low Magnification Plate 124 (Level 13: Section 881) -------------------------- 182 Low Magnification Plate 125 (Level 14: Section 941) -------------------------- 183 Low Magnification Plate 126 (Level 15: Section 1001) ------------------------- 184 Low Magnification Plate 127 (Level 16: Section 1041) ------------------------- 185 Low Magnification Plate 128 (Levels 17, 18: Sections 1081, 1121) ---------- 186 Low Magnification Plate 129 (Levels 19, 20: Sections 1161, 1201) ---------- 187 Low Magnification Plate 130 (Levels 21, 22: Sections 1241, 1281) ---------- 188 Low Magnification Plate 131 (Levels 23, 24: Sections 1351, 1391) ---------- 189
High Magnification Plates 132A, 132B: (Level 3: Section 441) --------- 190, 191 High Magnification Plates 133A, 133B: (Level 4: Section 521) --------- 192, 193 High Magnification Plates 134A, 134B: (Level 5: Section 621) --------- 194, 195 High Magnification Plates 135A, 135B: (Level 6: Section 671) --------- 196, 197 High Magnification Plates 136A, 136B: (Level 7: Section 701) --------- 198, 199 High Magnification Plates 137A, 137B: (Level 8: Section 721) --------- 200, 201 High Magnification Plates 138A, 138B: (Level 9: Section 761) --------- 202, 203 High Magnification Plates 139A, 139B: (Level 10: Section 801) -------- 204, 205 High Magnification Plates 140A, 140B: (Level 11: Section 841) -------- 206, 207 High Magnification Plates 141A, 141B: (Level 12: Section 861) -------- 208, 209 High Magnification Plates 142A, 142B: (Level 13: Section 881) -------- 210, 211 High Magnification Plates 143A, 143B: (Level 14: Section 941) -------- 212, 213 High Magnification Plates 144A, 144B: (Level 15: Section 1001) ------ 214, 215 High Magnification Plates 145A, 145B: (Level 16: Section 1041) ------ 216, 217 High Magnification Plates 146A, 146B: (Level 17: Section 1081) ------ 218, 219 High Magnification Plates 147A, 147B: (Level 18: Section 1121) ------ 220, 221 High Magnification Plates 148A, 148B: (Level 19: Section 1161) ------ 222, 223 High Magnification Plates 149A, 149B: (Levels 20, 21: Sections 1201, 1241) ---------------------------------------- 224, 225 High Magnification Plates 150A, 150B: (Levels 22, 23, 24: Sections 1281, 1351, 1391) ---------------------------- 226, 227 PART VII. GW29 CORONAL ------------------------------------------------------------------ 228 Low Magnification Plate 151 (Level 1: Section 321) ---------------------------- 230 Low Magnification Plate 152 (Level 2: Section 501) ---------------------------- 231 Low Magnification Plate 153 (Level 3: Section 621) ---------------------------- 232 Low Magnification Plate 154 (Level 4: Section 701) ---------------------------- 233 Low Magnification Plate 155 (Level 5: Section 741) ---------------------------- 234 Low Magnification Plate 156 (Level 6: Section 781) ---------------------------- 235 Low Magnification Plate 157 (Level 7: Section 821) ---------------------------- 236 Low Magnification Plate 158 (Level 8: Section 861) ---------------------------- 237 Low Magnification Plate 159 (Level 9: Section 901) ---------------------------- 238 Low Magnification Plate 160 (Level 10: Section 981) -------------------------- 239 Low Magnification Plate 161 (Level 11: Section 1021) ------------------------- 240 Low Magnification Plate 162 (Level 12: Section 1061) ------------------------- 241 Low Magnification Plate 163 (Level 13: Section 1101) ------------------------- 242 Low Magnification Plate 164 (Level 14: Section 1161) ------------------------- 243 Low Magnification Plate 165 (Level 15: Section 1201) ------------------------- 244 Low Magnification Plate 166 (Level 16: Section 1261) ------------------------- 245 Low Magnification Plate 167 (Level 17: Section 1301) ------------------------- 246 Low Magnification Plate 168 (Level 18: Section 1361) ------------------------- 247 Low Magnification Plate 169 (Level 19: Section 1521) ------------------------- 248 Low Magnification Plate 170 (Level 20: Section 1621) ------------------------- 249 High Magnification Cortex Plate 171: Frontal Cortex --------------------------- 250 High Magnification Cortex Plate 172: Precentral Gyrus ------------------------ 251 High Magnification Cortex Plate 173: Parietal Cortex -------------------------- 252 High Magnification Cortex Plate 174: Striate Cortex ---------------------------- 253 High Magnification Plates 175A, 175B: (Level 4: Section 701) --------- 254, 255 High Magnification Plates 176A, 176B: (Level 5: Section 741) --------- 256, 257 High Magnification Plates 177A, 177B: (Level 6: Section 781) --------- 258, 259 High Magnification Plates 178A, 178B: (Level 7: Section 821) --------- 260, 261
CONTENTS High Magnification Plates 179A, 179B: (Level 8: Section 861) --------- 262, 263 High Magnification Plates 180A, 180B: (Level 9: Section 901) --------- 264, 265 High Magnification Plates 181A, 181B: (Level 10: Section 981) -------- 266, 267 High Magnification Plates 182A, 182B: (Level 11: Section 1021) ------ 268, 269 High Magnification Plates 183A, 183B: (Level 12: Section 1061) ------ 270, 271 High Magnification Plates 184A, 184B: (Level 13: Section 1101) ------ 272, 273 High Magnification Plates 185A, 185B: (Level 14: Section 1161) ------ 274, 275 High Magnification Plates 186A, 186B: (Level 15: Section 1201) ------ 276, 277 High Magnification Plates 187A, 187B: (Level 16: Section 1261) ------ 278, 279 High Magnification Plates 188A, 188B: (Level 17: Section 1301) ------ 280, 281 High Magnification Plates 189A, 189B: (Level 18: Section 1361) ------ 282, 283 PART VIII. GW26 SAGITTAL ------------------------------------------------------------------ 284 Low Magnification Plate 190 (Level 1: Section 501) ---------------------------- 286 Low Magnification Plate 191 (Level 2: Section 481) ---------------------------- 287 Low Magnification Plate 192 (Level 3: Section 461) ---------------------------- 288 Low Magnification Plate 193 (Level 4: Section 421) ---------------------------- 289 Low Magnification Plate 194 (Level 5: Section 381) ---------------------------- 290 Low Magnification Plate 195 (Level 6: Section 361) ---------------------------- 291 Low Magnification Plate 196 (Level 7: Section 341) ---------------------------- 292 Low Magnification Plate 197 (Level 8: Section 321) ---------------------------- 293 Low Magnification Plate 198 (Level 9: Section 261) ---------------------------- 294 Low Magnification Plate 199 (Level 10: Section 221) -------------------------- 295 High Magnification Plates 200A, 200B: (Level 1: Section 501) --------- 296, 297 High Magnification Plates 201A, 201B: (Level 2: Section 481) --------- 298, 299 High Magnification Plates 202A, 202B: (Level 3: Section 461) --------- 300, 301 High Magnification Plates 203A, 203B: (Level 4: Section 421) --------- 302, 303 High Magnification Plates 204A, 204B: (Level 5: Section 381) --------- 304, 305 High Magnification Plates 205A, 205B: (Level 6: Section 361) --------- 306, 307 High Magnification Plates 206A, 206B: (Level 7: Section 341) --------- 308, 309 High Magnification Plates 207A, 207B: (Level 8: Section 321) --------- 310, 311 High Magnification Plates 208A, 208B: (Level 9: Section 261) --------- 312, 313 High Magnification Plates 209A, 209B: (Level 10: Section 221) -------- 314, 315 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 210: Lingula ----------------------------- 316 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 211: Culmen ----------------------------- 317 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 212: Declive ----------------------------- 318 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 213: Uvula ------------------------------- 319
High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 214: Nodulus ---------------------------- 320 High Magnification Cerebellum Plate 215: Germinal Trigone ----------------- 321 PART IX. GW26 HORIZONTAL ------------------------------------------------------------- 322 Low Magnification Plate 216 (Level 1: Section 240) ---------------------------- 324 Low Magnification Plate 217 (Level 2: Section 340) ---------------------------- 325 Low Magnification Plate 218 (Level 3: Section 400) ---------------------------- 326 Low Magnification Plate 219 (Level 4: Section 460) ---------------------------- 327 Low Magnification Plate 220 (Level 5: Section 520) ---------------------------- 328 Low Magnification Plate 221 (Level 6: Section 560) ---------------------------- 329 Low Magnification Plate 222 (Level 7: Section 620) ---------------------------- 330 Low Magnification Plate 223 (Level 8: Section 660) ---------------------------- 331 Low Magnification Plate 224 (Level 9: Section 700) ---------------------------- 332 Low Magnification Plate 225 (Level 10: Section 740) -------------------------- 333 Low Magnification Plate 226 (Level 11: Section 780) -------------------------- 334 Low Magnification Plate 227 (Level 12: Section 820) -------------------------- 335 Low Magnification Plate 228 (Levels 13, 14: Sections 860, 880) ------------------------------------------------- 336 Low Magnification Plate 229 (Levels 15, 16, 17: Sections 900, 940, 960) --------------------------------------- 337 High Magnification Plates 230A, 230B: (Level 3: Section 400) --------- 338, 339 High Magnification Plates 231A, 231B: (Level 4: Section 460) --------- 340, 341 High Magnification Plates 232A, 232B: (Level 5: Section 520) --------- 342, 343 High Magnification Plates 233A, 233B: (Level 6: Section 560) --------- 344, 345 High Magnification Plates 234A, 234B: (Level 7: Section 620) --------- 346, 347 High Magnification Plates 235A, 235B: (Level 8: Section 660) --------- 348, 349 High Magnification Plates 236A, 236B: (Level 9: Section 700) --------- 350, 351 High Magnification Plates 237A, 237B: (Level 10: Section 740) -------- 352, 353 High Magnification Plates 238A, 238B: (Level 11: Section 780) -------- 354, 355 High Magnification Plates 239A, 239B: (Level 12: Section 820) -------- 356, 357 High Magnification Plates 240A, 240B: (Level 13: Section 860) -------- 358, 359 High Magnification Plates 241A, 241B: (Level 14: Section 880) -------- 360, 361 High Magnification Plates 242A, 242B: (Level 15: Section 900) -------- 362, 363 High Magnification Plates 243A, 243B: (Level 16: Section 940) -------- 364, 365 High Magnification Plates 244A, 244B: (Level 17: Section 960) -------- 366, 367 GLOSSARY
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 368
1
PART PART I: I:
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION A. Organization of the Atlas This Atlas focuses on the development of the human brain during the third trimester, and is Volume 2 in the Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development series. Volume 1 (Bayer and Altman, 2002) provides a record of the development of the spinal cord. The brain specimens presented here are nearing anatomical maturity (at the light microscopic level) and nearly all the structures present in the adult brain are recognizable. Our rationale for starting our brain studies with the most mature specimens is to begin with the known (this volume), then gradually proceed to the unknown – the uncharted territory of human brain development during the midfetal and early embryonic periods (Volumes 3, 4 and 5). The journey will provide a record of when and how known brain structures differentiate, when they first become recognizable, and when they are still absent in less mature specimens. By the third trimester, as seen in the late-fetal specimens illustrated in this volume, only remnants of the embryonic nervous system – the primary neuroepithelium, the secondary germinal matrices, the streams of migrating neurons, and the transitional brain areas – remain. These embryonic structures gradually become more prominent in the younger fetuses to be dealt with in the forthcoming volumes, and are the sole components of the brain in the youngest embryos. This volume contains grayscale photographs of Nissl-stained sections of brains cut in three cardinal planes (coronal, sagittal, and horizontal) of normal specimens from gestational week (GW) 37 in the late third trimester to GW26 in the early third trimester. In this, and in the forthcoming volumes, older specimens precede younger specimens. Virtually every named brain structure is shown in at least one plane, and most structures can be discerned in two or three planes from specimens of the same nominal age or closely matched ages. Hence, this volume provides a comprehensive atlas of the maturing brain as well as of its late-stage development. In this volume, each specimen is presented in a separate part of the Atlas: GW37 in the coronal plane in Part II; GW37 in the sagittal plane in Part III; GW37 in the horizontal plane in Part IV;
GW32 in the sagittal plane in Part V; GW30 in the horizontal plane in Part VI; GW29 in the coronal plane in Part VII; GW26 in the sagittal plane in Part VIII; and GW26 in the horizontal plane in Part IX. Selected coronal plates are presented in order from rostral to caudal; the dorsal part of each section is always toward the top of the page, the ventral part at the bottom, and the midline is in the vertical center of each section. Sagittal plates are ordered from medial to lateral; the anterior part of each section is always facing to the left, posterior to the right. Horizontal plates are ordered from dorsal to ventral; the anterior part of each section is always facing to the left, posterior to the right, and the midline is in the horizontal center of each section. Each Part contains low magnification plates and high magnification companion plates. The low magnification plates appear on single pages that show unlabeled full contrast photos of entire sections on the left side and low contrast copies on the right with superimposed outlines and unabbreviated labels. The main purpose of the low magnification plates is to identify the large structures of the brain, such as the various lobes and gyri of the cerebral cortex, and large subdivisions of the brain core, such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, cerebellum, and medulla. The high magnification companion plates are designated as A and B on facing pages and feature enlarged views of the brain core. The A part of each plate on the left page shows the full contrast photograph without labels; the B part shows low contrast copies of the same photograph on the right page with superimposed outlines of structures and unabbreviated labels. The main purpose of these plates is to identify smaller structures within the brain core. In addition, every coronally-sectioned specimen contains high magnification plates of the cortical plate in different areas of the cerebral cortex, and every sagittally-sectioned specimen contains high magnification plates of different lobules of the cerebellar cortex in the midline vermis. Because our emphasis is on development, transient structures that appear only in immature brains are labeled in italics, either directly in some of the high magnification plates or in bold numbers that refer to italicized labels in a Table. During dissection, embedding, cutting, and staining, some of the sections illustrated were torn; that damage is usually surrounded by dashed lines. Finally, an alphabetized Glossary gives brief definitions of most
labels used in the Plates with expanded definitions of all transient developmental structures.
B. Specimens Used All specimens in this volume (designated by the prefix Y) are from the Yakovlev Collection housed in the National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. (Forthcoming volumes will also contain specimens from the Carnegie and Minot Collections.) Over a 40-year span, Paul I. Yakovlev (1894-1983) collected brains and some spinal cords from about 1500 normal and abnormal human specimens, ranging in age from the early second trimester of fetal development through old age (Haleem, 1990). The specimens were fixed in formalin, embedded in celloidin, and cut at 35 µm. The sections were arranged in two sets of consecutively numbered slides. One set was stained for cell bodies (Nissl) using cresyl violet; the other set was stained for myelin using the Loyez modification of Weigert’s hematoxylin. In selecting the specimens, we rejected those with evidence of pathology, and used only those that were well-preserved during preparation and have not deteriorated since then. We ended up with six Nissl-stained coronal specimens, six horizontal specimens, and sixteen sagittal specimens in the age range between GW37 and GW26. From that group, eight specimens were chosen for presentation in this Atlas as most representative of their respective age groups: two coronally sectioned brains, three sagittally sectioned brains, and three horizontally sectioned brains.
C. Photography and Computer Processing The Nissl-stained sections were photographed at low magnification, using a macro lens (Vivitar, 55 mm 1:2.8 auto macro) attached to a Nikkormat 35-mm camera that was mounted on a stand over a fluorescent light board. The magnification varied for each specimen, according to brain size: the section with the largest area that could be accommodated within the field of view set the magnification for all sections of a particular specimen. For better resolution of select regions and structures, most sections were also photographed
2
INTRODUCTION at higher magnifications with a Nikkormat 35-mm camera attached to a 12-cm Leitz/Wetzlar lens with bellows. All photographs were taken with a green filter to increase the contrast of the black and white film (Kodak technical pan #TP442). The film was developed at 20°C for 6 to 7 minutes in Kodak HC110 developer (dilution F), followed by Kodak stop bath for 30 seconds, Kodak fixer for 5 minutes, Kodak hypo clearing agent for 1 minute, running water rinse for 10 minutes, and a brief rinse in Kodak photo-flo before drying. The negatives were scanned at 2700 dots-per-inch (dpi) with a Nikon Coolscan-1000 35-mm film scanner which was interfaced to a PowerPC G3 Macintosh computer, running Adobe Photoshop (version 5.02) with a plug-in Nikon driver. To capture the subtle shades of gray, the negatives were scanned as color positives, inverted, and converted to grayscale. Using the enhancement features built into Adobe Photoshop and the additional features of Extensis Intellihance, adjustments were made to increase contrast and sharpness. When the image resolution was set to 300 dpi, a full-size photographic file printed at approximately 12 × 10 inches. For the low magnification plates, the images were reduced to fit two images side-by-side on a single plate. For the high magnification plates, the images are shown at full size on separate pages to see structural details in the brain core. Adobe Illustrator was used to superimpose labels and outline structural details on low contrast copies of the Adobe Photoshop files.
D. Identification of Brain Structures The late-fetal brain specimens illustrated in this volume contain virtually all the structures found in the mature brain. Hence, these could be identified with some assurance by relying on classical textbooks of neuroanatomy (Ranson and Clark, 1959; Ariëns Kappers et al., 1967; Crosby et al., 1962; Truex and Carpenter, 1969; Brodal, 1981). We also consulted treatises dealing with specific regions of the mature and maturing human brain: the cerebral cortex (Mai et al., 1997; Warner, 2001); the basal telencephalon (Ulfig, 1989; Martin et al., 1991); the amygdala (Sims and Williams, 1990; Amaral et al., 1992; Setzer and Ulfig, 1999), the thalamus (Walker, 1938; Forutan et al., 2001); the hypothalamus (Nauta and Haymaker, 1969; Koutcherov et al., 2002); the visual system (Polyak, 1957); the auditory brainstem nuclei (Moore, 1987; Moore et al., 1999); the nuclei of the pons and the medulla (Paxinos and Huang, 1995); and the cerebellum (Angevine et al., 1961). Since fiber tracts were not stained in our material, many identifications (particularly in the brainstem) posed some difficulties; any label followed by a question mark indicates that we are not completely sure of the identity. The late-fetal specimens examined in this volume contain only remnants of embryonic brain structures that are prominent at earlier stages of development. In contrast to the mature human brain, there are no comprehensive textbooks available on the morphogenesis of the developing human brain through its entire course. There are several book chapters and reviews available, but these deal with select brain regions and a few stages of human brain development (Moore,
1987; Moore et al., 1999; Setzer and Ulfig, 1999; Forutan et al., 2001; Koutcherov et al., 2002). Therefore we relied heavily on our experimental work in the developing rat brain to identify embryonic structures. For those studies, we labeled proliferating cells in the germinal matrices with 3H-thymidine injections at daily intervals through the entire prenatal period, and every other day up to weaning. By varying survival times after 3H-thymidine exposure, we used autoradiography to establish timetables of neurogenesis, traced the speed and route of neuronal and glial migration, and documented settling patterns in the maturing brain. The results of these studies were published over a period of 30 years in various journals (Journal of Comparative Neurology, Experimental Neurology, International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, Brain Research, and others), and were summarized in monographs (Altman and Bayer, 1982, 1984, 1986), review articles (Altman, 1992; Altman and Bayer, 2003a; Bayer and Altman, 1995a, 1995b; 2004; Bayer et al., 1995), and books (Bayer and Altman, 1991; Altman and Bayer, 1997, 2001). In an early study (Bayer et al., 1993), we presented evidence for some parallels in the early development of the rat brain and human brain. That motivated us to undertake this extensive and in-depth survey of human brain development and interpret it in the light of our experimental rat data. Based mostly on an analysis of younger fetuses and embryos, we identify several embryonic brain structures that either disappear or leave only vestiges behind in the mature brain. These embryonic structures in third trimester fetuses include: (i) vestiges of the primary germinal matrix, the neuroepithelium, at a few sites; (ii) the secondary germinal matrix, the subventricular zone, that replaces the neuroepithelium at other sites; (iii) other secondary germinal matrices that form at some distance from the ventricles, such as the external germinal layer of the cerebellar cortex or the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus; (iv) migratory streams, such as the rostral and lateral migratory streams of the cerebral cortex; (v) areas that contain neurons that sojourn in transitory fields before settling in their final locations, such as the stratified transitional fields in the neocortex; (vi) glioepithelia along several fiber tracts; and (vii) dispersed sites of glial proliferation that precede the myelination of fiber tracts, known as myelination gliosis. At the outset of its development, the proliferative neuroepithelium is the sole constituent of the brain; it is composed of pluripotent stem cells that are the ultimate source of all the neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Following a precise spatio-temporal pattern, the neuroepithelial cells generate postmitotic large and midsize neurons that move out to form the brain’s gross circuitry. While the cells of the neuroepithelium look alike along the entire neuraxis, regions and patches can be distinguished that differ in the time course of their growth (thickening and expansion) and decline (thinning and shrinking), and in the dynamics of their cell proliferation. At first approximation, these neuroepithelial patches or mosaics are identified by their position and are distinguished in such general terms as the amygdaloid neuroepithelium, hippocampal neuroepithelium, or occipital neuroepithelium. The virtual disappearance of the neuroepithelium by the third trimester indicates that the pro-
duction of the brain’s gross-circuitry neurons has ended earlier. At many sites, the neuroepithelium also gives rise to secondary germinal matrices with more limited potencies. Several secondary germinal matrices persist in the third-trimester brain. Some interneurons may still be generated in the subventricular zone of the cerebral cortex. The cortical subventricular zone is also generating glial cells that will disperse throughout the cortex. There are several secondary germinal matrices at some distance from the ventricles that produce neurons during the third trimester and even for some time after birth. The external germinal layer of the cerebellar cortex is generating granule, basket and stellate cells. The subgranular zone of the hippocampus is generating granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Also prominent are several migratory streams during the third trimester. One of these, the rostral migratory stream contains, among other cell types, granule cells that settle in the olfactory bulb and it is also a source of glia. Migrating cells in some brain regions stop in sojourn zones for varying lengths of time before settling in their final locations. In the human neocortex these sojourning cells form alternating layers with afferent, efferent and commissural (callosal) fibers that we call stratified transitional fields. Banding patterns in these fields differ considerably in the frontal, paracentral, occipital and temporal lobes (Altman and Bayer, 2003b) and their vestiges are still present throughout the third trimester. These fields have been postulated to be sites where connections of the cerebral cortex are established before neurons settle in the cortical plate; that process is still in progress during the third trimester. The mature stratification of the cortical plate, the primordium of the cortical gray matter, starts to be evident during the third trimester and finishes after birth. Glioepithelia are fate-restriced precursors of oligodendrocytes responsible for the myelination of axons in fiber tracts. Several of these are still prominent during the third trimester beneath the corpus callosum, lining the fornix, and adjacent to some fiber tracts. At other sites glia dispersed within fiber tracts appear to proliferate locally before the onset of myelination. This myelination gliosis is evident at the beginning of the third trimester in the cuneate and gracile fasciculi of the medulla and spinal cord (Bayer and Altman, 2002). A final note. In the first volume of this series dealing with spinal cord development from the early embryonic period through infancy (Bayer and Altman, 2002), we provided quantitative summaries of several ontogenetic trends, such as the area of the neuroepithelium, the area of the ventricular lumen, and the expansion of the white matter and gray matter over the entire span of development. Because this volume deals only with the latest phase of fetal brain development, comprehensive quantitative summaries will be featured in Volume 5 of this series when all the brain studies are completed.
3
INTRODUCTION E. References Altman, J. (1992) The early stages of nervous system development: Neurogenesis and neuronal migration. In: A. Björklund, T. Hökfelt and M. Tohyama (eds.) Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Volume 10. Ontogeny of Transmitters and Peptides in the CNS, pp. 1-31. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (1982) Development of the Cranial Nerve Ganglia and Related Nuclei in the Rat. (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, Vol. 74). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (1984) The Development of the Rat Spinal Cord. (Advances in Anatomy, Emryology and Cell Biology, Vol. 85). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (1986) The Development of the Rat Hypothalamus. (Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, Vol.100). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (1997) Development of the Cerebellar System in Relation to its Evolution, Structure, and Functions. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (2001) Development of the Human Spinal Cord: An Interpretation Based on Experimental Studies in Animals. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (2003a) Neuroembryology. In: G. Adelman and B. H. Smith (eds.) Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. (Third edition) Amsterdam: Elsevier. (In press) Altman, J. and S. A. Bayer (2003b) Regional differences in the stratified transitional field and the honeycomb matrix of the developing human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neurocytology, 31:613-632. Amaral, D. G., J. L Price, A. Pitkänen, and S. T. Carmichael (1992) Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In: J. P. Aggleton (ed.) The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. New York, NY: Wiley-Liss, pp. 1-66. Angevine, J. B., E. L. Mancall, and P. I. Yakovlev (1961) The Human Cerebellum: An Atlas of Gross Topography in Serial Sections. Boston, MA: Little, Brown. Ariëns Kappers, C. U., G. C. Huber, and E. C. Crosby (1936) The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Hafner Publishing Company. [Reprint, 1967].
Bayer, S. A. and J. Altman (1991) Neocortical Development. New York, NY: Raven Press.
Mai, J. K., J. Assheuer, and G. Paxinos (1997) Atlas of the Human Brain. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Bayer, S. A and J. Altman (1995a) Neurogenesis and neuronal migration. In: G. Paxinos (ed.) The Rat Nervous System (Second edition), pp. 1041-1078. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Martin, L. J., R. E. Powers, T. L. Dellovade, and D. L. Price (1991) The bed nucleus-amygdala continuum in human and monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 309:445-485.
Bayer, S. A and J. Altman (1995b) Principles of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and neural circuit formation. In: G. Paxinos (ed.) The Rat Nervous System (Second edition), pp. 1079-1098. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Moore, J. K. (1987) The human auditory brainstem: a comparative view. Hearing Research, 29:1-32.
Bayer, S. A. and J. Altman (2002) Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development. Volume 1: The Spinal Cord from Gestational Week 4 to the 4th Postnatal Month. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Bayer, S. A. and J. Altman (2004) Development of the telencephalon: Neural stem cells, neurogenesis and neuronal migration. In: G. Paxinos (ed.) The Rat Nervous System (Third edition). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 27-73. Bayer, S. A., J. Altman, R. J. Russo and X. Zhang (1993) Timetables of neurogenesis in the human brain based on experimentally determined patterns in the rat. Neurotoxicology, 14:83-144. Bayer, S. A., J. Altman, R. J. Russo and X. Zhang (1995) Embryology. In: S. Duckett (ed.) Pediatric Neuropathology, pp. 54-107. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Brodal, A. (1981) Neurological Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine. (Third edition). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Crosby, E. C., T. Humphrey, and E. W. Lauer (1962) Correlative Anatomy of the Nervous System. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company. Forutan, F., J. K. Mai, K. W. S. Ashwell, S. Lensing-Höhn, D. Nohr, T. Voss, J. Bohl, and C. Andressen (2001) Organisation and maturation of the human thalamus as revealed by CD15. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 437:476-495. Haleem, M. (1990) Diagnostic Categories of the Yakovlev Collection of Normal and Pathological Anatomy and Development of the Brain. Washington, D.C.: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. Koutcherov, Y., J. K. Mai, K. W. S. Ashwell, and G. F. Paxinos (2002) Organisation of human hypothalamus in fetal development. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 446:301-324.
Moore, J. K., D. D. Simmons, and Y-L. Guan (1999) The human olivocochlear system: organization and development. Audiology and Neuro-otology, 4:311-325. Nauta, W. J. H., and W. Haymaker (1969) Hypothalamic nuclei and fiber connections. In: The Hypothalamus, W. Haymaker, E. Anderson, and W. J. H. Nauta (eds.). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 136-209. Paxinos, G., and X-F. Huang (1995) Atlas of the Human Brainstem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Polyak, S. (1957) The Vertebrate Visual System, H. Klüver (ed.). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Ranson, S. W. and S. L. Clark (1959) The Anatomy of the Nervous System: Its Development and Function (Tenth edition). Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company. Setzer, M., and N. Ulfig (1999) Differential expression of calbindin and calretinin in the human fetal amygdala. Microscopy Research and Technique, 46:1-17. Sims, K. S., and R. S. Williams (1990) The human amygdaloid complex: A cytologic and histochemical atlas using Nissl, myelin, acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining. Neuroscience, 36:449-472. Truex, R. C., and M. B. Carpenter (1969) Human Neuroanatomy (6th edition). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Company. Ulfig, N. (1989) Configuration of the magnocellular nuclei in the basal forebrain of the human adult. Acta Anatomica, 134:100-105. Walker, A. E. (1938) The Primate Thalamus. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. Warner, J. J., (2001) Atlas of Neuroanatomy with Systems Organization and Case Correlation. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
4
PART PART II: II:
GW37 GW37 CORONAL CORONAL
yr
up r
rf ro
lg
Centra tr l s al g y Post c u s ru
Pre ce
Su pe
NTAL LOB E RO
rio rf r
M
F
P
O
RA
us
Inferior temporal gyrus
L LOBE
CIPITAL L O BE OC
M id d l e t e m poral g y r
ccipital gyri al o t er La
S
BE LO
ar am g
al fissure La t er rus Superior temporal gy
O r bital gy
Insular gyrus
L
io
Angular l gyrus ina
I n f er
Superior parietal lobule
a c ul ntr e
s yru
al g nt
TE
The approximate cutting plane of this brain is indicated in Figure 2 (facing page) with lines superimposed on the GW37 brain from the Larroche (1967) series. The dorsal part of each section is posterior to the ventral part. This brain is nearly even in mediolateral orientation. For example, the temporal poles on right vs. left sides of the brain appear at the same time (Level 5, Section 611). The sections chosen for illustration are more closely spaced to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Illustrated sections are spaced farther apart when they contain only large brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Photographs of 21 different Nisslstained sections (Levels 1-21) are shown at low magnification in Plates 1-20. Different areas of the cerebral cortex are shown at very high magnification in Plates 21-30. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 31AB-46AB for Levels 5-21.
id
rus
This specimen is case number W-217-65 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A male infant, weighing 3,057 grams, was born alive on August 10, 1965, and survived for 44 hours. Death occurred because a hyaline membrane obstructed the airway to the lungs. Upon autopsy, a subarachnoid hemmorhage in the left temporal/parietal area of the cerebral cortex was noted. The brain itself, cut in the coronal (frontal) plane in 35-µm thick sections, is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). Although there is no photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, the photograph of the lateral view of another GW37 brain that Larroche published in 1967 (Figure 1) is similar to the features of the brain in Y217-65. There are definite divisions between major gyri in all lobes of the cerebral hemispheres (labeled in Figure 1).
M
n
us
s gyru
us gyr l ta on s yru g al nt o fr e l d
PARACENTRAL LOBULE PAR IE TA s
Cerebellar hemisphere Spinal cord
Figure 1. Lateral view of a GW37 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres labeled. (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
5
GW37 CORONAL SECTION PLANES LEVEL NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
1711
1611
1501
981 1021 1081 1141 1181 1221 1311 1371
611 691 721 761 831 881
511
361
281
161
Y217-65 contains several immature structures. In the cortical regions of the telencephalon, remnants of the germinal matrices are present in all lobes of the cerebral cortex where the neuroepithelium/subventricular zone may still be generating neocortical interneurons. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields, thin in the occipital lobe, and thicker in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Indeed, thickness variations can be used as identifying criteria for designating a particular cortical germinal matrix as occipital or otherwise. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the lateral parts of the cerebral cortex, streams of neurons and glia are still in the lateral migratory stream. That stream percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus, and the cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a prominent neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are probably still being generated. The striatal portion can be subdivided into anterolateral, anteromedial, and posterior parts. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn part of the hippocampus, have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle.
SECTION NUMBER Figure 2. Lateral view of the same GW37 brain shown in Figure 1 with the approximate locations and cutting angle of the sections of Y217-65. (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, and the third ventricle is lined by a thin glioepithelium/ ependyma. In the midbrain and anterior pons, there is a slightly thicker and more convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lining the posterior cerebral aqueduct and anterior fourth ventricle. The posterior pons and entire medulla have a thin glioepithelium/ependyma lining the rest of the fourth ventricle. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is still producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The germinal trigone is still visible at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here.
6
PLATE 1 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 1: Section 161
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2
Frontal stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
1 Middle frontal gyrus
2
1
1
Cingulate gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
1 1
Orbital gyri Damaged areas in section
Superior rostral gyrus Gyrus rectus
Inferior rostral gyrus
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
7
PLATE 2 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
2
Inferior frontal gyrus
Claustrum
Orbital gyri
1
1 2
Cortical plate White matter
3
2
gyrus
2
Layer I
Frontal lobe
Cingulate
1 2 3
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 2: Section 281
1
Lateral fissure
1 2
Corpus callosum Damaged areas in section Gyrus rectus
Inferior rostral gyrus
8
PLATE 3 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream (source area) 4 Callosal glioepithelium 2 Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 5 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 3 Frontal stratified transitional field 6 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
6
Induseum griseum Layer I
Frontal lobe
Middle frontal gyrus
4
2 Insular gyrus
Corpus callosum (genu)
m u lu ng Ci
Cingulate gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Caudate (head)
5
1
Cingulate gyrus
Orbital gyri
Cortical plate White matter
3
L venatera t r ic l le
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 3: Section 361
3
2
Damaged areas in section
Gyrus rectus Inferior rostral gyrus
Olfactory sulcus
Lateral fissure
Claustrum
9
PLATE 4 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream 6 Callosal sling 2 Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Fornical glioepithelium 3 Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 4 (intermingled with the source of the 9 Accumbent (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream) 10 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
10
Middle frontal gyrus
3
5 2
Inferior frontal gyrus
Orbital gyri
Lateral ventricle
Fornix (in septum pellucidum)
a are
3
Damaged areas in section
8 6 7
m
us s cle ben Nu um c ac
Insular gyrus
Corpus c allosu
9
Cortical plate White matter
l osa call Sub
Basal ganglia
Layer I
Cingulum
Ci n gy gula ru te s
Ca uda Int te ( ern hea al c d) aps Pu tam ule en
5
rostral migratory stream) Callosal glioepithelium
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 4: Section 511
Lateral fissure
4 Gyrus rectus
1
Lateral fissure Claustrum
Olfactory sulcus Olfactory peduncle
10
PLATE 5 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 5: Section 611
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream 7 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Accumbent (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream) Callosal glioepithelium 10 Septal glioepithelium/ependyma Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 31A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure
Induseum griseum
Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
11
Middle frontal gyrus
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
Cingulum
Basal ganglia
Inferior frontal gyrus
Corpus cal
5 6 8 10
Lateral ventricle Fornix
Septum
Subcallosal area
Paracentral lobule
Lateral fissure Claustrum
us s cle ben Nu um c ac
9
Insular gyrus
losum
ern C al aud cap ate (he sul ad) e
2
7
Cingulate gyrus
Pu tam en
Precentral gyrus
4
I nt
3
Temporal pole
Superior temporal gyrus
1
Gyrus rectus Olfactory sulcus Orbital gyri
Olfactory peduncle
11
PLATE 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream 7 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field 9 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 10 Strionuclear glioepithelium Callosal sling 11 Diencephalic (preoptic) glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 6: Section 691
See detail of brain core in Plates 32A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
Superior frontal gyrus
11
12
Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
Superior temporal gyrus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Middle temporal gyrus
Damaged areas in section
Caudate (body)
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Anterior commissure
Preoptic area
7
Fornix
Third ventricle
Olfactory tubercle
11
Optic chiasm
Paracentral lobule
rn al ca ps ul Pu e ta m en
5 9 6 10
Lateral ventricle
te
8
4
Cingulate gyrus
Basal ganglia
Insular gyrus
White matter
Corpus callosum
2
Inferior frontal gyrus?
Cortical plate
Cingulum
3 Precentral gyrus
Layer I
Frontal lobe
In
Middle frontal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Globus pallidus Nucleus accumbens
1
Endopiriform nucleus
Temporal lobe
Claustrum (infiltrated by the lateral migratory stream)
12
PLATE 7 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 7: Section 721
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 9 Strionuclear glioepithelium Callosal sling 10 Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium 11 Diencephalic (preoptic) glioepithelium/ependyma Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 33A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure
12
Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
8
6
9 5
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Inferior temporal gyrus
Damaged areas in section
Anterior commissure
Fornix
10
Preoptic area
6
Middle temporal gyrus
Caudate (body)
Lateral ventricle
Inferior frontal gyrus?
Basal ganglia
Corpus callosum
4
le su ap c al rn te In
Paracentral lobule
en
Insular gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
White matter
m
7
3
Cingulate gyrus
ta
1
Central sulcus
Cortical plate
Pu
Precentral gyrus
Layer I
Cingulum
2
Postcentral gyrus
Induseum griseum
Third ventricle
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Globus pallidus Olfactory tubercle
11
Optic chiasm Parolfactory gyrus
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
Endopiriform nucleus
6
Claustrum (infiltrated by the lateral migratory stream)
13
PLATE 8 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 34A and B.
See this area of cortex in Plates 21 and 22
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
12
Superior frontal gyrus Precentral gyrus
10
Cingulum
2 1
Central sulcus
7
3 8
Insular gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus?
6
Superior temporal gyrus
Basal ganglia
9
6
Amygdala
10
Damaged areas in section
ior ter lex An omp c
Re Stria medullaris
Fornix
Hypothalamus
11
Paracentral lobule
s obu Gl
Lateral fissure
us llid pa
Anterior commissure
Corticomedial complex
Basolateral complex
Optic tract Arcuate nucleus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Caudate (body)
Fornix
5
Thalamus
White matter
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
Substantia innominata
Middle temporal gyrus
4
Cingulate gyrus
Cortical plate
men Puta
Postcentral gyrus
Layer I
Frontal lobe
t te r i c u l na a r b lc e ap l t su le
Frontal stratified transitional field
7 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Strionuclear glioepithelium 10 Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 11 Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
In
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Third ventricle
1 2 3 4 5 6
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 8: Section 761
Temporal lobe
Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
Claustrum (infiltrated by the lateral migratory stream)
14
PLATE 9 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
7 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 8 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 9 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Strionuclear glioepithelium 11 Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 13 Subpial granular layer
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
Superior frontal gyrus Precentral gyrus
13 2
Central sulcus
9
Insular gyrus
3
Cingulate gyrus
5
10
7
11
Basal ganglia Substantia innominata
12 Amygdala
6 Inferior temporal gyrus Damaged areas in section
Corpus callosum
4
8
Hypothalamus
Optic tract Arcuate nucleus
Fornix
Dorsal complex
n ter us In llid pa us b o Gl Anterior Corticocommissure medial complex us cle nu l Basolateral ra nt complex Ce
Parahippocampal gyrus
Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
Paracentral lobule
Caudate (tail)
men Puta
Middle temporal gyrus
7
White matter
Lateral ventricle
Thalamus
Superior temporal gyrus
Cortical plate
Cingulum
1 Postcentral gyrus
Layer I
Frontal lobe
V co ent m ra pl l ex al c ap su l e
See detail of brain core in Plates 35A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Third ventricle
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 9: Section 831
Entorhinal cortex
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure Claustrum
15
PLATE 10 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal/paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal/paracentral stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
9 Alvear glioepithelium 10 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 11 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 13 Strionuclear glioepithelium 14 Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 15 Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 16 Subpial granular layer
See detail of brain core in Plates 36A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
Superior frontal gyrus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
2 Postcentral gyrus Insular gyrus
1 12
Cingulum
3
Cingulate gyrus
13
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
5 Third ventricle
Caudate (tail)
Dorsal complex
Middle temporal gyrus
9
11
8
7
Hippocampus
6
Inferior temporal gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus
Mammillary body Entorhinal cortex
White matter
Lateral fissure
15
10
Layer I
Fornix
Central complex Periventricular Basal complex ic ganglia s lams Subthalamus obbuu thacleu Gllo lidus G b u Optic S nu al p tract CorticoHypol medial Anterior thalamus erebrnacle complex commissure l C edu a A m yg r e p o la t d a la B a s m p le x Central nucleus co
Superior temporal gyrus
Damaged areas in section
4
Pa ra lo cen bu tr l e al
men Puta
14
Thalamus
Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
Cortical plate
Frontal lobe
16
V co ent m ra pl l ex
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 10: Section 881
Ammon's horn
Lateral ventricle
Temporal lobe
Claustrum
16
PLATE 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frontal/paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal/paracentral stratified transitional field
9 Alvear glioepithelium 10 Subgranular zone (dentate) 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 12 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 13 Strionuclear glioepithelium 14 Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 15 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
Interhemispheric fissure
Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
Induseum griseum
2
11
Middle temporal gyrus
8
Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
7
Lateral ventricle
Basal Optic ganglia tract Subt
White matter
Caudate (tail)
Fornix
14 hala
m us
Hippocampus
9 10
Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus Damaged areas in section
4
13 Thalamus
12
Cingulum Corpus callosum
Pa ra lo cen bu tr l e al
6
Dorsal complex Third ventricle Central complex
Ventral complex
Temporal lobe
Putamen
Superior temporal gyrus
12
3
Cingulate gyrus
Fimbria/fornix
Midbrain
Red nucleus
Tegmentum
bs ta nt re ia br ni al gr pe a du nc le
1 Insular gyrus
Cortical plate Layer I
Frontal lobe
15
Postcentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
5
Pons
Caudate (tail)
Lateral ventricle Dentate gyrus
Su
See detail of brain core in Plates 37A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Ce
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 11: Section 981
Ammon's horn Subiculum
Temporal lobe
Entorhinal cortex Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle
Lateral fissure
17
PLATE 12 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 12: Section 1021
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See detail of brain core in Plates 38A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure
Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
Layer I Cortical plate
Postcentral gyrus
15 2
Middle temporal gyrus
7
13
Lateral geniculate body
Hippocampus
8 9 10
Fusiform gyrus
This section became brittle and was fractured during staining and attachment to the slide.
Parahippocampal gyrus Damaged areas in section
Caudate (tail)
Lateral ventricle
Posterior complex
Third ventricle (pineal recess)
Midbrain Tegmentum
6
Inferior temporal gyrus
4
14 Central
Ventral complex
complex Cerebral aqueduct
lo bu le
Pons
Temporal lobe
Fimbria/fornix Posterior complex
Red nucleus
ta nt ia ni re br gr al pe a du nc le
12
Corpus callosum
White matter
Fornix
Thalamus Basal ganglia
Cingulum
Putamen
11
12
m ectu Pret
Superior temporal gyrus
1
Cingulate gyrus
Pa ra ce nt ra l
5
Caudate (tail)
Lateral ventricle Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
bs
Insular gyrus
3
Induseum griseum
Ce
Temporal stratified transitional field
9 Alvear glioepithelium 10 Subgranular zone (dentate) 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 12 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 13 Strionuclear glioepithelium 14 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 15 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Su
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subiculum
Temporal lobe
Entorhinal cortex Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontine gray
Lateral fissure
18
PLATE 13 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 13: Section 1081
See detail of brain core in Plates 39A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 Temporal stratified transitional field 9 Alvear glioepithelium 10 Subgranular zone (dentate) 11 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 12 Strionuclear glioepithelium 13 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See this area of cortex in Plates 23 and 24
Interhemispheric fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Cingulum
2
Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus
Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
11
3 12
Hippocampus
8 7
Inferior temporal gyrus
9
Cingulate gyrus
Medial geniculate body
10
6
Fusiform gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus
Pretectum
Tectum
Cerebral aqueduct
Midbrain Tegmentum
Pons
13
Parietal lobe
Caudate (tail)
Fornix
5
P co oste m ri pl or ex
Fimbria/fornix
5
Central gray
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III) Superior cerebellar peduncle
Temporal lobe
Caudate (tail)
Lateral ventricle Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn Subiculum
Temporal lobe
Raphe nuclear complex Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract
Damaged areas in section
White matter
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
4
Thalamus
Lateral geniculate body
Cortical plate
Para cent ral l obul Induseum griseum e
14 1 11
Layer I
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Lateral fissure
19
PLATE 14 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 14: Section 1141
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
Fornical glioepithelium
5
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
6
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium
7 Temporal stratified transitional field 8 Alvear glioepithelium 9 Subgranular zone (dentate) 10 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 Strionuclear glioepithelium 12 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 13 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 40A and B. Interhemispheric fissure Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Layer I
Postcentral gyrus
Cortical plate
Supramarginal gyrus
13 2 1 10
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Induseum griseum
3
Cingulate gyrus
Cingulum
4
11
Fornix P c o o ste m ri pl or ex
Thalamus
7 6
Hippocampus
9
5
Tectum
12 Midbrain Tegmentum
Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Parahippocampal gyrus
Pons
Corpus callosum
Parietal lobe
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
8
White matter
lobule Paracentral lobule
Caudate (tail)
4
Superior colliculus Central gray Cerebral aqueduct Superior cerebellar peduncle
Fimbria/fornix
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
Lateral ventricle Ammon's horn
Temporal lobe
Raphe nuclear complex Nerve V Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract Reticular tegmental nucleus
20
PLATE 15 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 15: Section 1181
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 41A and B.
1 2 3 4
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
7
Temporal stratified transitional field
Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field
8
Alvear glioepithelium
Callosal glioepithelium
9
Subgranular zone (dentate)
Fornical glioepithelium
5
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
6
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See this area of cortex in Plates 25 and 26
Postcentral gyrus
10 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 11 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure Layer I
Superior parietal lobule
Middle temporal gyrus
White matter
1
Supramarginal gyrus
12
2
7
Induseum griseum
3
8
Cingulate gyrus
4
Choroid plexus
6
lobule Paracentral lobule
9
Damaged areas in section
Fimbria/fornix
Hippocampal commissure
4 Dentate gyrus
Tectum
Midbrain
Superior colliculus Central gray
10 Isthmus
Cerebellum Fusiform gyrus?
Parietal lobe
Corpus callosum
Parahippocampal gyrus
5
Lateral ventricle
Cingulum
us mp ca o pp Hi
Inferior temporal gyrus Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
Cortical plate
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral aqueduct Superior cerebellar peduncle
Ammon's horn Subiculum
Temporal lobe
Hemisphere
Pons 11
Medulla
Raphe nuclear complex Middle cerebellar peduncle Nerve VIII Pontine gray Superior olive Inferior olive Pyramid
21
PLATE 16 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
Fornical glioepithelium
5
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 16: Section 1221
6 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Temporal stratified transitional field 8 Alvear glioepithelium 9 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 10 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 42A and B. Interhemispheric fissure Postcentral gyrus
Layer I
Superior parietal lobule
11
Angular gyrus
1
2
8 7
Parietal lobe
Cingulum
Lateral ventricle
Corpus callosum (splenium)
5
Tectum
Midbrain
um
C
e er
ll be
H
em
Fimbria/fornix
Hippocampal commissure
hippocampal gyrus
10 Damaged areas in section
4
s pu am c o pp Hi Para-
Inferior temporal gyrus Fusiform gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
3 Choroid plexus
6
White matter
Induseum griseum
Supramarginal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Cortical plate
Paracentral lobule
9 Isthmus
Ammon's horn
Subiculum Inferior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct/ Fourth ventricle
Temporal lobe
re
he isp
Pons Medulla
Locus coeruleus Motor nucleus (V) Middle cerebellar peduncle Motor nucleus (VII) Inferior olive Pyramid Raphe nuclear complex
22
PLATE 17 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 17: Section 1311
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Temporal stratified transitional field 9 Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma 10 Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma 11 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Cingulate neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 43A and B. Interhemispheric fissure
Superior parietal lobule
Layer I Angular gyrus
Parietal lobe Cingulum
3
Cingulate gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Choroid plexus
Middle temporal gyrus
5
7 6
8
4
Occipital gyrus
H
11
Flocculus
Corpus callosum (splenium)
us ) yr ea e gal ar t a i ul n n g le Ci trosp (re
11
Vermis
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
10
m llu be here e r p Ce emis
Fusiform gyrus
Damaged areas in section
White matter
Precuneus
2
1
Su pramarginal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Cortical plate
12
Pons
9
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Fourth ventricle
Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Medulla
Vestibular nuclear complex
Inferior olive Pyramid Raphe nuclear complex
23
PLATE 18 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium (intermingled with cingulate neuroepithelium and subventricular zone) Cingulate stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 18: Section 1371
7 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Temporal stratified transitional field 9 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 10 Germinal trigone (cerebellum) 11 Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical) See this area of cortex in Plates 27 and 28
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 44A and B. Interhemispheric fissure Superior parietal lobule
Layer I
Cortical plate
Angular gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
12 1
3
Choroid plexus
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Lateral ventricle
8
4
7
6
Corpus callosum
Primary visual cortex
Cuneus
9
um l l re be re isphe e C m 10 He 9
Precuneus
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
5
Lingula?
Damaged areas in section
Precuneus
2
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Vermis
Temporal lobe
De ep nu cle i
Vermis
Floccular peduncle
Fourth ventricle
11 Medulla
Choroid plexus
Cuneate nucleus Spinal nucleus (V) Pyramidal decussation
Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
White matter
24
PLATE 19 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 19: Section 1501
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of cerebellum in Plates 45A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure Layer I
Precuneus
Superior parietal lobule
Cortical plate
Angular gyrus
8
2 1 Middle temporal gyrus
5 6
Parietooccipital sulcus
Primary visual cortex
3
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Occipital lobe
4 7
Lingula?
m He Damaged areas in section
7
Parietal lobe
isp
Vermis
re
he
Vermis
De ep nu cle i
Cerebellum
White matter
Lateral ventricle
Temporal lobe
Inferior temporal gyrus?
25
PLATE 20 GW37 Coronal, CR 350 mm, Y217-65
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
5 6 7 8
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
Level 20: Section 1611 See detail of cerebellum in Plates 46A and B (top).
External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Precuneus
Interhemispheric fissure
8 Angular gyrus
2 Cuneus
1 Middle temporal gyrus
Primary visual cortex
3 5
6
Cuneus
Cerebellum
7 m He
isp
Calcarine sulcus
Cortical plate White matter
Lateral ventricle
Temporal lobe
4 Lingula?
Parietooccipital sulcus
Layer I
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Vermis
re he
7 Damaged areas in section
Level 21: Section 1711 See detail of cerebellum in Plates 46A and B (bottom). Precuneus 8 Interhemispheric fissure
Angular gyrus
3
Lateral ventricle
4
Calcarine sulcus Cuneus
Primary visual cortex
Lingula?
7
Parietal lobe
Cuneus
2 1
See this area of cortex from section 1751 in Plates 29 and 30
Parietooccipital sulcus
ere sph i m He Cerebellum
Layer I Cortical plate White matter Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
26
PLATE 21 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 8: Section 761 FRONTAL CORTEX
See the entire section in Plate 8. For detail, see Plate 22.
See Plate 22
27
PLATE 22 FRONTAL CORTEX I I Latest arriving cells
II
II III
III IV
IV V
VI
V
VII
VI
VII
White matter
28
PLATE 23 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 13: Section 1081 CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS (Primary motor cortex)
24 See Plate
See the entire section in Plate 14. For detail, see Plate 24.
29
PLATE 24 CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS
Subpial granular layer (transient proliferative glial matrix)
I Latest arriving cells
I
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
Large neurons are Betz pyramidal cells
V
V
VI VI
VII
VII White matter
30
PLATE 25 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Near Level 14: Section 1161 CORTEX OF THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS (Primary sensory cortex)
See Plate 26
31
PLATE 26 CORTEX OF THE POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
Subpial granular layer (transient proliferative glial matrix)
I
I Latest arriving cells
II
II
III
III
IV IV
V V
VI VI
VII VII White matter
32
PLATE 27 GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 18: Section 1371 PARIETAL CORTEX
See the entire section in Plate 18. For detail, see Plate 28.
See Plate 28
33
PLATE 28
PARIETAL CORTEX I
I Latest arriving cells
II
II
III
III
IV
IV
V
V
VI
VI
White matter VII
VII
34
PLATE 29
See Plate 30
GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Near Level 21: Section 1751 STRIATE/PERISTRIATE CORTICAL TRANSITION AREA
Band of Gennari
35
PLATE 30 STRIATE CORTEX
Latest arriving cells
Band of Gennari
PERISTRIATE CORTEX
I II
I
III
II
IVa
III
IVb IV
IVc V Dense cell accumulations
V
VI VI VII VII
White matter
36
PLATE 31A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 5: Section 611
See the entire section in Plate 5.
37
PLATE 31B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Callosal glioepithelium Subpial granular layer
Cingulum
Interhemispheric fissure
Stria terminalis?
SEPTUM Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma Subcallosal area
Nucleus accumbens
Inferior frontal gyrus
Putamen
Globus pallidus Dorsal tenia tecta
White matter
Ventral striatum Anterior commissure
I n s u la r g y r u s
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream)
Medial septal nucleus Lateral septal nucleus
Layer I Cortical plate
E xt e str rnal capsule um
Fornical glioepithelium
Lateral ventricle
au
BASAL GANGLIA
Cave of the septum
Columns of fornix
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cell bridges between the caudate and putamen
y)
Cl
Callosal sling Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
(bod
ca Ca ps uda ule te n (an ucl ter eus ior (h e lim ad) b)
Corpus callosum
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral fissure
Cingulate gyrus
Induseum griseum
In ter na l
Frontal stratified transitional field
Frontal lobe
Uncinate fasciculus
Endopiriform nucleus Superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory sulcus
Gyrus Rostral rectus migratory stream Orbital gyri
Olfactory peduncles
Temporal pole
38
PLATE 32A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 6: Section 691
See the entire section in Plate 6.
39
PLATE 32B Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Callosal sling
Frontal stratified transitional field
Callosal glioepithelium
Subpial granular layer Interhemispheric fissure
Cingulum
Frontal lobe
Cingulate Induseum gyrus griseum
SEPTUM Fornix
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Choroid plexus
Vena terminalis Subfornical organ?
te
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Putamen
In
Strionuclear glioepithelium
External capsule
s
Fornical glioepithelium
yru
Cave of the septum
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral ventricle
g I n s ular
ody) llosum (b
rn al ca ps Ca ul ud e( at en an uc te leu r io s( bo rl dy im ) b)
Corpus ca
C lau
Anterior commissure Lateral migratory stream (extends toward olfactory tubercle)
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
PREOPTIC AREA
Endopiriform nucleus
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Layers III-IV Layer II Small islands of Calleja
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Olfactory tubercle
ary im Pr
White matter
o olfact ry c
ortex (
Layer I
Superior temporal gyrus
Endopiriform nucleus
)
m for
Primary olfactory cortex
Layer I
Uncinate fasciculus
Ventral striatum
Nucleus accumbens
Lateral fissure
Cortical plate
Olfactory part of the anterior commissure
Lateral preoptic area
Diencephalic (preoptic) glioepithelium/ependyma
u str u m
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Fornix
C la
BASAL GANGLIA
ri Pi
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates claustrum and endopiriform nucleus)
strum
Infiltrating fibers of the stria terminalis
Inferior frontal gyrus
Lateral olfactory tract
Large island of Calleja Diffuse fibers of the medial forebrain bundle Medial preoptic area Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
Optic chiasm
Lateral olfactory tract
Rostral migratory stream
Temporal lobe Middle temporal gyrus
40
PLATE 33A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 7: Section 721
See the entire section in Plate 7.
41
PLATE 33B
Cave of the septum
Ca
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Third ventricle rum
BASAL GANGLIA Lateral migratory stream (extends toward olfactory tubercle)
PREOPTIC AREA
Putamen
Lateral preoptic area Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
An
t e ri
o r co
Ventral striatum SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Periventricular preoptic nucleus
Layers III-IV
mary ol Pri
Medial forebrain bundle?
L at
era
l
c to olfa
ry t
ra c
t
Endopiriform nucleus Superior temporal gyrus
)
Layer II
Optic chiasm
White matter
Layer I
Temporal lobe
Lateral migratory stream (extends into the temporal lobe)
Layer I
m
Primary olfactory cortex
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Lateral fissure
Cortical plate
tory cor fac t
Sexually dimorphic nucleus
Medial preoptic area
Uncinate fasciculus
mmissure
Olfactory tubercle Endopiriform nucleus
Inferior frontal gyrus
External capsule
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Fornix
Preoptic glioepithelium/ependyma
Stria terminalis
Choroid plexus
Claust
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates claustrum and endopiriform nucleus)
Subfornical organ
us llid nt) pa me us eg ob l s Gl erna t (ex
Subpial granular layer
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Insular gyrus
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornix
ter na lc ap su le
Fornical glioepithelium Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Claustrum
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
In
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Frontal lobe
Lateral ventricle
(an ter ior lim b)
) us callosum (body p r o C
ud at (b o e n u d y c le u ) s
Cingulate gyrus
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Cingulum
or rif
Callosal sling
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
Pi
Frontal stratified transitional field
( ex
Callosal glioepithelium
Inferior temporal gyrus
42
PLATE 34A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 8: Section 761
See the entire section in Plate 8.
43
PLATE 34B Cingulate gyrus
Choroid plexus Fornix
Subfornical organ Anteroventral Foramen of Monro nucleus
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum)
VEN COMTRICUL PLEX AR
Third ventricle
Paratenial nucleus
Fornix
Supraoptic nucleus
Glioepithelium (optic tract)
In
Ansa lenticularis
Optic tract
Infundibular recess Arcuate nucleus
Lateral migratory stream (extends to amygdala) Subpial granular layer
Layer I
Insular gyrus
Intercalated cell groups
Anterior commissure
Lateral olfactory tract
Ventromedial nucleus
Cortical plate
External capsule
Globus pallidus (external segment)
a Broc nd ofmb) a b l Anterior l li ona Diag orizonta amygdaloid (h area
Medial forebrain bundle
ANTERIOR HYPOTHALAMUS
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract? Amygdalohippocampal area?
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Lateral hypothalamic area
White matter
Putamen Me d
Paraventricular nucleus
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
AMYGDALA
Reticular nucleus
THALAMUS
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
Lateral migratory stream (extends to temporal cortex)
Anteromedial nucleus
Mammillothalamic tract
lary lamina ul
BASAL GANGLIA
Anterodorsal Vental anterior nucleus nucleus
Stria medullaris
PERI
RE
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
OR RI X TE LE ANOMP C
Stria terminalis L RA X LT NT PLE BE VE M R CO LA CU TI
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Stem cells of choroid plexus Cave of the septum
ter na lc ap su le
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
(an ter ior lim b)
Corpus callosum (body) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Frontal lobe
Ca ud at (bo e nu dy cleu ) s
Lateral ventricle
Claustrum
Induseum griseum
Callosal glioepithelium
Frontal stratified transitional field
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Cingulum
Interhemispheric fissure
Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium
Cortical nuclei
Medial nucleus Central nucleus
Uncinate fasciculus
dorsal Lateral nucleus ventral
Basal nucleus
Streams of cells migrating into the basolateral nuclear complex of the amygdala
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
44
PLATE 35A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 9: Section 831
9 See the entire section in Plate 9.
45
PLATE 35B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Interhemispheric Induseum Callosal sling fissure griseum Fornical glioepithelium Cingulate gyrus Callosal Corpus callosum glioepithelium (body)
Fornix
OM PL
LT
EX
SUBTHA LAMUS
BASAL GANGLIA
ra nt Ce
l n.
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Third ventricle
Zona incerta
Fornix
AMYGDALA
Lateral hypothalamic Optic area tract
Ventromedial nucleus Arcuate nucleus
us
u c le
Intercalated cell groups
dorsal
Basal nucleus Lateral nucleus
n al
ventral
ex
cort
Parahippocampal gyrus
Central nucleus
Medial nucleus
Cortical nucleus Accessory basal nucleus
orhi
Amygdalohippocampal area
Uncinate fasciculus
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Ent
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Glioepithelium (optic tract)
Ansa lenticularis
ior re ter ssu An mi m co
Lateral migratory stream (extends to amygdala)
ule
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Internal capsule/ cerebral peduncle junction
Dorsomedial nucleus
Medial forebrain bundle
Mammillothalamic tract
Reuniens nucleus
Massa intermedia
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
aps
m
HYPOTHALAMUS Lateral migratory stream (extends to temporal cortex)
u la
cula r n .
entri
rav
Pa n tra
so
Insular gyrus
Claustrum
BE
AR C
R
P a r a ce
r Do
Lateral fissure
n ame Put
Third ventricle
idus pall nt) bus segme a l Glo amin erna ary l (ext ull ed M
LA
ICUL
CU
EX PL L M A X CO TR LE EN P C OM C
ENTR
AL
TI
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum)
RS
RE
THALAMUS
Stria medullaris
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
PERIV
DO
L RA X NT PLE VEOM C
Stria terminalis
Subfornical organ
l capsule Externa
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Vental anterior nucleus
tic
Cave of the septum
Temporal stratified transitional field
Subpial granular layer
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
White matter Cortical plate Layer I
rn
o nr AnteroMo f ventral no e nucleus ram o F
lc
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Re
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Choroid plexus
Int ern a
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Frontal lobe
Caudate nucleus (tail)
ed
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral ventricle
ia l ll nu at er cle u s al nu cle us
Frontal stratified transitional field
Temporal lobe
46
PLATE 36A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 10: Section 831 881
See the entire section in Plate 10.
47
PLATE 36B Subpial granular layer Interhemispheric fissure
Fornical glioepithelium Frontal/paracentral stratified transitional field
Corpus callosum (body)
M PL EX
ps ca u le
For nix
r al n
ate al l
R et
nt r
Ce
Lateral mammillary nucleus
le nc du e Optic lp ra tract reb e C ln asa
Acc esso ry b
Cortical nucleus
Amygdalohippocampal area
Globus Pallidus Internal segment
uc
Central nucleus
le u
Basal nucleus Lateral ventricle
Alvear glioepithelium Layer I
Entorhinal cortex
Parahippocampal gyrus
Intercalated cell groups
ior Anterssure i comm
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Insular gyrus
External segment
eus ucl cn i m ala bth u S
Medial mammillary nuclei
HIPPOCAMPUS
Lateral fissure
Forel's fields
Supramammillary nucleus
Lateral nucleus
Zona incerta
HYPOTHALAMUS
AMYGDALA
u cle u s
Para ventr icula r nuc leus
R CO
al rn
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
Ansa lenticularis and ventral amygdalofugal fibers
Reuniens nucleus
Third ventricle
US
Ventral medial nucleus
s
P
Massa intermedia
Putamen
Centromedian nucleus
ULA
M
LT
ALAM
Mammillothalamic tract
Ventral anterior nucleus
Claustrum
TRIC
CO
BE
SU BTH
IVEN
AL
AR
EX PL M CO
Clau stru m
PER
TR
UL
L RA NT VE
T IC
X
Dorsomedial nucleus
le l cap su Externa
X LE MP CO AL RS DO
CEN
RE
LE
In te
BASAL GANGLIA
Third ventricle
Cortical plate Layer I
Stria medullaris
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
White matter
Anteroventral nucleus
Subfornical organ
Cave of the septum
THALAMUS
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Choroid plexus
Fornix ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Paracentral lobule
Caudate nucleus (body)
i c u la
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Stria terminalis
Temporal stratified transitional field
Lateral ventricle
Induseum griseum
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream (extends to temporal cortex)
Cingulum
Cingulate gyrus
Callosal glioepithelium
Frontal/paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum)
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
r n u cl e u s
Callosal sling
Layer II (stellate cell islands) Layer III Layer IV (lamina dessicans) Layers V-VI
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Ammon's horn
Temporal lobe
Uncinate fasculus
48
PLATE 37A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 11: Section 981
See the entire section in Plate 11.
49
PLATE 37B Callosal glioepithelium
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Induseum griseum
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Cingulum Lateral ventricle Choroid plexus
Corpus callosum (body)
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Fornix
le us al nuc ntr ce
s
r n u cle u ic u la
R et
Stria terminalis
Optic tract
Choroid plexus
m ole c u l
a gr ni ia
Su
bs
ta
nt
or tum iens tra midal la a
no m
tu
Temporal lobe
PONS
Den ta
Pontine gray
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer
Lateral ventricle
cu
Interpeduncular fossa
inal orh Entcortex
Parahippocampal gyrus
Caudate nucleus (tail)
ia
Oculomotor nerve fibers?
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
r su m
Hilus nu e ay l la a r l r r l a ye la St ratu m d St r a t u m ra
r ye
Subgranular zone
Fimbria
Lateral migratory stream
S
i c u la raf
Pa
Lateral geniculate body
Zona incerta
Ventral tegmental area
Internal capsule
e
gyrus te
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
G r aecu M ol
Ammon's ho r
eus
R ULA TRIC IVEN LEX PER CO M P
Presubic ul
le nc du pe
ulum bic Su
r n u cl
P
CA1
HIPPOCAMPUS um
Alvear glioepithelium
CA3
Centromedian nucleus
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Interpeduncular nucleus
al br re
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subgranular zone
Red nucleus
Ventroposterolateral nucleus
Ventral medial nucleus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
MIDBRAIN
Ce
CA3
Third ventricle
a sc
M
X
SUBTHALAMUS
Pa
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
psule nal ca Exter en Putam
CO LE
ra
AL
Medial habenular nucleus
Tegmentum
n
Layer I
Ventral lateral nucleus
rus Insular gy
TR
Fornical glioepithelium
EX PL M CO
Temporal stratified transitional field
Dorsomedial Nucleus
Choroid plexus
CEN
BELT
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
THALAMUS L RA NT VE
RETIC ULA R
BASAL GANGLIA
Cortical plate
Stria medullaris
DORSAL COMPLEX
Lateral habenular nucleus
Lateral migratory stream
White matter
Stria terminalis
Dorsolateral nucleus
Callosal sling Lateral fissure
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Py r
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cingulate gyrus
Paracentral lobule
ar
Paracentral stratified transitional field
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Interhemispheric fissure
Fornical glioepithelium
Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontocerebellar fibers Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
50
PLATE 38A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 12: Section 1021
See the entire section in Plate 12 12.
White lines running through this section are artifacts of histological processing.
51
PLATE 38B Callosal glioepithelium
Fornix Fornical glioepithelium
Medial lemniscus
lu m
cu
Pre sub icu l
Parahippocampal gyrus
Parasubiculum
Red nucleus
Superior cerebellar peduncle Interpeduncular nucleus
Oculomotor nerve fibers?
Subgranular zone
Interpeduncular fossa
ni gr a
Tegmentum
um
S
ub
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Stratum am Pyr id
Hilus ar l a ye a r ye r la
n tra t u m lac u t u ia S tr a t u m rad
S
M CA i PO
S PU
Medial geniculate body
Stria terminalis
Lateral geniculate body
s ien er or al lay
Subgranular zone
Oculomotor nuclear complex
ia
Optic tract
Central gray
Suprageniculate nucleus
Internal capsule
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Caudate nucleus (tail)
ec u l a r
MIDBRAIN
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
l G r a nu c u l le Mo
gyrus te
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
le nc du pe al br re Ce
Den ta
Ammon's ho r
Centromedian nucleus
Cerebral aqueduct
White matter
sule
CENTRAL COMPLEX
rus Insular gy
BELT
Subcommissural organ
Pretectum
CO M PL EX
Cortical plate
ap nal c Exter
THALAMUS
n Putame
RETIC ULA R
VE NT RA L
CA3
IP H
Vental posterolateral nucleus
Third ventricle (pineal recess)
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Layer I Pulvinar
Fornical glioepithelium
CA1
Callosal sling
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
n
Stria terminalis
Reticular nucleus
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream
Temporal stratified transitional field
Corpus callosum (body)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Choroid plexus
Pa ra br ac hi al Su nu bs cl ta eu nt s
Lateral fissure
Lateral ventricle
r o m s um -m o l
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Cingulate gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure Induseum griseum
e
Paracentral stratified transitional field
Lateral ventricle
Ventral tegmental area
Alvear glioepithelium Entorhinal cortex
PONS Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Pontine gray
Temporal lobe Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles) Reticular tegmental nucleus Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Subpial granular layer
52
PLATE 39A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 13: Section 1081
See the entire section in Plate 13.
53
PLATE 39B
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Callosal glioepithelium Lateral ventricle
Corpus callosum (body)
Fornical glioepithelium
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
CSubic
gr
De e
p
e
ia
Pr e te c tu rfi m c Su pe
M id dl
Cerebral aqueduct
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Parahippocampal gyrus
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parasubiculum
Tegmentum
Alvear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Oculomotor nucleus (III)
Reticular formation
te
Central tegmental tract
Granular layer Hilus Molecular layer
Subgranular zone
Stratum lacunosummoleculare
Medial longitudinal fasciculus Superior cerebellar peduncle
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Fimbria/fornix
Brachium of the inferior colliculus Lateral lemniscus
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Hippocampus:
Stratum radiatum Pyramidal layer
M
le al e di
Stratum oriens
m
Temporal lobe
Cerebral peduncle
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
White matter Cortical plate Layer I
PONS
Subpial granular layer Middle cerebellar peduncle
Nerve V
In
Medial geniculate body
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Pontine gray
Suprageniculate nucleus
ule ps ca
us
PO
P M A ul
Pos t er ior
Op tic ne r id dl ew
sc
H
IP
us
er Subcommissural lay y organ a er gr ay l ay Central gray
M
ni
CA1
r ntate g y
Presub icu
Tectum
Raphe nuclear complex
De
US
um
roid plex us m A mon' s
Cho
Subgranular zone
rn CA3 ho
l
a gr
Superior colliculus
er l ay ve er y la e te ur hi iss m m Co
Glioepithelium Stem cells of choroid plexus Fornical glioepithelium
r aye yl
Stria terminalis
Lateral geniculate body
MIDBRAIN
m lu
Lateral ventricle
Pulvinar
leus lar nuc
Temporal stratified transitional field
Callosal sling
THALAMUS
RETICULAR BELT
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Caudate nucleus (tail)
ic u Ret
Strionuclear glioepithelium
x rni Fo
rn al
Choroid plexus
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
54
PLATE 40A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65, Level 14: Section 1141
See the entire section in Plate 14.
55
PLATE 40B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Callosal glioepithelium Lateral ventricle
Choroid plexus
Fornix
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Hippocampal Commissure
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornical glioepithelium Pulvinar
THALAMUS
bria Fim
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corpus callosum (body)
Stria terminalis Internal capsule
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Hippocampus
Central tegmental tract
Mesencephalic nucleus of V
Oculomotor nucleus (III)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Parabigeminal nucleus (ventral)
Alvear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal gyrus
Cerebral aqueduct Central gray
Raphe nuclear complex
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Tegmentum
Reticular formation
Tectospinal tract Superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation) ed M Reticular tegmental nucleus
Temporal lobe
Cortical plate
ia
Subpial granular layer
PONS
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Lateral ventricle
White matter
ll
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Hilus Stratum oriens Pyramidal layer Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosummoleculare
Subgranular zone
us Lateral lemniscus
O
Inferior colliculus
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal) Parabigeminal nucleus (dorsal)
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subcommissural organ
r ye la
nis c
CA1
Parasubiculum
Superior colliculus
em
HIPPOCAMPUS
Mi dd l
m
u lu
ic
b Su
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Tectum
er y lay gra
Molecular layer Granular layer
er lay
us
yer ve la ner e
m ulu
e n t ate
r gy
ic pt
Zonal la yer r f e i c p i al g Su ra y
MIDBRAIN
layer hite le w idd layer i te M wh ep De
Presubi c
CA3
D
Ch oro id ple xus Ammon's ho rn
Fornical glioepithelium Subgranular zone
Dee pg ra y
Temporal stratified transitional field
Layer I Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Pontine gray
Nerve V
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
56
PLATE 41A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65, Level 15: Section 1181
See the entire section in Plate 15.
57
PLATE 41B
De
Fim br ia
n
te ta
gyru
Hippocampal Commissure Hippocampus
s
Molecular layer
Subgranular zone
Subgranular zone CA3
S u bic
m ulu
HIPPOCAMPUS
Opt ic
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
aye rve l r ne yer ray la eg dl layer y a gr p
erficial g Sup
Middle w hit
Tectum
whi te la
r ye
De e
D eep
Cerebral aqueduct
Central nucleus
Central gray
Tegmentum
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (ventral)
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
Inferior colliculus
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Trochlear nucleus (IV)
Temporal lobe
Medial longitudinal fasciculus Tectospinal tract
Reticular formation
Superior Pontine olive gray
PONS
Nerve V (root, with myelination gliosis)
Central tegmental tract Abducens nucleus (VI)?
CE REB ELLU M
Trigeminal motor nucleus?
Hemisphere
Molecular layer
Medullary layer
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Nerve VIII Trapezoid body (intermingled with medial lemniscus)
External germinal layer Granular layer
Medial lemniscus
Raphe nuclear complex
pe r p e io r c du ere n c be l e ? l la r
An te (H rio I-H r L V) obe
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Su
Subpial granular layer
Stratum lacunosummoleculare
Superior colliculus
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Parabigeminal nucleus (ventral)
Parabrachial nucleus
Pyramidal layer Stratum radiatum
Lateral lemniscus
Alvear glioepithelium
Stratum oriens
Zonal l
MIDBRAIN
Mi d
CA1
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Hilus
Parahippocampal gyrus
yer y la r ra aye el
e n
Granular layer
er ay
t a te
s
esubiculum Pr
r u gy
D
Ammon' sh or n
Internal capsule
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Fornical glioepithelium
Lat era l ve ntri cle Ch oro id ple xu s
Temporal stratified transitional field
Inferior olive
MEDULLA
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
Raphe nuclear complex
58
PLATE 42A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm, Y217-65 Level 16: Section 1221
See the entire section in Plate 16.
59
PLATE 42B Germinal and transitional structures in italics MIDBRAIN
L
at
er
al le
m n iscu
Brachium of
Central gray
Inferior colliculus
s
Frenulum
Nerve IV root and decussation? sc u
Superior medullary velum Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
s
L nu ater cl e a u l c e re bellar pe dunc s le
ni lem
infe ri
colliculus or
Central nucleus
Tectum
Cerebral aqueduct
External germinal layer Molecular layer
h i al
Isthmus Locus coeruleus
Central gray
Parabrac
Granular layer Medullary layer
C ER CE REBELLUM
or
Mesencephalic nucleus V
ri
pe
PONS
Reticular formation
ule ob xl ple VI) Sim (H
Pontine Middle gray cerebellar peduncle
Nerve VIII root Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
ap Tr
id ezo
y bod
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Motor nucleus V
Tectospinal Motor tract nucleus VII Central tegmental tract
Choroid plexus
MEDULLA Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract Arcuate nucleus (medullary)
Prin cip nucl al senso eus ( r V) y
Abducens nucleus VI Raphe nuclear complex
r io
Su
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Hemisphere
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Cochlear nucleus (dorsal)
emniscus
A
e nt
b
V)
M e d ial l
Primary fissure
o rL
H e(
I-H
Inferior olive
Cochlear nucleus (ventral) Superior olive (periolivary nuclei)
60
PLATE 43A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 17: Section 1311
See the entire section in Plate 17.
61
PLATE 43B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Vermis
Culmen (IV, V)
External germinal layer
Centralis (III)
Molecular layer Granular layer Medullary layer
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
? ule ob l ian ) ed VIIB m ra (H Pa
Flocculus (HX)
Germinal trigone
re Su be p lla eri r p or ed un cle ce
Pontine glioepithelium/ ependyma
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) Nucleus of Roller
Spinal tract (V)
MEDULLA Lateral reticular nucleus
Inferior olive
Prepositus nucleus
Hemisphere
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Dorsal sensory nucleus (X)
Stem cells of choroid plexus Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
C E R EB E L L UM
Fourth ventricle
Superior vestibular nucleus Medial vestibular nucleus Inferior vestibular Solitary nucleus nuclear complex
Floccular peduncle
Lingula (I, II)
Solitary tract
Retrofacial nucleus?
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
Raphe nuclear complex Medial le mniscus
u le ob l le x V I ) p S im (H
PONS
Spinal nucleus (V)
e ob L ior er t An
Primary fissure
V) H I(H
Middle cerebellar peduncle Cochlear nucleus (ventral)
Paramedian reticular nucleus
Reticular formation Do o li r s a va l a ry cc n u e ss c le o r y us
Corticospinal (pyramidal) tract
Choroid plexus
62
PLATE 44A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 18: Section 1371
See the entire section in Plate 18.
63
PLATE 44B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Vermis Culmen (IV, V)
C E RE B E L L UM EL
)
V
e ob
Primary fissure
nt A
(H
H I-
Centralis (III)
L or
i er
External germinal layer Molecular layer
Fastigial nucleus
Germinal trigone
p
uc
Nodulus (X)
nt a te nu
ccu
c le
la r
Germinal trigone
us
pe
Bi ve l (H obu ntr VI le al II )
ian lobule dian med Para Parame (HVIIB)
le
Ansiform lobule Crus II (HVIIA)
nc
Uvula (IX)
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Stem cells of choroid plexus
du
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
Hemisphere
De
D
ee
N
Medullary layer
F lo
e ul b lo ) x I e pl HV m ( Si
i le
Granular layer
In te r n u c p o situ le u s s
Flocculus (HX)
Choroid plexus Medial vestibular Fourth ventricle nucleus Solitary nuclear Medullary complex Cuneate glioepithelium/ Dorsal nucleus ependyma longitudinal fasciculus Nucleus ambiguus Paramedian reticular nucleus
Spinal tract (V) Reticular formation
Spinal nucleus (V) Spinocerebellar tracts (dorsal and ventral)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
MEDULLA Raphe nuclear complex Pyramidal decussation
Accessory nucleus (XI) Ventral corticospinal tract?
64
PLATE 45A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 19: Section 1501
See the low magnification view in Plate 19.
65
PLATE 45B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Vermis Declive (VI)
Primary fissure
V) I-H H ( obe rL o i ter An
ule b o x l I) e l p V im (H
External germinal layer
le uc N p ee
Uvula (IX)
Paraflocculus (HIX)
tral Biven le lobu I) I (HVI
Medullary layer
De n
ta
te n
s
Ansiform lobule Crus II (HVIIA) ule lob n a ) edi am HVIIB r a ( P
Granular layer
uc leu
D
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
Molecular layer
Culmen (IV, V)
Pyramis (VIII)
i
S
C ER EBE LL E RE EL LUM
Hemisphere
66
PLATE 46A GW37 Coronal CR 350 mm Y217-65 Level 20: Section 1611
Level 21: Section 1711
See the low magnification views of both sections in Plate 20.
67
PLATE 46B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
CE REB E L L U M
Declive (VI)
le obu l x ple I) Sim (HV
External germinal layer Molecular layer Granular layer Medullary layer
Folium (VIIa) Tuber (VIIb)
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
Ansiform lobule Crus II (HVIIA)
Pyramis (VIII)
e ul b o l an B) i ed I m HVI a r ( Pa
Hemisphere
Vermis e ul b lo al III) r t en (HV v Bi
le obuA) l m ifor (HVII s n A us I Cr
le obu A) l rm II sifoII (HV n A us Cr le obu l n ia medVIIB) a r Pa (H le lobu l a r II) ent Biv (HVI
Hemisphere
68
PART PART III: III:
GW37 GW37 SAGITTAL SAGITTAL
This specimen is case number B-180-61 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A female infant survived for one hour after birth. Death occurred because a hyaline membrane obstructed the airway to the lungs. The brain was cut in the sagittal plane in 35-µm thick sections and is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). There is no photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, so the photograph of another GW37 brain that Larroche published in 1966 (Figure 3) is used to show medial surface features. Photographs of 8 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-8) are shown at low magnification in Plates 47-54. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 55AB-62AB for Levels 1-8. Very high magnification views of different regions of the cerebellar cortex are shown in Plates 63 and 64. Because the section numbers decrease from Level 1 (most medial) to Level 8 (most lateral), they are from the left side of the brain; the right side has higher section numbers proceeding medial to lateral. The cutting plane of this brain is nearly parallel to the midline. However, the posterior part of each section is angled more toward the right than the anterior part. For example, in Level 1 (Plate 47) part of the paraflocculus from the right side of the brain is beneath the cerebellar vermis. The paraflocculus is very small in Level 2 (Plate 48) and the left paraflocculus appears in Level 3
(Plate 49). The sections chosen for illustration are spaced closer together near the midline to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Y180-61 contains the same group of immature structures that are in the other GW37 brains. In the cortical regions of the telencephalon, remnants of the germinal matrices are present in all lobes of the cerebral cortex where the neuroepithelium/subventricular zone may still be generating neocortical interneurons. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields, thin in the occipital lobe, and thicker in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Indeed, thickness variations can be used as identifying criteria for designating a particular cortical germinal matrix as occipital or otherwise. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the lateral parts of the cerebral cortex, streams of neurons and glia are still in the lateral migratory stream that percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus. These cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid
complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a prominent neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are probably still being generated. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn part of the hippocampus, have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, and the third ventricle is lined by a thin glioepithelium/ ependyma. In the midbrain and anterior pons, there is a slightly thicker and more convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lining the posterior cerebral aqueduct and anterior fourth ventricle. The posterior pons and entire medulla have a thin glioepithelium/ependyma lining the rest of the fourth ventricle. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is still producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The germinal trigone is still visible at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here.
69
Cen t
P
Cuneus
Calca ri
i
Ci
Lingula
it a
ip cc
M e dia l
o
LA
H
DUL ME
em
is p h e r e
Cerebellar vermis
PONS
i
OCCIPITAL LOBE
OBE
cc
us sulc l a pit
s
PO
LL
-o iet o r s a
tum Tec IN BRA MID tum men Teg
T EM
RA
r
cu sul ne
DIENCEPHALON
Hypothalamus
Ma
cus
l enia area spl tro Re ium len
Thalamus
tum
Gyrus rectus
PA
lcus l su na
Precuneus
Genu Subcallosal area
n
gi
ulate su l
ce
l gyr
s gyru e t ula m s callosu ng u p r Co ix Forn
t Pos
yrus lg a tr
Sp
gulate su Cin lcu
Su pe ri
s
C i ng
Sep
FRONTAL LO BE
us yr g s l sulc u ta ate l n u o g fr Cin
l sulcus ra
AL ET RI BE LO
or
us yr
PARACEN TRA L LO Precentr BU al LE g
Ce
re
ll be
ar
Spinal cord Figure 3. Midline sagittal view of a GW37 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem labeled. (This is part of Figure 2-9 on page 27 in B. A. Curtis, S. Jacobson, and E. M. Marcus (1972) An Introduction to the Neurosciences, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. The photograph was originally published by J. C. Larroche (1966) The development of the central nervous system during intrauterine life. In: Human Development, F. Falkner (ed.), Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, page 259.)
70
PLATE 47 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 1: Section 961
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9
Callosal sling Strionuclear glioepithelium Diencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 55A and B. White matter Cortical plate
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate sulcus (marginal part)
Precentral gyrus
Layer I
9 Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Cingulate sulcus
tal rie Pa lobe
Cingu
Paracentral lobule
late gy
Fornix
Subcallosal area
3
3
Preoptic area
Thalamus
Third ventricle
Se
2
Hypothalamus
M id br ai n
Te gm en tu m
Optic nerve (II) and chiasm Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III) Corticofugal tract Damaged areas in section
Cerebral aqueduct
Pons
4
5
Cingulate sulcus Fourth ventricle
um ct Te
Inferior rostral gyrus?
m
Genu
al ter le Lantric ve
ptu
1
Corp u s ca l losum m iu len Sp
Superior rostral gyrus?
rus
Precuneus
Cerebellum (vermis)
7 6
Medulla
8
Paraflocculus (from right side of brain)
71
PLATE 48 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 2: Section 941
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
Callosal sling Strionuclear glioepithelium Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
5 6 7 8
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 56A and B. White matter Cortical plate
Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus?
Layer I
8 Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate sulcus (marginal part)
Cingulate sulcus
Cingu
tal rie Pa lobe
Paracentral lobule
late gy rus
Genu
Gyrus rectus
2
Thalamus
Subcallosal area
Hypothalamus
Preoptic area Optic nerve (II) and chiasm Cerebral peduncle Oculomotor nerve (III)
See high magnification views of the cerebellum in Plates 63 and 64.
Damaged areas in section
Corticofugal tract
M id Te br 3 gm en ai tu m n
um ct Te
Orbital gyrus?
l era Lat tricle n ve m ptu Se
Corpus c allosum m iu len Sp
1
Superior rostral gyrus?
Fornix
Precuneus
Cingulate sulcus Fourth ventricle
Cerebellum (vermis)
4
7
6
Pons
5 Medulla
Paraflocculus
72
PLATE 49 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 3: Section 841
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Rostral migratory stream Rostral migratory stream (source area) Callosal glioepithelium Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 57A and B.
Precentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
10
e lob l a t on Fr
Cingulate
3
White matter
C
pus callosum
ntricle al ve
6
5
2
Gyrus rectus? Olfactory bulb and peduncle
1
Cing ulu
Thalamus
Nucleus 7 accumbens
3
Subthalamus
Substantia innominata Lateral hypothalamus Optic tract Internal capsule Cerebral peduncle
Parietooccipital sulcus
Midbrain
Te gm en tu m
Pons
Precuneus
Pa rie ta ll ob e
Retrosplenial area
tum Tec
Orbital gyrus?
5 4
gyrus
Fornix
Basal ganglia
Layer I
Cingulate sulcus
m m iu len Sp
er Lat
Cortical plate
Damaged areas in section
or
Paracentral lobule
Postcentral sulcus Superior parietal lobule
8
Cerebellum (vermis)
Medulla
al ipit Occ obe l
9
Cerebellum (hemisphere) Paraflocculus (from left side of brain) Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
73
PLATE 50
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Rostral migratory stream Frontal stratified transitional field (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream) Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
6 7 8 9 10
GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 4: Section 781
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 58A and B.
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus?
Superior parietal lobule
Superior frontal gyrus?
Frontal lobe
3
White matter
Co
Paracentral lobule
rpus call o
6
Layer I
al rn e te u l In a p s c
Uneven stain due to variation in section thickness
2
Orbital gyrus
1
capsule
Optic tract
Internal
External capsule
m
7
Basal ganglia
Cortical plate
su
Lateral ventricle
8
4
10 Cingulate sulcus
5
Thalamus
Subthalamus
Olfactory bulb
Angular gyrus?
Fornix
4
Par i lob etal e
Precuneus
ParietoParietooccipital occipital sulcus sulcus
um
eni Spl
Retrosplenial area
Calcarine fissure Primary visual cortex
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Substantia innominata
Amygdala Ventral hippocampus
Damaged areas in section
Midbrain tegmentum Trigeminal nerve (V) Cerebral peduncle
Occipital lobe
Cuneus
9 Cerebellar deep nuclei Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle
74
PLATE 51 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 5: Section 721
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
6 7 8 9 10 11
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 59A and B.
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
White matter
Superior parietal lobule
Cortical plate Layer I
1
Middle frontal gyrus
C o rp
Frontal lobe
B
External capsule
a as
Orbital gyrus
Damaged areas in section
n
7 Internal capsule
Substantia innominata
Primary olfactory cortex (Piriform)
11
a lg
ia gl
5 Amygdala
9
us ca
8
llosu
2
Thalamus Subthalamus
Optic tract
6
3 4
Ventral hippocampus Midbrain tegmentum Cerebral peduncle
Angular gyrus
Paracentral lobule
Par i lob etal e m
Supramarginal gyrus
1
Parietooccipital sulcus Lateral ventricle
Fornix
Splenium Retrosplenial area
Cuneus
Occipital lobe Calcarine fissure
Dorsal hippocampus Cerebellum (hemisphere)
10
75
PLATE 52 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 6: Section 661
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Fornical glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
6 7 8 9 10
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 60A and B.
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Superior parietal lobule
White matter Cortical plate
Angular gyrus
Layer I
Lateral fissure
Co
Frontal lobe
5
rpus
callosu
Substantia innominata
Fornix
3
Amygdala Ventral hippocampus Damaged areas in section
1
Par i lob etal e
Cuneus
Dorsal hippocampus
4
Supramarginal gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus
2
Thalamus
6 Orbital gyri Primary olfactory cortex (Piriform)
m
Lateral ventricle
7 8
lia ang g l Inte sa rnal capsule
Insular gyrus
Paracentral lobule
10
Middle frontal gyrus
Ba
Callosal glioepithelium
Ex Clau ter str n a um lc ap su le
1 2 3 4 5
Occipital lobe Occipital gyri Calcarine fissure Fusiform gyrus?
Optic tract Cerebellum (hemisphere)
9
Parahippocampal gyrus
Entorhinal cortex (in parahippocampal gyrus)
76
PLATE 53 GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 7: Section 621
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate)
6 7 8 9 10 11
Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 61A and B.
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Postcentral sulcus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Paracentral lobule
White matter
Layer I
Frontal lobe Claustrum
Basal ganglia
External capsule Lateral fissure
Orbital gyri
Insular gyrus
6 11
Amygdala
Primary olfactory cortex (Piriform)
7
3 Damaged areas in section
e ul ps
Fornix
Thalamus
Substantia innominata Lateral ventricle
8 9
Internal ca
Cortical plate
Ventral hippocampus
4 E n tor
hina
5 x rte l co
Supramarginal gyrus
Par i lob etal e
1
Corpus callosum
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral ventricle
2
Cuneus
Dorsal hippocampus
Lingula
Occipital lobe
Occipital gyri
Calcarine fissure Cerebellum (hemisphere) Parahippocampal gyrus
Fusiform gyrus?
10
77
PLATE 54 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 62A and B.
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
Postcentral sulcus Angular gyrus
White matter Cortical plate Layer I Middle frontal gyrus
al nt o Fr
e lob
1
External capsule Claustrum Lateral fissure
Primary olfactory cortex (Piriform)
s al Ba
Hi
11
c po
am
pu
s
5
lob e
Parietooccipital sulcus
2
Lateral ventricle
su le
p
Occipital gyri
Occipital lobe
Cuneus Lingula
4
7Entor3hinal cortex
Superior temporal gyrus?
Damaged areas in section
In
lc na ter
Pa rie tal
8
ap
yr
6
Am yg da la
Orbital gyri
9
ga ng lia
us
Inferior frontal gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
Paracentral lobule
rg
Subgranular zone (dentate)
Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
la
3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11
su
2
Parietal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium
In
1
GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 8: Section 501
Cerebellum (hemisphere) Parahippocampal gyrus
Calcarine fissure
10
78
PLATE 55A GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 1: Section 961
See the entire section in Plate 47.
79
PLATE 55B Cingulate gyrus
Cerebellar fissures
Induseum griseum
sum allo c ) s rpu ody Co (b
La
al te r
c le
HYPOTHALAMUS Mammillothalamic tract
Dorsomedial nucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Trochlear nucleus (IV)?
Parabrachial nucleus
Superior cerebellar peduncle
M
TEGMENTUM
Trochlear nerve bundles?
5
ed
ia
Reticular formation
PONS
Pontine gray
A
Lingula I, II
6
Superior medullary velum
Dorsal tegmental Fourth nucleus ventricle ul
6
p he
8
E
nu
Reticular formation
C
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
D
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
E
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
CER EB E B
7 Reticular formation
Choroid plexus
Dorsal raphe nuclei
M E DU LL L LA A
Transpontine corticofugal tract Hypoglossal (thick longitudinal bundles) nucleus (XII) *Arcuate nucleus (medulla) Inferior *Cells may be entering this nucleus Olive Medial lemniscus (decussation) via the Raphe migration. Corticofugal tract
E
POSTERIOR LOBE
D
L
Declive VI
CENTRAL LOBE C
D Uvula IX
L
E R M I S B
Fastigial nucleus
INFERIOR LOBE Nodulus X
us
clea r c o m p l e x
Reticular tegmental nucleus
BE LO R Centralis RIO III TE N V A
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
A
Inferior colliculus
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
iscus
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Culmen IV, V
TECTUM
l lemn
Germinal trigone (cerebellum)
lu s
Media
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Red nucleus
9
Ceerebral aqueduct
Ra
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
5 MIDBR AI N M IDBRAI
Third ventricle
licu
ic
Thalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
Central gray
col
sc
Glioepithelium (optic nerve and chiasm)
io r
a nal f
Preoptic glioepithelium/ependyma
per
udi
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Su
Hippocampal commissure
git
Oculomotor nerve Ventral tegmental area
Remnants of the germinal matrix
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Cerebral peduncle
x ple
4
on
3
Mammillary body Arcuate nucleus
lc o mplex
ll
2
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
4
ricular com
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
PREOPTIC AREA
Lamina terminalis
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ent
Fields of Forel
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
Periventricular preoptic nucleus
riv
ra
Corpus callosum (splenium)
B
U
M
Subcallosal area
1
Pe
TH ALA MUS
nt
e
Fornix (postcommissural)
Medial septal nucleus
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
4
Dorsomedial nucleus
C
S E PT UM
Suprachiasmatic nucleus Optic nerve and chiasm
Choroid plexus
Anterior commissure
Medial habenular nucleus Habenulointerpeduncular tract Posterior commissure
Dor sal compl com plex ex
Third ventricle
l) l ix ra p ta rn ssu Fo mi l se u s a r m te le co La nuc re
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Stria medullaris
ix rn o F
r rio x te ple Anom c
(p
ve
i n tr
Cave of the septum
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
Folium VIIa Tuber VIIb )
C
e le her bumisp o l he
Pyramis VIII
n ia to edtuber m ra om Pads fr en
xt
(e
E H E M I S P H
E
Hippoc a commis mpal sure
A
R
Paraflocculus
(tonsil, extends from uvula to hemisphere)
9 Prepositus nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Gracile nucleus Gracile fasciculus Medial longitudinal fascuculus and tectospinal tract
80
PLATE 56A GW37 GW37 Sagittal Sagittal CR CR 310 310 mm mm Y180-61 Y180-61 Level Level 2: 2: Section Section 941 941
Area of high magnification in Plate 63 See the entire section in Plate 48.
Area of high magnification in Plate 64
81
PLATE 56B
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Mammillothalamic tract
HYPOTHALAMUS Sexually dimorphic nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Red nucleus
TEGMENTUM
D teg ors a nu ment l cle al us
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Reticular formation
Substantia nigra
PONS
Cerebral peduncle
Fornix
Ventromedial nucleus
Fourth ventricle
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontine gray
POSTERIOR LOBE
E
Uvula IX
INFERIOR LOBE Nodulus X
Reticular formation M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Strionuclear glioepithelium
6 Gracilis nucleus
In fe pr rior MEDU DUL LLA LA nu inci Oli ME cle pa ve us l
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla) Medial accessory olive Pyramid (corticospinal tract) Pyramidal decussation Medial longitudinal fascuculus and tectospinal tract
*Cells may be entering this nucleus via the Raphe migration.
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Gracile fasciculus Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Cerebellar fissures A
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
B
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
C
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
D
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
E
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum)
M
S
Choroid plexus
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
H E
I
Paraflocculus
Area postrema?
s
Remnants of the germinal matrix
D
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
cu
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
C
(tonsil, extends from uvula to hemisphere)
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Gyrus rectus
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) Substantia innominata/ olfactory tubercle
E
Tuber VIIb
Pyramis VIII
D
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
n is
Oculomotor nerve (III)
LO BE
Superior cerebellar peduncle
5
LOBE
7
Lingula I, II
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Mammillary body
A
Trochlear nerve bundles?
Trochlear nucleus (IV)?
4
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Centralis III
Inferior colliculus
le m ial ed
PREOPTIC AREA
TECTUM
Reticular formation
Fields of Forel
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
M IDBR AIN ?
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Fornix
Central gray
V E R M I S B C CENTRAL
E R E
le x Ante ro nucl medial eus
Centromedian n.
A
8
Folium VIIa
(ex Pa ten ra ds f me rom di tub an l er t ob o h ule em isp her e)
mp
Superior colliculus hite layer Deep w
B
Culmen IV, V
8
Declive VI
H
3
Medial preoptic nucleus
Subcallosal area
co
In te rp nu edu cle nc us ula r
1
al
Periventricular complex
x
Prec om m is s ur Late al f ral orn se p t al i nuc leu s
2
tr
CEREBELLUM
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Pr ete ctu m
ter od Str ors i al a m nu cle ed us ul
(c Fo rn i
x
Large island of Calleja
Foramen of Monro
THA LA MU S
n
Anterior complex
2
Anterior commissure Nucleus accumbens
te nu rove c le n t us ral
Dorsomedial nucleus
Ce
Choroid plexus
Dorsal complex
Central lateral nucleus
An
An
n)
ol
um
Lateral ventricle
r is la
3
nuloHabeduncular pe inter tract
um los l a sc ) rpu(body o C
Hippocampal commissure
A N TE R IO R
Cave of the septum
Cingulate gyrus
Corpus callosum (splenium)
P
Induseum griseum
82
PLATE 57A GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 3: Section 841
See the entire section in Plate 49.
83
PLATE 57B
3 6
7 Stria terminalis
8
e th of lis s u a cle in nu term d Be stria
Caudate nucleus (head)
6
Anterior limb
Mammillothalamic tract
Internal capsule
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
3
2
5
Subthalamic nucleus
Lateral hypothalamus
A
Inferior colliculus
MI D BR A IN
Reti cula r for mat ion
TEGMENTUM Substantia Ce reb nigra ra lp ed un cle
Pontocerebellar fibers
Dorsal nucleus of lat. lemniscus
Lateral lemniscus
Centralis III
A
PONS
Pontine gray
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
Motor nucleus (V)?
Motor nucleus (VII)
B
Interpositus nucleus
10 Nodulus (remnant)
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess) Uvula (remnant)
C
l ra nt le e v u Bi lob
(tonsil, extends from uvula to hemisphere)
H E 11
ME DUL LA ar
n io at rm fo
Cuneate nucleus
Spinal nucleus (V)
Cuneate fasciculus
C
Pyramis VIII
Paraflocculus
9
Tuber VIIb
CENTRAL LOBE
Flocculus
Choroid plexus
ul
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Folium VIIa
Floccular peduncle
Vestibular nuclear complex
Inferior olive
Declive VI
B
OBE
tic
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 6 7 8 9 Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 5 (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) 11
C
V E R MI S
Parabrachial nucleus? Superior cerebellar peduncle Principal sensory nucleus (V)?
Nucleus ambiguus
1 2 Rostral migratory stream (source area) 3 Callosal glioepithelium 4 Fornical glioepithelium
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
L RIOR ANTE
Ventral nucleus of lat. lemniscus
Middle cerebellar peduncle (roots)
Rostral migratory stream
B
Culmen IV, V
Brachium of inferior colliculus
Optic tract Supraoptic nucleus Magnocellular preoptic nucleus Olfactory tubercle Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Olfactory peduncle
Superior colliculus
TECTUM
For el
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
CEREBELLUM
m tu tec e Pr
Optic nerve layer
A
Re
Olfactory bulb
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
us sc ni
Subcallosal area
Pulvinar
em ll ia ed
1
Lateral preoptic area
le us
Centromedian nucleus
Fiel ds o f
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
THA LAM U S uc
Corpus callosum (splenium)
M
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Nucleus accumbens
Dorsomedial nucleus
ln
Ventral anterior Anteroventral nucleus nucleus
8
6
Dorsolateral nucleus
later a tral Cen
7
Cerebellar fissures
E R E
8
Fornix
H
Corpus callosum (body)
4
Pa ra lob med ul ian e
Lateral ventricle
P
3
M
I
S
84
PLATE 58A GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm Y180-61 Level 4: Section 781
See the entire section in Plate 50.
85
PLATE 58B
Parietal lobe Cingulate sulcus
Latera l ventr icle
7
Caudate nucleus (body)
8 Fornix
nucleus
US
Zona incerta
MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM Substantia nigra
H Nerve V root (premyelination gliosis)
3 Frontal stratified transitional field 4 Callosal glioepithelium 5 Fornical glioepithelium
7
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
8 Strionuclear glioepithelium 9 Germinal trigone (cerebellum) 10 External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
le cerebe Midd
la
e Pari
Primary fissure
ISPHERE M E
cle un ed p r
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Dentate nucleus
Ventral cochlear nucleus
Choroid plexus Nerve VIII root?
Floccular peduncle
Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex
be r lo o i er V) A n t( H I - H
Cerebral peduncle
c to-o
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Brachium of inferior colliculus
llar pe
2
Frontal stratified transitional field (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream)
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
u tal s cipi
9
Paraflocculus (tonsil)(HIX)
H E
M
I
S
Paramedian lobule (HVIIB)
bule tral lo B i v e nH V I I I ) (
C E L U L R E B E
Calcarine fissure
si Cr f u (H orm s I V l I II ob A u ) le
AL Subthalamic AM
lcus
Fasciola cinereum
Centromedian nucleus
SU BT H
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 6
Pulvinar
E R E
ucl eu s
TH A LA M U S
Nerve V
1 Rostral migratory stream
Precuneus Corpus callosum (splenium)
an
1
5
le
E nt or cort hinal ex
eus
l
Islands of Calleja
ucl
be
Olfactory bulb
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
ln
I u s ob ru l ) C rm IIA fo si (HV
Ventral hippocampus
era
an
Amygdala
la t
Choroid plexus
ere
Optic tract
rso
Inferio rc
Internal capsule
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Orbital gyrus
Ventral anterior nucleus
al n tr ove s te r le u An nuc
1
2
Olfactory tubercle
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Ventral lateral nucleus
teral nu cle l la us tra
BASAL BA S AL GAN GA NGL G LII A
Nucleus accumbens
Reticular n
Internal capsule
G (e x lo b te r u s p na al l s e lid gm us en Gl t) ob (in u s p a s e g te r llid m e nal us n t)
External ca psul e
Anter ior lim b
Putamen
b im
Do
e ncl du
ste Po
ri
l or
Cen
Stria terminalis
Angular gyrus?
4
H
6
Corp us cal lo s u m (b o d y )
P
3
10
M
86
PLATE 59A GW37 GW37 Sagittal Sagittal CR CR 310 310 mm mm Y180-61 Y180-61 Level Level 5: 5: Section Section 721 721
See the entire section in Plate 51.
87
PLATE 59B
9
2
Stria terminalis
Fornix
b im r ls o i r ste u Po nu cle
4
eu s
Basal nucleus
us
11
Anterior cortical nucle
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Accessory basal nucleus
Lateral ventricle
1 2 3 4 5
6
3
4
Dentate gyrus
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS Subiculum in a orh E n t o rtex c
L B E A
l
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Callosal glioepithelium 6 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 7 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Fornical glioepithelium 8 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Alvear glioepithelium 9 Strionuclear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) 10 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
o l ) V
b
IS
e
Simplex lobule (HVI)
RE E PH Dentate nucleus
H
Ammon's horn
6
AMYGDALA
Optic tract
Amygdalohippocampal area
r o H i r I e t ( H n
C
Anterior amygdaloid area
nucl
Med ial
R
Cerebral peduncle
Endopiriform nucleus
Orbital gyrus
Substantia MIDBRAIN nigra TEGMENTUM
E
Basal nucleus of Meynert
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Brachium of inferior colliculus
E
Internal capsule
Ventral striatum
5
Medial geniculate body
nucleus
Ansa lenticularis Anterior commissure
a
Primary fissure
M
ob (in u s p a s e g te r llid m e nal us n t)
SUBT HAL AMU Subthalamic S
Entopeduncular nucleus?
Gl
External capsule
Putamen
incert
Occipital lobe
ge Supr n nu iculaacle te us
G (e x lo b te r u s p na al l s e lid gm us en t)
BAS BA S AL AL G GA A NGL N GLII A
Z ona
Primary visual cortex
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Pulvinar
T HAL AMU S
M
Reticula r
Internal capsule
Anterior limb
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Fi m br ia
U
Putamen
Choroid plexus
Pa rie to su -occ lcu ip s ital
8
Caudate nucleus (body)
E
7
1
Lateral ventricle
L
1
) ody m (b u s o l cal pus Cor
le Middpeduncle r a l l e cereb
ule al lob r t n e v I) Bi (HVII
Flocculus? (HX) Choroid plexus
10
88
PLATE 60A GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm, Y180-61 Level 6: Section 661
See the entire section in Plate 52.
89
PLATE 60B
Superior parietal lobule
Anter ior lim b dge
Co
al c Str
E
us nucle lar u ic
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Me
Anterior commissure
10
cleus Medial nu
Endopiriform Primary nucleus olfactory cortex (piriform)
A
lam lary d ul
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
i na
Cerebral peduncle
Optic tract
Central nucleus
6 3
Ammon's horn Dentate gyrus
Fimbria
4
Pulvinar
Corpus callosum (splenium)
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
aSupr late u genic leus nuc
lum Subicu
p ita cci o ie to c u s Par sul
Subiculum s ru gy al p m ca po p i h ra Pa
l
Occipital gyrus
Fusiform gyrus? Occipital gyrus
4
6
Primary fissure Presu biculu m
9
e l o b r o ) i t e r I - H V A n H (
Entorhinal cortex
1 2 3 4 5
Fornix
Choroid plexus
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
L s l ra cleu DA ar e t G u cle La al n Y nu c M i l t r A tera lex co p la so com a B
Lateral ventricle
2
1
Basal nucleus of Meynert
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA Anterior amygdaloid area
Lateral ventricle
T HA L AM US
BAS BA S AL AL G GA A NGL N GLII A
Ventral striatum
7 8
Re t
Putamen
5
Orbital gyrus
Internal capsule
na
la
Stria Post erio r lim terminalis b
iat
um
lc ap su le
u
r st
er xt
gy
ru
C
s
s In u l a r
Lat e
ral
fi ssu
re
ell
bri
Caudate nucleus (tail)
rpu s ca llos um (b o dy)
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Callosal glioepithelium 6 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium 7 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Alvear glioepithelium 8 Strionuclear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) 9 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 10 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Cr
us
I, an ( H s i fo VI rm IA ) lob
C ERE BELLU M HE MI SP HE RE Flocculus
ule
Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
90
PLATE 61A GW37 Sagittal CR 310 mm, Y180-61 Level 7: Section 621
See the entire section in Plate 53.
91
PLATE 61B
Corona radiata
Inferior frontal gyrus
gy
s
r
p
m
1 Caudate nucleus (tail)
Internal capsule
Stria terminalis
Ins u l a
f r a l
L
a
t
e
e
AMYGDALA tr
9
4
3 s ru gy al p cam po p i rah Pa
5 um icul Sub
10
Primary e fissure o b l r ) i o t e r I - H V n A ( H Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
3
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
1 2 3 4 5
Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate)
6 7 8 9 10 11
Fusiform gyrus? Occipital gyrus
Entorhinal cortex
Callosal glioepithelium
Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
C E R EBE L LU M HEMISPHER E
P a r a m e d i a n
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
tal ipi c c o to- s rie lcu Pa su Occipital gyrus
Ammon's horn
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
11
Dentate gyrus
Choroid plexus
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Lateral geniculate body
Choroid plexus
lv en ra
te
7
icl
Basolateral nuclear complex
La
Lateral cortical nucleus
Optic tract
Central nucleus
S
Medial nucleus
Anterior amygdaloid area
2
Pulvinar
Fimbria
5
U
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Fornix
M
Endopiriform nucleus Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
s pallidu Globunsternal (i t) segmen
A
ad lr a su Vi
Basal nucleus of Meynert
6 Orbital gyrus
Medullary lamina
L
Anterior commissure
Ventral posterolateral nucleus tion ia
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
A
Ventral striatum
9
cleus
H
6
nu lar icu
Globus pallidus (external segment)
8
r limb Posterio
T
BA SA S AL L GA G ANG N GLI LI A Un fas cinat cicu e lus
Cor pus call osu m (b ody )
Putamen
r
E
e xt
a lc na
ru
Re t
e
ru
i s s
u r
la C le su
t us
l o b u l e Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA) ( H V I I B )
92
PLATE 62A GW37 GW37 Sagittal Sagittal CR CR 310 310 mm mm Y180-61 Y180-61 Level Level 8: 8: Section Section 501 501
See the entire section in Plate 54.
93
PLATE 62B Frontal lobe
Angular gyrus
l a r u s
Superior temporal gyrus?
e
rn
Claustrum psule al ca
6
7
l te r a o la B a s u c le a r x n p le com
be
1
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Putamen
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Y AM
l lo
g y r u s
Uncinate fasciculus
11
Supramarginal gyrus
Ex
6
6
Pa rie ta
ral fi ss te ur a e L
t
In
Inferior frontal gyrus
BAS BA S AL GAN GLI A Caudate nucleus (tail)
Internal capsule
Central nucleus
A AL D G
4
Ammon's horn CA1
9
CA3
3
F im b
8 9
CA3 Dentate Ammon's horn gyrus
r ia
CA1
Dentate gyrus
HIPPOCAMPUS
Stria terminalis
2
CA1
4
Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle
5 Cuneus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Calcarine fissure
2
Entorhinal cortex
10
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Parietal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, 1 and stratified transitional field
2 3
Occipital neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
4 Alvear glioepithelium 5 Subgranular zone (dentate)
6 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 7 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma striatal neuroepithelium and 8 Posterior subventricular zone
9 Strionuclear glioepithelium 10 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
CER
Cru
EBE
Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
s I, ans ( H V i fo r m l o LLU IIA) bule M H EMI SPH ERE
Lingula
Occipital lobe
94
PLATE 63 GW37, CR 310 mm, Y180-61 Level 2, Section 941
Germinal trigone
CEREBELLUM, VERMIS, INFERIOR LOBE, LOBULE X: NODULUS (A relatively mature region of the cerebellar cortex)
External germinal layer Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granular layer Medullary layer
Choroid plexus
See the entire section in Plate 48. See larger view of the entire cerebellum in Plates 56A and 56B.
95
PLATE 64 GW37, CR 310 mm, Y180-61 Level 2, Section 941 CEREBELLUM, HEMISPHERE, PARAMEDIAN LOBULE (A relatively immature region of the cerebellar cortex)
GW37, CR 310 mm, Y180-61 Level 4, Section 781 CEREBELLUM, HEMISPHERE, CORTEX (very high magnification) Mitotic cells
External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
Bloo d
e l ve s s
Molecular layer
Purkinje cell layer
Granular layer (densely packed superficial part)
Granular layer (less densely packed deep part)
See the entire section in Plate 48. See larger view of the entire cerebellum in Plates 56A and 56B.
See the entire section in Plate 50. See larger view of the entire cerebellum in Plates 58A and 58B.
96
PART PART IV: IV:
GW37 GW37 HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL
yr
up r
rf ro
lg
Centra tr l s al g y Post c u s ru
Pre ce
rio rf r Su pe
NTAL LOB E RO
F
P
RA
Inferior temporal gyrus
L LOBE
CIPITAL LO BE OC
M
O
us
ccipital gyri al o t er La
M id d l e t e m poral g y r
BE LO
S
s gyru
ar am g
al fissure La t er rus Superior temporal gy
O r bital gy
Insular gyrus
Angular l gyrus ina
io
Superior parietal lobule
a c ul ntr e
s yru
I n f er
TE
The approximate cutting plane of this brain is indicated in Figure 5 (facing page) with lines superimposed on the GW37 brain from the Larroche (1967) series. The anterior part of each section (on the left in all photographs) is slightly dorsal to the posterior part. In terms of the medial-lateral plane of sectioning, the part of each section near the bottom of the page shows structures cut slightly dorsal to those on the other side of the midline. As in all other specimens, the sections chosen for illustration are spaced closer together to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Illustrated sections are spaced farther apart when they contain only large brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Photographs of 19 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-19) are shown at low magnification in Plates 65-80. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 81AB-95AB for Levels 3-19.
al g nt
rus
This specimen is case number B-301-62 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A male infant was stillborn after a premature separation of the placenta. This brain is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). It was cut in the horizontal plane in 35-µm thick sections. Since there is no available photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, a photograph of the lateral view of another GW37 brain that Larroche published in 1967 (Figure 4) is used to show gross anatomical features.
M
d id
n
us
L
s y ru g tal on s yru g tal n o fr le
PARACENTRAL LOBULE PAR IE TA s
Cerebellar hemisphere Spinal cord
Figure 4. Lateral view of a GW37 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres labeled (the same as Figure 1 repeated here for convenience). (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
97
GW37 HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANES
1
341
2
441
3
531
4
561
5
631
6
731
7
761
8
801
9
851
10
921
11
981
12
1051
13
1111
14
1161
15
1251
16
1311
17
1331
18
1381
19
1441
LEVEL NUMBER
SECTION NUMBER
Figure 5. Lateral view of the same GW37 brain shown in Figure 4 with the approximate locations and cutting angle of the sections of Y301-62. (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
Y301-62 contains several immature structures that are found in the other two GW37 specimens. In the cortical regions of the telencephalon, remnants of the germinal matrices are present in all lobes of the cerebral cortex where the neuroepithelium/subventricular zone may still be generating neocortical interneurons. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields, thin in the occipital lobe, and thicker in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. Because of its plane of sectioning, this specimen shows the most complete view of the occipital lobes at GW37. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the lateral parts of the cerebral cortex, streams of neurons and glia are still in the lateral migratory stream. That stream percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus, and cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a prominent neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are probably still being generated. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, and the third ventricle is lined by a thin glioepithelium/ ependyma. In the midbrain and anterior pons, there is a slightly thicker and more convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lining the posterior cerebral aqueduct and anterior fourth ventricle. The posterior pons and entire medulla have a thin glioepithelium/ependyma lining the rest of the fourth ventricle. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is still producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The germinal trigone is still visible at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here.
98
PLATE 65 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 1: Section 341
1 2 3 4
Frontal stratified transitional field Paracentral stratified transitional field Cingulate stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus Postcentral sulcus Supramarginal gyrus
Precentral sulcus Middle frontal gyrus
Angular gyrus
Paracentral lobule
2
1
Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Interhemispheric fissure
Cingulate gyrus
3
Precuneus
4
Cingulate gyrus
1
3
4 2
10 mm
Superior parietal lobule
Parietal lobe
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
4
99
PLATE 66 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 2: Section 441
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field
6 7 8 9 10 11
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral stratified transitional field Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Subpial granular layer
Layer I Cortical plate Internal capsule Basal ganglia
2
9
8
1
10
3
White matter
5 11 4
Corpus callosum
Interhemispheric fissure
Cingulate gyrus Superior frontal gyrus
10 mm
Choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle
Frontal lobe
6
Middle frontal gyrus
Precuneus
Cingulate gyrus
Paracentral lobule
7
Parietal lobe
Superior parietal lobule
Inferior frontal gyrus Angular gyrus
Precentral sulcus Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
100
PLATE 67
See detail of brain core in Plates 81A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
Lateral fissure Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus
Precentral sulcus Inferior frontal gyrus
tral acen Par obule l
Middle frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe Superior frontal gyrus
Cingulum
Co
rp u
I Lateral ventricle
4
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
10 mm
2
3
6
10 1112 1
5
Occipital lobe
F
6
Parietooccipital sulcus
Precuneus
US M A AL x ni TH or Splenium
Cingulate gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
g gan sal a B
5
s callosu m
Parie tal lo be
Insular gyrus
le apsu nal c lia n ter
Genu
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 3: Section 531
Cingulate g. (retrosplenial area)
4 9 7
8
Cuneus
101
PLATE 68 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 4: Section 561
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium
7 8 9 10 11 12
Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
See detail of brain core in Plates 82A and B.
Lateral fissure Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus al centr Para bule o l Inferior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Cingulum
3 10 mm
s callo sum
4
Layer I
White matter
Lateral ventricle
Cingulate gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Cortical plate
rp u
B
10
2 1
Supramarginal gyrus?
ia ule gl l c a p s n a ga ern al I n t THALAMUS as Fornix
5 6
Parietal lobe
5
rp u Co
os u all sc
9 7
Parietooccipital sulcus
Precuneus
Lateral ventricle
m
Occipital lobe Cuneus
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
6 4 11 12
Angular gyrus
s lar gyru
Splenium
Superior frontal gyrus
Co
Superior temporal gyrus
Fo rn ix
Frontal lobe
Supramarginal gyrus?
Temporal lobe
Insu
Genu
1 2 3 4 5 6
8
102
PLATE 69 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 5: Section 631
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium
Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
See detail of brain core in Plates 83A and B.
Lateral fissure Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus
Angular gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Corpus callosum
Interhemispheric fissure
4
3 Layer I Cortical plate
10 mm
White matter
5
6
al rn te In
1
e ul ps ca
Lateral ventricle um os all sc u rp
Fornix
Hippocampus
THALAMUS Third ventricle
10 11 12
2
gyrus
Splenium
Cingulate gyrus
Genu
Superior frontal gyrus
B
al as
lia ng a g
Parietal lobe
Co
Insular
SEPTUM
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
al cen tr Para bule lo
Inferior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
6 9
Calcarine sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
Cingulate gyru s (retrosplenial area)
4
7
8
Primary visual cortex
103
PLATE 70 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 6: Section 731
Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
See detail of brain core in Plates 84A and B.
Septal glioepithelium/ependyma
Superior temporal gyrus Angular gyrus?
Inferior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
10 mm Damaged areas in section
ula Ins
Frontal lobe Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Superior frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure
4
3
Lateral ventricle
r gy
21
rus
14 12 13
Parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus Calcarine sulcus
Fornix
lia ng a lg sa a B
Subcallosal area SEPTUM
Lateral ventricle
Hippocampus
THALAMUS
Bed nuc. of stria terminalis
Third ventricle
Occipital lobe
Habenula Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
15
4
5 11
10 8
9
Primary visual cortex
6 7
104
PLATE 71 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 7: Section 761
See detail of brain core in Plates 85A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Rostral migratory stream (source area?) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
Superior temporal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Temporal lobe
Inferior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Middle frontal gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Interhemispheric fissure
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
10 mm Damaged areas in section
Insula
r gyru
s
Calcarine sulcus
Fornix
terminalis
Subcall os area al SEPTUM
4 1 3 2
Lateral ventricle
Hippocampus lia ng a lg THALAMUS sa Ba Bed nuc. of stria Pretectum
Lateral ventricle
13
Middle temporal gyrus
14
Third ventricle
15
Occipital lobe
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
4
11 5 12
10 8
9
Primary visual cortex
6 7
105
PLATE 72 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 8: Section 801
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
9 10 11 12 13 14
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
15
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See detail of brain core in Plates 86A and B.
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure Inferior frontal gyrus Insular
gyrus
Fornix
Middle frontal gyrus ia Basal gangl
Frontal lobe
Superior frontal gyrus
4
3 Layer I Cortical plate White matter
1
HYPOTHALAMUS
15
MIDBRAIN
13
Occipital lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
Tectum
Primary visual cortex
Superior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct
5
2
Calcarine sulcus
US AM AL TH
Third ventricle
Subcallosal area PREOPTIC AREA
Interhemispheric fissure
10 mm
Nucleus accumbens
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Lateral ventricle
Hippocampus
12
6
14 11 9
7
10
8
106
PLATE 73 1 2 3 4
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
5
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field
6 7
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Fornical glioepithelium
Occipital stratified transitional field
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Superior temporal gyrus
Lateral fissure Orbital gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus Orbital gyrus?
Frontal lobe
A TI AN TA ST INA B M SU NO IN
Fornix
Parahippocampal gyrus
MIDBRAIN Subcallosal area Third ventricle Tegmentum Tectum PREOPTIC AREA
Interhemispheric fissure
3 Layer I Cortical plate White matter
10 mm
Temporal lobe
US LAM THA
s yru rg ula s n I
Inferior frontal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Hippocampus
TH S AL UB AMUS
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 87A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
N accuucleus mbe ns
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 9: Section 851
2
1
14
HYPOTHALAMUS
Cerebral aqueduct
4 12
11
Occipital lobe
CEREBELLUM (Vermis) Superior colliculus
15
5
13 10 8
Lateral ventricle
Primary visual cortex
6
9
7
107
PLATE 74 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
5 6
Rostral migratory stream Frontal stratified transitional field Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
7 8 9 10 11 12
Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone External germinal layer (cerebellum)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 88A and B.
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Insular gyrus
Temporal lobe
Hippocampus
Orbital gyri
Lateral fissure
Frontal lobe
Interhemispheric fissure
Fornix S IN UBS NO TA M NT IN IA AT A
1 2 3 4
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 10: Section 921
Parahippocampal gyrus Olfactory MIDBRAIN Hemisphere tubercle Tegmentum Tectum CEREBELLUM Subcallosal area Third ventricle Vermis
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
2
10
3
THALAMUS
1
Cerebral aqueduct HYPOTHALAMUS
10 mm
Damaged areas in section
12
Inferior colliculus
4
8
Primary visual cortex
5
9
11
Occipital lobe
6
7
108
PLATE 75 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 11: Section 981
1 2
Rostral migratory stream
6
Alvear glioepithelium
Fornical glioepithelium
7
Subgranular zone (dentate)
3
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field
8
Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
4 5
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
9
Amygdaloid glioepithelium
10
Temporal stratified transitional field
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 89A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
Olfactory peduncle
Gyrus rectus
Interhemispheric fissure Layer I Cortical plate White matter
10 mm
9
Cerebral aqueduct
2
Fusiform
Occipital lobe
Vermis
CEREBELLUM
10
Inferior colliculus
7
3 4
8 6
gy
Hemisphere
MIDBRAIN Tegmentum Third ventricle Tectum HYPOTHALAMUS
1
Parahippocampal gyrus
? rus
Frontal lobe
Hi pp oc am pu s
Lateral fissure
GDA LA
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
AM Y
Orbital gyri
Inferior temporal gyrus?
Temporal lobe
5
109
PLATE 76 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 2
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field
3 4
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
5 6 7 8 9
Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellum)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 90A and B.
Superior temporal gyrus?
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe Fusiform gyrus?
Lateral fissure Orbital gyrus Gyrus rectus
Interhemispheric fissure
Optic chiasm
Third ventricle
Damaged areas in section
10 mm
PONS
HYPOTHALAMUS
1
7
Parahippocampal gyrus Hemisphere
Deep nuclei
Olfactory peduncle
Frontal lobe
Hip poc am pus
Rostral migratory stream
AM YGD ALA
1
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 12: Section 1051
8
6
l i ta cip be c O lo
Vermis CEREBELLUM
9
Fourth ventricle
2
Layer I
53 4
Cortical plate White matter
110
PLATE 77 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 13: Section 1111
1
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field
2
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
3
Temporal stratified transitional field
4 5 6 7
Alvear glioepithelium Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellum)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 91A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe AM YGD ALA
Fusiform gyrus? Parahippocampal Hemisphere gyrus Deep nuclei
PONS
Vermis
6
CEREBELLUM
7
Fourth ventricle
5
Hippocampus
4 10 mm
l ipita Occ be lo
2
3
1
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
111
PLATE 78 GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 14: Section 1161
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2
Parahippocampal/temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone and stratified transitional field External germinal layer (cerebellum)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 92A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Hemisphere Deep nuclei
Parahippocampal gyrus PONS
Vermis
CEREBELLUM
Fourth ventricle
1 10 mm
Damaged areas in section
Temporal lobe
2 Layer I Cortical plate White matter
112
PLATE 79 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
GW37 Horizontal, CR 320 mm, Y301-62
1
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Level 15: Section 1251 See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 93A and B. Hemisphere
CEREBELLUM
Flocculus ME
Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontine gray
PONS
Hemisphere DU
LL
A
Paraflocculus
Vermis
Fourth ventricle
1
Deep nuclei
Nerve V Middle cerebellar peduncle
10 mm
Level 16: Section 1311 See higher magnification view in Plates 94A and B (left panel). Hemisphere Flocculus Pyramid Pontine gray
CEREBELLUM MEDULLA
PONS
Inferior olive Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle
10 mm
Cuneate nucleus and fasciculus
1
113
PLATE 80 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1
GW37 Horizontal, CR 320 mm, Y301-62
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Level 17: Section 1331 Hemisphere
Flocculus Pyramid
CEREBELLUM MEDULLA
Pontine gray
See higher magnification view in Plates 94A and B (right panel).
Gracile nucleus and fasciculus
PONS
Inferior olive Inferior cerebellar peduncle
1
Middle cerebellar peduncle
10 mm
Level 18: Section 1381 See higher magnification view in Plates 95A and B (left panel).
Hemisphere Pyramid Medial lemniscus Inferior olive Flocculus
MEDULLA
Gracile nucleus and fasciculus
1
CEREBELLUM 10 mm
Level 19: Section 1441
Pyramidal decussation Pyramid Inferior olive CEREBELLUM (Hemisphere)
10 mm
MEDULLA
See higher magnification view in Plates 95A and B (right panel).
Cuneate fasciculus Gracile fasciculus
1
114
PLATE 81A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62, Level 3: Section 531
See the entire section in Plate 67.
115
PLATE 81B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Paracentral lobule Precentral sulcus
Putamen
Cingulum
Late ral v entr icle Corpu s c a llo su m
Cingulate gyrus
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Choroid plexus
l ra r nt rio s e e V nt leu a uc n
Pulvinar
al ter a l rso us Do nucle
Fo rn ix
Stria terminalis
Caudate (head)
Posterior limb
ule us ps le a c c l u Ventral na r n lateral r te a ucleus n n I l
Anterior limb
l tera al la s r t n Ce nucleu
Anteroventral nucleus
m lo s u s cal u p r Co Cingulum
Dorsomedial nucleus
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Anterodorsal nucleus
Callosal sling
Visual radiation
Caudate (tail)
Claustrum ule al caps Extern
Re ti cu
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Lateral fissure
Insular gyrus
Fornix Interhemispheric fissure
Induseum griseum
Corpus callosum (genu)
Cave of the septum Fornix Fornical glioepithelium
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Callosal glioepithelium Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Strionuclear glioepithelium
DORSAL COMPLEX
RE
EN
TI
TR
DORSAL COMPLEX AL
CU
BASAL GANGLIA
THALAMUS
CO MP
LA
RB
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Layer I
LE
X
ELT
Cortical plate
Fornical glioepithelium Stem cells of choroid plexus
White matter
Callosal glioepithelium Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Glioepithelium
Putamen Claustrum
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fo rn ix
R IO X ER E ST PL PO OM C
V
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Interhemispheric fissure
Callosal sling R IO X R E TE PL N M A O C
TRAL COMPLEX CEN
Frontal stratified transitional field
Induseum griseum
External capsule
Parietal stratified transitional field
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
116
PLATE 82A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 4: Section 561
See the entire section in Plate 68.
117
PLATE 82B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Lateral fissure
Paracentral lobule Precentral
su le l cap a n r x te
mb Posterior li
Putamen
et ic
R
Caudate (head)
Corpus callosum (genu)
Callosal glioepithelium
Stria medullaris
Fornical glioepithelium R RIO TE PLEX N A M CO
CE
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area) Induseum griseum Interhemispheric fissure Layer I Cortical plate White matter
Callosal sling
NT
ix rn Fo
DO R A L CO RS MP AL CO L E X MP LE VE X NT RA LC OM THALAMUS C PL UL EX AR BE LT
Co
um ll o s a c s rpu
Fornical glioepithelium
Callosal glioepithelium
TI
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
RE
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
DORSAL COMPLEX
R IO X ER E ST PL PO OM C
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
PERIVE NTR ICU LAR CO
EX PL M
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Frontal stratified transitional field
Dorsomedial nucleus
Cave of the septum
Callosal sling
Lateral ventricle
Pulvinar
Anteroventral nucleus Anteromedial Anterolei nucleus dorsal nucleus nuc r a l Periventricu
Fornix Lateral septal nucleus
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Induseum griseum
SEPTUM
Ventral lateral nucleus
Choroid plexus
Stria terminalis
l ra ate s l s o rs leu leu Do nuc l nuc era lat
r r nt io s Ve nter leu a uc n
Stria terminalis
Cingulate gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
n
u
s eu l c
Central
Late Cor ral v pus entr call icle osu m Cingulum
ule ps a r a lc ul na r e t In al
limb
Caudate (tail)
Claustrum
Fo rn ix
E
Anterior
Visual radiation
Insular gyrus
sulcus
Frontal lobe
Lateral fissure
BA SA LG AN GL IA
Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Glioepithelium
Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
118
PLATE 83A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62 Level 5: Section 631
See the entire section in Plate 69.
119
PLATE 83B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Precentral sulcus
Lateral fissure
Visual radiation
Frontal lobe
rus r gy a l u le p su Ins a l ca
Lateral fissure
Claustrum
ern Ext
ve nt ric le
Corpus callosum (genu)
Induseum griseum
For ni x Cave of the septum
Anteromedial nucleus
Callosal sling Callosal glioepithelium
al s te r le u La l nuc ta sep
Stria medullaris
Fornical glioepithelium
IVENTRICULAR COMPLEX ER
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
C
L
E
AL
O
M
PL
EX
C
IC OM BA U LA PL SA R EX B LG EL T AN GL IA T
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cingulum
Induseum griseum? Interhemispheric fissure Layer I Cortical plate
R RIO STE EX PO MPL CO
RA
R
Strionuclear V glioepithelium EN TR
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
DORSAL COMPLEX
NT
Glioepithelium
Frontal stratified transitional field
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
um os l l ca
THALAMUS CE
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
of en m o ra r Fo Mon
Third ventricle Subfornical organ
Lateral ventricle
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Habenular nuclei Stria medullaris
tricular nuclei
Choroid plexus
s pu r Co
Pulvinar
Dorsomedial nucleus
Periven
Fornix
SEPTUM
s ucleu al n r e t l la tra n Ce
Stria terminalis
Corpus call osu (splenium) m
Interhemispheric fissure
Stria terminalis
Triangular septal nucleus
Cingulate gyrus
u la Ve a n n u n te r tr a cle io l us r
al
Caudate (head)
et ic
rp us cal lo s um
te r
b
R
Cingulum
La
r lim
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
s u e s l du le c ral en t ral alli u u V p s s n p bu la t e le u s ca r Glo l nuc na r te In
P
Co
e r io
Fimbria/ fornix
DORSAL S PU HIPPOCAM
b ior lim Poster
Putamen A nt
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Caudate (tail)
Paracentral lobule
Callosal sling
White matter
Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Glioepithelium
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
120
PLATE 84A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62 Level 6: Section 731
See the entire section in Plate 70.
121
PLATE 84B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Visual radiation
Lateral fissure
Frontal lobe
s yru g r ula Ins
Lateral fissure
C
tr u la u s
Choroid plexus
m
li m r o ri ste o P
sule cap l a tern
Cingulum
Cingulate gyrus Interhemispheric fissure
Lateral septal nuc.
Fornix
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
SEPTUM
Median preoptic nucleus Anterior commissure
Septal glioepithelium/ependyma
nu cl eu s
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
R
PERIVENTRICULAR C OM PL (thalamic) EX
R ET
SUB
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parahippocampal gyrus
Layer I Cortical plate
CENTRAL COMPLEX
VENTRAL COMPLEX
White matter Fornical glioepithelium
Corpus callosum
Callosal glioepithelium
Alvear glioepithelium Glioepithelium
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fimbria/fornix
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
T ICULAR B E L
US
LAM
THA
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subgranular zone Pulvinar
Lateral habenular nucleus Medial habenular nucleus Pineal gland Third ventricle (pineal recess)
Third ventricle
Third ventricle
BASAL GANGLIA
Frontal stratified transitional field
Subiculum
Centromedian nucleus
THALAMUS
Callosal glioepithelium
Dentate gyrus
medial nucleus
Parafascicular nucleus
Diencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Strionuclear glioepithelium
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS Ammon's horn
Caudate (tail) Stria terminalis
Mammillothalamic tract
Forel's fields
Lateral ventricle
ral late nucleu al s Ventral
Zona incerta
Medial forebrain bundle
B ed nu th e s c le u s o f Medial t e r t r ia septal nuc. minalis
et icu lar Ce nt r
na lc ap su le
e r io
r lim b C t era aud Co l rpu ven (hea ate tri (ro s call d) c str osu le um m )
La
u s t) lid e n l pa gm u s l se b lo a G tern x (e
Reu nuc niens leus
Ant
en m a t Pu
(in Glo te bu rn s al pa se lli gm du In ent s ter )
Ex
b
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field
Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
122
PLATE 85A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62 Level 7: Section 761
See the entire section in Plate 71.
123
PLATE 85B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Lateral fissure
tam
(he
ad)
Cingulate gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) Median preoptic nucleus
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
s
u cl e
r n u
la
Centromedian nucleus
Forel's fields
Medial forebrain bundle
Parafascicular nucleus Massa
Third ventricle intermedia Third ventricle PERIVENTRICULAR CO MP LE X
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma CENTRAL COMPLEX
NT
R
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cortical plate
White matter
M PLEX
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Fornical glioepithelium
Subgranular zone Callosal glioepithelium
T
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
CO
Glioepithelium
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Layer I
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
L
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Interhemispheric fissure
E
BASAL GANGLIA
L
VENTRAL COMPLEX
B
Frontal stratified transitional field
A
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract Posterior commissure
THALAMUS
CE
RETICU L A R
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal gyrus
Ventral ateral nu posteromedial al l nucleus tr
Mammillothalamic tract
US LAM THA SUB
Callosal glioepithelium
Zona incerta
Subiculum
Pulvinar
PR ET EC TU M
b
Fo rn ix
ate
lim
Anterior commissure
Ca ud
io r
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
Cingulum
Corp us c (rostr allosum um)
ter
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria/fornix
us cle
An
Ventral lateral nucleus
R e t i c u
Lateral ventricle
u s t) ll id en a m s p seg u b l lo a G tern x (e
(in Glo te bu rn s al pa se lli gm du en s In t) ter na lc ap su le
Pu
Lateral ventricle
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS Ammon's horn
Po ste rio rl im b
le psu a c al ern Ext en
Ce n
Insular gyrus
Frontal lobe
Choroid plexus
strum Clau
Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Alvear glioepithelium Stem cells of choroid plexus
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
124
PLATE 86A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62, Level 8: Section 801
See the entire section in Plate 72.
125
PLATE 86B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Lateral fissure
Stria terminalis
Median preoptic nucleus
Interhemispheric fissure
HYPOTHALAMUS
PERIVENTRIC U LA
s
White matter
M EX PL
BE
VENTRAL COMPLEX
LT
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum)
C la
u st
rum
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
THALAMUS POSTERIOR COMPLEX
BASAL GANGLIA
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cortical plate
TECTUM
CO
AR
Frontal stratified transitional field
Layer I
MIDBRAIN
L
ICUL
(infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Interhemispheric fissure
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
X LE
RA
RET
US LAM THA SUB
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subiculum
Cerebral aqueduct
RC OM P
NT
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Callosal glioepithelium
eu
r n u
ula
Mammillothalamic tract Fornix Parafascicular Central Subcommissural gray organ nucleus Paraventricular nucleus HabenuloThird Third ventricle ventricle interpeduncular tract
CE
PREOPTIC AREA
Parahippocampal gyrus
Pulvinar
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Cen
Anterior commissure
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Medial preoptic nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Dentate gyrus
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Ventral lateral nucleus
l la tra
Forel's fields
Ammon's horn
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
terminalis
Medial forebrain bundle
Lateral geniculate body
leu al nuc s ter Centromedian nucleus
rna l ca psu Ansa le ( lenticularis a nt erio Corp r lim us ca Nucl llosu b) m (ro eus a strum c cum ) bens Subcallosa Bed nucleus of l arreea the stria
Retic
Me
Inte
Zona incerta
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Fimbria/fornix
l ia te ed la M icu dy n ge bo
s d u t) lli m e n a p g us l se mina b lo a la G tern x (e
cl
n
du ll
me
ar y (in Glo te bu rn s al pa Ce se lli reb gm du ra en s lp t) ed un c le
ta Pu
us
Lateral ventricle
Suprageniculate nucleus
ule caps nal r e t Ex
C la
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
tr u m
In (poterna ste l ca rio psu r li le mb )
Insular gyrus
Frontal lobe
Choroid plexus
Caudate (tail)
Fornical glioepithelium
Subgranular zone
Alvear glioepithelium Glioepithelium
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
126
PLATE 87A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62, Level 9: Section 851
See the entire section in Plate 73.
127
PLATE 87B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Caudate (tail)
Lateral fissure
en tam u P
(an teri or l im
b)
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) Median preoptic nucleus
Interhemispheric fissure
Red nucleus
An commterior issur e
Lateral hypothalamic area Lateral preoptic area
Subcallosal area
Medial preoptic nucleus
Zona incerta
Interpeduncular nucleus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
Central gray
BT
External germinal layer
LA MU
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Tectum
THALAMUS
S
BASAL GANGLIA
VERMIS
MIDBRAIN
HA
(infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Glioepithelium
Fornical glioepithelium Subgranular zone
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Alvear glioepithelium
Clau strum
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum)
Layer I
Cerebral aqueduct
Tegmentum
SU
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
White matter
Raphe nuclei
PREOPTIC Third AREA HYPOTHALAMUS ventricle
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subiculum
Cortical plate
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Medial forebrain bundle and ansa lenticularis
Frontal stratified transitional field
Dentate gyrus
CEREBELLUM
Dorsomedial nucleus
Periventricular nucleus
Ammon's horn
Culmen IV, V
Large island of Calleja
Lateral geniculate body
SUPERIOR COLLICULUS
Nucleus accumbens
e
Fo rn ix
s u le
SUB INN STAN OM TIA INA TA
cap
Ve stri ntral atu m
rna l
s lidu ) pal ment s u g b e Glo rnal s te (ex
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Fimbria/ fornix
l dia e Me culat i gen body
e sul cap l na ter Ex
I n te
a
Choroid plexus
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
m
Interna (posteriol capsule r limb)
Cl
ru u st
(in Glo te bu rn s al pa Cer se lli eb gm du ra lp en s e du Su t) n bth cl nu ala cle m us ic
Insular gyrus
Frontal lobe
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
128
PLATE 88A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm, Y301-62 Level 10: Section 921
See the entire section in Plate 74.
129
PLATE 88B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Temporal lobe s
Subcallosal area
lp Ce reb ra
Su bs ta
nt
Pa ra br
Supramammillary area
Interpeduncular fossa
HYPOTHALAMUS
Red nucleus
ial ? ed us M nisc m le
COINFE LL RI IC OR UL US
Interpeduncular Raphe nuclear complex nucleus
tr ac
Tegmentum
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
t
Ce
b re
MIDBRAIN
Central gray Cerebral aqueduct
lp
ed
O pt ic
tr
cle
ac t In
uncinate fasciculus)
Ventral striatum
ter na
Optic tract
Central nucleus
Cortical plate
lc
ap
su
Lateral geniculate body
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
le (po BAS ste rio A L Exte rl GAN im rnal G b) LIA caps ule Glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Subgranular zone
External germinal layer
Layer I
VERMIS
HEMISPHERE
Brachium of inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate body (POSTERIOR COMPLEX)
White matter
Tectum
THALAMUS
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the
CEREBELLUM
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
ra
un
Occipital gyrus
Anterior lobe HI-HV
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
Oculomotor nerve (III)?
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus
Reticular formation
c. nu al hi
ic
endopiriform nucleus)
ra nig
pt
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the
ia
ac
Ventral te gmental area
Third ventricle PREOPTIC AREA
le nc
O
Rostral migratory stream
ed u
S IN UBS NO TA M NT IN IA AT A
O pt ic tr ac t
tub cto
Dia go (ho nal b riz and ont of al l Br im oca b)
Ol fa
Interhemispheric fissure
Lateral lemniscus
Occipital lobe
Declive VI
Ventromedial nuc.
Lamina terminalis
ct tra
ssure ary fi Prim
Medial preoptic nucleus
Fornix
Parahippocampal gyrus
Culmen IV, V
Supraoptic nucleus Periventricular nucleus
tic Op
Subiculum
Centralis III Lingula I, II
ypo ral h rea Latelamic a th a
Ammon's horn Dentate gyrus
Stria terminalis
Lateral tuberal nucleus
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
le ric nt ve
Choroid plexus Fimbria/ fornix
Basal nucleus of Meynert
ry
Islands of Calleja
al ter La
Central nucleus of amygdala?
erc le
Frontal lobe
g
ate cin lus Un cicu fas
En do nu pirif cle or us m
In
su
r la
u yr
Caudate (tail)
co Ant mm eri iss or ur e
Lateralfissure fissure Lateral
ule al caps Extern
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Alvear glioepithelium
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
130
PLATE 89A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 11: Section 981
See the entire section in Plate 75.
131
PLATE 89B Internal capsule (posterior limb)
r
Amm m
lp
ed u
lu cu bi
Su bs ta
Su
CA 3)
A m mon's horn (
La
te
A com nter mi ior ssu re
Ce reb ra
n
n tia
nucle
Oculomotor nerve (III)? Superior cerebellar peduncle
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
MIDBRAIN
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
AMYGDALA
endopiriform nucleus)
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Cortical plate Layer I
VERMIS
Cerebral aqueduct
Central nucleus
Trochlear nerve (IV)?
HEMISPHERE
Tectum
External germinal layer
Tegmentum Alvear glioepithelium
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
re
Red nucleus
complex
Folium VIIa
Raphe nuclear
HYPOTHALAMUS
Glioepithelium (optic tract)
Dorsal tegmental nucleus us
Brachium of inferior colliculus
Reticular formation
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Rostral migratory stream
cus
White matter
Declive VI
l chia
L ateral lemnis
a r y fi s s u
Medial mammillary nucleus Third ventricle Interpeduncular nucleus
bra Para
a igr
Simplex lobule HVI
Anterior lobe HI-HV
rim
O pt ic tr ac t
le nc
Culmen IV, V Centralis III
Ventral tegmental area
CEREBELLUM
Lingula I, II
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
a
OR S RI LU FE U IN L L IC CO
Lamina terminalis
Ventromedial nucleus Arcuate nucleus
nt
Subpial granular layer
Parahippocampal gyrus
le lobu form Ansi Crus I IA HVI
a te r a l B a s o l le x com p ial med tico x Corcomple
De
alo l gd mpa y a Am poc ea hip ar
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
e gyr ntat De
Subiculum
ry cto ) lfa rm y o ifo ar pir im x ( P r o rte c
Stria terminalis
Frontal lobe
A
(C
Temporal lobe
P
Central nucleus
Lateral olfactory tract
n
1)
us
al HIP on' ve sh POC nt o ric r AM le PUS te g y r us
Uncinate fasciculus
Endopiriform nucleus
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Caudate (tail)
Dorsal nucleus of lateral lemniscus
Subgranular zone VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
External germinal layer
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
AMYGDALA Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
uncinate fasciculus)
Fornical glioepithelium
Alvear glioepithelium
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
132
PLATE 90A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 12: Section 1051
See the entire section in Plate 76.
133
PLATE 90B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Lateral ventricle
r
Optic chias m
pe
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Parabrachial nucleus
Den tate
mo (CAn's h 1) orn
Am
Su bic ulu m
us isc
Reticular formation L ate r al
Su
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
PONS
em n
l em
n
us isc
Cerebr al p
HEMISPHERE
Spinocephalic tract
Subiculum
ral ate sol lex Ba omp c
Central nucleus
Primary fissure
Subgranular zone
External germinal layer
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Stria terminalis Molecular layer Granular layer Hilus
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Layer I
Dentate gyrus
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
External germinal layer
Folium VIIa
ll
Fastigial nucleus
Pyramis VIII
ia
Declive VI rd ee p n u cle i
ed
lum
Centralis III
ve
Medial longitudinal fasciculus Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
y gra ne nti o P
u n cle
i o r m Fo e d . . ur t h ve nt
Raphe nuclear complex
Fastigial nucleus
Alvear glioepithelium
AMYGDALA
through the uncinate fasciculus)
ed
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Ventral tegmental nuc. Tectospinal tract
M
al cortex Entorhin
Interpositus nucleus
Mesencephalic nuc. (V) Locus coeruleus
Interpeduncular nucleus
C e re b r al
Arcuate nucleus Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Parabrachial nuc. Dorsal tegmental nuc.
Pon tin e gray
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Simplex lobule HVI Dentate nucleus
Pontine gray
Oculomotor nerve (III)?
Cortical plate
la
Subic ulum
cle un d pe
Anterior lobe HI-HV
White matter
CEREBELLUM
bel
a ter a l B a s o l p le x com
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Superior cerebellar peduncle (at base of red nucleus)
Lateral migratory stream (percolates
Primary Primary fissure fissure
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Subpial granular layer
C e re
Stria terminalis
gyr us
HIPPOCAMPUS
Uncinate fasciculus
HYPOTHALAMUS
Temporal lobe
VERMIS
134
PLATE 91A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 13: Section 1111
See the entire section in Plate 77.
135
PLATE 91B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
CEREBELLUM Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
Simplex lobule HVI Anterior lobe Middle and inferior HI-HV cerebellar peduncles
Primary fissure
Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus?
Pontine gray
Motor nucleus (V)
PONS
Spinocephalic tract
Germinal trigone
Ve sti bu comlar n ple ucle ar x Mesencephalic nuc. (V) Locus coeruleus
Parabrachial nuc. Principal sensory nuc. (V) L at e r a l
lemnisc u s
peduncle cerebellar Superior r Vestibular nuclea complex
M cer iddl eb e a ell nd ar in pe fer du io nc r les
VERMIS External germinal layer
Interpositus nucleus Dentate nucleus
HEMISPHERE Primary fissure
A (C nsifo rus rm II lob HV ul IIA e )
Tuber VIIb
emniscus
Pontocerebellar fibers
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Choroid plexus
Pontine glioepithelium/ ependyma
Interpositus nucleus
Folium VIIa
Reticular formation M e di a l l
Reticular tegmental nucleus of pons
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Fourth ventricle te Ven gm tr n u en al c . ta l
Cerebellar deep nuclei
Pyramis VIII
Raphe nuclear complex
Dentate nucleus
Uvula IX
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Spinotectal tract
Lateral vestibular nucleus?
Nodulus X
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Principal sensory nucleus (V) Fibers of the trigeminal nerve (V)
Ve sti bu co lar mp nu lex clea r
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Middle cerebellar peduncle
136
PLATE 92A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 14: Section 1161
See the entire section in Plate 78.
137
PLATE 92B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
CEREBELLUM Simplex lobule HVI
Primary fissure
Anterior lobe HI-HV
le unc ped r r le a l bel erio unc Inf r ped cere e l d lla id Vn eb e erv M cer e?
Trapezoid body
Reticular formation
Medial lemniscus
Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus? Lateral lemniscus M
id
dle
cere
bellar ped
e uncl
Principal sensory nucleus (V)
Infer ior ce
Pyramis VIII
Motor nucleus (V)
Pontocerebellar fibers
VERMIS
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Germinal trigone
ular Vestib ar nucle lex comp
PONS
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Uvula IX
Medial longitudinal fasc.
Nodulus X
Spinotectal tract
Fourth ventricle
Raphe nuclear complex
External germinal layer
Paraflocculus
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
VI nerve?
Genu (VII)
Reticular tegmental nucleus of the pons
Pontine gray
Choroid plexus
Abducens nucleus (VI)
Superior olivary complex
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Cerebellar deep nucleus
ar nucle bular Vesti complex
act inal tr trigem Spinal Spinal nuc. (V)
Dorsal cochlear nucleus Lateral lemniscus Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus? Spinocephalic tract?
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
rebell ar pe dunc le
Floccular peduncle
Super ior peduncerebellar cle?
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Dentate nucleus
Primary fissure
HEMISPHERE
External germinal layer
138
PLATE 93A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 15: Section 1251
See the entire section in Plate 79 (top).
139
PLATE 93B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA) Primary fissure
Simplex lobule HVI
CEREBELLUM
HEMISPHERE
Anterior lobe HI-HV
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Flocculus
Ventral cochlear nucleus (intermingled with VIII nerve bundles) VII nerve
Choroid plexus
MEDULLA
Motor nucleus (VII)
External germinal layer
VERMIS
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Paraflocculus
External germinal layer
Paramedian lobule HVIIB
lear n
ucleus
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Anterior lobe HI-HV Simplex lobule HVI
Dentate nucleus Cerebellar deep nucleus
HEMISPHERE Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
ellar ereb ior c ncle r e f In pedu
l coch
Primary fissure
Paramedian lobule HVIIB
s Superior olivary cleu al nu V) complex Spin tract ( and
Dorsa
V nerve root (premyelination gliosis)
Ve sti b c o u la r m n pl u e x c le ar
Prepositus nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus (X)
Uvula IX
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Choroid plexus
Raphe nuclear complex
PONS Lateral lemniscus
Fourth ventricle
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Spinotectal tract
Paraflocculus
Vestibular nuclear complex
r n ce edu p Reticular formation
Medial lem and trapezoidniscus body
Pontine gray
Spinal nucleus and tract (V) uc. yn itar act Sol nd tr a
Spinocephalic tract
IX nerve root rior ar fe ll In ebe cle
te nea s Cu cleu nu
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontocerebellar fibers
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
140
PLATE 94A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 16: Section 1311
Level 17: Section 1331
See the entire section in Plate 79 (bottom).
See the entire section in Plate 80 (top).
141
PLATE 94B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Section 1311
Section 1331 CEREBELLUM
CEREBELLUM
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
External germinal layer
External germinal layer Simplex lobule HVI
HEMISPHERE Par am ed HV ian lo IIB bul Biv e ent ral H V lo b III u le
Flocculus Corticospinal tract (pyramid)
Inferior olive
Nuc. of Roller
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Fourth ventricle/central canal Area postrema
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontine gray
Dorsal motor nuc. (X) Dorsal sensory nuc. (X)
Nucleus ambiguus
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Infer
IX nerve root?
MED ULLA
ior peducerebella r ncle
Gracile nucleus Glioepithelium/ependyma
External germinal layer
Simplex lobule HVI
Anterior lobe HI-HV
HEMISPHERE Middle cerebellar peduncle
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
PON S Middle cerebellar peduncle
m
Biv ent HEMISPHERE ral l HV obu III le
Choroid plexus
Spinocephalic tract Corticospinal tract (pyramid)
Paramedian lobule HVIIB
Flocculus
Spinocerebellar tracts
ra
Medial lemniscus Medial long. fas. and tectospinal tract
Gracile fasciculus
Paramedian lobule HVIIB
Flocculus
Py
l Cunea era te fa Lat cular sci leus cu reti uc. Spinal nuc (V) t Cu n and trac n nu ea S olit cle te Reticular a u Dorsal formation and trry nuc. s act accessory olive Hypoglossal (XII)
s lu
PO NS
Choroid plexus
A (C nsif ru or sI m I H lo VI bule IA )
Spinocephalic tract
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
id
S al Later nuc. a pinal nd nuc lar Cuneate fasciculus tra leu reticu ct ( s Cu Nuc. V) n n S e o u a ambiguus li cle te andtary n us Dorsal Gracile fasciculus u accessory olive Reticular tract c. Nuc. of Roller formation Central canal niscus Medial lem Raphe nuc. complex
Inferior olive
Medial long. fas. and tectospinal tr.
Grac nucle ile us
Hypoglossal (XII)
Dorsal motor nuc. (X) Dorsal sensory nuc. (X)
Commissural nucleus (X)
Glioepithelium/ependyma
MEDU LLA MED ULL A
X nerve root?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Flocculus Simplex lobule HVI
Paramedian lobule HVIIB External germinal layer Middle cerebellar peduncle
HEMISPHERE
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
142
PLATE 95A GW37 Horizontal CR 320 mm Y301-62 Level 18: Section 1381
Level 19: Section 1441
See the entire section in Plate 80 (middle).
See the entire section in Plate 80 (bottom).
143
PLATE 95B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Section 1381
CEREBELLUM
Section 1441
Paramedian lobule
HEMISPHERE
M EDUL L A
Biventral lobule
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
M E DU L L A
C
us
Cuneate fasciculus Central canal Glioepithelium/ependyma
Cu
lu s ic u
a ef at ne
eb ell a r tracts
Choroid plexus
Flocculus
Paramedian lobule
HEMISPHERE Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
External germinal layer
Pyramidal decussation
Medial accessory olive Corticospinal tract
us
Spinal ) tract (V
sc
Spinal nucleus (V)
Cu nu nea cle te us
Spinal tract (V)
Central canal
ram Py
id
ior r e f In olive
ret Lat ic e u lar ral nu c.
Spinocer
s
L reticuateral lar n uc.
u cleu
cleus le nu aci Gr ul G racile fas c i c
Reticular formation
Dorsal accessory olive
Inferior olive
Raphe nuc.
Hypoglossal nuc. (XII)
olive
te n
y ssor cce la a i d
ea
id
Medial lemniscus (decussation)
neate fascicul Cu
un
Dorsal motor nuc. (X)
Nuc. ambiguus
ram e M
Central autonomic area
uc. yn itar act Sol nd tr a
Py Corticospinal tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
External cuneate nucleus
S pinocerebellar tract s
Gracile fasciculus Gracile nucleus Glioepithelium/ependyma
Reticular formation
Cuneate nucleus Spinal nucleus (V)
Biventral lobule HEMISPHERE Paramedian lobule
CEREBELLUM
External germinal layer
144
PART PARTV: V:
GW32 GW32 SAGITTAL SAGITTAL
This specimen is case number BX-15-60 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A female infant survived for one hour after a premature birth. Death occurred because a hyaline membrane obstructed the airway to the lungs. The brain was cut in the sagittal plane in 35-µm thick sections and is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). Since there is no photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, the photograph of the medial view of another GW32 brain that Larroche published in 1966 (Figure 6) is used. Photographs of 6 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-6) are shown at low magnification in Plates 96-101. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 102AB-107AB for Levels 1-6. Very high magnification views of different regions of the cerebellar cortex are shown in Plates 108-111. Because the section numbers decrease from Level 1 (most medial) to Level 6 (most lateral), they are from the left side of the brain; the right side has higher section numbers proceeding medial to lateral. The cutting plane of this brain is nearly parallel to the midline in anterior and posterior parts of each section. However, the occipital lobe has been displaced toward the left. For example, the occipital lobe in Level 1 (Plate 96) is from the right side of the brain. There is no occipital lobe in Level 2 (Plate 97), and the left occipital lobe first appears in Level 3 (Plate 98). The sections
chosen for illustration are spaced closer together near the midline to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Y15-60 contains the same group of immature structures that are in the GW37 brains, except all of these structures are slightly more prominent. In the cortical regions of the telencephalon, remnants of the germinal matrices are present in all lobes of the cerebral cortex where the neuroepithelium/subventricular zone are presumably generating neocortical interneurons. Migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields, thin in the occipital lobe, and thicker in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. More neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the lateral parts of the cerebral cortex, the lateral migratory stream contains neurons and glia that percolate through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus. These cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a thick neuroepithelium/subventricular zone overlying the striatum and
nucleus accumbens where neurons and glia are being generated; some of these, especially from the accumbal area, will enter the rostral migratory stream. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Just as in the GW37 specimens, the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, and the third ventricle is lined by a thin glioepithelium/ ependyma. In the midbrain and anterior pons, there is a slightly thicker and more convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lining the posterior cerebral aqueduct and anterior fourth ventricle. A thin glioepithelium/ependyma lines the fourth ventricle in the posterior pons and anterior medulla, but that thickens in the posterior medulla. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is actively producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The germinal trigone is visible at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia are originating here.
145
c e sul gulat n i C
Central sulcus
us
gi n M ar
u al s
lc u
s
yru Cingulate g s
Precuneus
Corpus callosum le n
Genu
m
DIENCEPHALON Hypothalamus
T E MP
LL
OBE
us
Cuneus
Calcar ine s
Lingula
ulc
us
Cerebellar vermis
O
RA
iet
m ctu Te IN BRA MID tum men Teg
Gyrus rectus
r Pa
l ita p i c oc o-
lc su
PITAL LOB CI E OC
iu
tum
Thalamus
lenial area sp
Re tro
Sp
Fornix
Subcallosal area
PA RI E BE LO
Su pe rio r
rus gy l ta
Postcentral gyrus
L TA
on fr
Precentral gyrus
Sep
TAL LOB FRON E
PARACENTRAL LOBUL E
PONS
DUL ME LA
Cerebellar hemisphere
Spinal cord Figure 6. Midline sagittal view of a GW32 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem labeled. (This is part of Figure 2-9 on page 27 in B. A. Curtis, S. Jacobson, and E. M. Marcus (1972) An Introduction to the Neurosciences, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. The photograph was originally published by J. C. Larroche (1966) The development of the central nervous system during intrauterine life. In: Human Development, F. Falkner (ed.), Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, page 259.)
146
PLATE 96 GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic/mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 102A and B. Central sulcus Precentral gyrus
Superior frontal gyrus
Postcentral sulcus
Layer I Cortical plate
Paracentral lobule
White matter Superior frontal gyrus Superior rostral gyrus?
Frontal lobe
Gyrus rectus
Corpus callosum
Hippocampal commissure
Cave of the septum
Choroid plexus
Fornix
Genu
Septum
2
Anterior commissure Third ventricle
Subcallosal area
1
H
1
Splenium
Pineal gland Posterior commissure
Midbrain Tegmentum
Pontine gray
Fourth ventricle
3
4
6 Cerebellum
Pons
la ul
Pyramidal decussation
Primary visual cortex
(vermis)
7
ed
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Calcarine fissure
M
High magnification views of the cerebellar cortex are in Plates 108-111.
Medial lemniscus (decussation)
re fissu
Occipital lobe
5 Damaged areas in section
eric
sph emi
erh
*Int
Tectum
s mu ala h t o yp
Optic chiasm Mammillary body Cerebral peduncle
Parietal lobe
a? gul Lin
8
Precuneus
8
s neu Cu
Inferior rostral gyrus?
Postcentral gyrus
Gracile nucleus Gracile fasciculus
* The occipital lobe in this section is from the opposite side of the midline.
147
PLATE 97 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Rostral migratory stream Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream) Callosal sling Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
6 7 8 9 10 11
GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 2: Section 741
Septal glioepithelium/ependyma Strionuclear glioepithelium Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 103A and B. Superior frontal gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Cingulate sulcus (marginal part)
Frontal lobe
Paracentral lobule
Cave of the septum
11 Frontal lobe
Cingulate g yru
Corpus callosu
Cingulate gyrus Sub
Orbital gyri
3
cal
Genu los
al a
rea
5
6
7
Sept um
2
Cortical plate White matter Layer I
1
Gyrus rectus
11
Fornix
Hypothalamus
Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract
Splenium
MidbrainTectum Tegmentum
Hippocampal commissure
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Fourth ventricle
Pons
8
la ul ed M
Pyramid (corticospinal tract) Inferior olive
Parietal lobe
Thalamus
Anterior Habenula commissure Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle
Olfactory bulb Optic nerve (II) and chiasm Cerebral peduncle
Damaged areas in section
Precuneus
4
m
Lateral ventricle
Fornix
s
Cerebellum (vermis)
9
10 Cerebellar deep nuclei
Cerebellum (hemisphere) Cuneate nucleus
148
PLATE 98 GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 3: Section 681
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Rostral migratory stream Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream) Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium
Fornical glioepithelium Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 104A and B.
Central sulcus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Cingulate sulcus
Superior frontal gyrus
Superior parietal lobule
10 Frontal lobe
C in g
u lu m
5
Layer I
Orbital gyri
late g C ingu yr us Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
4
3
Basal ganglia
2
5
Parietal lobe
6
s neu Cu
Subthalamus Tectum
Midbrain Tegmentum
Ventral hippocampus
Occipital lobe
Lateral lemniscus
Primary visual cortex Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Cerebral peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle
Pons
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Medulla
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
rm
9
reb e llu m
em
H
Inferior olive
Ce
Ve
is
Pontine gray
Damaged areas in section
Parietooccipital sulcus
Splenium
Anterior commissure
Optic tract
s eu un c e Pr
Hippocampal commissure
Thalamus Internal capsule
Hypothalamus
1
Fornix
8
7
White matter Cortical plate
Paracentral lobule
10
i s p h e re
9
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
149
PLATE 99 GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 4: Section 581
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and 8 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 1 stratified transitional field 2 3 4 5 6 7
Paracentral neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium
9
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream)
10
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
11
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Alvear glioepithelium
12
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Subgranular zone (dentate)
13
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Fornical glioepithelium
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 105A and B. Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Precentral sulcus
White matter
Postcentral sulcus Superior parietal lobule
Cortical plate Layer I
2
s yru al g ont r f e ddl Mi
1
Frontal lobe
1
10
Basal ganglia
9
Corpus callosum
5 Thalamus
Internal capsule
Choroid plexus
Fornix
Occipital lobe
Cuneus
Ventral hippocampus
7 6
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Amygdala
Supramarginal gyrus?
Dorsal hippocampus
8
13
Parietal lobe Parietooccipital sulcus
Subthalamus
Anterior commissure
Orbital gyri
Angular gyrus?
4
11
Lateral ventricle
9
Paracentral lobule
3
Lingula?
Primary visual cortex
13
Cerebellum (Hemisphere)
Calcarine fissure
12
Entorhinal cortex Damaged areas in section
Parahippocampal gyrus
12
Cerebellar deep nuclei Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
150
PLATE 100
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 106A and B.
4 5 6
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
White matter Cortical plate
Angular gyrus
Layer I
13 M id
dl
Supramarginal gyrus
s gyru n ta l o r f e
Frontal lobe
Paracentral lobule
Coro na
2 10
r a di a ta
1
Basal ganglia
Claustrum
In s
External capsule
ula rg Orbital gyrus
8
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
8 9 Uncus
Th
Lateral ventricle
s
13
yru
Inferior frontal gyrus
Endopiriform nucleus Anterior commissure
6
ala
mu
Parietal lobe
11 5
Internal capsule
la
3
yg da
1 2
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal stratified transitional field 7 Subgranular zone (dentate) Parietal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and 8 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) stratified transitional field 9 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Occipital neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field 10 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, 11 Strionuclear glioepithelium and stratified transitional field Fornical glioepithelium 12 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Alvear glioepithelium 13 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Am
GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 5: Section 481
Lateral ventricle
s
ve Lat nt er ric al le
us mp ca o us pp yr Hi lg a p am oc pp i h ra Pa
Occipital lobe
Lingula?
7
3
4 Cerebellum (Hemisphere)
Damaged areas in section
Parietooccipital sulcus
Choroid plexus
12
151
PLATE 101 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Alvear glioepithelium Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
7
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
8
Strionuclear glioepithelium
9
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
10
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 107A and B.
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Postcentral sulcus Angular gyrus
Precentral sulcus White matter Cortical plate Layer I
Frontal lobe
10
Inferior frontal gyrus
Claustrum
Insular gyrus
Orbital gyrus
l sa a Ba ngli a g
Anterior commissure
10
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Endopiriform nucleus Uncus
Damaged areas in section
Internal capsule
External capsule
Lateral fissure
Parietal lobe 1
Paracentral lobule
s yru al g t n o e fr ddl Mi
6 a
3 4 5
6
yg da l
2
Parietal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Am
1
GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 6: Section 421
5
3
al te r c le L a n tr i ve
us gyr pal cam o p p ahi Par
8
7
s pu m ca o p ip H
Choroid plexus
4
Lateral ventricle
2
l ra po e m b Te lo
Superior temporal gyrus?
Supramarginal gyrus
Occipital lobe Fusiform gyrus?
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
9
152
PLATE 102A GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801
See the entire section in Plate 96.
153
PLATE 102B Posterior commissure
Corpus callosum (splenium)
PREO PTIC AREA A REA
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
2
Optic chiasm Third ventricle (infundibular recess) Arcuate nucleus
Mammillary body
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
Substantia nigra
sciculus i na l fa
E
C
Uvula IX
D
POSTERIOR LOBE
D
CE
Corticospinal tract
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Lateral corticospinal tract (medial edge)
Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Damaged areas in section
Gracile nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus (X)
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
SPINAL CORD
Medial motor nucleus (spinal cord)
Declive VI
Folium VIIa
8
Tuber VIIb
Pyramis VIII
Gracile fasciculus Pyramidal decussation
N
R T C
LUM
itud
E
INFERIOR LOBE
Choroid plexus
Reticular formation
B
B
V E R MI S
Nodulus X
EL
Fastigial nucleus
EB
5
ER
ng l lo
s
Pyramid
Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma
Raphe migration
Culmen IV, V
Lingula I, II
7
rsa
c ulu
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
8
MEDULLA
Preoptic glioepithelium/ependyma Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Do
iscus l lemn Media
Remnants of the germinal matrix
Fourth ventricle
6
9
A
III
Reticular formation
Raphe nuclear complex
BE LO R RIO TE N A Centralis
4
ci al fa s
Trapezoid body?
A
C
l longitudin
Abducens nucleus (VI)
Superior medullary velum
Inferior colliculus
Cerebral aque duc t
M e dia
Raphe nuclear complex Medial lemniscus
PONS
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Central gray
Raphe nuclear complex
Reticular formation
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Trochlear nerve root?
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Pontine gray
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
3
Trochlear nucleus (IV)?
TEGMENTUM
Medial lemniscus (decussation)
TECTUM
MID BR AIN M ID BRA IN
Substantia nigra
Oculomotor nerve (III) Cerebral peduncle
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles
Central gray
3
Ventral tegmental area
Superior colliculus
BE
HYPOTHALAMUS
Interpeduncular nucleus
Pretectum
Ce aqu rebra ed u l ct
LO
Premammillary area
Pineal gland
Mammillothalamic tract
L
Lamina terminalis
1
Third ventricle
A
Preoptic periventricular nucleus
Cerebellar fissures A
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
B
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
C
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
D
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
E
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
154
PLATE 103A GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 2: Section 741
See the entire section in Plate 97.
155
PLATE 103B Lateral ventricle
Fornix
3
2
4
Str
Dorsolateral nucleus
Ante comm rior issure
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (posterior divisio division n))
Forel's fields
Medial fo r
Centromedian nucleus eb
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
r
?
Substantia nigra
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
MID BR A IN
Red nucleus
Superior colliculus
Central gray
TEGMENTUM TECTUM
Cerebral peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Reticular formation
Parabrachial nucleus?
Inferior colliculus
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Cuneate fasciculus
BE L
LO
Pyramis VIII
EM
9 Folium VIIa
A C
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Declive VI
UM
Cuneate nucleus
H
C
D
Paraflocculus (tonsil, HIX)
LL
Reticular formation
Int er nu posit cle us us
Uvula IX
E
Corticospinal tract
MEDULLA
B
n u stig ia c le l us
Nodulus X
E
B
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Nucleus Solitary ambiguus nuclear complex
9
E
V E R MI S B Fa
8
E
OR LOB
ANTERI
e cl un ed rp lla be re
10
Dorsal accessory olive
6
Choroid plexus
ce
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Vestibular nuclear complex
s
9
or
Germinal trigone (cerebellum)
id
8
ri
7
Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma
Medial accessory olive
7
Reticular formation Inferior olive (principal nucleus)
Fourth ventricle
u cle
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
5
Superior olivary complex
A
Parabra c
pe
6
Reticular formation
R
Culmen IV, V
Centralis III
Lingula I, II
nu
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Locus coeruleus
A
Su
5
Arcuate nucleus (medulla,with cells from the raphe migration?)
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
CE
Lateral lemniscus
al hi
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Trapezoid body?
Media l lem niscu s
4
PONS
P yram
Septal glioepithelium/ependyma
Pontine gray
Reticular formation
llar ebe cer e ior ncl per du Su pe
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream)
3
Damaged areas in section
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
2
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Pretectum
ndle
Interpeduncular nucleus
bu
Optic chiasm and tract
Fornical glioepithelium
Corpus callosum (splenium)
n
HYPOTHALAMUS
Lateral tuberal nucleus
1
10
Habenular nuclei
Anteromedial nucleus
ai
Lateral preoptic area Lateral hypothalamic area Supraoptic nucleus
Induseum griseum
Dorsomedial nucleus
X
Subcallosal area
Anterodorsal nucleus
CO M PL EX
is
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (anterior division)
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
ed
LE
Olfactory tubercle
ra
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
MP CO AL e u s TR l nucl C E N l l a t e ra
Nucleus accumbens
Anteroventral nucleus
C e nt
1
Corpus callosum (body)
Fo rn ix
ar
THALAMUS
m
2 ll
DO RS AL
ia
u
Lateral septal nucleus
Stria terminalis
T EN
R
Tuber VIIb
C Paramedian lobule (HVIIb)
ISPHERE
Cerebellar fissures A
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
B
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
C
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
D
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
E
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
156
PLATE 104A GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 3: Section 681
See the entire section in Plate 98.
157
PLATE 104B Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
M ID BR A IN
Su
bs
Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
9 10
External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe)
Lateral lemniscus
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Superior cerebellar peduncle Damaged areas in section Centralis III
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles) Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle
P ON S
Motor nucleus (VII)?
) (V us cle u n y tor sor Mo sen pal s (V) i c u n Pri nucle
Inferior olive (principal nucleus)
Lingula I, II
Spinal nucleus (V)
9
Primary fissure
C
E OR LOB
ANTERI
V E R MI S
Simplex lobule (HVI)
le nc Superior
vestibular nucleus
8
Dentate nucleus
Floccular peduncle
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess
MEDULLA
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Culmen IV, V
Crus I ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
E R E
8
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
a
e to
H
Strionuclear glioepithelium
gr
C pl hor ex oi us d
7
ni
c er ebe lla rp ed u
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
ia
Inferi or
6
Fornical glioepithelium
nt
ri Pa
ta
s
Paraflocculus (tonsil, HIX)
H E M I S P Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Paramedian lobule (HVIIb)
M
Callosal glioepithelium
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
ip i
lc u
LU
4 5
ta
c -o c
u ls
EL
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
TECTUM
B
3
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
E
2
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the source of the rostral migratory stream)
Fasciola cinereum
Superior colliculus
R
Rostral migratory stream
Pulvinar
E
1
Reticular formation
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Inferior colliculus
Entorhinal cortex
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
lum gu Cin
10
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Pretectum
TEGMENTUM
1
) dy (bo
X
act
Centromedian nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus
ncle edu al p ebr C er
ic tr O pt
ix rn Fo
s
nominata
LE
ti a in
ial romed l poste Ventra nucleus
MP
sta n
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
THALAMUS
u cle nu ral
ub
S
Olfactory sulcus
Forel's fields
Globus pallidus
5
CO
Nucleus accumbens
Orbital gyrus
l a te
BASAL GANGLIA Olfactory tubercle
r al
leu uc
s
Internal capsule
VENTRAL COMPLEX
AL
T
A comnterior mis sure
2
Ventral anterior nucleus
TR
Internal capsule
VENTRAL COMPLEX
C e nt
3
Ventral lateral nucleus CEN
Caudate nucleus (head)
C ral n SADLorsolate
n ar ul tic Re L E CUL A R B
he ft s o lis leumina c u r d n te Be stria
RETI
7
6
Stem cells of choroid plexus
X PLE OM ucleus
R DO
um los cal us rp Co
4
4
Choroid plexus
9
158
PLATE 105A GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 4: Section 581
See the entire section in Plate 99.
159
PLATE 105B Frontal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Lateral ventricle Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
le
o
b) im rl o i r ste
ap Intern al c
e ul ps b) a l c lim na r e r e r io t In a n t External segment (
Globus pallidus
BASAL GANGLIA
Zona incerta
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Callosal glioepithelium
Fornical glioepithelium
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Corpus callosum (splenium) DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Pulvinar
Sub th n u c a la m leu ic s
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Suprageniculate nucleus
Medial geniculate body
Optic tract Primary visual cortex (in occipital lobe)
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA Amygdalohippocampal area
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
ve n
al
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer
Dentate gyrus m culu Subi
Primary fissure
Ammon's horn
te r
La
Basolateral complex
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Subgranular zone
Central nucleus
AMYGDALA Lateral olfactory tract
Cer Substantia nigra ebr Optic trac MIDBRAIN al p t edu TEGMENTUM ncl e
cle
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Ventral medial nucleus
tr i
Lateral migratory stream?
Choroid plexus
THALAMUS
s
Anterior commissure
Co rt co ico m me pl d ex ia l
Ventral striatum
Orbital gyrus
LT
Internal segment
Putamen Ex ca ter ps na ul l e
BE
le su ap lc na ter In
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Ventral lateral nucleus
u cle nu ar ul tic AR Re C U L I RET
Caudate nucleus (head)
Stem cells of choroid plexus
VENTRAL COMPLEX
Ventral anterior nucleus
su
(p
Stria termnalis
nix For
Caudate nucleus (body)
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
En
to
in rh
c al
or
tex
Alvear glioepithelium
Simplex lobule (HVI)
E OB
A
L OR V) I E R I-H N T (H
Crus I ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Dentate nucleus Flocculus (HX)?
Damaged areas in section
Flocculus (HX)?
Biventral lobule fragments?
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Paraflocculus (tonsil, HIX)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Paramedian lobule (HVIIb)
External germinal layer
160
PLATE 106A GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 5: Section 481
See the entire section in Plate 100.
161
PLATE 106B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Parietal stratified transitional field
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corona radiata
Lateral ventricle
rl
Strionuclear glioepithelium b) im
Ex S
(percolates through the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus)
Pr
im
ar
BS
facto y ol
p
(
ir
i fo
Lateral olfactory tract
rm)
Subpial granular layer Lateral migratory stream
a Ans ATA
An com terior miss ure IN M TA NT NO IA IN Intercalated Central masses nucleus
ry cortex
Lateral migratory stream
U
ent egm al s n r Inte aris icul
ic le
Orbital gyrus
Globus pallidus
ral v e n tr
le
s e ru sur gy fis al ter La
su
la r
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Bas AM Y o com latera GDA LA ple l x
su
p ca al m rn ru t us
la In
Ventral striatum Endopiriform nucleus
(extends to the amygdala)
t men l seg a n r e Ext
L a te
te
C
lent
Optic tract
ia is S tr in a l m r te
id ro s ho exu C pl CA3
m Fi
br
Stria t er
Fimbria/ fornix
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (thin)
CA3
THALAMUS
CA1
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
ia
Fornical glioepithelium
Pulvinar
Stratum lacunosum moleculare Stratum radiatum
Lateral geniculate body
D
g te ta n e
Pyramidal layer
us yr
Am
m
' on
CA1 sh
Stratum oriens Alveus
Occipital lobe
Occipital stratified transitional field
n or
Lingula?
s HIPPOCAMPUS Subgranular zone gyru l pa CA1 am c o Dentate molecular layer ipp h ra Dentate hilus Pa ortex Dentate granular layer
Uncus
En
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
s
c
l eu
Pul vin ar
R e t i c ul ar
BASAL GANGLIA
nu
Internal c apsu le (
po
ste
m i n a l is
ri o
Putamen
Putamen
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (thick)
Caudate nucleus (tail)
to
in rh
al
c
Primary fissure
Alvear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Damaged areas in section
T AN
ER
IO
R
Paramedian lobule (HVIIb)
LO
BE
(
-H HI
V) Simplex lobule (HVI)
Crus I ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Crus II ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Medullary layer Granule cell layer Purkinje cell layer Molecular layer External germinal layer
162
PLATE 107A GW32 Sagittal, CR 270 mm, Y15-60 Level 6: Section 421
See the entire section in Plate 101.
163
PLATE 107B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Precentral sulcus
Paracentral lobule
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Parietal stratified transitional field
Middle frontal gyrus
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (thick) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Insular gyrus
lar Insu
us gyr
Stria terminalis
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Putamen
te ra
s yru rg ula Ins e ur
La
is s lf
Extern
BASAL GANGLIA Strionuclear glioepithelium Ventral striatum
Lateral olfactory tract
Uncus
DA LA
Central nucleus
e at ud Ca
Fimbrial glioepithelium
Fi
Lateral geniculate body Optic tract
Am
m
o
m
s n'
br
ho
ia
Parietal lobe
rn
HIPPOCAMPUS
Alvear glioepithelium
Lateral migratory stream
(extends to the amygdala)
Damaged areas in section
Occipital stratified transitional field
CA1
il) ta s( u e cl nu
Fusiform gyrus?
le ric nt e v al ter a L
Stria terminalis
CA1
am oc p ip ah r Pa
us yr g l pa
Occipital lobe
Superior temporal gyrus?
Temporal lobe External germinal layer
U
Subpial granular layer
Fimbria/ fornix
nc
ina
Endopiriform nucleus
YG
te fas ciculus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
AM
(percolates through the endopiriform nucleus)
Ba co sola mp ter lex al
Orbital gyrus
A c o m n te r io m is r su r e
Intercalated masses
Lateral migratory stream
Fornical glioepithelium
te
ul
al
ca
ps
(percolates through the claustrum)
Inferior frontal gyrus
tr
e
Lateral migratory stream
us
rn al ca ps ul e
C
la
um
In
L
ure fiss l a ater
Lateral ventricle Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular Choroid zone (thin) plexus Strionuclear glioepithelium
Caudate nucleus (tail)
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
le lobu plex ) Sim (HVI
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Crus I ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
164
PLATE 108 GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801 CEREBELLUM
External germinal layer (proliferative zone)
Anterior lobe (Culmen)
External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
Molecular layer
Granule cells (migrating)
Purkinje cell layer: (immature Purkinje cells without apical caps migrating and settling)
Purkinje cells (settled)
Granule cell layer Purkinje cell (migrating?)
Anterior lobe (Lingula) External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
Granule cells (migrating)
Apical dendritic caps Molecular layer
See the entire Section in Plate 96. A mediummagnification view of the cerebellum is in Plates 102A and B.
Purkinje cell layer: (Maturing Purkinje cells with prominent apical dendritic caps settled in a monolayer)
Granule cell layer
165
PLATE 109 Central lobe (Folium) External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
Granule cells (migrating) Settling small Purkinje cells
GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801 CEREBELLUM
Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer: (scattered immature Purkinje cells migrating and settling)
Migrating small Purkinje cells Granule cell layer
Folium/Tuber
External germinal layer Molecular layer Granule cell layer
Medullary layer
See the entire Section in Plate 96. Central lobe cleft (The medullary layer reaches all the way to the external germinal layer)
A mediummagnification view of the cerebellum is in Plates 102A and B.
166
PLATE 110 GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801 CEREBELLUM
Posterior lobe (Uvula)
External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone) Molecular layer
Settled large Purkinje cells
Purkinje cell layer: (settled large Purkinje cells, widely scattered)
Granule cell layer
Migrating small Purkinje cells?
Inferior lobe (Nodulus)
External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone) Granule cells (migrating) Molecular layer
See the entire Section in Plate 96. A mediummagnification view of the cerebellum is in Plates 102A and B.
Purkinje cell layer: (Purkinje cells with basal cytoplasmic accumulations settled in a monolayer)
Basal cytoplasmic accumulations Granule cell layer
167
PLATE 111 3 Germinal trigone (at base of the Nodulus)
Germinal source of the external germinal layer earlier in development
GW32 Sagittal CR 270 mm, Y15-60 Level 1: Section 801 CEREBELLUM
2 Germinal source of the choroid plexus
1 Remnant of the cerebellar neuroepithelium
See the entire Section in Plate 96. Dense cell clusters that may be migrating cohorts of glia and Purkinje cells
A mediummagnification view of the cerebellum is in Plates 102A and B.
168
PART PARTVI: VI:
GW30 GW30 HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL
gy ru s
Postc ent ra l
us
gy ru ulc s ls
nt ra
Prec ent ra Ce l
rio rf r Su pe
Insular gyrus
p Su
PO
M
The approximate cutting plane of this brain is indicated in Figure 8 (facing page) with lines superimposed on the GW30 brain from the Larroche (1967) series. The anterior part of each section is ventral to the posterior part. As in all other specimens, the sections chosen for illustration are more closely spaced to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Illustrated sections are spaced farther apart when they contain only large brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Photographs of 24 different Nisslstained sections (Levels 1-24) are shown at low magnification in Plates 112-131. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 132AB-150AB for Levels 3-24.
Orbital gyri
TE
This specimen is case number W-187-65 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A male infant survived 17 hours after a premature birth. Death occurred because of a pulmonary hyaline membrane. Autopsy notes include a subarachnoid hemorrhage over the cerebrum, but the brain appears normal and is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). It was cut in the horizontal plane in 35-µm thick sections. Since there is no available photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, we use the lateral view of another GW30 brain that Larroche published in 1967 (Figure 7).
te La
ure fiss l ra
or mp e t or e ri
al
r gy
te m M id d l e
I n f e rio r t
RAL
us
por
e mp
LOBE
ITAL L O CIP BE OC
tal gyrus fron r o i fer n I
Angular gyrus al occipital gyri t er La
NTAL LOB FRO E
i
ma pra u S
BE LO
M
dd
rio lob r pa ule rie tal
inal gyru rg s
s y ru g tal s on yru g al nt o fr le
PARACENTRAL LOBULE PAR IE TA Su pe L
yr al g
us
l gy o ra
rus
Cerebellar hemisphere Medulla Spinal cord
Figure 7. Lateral view of a GW30 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres labeled. (From the photographic series of: J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
169
GW30 HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANES
261 400 441 521 621 671 701 721
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
761 801 841 861 881 941 1001 1041 1081 1121 1161 1201 1241 1281 1351 1391
SECTION NUMBER
LEVEL NUMBER Figure 8. Lateral view of the same GW30 brain shown in Figure 7 with the approximate locations and cutting angle of the sections of Y187-65. (From the photographic series of: J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248).
Y187-65 contains more prominent immature structures than in the older specimens. A densely staining neuroepithelium/subventricular zone is present and presumably generating neocortical interneurons in all lobes of the cerebral cortex. The same thickness variations between the occipital and other lobes of the cerebral cortex are still there. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. The lateral migratory stream percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus with dense streams of cells that appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a large neuroepithelium/subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are presumably generated; at least three subdivisions (anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior) can be distinguished in the striatal part. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn, have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, but the third ventricle is lined by a more densely staining glioepithelium/ependyma than in the GW37 specimens. A convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain that continues into the anterior fourth ventricle. A smooth glioepithelium/ependyma lines the fourth ventricle through the posterior pons. A slightly convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the floor of the fourth ventricle through much of the medulla. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is actively producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The cerebellar cortex itself shows less definition between hemispheric lobules. The germinal trigone is at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here.
170
PLATE 112 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Frontal subventricular zone 5 Parietal stratified transitional field 2 Frontal stratified transitional field 6 Cingulate stratified transitional field 3 Paracentral stratified transitional field 4 Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Postcentral gyrus Postcental sulcus
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
nt r a l l
ta rie Pa
Frontal lobe
ce
ule
Pa
ra
Superior parietal lobule
ob
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 1: Section 261
e ob ll
Superior frontal gyrus Cingulate gyrus
Precuneus
Interhemispheric fissure Layer I Cortical plate
6
White matter
7
1 2
3 7
7 4
5
171
PLATE 113 1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Parietal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 9 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling 11 Strionuclear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 2: Section 400
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus Supramarginal gyrus
Precentral gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Angular gyrus
ob ll ta rie Pa
Paracentral lobule Frontal lobe
Superior frontal gyrus
C
or
La
e
Internal capsule
Basal ganglia
te r
Choroid plexus
a
l ve n tr i c l e pu s c a Cingulate llosum gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Induseum griseum
Cingulate gyrus
Corpus callosum
4
3
2
9
Cortical plate
Stria terminalis
White matter
12
1
Precuneus
Induseum griseum Fornix
10
Layer I
Superior parietal lobule
3 6
8 11
5
7
11
172
PLATE 114 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 3: Section 441
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Parietal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 9 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling 11 Strionuclear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 132A and B.
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Supramarginal and angular gyri
Lateral fissure Middle frontal gyrus
lob e
Paracentral
Fr on ta l
Superior frontal gyrus
Insular gyrus
C s pu or
Cingulum
ca
te r
Induseum griseum
Genu
The splenium of the corpus callosum was cut during processing.
n t ri c
4
11 la m
us
a x rni Fo
Th
le
5 11 10
Splenium
Forn ix
Choroid plexus
un
eu
s?
Interhemispheric fissure Splenium rp
Thalamus
us
c a ll o s
5
9
2
Superior parietal lobule
Pr ec
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Co
3
12
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
al v e
Pa rie ta ll ob e
Stria terminalis
Claustrum
ule Internal caps Basal ganglia
m su llo
Cin g gyr ulat us e
La
lobule
um
3
11 7
8
1 Stria terminalis
7
6
173
PLATE 115 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 4: Section 521
See detail of brain core in Plates 133A and B.
Superior temporal gyrus? Precentral and postcentral gyri Middle and inferior frontal gyri
Frontal lobe Co rp u Cingulum
l na er nt
sul
e
Thalamus
12
5
Dorsal complex Ven tr a l co m p le x
1
Cortical plate White matter
callosu m
Occipital lobe?
Precuneus Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
6 4 9
Layer I The splenium of the corpus callosum was cut during processing.
s rpu Co
or te r i Pos plex co m
10
11
Anterior complex
13
Parietooccipital sulcus
Lateral ventricle
Splenium
5 4
2
cap
Lateral ventricle
Septum
Interhemispheric fissure
Parietal lobe
Claustrum
I
a ngli
Superior parietal lobule
Choroid plexus
Splenium
m osu all sc
Cingulate gyrus
3
Late fissu ral re
Paracentral lobule
a al g as
Supramarginal and angular gyri
Temporal lobe
I ns u l a r g y r u s
B
Superior frontal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Genu
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 8 Parietal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Posterior sriatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field 10 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 11 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling 12 Strionuclear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium 13 Septal glioepithelium/ependyma Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
14
8 7
174
PLATE 116 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 5: Section 621
See detail of brain core in Plates 134A and B.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 10 Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field 12 Subgranular zone (dentate) Callosal glioepithelium 13 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Fornical glioepithelium 14 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 15 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone zone, and stratified transitional field 16 Strionuclear neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 17 Septal glioepithelium/ependyma Occipital stratified transitional field Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 18 Subpial granular layer (cortical) Callosal glioepithelium
Frontal lobe
gyrus ular Ins trum Claus
I nt
Cingulum
Ci ng ula te gy ru s
Superior frontal gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
4
I nt
Basal ganglia
Lateral ventricle
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
ern al c
Supramarginal and angular gyri?
Temporal lobe
ral Late ure s s fi
ap
s ul
17
e(
an
ca al ern
ps
Thalamus
t. )
Anterior complex
Dorsal complex
Layer I
co mp lex
Calcarine sulcus
Cuneus
Precuneus
Corpus Cingulate gyrus callosum (retrosplenial area) (splenium)
11
Posterior complex
Ve ntr al
2
6
7
8
White matter
Dark area is an artifact of mounting medium crystallization
Occipital lobe
5
Cortical plate
Damaged areas in section
Superior parietal lobule?
Parietal lobe
Choroid plexus Hippocampus
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Habenula
Third ventricle
Lateral ventricle
) st. po e( ul
Parahippocampal gyrus
Bed nuc. of stria terminalis
Septum
Middle and inferior frontal gyri
Superior temporal gyrus
3
1 14 15 16 18
13
12
10
9
175
PLATE 117
Occipital stratified transitional field
16
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
17
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
15
See detail of brain core in Plates 135A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe
l era Lat sure s fi
r ar gy sul In
Frontal lobe
us
Nucleus accumbens
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Superior frontal gyrus
um ustr Cla
ia ngl a g al as
4
Anterior complex
Putamen
13 17
12 6
Po comsterior plex
White matter
15
Globus pallidus
Ve nt ra lc om pl ex
Lat eral ven tric le Parahippocampal gyrus
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
Occipital lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus Pineal gland
ePrctum te tro- n en ia s C ed leu m uc n
Layer I Cortical plate
2
1
Thalamus
Third ventricle
16 3
Hippocampus
Bed nuc. of stria terminalis Hypothalamus
Subc allos al ar ea
Interhemispheric fissure
Choroid plexus
Pr ec un eu s
zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 6: Section 671
B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field 12 Subgranular zone (dentate) Callosal glioepithelium 13 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Fornical glioepithelium 14 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular
5
al isu yv x r a e im rt Pr co
11 14
10
9
8 7
176
PLATE 118 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 7: Section 701
See detail of brain core in Plates 136A and B.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 11 Alvear glioepithelium Callosal glioepithelium 12 Subgranular zone (dentate) Fornical glioepithelium 13 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 14 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone zone, and stratified transitional field Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 15 (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) Occipital stratified transitional field 16 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Middle temporal gyrus Superior temporal gyrus
ta Pu
ga al
N acc ucl Sub um eus call be osal ns area
Interhemispheric fissure
Hypothalamus
Dark area is an artifact of mounting medium crystallization
La
Parahippocampal gyrus
te r
al v ent
r ic
le
Cuneus
Calcarine sulcus
15
Anterior complex
Ve nt ra lc om pl ex
1
Superior colliculus
12 6
l ua vis ry ex a im rt Pr co
5
White matter Damaged areas in section
Choroid plexus
Po comsterior plex
Cortical plate
2
Bed nuc. of stria terminalis
otr n en ia s C ed leu m uc n
3
lia ng
Hippocampus
Occipital lobe
Third ventricle
4
Layer I
n me
Midbrain tectum
Superior frontal gyrus
strum Clau
G pa lob lli us du s In ter na lc ap su le
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
r us r gy ula s In
Frontal lobe
Ba s
Middle frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe
l era Lat sure s i f
Th al am us
Inferior frontal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
11 13
14
10
9
7
8
16
177
PLATE 119 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 8: Section 721
See detail of brain core in Plates 137A and B. Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus
N acc ucl um eus be Sub ns call osal area
4
15
3 Cortical plate
2
1
Hippo- Choroid campus plexus
Th al am us
ga al
lia ng
Hypothalamus
Third ventricle
Subthalamic nucleus
Globus pallidus Put ame n
12 6
al v ent r ic le
Occipital lobe
l ua vis ry ex a t im r Pr co
7
8
Posterior complex
5
White matter
13
te r
Calcarine sulcus
Superior colliculus Ve nt ra lc om pl ex
La
Parahippocampal gyrus
Midbrain tectum
Interhemispheric fissure
Layer I
rum
st Clau n e ta m Pu
In ter na lc bt ap ha su la m le us
Frontal lobe
Su
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
r us r gy ula s In
Ba s
Middle frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe
l era Lat sure fis
Preoptic area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 11 Alvear glioepithelium Callosal glioepithelium 12 Subgranular zone (dentate) Fornical glioepithelium 13 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 14 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone zone, and stratified transitional field Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 15 (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream) Occipital stratified transitional field 16 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
14
11
9 10
16
178
PLATE 120
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Lateral fissure Orbital gyrus
ure iss
la m
us
bs tan
al ar ea
3
ha bt
Third ventricle
le su ap lc na t er In
Subthalamic nucleus
Put ame n
Cortical plate White matter
Midbrain
12 12
al v ent r ic le
Occipital lobe
Tectum
Hypothalamus
Globus pallidus
2
te r
Parahippocampal gyrus
Tegmentum
Red nucleus
1 Layer I
Su
Interhemispheric fissure
Nucleus accumbens
allos
La
s
Subc
mu ala Th
Frontal lobe
Choroid plexus
Hippocampus
An ter tia i or inn co om m in a ta
m
Orbital gyrus
Temporal lobe
Endopiriform nucleus?
Su
See detail of brain core in Plates 138A and B.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (intermingled with the 8 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone) 9 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field Fornical glioepithelium 11 Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 12 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) zone, and stratified transitional field 13 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Preoptic area
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 9: Section 761
Superior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct
11
Posterior complex
6
5
4 10 13
9
8
7
14
179
PLATE 121 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream 8 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 10 Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium 11 Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 12 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 13 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 10: Section 801
See detail of brain core in Plates 139A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Endopiriform nucleus
Lateral fissure
Choroid plexus
Orbital gyrus
Op tic t Cer ebr act al pe d
Frontal Primary olfactory lobe cortex (piriform)
Interhemispheric fissure
r
Subcallos al area
cle un
Hypothalamus
Red nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus
Cortical plate
Put am en
4
Thalamus (posterior complex)
ia nt a ta at bs in Su nom in
1
White matter
12 Damaged areas in section Dark area is an artifact of mounting medium crystallization
al
Lateral occipital gyri
ve nt r ic le
Occipital lobe
Tectum
6
Cerebral aqueduct
Inferior colliculus Substantia nigra
Olfactory tubercle
2
Fusiform gyrus?
ter
Midbrain Tegmentum
Third ventricle
3 Layer I
Parahippocampal gyrus
Amygdala
Preoptic area
Orbital gyrus
La
Hippocampus
13
7
11 5
10 8
9
14
180
PLATE 122
See detail of brain core in Plates 140A and B.
5 6 7
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe Lateral fissure
Endopiriform nucleus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Interhemispheric fissure
Optic tract
Gyrus rect us
cle un ed lp
Tegmentum
Substantia nigra
C
White matter Damaged areas in section
11
13
x
Cortical plate
le mp
1
5
3
Inferior colliculus
6
10 4
Central nucleus
7
13 12 14
ve nt r ic le
Tectum
III
al co eci
al
Occipital lobe
Cerebral aqueduct
Third ventricle Olfactory tubercle
Layer I
Fusiform gyrus?
ter
Midbrain
Red nucleus
Hypothalamus
2
La
Parahippocampal gyrus
Orbital gyri
Frontal lobe
Lateral occipital gyri
Lateral ventricle
Ce re br a
4
om
1 2 3
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream 8 Temporal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 9 Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium 10 Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 12 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field 13 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
o rt i c
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 11: Section 841
9
8
181
PLATE 123
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 141A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe Endopiriform nucleus
Lateral fissure Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
gdala Amy
Orbital gyri
Frontal lobe Interhemispheric fissure
Optic tract
Gyrus rect us
us mp Parahippocampal gyrus cle un ed lp
Hypothalamus
Cortical plate
Olfactory peduncle
1
Corticomecial complex
White matter
Damaged areas in section
10
12
Substantia nigra
2
Fusiform gyrus?
Lateral ventricle
13
Midbrain
Tegmentum
Third ventricle
Layer I
Lateral occipital gyri
icle entr lv
Lat era
4 5 6 7
Hippoca
3
Ce re br a
1 2
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 12: Section 861
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream 8 Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium 9 Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 10 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 12 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Occipital stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 13 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Temporal stratified transitional field 14 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Tectum
Occipital lobe Cerebellum (vermis)
Cerebral aqueduct Inferior colliculus
4 5
9 3 14
Central nucleus
11
8 7
6
182
PLATE 124
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe icle entr lv us
Lateral fissure
gdala Amy
Orbital gyri
Frontal lobe G yr
Interhemispheric fissure
Optic chiasm
us re ctu s
Hypothalamus
Olfactory peduncle
ncle edu lp ra b re
1
9
11
Midbrain
Tegmentum
Fusiform gyrus?
Lat ventreral icle
Tectum Cerebellum (vermis)
Third ventricle
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Damaged areas in section
e
Parahippocampal gyrus
Substantia nigra
Corticomedial complex teral Basola lex comp
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
mp
Hippoca
Lat era
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 142A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream 7 Alvear glioepithelium neuroepithelium, subventricular 8 Subgranular zone (dentate gyrus) 2 Parahippocampal zone, and stratified transitional field 3 Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 10 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 4 Occipital stratified transitional field 5 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical) 6 Temporal stratified transitional field
C
GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 13: Section 881
10
8 7
Central nucleus
6
Cerebral aqueduct
2
5 12 13
3
4
Occipital lobe
183
PLATE 125 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 14: Section 941
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream 6 Alvear glioepithelium neuroepithelium, subventricular 7 Subgranular zone (dentate) 2 Parahippocampal zone, and stratified transitional field 8 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 3 Occipital stratified transitional field 9 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 4 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 5 Temporal stratified transitional field 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 143A and B.
Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Lateral ventricle
Amygdala
aParampal p oc ru s p i h gy
Cerebral peduncle
Uncus Olfactory peduncle
Pons
Pontine gray
Fusiform gyrus?
Hemisphere
9 teral Basola lex comp
Entorhinal cortex
6
8 Damaged areas in section
7
Occipital lobe
CEREBELLUM Vermis
1
3
10
Interhemispheric fissure
11
Fourth ventricle
2
Layer I Cortical plate
4
White matter
5
184
PLATE 126 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 15: Section 1001
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields neuroepithelium and 4 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) 1 Parahippocampal subventricular zone 5 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Parahippocampal stratified transitional field 2 6 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 3 Alvear glioepithelium 7 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 144A and B. Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe Parahippocampal gyrus Uncus
Hemisphere
Entorhinal cortex Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract
Pons
3
4
Occipital lobe?
CEREBELLUM
Lat era l ve ntri cle
5 Damaged areas in section
Fusiform gyrus?
Vermis
6
Interhemispheric fissure
7
Fourth ventricle
Layer I Cortical plate
2
1
White matter
185
PLATE 127 GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 16: Section 1041
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1
External germinal layer (cerebellum)
2
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 145A and B.
Uncus
Hemisphere
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Entorhinal cortex
Pons
Fourth ventricle
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Deep nuclei
Pontine gray
Occipita Vermis
CEREBELLUM
Inferior temporal gyrus?
Temporal lobe Damaged areas in section
l lobe
1 2
186
PLATE 128 GW30 Horizontal, CR 260 mm, Y187-65
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 External germinal layer (cerebellum) 2 Germinal trigone 3 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Level 17: Section 1081 See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 146A and B.
Hemisphere Middle cerebellar peduncle De ep nu cle i
Pontine gray
Entorhinal cortex
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Transpontine corticofugal tract
2
Occipital lobe
Vermis
1
CEREBELLUM Vestibular nuclear complex
Temporal lobe
Inferior temporal gyrus?
Damaged areas in section
Level 18: Section 1121 See high magnification view of this section in Plates 147A and B.
Middle cerebellar peduncle Nerve V
Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract
Hemisphere De ep nu cle i Medulla
Pons
Vermis
Fourth ventricle Choroid plexus
CEREBELLUM
1
3
187
PLATE 129 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 External germinal layer (cerebellum)
GW30 Horizontal, CR 260 mm, Y187-65
Level 19: Section 1161 See high magnification view in Plates 148A and B.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Hemisphere
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Pons
Medulla Vermis
Pontine gray
Transpontine corticofugal tract Inferior olive
CEREBELLUM
Fourth ventricle
1
Choroid plexus
Level 20: Section 1201 See high magnification view in Plates 149A and B (left panel). Flocculus
Inferior olive Hemisphere Pyramid Pontine gray
Medulla
Fourth ventricle Vermis
Corticospinal tract Inferior cerebellar peduncle Choroid plexus
CEREBELLUM
1
188
PLATE 130 GW30 Horizontal, CR 260 mm, Y187-65
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 External germinal layer (cerebellum)
Level 21: Section 1241
See high magnification view in Plates 149A and B (right panel).
Choroid plexus Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts Inferior olive Pyramid Corticospinal tract
Hemisphere
Medulla
1 Solitary nuclear complex
CEREBELLUM
Damaged areas in section
Level 22: Section 1281
See high magnification view in Plates 150A and B (left panel).
Lateral reticular nucleus Inferior olive Pyramid Corticospinal tract Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Medulla
1
Central canal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V) CEREBELLUM (hemisphere)
189
PLATE 131 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2
GW30 Horizontal, CR 260 mm, Y187-65
Dorsal funicular myelination gliosis Ventral funicular myelination gliosis
Level 23: Section 1351
See high magnification view in Plates 150A and B (middle panel).
Central canal
1
Pyramid
Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus
Corticospinal tract
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Medulla
Level 24: Section 1391
See high magnification view in Plates 150A and B (right panel). Pyramidal decussation
Central canal
1
Pyramid
Gracile fasciculus Corticospinal tract
2
Cuneate fasciculus Spinal nucleus and tract (V) Lateral corticospinal tract
Medulla
190
PLATE 132A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 3: Section 441
See the entire section in Plate 114.
191
PLATE 132B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Insular gyrus
Claustrum External capsule
Internal capsule (anterior limb)
C auda
Caudate (head)
C
in
gu
lu
m
ia
l ina term
Str
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
Stria medullaris
ix rn Fo
Lateral ventricle Choroid plexus
Forrn Fo niixx
Callosal sling
Corpus callosum (splenium)
cleus?
Induseum griseum
Cave of the septum
Fornix Antero-
DORSAL D COMPLEX orsol nuc ater Ve leu al ant ntral s e rio n u VE cle r us NT RA LC Ventral IC OM UL lateral PLE AR X nucleus B Stria
Do r nu som cle ed us ial
Subpial granular layer
Torn and shifted area in the section Induseum griseum Corpus callosum (splenium)
For nix CENTRAL COMPLEX: Central lateral nucleus
THALAMUS
T
BASAL GANGLIA
D CO OR MP SAL LE X
ANTERIOR COMPLEX Anteroventral nucleus
RE
dorsal nucleus liu m th e z o n e i p r oe e u r r i c u la n l t Anteromedial ia t a e n S tr d s u b v Strionuclear an l glioepithelium tera a l o er Ant
terminalis
E LT
: Retic ula
Putamen Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cingulum Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Fornical glioepithelium
Lateral septal nu
Corpus callosum (genu)
is
THALAMUS
Callosal glioepithelium
Ci ng ulu m
te
Strionuclear glioepithelium (body)
La ter al ven tri cle
Cingulate gyrus Induseum griseum Interhemispheric fissure
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Putamen
Insular gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Cingulum Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Stem cells of choroid plexus
r nucleus
Strionuclear glioepithelium Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Frontal stratified transitional field
Parietal stratified transitional field
Cortical plate
White matter
Layer I
Lateral fissure
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
192
PLATE 133A GW30 GW30 Horizontal Horizontal CR CR 260 260 mm mm Y187-65 Y187-65 Level Level 4: Section 521
See the entire section in Plate 115.
193
PLATE 133B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Lateral migratory stream?
apsule External c
Claustrum
sule capimb) l a ern r l Int sterio (po
Claustrum
Putamen
Corpus callosum (genu)
Layer I Cortical plate
Callosal sling
Callosal glioepithelium
us Lateral septal nucle
Septal glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium
Strionuclear glioepithelium
te r
o
al
Caudate (head)
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Lateral migratory stream? Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field
Stria terminalis
Lateral fissure
R
BASAL External capsule
DO RS AL
E
N
Induseum griseum
Torn and shifted area in the section OM PL EX
Interhemispheric fissure Corpus callosum (splenium)
DORSAL COMPLEX
C in
E
CO NT R M PL AL CO EX M
gul
um
Callosal glioepithelium
THALAMUS
PLE
X T ET R A IC L UL CO AR MP LE BE GANGLIA X LT
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
nix For
Fornical glioepithelium Stem cells of choroid plexus
Stria terminalis
Putamen
Claustrum Insular gyrus
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Callosal sling
RC
Subpial granular layer
C
An
r la te
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
ulum Cing
Corpus callosum (splenium)
PERIVENTRICU LA
V
White matter
Pulvinar
Third ventricle Foramen of Monro
Choroid plexus
Dorsomedial nucleus
Stria medullaris
Fornix
li u m it h e z o n e p e o eu r u la r tal nventric a i r Anteromedial S t su b and
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Mammillothalamic Anteroventral tract? nucleus Periventricular nuclei
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Cave of the septum
D or Cen s tra nuc ola l la le ter t us al
e
Fornix
Interhemispheric fissure
Stria terminalis
le s s u e u n tr a l p l Ve ral ca uc la te le u s l n a n nuc r er Int la us ucle ln a er
Re V ti a n e n tr c u n u te r io a l c le r us
lu m s gu ru gy C in te ula ng Ci
La te ra lv en tr icl
Caudate (head)
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
x rni Fo
Inte (an rnal c teri aps or l ule imb )
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Lateral migratory stream? Lateral fissure
Caudate (tail)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parietal/temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal/temporal stratified transitional field
194
PLATE 134A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 5: Section 621
See the entire section in Plate 116.
195
PLATE 134B Subpial granular layer
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Lateral fissure
Insular gyrus
Visual radiation
Lateral migratory stream
Lateral migratory stream Layer I
Globus pallidus (external segment)
e
I
ti
n
t
lim b Caudate (head)
R
nucleus
Anterior commissure
Lateral septal nucleus
Interhemispheric fissure
Callosal glioepithelium
Anteromedial
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
COMPLEX
Ca (h u d ea a te d)
R
E
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
BASAL GANGLIA Externa l capsule
T
N
al
X PLE IVENTRICULA R COM R E DORSAL
E
ter
Medial habenular nucleus
C
t An
la e ro
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Stria medullaris
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
P
SEPTUM
ix rn Fo
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
(infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Fasciola cinereum
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Third ventricle Medial septal nucleus
Subiculum
Pulvinar
Periventricular nuclei
Dorsal tenia tecta
Strionuclear neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Dorsomedial nucleus
Lateral ventricle Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
raPa cular i s c fas ucleu n
Mammillothalamic tract? Anteromedial nucleus
Choroid plexus
Centromedian nucleus
Ce
Stria terminalis Anteroventral
ve nt ric le
HIPPOCAMPUS
Ventral le s u u posterolateral s p le nucleus a uc l c a n tr l l Ventral en era us a V t posteromedial n la cle r nucleus e nu leus c c nu ra l
An ter ior
La ter al
Putamen
te
White matter
mb r li o i ter Pos
nt ra l la
E
su le l cap a n r x te
u V la a n e n tr r n u te r io a l c le r us
Cortical plate
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Stem cells of choroid plexus
m Claustru
T
V I
C
U
E L
N
A
T
R
R
A
B
E
L
L
R
AL
MP
LEX
C O M P L E X
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Subgranular zone
T Strionuclear glioepithelium
Putamen
Claustrum Lateral migratory stream? Insular gyrus
THALAMUS
CO
Fornix
Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
196
PLATE 135A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 6: Section 671
See the entire section in Plate 117.
197
PLATE 135B Lateral fissure rus ar gy Insul
m Claustru
en tam u P
le p su a c al ern E xt
In
u c le u s
Third ventricle
TR A
THALAMUS
L C O M PL
N T
R
EX
T
E C
A
I
L
U
Lateral fissure
R
a
ru s
L
A
R
B
C EL
O
Parahippocampal gyrus
M
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
T
Subgranular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
Putamen Claustru
ar gy
E
ll
BASAL GANGLIA
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Pre tec tum
EN
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
V
du
ern al c aps ule
Habenulointerpeduncular tract?
ICULAR COMPLEX NTR E IV ER
(in Glo te bu rn s al pa G (e lo se lli xt bu gm d u er s en s na p r y la t) l s a ll m e g id u ina m s en t) Me
Ext
Pineal gland
C
OTH ALA MUS
Posterior commissure
E
HYP
is inal term
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
In su l
ral n
Periventricular nuclei
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
t r ia
Nucleus accumbens
nt
m ctu e t e Pr
Parafascicular nucleus
L
Median preoptic nucleus Medial septal nucleus eral eus o Lat nucleus ucl l a t dn sep Be
Caudate (head)
Lateral migratory stream
Anteromedial nucleus
Fornix
Callosal glioepithelium
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Pulvinar
te R rn
M
An
Paraventricular nucleus
s he ft
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
are a
Nucleus accumbens
Mammillothalamic tract
UM PT SE
Dorsal tenia tecta Interhemispheric fissure
Subiculum
posterolateral nucleus
Centromedian nucleus
ce
osa l
s Ventral
s leu
ra
call
c
Pa
Sub
e issur
Ca u (h e d a te ad)
Co rp (ro us c str allo um su ) m
m r com terio
Lateral ventricle
u
Choroid plexus Dentate gyrus
l l ra ia nt ed Ve rom us ste cle po nu
lim b
le
Lateral ventricle
Ammon's horn
a l Ven i c c ant tral u l a a p e r i r s nuc or leus u Ve n u l e n C en la t tral nu teraral late c le l ral us nu c
ed
u
An ter ior
us ) llid ent a p m na us e g o b nal s l a m i l G ter y ar u s t) (ex ll lid e n l a m s p seg u b l lo a G tern (in t e
P
White matter
HIPPOCAMPUS
b lim r rio te s Po
Layer I Cortical plate
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
X
Subpial granular layer Lateral fissure
P
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum and the external capsule)
m
Stria terminalis
Lateral migratory stream
Caudate (tail)
Fornix
Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
198
PLATE 136A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 7: Section 701
See the entire section in Plate 118.
199
PLATE 136B
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform iform))
Cortical plate
m Claustru
sule al cap Extern
us t) lid en l a m na s p seg m i u b l la lo rna G te x (e
a nu teraral cle l us
du
ln uc l
eo pr o- s al hyp area r e t d c La an ami Dorsomedial al nucleus th
Fornix
Medial preoptic area
TRICULAR COMPL EX IVEN ER
R R
B
E
L
CO M PL EX
m ctu ete Pr
T A T
tr e a m
N
l
rus
ory s
Putamen
L
ul
ar gy
ig r a t
m
A
U
ed
Lateral fissure
In su l
ral m
Claustru
C TI
(in Glo te bu rn s al pa se lli gm d u GANGLIA a r y en s la t) G lo m in (ext bus a p ern a l s a llid u egm s e n t) M
BASAL
Ext ern al c aps ule
E
le
CE NT RA L
E
R
sa is? An ular it c n
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
V
us c le b e n s u N um acc
Posterior commissure Third ventricle (pineal recess)
MIDBRAIN TECTUM
Forel's fields
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Pineal gland
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) Third glioepithelium/ependyma ventricle
PREOPTIC AREA HYPOTHALAMUS
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Optic nerve layer (superior colliculus)
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
THALAMUS L
Parahippocampal gyrus
X
Ventral tenia tecta Interhemispheric fissure Median preoptic nucleus
Centromedian
Mammillonucleus thalamic tract Anteromedial nucleus Paraventricular nucleus Periventricular nuclei
Superior colliculus
m ctu e t e Pr
C
E
l ar ea
L a te
Ventr al m ed ial
t e ra
fore Media brai n bul ndle ? ic t p
call osa
Callosal glioepithelium
eus
al p ost ero m
P
Sub
ll
a
ry (in Glo b ter us na pa l s lli eg du m s en In t) R t e et rn al ic ul ca ps ar Ven t u r a nu ante l cl nuc rior leus eu C en Ve tral s la l nt
ac Nu cu cle m us be ns
Me
missure Anterior com
rp (ro us ca s tr llo u m su ) m
Ventr
Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
Subiculum
Pulvinar
us cle nu
Co
l tra ral Ven olate ter eus p os n u cl
le
Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle
s cleu nu ial ed
An te rio rl im b
HIPPOCAMPUS
Po ste rio r
le psu l ca Putamen a n ter Ex
White matter
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
s Insular gyru
Lateral fissure
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
O
L
Layer I
Subpial granular layer
lim b
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum and the external capsule)
M P
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Subgranular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornix
Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
200
PLATE 137A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 8: Section 721
See the entire section in Plate 119.
201
PLATE 137B
Putamen Basal nucleus of Meynert
l ra nt Ve
le
An
Interhemispheric fissure
L at
rea
e r al h
na i ncer
Forel's fields
Fornix
M PL EX
A
C O MP
T R E
IC
NT
SUBS TA
AR
am
L B E
stre
Putamen Primary olfactory cortex (pirifor iform m))
Lateral fissure
Claustrum
Insular gyrus
Subcommissural organ
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
T
External ca psule
LE X
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
U L
BASAL GANGLIA ry
Pr et ec tu m
CO
I A IN N O MI
Deep white layer
TR
US
ato
Deep gray layer
THALAMUS L
M
ig r
Middle white layer
Central gray
L
V EN
LA
al m
Middle gray layer
Cerebral aqueduct
RA
HA
ter
Superficial gray layer
MIDBRAIN
NT
NAT A
P
CO T M ER PL IO EX R
BT
La
Optic nerve layer
CE
l le ? d ia Me n bund i a r b fore Ansa lenticularis?
Globus pallidus
Ext ern al c aps ule
Superior colliculus Zonal layer
TRICULAR COMPL EX IVEAN ER N
SU
Nucleus accumbens
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
us cle s eu
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Periventricula r nuclei
HYPOTHALAMUS
Parahippocampal gyrus
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Anteromedial nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Dentate gyrus
Medial geniculate body
TECTUM
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Callosal glioepithelium
Pulvinar
us
Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle Ammon's horn
Subiculum
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) Third glioepithelium/ependyma ventricle
Median preoptic nucleus
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (infiltrated by the rostral migratory stream)
Mammillothalamic tract
y pothalamic area
Dorsomedial nucleus
Zo
us
Ansa lenticularis? fore Media brai n bul ndle ?
llosal a
ta
c
or p (r u s os ca tr ll um os ) um
HIPPOCAMPUS
Lateral geniculate body
a
Nucleus accumbens
C
Subca
ent)
te
le psu l ca a n er Ext
Int (an erna ter l ca ior ps lim ule b)
egm al as n r te m i n
um ia t str
Glo ommisrior su r bus e pa M e d u llidu lla s r y (ex G l (in lo ter bus na pa l s lli eg du Ce m s reb en ra t) l pe Su b th du n u a la cle mi ncl e c
White matter
Ventral tenia tecta
us
Central lateral al nu nu Ce n tr cl nucomed le u ia n s
Cortical plate
C la
Pr et ec tu m
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform iform))
e sul cap l a m rn tru Exte
R eticular n Ventral m uc edi
Lateral fissure
Layer I
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Subpial granular layer s r gyru Insula
In (po tern ste al c rio ap r l sul im e b)
Lateral migratory stream (infiltrates the claustrum and the external capsule)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornix
Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subgranular zone Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
202
PLATE 138A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 9: Section 761
See the entire section in Plate 120.
203
PLATE 138B Lateral migratory stream
le um su str l cap u a b) Cl erna lim t al x r E po
Basal nucleus of Meynert
L a t e ra
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
a c are lami tha o l hy p
Fornix
Periventricular nucleus Lamina terminalis
Subcallosal area
Preoptic recess
us sc ni em ll ia Red nucleus
H ab
Parahippocampal gyrus
Medial geniculate body
Reticular formation
ed Dorsomedial nucleus
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
AL
AM
OM
TA INA
r e r io u r te iss An mm co
s du lli pa us ob Gl
INN
e
Insular gyrus
Pr et ec tu m
MIDBRAIN
THALAMUS POSTERIOR COMPLEX
BASAL GANGLIA Clau
Deep gray layer
Cerebral aqueduct
Deep white layer Subcommissural organ
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
US
Putamen Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Middle white layer
TECTUM
TIA
r issu ral f
Late Lateral migratory stream
TH
Red nucleus
B
TAN
Ve nt ra ls tr ia tu m
Middle gray layer
Central gray
TEGMENTUM
SU
S U BS
rcle ctory tube Olfa
Nucleus accumbens
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Superficial gray layer
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
HYPOTHALAMUS
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Frontal stratified transitional field
Optic nerve layer
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Ventral tenia tecta
Rostral migratory stream
Superior colliculus Zonal layer
tum tec e r P
enu l culao-inter r tr p e d u act nInterpeduncular nucleus?
Third ventricle
PREOPTIC AREA
Lateral geniculate body
Zona incerta
lp
Medial forebrain bundle?
Large island of Calleja
Interhemispheric fissure
m y la in ar
Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle Ammon's horn Dentate gyrus
HIPPOCAMPUS
M
White matter (orbital gyrus)
a lenticularis Ans
Cortical plate (orbital gyrus)
Ventral striatum
ed un cle
go (h o n a l b a r iz o n d n ta o f B l lim ro b) ca
Nucleus accumbens
D ia
Islands of Calleja
en Putam
a
Lateral migratory stream
(in the ventrolateral frontal lobe)
te m
Su bt n u h a la c le m i us c
Endopirirorm nucleus
e( ur iss
Ce reb ra
White matter
An ter
ior
Cortical plate
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
co m m
Lateral fissure
M G ed (in lo b ul ter u s l p na a l s e llid u gm s en t)
Layer I
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Stem cells of choroid plexus
osterior limb) psule (p nal ca Inter Meyer's loop (visual radiatio n)
(infiltrates the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus and the external capsule)
strumExternal ca psule
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornix
Stria terminalis Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Subgranular zone Alvear glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
204
PLATE 139A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 10: Section 801
See the entire section in Plate 121.
205
PLATE 139B b) lim al
m
Ammon's horn
or com mi ssu re (
te
(infiltrates the endopiriform nucleus)
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Dentate gyrus
t
Periventricular nucleus Lamina terminalis
Su b nu thal cle am us ic
ia l
hi
of
the
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
rc ol
White matter lic
Inferior colliculus
ul
Central
Subcommissural organ Cerebral aqueduct Raphe nuclear complex
MIDBRAIN cu s
cle
n is
ac
un
Medial geniculate body
Strionuclear glioepithelium Lateral St A geniculate ria N TI ter body A m in IN In V ali ter N O en s na M tr a lc IN l s a p AT tri su A at le um (p os ter ior E xt ern al c lim aps u le b) Basal nucleus of Meynert
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
le m
lp
tr
t
ia l
ra
ed
us
Medial longitudinal gray fasciculus Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
ed
reb
c SU
BS
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
T
Fornical glioepithelium Subgranular zone
r e r i o ur t e i ss An m m co
Lateral fissure Lateral migratory stream
rio
un
TEGMENTUM
i
Central nucleus? (amygdala)
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
infe
Reticular formation
nu c u lo -in la r te tra rpe ct du n pe d
Ce
Medial nucleus? (amygdala)
t
Lateral migratory stream
(in the ventrolateral frontal lobe)
um
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
p
Olfactory tubercle
Cortical plate
s cu
Red nucleus
be
HYPOTHALAMUS
O
White matter (orbital gyrus)
ed
X)
ac
M
Cortical plate (orbital gyrus)
Fornix Fo rni Sup x ram am m are i l l a a ry
M
le m
n
is
Layer I
TECTUM
Lateral olfactory tract
Ha
area
Third ventricle
PREOPTIC AREA
Subcallosal area
Br
Parahippocampal gyrus
cul
Preoptic recess
hyp o th a la m ic
cl eu s ter In Ventral tegmental decussation
Medial preoptic nucleus
Medial preoptic area
Sexually dimorphic nucleus?
eral
r ula n tic atio e R rm fo
nu
ct
L at
Ventromedial nucleus
lp
ac tr
Tuberomammillary nucleus
Medial forebrain bundle
TE TH RI AL OR AM C O US M PL E
Substantia nigra
Ce reb ra
c
ti
p
O
ra
Rostral migratory stream
ed un cle
Medial nucleus? (amygdala)
ry t cto lfa l o
Islands of Calleja
OS
ar
ra
Olfactory tubercle
(P
Central nucleus (amygdala)
te
Su
AMYGDALA La
ulu m
nix For
Stria terminalis
bic
Endopirirorm nucleus
HIPPOCAMPUS
Ventral striatum
Ante ri
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Interhemispheric fissure
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Caudate (tail)
po r
Lateral migratory stream
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Alvear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Caudate (tail)
Temporal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
206
PLATE 140A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 11: Section 841
See the entire section in Plate 122.
207
PLATE 140B Internal capsule (posterior limb) Anterior commissure (temporal limb)
Amygdaloid Alvear glioepithelium glioepithelium/ ependyma
Lateral migratory stream
(infiltrates the endopiriform nucleus)
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Endopirirorm nucleus
AMYGDALA Basolateral complex
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Amygdalo-hippocampal area
Lateral tuberal nucleus
Rostral migratory stream
Optic tract
HYPOTHALAMUS Supraoptic nucleus
Arcuate nucleus
Medial preoptic nucleus
Interhemispheric fissure
Ventromedial nucleus
Periventricular nucleus
le nc u ed
Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts
Substantia nigra
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Red nucleus
Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
Olfactory sulcus
area
Olfactory peduncle
ct
P ri cor m ary te x o lfa (p ir c to ifor ry m)
Lat er a
lp
Basolateral complex Strionuclear glioepithelium Central nucleus
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
un
Cerebral aqueduct
Central gray
Raphe nuclear complex Oculomotor nuclear complex (III) Medial longitudinal fasciculus Central
Reticular formation
nucleus
MIDBRAIN
Brachium of the inferior colliculus Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal) Lateral lemniscus
cle
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Stem cells of choroid plexus
e ul ) ps b ca lim al r rn io te ter In pos (
Lateral migratory stream
ra
or y act ry olf to )
ed
Fornical glioepithelium Subgranular zone
r ia lis S t in a m te r
AMYGDALA
tr a
r e r io ur te i s s A n mm co
Lateral fissure
Corticomedial complex
c fa rm ol fo y piri r a ( im ex Endopirirorm Pr ort nucleus c
l
reb
Orbital gyrus
teral olfacto r y tract La
po ip -h ea lo ar da al yg p m m A ca
Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract
Ce
Glioepithelium (optic tract)
De n t
Choroid plexus
Ca uda te ( tail External capsule )
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Inferior colliculus
TEGMENTUM
Lateral Ventral mammillary nucleus tegmental
Cortical plate
TECTUM
InterInterpeduncular peduncular nucleus fossa Medial Oculomotor mammillary nerve? (III) nucleus
PREOPTIC AREA Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Layer III Layer II Layer I
Reticular formation
Parabrachial nucleus
Forn ix
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
Gyrus rectus
Layer IV
Medial forebrain bundle
Lamina terminalis
White matter
Parahippocampal gyrus
Layers V-VI
Ce re br al
p
Corticomedial complex
ia/for n ix
Stria terminalis
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal stratified transitional field
Central nucleus
HI VE PP N OC TR AMAL PU S F im b r
Lateral olfactory tract
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
a te
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
gyr us
A m mon's
ho r
n
Lateral ventricle
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
208
PLATE 141A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm, Y187-65 Level 12: Section 861
See the entire section in Plate 123.
209
PLATE 141B
Central nucleus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Lateral ventricle
AMYGDALA HI VE PP N OC TR AMAL PU S
Stria terminalis
Corticomedial complex
Ce re br al
p
Orbital gyrus
Medial olfactory tract Lateral tuberal nucleus Optic
Rostral migratory stream
tract
Gyrus rectus
Supraoptic nucleus
Ventral tegmental area
Arcuate Ventro- nucleus medial Medial mammillary nucleus
PREOPTIC AREA
Interhemispheric fissure
Suprachiasmatic nucleus Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
nucleus
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
a pact com Pars
le us
uc
Red nucleus
t e rior olfactory n
e ncl
Co r co tico m m pl ed ex ia l
An
Glioepithelium (optic tract) Am y camgda p a lo -h i l a pp rea o-
Alvear glioepithelium
Intercalated masses
Basolateral complex Stria terminalis
Central nucleus
ior re ter issu Anmm co
Lateral migratory stream Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
CEREBELLUM
Central gray Central nucleus
MIDBRAIN
Lateral lemniscus Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
Occipital stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
HI D PP OR De O C SA nta te g AM L yru s PU S A m m o n ' s ho r n
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Subgranular zone
ix rn /fo ia br m Fi
Lateral fissure
y or ) ct m fa for l o i y ir a r (p m tex i P r cor Endopirirorm nucleus
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Trochlear nucleus (IV)
Cortical plate
Vermis
Cerebral aqueduct
Raphe nuclear complex
Fornical glioepithelium
AMYGDALA
Culmen (IV-V)
TECTUM
HYPOTHALAMUS
Inferior colliculus Dorsal tegmental nucleus
InterInterpeduncular peduncular nucleus fossa Oculomotor nerve? (III) S u p erior cerebe
White matter
Layer I
Parabrachial nucleus Central tegmental tract
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
Occipital gyrus
External germinal layer
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Reticular formation
Substantia nigra
TEGMENTUM
Olfactory peduncle
Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts
le nc u lata ed Pars reticu
pedu llar
Olfactory sulcus
Fusiform gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Basolateral complex
Subpial granular layer
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Lateral ventricle
Lateral olfactory tract
Choroid plexus
Caudate (tail)
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subpial granular layer
210
PLATE 142A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm, Y187-65 Level 13: Section 881
See the entire section in Plate 124.
211
PLATE 142B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Lateral olfactory tract
AMYGDALA
Lateral ventric le
Basolateral complex
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corticomedial complex
Olfa ct
ory s ulcu s
Arcuate nucleus
Substantia nigra
Ventral tegmental area
IP V E PO NT CA RA M L PU S
un
cle
Trochlear Medial nucleus (IV) longitudinal fasciculus
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
MIDBRAIN
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
e at s cin ulu Un scic fa
Central nucleus
Am
mo
n's
White matter Cortical plate Layer I
Fusiform gyrus
D en t
Endopirirorm nucleus
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
ho r n Choroid plexus
Lateral migratory stream
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Alvear glioepithelium
CEREBELLUM
External germinal layer
Lateral lemniscus
Subgranular zone
Central nucleus
Cerebral aqueduct
Culmen (IV-V)
S AL PU RS AM DO OC yrus P g IP ate H
Prim cort ary ol ex ( facto piri formry )
Intercalated masses
Stria terminalis
lp
AMYGDALA
ed
Vermis
TECTUM
ra
Basolateral complex
H
Central gray
C e nu ntra cle l us
reb
Orbital gyrus
Superior Dorsal tegcerebellar peduncle mental nucleus
TEGMENTUM
Ce
Corticomedial complex
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Raphe nuclear complex
Glioepithelium (optic chiasm)?
Anterior olfactory nucleus
Subpial granular layer
Reticular formation
ucleus ln
Oculomotor nerve? (III)
HYPOTHALAMUS Olfactory peduncle
ta ompac Pars c
ach br ia
Medial mammillary nucleus
Occipital gyrus
or eri s I n f lic u lu col
Gyrus rectus
Third ventricle (infundibular recess)
Optic chiasm
Medial olfactory tract
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Lateral ventricle
Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts
le nc u ed ulata Pars retic
Par a
Supraoptic nucleus
Ce re br al
p
Rostral migratory stream
Interhemispheric fissure
Occipital stratified transitional field
Parahippocampal gyrus
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subpial granular layer
212
PLATE 143A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm, Y187-65 Level 14: Section 941
See the entire section in Plate 125.
213
PLATE 143B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Lateral migratory stream
(entering the basolateral complex)
Occipital stratified transitional field
A mmon's ho
Latera l ventr icle
iculum Sub
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma
Subpial granular layer
En
to
rh
i na lc
White matter Layers V-VI
us gyr l a mp a c po hip a r Pa
Sub icu lu m
AM Y GDA LA
rn
c o rte
E n t o r h i n al
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
x
Cortical plate
Trochlear nerve? (IV)
ex
a br re e C
l
d pe
Hemisphere
cle un
y ra eg tin n Po
Oculomotor nerve? (III)
C
ra
lp
ed u
ncle
Subgranular zone
Subiculum
CentralisVermis (III) Culmen (IV-V) Cen gra tral y
Fourth ventricle Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV ) Superior medullary velum Medial longitudinal fasciculus
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Basolateral complex
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
r n t a te g y
AMYGDALA
De
Lateral migratory stream
Am
Fusiform gyrus
us
mo
n's
ho r n
Uncinate fasciculus
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Alvear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
CEREBELLUM Occipital gyrus
Reticular formation
M TU N
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
er eb
External germinal layer
nucleus (V) Dorsal tegmental nucleus Superior cerebellar Para b rac nucl hial peduncle eu s
E N AI GM BR TE ID M
Ventral tegmental area Substantia Pars compacta nigra Pars reticulata
Tear in secti o n
PONS Mesencephalic
Raphe nuclear complex
al cortex hin or t En
Layer III Layer II Layer I
Lateral lemniscus
Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts
ort
Layer IV
214
PLATE 144A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm, Y187-65 Level 15: Section 1001
See the entire section in Plate 126.
215
PLATE 144B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
White matter
Subpial granular layer
Entorhinal cortical plate
Parahippocampal gyrus
Primary fissure
Layers V-VI Layer IV (lamina dessicans) Layer III
r E nto
Layer II (stellate cell islands) Layer I
hi n
or al c
tex
Hemisphere Occipital gyrus Tea r in
P O N S
Pontine gray
Raphe nuclear complex
nuc
le u
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
s
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Lingula (I-II)
Centralis (III)
Vermis
Declive (VI)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
External germinal layer
Parabrachial nucleus
c o r t e x
Motor nucleus (VII) Principal sensory nucleus (V)
CEREBELLUM
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV )
Primary fissure
Lateral migratory stream
Fusiform gyrus
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Culmen (IV-V)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Alvear glioepithelium VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Fourth ventricle
Reticular formation
t e g m e n t al
Pontocerebellar fibers
sec tio n Locus coeruleus Mesencephalic nucleus (V) Tear in se ction Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Ret icula r
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation
Subiculum
Inferior temporal gyrus
Lateral lemniscus Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts
Middle cerebellar peduncle
t o r h i n a E n l
Layers V-VI Layer IV Neocortical plate Layer III Layer II Layer I
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Simplex lobule (HVI) Subpial granular layer
216
PLATE 145A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 16: Section 1041
See the entire section in Plate 127.
217
PLATE 145B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
CEREBELLUM Primary fissure
Hemisphere
Middle cerebellar
le
t e g m e n t al
Pontocerebellar fibers
erebellar ped or c eri un cle
Pontine glioepithelium/ ependyma
Fastigial nucleus
Raphe nuclear complex
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
le u
s
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
Reticular formation
Centralis Culmen (III) (IV-V)
Declive (VI)
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
Medial lemniscus, spinocephalic, and trigemino-thalamic tracts Motor nucleus (VII) Motor nucleus (V) Nerve V Principal sensory nucleus (V) Lateral lemniscus
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV )
Primary fissure
Simplex lobule (HVI)
External germinal layer
Vermis
EI CL NU EP DE
nuc
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Mi dd le c er eb e
Dentate nucleus
Fourth ventricle
Ret icula r
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
ellar peduncle cereb
Interpositus nucleus
p Su
P O N S
Pontine gray
or feri In
Parabrachial nucleus
c un ed rp lla
n tio sec in ar Te
Middle cerebellar peduncle
peduncle
Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
External germinal layer
Folium (VIIa)
218
PLATE 146A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 17: Section 1081
See the entire section in Plate 128.
219
PLATE 146B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
CEREBELLUM Primary fissure
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV )
ntal nucleus
Pontocerebellar fibers
ucleus
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
La ter al
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
lear n
Superior olive complex Vestibular nuclear Motor complex nucleus (VII) Nerve VII (genu)
Abducens nucleus (VI) Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Raphe nuclear complex
Hemisphere
le
Dentate nucleus
S uperior cerebellar
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
e peduncl
Choroid plexus
Germinal trigone
Fourth ventricle
e g me Reticular t
ion n sect Tear i
Pontine gray
P O N S
Medial lemniscus and trapezoid body
Middle cerebellar peduncle
lem ni sc us
l coch
unc
cer Inf ebe erio llar r ped unc le
ed r p a l l Middle cerebe Dorsa
Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Simplex lobule (HVI)
External germinal layer
Interpositus nucleus
Nodulus (X)
Vermis
Uvula (IX)
Pyramis Tuber Folium (VIII) (VIIa) (VIIa)
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Reticular formation
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Superior olive complex
M Nerve V
id
dle
Vestibular Motor nucleus (VII) nuclear complex Spinal nucleus and tract (V) Late ral l Inferior emn iscu cerebellar s peduncle Dorsal cochlear nucleus
cer
ebe
llar
pedun
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess) Superior cereb ellar peduncle
DEEP NUCLEI
cle
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV ) Simplex lobule (HVI)
Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Primary fissure
External germinal layer
220
PLATE 147A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 18: Section 1121
See the low magnification view in Plate 128.
221
PLATE 147B Germinal and transitional structures in italics C ru s I, Simplex lobule (HVI)
le bu lo
Pa ram biv edian ent lob r al ul lob e (H ule VI (H IB) VI II) a n d
Primary fissure
ter
P O N S
ce
rebel
lar
Fourth ventricle
e
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
pe
du
eb cl ceredun p leus
n
cl
e
Choroid plexus
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Crus II, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
c r nu hlea c o c sal Dor
Nodulus (X)
Uvula (IX)
Pyramis (VIII)
Vermis
Tuber (VIIa)
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Reticular formation
Motor Vestibular Superior nucleus (VII) nuclear olive complex omplex us La cle V) u ter ln t( al ina rac lem Sp nd t ni a sc or us eri ar Inf ell e
M
dl
External germinal layer
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Raphe nuclear complex
Trapezoid body
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Vestibular nuclear Motor complex nucleus (VII)
Abducens nucleus (VI)
Medial lemniscus
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Pontocerebellar fibers
id
Hemisphere
Dentate nucleus
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
La
Pontine gray
sal coch Dor In cereferior p e d b e lla r unc le
al
lem
ni
sc
us
r
eus u cl
id
r
lla
n
rn lea
M
e dl
ce
e eb
du
)
Nerve V (root)
pe
r ferio d In uncles n a ed dle Mid bellar p cere
e cl
IA
Nerve V (boundary cap)
VI (H
Anterior lobe (HIV-HV)
Nerve V
CEREBELLUM
an sifo rm
Floccular peduncle
Crus II, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Germinal trigone
DEEP NUCLEI
Flocculus
Middle and Inferior cerebellar peduncles
d ) an B I I (HV II) bule le (HVI o l n u ia b med al lo Para biventr Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
External germinal layer
222
PLATE 148A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 19: Section 1161
See the low magnification view in Plate 129.
223
PLATE 148B Germinal and transitional structures in italics C rus
re
r io
r
fe
In
e dl
id M
P O N S
cle
ce
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Reticular formation
m
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Fourth ventricle
Medial le
Inferior olive complex
In
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Choroid plexus
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)?
s scu ni
Transpontine corticofugal tract
External germinal layer Crus II, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
Choroid plexus
Vestibular nuclear complex
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontocerebellar fibers
Hemisphere
re
Solitary nucleus Inferior olive (capsule) Prepositus nucleus
Medial lemniscus
Pontine gray
lla
cle
CEREBELLUM
be
pedun
ce
be
r lla
e r p du n
us ucle
Do rs al Ventral cochlea co rn c hl uc l ear n eu s
Nerve VIII (root)
sifor m lo bule (H V I IA )
Pa ram biv edian ent lob ral ul lob e (H ule VI (H IB) VI II) and
Flocculus (HX)
Nerve VII (?)
I, a n
Nodulus (X)
Uvula (IX)
Pyramis (VIII)
Vermis
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Reticular formation
fe
or
nucleus r i Spinal and tract (V)
MEDULLA Paraflocculus (HIX)
ce re
b
e ll
ar
ped
u n cle
Nerve IX (root)
Flocculus (HX)
Choroid plexus
nd ) a B II I) HV VII ( ule le (H b o u n l l lob a i a d me ventr a r Pa bi
Crus II, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
External germinal layer
Crus I, ansiform lobule (HVIIA)
224
PLATE 149A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65 Level 20: Section 1201
Level 21: Section 1241
See the low magnification view in Plate 129.
See the low magnification view in Plate 130.
225
PLATE 149B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Section 1241
CE RE BE LL UM
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Cuneate nucleus
and tract
PONS
Pyramid
Raphe nuclear complex Medial lemniscus
Inferior olive complex
Corticospinal tract Principal nucleus Medial accessory nucleus
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Infer Cuneate ior c nucleus Sp ereb ino el cer la r e l c p eb ell e d u nts a r trac
Flocculus (HX)
Vermis Uvula (IX)
Fourth ventricle
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Dorsal accessory nucleus
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Inferior olive complex
Reticular formation
Principal nucleus
le obu l n ia medVIIB) a r Pa (H
Hemisphere
Medial lemniscus
Solitary nucleus and tract
Medial accessory nucleus
Paraflocculus (HIX)
ule l lob a r t n ) Bive (HVIII
Corticospinal tract
External germinal layer
External germinal layer
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Medial lemniscus (arcuate fibers)
Raphe nuclear complex
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Nucleus ambiguus
Nerve X
Nodulus (X)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
Reticular formation
Choroid plexus
External germinal layer
Biv ent ral lob ule (HV III) Paraflocculus (HIX)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Pyramid
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
Vestibular nuclear complex
Fourth ventricle
Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Prepositus nucleus Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Nucleus ambiguus Nucleus of Roller
Paraflocculus (HIX)
an Cr sifo us I (H rm l I, VI obu IA le )
llar ebe cer cle r o eri un Inf ped Solitary nucleus
Choroid plexus
s II, Cru lobule form ) ansi VIIA
Spinocerebellar tracts Middle cerebellar peduncle Basal pontine gray
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Spinocerebellar tracts
(H ) IIB HV e( ul lob
MEDULLA
s II, Cru lobule form ) ansi (HVIIA
Flocculus (HX)
) IIB HV e( ul lob
Biv ent ral lob ule (HV III)
ian ed m ra Pa
ian ed m ra Pa
CEREBELLUM
Lateral reticular nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
MEDULLA
Area postrema Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) Gracile fasciculus Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus External cuneate nucleus Paraflocculus (HIX)
ule b o ll tra III) n ve V Bi (H
an Cr sifo us I (H rm l I, VI obu IA le )
Section 1201
e ul b o l an B) i ed II m HV a r ( Pa
*The arcuate nucleus in the medulla may contain neurons from the Raphe migration.
Hemisphere
External germinal layer
226
PLATE 150A GW30 Horizontal CR 260 mm Y187-65
Level 22: Section 1281 Level 23: Section 1351 Level 24: Section 1391
See the low magnification view in Plate 130.
See the low magnification view in Plate 131.
See the low magnification view in Plate 131.
227
PLATE 150B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Section 1281 L OW E R M E D U L L A Spinocerebellar tracts External cuneate nucleus
Spinocephalic tract Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
eate Cun leus c nu
Gracile nucleus
Gracile fasciculus
Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) Central canal (medulla/spinal cord)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
Reticular formation
Accessory nucleus (XI)
Ventral funicular myelination gliosis
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Glioepithelium/ependyma Glioepithelium/ependyma
Dorsal motor nucleus (X)
Dorsal funicular myelination gliosis
*The arcuate nucleus in the medulla may contain neurons from the Raphe migration.
Central cervical nucleus
Glioepithelium/ependyma P de yra cu m ssa ida tio l n
trac t(
Substantia gelatinosa
Central autonomic area
V)
Reticular formation
Spin al
Lateral cervical nucleus
Cuneate fasciculus
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
Lateral reticular nucleus
Central canal (medulla/spinal cord)
Commissural nucleus (X)
Lissauer's tract
Spinocephalic tract Pyramid al in (corticosp) tract
Gracile nucleus
Motoneuron columns (spinal cord)
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
Raphe nuclear complex
Medial lemniscus
Central canal (medulla/spinal cord)
Spinocephalic tract
e fasciculus acil Gr
id l m ina ra sp Py tico ct) or ra (c t
Medial accessory olive nucleus
Spinocerebellar tracts
Cuneate nucleus
us c le nu t ry rac lita d t So an or ot m X) al ( rs us e Do ucl ssal ) n lo II og (X yp s H cleu nu
Lateral reticular nucleus
Section 1391 MEDULLA/ SPINAL CORD
Cu ne
iculus asc ef at
Inferior olive (principal nucleus)
Section 1351 MEDULLA/ SPINAL CORD
Gracile fasciculus
Gracile nucleus
Cuneate fasciculus
La cortic teral osp tract inal
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Spinocerebellar tracts
Dorsal funicular myelination gliosis
228
PART PARTVII: VII:
GW29 GW29 CORONAL CORONAL
gy ru s
Postc ent ra l
us
gy ru ulc s ls
nt ra
Prec ent ra Ce l
rio rf r Su pe
NTAL LOB FRO E
Insular gyrus
p Su
mp r te o i er
or a
y lg
te M id d l e
PO
I n f e rio r t
RAL
ru
mp
o
e mp
LOBE
ITAL LO CIP BE OC
Orbital gyri
ra
Angular gyrus al occipital gyri t er La
te La
re ssu i f l
ma pra u S
BE LO
tal gyrus fron r o i fer n I
M
The approximate cutting plane of this brain is indicated in Figure 10 (facing page) with lines superimposed on the GW30 brain from the Larroche (1967) series. This brain is cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the cerebral hemispheres between the frontal and occipital poles and is remarkably even in the medial/lateral plane (both temporal poles appear in Level 3, Section 621). As in all other specimens, the sections chosen for illustration are spaced closer together to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Illustrated sections are spaced farther apart when they contain only large brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Photographs of 20 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-20) are shown at low magnification in Plates 151-170. Different areas of the cerebral cortex are shown at very high magnification in Plates 171-174. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 175AB-189AB for Levels 3-18.
i
TE
This specimen is case number W-14-59 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A female fetus was prematurely stillborn after intrauterine asphyxia. Autopsy notes include a subdural hemorrhage, and there is a hemorrhage in the striatal germinal matrix on the left side of many sections. However, the remainder of the brain appears normal and is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). It was cut in the coronal plane in 35-µm and 15-µm thick sections. Since there is no available photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, the photograph of the lateral view of a GW30 brain that Larroche published in 1967 (Figure 9) is used.
M
dd
rio lob r pa ule rie tal
inal gyru rg s
us gyr l ta s on yru g al nt o fr le
PARACENTRAL LOBULE PAR IE TA Su pe L
s
gy ral
ru
l gy o ra
s
rus
Cerebellar hemisphere Medulla Spinal cord
Figure 9. Lateral view of a GW30 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres labeled. This is the same as Figure 7 repeated here for convenience. (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
229
GW29 CORONAL SECTION PLANES LEVEL NUMBER 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1621
1521
1021 1061 1101 1161 1201 1261 1301 1361
981
701 741 781 821 861 901
621
501
321
Y14-59 contains the same immature structures shown in the GW30 Horizontal specimen. A densely staining neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone is present and presumably generating neocortical interneurons in all lobes of the cerebral cortex. The same thickness variations between the occipital and other lobes of the cerebral cortex are still there. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the lateral parts of the cerebral cortex, definite streams of neurons and glia are in the lateral migratory stream that percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus. These cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a large neuroepithelium/subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are being generated; at least three subdivisions (anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior) can be distinguished in the striatal part. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle.
SECTION NUMBER Figure 10. Lateral view of the same GW30 brain shown in Figure 9 with the approximate locations and cutting angle of the sections of Y14-59. (From the photographic series of J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 248.)
Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, but the third ventricle is lined by a more densely staining glioepithelium/ependyma than in the GW37 specimens. A convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain that continues into the anterior fourth ventricle. A smooth glioepithelium/ependyma lines the fourth ventricle through the posterior pons. A slightly convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the floor of the fourth ventricle near the midline in the medulla. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is actively producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The cerebellar cortex itself shows less definition between hemispheric lobules. The germinal trigone is at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here.
230
PLATE 151 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 1: Section 321
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field
Interhemispheric fissure Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
2
Frontal lobe
Layer I Cortical plate
Cingulate gyrus
1
White matter
Inferior frontal gyrus?
1 2 Orbital gyri
Superior rostral gyrus Inferior rostral gyrus
2
231
PLATE 152 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 2: Section 501
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 2 Frontal stratified transitional field 3 Callosal glioepithelium neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with 4 Frontal the source of the rostral migratory stream) 5 Rostral migratory stream 6 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Superior frontal gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure
Middle frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Lateral ventricle
2
Cingulum
Layer I Cortical plate White matter
Cingulate gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus
Caudate (head)
3 1
Induseum griseum
Corpus callosum (genu)
Internal capsule (anterior limb) Putamen Basal ganglia
Insular gyrus Claustrum External capsule
6
Tenia tecta (dorsal)
3 4
Subcallosal area
2
Orbital gyri Damaged areas in section
Olfactory sulcus Gyrus rectus Olfactory peduncle
5
Lateral fissure
Frontal lobe
232
PLATE 153 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 3: Section 621
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field
7 8 9 10 11
Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Rostral migratory stream
Superior frontal gyrus
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the rostral migratory stream and the frontal neuroepithelium/subventricular zone) Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure
Corpus callosum (body) Layer I Middle frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Cingulum Cingulate gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Caudate (head)
9
5 Fornix
Septum
Lateral septal nucleus Medial septal nucleus Claustrum External capsule Insular gyrus Superior and middle temporal gyri
1
3
4
Inferior frontal gyrus
White matter
2
Induseum griseum
Internal capsule (anterior limb) Putamen
Cortical plate
8
Frontal lobe
Basal ganglia
7
Lateral fissure
10 2
Temporal pole
Nucleus accumbens Orbital gyrus Subcallosal area Gyrus rectus Olfactory peduncle
6 Olfactory sulcus
11
233
PLATE 154 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 4: Section 701
See detail of brain core in Plates 175A and B. Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Cingulum Cingulate gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
u rp
ven
5
Medial septal nucleus
Preoptic area
Cortical plate White matter
1 9
8
Septum
7 sa
re issu omm or c i r e Ant
3
c cu
Lateral fissure
10
N ucleu
Globus pallidus
Fornix leus Latera l septal nuc
cle tri
gyr us
s
Putamen
4
su m
Basal ganglia
Middle temporal gyrus
m bens
Olfactory tubercle
Inferior temporal gyrus Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Fusiform gyrus Damaged areas in section
al
) ad he le e( su ap lc na ter
Superior temporal gyrus
ter
ll o
at
Endopiriform nucleus
In
Claustrum
ud
Inferior frontal gyrus
Ca
External capsule
ca
Layer I
2
Induseum griseum
Co
La
Insular
1 2 3 4 5
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 6 Rostral migratory stream 7 Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 9 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling 10 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Fornical glioepithelium 11 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Parolfactory gyrus/uncus
6
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
11
Islands of Calleja
Temporal lobe
234
PLATE 155 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 5: Section 741
1 2 3 4 5
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 6 Strionuclear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field 7 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 8 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling 9 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Fornical glioepithelium 10 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 176A and B. Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
Layer I Cortical plate
Cingulum
Middle frontal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus
Co
Induseum griseum
r
pu
Endopiriform nucleus Superior temporal gyrus
Insular gyr us
Claustrum
Inferior frontal gyrus
sc a
L at l l o s u m era lv
icle entr
) ad le (he su ap ate lc ud na Ca ter In
External capsule
Septum
2
Bed nuc. of stria terminalis Anterior Globus commissure pallidus
Fornix
Inferior temporal gyrus
Anterior amygdaloid area?
Fusiform gyrus Damaged areas in section
Parolfactory/parahippocampal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Preoptic area
cto Olfa
le berc r y tu ary olfa Prim
Optic chiasm
Third ventricle (preoptic recess) Diagonal band of Broca (horizontal limb)
10
ctory
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
9
6
tex cor
Substantia innominata
7
Basal ganglia
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Middle temporal gyrus
Frontal lobe
1 4 3 8 5
Fornix
Putamen
White matter
Temporal lobe
235
PLATE 156 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 6: Section 781
See detail of brain core in Plates 177A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus
Layer I
Frontal lobe
Cingulum Middle frontal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus Lateral ventricle
Induseum griseum
Co
r
pu
ud
Ca
External capsule
le ) su ad he cap al rn te In
e(
sc all o s u
Foramen of Monro
m en
Globus pallidus
Anterior commissure Basal nucleus of Meynert
Middle temporal gyrus
Central nucleus
Substantia innominata
Corticomedial complex
Inferior temporal gyrus
Damaged areas in section
m
3
4 5 Fornix
Septum
6
Cortical plate White matter
2 1 8
7
Bed nucleus of stria terminalis
P u ta
Superior temporal gyrus
at
Claustrum
Inferior frontal gyrus
Insular gyr us
1 2 3 4 5
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 6 Strionuclear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field 7 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium 9 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Callosal sling stratified transitional field (intermingled 10 Parahippocampal Fornical glioepithelium with the amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma)
9
Fornix Supraoptic nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus
Hypothalamus Optic tract
Basolateral complex
Fusiform gyrus Parolfactory/parahippocampal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Basal ganglia
A m yg
9 d a la Temporal lobe
Third ventricle Arcuate nucleus?
10
236
PLATE 157 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 7: Section 821
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, Frontal stratified transitional field 8 Parahippocampal and stratified transitional field neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled Callosal glioepithelium 9 Temporal with the amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma) Callosal sling 10 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Strionuclear glioepithelium 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 178A and B. Interhemispheric fissure
Superior frontal gyrus?
Layer I
Frontal lobe
Cingulum Middle frontal gyrus
White matter
Cingulate gyrus
2 1
Lateral ventricle
Induseum griseum
C
or pu
Inferior frontal gyrus
m en
7
6 Lateral fissure
x
ple
P u ta
om
Insular gyr us
3
Thalamus
Globus pallidus Substantia innominata
Basal ganglia
11
Third ventricle Fornix
Co
r c o t ic o m me Central pl d e x ia nucleus l
Inferior temporal gyrus
Basolateral complex
Fusiform gyrus Damaged areas in section
Fornix
4 5
or c
Anterior commissure
m
teri
Middle temporal gyrus
Basal nucleus of Meynert
osu
ar ul t ic lt Re be
Superior temporal gyrus
all
An
Claustrum
e ) ul ad ps he ca e( at al ud rn te Ca In
External capsule
sc
Cortical plate
Parolfactory/parahippocampal gyrus
Optic tract Hypothalamus
8 12
Arcuate nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Entorhinal cortex
Am ygd ala
10
9
11
Temporal lobe
237
PLATE 158 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 8: Section 861
See detail of brain core in Plates 179A and B.
See this area of cortex in Plate 171.
Superior frontal gyrus
Interhemispheric fissure Layer I
Frontal lobe Precentral gyrus
Cingulum
Claustrum
Corpu
e dat Cautail) (
External capsule
m en P u ta
le p su l ca rna
Anterior complex Reticular belt Ventral complex Periventricular complex
3 5 4
Thalamus Lateral fissure
Basal ganglia
Third ventricle
Globus pallidus
Anterior commissure
Inferior temporal gyrus
Forel's fields Cerebral Optic peduncle tract Co Hypothalamus Central r c o tic o nucleus m me pl d Fornix e x ia l Basolateral complex Lateral ventricle
Fusiform gyrus Damaged areas in section
s c a ll o su m
Fornix
In te
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
2 1
Induseum griseum
Postcentral gyrus
White matter
2
Cingulate gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Cortical plate
Hippocampus
le bu l lo tr a cen ra Pa
Central sulcus
Insular gyr us
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal/paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Alvear glioepithelium neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, Frontal/paracentral stratified transitional field 8 Parahippocampal and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Anteromedial/posterior striatal neuroepithelium and 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) subventricular zone Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Arcuate nucleus Ventromedial nucleus
Temporal lobe
Amygdala
6
7 12
Entorhinal cortex (in parahippocampal gyrus)
9 8
11 10
238
PLATE 159
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 9: Section 901
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Alvear glioepithelium neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, Paracentral stratified transitional field 8 Parahippocampal and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Strionuclear glioepithelium 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 180A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure Precentral gyrus
Layer I Cortical plate
Central sulcus
White matter Cingulate gyrus Lateral ventricle
Postcentral gyrus
Induseum griseum
External capsule
Middle temporal gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus
Reticular belt Ventral complex
P u ta
m en
Insular gyr us Anterior commissure Uncinate fasciculus
Globus pallidus Optic tract
Amygdala Caudate (tail)
Lateral ventricle
5
Fornix Anterior complex
Claustrum
Superior temporal gyrus
3
Corpus callosum
Dorsal complex Periventricular complex
Thalamus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Subthalamus
7
Basal ganglia
11 Amygdala
Hi pp oc am pu s
8
Mammillary body
Entorhinal cortex
Lateral fissure
Third ventricle
Ammon's horn
Fusiform gyrus
Stria terminalis
Stria medullaris
Su bt Forel's nu halam fields cle us ic Fornix C Hypope ereb du ra thalamus nc l le
m ulu bic Su
4
2 1
le bu
Caudate (tail)
Internal capsule
l lo ra nt ce ra Pa
2
Cingulum
12
6
4
10 9
Temporal lobe
239
PLATE 160 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 10: Section 981
See detail of brain core in Plates 181A and B. Interhemispheric fissure Layer I Precentral gyrus Cortical plate
Central sulcus
le bu l lo ra nt ce ra Pa
Postcentral gyrus Cingulum Cingulate gyrus
External capsule
Supramarginal gyrus
Insular gyr us
Superior temporal gyrus
Middle temporal gyrus
Optic tract
Internal capsule
Lateral geniculate body Zona incerta
4 Parietal lobe
Stria medullaris
Lateral fissure
Thalamus Central complex
Oculomotor nuclear complex Red nucleus
a gr ni ia le nt ta nc du pe al br re
bs
Ce
Su
o
rn
Dorsal complex
Ventral complex
Dentate gyrus
h n's
Lateral ventricle
A m mo
Inferior temporal gyrus
Caudate (tail)
5
Fornix
1
Stria terminalis
Basal ganglia
Globus pallidus
3
Corpus callosum
Caudate (tail)
Claustrum
White matter
2
Induseum griseum
Lateral ventricle
Put am en
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Subgranular zone (dentate) neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, Paracentral stratified transitional field 8 Parahippocampal and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Strionuclear glioepithelium 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Alvear glioepithelium 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Subiculum
Midbrain tegmentum Interpeduncular nucleus
8
Fusiform gyrus Entorhinal cortex (in parahippocampal gyrus) Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle
11
Third ventricle
Pons
12
Hippocampus
6 4 7
Temporal lobe
10 9
240
PLATE 161 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 11: Section 1021
1 2 3 4 5 6
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Subgranular zone (dentate) neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field 8 Parahippocampal and stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium 9 Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Temporal stratified transitional field Strionuclear glioepithelium 11 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Alvear glioepithelium 12 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 182A and B. Interhemispheric fissure
Layer I
Precentral gyrus
Cortical plate
Central sulcus
Pa ra ce nt ra l
Postcentral gyrus
External capsule
Superior temporal gyrus
Internal capsule
Middle temporal gyrus
Corpus callosum
Caudate (tail)
Ventral complex
h 's on
Inferior temporal gyrus
n
a gr ni ia e nt ncl ta bs edu Su ral p reb Ce
Amm
or
Subiculum
Interpeduncular fossa Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Stria terminalis
Lateral fissure
Thalamus
Third ventricle
Interpeduncular nucleus
7 6 4
12
Temporal lobe
10
Hippocampus
Pons
11
Basal ganglia
Midbrain tegmentum
Fusiform gyrus Entorhinal cortex (in parahippocampal gyrus)
Parietal lobe
4
Stria medullaris
Dorsal complex
Lateral Central Central geniculate complex Medial body geniculate Optic body Oculomotor tract nuclear complex Zona incerta Dentate Red gyrus nucleus
Lateral ventricle
5
Fornix
I n su l ar g y ru s Put am en
Supramarginal gyrus
1
3
Induseum griseum
Caudate (head)
lob ul e
2
Cingulum Cingulate gyrus Lateral ventricle
White matter
8
9
241
PLATE 162 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium
7 8 9 10 11 12
Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 183A and B. Precentral gyrus Central sulcus
Interhemispheric fissure
Layer I Cortical plate
Postcentral gyrus
Paracentral lobule Cingulum
Supramarginal gyrus
Induseum griseum
Lateral ventricle Caudate (tail)
Superior temporal gyrus
Amm
Lateral geniculate Medial body geniculate Cerebral aqueduct body Dentate Central gyrus Subiculum gray
h 's on
or
n
Oculomotor nuclear complex
Stria terminalis
Thalamus
Basal ganglia
7 6
11 Midbrain tegmentum
Raphe nuclear complex Cerebral peduncle Medial lemniscus Reticular tegmental nucleus Raphe nuclear complex Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Pons
4
Hippocampus
tex
r
Fusiform gyrus
r h i n al c o
Superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation)
Lateral fissure
12
8
Temporal lobe
10
to
Parahippocampal gyrus
Parietal lobe
4
Posterior commissure
Optic tract
Inferior temporal gyrus
Dorsal complex
Pretectum
Internal capsule
Lateral ventricle
5
Third ventricle (pineal recess)
Reticular belt Ventral complex
Caudate (tail)
3
Fornix
Putamen
Middle temporal gyrus
1
Corpus callosum
External capsule
White matter
2
Cingulate gyrus
En
1 2 3 4 5 6
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 12: Section 1061
9
242
PLATE 163 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 13: Section 1101
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium
Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 184A and B. InterhemiPrecentral gyrus spheric fissure Central sulcus (fusing)
12
Postcentral gyrus
Layer I
Paracentral lobule
Cortical plate White matter
Cingulum
Supramarginal gyrus
3
Induseum griseum
External capsule
Corpus callosum
Superior temporal gyrus
5
Inte rna l ca psu le
Fornix Putamen
Reticular belt Posterior complex
Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn Lateral ventricle
Subiculum
Central gray
Parahippocampal gyrus
Cerebral aqueduct
Oculomotor nuclear complex
Fusiform gyrus
Temporal lobe
Medial Lateral geniculate geniculate body body
m tu ec et Pr
Middle temporal gyrus
Subcommissural organ
11
Superior cerebellar peduncle Medial lemniscus Raphe nuclear complex
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontine gray
6 4 10
Trochlear nuc. (IV)
Tegmentum
Nerve V
7
Hippocampus
8
Midbrain
Reticular tegmental nucleus Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Lateral fissure
Stria terminalis
Thalamus Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Parietal lobe
4
Dorsal complex
Caudate (tail)
Damaged areas in section
1
Lateral ventricle Caudate (head)
Inferior temporal gyrus
2
Cingulate gyrus
12
9
243
PLATE 164 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 14: Section 1161
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Raphe migration External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See this area of cortex in Plate 172.
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 185A and B. Interhemispheric fissure 13
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
Paracentral lobule
Layer I
Cingulum
2
Cingulate gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus?
Reticular belt Posterior complex Subiculum Parahippocampal gyrus
Parietal lobe Stria terminalis
Thalamus Midbrain
Fusiform gyrus
m c tu Te
Inferior temporal gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
1
4
5
nix Forrn
Ex
Middle temporal gyrus
3
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
Caudate (tail)
Hippocampus
7
6
Lateral fissure
Temporal lobe
4
Central gray
11
Cerebral aqueduct
Abducens nucleus (VI)?
Raphe nuclear complex Lateral lemniscus Medial lemniscus
Tegmentum
Cerebellum (hemisphere) Pontine gray
Cortical plate White matter
Induseum griseum
S co u p e lli r i cu or lu s
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate)
Inte terna l rna l ca capsu psu le le
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Superior olive complex Ventral cochlear nucleus Raphe nuclear complex Inferior olive complex Pyramid (corticospinal tract) Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
14 13
Pons
Middle cerebellar peduncle
10
8
12 Medulla
Nerve V
9
244
PLATE 165 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Paracentral/parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear neuroepithelium/glioepithelium Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Postcentral gyrus
Dark areas are artifacts of mounting medium crystallization
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Isthmal and pontine glioepithelium/ependyma Raphe migration External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical) Precentral gyrus? Central sulcus?
Interhemispheric fissure
Postcentral gyrus?
Paracentral lobule
15
Layer I
Cingulum
Cortical plate
Cingulate gyrus
Supramarginal gyrus
White matter
2
Induseum griseum Lateral ventricle n ix For
Middle temporal gyrus
1 3
Corpus callosum Hippocampal commissure
Dentate gyrus Subiculum Parahippocampal gyrus Ammon's horn
4
Parietal lobe Internal capsule
Caudate (tail)
Thalamus
Midbrain
Superior colliculus Cerebral aqueduct Central gray Inferior colliculus
5 7
Hippocampus
4
9
Tectum
Fusiform gyrus
Brachium of the inferior colliculus Lateral lemniscus
14
Motor nuc. (V)
la r tic u io n Rermat fo
14
Principal sensory and spinal nucleus (V) Dorsal cochlear nucleus? Ventral cochlear nucleus? Damaged areas in section
ar ul on tic ati e R rm fo
Inferior olive complex
Pons
13
Mesencephalic nuc. (V) Locus coeruleus
8 Temporal lobe
m ) llu re be he e re sp iddl llar i Ce em cMeredbue ncle pe (h
Superior cerebellar peduncle
6
11 12
us
Inferior temporal gyrus
Motor nuc. (VII)
Medulla
Raphe nuclear complex
Choroid plexus Medial lemniscus
Lateral fissure
Stria terminalis
Isthm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Fourth ventricle
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 186A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Exter nal ca psule
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 15: Section 1201
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
10 15
245
PLATE 166 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fimbrial glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate)
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 16: Section 1261
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 187A and B. Postcentral gyrus?
Interhemispheric fissure Superior parietal lobule
Parietal lobe
Layer I Cortical plate
Precuneus
Cingulum Supramarginal/ angular gyri
Cingulate gyrus
2
s ca rpu Co
Induseum griseum
ll o
3
s
um
( s ple n
i u m)
Hippocampal commissure Subiculum
Occipital lobe
Midbrain tectum Fusiform gyrus?
h orn
8
Inferior colliculus
Cerebellum (vermis)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Pons
Ventral cochlear nucleus Prepositus nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V) Raphe nuclear complex Choroid plexus Inferior olive complex
12
Fourth ventricle
Temporal lobe
6
9
13 m ) llu re be he re isp Ce em (h
Middle cerebellar peduncle Dorsal cochlear nucleus
7
Vestibular nuclear complex
Medulla ar ul on tic ati Re rm fo
Lateral fissure
5
s
Choroid plexus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
4
Dentate gyrus
Occipital gyrus
Inferior temporal gyrus?
Lateral ventricle
Fimbria
Hippocampus Parahippocampal gyrus
1
n' mo Am
Middle temporal gyrus
White matter
Precuneus
Medial lemniscus Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
10 11
14
246
PLATE 167 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 17: Section 1301
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 188A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fimbrial glioepithelium Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Precuneus
See this area of cortex in Plate 173.
Superior parietal lobule
Interhemispheric fissure
Superior parietal lobule
Layer I Cortical plate
12
Cingulum
Angular gyrus
2
Cingulate gyrus
3
Induseum griseum Corpus callosum (splenium)
Cuneus?
Inferior temporal gyrus
l
Lateral ventricle
7
Parahippocampal gyrus
Fasciola cinereum
10
Dorsal motor nucleus (X)
Fourth Vestibular ventricle nuclear complex
Solitary nucleus and tract
uc
9
Cuneate nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
le i
Raphe nuclear complex Lateral reticular nucleus
Choroid plexus
Inferior olive complex Medial lemniscus Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
6
m llu
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Ce re be
Temporal lobe
11
Cerebellum (vermis)
m ) llu re be he re sp i Ce em n p (h ee (d
Fastigial nucleus Interpositus nucleus Dentate nucleus Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
8
5
l ita ip cc e O lob
it a cip ri c O gy
1
4
Hippocampal commissure
Middle temporal gyrus
Parietal lobe
ria mb Fi
s ru a) gy re te ial a a ul en ng pl Ci tros e (r
Choroid plexus
Damaged areas in section
White matter
Precuneus
Medulla
11
)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
Reticular formation
247
PLATE 168 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
6 7 8 9 10
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 18: Section 1361
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field External germinal layer (cerebellum) Spinomedullary glioepithelium/ependyma Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 189A and B.
Interhemispheric fissure
Precuneus
Layer I Cortical plate
Superior parietal lobule
White matter
Precuneus
2 Angular gyrus
Parietal lobe
10 Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Lateral ventricle
1
3
Choroid plexus
Middle temporal gyrus?
Cuneus?
Inferior temporal gyrus?
O
p cci
it a
l
r gy
4
i
5 Cerebellum (vermis)
8
Fastigial nucleus
m llu
Dentate nucleus
Ce re be
uc
Damaged areas in section
Area postrema External cuneate nucleus Cuneate nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V) Raphe nuclear complex Accessory nucleus (XI) Pyramidal decussation Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
7 Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
m ) llu re be he re p s i n Ce em p ee (h (d
Interpositus nucleus
6
le i
8
)
Fourth ventricle
Medulla
Choroid plexus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts Central canal surrounded by Reticular formation Spinocephalic tract?
9
248
PLATE 169 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 19: Section 1521
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone? Temporal stratified transitional field? External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Interhemispheric fissure
Precuneus
Layer I
Parietal lobe
Cortical plate White matter
Angular gyrus Parietooccipital sulcus
Cuneus
Middle temporal gyrus? Lateral ventricle
1 2
8
Calcarine fissure
Primary visual cortex
4
5 Temporal 6 lobe?
3 Occipital lobe
Occipital gyri Cerebellum (vermis)
C (he erebe m i llu sp h m ere )
7
7
249
PLATE 170 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
4 5 6
GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 20: Section 1621
Occipital stratified transitional field External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See the primary visual cortex from a nearby section in Plate 174.
Interhemispheric fissure
6
Precuneus
Layer I Cortical plate
Parietooccipital sulcus
White matter
Angular gyrus
2
Primary visual cortex Parietooccipital sulcus
Cuneus
Lateral ventricle (occipital recess)
Parietal lobe
1
Calcarine fissure
Lingula?
4
Parieto-occipital sulcus
3
3
Occipital lobe Occipital gyri
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
5
4
250
PLATE 171 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm, Y14-59 Level 8: Section 861 FRONTAL CORTEX
Subpial granular layer (transient proliferative glial matrix)
I I II
Latest arriving cells
II
III III
See the entire section in Plate 158.
IV IV V V VI VI
VII VII White matter
251
PLATE 172 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm, Y14-59 Level 14: Section 1161
I
CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS (Primary motor cortex)
II
Subpial granular layer (transient proliferative glial matrix)
I Latest arriving cells
II
III
III
IV
IV
V
See the entire section in Plate 164.
Large neurons are Betz pyramidal cells
V VI VI VII VII White matter
252
PLATE 173 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm, Y14-59 Level 17: Section 1301 PARIETAL CORTEX Latest arriving cells
I
I
II
II
III
III
IV IV See the entire section in Plate 167.
V V
VI
VI VII
White matter
VII
253
PLATE 174 GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm, Y14-59 Posterior to Level 20: Section 1681 STRIATE (Primary visual) CORTEX See level 20 in Plate 170.
Latest arriving cells
I
I
II
II III
III
IVa
IVa Band of Gennari
IVb
IVb
IVc
IVc
V
V
VI
VI
VII VII White matter
254
PLATE 175A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 4: Section 701
See the entire section in Plate 154.
255
PLATE 175B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Layer I Cortical plate White matter
Interhemispheric fissure
C in
Middle frontal gyrus
gul um
La te
ra
Ca
lv
Cave of the septum
tal nucleus L ater al sep
Fornical glioepithelium
rn
n) Fornix (colu m
Exte
y cort or t ac
min ata
Olfactory tubercle
olf
Fusiform gyrus
be
ns
Lateral migratory stream Large island of Calleja
Islands of Calleja
(infiltrates endopiriform nucleus and penetrates piriform cortex)
Olfactory tubercle
Lateral migratory stream (extends to olfactory tubercle)
Rostral migratory stream
Pr im
Inferior temporal gyrus
gon (ve al ba r ti c n d al l of B im ro b) ca
D ia
n no
y ar
Temporal lobe
ia i
m
u
(piriform ex )
a nt
Third ventricle (preoptic recess)
Parolfactory gyrus
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex)
acc
Endopiriform nucleus
b st
PREOPTIC AREA
Lateral migratory stream
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
N u cle u s
ar gyr u s
Medial septal nucleus
re issu mm o c r erio Ant
Ventral striatum Su
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
Globus pallidus
Uncinate fasciculus
Middle temporal gyrus
Callosal sling
BASAL GANGLIA
Superior temporal gyrus
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
SEPTUM
Putamen
al c a p s u Clau le strum
I n s ul
Lateral fissure
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
us callosum (body)
Abnormal hemorrhage in the germinal matrix
In
Inferior frontal gyrus
tri
cle
Frontal stratified transitional field
Induseum griseum
C o rp
en
b) im d) rl ea rio (h te us an cle e( nu ul ps ate ca ud al rn te
Frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Callosal glioepithelium
Lateral olfactory tract
Subpial granular layer
256
PLATE 176A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 5: Section 741
See the entire section in Plate 155.
257
PLATE 176B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Interhemispheric fissure
Frontal stratified transitional field
Cingulate gyrus
Induseum griseum
ng Ci
um ul
Frontal lobe
b) d) ea im (h rl us rio cle te nu an e( ate ul ud ps Ca ca al rn te In
La ter al v ent ric le
Fornical
SEPTUM glioepithelium
Cave of the septum
External ca psu
Lateral septal nucleus
le Be of d nu ter the s cleu mi tri s na a lis
Medial preoptic nucleus? min i n n oDiagonal band of Broca (horizontal limb)
yo
lf
tor
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
y co
rtex
Third ventricle (pir (preoptic recess) ifo r
) m
Fusiform gyrus
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus (part of the horizontal limb of diagonal band)
Parolfactory/ parahippocampal gyrus
Glial migration? (into optic chiasm)
Lateral migratory stream
tubercle
P ri
m
or y cortex (p lfact o y ar
(infiltrates endopiriform nucleus and penetrates piriform cortex)
iriform)
Lateral olfactory tract Sexually dimorphic nucleus?
Anterior amygdaloid area?
Layer I
(extends to olfactory tubercle) Preoptic glioepithelium/ ependyma Lateral preoptic Medial area preoptic Olfactory area
PREOPTIC AREA
i m ar
Endopiriform nucleus
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Lateral migratory stream
Periventricular preoptic nucleus
tia Substan
Median preoptic nucleus
Anterior commissure
ata
Anterior commissure
Islands of Calleja?
Inferior temporal gyrus
White matter
Fornix
Globus pallidus (external segment)
ac
Cortical plate
Lateral migratory stream
BASAL GANGLIA
Pr
Middle temporal gyrus
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
Stria terminalis
Ventral striatum Uncinate fasciculus
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fornix (column)
Choroid plexus
ustrum
ar gy r u s
Superior temporal gyrus
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal sling
Putamen
Cla
I n s ul
Lateral fissure
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corpus callosum (body)
Abnormal hemorrhage in the germinal matrix
Inferior frontal gyrus
Callosal glioepithelium
Optic chiasm Subpial granular layer
Lateral migratory stream
Temporal lobe
(extends to temporal cortex)
258
PLATE 177A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 6: Section 781
See the entire section in Plate 156.
259
PLATE 177B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Interhemispheric fissure
ul Cave of the septum
Fornix
G (in lob ter us na pa l s llid eg u me s nt )
ina
G (ex lobus ter nal palli seg dus me nt) ullary la Med m Lateral nucleus
Fusiform gyrus
Mo nro Fo r
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex) Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
s
Third ventricle
Supraoptic nucleus
Lateral hypothalamic area Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Parolfactory/ parahippocampal gyrus
Lateral migratory stream
(extends to temporal neocortex)
HYPOTHALAMUS
Arcuate nucleus
Basal nucleus
Layer I
White matter
Lateral migratory stream
Stria medullaris
ri
ei
ucl
al n
AMYGDALA
Inferior temporal gyrus
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fornix
ct tra tic Op
Nuc. of the lateral olfactory tract?
rtic Co
Central nucleus
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
am
cl
Lateral olfactory tract
Medial nucleus
Choroid plexus stem cells?
Choroid plexus
ParaSubsta la ventricular ntia u nucleus ti c Anterior in le n nom commissure Ansa inata n rai reb o f e l l dia nd Basal nuc. Intercalated masses Me bu of Meynert
Temporal lobe
Cortical plate
Fornical glioepithelium
Subfornical organ
nu
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Callosal sling
inalis erm ia t str he ft so eu
Middle temporal gyrus
Uncinate fasciculus
um
le
ustrum
Ventral striatum
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corpus callosum (body)
le
Stria terminalis B ed
Cla
ar gy r u s
Superior temporal gyrus
t ric
BASAL GANGLIA Putamen
I n s ul
Lateral fissure
ve n
Abnormal hemorrhage in the germinal matrix
In External ca psu
Inferior frontal gyrus
al
b) d) im ea rl (h rio us te cle an nu e( ul ate ps ud ca Ca al rn te
Frontal lobe
er
of
ng
L
at
Frontal stratified transitional field
Induseum griseum
en
Ci
Cingulate gyrus
Callosal glioepithelium
Glioepithelium (optic tract)
Migratory waves
(from the lateral migratory stream accumulate in the lateral nucleus)
Lateral migratory stream (extends to amygdala)
Subpial granular layer Parahippocampal stratified transitional field (intermingled with the amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma)
260
PLATE 178A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 7: Section 821
See the entire section in Plate 157.
261
PLATE 178B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Cave of the septum Lateral ventricle
a
G (in lob ter us na pa l s llid eg u me s nt )
s a ri
ul
ata
Intercalated masses
i
cle
Inferior temporal gyrus Lateral nucleus Layer I Cortical plate White matter
l nu
Temporal lobe
a rtic
Co
Basal nucleus
Fusiform gyrus
Amygdalohippocampal area
Parolfactory/ parahippocampal gyrus
tic
tra
ct
Medial forebrain bundle
edial Ventrom s nucleu
Op
ic
Fornix
in
Medial nucleus
nt
l edia som Dor ucleus n
om
A nsa le
L RA EX T L N P VE OM C BE LT
e
G (ex lobus ter nal palli Medu ll a seg dus ry me lam nt) in
cl
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
RE
T
Lateral migratory stream
BASAL GANGLIA
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex)
Mammiliothalamic tract?
Lateral migratory stream
(extends to temporal neocortex)
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma Lateral hypothalamic area
HYPOTHALAMUS
AMYGDALA Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Arcuate nucleus
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Subpial granular layer Entorhinal cortex
Strionuclear glioepithelium
R
nu
a in n
Stria medullaris
LA
ar
anti
Subfornical organ
ial ed om s ter leu An nuc
ul
Subst
Central nucleus
F of oram M en on ro
THALAMUS
Basal nuc. of Meynert
Anterior commissure
Fornix
ular nuclei Periventric
tic Re b) lim d) ior ea (h ter an us e( sul cap
e
Middle temporal gyrus
Ventral anterior nucleus
us
Callosal glioepithelium
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fornical Fornix glioepithelium glioepithelium?
U
c le al ern Int
sul
ustrum
Ventral striatum Uncinate fasciculus
Anteroventral nucleus
Putamen
Cla
ar gy r u s
Superior temporal gyrus
I n s ul
Lateral fissure
Stria terminalis
Choroid plexus
IC
nu
Choroid plexus stem cells?
PERIVENT RICU COMPLEX LAR
ate
Abnormal hemorrhage in the germinal matrix
Third ventricle
ud
Extern al ca p
Inferior frontal gyrus
Callosal sling
Corpus callosum (body)
Ca
Frontal lobe
Induseum griseum
Lateral migratory stream (extends to amygdala)
Migratory waves
(from the lateral migratory stream accumulate in the lateral nucleus)
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
262
PLATE 179A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 8: Section 861
See the entire section in Plate 158 158.
263
PLATE 179B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Cingulum
Lateral ventricle
Central sulcus
Frontal lobe
Cingulate gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Frontal/paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal/paracentral stratified transitional field
Callosal glioepithelium
Interhemispheric fissure
Induseum griseum
Corpus callosum (body)
A comnterior miss ure
act
ic a
cl l nu ei
A CONTE M RI PL OR EX
Medial forebrain bundle
Amygdalohippocampal area
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
V CO EN M TRA PL L LA EX R BE LT
Lateral migratory stream
TI
CU
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex)
RE
RA NT CE
G (ex lobus ter Medu nal palli ll a seg dus ry me lam nt) G in (in lob a ter us na pa l s llid eg u me s nt ) Basal nucleus
THALAMUS PL L COM EX
nt
ra
Cerebral peduncle
ort
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Reuniens nucleus?
BASAL GANGLIA
Third ventricle
Lateral migratory stream ial omed edial x Dors m entro um? rni and v r continu a Fo nucle
C
s
Third ventricle
Massa intermedia
Forel's fields
Optic tr
Central nucleus Intercalated masses
eu
ular nuclei Periventric
is ?
cl
ro on
c u la r
nu
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
fM
Cortical plate White matter
ral nucleus?
e n ti
Lateral ventricle Fusiform gyrus
e nt Parac
sa l
r
a
An
Lateral nucleus
Layer I
e
ul
Ventral striatum
Inferior temporal gyrus
ia m
ic
Putamen
ull ar is
oter An edial m leus nuc
act ic tr lam tha lo-
e
Temporal lobe
Ventral anterior nucleus
sul
Middle temporal gyrus
mi am M
cap
Uncinate fasciculus?
ustrum
Superior temporal gyrus
Cla
ar gy r u s
Lateral fissure
I n s ul
Parietal lobe
Stria terminalis
(extends to paracentral cortex)
Subfornical organ
Fo Fornix ra m en Anteroo ventral nucleus d S tr
e
t ) Re mb r li erio ost a l/ p n tr (ce ule ap s al c ern Int
ac
Extern al
Par
Lateral migratory stream
Fornical glioepithelium
PERIVENT RICU COMPLEX LAR
Caudate (tail)
l lo bu le
Postcentral gyrus
Abnormal Cave of the hemorrhage in the septum germinal matrix Choroid plexus
Lateral tuberal nucleus
(extends to temporal neocortex)
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
HYPOTHALAMUS Tanycyte ependyma
Arcuate nucleus
Alvear glioepithelium
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Entorhinal Subpial granular layer cortex
AMYGDALA Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Lateral migratory stream (extends to amygdala)
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
264
PLATE 180A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 9: Section 901
See the entire section in Plate 159 159.
265
PLATE 180B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Lateral ventricle
Central sulcus
Cingulum Cingulate gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Induseum griseum Abnormal hemorrhage in the germinal matrix
Reuniens nucleus?
Cerebral peduncle
Stria terminalis? Intercalated masses
Subiculum
BEL T
AR UL
SUBTHALAMUS
Supramammillary area
Lateral mammillary nucleus
Entorhinal cortex
Lateral migratory stream
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
AM
Subpial granular layer
Hippocampus (Ammon's horn)
Hypothalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Fornix and mammillothalamic tract
act
Central nucleus?
BASAL GANGLIA
(extends to temporal neocortex)
Third ventricle
Forel's fields
Ansa lenticularis? O ptic t r
A CONTE M RI PL OR EX
Centromedian nucleus
Zona in certa
Subthalamic nucleus
EX
PERIVENTRICULAR COMPLEX
TI C
s
(infiltrates claustrum and penetrates insular cortex)
RE
le u
Lateral migratory stream
V CO EN M TRA PL L EX
ln
uc
PL
DORSAL COMPLEX
Massa intermedia
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
NTR AL CO M
ra
G (ext lobus p erna allid l seg us Medullar men y la t) min Glo a (int bus ern pal al s lidu egm s ent )
Third ventricle
nt
Ve s tr i n t r a l a tu m
Subfornical organ?
ace
comAnte mi rior ssu re
Pa r
Inferior temporal gyrus
ar is
Dorsomedial nucleus
s
Lateral ventricle
ull
eu
Caudate (tail)
cl
Middle temporal gyrus
ed
Ventral medial nucleus
nu
Temporal lobe
Ventral lateral nucleus
ar
Superior temporal gyrus
THALAMUS
m
no
CE
e
um
Putamen
Anteromedial nucleus
r ia
ro on
sul
ustr
ar gy r u s
Cla
I n s ul
Lateral fissure
Ventral anterior nucleus
St
fM
l ca p
Cortical plate
Fo ra me
Anteroventral nucleus
(extends to paracentral cortex)
Anteromedial/posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fornix
Stria terminalis
Lateral migratory stream
Choroid plexus stem cells?
Choroid Cave of the plexus septum
cul ) R e t i r limb rio oste ral/p cent ule ( caps rnal Inte
Extern a
White matter
Fornical glioepithelium
Corpus callosum (body)
ate ud Ca (tail)
Paracentral lobule
Layer I
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Paracentral stratified transitional field
Callosal glioepithelium
Interhemispheric fissure
YG
HYPOTHALAMUS
Medial mammillary nucleus
Alvear glioepithelium
DA LA
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
266
PLATE 181A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 10: Section 981
See the entire section in Plate 160.
267
PLATE 181B
Dorsolateral nucleus
(dorsal complex)
ris lla
us
Globus pallidus Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Zon
Optic tract Stria terminalis Caudate tail
Lateral geniculate body
cer
rh
Subgranular zone Alvear glioepithelium
rtex
RA
Interpeduncular fossa
Temporal lobe
i
n
Ento
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
co
Ventral tegmental area
al
Parahippocampal gyrus
HIPPOCAMPUS
le nc du pe
rn ho
u
BASAL GANGLIA
MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM Substantia nigra
Pa rs Pars re compacta tic ul at a
m ulu bic esu Pr
n's Fusiform gyrus
b ic
Interpeduncular nucleus
al br re
mo
White matter
Su
RA
ta
Ce
Am
Dentate gyrus
Lateral migratory stream
ic am hal eus t b l Su nuc
Habenulo- interpeduncular tract
Red nucleus
lu m
CE Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Oculomotor complex (III)
a in
Fimbria
Lateral ventricle
NT
Centromedian nucleus
L
s
Third ventricle
NT
CO
eu
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
LC
MP LE X
DORSAL COMPLEX
u cl
Putamen
THALAMUS
r al n
e Reticular nucl
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Dorsomedial nucleus
P a r a c e nt
Ventral lateral nucleus
External capsule
du ro me on Stria
Claustrum
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
ANTERIOR COMPLEX (anteroventral nucleus)
Fornical glioepithelium
fM
Ventral anterior nucleus?
Fo Fornix ra me no
Paracentral stratified transitional field
Strionuclear glioepithelium
septum
Stria terminalis
Layer I
Corpus callosum (body)
VE
Caudate (tail)
Callosal glioepithelium
LAR BELT
Choroid plexus Cave of the
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Induseum griseum
R E TI CU
Choroid plexus stem cells?
Lateral ventricle
Cortical plate
Interhemispheric fissure
Cingulate gyrus
O M PLEX
Cingulum
PONS
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Subpial granular layer
Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle Extramural migratory stream (from the precerebellar neuroepithelium to the pontine gray and the reticular tegmental nucleus)
268
PLATE 182A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 11: Section 1021
See the entire section in Plate 161.
269
PLATE 182B
cle u
s
M lem edial nisc us?
P
Pars compacta
rtex
co
Ventral tegmental area
Parabrachial Internucleus peduncular nucleus
Interpeduncular fossa
i
n
Layer I
Ento
rh
Reticular tegmental nucleus Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation) Pontine gray Transpontine corticofugal tract Middle cerebellar peduncle
NTR
VE
T B E L
R E T I C U L A R
AL C O M PLEX
LC
RA
NT
CE
MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM
al
Fusiform gyrus
le nc du pe ral reb
Parahippocampal gyrus
Ce
m ulu bic esu Pr
's h orn
White matter Cortical plate
a lat
Subiculum
Red nucleus
Raphe nuclear complex
Habenulo- interpeduncular tract
Strionuclear glioepithelium External capsule
Lateral migratory stream BASAL GANGLIA
PO STE RIO RC OM PLE X
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Medial geniculate body
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
THALAMUS
Su bs nig tanti ra a
e lat icu gen us pra cle Su nu
A
on
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field
X
Oculomotor complex (III)
s reticu ar
m
Third ventricle
PERIVENTRICULAR COMPL
u lar n Parafascicu
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Fimbria
EX
Habenulo- interpeduncular tract
Centromedian nucleus
Lateral geniculate body
m
la r nu b e le i H a nu c
Dorsomedial nucleus
ro on f M llaris u ed m
a
r al n u c l e u s
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Dentate gyrus
Fornical glioepithelium
a cent
n u c l e u s
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Fo ra S t me ri n o
Ventral lateral nucleus
Pa r
R e t i c u l ar
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Optic tract
Fornix
Dorsolateral nucleus
Putamen
Cave of the septum
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
OM PLE X
Caudate (tail) Stria terminalis
Callosal glioepithelium
Corpus callosum
Choroid plexus
DOR SAL CO MP LE
Lateral ventricle
PONS
Subpial granular layer
Stria terminalis Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Caudate (tail) Lateral ventricle Subgranular zone Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
HIPPOCAMPUS
Temporal lobe
Alvear glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
270
PLATE 183A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 12: Section 1061
See the entire section in Plate 162.
271
PLATE 183B Fornix
LC RA
NT
L T B E
R E T I C U L A R
O MPLEX
MPLEX
VE
Pr e te c tu m
r al n u c l e u s
Thalamic glioepithelium/ ependyma Centromedian nucleus
A L CO
a cent
External capsule Putamen
Stria terminalis
Subiculum
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Reticular formation
MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM
cu
Raphe nuclear complex
s t ic
ula
r te
g m e ntal
le nuc
u
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation) Pontine gray Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles) Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles) Middle cerebellar peduncle
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Subgranular zone Alvear glioepithelium Dentate molecular layer Dentate granular layer Dentate hilus Stratum oriens Stratum pyramidale Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosum moleculare
Lateral ventricle
n is Re
CA1
CA3
Caudate (tail)
Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
s
co al
le m
n
ia l
i
ed
h
Reticular formation
Superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation)
M
r Ento
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
ncle pedu b ral Cere
Fusiform gyrus
Raphe nuclear complex
Oculomotor complex (III)
rtex
m ulu bic esu Pr
White matter
POSTERIO R COMPLE X
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Central gray
HI PP OC AM PU S
Reticular formation
Medial geniculate body
Parahippocampal gyrus
Layer I
THALAMUS
Paracentral/parietal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Insular gyrus
Cerebral aqueduct
Ammon's horn
Cortical plate
Choroid plexus
Posterior commissure
Suprageniculate nucleus
Optic tract Fimbria Dentate gyrus
Pa r
Lateral geniculate body
Dorsomedial nucleus
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Pulvinar
Third ventricle (pineal recess)
X
N TR
i et
u Ventral posterolateral nucleus
n u c le us
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
DOR SAL CO MP LE
R
Fornical glioepithelium
c l a r
Putamen
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Dorsolateral nucleus
CE
Caudate (tail) Stria terminalis
PONS
Subpial granular layer
Temporal lobe Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
272
PLATE 184A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 13: Section 1101
See the entire section in Plate 163.
273
PLATE 184B
em al l
s M
Middle cerebellar peduncle Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation) Pontine gray
Parabrachial nucleus
al
e
di
le m
Raphe nuclear complex
niscu
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles) Middle cerebellar peduncle
LT B E
IO
Putamen
E
Suprageniculate nucleus
Lateral geniculate body
CA1
MIDBRAIN TEGMENTUM
CA3
Dentate molecular layer Dentate granular layer Dentate hilus
Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone Stratum oriens Stratum pyramidale Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosum moleculare
Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Lateral ventricle
nis c u Re us t ic u cle lar t e gmen t a l n u
Subpial granular layer
Temporal lobe
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
PONS
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles) Nerve V
External capsule
R PO
ST
HIP PO CA MP US
Later
Trochlear nucleus (IV)
Stria terminalis
R R E T I C U L A
OM
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Layer I
LC
t
Oculomotor complex (III)
White matter Fusiform gyrus
Medial geniculate body
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Cerebral aqueduct
Parahippocampal gyrus
CE N T
Caudate (tail)
s
m ulu bic esu Pr
Subiculum
ior commi er ssu re Pretectum Po s Subcommissural organ Brachium of the inferior colliculus Central gray
Nucleus of the posterior commissure
RA
VENTRAL COMPLEX? (ventral posterolateral nucleus)
Ammon's horn
Cortical plate
Pulvinar
R COMPLEX
DORSAL COMPLEX (dorsomedial nucleus)
Pulvinar
Fimbria Dentate gyrus
P L E X (paracentral nu
THALAMUS
s n u c l e u
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
) cleus
R
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
et i c ul ar
Putamen
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Nerve V
274
PLATE 185A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 14: Section 1161
See the entire section in Plate 164.
275
PLATE 185B T L
Optic nerve layer Superficial gray layer Middle gray layer Deep gray layer
Presubiculum
Deep white layer
Parahippocampal gyrus
TECTUM Superior colliculus
Ammon's horn
Layer I
Subcommissural organ
Fusiform gyrus
Cerebral aqueduct
Cortical plate
MIDBRAIN
Central gray
Parabigeminal nucleus (ventral)
Subpial granular layer
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Subgranular zone Stratum oriens Stratum pyramidale Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosum moleculare
TEGMENTUM Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
r Pa ab
TE R (H IO I- R H L V O ) B
N A
Raphe nuclear complex
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (ventral)
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Nerve V (myelination gliosis)
Trapezoid body
Spinocephalic tract? Inferior olive complex
Temporal lobe
External germinal layer
UM ) LL RE BE HE RE ISP CE EM (H
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
mniscus al le
d
Nerve VIII and ventral cochlear nucleus
edi
pe
Superior olive complex
cle
Raphe migration
M
ochlear nucleus?
d d l e c e re b ell a r
un
r cula Reti ation form
lc rsa Do
Mi
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
Reticular formation
PONS
(co Pyra rti mi c d tra ospin ct) al
E
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
s nucleu hial ebellar pedu cer ncl e
Abducens nucleus (VI)?
rac
r rio pe Su
External germinal layer
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Lateral ventricle
Dorsal tegmental nucleus?
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (ventral) Lateral lemniscus
Putamen
Alvear glioepithelium
CA3
CA1
Reticular formation
Lateral lemniscus
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Dentate molecular layer Dentate granular layer Dentate hilus
HIPPO CAMP US
Subiculum
Dentate gyrus
White matter
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Middle whitelayer
Fimbria
Stria terminalis
B
Pulvinar
cle u s
Fimbrial glioepithelium
THALAMUS
Germinal and transitional structures in italics A R U L C I R E T
r nu
Stria terminalis
Zonal layer
E
t
i cu la
Strionuclear glioepithelium Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Re
Caudate (tail)
MEDULLA Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
276
PLATE 186A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 15: Section 1201
See the entire section in Plate 165.
277
PLATE 186B Superficial gray layer Middle gray layer
Parahippocampal gyrus
AR BELT
Deep white layer
Fimbrial glioepithelium
MIDBRAIN
Layer I Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Subcommissural organ
Central nucleus
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Central gray
Cerebral aqueduct
HIPPO CAMP US
TECTUM Superior colliculus
POSTERIOR COMPLEX (Pulvinar)
ia br Fim
Deep gray layer
Cortical plate
Strionuclear glioepithelium
THALAMUS
Middle white layer
White matter
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Fimbria (R e
us) ucle rn ula tic
RET ICU L
Optic nerve layer?
Subiculum
Dentate gyrus
Dentate molecular layer Dentate granular layer Dentate hilus
CA3
CA1
Lateral ventricle Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Nerve IV root? P
Reticular formation
Inferior olive complex (principal nucleus)
al gray
complex
Medial lemniscus
Medial accessory olive
ear Raphe nucl
ucleus? ear n
Raphe migration
Choroid plexus
Reticular formation
Temporal lobe
Locus coeruleus
CEREBELLUM
External germinal layer
C e n tr
Latera l lemni scus e r ior cerebella r pedunc le
S up o c hl
Paramedian lobule (HVIIB)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
u
s al c
Ventral cochlear nucleus
Spinal nucleus (V)
Alvear glioepithelium
ISTHMUS
Motor nucleus (V)
Dor
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Fourth ventricle
Principal sensory nucleus (V)
A
Simplex lobule (HVI)
s
LO R ) O V RI I-H E H NT (
Mesencephalic nucleus (V)
eu
BE
Temporal stratified transitional field
Isthmal and pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
al chi n c l
External germinal layer Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer Medullary layer
HEMISPHERE
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
PONS
Motor nucleus (VII)
Part of section torn away
MEDULLA
(co Pyr rti am c tra osp id ct) ina l
Subgranular zone Stratum oriens Stratum pyramidale Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosum moleculare
Inferior colliculus
arabra
Caudate (tail) Stria terminalis Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Spinocephalic tract?
Arcuate nucleus (medulla, penetrated by raphe migration)
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
278
PLATE 187A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 16: Section 1261
See the entire section in Plate 166.
279
PLATE 187B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
MIDBRAIN TECTUM
Central nucleus
(Inferior colliculus)
VERMIS
CEREBELLUM
Centralis (III)
External germinal layer Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer Medullary layer
AN
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
BE
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
(I, II)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Superior vestibular nucleus Inferior vestibular nucleus
Medial vestibular nucleus
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Prepositus nucleus
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Reticular formation
Lateral reticular nucleus
Nucleus ambiguus?
Inferior olive complex (principal nucleus)
Medial lemniscus
Dorsal accessory olive
d l mi a ra spin y P tico t) r ac (co tr
HEMISPHERE
Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ ependyma
Fourth ventricle
mplex r co
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
PONS
lea e nuc
Choroid plexus
Parabrachial nucleus
Cerebellar dentate nucleus
Lateral vestibular nucleus?
Flocculus (HX) Germinal trigone (continuous with stem cells of the choroid plexus)
External germinal layer
Lingula
Raph
Ansiform lobule Crus II Paramedian lobule (HVIIA) (HVIIB)
chlear Ventral coeus nucl
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
LO R ) O V RI I-H E T (H
Vestibular nuclear complex Part of section torn away
Reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
MEDULLA Spinocephalic tract?
280
PLATE 188A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 17: Section 1301
See the entire section in Plate 167.
281
PLATE 188B External germinal layer Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer Medullary layer
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Culmen (IV, V)
CEREBELLUM
VERMIS Centralis (III)
ANTERIOR LOBE (HI-HV)
External germinal layer
Lingula (I, II)
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Interpositus nucleus Superior cerebellar peduncle
RE
BE
L
L
A
CL
EI
Inferior cerebellar peduncle and spinocerebellar tracts
Germinal trigone
Choroid plexus Medial vestibular nucleus
Fourth ventricle
nu Sol cl ita traeus ry ct and Cuneate nucleus
Vestibular nuclear complex
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Middle cerebellar peduncle
MEDULLA
Part of section torn away
Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) Dorsal motor nucleus (X)
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
Spinal nucleus and tract Nucleus of Roller (V) Lateral reticular nucleus
Inferior olive complex (principal nucleus) Medial accessory olive
scus al lemni Medi
External cuneate nucleus
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
lex Raphe nuclear comp
Choroid plexus
NU
Germinal trigone
(X)
EP
Flocculus Paramedian (HX) lobule (HVIIB)
E
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
HEMISPHERE
D
Nodulus
Dentate nucleus Middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Ansiform lobule Crus II (HVIIA)
CE
R
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
Fastigial nucleus
id Pyramspinal o c i t r (co ract) t
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Reticular formation Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
MEDULLA
Stem cells of choroid plexus
Spinocephalic tract?
282
PLATE 189A GW29 Coronal CR 260 mm Y14-59 Level 18: Section 1361
See the entire section in Plate 168.
283
PLATE 189B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
VERMIS
External germinal layer Molecular layer Purkinje cell layer Granule cell layer Medullary layer
External germinal layer
Culmen (IV-V) ANTERIOR LOBE? (HI-HV)
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Fastigial nucleus
Centralis (III)
Inte rp nuc ositus leus
CE
Nodulus (X)
BE
L
L
HEMISPHERE
A
D E
Dentate nucleus
RE
R
Ansiform lobule Crus I (HVIIA)
CEREBELLUM
EP
EI
Ansiform lobule Crus II (HVIIA)
Germinal trigone
CL
(X)
Floccular peduncle
NU
Uvula? Nodulus (IX)
Choroid plexus Biventral lobule Gracile (HVIII) fasciculus Paramedian lobule Cuneate (HVIIB) fasciculus
Fourth ventricle
Area postrema
Cuneate nucleus
Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Spinocerebellar tracts Accessory nucleus (XI) Spinocephalic tract? Pyramidal decussation Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Part of section torn away
Choroid plexus
Central autonomic area
Reticular formation
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Commissural nucleus (X) Central canal (medulla/spinal cord) Spinomedullary glioepithelium/ependyma
MEDULLA
Raphe nuclear complex Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
284
PART PARTVIII: VIII:
GW26 GW26 SAGITTAL SAGITTAL
This specimen is case number W-147-63 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection. A female infant survived for 27 days after a premature birth. Death occurred from a hemorrhage in the abdominal cavity. The brain was cut in the sagittal plane in 35-µm thick sections and is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). Since there is no photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, the photograph of the medial view of a GW25 brain that Larroche published in 1966 (Figure 6) is used to show gross anatomical features. Photographs of 10 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-10) are shown at low magnification in Plates 190-199. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 200AB-209AB for Levels 1-6. Very high magnification views of different regions of the cerebellar cortex are shown in Plates 210-215. Because the section numbers decrease from Level 1 (most medial) to Level 10 (most lateral), they are from the left side of the brain; the right side has higher section numbers proceeding medial to lateral. The cutting plane of this brain is nearly parallel to the midline in anterior and posterior parts of each section, including different parts of the cortex. The sections chosen for illustration are spaced closer together near the midline to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla.
Y15-60 contains the same group of immature structures as in the older specimens, except that all of these structures are more prominent. In the telencephalon, thicker remnants of the germinal matrices are present in all lobes of the cerebral cortex where the neuroepithelium/subventricular zone are generating neocortical interneurons. Migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields, thin in the occipital lobe, and thicker in the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. More neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Streams of neurons and glia percolate through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus in the lateral migratory stream. These cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a thick neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons and glia are being generated; some of these, especially from the accumbal area, will enter the rostral migratory stream. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the
source of granule cells. Just as in the GW37 specimens, the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, but the glioepithelium/ependyma lining the third ventricle is more thick than in the older specimens. A convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain. A smooth glioepithelium/ependyma lines the fourth ventricle through much of the pons. Another convoluted glioepithelium/ ependyma lines the fourth ventricle through much of the medulla, part of that may be a remnant of the germinal source of the precerebellar nuclei. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is actively producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The germinal trigone is visible at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia are originating here and some migrating neurons may still be in the trigone.
285
(Precuneus)
gu Cin
)
LOB E
su us
BE
RAL
(Lingula)
ulc
CIPITAL LO OC
TEM
PO
ooc cip ita
m
(Gyrus rectus)
iet
iu
Hypothalamus
(Cuneus)
Calca rin es
DIENCEPHALON
m ctu Te N AI BR ID um M ent gm Te
Subcallosal area
l
Pa r
le n
Thalamus
tum
Genu
l cu s
(R etr os
enial area pl
sum s callo u p r Co Fornix
Sp
( Su pe rio r
us sulc e t a l ngu gyrus Ci l a te
BE LO
on fr
ta
) rus y lg
PAR IE TA L
Marginal sulcus
Sep
NTAL LOB E) (FRO
CENTRAL LOBULE) A R A P (
Cerebellar vermis
PONS
M
ED
UL L
Cerebellar hemisphere
A
Spinal cord
Figure 11. Midline sagittal view of a GW25 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem labeled. (This is part of Figure 2-9 on page 27 in B. A. Curtis, S. Jacobson, and E. M. Marcus (1972) An Introduction to the Neurosciences, Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders. The photograph was originally published by J. C. Larroche (1966) The development of the central nervous system during intrauterine life. In: Human Development, F. Falkner (ed.), Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, page 259.)
286
PLATE 190 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 1: Section 501
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11
Rostral migratory stream Diencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic/mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Precerebellar glioepithelium Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Raphe migration Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 200A and B.
Frontal lobe
11
Hippocampal commissure?
Fo rn ix
Ca v se p e o f tu m th e
m llosu
11 Frontal lobe
Subcallosal area
Third ventricle
um pt Se
Genu
1
1
2
Layer I
ple xu s
3
11
Pineal gland Posterior commissure
Occipital lobe
Superior Interpeduncular colliculus nucleus Tectum
Midbrain
Hypo- Tegmentum thalamus
Olfactory bulb and peduncle Optic chiasm Oculomotor nerve(III) Cerebral peduncle Transpontine corticospinal tract Basal pontine gray
Damaged areas in section
Ch or oid
Anterior commissure
Preoptic area
Gyrus rectus
White matter
ium len Sp
ca us rp o C
Cortical plate
Parietal lobe
Inferior colliculus
4
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Anterior lobe
5 9
Raphe nuclear complex
Nerve IV root?
10
Central lobe
Inferior lobe Posterior lobe
6
8
Inferior olive complex Pyramid (corticospinal tract) Pyramidal decussation
7 Medulla
Primary fissure
Cerebellum (vermis)
Superior cerebellar peduncle
10
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Gracile faciculus and nucleus Spinal cord
287
PLATE 191 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 7 Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma 1 Rostral migratory stream 8 Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma 2 Callosal sling 9 Raphe migration 3 Callosal glioepithelium 10 Spinal glioepithelium/ependyma 4 Fornical glioepithelium 11 Germinal trigone (cerebellum) Strionuclear glioepithelium 5 12 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma 6 13 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 201A and B. Paracentral lobule
Cingulate gyrus
Frontal lobe
Anterior commissure
Gyrus rectus
1
ple xu s
Ch or oid
2
Fo rn ix
C Genu
4
um pt Se
13
sum a l lo
5
Hippocampal commissure
Third ventricle
6
Preoptic area
13
Pretectum
Thalamus Fornix
White matter
ium len Sp
Cave of the septum
3
sc pu or
Layer I
3
Induseum griseum
Frontal lobe
Cortical plate
Parietal lobe
13
Superior colliculus Interpeduncular nucleus Tectum
Midbrain
Hypothalamus Tegmentum
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Inferior colliculus
Anterior lobe
7
Occipital lobe
12
Primary fissure
Olfactory peduncle Fourth Inferior Cerebellum lobe ventricle Optic chiasm (vermis) Central Oculomotor nerve(III) Pons lobe Cerebral peduncle Posterior lobe Transpontine corticospinal tract Pontine gray Medulla Medial lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Pyramid (corticospinal tract) Raphe nuclear complex (infiltrated by ) Gracile fasciculus and nucleus Pyramidal decussation
11
8
12
9
Damaged areas in section
Central canal (spinal cord, surrounded by
10)
Spinal cord
See high magnification views of the cerebellar cortex and germinal trigone in Plates 210-215.
288
PLATE 192 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 3: Section 461
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10
Rostral migratory stream Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Strionuclear glioepithelium Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Germinal trigone (cerebellum) External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 202A and B. Paracentral lobule Parietal lobe
10
Septum
4
5
Preoptic area
Islands of Calleja and medial nucleus accumbens
1
10
Hippocampal commissure
Superior colliculus
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus
Anterior lobe
Pons 6
Oculomotor nerve(III) Transpontine corticofugal tract
Fourth ventricle
9 Primary fissure
8
7
Pontine gray Medial lemniscus Inferior olive complex
Occipital lobe
Tectum
Hypothalamus Tegmentum
Olfactory peduncle
Fasciola cinereum
Pretectum
Thalamus
Anterior commissure
Cingulate gyrus
Orbital gyrus
Third ventricle
Layer I ium len Sp
3
Genu
Frontal lobe
2
s yru te g a l u g losum Cin rpus cal o C
2
10
White matter
Induseum griseum
Fornix (precommissural) Fornix (postcommissural) Cave of the septum
Frontal lobe
Cortical plate
Inferior Central lobe Posterior lobe
lobe
Cerebellum (lateral vermis)
9
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Medulla
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Gracile fasciculus and nucleus
Pyramidal decussation Spinal cord
289
PLATE 193 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
6 7 8 9 10
Accumbent neuroepithelium and subventricular zone (intermingled with the rostral migratory stream) Strionuclear neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 203A and B. 10 Paracentral lobule
Cortical plate
Frontal lobe
Cingulate sulcus
7
3
accNucl um eus be ns
Genu
2
Orbital gyrus
10
1
Olfactory tubercle
5
For nix
DORSAL COMPLEX AN CO TE M RI PL O EX R . CENTRAL COMPLEX
Thalamus
Be
6
Stria medullaris
Hypothalamus
Subthalamus
ium len Sp
Cingulum
osum
R IO ER X ST PLE PO OM C
Lateral ventricle
Induseum griseum
4
Cingulate gyrus
s c a ll rpu o C
4
Frontal lobe
Layer I Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area) Calcarine fissure
Fasciola cinereum Hippocampal commissure
Primary visual cortex
Superior colliculus
Tectum
Midbrain
Inferior colliculus
Hippocampus
Primary fissure
Anterior lobe
Entorhinal cortex
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral peduncle Pons Medial lemniscus Transpontine corticofugal tract Pontine gray Motor nucleus (VII) Medulla Vestibular nuclear complex Inferior olive complex Lateral reticular nucleus Lateral funiculus
Occipital lobe
Lateral lemniscus
Tegmentum
8
Damaged areas in section
Parietal lobe
Marginal sulcus
White matter
ri f st a ter m
Rostral migratory stream
d nuc. o
1 2 3 4 5
GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 4: Section 421
Simplex lobule
Dentate nucleus
10
Ansiform lobule (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II)
Paraflocculus (HIX)
9
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Paramedian lobule (HVIIB)
9
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Cuneate fasciculus and nucleus Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Spinal cord
290
PLATE 194 Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Occipital stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Alvear glioepithelium Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Central sulcus Cortical plate
Paracentral lobule Frontal lobe
14
Induseum griseum?
Cin
Internal
Basal ganglia
Caudate
Globus PO pallidus Subthalamus Nucleu accumb s Substantia le ens innominata nc eb r a l p e du
Orbital gyrus
14
Damaged areas in section
CENTRAL COMPLEX
c
r
2
For nix
Olfactory tubercle
9
7
Ventral hippocampus
8
al hin tor rtex n E co
Pons Lateral ventricle Nerve V (root) Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Spinocerebellar tracts?
Parietooccipital sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
te g
yru
14
s
s ru a) gy re te ial a a l u n ng le Ci rosp t (re
Thalamus
Ce
3
1
MPLEX CO
m
Pa ST ra hip ER po IO R LE ca CO MP mp al gy ru s
10
12
L R SA X D O PL E M CO
sule ap
Corona radiata
4
11
5
VENTRAL
Frontal lobe
4
sum a l lo
gula
g u lu
White matter
ium len Sp
c us rp o C
C in
Layer I
Parietal lobe
Marginal sulcus
Am yg da la
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
La ter al v ent ric le
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 204A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
X
GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 5: Section 381
Dorsal hippocampus
13
r erio Antlobe
Primary visual cortex Calcarine sulcus
6
6
Primary fissure Simple lobule x
Dentate nucleus
Occipital lobe
Ansiform lobule (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II)
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Paramedian lobule Biventral lobule Paraflocculus
291
PLATE 195 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 6: Section 361
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 205A and B.
Central sulcus
Cortical plate Layer I
lobule Paracentral
Frontal lobe
Globus pallidus
Olfactory tubercle Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Am yg da la
Nucleu inSub s no sta accum mi nti bens na a ta
16
11
Lateral ventricle Damaged areas in section
5
8
s
us ) yr rea e g al a t a i l n Dorsal ingusple hippo- C tro e campus (r Calcarine sulcus
Pa ra ST hi pp ER oc IO R LE am CO MP pa lg yr us
dat
C au
Basal ganglia
ps ul e
Thalamus CENTRAL COMPLEX
Subthalamus le nc eb r a l p e du
10
9
Primary visual cortex
16
7 6
PO
16
al por Temlobe
Ventral hippocampus
al hin tor rtex n E co
Nerve V (root) Middle cerebellar peduncle Ventral cochlear nucleus? Dorsal cochlear nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Parietooccipital sulcus
gyru
For nix
MPLEX CO
r
Orbital gyrus
rn Inte al ca
VENTRAL
14
Ce
a ron Co diata ra
3
2 1
Choroid plexus SAL DOR LEX P COM
13
e
La ter al v ent ric le
12
late
4
sum a l lo
ium len Sp
4
Parietal lobe
Cin gu
c us rp o C
Frontal lobe
White matter
X
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 9 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 10 Subgranular zone (dentate) Frontal stratified transitional field 11 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Callosal glioepithelium 12 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Fornical glioepithelium 13 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 14 Strionuclear glioepithelium Occipital stratified transitional field 15 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 16 Subpial granular layer (cortical) zone, and stratified transitional field
15
r erio Antlobe
Occipital lobe
Primary fissure Simple lobule x
Dentate nucleus
Ansiform lobule (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II)
15
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Paramedian lobule Biventral lobule Paraflocculus Flocculus
292
PLATE 196 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 7: Section 341
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream (source area) 10 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 11 Subgranular zone (dentate) Frontal stratified transitional field 12 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Callosal glioepithelium 13 Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Fornical glioepithelium 14 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 15 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field 16 Strionuclear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 17 External germinal layer (cerebellum) Parahippocampal/temporal stratified transitional field 18 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 206A and B. Central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Cortical plate
lobule Paracentral
Frontal lobe Cin gul
Corona radiata
18
12
Orbital gyrus
PO
S innuobstant min ia ata
Cerebral peduncle
11 10 8
5
10
Thalamus
Globus pallidus
13
For nix
l ra po e m Te lob
gyr
us
(r Cin et g ro ul sp at len e g ia yr l a us re a)
MPLEX CO
4
Pa ra hi ST pp ER oc am IO R LE CO MP pa lg yr us
Nucleu s accum bens
VENTRAL
Ca ud at e
Basal ganglia
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Damaged areas in section
Internal
Am yg da la
La ter al v ent ric le
3
14
le su
2 1
Corona radiata
Choroid plexus
15
p ca
4
16
X
Frontal lobe
4
Parietooccipital sulcus
ium len Sp
c us rp o C
ate
sum a llo
Layer I White matter
Parietal lobe
Primary visual cortex
Dorsal Calcarine sulcus hippocampus
Ventral hippocampus
9
io te r A n lo b e
18 Lateral ventricle Middle cerebellar peduncle Dentate nucleus Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Primary fissure
r
Simplex lobule
18
6
Lateral ventricle
Occipital lobe
7 Ansiform lobule (crus I)
Ansiform lobule (crus II)
17
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Paramedian lobule Biventral lobule Paraflocculus? Flocculus
293
PLATE 197 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 207A and B.
External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Central sulcus
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
Cortical plate Layer I
lobule Paracentral
5
Corona radiata Lateral ventricle
17 18
16
ap lc na
1
Corona radiata
e sul
2
Inter
Basal ganglia Putamen
14 Orbital gyrus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Lateral ventricle
20 Damaged areas in section
MPLEX CO
7 EX
Frontal lobe
3
Cor pus c 6 allosum
4
2
Globus pallidus
Choroid plexus
Fornix
Thalamus
Substantia innominata
Cerebral peduncle
12
PO
13
Parietooccipital sulcus
13
Dorsal hippocampus
6 (r Cin et g ro ul sp at len e g ia yr l a us re a)
3
White matter
Parietal lobe
C O M PL
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Strionuclear glioepithelium
OR
Occipital stratified transitional field
Anteromedial/posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
RI
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Calcarine sulcus
TE
Fornical glioepithelium
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
al or p m e Te lob
15 10 11
Primary visual cortex
l ra te icle La ntr ve
8
S
hip Ven po tra ca l mp us
Callosal glioepithelium
Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
VENTRAL
Paracentral stratified transitional field
Subgranular zone (dentate)
la
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Alvear glioepithelium
da
Frontal stratified transitional field
Temporal stratified transitional field
yg
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Am
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Ca ud at e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 8: Section 321
io te r A n lo b e
r
20 Occipital lobe
9
Primary fissure Simplex lobule
Ansiform lobule (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
19 Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Paramedian lobule
Inferior cerebellar peduncle Flocculus
Biventral lobule
294
PLATE 198 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 9: Section 261
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Frontal stratified transitional field Paracentral stratified transitional field Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 208A and B. Postcentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Layer I
Precentral gyrus
15
ac e t n
ra
P
ar
nt
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Damaged areas in section
15
12
10 s
Choroid plexus
7
pp Hi
a la
11
Latera l ventric le
ygd Am
Claustrum
11
3
8
7
Lateral ventricle
16
5
6
Occipital lobe
oc
I
Orbital gyrus
16
Globus pallidus
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
Lateral ventricle
14
Thalamus
er
Basal ganglia
Corona radiata
(po ste rio rl i
Putamen
Substantia innominata
13
pu
r io
ul e
3
am
na er
n te
c a ps
n al capsule
t In
e (a
Caudate (tail)
b) m
1
a lc
l p su
Internal
b) r lim
White matter
4
2
Frontal lobe
Cortical plate
Parietal lobe
l lo
bu le
Corona radiata
9
Temporal lobe
8
Ansiform lobule (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II) Paramedian lobule
15
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
295
PLATE 199 GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 10: Section 221
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
External germinal layer (cerebellum) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core in Plates 209A and B. Central sulcus
White matter
Parietal lobe
ul
e
Par
en
ac
Frontal lobe
ri gy
Cortical plate
Postcentral gyrus
Precentral gyrus
10
Layer I
t ra
l lo
b
2
10
Frontal lobe
Putamen
6 4
5
10
3
7
Fi mb ria
Basal ganglia
5
Insular gyrus
Internal capsule
um
C pl horo ex id us
a Cl
tr us
Lateral fissure
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Damaged areas in section
gy r
Corona radiata
u
Parietal lobe
Caudate
us
Ins
Orbital gyrus
10
Corona radiata
Am yg da la
Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
l ar
Temporal stratified transitional field
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
ro nt al
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
rf
Parietal stratified transitional field
6 7 8 9 10
middle, and infe rio
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
erior, Sup
1 2 3 4 5
8
1
Lateral ventricle
3
Temporal lobe
4
Cerebellum Ansiform lobule (hemisphere) (crus I) Ansiform lobule (crus II)
9
296
PLATE 200A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 1: Section 501
See the entire section in Plate 190.
297
2
2
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
4 Raphe nuclear complex Medial lemniscus
9
Pontine gray Raphe nuclear complex (infiltrated by the Raphe migration) Arcuate nucleus (medulla, penetrated by Raphe migration) Medial accessory olive
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
Prepositus nucleus
10
X
INFERIOR LOBE
E
6
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Germinal trigone External germinal layer
11
E
CEREBELLUM B
A
C
Choroid plexus
D Uvula IX
POSTERIOR LOBE
11
Declive VI
V ER M I S
E Nodulus
N CE
D
Tuber VIIb
T
C
Pyramis VIII
11
Area postrema?
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract Gracile nucleus Gracile fasciculus
Pyramidal decussation
SPINAL CORD
Damaged areas in section
Lateral corticospinal tract (medial edge) Ventral funiculus (spinal cord)
Folium VIIa
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
MEDULLA
Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma
Subpial granular layer
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
B
Inferior olive complex
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Raphe migration
E
Culmen IV, V
Fastigial nucleus e ll a r ped u n cle
7
Medial lemniscus
Principal olivary nucleus
Precerebellar glioepithelium
5
Reticular formation
PONS
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Med ia
cle
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
8
er eb
i ntr ve
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Substantia nigra (pars reticulata) Ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra (pars compacta) Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
IOR LOB
A
rc rio pe
Diencephalic/mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Cerebral peduncle
Reticular formation
th ur Fo
Diencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Oculomotor nerve (III)
D
Su
Rostral migratory stream
N
R TE
Centralis III Lingula I, II
us ngitudinal fascicul l lo
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Raphe nuclear complex
us nucle
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Arcuate nucleus
al Dors nucleus l en ta tegm sciculus l fa in a
Olfactory bulb and peduncle
IDB BR M ID R A IN
Superior cerebellar peduncle
t al men r teg ula tic Re
12
TEGMENTUM Mammillary body
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
Brachium of the inferior colliculus Nerve (IV) bundles?
Central nucleus
ud
1
Optic chiasm
Inferior colliculus
Trochlear nucleus (IV)?
g it
White matter
Red nucleus
lo n
1
Interpeduncular nucleus
C
TECTUM
Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
ial
Gyrus rectus
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Superior colliculus
Central gray
ed M
12
Posterior commissure
3
THALAMUS massa intermedia (damaged)
HYPOTHALAMUS Dorsomedia ventromedia l and l nuclei
PREOPTIC AREA
Medial preoptic nucleus
Cortical plate
3
Forel's fields
Subcallosal area
Layer I
Cerebral aqueduct
Median preoptic nucleus Anterior commissure
se M pt e (d al dia am nu l ag cl ed eu ) s
Pineal gland
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
E
Third ventricle
B
LOB
SEPTUM
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
AL
Corpus callosum (genu)
Fornix
A
R
Callosal sling
Hippocampal commissure?
A
Induseum griseum
Cave of the septum
Cerebellar fissures
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Choroid plexus
Pr et ec tu m
Co rp u (b s ca od llo y) su m
PLATE 200B
Medial motor nucleus (spinal cord)
298
PLATE 201A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481
See the entire section in Plate 191 and high magnification views of the cerebellar cortex and germinal trigone in Plates 210-215.
299
PLATE 201B
Medial lemniscus
*Raphe nuclear complex
11
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract
Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma Raphe migration
R LOB
A
E
Culmen IV, V
13
CEREBELLUM B
Fastigial nucleus
B
External germinal layer
SPINAL CORD Ventral funiculus (spinal cord)
9
INFERIOR LOBE
E
Choroid plexus
Uvula IX
Declive VI
POSTERIOR LOBE
T Tuber VIIb N CE C
VIII
D
D
Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) Gracile fasciculus Gracile nucleus
Pyramidal decussation
Germinal trigone Damaged areas in section
RIO
Centralis III
er
MEDULLA
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
E
7
le
Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma
N
Lingula I, II
Reticular formation
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Subpial granular layer
Locus coeruleus
Dorsal tegmental nucleus
TE
ventric
Thalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
E
Fourth
*Infiltrated by the Raphe migration
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
rc rio pe
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Central nucleus
Su
Reticular tegmental nucleus
*Arcuate nucleus (medulla)
D
8 10 ebellar peduncle Abcucens V ER M I S 12 nucleus (VI) C Dorsal Nodulus longitudinal E X fasciculus Pyramis
Pontine gray
Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium
ci
Medial lemniscus
Rostral migratory stream Callosal sling?
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
LOB
PONS
Middle cerebellar peduncle
C
Inferior colliculus
Hypoglossal nucleus (XII)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
fa s
Reticular formation
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Substantia nigra
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
TECTUM
s lu cu
TEGMENTUM
Oculomotor nerve (III) Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
al
in
Optic chiasm
B
M I D BR A IN ud
14
1
Mammillary body
Optic nerve layer
it ng lo
1
Red nucleus
Interpeduncular nucleus
cle un ed lp ra reb Ce
Ventromedial nucleus
Fornix
ed ia l
M
Dorsomedial nucleus
Central gray
Forel's fields
HYPOTHALAMUS
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Olfactory peduncle
Fornix (postcommissural)
Superior colliculus
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
AL
PREOPTIC AREA
Supraoptic nucleus
Gyrus rectus
Habenulointerpeduncular tract Oculomotor nuclear complex (III)
Stria medullaris
Medial preoptic nucleus
White matter
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Medial septal nucleus
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb)
Layer I Cortical plate
Posterior commissure
THALAMUS
Cingulum
Anterior commissure
Stria medullaris and habenulo-interpeduncular tract
A
R
x(
5
Tenia tecta?
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Medial habenular nucleus?
6
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis?
SEPTUM
Cerebellar fissures
3
Third ventricle
Corpus callosum (genu) Cingulate gyrus
missure
Choroid plexus
4
4 2 14
l com
A
pr
m om ec
a amp poc p i H
al) ur iss
Fo rn i
Co rp u (b s ca od llo y) su m
Induseum griseum
Ca v se e o pt f t um h e
3
Central canal (spinal cord) Ependyma
13
13 Folium VIIa
300
PLATE 202A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 3: Section 461
See the entire section in Plate 192.
301
PLATE 202B
Cingulum
Cingulate gyrus
SEPTUM
Anteromedial nucleus
Islands of Calleja (in medial shell of nucleus accumbens)
MammilloBed nucleus of thalamic the stria terminalis
PREOPTIC AREA
1
White matter
11
Olfactory tubercle
Supraoptic nucleus
Optic nerve (II)
Posterior commissure
Red nucleus
Lateral tuberal nucleus
D
Secondary fissure (separates central and posterior lobes)
E
Posterolateral fissure (separates posterior and inferior lobes)
Principal olive Dorsal accessory olive
MEDULLA
Inte
Fas n u c t ig ia l leus ?
8
9
Py dec ramid uss al atio n
Culmen IV, V
De nt a
B
E
B
CEREBELLUM (LATERAL VERMIS) Declive VI
rpo sit u
INFERIOR LOBE
Nodulus X
7
A
C
POSTERIOR LOBE Uvula IX
D
N CE
Pyramis VIII
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Dorsal motor nucleus (X) Solitary nucleus? Gracile nucleus
SPINAL CORD Ventral funiculus (spinal cord)
e
Choroid plexus
Reticular formation
External germinal layer
cl
Fourth ventricle
Medial accessory olive
Accessory nucleus (XI)
Centralis III
10
E
us cle nu te ucleus sn
6
Inferior olive complex
Germinal trigone Subpial granular layer
Prepyramidal fissure (separates tuber and pyramis)
A
R LOB
Inferior cerebellar peduncle?
lear r nuc bula Vesti complex
Reticular formation
N
T
IO ER
Lingula I, II
un
Medial lemniscus
Pontine and medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma
Su pe ri
ed
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
C
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Central nucleus
ebel l a r p cer or
Thalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
Primary fissure (separates anterior and central lobes)
Inferior colliculus
PONS
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Strionuclear glioepithelium
B
Deep white layer
Locus coeruleus
Pontine gray
Pyramid (corticospinal tract)
Preculminate fissure (separates centralis and culmen)
TECTUM
Superior cerebellar peduncle
Arcuate nucleus (medulla, infiltrated by the Raphe migration)
A
Lateral lemniscus
Reticular tegmental nucleus
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Fornical glioepithelium
Central gray
Reticular formation
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Callosal glioepithelium
Deep gray layer
Substantia nigra
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Rostral migratory stream
Middle white layer
Reticular formation
Oculomotor nerve (III)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Superficial and middle gray layers
Mesencephalic nucleus (V) Parabrachial nucleus
TEGMENTUM
Optic tract
Optic nerve layer
Superior colliculus
MI DB RA IN RAIN
Interpeduncular nucleus
cle un ed lp ra reb Ce
Olfactory peduncle
Forel's fields Medial forebrain bundle
Centromedian nucleus
HYPOTHALAMUS
1
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
PERIVENTRICULAR COMPLEX
tract
Magnocellular preoptic nucleus
Orbital gyrus
Dorsomedial Pa ra nucleus ce nt ra ln uc ANTERIOR leu CENTRAL COMPLEX s COMPLEX
Fasciola cinereum
Lateral habenular nucleus
Anteroventral nucleus
Anterior commissure
Layer I Cortical plate
4
Dorsolateral nucleus DORSAL COMPLEX
Fornix (postcommissural)
Cerebellar fissures
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Stria medullaris
E
Corpus callosum (genu)
5
LOB
Lateral septal nucleus
Third ventricle
Gracile fasciculus
AL
11
3
Choroid plexus
T
C
Folium VIIa
Tuber VIIb
R
(precommissural)
A
3 Fornix
Pr et ec tu m
2
Cave of the septum
10
302
PLATE 203A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 4: Section 421
See the entire section in Plate 193.
303
PLATE 203B Stria medullaris Choroid plexus
gul um
Stria terminalis
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
1
Nucleus accumbens
Ante med ronucleial us
Fore l's fi elds?
Medial forebrain bundle
HYPOTHALAMUS
Olfactory tubercle
Layer I
Cortical plate
Lateral hypothalamic area Supraoptic nucleus
cle
us
er
eb
ra
11
Occipital lobe
um ect t e Pr
Parabigeminal nuclei (dorsal and ventral) Dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus Lateral lemniscus
l pedun c
Ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus Principal sensory nucleus (V) and nerve V bundles
le
Dentate nucleus lear lar nuc Vestibu x comple Spinal d us an nucle )
Pontine gray
PONS
Motor nucleus (VII)
Inferior olive complex
7
8
(V tra ct lar ticu n Re matio for
Superior olive complex (periolivary nuclei)
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 5 Accumbent (intermingled with the rostral migratory stream) 6 Strionuclear neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 7 Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma 8 Cerebellar glioepithelium/ependyma 9 Germinal trigone 10 External germinal layer 11 Subpial granular layer
Principal olive
MEDULLA
Floccular peduncle
Paraflocculus (HIX)
lobule (HVIIB)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
External cuneate nucleus?
Cuneate fasciculus? Spinal nucleus and tract (V)
Nerve XII? (roots)
Lateral funiculus (spinal cord) SPINAL CORD
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE) Ansiform lobule crus I (HVIIA)
Ansiform lobule crus II Paramedian (HVIIA)
Cuneate nucleus
Lateral reticular nucleus
Damaged areas in section
9
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Choroid plexus
Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium
Primary fissure
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
Rostral migratory stream
170
Anterior lobe (HI-HV)
Entorhinal cortex
Middle cerebellar peduncle
1 2 3 4
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Substantia nigra
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
11
Superior colliculus
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Parieto-occipital sulcus
Fasciola cinereum
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
TEGMENTUM
Subiculum
Orbital gyrus
nu
Pulvinar
Medial lemniscus
11
White matter
CENTRAL COMPLEX
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
SUBTHALAMUS TECTUM Subthalamic M ID BR AIN Inferior nucleus colliculus Reticular formation
C
Optic tract
1
Centromedian nucleus
l
3
2
ter na lc ap su le
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
ra
Corona radiata
BASAL GANGLIA
THALAMUS
t cen
Corpus callosum (genu)
In Anterior commissure
Mammillothalamic tract
a Par
5
ar ul s tic leu Re uc n
6
Lateral ventricle
Ventral posterolateral nucleus Ventral lateral POSTERIOR nucleus COMPLEX
Dorsomedial nucleus
Anteroventral nucleus
Corpus callosum (splenium)
VENTRAL COMPLEX
DORSAL COMPLEX
Do rs nucolater le u a l s
Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
4
C in
Cin gul ate
gyr us
Frontal lobe
10 7
304
PLATE 204A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 5: Section 381
See the entire section in Plate 194.
305
PLATE 204B Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
10
nu
N
s
E
ali
in er m
to r ie Pa Calcarine sulcus
BT
us
HA
LA
MU
S
Medial geniculate body
Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Substantia nigra
ic
al pl at e
AM C Y Baso GD lat era AL lc A o
rt
Layer I
12
Primary fissure
6 al hin to r t e x n E co r
Ventral cochlear nucleus?
ce re
Middle cerebellar peduncle
i or
PONS
u nc ped r lla be
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Nerve V (root)
Inf er
Damaged area
e lob r o i V) ter An (HI-H
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Simplex lobule (HVI)
le
Ansiform lobule crus I (HVIIA)
Dentate nucleus
Superior vestibular nucleus
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess) Floccular peduncle
erebellar tracts?
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
13
re b
n oc Spi
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
White matter
Co
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Occipital lobe
Zona incerta
lar rebel ior ce Infer peduncle
Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium
s yrurea) g e at l a gul lenia us n i p u lc C ros al s t t i c ip (re -oc
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
le
Callosal glioepithelium
m ulu
uc
Ce
Optic tract
ng
m p
(a nt er io r
ule
V
ln
ps
tra
ca
cen
Int ern al
P ara
Frontal stratified transitional field
Subpial granular layer
Centromedian Ventral nucleus posteromedial nucleus
Ci
us yr g ral p e d c l e al un mp plex a m o oc lc ipp dia e h x Subiculum le ra om Pa tic or 7 VENTRAL 8 HIPPOCAMPUS
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
External germinal layer
SU
Subthalamic nucleus
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Strionuclear glioepithelium
leus
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
l n uc
Medullary lamina
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
6
tera
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
le
Primary olfactory cortex
13
1 2 3 4 5
r
psu
Nucleus accumbens
Lateral olfactory tract
Orbital gyrus
eti cu la
a
Pulvinar
CENTRAL COMPLEX
Diagonal band of Broca (horizontal limb)
Olfactory tubercle
3
rn
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
THALAMUS
) us cle
1
Anterior commissure
(R
Ventral lateral nucleus
ca
2
Globus pallidus (external segment)
T
l
1
BASAL GANGLIA
te
nu
Caudate (head)
In
Ventral Anterior nucleus L
4
b) lim
AL
BE
9
t
R E TI C U L A R
S
ia tr
T
R
COMPLEX
l la
10
Induseum griseum?
Fornix
AL R S EX DOMPL teral a CO Dorsolcleus
11
4
PO CO ST M ERI PL O EX R
Lateral ventricle
5
Choroid plexus
a ntr Ce
Co
rp us ca llo su m
4
Choroid plexus
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
Ansiform lobule crus II (HVIIA)
Paramedian lobule (HVIIB)
12
306
PLATE 205A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 6: Section 361
See the entire section in Plate 195.
307
PLATE 205B Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream (source area) 2 Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 3 Frontal stratified transitional field 4 Callosal glioepithelium 5 Fornical glioepithelium neuroepithelium and 6 Occipital subventricular zone 7 Occipital stratified transitional field 13
Choroid plexus
p
pa lg yr us
N
POS TER COM I PLEOR X
en t
r al Medial l at era cl ln geniculate eu ucl e Subus body s) thalamic nucleus
C e re b r a l p
cl edu n
e
Calcarine sulcus
Ammon's horn
9
16
15
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
En
to
na rh i
l co
r te
x
Nerv eV( root)
l tra
Subpial granular layer
ca
l
pl
at
White matter
7
e
Primary fissure
Simplex lobule (HVI)
e lob r o i V) ter An (HI-H Middle cerebellar peduncle
n Ve
16
ti
Subiculum
co
c hl
ear
nucle
Dorsal cochlear nucleus us
Strionuclear glioepithelium External germinal layer
6
10
8 Damaged area
Occipital lobe
Layer I
lex Lateral ventricle
AM om YG Baso DA lat e ra l c LA om
Co rt ic
E
r ia ter m Posterior lim ina b li s
St
le ( an ter ior lim b) p su
l ca
(C
Subiculum
or
ter na
nu
s m ru ea) lu y u g s ar ng e lcu Ci a t n ia l su l l a u e it ng pl cip oc Ci tros o et (re Pari
Ammon's horn
C
In
r
X
E
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
la
PL
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
u
Dentate gyrus
Subgranular zone Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Ventral postero- Suprageniculate nucleus medial nucleus
M CO
Amygdalohippocampal area Optic tract
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium
ic
Corpus callosum (splenium)
Dentate gyrus
Pulvinar
THALAMUS
AL
11
R
Fornix
COMPLEX
AL
TR
x ple om c l
T
4
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Ventral medial nucleus
CEN
y tor fac ercle SUBSTANTIA l O ub t INNOMINATA
et
u l e p s
Medullary lamina Basal nucleus of Meynert
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(
16
T ca
Primary olfactory cortex
L
Anterior commissure
ia ed
Orbital gyrus
8
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Lateral olfactory tract
3
l
R
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Nucleus accumbens
a
E
1
t e r n
Ventral Anterior nucleus
B
2
Ventral lateral nucleus
Ventral Anterior nucleus
R
BASAL GANGLIA
1
Stem cells of the choroid plexus? Ventral posterolateral nucleus
V
RETICU L A
I n
Caudate (head)
L DORSAEX L l P M O C tera Dorsola s nucleu
12
Lateral ventricle
5
Pa ra hip po ca m
13
14
4
Co rpu s ca llos um
4
Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
fe In
r io
Ansiform lobule crus I (HVIIA)
peduncle llar e b ere Dentate nucleus rc
Flocculus (HX)
Choroid plexus
Paraflocculus (HIX)
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Ansiform lobule crus II (HVIIA) Paramedian lobule (HVIIB)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
15
308
PLATE 206A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 7: Section 341
See the entire section in Plate 196.
309
PLATE 206B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Corpus ca llosum
Choroid plexus
Fimbria
Fornix Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
Dentate gyrus
(ant erio r lim b)
N E
u
Suprageniculate nucleus
Medullary lamina Ansa lenticularis
e re
bral p e d
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
AM YG DA LA l a o t s e r al a
mp
Lateral ventricle
Frontal stratified transitional field
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Damaged area
sul cus
Occipital stratified transitional field
Occipital lobe
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Layer I
C
White matter or
tic
al
pla
te
Subpial granular layer
Temporal lobe
External germinal layer
CEREBELLUM (HEMISPHERE)
Primary fissure
Ammon's horn
Ansiform lobule crus I (HVIIA)
Simplex lobule (HVI)
Subgranular zone
A
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Frontal lobe Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subgranular zone
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
B
Lateral olfactory tract
le x
Primary olfactory cortex
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
u
Subiculum
Co
comp lex
Olfactory tubercle
rticomedi al c o
Orbital gyrus
C Optic tract
Basal nucleus of Meynert
Lateral migratory stream
Medial geniculate body
l
al c
ern
Int
Nucleus accumbens
Auditory radiation?
le
Int .
ule
ps
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
s)
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Anterior commissure
a ps
ca
le u
THALAMUS
e
Globus pallidus (external segment)
uc
rn
BASAL GANGLIA
Caudate (head)
BE LT (R eti In t e cu rn al
la
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Ventral medial nucleus
Ventral Anterior nucleus
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Ca lca rin e
nc
AR
R
V
UL
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
AL
Ammon's horn
Pulvinar
COMPLEX
IOR TER POS MPLEX CO
RET IC
St r ia t psule (posterior erm ca lim ina b) lis
Ventral lateral nucleus
T
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Par ahi ppo cam pal gyr us
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Corpus callosum (splenium)
pit al su lcu s
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Fornical glioepithelium Lateral ventricle
(re Cing tro ul sp ate len gy ial ru Pa rie ar s toea oc ) ci
Callosal glioepithelium
b lo ) r io HV r te I n (H
Dentate nucleus
e
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
le e nc dl u id ped M ar ell Flocculus eb r (HX) ce
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Alvear glioepithelium
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Choroid plexus
Ansiform lobule crus II (HVIIA)
Paramedian lobule (HVIIB) Biventral lobule (HVIII)
External germinal layer
310
PLATE 207A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 8: Section 321
See the entire section in Plate 197.
311
PLATE 207B Paracentral stratified transitional field
Frontal stratified transitional field
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Co
Corona radiata
rpu s ca llos um
Lateral ventricle Callosal glioepithelium
Frontal lobe
Anteromedial/posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Ventral striatum
Lateral olfactory tract
AM
Subpial granular layer
x
com pl e
Orbital gyrus
r al
Primary olfactory cortex
Basol a te
e
DA LA
plat
L
A
TR VEN
O p tic
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependuma
Lateral ventricle
Pulvinar
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Pulvinar
Lateral geniculate body
Medial geniculate body?
Ammon's horn
Alvear glioepithelium
Ammon's horn
Dentate gyrus
DORSAL HIPPOCAMPUS Subiculum
t ac c tr i t Subiculum Op
VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS
Dentate gyrus
Fimbria
Subgranular zone
tract
Central nucleus
Co
YG
cal
An sa len ticu lar is SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA
Basal nucleus of Meynert
White matter
rti
Cerebral peduncle
Fornical glioepithelium Fornix
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Auditory and visual radiations?
Globus pallidus (internal segment)
Anterior commissure
Choroid plexus
Pa ra hi pp oc am pa lg yr us
le su
ap
lc na
er nt
Putamen
rticomedi al c o m ple x
Co
Medullary lamina
Ste cho m cell roid s of ple the xus ?
lim (an ter ior
e
Layer I
Ventral medial nucleus
Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
LEX
THALAMUS
s) leu nuc
ul
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Lateral migratory stream
Orbital gyrus
l ar
ps
I
tic u
BASAL GANGLIA
C
P OM
Strionuclear glioepithelium
IOR TER POS MPLEX CO
(R e
b)
ca
Frontal lobe
al
Frontal stratified transitional field
Ventral lateral nucleus
T BEL
rn
Corona radiata
is minal Reticular nucleus a ter S t ri mb) ior li s ter (po
te
Caudate (head) Rostral migratory stream (source area)
In
Damaged area
le psu ca l a rn
In te
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Caudate (body)
L AR ICU RET
m iu el h it ep ne o ur zo ne lar l a u at ic tri entr s al v er sub t a ol nd er a t An
Temporal lobe
Subgranular zone
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
312
PLATE 208A
GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 9: Section 261
See the entire section in Plate 198.
313
PLATE 208B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Parietal stratified transitional field Paracentral stratified transitional field
Frontal stratified transitional field
Parietal lobe
Frontal lobe
Corona radiata
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Corona radiata
n al
cap
s ul
e(
Lateral migratory stream
Lateral migratory stream
a te
fa s
cic
Globus pallidus (external segment)
Ventral striatum u lu
s
o mary lfac Pri ac olf al r e t
y cortex tor
Subpial granular layer
c in
tory tr
La
Un
LA A D
AM
YG
Lateral nucleus
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
SUBSTANTIA INNOMINATA le u s l nuc t BasaMeyner of
Central nucleus
m Ste
a Ans t S tr ia
le n ti
erm
c u la
in a li
r is
s
Choroid plexus
Pulvinar
Stratum oriens Fimbria
Dentate gyrus
geniculate body
? us us lex Fimbria p lex d p i o id or o h r o ec Ch f th CA3 o lls ce
Lateral ventricle
Stem cells of the choroid plexus?
CA3 OR I R EX TE PL S PO OM HIPPOCAMPUS C Lateral
e
Orbital gyrus
Endopiriform nucleus
Au dit o ra ry a RET dia nd ICUL tio vi AR ns su ? al
e
at
Strionuclear glioepithelium
THALAMUS
sul
pl
A com nteri mis or sur e
cal
t ac
Corti
Ex ter na lc ap Cl sule au str um
ticular nucleus) (Re T L BE
Lateral ventricle
Stria terminalis
Interna l ca p
White matter
Caudate (tail)
BASAL GANGLIA Putamen
Layer I
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
b)
Putamen Corona radiata
po ste rio
im rl
r I n te
cap
s ul
Inter n al
b) r lim o i r nte e (a
CA1
Pyramidal layer Stratum radiatum Stratum lacunosummoleculare
Alvear glioepithelium
Molecular layer Granular layer
Subgranular zone Hilus
Lateral ventricle
CA1
Ammon's horn Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal stratified transitional field
314
PLATE 209A GW26 Sagittal CR 225 mm Y147-63 Level 10: Section 221
See the entire section in Plate 199.
315
PLATE 209B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Corona radiata
Insular gyrus
Insular gyrus
Frontal lobe
Claustrum Damaged areas
Claustrum Orbital gyrus
) tream ory s t m a r u g r i st Claue lateral m th y b d te External capsule filtra on in (regi
Lateral migratory stream
Lateral fissure
Insular gyrus
co r t e x
t
tory
ra c
ar im
Pr
do n u p ir if c le o r m us
yo
lfac
cto ry t lf a
lo
Lat a er
Putamen
Uncinate fasciculus
re ssu
ior
er nt
i mm
co
A
Lateral nucleus?
Lateral migratory stream
M A
LA A D G Y
Central nucleus
e Int
Ventral striatum
C
or
at
e
Layer I
capsule
Choroid plexus
Strionuclear glioepithelium Fimbria
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
sub ven tr
Temporal lobe Subpial granular layer
Choroid plexus
Fimbrial glioepithelium
Lateral ventricle
ic u la Tem r zone por al str ati fie
ti
pl
rnal
lis ermina Stria t
s rminali Stria te
White matter
l
Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal n euroepi thelium and
Damaged area
ca
Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
BASAL GANGLIA
En
Subpial granular layer
Parietal stratified transitional field
d tr
a ns
Lateral ventricle
iti o n
a l fi
e ld
316
PLATE 210 GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM, ANTERIOR LOBE, LINGULA
See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
Granule cells (settled)
Lingula Layer of settled granule cells (contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Layer of settled Purkinje cells
Medullary layer (contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia) Purkinje cell (migrating)
Settling basket and stellate cells?
Purkinje cells (settled)
Granule cells (migrating)
Molecular layer
(contains migrating granule cells and settling basket and stellate cells)
Granule cells (migrating)
External germinal layer (premigratory zone) External germinal layer (proliferative zone)
External germinal layer
317
PLATE 211 GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM, ANTERIOR LOBE, CULMEN
See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
Culmen
Granule cells (settled)
Granule cells (migrating)
Purkinje cell (migrating) Settling basket and stellate cells? Medullary layer (contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Layer of settled granule cells (contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Purkinje cells (settled) Granule cells (migrating)
Purkinje cell (migrating)
Layer of settled Purkinje cells Molecular layer
(contains migrating granule cells and settling basket and stellate cells)
External germinal layer
External germinal layer (premigratory zone) External germinal layer (proliferative zone)
Granule cells (settled)
318
PLATE 212 Declive
GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM, CENTRAL LOBE, DECLIVE
See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
Medullary layer
(contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Layer of settled granule cells
(contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Layer of settled Purkinje cells Molecular layer
(contains migrating granule cells and settling basket and stellate cells)
External germinal layer
Purkinje cell (migrating)
Granule cells (migrating)
Settling basket and stellate cells?
Purkinje cells (settled) Granule cells (settled) Purkinje cell (migrating)
319
PLATE 213 See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM, POSTERIOR LOBE, UVULA Purkinje cell (migrating)
External germinal layer (proliferative zone) External germinal layer (premigratory zone) Medullary layer
Uvula Molecular layer
(contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Purkinje cell layer absent
(contains migrating granule cells and settling basket and stellate cells)
Granule cells (migrating)
Purkinje cell (migrating)
External germinal layer
Settling basket and stellate cells?
Layer of settled Purkinje cells (fragmented) Purkinje cells (settled)
Granule cells (settled)
Layer of settled granule cells (contains migrating Purkinje cells and glia)
Purkinje cell (migrating)
320
PLATE 214 See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM, INFERIOR LOBE, NODULUS External germinal layer (proliferative zone)
Nodulus Purkinje cells?
External germinal layer (premigratory zone)
(large group migrating in the medullary layer)
Purkinje cells (migrating)
Purkinje cells (settled)
Granule cells (migrating)
Granule cells (settled)
Medullary layer (migrating cells aligned with fibers) Layer of settled granule cells Layer of settled Purkinje cells Molecular layer External germinal layer
Settling basket and stellate cells?
321
PLATE 215 GW26 Sagittal, CR 225 mm, Y147-63 Level 2: Section 481 CEREBELLUM Germinal Trigone
See the entire section in Plate 191 and a medium magnification view in Plates 201A and B.
1 Germinal trigone (at base of the Nodulus)
Source of the external germinal layer earlier in development
Dense cell clusters that may be premigratory cohorts of glia and Purkinje cells
2 Germinal source of the choroid plexus
Remnant of the cerebellar neuroepithelium
3
322
PART PART IX: IX:
GW26 GW26 HORIZONTAL HORIZONTAL
Su p
ior er
TE
s ulc u
Postcentra ls
gyru s
n t r al
sulcu s
Postc e
Centr al
e n tra
Prec
fro nt rio r pe
M id d fr l
Su
NTAL LOB FRO E
Insular gyrus
La
l t e ra
re fissu
us l gyr a r o p tem
M i d d le a n d i n f e r
ior
yri oral g p m te
ITAL LO CIP BE OC
The approximate cutting plane of this brain is indicated in Figure 13 (facing page) with lines superimposed on the GW26 brain from the Larroche (1967) series. The anterior part of each section (on the left) is dorsal to the posterior part (on the right). As in all other specimens, the sections chosen for illustration are more closely spaced to show small structures in the diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla. Illustrated sections are spaced farther apart when they contain only large brain structures, such as the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Photographs of 17 different Nissl-stained sections (Levels 1-17) are shown at low magnification in Plates 216-229. The core of the brain and the cerebellum are shown at high magnification in companion Plates 230AB-244AB for Levels 3-17.
Orbital gyri
l and a argina ng m a r Sup
al occipital gyri t er La
This specimen is case number W-16-59 (Perinatal RPSL) in the Yakovlev Collection, a premature stillborn female infant. The brain is classified as a Normative Control in the Yakovlev Collection (Haleem, 1990). It was cut in the horizontal plane in 35-µm and 15-µm thick sections. Since there is no available photograph of this brain before it was embedded and cut, the photograph of the lateral view of another GW26 brain that Larroche published in 1967 (Figure 12) is similar to the features of the brain in Y16-59.
lobule
r gyri ula
rior e f in nd gyri a e ta l on
PARIET AL LO Superior B parietal
E
s ru y g al
l gyru s
TRAL N E C PARA BULE LO
M P ORAL LOB E Pons
Cerebellar hemisphere
Medulla
Figure 12. Lateral view of a GW26 brain with major structures in the cerebral hemispheres labeled. (From the photographic series of: J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 254.)
323
GW26 HORIZONTAL SECTION PLANES 1 2
EL N
UM
BER
3 4 5
6 7
240
LEV
8 9 10 11
340 400
12 13 14 15 16 17
NUM BER
460 520 560
SEC TIO N
620 660 700 740 780 820 860 880 900 940 960
Figure 13. Lateral view of the same GW30 brain shown in Figure 12 with the approximate locations and cutting angle of the sections of Y16-59. (From the photographic series of: J. C. Larroche (1967) Maturation morphologique du système nerveux central: ses rapports avec le développement pondéral du foetus et son age gestationnel. In: Regional Development of the Brain in Early Life, A. Minkowski (ed.), London: Blackwell, page 254.)
Y16-59 contains more prominent immature structures than in the older specimens. A densely staining and more thick neuroepithelium/ subventricular zone (than the GW30 horizontal specimen) is generating neocortical interneurons and glia in all lobes of the cerebral cortex. The same thickness variations between the occipital and other lobes of the cerebral cortex are still there, however. Remnants of migrating and sojourning neurons and/or glia are visible in all lobes of the cerebral cortex as stratified transitional fields. Many neurons, glia, and their mitotic precursor cells are still migrating through the olfactory peduncle toward the olfactory bulb (rostral migratory stream) from a presumed source area in the germinal matrix at the junction between the cerebral cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens. Within the cerebral cortex, definite streams of neurons and glia are in the lateral migratory stream that percolates through the claustrum, endopiriform nucleus, external capsule, and uncinate fasciculus. These cells appear to be heading toward the insular cortex, primary olfactory cortex, temporal cortex, and basolateral parts of the amygdaloid complex. In the basal ganglia, there is a thick neuroepithelium/subventricular zone overlying the striatum and nucleus accumbens where neurons are being generated; at least three subdivisions (anteromedial, anterolateral, and posterior) can be distinguished in the striatal part. Another region of active neurogenesis in the telencephalon is the subgranular zone in the hilus of the dentate gyrus that is the source of granule cells. Other structures in the telencephalon, such as the septum, fornix, and Ammon’s horn part of the hippocampus, have only a thin, darkly staining layer at the ventricle, and these are presumed to be generating glia, cells of the choroid plexus, and the ependymal lining of the ventricle. Most of the structures in the diencephalon appear to be settled and are maturing, but the third ventricle is lined by a more densely staining glioepithelium/ependyma than in the older specimens. A convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain that continues into the anterior fourth ventricle. A smooth glioepithelium/ ependyma lines the fourth ventricle through the remainder of the pons. A convoluted glioepithelium/ependyma lines the floor of the fourth ventricle through much of the medulla. The external germinal layer is prominent over the entire surface of the cerebellar cortex and is actively producing basket, stellate, and granule cells. The cerebellar cortex itself shows less definition between hemispheric lobules. The germinal trigone is at the base of the nodulus and along the floccular peduncle; choroid plexus cells and glia may still be originating here. In the lower medulla and spinal cord, this specimen is remarkable for showing dense myelination gliosis in the cuneate fasciculus.
324
PLATE 216
Postcentral gyrus
Central sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus Angular gyrus
Precentral gyrus Middle frontal gyrus
Pa
b u le
1 2 3 4
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 5 Parietal stratified transitional field Frontal stratified transitional field 6 Paracentral neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Callosal glioepithelium, neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, 7 Paracentral stratified transitional field and stratified transitional field of the cingulate cortex Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 8 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
ra
Par ieta l
lo
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 1: Section 240
c e n t ral
7 Frontal lobe
6 3
C i n g u l a t e Superior frontal gyrus
8
5
5
2
1
lo b e
g y r u s Precuneus
Interhemispheric fissure
3
Superior parietal lobule
Corpus callosum
Lateral ventricle
2
1
6 7
Choroid plexus
4 5 White matter Cortical plate Layer I
325
PLATE 217 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Supramarginal gyrus
Postcentral sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Angular gyrus
Central sulcus Precentral gyrus
b u le
Pa
ra
c e n t ral
Internal capsule
Th
ntr ic
le
e m (g
osu
Fornix
all
sc
Co
1
u rp
3 8
us
Hippocampal commissure?
Fornix
9
10
Caudate
Thalamus Putam
en
iu
le n
Interhemispheric fissure
m
Fornix
4
n
u)
Cingulate gyrus
a la
Ch
a
Lat era l ve
Basal ganglia
sp ll o u m ( s
11
Frontal lobe
Pa rie tal
Insular gyrus
lo
Superior and middle frontal gyri
Lateral fissure
sc
7 8 9 10 11
id oro
rpu
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Fornical glioepithelium Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field
Stria terminalis
Superior parietal lobule
lob e
us
gyr
Interhemispheric fissure m
Precuneus
)
La te ra lv en tr icl e
3
Choroid plexus
7
External capsule Claustrum
late
gu Cin
2
Internal capsule (anterior limb)
xus ple
Co
1 2 3 4 5 6
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 2: Section 340
6
Internal capsule (posterior limb)
5
6
icle entr ral v Late
5 Layer I
White matter Cortical plate
326
PLATE 218 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Callosal glioepithelium Callosal sling Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Occipital stratified transitional field Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parietal stratified transitional field Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Postcentral sulcus
Supramarginal gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Angular gyrus
Central sulcus
Pa
c e n t ral
)
nu
Interhemispheric fissure
12
13
2
Internal capsule (anterior limb) External capsule Claustrum Stria terminalis
Dorsal complex Anterior complex
Re
Ventral t ic ula complex rb e lt Bas al g ang lia
11
pus Hippocam
Cingulum
14
5
Co
1
Choroid plexus
Fornix
Posterior complex
3
4
Septum
ip
c
s
us
tal l o
Late ral v entr icle
Choroid plexus
Oc
g yru
Th
Par ie
b
Cin Retr gulate gy osple nial arus rea
ulate
ve nt ric le
m ala
lim
nium) call o s u m (sple
Cing
men caps al ern I nt
P u ta
An ter ior lim C au b dat e
e ul
r r io ste Po
rpu s
La ter al
In s
yrus ular g
Co
Frontal lobe
ra
Superior parietal lobule?
Lateral fissure
lo
Superior and middle frontal gyri
b u le
Precentral gyrus
a ll o s u m ( g e
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
us c
See detail of brain core in Plates 230A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
rp
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 3: Section 400
15
it a
l lobe
Interhemispheric fissure
Occipital lobe
6
be
8
7
9 10 White matter Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Layer I
Cortical plate
327
PLATE 219 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See detail of brain core in Plates 231A and B.
Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Strionuclear glioepithelium Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Superior temporal gyrus
Lateral fissure Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus Precentral gyrus Superior and middle frontal gyri ra b c e n t ral l o e
16
1
13
2
14
Dorsal complex nt ra Ve x lc n o m ple R tral et icu com lar ple be x lt
Ba sal ga ng lia
pus
Cingulum
C
15
Anterior complex
am
Septum
Fornix
Occipital lobe
Occipital Third ventricle Retrosplenial gyri cortex Interhemispheric fissure Choroid plexus Habenula Parahippocampal gyrus
Ce
3
us am l a Th
Choroid plexus
Parie tal lo be
poc
4
lim b
n u am e ps us s l ca b o u a Gl llid ern pa Int
b Hip
Interhemispheric fissure
Put
im rl r io te s Po
Posterior complex
Cingulate gyrus
Cau dat e ve nt ric le
gyrus Insular le
Pa
Frontal lobe
La ter al
An ter ior
Angular gyrus
be oral lo Temp
ul
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
nu
Occipital stratified transitional field
Subgranular zone (dentate)
(ge
Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Alvear glioepithelium
c a ll o s u m
Callosal glioepithelium
Temporal stratified transitional field
p us
Frontal stratified transitional field
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
or
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 4: Section 460
10 11
Internal capsule (anterior limb) External capsule Claustrum Stria terminalis Internal capsule (posterior limb)
6
5 8
12 9
7 e L at
ral
le tr ic ven
White matter Cortical plate Layer I
328
PLATE 220
Superior temporal gyrus Lateral fissure
Middle temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe lim b
Choroid plexus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Po ste r io r
Insular gyrus
Hippocampus
Late ral v entr icle
Middle frontal gyrus
Cingulate gyrus Corpus callosum (genu)
Interhemispheric fissure
3
1
Septum
14 15 16
Cerebral aqueduct
Periventricular complex Central complex
ex pl om lc ra b e l t nt Ve ular tic
Cingulum
Bed nuc. of the stria terminalis
Fornix
Re
4
e
r rio x ste ple Po om c
a gli Parahipen n m a pocampal a t Pu g gyrus l An ter asa ior La s B l ter i u m Ca b m al ud ve ate ala Midbrain nt h ric tectum Third ventricle T l
Frontal lobe
le
See detail of brain core in Plates 232A and B.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 9 Temporal stratified transitional field 10 Alvear glioepithelium Frontal stratified transitional field 11 Subgranular zone (dentate) Callosal glioepithelium 12 Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Fornical glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular 13 Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone zone, and stratified transitional field 14 Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 15 Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Occipital stratified transitional field 16 Strionuclear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone 17 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
G p a lo b lli us du In s te rn al ca ps u
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 5: Section 520
2
10 11
7 6
Occipital lobe
Interhemispheric fissure
Posterior commissure Superior colliculus
5
12
17
Internal capsule (anterior limb)
Layer I
13
External capsule Claustrum Stria terminalis Internal capsule (posterior limb)
8
9
Cortical plate White matter
329
PLATE 221 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields
Anterolateral striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Anteromedial striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
See detail of brain core in Plates 233A and B.
Strionuclear glioepithelium Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Middle temporal gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus Lateral fissure
Bed nuc. of the stria terminalis
r gyru
Putam
Co An rp te us Ca rior l ca im ud llo b ate su m (ro Subcall str osal are um a )
s
en
Ba
a lg
Choroid plexus Lateral ventricle
pallidus
Hippocampus
Zona incerta
Tectum
Anterior commissure
un ed lp
Superior colliculus
Subthalamic nucleus
16
5
10 9
cl e
3
Interhemispheric fissure
Cerebral aqueduct
ra
14 15
Occipital lobe
Midbrain
Forel's fields
reb
2 1 13
6
Third ventricle
Fornix
4
6
Parahippocampal gyrus
Ce
Lateral ventricle
n
a g li
sa Globus
Septum
Interhemispheric fissure
Post e r io r lim
Insula
Frontal lobe
s mu ala Th
Middle frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe b
Inferior frontal gyrus
lc ap la m s u l e us
Temporal stratified transitional field
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
rn a
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream (cortical)
ha
Callosal glioepithelium Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Occipital stratified transitional field
Subgranular zone (dentate)
te
Frontal stratified transitional field
Alvear glioepithelium
bt
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
In
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Su
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 6: Section 560
11 Internal capsule (anterior limb)
Layer I
12
External capsule Claustrum Stria terminalis Internal capsule (posterior limb)
7
8 White matter
Cortical plate
330
PLATE 222
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 234A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Rostral migratory stream (source area) Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium Subgranular zone (dentate)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Accumbent neuroepithelium (intermingled with the rostral migratory stream) Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Superior temporal gyrus Lateral fissure
Middle and inferior temporal gyri
Temporal lobe
Inferior frontal gyrus
Choroid plexus
rus
r gy
ula Ins
Frontal lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
Basal ganglia
C au date Corp us ca accNucle llosum um us (rostr ben um ) s Subcallosal area
Middle frontal gyrus
12
Interhemispheric fissure
2
1 11
Lateral ventricle
Hippocampus
Ante rior Puta com me Su mi n ssu inn bsta re om ntia ina er ta eb r al Su p bt ha edu lam n c us l e
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 7: Section 620
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Midbrain
C Tegmentum Central Tectum Preoptic gray area Hypothalamus Inferior Red Third ventricle nucleus colliculus Cerebral aqueduct Subthalamic nucleus Optic tract
13
Lateral lemniscus
8 7
4
3 9 Internal capsule (anterior limb) External capsule Claustrum Stria terminalis Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Cerebellum (vermis)
10
5
6
14
15 Layer I Cortical plate White matter
331
PLATE 223 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields Rostral migratory stream Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 235A and B.
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Middle and inferior temporal gyri
Temporal lobe
Lateral fissure Insular gyrus Orbital gyrus
Subcallosal area
11
Interhemispheric fissure
3
2
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Optic tract
Parahippocampal gyrus
Tegmentum
Tectum Central gray
Substantia nigra Amygdala
10
12
Red nucleus Inferior Cerebral aqueduct colliculus
Third ventricle
9
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Midbrain
Hypothalamus
1
Lateral ventricle
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Frontal lobe
tia Substan ata innomin
Middle frontal gyrus
Anterior commissure N accuucleus mben s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 8: Section 660
Cerebral peduncle
8 7
9
4
Cerebellum (vermis)
Lateral lemniscus
14
13 Layer I
6 5
13
Cortical plate White matter
332
PLATE 224 GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 9: Section 700
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 236A and B.
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rostral migratory stream Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Frontal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field Alvear glioepithelium
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Middle and inferior temporal gyri
Lateral fissure Lateral ventricle
Orbital gyrus Hippocampus
Gyrus rectus
Frontal lobe
Amygdala Optic tract
Subcallosal area
3
2
Olfactory tubercle Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
7
10 9 6 14
Cerebellum (vermis)
Cerebral aqueduct
Amygdala
Cerebral peduncle
8
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Tectum
Midbrain
Substantia nigra
1
Lateral lemniscus
Tegmentum
Hypothalamus
11
Interhemispheric fissure
Parahippocampal gyrus
Temporal lobe
4
12
Cerebellum (deep nuclei)
13 Layer I Cortical plate
5
13
White matter
333
PLATE 225 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1
Rostral migratory stream
2
Frontal stratified transitional field
3
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
4
Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
5
Temporal stratified transitional field
6
Alvear glioepithelium
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 10: Section 740
Subgranular zone (dentate) Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 237A and B.
Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Middle and inferior temporal gyri
Temporal lobe Lateral ventricle
Lateral fissure a gdal Amy
Frontal lobe
Orbital gyrus
2
10
1
13 Primary olfactory cortex (piriform) Damaged area
Fourth ventricle
Substantia nigra
6
9 8
Pons
Midbrain
Tegmentum Hypothalamus
Cerebral peduncle
7
3
Locus coeruleus
Cerebellum (vermis)
11
Superior cerebellar peduncle
4 Layer I
5
Cortical plate White matter
12
m ) llu lei be c re nu Ce eep (d
Olfactory peduncle
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Parahippocampal gyrus Trochlear nucleus (IV)
Optic tract
Gyrus rectus Interhemispheric fissure
Hippocampus
12
334
PLATE 226 GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 11: Section 780
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1
Rostral migratory stream
2 3
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
4
Alvear glioepithelium
5 6 7 8 9
Lateral migratory stream (cortical) Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Pontine glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 238A and B.
Inferior temporal gyrus
Temporal lobe Lateral ventricle
Damaged area
Amy
5
Orbital gyrus
Frontal lobe
gdala
Lateral fissure
Olfactory peduncle
Pontine gray Interpeduncular nuc.
1
Hypothalamus
Pons
Abcucens nucleus (VI)
Cerebral peduncle
4
6 Damaged area
lum ) bel uclei e r Ce ep n (de
3
2
9
Fourth ventricle
Interhemispheric fissure
Locus coeruleus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Optic chiasm
Gyrus rectus
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Trigeminal nuclei (V)
7 Superior cerebellar peduncle
Layer I White matter
Cerebellum (vermis)
Cortical plate
8 Inferior cerebellar peduncle
335
PLATE 227 GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 12: Section 820
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1
Rostral migratory stream
2
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
3
4 5 6 7
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma External germinal layer (cerebellar) Subpial granular layer (cortical)
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 239A and B.
Cortical plate White matter Inferior temporal gyrus Layer I Trigeminal nuclei (V) Vestibular nuclear complex
Temporal lobe
Damaged area
3 Lateral fissure Orbital gyrus
Frontal lobe
4
1
Ento
h in
r
Optic nerve
5
Hypothalamus
Lateral funiculus
Cerebellum (vermis)
Spinal cord
Medulla al c
e ort x
Damaged area
Fourth ventricle
Pons
Interhemispheric fissure Olfactory peduncle
Cuneate fasciculus
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
2
Pontine gray
Gyrus rectus
Gracile fasciculus
7
6 Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract
336
PLATE 228 GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59
Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Rostral migratory stream 3 External germinal layer (cerebellar) 5 Dorsal funicular myelination gliosis 2 Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma 4 Subpial granular layer (cortical)
Level 13: Section 860 See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 240A and B.
Inferior temporal gyrus Cortical plate
Nerve V (root) Superior olive complex
White matter
Vestibular nuclear complex
Temporal lobe
Gracile fasciculus
4
Layer I
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Olfactory peduncle
Pons
1
Pontine gray
2
Fourth ventricle
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Cuneate fasciculus Lateral corticospinal tract
5 Medulla Spinal cord
4
3 Inferior cerebellar peduncle Entorhinal cortex
Cochlear nuclei Middle cerebellar peduncle
Level 14: Section 880
See detail of brain core and cerebellum in Plates 241A and B.
Inferior temporal gyrus
Middle cerebellar peduncle Cochlear nuclei Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Temporal lobe
Cuneate nucleus Cuneate fasciculus
4
Gracile fasciculus Lissauer's tract Lateral corticospinal tract
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Medulla
Pontine gray
4
Fourth ventricle
Pons
2
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Layer I Superior olive complex
Ventral corticospinal tract
5 3
Spinal cord
337
PLATE 229 Remnants of the germinal matrix, migratory streams, and transitional fields 1 Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma 3 Subpial granular layer (cortical) 5 Ventral funicular myelination gliosis 2 External germinal layer (cerebellar) 4 Dorsal funicular myelination gliosis
GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59
Level 15: Section 900 Inferior temporal gyrus
See higher magnification view in Plates 242A and B.
Temporal lobe Cortical plate (Layers II-III)
Superior olive complex Motor nucleus (VII)
Layer I
3
2
Cerebellum (hemisphere)
Nerve V
Central canal (medulla)
4
Medulla
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Spinal cord Central canal (spinal cord)
Pons
Ventral corticospinal tract
5
1
Pontine gray Inferior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Cochlear nuclei
2
Lateral corticospinal tract Cuneate fasciculus Spinocerebellar tracts Gracile fasciculus Spinal tract (V)
Level 16: Section 940
See higher magnification view in Plates 243A and B. 2
Cerebellum (hemisphere) Choroid plexus
Pons
Medulla
Transpontine corticofugal tract
Spinal cord
5
Pontine gray Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior olive complex
Ventral corticospinal tract
Pyramidal decussation Spinocerebellar tracts Raphe nuclear complex Lateral reticular nucleus
Level 17: Section 960
See higher magnification view in Plates 244A and B. Pons Pons Pontine gray Corticospinal tract Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior olive complex
Medulla
Spinal cord Pyramidal decussation
5
Raphe nuclear complex
338
PLATE 230A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 3: Section 400
See the entire section in Plate 218.
339
PLATE 230B Caudate (tail)
Lateral fissure
gyrus Insular
Choroid plexus
b
Frontal lobe
)
SEPTUM
C o rp
PL
M
O
en tr a
ll
Ventral anterior nucleus
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Fasciola cinereum?
Dorsomedial nucleus
a te
ral
nucl e u s
Ventral lateral nucleus R et
ic u
l ar
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
nuc leu s
Ventral posterolateral nucleus
Subiculum
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field
Pulvinar
Occipital stratified transitional field
Occipital neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Dentate gyrus
Ammon's horn
Glioepithelium
Alvear glioepithelium
la te
Layer I
Band of Gennari (striate cortex)
Induseum griseum
C
Anteroventral nucleus
Striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
R LA
Occipital lobe
laris Stria medul
Anterodorsal nucleus
Anteromedial
x rni Fo
C
Frontal stratified transitional field
al p
Fimbria
CENTRAL COM PL EX
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
C o r tic
THALAMUS
ium)
Cave of the septum
Anterolateral
White matter
L
p u s c a l l o s u m ( s p le n
u s c a ll o s u m
EX PL M C CO AL R NT VE
U
HIPPOCAMPUS
CU P E R I V EN T R I Subfornical organ? Choroid plexus (in roof of third ventricle)
Lateral septal nucleus Fornix
Fornical glioepithelium Callosal glioepithelium
Stria terminalis
Glioepithelium
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Glioepithelium ix rn Fo
Callosal sling
A
E
Lateral ventricle
Fimbria/fornix
LT
DORSAL COMPLEX
um
Induseum griseum
I
Stria terminalis
Lateral ventricle
Cingulate gyrus
r
c
B
R
r
EX
(h e a d
n
te
l na
E
A
I
B
L
u
le
rio
C or
gul
d a te
r li mb
SA
s ap
ste Po
Cingulate gyrus (retrosplenial area)
Cau
rio
IA
li m
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
An te
men A Puta G
L G N
R
Ex
T
strum Clauule l caps terna
Cin
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Visual radiation
Cortical motor output (in internal capsule)
Paracentral lobule
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Damaged area
Subpial granular layer Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus Central sulcus
Parietal lobe Parietal stratified transitional field Parietal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
340
PLATE 231A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 4: Section 460
See the entire section in Plate 219.
341
PLATE 231B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Temporal lobe
Precentral gyrus Central sulcus Postcentral gyrus
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
Lateral fissure
um
Cingulate gyrus Induseum griseum?
r li mb
Ca uda te ( hea d)
B
A
Cave of the septum
SEPTUM
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
t
CO L A R OMPLEX NT LC E A V TR
Stria terminalis
Third ventricle
Ve nt r nu al a cl nt eu er s io r
Dorsomedial nucleus ra
ll
at
al er at l l us ra le us nt uc cle Ve n nu ar
Centromedian e ra ln nucleus u cl eus
ul
White matter
Thalamic and epithalamic glioepithelium/ependyma
nt
Strionuclear glioepithelium
ti c
Frontal stratified transitional field
Choroid plexus (surrounding pineal recess of third ventricle)
Mammillothalamic tract?
Re
Anterolateral
Lateral habenular nucleus
Medial habenular nucleus
PERIVENTRICULAR COM PLEX
Anteromedial nucleus
HIPPOCAMPUS
Stria medullaris and habenulo-interpeduncular tract
Stria medullaris
Choroid plexus
Gl io ep ith eli um
Ce
Striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
DORSAL COMPLEX
ANTERIOR COMPLEX
Foramen of Monro
Anteromedial
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
L
Lateral septal nucleus Fornix
Fornix
Fornical glioepithelium Callosal glioepithelium
Stria terminalis
e T ul E L
CE N
gul
Corpus callosum
Cin
rio
A
Fimbria/fornix
r r io e t s Po Caudate (tail)
A LI
us ) s B llid ent a p R a THALAMUS m p A g us se l c L ob nal U l G ter EX na IC r PL (ex T e M
SA
In
An te
G
Choroid plexus
b lim
POSTERIOR COMPLEX
m Puta
NG
E
sule al cap n r e t x E en
Corticofugal fibers (in internal capsule)
trum Claus
R
Paracentral lobule
L ve ate nt ra ric l le
Lateral ventricle
gyrus Insular
po Ve ste n tr nu rola al c le te r us al
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
Pulvinar Subiculum Dentate gyrus
Cortical plate
Subgranular zone Ammon's horn
Layer I
Glioepithelium
Alvear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Subpial granular layer
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal stratified transitional field
342
PLATE 232A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 5: Section 520
See the entire section in Plate 220.
343
PLATE 232B Superior temporal gyrus Lateral fissure
Inferior frontal gyrus
Frontal lobe
Meyer's loop (visual radiation)
L
G lidus nt) en m N a t Pu A s palegme
ior
lim
Hippocampal commissure?
Corpus callosum (genu)
Cave of the septum
SEPTUM
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
Fornix
EX PL OM C R LA ANTERIOR I CU R T COMPLEX EN RI V PE Third ventricle Reuniens nucleus Anteromedial nucleus
Anteromedial Striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Callosal glioepithelium
Re tic
Anterolateral
Central lateral nucleus
Vent ral n u cl la te ra l eu s
Ventral posteromedial nucleus
ar
us cle nu
Ventral posterolate rolateral ral nucleus ulate genic Supra ucleus n
Frontal stratified transitional field
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
Centromedian nucleus
ul
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Ventra l an nucleuterior s
Posterior commissure
Superior colliculus
Fornical glioepithelium
Lateral septal nucleus
UM
Fo rn ix
Stria terminalis
LEX MP O C
MIDBRAIN TECTUM
e
Cingulate gyrus
B
THALAMUS
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
)
le s u LT E
ECT
icl
ad
A
PO CO STE M RI PL OR EX
ET
(h e
B
L
u s ina ob al lam Gl tern y r lla (ex
HIPPOCAMPUS
PR
a te
b
SA
G
Fimbria/fornix
Stria terminalis
IA
Me d (in Glo u te bu I n rn s p t e al s all r eg id R E T n a men us t) IC l U c M VE L a th am NT A p ala m R m illo RA ic L tra CO ct? M PL CEN TR EX AL
ud
tr en lv
ra
te
La
Ca
er
um Claustr
m liu he pit ioe Gl
An t
Pos te r io r lim b
Lateral ventricle
le l capsule Externa
ng ul um
Choroid plexus
Insular gyrus
Corticofugal fibers (in internal capsule)
Ci
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Temporal lobe
Lateral geniculate body
White matter
Diencephalic (thalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma Subgranular zone Subiculum Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Cortical plate Glioepithelium Stem cells of the choroid plexus
Layer I
Caudate (tail)
Subpial granular layer Lateral migratory stream
(infiltrating the claustrum and entering the insular cortex)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Alvear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
344
PLATE 233A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 6: Section 560
See the entire section in Plate 221.
345
PLATE 233B Inferior frontal gyrus
Lateral fissure
ad
Subcallosal area
SA
Zona incerta
e f th s o a lis u e u c l m in Fornix d n er Lateral B e tr ia t s septal nucleus
Tenia tecta (dorsal) Medial septal nucleus
Septal glioepithelium/ ependyma
Ansa lenticularis?
S
T UB
HA
M LA
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ependyma
MIDBRAIN
Mammillothalamic tract?
Forel's fields
Paraventricular nucleus
Third ventricle
Central gray
Subcommissural organ
Cerebral aqueduct
HYPOTHALAMUS
SEPTUM
US Superior colliculus TECTUM
)
(e Glo xt b er us na p l s all eg id m us en t) Me du l (in Glo te bu rn s In al pa te se lli gm du rn al en s t) ca ps ul e
(he
B
A
Parahippocampal gyrus
TE G M EN TUM
ate
r li mb
ry la
ina m la
S
ud
rio
L
G
L
HIPPOCAMPUS
MU
An te
men Puta
G AN
IA
Lateral ventricle
A A L IOR T H STERLEX PO OMP C
Claustrum le l capsule Externa
Ca
Median preoptic nucleus
al ern t x E
Fimbria/fornix
e sul Glioepithelium cap
Posterio r limb
Insular gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Corpus callosum (rostrum)
Meyer's loop (visual radiation) Choroid plexus
Frontal lobe
Corticofugal fibers (in internal capsule)
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus
Zonal and optic nerve layers Superficial gray layer
Anterior commissure
Callosal glioepithelium
Strionuclear glioepithelium
Deep white layer
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ependyma
cn mi
n du pe
ala
r al
bt h
Anterolateral
Deep gray layer
Su
Striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Middle white layer
reb
eu
l
cle
uc
Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Anteromedial
Ce
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
Superficial white layer Middle gray layer
Frontal stratified transitional field
s
Medial geniculate body
Subgranular zone
Subiculum Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
Stria terminalis
White matter
Lateral geniculate body
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Glioepithelium Cortical plate
Fornical glioepithelium
Layer I
Subpial granular layer Lateral migratory stream (infiltrating the claustrum and entering the insular cortex and temporal cortex)
Caudate (tail)
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Stem cells of choroid plexus?
Alvear glioepithelium Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
346
PLATE 234A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 7: Section 620
See the entire section in Plate 222.
347
PLATE 234B Caudate (tail) Internal capsule (posterior limb)
Inferior frontal gyrus Lateral fissure
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Choroid plexus Fimbria/fornix
Lateral ventricle
Superior temporal gyrus
HIPPOCAMPUS
s
re issu
t
du
nc
le
Mammillothalamic tract? Paraventricular nucleus SupraDorsomedial mammillary area nucleus?
Lateral lemniscus
Habenulointerpeduncular tract
Red nucleus
Fornix
Lateral ventricle
Subcallosal area
Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) Tenia tecta (ventral)
Accumbent neuroepithelium (intermingled with the rostral migratory stream)
PREOPTIC AREA
Median preoptic nucleus Medial preoptic nucleus
Rostral migratory stream (source area)
HYPOTHALAMUS
Interpeduncular nucleus?
Oculomotor nuclear complex Dorsal tegmental nucleus?
Third ventricle
Fornical glioepithelium
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Subcommissural organ
Lingula Centralis Culmen (I-II) (III) (IV-V)
Cerebral aqueduct
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ ependyma
Ansa lenticularis?
Simplex lobule (HVI)
MIDBRAIN
Central gray
Lateral preoptic and hypothalamic areas l dia Me brain fore ndle? bu
Primary fissure
TECTUM
Su pe b nu tha cle lam us ic
mm r co
Diagonal band of Broca (horizontal limb)
Stem cells of choroid plexus?
t rac
Inferior colliculus
Nucleus accumbens
Corpu sc (rostr allosum um )
O p ti c
e r io
Ant
Caudate (head)
Parahippocampal gyrus
TEGMENTUM
Inte rn (An al ca terio psu r lim le? b)
GABASA NG L LI A
psule al ca n r e t Ex
Stria terminalis Basal nucleus of Meynert?
SU IN B S T NO A M I NTI NA A Ce reb TA ra l
str
en
au Cl
Middle temporal gyrus
Ventral striatum
um m
ru
Pu
In
a su l
y rg
ta
Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Declive (VI)
Folium (VIIa)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
Central nucleus
Subgranular External germinal zone layer Brachium of the inferior colliculus
Subgranular zone Subgranular zone
Stem cells of choroid plexus?
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
Subiculum Dentate gyrus
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE Primary fissure
Ammon's horn
Glioepithelium Stria terminalis
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Frontal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cortical plate Layer I
Subpial granular layer (infiltrating the claustrum and entering the insular cortex and temporal cortex)
White matter
Alvear glioepithelium
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
348
PLATE 235A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 8: Section 660
See the entire section in Plate 223.
349
PLATE 235B Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Internal capsule? (posterior limb)
Lateral fissure
Caudate? (tail)
Orbital gyrus
Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Posterior striatal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Temporal lobe
Temporal lobe
Inferior temporal gyrus
Choroid plexus
Frontal lobe
HIPPOCAMPUS (DORSAL)
Central nucleus TA NT IA IN NO MI NA TA
Endopiriform nucleus Anterior commissure Basal nucleus of Meynert
Fimbria/fornix
Basolateral complex
Parahippocampal gyrus
Intercalated mass?
Islands of Calleja Diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) Medial preoptic nucleus
Rostral migratory stream
Median preoptic nucleus Tenia tecta (ventral)
C
SU
BS
Corticomedial complex Amygdalohippocampal O area? traptic ct Ansa Parabrachial lenticularis? nucleus Me
Oculomotor nerve (III) Medial longitudinal fasciculus Oculomotor nuclear complex Dorsal tegmental nucleus? Central gray
Ventral tegmental area
d ia
Lateral preoptic and l forebr ? Red a i n b u n dl e hypothalamic areas Mammillo- nucleus Fornix thalamic tract SupraDorsomedial mammillary nucleus? area Interpeduncular PREOPTIC nucleus Third ventricle AREA HabenuloParaventricular HYPOinterpeduncular nucleus THALAMUS tract
y tor fac cle Ol uber t
Frontal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
nigra
Diencephalic (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ ependyma
AMYGDALA
Cerebral aqueduct
MIDBRAIN TECTUM Inferior colliculus
Subcallosal area
Fornical glioepithelium MIDBR AIN T Lateral lemniscus e l c n G edu p M Nucleus of the lateral l EN ra lemniscus (dorsal) TU eb Substantia r M e
Primary fissure
E
N accuucleus mbe ns
Diagonal band of Broca (horizontal limb)
Lateral ventricle
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma Central nucleus Myelination gliosis Reticular formation Brachium of the inferior colliculus
HI P (V P O C EN A TR M P AL US )
S
ub
gr
u an
la
e on z r
An
io ter
ob
rl
e(
-H HI
ule lob lex I) p Sim (HV
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
V)
Lingula Centralis Culmen (I-II) (III) (IV-V)
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Declive (VI)
Folium (VIIa)
Tuber (VIIb)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
External germinal layer
Subiculum Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
Primary fissure
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Lateral migratory stream
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field Layer I Layer II Layer III Layer IV Layers V-VI
Subpial granular layer
Lateral migratory stream
(infiltrating the endopiriform nucleus and entering the piriform cortex, temporal cortex, and amygdala)
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ ependyma Alvear glioepithelium
White matter
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Cortical plate
350
PLATE 236A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 9: Section 700
See the entire section in Plate 224.
351
PLATE 236B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Layer I
Inferior temporal gyrus
Lateral fissure
Anterior commissure
Layer II Layer III Cortical plate Layer IV Layers V-VI White matter
Temporal lobe
Lateral ventricle
Uncinate fasciculus
Orbital gyrus
Endopiriform nucleus
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
Parahippocampal gyrus
PUS
Basolateral complex
AM
Intercalated masses
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
POC
Frontal lobe
HIP
Central nucleus?
Lateral lemniscus
Amygdalohippocampal area?
MIDBRA IN TE G e
ncl edu lp
Corticomedial complex
ra eb er Substantia nigra Ventral tegmental C
Lateral tuberal nucleus
Olfactory tubercle Mammillothalamic tract
Medial preoptic nucleus
Third ventricle (preoptic recess) Periventricular nucleus
Rostral migratory stream
Ventromedial nucleus PREOPTIC AREA
Sexually dimorphic nucleus?
Fornix
area
tor mo u lo I II ) Oc rve ( e n
Mammillary Interbody peduncular Myelination nucleus gliosis Diencephalic
(hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ ependyma HYPOTHALAMUS O tra ptic ct
AMYGDALA
Lateral migratory stream
(infiltrating the endopiriform nucleus and entering the piriform cortex, temporal cortex, and amygdala)
NTU M
A
al ntr Ce ray g
r rio n te
lob
V) -H I H e(
D
Cerebral aqueduct
Reticular formation Medial longitudinal fasciculus Raphe nuclear complex
Lingula Centralis Culmen (I-II) (III) (IV-V)
s
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
Tuber (VIIb) Pyramis (VIII)
Folium (VIIa)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
Dentate gyrus Subgranular zone Subiculum Dentate gyrus Ammon's horn
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma Alvear glioepithelium
ucleu
Mesencephalic glioepithelium/ ependyma
Parahippocampal stratified transitional field
Subpial granular Subpial granularlayer layer
en en ta t
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Interpo situs nu cleus
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract
Supraoptic nucleus
Frontal stratified transitional field Frontal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
Superior cerebellar peduncle Dorsal tegmental nucleus? Trochlear nucleus (IV) Superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation)
Subcallosal area
ME
ule lob x ) ple VI Sim (H
Primary fissure
Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
CEREBELLAR DEEP NUCLEI
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE External germinal layer
352
PLATE 237A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 10: Section 740
See the entire section in Plate 225.
353
PLATE 237B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
White matter
Layer II Layer III Cortical plate Layer IV Layers V-VI Layer I
Temporal lobe
Inferior temporal gyrus
Lateral ventricle
Lateral fissure Endopiriform nucleus
Amygdalohippocampal area?
EG IN T MENT U RA cle M
Lateral tuberal nucleus Optic tract Ventromedial nucleus
Third ventricle (mammillary recess) Mammillary body
Suprachiasmatic nucleus Lamina terminalis Arcuate nucleus
InterOculomotor peduncular nerve (III) nucleus
HYPOTHALAMUS
Diencephalic Myelination gliosis (hypothalamic) glioepithelium/ ependyma
coeruleus Abducens nucleus (VI)
Raphe nuclear complex Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Infe
ri o
rc
e
un ped ar l l be re
D
PONTINE TEGMENTUM
cle
e nu e n ta t
cleus
Interpositus nucleus
le
Fourth ventricle Reticular formation
e(
V)
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Fastigial nucleus
Uvula? (IX)
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
Pyramis (VIII)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
BE
Rostral migratory stream
ob
l ior
-H HI
C E RE
Olfactory peduncle
Lateral lemniscus Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal)
r edun n te lp A a Parabrachial br ia nucleus nt a s t s ra iscu ? b or cerebellar g ri ped Su ni lemn e Locus unc up Superior cerebellar peduncle (decussation)
Gyrus rectus
ule ob l x ) ple VI Sim (H
Primary fissure
Ce MID B re
Co r ti comcome p le d ia l x
S
Lateral olfactory tract
l
Frontal lobe
Parahippocampal gyrus
M ed ia
Basolateral complex
Primary olfactory cortex (piriform)
MPUS HIPPOCA
Orbital gyrus
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
LL
Alvear glioepithelium Ammon's horn Entorhinal cortex
(infiltrating the endopiriform nucleus and entering the piriform cortex, temporal cortex, and amygdala)
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
Damaged area
Pontine glioepithelium/ ependyma
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone
AR
Lateral migratory stream
AMYGDALA
Subpial granular layer
Subgranular zone Dentate gyrus Subiculum
D
EE
PN
UC
LE I
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
External germinal layer
354
PLATE 238A GW26 Horizontal, CR 235 mm, Y16-59 Level 11: Section 780
See the entire section in Plate 226.
355
PLATE 238B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
White matter Layer II Layer III Cortical plate Layer IV Layers V-VI
Temporal lobe Lateral ventricle
Layer I
AM ALA YGD
Frontal lobe
Basolateral complex Oculomotor nerve (III)
ncle edu lp
PONS
Parabrachial nucleus Locus coeruleus
ior
D r ll a
Fourth ventricle
oid plex
Abducens nucleus (VI)
p llar ebe r e c
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
le unc ed
e nu e n ta t
cleus
pe
du
n
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Nodulus Uvula (X) (IX)
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
Pyramis (VIII)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS Germinal trigone
us
Medial longitudinal fasciculus Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Reticular formation
Rostral migratory stream
er
S uperior cere b e
Raphe nuclear complex
Myelination gliosis
f In
hor
HYPOTHALAMUS Pontine (fragmented infundibular recess gray of the third ventricle surrounded by the arcuate nucleus) Medial lemniscus? Superior cerebellar peduncle
Interpeduncular nucleus
Optic chiasm
Olfactory peduncle
e ob rl ) o i V r te I-H An (H
Lateral lemniscus Transpontine corticofugal tract
Cereb ra
Anterior olfactory nucleus?
Orbital gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
e
Lateral migratory stream
(entering the amygdala and temporal cortex)
Primary fissure
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
cl
Lateral fissure
Gyrus rectus
Damaged area
Si m p (H lex VI lob ) ule
Damaged area
C
Inferior temporal gyrus
Principal sensory nucleus (V)
Alvear glioepithelium
Pontine glioepithelium/ ependyma
hinal corte tor x En
n
or
Damaged area
sh
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma
A m m on'
Subpial granular layer
Subic
ulum
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field Temporal neuroepithelium and subventricular zone Temporal stratified transitional field
CEREBELLAR DEEP NUCLEI
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
External germinal layer
356
PLATE 239A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 12: Section 820
See the entire section in Plate 227.
357
PLATE 239B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Temporal neuroepithelium, subventricular zone, and stratified transitional field? Inferior temporal gyrus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Layer I Layer II (stellate cell islands) Layer III Layer IV (lamina dessicans) Layers V-VI
Amygdaloid glioepithelium/ependyma?
Entorhinal stratified transitional field
Entorhinal cortical plate
Si m p (H lex VI lob ) ule
Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA)
e ob rl ) o i V r te I-H An (H
Middle cerebellar peduncle
ar ell b e cer le le nc dd edu i M p lar rebel or ce cle i r e f In pedun Dentate nucleus
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB) Fourth ventricle
Lateral lemniscus?
Olfactory peduncle
Medial lemniscus?
(lateral recess) Floccular peduncle
Principal sensory nucleus? (V)
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
PONS Retic
HYPOTHALAMUS (infundibular recess of the third ventricle surrounded by the arcuate nucleus)
Rostral migratory stream
Subpial granular layer
Damaged area
Fourth ventricle
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontine gray
Spinal nucleus (V)
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus? (ventral)
Paraflocculus (HIX)
Choroid plexus
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Nodulus (X)
Prepositus nucleus
Nerve VII?
orhina Ent lc or te x
hinal corte tor x En
Entorhinal stratified transitional field
MEDULLA
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Reticular formation
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
leus ular tegmental nuc
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles) Optic nerve
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
CEREBELLAR VERMIS
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma Vestibular nuclear complex
Motor nucleus (V)
Germinal trigone
(continuous with the germinal source of the choroid plexus)
Choroid plexus
Spinal tract(V)
Lateral vestibular nucleus?
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Primary fissure
Uvula (IX)
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
External germinal layer
358
PLATE 240A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 13: Section 860
See the entire section in Plate 228 (top).
359
PLATE 240B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA) (damaged) Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
le bu x lo ) e l I p V Sim (H
e ncl edu p r ella reb e c e ddl Flocculus Mi
Anterior lobe? (HI-HV)
(HX)
Nerve V (myelination gliosis in root)
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
PONS
R fo etic rm u at lar ion
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Nerve V? Nerve VII?
MEDULLA
Trapezoid body and medial lemniscus
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
R e tic u
Pontine gray
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus?
Nerve VI? (myelination gliosis)
Superior olive complex
Nerve VII? (myelination gliosis)
Fourth ventricle
Raphe nuclear complex Prepositus nucleus
Reticular formation
lar tegm ental nucleus
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
Cuneate fasciculus Cuneate nucleus
SPINAL CORD
Gracile fasciculus
Lateral corticospinal tract
Gracile nucleus
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Gracile fasciculus Central canal
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Vestibular nuclear complex
Myelination gliosis (dorsal funiculus)
Spinal nucleus and tract? (V)
Germinal trigone (continuous with the germinal source of the choroid plexus)
Nerve V (myelination gliosis in root)
Choroid plexus Floccular peduncle
Ventral cochlear nucleus Dorsal cochlear nucleus
External germinal layer (dorsal cochlear nucleus) Glioepithelium (middle cerebellar peduncle)
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE External germinal layer
Cuneate fasciculus
360
PLATE 241A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 14: Section 880
See the entire section in Plate 228 (bottom).
361
PLATE 241B Germinal and transitional structures in italics Ansiform lobule (Crus I HVIIA) (damaged)
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Floccular peduncle Fourth ventricle (lateral recess) Ventral cochlear nucleus
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Flocculus (HX)
Dorsal cochlear nucleus
Middle cerebellar peduncle Nerve V (myelination gliosis in root)
External cuneate nucleus
PONS
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Motor nucleus Ner ve V (VII) II l nd a y dina bod cus gitu n d o i l s o l pez mni Media lus? Tra dial le icu fasc Prepositus me nucleus
SPINAL CORD
MEDULLA
Raphe nuclear complex Nerve VI?
Hypoglossal nucleus? (XII) Reticular formation
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
S pi n and al nucl t r a c eu s t (V )
Reticular formation
r tegm ental nuc l e u s R et i c u l a
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
r olive Superioplex com
Pontine gray
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
Biventral lobule (HVIII)
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Vestibular nuclear complex
Nerves VII and VIII?
Lateral corticospinal tract
Gracile fasciculus
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Cuneate nucleus
Spi
I
Lissauer's tract
Area postrema
Fourth ventricle
cleus ) al nu Spin tract (V le and d unc lar pe l e b e r cer nferio
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Cuneate nucleus
no
Myelination gliosis (dorsal funiculus)
Choroid plexus
Glioepithelium (middle cerebellar peduncle)
Germinal trigone (continuous with the germinal source of the choroid plexus)
Central canal
s act r tr a l l ebe cer
External cuneate nucleus
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
Ventral corticospinal tract
iculus Cuneate fasc
External germinal layer
Myelination gliosis (lateral funiculus)
362
PLATE 242A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 15: Section 900
See the entire section in Plate 229 (top).
363
PLATE 242B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Ansiform lobule (Crus II HVIIA)
Fourth ventricle (lateral recess) Glioepithelium (middle cerebellar peduncle)
Flocculus (HX)
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
Choroid plexus i or
r
Cun bella nuc eate r pe d uncl e leus Spin Cun and al nucl e e a t u r t act e nu Motor (V ) s cleu nucleus s (VII) So lita ry nu Dorsal sensory nucleus? (X) c le us Dorsal motor nucleus? (X) cere
Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei Germinal trigone (continuous with the germinal source of the choroid plexus)
fas
t
e
Reticular formation
Nerves VII and VIII?
rac
cil
Trapezoid body and medial lemniscus
Su pe comrior o ple live x
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
dt
Gracile nucleus?
c ic u
C une
lu s
Lateral corticospinal tract
a t e fa
Raphe nuclear complex
s cicu
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
Spina and t l nucleus ract (V)
Ventral corticospinal tract
S p in
a S p in
l nuc
Choroid plexus
CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE
le u s
cts r t ra b e ll a e r e noc
(V )
Spi
Central canal Intraspinal tracts (intermingled with the medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract)
lu s
Medullary glioepithelium/ependyma
Medial longitudinal fasciculus?
Motor nucleus (VII)
an
Fourth ventricle
Raphe nuclear complex
Nerve VI?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
SPINAL CORD
MEDULLA
Hypoglossal nucleus? (XII)
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Lissauer's tract?
G ra
Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles) Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
e liv ro rio ex pe pl Su com
Pontine gray
Spinocerebellar tracts
In f e
Middle cerebellar peduncle
PONS
Paramedian lobule? (HVIIB)
al nu
(V ) c le u s
Myelination gliosis (dorsal funiculus)
Myelination gliosis (lateral funiculus)
External germinal layer
Ventral white commissure Myelination gliosis (ventral funiculus)
Spinocephalic (spinothalamic) tracts
364
PLATE 243A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 16: Section 940
See the entire section in Plate 229 (middle).
365
PLATE 243B Germinal and transitional structures in italics CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE Fourth ventricle (lateral recess, torn) Ventral cochlear nucleus
External germinal layer
Flocculus (HX) Choroid plexus Spinocerebellar tracts
Middle cerebellar peduncle Transpontine corticofugal tract (thick longitudinal bundles)
SPINAL CORD
PONS Reticular formation
MEDULLA
Reticular formation
Hypoglossal nucleus? (XII)
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontine gray
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles)
Dorsal accessory olive
Inferior olive (principal nucleus)
Reticular formation
Choroid plexus
Pyramidal decussation
Lateral reticular nucleus
ts trac llar e b re oce pin
Ventral corticospinal tract Ventral white commissure
Medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tracts?
S
Raphe migration (penetrating the medullary arcuate nucleus)
Lateral corticospinal tract Intraspinal tracts (intermingled with the medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract)
Lateral reticular nucleus
Myelination gliosis (ventral funiculus) Spinocephalic (spinothalamic) tracts Myelination gliosis (lateral funiculus)
366
PLATE 244A GW26 Horizontal CR 235 mm Y16-59 Level 17: Section 960
See the entire section in Plate 229 (bottom).
367
PLATE 244B Germinal and transitional structures in italics
Choroid plexus Ventral cochlear nucleus? Fourth ventricle (lateral recess, torn) Corticospinal tract (forming pyramid)
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Spinoc e
SPINAL CORD
rebella r tracts
MEDULLA
PONS Pontine gray
Reticular formation
Medial lemniscus
Arcuate nucleus
Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation)
Ventral white commissure
Ventral corticospinal tract
Raphe nuclear complex
Pyramidal decussation
Raphe nuclear complex
Pontocerebellar fibers (thin transverse bundles) Pyramid
Inferior olive (principal nucleus)
Medial accessory olive
Reticular formation
Spinocerebellar tracts Raphe migration (penetrating the medullary arcuate nucleus)
Intraspinal tracts (intermingled with the medial longitudinal fasciculus and tectospinal tract)
Medial longitudinal fasciculus? (an island of axons with reduced premyelinating glia) Spinocephalic (spinothalamic) tracts? Myelination gliosis (ventral funiculus)
368
GLOSSARY GLOSSARY An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. A Abducens nucleus (VI) – An aggregate of cranial nerve motor neurons situated beneath the *fourth ventricle in the *pons. The nucleus receives input from the *vestibular nuclear complex and is the source of motor fibers of cranial *nerve VI that innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. Accessory basal nucleus – See Basal accessory nucleus. Accessory nucleus (XI) – A column of motoneurons that extends from the region of the *nucleus ambiguus in the medulla to the 5th-6th segments of the cervical spinal cord. Its axons form *nerve XI that innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. Accumbent neuroepithelium – Putative germinal source of the neurons and neuroglia of the *nucleus accumbens. After cessation of neurogenesis, this germinal matrix is transformed into a *glioepithelium. Allocortex – Cortical regions of the telencephalon with a “threelayered” cytoarchitectonic organization, such as the *hippocampus and *primary olfactory cortex. At most hippocampal sites, a central layer of densely packed neurons is sandwiched between an external and internal fibrous layer with scattered neurons. The allocortex is a phylogenetically older telencephalic system than the mammalian “sixlayered” isocortex, or *neocortex. Alvear glioepithelium – Putative source of the glia of the *alveus (alveolar path) of the *hippocampus. Alveus – Deep layer of white matter that borders *Ammon’s horn region of the hippocampus. Ammon’s horn (hippocampus) – Part of the *hippocampus that contains a prominent layer of large pyramidal cells that curves toward the *dentate gyrus. Layers distinguished in Ammon’s horn are (from deep to superficial) the alveus, the stratum oriens, the pyramidal layer, the stratum radiatum, and the stratum lacunosum moleculare. Ammon’s horn is subdivided into two large areas: CA1 adjacent to the
*presubiculum, and CA3 adjacent to the *dentate gyrus. The two smaller regions are CA2 and CA4 (in the *hilus of the dentate gyrus). Amygdala – A large structure in the *uncus of the temporal lobe that is a basal ganglionic component of the limbic system. The complex cell groupings in the amygdala have been put into two major subdivisions: the *corticomedial complex and the *basolateral complex. This structure is involved in linking emotions with olfactory, auditory, and visual sensory information and plays a major role in behavioral aggression. Amygdalohippocampal area – Also called the cortical amygdaloid transition area, an ellipitical mass of densely packed cells in the caudomedial amygdala between the ventral *subiculum and the *cortical nucleus. It is connected to the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the *ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Ansa lenticularis – Fiber tract that originates in the internal (medial) segment of the *globus pallidus, courses dorsal to the *zona incerta in *Forel’s fields, and terminates in the *thalamus, in particular the *ventral complex and the *centromedian nucleus. Anterior amygdaloid area – A region of small to medium-sized cells in the rostral half of the *amygdala that represents a transition zone between the *substantia innominata and the amygdaloid complex proper. Anterior commissure – Large fiber bundle that crosses in the ventral telencephalon and interconnects several forebrain structures on the right and left sides, including the *olfactory bulb, the *primary olfactory cortex, the *entorhinal area, the *amygdala, and some components of the *temporal lobe. Anterior complex (thalamus) – A group of anterior thalamic nuclei with related connections. Components of the anterior thalamic complex are the anterodorsal nucleus, the anteromedial nucleus, and the anteroventral nucleus. The afferents of the anterior complex come principally from the *hip-
pocampal region and the *mammillary body. The ascending efferents terminate in the *cingulate gyrus while the descending efferents terminate in the *mammillary body. The anterior thalamic complex is considered a component of the “limbic system”. Anterior cortical nucleus (amygdala) – The anterior part of the large *cortical nucleus that has less dense cellular accumulation in layer II. Anterior corticospinal tract – See Ventral corticospinal tract. Anterior lobe (cerebellum) – Region of the vermis and hemispheres in front of the primary fissure. It contains the *lingula, *centralis and *culmen in the vermis, and their extensions in the hemispheres. Anterior olfactory nucleus – A nucleus in the olfactory peduncle that has numerous anatomical connections to the *olfactory bulb and *primary olfactory cortex. Aqueduct – Narrow region of the ventricular system situated between the *third ventricle rostrally and the *fourth ventricle caudally. Aqueduct (embryonic) – During early development, the *neuroepithelium lining the hypertrophied aqueduct of the mesencephalon is the source of neurons and neuroglia of the *superior colliculus, the *inferior colliculus, the *central gray, the *tegmentum, and several components of the *isthmus. Arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus) – A small-celled nucleus that surrounds the base of the third ventricle posteriorly. It contains releasing hormones and is involved in the central nervous regulation of the anterior pituitary gland. Arcuate nucleus (medulla) –A small group of neurons in the ventral part of the *pyramids caudal to the *pontine gray. The chief afferents to this nucleus are from motor areas in the cerebral cortex. This nucleus provides output to the cerebellum. See also Raphe migration.
369 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. Area postrema – A circumventricular organ forming a dorsal eminence in the *fourth ventricle of the *medulla. It has connections with the hypothalamic *paraventricular nucleus, the *parabrachial nucleus of the pons and the *solitary nucleus of the medulla. It plays a role in the neuroendocrine regulation of feeding and drinking.
Basal nucleus of Meynert – Large-celled component of the *substantia innominata that provides cholinergic input to the *cerebral cortex.
Auditory radiation – Thalamocortical fibers in the internal capsule and cortical white matter that originate in the *medial geniculate body and terminate in the auditory cortex (transverse gyrus of Heschl) in the *temporal lobe.
Basal telencephalon – A general term sometimes used to refer to such *allocortical components of the telencephalon as the *primary olfactory cortex, and such noncortical regions as the *substantia innominata.
B
Basolateral complex – The largest and best differentiated part of the amygdala in man. It contains the *lateral nucleus, *basal nucleus, and *basal accessory nucleus.
Basal accessory nucleus (amygdala) – Also called the basomedial nucleus. This part of the *basolateral complex is located between the deep part of the *cortical nucleus and the large *basal nucleus. It contains small to medium-sized cells and some large cholinergic neurons. It is reciprocally connected to the *basal nucleus of Meynert, the rostral *temporal cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and the *orbital cortex; additional input comes from the *posterior complex of the thalamus. Its axons also terminate in the anterior *cingulate cortex, *insular cortex, *entorhinal cortex, *Ammon’s horn of the hippocampus, *nucleus accumbens, *dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, and *ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Basal ganglia – A broad term that includes three large ganglionic (subcortical) components of the telencephalon, the *caudate nucleus, the *putamen, and the *globus pallidus. The latter two are also referred to as the *striatum. The basal ganglia have been implicated in the coordination motor functions, and their diseases have been linked to Parkinsonism, Huntington’s disease, and other motor abnormalities. The *substantia nigra and the *subthalamic nucleus are part of the basal ganglia circuitry. Basal nucleus (amygdala) – The largest nucleus in the amygdala that forms a major part of the *basolateral complex. It is separated from the *lateral nucleus by a thin fibrous band. It contains small to medium-sized cells and many large cholinergic neurons. It is reciprocally connected to the *basal nucleus of Meynert, the cortex in the*temporal lobe, the *subiculum, and CA1 in *Ammon’s horn. Additional input comes from the cortex in the *parahippocampal gyrus. Its axons also terminate in the cortex of the *occipital lobe, medial *frontal lobe, *insular gyrus, and anterior *cingulate gyrus. Additional projections are to the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, *nucleus accumbens,
*striatum, *dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus, and *lateral tuberal nucleus of the hypothalamus.
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis – A large subcortical telencephalic field with indistinct boundaries. It is situated medial to the *globus pallidus, lateral to the *septum, and is transected by the *anterior commissure; a thin portion extends back to the *amygdala adjacent to the *stria terminalis. It has its own germinal source, the *strionuclear neuroepithelium and glioepithelium. Only the glioepithelium is present during the third trimester. It receives major input from the *amygdala. Biventral lobule (cerebellum HVIII) – A posterior and inferior hemispheric lobule, and a lateral extension of the vermal *pyramis. See also Cerebellum (Hemisphere). Brachium of the inferior colliculus – A fiber tract situated superficially in the fibrous covering of the *inferior colliculus. It is composed of ascending auditory fibers from the inferior colliculus and auditory nuclei in the *pons to the *medial geniculate body.
C
GLOSSARY
axons across the midline and have been postulated to provide mechanical scaffolding. It has recently been discovered that these cells are neurons and not glia (Shu, T., Y. Li, A. Keller, and L. J. Richards, 2003, Development, 130:2929-2937). Caudate nucleus – Elongated and arched component of the *basal ganglia beneath the *cerebral cortex. It abuts the lateral ventricle and extends from anterodorsal (its “head”) to posteroventral (its “tail”). Cave of the septum – Midline, membrane-bound triangular space beneath the *corpus callosum and above the *septum. Unlike the cerebrospinal *ventricles, it is without an ependymal lining. Central autonomic area (spinal cord) – Region of the spinal cord that surrounds the *central canal and is implicated in nociceptive and autonomic functions. It may be continuous rostrally with the periaqueductal *central gray. Central canal – Portion of the ventricular system that extends caudally from the medullary *fourth ventricle to the sacral segments of the *spinal cord. During embryonic development, the proliferative *neuroepithelium lining this canal is the source of neurons and neuroglia of the spinal cord. After the cessation of neurogenesis and gliogenesis the shrunken central canal is lined by the *ependyma. Central complex (thalamus) – A group of contiguous central thalamic nuclei, including the *centromedian, central lateral, and *paracentral nuclei. Central gray (periaqueductal) – Oval shaped region in the core of the mesencephalon that surrounds the *aqueduct and is capped by the *superior colliculus and the *inferior colliculus.
Callosal glioepithelium – Proliferative germinal matrix that lines the *corpus callosum in the fetal *cerebral cortex. It is the putative source of the myelinating oligodendroglia of the *corpus callosum.
Central lobe (cerebellum VI-VIII) – The vermal lobe that contains the latest maturing regions of the cerebellar cortex. It includes the *declive, *folium, *tuber, and *pyramis. It is separated from the *anterior lobe by the *primary fissure and from the *posterior lobe by the *posterolateral fissure. The lateral extension of the central lobe forms the main bulk of the hemisphere, including *crus I and *crus II of the ansiform lobule, *the biventral lobule, the *paramedian lobule, and the *simplex lobule.
Callosal sling – (formerly called glial sling) A thin layer of cells in the midline beneath the corpus callosum. During early development these cells precede the crossing of callosal
Central nucleus (amygdala) – Part of the *corticomedial complex that is sometimes put in a class by itself. A large nucleus positioned lateral to the *medial nucleus that extends from
Calcarine sulcus – Cortical fissure that extends from the *parietooccipital sulcus anteriorly to the occipital pole posteriorly. Along its wall is located the primary visual projection area, the *striate cortex.
370
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
the *anterior amygdaloid area to the caudal pole of the amygdala where it blends with the *putamen and the tail of the *caudate nucleus. Its major inputs are from the hypothalamic *ventromedial nucleus, *lateral hypothalamic area, *substantia nigra, *ventral tegmental area, *parabrachial nucleus, and *posterior complex of the thalamus. It projects to the *lateral hypothalamic area, midline thalamus, and a wide array of brainstem targets, including the *central gray, *reticular formation (midbrain, pons, medulla), *substantia nigra, *solitary nuclear complex, and *dorsal motor nucleus (X). Central nucleus (inferior colliculus) – Laminated core of the *inferior colliculus where auditory fibers of the *lateral lemniscus terminate in a tonotopic order. Central sulcus – Large vertically oriented neocortical fissure between the *precentral gyrus and the *postcentral gyrus in the *paracentral lobule. The central sulcus divides the motor cortex (precentral gyrus) from the somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus). Central tegmental tract – Large fiber bundle with heterogeneous composition that extends from the *red nucleus in the midbrain to the *inferior olive in the medulla. Centralis (cerebellum III) –The middle lobule in the anterior lobe of the cerebellar vermis between the *lingula and the *culmen. Its posterodorsal border is defined by the *preculminate fissure. See also Cerebellum (Vermis). Centromedian nucleus (thalamus) – Large spherical structure surrounded by fibers of the internal medullary lamina, classified with the *central complex of the thalamus. It is a paleothalamic structure that has extensive connections with the *striatum and the midbrain *reticular formation. Cerebellar cortex – The highly convoluted and laminated outer shell of the cerebellum. It is composed of five layers, the superficial *external germinal layer (embryonic), the *molecular layer, the *Purkinje cell layer, the *granular layer, and the deep fibrous *medullary layer. The Purkinje cells originate in the cerebellar *neuroepithelium of the fourth ventricle, whereas the basket and stellate cells of the molecular layer, and the granule cells of the granular layer originate in the external germinal layer. The medullary layer contains the afferents and efferents of the cerebellar cortex. Cerebellar glioepithelium – Situated beneath the *superior cerebellar peduncle in the roof of the *fourth ventricle, this is
a remnant of the cerebellar neuroepithelium that is present during earlier stages of brain development. It is possibly the source of glia of some of the cerebellar peduncles and the white matter of the *medullary layer. Cerebellum (deep nuclei) – Three pairs of ganglionic structures in the depth of the cerebellum: the *fastigial nucleus (medial nucleus); the *interpositus nucleus (globose and emboliform, or intermediate nuclei); and the *dentate nucleus (lateral nucleus). The efferent fibers of cerebellar *Purkinje cells synapse with the neurons of the cerebellar deep nuclei which, in turn, are the source of cerebellofugal fibers that terminate in structures outside the cerebellum. Cerebellum (hemisphere) – Portion of the cerebellar cortex situated on either side of the midline vermis. Its principal components are the *simplex lobule, *crus I and II of the ansiform lobule, the *flocculus, and the *paraflocculus. Cerebellum (vermis) – Midline portion of the cerebellar cortex. It is divided by large fissures into 4 lobes with a total of 10 lobules: *anterior lobe (I-V), *central lobe (VI-VIII), *posterior lobe (IX), and *inferior lobe (X). Cerebral aqueduct – See Aqueduct. Cerebral cortex – The largest structure in the human brain that is composed of a cell sparse *layer I and cellular layers (II-VI) that vary in composition in specific regions of the *neocortex or *allocortex. The neocortex is subdivided into frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, and the paracentral lobule. The primordium of cortical layers II-VI is the *cortical plate. Cerebral peduncle – Fiber mass along the ventrolateral aspect of the diencephalon and mesencephalon. The term refers to fibers of the *corticofugal tract between the *internal capsule rostrally and the *transpontine corticofugal tract caudally. Choroid plexus – Highly vascularized and arborized epithelial tissue of mesenchymal origin that secretes the cerebrospinal fluid circulating in the brain ventricles and subarachnoid spaces of the meninges. The *lateral, *third, and *fourth ventricles have their own choroid plexus arbors. Cingulate gyrus – Medial *allocortical region that extends rostrocaudally above the corpus callosum. Its principal afferent connections are with nuclei of the thalamic *anterior complex, and its efferents target the *hippocampal region, the
*septum, the *amygdala, and the *frontal lobe. It is considered a component of the “limbic system.” Cingulate neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the cingulate gyrus. It is flanked by the cingulate *subventricular zone and *stratified transitional field before the sojourning and migrating neurons settle in the cortical plate. Cingulum – Large longitudinal fiber bundle situated above the *corpus callosum that follows the contours of the *cingulate gyrus. It contains efferents of the cingulate gyrus and long association fibers that interconnect it with the *hippocampal region and the *frontal lobe. Claustrum – Subcortical gray matter adjacent to the *insula and separated from it and the *striatum by two fibrous layers, the extreme capsule and the *external capsule. There is some evidence that the claustrum is reciprocally connected with the *neocortex. During embryonic development it is in the path of the *lateral migratory stream. Cochlear nucleus (dorsal) – This auditory nucleus occupies the external surface of the *inferior cerebellar peduncle and forms an eminence in the lateral part of the *fourth ventricle floor. Its neurons get input from primary auditory neurons in the cochlear spiral ganglion, which form the auditory component of cranial *nerve VIII. The dorsal cochlear nucleus sends ipsilateral and contralateral axons to the *lateral lemniscus that terminate in the *nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the *inferior colliculus, and the *medial geniculate body. Cochlear nucleus (ventral) – This nucleus surrounds the lateral and ventral parts of the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Its neurons get input from primary auditory neurons in the spiral ganglion. Axons of this nucleus cross the midline in the *trapezoid body and terminate in the contralateral *nuclei of the lateral lemniscus, the *inferior colliculus, and the *medial geniculate body. Commissural nucleus (X) – A small nucleus that is part of the sensory nuclei associated with the vagus nerve and the solitary complex. It lies caudal to the obex in the medulla where the *solitary nuclei on both sides of the brain are joined. See also Nerve X. Corona radiata – Fan-shaped radiating mass of ascending (thalamocortical) and descending (corticofugal) fibers of the *internal capsule. It is continuous with the *white matter of the *cerebral cortex.
371 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. Corpus callosum – Large commissural fiber system that interconnects the two halves of the cerebral hemispheres. The frontal part of the corpus callosum, the genu, interconnects the anterior part of the frontal lobes. Its “body” interconnects the posterior *frontal lobe, the *paracentral lobule, and the *parietal lobe. The splenium contains the commissural fibers of the *temporal lobe and the *occipital lobe. Cortical nucleus (amygdala) – Also called the periamygdaloid cortex, part of the *corticomedial complex in the superficial amygdala adjacent to the *medial nucleus. It is characterized by a cell-sparse layer I, a dense layer II, and a scattered layer III. It gets input from the *olfactory bulb, *primary olfactory cortex, CA1 in *Ammon’s horn, and the *subiculum. It projects to the olfactory bulb, CA1, the *orbital gyrus, and the *dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus. Cortical plate – The densely packed cells of layers II-VI in the embryonic and fetal *cerebral cortex. It is situated between the preplate (the future molecular layer, or *layer I) and the subplate (the future layer VII). Corticomedial complex (amygdala) – The part of the *amygdala that includes the *anterior amygdaloid complex, the *cortical nuclei, the *nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract, the *medial nucleus, and the *central nucleus. Corticofugal tract – Collective term for the efferent fiber system that originates in the cerebral cortex and terminates in subcortical structures. It is known by different names as it passes from rostral to caudal: *internal capsule, *cerebral peduncle, *transpontine corticofugal tract, *pyramid, *pyramidal decussation, and *corticospinal tract. Corticospinal tract – Component of the *corticofugal tract that targets the spinal cord. The bulk of the corticospinal fibers cross in the *pyramid of the medulla and descend from cervical to sacral levels in the *lateral corticospinal tract. A smaller component descends ipsilaterally in the *ventral corticospinal tract. Crus I, ansiform lobule (cerebellum HVIIA) – The large anterior part of the ansiform lobule. It is a lateral extension of the *folium in the vermis. Crus II, ansiform lobule (cerebellum HVIIA) – The smaller posterior part of the ansiform lobule that is a lateral extension of the *tuber in the vermis.
Culmen (cerebellum IV-V) – The largest lobule in the *anterior lobe of the cerebellar *vermis. It is separated from the *centralis by the *preculminate fissure and from the *declive in the *central lobe by the *primary fissure. The anterior lobe in the cerebellar hemispheres is mainly a lateral extension of the culmen. Cuneate fasciculus – A large fiber tract in the dorsolateral spinal cord and caudal medulla. It is composed of primary sensory fibers of dorsal root ganglion cells that terminate topographically in the *cuneate nucleus. Nissl-stained sections of this fiber tract show prominent *myelination gliosis during the early third trimester. Cuneate nucleus – Neurons that invade the *cuneate fasciculus from the ventral aspect to form a large mass in the posterolateral *medulla. Its chief input is from the *cuneate fasciculus and its output fibers cross the midline and enter the contralateral *medial lemniscus. Cuneus – Wedge-shaped region of the medial *occipital lobe situated above the *calcarine sulcus and behind the *parietooccipital sulcus.
D Declive (cerebellum VI) – The most anterior lobule of the vermal *central lobe. Its anterior border is defined by the *primary fissure. The declive is continuous with the *simplex lobule in the hemisphere. Dentate granular layer – See Granular layer (dentate gyrus). Dentate gyrus – Curved small-celled component of the *hippocampus, interlocked with the large-celled *Ammon’s horn. It has an outer *molecular layer, a discrete *granular layer, and a *hilus that contains the *subgranular zone, a secondary germinal matrix. Dentate nucleus (cerebellum) – Lobulated and largest of the *cerebellar deep nuclei, also known as the lateral cerebellar nucleus. Situated in the core of the cerebellar hemispheres, the dentate nucleus is the principal source of efferent fibers of the *superior cerebellar peduncle. Diagonal band of Broca – Oblique nucleus situated ventral to the medial *septum. It is subdivided into a vertical limb dorsally and a horizontal limb ventrally. Diencephalic neuroepithelium – The germinal matrix lining the embryonic *third ventricle. It is the source of neurons
GLOSSARY
and glia of all components of the diencephalon. Its different subdivisions produce cells for the different regions or nuclei of the *thalamus, *hypothalamus, and *preoptic area. Dorsal accessory olive – A dense band of neurons that arch over the principal nucleus in the *inferior olive of the *medulla. Its chief input is proprioceptive afferents from the *spinal cord, its efferents target the contralateral cerebellar *vermis, via the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Dorsal complex (thalamus) – Collective term for two structurally and functionally related dorsally situated thalamic regions, the *dorsomedial nucleus and the dorsolateral nucleus. Dorsal gray matter (spinal cord) – Wing-shaped region of the spinal gray matter, the target of dorsal root afferents or their collaterals. Its principal component is the smallcelled substantia gelatinosa. The neurons of the dorsal gray matter originate in the *neuroepithelium flanking the transient dorsal spinal canal. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus – A small fiber tract in the dorsomedial *medulla that extends to the ventromedial *central gray in the *midbrain. It relays visceral sensory and motor messages upstream and downstream between the medulla and the midbrain. Dorsal motor nucleus (X) – A column of parasympathetic preganglionic motor neurons dorsolateral to the *hypoglossal nucleus. Their axons leave the brain in cranial *nerve X and terminate in the intramural parasympathetic ganglia supplying the viscera of the thoracic, pericardial, and abdominal cavities. See also Nerve X. Dorsal sensory nucleus (X) – A medial nucleus in the *solitary nuclear complex of the *medulla that lies dorsolateral to the *dorsal motor nucleus (X) and is continuous with the *commissural nucleus (X). See also Nerve X. Dorsal tegmental nucleus – Situated in the central gray dorsal to the *trochlear nucleus and extending caudally into the pons. It is targeted by fibers of the *mammillotegmental tract. Dorsal white matter (spinal cord) – Medial fibrous component of the white matter situated between the wings of the *dorsal gray matter; also known as the dorsal column or the dorsal funiculus. It contains ascending somatosensory and proprioceptive fibers that terminate in the dorsal column nuclei of the medulla. In the upper spinal cord it has two distin-
372
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
guishable parts, the *gracile fasciculus medially, and the *cuneate fasciculus laterally. Dorsomedial nucleus (hypothalamus) – Area situated above the more distinct *ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus. Its principal connections are with the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the *septum. Dorsomedial nucleus (thalamus) – Also known as the medial dorsal nucleus, this component of the *dorsal complex is situated between the internal medullary lamina and the periventricular gray, and has a large-celled and small-celled division. Its principal connections are with the *amygdala, the *hypothalamus, the *olfactory tubercle, and the *orbital gyrus. It is considered a paleothalamic component of the limbic system rather than as a neothalamic relay nucleus to the neocortex.
E Endopiriform nucleus – Small telencephalic nucleus deep to the *primary olfactory cortex and ventral to the *claustrum. The *lateral migratory stream percolates through this nucleus. Entorhinal cortex – Multilayered cortical component of the *parahippocampal gyrus. It is bordered internally by the *subicular complex and is separated from the *neocortex by the rhinal sulcus. It is the source of the perforant pathway to the *hippocampus. Ependyma – Layer of cuboidal cells that line the lumen of the permanent brain *ventricles and *central canal after dissolution of the proliferative *neuroepithelium. External capsule – Slender fiber band situated between the *claustrum and the *putamen. External cuneate nucleus – Situated lateral to the *cuneate nucleus in the *medulla, also known as the accessory cuneate nucleus, it is the source of the cuneocerebellar tract. The nucleus relays somesthetic and proprioceptive information from anterior regions of the body to the *cerebellum. External germinal layer (cerebellum) – Subpial, secondary germinal matrix of the cerebellar cortex, the source of its granule, stellate, and basket cells. It has two components, an outer proliferative zone and an inner premigratory zone. It persists as a source of neurons over the surface of the human cerebellar cortex until the end of the second year of postnatal life.
F
callosum and above the *thalamus, then turns downward and subdivides into a precommissural part that distributes fibers to the *septum, and a postcommissural part that curves behind the *anterior commissure. The postcommissural fibers traverse the diencephalon and most of them terminate in the nuclei of the thalamic *anterior complex and the *mammillary body.
Facial motor nucleus – A large aggregate of somatic motor neurons in the ventrolateral pons dorsal to the *superior olive complex. It is the source of the motor fibers of *nerve VII that innervate the facial mimetic muscles. Subdivisions of this nucleus innervate different facial muscles. Fasciola cinereum – Transitional region that wraps around the splenium of the *corpus callosum connecting a primordium of the hippocampal *dentate gyrus to the *induseum griseum. Fastigial nucleus (cerebellum) – A deep nucleus of the *cerebellum, also known as the medial cerebellar nucleus. It is the target of Purkinje cell axons that originate in the *vermis. Its axons contribute to the large efferent system that leaves the cerebellum. Fimbria – Large fiber tract of the *hippocampus that runs parallel with and then joins the *fornix. Floccular peduncle – Stalk in the cerebellum that connects the *flocculus with the *nodulus. The *germinal trigone is often strung out along the base of this peduncle. Flocculus (cerebellum) – Lateral extension of the vermal *nodulus in the *cerebellar hemisphere. The principal connections of the two, sometimes called the flocculonodular lobe, are with the vestibular system. Folium (cerebellum VIIa) – Component of the *central lobe, anterior to the *tuber. The hemispheric extension of the folium is *crus I of the ansiform lobule. Together with the *tuber, this is a late-maturing region of the cerebellar cortex. Foramen of Monro – Paired channels in the ventricular system that connect the *lateral ventricles in the telencephalon with the *third ventricle in the diencephalon. Forel’s fields – Subthalamic tegmental field (H1 and H2) with fiber bundles of the *ansa lenticularis, lenticular fasciculus, and subthalamic fasciculus. Fornical glioepithelium – Germinal matrix lining the fornix that persists for some time after the dissolution of the hippocampal neuroepithelium. It is the putative germinal source of the oligodendrocytes of the fornix. Fornix – The principal efferent fiber tract of the *hippocampus. The body of the fornix courses forward under the *corpus
Fourth ventricle – Region of the ventricular system in the *pons and *medulla between the *aqueduct rostrally and the *central canal caudally. Fourth ventricle (embryonic) – The neuroepithelium surrounding the hypertrophied fourth ventricle and its several recesses is the source of neurons and glia of the *medulla, the *pons and the *cerebellum. Many of the neurons migrate over long distances to their settling sites. Frontal lobe – Region of the cerebral cortex anterior to the *central sulcus. Some components of this region, e.g., *precentral gyrus and *orbital gyrus, are often excluded. Its major convolutions are the superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri. Minor convolutions are the gyrus rectus, the inferior rostral gyrus, and the superior rostral gyrus. Frontal neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the *frontal lobe. Before settling in the cortical plate, its cells form the frontal *subventricular zone and *stratified transitional field.
G Germinal trigone (cerebellum) – Proliferative germinal matrix in the fourth ventricle beneath the *nodulus that contains three prongs: the *cerebellar neuroepithelium/glioepithelium, the *choroid plexus, and the *external germinal layer. Glial sling (corpus callosum) – See Callosal sling. Glioepithelium – Fate-restricted germinal matrix in the developing brain, the presumed source of neuroglia (astrocytes and oligodendroglia). Glioepithelia are easiest to recognize without special glial markers at sites of considerable distance from neuronal aggregates or their migratory routes, such as along the *corpus callosum, the *fornix, and the *stria terminalis. Globus pallidus – Component of the *striatum, situated medial to the *putamen, with an external (lateral) and internal (medial) segment. Pallidal fibers are the principal efferents
373 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. from the striatum to the *thalamus, the *subthalamus, and the *tegmentum. Gracile fasciculus – A prominent fiber tract in the dorsomedial spinal cord and the caudal medulla. It is composed of axons from dorsal root ganglia that convey sensory input from lower parts of the body. The fibers terminate topographically in the *gracile nucleus. Nissl-stained sections of this fiber tract show prominent *myelination gliosis during the early third trimester. Gracile nucleus – Gray mass in the core of the *gracile fasciculus that receives input from that fiber tract. Axons of these neurons cross the midline in the sensory decussation and enter the contralateral *medial lemniscus. The axons terminate topographically in the *ventral complex of the thalamus. Granular layer (cerebellar cortex) – Situated beneath the monolayer of large Purkinje cells, it is composed principally of small, densely packed neurons, the granule cells. The embryonic source of cerebellar granule cells is the *external germinal layer. The axons of granule cells, the parallel fibers, are distributed superficially in the *molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex. Granular layer (dentate gyrus) – Layer of the hippocampal *dentate gyrus with densely packed granule cells. The dendrites of granule cells are distributed in the *molecular layer, and their axons, the mossy fibers, synapse with the pyramidal cells of *Ammon’s horn. Most of the granule cells originate late in development (late second trimester, third trimester, and postnatally) in the *subgranular zone of just beneath the granular layer. Gray matter – General term for central nervous regions with a high concentration of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated nerve processes but few myelinated fibers. In fresh tissue, such regions appear gray. In histological preparations stained for neuronal cell bodies (perikarya) and their nuclei, the gray matter stands out against the *white matter by a high concentration of peikaryal profiles. In histological preparations that impregnate myelinated fibers, the gray matter appears pale against an opaque background.
H Habenular nuclei – Mediodorsally situated nuclei in the posterior *thalamus; sometimes distinguished from the thalamus proper as the epithalamus. There are two distinct habenular nuclei, the medial and the lateral. Habenular afferents
come principally from the *septum and the *hypothalamus, and its efferents form the *habenulo-interpeduncular tract.
chiasmatic nucleus, the *supraoptic nucleus, the *paraventricular nucleus, the *arcuate nucleus, the *ventromedial nucleus, the *dorsomedial nucleus, the *lateral tuberal nucleus, and the *mammillary body. The supraoptic, paraventricular, and arcuate nuclei produce and release neurohormones. The hypothalamus is considered the head ganglion of the autonomic nervous system and, by way of its neural and hormonal links with the pituitary gland, of the neuroendocrine system.
Habenulo-interpeduncular tract – A fiber bundle, also known as the fasciculus retroflexus, originating in the *habenular nuclei. It courses through the posterior *thalamus and terminates in the *interpeduncular nucleus of the midbrain. Hilus (dentate gyrus) – Deep layer in the the *dentate gyrus that forms a V-shaped hook around the tip of field CA4 of *Ammon’s horn; this layer contains large polymorph cells intermingled with small neurons. The *subgranular zone forms its superficial edge at the base of the *granular layer.
GLOSSARY
I Induseum griseum – Small, medially situated extension of the *hippocampus that lies above the *corpus callosum throughout its entire length.
Hippocampal neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the hippocampus that is present early in development. During the third trimester the hippocampal neuroepithelium is presumably transformed into the *alvear glioepithelium. It lines the internal wall of the hippocampo-amygdaloid fork of the *lateral ventricles opposite the *amygdaloid neuroepithelium, the *striatal neuroepithelium and the *temporal neuroepithelium. Its three distinctive components are the source of the large neurons of *Ammon’s horn, the *subgranular zone that generates the smaller granule cells of the *dentate gyrus, and the *fornical glioepithelium.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle – Large fiber tract (also known as the restiform body). It contains ascending afferents to the cerebellum from the *spinal cord (spinocerebellar tracts), the *external cuneate nucleus, the *inferior olive, and the *lateral reticular nucleus.
Hippocampal region – An inclusive term (also called the hippocampal formation) that includes not only the *hippocampus proper but also the adjacent *subiculum, *presubiculum and *parasubiculum of the *parahippocampal gyrus.
Inferior lobe (cerebellum X) – A lobule in the *cerebellar vermis that is coextensive with the *nodulus. It is separated from the *posterior lobe by the posterolateral fissure. The *flocculus in the cerebellar hemisphere is a lateral extension of the nodulus, being connected to it by the floccular peduncle. The two are sometimes distinguished as the vestibulocerebellum.
Hippocampus – A distinctive allocortical (three-layered) region formed by the interlocking *dentate gyrus and *Ammon’s horn. The hippocampus is continuous with the *subicular complex. The principal afferents of the hippocampus travel in the alveolar and perforant paths; its efferents leave by way of the *fimbria that join the *fornix. Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) – A column of somatic motor neurons near the floor of the *fourth ventricle in the caudal medulla. Their axons form cranial *nerve XII that innervate the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Hypothalamus – Large diencephalic system that surrounds the ventral (or hypothalamic) *third ventricle. It is continuous anteriorly with the *preoptic area and merges caudally with the midbrain *tegmentum. The hypothalamus contains a large number of discrete nuclei, among them the *supra-
Inferior colliculus – Paired inferior hillocks of the midbrain *tectum that receive primary, secondary, and higher order auditory afferents. The output of the inferior colliculus is mainly to the *medial geniculate body in the thalamus, but some axons extend to the primary auditory cortex in the *temporal lobe.
Inferior olive – A distinctive region in the ventrolateral *medulla above the *pyramids and an important component of the precerebellar system. It contains three nuclei. The large principal nucleus is a convoluted structure with a laminar organization that receives input from the *spinal cord, the *red nucleus, motor areas of the *cerebral cortex, and the *central gray. Its axons cross the midline and enter the contralateral *inferior cerebellar peduncle and terminate in the *cerebellar cortex as climbing fibers. The *dorsal accessory olive and the *medial accessory olive are small dense bands of neurons above and medial to the principal nucleus.
374
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
Inferior vestibular nucleus – This nucleus begins caudally in the *medulla near the *external cuneate nucleus and extends rostrally along the medial border of the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Its neurons receive afferents from the vestibular ganglion and their efferents target the *nodulus and the *flocculus. Some axons also join the *medial longitudinal fasciculus and terminate in cranial motor nuclei (III, IV, VI) that control extraocular muscles.
Isthmal glioepithelium/ependyma – The putative source of glia and the site of proliferating ependymal cells in the *isthmus that lines the posterior *aqueduct. This structure replaces the isthmal neuroepithelium.
Infundibular recess – Small recess of the third ventricle that evaginates into the *infundibulum.
L
Infundibulum – Stalk extending from the mediobasal *hypothalamus that contains the median eminence and forms a link to the pituitary gland. Insula (insular cortex) – Large buried neocortical region behind the lateral fissure. Its components (gyri breves, gyri longus) are continuous internally with the *frontal, *parietal and *temporal lobes. Intercalated cell groups (amygdala) – Densely packed clusters of small cells that are typically embedded in the white matter between nuclei in the basolateral and corticomedial complexes in the *amygdala. Interhemispheric fissure – Longitudinal cleft that separates the two cerebral hemispheres. It is traversed by the *corpus callosum. Internal capsule – Massive fiber tract between the *thalamus and *striatum, composed of thalamocortical and corticofugal fibers. It is continuous with the *corona radiata rostrally, and the *cerebral peduncle caudally. Interpeduncular nucleus – Midline mesencephalic structure above the interpeduncular fossa and between the *cerebral peduncles. It is the target of fibers of the *habenulo-interpeduncular tract. Interpositus nucleus (cerebellum) – A deep cerebellar nucleus located between the *dentate nucleus and the *fastigial nucleus. It contains a lateral and a medial group of neurons, the emboliform near the *dentate nucleus, and the globosus near the *fastigial nucleus. Islands of Calleja – Scattered clusters of small granule cells within the *olfactory tubercle and along the medial border of the *nucleus accumbens.
Isthmus – Interconnecting bridge between the *midbrain and the *pons that is more prominent during earlier brain development than in the third trimester.
Lamina terminalis – Anterior membranous border of the *third ventricle. It is the site where the anterior neuropore closes during early embryonic development. Lateral corticospinal tract – A component of the larger *corticofugal tract that originates mainly from layer V in the motor area (including the large Betz pyramidal cells) and other areas of the cerebral cortex that controls skeletal muscles in the contralateral trunk and limbs. Axons carrying somatic motor output cross the midline in the *pyramidal decussation and descend through the entire length of the spinal cord in the dorsolateral part of the *lateral funiculus. Axons leave the tract in a topographically organized manner to terminate directly on spinal motoneurons in the ventral horn from cervical to sacral levels. Lateral fissure – Deep, oblique sulcus (also known as the Sylvian fissure) that separates the *frontal lobe and the *paracentral lobule anterodorsally from the *temporal lobe ventrally. Lateral funiculus (spinal cord) – Region of the spinal cord white matter that flanks the gray matter laterally. Major components of the lateral funiculus are the *lateral corticospinal tract, the *spinocephalic tract, and the *spinocerebellar tracts. Lateral geniculate body – Distinct thalamic region composed of the laminated dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and its fiber capsule. The principal afferents of this visual relay structure are ipsi- and contralateral fibers of the *optic tract; the principal target of its efferents is the ipsilateral *striate cortex. The connections of the lateral geniculate nucleus and the striate cortex are reciprocal. Lateral hypothalamic area – An ill-defined fibrous region of the *hypothalamus with scattered neurons medial to the cerebral peduncle. It is traversed by many fiber tracts, including the *medial forebrain bundle. The region has been implicated in behavioral arousal and motivation.
Lateral lemniscus – The fiber tract on the lateral surface of the *pons that contains secondary auditory fibers from the dorsal and ventral *cochlear nuclei and higher-order auditory fibers from the *superior olivary complex. The dorsal and ventral *nuclei of the lateral lemniscus are embedded within the fiber tract. Lateral migratory stream (cortical) – Tangentially-migrating neurons and glia in the developing *cerebral cortex that leave dorsal parts of the neocortical *neuroepithelium and migrate laterally and ventrally to insular and temporal cortical areas and other telencephalic structures that lack a nearby germinal matrix. The bulk of the lateral migratory stream follows a trajectory outlined by the receding *subventricular zone between the *basal ganglia and the lateral cortex. Lateral nucleus (amygdala) – The most lateral nucleus in the *basolateral complex of the *amygdala. Cells from the *lateral migratory stream appear to enter the nucleus at the distinctive saw-toothed lateral edge. This nucleus is a major recipient of cortical input from the *temporal lobe, *occipital lobe, *insular gyrus, and *orbital gyrus. It also gets input from the *posterior complex of the thalamus. It projects to the *entorhinal cortex, *temporal cortex, *orbital cortex, *insular cortex, *nucleus accumbens, and *dorsomedial thalamic nucleus. Lateral preoptic area – An anterior continuation of the lateral hypothalamic area in the *preoptic area. Lateral reticular nucleus – A relatively discrete group of neurons in the caudal medulla, dorsolateral to the *inferior olive. The neurons of this precerebellar relay nucleus receive topographic exteroceptive and proprioceptive afferents from the *spinocephalic tract and project ipsilaterally to the *cerebellum via the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Lateral septal nucleus – An indistinct gray mass in the lateral *septum that is closely associated with the *fornix, which provides input to these neurons. Lateral tuberal nucleus (hypothalamus) – Two or three distinct spherical masses near the inferior surface of the *lateral hypothalamic area. These neurons may play a role in thermoregulation and food intake. Lateral ventricles – Paired cavities of the ventricular system in the telencephalon. They are connected with the *third ventricle in the diencephalon by the *foramen of Monro.
375 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. Lateral ventricles (embryonic) – During embryonic development, the *neuroepithelium lining the hypertrophied lateral ventricles and the adjacent subventricular zone are the source of neurons and neuroglia in the telencephalon. In the mature brain the enduring shrunken regions of the lateral ventricles are lined by cells of the *ependyma. Lateral vestibular nucleus – Also called Deiter’s nucleus. A collection of large neurons lying dorsolaterally along the wall of the *fourth ventricle. It receives primary sensory input from the vestibular ganglion via cranial *nerve VIII and its large neurons are the source of the vestibulospinal tract. Smaller neurons send axons to vestibular areas of the cerebellum and to the *medial longitudinal fasciculus. Layer I (cerebral cortex) – The cell-sparse layer beneath the pia in all parts of the *cerebral cortex. This is the first cortical layer to develop and contains the earliest generated cortical neurons, the Cajal-Retzius cells. Lingula (cerebellum I-II) – The ventral lobule of the anterior lobe of the *cerebellar vermis with a tongue-like projection over the surface of the *superior cerebellar peduncle. This lobule does not extend to the hemispheres. Lingula (occipital lobe) – Tongue-shaped gyrus beneath the *cuneus, ventral to the *calcarine fissure. Locus coeruleus – Aggregate of large pigmented cells in the *pons. It is the major source of ascending and descending noradrenergic fibers that are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system.
M Mammillary body – Distinctive region in the posteroventral hypothalamus, composed of the medial and lateral mammillary nuclei. Its principal afferents are from the *septum and *subiculum that course in the *fornix; its efferents form the *mammillothalamic and *mammillotegmental tracts. Mammillotegmental tract – Descending fiber bundle containing *mammillary body efferents to the brain stem, including the *dorsal tegmental nucleus. Mammillothalamic tract – Ascending fiber bundle containing efferents of the *mammillary body that terminate in the thalamic *anterior complex. Massa intermedia (thalamus) – Interthalamic bridge across the *third ventricle that contains several midline structures,
including the *reuniens nucleus and the thalamic *periventricular complex. Medial accessory olive – A small nucleus in the *inferior olive complex that contains densely packed neurons along the lateral border of the medial lemniscus. It receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord and its efferents reach the contralateral cerebellum (mainly the vermis) by way of the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Medial forebrain bundle – A diffuse fiber tract that extends from the *olfactory tubercle, through the *lateral hypothalamic area, to the *substantia nigra in the midbrain *tegmentum. It is more conspicuous in the brains of lower animals than in the human brain. Medial geniculate body – Principal thalamic relay station in the auditory pathway to the *cerebral cortex. Its afferents originate in the *trapezoid body, the *superior olivary complex, the *lateral lemniscus nuclei, and the *inferior colliculus. Its efferents form the *auditory radiation that terminates in the *temporal lobe. The connections with the cerebral cortex are reciprocal. Medial lemniscus – Large fiber bundle conveying tactile and other somatosensory input to the thalamus. It originates in the *gracile and *cuneate nuclei in the *medulla, crosses to the opposite side (sensory decussation), ascends through the *pons and *midbrain, and terminates in the *ventral posterolateral and *ventral posteromedial nuclei of the thalamus. Medial lemniscus (decussation) – Also known as the sensory decussation, a medial area in the lower *medulla, above the *pyramids, where axons of the medial lemniscus cross to the opposite side. Medial longitudinal fasciculus – A dorsomedial tract in the *midbrain, *pons and *medulla that contains ascending and descending fibers coursing beneath the *oculomotor nuclear complex, *trochlear nucleus, *abducens nucleus, and *hypoglossal nucleus. It turns ventrally in the posterior medulla and extends into the ventral funiculus of the cervical spinal cord. Its ascending axons originate throughout the *vestibular nuclear complex. Its descending axons originate in the *medial vestibular nucleus and the *reticular formation. Medial nucleus (amygdala) – Part of the *corticomedial complex that contains more loosely packed small-to-medium sized cells than the adjacent *cortical nucleus. It gets input from
GLOSSARY
layer III of the *primary olfactory cortex, thalamic *periventricular complex, hypothalamic *ventromedial nucleus, and *lateral hypothalamic area. It projects to the *orbital cortex, thalamic *periventricular complex, and *ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Medial preoptic nucleus – A rounded mass of neurons in the *medial preoptic area that plays a role in sexual functions. Medial septal nucleus – An indistinct nucleus in the midline septum that is continuous with the vertical limb of the *diagonal band of Broca. Medial vestibular nucleus – Component of the *vestibular nuclear complex situated underneath the *fourth ventricle medial to the other vestibular nuclei. Its neurons receive primary sensory input from the vestibular ganglion via cranial *nerve VIII and project to the *fastigial nucleus, the *flocculus *nodulus, and *uvula. Medial vestibular axons also extend through cervical levels of the spinal cord in the *medial longitudinal fasciculus. Median preoptic nucleus – A small nucleus in the *preoptic area that forms a narrow cap around the *anterior commissure in the midline. Medulla – Region of the neuraxis surrounding the posterior *fourth ventricle, also known as the medulla oblongata, bounded by the *pons rostrally and the *spinal cord caudally. An extremely heterogeneous region containing sensory, somatic motor, and visceral motor nuclei as well as large ascending, descending, and decussating fiber tracts. Medullary neuroepithelium – Primary germinal matrix that lines the core and recesses of the posterior embryonic *fourth ventricle. Its several subdivisions are the source of neurons and glia of the different sensory, relay and motor nuclei of the medulla. During the third trimester, the medullary neuroepithelium has already been transformed into a glioepithelium/ependyma. See also Precerebellar neuroepithelium. Medullary layer (cerebellar cortex) – The deep white matter in the *cerebellar cortex. It contains ascending climbing and mossy fibers and descending Purkinje cell axons. Mesencephalic neuroepithelium – Primary germinal matrix that lines the embryonic *aqueduct. Its different subdivisions produce neurons and glia for the *superior colliculus, the *inferior colliculus, the *central gray, and the *tegmentum.
376
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
In the third trimester, this germinal matrix has already been transformed into a glioepithelium/ependyma. Mesencephalic nucleus (V) – Large neurons scattered along the lateral border of the *central gray of the midbrain and pons. They are primary sensory neurons that enter the brain from the periphery early in development relaying proprioceptive information from the muscles of mastication. They may function in the reflex control of bite strength.
The neocortex is considered to be a phylogenetically more recent laminated telencephalic structure than the “threelayered” *allocortex.
Meyer’s loop – Part of the visual radiation that curves into the temporal lobe on its way to the *occipital lobe.
Neocortical neuroepithelium – Extensive primary germinal matrix that lines the dorsal and lateral walls of the hypertrophied embryonic *lateral ventricles. The nuclei of the dividing cells shuttle to the lumen of the ventricle to undergo mitotic division there. It is the ultimate source of neurons and glia in the neocortex and some other structures, such as the *primary olfactory cortex and the *basolateral complex of the amygdala.
Midbrain – The most anterior part of the brainstem divided into the *tectum (“roof”) and the *tegmentum (“floor”).
Neocortical stratified transitional field – See Stratified transitional field (cortical).
Midbrain tectum – See Tectum.
Neocortical subventricular zone – A *secondary germinal matrix situated either above the *neocortical neuroepithelium or, after dissolution of the *neuroepithelium, adjacent to the *lateral ventricle *ependyma. It is derived from the primary cortical neuroepithelium but is distinguished from it in that the nuclei of its proliferating cells do not shuttle to the lumen of the ventricle during mitosis.
Midbrain tegmentum – See Tegmentum. Middle cerebellar peduncle – Massive tract of *pontocerebellar fibers that originate in the *pontine gray and enter the cerebellum posterolateral to the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. Molecular layer (cerebellar cortex) – Superficial layer that contains the dendrites of Purkinje cells, the parallel fibers (axons) of granule cells, the climbing fibers of the *inferior olive, and the small basket and stellate cells and their processes. Molecular layer (dentate gyrus) – Superficial fibrous layer of the hippocampal *dentate gyrus. It contains the dendrites of granule cells, some scattered neurons, and axon terminals from multiple sources. Motor nucleus, V – See Trigeminal, motor nucleus. Motor nucleus, VII See Facial, motor nucleus. Myelination gliosis – Sometimes called premyelination gliosis. Transient increase in the concentration of proliferating glia in fiber tracts before the onset of myelination. It is evident during late fetal development in the *cuneate fasciculus and deep parts of the *gracile fasciculus.
N Neocortex – The “six-layered” cortex of the cerebral hemispheres, also known as the isocortex. Its principal divisions are the *frontal lobe, the *paracentral lobule, the *parietal lobe, the *occipital lobe, the *temporal lobe, and the *insula.
Nerve III (oculomotor) – Cranial motor nerve originating in the *oculomotor nuclear complex. It innervates all the extraocular muscles – except the lateral rectus and superior oblique – and the skeletal muscles of the eyelid, the smooth sphincter muscles of the iris, and the ciliary muscles of the lens. Nerve IV (trochlear) – Cranial motor nerve composed of axons of the *trochlear nucleus that innervates the superior oblique muscle of the eye. This nerve is unique because it exits from the dorsal surface of the *midbrain behind the *inferior colliculus. Nerve V (trigeminal) – A mixed sensory and motor cranial nerve that has three peripheral branches, the ophthalmic, the maxillary, and the mandibular. All three branches contain peripheral sensory fibers from the trigeminal ganglion that terminate in the *trigeminal principal sensory nucleus, the *trigeminal spinal nucleus, and the substantia gelatinosa in upper cervical segments of the spinal cord. A bundle of fibers in the mandibular branch, originating in the *trigeminal motor nucleus, innervates the muscles of mastication. Nerve VI (abducens) – A motor cranial nerve that originates in the *abducens nucleus and emerges near the midline at the
caudal border of the *pons. The fibers innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. Nerve VII (facial) – A mixed sensory and motor nerve, the facial nerve has three components. Primary sensory gustatory fibers from the geniculate ganglion enter the solitary tract and terminate in the *solitary nucleus. Somatic motor fibers from the *facial motor nucleus innervate the muscles of facial expression. Visceral motor (parasympathetic) fibers from preganglionic neurons in the dorsolateral pontine *reticular formation (the indistinct salivatory nucleus) target the pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia. Nerve VIII (cochlear, vestibular) – A sensory cranial nerve that contains primary auditory afferents from the spiral ganglion in the cochlea and primary vestibular afferents from the vestibular (Scarpa’s) ganglion. The auditory afferents terminate in the dorsal and ventral *cochlear nuclei. The vestibular afferents terminate in the nuclei of the *vestibular nuclear complex and some reach the cerebellar *nodulus and *flocculus. Nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) – A mixed sensory and motor cranial nerve that exits the *medulla between the *inferior olive and the *inferior cerebellar peduncle. The sensory part of nerve IX relays gustatory input from the posterior third of the tongue and visceral sensory input from the tonsils, the Eustachian tube, and the carotid sinus via primary sensory neurons in the superior and inferior (nodose) ganglia. These fibers enter the solitary tract and terminate in the *solitary nucleus. The somatic motor part of nerve IX originates in the *nucleus ambiguus and innervates the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. The visceral motor fibers from parasympathetic preganglionic neurons in the salivatory nucleus terminate in the otic ganglion. Nerve X (vagus) – A mixed sensory and motor nerve, with some somatic and many visceral afferents and efferents (parasympathetic) that are widely distributed throughout the body, including the pharynx, larynx, trachea, esophagus, and all the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Vagal afferents terminate in the *solitary nucleus and other medullary sites. Most of its preganglionic motor neurons are located in the *dorsal motor nucleus (X). Nerve XI (accessory) – This nerve has a cranial and a spinal component. The cranial motor fibers innervate the intrinsic muscles of the larynx and the spinal motor fibers innervate the sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles. The spinal fibers originate in a column of motoneurons that
377 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. extends from the region of the *nucleus ambiguus to the 5th-6th segments of the cervical *spinal cord. Nerve XII (hypoglossal) – A somatic motor cranial nerve that originates in the *hypoglossal nucleus and leaves the *medulla between the *pyramids and the *inferior olive. The fibers innervate the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. Neuroepithelium – The primary source of the neurons and glia in the central nervous system. The neuroepithelial stem cells initially form the neural plate, which folds to form the neural groove. After closure of the neural tube caudally and of the cephalic vesicles rostrally, the *ventricles form and henceforth the nuclei of neuroepithelial stem cells shuttle to the ventricular lumen to undergo mitosis. The neuroepithelium is divisible into mosaic regions or patches that give rise to neurons and glia of distinct brain structures or cell types. The identified patches are listed seperately, e.g. *frontal neuroepithelium. The neuroepithelium is the source of several *secondary germinal matrices that also generate neurons. As neurogenesis ceases, the pluripotential neuroepithelium is transformed at many sites into a *glioepithelium, such as the *callosal glioepithelium or the *fornical glioepithelium, or into the *ependyma that lines the enduring ventricles. Nodulus (cerebellum X) – Cerebellar lobule coextensive with the *inferior lobe of the cerebellar vermis. It is separated from the *posterior lobe by the *posterolateral fissure. It is continuous, via the floccular peduncle, with the *flocculus in the hemisphere. The nodulus gets extensive primary vestibular input from the vestibular ganglion and secondary input from the *vestibular nuclear complex. Nucleus accumbens – Ganglionic component of the ventral telencephalon ventromedial to the *striatum. It is distinguished from the striatum by its cellular organization, neurochemical composition, and intimate connections with the *hypothalamus, *amygdala, and other parts of the limbic system. Nucleus ambiguus – Aggregate of somatic motor neurons that form a thin column in the ventrolateral medulla. Its axons innervate the muscles of the larynx and pharynx via *nerve IX. Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (dorsal) – Interstitial neurons in the *lateral lemniscus ventral to the *inferior colliculus with input from the *cochlear nuclei and the *superior olivary complex. Its axons join the lateral lemniscus to terminate bilaterally in the *inferior colliculus and the *medial geniculate body.
Nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (ventral) – Interstitial neurons in the *lateral lemniscus lateral to the *superior olivary complex. Input and output are similar to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus. Nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (amygdala) – A small mass of densely-stained neurons located deep to the lateral *olfactory tract and superficial to the medial part of the cortical nucleus. These neurons are reciprocally connected to the *olfactory bulb. Nucleus of Roller – A large-celled nucleus ventral to the *hypoglossal nucleus. Sometimes classified as a component of the perihypoglossal nuclear complex.
O Occipital lobe – The most posterior region of the cerebral cortex, partially separated from the *parietal lobe by the *parietooccipital sulcus. It contains several visual areas with direct projections from the retina, by way of the *lateral geniculate body, or indirect projection by way of the *pulvinar. The distinctive primary visual projection area, the *striate cortex, lies along the wall of the *calcarine sulcus. Occipital neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the occipital lobe. It is flanked in the fetal neocortex by the occipital subventricular zone and the distinctive *stratified transitional field before all its neurons settle in the visual cortex. Oculomotor nerve (III) – See Nerve III. Oculomotor nuclear complex – Situated at the base of the *central gray beneath the *aqueduct, the cell columns of this complex extend from the anterior pole of the *superior colliculus rostrally to the *trochlear nucleus caudally. Its somatic motor nuclei innervate the medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus and inferior oblique muscles of the eye, and are associated with the fibers of the *medial longitudinal fasciculus. Most prominent of its autonomic (preganglionic) components is the dorsally located Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Olfactory bulb – Laminated brain structure where the first-order fibers of the olfactory nerve terminate and the second-order fibers of the lateral and medial *olfactory tracts originate. It is composed of three classes of neurons: large mitral cells, the intermediate tufted cells, and the small granule cells. The late-generated granule cells migrate to the olfactory bulb by way of the *rostral migratory stream.
GLOSSARY
Olfactory peduncle – A stalk that connects the olfactory bulb to the brain. It contains the *olfactory tract and the anterior olfactory nucleus. During the third trimester, the olfactory peduncle contains the *rostral migratory stream in its core. Olfactory tubercle – Paleocortical area in the ventral telencephalon deep to the *diagonal band of Broca (vertical limb) and superficial to the *nucleus accumbens/ventral *striatum. It contains many dense cellular aggregates, the *islands of Calleja. Input comes mainly from the lateral *olfactory tract. Olfactory tract – Large fiber bundle that originates in the *olfactory bulb and has two parts, the larger lateral olfactory stria and the smaller medial stria. The fibers of the lateral stria terminate in the *olfactory tubercle, the *primary olfactory cortex, and *corticomedial complex of the amygdala. Optic chiasm – Site of the partial decussation of fibers of the *optic nerve. Fibers from the nasal half of each retina cross here to the opposite side while those from temporal half proceed uncrossed to form the *optic tract. Optic nerve – The large second cranial nerve containing the axons of retinal ganglion cells. Beyond the *optic chiasm this nerve is called the *optic tract. Optic tract – Large bundle of crossed and uncrossed retinal afferents. In the human brain the majority of the fibers terminate in the *dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; others proceed to the *superior colliculus, the *suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the *pretectum. Orbital gyrus – Ventromedial region of the *frontal lobe with afferents from the thalamic dorsomedial nucleus and efferents to the *preoptic area and the *hypothalamus. The region has been implicated in such visceromotor functions, as the regulation of blood pressure, respiratory rate, and gastric motility.
P Parabigeminal nucleus – This small nucleus, composed of a dorsal and ventral aggregate of cells in the lateral wall of the *midbrain tegmentum, receives second-order visual input from the *superior colliculus. It may be the homologue of the isthmo-optic nucleus of lower vertebrates. Parabrachial nucleus – Dorsolateral pontine structure with indistinct boundaries that surrounds the *superior cerebellar
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GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
peduncle. Its principal input comes from the *solitary nucleus and its efferents target the *ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus, the *amygdala, and the *insular cortex. This nucleus has been implicated in gustatory and related visceral functions. Paracentral lobule, cortical – Inclusive term used for two neocortical convolutions surrounding the *central sulcus: the *precentral gyrus and the *postcentral gyrus. The term is used to distinguish these primary motor and sensory projection areas from the higher-order, integrative areas of the *frontal lobe anteriorly and the *parietal lobe posteriorly. Paracentral neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the *paracentral lobule in the developing neocortex. It is flanked by the paracentral *subventricular zone and the paracentral *stratified transitional field before all the neurons settle in the cortical plate.
and vasopressin that reach the posterior pituitary gland by axoplasmic flow. The small neurons of the nucleus are the source of releasing hormones conveyed to the portal vessels of the median eminence. Paraventricular nucleus (thalamus) – Component of the *periventricular nuclear complex of the thalamus. Parietal lobe – Region of the neocortex bounded anteriorly by the *postcentral sulcus and posteriorly by the *parietooccipital sulcus. It subdivisions have been implicated in higher-level perceptual and cognitive functions, including language comprehension. Its major convolutions include the superior parietal lobule, the precuneus, the supramarginal gyrus, and the angular gyrus.
Paracentral nucleus, thalamic – Component of the *periventricular complex of the thalamus.
Parietal neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the parietal lobe in the developing neocortex. It is flanked by the parietal *subventricular zone and the parietal *stratified transitional field before all the neurons settle in the cortical plate.
Parafascicular nucleus, thalamic – Component of the *periventricular complex of the thalamus.
Parieto-occipital sulcus – Fissure that partially separates the *parietal lobe and the *occipital lobe.
Paraflocculus (cerebellum HIX) – Also called the tonsil. Lobule of the cerebellar hemisphere that is connected to the *uvula in the vermis.
Parolfactory gyrus – Anteromedial gyrus in the frontal lobe, situated beneath the genu of the corpus callosum and in front of the *anterior commissure.
Parahippocampal gyrus – Transitional (allocortical-to-neocortical) area between *Ammon’s horn of the hippocampus and the isocortex of the *temporal lobe. Its subdivisions are the *subicular complex and the *entorhinal cortex.
Peristriate cortex – Area forming a belt around the *striate cortex and implicated in the higher-order processing of visual information.
Parahippocampal neuroepithelium – Putative source of the neurons and glia of the parahippocampal gyrus. It is flanked by the parahippocampal *subventricular zone and the parahippocampal *stratified transitional field before all its neurons settle in the cortical plate. Parasubiculum – *Allocortical component of the *parahippocampal gyrus between the *presubiculum and the *entorhinal cortex. Paratenial nucleus (thalamus) – Component of the *periventricular complex of the thalamus. Paraventricular nucleus (hypothalamus) – Prominent neuroendocrine structure abutting the third ventricle with a magnocellular and a parvocellular division. The large neurons of the paraventricular nucleus are the source of oxytocin
Periventricular complex (thalamus) – Collective term for several thalamic nuclei lining the third ventricle, including the *paracentral, *parafascicular, *paratenial, *paraventricular, and *reuniens nuclei. Its principal connections are with limbic system structures and the *striatum; connections with the *neocortex are sparse. Pineal gland – An endocrine gland connected by its stalk to the pineal recess of the dorsal *third ventricle. It secretes melatonin and other indoleamines. It is believed to receive indirect visual input from the retina. Piriform cortex – see Primary Olfactory Cortex. Pons – Region of the brain surrounding the anterior *fourth ventricle, situated between the *midbrain and the *medulla. It contains many ascending, descending and decussating fiber tracts, sensory and motor nuclei of the cranial nerves,
the *reticular formation, the *raphe nuclear complex, and the *pontine gray. Pontine gray – Large nucleus composed of a dense aggregate of small to medium-sized neurons in the ventral *pons. It contains the thick bundles of the longitudinally-oriented *corticofugal tract and the thinner bundles of the transverselyoriented *pontocerebellar fibers. Corticofugal axons that collateralize here are the principal afferents of the pontine gray neurons that are the source of the pontocerebellar fibers. Pontocerebellar fibers – Axons of pontine gray neurons that terminate in the *granular layer of the *cerebellar cortex. Pontocerebellar fibers (decussation) – Axons of pontine gray neurons that cross the midline and enter the contralateral *middle cerebellar peduncle. Postcentral gyrus – Convolution of the *cerebral cortex between the *central sulcus and the postcentral sulcus. It is the primary somatosensory projection area of the cortex and is classified as a component of the *paracentral lobule. Posterior commissure – Early developing decussating fiber tract in the dorsal *midbrain that interconnects several pretectal and tectal nuclei. Posterior complex (thalamus) – Division of the thalamus that includes the *lateral geniculate body, the *medial geniculate body, and the *pulvinar. The nuclei of the thalamic posterior complex – together with the *ventral complex – constitute the dedicated sensory relay system that supplies the neocortex with high-resolution and fast visual, auditory and somesthetic information. Posterior lobe (cerebellum IX) – The vermal lobe that is coextensive with the *uvula. It is separated from the *central lobe by the *secondary fissure and from the *inferior lobe by the *posterolateral fissure. Posterolateral fissure (cerebellum) – The vermal fissure that separates the *inferior lobe and the *posterior lobe. Precentral gyrus – Anterior convolution of the *paracentral lobule in the *cerebral cortex between the precentral sulcus and the *central sulcus. It constitutes the primary motor cortex with giant Betz pyramidal cells in layer V. Precerebellar neuroepithelium – Dorsal medullary germinal matrix whose cells migrate rostrally to the pons and caudally to the
379 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. ventral medulla to settle in the precerebellar nuclei, including the *pontine gray, the *reticular tegmental nucleus, the *inferior olive, the *lateral reticular nucleus, and the *external cuneate nucleus. This part of the germinal matrix is a *glioepithelium/ependyma during the third trimester. Preculminate fissure (cerebellum) – A fissure within the anterior lobe of the vermis that separates the *centralis from the *culmen. Premammillary area – Region with ill-defined boundaries anterior to the *mammillary body in the *hypothalamus. Preoptic area – Midline area surrounding the preoptic recess of the *third ventricle. It is contiguous anteriorly with the ventral telencephalon and blends posteriorly with the anterior *hypothalamus. It is implicated in the regulation of sexual behavior and reproductive functions. Prepositus nucleus – Situated in the dorsomedial *medulla, it extends from the anterior part of the *hypoglossal nucleus to the posterior part of the *abducens nucleus. Prepyramidal fissure (cerebellum) – Fissure in the vermal *central lobe that separates the *pyramis from the *tuber. Presubiculum – *Allocortical component of the *parahippocampal gyrus between the *subiculum and the *parasubiculum. Pretectum – Dorsal area between the posterior *thalamus and the *superior colliculus. Several of its nuclei are involved in visuomotor functions. Primary fissure (cerebellum) – Dorsal cerebellar fissure that extends from the vermis to the hemispheres. In the vermis, it separates the *anterior lobe from the *central lobe. In the hemispheres, it separates HI-HV of the anterior lobe from the *simplex lobule (HVI). Primary olfactory cortex – Paleocortical region, also called the piriform lobe or cortex, where fibers of the lateral olfactory tract terminate. It is situated rostral to the *entorhinal cortex of the *parahippocampal gyrus and includes the prepiriform area along the rhinal fissure and the periamygdaloid area. Primary visual cortex – See Striate cortex. Principal sensory nucleus (V) – See Trigeminal, principal sensory nucleus.
Pulvinar (thalamus) – Large nucleus of the thalamic *posterior complex. Its subdivisions send fibers to various regions of the *parietal lobe, *occipital lobe, *temporal lobe, and perhaps also to the frontal eye field. Purkinje cell layer (cerebellar cortex) – The monolayer of cell bodies of Purkinje cells sandwiched between the superficial *molecular layer and the deep *granular layer. During development, Purkinje cells are piled on top of one another but gradually form a monolayer as the surface area of the cerebellar cortex expands. Putamen – Lateral component of the *striatum. It lies between the *external capsule and the *globus pallidus. It is the major source of striatal efferents to the *thalamus, *subthalamic nucleus, *substantia nigra, and *tegmentum. Pyramid (corticospinal tract) – Paired triangular-shaped masses of fibers on the ventral surface of the lower medulla that contain the *lateral and *ventral corticospinal tracts. Pyramidal decussation – The region in the lower *medulla where the bulk of the fibers in the *pyramids cross the midline in a dorsolateral direction and descend in the spinal cord as the *lateral corticospinal tract. Pyramis (cerebellum VIII) – Triangular vermal lobule in the posterior *central lobe that is continuous with the paramedian and *biventral lobules of the cerebellar hemispheres. It is bounded anteriorly by the *prepyramidal fissure and is separated from the *posterior lobe by the *secondary fissure.
R Raphe migration – Streams of cells that originate in the dorsal *medullary neuroepithelium and are distributed in the midline ventrally during late-fetal development. They appear to contribute cells to the medullary *arcuate nucleus. Raphe nuclear complex – Several smaller and some larger cell aggregates that extend in and near the midline from the *midbrain rostrally to the *medulla caudally. The raphe cells are the principal source of serotonin-containing fibers distributed along the entire neuraxis from the forebrain to the *spinal cord. They are involved, as neuromodulators, in the regulation of sleep, wakefulness and emotional arousal. Red nucleus – Spherical mesencephalic nucleus with a small-celled (parvocellular) and a large-celled (magnocellular) division.
GLOSSARY
It is surrounded and traversed by fibers of the *superior cerebellar peduncle. Its afferents originate in the *cerebellar deep nuclei and the *cerebral cortex. Its descending efferents target various tegmental and medullary nuclei, and the *spinal cord (rubrospinal tract); its ascending fibers terminate in the *thalamus. The red nucleus is a component of the cerebellar feedback loop. Reticular belt (thalamus) – Distinctive component of the thalamus; it is coextensive with the thalamic *reticular nucleus. Reticular formation – A large collection of scattered neurons, enmeshed in a complex network of fibers, in the core of the *medulla, *pons, and *midbrain. The extensive axonal branches of neurons have have a modulatory influence on the entire central nervous system. Reticular tegmental nucleus (pons) – Situated dorsal to the *pontine gray, this precerebellar nucleus, also known as the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis, receives afferents from the *cerebellum and the *cerebral cortex. The principal target of its efferents is the cerebellum, where they terminate as mossy fibers. Reticular nucleus (thalamus) – A thin belt of cells and fibers between the wall of the *thalamus and the *internal capsule. Virtually all fibers that interconnect the thalamus and the cerebral cortex traverse, and probably form connections with, the thalamic reticular nucleus. Retrofacial nucleus – Small structure in the medulla caudal to the *facial motor nucleus and near the *nucleus ambiguus. Retrosplenial area (cingulate gyrus) – Region of the cingulate gyrus that wraps around the splenium of the *corpus callosum. Reuniens nucleus (thalamus) – Midline component of the *periventricular complex of the thalamus, situated in the *massa intermedia. Rostral migratory stream – A large stream of mitotic and postmitotic cells in the forebrain extending from the rostral *lateral ventricle to the *olfactory bulb. It is a source of neurons – such as the late-generated granule cells of the olfactory bulb – and neuroglia, and persists after the *neuroepithelium has receded or disappeared at most brain sites.
380
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
S
Spinal nucleus (V) – See Trigeminal, spinal nucleus.
Secondary fissure (cerebellum) – Fissure in the midline vermis that separates the *posterior lobe from the *central lobe.
Spinal tract (V) – See Trigeminal, spinal tract.
Secondary germinal matrix – Layer or field of proliferative precursors of neurons and glia outside the primary *neuroepithelium. These cells are progeny of the stem cells of the primary neuroepithelium that persist for varying periods after the neuroepithelium has disappeared. Examples of secondary germinal matrices are the *external germinal layer of the cerebellum, the *subventricular zone of the neocortex, the *subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus, the *rostral migratory stream, and the *striatal subventricular zone. Typically, the secondary germinal matrices are the source of late-generated small interneurons, or microneurons. Septum – Midline telencephalic structure beneath the anterior *corpus callosum that is better developed in lower mammals than in man. It contains *medial and *lateral nuclei. Its principal connections are with the *hippocampus and the *hypothalamus by way of the *fornix. The septum is a focal component of the limbic system. Sexually dimorphic nucleus – A small, dense cluster of neurons closely associated with the *medial preoptic nucleus in the *preoptic area. Simplex lobule (cerebellum HVI) –Lobule in the cerebellar hemisphere that is continuous with the vermal *declive. It is delineated anteriorly by the *primary fissure and posteriorly by *crus I of the ansiform lobule. Solitary tract and nucleus – This tract contains primary sensory fibers that reach the *medulla by way of cranial *nerves VII, IX, and X, conveying gustatory (VII and IX) and visceral sensory information (IX and X) to the solitary nucleus. The *dorsal sensory nucleus of X and the *commissural nucleus of X are part of this nuclear complex. Spinal cord – Caudal tubular component of the central nervous system that surrounds the *central canal. Its continuous core of gray matter (the dorsal horn, intermediate gray and ventral horn) and surrounding white matter (the dorsal, *lateral and ventral funiculi) are divided into 31 segments by the discontinuous entry of dorsal root afferents and exit of ventral root efferents that form the mixed spinal nerves. The cervical enlargement and the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord supply the nerves of the forelimbs and hind limbs, respectively.
Spinocephalic tract – Large ascending fiber tract in the *lateral funiculus of the spinal cord whose fibers or collaterals are widely distributed throughout the *medulla, *pons, *midbrain, *thalamus, and the limbic forebrain. The spinocephalic tract, which includes the spinoreticular, spinomesencephalic and spinothalamic tracts, conveys nociceptive and other affective stimuli to the brain. It is distinguished from the phylogenetically more recent ascending *cuneate and *gracile funiculi that convey primarily cognitive somesthetic information to the neocortex. Spinocerebellar tracts – Several ascending pathways, including the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts in the *lateral funiculus that convey proprioceptive information from muscles and joints to the *cerebellum. Stratified transitional field – Transient intermediate field in the fetal *cerebral cortex between the *neuroepithelium (or *subventricular zone) and the *cortical plate. It is a crisply laminated site with alternating fiber-rich and cellrich layers that vary in their configuration in different lobes of the cerebral cortex; e.g., frontal stratified transitional field; occipital stratified transitional field. The different fibrous layers are continuous with the incoming thalamocortical afferents, the outgoing corticofugal efferents, and the decussating fibers of the *corpus callosum. The cellular layers are composed of sojourning and migrating neurons all of which eventually settle in the *cortical plate. Stria medullaris (thalamus) – Mediodorsal fiber bundle in the diencephalon coursing in an anteroposterior direction and terminating in the *habenular nuclei. Striatal neuroepithelium – Primary germinal source of neurons of the *caudate nucleus, *putamen, and *globus pallidus. It has a large anterolateral and anteromedial division, also known as the lateral and medial eminences, and a small posterior division that generates the neurons of the tail of the caudate nucleus. Striatal subventricular zone – A large *secondary germinal matrix flanking the striatal neuroepithelium that generates the bulk of the neurons of *caudate nucleus, *putamen and *globus pallidus. Striate cortex – Principal projection area of the *visual radiation, situated along the *calcarine sulcus. This distinctive thin
cortex is rich in small granule cells and contains a white band (of Gennari) within layer IV. Stria terminalis – Arched fiber bundle that originates in the corticomedial and basolateral *amygdala, courses along the medial surface of the *caudate nucleus, and terminates in the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anterior *hypothalamus, and the *preoptic area. Striatum – Term used for two components of the *basal ganglia: the *caudate nucleus and the *putamen. Strionuclear glioepithelium – Putative source of the glia of the stria terminalis, stria medullaris and possibly other nearby fiber tracts. Strionuclear neuroepithelium – Putative germinal source of the neurons and glia of the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. It is situated beneath the *striatal neuroepithelium in a notch of the *lateral ventricle near the *foramen of Monro. Throughout the third trimester, this germinal site is most likely the source of glia, and is labeled as the *strionuclear glioepithelium. Subcommissural organ – A highly vascularized circumventricular neuroendocrine organ located beneath the *posterior commissure in the roof of the posterior *third ventricle and anterior *aqueduct. It is devoid of neurons and may disappear from the human brain after birth. Subfornical organ – A highly vascularized circumventricular neuroendocrine organ situated between the two columns of the fornix at the confluence of the *third ventricle and the *foramen of Monro. Among its afferents are fibers from the *preoptic area and the anterior *hypothalamus. Its efferents target the hypothalamic *paraventricular nucleus and the *supraoptic nucleus. Subgranular zone (hippocampus) – A long-persisting secondary germinal matrix beneath the *granular layer of the dentate gyrus. It is a division of the *hippocampal neuroepithelium and is the source of late-generated dentate granule cells. Subicular complex – Collective term for the *parasubiculum, the *presubiculum and the *subiculum of the *parahippocampal gyrus. Subiculum – *Allocortical component of the *hippocampus, between CA1 and the *presubiculum.
381 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. Subpial granular layer – Transient cellular layer between *layer I and the pia in some regions of the developing *cerebral cortex. It may be a source of cortical glia. Substantia innominata – Extensive telencephalic area with indistinct boundaries beneath the *globus pallidus. A prominent component of the substantia innominata is the *basal nucleus of Meynert. Substantia nigra – Pigmented *midbrain tegmental structure abutting the base of the *internal capsule and the *cerebral peduncle. It has two components, the dopaminergic pars compacta, and the GABAergic pars reticulata. The substantia nigra receives afferents from the *striatum, *globus pallidus, the *bed nucleus of stria terminalis, the *central nucleus of the *amygdala, the *subthalamic nucleus, and the *raphe nuclear complex. Its dopaminergic efferents target the *striatum and some brainstem nuclei. Degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra have been implicated in Parkinson’s disease. Subthalamic nucleus – Biconvex diencephalic structure situated above the substantia nigra between the *zona incerta and the base of the *internal capsule. It has extensive reciprocal connections with the *globus pallidus, hence it is considered a component of the *basal ganglia circuitry. Subthalamic lesions produce persistent choroid movements (hemiballism) in the arms, legs and face. Subventricular zone – Secondary germinal matrix, derived from the primary *neuroepithelium. The subventricular zone flanks the neuroepithelium during early development and flanks the ependyma when the neuroepithelium dissolves. The proliferative cells of the subventricular zone, unlike those of the neuroepithelium, do not shuttle to the lumen of the ventricle during mitosis. Two large subventricular zones are located in the *cerebral cortex and the *striatum. Superior cerebellar peduncle – A large fiber tract of the *pons, also known as the brachium conjunctivum, that originates mainly in the *dentate nucleus and *interpositus nucleus. As the axons leave the cerebellum, they hug the dorsolateral wall of the pontine *fourth ventricle. As they approach the midbrain, they dip downward and cross the midline (decussation) posterior to the *red nucleus. Many of its axons terminate in the red nucleus, others continue rostrally and terminate in the *ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus.
Superior colliculus – Anterior component of the *tectum, known in lower vertebrates as the optic lobe. A laminated structure, the superior colliculus is a direct target of optic nerve fibers. Its principal efferent outflow, by way of the tectobulbar and *tectospinal tracts, is to the medulla and spinal cord. Superior medullary velum – Thin membrane that covers the roof of the anterior fourth ventricle near the posterior border of the *tectum. The root fibers of cranial *nerve IV decussate here and exit the brain. Superior olivary complex – A group of neurons in the ventrolateral posterior *pons that receive auditory input from the dorsal and ventral *cochlear nuclei. Some of its axons cross the midline in the *trapezoid body. Ipsi- and contralateral fibers of the complex join the *lateral lemniscus and terminate in the *inferior colliculus and in the *medial geniculate body. Superior vestibular nucleus – This nucleus lies dorsal and anterior to the *lateral vestibular nucleus. It receives input from the vestibular ganglion, and projects to the *cerebellum, mainly the *nodulus, the *flocculus, and the *uvula. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) – Small, paired midline structure above the *optic chiasm. It is implicated in the photic entrainment of the circadian rhythm. Suprageniculate nucleus (thalamus) – Wedge-shaped structure between the *pulvinar and the *pretectum, and dorsal to the *medial geniculate body. Supramammillary area (hypothalamus) – Hypothalamic region that caps the *mammillary body. Experimental studies in animals indicate that its cells project to the *dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus) – Located above the optic tract lateral to the optic chiasm. The large secretory neurons of this nucleus produce arginine vasopressin and oxytocin that are conveyed by axoplasmic flow to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
T Tectospinal tract – Efferent fiber tract that originates in the deep layers of the *superior colliculus, courses in the ventral funiculus of the spinal cord and terminates in the ventral horn of the *spinal cord. The tract may trigger involuntary
GLOSSARY
head rotation and body turning in response to visual stimulation. Tectum – Inclusive term for the dorsal hillocks that cap the *central gray of the midbrain and is the target of visual, auditory and somatosensory afferents. Its two discrete components are the *superior colliculus and the *inferior colliculus. Tegmentum – Ventral and ventrolateral region of the *midbrain and *pons with indistinct boundaries. It contains the *reticular formation, some discrete nuclei, and ascending, decussating, and descending fiber tracts. Some tegmental nuclei have been implicated in somatomotor and visceromotor functions. Temporal lobe – Lateral portion of the cerebral hemispheres. It is separated by the *lateral fissure from the *frontal lobe anteriorly and the *paracentral lobule dorsally, but is continuous with the parietal lobe dorsally and the *occipital lobe posteriorly. Two horizontal fissures, the superior and middle temporal sulci, divide the temporal lobe into three convolutions, the superior, middle and inferior gyri. The primary auditory area lies buried in the floor of the lateral fissure in the anterior transverse gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus). Temporal neuroepithelium – Putative source of neurons and glia in the temporal lobe neocortex. It is flanked during fetal development by the temporal *subventricular zone and the temporal *stratified transitional field before all the neurons settle in the *cortical plate. Tenia tecta – Components of the *cerebral cortex that extend into the dorsomedial *septum (dorsal tenia tecta) and medial *olfactory peduncle (ventral tenia tecta). Thalamocortical radiations – Collective term for the large afferent tracts that proceed from the thalamic *posterior complex and *ventral complex, by way of the internal capsule, to the somatosensory and motor projection areas of the *paracentral lobule, the auditory projection area of the *temporal lobe, and the *visual projection area of the occipital lobe. Thalamus – Massive dorsal diencephalic structure with several distinct and some indistinct nuclei. As a convenience, the thalamus is divided into the following nuclear regions: the *anterior complex, the *central complex, the *dorsal complex, the *periventricular complex, the *posterior complex, the *ventral complex, and the *reticular belt.
382
GLOSSARY
An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined.
Third ventricle – Midline diencephalic component of the ventricular system. It is linked rostrally by the *foramen of Monro with the paired *lateral ventricles of the telencephalon, and caudally with the *aqueduct of the *midbrain. The dorsal region of the third ventricle is surrounded by the *thalamus, its ventral region and recesses by the *preoptic area and the *hypothalamus. During development, the neuroepithelium lining the third ventricle is the source of the neurons and glia of the diverse components the diencephalon. Trapezoid body – A fiber tract extending from the ventral *cochlear nucleus to the contralateral *superior olivary complex. It contains second- and higher-order auditory fibers. Transpontine corticofugal tract – Fibers of the corticofugal tract that traverse the *pontine gray nucleus. Collaterals of this tract synapse with neurons of the pontine gray that give rise to the *pontocerebellar fibers of the *middle cerebellar peduncle. Trigeminal, motor nucleus – Aggregate of trigeminal somatic motor neurons situated medial to the *trigeminal principal sensory nucleus. It receives input from the *mesencephalic nucleus (V) and from motor areas of the *cerebral cortex via relays in the pontine *reticular formation. Its axons leave the brain in cranial *nerve V and join its mandibular branch that innervates the muscles of mastication. Trigeminal, principal sensory nucleus – The second-order sensory neurons in the trigeminal system located dorsal and lateral to the incoming sensory root of cranial *nerve V. It receives topographic somatosensory input from the face and mouth, and its efferents cross the midline in the pons and proceed to the thalamic *ventral complex in close association with the *medial lemniscus. Trigeminal, spinal nucleus – A continuation of the *trigeminal principal sensory nucleus that extends caudally through the *medulla to the second cervical level of the *spinal cord. It receives topographic input from the face via somatosensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion. The axons of the trigeminal spinal nucleus cross the midline, join the *medial lemniscus and proceed to the *ventral complex of the thalamus. Trigeminal, spinal tract – Primary sensory fibers of the trigeminal ganglion that convey touch and pressure information from the face. The axons enter the brain in the pons and proceed caudally, forming a lateral cap around the *trigemi-
nal spinal nucleus where they terminate in a topographic order.
(cerebellar and striatal) somatosensory and proprioceptive input to the sensory and motor areas of the *neocortex.
Trochlear nucleus – Aggregate of somatic motor neurons located posterior to the *oculomotor nuclear complex that innervate the superior oblique muscle of the eye by way of cranial *nerve IV.
Ventral corticospinal tract – A small complement of ipsilateral corticospinal fibers that do not cross in the *pyramidal decussation and descend in the ventral funiculus of the *spinal cord.
Tuber (cerebellum VIIb) – The vermal lobule posterior to the *folium. The tuber is continuous with *crus II of the ansiform lobule (HVIIA) and the paramedian lobule (HVIIB) in the hemispheres. Together with the folium, the tuber is a late-maturing region of *cerebellar cortex.
Ventral lateral nucleus (thalamus) – Situated caudal to the *ventral anterior nucleus, this component of the thalamic *ventral complex is the target of input from the *superior cerebellar peduncle and the *red nucleus. Its somatotopically organized efferents terminate in the motor cortex and adjacent areas. The ventral lateral nucleus may be the principal relay from the *cerebellum to the *neocortex.
U Uncinate fasciculus – A fiber tract in the temporal lobe that proceeds from the *uncus to the anterolateral *temporal lobe. It is infiltrated by cells in the *lateral migratory stream. Uncus – The rostral cap of the *parahippocampal gyrus. Uvula (cerebellum IX) – A large lobule in the *cerebellar vermis that is coextensive with the *posterior lobe, and is continuous with the *paraflocculus in the hemispheres. It is bounded anteriorly by the *secondary fissure, and posteriorly by the *posterolateral fissure. The uvula is part of the “vestibulo-cerebellum,” receiving massive input from the vestibular nuclear complex as well as primary sensory input from the vestibular ganglion.
V Ventral anterior nucleus (thalamus) – The ventral anterior nucleus, to be distinguished from the *anteroventral nucleus (which is a component of the *anterior complex of the thalamus) is the most rostral component of the thalamic *ventral complex. Its afferents come mostly from the *globus pallidus and the *substantia nigra, and its efferents terminate in the *paracentral lobule of the neocortex. The ventral anterior nucleus may be the principal relay from the *basal ganglia to the *neocortex. Ventral complex (thalamus) – A group of structurally and functionally related ventrolateral and ventral nuclei of the thalamus, including the *ventral anterior, *ventral lateral, *ventral posterolateral, and *ventral posteromedial nuclei. The ventral thalamic complex is the principal topographically organized relay system of direct (lemniscal) and indirect
Ventral posterolateral nucleus (thalamus) – Situated caudal to the *ventral lateral nucleus, this region of the thalamic *ventral complex is the target of fibers of the *medial lemniscus that originate in the *cuneate nucleus and the *gracile nucleus and convey somatosensory information from the trunk and the extremities. Its efferents form the somesthetic radiation that terminates in a precise topographic order in the medial part of the *postcentral gyrus. The ventral posterolateral nucleus is the principal thalamic relay of somesthetic input from the trunk and limbs to the *neocortex. Ventral posteromedial nucleus (thalamus) – Situated between the *ventral posterolateral nucleus and the *centromedian nucleus, this nucleus receives afferents from the *trigeminal sensory nuclei and the *parabrachial nucleus that convey sensory information from the face, the tongue, the oral cavity, and the neck. The efferents of this nucleus terminate in a precise topographic order in the lateral part of the *postcentral gyrus. The ventral posteromedial nucleus is the principal thalamic relay of somatosensory and gustatory input from the neck, head, and mouth to the *neocortex. Ventral tegmental area – Medial area flanking the *substantia nigra and containing a high concentration of dopaminergic neurons, much like the substantia nigra, pars compacta. It is generally considered as a component of the substantia nigra complex. Ventricles – The cerebrospinal fluid-filled system in the core of the brain that is divided into the paired *lateral ventricles in the telencephalon, the single *third ventricle in the diencephalon, the *aqueduct in the mesencephalon, and the *fourth ventricle in the pons and medulla. The fourth ventricle is
383 An asterisk in front of a term indicates that it has a separate entry in the Glossary with additional information. Terms referring to transient developmental structures are underlined. continuous caudally with the *central canal of the spinal cord. The lateral, third and fourth ventricles have a prominent *choroid plexus. Ventricles, embryonic –The ventricular system is proportionally larger during embryonic and fetal development than in the mature central nervous system. Initially it is lined throughout by the stem cells of the *neuroepithelium. As neurogenesis declines, the ventricles shrink considerably, and altogether disappear in many locations. At some sites, the proliferative *subventricular zone replaces the neuroepithelium, while at others the enduring ventricles are lined by the specialized cells of the *ependyma. Ventromedial nucleus (hypothalamus) – Large spherical nucleus that flanks the third ventricle and is surrounded by a fibrous shell. It has reciprocal connections with the *amygdala,
the *bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the *septum, and the *subiculum. It has been implicated in motivational functions related to feeding and sexual behavior. Vermis – See Cerebellum (vermis). Vestibular nuclear complex – A large area in the dorsal medulla, composed of the *medial, the *lateral, the *superior, and the *inferior vestibular nuclei. These nuclei get primary sensory input from the vestibular ganglion; their efferents join the *medial longitudinal fasciculus and form the vestibulospinal tract. Visual radiation – Thalamocortical fibers beneath the cerebral *white matter that originate in the *lateral geniculate body and terminate in the *striate cortex of the occipital lobe.
GLOSSARY
W White matter – General term for extensive regions in the brain and spinal cord composed of myelinated fiber tracts but few or no neuronal cell bodies. In histological preparations with myelin stains, the white matter appears black. In laminated brain regions, as in the *cerebral cortex and the *cerebellar cortex, the white matter is called the medullary layer.
Z Zona incerta – Sheet of *gray matter at the base of the *thalamus. It is generally considered to be a rostral extension of the *tegmentum. *Forel’s fields are contiguous with the zona incerta.
