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Atlas of the Human Brain Third edition
Jürgen K. Mai Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany George Paxinos Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Thomas Voss Institute of Anatomy I, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 360 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10010-1710, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA First edition 1995 Second edition 2004 Third edition 2008 Copyright 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved Cover design by Yvette Paxinos No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email:
[email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-12-373603-1 ISBN CD 978-0-12-373604-8
For information on all Academic Press publications visit our web site at http://books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in China 07 08 09 10 11
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Contents 1
Materials and Methods 1.1
1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5
1.2
1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.2.8 1.2.9
1.3
1
Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head
1
Anatomical Preparations Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain Preparation of 100 µm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections Presentation of the Images for the Atlases of the Brain in the Head
1 1 1 2 2
The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
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Materials Methods Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies Nomenclature Photographic Plates and Corresponding Diagrams Three-Dimensional Reconstructions Stereotaxic Coordinate System Standardization Application of the Stereotaxic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in-vivo Brains
3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 2
Materials included in the Accompanying DVD
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1.3.1 MR-Navigator: 3D Navigation in an MR-Image Space 1.3.2 BrainNavigator: 3D Navigation in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 1.3.3 Full Text and Figures of Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohisto chemical Studies that were performed on sections from the brain represented in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
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1.4
6
References
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2
Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head
2.1 Horizontal Atlas 2.2 Coronal Atlas 2.3 Sagittal Atlas
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Atlas of the Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
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3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Surface Views of the Atlas Brain Plates (Myelin) and Figures Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies Hierarchical Tree
4 Index
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90 93 232 256 264
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Preface In the past 10 years since the original publication of the Atlas of the Human Brain there has been increased interest in human neuroscience especially in imaging of the living human brain. These latest studies brought with them the realisation that a leap in the understanding of structure/function relations can only be attained if the scientific community has at its disposal a comprehensive and user friendly atlas which is accurate in delineations and stereotaxy. This was our aim in constructing the 3rd Edition of the Atlas of the Human Brain. This book consists of two major parts: (Part 1) three Atlases of the brain in the head in situ sectioned in the cardinal planes and (Part 2) a detailed atlas of the isolated brain in stereotaxic coordinates represented by 69 serial histological sections of one brain hemisphere with detailed delineations. Both parts feature different aspects of brain morphology and topography. The surface anatomy of every brain is presented in a stereotaxic space (a 3-D grid system with the horizontal plane passing through the centers of the anterior and posterior commissures) along with the exact location of the sections. The Atlases of the brain in the head (Macroscopic Atlas) consist of serial 1cm thick sections from three human heads scanned with MRI. Each head was sectioned either in the horizontal, coronal, or sagittal plane. The sectioning of the brain in the skull ensures that no significant deformation of the brain occurred and allows correlation of bony landmarks, nerves, and blood vessels. In addition, we included X-ray images of the cadaver sections and MR-images from a healthy volunteer showing levels corresponding to those depicted in the atlas plates. The detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Space (Myeloarchitectonic
Atlas) consists of 69 serial coronal sections from one human brain. This brain was selected because it has been studied previously by a number of scientists during the last 80 years. More than 50 publications dealt with the anatomy of this particular brain, some of them are seminal cyto- and myeloarchitectonic works (Brockhaus, Hassler) and many contain morphometric data. Relevant publications dealing with this specific brain are included on the accompanying DVD in full text including original illustrations and figures. Following the request of several users of the Atlas, we have also included Nissl stained sections which are located next to the sections represented in the Myeloarchitectonic Atlas. These show detailed new delineations of the thalamus and hypothalamus depicted on the basis of cyto- and myeloarchitectonic material. The 69 photographic plates (myelin sections) are juxtaposed with 69 corresponding diagrams of the right hemisphere. The delineations were made on the basis of a comprehensive structural analysis. (Serial sections between the represented levels which were used for delineations are available on the accompanying DVD). Screen shots of several examples of 3-D reconstructions of delineated structures are provided. Reproduction of Figures by Users of the Atlas As authors, we are happy for our atlas figures to be reproduced in other publications, but we expect our work to be suitably acknowledged. Permission to reproduce may be sought directly from Elsevier Global Rights Department in Oxford,UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, email:
[email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions).
Acknowledgements This long lasting endeavour was only made possible by continued interest, and help of many persons. The authors were fortunate to receive useful suggestions and invaluable assistance during the preparation of the book. We are indebted to many colleagues in assisting the definitions and delineation of selective brain regions, in particular to Farhad Forutan (Thalamus) and Iouri Koutcherov (Hypothalamus). We are greatly indebted to Azarias Karamanlidis (University of Thessaloniki, Greece) for valuable comments and scholarly advice on nomenclature. We are grateful to Christine Opfermann-Rüngeler for the preparation of illustrations and to many students, particularly Dimiter Tzvetkov, Christian Sakellariou, Gerrit and Steffen Sütfels for their skilled help in the construction of image files and in image processing work. Our gratitude goes to Bojan Tomov for the invaluable work during the production of the BrainNavigator and to Dominick Löchel for his work on mathematical modelling and image transformation algorithms referring to the atlas. It is a pleasure to thank Prof. Adolf Hopf and to acknowledge the cooperation with Douglas M. Bowden (University of Washington, Seattle) for their valuable and substantial support. We greatly appreciate the generous financial support for this project from NIH Grant No.1 RO1 LM00824701 (JKM). Finally we thank the Society of Friends and Supporters of the HeinrichHeine-University and the NHMRC for their support. We are indebted to Johannes Menzel from Academic Press for his dedication and enduring enthusiastic support at every phase of the production of this edition. Finally, our thoughts go with gratitude to those persons, who provided their bodies for educational and research purposes in anatomy.
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Materials and Methods
1.1.1 Anatomical Preparations The three heads were derived from bodies donated to the Department of Anatomy, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf. The studies were performed in accordance with established ethical standards. The cadavers were perfused via the radial veins first with physiological saline, then with fixative containing 10% formalin, glycerol, and Incidin (Henkel, Düsseldorf). The heads were covered with linen and fixative to prevent the preparation from drying out between performance of the MRI and the freezing process.
absence of blood flow, cessation of metabolism, and fixation procedures on relaxation times, signal-to-noise ratio, and contrast. To perform this comparative analysis between living and post-mortem tissue the heads of two volunteers and of two cadaver heads were scanned with the 0.15 Tesla superconductive magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International) using single-slice technique with SE and inversion recovery (IR) sequences with the
N(H) in-vitro / N(H) in-vivo (%)
1.1 The Human Brain in the Head
150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
SE- Seq. IR-Seq.
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1.1.2 Magnetic Imaging (MRI)
WM
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ON
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Resonance 1000 in-vivo in-vitro
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T2 in ms
MRI Scans: MRI scans were performed in the horizontal, coronal, sagittal, and oblique coronal planes according to a standardized protocol (Assheuer et al., 1990). The corresponding section planes were defined by (a) the intercommissural line and verticals intersecting this line in the center of the anterior and posterior commissures, and (b) the vertical to the brain stem axis (Meynert’s plane).
800
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In vivo / in vitro correlation was performed to determine the effect of the
T1 in ms
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MRI scans of the anatomical preparations (in vitro imaging): Scans and measurements were performed on a 0.15 Tesla superconductive magnet (Vista 2035, Picker International). We used a multislice double-echo sequence [spinechosequence (SE) 5000/40/160] with four excitations to render proton (N(H))and T2-weighted images. These scans are presented in the pages preceding the atlas figures of the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal sections (Sections, 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively).
600 500 400 300 200 100 0 VB
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MRI scans of a healthy volunteer (in vivo imaging): For in vivo imaging we used a 3 Tesla imager (Siemens Magnetom Trio) with the following protocols: TR 2500, TE 4.79 and TR 3000, TE 355. The slice thickness was 0.6 mm with a matrix of 320 x 320. These images are presented in Sections 2.1 to 2.3 facing each macroscopic anatomical section.
1.1.3 Macroscopic Anatomy and Correlations between Skull and Brain
1000 900
following parameters: SE (TR: 200, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 ms combined with TE: 30, 40, 60, 80, 120, 160 ms) and IR (TR: 620, 1240, 2480 ms combined with TI: 32, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700 ms). The slice thickness was 5 mm with a matrix of 256 x 256 and a field of view of 250 mm. T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and N(H) (proton density) values of the in vivo and in vitro tissues are represented in Fig. 1. Compared with the in vivo results, the in vitro tissues show large, nonlinear reduction in T1 relaxation times and N(H) values and small (negligible) changes in T2 relaxation times. A stable correlation exists between the in vitro and in vivo relaxation curves. For further details see Longerich (1989).
HI
OF
TM
Figure 1. Comparison between living and postmortem tissue. T1 (spin-lattice relaxation) times, T2 (spin-spin relaxation) times, and N(H) values were measured from the same areas under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The N(H) values were calculated from SE-sequences (red squares) and IR-sequences (black squares). They are presented as quotient of in vitro values to in vivo values in %. Abbreviations: CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; VB: vitreous body; OF: orbital fat; ON: optic nerve; HI: hippocampus; WM: white matter; GM: gray matter, CP: cerebral peduncle; RN: red nucleus; TM: temporalis muscle. (Data from Longerich, 1989).
Preparation and Photography of 1 cm Anatomical Slices: Immediately after the MR scans, the heads were cooled to -45°C and then sliced at 1-cm thickness either in the horizontal, coronal, and sagittal plane. The coronal section plane was angulated by –20°, such that the plane of the section is parallel to the brain stem axis and corresponds to the major ascending and descending fiber tracts. The head slices were then cleaned, and photographed together with a scale bar. Afterwards the slices were transferred into preservation fluid.
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Radiographs and Visualization of Blood Vessels with Radiopaque Material: Radiographs were obtained from the 1 cm slices before and after injections of contrast media into cut ends of larger blood vessels. Dissection of the Anatomical 1 cm Slices and Interpretation of Cortical Gyri: Before dissection of the head and neck structures, the 1 cm brain slices were removed from the skull. The slices were mounted according to their in vivo situation to physically reconstruct the brain. After removal of the arachnoid mater photographs were made to document the gyrification pattern. These were the basis of the diagrams preceding each of the three Atlases of the Brain in the Head, taking into account the 1 mm loss of tissue at every 1 cm level due to the sawing.
a
b
c
d
1.1.4 Preparation of 100 μm Thick Frozen Histological Brain Sections After removal from the surrounding skull and photography of the assembled brain 1 cm slices, the slices were immersed for 48 hours in a fixative containing 4% formalin and 30% sucrose. Each slice was then positioned on a freezing stage (30 x 20 cm) of a microtome (Fig. 2a) and a mould was placed around it into which the mounting medium (methylcellulose dissolved in water and stained with various chromogens) was poured. After cooling down to -20°C fiducial marks were made (Fig. 2b) and the blockface was photographed together with a scale bar prior to taking each section (Fig. 2c). Sections were made with a thickness of 100 µm and then transferred into individual containers filled with phosphatebuffered saline (plus 30% sucrose). The photographs taken from the blockface aided correct mounting of the sections. For some brains all sections were mounted and then stained (with either toluidine blue or cresyl violet) for Nissl substance or (with hematoxylin or Sudan black B) for myelinated fibers. By means of the fiducial marks the single sections were compiled in a sequence from rostral to caudal. 3-D reconstructions were made from such delineations (Fig. 2d).
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Figure 2. (a) Cryosectioning device consisting of the Tetrander (“Pantomikrotom“; see Vogt, 1905), freezing table, photograph stand, and tube holder for dry ice. (b) Frozen tissue block with matrix for perpendicular orientation of canulas used for punch marking. (c) Fixed slice of the hemisphere (represented in Section 2.2) embedded in methylcellulose and showing section surface with scales and punch marks (fiducial marks used later for topographic adjustment of sections). (d) Screenshot showing cuts through the reconstructed brain represented in Section 2.2).
1.1.5 Presentation of the Images for the Atlases of the Brain in the Head Each atlas begins with an in vitro MR image series in all three orthogonal planes of the unsectioned head on which it was based. The following two pages within each of the horizontal, coronal and sagittal atlases present surface views of the brains showing their gross morphology together with the delineation of the main gyri. The gyri are consistently color-coded through the entire book. The drawings of the midsagittal views additionally provide the stereotaxic proportional grid system. The main part of each of
these atlases represents an image of the complete head as well as a schematic drawing of the separate brain slice. The photographs of the 1 cm thick slices and the corresponding drawings are arranged on the pages in the following way: the odd-numbered page features a photo of one side of the slice, whereas the facing even-numbered page features the other side of the same slice, so that an open book page displays the opposing surfaces of the slices as if separated by the knife. On the odd-numbered pages there is a radiogram of the 1 cm slice (bottom left) and the MRI of a corresponding location from a living person.
1.2.1 Materials The detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Space is based on the right hemisphere of a 24-year-old male (* 1905; + 1929). This brain belongs to the Vogt collection in Düsseldorf (brain weight at autopsy: 1383 g; fresh volume: 1316.3 cm3; cause of death: hypovolemic shock; death to fixation interval: 3 hours). The external morphology of the formalinfixed brain is shown on pages 90 and 91. This brain was selected for presentation in this atlas because numerous researchers a have analyzed and reported on its structure in the last 60 years (see Section 3.3).
1.2.2 Methods
me that the dimensions of the formalin fixed brain (Fig. 3b) represent the in vivo situation. The overall volumetric changes that occurred during the histological preparation (due to dehydration, paraffin embedding, cutting, and mounting of the sections) were calculated from differences in linear dimensions between the
VAC
1.2 The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
VAC
Histological Procedures: The brain was cut by O. Vogt into blocks oriented vertically to the intercommissural plane (Fig. 3a) before it was embedded in paraffin. The values of some linear measurements b are given in Fig. 3b. Serial frontal sections of 20 μm thickness were prepared. Most sections were stained with either cresyl violet or hematoxylin. Some additional sections remained unstained. Some of these unstained sections were used for immunohistochemistry (e.g., substance P; see Mai et al., 1986). Since the first and last paraffin sections of each block were only partially recovered, we have drawn c the approximate outlines of these sections Figure 3. (a) Mediansagittal view of the right by using photographs of the surface of hemisphere of the brain used for the Atlas in stereotaxic coordinates. The red lines show the positithe individual blocks, which were taken on where this hemisphere was cut into blocks (R1 before sectioning. Estimates of Volume Changes: Volume changes in paraffin sections provide major obstacles in comparing these sections with the in vivo condition. Therefore, effort has been made to estimate tissue shrinkage and to transform the dimensions of this brain to the standard dimensions proposed by Talairach (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The volume changes due to formalin fixation are negligible as the brain volume at the fixation time corresponds to the values determined at autopsy (see Longerich, 1989). It is therefore reasonable to assu-
- R5) before embedding. (b) Diagram showing the midsagittal view of this hemisphere in the stereotaxic space (Talairach and Tournoux, 1988). The measurements shown were taken from 1:1 photographs of the formalin fixed brain. The cerebral space is defined by orthogonal horizontal, sagittal, and verticofrontal reference planes. The intercommisural line (ICL) passes through the center of the anterior and posterior commissure, respectively. The vertical line (VAC) passes through the center of the anterior commissure. (c) Graphic representation of the Talairach and Tournoux standard proportional grid system. The intercommisural line (ICL, CA-CP-line) passes through the superior edge of the anterior commissure and the inferior edge of the posterior commissure. The vertical line (VAC ) passes through the posterior margin of the anterior commissure. Reference points are thus slightly different between figures b and c with consequences for the distance values between both commissures and the representation of sections.
fixed, unembedded hemisphere (scaled photographs) and the serially sectioned hemisphere (Lange and Thörner, 1974; Sievert, 1992; see Section 3.3).
1.2.3 Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies were performed on sections from the brain represented in the detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. The relevant morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, and absolute cell numbers) have been compiled and are listed together with the references in Section 3.3.
1.2.4 Nomenclature Present day practice in medical sciences and technologies, like imaging techniques, telemedicine applications, and library retrieval systems among others, require that information is increasingly detailed and specialised. This means there is an urgent need for a specific, consistent and unified anatomical terminology. In reality, however, the use of terminology, even in recent general textbooks, particularly in the field of neuroscience, is inconsistent and often contradictory (Adelmann, 1992; Anthoney, 1994; Mejino and Rosse, 1998; Mai and Ackermann, 2005). Considering the obvious need for a stable neuroanatomical nomenclature, we have decided to use the abbreviation system of Paxinos and colleagues because it is consistently applied in companion atlases of various animals, used by many experts in the field of neuroscience and in the companion volume of this atlas The Human Nervous System (Paxinos and Mai, 2004). Nevertheless, we are aware that modifications will come with advances of imaging technologies, molecular biology, development, hodology, comparative anatomy and informatics, besides others (Bota and Swanson, 2007). In order to make our scheme of nomenclature transparent and to facilitate comparison with other terms and relationships of structures, we have included a hierarchical tree of structures.
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1.2.5 Photographic Plates and Corresponding Diagrams The photographs show the whole hemisphere at rostro-caudal levels where there are no subcortical structures to be displayed. The main body of the photographs depicts subcortical structures. The diagrams always show the entire hemisphere and the metric dimensions of the sections. The linear anterior-posterior and mediolateral dimensions of the formalin-fixed brain before embedding correspond to values of the Talairach space. The vertical dimension was, however, reduced (compare Figs. 3b and 3c). Therefore, we transformed the photographs and the diagrams into the vertical dimension of the Talairach space as described in Section 1.2.7. The vertical extension of the histological sections and drawings in the plates of this atlas does therefore not provide the actual dimension of the paraffin section, but the calculated dimensions of the Talairach space. The position of every section along the anterior-posterior extension of the brain (Z-axis) is shown diagrammatically and also as distance from the center of the anterior commissure (point zero). For the delineations in the diagrams we considered the results from the numerous cyto- and myeloarchitectonic studies that were previously performed on the represented brain (see Section 3.3) and we have used as often as possible the original delineations provided by these earlier workers. Generally, the consistency of the drawings, section-to-section, was of higher importance than a precise correspondence between the photographs and the drawings. Nevertheless, several revisions of our delineations were made since the last edition.
compact fiber tracts (optic tract, anterior commissure) from 210 sections of one hemisphere were used for 3-D analysis (Fig. 4). Other reconstructions are included in the printed version of the atlas (Section 3.3).
Figure 4. Reconstruction of the pial surface of the of the right hemisphere of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
1.2.7 Stereotaxic System
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For application as a reference brain, interindividual variability and shrinkage artefacts are the foremost variables that must be considered. The degree of shrinkage artefacts could be determined by correlating 1:1 scaled photographs of the fixed brain with the histological sections (Sievert, 1992). Transformation of the histological sections according to the shrinkage calculated revealed no appreciable nonlinear changes; therefore, we have directly transformed our image data to the dimensions of the Talairach space. The resulting transformed photographs and corresponding drawings can then be directly correlated to “normalized” in vivo dimensions.
Coordinate
As stated earlier (Section 1.2.5), every section - and thus every brain structure - was adjusted into a defined spatial coordinate system. Our atlas uses the reference system of Talairach (Talairach and Szikla, 1967; and Talairach and Tournoux, 1988), with the modifications that (a) the intercommissural line (ICL) passes through the centers of the anterior and posterior commissures and (b) the brain space is defined metrically with the point zero (= point 0/0/0) for all three planes being the center of the anterior commissure (Fig. 5 ). The morphologic data of the hemispheres, therefore, are handled as coordinate points in this 3-D (metric) grid as X- (mediolateral), Y- (vertical), and Z-coordinates (fronto-occipital). Scaling of the photographs and accompanying diagrams is accordingly provided in metric coordinates.
1.2.6 Three - Dimensional (3-D) Reconstructions For the 3-D analysis, we used “contourlines” to define pial and ventricular surfaces, borderlines around distinguished nuclei and their subdivisions (striatum, amygdala, basal nuclear complex, and thalamus), and delineations of some
1.2.8 Standardization
Figure 5. Metrically defined grid system with standard dimensions. The topography of image data within the brain space is defined by (stereotaxic) coordinate points. X-, Y-, Z- zero is located in the midpoint of the anterior commissure (AC = 0,0,0).
1.2.9 Application of the Stereotaxic Atlas for Interpretation of Individual in-vivo Brains The applicability of the Atlas templates for the identification and delineation of structures in MR-image datasets has been tested for several subcortical structures. It was shown, that reliable interactive delineations could be made, where the visual discrimination of borders was not possible (Gerach, 2003). This prompted the development of an algorithm which transforms the Atlas dataset to any individual MR-image dataset without modification of the MR data (Löchel, 2007). Figure 6 shows an example of the automatic correlation between the histomorphologic and MR-image datasets. After transformation the borders of Atlas-regions are shown as overlay on the individual MR-images in any chosen plane and can - if necessary - become adjusted to relevant landmarks. This procedure uses no probability maps and keeps the original MR data. Therefore the high original resolution by MRI is retained. Because the transformation matrix is known any point within the MR-brain can be correlated to the atlas brain and the corresponding coordinates can be used for intra- and extramural communication.
a
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Figure 6. Interpretation of MR 3-D brain image data by the integration with the resource provided by the Atlas of the Human Brain. (a) Serial sequence of a MR image data set from a volunteer. (b) Display of orthogonal sections in an html-environment (upper row and lower right quadrant) and reconstruction. (c, d) BrainNavigator. (e) Morphological multimodal image-fusion. A series of roughly fitting MR-images and of Atlas-images are shown in line 2 and 3 respectively. The result of 3-D transformation is shown in the 4th line; the differences between both image sets is illustrated in the upper line. The bottom line shows the transformation matrix. (f) Original MRI with corresponding (transformed) atlas template of part of the hemisphere (white box) with a cross indicating a region of interest (ROI). (g, h) ROI transferred to the Atlas of the Human Brain marking the lateral amygdaloid nucleus, La.) The selected term leads to a database.
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1.3 Materials Included on the Accompanying DVD The DVD includes all materials from the book as it appears in the printed atlas („e-book“). The materials from the brain in-situ and from the isolated brain are grouped in new arrangements and can be enlarged as needed. In addition, two „Navigators“ are included. The MRINavigator allows the identification of chosen point of the brain in three planes. The BrainNavigator allows 3D navigation through the detailed Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Finally, all relevant literature referring to the represented brain is provided, along with the figures and search facilities.
e-book
Brain in the Head
1.3.2 BrainNavigator: 3-D Navigation in The Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates It is intended that the application of the atlas plates goes beyond comparison of structures identified either by their structural properties or their relationship to identifiable landmarks in two dimensions. Therefore, the 3-D organization of the major structures has to be considered and landmarks have to be defined which are suited as fulcrum for nonlinear transformation. At present, this aim is served in our atlas by the “BrainNavigator” on the accompanying DVD. This tool is based on colour
Brain in stereotaxic coordinates
MRNavigator
BrainNavigator
Figure 7. Start page of the DVD.
1.3.1 MR-Navigator: 3-D Navigation in an MR-Image Space This tool provides the visualization of an individual MR-image data set from a 30 year old male volunteer (Fig. 6a). The serial sequence of the MR images is displayed as orthogonal sections in an interactive html-format (Fig. 6b). Clicking the mouse on any point in one of the figures identifies the corresponding position in the sections displayed in the other two planes.
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coded diagrams derived from segmentation of the complete series of histological sections. These diagrams were positioned according to their correct alignment in the 3-D space. From this construct the orthogonal (horizontal and sagittal) planes are calculated and displayed on the screen (Fig. 6d). A crossmark, indicating a point of interest, will display the orthogonal planes to which the same coordinates correspond. With this tool it is possible to dial in coordinates for specific location in the brain.
The Brain Navigator is a Java applet, a small program capable to run inside the Web browser window. This necessitates the installation of the Java runtime (available free of charge for several platforms from Sun: http://java.sun.com/j2se/downloads.html). 1.3.3 Full Text and Figures of Past Histological, Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Studies On sections from the brain represented in the Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates multiple studies were performed. The relevant descriptive and quantitative publications, including morphometric data (fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, and absolute cell numbers) and histochemistry are retrievable in an editable format. Atlas Website: http://www.thehumanbrain.info
1.4 References Adelman, L.S. Book review. N. Engl. J. Med. 327: 59-60 (1992). Anthoney,T.R. Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton (1994). Assheuer, J. Lanta, L., Longerich, U.J.J. Sievert, T. and Mai, J.K. Standardisierung der cerebralen Bilddarstellung in der Magnetresonanz tomographie (MRT). RöFo, 153: 296302 (1990) Bota, M. and Swanson, L. W. Online workbenches for neural network connections. J. comp. Neurol. 500: 807– 814 (2007) Bowden, D.M. and Martin, R.F. NeuroNames Brain Hierarchy. NeuroImage 2: 63-83 (1995). Gerach, Ch. Segmentierung von Hirnstrukturen im MR-DICOM-Bild und deren Rekonstruktion. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (2003). Lange, H. and G. Thörner. Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1974).
Löchel, D. Morphologische multimodale Bildanpassung. Diploma thesis, University of Düsseldorf (2007). Longerich, U. MRI-Untersuchungen an in-vivo und in-vitro Gehirngewebe: Einfluß von Fixierung und Temperatur auf das Relaxationsverhalten, die Protonendichte und das Kontrastverhalten. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1989). Mai, J.K. and Ashwell, K.W.S. Fetal Development. In: The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed., G. Paxinos and J.K. Mai, eds. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 49-94 (2003). Mai, J.K. and Ackerman, M. J. Multilingual Anatomical Database. In: The G 8 - Global Healthcare Applications Project (GHAP) Reports Recommendations for the Way into the Information Society, G. T.W. Dietzel, ed. (2005) www.uni-duesseldorf.de/ MedFak/mai/publikationen.htm. Mai, J.K., Stephens P., Hopf A. and Cuello, A.C. Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience. 17: 709–739 (1986). Mejino, J.L. and Rosse, C. The potential
of the digital anatomist foundational model for assuring consistency in UMLS sources. Proc. AMIA Symp. 825-829 (1998). Paxinos, G., Huang, X.-F., and Toga, A.W. The Rhesus Monkey Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press, San Diego (2007). Paxinos, G. and Mai, J.K. The Human Nervous System, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego (2004). Sievert, T. Topometrie des menschlichen Gehirns: Evaluation eines Verfahrens zur Integration morphologisch-funktioneller Daten aus histologischen Schnitten in die klinische Diagnostik. Thesis, University of Düsseldorf (1992). Talairach, J. and Szikla, G. Atlas d’ Anatomie stereotaxique du Telencephale. Masson & Cie. Paris, (1967). Talairach, J. and Tournoux, P. Co-planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain. G. Thieme, Stuttgart, New York (1988). Vogt, O. Das Pantomikrotom des Neurobiologischen Laboratoriums. J. Psychol. Neurol. 6: 121-125 (1905)
7
8
Atlases of the Human Brain in the Head Horizontal Atlas:
Coronal Atlas:
Sagittal Atlas:
9
Color Code for Muscles Muscles of head Masticatory muscles masseter muscle lateral pterygoid muscle medial pterygoid muscle temporalis muscle Facial muscles auricularis muscle buccinator muscle corrugator supercilii muscle depressor anguli oris muscle depressor labii inferioris muscle depressor supercilii muscle levator anguli oris muscle levator labii superioris muscle mentalis muscle nasalis muscle occipitofrontalis muscle orbicularis oculi muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma risorius muscle major zygomaticus muscle minor zygomaticus muscle Extra-ocular muscles levator palpebrae superioris muscle inferior oblique muscle superior oblique muscle inferior rectus muscle lateral rectus muscle medial rectus muscle superior rectus muscle Laryngeal muscles aryepiglotticus muscle arytenoid muscle Muscles of soft palate and fauces levator veli palatini muscle palatoglossus muscle tensor veli palatini muscle uvulae muscle
Muscles of neck digastric muscle geniohyoid muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle mylohyoid muscle inferior oblique capitis muscle superior oblique capitis muscle omohyoid muscle anterior rectus capitis muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle rectus capitis post. minor muscle scaleni muscles sternocleidomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle thyrohyoid muscle Muscles of back iliocostalis cervicis muscle interspinalis muscle intertransversari muscles levator scapulae muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle multifidus muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle spinalis muscle splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle trapezius muscle Muscles of pharynx inferior constrictor muscle middle constrictor muscle superior constrictor muscle palatopharyngeus muscle salpingopharyngeus muscle stylopharyngeus muscle Muscles of tongue genioglossus muscle hyoglossus muscle intrinsic muscles palatoglossus muscle styloglossus muscle
Presentation of the Images All representations of anatomical head and brain slices (chapters 2.1 to 2.3) are mounted in the same way. I) Each series of sections is headed by in-vitro MRimages of the head which were taken prior to sectioning. To provide a comprehensive view of the head, MR-images are shown in all three orthogonal planes. This allows a better orientation in the three-dimensional space and helps to recognize the topography of selected structures. II) The page following the
10
MR-images presents two surface views of the brain which has been sectioned with the placement of sections indicated. III) The next page provides surface views of the brain with the most important gyri and sulci delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain with the Talairach space. IV) The main part of each topographic and topometric atlas represents anatomical head and brain slices. These are mounted such that every section is seen from both sides.
This allows the pursuit of any structure of interest throughout the series of sections. These representations are faced with two MR-images of the corresponding plane and (normally) two images showing the real section, the radiograph of the real section or the vasculatory territory within the brain section. MRimages were performed from a healthy, 25 year old volunteer. The MR-images differ with respect to T1, T2 and proton density (N(H)) contrast.
Horizontal Atlas
11
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-images of the head shown on the following pages. The head whose horizontal sections are depicted on pages 15-44 was imaged before sectioning. Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view
12
25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/40. The contrast of these images is poor since they are highly proton-density (N(H)) weighted. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle
and lower panel. As can be seen the angle of sectioning of the two latter panels is about 45° tilted against the plane of sectioning for the anatomic slices. This was aimed to provide a more comprehensive view of the head.
VCA
VCA
ICL
Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages. The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain
with the Talairach space (ICL: intercommissural line, VCA: plane which is vertical to the intercommissural line at the level of the anterior commissure).
13
Surface views of the right hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the horizontal plane as indicated. The drawing of the lateral aspect has been
14
mirror-imaged in order to demonstrate the correspondence of section levels between convexity and midline structures.
1
(dorsal view)
MFG PoG PrG SFG SPL
middle frontal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule
10 mm
SFG SFG MFG
SFG
PrG PrG PoG PoG SPL SPL SPL
15
1
(ventral view)
2500/5
10 mm
SFG SFG MFG
PrG
3000/355
PrG
SPL SPL
acer
16
PoG
2
(dorsal view)
acer MFG
anterior cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus
PoG
postcentral gyrus
PrG SFG SPL
precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule
10 mm
SFG MFG
SFG MFG
PrG PrG PoG
PoG
PoG
PoG
SPL SPL
17
2
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG
PrG PoG PrG
PCL
PoG SPL AnG
AnG SPL
mcer
acer
18
3
(dorsal view)
acer AnG mcer MFG OcG PCL PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL
anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule
10 mm
SFG SFG
MFG
MFG
MFG MFG SFG
PrG SFG
PrG
PoG PoG SMG
SMG
SPL
SPL AnG
SPL AnG
SPL SPL SPL OcG OcG
19
3
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG MFG
PrG
CG
PoG
CG
PrG SFG
PoG
PCL SPL PCL SMG
SPL SPL
IPL
SMG
SPL AnG AnG PCun
mcer IPL OcG
acer
20
PCun
OcG
4
(dorsal view)
17 acer AnG CG IFG IPL mcer MFG OcG PCL PCun PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL STG
striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior parietal lobule middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus occipital gyri paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus
10 mm
SFG MFG SFG MFG SFG SFG MFG
PrG
CG IFG
CG PoG
PrG CG
SPL
SFG
PCL
PoG SMG
PCL STG
CG
SPL IPL AnG
SPL
SMG
SPL AnG
SPL OcG IPL
OcG OcG 17
21
4
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG MFG
SFG
PrG
MFG
CG
IFGTr
MFG
IFGOp CG PoG PrG PoG
LV
SMG
SPL
acer
CG
SMG
STG SMG
SPL
SPL
IPL mcer
AnG IPL
OcG OcG
17
pcer
22
5
(dorsal view)
17 acer AnG CG IFGOp IFGTr IPL LV mcer MFG MTG OcG pcer PoG PrG SFG SMG SPL STG
striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG
MFG SFG SFG
MFG
MFG
IFGTr CG
IFGOp
CG IFGTr IFGOp
PrG
MFG
PoG PrG
LV
PoG SMG
CG
CG SMG
AnG STG
AnG SPL
SPL AnG
MTG
IPL
IPL OcG
OcG 17
23
5
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG SFG MFG
MFG
IFGOr CG
IFGTr
IFGTr IFGOp
IFGOp
PrG LV PoG
PrG FOp POp Th
POp
IPL
Ins
PoG
PTe
SMG acer Pcun
STG mcer
LV
CG
PTe
TTG
Pcun
STG
MTG 17
MTG
OcG Cun
pcer
OcG
17
24
6
(dorsal view)
3V 17 acer CG chpx Cun FLV fmi fmj FOp fx gcc HCd IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr Ins IPL LV mcer MFG MTG OcG OLV pcer PCun PoG POp PrG PTe scc SFG SMG sof st STG TCd Th tsv TTG
10 mm
SFG
SFG
MFG IFGOr
MFG
CG CG IFGTr
IFGTr sof
FLV
fmi gcc
IFGOp
IFGOp HCd
PrG
PoG
third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle cuneus frontal horn of lateral ventricle forceps minor of the corpus callosum forceps major of the corpus callosum frontal operculum fornix genu of the corpus callosum head of caudate nucleus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior parietal lobule lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery precuneus postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior occipitofrontal fasciculus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus thalamostriate vein transverse temporal gyrus
PrG Ins
tsv
fx
FOp
Ins FOp Ins
Th SMG
POp
POp
PoG
3V st
TTG
PTe
MTG
TTG
scc CG
OLV
STG
TCd
MTG PCun
OcG
MTG OcG
PTe
chpx
CG
PCun
STG
SMG
17
17
17 OcG
STG
fmj
OcG OcG
17
OcG 17
25
6
(ventral view)
10 mm
SFG MFG
MFG
IFGOr IFGOr IFGTr
CG
IFGTr
IFGOp
IFGOp Ins LV PrG
Ins PrG
PoG
PoG PTe TTG
Th
PTe
3V STG
acer STG LV cha mcer
Hi
Hi CG
CG PCun
MTG
OcG
ITG
pcer
OcG
17 17
26
MTG
ITG
7
(dorsal view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG SFG
MFG IFGOr
IFGOr CG CG
IFGTr FLV IFGOp
Cl PrG
gcc
IFGTr
ex
IFGOp
ec
HCd fx
PoG
Ins
aic
Pu
Ins PrG
gic GP
3V
PoG
ATh
PTe
Th TTG STG
chpx
Pul
fi st TCd
Pi PHG
MTG
Hi
CG PCun
TTG
pic
sm Hb
STG
3V 17 acer aic ATh CG cha chpx Cl ec ex fi FLV FuG fx gcc gic GP Hb HCd Hi IFG IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG OcG OLV or pcer PCun PHG Pi pic PoG PrG PTe Pu Pul SFG sm st STG TCd Th TTG Ver
third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior limb of the internal capsule anterior thalamic nucleus cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle claustrum external capsule extreme capsule fimbria of the hippocampus frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus fornix genu of the corpus callosum internal capsule, genu globus pallidus habenula head of caudate nucleus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation posterior cerebral artery precuneus parahippocampal gyrus pineal gland posterior limb of the internal capsule postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pulvinar thalami superior frontal gyrus stria medullaris of thalamus stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamus transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum
CG OLV FuG
or
MTG
ITG ITG Ver
17
OcG
OcG OcG 17
27
7
(ventral view)
10 mm
OrG
OrG
IFG IFG
CG IFGOp
IFGOp
Ins PTe
Ins
3V
STG PTe
Hy STG
ipf SN
MTG
opt
R S
Hi
MTG Hi
S Ent
acer PHG mcer
ITG
LV
PHG
ITG
Ent
OcG ITG
ita OcG
sca
17
pcer OcG
OcG
28
8
(dorsal view)
10 mm
Fro FrS
OrG OrG IFG
OrG
OrG
TempM tf
IFG
acer
CG
IFGOp
IFGOp
PTe Ins
Temp STG
stv
3V
mcer
cp fi DG MTG
S
Hi
LT
stv
STG
Hy
opt
sta
Ins
Cl
FStr
APS
MB
ipf
sta
chpx
SN
MTG Ent
Aq
S Ent
PHG
Hi
3V 17 acer APS Aq CG chpx Cl cosi cp DG Ent fi Fro FrS FStr gapo gocn Hi Hy IFG IFGOp Ins ipf ita ITG lds LT LV MB mcer MTG Occ occa occv OcG opt OrG Par pcer PHG PTe R S sca SN sta STG stv Temp TempM tf
third ventricle striate area anterior cerebral artery anterior perforated substance cerebral aqueduct cingulate gyrus choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle claustrum confluence of sinuses cerebral peduncle dentate gyrus entorhinal cortex fimbria of hippocampus frontal bone frontal sinus fundus striati galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis) greater occipital nerve hippocampus hypothalamus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula interpeduncular fossa inferior temporal artery inferior temporal gyrus lambdoid suture lamina terminalis lateral ventricle mammillary body middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery occipital vein occipital gyri optic tract orbital gyri parietal bone posterior cerebral artery parahippocampal gyrus planum temporale red nucleus subiculum superior cerebellar artery substantia nigra superficial temporal artery superior temporal gyrus superficial temporal vein temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal fascia
PHG Par ITG
OcG
OcG
ITG
ITG lds
Par 17
OcG
cosi occa gocn occv
Occ gapo
29
8
(ventral view)
10 mm
sutrv sutra FroN
CSCil LPal
sophv
OrG SG
FroO OO
Lac
sophv SRec sophv
Lac 5fr
5 lac
TempM
Sph olf OrG olf
TmP
TmP sphps
2n
MTG
ox
tv
ictd MTG
sta
LV
pcoma
Amg LV
pcer
Hi
Temp
Hi bas ITG
Ent
ITG
Ent MOTG LOTG
MOTG
acer
4V
pauv
LOTG cha
mcer
sigs ITG Par
sigs
lds
Cerebellum
pcer
sca
occs aica
occ
pica SSpCa
30
Occ
9
(dorsal view)
10 mm
FroN
angv sutrn
CSCil
OO
sutra
LPal SRec
eye
OrG
CGal
FroO
SOb
SG SG
OO
OrG
sophv
Lac eye
sophv
SRec 5fr
LPal
Sph
mmf
sphzg TmP sphps
tv
PAM cavs 3n
Pit
PAM MTG
Amg Hi 4n
sta
bas
Sph
PoCi
ITG MOTG 5n
Hi Ent
Ent
mmf
TempM
ictd
MTG
TLV
TmP
2n
Pons
ITG MOTG
MOTG
ITG
LOTG LOTG
4V
sigs Temp
pauv
lds Occ
2n 3n 4n 4V 5fr 5lac 5n acer aica Amg angv bas cavs CGal cha PoCi CSCil Ent FroN FroO Hi ictd ITG Lac lds LOTG LPal LV mcer mmf MOTG MTG Occ occ occs olf OO OrG ox PAM Par pauv pcer pcoma pica Pit PoCi Pons sca SG sigs SOb sophv Sph sphps sphzg SRec SSpCa sta sutra sutrn sutrv Temp TempM TLV TmP tv
optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve fourth ventricle frontal nerve lacrimal nerve trigeminal nerve anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala angular vein basilar artery cavernous sinus crista galli anterior choroidal artery pontocerebellar cistern corrugator supercilii muscle entorhinal cortex frontal bone, nasal part frontal bone, orbital part hippocampus internal carotid artery inferior temporal gyrus lacrimal gland lambdoid suture lateral occipito-temporal gyrus levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle meningeal artery, frontal branch medial occipito-temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipital sinus olfactory tract orbicularis oculi muscle orbital gyrus optic chiasm periamygdaloid cortex parietal bone posterior auricular vein posterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery pituitary gland pontine cistern pons superior cerebellar artery straight gyrus sigmoid sinus superior oblique muscle superior ophthalmic vein sphenoid bone sphenoparietal sinus sphenozygomatic suture superior rectus muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery supratrochlear artery supratrochlear nerve supratrochlear vein temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal horn of lateral ventricle temporal pole temporal vein
occ
SSpCa
31
9
(ventral view)
10 mm
DpSCil angv
FrS
OO
MRec
LRec IRec
3ni
TempM
EthC mm sphps TL
SphS
5oph
cavs
ictd
TL 5Gn sta bas 7n 7n, 8n
sigs PAu
pauv
SplCa occ SSpCa
32
10
(dorsal view)
3ni 4V 5Gn 5mx 5oph 7gp 7n 8n anga angv bas CAnT cavs CilM DpSCil emi EthC eye FrS gocn ictd ipets IRec lacv LRec mm MRec Na nuf Occ occ ocm OO PAu pauv PoCi sca sigs sophv Sph sphps SphS SplCa SSpCa sta stv TempM TempP tf TL tv TyC Zyg
10 mm
DpSCil
anga Na
angv OO
CilM
eye
lacv
Zyg MRec
IRec
sophv EthC
mm
LRec
3ni TempM tf
CAnT SphS
5oph
sphps
ictd
TL
oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) fourth ventricle trigeminal ganglion maxillary nerve ophthalmic nerve greater petrosal nerve facial nerve vestibulocochlear nerve angular artery angular vein basilar artery common anular tendon cavernous sinus ciliaris muscle depressor supercilii muscle emissary vein ethmoidal cell eyeball frontal sinus greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery inferior petrosal sinus inferior rectus muscle lacrimal vein lateral rectus muscle middle meningeal artery medial rectus muscle nasal bone nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery, vein and nerve occipito-mastoid suture orbicularis oculi muscle posterior auricular muscle posterior auricular vein pontine cistern superior cerebellar artery sigmoid sinus superior ophthalmic vein sphenoid bone sphenoparietal sinus sphenoid sinus splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery superficial temporal vein temporalis muscle temporal bone, petrosal part temporal fascia temporal lobe temporal veins tympanic cavity zygomatic bone
5Gn TL Sph
5mx sta stv bas tv
ipets 7gp
sca 7n
TyC
PoCi
Pons
TempP
8n
sigs
4V
pauv
ocm emi
SplCa occ
Occ SSpCa gocn nuf
33
10 (ventral view)
10 mm
DpSCil Nas
ang
OO
IRec
IOb
3ni 5ior dta
MxS PtgPal mxa
TempM
sphpal
5mo bucn LPtgL
5au
LPtgM
Cond
5lg Sty
Disc LgCa
sta
ictd LgCo 7n 12n
rapx
vert 9,10,11n
sigs StT Dig
occa SplCa RePMi
SSpCa gocn
34
11
(dorsal view)
10 mm
DpSCil
Na
OO
ang
Nas NSpt nlac IOb
Mx
IRec iora MxS
5ior
dta
TempM
Zyg
sphpal
PtgPal
Cor
tf MasM
LPtgL LPtgM Disc
bucn
AReCa 10n
Sty Temp
Occ vert
12n
sta
5au
LgCa cty
sta
ptgpx
5lg
Sph
5ial
Cond
Ptd
5mo
mxa
Vom
rapx papx 7n
ijugv
ictd sigs
3ni 5au 5ial 5ior 5lg 5mo 7n 9n 10n 11n 12n ang AReCa bucn Cond Cor cty Dig Disc DpSCil dta gocn ictd ijugv IOb iora IRec LgCa LgCo LPtgL LPtgM MasM Md Mx mxa MxS Na Nas nl nlac NSpt nuf Occ occa occv OO papx Ptd PtgPal ptgpx rapx RePMi sigs Sph sphpal SplCa SSpCa sta StM StT Sty Temp TempM tf TzM vert Vom Zyg
oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) auriculotemporal nerve inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve motor root of trigeminal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve angular artery and vein anterior rectus capitis muscle buccal nerve condylar process of mandible coronoid process of the mandible chorda tympani digastric muscle articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint depressor supercilii muscle deep temporal artery greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique muscle infraorbital artery inferior rectus muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly masseter muscle medulla oblongata maxilla maxillary artery maxillary sinus nasal bone nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasolacrimal duct nasal septum nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery occipital vein orbicularis oculi muscle parotid plexus parotid gland pterygopalatine ganglion pterygoid plexus retroarticular (venous) plexus rectus capitis posterior minor sigmoid sinus sphenoid bone sphenopalatine artery splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon styloid process temporal bone temporalis muscle temporal fascia trapezius muscle vertebral artery vomer zygomatic bone
Md
Dig StM
occv Occ
SplCa
occa
RePMi gocn nl SSpCa
nuf TzM
35
11 (ventral view)
10 mm
Nas anga
LLb OO
MiZyg iora MjZyg dpala TempM TempM psa MasM
MPtg
Man SCM
Ptg
TeVePal LeVePal
5lg 5ial cty
LPtg mxa
ictd
LgCa
12n Ptd
sta
Sty
LReCa Dig SObCa
occa
vert
RePMi
RePMj
gocn dpc SSpCa
TzM
36
tfa
LgsCa
SplCa
StM
12
(dorsal view)
10 mm
MjAC
SeC Nas
anga LLbAN facv
OO MiZyg LLb
Mx
Zyg
LAngO
iora 5ior psa psan
MjZyg TempM
dpala MPtg
bucn
INaC MasM
Man Vom TeVePal CAT SalPh SCM
mxa 5lg
apala 9,11,12n
sta
LeVePal LgCa
pvf
AReCa Occ
10n
Sty
Ptd
Ptg
Uv
5ial tfa
LPtg
ictd
StyPh
DAx
ijugv
7n LReCa StM
Dig
Dig AtOc SObCa
vert
LgsCa
Atlas occa
RePMi
5ial 5ior 5lg 7n 9n 10n 11n 12n anga apala AReCa Atlas AtOc bucn CAT cty DAx Dig dpala dpc facv gocn ictd ijugv INaC iora LAngO LeVePal LgCa LgsCa LLb LLbAN LPtg LReCa Man MasM MiZyg MjAC MjZyg MPtg Mx mxa Nas nl nuf Occ occa OO psa psan Ptd Ptg pvf RePMi RePMj
inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve angular artery ascending palatine artery anterior rectus capitis muscle atlas atlanto-occipital joint buccal nerve cartilage of auditory tube chorda tympani dens axis digastric muscle descending palatine artery deep cervical artery and vein facial vein greater occipital nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior nasal concha infraorbital artery levator anguli oris muscle levator veli palatini muscle longus capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle levator labii superioris muscle levator labii superioris alaeque nasi lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomaticus muscle major alar cartilage major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle maxilla maxillary artery nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nuchal fascia occipital bone occipital artery orbicularis oculi muscle posterior superior alveolar artery posterior superior alveolar nerve parotid gland pterygoid process prevertebral fascia rectus capitis posterior minor muscle rectus capitis posterior major muscle
SalPh
salpingopharyngeus muscle
SCM SeC SObCa SplCa SSpCa sta StM Sty StyPh TempM TeVePal tfa TzM Uv vert Vom Zyg
superior constrictor of the pharynx septal nasal cartilage superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle styloid process stylopharyngeus muscle temporalis muscle tensor veli palatini muscle transverse facial artery trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer zygomatic bone
RePMj SplCa gocn SSpCa
dpc nl
nuf TzM
37
12
(ventral view)
10 mm
MjAC
fac
Nas
MiZyg 5ior LAngO
MjZyg
facv Vom gpala
BucM
MasM
bucn
TempM
5lg SCM
TeVePal
ialv iala
MPtg 9n
apala ictd
ijugv 9,10n
rmv pau
Dig
12n Dig
ectd
11n Sty
LgCa
TrPAt
vert
occa occv
Atlas
StM LgsCa
IObCa SplCa gocn RePMj dpc SSpCa
TzM
38
13
(dorsal view)
10 mm
SeC
Mx
LLb
Nas fac
LAngO
MiZyg MjZyg
facv
ptdd npal
BucM
BucM
gpala
bucn MasM
PalG
HPtg
TempT
5lg
Man
ial
apala 12n
Ptd rmv
9,10n ijugv vert
pau 11n
SCM
ictd
ectd
MPtg
Uv LgCo
StyPh
StyGl
LgCa MScal
StyHy Dig
ivvpx
occa TrPAt
StM
Atlas SArS
cern2
Spinal
infraorbital nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve ascending palatine artery atlas buccinator muscle buccal nerve cervical nerve 2 digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater palatine artery hamulus of the pterygoid bone inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve inferior alveolar artery inferior alveolar vein internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle levator labii superioris muscle mandible masseter muscle minor zygomaticus muscle major alar cartilage major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle middle scalenus muscle, insertion of levator scapulae muscle maxilla nasalis muscle nuchal ligament nasopalatine artery, incisive canal occipital artery occipital vein palatine glands posterior auricular artery and vein parotid gland parotid duct rectus capitis posterior major muscle retromandibular vein subarachnoid space superior constrictor of the pharynx septal nasal cartilage spinous process of axis spinal cord splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloid process styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon tensor veli palatini muscle transverse process of the atlas trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery vomer
lObCa
SpAx SplCa
LgsCa
5ior 5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n apala Atlas BucM bucn cern2 Dig dpc ectd fac facv gocn gpala HPtg ial iala ialv ictd ijugv IObCa ivvpx LAngO LgCa LgCo LgsCa LLb Man MasM MiZyg MjAC MjZyg MPtg MScal Mx Nas nl npal occa occv PalG pau Ptd ptdd RePMj rmv SArS SCM SeC SpAx Spinal SplCa SSpCa StM Sty StyGl StyHy StyPh TempM TempT TeVePal TrPAt TzM Uv vert Vom
gocn SSpCa
TzM
dpc
RePMj
nl
39
13 (ventral view)
10 mm
OOr
fac
LAngO
MjZyg Mx gpala
facv BucM
ptdd
BucM bucn MasM PalG Man
5lg
MPtg
ial
Uv
apala
SCM 9n rmv Ptd
10n 12n
ictd
aph LgCa
SCGn
ectd
StyGl StyPh
StyHy ScalM InTrM
LgCo Vert3
Dig 11n
ijugv
SplCe
vert
LSc
LgsCe MScal
gocn
Mul
LgsCa
dpc SSpCa
SpAx
SplCa
ISM
TzM
40
occa
OOr
14
Mx
LAngO
fac
MjZyg
gpala
IncC
(dorsal view)
facv
tongue
15
bucn SCM PalGl
(dorsal view)
SCGn occa Dig
Ptd
MPtg
Uv
StyGl 9n StyPh
all SCGn
LgCa
12n 10n
LgCo
12n
Axis
vert
StyHy
10n
ScalM StM
SplCe LgsCe
11n
v LSc
InTrM
Vert3
LgsCa
Mul
LgsCa
SSpCe
LSc
SpM dpc
SplCa nuf
SSpCa
TzM
plate 14 (dorsal view)
MjZyg BucM HyGl ial MasM Man
MyHy
StyGl apala SM StyHy Plat
Ly
12n
Dig
S/MCM
fac
ectd
9n
aph
Ly LgCo
ictd
sln
Vert3 StM
10n ScalM
ijugv
Symp
SplCe
11n
InTrM SplCe Vert4 LSc
LSc
Mul SSpCa
ISM
LgsCa SSpCe SplCa
LgsCa
LgsCeT
5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n all apala aph BucM bucn Dig dpc ectd fac facv gocn gpala HyGl ial ictd ijugv IncC InTrM ISM LAngO LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LgsCeT LSc Ly Man MasM MjZyg MPtg MScal Mul Mx MyHy nuf occa OOr PalG PalGl Plat Ptd ptdd rmv S/MCM ScalM SCGn SCM sln SM SpAx SplCa SplCe SpM SSpCa SSpCe StM StyGl StyHy StyPh Symp TzM Uv vert Vert3 Vert4
lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve anterior longitudinal ligament ascending palatine artery ascending pharyngeal artery buccinator muscle buccal nerve digastric muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve greater palatine artery hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve internal carotid artery internal jugular vein incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery intertransversarii muscles interspinalis muscle levator anguli oris muscle longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle medial pterygoid muscle middle scalenus muscle multifidus muscle maxilla mylohyoid muscle nuchal fascia occipital artery orbicularis oris muscle palatine glands palatoglossus muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct retromandibular vein superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior cervical ganglion superior constrictor of the pharynx superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle sympathetic trunk trapezius muscle uvula vertebral artery third vertebra fourth vertebra
plate 15 (dorsal view)
41
OOr
14
MjZyg fac
(ventral view)
BucM
MasM
15
StyGl MyHy
bucn MPtg
bucn apala
PalPh
fac
(ventral view)
9n glossopharyngeal nerve 10n vagus nerve 11n accessory nerve 12n hypoglossal nerve all anterior longitudinal ligament apala ascending palatine artery aph ascending pharyngeal artery BucM buccinator muscle bucn buccal nerve Dig digastric muscle DigT digastric muscle, tendon DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle dpc deep cervical artery and vein ectd external carotid artery fac facial artery GeGl genioglossus muscle GHHy greater horn of hyoid bone HyGl hyoglossus muscle ial inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve ictd internal carotid artery ijugv internal jugular vein InTrM intertransversarii muscles ISM interspinalis muscle ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus lga lingual artery LgCa longus capitis muscle LgCo longus colli muscle LgsCa longissimus capitis muscle LgsCe longissimus cervicis muscle LgsCeT longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon LSc levator scapulae muscle Ly lymph node MasM masseter muscle MjZyg major zygomaticus muscle MPtg medial pterygoid muscle Mul multifidus muscle MyHy mylohyoid muscle OOr orbicularis oris muscle PalPh palatopharyngeus muscle Plat platysma Ptd parotid gland RisM risorius muscle rmv retromandibular vein S/MCM superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx ScalM scalenus muscle SCGn superior cervical ganglion sln superior laryngeal nerve SM submandibular gland SplCa splenius capitis muscle SplCe splenius cervicis muscle SpM spinalis muscle SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle StM sternomastoid muscle StyGl styloglossus muscle StyHy stylohyoid muscle StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle Symp sympathetic trunk TzM trapezius muscle v vein vert vertebral artery Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra
StyPh SCGn
12n
v
SCGn
10n
ictd Ly
StyHy DigT v 12n
aph
ectd LgCa
Plat
Ptd
all
LgCo
ijugv 11n
Vert4
ScalM InTrM
StM
SplCe Ly
LSc Mul
ISM
LgsCeT
LgsCa
SSpCe SSpCa SpM SplCa
TzM
plate 14 (ventral view)
DpAO
RisM
HyGl
GeGl
ial
lga SM 9n
SM rmv
v
Dig
Ptd GHHy v
ectd
S/MCM
Ly ijugv
10n
fac 12n Ptd
sln LgCo
LgCa
ictd
vert
Symp
10n ijugv
Vert4 ScalM ivvpx
11n
LgsCe
dpc LSc
plate 15 (ventral view)
42
16
OOr
ilab
Lg DpAO HyGl
RisM
smd
BucM
Plat
(dorsal view)
SL fac
lga GeGl
17
MyHy StyHy
SM
myhy
fac
Dig
Ly
lga
fac ectd
sln
S/MCM
GHHy
ancer
cpx
ictd
LgCa
Vert3
LgCo
11n
(dorsal view)
Ly
ijugv
10n
Vert4
cern ijugv
Symp
StM
ScalM LgsCe SplCe Mul dpc LSc
ISM SSpCe LgsCa SSpCa SplCa
SpM
TzM
plate 16 (dorsal view)
SL
GeGl Man lga
HyGl
MyHy DigT
fac
StyHy fac
SM ThHyMe
GHHy MCM
ThHy SHThC
ICM sthy
cctd LgCo ScalM
Vert4 Vert5
ijugv
StM v
Symp LgsCe SplCe
10n 11n ancer BucM cctd cern cpx Dig DigT DpAO dpc ectd fac GeGl GHHy HyGl ICM ictd ijugv ilab ISM Lg lga LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LSc Ly Man MCM Mul MyHy myhy OOr Plat RisM S/MCM ScalM SHThC SL sln SM smd SplCa SplCe SpM SSpCa SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThHy ThHyMe TzM v Vert3 Vert4 Vert5
vagus nerve accessory nerve ansa cervicalis buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve carotid plexus digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein external carotid artery facial artery (glandular branches) genioglossus muscle greater horn of hyoid bone hyoglossus muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle lingual gland lingual artery longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible middle constrictor of the pharynx multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle mylohyoid nerve orbicularis oris muscle platysma risorius muscle superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland submandibular duct splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane trapezius muscle vein third cervical vertebra fourth cervical vertebra fifth cervical vertebra
LSc SplCa
TzM
plate 17 (dorsal view)
43
OOr
16
BucM
DpAO
SL
GeGl
(ventral view)
ManC smd MyHy
17 (ventral view)
fac
HyGl
lga Dig
GHHy StyHy
fac
fac Plat
lga
sthy sln
10n ancer BHy BucM cctd cern Dig DpAO dpc DpLb fac facv GeGl GeHy GHHy HyGl ICCe ICM ijugv ilab ISM lga LgCa LgCo LgsCa LgsCe LSc Ly ManC MCM MentM Mul MyHy OmHy OOr Plat ScalM SHThC SL sln SM smd SplCa SplCe SplM SpM SSpCa SSpCe sthy StM StyHy Symp ThC ThHy ThHyMe TrP4 TzM v vert Vert4 Vert5 Vert6
vagus nerve ansa cervicalis body of hyoid bone buccinator muscle common carotid artery cervical nerve digastric muscle depressor anguli oris muscle deep cervical artery and vein depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery (glandular branches) facial vein genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater horn of hyoid bone hyoglossus muscle iliocostalis cervicis muscle inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal jugular vein inferior labial artery and vein interspinalis muscle lingual artery longus capitis muscle longus colli muscle longissimus capitis muscle longissimus cervicis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandibular canal middle constrictor of the pharynx mentalis muscle multifidus muscle mylohyoid muscle omohyoid muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma scalenus muscle superior horn of thyroid cartilage sublingual gland superior laryngeal nerve submandibular gland submandibular duct splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle splenius capitis and cervicis muscle spinalis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle superior thyroid artery sternomastoid muscle stylohyoid muscle sympathetic trunk thyroid cartilage thyrohyoid muscle thyrohyoid membrane transverse process of fourth vertebra trapezius muscle vein vertebral artery fourth cervical vertebra fifth cervical vertebra sixth cervical vertebra
SHThC StM
cctd LgCo
10n
LgCa
TrP4
ijugv
Vert4
Symp Symp Vert5 ScalM dpc
LgsCe Mul LgsCa ISM SSpCe SplCe
LSc SpM SSpCa
SplCa
TzM
plate 16 (ventral view)
MentM
ilab
DpLb
GeHy MyHy Dig facv
BHy StyHy HyGl
OmHy
SM
ThHy ThHyMe
ThC
v MCM Ly StM ijugv Ly
ancer
ICM LgCa
cctd
LgCo
vert Vert5
cern
ijugv
ICCe v
v 10n
Symp Vert6
ScalM ICCe Vert5
LgsCe
LgsCa
LSc SSpCe SpM
SSpCa
SplM
plate 17 (ventral view)
44
Coronal Atlas
45
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-images of the head which is represented on the following pages. The head whose sections are depicted on the following pages was imaged in three orthgonal planes using the following parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 weighted images highlight fluid-containing structures. Note that
46
artificial fluid collections are visible in the nasal and paranasal cavities. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle and lower panel. Orientation of these MRIs was based on the brainstem axis. Therefore the orientation of the coronal MRIs in the lower panel corresponds to the plane of cryo-sectioning of the head and direct comparisons can be made with photographs and diagrams
of the following pages. The middle panel presents the horizontal MRIs from top to the bottom.
VCA
VCA
ICL
Surface views of the brain which is shown in the subsequent pages.
The most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal views depict the brain with
the Talairach space.
47
Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the coronal plane (-20° angulation) as
48
indicated. The drawing of the midsagittal view has been mirror-imaged in order to help identifying structures which lie in the
same plane of sectioning with regard to the lateral and median view.
4
OcFrF FroO FroC
(anterior view) FxC CGal LPal
SOb
FrS
sora Lac
SRec
OO opha
eye
EthC
pap
MRec
LRec
PeP IOb
IRec
OFat
Zyg
MNaC 5ior iora
IOrC
Intracranial structures:
NSpt
MxS
psa
INaC Vom
facv
BFat MasM
Alv
tfa
MjZyg
gpal
PalG BucM
dlg
smd
dlg
HyGl
fac
fac LgSpt 12n
ManC
SL
GeGl
slgv slga
sma
slga sma
GeHy Dig
Plat
MyHy
SRoG MFG
SFG
SFG MFG
IFG
IFG FrP FrP
OFG
FrP OFG
OFG SG
FrP FxC IFG MFG OFG SFG SG SRoG
frontopolar cortex falx cerebri inferior frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus
Peripheral structures: 5ior 12n Alv BFat BucM CGal Dig dlg EthC fac facv FroC FroO FrS GeGl GeHy gpal HyGl INaC IOb iora IOrC IRec Lac LgSpt LPal LRec ManC MasM MjZyg MNaC MRec MxS MyHy NSpt OcFrF OFat OO opha PalG pap PeP Plat psa SL slga slgv sma smd SOb sora SRec tfa Vom Zyg
infraorbital nerve hypoglossal nerve (lingual branch) alveolar process of maxilla buccal fat pad buccinator muscle crista galli digastric muscle, ant. belly deep lingual artery and vein ethmoidal cell(s) facial artery facial vein frontal crest frontal bone, orbital part frontal sinus genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater palatine artery, nerve, vein hyoglossus muscle inferior nasal concha inferior oblique muscle infraorbital artery infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal gland lingual septum levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle mandibular canal masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle middle nasal concha medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat body orbicularis oculi muscle ophthalmic artery palatine glands optic papilla perpendicular plate platysma posterior superior alveolar artery sublingual gland sublingual artery sublingual vein submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle supraorbital artery superior rectus muscle transverse facial artery vomer zygomatic bone
49
4
(posterior view)
2500/5
10 mm
3000/355
SFG
SFG MFG FrP mcer
mcer
MFG FrP
IFG SFG
acer
SRoG OFG
IRoG IRoG
SG
50
OFG
FrP
5
OcFrF
sss
FroSq
(anterior view) FL
FrS
5fr CGal
OB
SOb
lac
LPal
SRec
opha
2n LRec
MRec
cret
OFat IRec
EthC
5ior
TempM
Intracranial structures: dta
IOrC iora
MxS
ZygA
NSpt psa paln dpala ptdd
GPalF
PalG
MasM
ptdd
tfa BucM
acer FrP FL IFG IRoG mcer MFG OB OFG SFG SG SRoG sss
anterior cerebral artery frontopolar cortex frontal lobe inferior frontal gyrus inferior rostral gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus olfactory bulb orbitofrontal gyri superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior sagittal sinus
Peripheral structures: Tongue ManC
facv BMan smd ial
SL GeGl
lga
12n
HyGl
fac
Ly sma
MyHy
Dig
StHy
Plat
MFG
lgv
GeHy
SFG MFG
SFG IFG SFG SRoG FrP FrP
SRoG IRoG OFG
IRoG
SG
IFG OFG
2n 5fr 5ior 12n BMan BucM CGal cret Dig dpala dta EthC fac facv FroSq FrS GeGl GeHy GPalF HyGl ial iora IOrC IRec lac lga/lgv LPal LRec Ly ManC MasM MRec MxS MyHy NSpt OcFrF OFat opha PalG paln Plat psa ptdd SL sma smd SOb SRec StHy TempM tfa ZygA
optic nerve frontal nerve infraorbital nerve hypoglossal nerve body of mandible buccinator muscle crista galli central artery of retina digastric muscle, ant. belly descending palatine artery deep temporal artery ethmoidal cell facial artery facial vein frontal bone, squamosal part frontal sinus genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle greater palatine foramen hyoglossus muscle inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve infraorbital artery infraorbital canal inferior rectus muscle lacrimal artery lingual artery / vein levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral rectus muscle submental lymph node mandibular canal masseter muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary sinus mylohyoid muscle nasal septum occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbital fat body ophthalmic artery palatine glands palatine nerve platysma posterior superior alveolar artery parotid duct sublingual gland submental artery submandibular duct superior oblique muscle superior rectus muscle sternohyoid muscle temporalis muscle transverse facial artery zygomatic arch
51
5
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG MFG MFG
IFG acer mcer
mcer
IFG FLA SRoG
SRoG
IRoG OFG IRoG
SG
52
OFG
6
FxC
(anterior view)
staf LPal ophv
olf SRec LRec
SOb SphS
MRec
TmP
IRec
EthC PtPF
PtgPal ZygA
pna
Vom
dpala
dta iora mxa
iora MLPt
Intracranial structures:
TempM PtgPal
5ior
MxS pna
opha
2n
dpala
dta
mxa
LPtg BFat
LLPt
TeVePal
tfa
tfa 5lg
SPal
Man
MPtg MasM
ManC
ptdd
HPtg
iala Uv
5ial
myhy
Lg
StyGl 9n
9n
fac facv
lgv
smd
Peripheral structures:
lga DigT
shl SM
Hyoid Plat ThC ThHy OmHy StHy
SFG SFG MFG
MFG SFG SFG
IFG
IFG IFGOp
CG
CG FLA SRoG
SRoG
IFGOp
IRoG IRoG
OFG
OFG STG
SG SG
TmP
olf
MTG TmP
ITG
anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus falx cerebri inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri olfactory tract superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole
HyGl 12n
STG
acer CG FLA FuG FxC IFG IFGOp IRoG ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG olf SFG SG SRoG STG TmP
FuG ITG
2n 5ial 5ior 5lg 9n 12n BFat DigT dpala dta EthC fac facv HPtg HyGl Hyoid iala iora IRec Lg lga lgv LLPt LPal LPtg LRec Man ManC MasM MLPt MPtg MRec mxa MxS myhy OmHy opha ophv Plat pna ptdd PtgPal PtPF shl smd SM SOb SPal staf
optic nerve inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve buccal fat pad digastric muscle, tendon descending palatine artery deep temporal artery ethmoidal cell facial artery facial vein hamulus of the pterygoid bone hyoglossus muscle hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery infraorbital artery inferior rectus muscle lingual gland lingual artery lingual vein lateral lamina of pterygoid process levator palpebrae superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle mandible mandibular canal masseter muscle medial lamina of pterygoid process medial pterygoid muscle medial rectus muscle maxillary artery maxillary sinus mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle ophthalmic artery ophthalmic vein platysma posterior nasal artery parotid duct pterygopalatine ganglion pterygopalatine fossa stylohyoid ligament submandibular duct submandibular gland superior oblique muscle soft palate superior temporal a., frontal branch
Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations
53
6
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
SFG MFG
MFG
FLA CG
Ins
IFG
FLA
CG
IFG
acer
IFGOp mcer
IFGOp
mcer
SRoG
SRoG
IRoG STG
IRoG OFG STG PTe
OFG SG TmP
MTG ITG
54
TmP
PTe FuG
TmP
ITG
sss
7
(anterior view) FLV acer
TempM staf
olf 2n 3n
TL
ictd
4n 6n
cavs
5mx
Intracranial structures:
SphS
mmf
PtgC
ZygA ptgpx TeVePal
ptgpx
mxa
mxa
LPtg tfa
Aud
LeVePal rmv
phar
5lg 5ial
inav
PalPh
iala
ptdd
5lg
phar
myhy
SPal
sphml
MPtg
PalT
MasM StyGl shl
Uv
fac
Dig
fac shl
facv
lgv
12n
lga
lga SM
Hyoid
smv
StyHy
MCM
12n
smv
facv
9n
lgv
EGl
acer CG Ent FLA FLV FuG IFG IFGOp IRoG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG OFG PTe rcc SFG SG SRoG STG TmP
anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area frontal horn of lateral ventricle fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part inferior rostral gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus orbitofrontal gyri planum temporale rostrum of corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus superior rostral gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal pole
Peripheral structures: sthy PirR
sthyv ThHy
AryE OmHy
SFG SFG MFG MFG FLA
FLA IFG
CG IFG
FLV
Ins
rcc
SRoG
IFGOp
IFGOp FLV CG SRoG
CG
Ins
Ins
IFGOp
STG
STG SG
OFG MTG
PTe TmP
OFG
SG Ent
2n
2n
PTe Ent
MTG TmP
ITG
ITG
FuG FuG
2n 3n 4n 5ial 5lg 5mx 6n 9n 12n AryE Aud cavs Dig EGl fac facv Hyoid iala ictd inav lga lgv LPtg LeVePal MasM MCM mmf MPtg mxa myhy OmHy PalPh PalT phar PirR ptdd PtgC ptgpx shl SM smv sphml staf sthy StyGl
optic nerve oculomotor nerve trochlear nerve inferior alveolar nerve lingual nerve maxillary nerve abducens nerve or its root glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve aryepiglotticus muscle auditory tube cavernous sinus digastric muscle, post belly epiglottis facial artery facial vein hyoid bone inferior alveolar artery internal carotid artery internal nasal vein lingual artery lingual vein lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle masseter muscle middle constrictor of the pharynx middle meningeal artery, frontal branch medial pterygoid muscle maxillary artery mylohyoid nerve omohyoid muscle palatopharyngeus muscle palatine tonsil pharyngeal branches piriform recess parotid duct pterygoid canal pterygoid plexus stylohyoid ligament submandibular gland submental vein sphenomandibular ligament superior temporal a., frontal branch superior thyroid artery styloglossus muscle
55
7
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG SFG FLA MFG
MFG FLA
IFG
CG IFG IFGOp
acer mcer
IFGOp
mcer
ic
Ins
Ins SCA SCA PTG
STG PTe Pir
AO SG Tu
SLG
Pu Cl Ac
STG Pir
ox
SG AO Tu opt
PTe
AG
SLG MTG
AG
MTG cha
Ent ITG
Ent FuG ITG
FuG
56
8
(anterior view)
LV
stap acer mcer
ox DS
InfS
ictd
stam
3n
cavs
Pit TempM
Intracranial structure: SphS 5Gn
ictd LPtg Cond
PhRe
TMD
mm
LeVePal
mm Otic Sty phar rmv StyGl
tfa
LgCa
mxa mxv StyGl paua
mxv StyPh
tfv
9n
mxa
mxa StyHy
StyPh
StyHy
aph
Ptd
Dig rmv
Dig rmv
facv
occa
smv
MCM
12n
Hyoid
ectd smv
fac facv ICM StM cctd
sthy
Ac acer AG AO CG cha Cl DB Ent FLA FuG ic IFG IFGOp InfS Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG ox PTe Pir Pit PTG Pu SCA SFG SG SLG SptP STG Tu Un
accumbens nucleus anterior cerebral artery ambiens gyrus anterior olfactory nucleus cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery claustrum nucleus of the diagonal band entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part infundibular stalk insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic chiasm planum temporale piriform cortex pituitary gland paraterminal gyrus putamen subcallosal area superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus semilunar gyrus septum pellucidum superior temporal gyrus olfactory tubercle uncus
Peripheral structures:
SFG MFG
SFG MFG FLA IFG
IFGOp
IFG
IFGOp
SptP
IFG CG
Ins
Pu Ins PTe
Cl PTe
STG
Pir
DB
Tu
SLG
DB
Ent
Pir
Tu
ox AG
MTG
PTG
AG
STG
SLG
MTG
Un Ent
ITG
ITG FuG
FuG
3n 5Gn 9n 12n aph cavs cctd Cond Dig DS ectd fac facv ICM ictd LgCa LPtg LeVePal MCM mm mxa mxv occa Otic paua phar PhRe Ptd rmv smv SphS
oculomotor nerve trigeminal ganglion glossopharyngeal nerve hypoglossal nerve ascending pharyngeal artery cavernous sinus common carotid artery condylar process of mandible digastric muscle, post belly diaphragma sellae external carotid artery facial artery facial vein inferior constrictor of the pharynx internal carotid artery longus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle levator veli palatini muscle middle constrictor of the pharynx middle meningeal artery maxillary artery maxillary vein occipital artery otic ganglion posterior auricular artery pharyngeal branches pharyngeal recess patotid gland retromandibular vein submental vein sphenoid sinus
57
8
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG SFG
MFG
MFG FLA FLA CG cc
acer IFG
HCd
IFGOp
IFG
CLV ic
mcer
fx
Pu
mcer STG
PTe
Ins
pcer
SB
IFGOp EGP
Cl
ac
IGP cha
PrG
opt
MTG
Ins 3V
STG
PTe
Hy
Amg Un
pcer
Hi
S Ent
Un
MTG Hi
TLV
S Ent FuG
ITG
58
PTe TTG
FuG
ITG
9
(anterior view)
iss
mcer
3n TL
pcer
Temp
Intracranial structures:
sca aica
5n
spets mmp
bas
aaua
mm
PoCi
7gp
ictd
TenT
ipets
stv
9,10,11n 7n Atlas
ijugv
7n
LReCa
Ptd ACeIT
Axis
Dig
paua occa
ACeIT cern2 ijugv Vert3 Ly cern3
10n
ejugv
ejugv
cerpx Vert4 StM
vert
LgCa ancer
ScalM
cctd
Vert5
SFG SFG
MFG
FLA MFG CG
IFG
IFG
cc ce
SB
Peripheral structures:
PTe
ic
Ins
TTG
IFGOp
Pu
IFGOp
opt cp Amg
MTG
ipf Hi
PTe
STG
MTG TCd 3n Hi
ITG S
Pons Ent
TTG Ins
IGP
MB
S
FuG
Cl
ATh EGP
ac
PPo
TLV
fx
3V
STG
ITG
third ventricle anterior commissure anterior cerebral artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus corpus callosum central fissure cingulate gyrus anterior choroidal artery claustrum central part of lateral ventricle cerebral peduncle external globus pallidus entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus fornix head of caudate nucleus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part internal globus pallidus insula inferior petrosal sinus interpeduncular fossa inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus mammillary body middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery pontine cistern postcentral gyrus planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery superior frontal gyrus superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus temporal lobe temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyri uncus
PrG
HCd PrG PoG
3V ac acer Amg ATh cc ce CG cha Cl CLV cp EGP Ent FLA FuG fx HCd Hi ic IFG IFGOp IGP Ins ipets ipf iss ITG MB mcer MFG MTG opt pcer PoCi PoG PPo PrG PTe Pu S SB sca SFG STG TCd TL TLV TTG Un
Ent 5n
FuG
3n 5n 7gp 7n 9,10,11n aaua AceIT ancer cctd cern2 cerpx ejugv Dig ictd
oculomotor nerve or its root trigeminal nerve greater petrosal nerve facial nerve glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves anterior auricular artery anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles ansa cervicalis common carotid artery cervical nerve 2 cervical plexus external jugular vein digastric muscle internal carotid artery
59
9
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG SFG MFG MFG FLA IFG CG PrG PoG
IFGOp
PrG CLV
IFG
st
Rt
mcer
STG
VL
TTG
mcer
TCd TLV MTG cha
IFGOp
MD
Amg
PTe
TTG
STh SN
CM R
S
opt
PPo
STG
Hi cp
pcer
MTG
S Ent
FuG ITG
FuG
Ent mcp Pons
60
Ins
GP PPo
pcer
PoG
ic
ATh
Pu
acer
Cl
bfx
ITG
10
sss
dip
(anterior view)
stv
pauv iss
mcer
Intracranial structures: TLV
pcer
TempM TCb
sca
aica
7n,8n
spets MaA
SCC 9n sigs
paua
ijugv
ijugv
pica
10n
vert
pauv SObCa
AtOc
SObCa Mst
Dig
AtOc
ivvpx Atlas vr2
IObCa occa
Axis
cern2
11n
occa
LgsCa
LSc StM
vr4
Vert3
ScalM
Vert4
ScalM
SFG
SFG
MFG
CG
MFG PrG
CG IFG PrG
PrG Cl
SB
cc
PoG IFGOp
Rt
bfx
LD
VL Ins
TTG STG
MTG
Pu
PTe TCd TLV
3V
S
cp
S Ent
Hi FuG
Ent ITG
STG PTe
opt Amg
SN
FuG
IFGOp TTG
ic
R Hi
Ins
MD
CM GP STh
PTe
PoG
chpx
CLV
Pons
mcp
MTG
ITG
3V acer aica Amg ATh bfx cc CG CH cha chpx Cl CLV CM cp dip Ent FLA FuG GP Hi ic IFG IFGOp Ins IO iss ITG LD mcer mcp MD MFG MTG opt pcer pica PoG PPo PrG PTe Pu py R Rt S SB sca SCC SFG sigs SN spets sss STG STh TCb TCd TLV TTG vert VL
third ventricle anterior cerebral artery anterior inferior cerebellar artery amygdala anterior thalamic nucleus body of fornix corpus callosum cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere anterior choroidal artery choroid plexus of the lat. ventricle claustrum central part of lateral ventricle centromedian thalamic nucleus cerebral peduncle diploic vein entorhinal cortex frontal limbic area fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus internal capsule inferior frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula inferior olive inferior sagittal sinus inferior temporal gyrus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus middle cerebral artery middle cerebellar peduncle mediodorsal thalamic nucleus middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus optic tract posterior cerebral artery posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus planum polare precentral gyrus planum temporale putamen pyramidal tract red nucleus reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery semicircular canals superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus substantia nigra superior petrosal sinus superior sagittal sinus superior temporal gyrus subthalamic nucleus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus temporal horn of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyrus vertebral artery ventral lateral thalamic nucleus
Peripheral structures: CH
IO
IO py
AtOc ijugv vr
atlanto-occipital joint internal jugular vein, bulbus ventral root
61
10
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG MFG
SFG
PrG
CG CG
PoG
BCd
PrG
CG PoG
LV IFGOp TTG
tsv
cc
SB
PTe IFGOp
bfx
Ins TTG
TTG
TTG
3V
acer Pul STG Rt
TCd
STG mcer
mcer
MTG
TLV
Hi
Ent
Tec S
cha pcer
Pi pcer
Ver
ITG FuG
4V
CH
MTG
Ent FuG
scp SMV
62
OcG
ITG
11
argr
(anterior view)
icv
sca
Intracranial structures:
pcer
QP
TempM
TCb mmp sigs emi pauv occs ivvpx
GrCi SObCa
LgsCa Atlas IObCa
occa
vert
SplCa
Axis StM
LSc SSpCa
Vert3 Vert4
ScalM
Mul
SFG MFG SFG PCL MFG CG PrG PrG PoG
PoG Ins
CG IFGOp
PTe
scc
st Rt
TTG
LV
IFGOp
fx
TTG
TTG
Peripheral structures: STG
Pi TCd TLV
S
Hi
S
QP
Ent
FuG
Hi
MTG
Ent
FuG
FuG
ITG
ITG ITG CH
third ventricle fourth ventricle anterior cerebral artery arachnoid granulations body of caudate nucleus body of fornix corpus callosum cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere anterior choroidal artery entorhinal cortex fusiform gyrus fornix great (cerebellomedullary) cistern hippocampus internal cerebral vein inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part insula inferior temporal gyrus lateral ventricle middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule pineal gland postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus planum temporale pulvinar thalami quadrigeminal plate reticular thalamic nucleus subiculum striatal cell bridges superior cerebellar artery splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus superior cerebellar peduncle sigmoid sinus superior medullary velum stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tentorium cerebelli tail of caudate nucleus tectum of midbrain temporal horn of lateral ventricle thalamostriate vein transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum
TTG
Pul STG MTG
3V 4V acer argr BCd bfx cc CG CH cha Ent FuG fx GrCi Hi icv IFGOp Ins ITG LV mcer MFG MTG occs OcG pcer PCL Pi PoG PrG PTe Pul QP Rt S SB sca scc SFG scp sigs SMV st STG TCb TCd Tec TLV tsv TTG Ver
Atlas Axis emi IObCa ivvpx LgsCa LSc mmp Mul occa pauv ScalM SObCa SplCa SSpCa StM
atlas axis emissary vein inferior oblique capitis muscle internal vertebral venous plexus longissimus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle middle meningeal artery, parietal branch multifidus muscle occipital artery posterior auricular vein scalenus muscle superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle
63
11
(posterior view)
10 mm
SFG
MFG
SFG
SFG
PrG
PCL PoG
PrG
PoG PCL
PCL
PrG PrG
CG POp
SMG
POp SMG
PTe
TrLV
TTG
acer
PTe
TTG
Ins
POp
chpx
TTG mcer
FG
STG
scc
STG
mcer MTG CG
CG MTG pcer
OcG
pcer FuG
OcG
FuG
Ver
ITG
Dt CH
64
ITG
12
(anterior view)
TempM
Intracranial structures:
ss
acer CG CH chpx Dt FG FuG Ins ITG mcer MFG MTG occs OcG pcer PCL pica PoG POp PrG PTe scc SFG sigs SMG ss STG TrLV TTG Ver
sigs pica
emi occs SObCa occa
occa RePMi RePMj LgsCa IObCa
StM
SpAx SSpCa SSpCe SplCa CISM Vert3
anterior cerebral artery cingulate gyrus cerebellar hemisphere choroid plexus of the lat. ventricle dentate nucleus fasciolar gyrus fusiform gyrus insula inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule posterior inferior cerebellar artery postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale splenium of the corpus callosum superior frontal gyrus sigmoid sinus supramarginal gyrus straight sinus superior temporal gyrus trigone of lateral ventricle transverse temporal gyrus vermis of cerebellum
Peripheral structures:
PrG
SFG
CISM emi IObCa LgsCa occa RePMi RePMj SObCa SpAx SplCa SSpCa SSpCe StM TempM Vert3
PrG PCL
PrG
PCL SFG
PoG
PoG
PCL CG
SMG
PoG
CG
POp
cervical interspinal muscle emissary vein inferior oblique capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle occipital artery rectus capitis post. minor muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle superior oblique capitis muscle spinous process of axis splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle semispinalis cervicis muscle sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle third vertebra
SMG POp
PTe STG
CG
TTG TTG
TTG TrLV
TTG
STG
CG FuG
MTG OcG ITG
FuG
OcG
FuG
ITG
MTG
65
12
(posterior view)
10 mm
PrG PrG
PCL PoG
PoG PCL
SMG
PoG
SMG
CG CG
SMG
acer STG
mcer
SMG
mcer OLV
PCun PCun
PCun
STG
OcG
MTG pcer
pcer
MTG
OcG OcG ITG
66
FuG
FuG
ITG
13
sss
(anterior view)
Intracranial structures: acer AnG CG Cun FuG ITG mcer MTG occs OcG OLV pcer PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG SPL ss sss STG trs
OLV ss
trs
occs occv
occv
occa
occa RePMi StM RePMj
SSpCa SplCa
anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cingulate gyrus cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital sinus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule straight sinus superior sagittal sinus superior temporal gyrus transverse sinus
Peripheral structures: occa occv RePMi RePMj SplCa SSpCa StM
occipital artery occipital vein rectus capitis post. minor muscle rectus capitis post. major muscle splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle sternomastoid muscle
PoG
PrG PrG
PoG PCL
PoG
PoG
SPL
PCL PCun
SPL SMG
CG
SMG SPL
SMG CG
SMG
CG PCun STG
PCun STG
AnG
Cun MTG
OLV
MTG
MTG
Cun OcG
ITG FuG ITG
OcG
MTG
OcG FuG
67
13
(posterior view)
10 mm
PrG PoG PCL
PoG
PCL SPL
SMG
SPL PCun
SPL PCun
AnG
AnG
SMG
PCun acer mcer
STG mcer MTG
AnG Cun
MTG OcG
OcG
OLV pcer
ITG
OcG OcG FuG
OcG
68
STG
Cun AnG
OcG pcer
AnG PCun
OcG
ITG
MTG
14
(anterior view)
Intracranial structures: acer AnG cosi Cun FuG ITG mcer MTG OcG OLV pcer PCL PCun PoG PrG SMG SPL STG TCb trs
OLV
OcFrO
trs
occa
occv
cosi TCb
occa occv
SSpCa
anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus confluence of sinuses cuneus fusiform gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle posterior cerebral artery paracentral lobule precuneus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus tentorium cerebelli transverse sinus
Peripheral structures: SplCa
occa occv OcFrO SplCa SSpCa TzM
TzM
occipital artery occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly splenius capitis muscle semispinalis capitis muscle trapezius muscle
SPL PoG PCun PCL
PoG SPL
SPL PCun SMG
AnG PCun PCun
OcG
Cun
AnG
Cun
AnG OcG
STG
OLV OcG
OcG OcG OcG
OcG
69
14
(posterior view)
10 mm
PoG SPL SPL SPL
AnG
PCun
AnG SPL Cun
acer
OcG
Cun
OcG pcer
pcer
OcG
17
17 17
70
OcG
15
(anterior view)
sss
Intracranial structures:
occa
occa
17 acer AnG Cun OcG pcer PCun PoG SPL sss
striate area anterior cerebral artery angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri posterior cerebral artery precuneus postcentral gyrus superior parietal lobule superior sagittal sinus
OcFrO
Peripheral structures: occa OcFrO TzM
occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly trapezius muscle
TzM
SPL SPL SPL SPL AnG PCun
AnG
AnG OcG
Cun
Cun
OcG AnG
17 17
OcG
OcG 17
71
71
15
(posterior view)
10 mm
SPL SPL
SPL
PCun
AnG PCun
OcG AnG Cun OcG Cun OcG
OcG 17
72
17
Sagittal Atlas
Cerebral structures: 17 AnG Cun OcG PCun SPL
striate area angular gyrus cuneus occipital gyri precuneus superior parietal lobule
73
Sagittal plane:
y´- direction:
z´- direction:
MR-sequences in three planes of the head from which one hemisphere is shown on the following pages. Parameters: 0.15 Tesla, matrix 256 x 256, field of view 25 cm, multi-slice, slice thickness 5 mm, 4 excitations, sequence: 5000/160. These heavy T2 weighted images highlight fluid-containing struc-
74
tures; uneven fluid collections (see lateral ventricles) are therefore visible. Note also that a dental prosthesis caused single void and deviation artefacts. The top panel presents the sagittal MRIs and specifies the planes of sectioning of the middle and lower panel. Orientation of these MRIs was based on the intercommissural line. Therefore the orientation
of the horizontal MRIs in the middle panel corresponds to the plane of cryosectioning of the head shown in chapter 5.1 and direct comparisons can be made with in-vivo MRIs which accompany that series of sections. The lower panel presents the coronal MRIs.
Surface views of the left hemisphere which is shown in the subsequent pages. The drawings of
the hemisphere are arranged such that they always show the same anterior-posterior orientation. The
most important gyri are delineated. The midsagittal view depicts the hemisphere with the Talairach space.
75
Surface views of the left hemisphere of the brain which has been sectioned in the sagittal plane as indicated. The dra-
76
wing of the mid-sagittal view has been mirror-imaged.
3
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: AnG angular gyrus IFG inferior frontal gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporale SMG supramarginal gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus TTG transverse temporal gyri Peripheral structures:
7n EAud ejugv MasM MjZyg Mst MstC occv OcFrF OcFrO OO Plat Ptd ptdd rmv SplCa sta StM TempM TempT ZygA
10 mm
facial nerve external auditory meatus external jugular vein masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct retromandibular vein splenius capitis muscle superficial temporal artery sternomastoid muscle temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon zygomatic arch
SMG IFG
OcFrF
PoG
AnG
TempM STG
TTG
PTe OcFrO
MTG ITG OO
TempT ZygA
MjZyg
MstC EAud
sta
Mst 7n ptdd
occv
SplCa
MasM Ptd rmv Plat StM ejugv
77
3
(medial view)
2500/5
10 mm
PoG PrG
IFG
SMG
IFG
AnG POp TOp
PTe
TTG TempM
STG MTG MTG
OO
ITG
3000/355
TempT
OcG
MstC MasM trs MjZyg Mst Dig
occv occa
ectd
LReCa
Ptd
MasM
StT
LgsCa SplCa rmv LSc
Ly
StM
78
Ly
4
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: AnG FuG IFG ITG MTG OcG PoG POp PrG PTe sigs SMG STG TOp trs TTG
angular gyrus fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale sigmoid sinus supramarginal gyrus superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse sinus transverse temporal gyri
Peripheral structures:
10 mm
PrG PoG IFG SMG FroC
AnG
PrG POp
IFG OcFrF
TOp
TTG
SphGW
PTe
STG
TempM
OcG MTG
OcFrO
OO
OcG
ITG ManF ATub
TempT Zyg
articular tubercle digastric muscle disk of temporo mandibular joint external auditory meatus external carotid artery facial artery facial vein frontal crest longissimus capitis muscle lateral rectus capitis muscle levator scapulae muscle lymph node mandible mandibular fossa masseter muscle major zygomaticus muscle mastoid process of temporal bone mastoid cells occipital artery occipital vein occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct pterygoid plexus retromandibular vein submandibular gland splenius capitis muscle sphenoid, greater wing sternomastoid muscle sternomastoid muscle, tendon temporalis muscle temporalis muscle, tendon zygomatic bone
sigs
ptgpx
Mst
ptdd rmv
ectd
MasM
Dig
facv
LgsCa
Ptd
fac
trs
EAud
MasM
MjZyg
FuG
Disc
ATub Dig Disc EAud ectd fac facv FroC LgsCa LReCa LSc Ly Man ManF MasM MjZyg Mst MstC occa occv OcFrF OcFrO OO Plat Ptd ptdd ptgpx rmv SM SplCa SphGW StM StT TempM TempT Zyg
SplCa
Man LSc Ly SM Plat
Ly StM
79
4
(medial view)
10 mm
PrG
MFG
PoG SPL IFG
FOp AnG
POp Ins PTe
OcG
OFG TTG
STG
TOp
SphGW
FuG FuG
MTG
SCD
OcFrO
TempM
ITG
OO ptgpx
trs
LPtg
mxa
5lg Ptd
occa
ptdd
SObCa
iala 5ial
RePMj SSpCa
SplCa TzM
LgsCa
IObCa ijugv 12n 10n 9n
Dig
Man BucM
MPtg
fac
facv rmv fac 12n
Symp
SM
ictd ectd
80
ZygM
Ly Plat
5
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: FOp FuG IFG Ins ipets ITG mcer MFG MTG OcG OFG PoG POp PrG PTe SMG SPL STG TOp trs TTG
frontal operculum fusiform gyrus inferior frontal gyrus insula inferior petrosal sinus inferior temporal gyrus middle cerebral artery middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri postcentral gyrus parietal operculum precentral gyrus planum temporale supramarginal gyrus superior parietal lobule superior temporal gyrus temporal operculum transverse sinus transverse temporal gyri
Peripheral structures:
10 mm
PrG PoG MFG IFG
SPL
IFG SPL POp
FOp Ins OcFrF
OFG
AnG PTe
mcer STG
TTG TOp
SphGW
OcG FuG
ITG MTG
mxa
TyC
OO TempM LPtg mxa
ipets
StyPh
ZygM
5lg
occa Ptd ijugv
5ial MPtg BucM OOr
SObCa
Dig StyHy
TrPAt IObCa
fac fac
12n
ScalM
SplCa LgsCa
ictd SplCe
Plat
SSpCa
10n 11n
StyGl Man
RePMj
occa
rmv
TzM
5ial 5lg 9n 10n 11n 12n BucM Dig ectd fac facv iala ictd ijugv IObCa LgsCa LPtg Ly Man MPtg mxa occa OcFrF OcFrO OO OOr Plat Ptd ptdd ptgpx RePMj rmv ScalM SCD SM SObCa SplCa SplCe SphGW SSpCa StyGl StyHy StyPh Symp TempM TrPAt TyC TzM ZygM
inferior alveolar nerve lingual nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve or its root buccinator muscle digastric muscle external carotid artery facial artery facial vein inferior alveolar artery internal carotid artery internal jugular vein inferior oblique capitis muscle longissimus capitis muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lymph node mandible medial pterygoid muscle maxillary artery occipital artery occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly orbicularis oculi muscle orbicularis oris muscle platysma parotid gland parotid duct pterygoid plexus rectus capitis posterior major muscle retromandibular vein scalenus muscle semicircular ducts submandibular gland superior oblique capitis muscle splenius capitis muscle splenius cervicis muscle sphenoid, greater wing semispinalis capitis muscle styloglossus muscle stylohyoid muscle stylopharyngeus muscle sympathetic trunk temporalis muscle transverse process of the atlas tympanic cavity trapezius muscle zygomatic muscles
ectd
81
5
(medial view)
10 mm
SFG PrG MFG PoG IFG
SPL
FOp FOp Cl
TrLV
OcG
OFG
AIn DG
FuG
SRec
Amg LRec
PHG
IAud Cb
ijugv occa
JugP
OO Mx
ptgpx TeVePal 5ial
9n
Lens
TempM IOb
ITG MTG
Aud
trs
OcFrF
Pu
fi
MxS LLb
mxa
ictd BucM
5lg
10,11n
LAngO
vert
MPtg
OOr
RePMj StyPh
socv
TzM
SSpCa
IObCa
Oral
StyHy gocn
StyGl
LgC
Man SCM MyHy
SplCa 5lg
StyHy lga
DpAO lga DpLb
DigT SM
Dig Plat
82
6
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: ac AIn Amg aud Cb Cl DG fi FOp FuG GP Hi IFG ITG LG MFG MTG OcG OFG OLV or PHG PoG PrG Pu Pul SFG SPL st STG TCd thr TrLV
10 mm
Peripheral structures:
SFG MFG PrG MFG
PoG IFG SPL AIn thr
FOp
OFG
Pu
OcFrF SRec
Amg STG
Lens
OLV
Hi FuG
MTG PHG
iora
OcG
5ior
OO
TCd aud TrLV st or GP LG Pul DG
ac
Cl AIn
IAud
ITG ptgpx
mxa IOrF LLb fac lab
Cb 9,10,11n
5man
MxS
LPtg
psa
trs
JugP
LAngO
BucM
ivvpx ictd
MPtg
OOr
RePMj
Tongue SCM facv
Man
vert
5lg
TrPAt socv IObCa
LgC
5ial MyHy
StyHy
lga Dig
DigT
SSpCa gocn
SSpCe
12n
StyHy
SplCa Hyoid
anterior commissure agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) amygdala auditory radiation cerebellum claustrum dentate gyrus fimbria of the the hippocampus frontal operculum fusiform gyrus globus pallidus hippocampus inferior frontal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus lateral geniculate nucleus middle frontal gyrus middle temporal gyrus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri occipital horn of lateral ventricle optic radiation parahippocampal gyrus postcentral gyrus precentral gyrus putamen pulvinar thalami superior frontal gyrus superior parietal lobule stria terminalis superior temporal gyrus tail of caudate nucleus thalamic radiation (corona radiata) trigone of lateral ventricle
TzM
5ial 5ior 5lg 5man 9n 10n 11n 12n Aud BucM Dig DigT DpAO DpLb fac facv gocn IAud ictd ijugv IOb IObCa iora IOrF ivvpx JugP lab LAngO lga LgC lgv LLb LPtg LRec SM socv
inferior alveolar nerve infraorbital nerve lingual nerve mandibular nerve glossopharyngeal nerve vagus nerve accessory nerve hypoglossal nerve auditory tube buccinator muscle digastric muscle digastric muscle, tendon depressor anguli oris muscle depressor labii inferioris muscle facial artery facial vein greater occipital nerve internal auditory meatus internal carotid artery internal jugular vein & sigmoid sinus inferior oblique muscle inferior oblique capitis muscle infraorbital artery infraorbital foramen internal vertebral venous plexus jugular process labial artery levator anguli oris muscle lingual artery longus capitis and colli muscles lingual vein levator labii superioris muscle lateral pterygoid muscle lateral rectus muscle submandibular gland suboccipital venous plexus
StHy
Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations
83
6
(medial view)
10 mm
PrG
MFG
SFG PoG MFG
Cd CG PCun
st
SFG
TLV
SB
ic LTh
Cun
ac
GP
Pul
alv Hi
Pir
opt MG
LPal
5nc
SRec
Amg PAM
PHG
OcG
OFG
Li
AIn cp
LgG
Pu
2n opha
5n Cb
FuG
OO
5Gn
mcp
MRec
MxS
Aud
12C
mxa
PtPF
ictd
MPtg dpala
AReCa
LeVePal TeVePal
SSpCa
RePMi
cern1
LgC
PalT SCMPP PalPh
RePMj gocn
cern2 IObCa
cern3
vert
SL
12n
Mul Hyoid
MyHy
ICM ThC ThHy
84
OOr
sld
HyGl lga
TzM
Oral
Plat StHy
Dig
Man
7
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: 5n trigeminal nerve ac anterior commissure AIn agranular insular cortex (claustro cortex insularis) alv alveus of hippocampus Amg amygdala Cb cerebellum Cd caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cp cerebral peduncle Cun cuneus DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus GP globus pallidus Hi hippocampus ic internal capsule ipets inferior petrosal sinus LgG lingual gyrus Li limen insulae LTh lateral thalamic nuclear region mcp middle cerebellar peduncle MFG middle frontal gyrus MG medial geniculate nucleus OcG occipital gyri OFG orbitofrontal gyri opt optic tract PAM periamygdaloid cortex PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pir piriform cortex PoG postcentral gyrus PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen Pul pulvinar SB striatal cell bridges SFG superior frontal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule st stria terminalis Th thalamus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle
10 mm
SFG MFG
SFG
PrG PoG
MFG SFG Cd
Peripheral structures:
PCun GP
OFG
Th
ic
ac
FG CG
OFG cp 2n
OcG
opha
IOb
5Gn
PtPF
ipets
dpala MxS
Cun
DG
ictd
MPtg
Aud 12C
LeVePal TeVePal
LgC
vert AtOc
Tongue cern2 SL
IObCa 12n
Man
MyHy
RePMi cern1 RePMj
cern3
lga LgFo
gocn
SSpCa
Dura
Dig
SplCa TzM Hyoid StHy
EGl ThC
2n optic nerve 5Gn trigeminal ganglion 5nc nasociliary nerve 12C hypoglossal canal 12n hypoglossal nerve AReCa anterior rectus capitis muscle AtOc atlanto-occipital joint Aud auditory tube cern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3) Dig digastric muscle, ant. belly dpala descending palatine artery EGl epiglottis gocn greater occipital nerve HyGl hyoglossus muscle Hyoid hyoid bone ictd internal carotid artery IOb inferior oblique muscle IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle lga lingual artery LeVePal levator veli palatini muscle LgC longus capitis and colli muscles LgFo lingual follicle LPal levator palpebrae superioris muscle MPtg medial pterygoid muscle MRec medial rectus muscle Mul multifidus muscle mxa maxillary artery MxS maxillary sinus SCMPP superior constrictor of the pharynx, pterygopharyngeal part StHy sternohyoid muscle
Remainder explained in Index of Abbreviations
85
7
(medial view)
10 mm
PoG PrG SFG
CG SFG
cc PCun
CG
st LD HCd MD LTh ic
Cun
CM
FStr
R SN
Tec
OcG
OcFrF
Pul SFG
Li SG
ipf 2n ictd
OFG
ictd
Pons Occ
IO
TTub TLev ald
AAT
oaud
SPhF
Mx
PAT
smd
IObCa Axis
GeGl
DAx
MyHy EGl Plat
86
OOr Oral
Dig
8
(lateral view)
Intracranial structures: 2n ac BST cc CG CM FStr HCd ic IO ipf LC LD Li LTh MD OcG OFG PCun PoG Pons PrG Pul R SFG SG SN st Tec Th
10 mm
optic nerve anterior commissure bed nucleus of the stria terminalis corpus callosum cingulate gyrus centromedian thalamic nucleus fundus striati head of caudate nucleus internal capsule inferior olive interpe duncular fossa locus coeruleus lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus limen insulae lateral thalamic nuclear region and reticular nucleus mediodorsal thalamic nucleus occipital gyri orbitofrontal gyri precuneus postcentral gyrus pons precentral gyrus pulvinar red nucleus superior frontal gyrus straight gyrus substantia nigra stria terminalis tectum of midbrain thalamus
Peripheral structures:
PoG SFG PrG
PCun
CG
HCd Th
BST ac Li
FStr R
OFG SG
Tec
SN
2n
LC
OcG
SPalF NPhT AtOcMe SPal
ald AtAx tla
anterior arch of atlas apical ligament of dens anterior longitudinal ligament altanto-axial membrane atlas atlanto-occipital membrane axis dens axis digastric muscle epiglottis genioglossus muscle geniohyoid muscle internal carotid artery inferior oblique capitis muscle mandible maxilla mylohyoid muscle nasopharyngeal tonsil opening of auditory tube occipital bone occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly orbicularis oris muscle oral cavity posterior arch of atlas platysma submandibular duct soft palate salpingopalatine fold salpingopharyngeal fold transverse ligament of atlas torus levatorius torus tubarius
Atlas
IObCa
GeGl Man
AAT ald all AtAx Atlas AtOcMe Axis DAx Dig EGl GeGl GeHy ictd IObCa Man Mx MyHy NPhT oaud Occ OcFrF OOr Oral PAT Plat smd SPal SPalF SPhF tla TLev TTub
GeHy
all
87
8
(medial view)
10 mm
PoG
SFG
PrG
PCun CG
Cun
Th
fx
SCA
ac Tec
R
LT P3V
OcG
OFG
ox
SN Pons
Pit SphS
py npal
Mx
SPal
Atlas
IObCa DAx
GeGl
Axis
GeHy
EGl Abbreviations: see Index
88
MyHy
Atlas of the Human Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
89
3.1 Surface Views of the Atlas Brain
The photographs showing the external morphology of the formalin fixed brain and the following myelin-stained sections were taken from sections prepared from the brain of a 24 year old male (see section 1.2.1). This brain has been cut perpendicular to the intercommissural plane. Representation of complete sections through the entire (right) hemisphere is provided in a set of 69 diagrams.
90
These show their approximate position in the topometric space and the location of each section in a key diagram. Because shading is used for discrimination between different gyri, it is not necessarily identical with the shading of the figures on page 92. The photographs of each section show the central, subcortical region of the brain in a resolution that permits high-
detail recognition of morphological structures. Because the brain shown in this Microscopic (Myeloarchitectonic) Atlas was used by previous researchers, we have also compiled the results of their studies (Section 3.3). Delineations suggested in the previous works are not always identical to those shown in our Myeloarchitectonic Atlas.
91
92
3.2 Plates (Myelin) and Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6 8 10 12 14 18 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 54 56 58 60 62 64
66 67 68 69
5 5
0
0
-4 -4 -5
Location of the following 69 brain sections and accompanying highdetail diagrams. The diagram on this side shows the dimensions of the fixed
0
5
10
unsectioned brain, corresponding to dimensions of the sections transformed the right upper figure on page 91. to the Talairach space (see section 1.2.8). The metric scale in the 69 diagrams of the following pages represents the
93
94
01
-60 mm
6
FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus SFG superior frontal gyrus SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus
5
4
3 SFG
2 sfs
SFPG
1
MFG MFPG
0 IFPG fms
-1 FMG
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
95
96
02
-54 mm
6
5
FMG frontomarginal gyrus fms frontomarginal sulcus IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olfs olfactory sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus
4 sfs
SFGL
3 SFGM
sfs
2 MFG
SFPG
1
SRoG
0
IFPG fms ifs FMG
IRoG
-1
IOrG
SG olfs
MOrG
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
97
98
03
-48 mm
6
5
CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FMG frontomarginal gyrus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFPG superior frontopolar gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus
4 SFGL
sfs
3 SFGM
2
MFG
SFPG
1 MFPG cgs SRoG
CG IFGOr
0
IFPG
IRoG
FMG
-1
lors
IOrG mors MOrG SG
-2
olfs
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
99
100
04
-42 mm
6
5
SFGL
CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SRoG superior rostral gyrus
4
sfs
3 SFGM MFG
2
MFG
MFG MFPG
1
cgs CG
SRoG
cgs
ifs
0
IRoG IOrG IFGOr ros
LOrG lors
-1
MOrG mors
SG
olfs
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
101
102
05
-36 mm
6
SFGL
5
CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olfs olfactory sulcus ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SG straight gyrus sfs superior frontal sulcus
SFGL
4 sfs
SFGM
3 MFG
2 cgs
ifs
1
CG
IFGTr
0
cgs IRoG
LOrG
ros mors
MOrG
-1
IFGOr lors
SG
-2
olfs
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
103
104
06
-30 mm
6
sfs
SFGL
SFGM
5
MFG
CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus
4 imfs
3
cgs
MFG
2 CG
racc
ifs
1
IFGTr
0 LOrG cgs
IRoG POrG
ros
-1
IFGOr lors MOrG
olfs
mors
SG
-2 olf
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
105
106
07
-27,5 mm
6 SFGL
sfs
5 SFGM
4
CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus LOrG lateral orbital gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract POrG posterior orbital gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa (subependymal gray)
MFG
cgs
3 fmi
MFG
2 SCS IFGOp
ifs
CG racc
1
IFGTr SGl
0 cgs IRoG ros
-1
LOrG
POrG MOrG
lors mors
SG
-2 olf
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
107
108
08
-25 mm
6 sfs SFGL
5
MFG SFGM imfs
4
cgs
MFG
BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus pors posterior orbital sulcus racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa sv septal vein
3
fmi
CG
ifs
2
cals racc
IFGOp SCS
gcc
1 sv cals SGl CG
IFGOr
0 BOp IFGTr
IRoG
ros
POrG
-1 IFGOr lors
MOrG SG
mors
pors
-2
olfs olf
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
109
110
09
-22,5 mm SFGL
6 sfs
5
MFG imfs
4 SFGM
3
MFG
CG
BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein Cd caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ifs inferior frontal sulcus imfs intermediate frontal sulcus imos intermediate orbital sulcus IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region lf lateral fissure lors lateral orbital sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus mors medial orbital sulcus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus pors posterior orbital sulcus PPo planum polare racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa
ifs
2 cals
IFGOp racc
SCS
IGr SGl
IFGTr
calv
gcc
1 IG
FLV Cd SCG
lf
calv
0
CG
BOp
cgs
IFGTr IRoG
-1
ros IFGOr POrG lors MOrG
olfs SG
pors
mors
PPo
-2
olf ITP
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
111
112
10
-20,0 mm SFGL sfs
6 SFGM
5
MFG
4
cgs
3 ifs
CG
IFGOp racc
cals
2
SCS IGr
AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum calv callosal vein cals callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum ex extreme capsule gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus,opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region LOrG lateral orbital gyrus MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum ros rostral sulcus SCG subcallosal gyrus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa
SGl ex
gcc
IFGOp
CdL
calv
IFGTr
CdM calv SCG
1
Cl
IG
Pu
IFGTr
AOI SCS
0 BOp
IFGOr
cgs IRoG
-1
LOrG
ros POrG olfs ors
SG
MOrG AO
PPo
ors
olf
-2 ITP
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
113
114
11
-17,5 mm
SFGL
6
sfs
5
SFGM
4 cgs
MFG
3 CG
ifs
IFGOp cals
SCS racc
IGr
2
sof
SGl scal
FOp gcc
IFGTr
CdL
AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar bulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum IRoG inferior rostral gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region MFG middle frontal gyrus MOrG medial orbital gyrus olf olfactory tract olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa sof superior occipitofrontal fasciculus sts superior temporal sulcus
calv
1
CdM FLV SB
ec
IFGOr CoCl ex
FCd
Pu
IG
CG
IFGTr
0
AcL racc
FPu
DiCl
AOI
cgs BOp
IFGOr
IRoG
-1 MOrG
IFGOr PPo
SG POrG
olfs
AO
olf
-2 ITP
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
115
116
12
-15,0 mm SFGL
6 sfs SFGM
5
MFG
4
ifs
3
CG
mls
SCS cals
lls
SGl
IGr
scal
2
IFGOp
gcc
FLV
CdL
IFGTr SB
calv
CdM
FOp
1
aic
AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) AOI Area orbitoinsularis BOp basal operculum cals callosal sulcus calv callosal vein CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region lls lateral longitudinal stria MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MOrG medial orbital gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfs olfactory sulcus POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPo planum polare Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa STG superior temporal gyrus
IG Pu
ex ec
FCd
Cl
CG
IFGTr
0
AcL
racc
FPu
IFGOr AOI
cgs OlfA
STG
BOp
olfs
-1 PPo
IFGOr
MOrG
SG AO
POrG
olf
-2 MTG
ITP
ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
117
118
13
-12,5 mm
SFGL
6 sfs
SFGM MFG
5
cgs ifs
4
CG
3 cals
scal
IFGOp
gcc
2
CdL
IFGOp
CSP
FOp
CdM SGl sv FLV
aic
1 ex
ec Pu
FCd
AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) API area piriformis insulae aps anterior parolfactory sulcus cals callosal sulcus CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus Cl claustrum CSP cavity of septum pellucidum ec external capsule ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen gcc genu of the corpus callosum IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ifs inferior frontal sulcus IG insular gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule POrG posterior orbital gyrus PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SB striatal cell bridges SCA subcallosal area scal subcallosal fasciculus SGl substantia gliosa SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein
Cl
SB
IG
CG AcL racc
0
FPu
aps
PPCl API
STG
OlfA
SCA
POrG
PPo
-1 AO ors PMOL
SG olf
olfs
MTG sts
-2 ITP its ITG
ITP
-3
lots
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
119
120
14
-10,0 mm SFGL
6
SFGM
sfs
5
MFG
4 IFGOp CG
3 fmi cals
SCS SGl
IGr
scal IFGOp
cc
2 CdL
CSP
FOp
FLV CdM
sv
cir
1
IG
aic
ex
pps Pu
CG
FCd ec racc
CoCl
AcL
0
SSTI apss
AcM AcC
PPCl
FPu
AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AO anterior olfactory nucleus (retrobulbar region) API area piriformis insulae apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inf. branch apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, sup.branch cals callosal sulcus cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum CSP cavity of septum pellucidum ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation olfs olfactory sulcus ors orbital sulcus Pir piriform cortex PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum rhs rhinal sulcus SCA subcallosal area scal subcallosal fasciculus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SGl substantia gliosa SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein
STG
SCA apsi OlfA
sts
Pir
PPo
olfr
-1
API
SG
AO
PMOL ors
olfs olf MTG
Ent
-2 ITP
its ITG
-3
FuG lots rhs
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
121
122
15
-7,5 mm
SFGL sfs
6
SFGM MFG
5 cgs
CG
4
PrG
3
SCS lls
IGr mls
CdL
cc
FOp
CdM
SptP
IG
1
sv
ex
cir
aic
PTG pps
2
IFGOp
Pu FCd
CG
CoCl
0
ec
AcL
apss
AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, post. part apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, sup.branch cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus ITP inferior temporopolar region its inferior temporal sulcus lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria molf medial olfactory radiation MTG middle temporal gyrus olf olfactory tract OlfA olfactory area olfr olfactory radiation Pir piriform cortex PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PTG paraterminal gyrus Pu putamen racc radiation of corpus callosum SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SG straight gyrus SptP septum pellucidum SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein unc uncinate fasciculus
STG SCA
AcM
FPu
AcC
PPCl
unc
racc
sts
SSTI olfr SG
Pir
-1
molf PPo
OlfA AOP
MTG
olf Ent
-2 ITP
its ITG
PRC
-3
FuG lots
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
123
124
16
SFGL
-5,8 mm
6
MFG
SFGM
5
4
PrG CG
3 SCS
cc
CdL
2 IFGOp FLV
cir FOp CdM
sv
1 aic
Pu
AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic ant. limb of internal capsule AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, post. part cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum db diagonal band ec external capsule Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IG insular gyrus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus molf medial olfactory radiation OlfA olfactory area PCA precommissural archicortex Pir piriform cortex PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare pps posterior parolfactory sulcus PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PTG paraterminal gyrus Pu putamen SCA subcallosal area SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum
ex
PTG
ec
FCd pps
IG
CoCl
0 AcL
db
STG
VCl AcM
FPu
SSTI molf
sts PPo
Pir
Tu
PCA
unc
PPCl
AcC
SCA
-1 OlfA
AOP
MTG Ent
-2
its ITG
-3
PRC FuG lots
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
125
126
17
-4,2 mm
SFGL
6 MFG SFGM
5
MFG PrG
4
3 CG SCS cc
PrG
CdL
2 IFGOp FOp pcfx
cir
CdM
sv
aic
1
SCGP
ex ec lml
FCd
Pu
AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic anterior limb of internal capsule cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lat. medullary lamina of globus pallidus LT lamina terminalis MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus OlfA olfactory area ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PCA precommissural archicortex pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SCA subcallosal area SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum
CoCl EGP
0
AcL AcM SCA
Tu
LT
PCA
Ins
VCl
GTI
TuTI
AcC SSTI
FPu
PPCl
ilf
unc PirF
P3V
STG
DiCl
OlfA
PPo
-1
Li PirT
ox
Un MTG
-2
Ent
-3 ITG PRC
0
1 cm
1
2
FuG
3
4
5
6
127
128
18
-2,7 mm
SFGL
6 MFG SFGM
5
PrG
4
CG
3 PrG
SCS IFGOp IGr
mls
CdL
2
cc
CdM
cir
FOp
pcfx SCGP
SFi
1
sv ec
aic
ex
CdV LSV
lml
SCTI
Pu
FCd BSTL
Ins
CoCl
EGP
DiCl
BSTC GTI
ac
VDB mfb
AcM
VCl
AcL FPu
AcC TuTI
ilf unc
SSTI
PPCl
PirF
Tu LT P3V
0
STG
-1
PPo
Li
SCh
PirT ox
ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aic anterior limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LT lamina terminalis mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PIR parainsular region PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SCTI subcaudate terminal island SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band
PACl TCl
Un
MTG
unc
-2 Ent
-3 ITG PRC FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
129
130
19
-2,0 mm
SFGL
6 SFGM
MFG
5
4
CG
3 SCS
PrG scal
IGr
IFGOp
CdL cc
2 FLV
CdM
pcfx
cir
LSD SFi
FOp
SB
aic
SCGP
1 ec
CdV
LSI
BSTLJ LSV BSTM
ex Ins
lml
Pu
EGP
CoCl DiCl
BSTC
0
ac aco VDB
AcM GTI
Tu
LT P3V
STG
VCl
AcL
FPu
AcC TuTI
unc
SSTI
ilf
PPCl PirF
PPo
-1
Li
lo
SCh
PirT
ox Un PACl
unc TCl MTG
ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb aic anterior limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lat. division, juxtacapsular part BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LT lamina terminalis MFG middle frontal gyrus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PACl preamygdalar claustrum pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen SB striatal cell bridges scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lat. part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, med. part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus TCl temporal claustrum Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VDB vert. limb of the diagonal band
-2
Ent
-3 PRC
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
131
132
20
-1,3 mm
SFGL
SFGM
6 MFG
5
PrG
4
CG
3 SCS
PrG scal
IGr
CdL
cc
IFGOp
2
FLV pcfx
CdM aic
LSD SFi
cir
sv
TS
ex
tsv
SCGP
CdV
1
FOp
ec
LSI
Ins BSTL
Pu
lml
LSV
DPeH
BS BS TC TM
EGP
CoCl
ac
0
AcM MPO PaAP AVPe
GTI DB
VCl aco
AcC HDB
SO SCh
DiCl
FPu
STG
SSTI
TuTI
PPCl
ilf
sts
PirF Tu
P3V ox
Li
lo PAM
-1
PPo PirT
unc
Un PACl TCl MTG
Ent
-2
PRC
ac anterior commissure AcC accumbens nucleus, central part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb aic anterior limb of internal capsule AVPe anteroventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DB nucleus of the diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus Li limen insulae lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part MFG middle frontal gyrus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PAM periamygdaloid cortex pcfx precommissural fornix PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPCl prepiriform claustrum PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum
-3
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
133
134
21
-0,6 mm
SFGL
6 SFGM MFG
5
CG
4
PrG
3 SCS scal
PrG
CdL IFGOp
cc
CdM
FLV
FOp
LSD
aic
SFi
ec
sv
fx
Ins
Pu LSV
BSTL
1
ex
SCGP
CdV
LSI tsv
2
lml
TS
BS BS TM TC DPeH ac
EGP
CoCl
0
aco MnPO
AcL
GTI
PaAP
VCl FPu
AcM mfb
MPO AVPe P3V
ADB HDB SO SCh
SSTI
TuTI
ilf
STG
PPo
lo
ox
-1
unc
PirT
PAM
sts
VCl
PirF
Tu
DiCl
PACl
AG
TCl
AB La Ent
-2
MTG
PRC
-3
ITG rhs
AB access. basal amygdaloid nucleus ac anterior commissure AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part AG ambiens gyrus aic ant. limb of internal capsule BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FLV frontal horn of lat. ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix GTI great terminal island HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MnPO median preoptic nucleus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm P3V preoptic recess of third ventr. PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ant. parvocellular part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PAM periamygdaloid cortex PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen rhs rhinal sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFi septofimbrial nucleus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal islands unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum
FuG lots
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
135
136
22 0,0 mm
SFGL
sfs
6 SFGM MFG
5 CG
4 PrG
PrG
3 SCS scal PrG
CdL
2 IFGOp CdM
FLV LSD MS sv
ic CdV cir
tsv
lml
Ins
Pu
BSTL
fx LSV
1
SCGP
LSI
FOp BSTM
BSTC
EGP
TS
CoCl
ac
0
mml ac
DPeH MPO
VP
GTI LH mfb BSTV
Unc PaD
SxD
PaMC 3V ox
VCl FPu SSTI
TuTI
db
SO SCh
unc
STG ilf
DiCl
lo
Tu
unc
PirT
PAM
sts
PPo
PirF
-1
cir
PACl PAA
Un
InfS
TCl
BM La BLVM
-2
MTG Ent PRC
-3
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
lots
4
5
3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum db diagonal band DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix GTI great terminal island ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lo lateral olfactory tract lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus ox optic chiasm PAA periamygdalar area PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PAM periamygdaloid cortex PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PirF piriform cortex, frontal part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCh suprachiasmatic nucleus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein SxD sexual dimorphic (intermed.) ncl. TCl temporal claustrum TS triangular septal nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus Unc uncinate nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VP ventral pallidum
6
137
138
23
1,3 mm
SFGL
sfs
6 SFGM MFG
5
4 CG PrG
PrG
3 SCS scal
mls IGr
PrG
CdL
IFGOp
2
cc CdM
ec
LV FOp LSD MS
ex sv
LSI
SCGP
CdV tsv
fx
1
PrG
cir
lml
ic
Pu PaFo 3V
BSTLJ
BSTP LSV
BSTC
CoCl
mml
DoH MPO PaPC
Ins
EGP
LH
PaMC
0 ac
VP BSTV mfb
VCl FPu
SSTI unc
ilf DiCl
BC
STG
Tu
3V sox
SO InfS
opt
sas
Un
sts
CxA
ACo PAM
LiCl PirT PACl
BM
-1
PPo TCl
BLVM BL La
-2 Ent
MTG PRC
-3
ITG
FuG
3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucleus BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus cir circular insular sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DoH dorsal hypothalamic nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus InfS infundibular stalk Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LSV lateral septal nucleus, ventral part LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MPO medial preoptic nucleus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part PAM periamygdaloid cortex PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen sas semiannular sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus SO supraoptic nucleus sox supraoptic commissure SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Tu olfactory tubercle Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus VCl ventral claustrum VP ventral pallidum Some unexplained abbreviations on the following pages are listed in the Index of Abbreviations.
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
139
140
24
2,7 mm
SFGL
SFGM
6
MFG
PCL
5
4
CG PrG
PrG
3
IGr
PrG
CdL
mls
IFGOp cc
LV
2
CdM ec
LSD MS
ic
fx
SCGP
tsv
sv
ex
CdV
LSI IVF
PrG
FOp
Pu
1
PRt
SFO
lml BSTC
Ins
PaD
EGP
fx
BSTLJ
mml
BSTP PaD PaPC PaMC
CoCl
0
IGP
DH
ac LH mfb
BC sls
VMH
SODL sas
opt SOVM Inf
PHA
FPu
BSTCV vaf
unc VCl
STG
AI TCl
sts
LiCl AAA ACoD PirT ACoV PACl BM PACl
BLVM
Un
-1
BL
PPo
La
Ent
-2
MTG PRC
-3
ITG
FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
AAA anterior amygdaloid area ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AI amygdaloid island BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division BSTCV ventral extension of BSTC BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus CdV ventral caudate nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FPu fundus region of putamen FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix ic internal capsule IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IVF interventricular foramen La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PCL paracentral lobule PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PirT piriform cortex, temporal part PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PRT prereticular zone sas semiannular sulcus sls sublenticular stria SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFO subfornical organ SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromed. hypothalamic nucleus
6
141
142
25
4,0 mm
SFGL SFGM
6 MFG
PCL
5
4
CG PrG
3 SCS
scal
CdL
mls IGr
PrG
2
cc CdM
LV
ex
ec
LSD MS LSI fx
cir
st
PRt
sm
Ins
Pu
lml EGP
PaPo
mml fx
PaD
0
IGP VCl
unc
mfb PeF sox VMH
Pe
CoCl
ac
PaPC PaMC DMH
1
FOp PrG
SFO 3V
ic
tsv
sv IVF
BC
LH
DiCl
vaf AI
opt
SODL sas
SOVM
ACoD
ACoV BLVM
Un
LiCl
MeA
-1
TCl
BM Ce
PHA
Inf
STG
PACl
AStr PPo
LaDL
BL
ilf
La
MTG Ent
-2
SEpS PRC
PHG
-3
ITG
FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AI amygdaloid island AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus cc corpus callosum CdL lateral caudate nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CG cingulate gyrus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IVF interventricular foramen La lateral amygdaloid nucleus LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LV lateral ventricle MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule Pe periventricular nucleus PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PRt prereticular zone sas semiannular sulcus scal subcallosal fasciculus SEpS subependymal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part SFO subfornical organ sm stria medullaris of thalamus STG superior temporal gyrus SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part sox supraoptic commissure st stria terminalis sv septal vein TCl temporal claustrum tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus unc uncinate fasciculus vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus
6
143
144
26
5,4 mm
SFGL
sfs
SFGM
6
MFG pcs
5
PCL cgs
4 CG PrG
3 scal PrG CdL
IGr mls
ce
2
CdM LV LSD
FOp
MS fx
LSI st
tsv
cir
1
ic
st sm
PrG
Rt
lf
Pu
3V PRt
mml
ZI
IGP
DH
TTG1
Ins lml
Fa
PaPo
EGP CoCl
0 icml fx LH
DMH
PeF Pe VMHDM
TM
PaO
Ce
ACoV
Un
BLVM
BLPL AG
sts LiCl
BM
-1
PPo
LaDL
BLD BLI
LaDM
AStr
ilf
BLVL LaI
unn
STG
PACl
ACoD MeA
SOVM Inf VMHVL PHA
DiCl
unc
SODL
sox opt
VCl
ac
BC
al
LaDA
MTG
SEpS
-2
SEpS PRC
Ent
its
-3
ITG
PHG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part AG ambiens gyrus al ansa lenticularis BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum DH dorsal hypothalamic area DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum fx fornix ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus IGr indusium griseum ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part MFG middle frontal gyrus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MS medial septal nucleus PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PACl preamygdalar claustrum PaO paraoptic nucleus Pe periventricular nucleus PCL paracentral lobule pcs precentral sulcus PeF perifornical nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen PRt prereticular zone Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SEpS subependymal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SFGM superior frontal gyrus, medial part sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SODL supraoptic nucleus, dorsolat. part SOVM supraoptic nucleus, ventromed. part sox supraoptic commissure st stria terminalis tsv thalamostriate vein TM tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VCl ventral claustrum ZI zona incerta
6
145
146
27
6,7 mm
6 sfs SFGL pcs
5
PCL MFG
cgs
4 CG PrG
PrG
3 SCS scal
cc IGr
ce LSD
MS
2
CdM
LV
LSI tfx
cir
ec
FOp
tsc SCGP
fx
ex
tsv
1
ic
APr eml
sm tt
AM
PT
PrG
Pu
VA
lf
Ins TTG1
PV
Rt
Fa 3V PaPo DMH DMHC
ic
ZI ithp LH
TM
CoCl VCl
ac
ap
al
DiCl unc
opt sas
Inf
SSTI
icml
liml
mfb LH LTu PeF
VMH
0
IGP
fx
Pe
EGP
MeA
BL
PCo
BM
Un
sts
Puv
-1
PPo
BL
PHA
ME
STG LiCl
Ce
AStr
LaDL
BLVM
ilf
LaDA HiH
3n
TLV
-2
Ent MTG PRC its
-3
rhs PHG
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus ap ansa peduncularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CdM medial caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus cgs cingulate sulcus CoCl compact insular claustrum DiCl diffuse insular claustrum DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus DMHC dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus Inf infundibular nucleus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle ME median eminence MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, ant. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MS medial septal nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PeF perifornical nucleus Pe periventricular nucleus PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PPo planum polare PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus rhs rhinal sulcus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SSTI substriatal terminal island STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TM tuberomammillary hypothalamic nucleus tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypoth. nucleus ZI zona incerta
6
147
148
28
8,0 mm
PCL SFGL
6 sfs
PCL
5 MFG
CG
4 PrG
3
ce
Cd
PoG
LSD LV
FOp SB
LSI tsv
fx
SCGP
cir
ic
APr sm AM
VA
PrG EGP
Fa
palhy
IGP ZI H2
DMH VMH
Ins
Rt
ithp
LH
lf TTG1
iml
3V PaPo
1
Pu
eml PT
2
CoCl
0
ic liml
icml
mfb PalHy al fx LH sox LTu opt TM
CeM
VCl
BC AI
unc
BMDM
sts
STG LiCl PPo
BLD
BMVM
AStr
-1
PuV
BLI
BLVM
Un
DiCl
ac
CeL PCo
sas
MM
ap
BLPL
LaI
LaDA
LaV
HiH
MTG
TLV
3n
us
-2
unn Ent PRC its
-3 PHG
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus ap ansa peduncularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part ce central fissure CeL centr. amygd. nucleus, lateral part CeM centr. amygd. nucleus, medial part Cd caudate nucleus DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FOp frontal operculum fx fornix H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of the thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LSD lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part LSI lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LV lateral ventricle mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nulceus palhy pallidohypothalamic fibers PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PT paratenial thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridges SCGP supracapsular part of globus pallidus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sfs superior frontal sulcus sm stria medullaris of thalamus sox supraoptic commissure STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TM tuberomammillary nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. VCl ventral claustrum VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part ZI zona incerta
6
149
150
29
9,3 mm
SFGL PCL sfs
6 PrG
PrG
PCL
5
MFG
4 CG
PrG
3
PoG
cc
FOp LV tsv
bfx
ic APr
Rt
sm
lf
lml
AM
PT
2
Cd
iml
Ins
VA
PV
1
PrG
eml
TTG1
Pu EGP
IthA
mml
Fa IGP 3V
lenf
ZI PH
H2
al
mfb
EP
LH PalHy SuM pm
TM LM
BC
CeM
opt
fx ML
0
CoCl icml
unc
SLG sas
MM
PCo
BM
BLVM BLPL
PPo
DiCl
ac
CeL
sts
STG
LiCl
-1
PuV BLD AStr PedL BLI La st BLVL CA1
3n
TLV MTG
-2
HiH
unn
S Ent PRC its rhs
-3
ITG PHG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n third root 3V third ventricle ac anterior commissure al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucleus APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus BC basal nucleus, compact part bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part CG cingulate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex EP entopeduncular nucleus Fa fasciculosus nucleus FuG fusiform gyrus fx fornix H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head ic internal capsule icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus IthA interthalamic adhesion its inferior temporal sulcus La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lenf lenticular fasciculus LM lateral mammillary nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lat. part MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mfb medial forebrain bundle MFG middle frontal gyrus mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pm principal mammillary fasciculus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus rhs rhinal sulcus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum sas semiannular sulcus sfs superior frontal sulcus SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis sts superior temporal sulcus STG superior temporal gyrus SuM supramammillary nucleus TM tuberomammillary nucleus tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta
6
151
152
30
10,7 mm
sfs
6 PrG PCL
5
PrG
CG
4 ce
PrG
3
PoG
FOp
2
Cd
tfx tsc tsv bfx
SB
PrG
st gic
APr PT
sm tt
eml
PrG TTG1
AM
lml
VA PV
iml EGP
Rt IthA Re 3V
CoCl
lenf ZI
ithp H2
comb
LH PalHy
SuM ML MM
LM Un
0
IGP
liml cp
PH
mt
Ins
Pu
mml
Fa
1
lf
al
VCl
EP opt ers
Me CeM unc LiCl -DM CeL CeM PuV -CM -DL SLG ac BLD PedL sas PCo BMAStr BLI -VM st AHi La AG BLVL BLPL
DiCl
STG
PPo
-1
S
MTG
TLV 3n
PrS
sts
CA1
-2 S
unn Ent
PRC
its
ITG
-3
PHG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
ac anterior commissure AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal (magnocellular) part BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part BLVL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part BMDL basomed. amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, med. part CG cingulate gyrus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic nucleus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex EP entopeduncular nucleus ers endorhinal sulcus Fa fasciculosus nucleus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IthA interthalamic adhesion ithp inferior thalamic peduncle La lateral amygdaloid nucleus lenf lenticular fasciculus LH lateral hypothalamic area LiCl limitans claustrum liml limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus LM lateral mammillary nucleus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus ML medial mammillary nucleus, lat. part MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus sas semiannular sulcus SB striatal cell bridge sfs superior frontal sulcus SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus st stria terminalis SuM supramammillary nucleus tfx tenia of fornix tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus unc uncinate fasciculus unn uncal notch VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta
6
153
154
31
12,0 mm
SFGL
PrG PrG
6
PCL
SFGL
5 ce CG
4
PoG PrG
3 SCS
cc
Cd LV
DCl
2
tsv
bfx
st POp
gic
APr
PrG
sm Cuc
eml
PT
VA
PV
VL
MD iml
CeMe Co
Pu Ins
VAMC
lml
Rt
PTe
EGP Fa
mt
mml
VA
Re 3V PH
ZI mtg
0
IGP
H2 comb
cp
VCl
al BC CeM PuV Me opt CeL AStr SLG PCo BM BL PedL st AHi CA1
mfb LH SNR MM
1
lf
TTG1
AG
DiCl
STG
sts
PPo
LiCl
-1 TCd
Un TLV
us 3n
HiH
DG
-2 unn
MTG
S Ent
PRC its
-3 PHG
ITG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AG ambiens gyrus AHi amygdalohippocampal area al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area BC basal nucleus, compact part bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus BM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, med. part CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex Fa fasciculosus nucleus FuG fusiform gyrus gic genu of the internal capsule H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus LH lateral hypothalamic area LV lateral ventricle LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mfb medial forebrain bundle MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PCL paracentral lobule PCo post. cortical amygdaloid nucleus PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PRC perirhinal cortex PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part SLG semilunar gyrus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus unn uncal notch us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta
6
155
156
32
13,3 mm
SFGL PrG
PrG
6
PCL
SFGL
5 ce
CG
4
PoG
3 SCS
cc
Cd
LV
2
tsv bfx
st pic
AD sm
POp
FOp
ec
APr eml
Cuc PT
lf
mt
PV
iml
CeMe Co ithp Re
VLA
VAMC
Ins
1 PTe
Pu DCl
Rt
VA
lml
mt
EGP ZI
H1 H2
PH 3V
ex
VA
MD
TTG1
0
IGP
lenf
mml
mtg
STG al
STh
LiCl
sumx LH
comb
opt
SNR
CeM CeL BM BL AStr st
Me cp
MM
PPo
sts
DiCl
PuV
-1
PedL TCd
SNC Un
HiH TLV
3n
us
CA1 PaS
DG
-2
PrS S
MTG
Ent its
rhs
-3
ITG
PHG FuG cos
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeL central amygdaloid n, lat. part CeM central amygdaloid n, med. part CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DiCl diffuse insular claustrum ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) HiH hippocampal head IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle its inferior temporal sulcus lenf lenticular fasciculus lf lateral fissure LH lateral hypothalamic area LV lateral ventricle LiCl limitans claustrum lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus Me medial amygdaloid nucleus MM medial mammillary nucleus, med. part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract mtg mammillo-tegmental tract MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PedL peduncle of lentiform nucleus PH posterior hypothalamic area PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare rhs rhinal sulcus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus ZI zona incerta
6
157
158
33
14,6 mm
SFGL PrG
6 PCL
SFGL
5 ce
CG
4 PoG
3 CG
SCS lls cc
mls
Cd
tsv
2
LV
st
bfx
SB
APr
Cuc AD sm
eml
PT VLP
MD
ec
Pu
H2 sumx
lml EGP
0
mml comb
IGP
STh
PPo
al
Me Ce st vt
SNR
AStr
CA1
-1
TCd
DG
3n us
sts
PuLi
CA2
cp Un
STG
PuV
opt
comb
VCl
VP
VTA SNC
PTe
ex
CeMe Co VAMC VM H1 ithp ZI mt
1 TTG1
VA
Re 3V
lf
Ins
pic
VLA
iml
MD MC
PV
POp
FOp
Rt
DG
DG
TLV
PaS
MTG
-2
PrS Pons
S Ent
its
-3 ITG
PHG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor root 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure Ce central amygdaloid nucleus CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalmus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml int. medullary lamina of the thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus ithp inferior thalamic peduncle lf lateral fissure lls lateral longitudinal stria lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part Me medial amygdaloid nucleus mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus mt mammillo-thalamic tract MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule POp parietal operculum PoG postcentral gyrus PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuLi limitans putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridges SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus STG superior temporal gyrus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLP ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum vt velum terminale VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
6
159
160
34
16,0 mm
SFGL
PrG
6
ce PCL
5
SFGL
4
CG PoG
3
LV
cc
Cuc
PT sm
Cd tsv
tfx
FOp
st
bfx AD
pic
eml
APr
SB
Ins
ec
lf
Rt
tt
ex
TTG1
VLP MD MC
PV
2
POp
1
PTe
MD VLA
Pu
VA iml
lml
VLP
CeMe
EGP
Co
VM
Re 3V
0
mml
H1
ZI
H2
IGP
STh
PPo
al opt
comb
SNC
sumx
PuV
Amg st tfi tsc TLV
bG
VTA
AStr
-1
TCd
CA2
cp
3n
sts
VCl
VP SNR
STG
CA1 Un
DG
CA3
us
MTG
Pons
-2 Ent
its PHG
ITG
-3
FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor nerve 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus CG cingulate gyrus Co commissural nucleus comb comb system cp cerebral peduncle Cuc cucullaris nucleus DG dentate gyrus EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) IGP internal globus pallidus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PCL paracentral lobule pic posterior limb of internal capsule PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus SB striatal cell bridges SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus sumx supramamillary commissure TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VA ventral anterior thalamic nucleus VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLP ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
6
161
162
35
SFGL
17,2 mm
PrG
6 ce
5
SFGL PCL PoG
4 CG
3 SCS
cc IGr
mls
FOp POp
Cd
tsv
2
LV bfx
st
DSF
AD PT
CoCl
Ins
lf
eml
APr
sm
ex VLPI (Vimi)
MD MD MC
ec VLA
Pu
PV
VLPE
pic
CM PF
Re
VM
3V
H1
IGP
SNC
comb opt
SNR
VP
3n
cp
sts
PuV
Amg st
AStr TCd
-1
CA2
bG
IPCi
STG
VCl
TLV SNR
0
PPo EGP
al
STh
crt
lml mml
ZID
ZIV cr
1
Rt
iml
Co
PTe
TTG1
DG
Un
CA3
FD
MTG
CA1
DG
us PaS PrS
Pons
S
-2
Ent its
ITG
PHG
-3
FuG cos
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
3n oculomotor root 3V third ventricle AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix bG band of Giacomini CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus Co commissural nucleus CoCl compact insular claustrum comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGP internal globus pallidus IGR indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IPCi interpeduncular cistern ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part mls medial longitudinal stria mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum SFGL superior frontal gyrus, lateral part sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus VP ventral pallidum
6
163
164
36
18,6 mm
ce
6
PrG
5
PoG PCL
4
PoG CG
3
SCS FOp
cc
IGr
Cd
LV
2
POp bfx
st DSF
Rt
APr
ec
eml
MD MD MC
lf
DCl
VLPI (Vimi)
sm
ex
1
PTe
TTG1 Ins
iml Pu VLPE
PV
lml
pic
CM
PF
0 EGP
Re
ZI
H1 crt
VPMPC
PPo
al
STh
R
VP
opt
chf
Amg st
SNC SNR
CA3 cp
Un
sts
PuV
comb
cr
STG
VCl
CA2
AStr
TLV fi
-1
TCd CA2 CA3
CA3
FD
DG FD
us PaS
PrS
Pons
MTG
CA1
S
-2 Ent FuG its PHG
-3
ITG cos
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus al ansa lenticularis Amg amygdala APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus chf choroidal fissure CM centromedian thalamic nucleus comb comb system cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DCl dorsal claustrum DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula its inferior temporal sulcus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PPo planum polare PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus R red nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus us uncal sulcus VCl ventral claustrum VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VP ventral pallidum VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part ZI zona incerta
6
165
166
37
19,9 mm
ce
6 PrG PCL
5 PoG
4 CG
3
SCS cc
FOp
LV
IGr
Cd
tsv
2
POp
bfx Rt
DSF
Cl
PT
SB
sm VLPI (Vimi)
ec
eml
TTG1
MD
VLPE
MD MC
Pu pic VPL
CM
lml
0
PF
Re
EGP H1
crt
STG
PuV
fr cr
PPo
al
crt ZI STh VPMPC
1
Ins
iml PV
PTe
ex
Amg opt
RPC
tclv fi
SNC SNR
Un
cp
st
TCd
TLV
tsc tfi CA3 DG
CA3
MTG
CA2
-1
FD
us PaS
CA1
PrS
alv
S
Pons
-2 Ent
PHG FuG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
ITG
5
-3
al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus Amg amygdala bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule PPo planum polare PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridges SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tclv tela choroideaof lateral ventricle tfi tenia of fimbria TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus tsc tenia semicircularis tsv thalamostriate vein Un uncus us uncal sulcus VLPE ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part ZI zona incerta
6
167
168
38
21,2 mm
PoG PCL
ce
6
PrG
5
PoG
4 SMG pocs
CG
3 PoG SCS
cc LV tsv
FOp
Cd
POp
bfx
lf
DSF Pul
eml
ec
MD
ex
Cl
sm
MDPL MD MC
VLPI (Vimi) iml
PV
VPL
Pu
VPMPC
TTG1
0
EGP al
H1 fr
STG
ZI Sth
crt
PuV
PBP
RPC
1
lml
CM
PF
PTe
Ins
pic
Rt Re
2
st
opt cp
cr VTA SNC SNR
his
Un
st
sts
AStr TCd
TLV CA2 fi CA3
-1
DG
MTG
CA1
3n PrS
S
FD
PaS Pons
-2 Ent
PHG
its
FuG ITG
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
-3
5
3n oculomotor root al ansa lenticularis AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cp cerebral peduncle cr capsule of red nucleus crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DG dentate gyrus DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule EGP external globus pallidus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus opt optic tract PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PuV ventral putamen PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus STh subthalamic nucleus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus Un uncus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPMPC ventral posterior medial nucleus, parvocellular part VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
6
169
170
39
22,6 mm
PoG
ce
6
PoG ce
PCL
5 PrG
SMG
4 PoG
CG
pocs
3 PoG SCS cc
LV tfx tsc
FOp Cd
st
bfx
2
SB
lf
DSF
POp
Pul
ec
sm tt MD MC
PV
ex Cl
MD PL
MD
1
Rt
iml
VLPI (Vimi)
pic
TTG1
VPL
CM
lml VPM
fr SPF
H1 crt
VPI
STG
ZI LG
tsc
TCd
tfi cp
his
fi
scp
sts
TLV
st
PBP
-1
CA2
CA3
MTG
FD
SNR SNC
IP
0
Pu
al
RPC
VTA
TTG2
Pu
PF
Re
PTe
Ins
Pu
eml
PrS S
CA1
PaS
alv
Pons
-2
PHG Ent its FuG cos
0
1 cm
1
2
ITG
lots
3
4
5
-3
al ansa lenticularis alv alveus of the hippocampus bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of tha lamus Ent entorhinal cortex ex extreme capsule FD fascia dentata fi fimbria of the hippocampus FOp frontal operculum fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LG lateral geniculate nucleus lf lateral fissure lml lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SB striatal cell bridge scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfi tenia of fimbria tfx tenia of fornix TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsc tenia semicircularis tt tenia of thalamus TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
6
171
172
40
23,9 mm
PoG ce
PrG
6
PCL ce
5 PoG
SMG
4 pocs
CG
3
PoG
SCS IGr
cc
LV
lf
2
Cd
tsv bfx
PTe
st DSF
POp
PT
Pul
MD
MD MC
STG
ec ex
MD PL
sm
PV
eml
Ins
Cl VLPI (Vimi)
iml
1 TTG1
VPL
APul
TTG2 sts
Rt Pu
CM
pic
Re PF
0
SPF VPM H1 PBP
fr
SGe
st
LG
VTA
TLV
his
SNR
TCd
-1
CA2
fi
CA3
SNC
IP
its
ZI
RPC
scp
STG
VPI
PrS
S
cp
MTG
CA1
PaS
Pons
-2
APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1-3 fields of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus Cl claustrum CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus ec external capsule eml external medullary lamina of thalamus ex extreme capsule fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus IGr indusium griseum iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PT paratenial thalamic nucleus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus Re reuniens thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata SPF subparafascicular thalamic nucleus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucl. VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
PHG ITG FuG cos
0
1 cm
1
2
lots
3
4
-3
5
6
173
174
41
25,2 mm
PrG ce
PrG
6
PoG
PCL
PoG
5
SMG
4 CG pocs
3
PoG
SCS
POp
cc
lf Cd
2
bfx LV
DSF Pul MDPL
sm
eml Ins
STG TTG1
MD MD MC
1
TTG2
VPL
iml APul
Pu pic
PV
CM
PF fr
H1
Rt
0
VPM PP
VPI
sts SGe
RPC
ZI
st
LG
PPA
TLV
PBP
IP
VTA
fi
his
scp
cp SNC
PrS
SNR
TCd
CA2 CA3
MTG alv
-1
S CA1
PaS
its
Pons
alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus H1 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula IP interpeduncular nucleus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MTG middle temporal gyrus PaS parasubiculum PBP parabrachial pigmented nucleus PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum Pu putamen Pul pulvinar PV paraventricular thalamic nucleus RPC red nucleus, parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum SGe suprageniculate nucleus sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucl. VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucl. VTA ventral tegmental area ZI zona incerta
-2 PHG ITG FuG cos lots
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
-3
5
6
175
176
42
26,5 mm
ce PrG ce
6 PCL pocs PoG
PoG
PrG
5
SMG
4 CG
3 lf
SCS LV
cc
Cd
tsv bfx
2
POp
st DSF Pul
MD MD MC
sm
Ins
MD PL
APul
Pu
VPL
CM
Rt
pic
PF
sts
VPM VPI ZI PPA
1
STG
eml
iml
fr
TTG2 TTG1
PP
0
or MG
TLV st
LG
TCd
RPC his
scp SNC
xscp
fi
CA2
S
SNR
alv
CA3
PrS
MTG
-1
CA1
PaS
its
cp Pons PHG
-2 cos FuG
ITG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
alv alveus of the hippocampus APul anterior pulvinar nucleus bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucl. MDMC medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part MDPL medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part MG medial geniculate nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PaS parasubiculum PCL paracentral lobule PF parafascicular thalamic nucleus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus Pons pons POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PPA peripeduncular area PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum Pu putamen Pul pulvinar RPC red nucl., parvocellular part Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum scp superior cerebellar peduncle SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle tsv thalamostriate vein TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles ZI zona incerta
6
177
178
43
ce
27,8 mm
PoG
PrG
6 pocs
PrG
PCL
5
SMG
CG
4
3 POp SCS cc
lf
LV Cd
bfx
PTe
2
TTG2
DSF Pul TTG1
Ins Pu
MD sm APul
Hb
VPL
Rt
fr iml pc
STG
CM MGMC
PTc Lim Aq
TrA
st
LG
MGFi PP
PrS
CA2 CA3
S
cp
SNC
-1
CA1
SNR
ml
0
TCd
fi his
MGLi
ctg
sts
TLV
MGPC
tth
xscp
1
pic
eml
MTG PHG
its
APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus CM centromedian thalamic nucleus cos collateral sulcus cp cerebral peduncle ctg central tegmental tract DSF dorsal superficial nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus fr fasciculus retroflexus FuG fusiform gyrus Hb habenula his hippocampal sulcus iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MGFi medial geniculate nucl., fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucl., limitans part MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part MGPC medial geniculate nucl., parvocellular part ml medial lemniscus MTG middle temporal gyrus pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus pic posterior limb of internal capsule pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SCS subcallosal stratum sm stria medullaris of thalamus SMG supramarginal gyrus SNC substantia nigra, pars compacta SNR substantia nigra, pars reticulata st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TrA triangular area (Wernicke) TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucl. xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
-2
cos FuG
ITG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
179
180
44
ce PoG
29,2 mm
PrG
6
PoG PCL
5
SMG
4
CG
lf
POp
3
PTe cc
TTG2 LV Cd bfx
2
st
Pul
SFPul
Ins
TTG1
Pu
eml
iml LHb MHb hbc
APul
VPL
STG
Lim PTc
or
pc
MGMC Lim
Aq
IGPuI
slic
LG
st
MGFi fi
PTc
PAG
1
Rt
MD
MGLi
ctg
his
0
TCd TLV
sts
CA2
MTG
CA3
PP PrS
xscp
ml
-1
CA1
S
SN
PHG
APul anterior pulvinar nucleus Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bfx body of fornix CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus ctg central tegmental tract eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus hbc habenular commissure his hippocampal sulcus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus LHb lateral habenular nucleus Lim limitans nucleus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MGFi medial geniculate nucl., fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucl., limitans part MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part MHb medial habenular nucleus ml medial lemniscus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PP peripeduncular nucleus PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Pul pulvinar Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus SN substantia nigra st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
its ITG
-2
cos FuG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
181
182
45
30,5 mm
PrG PoG
6
PCL
5
SMG
CG
4
POp
3 PTe
scal TTG2 cc
Cd crfx
dhc
2
st
LV pic
SFPul
TTG1
Ins Pu
eml
1
MD MPul
LPul
iml Pi
STG slic Rt
PTc
csc
SC PAG pc
Aq
Lim spth
LG
MGDP
or fi MDe
bic
bic
st
IGPul
MGFi MGLi PrS
ctg
CA3
S
0
TCd TLV sts
CA2
CA1 DG
sms
-1
mlf PHG xscp
MTG ml cos
its
Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus cc corpus callosum Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi ctg central tegmental tract DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar iml internal medullary lamina of thalamus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure LG lateral geniculate nucleus Lim limitans nucleus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MD medial dorsal thalamic nucleus MDe margo denticulatus MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal posterior part MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus or optic radiation PAG periaqueductal gray pc posterior commissure PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PrS presubiculum PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal fasciculus SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum spth spino-thalamic tract st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lat. ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
-2
FuG
ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
183
184
46
31,9 mm
PoG PrG
6
PCL
5
SMG
4
CG
3
POp
SCS scal
scc
PTe
lf
TTG2
LV
2
Cd crfx
Ins TTG1
st
dhc
Pu SFPul
pic
1
DiPul LPul MPul
eml
Pi
STG Rt
slic
SC PTc Aq
0
st
csc
TCd
Lim his sms
IC
TLV
fi
IGPuI
cmg
PAG
CA3 CA2 S
CuA
MTG
DG CA1
ll mlf
sts
ml
Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cmg capsule of medial geniculate nucleus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi CuA cuneiform area DG dentate gyrus dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure Lim limitans nucleus ll lateral lemniscus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland pic posterior limb of internal capsule PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PTc pretectal area PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scal subcallosal fasciculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SCS subcallosal stratum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus slic sublenticular part of internal capsule SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles
-1
PHG
xscp
cos
-2 its
FuG ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
185
186
47
ce
33,1 mm
PrG
PoG
6
SMG
5 PCL
4
CG
lf
3 POp PTe
LV
IGr
Ins
scc
st Cd
crfx
2
TTG2
tfx tsc
TTG1
st
dhc SFPul
1 DiPul
Pu
eml
MPul LPul
Pi
Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus bsc brachium of the superior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix csc commissure of the superior colliculi dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of the hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle ml medial lemniscus mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PrG precentral gyrus PTe planum temporale Pu putamen Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SFPul superficial pulvinar nucleus SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus tfx tenia of fornix tsc tenia semicircularis TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus
STG Rt st
0
TCd
SC bsc
csc
IGPul
fi CA2 CA3
his
Aq
sts
bic
MTG
S
PAG
CA1
-1 PHG mlf ml
-2
cos FuG
its
ITG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
187
188
48
ce
34,6 mm
6
PoG
PCL
5 SMG PoG
4 CG lf
PTe
3
POp
scc
LV
2
TTG2
TTG1 Ins Cd
Aq cerebral aqueduct (Sylvius) bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus Cd caudate nucleus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus eml external medullary lamina of thalamus fi fimbria of hippocampus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PHG parahippocampal gyrus Pi pineal gland PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus
crfx
dhc
1
st
Di Pul
Pi
eml
MPul
STG
Rt TCd
LPul sts fi
0
TLV
SC
MTG
CA2
his
CA3 PAG
bic
S CA1
IC
-1
Aq
PHG MTG cos
-2 FuG its ITG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
189
190
49
36,0 mm
6 PoG PCL
SMG
5
cgs
PCun
cgs
4
CG
PTe
POp
3 lf
TTG2 scc
2
LV TTG1
dhc
acs anterior calcarine sulcus bic brachium of the inferior colliculus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus ce central fissure CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cic commissure of the inferior colliculi cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure eml external medullary lamina of thalamus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IC inferior colliculus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lf lateral fissure lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LPul lateral pulvinar nucleus LV lateral ventricle MPul medial pulvinar nucleus MTG middle temporal gyrus PAG periaqueductal gray PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale Rt reticular thalamic nucleus S subiculum SC superior colliculus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus st stria terminalis STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle TTG1 ant. transverse temporal gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus
TCd
1
st
crfx eml MPul
STG
LPul Rt TLV
sts his
SC
0
CA3
acs
cic PAG
CA2 MTG
S IC
CA1
bic
-1 PHG
cos MTG
-2
FuG its lots ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
191
192
50
39,5 mm
6
5
PCL
SMG
cgs PoG PCun
lf
4
PTe
3 CG
TTG2
POp
acs anterior calcarine sulcus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus crfx crus (post. column) of fornix DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus IGr indusium griseum Ins insula ITG inferior temporal gyrus lf lateral fissure LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TCd tail of caudate nucleus TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
2 Ins
IGr
scc
STG
TTG1
TrLV
1
CA1 TCd
crfx FG
sts
DG CA2 sms
acs
0
DG
MTG
S CA1
LgG
PHG
-1
cos
-2
FuG
ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
193
194
51
40,8 mm
6 PoG PCL
5
cgs pocs
PCun
4
SMG sbps
3 CG
acs anterior calcarine sulcus alv alveus of the hippocampus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus DG dentate gyrus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale S subiculum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
POp PTe
STG
lls
2
IGr TrLV
scc
alv
FG
1
ARG
acs
sts
DG
his sms
CA2
S
0
ICG CA1 MTG
PHG LgG
-1 cos
FuG
-2
its lots ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
195
196
52
SPL
42,2 mm
SPL
6 PoG
PoG
PCL cgs
5
SMG
SPL PCun
SPL
4 sbps
3
acs anterior calcarine sulcus alv alveus of the hippocampus ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FG fasciolar gyrus FuG fusiform gyrus his hippocampal sulcus IGr indusium griseum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lls lateral longitudinal stria lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus PoG postcentral gyrus POp parietal operculum PTe planum temporale sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus sms superficial medullary stratum SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
POp
CG
PTe
lls
2 IGr
TrLV alv STG
scc
1 sts
FG ARG
CA2
sms
his acs
0 CA1 MTG LgG
PHG
-1 cos its FuG
-2 lots ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
197
198
53
pocs SPL
44,9 mm
PoG
6
ips
SPL
SMG PCL
5
SMG
sbps
SMG PCun
4
CG
3
acs anterior calcarine sulcus cals callosal sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus Hi hippocampus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus IGr indusium griseum ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus ls longitudinal stria MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PHG parahippocampal gyrus pocs postcentral sulcus PoG postcentral gyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule SSpG subsplenial gyrus STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
racc
2
or
cals
TrLV IGr ls
sts
STG
scc
SSpG
isst
1
tp
cals ICG OcG
MTG
Hi
acs
0 LgG
LgG PHG its
cs
-1
FuG
-2
lots ITG
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
199
200
54
47,6 mm
PoG
6 PCL
SPL
ips
5 SMG
PCun
4 sbps
acs anterior calcarine sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus Hi hippocampus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCL paracentral lobule PCun precuneus PoG postcentral cyrus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of the corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle
CG
3
sts1 STG
racc
2 sts
isst sts2 tp
scc
1
ICG
TrLV or Hi OcG
0
acs MTG LgG
LgG
its
-1
cos
FuG
-2
ITG lots
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
201
202
55
50,3 mm
6 ips cgs
SPL
SMG
PCun
5
SPL
SMG
4
SMG? PCun
acs anterior calcarine sulcus cal calcar avis CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus racc radiation of corpus callosum sbps subparietal sulcus scc splenium of he corpus callosum SMG supramarginal gyrus SMG? part of STG (Busch, 1960) SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum
3 sbps
CG
STG sts1
2
racc
ICG
STG scc
sts2 tp
1 OLV
OcG
MTG
isst cal
acs
0 LgG
or ITG its cos
-1 FuG
ITG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
203
204
56
53,0 mm
SPL
6
5
ips
SMG PCun
4
acs anterior calcarine sulcus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 sup. temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 sup. temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum
STG
3
sbps
CG sts1
2 ICG STG sts2 isst OcG
1
cgs tp MTG OLV
0
acs or LgG
cos its FuG
-1
ITG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
205
206
57
55,7 mm
SPL
6
ips
AnG SMG
5
PCun
4 PCun
17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum
3 STG
sbps
sts1
STG
2
PCun CG
sts2
OcG
1
tp
17
isst
MTG
18 17
OLV
cs
0 or LgG cos its
-1 FuG
ITG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
207
208
58
58,4 mm
ips
6 PCun
AnG SPL
SMG
5
4 PCun
STG
17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus CG cingulate gyrus cgs cingulate sulcus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus isst internal sagittal stratum ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SEpS subependymal stratum SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule STG superior temporal gyrus sts1 superior temporal sulcus, sup. branch sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inf. branch tp tapetum
3
sbps sts1 CG
STG
2 OcG
cgs
SEpS sts2
PCun tp
18
1 isst MTG
17 or
cs
0 LgG
OcG its
cos
-1 FuG ITG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
209
210
59
61,1 mm
SPL
SPL
6 ips
PCun
5
AnG
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri or optic radiation PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SMG supramarginal gyrus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus tp tapetum
4
SMG sbps
STG PCun
3
AnG STG
sstr
2
OcG
PCun MTG
tp
17
sts
1
17 cs LgG or
0
OcG
its
cos
-1 FuG ITG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
211
212
60
63,8 mm
SPL
SPL
6
ips AnG SPL
PCun
5
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus LgG lingual gyrus (O5) lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus
4 sbps AnG
3
STG
AnG PCun
2
sts
PCun MTG OcG
sstr
17
MTG
1
cs 17 MTG
LgG
0 its
ITG
OcG
-1
cos FuG
ITG
lots
OcG
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
213
214
61
66,5 mm
SPL
6 ips
AnG sbps
5
POTZ AnG
PCun
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus
SPL
4 AnG POTZ AnG
3
STG OcG
2
sts cs
17 MTG
sstr 17
1
0
OcG its OcG
cos
-1
FuG ITG OcG lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
215
216
62
69,2 mm
SPL
6
ips
AnG
5
SPL
sbps PCun
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus lots lateral occipitotemporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum STG superior temporal gyrus sts superior temporal sulcus
4
AnG POTZ PCun
POTZ
AnG
3 sts
2
MTG OcG pos 17
cs
sstr
MTG
17
1
its
0
OcG ITG OcG
-1
OcG FuG
cos
lots
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
217
218
63
71,9 mm
SPL
6 ips AnG
5 SPL POTZ
AnG
sbps PCun
AnG
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus FuG fusiform gyrus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum sts superior temporal sulcus
4
PCun
sts
AnG
3 MTG
PCun MTG
pos
2
OcG 17 sstr
cs
MTG
1 17
its ITG
0 ITG OcG
OcG
-1 FuG cos
OcG
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
219
220
64
74,6 mm
SPL
6
ips
5
AnG
sbps PCun
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone sbps subparietal sulcus SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum sts superior temporal sulcus TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone
AnG POTZ
4
3 TOTZ PCun pos
2
OcG 17 cs
sts
sstr
1 MTG
17
its
0 17 ITG
OcG
-1
OcG
cos
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
221
222
65
80,0 mm
6 SPL ips
5 AnG
17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus ITG inferior temporal gyrus its inferior temporal sulcus MTG middle temporal gyrus OcG occipital gyri PCun precuneus pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone SPL superior parietal lobule sstr sagittal stratum TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone
POTZ
4
AnG
3 PCun
pos
OcG
TOTZ
OcG
2
17 cs 17 OcG
1 MTG 17 its
sstr 17 ITG
0
OcG ITG 18
-1 cos OcG
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
223
224
66
85,0 mm
6 ips
17 striate area 18 area 18 AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus OcG occipital gyri pos parietooccipital sulcus POTZ parietooccipital transition zone
5 POTZ
AnG
4
pos
AnG
OcG
3
OcG
POTZ
2 cs
18 OcG
17
1
OcG
0 17
17
-1 OcG cos
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
225
226
67
90,0 mm
6
17 striate area AnG angular gyrus cos collateral sulcus cs calcarine sulcus ips intraparietal sulcus OcG occipital gyri POTZ parietooccipital transition zone
5 POTZ ips
4 AnG
3 OcG OcG
OcG
2
OcG
OcG
OcG
17
1
17 cs
0 OcG
cos
17
OcG
-1
cos
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
227
228
68
95,0 mm
6
17 striate area cs calcarine sulcus OcG occipital gyri POTZ parietooccipital transition zone
5
4
POTZ
3 OcG
OcG
2
OcG
1
17
0
cs 17 OcG
-1
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
229
230
69
100,0 mm 17 striate area cs calcarine sulcus OcG occipital gyri
6
5
4
3
2 17 OcG
cs
1 17
0
-1
-2
-3
0
1 cm
1
2
3
4
5
6
231
232
3.3 Histological, Morphometric and Histochemical Studies of the Brain Represented in the Atlas
Numerous descriptive and quantitative studies have been performed on the very same brain represented in the Atlas of the Brain in Stereotaxic coordinates. The list on the following page demonstrates that almost all relevant structures and areas of the brain have undergone intensive studies. These include not only detailed morphological and architectural but also morphometric analyses. Some relevant published delineations of structures and quantitative data concerning fresh volume, volume of serial sections, numeric cell density, volumetric cell density, absolute cell numbers etc., have been assembled on the following pages. Because of the diverse authorship, we have not changed the original terminology nor the delineations. Therefore, the designations of structures are identical to those of the original work if not explicitly stated otherwise. The illustrations from the various authors can be counter referenced to the Atlas by means of the numbers which are provided with each illustration: The first number provides the corresponding plate number of the Atlas, the second number gives the distance to the center of the anterior commissure.
References pertinent to these data are to be found at the end of this section. Most of the cited literature is available in full, including figures, in an editable format on the accompanying DVD. Therefore, only those illustrations are presented in this printed part of the Atlas, which provide additional information about delineations and concepts about the structural organization of the brain. For textual information and photographs the reader is referred to the DVD. It is noteworthy that many of such studies were performed in order to quantify morphological changes associated with either neurologic or psychiatric diseases. Therefore, a great body of information may be retrieved from the material in the DVD. In addition to published work we have also included scans from Nissl-stained sections directly adjacent to those myelin-stained sections which are printed in the Atlas. On these the nuclei and fiber bundles of the thalamus (by F. Forutan) and of the hypothalamus (by I. Koutcherov) are delineated.
233
Previous Evaluations of Brain Regions and Their Corresponding Citations
Cortex
Albring, K.M. (1983); Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952); Braitenberg G. V. (1952); Brockhaus, H. (1940); Busch, K.-T. (1960); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Schulze, H.A (1960)
Amygdaloid complex
Brockhaus, H. (1938); Sanides, F. (1957)
Septal nuclei
Brockhaus, H. (1942)
Bed ncl. of stria terminalis
Walter, A. et al., (1991)
Basal nuclear complex
Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954,1955,1956)
Striatum & Globus pallidus Brockhaus, H. (1942); Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A. (1981); Dom. R. (1976); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F.(1976); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Namba, M. (1957); Sanides, F. (1957)
Hypothalamus
Brockhaus, H. (1942); Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954); Wahren, W. (1952)
Thalamus anterior ncl mediodorsal ncl lateral ncl
Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952, 1954) Bäumer, H. (1952); Namba, M. (1958) Bäumer, H. (1952,1954); Dom. R. (1976); Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967)
Subthalamus
Mesencephalon Red nucleus Substantia nigra Area 9 and 10 Lower brainstem Locus coeruleus Superior olive
Brockhaus, H. (1942); Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967); Klatzo, I. (1954); . Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974); Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner G. & Hopf, A. (1975); Lange, H., Thörner, G. & Hopf, A. (1976); Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. (1976) Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981) Hassler (1937); Solcher, H. (1956) Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982)
Wünscher, W. (1956) Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) Wünscher, W. (1956)
Cell studies
Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959); Klatzo, I. (1954); Schiffer, D.(1954); Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959)
Neuroactive substances
Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991); Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986); Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988); Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990); Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990); Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991)
234
Shrinkage Factors (SF)
Weight, Volume and Linear Dimensions
Brain weight (in formalin) 3 Fresh volume (cm )
1383 1316 R
Length (L)*
Width (W)* Height (H)* Length + Width + Height +
L
171 170 71 71 97 96 120 122 63 64 82 82
CORTEX
R
Fresh volume (cm3) Volume of serial sections (cm3)
2.13 2.22 1.89 1.81 1.74 1.82
SF : loss of volume from the fixed autopsy brains to the histological material. SFl : Linear calculated volume shrinkage factor = [ L*W*H (autopsy brain in formaline) ] / [ L*W*H (serial paraffin sections) ], where L = length of hemisphere; W = width of hemisphere; H = height of hemisphere.
* Formalin fixed brain; + after histological preparation
L
SFw : Weight related shrinkage factor (SFw) = [(Bw * 0,88 / 1,0365) / serial section volume of hemisphere], where Bw = brain weight, Factor 0,88 = [ weight of hemisphere ] / [ brain weight ], Factor 1.0365 = mean specific brain weight).
R: right hemisphere, L: left hemisphere
PROSENCEPHALON
SFw Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Lange, Thörner (1974) SFl Sievert (1992)
R
L
549 527 267 262
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)
Fresh volume (cm3) 3 Volume of serial sections (cm )
R
L
297 303 144 139
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)
CORTEX fresh volume of cortical regions (cm3)
R
L
R
Isocortex (ICx)
261
277
ICx. temporalis (ICx.t) ICx.t.dorsalis R. temporalis transversalis (R.tv) R.tv.1 R.tv.2
41 7.7 2.6 1.9 0.7
49 7.8 2.2 1.6 0.6
ICx. frontalis (ICx.f.) ICx.f. convexitatis ICx.f. medialis ICx.f. opercularis dorsalis ICx.f. opercularis basalis ICx.f. basalis
101 103 63 64 22 22 3.6 3.2 0.8 1.2 11 12
Parieto-temporal convexity
38
38
Area (A.) gigantocellularis (gc) A.gc. convexitatis A.gc. medialis
5.1 3.8 1.3
5.5 4.0 1.5
ICx. occipitalis A18 + A19 A17
37 30 7.6
43 35 7.9
ICx. parietalis (ICx.pa) ICx.pa. convexitatis ICx.pa. medialis ICx.pa. opercularis
44 24 16 4.9
42 22 15 5.1
1.2 7.4
0.7 7.3
0.9 0.5 7.3 5.6 7.3
0.5 0.4 7.0 4.4 6.2
Regio postcentralis R.p. convexitatis R.p. medialis
13 11 2.1
15 12 2.5
Allocortex (with Proisocortex): Claustro-Cx. temporalis Claustro-Cx. insularis Tbc. olfactorium, R. praepiriformis frontalis, Peri-Palaeo-Cx. frontalis Paleo-Cx. temporalis Archi-Cx. frontalis Archi-Cx. parietalis Archi-Cx. temporalis
L
Albring, K.M. (1983)
235
AMYGDALOID COMPLEX
Brockhaus, H. (1938)
30 +10.8 24 +2.8
31 +12.0
32 +13.3 32 31 30
28
26
24
26 +5.4
28 +8.0
Reconstruction showing periamygdaloid cortex
Bottom line, left figure: Scheme of the architectonic units of the amygdaloid region. Related areas are shown with same patterns (line patterns: amygdaleum proprium; graphic pattern: supraamygdaleum); Cl: claustrum. Middle and right figures: Reconstruction and graphic representation of the amygdaleum proprium as seen from the top. The main structures are artificially separated. Abbreviations see following page.
236
AMYGDALOID COMPLEX La
Ce
BL BLV
Co ACo
opt
BLV
Ce BM BL
Me/ACo Co BM
La BLV
BL La
Ce
BM
Me
opt LV
La
A Amygdaloideum proprium = Amygdaloid body Api/v Amygdaloideum profundum intermedium et ventrale: basolateral amygdaloid ncll. Apl Amygdaloideum profundum laterale: lateral amygdaloid ncl. Apm Amy gdaloideum profundum mediale: basomedial amygdaloid ncl. Asf Amy dalostriatal transition area Cl Claustrum pA Semicortex periamygdaloideus: periamygdaloid cortex prA Praeamygdaleum (Claustrocortex praeamygdaloideus): preamygdalar cortex psA Semicortex perisupraamygdaloideus: anterior amygdaloid ncl. sAp Supraamygdaloideum profundum: central amygdaloid ncl. sAsf Supraamygdaloideum superficiale: medial amygdaloid ncl. Str li striatum limitans: amygdalostriatal transition area
S. Morres and L. Teckhaus
BED NCL. OF STRIA TERMINALIS - 2.0
-1.5
0.0
+ 1.5
BASAL NUCLEAR COMPLEX (Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain)
Neurotensin
Neuropeptide Y
Somatostatin
Enkephalin
Vasoative intestinal polypeptide
Substance P
Neurophysin
Walter, A. et al., (1991)
S. Morres and L. Teckhaus
237
BASAL GANGLIA STRIATUM
CAUDATE NUCLEUS
Volume of serial sections (10 mm3) Caudate nucleus Putamen
R
L
Numeric cell density (number / mm3)
298 269 360 343
Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm
Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Small neurons (x10) Large neurons Glial cells (x10)
2029 2248 156 156 7360 7835
Volumetric neuronal density (10-2 %)
454
393
Nuclear diameter (10-2 µm) Small neurons
859
891
PUTAMEN Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Macroneurons (L) Microneurons (S) L/S Average diameter in µm
Albring, K.M. (1983); Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979); Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974)
10 - 20
11 - 17.5
12 - 15
17 - 4.1
18 - 2.7
26 + 5.4
28 + 8.0
20 - 1.3
Abbreviations: Dorsal striatum: Cd Caudate n.(CdL lateral caudate n.; CdM medial caudate n.) Pt Putamen: (Pt.c central pu tamen; Pt.l lateral putamen; Pt.li limitans putamen; Pt.m medial putamen; Pt.v ventral putamen). Ventral striatum: Fu fundus striati (Fu.cd caudate fundus region; Fu.pt putaminal fundus region; Fu.sv. l lateral subventricular fundus region [AcCL centrolateral part of accumbens n.]; Fu.sv. m medial subventricular fundus region [AcCM centromedial part of accumbens n.]; I.o.s. insulae olfactoriae striatales (Terminal islands). A.d dorsal amygdaloid n. (supraamygdaleum); A.v ventral amygdaloid n. (amygdaleum proprium). Right side: Reconstruction of the striatum and globus pallidus of the Atlas Brain.
238
163 19,953 1/119 9.47
Dom, R. et al. (1981)
13 - 12.5
30 + 10.7
270 22,663 1/83 10.78
32 + 13.3
14 - 10.0
15 - 7.5
22
24 + 2.7
0.0
34 + 16.0
36 + 18.6
38 + 21.2
Brockhaus, H. (1942), modified
GLOBUS PALLIDUS Volume of serial sections (mm3) External globus pallidus Internal globus pallidus
R
EGP 656 IGP 289
L
560 238
Numeric cell density (number / mm3) Neurons
EGP 763 IGP 625
994 588
Glial cells (*103)
EGP 124 IGP 118
132 120
L/M-Enkephalin
Volumetric cell density (10-3 %)
R
L
Neurons
EGP 290 IGP 210
380 270
Glial cells
EGP 450 IGP 510
620 580
Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979)
Substance P
16 / 17 ca. - 4.5
19 / 20 ca. - 1.7
23 / 24 ca. + 2.3
25 / 26 ca. 5.0 Distribution of Enkephalin and Substance P (red colour) immunoreactivity on adjacent coronal sections which correspond to the plate numbers indicated at the left margin. Figs. in the right column show regions of exclusive distribution and overlap.
Mai et al., 1986
239
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS Fresh volume (cm3)
R
L
0.139 0.119
Volumes of serial sections (mm3)* Subthalamic ncl., med. part SThM 31.7 31.2 SThL 35.7 26.6 total 67.4 57.9 Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons (*10) SThL 375 357 SThM 591 516 Volumetric cell density Neurons (10-2 %)
SThL 142 SThM 162
199 223
R
Volumetric cell density (%) Neurons: Glia Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Absolute cell numbers
L
SThL 2.48 SThM 1.87 SThL 0.99 SThM 0.923 SThL 7,417 SThM 8,046 232 700 287 600
Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967)
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
32 +13.3
38 +21.2
34 + 16.0
36 + 18.6
40 + 23.9
42 26.5
Substantia nigra anterior part Sam - medial cell group Sai - intermediate cell group Sal - lateral cell group Saiv - ventral cell group
43 + 27.8
240
Substantia nigra posterior part 3 main groups: Spd - dorsal cell group Spe - external cell group Spv - ventral cell group
Hassler, R. (1937)
ZONA INCERTA (left hemisphere)
RED NUCLEUS
R
L
29-L4-999
Volume of serial sections (mm3) Dorsomedial quadrant r1 Dorsolateral quadrant r2 ventrolateral quadrant r3 ventromedial quadrant r4
30-L4-949
Numeric cell density (number/mm3) Neurons r1 r2 r3 r4
171 172 124 95 104 103 104 104
31-L4-898
Glial cells
r1 r2 r3 r4
446 384 320 309
33-L4-852
Volumetric density (%) Neurons
r1 r2 r3 r4
57 28 25 21
51 24 27 23
Glial cells
r1 r2 r3 r4
78 74 74 72
69 58 60 56
34-L4-800
26.6 35.9 35.8 35.2
421 336 402 308
values without shrinkage factor-correction 35-L4-750
Herbel, W. (1979); Sander, H.A. (1981)
36-L4-698
37-L4-651
39-L4-600
40-L4-553
41-L4-999 Brockhaus, H. (1942)
241
THALAMUS by F. Forutan 26 - 5.4
25 - 4.0
st PRt
Rt
sm
st
PRt
Fa
sm fx
ithp fx
27 - 6.7
28 - 8.0
APr
APr VA
AM
eml Rt PRt
Fa
VA
Fa Rt
ithp
ithp
ZI
fx fx
29 - 9.3 APr
iml
PT
Rt eml VA
APr
AM VLA
PV
iml
CeMe Re Fa ZI
242
30 - 10.7
VA
Fa ithp ZI H2
31 - 12.0
32 - 13.3
APr
APr
AD
VA MD
VLA
iml
VLA VA
MD mt
VAMC
CeMe ithp VAMC
ithp
VM
VM ZI
H1
ZI
H2
33 - 12.0
34 - 16.0 APr
AD APr
VLA MD
VLP
VLPI
MD
VLA
VA
VA
VLPE CeMe CeMe
VM
Re
ZI
ZI mt
35 - 17.2
36 - 18.6
DSF
DSF
APr
VLPI MD
VLA iml
VLPI VLPE
VLPE CeMe
MD
CeMe CM/PF
Re
243
THALAMUS
37 - 19.9
38 - 21.2 DSF PUL MDPL
VLPI MD
VLPE MD
VLPI
MDMC iml VPL
CM
CM PF Re
VPMPC
Re
VPL
VPM
PF
VPMPC VPI
ZI fr
39 - 22.6
40 - 23.9 DSF PUL
PUL MDPL VLPI
MD
MD
VLPI iml
VPL
iml
APUL
VPL
CM Rt
VPM
PF
SPF VPMPC fr
SPF
VPI fr
VPM VPMPC H1 VMPo SGe
ZI
LG
LG
40a- 23.9 Substance P
41 - 25.2 PUL
MD iml APUL
VPL
CM Rt
PF fr SPF
VPM VMPo VPMPC
PPA SGe
ZI LG
244
THALAMUS
42a - Substance P
42 - 26.5 DSF PUL MDPL
APUL VPL Rt fr VMPo MG PPA PPA
43 - 27.8
44 - 29.2 PUL
MD
PUL
MDPL MDPL VPL
sm
MD
APUL Hb fr
Rt
CM
Hb hbc
VMPo
APUL iml Lim
VPL
Rt
VMPo MG
LG
MG
PPA
46 - 31.9
45 - 30.5 SFPUL
MD
SFPUL MDPL
MDPL
LPUL
LPUL eml
MPUL
MPUL
Rt
Rt Lim
IPUL MG
IPUL IGPUL
IGPUL
LG
bic
245
THALAMUS
Numeric cell density (number / mm3)
Small neurons Large neurons
Dom, R. et al.(1981); Dom. R. (1976)
Forutan, F.
Mediodorsal Thalamic Ncl.
30 +10.7
35 +17.2
40 +23.9
246
anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus anterior thalamus medial thalamus lateral thalamus posterior thalamus
31 +12.0
Namba, M. (1958)
32 +13.3
36 +18.6
41 +25.2
33 +14.6
37 +19.9
42 +26.5
34 +16.0
38 +21.2
43 +27.8
3,522 4,544 1,012 4,686 6,177 5,538 3,248 7,618
HYPOTHALAMUS
Abb. 9
(left hemisphere)
Brockhaus, H. (1942)
Abb. 13 Abb. 14
Abb. 17
Abb. 21
Abb. 16
Abb. 24
Abb. 22
IVF
ICL
ac
fornix
ventromedial nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus
ox
mammillary body
infS
Abb. 25
Abb. 29
Abb./Fig.:
9
13
14
16
17 21 22 24 25 29
Diagrams showing the delineation of hypothalamic subdivisions on coronal sections from the left hemisphere. The diagram on the right lower side shows the position of the sections and also refers to the placement of the sections as also delineated by Wahren, W. (plates 30 and 31) in Schaltenbrand G. and Wahren, W.: Atlas for Stereotaxy of the Human Brain. IInd ed. G. Thieme, Stuttgart (1977).
247
HYPOTHALAMUS by I.Koutcherov
SCh SCh
ox
18 - 2.7
ox
19 - 2.9
LH
MPO
DPe
AVPe
20 - 1.3
248
AVPe
21 - 0.6
SO
HYPOTHALAMUS
LH
MPOM LH
Un
PaMC InM PaAP
SCh
22 - 0.0
23 + 1.3
PaMC LH
LH
VMS SODL VMH
VMHVL
Pe
SOVM Inf
24 + 2.7
Inf
25 + 4.0
249
HYPOTHALAMUS
PaPo
LH fx DMH LH
fx
LH VMHDM TM
PeF
TM Inf Inf
26 + 5.4
27 + 6.7
PH PH
LH
DMH
LH fx
SuM
fx
TM ML LM MM
28 + 8.0
250
29 + 9.3
LTu
HYPOTHALAMUS
PH PH LH SuM fx
LH
ML
MM MM
30 + 10.7
31 + 12.0
PH
LH
anteroventral periventricular nucleus periventricular nucleus ventromedial preoptic nucleus medial preoptic nucleus, medial medial preoptic nucleus, lateral intermediate hypothalamic nucleus uncinate nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus, compact suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, magnocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior supraoptic nucleus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, diffuse dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact lateral hypothalamic area infundibular (arcuate) nucleus perifornical nucleus tuberomammillary nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus posterior hypothalamic area supramammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, medial medial mammillary nucleus, lateral lateral mammillary nucleus Detailed delineation of the structural organization of the human hypothalamus represented in the Atlas.
32 + 13.3
251
HYPOTHALAMUS
Medial Preoptic Ncl.
Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2007)
0
Paraventricular Ncl.
0. 5
0
PH
PH
hypothal ami c sul cus
LH
1
fx
fx
fx
Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2000)
-0. 5
fx
fx
DM
TM LT
fx
fx
fx
fx
fx
LH
DM PeF
-1
DM
0. 5
LH
LH
ac
V MH
V MH
dorsal
0
caudal
mi dl i ne
DM
0. 5 0
M PO
l ateral
rostral IN
-0. 5
SC h SO
OT
PaPo PaA P PaP PaM PaD
SC h -1
ox 1mm
0
Dorsomedial Ncl.
0.5
Koutcherov, Y. et al., (2004) 0 PH
LH
-0.5
f f
LH
TM
-1
f f
f
f
f
f
8.0mm
DM
LH
7.2mm 6.45mm
VMH
3-D reconstructions of individual hypothalamic nuclei done on the basis of adjacent sections of the hypothalamus stained with various chemoarchitetonic markers.
5.7mm LH 4.9mm 4.1mm 3.35mm 2.6mm
252
Koutcherov, I., Mai, J.K., Ashwell, K.W.S., Paxinos, G.: The organization of the human paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 423: 299-318 (2000). Koutcherov, I., Mai, J.K., Paxinos, G.: Organisation of the human dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. NeuroReport: 15 (1), 107-111 (2004) Koutcherov, Y. Paxinos, G. Mai, J.: The organization of the human medial preoptic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:392–406 (2007).
Suprachiasmatic Ncl.
- 3.3 plate 18
- 2.9 plate 19
- 0.6 plate 21
HYPOTHALAMUS
Mai et al., 1991
by Y. Koutcherov
Reconstruction of the human hypothalamus. Posterior view of rostrocaudal divisions (from left to right: preoptic, anterior, tuberal and mammillary).
View of the entire human hypothalamus. On the left: posterior view; on the right: anterior view.
anterior commissure fornix optic tract anteroventral periventricular nucleus periventricular nucleus ventromedial preoptic nucleus medial preoptic nucleus, medial medial preoptic nucleus, lateral intermediate hypothalamic nucleus uncinate nucleus suprachiasmatic nucleus, compact suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal bed nucleus of the stria terminalis paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, anterior parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, magnocellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, parvicellular paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior supraoptic nucleus ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, diffuse dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact lateral hypothalamic area infundibular (arcuate) nucleus perifornical nucleus tuberomammillary nucleus lateral tuberal nucleus posterior hypothalamic area supramammillary nucleus medial mammillary nucleus, medial medial mammillary nucleus, lateral lateral mammillary nucleus
253
References The full text of most of the references listed is available on the accompanying DVD
1. Albring, K.M. (1983) Quantitative Untersuchungen 33 Rindenregionen des menschlichen Gehirns. Thesis, Univ. of Düsseldorf. 2. Bäumer, H. (1952) Untersuchungen am Ncl. medialis und lateralis thalami bei Schizophrenie.Proc. I st. Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 636-647. 3. Bäumer, H. (1954) Veränderungen des Thalamus bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 156-172. 4. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1952) Anatomische Veränderungen im Schläfenlappen bei "funktionellen" Psychosen. Proc. I st. Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino.Vol. 3, pp. 609-620. 5. Beheim-Schwarzbach, D. (1955) Lebensgeschichte der melaninhaltigen Nervenzellen des Ncl. coeruleus unter normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 62-95. 6. Bogerts, B., Häntsch, J. & Herzer, M. (1982) A morphometric study of the dopamine-containing cell groups in the mesencephalon of normals,Parkinson patients and schizophrenics. Thesis, Düsseldorf. 7. Braitenberg, G. V. (1952) Ricerche istopatologiche sulla corteccia frontale di schizofrenici. Proc. I st. Intl. Cong. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 621-626. 8. Brockhaus, H. (1938) Zur normalen und pathologischen Anatomie des Mandelkerngebietes. J. Psychol. Neurol. 49, 1-136. 9. Brockhaus, H. (1940) Die Cyto- und Myeloarchitektonik des Cortex claustralis und des Claustrum beim Menschen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 49, 249-348. 10. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Beitrag zur normalen Anatomie des Hypothalamus und der Zona incerta beim Menschen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 96-195. 11. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen über den Basalkernkomplex. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 57-95. 12. Brockhaus, H. (1942) Zur feinen Anatomie des Septum und des Striatum. J. Psychol. Neurol. 51, 1-56. Translated in: Human Brain Dissection. Pope A. ed. (1983) U.S. Government Printing Office Publ. 381-132: 3096. 13. Busch, K.-T. (1960) Individuelle architektonische Differenzen der Area striata. J. Hirnforsch. 4, 535-552. 14 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1954) Zur Lebensgeschichte des Ncl. basalis, tuberomammillaris, supraopticus und paraventricularis unter normalen und pathogenen Bedingungen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 337-419. 15 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1955) Das Parkinsonsyndrom im Lichte der lebensgeschichtlichen Veränderungen des Nucleus basalis. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 55-76. 16 Buttlar-Brentano, K.v. (1956) Zur weiteren Kenntnis der Veränderung des Basalkerns bei Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 271-291. 17 Dom, R., De Saedeleer, J., Bogerts, B. & Hopf, A
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22.
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27
28
29
30
31
32
(1981) Quantitative cytometric analysis of basal ganglia in catatonic schizophrenics. In: Biological Psychia try (eds. Perris, C. Struwe, G & Jansson B), Elsevier, North-Holland pp. 723-726. Dom. R. (1976) Neostriatal and Thalamic Inter-neurons. Their role in the pathophysiology of Huntington's chorea, Parkinson's disease and catatonic schizophrenia. Thesis, Univ. of Leuven. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1952) Pathologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen im Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizo phrenie, Proc. I st . Intl. Cong. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 648-659. Fünfgeld, E.W. (1954) Der Nucleus anterior thalami bei Schizophrenie. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 146-155. Füssenich, M.S.U. (1967) Vergleichend anatomische Studien über den Nucleus subthalamicus (Corpus Luysi) bei Primaten.Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg. Hassler (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der Substantia nigra. Versuch einer architektonischen Gliederung. J. Psychol. Neurol. 48, 1-55. Hempel, K.-J. & Treff, W.M. (1959) Die Gliazelldichte bei klinisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirn forsch. 4, 371-411. Herbel, W. (1979) Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Nucleus ruber beim Menschen.Thesis, University of Düsseldorf. Hopf, A., Gihr, M. & Kraus, C. (1967) Vergleichende Architektonik des Primatenthalamus. Progr. Primatol. I. Congress of the International Primatological Society, Frankfurt, pp.120-127. Klatzo, I. (1954) Über das Verhalten des Nukleolarapparates in den menschlichen Pallidumzellen. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 47-60. Lange, H. & Albring, K.M. (1979) Quantitative Untersuchungen an 33 Rindenregionen des menschlichen Gehirns. Verh. Anat. Ges. 73, 107-109. Lange, H. & Thörner, G. (1974) Zur Neuroanatomie und Neuropathologie des Corpus striatum, Globus pallidus und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Thesis, Düsseldorf. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 1, J. Hirnforsch. 16, 333-350. Lange, H., Thörner G., & Hopf, A. (1975) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 2, J. Hirnforsch. 16, 401-413. Lange, H., Thörner, G., & Hopf, A. (1976) Morphometrisch-statistische Strukturanalysen des Striatum, Pallidum und Nucleus subthalamicus beim Menschen, Teil 3, J. Hirnforsch. 17, Lange, H., Thörner, G., Hopf, A. & Schröder, K.F. Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in choreatic diseases. J. Neurol. Sci. 28, 401-425. (1976)
33. Mai, J.K., Kedziora, O., Teckhaus, L. & M.V. Sofroniew (1991). Evidence for subdivisions in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 305: 508-525. 34. Mai, J.K., Stephens, P., A. Hopf & A.C. Cuello (1986): Substance P in the human brain. Neuroscience 17, 709-739. 35. Mai, J. K. & Reifenberger, G. (1988): Distribution of the carbohydrate epitope 3-fucosyl-N-acetyl-lactosamine (FAL) in the adult human brain. J.Chem. Anat. 1, 255-285. 36. Namba, M.(1957) Cytoarchitektonische Untersuchung am Striatum. J. Hirnforsch. 3, 24-48. 37. Namba, M. (1958) Über die feineren Strukturen des medio-dorsalen Supranucleus und der Lamella medialis des Thalamus beim Menschen. J.Hirnforsch. 4, 1-41. 38. Pioro, E.P., Mai, J. K. & Cuello, A. C. (1990): Distribution of substance P- and enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons and fibers. in: The Human Nervous System. G. Paxinos (ed.), Academic Press, 1051-1094. 39 Sander, H.A. (1981) Morphometrische Analyse der neuropathologischen Veränderungen im Nucleus ruber bei Parkinson'scher Krankheit. Thesis, Univ. of Düsseldorf. 40 Sanides, F. (1957) Die Insulae terminales des Erwachsenengehirns des Menschen. J. Hirnforsch. 3, 243273. 41 Sanides, F. (1957) Untersuchungen über die histologische Struktur des Mandelkerngebietes. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390. 42 Schiffer, D.(1954) Sur l'action reparatrice du noyau des cellules nerveuses. J. Hirnforsch. 1, 326-336. 43 Schulze, H.A.: Zur individuellen cytoarchitektonischen Gestaltung der linken und rechten Hemisphäre des Lobulus parietalis inferior. J.Hirnforsch. 4, 486-534 (1960) 44 Schröder, K.F. (1970) Quantitativ-morphologische Untersuchungen zur Genese verschiedener Choreaformen. Thesis, University of Marburg. 45 Solcher, H. (1956) Zur Pathologie des Niger reticulatus und zu seiner Stellung im extrapyramidalen System. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 391-401. 46 Treff, W.M. & Hempel, K.-J. (1959) Quantitative Untersuchungen über relative Zell- und Zellkernvolumina bei klinisch Gesunden und Schizophrenen. J. Hirnforsch. 4, 412-454. 47 Vogt, C. & Vogt, O. (1942) Morphologische Gestaltungen. J. Psychol. Neurol. 50, 1-504. 48 Wahren, W. (1952) The changes of hypothalamic nuclei in schizophrenia. Proc. I st . Intl. Congr. Neuropathol. Rom. Rosenberg & Sellier, Torino. Vol. 3, pp. 660-673. 49 Walter, A., Jimenez-Härtel, W. & J.K. Mai (1990) Mapping of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the human forebrain. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 297-311. 50 Walter, A., Mai, J.K., Lanta, L. & T. Görcs (1991) Differential distribution of histochemical markers in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the human brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4: 281-298. 51 Wünscher, W. (1956) Cytoarchitektonik und Involution einiger Hirnstammkerne mit vegetativen Funktionen und der oberen Olive. J. Hirnforsch. 2, 354-390.
255
3.4 Hierarchical Tree
Allocortex Limbic Lobe Archi- and Periarchicortex LG
limbic gyrus SCA CG
subcallosal area, (parolfactory area, adolfactory area) cingulate gyrus RSA RSG
retrosplenial agran. cortex retrosplenial gran. cortex
ICG
isthmus cinguli
SSpG Ent AG
subsplenial gyrus entorhinal cortex ambiens gyrus
PTG
paraterminal (subcallosal) gyrus diagonal band (Broca)
gyrus fornicatus (CG + PHG) PHG
Hi
parahippocampal gyrus
hippocampal formation HiP
precommissural hippocampus (prehippocampal rudiment)
DB HiS
HiR
supracommissural hippocampus Igr
indusium griseum supracallosal gyrus
Hi/CA
hippocampus / Cornu ammonis (CA 1-3)
retrocommissural hippocampus
subicular complex: subiculum proper (S) presubiculum (PrS) parasubiculum (PaS) ARG
Un
DG
gyri Andrei Retzii (caudal limit of Hippocampus) FC FG
fasciola cinerea fasciolar gyrus
UG bG
uncinate gyrus band of Giacomini gyrus intralimbicus
MDe
margo denticulatus
uncus
dentate gyrus (fascia dentata)
Paleocortex AO Pir
anterior olfactory nucl. (retrobulbar region) piriform cortex (lateral olfactory gyrus, LOG) frontal piriform area olfactory area temporal piriform area PAm (SLG) PrAC
Tu SA
256
olfactory tubercle septal area periseptal region diagonal region
periamygdaloid region (semilunar gyrus) preamygdaloid cortex
Iso -Cortex FL
Frontal lobe FPA
frontopolar area FMG TFPG
F1
SFG
superior frontal gyrus
F2 F2 F3
MFG MFG IFG
middle frontal gyrus middle frontal gyrus inferior frontal gyrus
PrG
precentral gyrus
PTG
paraterminal gyrus (gyrus subcallosus) superior rostral gyrus inferior rostral gyrus frontal limbic area straight gyrus orbitofrontal gyrus (gyri)
SRoG IRoG FLA SG OFG
PL
PCL
paracentral lobule
PoG
postcentral gyrus
frontomarginal gyrus transverse frontopolar gyri
SFGL SFGM
SFG lateral part SFG medial part
IFGOp IFGOr IFGTr FOp
IFG opercular part IFG orbital part IFG triangular part frontal operculum
MOrG IOrG LOrG POrG BOp PMOL
medial orbital gyrus intermediate orbital gyrus lateral orbital gyrus posterior orbital gyrus basal operculum (fronto-insular region) posteromedial orbital lobule
FLC HLC
forelimb area hindlimb area
SMG
supramarginal gyrus
AnG POp
angular gyrus parietal operculum
SIG LIG AI GI AOI API
short insular gyri long insular gyrus agranular insular cortex 1 granular insular cortex area orbito-insularis area piriformis insulae
ITP PIR PTR
inferior temporopolar region parainsular region paratransverse region
Te1-3 TrG PTe TOp
temporal cortex, area 1 -3 transverse gyrus (TT1,2,3) planum temporale temporal operculum
FuG
fusiform gyrus
LgG PH Ent AG SLG Un
lingual gyrus (O5) Gparahippocampal gyrus entorhinal cortex ambiens gyrus semilunar gyrus uncus
O1 O2 O3 O4
superior occipital gyrus middle or lateral occipital gyrus inferior occipital gyrus fourth occipital gyrus (part of fusiform gyrus) lingual gyrus (part of fusiform gyrus) cuneus striate area
TFPGS superior TFPG TFPGM medial TFPG TFPGI inferior TFPG
Parietal lobe
P1 P2
SPL IPL
superior parietal lobule inferior parietal lobule Ar 88 (Vogt)
Ins
TL
PCun POTZ
precuneus transition zones
IG
insular gyrus (gyri)
Insula
Temporal lobe TmP PPo
T1
OL
STG
temporal pole planum polare
superior temporal gyrus
T2 T3
MTG ITG
medial temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus
T4
LOTG
lateral occipito-temporal gyrus
T5
MOTG
medial occipito-temporal gyrus
Occipital lobe OcG
occipital gyri
O5 Cun 17 OcP
occipital pole
257
Claustrum Cl DCl
VCl
dorsal claustrum CoCl DiCl
compact insular claustrum diffuse insular claustrum
TCl PACl PPCi LiCl PeACl
temporal claustrum preamygdalar claustrum prepiriform claustrum limitans claustrum periamygdalar claustrum
ventral claustrum
Amygdaloid Complex basolateral nuclear group BLNG La
BL
BM
lateral amygdaloid n. La DA La DM La DL La I LaV
dorsal anterior part dorsomedial part dorsolateral part intermediate part ventral part
BL D BL I BL VL BL VM BL PL
dorsal part intermediate part ventrolateral part ventromedial part paralaminar part
BM DM BM CM BM DL BM VM BM VL
dorsomedial part centromedial part dorsolateral part ventromedial part ventrolateral part
CeL CeM
lateral part medial part
ACo PCo CxA PHA
anterior cortical n. posterior cortical n. cortico-amygdaloid TA parahippocampal TA
MeA MeP
anterior part posterior part
basolateral amygdaloid n
basomedial amygdaloid n.
central nuclear group CeNG Ce
central amygdaloid n.
AI
amygdaloid island
AAA
anterior amygdaloid area
Co PAC
cortical n. periamygdaloid cortex
corticomedial amygdaloid area CoMe
Me
medial amygdaloid n.
transition areas TA AStr
amygdalostriatal TA
CxA
corticoamygdaloid TA
PHA
parahippocampal TA
AHi
amygdalohippocampal TA
ACl
amygdaloclaustral TA = preamygdalar claustrum, PACL; endopiriform n., En
Basal nuclear complex BNC (Magnocellular nuclei of the basal forebrain) Medial septal area: orodorsal extension of BNC DB n. of the diagonal band VDB vertical limb of DB ADB angular part of DB HDB horizontal limb of DB SHi septohippocampal n. B
Basal nucleus of Meynert BC compact part BD diffuse part
258
Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) BSTA
BST, anterior part
BSTL
BST, lateral part
BSTC
BSTL BSTLJ
-- principal division -- juxtacapsular division
BSTCPC BSTCSC BSTCSV BSTCL (ExtA)
-- pericommissural division -- supracommissural division -- subventricular division -- lenticular division (-- extended amygdala)
BSTPL BSTPM
-- lateral division -- medial division
LSD LSI LSV
lateral septal n., dorsal part lateral septal n., intermediate part lateral septal n., ventral part
DB SHi
n. of the diagonal band septohippocampal n.
SFi TS
fimbrial septal n. triangular septal n. bed n. of anterior commissure
BST, central part
BSTM
BST, medial part
BSTP
BST, posterior part
Septal nuclei LSA
MSA
PSA
VSA
lateral septal nucleus
medial septal nucleus
posterior septal nucleus
ventral septal nucleus septohypothalamic n.
Striatum Str dorsal striatum Cd
Pu
caudate n.
Ac
TI
TA
lateral caudate n. medial caudate n. ventral caudate n.
PuL PuM PuV PuC PuLi
lateral putamen medial putamen ventral putamen central putamen limitans putamen
FCd FPu
caudate fundus region putaminal fundus region
AcM AcC AcSV
medial part central part subventricular part
SSTI SVTI SCTI GTI TuTI
substriatal subventricular subcaudate great tubercular
SCGP
supracapsular part
putamen
ventral striatum FStr
CdL CdM CdV
fundus striati
accumbens n.
terminal islands
PedL
peduncle of lentiform nucleus
AStr
amygdalostriatal TA
IGP EGP
internal globus pallidus external globus pallidus
Transition areas
Globus pallidus GP DP
dorsal pallidum
VP
ventral pallidum
SNC
pars compacta
Substantia nigra SN
SNR
SNL
SNCA SNCP
anterior part posterior part
SNRA SNRP
anterior part posterior part
pars reticulata
pars lateralis
259
Thalamus
ATh
Anterior nuclear group (anterior thalamus AD APr (AV) AM DSF
anterodorsal thalamic n. anteroprincipal thalamic n. (anteroventral thalamic n.) anteromedial thalamic n. dorsolateral superficial n.
MD
mediodorsal thalamic n.
Medial nuclear region MDF (MDMC) MDFa MDD MDV MDPL
pars fibrosa (pars magnocellularis) pars fasciculosa dorsal part ventral part paralamellar part
CMPC CMMC
parvocellular part magnocellular part
VAMC
main (principal) part magnocellular part
VPL VPI VPM VPMArc SPF VMPo
ventroposterior lateralis ventroposterior inferior (internus) ventroposterior medialis - arcuate part (VCPCI) subparafascicularis n. ventromedial posterior n.
MGDA MGFi MGDP MGLi MGPC
dorsoanterior (magnocell.) fibrosus dorsoposterior part limitans part parvocellular part
LGMC LGPC
magnocellular part parvocellular part
Central nuclei (gray), (Midline nuclei) Re PV SubH
reuniens n. paraventricular n. subhabenular n.
PF CM
parafascicular n. centromedian n.
Envelope (Nuclei of the internal medullary lamina)
Lim Cuc Com PT CeMe Fa
limitans n. cucullaris n. commissuralis n. paratenialis n. central medial n. fasciculosus n.
VA
ventroanterior n.
Lateral nuclear region: Ventral (group) nuclei
Pul
VLA VLP VM
anterior ventrolateral n. posterior ventrolateral n. ventromedial n.
VP
ventroposterior n.
Pulvinar APul MPul IPul LPul SFPul IGPul DiPul
anterior pulvinar n. medial pulvinar n. inferior pulvinar n. lateral pulvinar n. superficial pulvinar intergeniculate pulvinar diffuse pulvinar
LD
laterodorsal n.
Rt PRt Fa
reticular n. prereticulate zone fasciculosus n.
MG
medial geniculate n.
Reticular region
Metathalamus
LG
SGe
260
lateral geniculate n.
suprageniculate n.
Ventral Thalamus VT STh subthalamic n. FF nucleus of the (tegmental) field of Forel (n. of the prerubral field, field H) ZI zona incerta dorsooral part dorsocaudal part ventral part caudal part nucleus of the ansa lenticularis reticular n. pregeniculate n subparafascicular n.
Epithalamus EpT ganglion habenulae MHb medial habenular n. LHb lateral habenular n. Pi
pineal body paraventricular n. anterior paraventricular n. posterior paraventricular n. paratenial n
Zona incerta ZI ZIDO ZIDC ZIV ZIPR ZIC
zona incerta, dorsooral part zona incerta, dorsocaudal part zona incerta, ventral part zona incerta, praerubral part zona incerta, caudal part
261
Hypothalamus
POA
Preoptic area Pe
periventricular hypothalamic n. AVPe - anteroventral part DPe - dorsal part
MPO medial preoptic n. MPOL - lateral part MPOM - medial part IMH
AHA
intermediate hypothalamic cell groups InM Un
intermediate n. (SxD) uncinate n.
SChc SChd SChe SChm SChv
- central division - dorsal division - external division - medial division - ventral division
SODL SOVM SOT SOP
- dorsolateral part - ventromedial part - tuberal part - posterior part
PaAP PaPC PaMC PaD PaPo Pa F SPZ
- anterior parvocellular part - parvocellular part - magnocellular part - dorsal part - caudal part - suprafornical part - subparaventricular zone
Anterior hypothalamic area SCh
suprachiasmatic n.
Pe
periventricular hypothalamic n.
SO
supraoptic n.
Pa
paraventricular n.
ACG accessory (neurophysin) cell groups - main group - parafornical group - pallidal and sublenticular group LH
lateral hypothalamic area, anterior part
VMH
ventromedial hypothalamic n.
Tuberal region VMHVL - ventrolateral part VMHDM - dorsomedial part VMS - shell DMH dorsomedial hypothalamic n.
PeF Inf Pe LH
DMHC DMH
- compact part - diffuse part
Pa2
paraoptic n. (Brockhaus)
perifornical n. infundibular n. periventricular hypothalamic n. lateral hypothalamic area, tuberal part
Mammillary region MM
medial mammillary n. MM ML
LM TM
- medial part - lateral part
lateral mammillary n. tuberomammillary n. TMP SuM
- principal part supramammillary n.
PalHy
pallidohypothalamic n.
LTu lateral tuberal nucleus LH lateral hypothalamic area, posterior part DHA PH
262
dorsal hypothalamic area posterior hypothalamus
263
Index 10n 11n 12C 12n
vagus nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 81, 83 accessory nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 81, 83 hypoglossal canal 85 hypoglossal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83, 85 17 striate area 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 71, 73, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 18 area 18 207, 209, 223, 225 2n optic nerve 31, 51, 53, 55, 85, 87 3n oculomotor nerve 31, 55, 57, 59, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 169 3ni oculomotor nerve (inferior branch) 33, 35 3V third ventricle 25, 27, 29, 59, 61, 63, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 4n trochlear nerve 31, 55 4V fourth ventricle 31, 33, 63 5au auriculotemporal nerve 35 5fr frontal nerve 31, 51 5Gn trigeminal ganglion 33, 57, 85 5ial inferior alveolar nerve 35, 37, 53, 55, 81, 83 5ior infraorbital nerve 35, 37, 39, 49, 51, 53, 83 5lac lacrimal nerve 31 5lg lingual nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 53, 55, 81, 83 5man mandibular nerve 83 5mo motor root of trigeminal nerve 35 5mx maxillary nerve 33, 55 5n trigeminal nerve 31, 59, 85 5nc nasociliary nerve 85 5oph ophthalmic nerve 33 6n abducens nerve or its root 55 7gp greater petrosal nerve 33, 59 7n facial nerve 33, 35, 37, 59, 77 8n vestibulocochlear nerve 33 9,10,11n glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves 59 9n glossopharyngeal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83 AAA anterior amygdaloid area 141 AAT anterior arch of atlas 87 aaua anterior auricular artery 59 AB access. basal amygdaloid ncl. 135 Ac accumbens nucleus 57 ac anterior commissure 59, 83, 85, 87, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 AcC accumbens nucleus, central part 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133 AceIT anterior cervical intertransversarii muscles 59 acer anterior cerebral artery 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 AcL accumbens nucleus, lateral part 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135 AcM accumbens nucleus, medial part 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135 ACo ant. cortical amygdaloid nucl. 139 aco anterior commissure, olfactory limb 131, 133, 135 ACoD anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal part 141, 143, 145 ACoV anterior cortical amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part 141, 143, 145 acs anterior calcarine sulcus 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205 AD anterodorsal thalamic nucleus 157, 159, 161, 163 ADB nucleus of the diagonal band, angular part 135 AG ambiens gyrus 57, 135, 145, 153, 155 AHi amygdalohippocampal area 153, 155 AI amygdaloid island 141, 143 aic anterior limb of the internal capsule 27, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135
264
aica AIn al
anterior inferior cerebellar artery 31, 61 agranular insular cortex (claustro-cortex insularis) 83, 85 ansa lenticularis 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 ald apical ligament of dens 87 all anterior longitudinal ligament 41, 42, 87 ALPO ant. lateral preoptic nucl. 135 Alv alveolar process of maxilla 49 alv alveus of the hippocampus 85, 167, 171, 175, 177, 195, 197 AM anteromedial thalamic nucl. 147, 149, 151, 153 Amg amygdala 31, 59, 61, 83, 85, 161, 163, 165, 167 AMPO ant. medial preoptic nucl. 133, 135 ancer ansa cervicalis 43, 44, 59 ang angular artery and vein 35 AnG angular gyrus 19, 21, 23, 67, 69, 71, 73, 77, 79, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 anga angular artery 33, 37 angv angular vein 31, 33 AO anterior olfactory nucleus 57, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 AOI Area orbitoinsularis 113, 115, 117 AOP anterior olfactory nucleus, posterior part 123, 125 ap ansa peduncularis 147, 149 apala ascending palatine artery 37, 39, 41, 42 aph ascending pharyngeal artery 41, 42, 57 API area piriformis insulae 119, 121 APr anteroprincipal (-ventral) thalamic nucleus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165 aps anterior parolfactory sulcus 119 APS anterior perforated substance 29 apsi anterior parolfactory sulcus, inf. branch 121 apss anterior parolfactory sulcus, superior branch 121, 123 APul anterior pulvinar nucleus 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 Aq cerebral aqueduct 29, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 AReCa anterior rectus capitis muscle 35, 37, 85 ARG Andreas Retzius gyrus 195, 197 argr arachnoid granulations 63 AryE aryepiglotticus muscle 55 AStr amygdalostriatal transit. area 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169 AtAx altanto-axial membrane 87 ATh anterior thalamic nucleus 27, 59, 61 Atlas atlas 37, 39, 63, 87 AtOc atlanto-occipital joint 37, 61, 85 AtOcMe atlanto-occipital membrane 87 ATub articular tubercle 79 aud auditory radiation 83 Aud auditory tube 55, 83, 85 Axis axis 63, 87 bas basilar artery 31, 33 BC basal nucleus, compact part 139, 141, 143, 145, 149, 151, 155 BCd body of caudate nucleus 63 BFat buccal fat pad 49, 53 bfx body of fornix 61, 63, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 bG band of Giacomini 161, 163 BHy body of hyoid bone 44 bic brachium of the inferior colliculus 183, 187, 189, 191 BL basolateral amygdaloid nucl. 139, 141, 143, 147, 155, 157 BLD basolateral amygdaloid nucl., dorsal (magnocellular) part 145, 149, 151, 153 BLI basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part 145, 149, 151, 153 BLPL basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, paralaminar part 145, 149, 151, 153
BLVL
basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventrolateral part 145, 151, 153 BLVM basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 BM basomedial amygdaloid nucl. 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 151, 155, 157 BMan body of mandible 51 BMCM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, centromedial part 153 BMDL basomed. amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part 153 BMDM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part 149, 153 BMVM basomedial amygdaloid nucleus, ventromedial part 149, 153 BOp basal operculum 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 bsc brachium of the superior colliculus 187 BST bed nucleus of the stria terminalis 87 BSTC bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, central division 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 BSTCV ventral extension of BSTC 141 BSTL bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division 129, 133, 135, 137 BSTLJ bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, lateral division, juxtacapsular part 131, 139, 141 BSTM bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial division 131, 133, 135, 137 BSTP bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, posterior division 139, 141 BSTV bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventral division 137, 139 BucM buccinator muscle 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 81, 83 bucn buccal nerve 35, 37, 39, 41, 42 CA1 CA1 field of hippocampus 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 CA1-3 fields of hippocampus 163, 171, 173 CA2 CA2 field of hippocampus 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 CA3 CA3 field of hippocampus 161, 165, 167, 169, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 cal calcar avis 203 cals callosal sulcus 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 199 calv callosal vein 111, 113, 115, 117 CAnT common anular tendon 33 CAT cartilage of auditory tube 37 cavs cavernous sinus 31, 33, 55, 57 Cb cerebellum 83, 85 cc corpus callosum 59, 61, 63, 87, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 cctd common carotid artery 43, 44, 57, 59 Cd caudate nucleus 85, 111, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 CdL lateral caudate nucleus 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145 CdM medial caudate nucleus 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147 CdV ventral caudate nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 Ce central amygdaloid nucleus 143, 145, 147, 159 ce central fissure 59, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 CeL central amygdaloid nucleus, lateral part 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 CeM central amygdaloid nucleus, medial part 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 CeMe central medial thalamic nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161 cern cervical nerve 43, 44 cern (1-3) cervical nerve (1-3) 85 cern2 cervical nerve 2 39, 59 cerpx cervical plexus 59 CG cingulate gyrus 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 85, 87, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161,
163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 CGal crista galli 31, 49, 51 cgs cingulate sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 123, 147, 191, 193, 195, 197, 203, 205, 209 CH cerebellar hemisphere 61, 63, 65 cha anterior choroidal artery 27, 31, 57, 59, 61, 63 chf choroidal fissure 165 chpx choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle 25, 27, 29, 61, 65 cic commissure of the inferior colliculi 191 CilM ciliaris muscle 33 cir circular insular sulcus 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149 CISM cervical interspinal muscle 65 Cl claustrum 27, 29, 57, 59, 61, 83, 113, 117, 119, 167, 169, 171, 173 CLV central part of lateral ventricle 59, 61 CM centromedian thalamic nucleus 61, 87, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 cmg capsule of medial geniculate nucleus 185 Co commissural nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 CoCl compact insular claustrum 115, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 163 comb comb system 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165 Cond condylar process of mandible 35, 57 Cor coronoid process of the mandible 35 cos collateral sulcus 157, 163, 165, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 cosi confluence of sinuses 29, 69 cp cerebral peduncle 29, 59, 61, 85, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 cpx carotid plexus 43 cr capsule of red nucleus 163, 165, 167, 169 cret central artery of retina 51 crfx crus (post. column) of fornix 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 crt cerebello-rubro-thalamic fibers 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 cs calcarine sulcus 199, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 csc commissure of the superior colliculi 183, 185, 187 CSCil corrugator supercilii muscle 31 CSP cavity of septum pellucidum 119, 121 ctg central tegmental tract 179, 181, 183 cty chorda tympani 35, 37 CuA cuneiform area 185 Cuc cucullaris nucleus 155, 157, 159, 161 Cun cuneus 25, 67, 69, 71, 73, 85 CxA cortico-amygdaloid transition area 139 DAx dens axis 37, 87 db diagonal band 125, 137 DB nucleus of the diagonal band 57, 133 DCl dorsal claustrum 155, 157, 165 DG dentate gyrus 29, 83, 85, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 183, 185, 193, 195 DH dorsal hypothalamic area 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 dhc dorsal hippocampal commissure 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 DiCl diffuse insular claustrum 115, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 Dig digastric muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 55, 57, 59, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87 DigT digastric muscle, tendon 42, 43, 53, 83 dip diploic vein 61 DiPul diffuse pulvinar nucleus 185, 187, 189 Disc articular disc of temporo-mandibular joint 35, 79 dlg deep lingual artery and vein 49 DMH dorsomed. hypothalamic n. 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 DMHC dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, compact part 147 DoH dorsal hypothalamic nucleus 139 dpala descending palatine artery 37, 51, 53, 85 DpAO depressor anguli oris muscle 42, 43, 44, 83 dpc deep cervical artery and vein 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 DPeH dorsal periventricular hypothalamic nucleus 133, 135, 137 DpLb depressor labii inferioris muscle 44, 83
265
DpSCil depressor supercilii muscle 33, 35 DS diaphragma sellae 57 DSF dorsal superficial nucleus 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 Dt dentate nucleus 65 dta deep temporal artery 35, 51, 53 EAud external auditory meatus 77, 79 ec external capsule 27, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 ectd external carotid artery 39, 41, 42, 43, 57, 79, 81 EGl epiglottis 55, 85, 87 EGP external globus pallidus 59, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 ejugv external jugular vein 59, 77 emi emissary vein 33, 63, 65 eml external medullary lamina of thalamus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 Ent entorhinal cortex 29, 31, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 EP entopeduncular nucleus 151, 153 ers endorhinal sulcus 153 EthC ethmoidal cell(s) 33, 49, 51, 53 ex extreme capsule 27, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 eye eyeball 33 Fa fasciculosus nucleus 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155 fac facial artery 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 79, 81, 83 facv facial vein 37, 39, 41, 44, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 79, 81, 83 FCd fundus region of caudate nucleus 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129 FD fascia dentata 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 FG fasciolar gyrus 65, 85, 193, 195, 197 fi fimbria of the hippocampus 27, 29, 83, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189 FL frontal lobe 51 FLA frontal limbic area 53, 55, 57, 59, 61 FLV frontal horn of lateral ventricle 25, 27, 55, 111, 115, 117, 119, 121, 125, 131, 133, 135, 137 FMG frontomarginal gyrus 95, 97, 99 fmi forceps minor of the corpus callosum 25, 107, 109, 121 fmj forceps major of the corpus callosum 25 fms frontomarginal sulcus 95, 97 FOp frontal operculum 25, 81, 83, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 FPu fundus region of putamen 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 fr fasciculus retroflexus 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 Fro frontal bone 29 FroC frontal crest 49, 79 FroN frontal bone, nasal part 31 FroO frontal bone, orbital part 31, 49 FroSq frontal bone, squamosal part 51 FrP frontopolar cortex 49, 51 FrS frontal sinus 29, 33, 49, 51 FStr fundus striati 29, 87 FuG fusiform gyrus 27, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 79, 81, 83, 85, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219 fx fornix 25, 27, 59, 63, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 FxC falx cerebri 49, 53 gapo galea aponeurotica (epicranial aponeurosis) 29 gcc genu of the corpus callosum 25, 27, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 GeGl genioglossus muscle 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 87
266
GeHy GHHy gic gocn GP gpal gpala GPalF GrCi GTI H1
geniohyoid muscle 44, 49, 51, 87 greater horn of hyoid bone 42, 43, 44 genu of the internal capsule 27, 153, 155 greater occipital nerve 29, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 83, 85 globus pallidus 27, 61, 83, 85 greater palatine artery, nerve, vein 49 greater palatine artery 39, 41 greater palatine foramen 51 great (cerebellomedullary) cistern 63 great terminal island 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 thalamic fasciculus (field H1) 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175 H2 lenticular fasciculus (field H2) 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161 Hb habenula 27, 179 hbc habenular commissure 181 HCd head of caudate nucleus 25, 27, 59, 87 HDB horizontal limb of the diagonal band 133, 135 Hi hippocampus 27, 29, 31, 59, 61, 63, 83, 85, 199, 201 HiH hippocampal head 147, 149, 151, 155, 157 his hippocampal sulcus 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 185, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197 HPtg hamulus of the pterygoid bone 39, 53 Hy hypothalamus 29 HyGl hyoglossus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 85 Hyoid hyoid bone 53, 55, 85 ial inferior alveolar artery, vein, nerve 39, 41, 42, 51 iala inferior alveolar artery 39, 53, 55, 81 ialv inferior alveolar vein 39 IAud internal auditory meatus 83 IC inferior colliculus 185, 189, 191 ic internal capsule 57, 59, 61, 85, 87, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 149, 151 ICCe iliocostalis cervicis muscle 44 ICG isthmus of cingulate gyrus 195, 199, 201, 203, 205 ICM inferior constrictor of the pharynx 43, 44, 57 icml incomplete medullary lamina of the globus pallidus 145, 147, 149, 151 ictd internal carotid artery 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 55, 57, 59, 81, 83, 85, 87 icv internal cerebral vein 63 IFG inferior frontal gyrus 21, 27, 29, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 77, 79, 81, 83 IFGOp inferior frontal gyrus, opercular part 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 IFGOr inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part 25, 27, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 IFGTr inferior frontal gyrus, triangular part 23, 25, 27, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 IFPG inferior frontopolar gyrus 95, 97, 99 ifs inferior frontal sulcus 97, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 IG insular gyrus 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125 IGP internal globus pallidus 59, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 IGPul intergeniculate pulvinar 181, 183, 185, 187 IGr indusium griseum 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123, 129, 131, 133, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 165, 167, 173, 187, 193, 195, 197, 199 IGR indusium griseum 163 ijugv internal jugular vein 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 61, 81, 83 ilab inferior labial artery and vein 43, 44 ilf inferior longitudinal fasciculus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145 imfs intermediate frontal sulcus 105, 109, 111 iml internal medullary lamina of the thalamus 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 imos intermediate orbital sulcus 111 INaC inferior nasal concha 37, 49 inav internal nasal vein 55 IncC incisive canal w. nasopalatine artery 41 Inf infundibular nucleus 141, 145, 147, 149 InfS infundibular stalk 57, 137, 139
Ins
insula 25, 27, 29, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 81, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 193 InTrM intertransversarii muscles 41, 42 IO inferior olive 61, 87 IOb inferior oblique muscle 35, 49, 83, 85 IObCa inferior oblique capitis muscle 39, 63, 65, 81, 83, 85, 87 iora infraorbital artery 35, 37, 49, 51, 53, 83 IOrC infraorbital canal 49, 51 IOrF infraorbital foramen 83 IOrG intermediate orbital gyrus 97, 99, 101 IP interpeduncular nucleus 171, 173, 175 IPCi interpeduncular cistern 163 ipets inferior petrosal sinus 33, 59, 81, 85 ipf interpeduncular fossa 29, 59, 87 IPL inferior parietal lobule 21, 23, 25 ips intraparietal sulcus 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227 IRec inferior rectus muscle 33, 35, 49, 51, 53 IRoG inferior rostral gyrus 51, 53, 55, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115 ISM interspinalis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 iss inferior sagittal sinus 59, 61 isst internal sagittal stratum 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 ita inferior temporal artery 29 ITG inferior temporal gyrus 27, 29, 31, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 IthA interthalamic adhesion 151, 153 ithp inferior thalamic peduncle 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 157, 159 ITP inferior temporopolar region 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 its inferior temporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 IVF interventricular foramen 141, 143 ivvpx internal vertebral venous plexus 39, 42, 63, 83 JugP jugular process 83 La lateral amygdaloid nucleus 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 151, 153 lab labial artery 83 lac lacrimal artery 51 Lac lacrimal gland 31, 49 lacv lacrimal vein 33 LaDa lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part 145 LaDA lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsal anterior part 147, 149 LaDL lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsolateral part 143, 145, 147 LaDM lateral amygdaloid nucleus, dorsomedial part 145 LaI lateral amygdaloid nucleus, intermediate part 145, 149 LAngO levator anguli oris muscle 37, 39, 41, 83 LaV lateral amygdaloid nucleus, ventral part 149 LC locus coeruleus 87 LD lateral dorsal thalamic nucleus 61, 87 lds lambdoid suture 29, 31 lenf lenticular fasciculus 151, 153, 157 LeVePal levator veli palatini muscle 37, 55, 57, 85 lf lateral fissure 111, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 169, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 LG lateral geniculate nucleus 83, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 Lg lingual gland 43, 53 lga lingual artery 42, 43, 44, 53, 55, 83, 85 lga/lgv lingual artery / vein 51 LgC longus capitis and colli muscles 83, 85 LgCa longus capitis muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 57
LgCo LgFo LgG LgsCa LgsCe LgsCeT LgSpt lgv LH LHb Li LiCl Lim liml ll LLb LLbAN LLPt lls LM lml
lo LOrG lors LOTG lots
LPal LPtg LPtgL LPtgM LPul LRec LReCa ls LSc LSD LSI LSV LT LTh LTu LV
Ly Man ManC ManF MasM MB mcer MCM mcp MD Md MDe MDMC MDPL Me ME
longus colli muscle 35, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44 lingual follicle 85 lingual gyrus 85, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213 longissimus capitis muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 79, 81 longissimus cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 longissimus cervicis muscle, tendon 41, 42 lingual septum 49 lingual vein 53, 55, 83 lateral hypothalamic area 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 lateral habenular nucleus 181 limen insulae 85, 87, 127, 129, 131, 133 limitans claustrum 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157 limitans nucleus 179, 181, 183, 185 limiting medullary lamina of globus pallidus 147, 149, 153 lateral lemniscus 185 levator labii superioris muscle 37, 39, 83 levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 37 lateral lamina of pterygoid process 53 lateral longitudinal stria 117, 123, 159, 195, 197 lateral mammillary nucleus 151, 153 lateral medullary lamina of globus pallidus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171 lateral olfactory tract 131, 133, 135, 137 lateral orbital gyrus 101, 103, 105, 107, 113 lateral orbital sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111 lateral occipito-temporal gyrus 31 lateral occipitotemporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 135, 137, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 187, 189, 191, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217 levator palpebrae superioris muscle 31, 49, 51, 53, 85 lateral pterygoid muscle 37, 53, 55, 57, 81, 83 lateral pterygoid muscle, lateral belly 35 lateral pterygoid muscle, medial belly 35 lateral pulvinar nucleus 179, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 lateral rectus muscle 33, 49, 51, 53, 83 lateral rectus capitis muscle 37, 79 longitudinal stria 199 levator scapulae muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 79 lateral septal nucleus, dorsal part 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149 lateral septal nucleus, intermediate part 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149 lateral septal nucleus, ventral part 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 lamina terminalis 29, 127, 129, 131 lateral thalamic nuclear region 85, 87 lateral tuberal nucleus 145, 147, 149 lateral ventricle 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 57, 63, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 lymph node 41, 42, 43, 44, 51, 79, 81 mandible 37, 39, 41, 43, 53, 79, 81, 85, 87 mandibular canal 44, 49, 51, 53 mandibular fossa 79 masseter muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 51, 53, 55, 77, 79 mammillary body 29, 59 middle cerebral artery 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 81 middle constrictor of the pharynx 43, 44, 55, 57 middle cerebellar peduncle 61, 85 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus 61, 87, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 medulla oblongata 35 margo denticulatus 183 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 medial dorsal thalamic nucleus, paralamellar part 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 medial amygdaloid nucleus 153, 155, 157, 159 median eminence 147
267
MeA medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part 143, 145, 147 MentM mentalis muscle 44 mfb medial forebrain bundle 129, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 155 MFG middle frontal gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 81, 83, 85, 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151 MFPG middle frontopolar gyrus 95, 99, 101 MG medial geniculate nucleus 85, 177 MGDP medial geniculate nucleus, dorsal posterior part 183 MGFi medial geniculate nucleus, fibrosus part 179, 181, 183 MGLi medial geniculate nucleus, limitans part 179, 181, 183 MGMC medial geniculate nucl., magnocellular part 179, 181 MGPC medial geniculate nucleus, parvocellular part 179 MHb medial habenular nucleus 181 MiZyg minor zygomaticus muscle 37, 39 MjAC major alar cartilage 37, 39 MjZyg major zygomaticus muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 49, 77, 79 ml medial lemniscus 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 ML medial mammillary nucleus, lateral part 151, 153 mlf medial longitudinal fasciculus 183, 185, 187 MLPt medial lamina of pterygoid process 53 mls medial longitudinal stria 117, 123, 129, 139, 141, 143, 145, 159, 163 MM medial mammillary nucleus, medial part 151, 153, 155, 157 mm middle meningeal artery 33, 57 mmf middle meningeal artery, frontal branch 31, 55 mml medial medullary lamina of globus pallidus 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163 mmp middle meningeal artery, parietal....branch 63 MNaC middle nasal concha 49 MnPO median preoptic nucleus 135 molf medial olfactory radiation 123, 125 MOrG medial orbital gyrus 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117 mors medial orbital sulcus 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111 MOTG medial occipito-temporal gyrus 31 MPO medial preoptic nucleus 133, 135, 137, 139 MPtg medial pterygoid muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 53, 55, 81, 85 MPul medial pulvinar nucleus 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 MRec medial rectus muscle 33, 49, 51, 53, 85 MS medial septal nucleus 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147 MScal middle scalenus muscle 39, 41 Mst mastoid process of temporal bone 77, 79 MstC mastoid cells 77, 79 mt mammillo-thalamic tract 153, 155, 157, 159 mtg mammillo-tegmental tract 155, 157 MTG middle temporal gyrus 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 Mul multifidus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 85 Mx maxilla 35, 37, 39, 41, 87 mxa maxillary artery 35, 37, 53, 55, 57, 81, 85 MxS maxillary sinus 35, 49, 51, 53, 85 mxv maxillary vein 57 MyHy mylohyoid muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 87 myhy mylohyoid nerve 43, 53, 55 Na nasal bone 33, 35 Nas nasalis muscle 35, 37, 39 nl nuchal ligament 35, 37, 39 nlac nasolacrimal duct 35 npal nasopalatine artery, incisive canal 39 NPhT nasopharyngeal tonsil 87 NSpt nasal septum 35, 49, 51 nuf nuchal fascia 33, 35, 37, 41 oaud opening of auditory tube 87 OB olfactory bulb 51 occ occipital artery, vein and nerve 31, 33 Occ occipital bone 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 87
268
occa
occipital artery 29, 35, 37, 39, 41, 57, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 79, 81 occs occipital sinus 31, 63, 65, 67 occv occipital vein 29, 35, 39, 67, 69, 77, 79 OcFrF occipito-frontal muscle, frontal belly 49, 51, 77, 79, 81, 87 OcFrO occipito-frontal muscle, occipital belly 69, 71, 77, 79, 81 OcG occipital gyri 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229, 231 ocm occipito-mastoid suture 33 OFat orbital fat body 49, 51 OFG orbitofrontal gyri 49, 51, 53, 55, 81, 83, 85, 87 olf olfactory tract 31, 53, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 OlfA olfactory area 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127 olfr olfactory radiation 121, 123 olfs olfactory sulcus 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 OLV occipital horn of lateral ventricle 25, 27, 67, 69, 83, 203, 205, 207 OmHy omohyoid muscle 44, 53, 55 OO orbicularis oculi muscle 31, 33, 35, 37, 49, 77, 79, 81 OOr orbicularis oris muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 81, 87 opha ophthalmic artery 49, 51, 53 ophv ophthalmic vein 53 opt optic tract 29, 59, 61, 85, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 or optic radiation 27, 83, 177, 181, 183, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 Oral oral cavity 87 OrG orbital gyrus / gyri 29, 31 ors orbital sulcus 113, 119, 121 Otic otic ganglion 57 ox optic chiasm 31, 57, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 P3V preoptic recess of the third ventricle 127, 129, 131, 133, 135 Pa paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus 145, 147, 153 PAA periamygdalar area 137 PaAP paraventricular hypothalamic n., ant. parvocellular part 133, 135 PACl preamygdalar claustrum 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145 PaD paraventricular nucleus, dorsal part 137, 141, 143 PaFo paraventricular nucleus, fornical part 139, 141 PAG periaqueductal gray 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 PalG palatine glands 39, 41, 49, 51 PalGl palatoglossus muscle 41 palhy pallidohypothalamic fibers 149 PalHy pallidohypothalamic nucl. 149, 151, 153 paln palatine nerve 51 PalPh palatopharyngeus muscle 42, 55 PalT palatine tonsil 55 PAM periamygdaloid cortex 85, 133, 135, 137, 139 PaMC paraventricular nucleus, magnocellular part 137, 141, 143 PaO paraoptic nucleus 145 pap optic papilla 49 PaPC paraventricular nucleus, parvocellular part 137, 139, 141, 143 PaPo paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, posterior part 147, 149 papx parotid plexus 35 Par parietal bone 29, 31 PaS parasubiculum 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 PAT posterior arch of atlas 87 pau posterior auricular artery and vein 39 PAu posterior auricular muscle 33 paua posterior auricular artery 57 pauv posterior auricular vein 31, 33, 63 PBP parabrachial pigmented nucl. 169, 171, 173, 175 pc posterior commissure 179, 181, 183 PCA precommissural archicortex 125, 127 pcer posterior cerebral artery 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71 pcfx precommissural fornix 127, 129, 131, 133
PCL
paracentral lobule 19, 21, 63, 65, 67, 69, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 PCo post. cortical amygdaloid n. 147, 149, 151, 153, 155 pcoma posterior communicating artery 31 pcs precentral sulcus 145, 147 PCun precuneus 21, 25, 27, 67, 69, 71, 73, 85, 87, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 PedL peduncle of lentiform nucl. 151, 153, 155, 157 PeF perifornical nucleus 143, 145, 147, 151 PeP perpendicular plate 49 PF parafascicular thalamic nucl. 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 PH posterior hypothalamic area 151, 155, 157 PHA parahippocampal-amygdaloid transition area 141, 143, 145, 147 phar pharyngeal branches 55, 57 PHG parahippocampal gyrus 27, 29, 83, 85, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199 PhRe pharyngeal recess 57 Pi pineal gland 27, 63, 183, 185, 187, 189 pic posterior limb of the internal capsule 27, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 183, 185 pica posterior inferior cerebellar artery 31, 61, 65 PIR parainsular region 129 Pir piriform cortex 57, 85, 121, 123, 125 PirF piriform cortex, frontal part 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 PirR piriform recess 55 PirT piriform cortex, temporal part 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141 Pit pituitary gland 31, 57 Plat platysma 41, 42, 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 77, 79, 81, 87 pm principal mammillary fasciculus 151 PMOL posteromedial orbital lobule 119, 121 pna posterior nasal artery 53 PoCi pontine cistern 31, 33, 59 pocs postcentral sulcus 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 195, 199 PoG postcentral gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 Pons pons 31, 87, 175, 177 POp parietal operculum 25, 65, 79, 81, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 POrG posterior orbital gyrus 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119 pors posterior orbital sulcus 109, 111 pos parietooccipital sulcus 217, 219, 221, 223, 225 POTZ parietooccipital transition zone 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 229 PP peripeduncular nucleus 175, 177, 179, 181 PPA peripeduncular area 175, 177 PPCl prepiriform claustrum 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133 PPo planum polare 59, 61, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167 pps posterior parolfactory sulcus 121, 123, 125 PRC perirhinal cortex 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 155 PrG precentral gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 87, 119, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 PrS presubiculum 153, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183 PRt prereticular zone 141, 143, 145 psa posterior superior alveolar artery 37, 49, 51 psan posterior superior alveolar nerve 37
PT PTc Ptd ptdd PTe
PTG Ptg PtgC PtgPal ptgpx PtPF Pu
Pul PuLi PuV PV pvf py QP R racc rapx rcc Re RePMi RePMj rhs RisM rmv ros RPC Rt
S
S/MCM SalPh SArS sas SB sbps SC SCA sca scal ScalM SCC scc SCD SCG SCGn SCGP SCh SCM SCMPP scp
paratenial thalamic nucleus 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 173 pretectal area 179, 181, 183, 185 parotid gland 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 57, 77, 79, 81 parotid duct 39, 41, 51, 53, 55, 77, 79, 81 planum temporale 25, 27, 29, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197 paraterminal gyrus 57, 123, 125 pterygoid process 37 pterygoid canal 55 pterygopalatine ganglion 35, 53 pterygoid plexus 35, 55, 79, 81 pterygopalatine fossa 53 putamen 27, 57, 59, 61, 83, 85, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 pulvinar 27, 63, 83, 85, 87, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 limitans putamen 159 ventral putamen 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 paraventricular thalamic nucl. 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175 prevertebral fascia 37 pyramidal tract 61 quadrigeminal plate 63 red nucleus 29, 61, 87, 165 radiation of corpus callosum 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 199, 201, 203 retroarticular (venous) plexus 35 rostrum of corpus callosum 55 reuniens thalamic nucleus 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173 rectus capitis posterior minor muscle 35, 37, 65, 67 rectus capitis posterior major muscle 37, 39, 65, 67, 81 rhinal sulcus 121, 135, 147, 151, 157 risorius muscle 42, 43 retromandibular vein 39, 41, 42, 57, 77, 79, 81 rostral sulcus 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113 red nucl., parvocellular part 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 reticular thalamic nucleus 61, 63, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 subiculum 29, 59, 61, 63, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195 superior and middle constrictor of the pharynx 41, 42, 43 salpingopharyngeus muscle 37 subarachnoid space 39 semiannular sulcus 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153 striatal cell bridges 59, 61, 63, 85, 115, 117, 119, 131, 149, 153, 159, 161, 167, 171 subparietal sulcus 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 superior colliculus 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 subcallosal area 57, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127 superior cerebellar artery 29, 31, 33, 59, 61, 63 subcallosal fasciculus 115, 117, 119, 121, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 183, 185 scalenus muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 81 semicircular canals 61 splenium of the corpus callosum 25, 63, 65, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203 semicircular ducts 81 subcallosal gyrus 111, 113 superior cervical ganglion 41, 42 supracapsular part of globus pallidus 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 147, 149 suprachiasmatic nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 superior constrictor of the pharynx 37, 39, 41 superior constrictor of the pharynx, pterygopharyngeal part 84 superior cerebellar peduncle 63, 171, 173, 175, 177
269
SCS
SCTI SeC SEpS SFG SFGl SFGL
SFGM
SFi SFO SFPG SFPul sfs
SG SGe SGFL SGl shl SHThC sigs SL SLG slga slgv slic sln sls sm
SM sma smd SMG
SMG? sms smv SMV SN SNC SNR SO SOb SObCa socv SODL sof sophv sora SOVM sox SPal SPalF SpAx spets SPF Sph SPhF SphGW sphml sphpal
270
subcallosal stratum 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 143, 147, 155, 159, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 185 subcaudate terminal island 129 septal nasal cartilage 37, 39 subependymal stratum 143, 145, 209 superior frontal gyrus 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 83, 85, 87, 133, 145 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 137 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 155, 159, 161, 163 superior frontal gyrus, medial part 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 septofimbrial nucleus 129, 131, 133, 135 subfornical organ 141, 143 superior frontopolar gyrus 95, 97, 99 superficial pulvinar nucleus 181, 183, 185, 187 superior frontal sulcus 95, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123, 137, 139, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 straight gyrus 31, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, 87, 97, 99, 101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 suprageniculate nucleus 173, 175 superior frontal gyrus, lateral part 169 substantia gliosa 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, 117, 119, 121 stylohyoid ligament 53, 55 superior horn of thyroid cartilage 43, 44 sigmoid sinus 31, 33, 35, 61, 63, 65, 79 sublingual gland 43, 44, 49, 51, 85 semilunar gyrus 57, 151, 153, 155 sublingual artery 49 sublingual vein 49 sublenticular part of internal capsule 181, 183, 185 superior laryngeal nerve 41, 42, 43, 44 sublenticular stria 141 stria medullaris of thalamus 27, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 submandibular gland 41, 42, 43, 44, 53, 55, 79, 81, 83 submental artery 49, 51 submandibular duct 43, 44, 49, 51, 53, 87 supramarginal gyrus 19, 21, 23, 25, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 part of STG (Busch, 1960) 203 superficial medullary stratum 183, 185, 193, 195, 197 submental vein 55, 57 superior medullary velum 63 substantia nigra 29, 61, 87, 181 substantia nigra, p. compacta 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 substantia nigra, p. reticulata 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 supraoptic nucleus 133, 135, 137, 139 superior oblique muscle 31, 49, 51, 53 superior oblique capitis muscle 37, 63, 65, 81 suboccipital venous plexus 83 supraoptic nucleus, dorsolateral part 141, 143, 145 superior occipitofrontal fasciculus 25, 115 superior ophthalmic vein 31, 33 supraorbital artery 49 supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial part 141, 143, 145 supraoptic commissure 139, 143, 145, 149 soft palate 53, 87 salpingopalatine fold 87 spinous process of axis 39, 41, 65 superior petrosal sinus 61 subparafascicular thalamic n. 171, 173 sphenoid bone 31, 33, 35 salpingopharyngeal fold 87 sphenoid, greater wing 79, 81 sphenomandibular ligament 55 sphenopalatine artery 35
sphps SphS sphzg Spinal SPL
sphenoparietal sinus 31, 33 sphenoid sinus 33, 57 sphenozygomatic suture 31 spinal cord 39 superior parietal lobule 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 67, 69, 71, 73, 81, 83, 85, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 SplCa splenius capitis muscle 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81 SplCe splenius cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 SplM splenius capitis and cervicis muscle 44 SpM spinalis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44 spth spino-thalamic tract 183 SptP septum pellucidum 57, 123 SRec superior rectus muscle 31, 49, 51 SRoG superior rostral gyrus 49, 51, 53, 55, 97, 99, 101 ss straight sinus 65, 67 SSpCa semispinalis capitis muscle 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 69, 81 SSpCe semispinalis cervicis muscle 41, 42, 43, 44, 65 SSpG subsplenial gyrus 199 sss superior sagittal sinus 51, 61, 67, 71 SSTI substriatal terminal island 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 147 sstr sagittal stratum 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223 st stria terminalis 25, 27, 63, 83, 85, 87, 143, 145, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191 sta superficial temporal artery 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 77 staf superior temporal a., frontal branch 53, 55 STG superior temporal gyrus 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 69, 77, 79, 81, 83, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217 STGL superior temporal gyrus, lateral part 157 STh subthalamic nucleus 61, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 StHy sternohyoid muscle 51, 85 sthy superior thyroid artery 43, 44, 55 StM sternomastoid muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63, 65, 67, 77, 79 sts superior temporal sulcus 119, 121, 123, 125, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 221 sts1 superior temporal sulcus, superior branch 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 sts2 superior temporal sulcus, inferior branch 201, 203, 205, 207, 209 StT sternomastoid muscle, tendon 35, 79 stv superficial temporal vein 29, 33 Sty styloid process 35, 37, 39 StyGl styloglossus muscle 39, 41, 42, 55, 81 StyHy stylohyoid muscle 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 StyPh stylopharyngeus muscle 37, 39, 41, 42, 81 sumx supramamillary commissure 157, 159, 161 sutra supratrochlear artery 31 sutrn supratrochlear nerve 31 sutrv supratrochlear vein 31 sv septal vein 109, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 SxD sexual dimorphic ( intermed.) ncl. 137 Symp sympathetic trunk 41, 42, 43, 44, 81 TCb tentorium cerebelli 61, 63, 69 TCd tail of caudate nucleus 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 83, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 TCl temporal claustrum 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143 tclv tela choroidea of lat. ventricle 167 Tec tectum of midbrain 63, 87 Temp temporal bone 29, 31, 35
TempM temporalis muscle 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 51, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81 TempP temporal bone, petrosal part 33 TempT temporalis muscle, tendon 39, 77, 79 TeVePal tensor veli palatini muscle 37, 39 tf temporal fascia 29, 33, 35 tfa transverse facial artery 37, 49, 51 tfi tenia of fimbria 161, 167, 171 tfx tenia of fornix 147, 153, 161, 171, 187 Th thalamus 25, 27, 85, 87 ThC thyroid cartilage 44 ThHy thyrohyoid muscle 43, 44 ThHyMe thyrohyoid membrane 43, 44 thr thalamic radiation (corona radiata) 83 TL temporal lobe 33, 59 tla transverse ligament of atlas 87 TLev torus levatorius 87 TLV temporal horn of lateral ventricle 31, 59, 61, 63, 85, 147, 149, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 189, 191 TM tuberomammillary nucleus 145, 149 TmP temporal pole 31, 53, 55 TOp temporal operculum 79, 81 TOTZ temporooccipital transition zone 221, 223 tp tapetum 199, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211 TrA triangular area (Wernicke) 179 TrLV trigone of lateral ventricle 65, 83, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201 TrP4 transverse process of fourth vertebra 44 TrPAt transverse process of the atlas 39, 81 trs transverse sinus 67, 69, 79, 81 TS triangular septal nucleus 133, 135, 137 tsc tenia semicircularis 147, 153, 161, 167, 171, 187 tsv thalamostriate vein 25, 63, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 167, 169, 173, 177 tt tenia of thalamus 147, 153, 161, 171 TTG transverse temporal gyrus / gyri 25, 27, 59, 61, 63, 65, 77, 79, 81 TTG1 ant. transverse temp. gyrus 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 TTG2 post. transverse temporal gyrus 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189, 191, 193 tth dorsal trigemino-thalamic tract 179 TTub torus tubarius 87 Tu olfactory tubercle 57, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139 TuTI tubercular terminal island(s) 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137 tv temporal vein 31, 33 TyC tympanic cavity 33, 81 TzM trapezius muscle 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 69, 71, 81 Un uncus 57, 59, 127, 129, 131, 133, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167, 169 unc uncinate fasciculus 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153 unn uncal notch 145, 149, 151, 153, 155 us uncal sulcus 149, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 167 Uv uvula 37, 39, 41, 53 v vein 42, 43, 44 VA ventral anterior thalamic nucl. 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161 vaf ventral amygdalofugal pathway 141, 143 VAMC ventral anterior thalamic nucleus, magnocellular part 155, 157, 159 VCl ventral claustrum 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 153, 155, 159, 161, 163, 165 VDB vertical limb of the diagonal band 129, 131 Ver vermis of cerebellum 27, 63, 65 vert vertebral artery 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 61, 63 Vert3 third cervical vertebra 41, 43, 63, 65 Vert4 fourth cervical vertebra 41, 42, 43, 44 Vert5 fifth cervical vertebra 43, 44 Vert6 sixth cervical vertebra 44 VL ventral lateral thalamic nucleus 61, 155 VLA ventral lateral ant. thalamic nucleus 157, 159, 161, 163
VLP VLPE
ventral lateral post. thalamic nucleus 159, 161 ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, external part 163, 165, 167 VLPI ventral lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, internal part 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 VM ventromedial thalamic nucleus 159, 161, 163 VMH ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus 141, 143, 145, 147 VMHDM ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, dorsomedial part 149 VMHVL ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventrolateral part 149 Vom vomer 35, 37, 39, 49 VP ventral pallidum 137, 139, 159, 161, 163, 165 VPeH ventral periventricular hypothalamic nucleus 133 VPI ventral posterior inferior thalamic nucleus 171, 173, 177 VPL ventral posterior lateral thalamic nucleus 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 181 VPM ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus 171, 173, 175, 177 VPMPC ventral posterior medial thalamic nucleus, parvocellular part 165, 167, 169 vr ventral root 61 vt velum terminale 159 VTA ventral tegmental area 159, 161, 169, 171, 173, 175 xscp decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles 177, 179, 181, 183, 185 ZI zona incerta 145, 149, 151, 155, 159, 161, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 ZID zona incerta, dorsal part 163 ZIV zona incerta, ventral part 163 Zyg zygomatic bone 33, 35, 37, 49, 79 ZygA zygomatic arch 51, 77 ZygM zygomatic muscles 81
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