World Bank Atlas 2003 (World Bank Atlas)

03

26416

WORLD BANK ATLAS

Preface

2

19 Improving the investment and business climate

40

The world by region

3

20 Improving the performance of government

42

21 Building sound infrastructure

44

Topics

1

The world’s growing population

4

22 Conflict and development

46

2

Longer lives

6

23 The integrating world

48

3

Rich countries—and poor

8

24 Reducing barriers to trade

50

4

Urban demands on the world’s environment

10

25 Aid for development

52

5

Many people are still poor

12

Data tables

6

Millennium Development Goals

14

1

Key indicators of development

54

7

Education opens doors

16

2

Poverty and mortality

56

8

Gender and development

18

3

Health

58

9

Children under five—struggling to survive

20

4

Education and gender

60

10 Improving the health of mothers

22

5

Environment

62

11

24

6

Economy

64

12 The education vaccine

26

7

Energy and infrastructure

66

13 Limited land and more mouths to feed

28

8

Business and investment climate and trade

68

14 Forests shrinking

30

9

Government finance, external debt, and aid

70

15 Energy use and a warmer world

32

Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators

72

16 Growth and opportunity

34

Definitions, sources, and notes

74

17

36

Data sources

79

38

Ranking of economies by GNI per capita

80

Global killers

The rise of the service economy

18 Investment for growth

PREFACE

Canada

For more than 30 years the World Bank Atlas has

emphasis on measuring results have increased

been a resource for students and others seeking

the demand for timely, reliable, and relevant data.

a global view of development indicators. The World

The Atlas still provides an overview of

Bank Atlas 2003 continues in that tradition, but it

development issues, highlighting key social,

has changed, just as our understanding of the

economic, and environmental data for 208

development process has grown.

economies. But it has been expanded and

United States

Bermuda (UK)

The Bahamas

Early editions of the Atlas included only three

substantially redesigned, offering more Cayman Is.(UK)

Mexico

indicators: population, gross national product

information in a stronger thematic structure.

(GNP) per capita, and growth of GNP per capita in

Each topic is presented on two facing pages—

136 economies. The principal development

illustrated by maps, graphs, and accompanying

Belize Jamaica Guatemala Honduras El Salvador Nicaragua

strategy was investment for industrialization. In

text to provide a multidimensional introduction.

Costa Rica Panama

the background hovered the concern that

The topics are organized in three sections:

population would rapidly outstrip economic

•

output, leading to declining standards of living

Not until the 18th edition of the Atlas in 1985

grow but also about how people’s lives change. By

welfare, use of environmental resources,

then coverage had expanded to 189 economies.

performance of the public sector, and

In 1992 the 25th edition added a section on the

integration of the global economy.

environment, recognizing the demands that

Drawing on the World Development Indicators

Brazil

Peru French Polynesia (Fr)

Bolivia

Paraguay Dominican Republic

provide more information on many of the indicators

Puerto Rico (US)

Antigua and Barbuda

U.S. Virgin Islands (US)

St. Kitts and Nevis Netherlands Antilles (Neth)

2003 database, the Atlas includes nine tables that

informative and engaging. You may also find it

set specific, quantified targets for reducing

challenging, not because it presents arcane

poverty and achieving progress in health,

material or complicated concepts, but because

education, and the use of environmental

improving the lives of billions of people is very

resources. These goals and the growing

real, touching us all.

2003 World Bank Atlas

Dominica Martinique (Fr)

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Barbados Grenada

We hope that you find the new Atlas

adopted by all members of the United Nations,

Guadeloupe (Fr)

St. Lucia Aruba (Neth)

that appear in the thematic discussions.

poverty. The Millennium Development Goals,

2

Ecuador

Measuring action—comprises 19 detailed presentations on health, education, social

efforts are now directed more toward alleviating

French Guiana (Fr)

Kiribati

targets of the Millennium Development Goals. •

development is not just about how economies

Much has happened since. Development

Guyana Suriname

Colombia

Measuring development—presents an assessment of progress toward some of the

infant mortality, primary school enrollment, and

development makes on the world’s resources.

R.B. de Venezuela

environment. •

did “social indicators” appear—life expectancy,

later literacy and fertility rates, signaling that

Haiti

Measuring the world—examines population, life expectancy, poverty, world economy, and

and, perhaps, widespread starvation.

Cuba

Trinidad and Tobago R.B. de Venezuela

Chile

Uruguay Argentina

The world’s growing population The 20th century saw unprecedented population growth—the world’s population grew from 1.6 billion to 6.1 billion. Most of the increase was in developing countries. And the largest share of future increases will occur in the poorest regions of the world. When the population is growing fast, the average age is low. In 2001 there were 5.2 billion people living in developing countries and about a third of them were under the age of 15. In the fastest growing regions, the youth population is even larger—44 percent in SubSaharan Africa and 36 percent in the Middle East and Nor th Africa. In slow growing, highincome countries, youths make

up only 18 percent of the population and people over 65 make up 14 percent. Even when bir th rates begin to decline, population growth will continue as large numbers of young people move into child-bearing age. Countries like Bangladesh and India can expect to grow another 30 percent even once couples have only two children. By 2050 the world’s population will reach 8.8 billion.

Demographic windows of opportunity There is a “population effect” on economic growth. On average, developing countries with slower population growth have had faster economic growth. One reason is that investments in health and education and improvements in the status of women, which help to increase growth and reduce poverty, also set the stage for lower population growth. And slowing the growth of population creates an opportunity for further increases in economic growth. Given a choice, poor people in developing countries choose to have smaller families than their parents did. Educated women, in particular, are likely to have fewer children. When fertility rates drop, the proportion of young people—who are dependent on the working-age population—declines while the proportion of the elderly rises much more slowly. So a larger pool of workers is supporting fewer young and old dependents—a demographic window—creating an opportunity for increased personal savings and investment, faster economic growth, and rising incomes. To take advantage of this window, countries must pursue sound social and economic policies that enable the large pool of potential workers to find productive employment. The moment will not last. Eventually, the proportion of dependents rises as the share of the older population increases. Many countries in East Asia took advantage of this opportunity, but countries that are now making the transition to low fertility may not benefit unless they too encourage growth, investment, and human capital development.

Countries need to invest in growth and human capital before the demographic window of opportunity closes Percentage of working-age population (15–64 years)

Youth dependency

Old-age dependency

1960

2020

100

80

60

40

20

0 1960

1990

2020

Low-income countries

4

2003 World Bank Atlas

2050

1960

1990

2020

Lower-middle-income countries

2050

1960

1990

2020

Upper-middle-income countries

2050

1990

High-income countries

2050

1

Population growth rate, 2001–15 Average annual percentage 2.5% or more 2.0–2.4% 1.0–1.9% 0.0–0.9% Less than 0.0% No data

The next billion Between 2001 and 2015 approximately one billion people will be added to the world. Ninety-seven percent will be born in low- and middleincome countries and concentrated mainly in urban areas. The fastest growing region will be Sub-Saharan Africa, but the largest number of people will be added in Asia. And the population of some high-income and Eastern European countries will decline.

Most of the projected population increase in coming years is in the poorest countries Absolute population increase by country, 2001–15 (millions)

200

150

100

50

0

–50 India

China

Pakistan Nigeria Indonesia United Bangladesh Brazil Congo, Ethiopia Germany States Dem. Rep.

Japan

Italy

Ukraine Russian Federation

2003 World Bank Atlas

The population growth rate measures how fast a country’s population is changing. Rapid population growth can strain the capacity for handling a wide range of economic, social, and environmental issues. This is particularly so when it occurs with widespread poverty, poor access to resources, or unsustainable patterns of production and consumption.

5

Longer lives Life expectancy in developing countries has increased to 64 years, mainly because of large reductions in infant mortality. Higher life expectancy increases productivity and stimulates economic growth because people are more willing to invest in human and physical capital. Life expectancy in developing countries increased rapidly after World War II—reflecting modern health care and technology. And increases have come much faster than they did in Europe a centur y earlier. Life expectancy in Trinidad and Tobago jumped from 39 to 61 years in 34 years,

compared with the 110 years it took for such a change in Sweden. Recently, new and reemergent diseases have slowed improvements in life expectancy. Between 1960 and 2001 life expectancy increased by only 15 years in low-income countries.

Around the world, women outlive men—more in high-income countries and less in low-income countries

What affects life expectancy? Life expectancy at birth reflects the likelihood of surviving, averaged over all age groups. So changes in life expectancy are strongly influenced by improvements in health conditions that lower mortality rates for all age groups. But the fastest improvements have been a result of declining infant mortality. Infant mortality rates are often divided into two parts: those that occur in the first month of life and those that occur in the remainder of the first year. This distinction separates the biological from the socioeconomic factors that affect infant mortality, which require different kinds of efforts to control. Where people live affects infant mortality. Those living in cities have better access to health care and a lower incidence of infectious childhood diseases. Socioeconomic factors also play a role, including the occupation, income, and education of a child’s parents. High-income countries have made enormous progress in controlling infant mortality caused by environmental factors and are now focusing on reducing deaths among newborns.

In some South Asian countries men formerly outlived women, but that has recently changed Life expectancy at birth, South Asia (years)

Life expectancy at birth, 1960–2001 (years)

90 Women Men 80 High-income countries 70

60

World

50

Low-income countries 40 1960

6

1965

2003 World Bank Atlas

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2001

Women outlive men by 6–8 years in richer countries and by 2–3 years in low-income countries. Why the gap? Females in some low-income countries are more likely to die in childhood and in their reproductive years. And often women do not get a fair share of health resources. This bias was most pronounced in South Asia, where female life expectancy did not catch up with male life expectancy until 1990.

80 70

Men 62

Women 63

60 50

Men 45

Women 43

40 30 20 10 0 1960

2001

Life expectancy at birth, 2001 Years Less than 55 55—64 65—69 70—74 75 or more No data

Infant mortality rate, 2001 Per 1,000 live births 100 or more 50–99 25–49 10–24 Less than 10 No data

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2

Life expectancy at birth is a measure of mortality levels of populations. Improvements in health conditions are therefore mirrored in life expectancy at birth. This indicator reflects many social, economic, and environmental influences and is closely related to other demographic variables, particularly infant mortality.

In the second half of the 20th century rapid improvements in life expectancy resulted mainly from declining infant mortality. Given its association with GNI per capita, infant mortality is also considered one of the best indicators of the socioeconomic development of a community.

7

Rich countries—and poor More than 80 percent of the world’s people live in developing countries. In 2001 their economies produced goods and services worth $6.2 trillion, about one-fifth of the world’s total output. As these numbers suggest, world output and income are not distributed evenly. The 2.5 billion people in lowincome economies have an average annual income of $430 a person, with some economies as low as $80. For the 2.7 billion people in middle-income economies, the average is $1,860. And for the 960 million in high-income countries, it is $26,510. To make comparisons between countries, local currencies must be converted to a common value. The values of gross national income (GNI) per

Making comparisons: shares of global output . . .

capita shown in the map were converted to dollars using three-year average exchange rates (World Bank Atlas method), which reflect the values of currencies in world markets. But exchange rates do not always give an accurate picture of the purchasing power of incomes within domestic economies. One alternative is to convert GNI per capita to dollars using purchasing power parities (see below).

. . . and standards of living GNI per capita, 2001 ($)

Purchasing power parities (PPPs), estimated by comparing the prices of similar goods and services between countries, give a clearer picture of comparative standards of living. When they are used to convert the GNI of each country to a common currency, the share of world income in low- and middle-income countries is larger, reflecting the lower cost of many goods and Share of PPP GNI Low services in those income 12% countries. In 2001 world Lower middle GNI valued in PPP terms High income income 23% was $45.2 trillion, with 56% Upper 44 percent produced in middle income developing countries. 9%

8

2003 World Bank Atlas

Japan United States United Kingdom Germany France Canada Italy Spain Korea, Rep. Mexico Brazil Russian Federation China Indonesia India

Atlas method

Purchasing power parity

35,610 34,280 25,120 23,560 22,730 21,930 19,390 14,300 9,460 5,530 3,070 1,750 890 690 460

25,550 34,280 24,340 25,240 24,080 26,530 24,530 19,860 15,060 8,240 7,070 6,880 3,950 2,830 2,820

3

GNI per capita, 2001 Low-income countries ($745 or less) Lower-middle-income countries ($746–2,975) Upper-middle-income countries ($2,976–9,205) High-income countries ($9,206 or more) No data

GNI per capita converted to US$ using the World Bank Atlas method.

2003 World Bank Atlas

9

Urban demands on the world’s environment People are using more natural resources than ever, and demands on the environment will only increase. The global economy, having expanded more than sevenfold since 1950, is still expanding. By far the greatest expansion has come from activities in cities and towns. Cities, now home to almost half the world’s people, are growing rapidly in size and number, especially in developing regions. People flock to cities in search of work, access to public services, and a higher standard of living. In developing economies urbanization is greatest in Latin America, where the urban population accounts for 76

percent of the total. Sub-Saharan Africa, with only 32 percent of its people in urban areas, remains quite rural by comparison. By 2030, 60 percent of the world’s people will live in urban areas, resulting in further demand on natural resources and urban services, with environmental consequences, including pollution of air and water.

Latin America is the most urban— South Asia, the least

Population living in urban areas (%)

Share of global urban population

2001

(1,742 million)

(2,891 million)

Low income 22%

Population living in urban areas (%) 1980

1980

Upper middle 14%

In many towns and cities exposure to air pollution is the main environmental threat to human health. Long-term exposure to high levels of soot and small particles (fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter) in the air also contributes to a wide range of effects, including respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and heart disease. Urbanization by itself is not the environmental issue. Instead, environmental problems arise as a byproduct of transport, industrial activities, and the overcrowding of human habitation. The problems include pollution of the air and water and accumulation of solid waste. The largest and most important cost of urban pollution is to human health. Air and water pollution in many of the world’s major cities cause tens of thousands of deaths, millions of cases of moderate to severe sickness, and billions of dollars in lost productivity and other damages. Not only are the human and financial costs of pollution large, they tend to fall disproportionately on the poor. So addressing pollution is justified on equity grounds as well as economic and environmental grounds.

Urban populations rise with income

Lower-income countries are becoming more urban

High income 34%

Urbanization and environment

World

2001

Low income 27% Lower middle

Lower middle 30%

Upper middle 13%

Middle East & North Africa

Lower middle 34%

Upper middle

0

2003 World Bank Atlas

2001

South Asia

Europe & Central Asia

High income

10

1980

East Asia & Pacific

Low income

High income 26%

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America & Caribbean 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Particulate matter, 1999 Micrograms per cubic meter More than 80 46–80 31–45 22–30 Less than 22

Freshwater resources per capita, 2000 Cubic meters Less than 1,000 1,000–1,699 1,700–3,999 4,000–9,999 10,000 or more No data

2003 World Bank Atlas

4

Particulate matter refers to fine suspended particulates capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. Particulate pollution, on its own or in combination with sulfur dioxide, leads to an enormous burden of ill health. Where coal is the primary fuel for power plants, steel mills, and heating, the result is usually high levels of urban air pollution and, if the coal’s sulfur content is high, widespread acid deposition.

Water is crucial to economic development— and to the survival of ecosystems. But more than 1 billion people lack access to safe water, and 600 million live in countries facing water stress (less than 1,700 cubic meters of water a year per person). Global per capita water supplies have declined by a third over the past 25 years. Further economic and population growth will boost the demand for water. By 2050 the share of the world’s population facing water stress could increase fivefold.

11

Many people are still poor Although poverty has many dimensions, income is the most common way of measuring it. The proportion of people in developing countries living on less than $1 a day declined from 29 percent in 1990 to 23 percent in 1999, which is still unacceptably high. The Millennium Development Goals aim to reduce the proportion of people living on less than $1 a day in 1990 by half in 2015—to 14.5 percent. If developing countries grow as projected, the proportion of poor people will fall to 13.3 percent, exceeding the goal. Such growth, based on good policies and productive investments, would reduce the number of poor people

from 1.2 billion in 1999 to about 800 million in 2015. But not all regions would succeed. East Asia and Pacific should readily achieve the target, but the Middle East and North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa will make little progress. In fact, Sub-Saharan Africa will fall far short, with more than 400 million people continuing to live on less than $1 a day.

With sustained growth, many regions will reach the goal, but Sub-Saharan Africa remains severely off-track Share of people living on less than $1 a day, actual and projected (%)

On target

Close to target

Sub-Saharan Africa

40

East Asia & Pacific

20

Latin America & Caribbean

South Asia

10 Middle East & North Africa

0

12

1990

2003 World Bank Atlas

Europe & Central Asia

1999

There is almost never just one way to measure an economic indicator, and income poverty is no exception. Most countries set their own poverty lines. But to measure poverty across countries, an international poverty line is needed. The $1 a day poverty line was chosen as representative of typical poverty lines prevailing in a sample of low-income countries. Poverty at this level is sometimes called “extreme poverty.” To estimate poverty in a country, the $1 a day poverty line is converted to local currency units using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. However, PPP rates are themselves a product of a complex and error-prone data collection process. And different methods of deriving them can change the relative value of expenditures between countries. Poverty measures based on international poverty lines should not be confused with estimates based on national poverty lines. Most poverty analysis by the World Bank is based on national poverty lines. The PPP-based international poverty line is required only to estimate aggregate poverty across countries, so that people with the same purchasing power are treated the same no matter where they live.

Despite progress, millions remain in extreme poverty of less than $1 a day— and millions more live on less than $2 a day

Off target

50

30

Measuring poverty

2015

1990

1999

2015

Share of people living on less than $1 a day (%) East Asia & Pacific Excluding China Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Total

30.5 24.2 1.4 11.0 2.1 45.0 47.4 29.6

15.6 10.6 5.1 11.1 2.2 36.6 49.0 23.2

3.9 1.1 1.4 7.5 2.1 15.7 46.0 13.3

Share of people living on less than $2 a day (%) East Asia & Pacific Excluding China Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean Middle East & North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Total

69.7 64.9 6.8 27.6 21.0 89.8 76.0 62.1

50.1 50.2 20.3 26.0 23.3 84.8 74.7 55.6

16.6 18.4 9.3 18.9 16.0 68.0 70.4 38.1

Population below $1 a day, 1984–2001 50.0% or more 20.0–49.9% 10.0–19.9% 5.0–9.9% Less than 5.0% No data

Population below $2 a day, 1984–2001 50.0% or more 20.0–49.9% 10.0–19.9% 5.0–9.9% Less than 5.0% No data

2003 World Bank Atlas

5

A poverty line set at $1 a day (updated to $1.08 in 1993 prices) has been accepted as the working definition of extreme poverty in low-income countries. An estimated 1.2 billion people live below that poverty line.

A poverty line of $2 a day (updated to $2.15 in 1993 prices) is closer to national poverty lines in middle-income countries. In 1999 an estimated 2.8 billion people were living on less than $2 a day— more than half the population of the developing world.

13

Millennium Development Goals The Millennium Development Goals, adopted unanimously by the members of the United Nations in September 2000, summarize and give substance to the commitments embodied in the Millennium Declaration. The Goals underscore the paramount task of development as improving the welfare of all people on Earth.

Key to country progress The Millennium Development Goals set quantified time-bound targets. The graphs show the proportion of countries at each stage of progress measured by some of the key indicators over the period 1990–2001. See pages 72 and 73 for a complete list of the Millennium Development Goals, targets, and indicators. ■ Countries in dark green have already reached the target. The challenge for them is to continue forward and not fall back. ■ Countries in light green are on track to reach the target by the agreed date. ■ Countries in orange are off track. They are unlikely to reach the goals unless progress is accelerated. ■ Countries in red are seriously off track. For some, outcomes have worsened. They are very unlikely to reach the goals. ■ Countries in gray lack adequate data to measure progress. Their statistical systems need improvements to provide a complete and accurate picture of their progress. This is an assessment of where we stand now, not a prediction of where the regions will end up.

Ambitious, but achievable, and mutually reinforcing, the Goals should be viewed together: • Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger • Achieve universal primary education • Promote gender equality and empower women • Reduce child mortality

• Improve maternal health • Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and many other diseases • Ensure environmental sustainability • Develop a global partnership for development

East Asia & Pacific

Europe & Central Asia

23 countries

28 countries

100

100

50

50

0

0

Child malnutrition

14

(2,000 million people)

Primary school completion

2003 World Bank Atlas

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

Child malnutrition

(480 million people)

Primary school completion

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

6 Latin America & Caribbean

Middle East & North Africa

33 countries

(520 million people)

16 countries

100

100

50

50

0

0

Child malnutrition

Primary school completion

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

South Asia

Target: Achieve 100% primary school completion by 2015. Indicator: Percentage of children completing last grade of primary school.

Child malnutrition

Primary school completion

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

Sub-Saharan Africa

8 countries

(1,380 million people)

48 countries

100

100

50

50

0

0

Child malnutrition

(300 million people)

Primary school completion

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

Target: Reduce child malnutrition by half between 1990 and 2015. Indicator: Prevalence among children under five.

(670 million people)

Target: Achieve gender equality in enrollment ratios by 2005. Indicator: Ratio of girls to boys enrolled in primary and secondary school. Target: Reduce child mortality by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015. Indicator: Mortality rate for children under five. Target: Achieve attendance at 90% of deliveries by trained health personnel by 2015. Indicator: Percentage of births attended by skilled personnel.

Child malnutrition

Primary school completion

Gender equality in school

Child mortality

Births attended by skilled personnel

Access to water

2003 World Bank Atlas

Target: Reduce the proportion of people without access to water by half between 1990 and 2015. Indicator: Percentage of population without access to an improved water source.

15

Education opens doors “Education can be the difference between a life of grinding poverty and the potential for a full and secure one; between a child dying from preventable disease, and families raised in healthy environments; …between countries ripped apart by poverty and conflict, and access to secure and sustainable development.”

Enrolling children and keeping them in school Education is development. It creates choices and opportunities for people, reduces the twin burdens of poverty and disease, and gives a stronger voice in society. For nations it creates a dynamic workforce and wellinformed citizenry able to compete and cooperate globally—opening doors to economic and social prosperity. The 1990 United Nations Conference on Education for All pledged to achieve universal primary education by 2000. But in 2000, 115 million school-age children were still not in school. Of those, 56 percent were girls and 94 percent were in developing countries—mostly in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. The Millennium Development Goals set a more realistic, but still difficult, deadline of 2015. To reach the education Goal countries must first enroll all school-age children. Then they must keep them in school. While the majority of developing countries have already built sufficient schools to educate all their primary school-age children, only about a quarter of these countries retain all the children through primary graduation. According to a World Bank study, only 37 of 155 developing countries analyzed have achieved universal primary completion. Based on trends in the 1990s, another 32 are likely to achieve that goal. But 70 countries risk not reaching the goal unless progress is accelerated. In several of them completion rates have stagnated or even fallen in recent years.

—Nelson Mandela and Graca Machel In developing countries, investment in education is seen as the most important way out of poverty, and parents make considerable sacrifices to keep their children in school. This is because illiteracy limits the ability of individuals to secure employment and to take

advantage of government services. Poor people recognize that literacy would help them manage their lives better. But quality matters. Schooling has become a disappointment for many. In some countries poor parents find the costs of education greater than the benefits.

The world is not on track to achieve primary education for all

Not all who start primary school will finish

Primary school completion rate (%)

Primary school gross enrollment and completion rates, 2000 (%)

100

120

Enrollment

Completion

100 80

80 World 60

60

40 Sub-Saharan Africa Actual Current trend Required trend to achieve the goal

40

0 1990

16

20

2003 World Bank Atlas

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

Bangladesh

Benin

Chad

Paraguay

Indonesia

Madagascar

7

Primary completion rate, 1995–2001 Percentage of relevant age group Less than 50% 50–74% 75–84% 85–94% 95% or more No data

In India rich students are far more likely to attend school . . .

. . . as are urban students . . .

Completion rate, 1999 (%) 100

. . . and male students . . .

Completion rate, 1999 (%) 100

Completion rate, 1999 (%) 100

Urban students

Richest 20% of students

Primary completion rates measure the proportion of all children of official graduation age who complete primary school.

Completion rate, 1999 (%) 100

Rich male students

Male students

80 Rural students

80

. . . creating a huge gap between rich male and poor female students

80

80

Female students 60

60

60

60

40

40

40

40

20

20

20

20

Poorest 20% of students

0

1

2

3

Poor female students

4

5 Grade

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5 Grade

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5 Grade

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Grade

2003 World Bank Atlas

17

Gender and development Women have an enormous impact on the well-being of their families and societies—yet their potential is not realized because of discriminatory social norms, incentives, and legal institutions. And while their status has improved in recent decades, gender inequalities remain pervasive. Women and girls bear the largest and most direct cost, but persistent inequalities limit the ability of societies to grow, reduce pover ty, and govern effectively. In 2000 65 million girls did not attend primar y school. Mothers’ illiteracy and lack of schooling directly disadvantage their young children. Women with no

education are half as likely as women with a secondar y education to immunize their children. Female illiteracy and low female education also hur t economic productivity. In Kenya raising the level of education and resources available to female farmers to the level of male farmers could increase yields by as much as 22 percent.

Closing the gender gap

In most regions, illiteracy is higher among young women

Recognizing that empowering women extends beyond the classroom and the household, the Millennium Development Goals include three additional indicators of gender equality: illiteracy rates, the proportion of women working outside agriculture, and the proportion of seats women hold in national parliaments.

Most members of parliaments are men

Unpaid family workers, most recent year available (% of employment)

Women in parliamentary seats, 2002 (% of total)

Mozambique South Asia

Bangladesh

Bulgaria Vietnam

Sub-Saharan Africa

Turkey

Middle East & North Africa

Ethiopia

Latin America & Caribbean

Thailand

East Asia & Pacific

Egypt, Arab Rep.

China India Brazil Thailand Indonesia Russian Federation Kenya Nigeria

Male

Boys Guatemala

Female

Girls 0

2003 World Bank Atlas

Gender inequality star ts early and keeps women at a disadvantage throughout their lives. In some countries, infant girls are less likely to sur vive than infant boys because of parental discrimination and neglect—even though biologically infant girls should sur vive in greater numbers. Girls are more likely to drop out of school and to receive less education than boys because of discrimination, education expenses, and household duties. Later in life, low education levels and their responsibilities for household work prevent women from participating in high-income employment and decisionmaking. Although women’s participation in the labor force has increased in almost every region, women typically occupy low-paid, low-status jobs or work in family enterprises. Even when women work in the same sector as men, their wages are usually lower. Women’s participation in politics and government also remains limited, making it difficult for them to influence policy. Yet investing in women significantly boosts family well-being and economic growth. Educated mothers tend to start their families later, have fewer children, and take better care of them. And when women and men are relatively equal, economies generally grow faster—benefiting both sexes. Because women’s contributions are so crucial for a country’s development, active measures are needed to achieve gender equality. Women account for a much larger share of unpaid family workers

Youth illiteracy, 2001 (% of 15- to 24-year-olds)

Europe & Central Asia

18

Gender equality is important throughout women’s lives

10

20

30

40

0

20

40

60

80

Yemen 0

10

20

30

40

50

8

Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school, 2000 Less than 90% 90–94% 95–99% 100–104% 105% or more No data

Fewer children under five die as mothers’ education increases

Loans to women can boost family welfare more than loans to men

Growth would have been faster had education been more nearly equal

Deaths per 1,000

As Bangladesh’s Grameen Bank shows, providing credit directly to women can empower them within the household, helping to increase their consumption and that of their children and contributing to other measures of welfare. Effect of female borrowing

Effect of male borrowing

Increase in boys’ schooling

6.1

7.2

Increase in girls’ schooling

4.7

3.0

Welfare change (% increase)

Increase in per capita spending

4.3

1.8

Reduction in recent fertility

3.5

7.4

10.4

0.0

Increase in women’s labor supply

Average annual growth in GNI per capita, 1960–92

Actual Eritrea, 1995 Sub-Saharan Africa Bolivia, 1998

Indonesia, 1997

South Asia

Turkey, 1998 No education

19.9

Middle East & North Africa

Primary Jordan, 1997

Increase in women’s nonland assets

Estimated growth with narrower gender gap

The ratio of girls to boys in school has increased considerably over the past two decades, especially in Latin America and East Asia. But it remains low in much of South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Secondary and above

0.0 0

50

100

150

200

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

2003 World Bank Atlas

19

Children under five—struggling to survive More than 10 million children die each year in the developing world, the vast majority from causes preventable through a combination of good care, nutrition, and medical treatment. Mortality among children under five has been declining at an average rate of 1 percent a year. Mortality rates for children under five dropped by 19 percent in the past two decades, but the rates remain high in developing countries. In low-income countries, one child in eight dies before its fifth birthday, compared with 1 in 143 in high-income countries. Child deaths have dropped rapidly in the past 25 years, but progress everywhere slowed in the 1990s, and a few countries have experienced increases in the same period.

Significant challenges remain in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. At current rates of progress, only a few countries are likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal of reducing child mortality to one-third of their 1990 levels. At the end of the 20th century fewer than 30 countries—most of them middleincome—were on a path to do so. Current trends raise the possibility that many developing countries will not reach the goal.

Malnutrition weakens children, reducing their resistance to disease Although child mortality rates have been declining in every region, progress has not been even. In 2001, 47 countries had child mortality rates greater than 100 per 1,000 live births. Ten countries—eight in Sub-Saharan Africa—had mortality rates of more than 200. A major factor contributing to child mortality is malnutrition, which weakens children and reduces their resistance to disease. Malnutrition plays a role in more than half of all child deaths. Educating girls is the best What are children dying of? strategy for reducing child deaths. Deaths among children under five, global, 1999 Babies of mothers with no formal Acute education are twice as likely to die Other 29% respiratory infections 20% before age five as are babies of mothers with more than primary Deaths education. Other effective intervenassociated with Diarrhea tions include immunizations against malnutrition 12% 60% major endemic diseases, and access to appropriate care, reliable water, and improved sanitation. In all countries the poorest are least likely to receive health care, and so have the highest mortality rates. Urban children tend to be healthier

Developing regions still see many children die before the age of five

300

Rural children

250

200

East Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa Mid

dle

Eas

t&

150 Latin America & Caribbean

Nor

th A

Male

Egypt, 2000

Bangladesh, 1999–2000

Armenia, 2000

Cambodia, 2000

Cambodia, 2000

Bolivia, 2000

Haiti, 2000

Ethiopia, 2000

Malawi, 2000

Female

South Asia

fric

a

100

50 Europe & Central Asia

High-income countries

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Urban children

Armenia, 2000

Malaria 8%

HIV/AIDS 4%

In most of the world child mortality is higher for boys

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Measles 5%

Perinatal causes 22%

0 1960

20

1965

2003 World Bank Atlas

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2001

0

50

100

150

200

0

50

100

150

200

250

9

Under-five mortality rate, 2001 Per 1,000 live births 100 or more 50–99

Kazakhstan

20–49

Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

10–19 Less than 10

99

No data

52

1990

2001

Tanzania Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

Côte d’Ivoire Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

163

India Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

165

175

123

155

93

Bolivia Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

1990 1990

77

Good health care reduces child mortality Deaths of children under five years old are a sensitive indicator of the availability, quality, and use of health care. Moreover, given the association with income per capita, family income, mother’s education, and nutrition, deaths of children under five are also a good indicator of a community’s overall socioeconomic development.

1990

2001

Under-five mortality Per 1,000 live births

122

1990

2001

Zambia

2001

192

202

1990

2001

2001

Richer children have better access to treatment for diarrhea . . .

. . . and immunization

Children receiving treatment in a public facility (%) Poorest 20%

Turkey, 1993

Richest 20%

So they are less likely to die

Children lacking immunization coverage (%)

Under-five mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)

Poorest 20%

Turkey, 1993

Richest 20%

Colombia, 1995

Colombia, 1995

Turkey, 1993

Bangladesh, 1996–97

Bangladesh, 1996–97

Bolivia, 1998

Burkina Faso, 1992–93

Burkina Faso, 1992–93

India, 1992–94

Côte d’Ivoire, 1994

Côte d’Ivoire, 1994

Malawi, 1992

0

10

20

30

40

0

10

20

30

40

Poorest 20%

Indonesia, 1997

Richest 20%

0

100

200

Child deaths have dropped rapidly in the past 25 years, but progress slowed everywhere in the 1990s. Under-five mortality rates remain high in developing countries, and a few countries experienced increases in child deaths.

300

2003 World Bank Atlas

21

Improving the health of mothers Worldwide, more than 50 million women suffer from poor reproductive health and serious pregnancy-related illness and disability. And every year more than 500,000 women die from complications of pregnancy and childbirth. Most of the deaths occur in Asia, but the risk of dying is highest in Africa. Women in high-fertility countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have a 1-in-16 lifetime risk of dying from maternal causes, compared with women in low-fertility countries in Europe, who have a 1-in-2,000 risk, and in North America, who have a 1-in3,500 risk of dying. High maternal mortality rates in many countries are the result of inadequate reproductive health care for

Why do mothers die? The higher rates of maternal mortality throughout much of the developing world are the result of serious neglect of women’s reproductive health, particularly for the poorest women, as well as ineffective interventions. Maternal deaths reflect the disparities between the standing of men and women in society and the inequities in access to education, health, and nutrition resources. Recent progress on maternal health in developing countries has been mixed, with maternal mortality rates remaining fairly constant globally. Greater access to family planning can help reduce the maternal mortality rate by reducing the number of pregnancies. In addition to contraception, women need access to a broad range of services. The primary means of preventing maternal deaths is to provide rapid access to emergency obstetrical care, including treatment of hemorrhages, infections, hypertension, and obstructed labor. It is also important to ensure that a midwife, nurse, or doctor is present at every delivery. In developing countries only about half of deliveries are attended by professional health staff. Skilled attendants must be supported by the right environment. Lifesaving interventions—such as antibiotics, surgery, and transportation to medical centers—are unavailable to many women, especially in rural areas. These women may lack the money for health care and transport, or they may simply lack their husbands’ permission to seek care.

women. Compounding the risks that high fertility poses to maternal health are poorly timed and inadequately spaced births. Even where fertility rates are low, the timing and spacing of pregnancies, and the extent to which the births are wanted, warrant attention. Contraception to limit, space, or time pregnancies can help reduce these risks.

Sub-Saharan Africa suffers a huge number of maternal deaths

Contraceptive use is much lower in the Middle East and Africa

Number of women who die during pregnancy and childbirth, 2000 (per 100,000 live births)

Women using or with partners using contraception, 1991–2000 (%)

70

1,000

60 800 50 600

40 30

400

20 200 10 0

22

East Asia & Pacific

2003 World Bank Atlas

Europe & Central Asia

Latin America Middle East & Caribbean & North Africa

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

0

East Asia & Pacific

Europe & Central Asia

Latin America Middle East & & Caribbean North Africa

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

10

Total fertility rate, 2001 Births per woman 4.5 or more 3.5–4.5 2.5–3.5 1.5–2.5 Less than 1.5 No data

Medical care is often lacking during pregnancy

Many pregnancies result in abortions or unplanned births Latin America & Caribbean, 1994

Richer women are more likely to have a skilled attendant at delivery

Pregnant women ages 15–49 receiving prenatal care (%)

Middle East & North Africa, 1994

Births attended by skilled health staff (%)

12% 28%

Bangladesh

18%

38%

58% 19%

Egypt

12% 15% Sub-Saharan Africa, 1994

3% Wanted births

Japan, 1992

11%

Colombia

25%

10% 3%

Mis-timed births Unwanted births

Kenya

76%

1993–94

Poorest 20%

Chad, 1996–97

1999–2000 1992

Richest 20%

Morocco, 1993

2000 1993

India, 1992–93

1998 1990

Indonesia, 1997

2000

The total fertility rate, the number of children a woman will bear in her lifetime, has important impacts on maternal health. In high-fertility countries a woman risks pregnancy-related death many times during her reproductive lifetime.

36% Kazakhstan

1995

Dominican Rep., 1996

1999

36% Cambodia

1998

Uzbekistan, 1996

2000

Abortions

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

2003 World Bank Atlas

23

Global killers HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are the world’s biggest killers, and all have their greatest impact among poor countries and poor people. These diseases interact in ways that make their combined impact worse. Effective prevention and treatment programs will save lives, reduce poverty, and help economies develop. The economic burden of epidemics such as tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS on families and communities is enormous. Estimates suggest that tuberculosis costs the average patient three to four months of lost earnings, which can represent up to 30 percent of annual household income. Malaria slows economic growth in Africa by about 1.3 percent a year. Compounded over 35 years in

Big threats to health With an estimated 42 million people living with HIV/AIDS and more than 20 million deaths, the epidemic poses a great threat to public health and to development. In many countries it is swiftly dismantling the development achievements of the past 50 years by infecting the young disproportionately and killing adults in their prime. UNAIDS projects that an additional 45 million people will become infected with HIV in developing countries between 2002 and 2010, with more than 40 percent of the cases occurring in the East Asia and Pacific region. Tuberculosis is the main cause of death from a single infectious agent among adults 15–45 years old. Africa has the highest tuberculosis rates, but Asia carries the greatest absolute burden and the epidemic is worsening in Europe and Central Asia. Poor people are especially vulnerable because of their underlying health problems and limited access to treatment. And people with weak immune systems are at greater risk—up to 60 percent of tuberculosis patients are HIV positive in some Sub-Saharan African countries. Malaria is endemic in more than 100 countries. It disproportionately affects poor people and contributes to poverty by reducing the productivity of infected people and their caretakers. Approximately 60 percent of all deaths from malaria occur among the poorest 20 percent of the world’s population.

countries where malaria is endemic, this means that GDP is about a third lower than it might have been. And when the prevalence of HIV/AIDS reaches 8 percent— about where it is for 13 African countries today—the cost in economic growth is estimated at about 1 percent a year. The fiscal cost is as much as 2–3 times per capita GDP (without antiretrovirals) annually in the poorest countries.

Averting infection saves many years of life

Bednets keep malaria-carrying mosquitos away

Years of expected life lost

Children under five who sleep under an insecticide-treated bednet (%)

20

60 50

15

40 30

10 20 10 5

24

2003 World Bank Atlas

R

r

PD o

as ca

La

Ch ad

ag ad M

an Sã d o Pr To in m ci é pe M al aw i Ni ge Th r e Ga m bi a Vi et na m Ta jik is ta n Ca m er oo n Se ne ga l Gu ya n a Az er ba Si ija er n ra Le on e Ta nz an ia

0

0 Malaria

Measles

Tuberculosis

HIV infection

11

Adult HIV prevalence, 2001 8.00% or more 5.00—7.99% 1.00—4.99% 0.50—0.99% Less than 0.50% No data Tuberculosis cases, 2000

Dominican Republic 147 cases per 100,000 people

Kenya

Cameroon

484 cases

341 cases

Cambodia 572 cases per 100,000 people

per 100,000 people

per 100,000 people

Botswana

Chile

757 cases

25 cases

per 100,000 people

South Africa

per 100,000 people

576 cases per 100,000 people

It is also reducing life expectancy . . .

AIDS is decimating the workforce in several African countries Workforce lost to AIDS by 2005 and 2020, selected African countries (%)

2005

2020

Impact of AIDS on life expectancy at birth, 2000–05 (years lost compared with “no-AIDS” case)

. . . and leaving many orphans

The most common measure of the HIV/AIDS epidemic is the percentage of adults living with HIV. Because HIV/AIDS reduces resistance to tuberculosis, the map also shows, for selected countries, the tuberculosis prevalence rate.

AIDS orphans as share of total orphans, selected countries

35 South Africa

Botswana

Malawi

Zimbabwe

Cameroon

Malawi

15

Cambodia

Haiti

10

Thailand

Thailand

Brazil

Cambodia

30 25 20

5

2001 2010

0 Botswana

Cameroon

Guinea-Bissau

Mozambique

South Africa

Zimbabwe

0

10

20

0

20

40

60

80 100

2003 World Bank Atlas

25

The education vaccine The education of young people merits the highest priority in a world afflicted by HIV/AIDS. Why? Because education is the most effective—and the most cost-effective—means of preventing new cases. But the disease is destroying education systems in developing countries. HIV/AIDS appears to be doing the most damage to education supply and quality in Africa, where mortality rates are increasing sharply among teachers and administrators at all levels. An estimated 860,000 children in Sub-Saharan Africa lost teachers to AIDS in 1999. Moreover, many teachers are sick, ineffective, or underqualified because schools must make do with available staff or cut corners on training. Less

Education can protect girls and women from HIV Girls and young women are highly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS—and a lack of education makes them more so. Girls are at greater risk than boys because of gender inequalities in status, power, and access to resources. Education is among the most powerful tools for reducing the social and economic vulnerabilities that expose women to a higher risk of HIV/AIDS than men. An analysis of demographic and household surveys from 32 countries conducted since the early 1990s found that nearly half of all illiterate women lacked the basic knowledge to protect themselves against HIV/AIDS. Studies also show that: • Women with a post-secondary education are three times more likely than uneducated women to know that HIV can be transmitted from mother to child. • In Zimbabwe secondary education had a protective effect against HIV infection for women that extended at least into early adulthood. • In 17 countries in Africa and 4 in Latin America better-educated girls tended to start having sex later, and were more likely to require male partners to use condoms. • In Uganda infection rates fell among young women of all educational backgrounds—but the decline was greatest among those with a secondary education.

clear is the epidemic’s impact on the demand for education. School-age populations are expected to grow in almost all developing countries, though they will be smaller than in the absence of HIV/AIDS. Only in the worst-affected countries will school-age populations be smaller in 2015. But in all countries AIDS orphans are less likely to enroll in school and more likely to drop out.

Why action on HIV/AIDS is so urgent for education

Many teachers in Africa will die of AIDS Percentage of teachers who will die of AIDS, selected African countries, 2000–2010

25

HIV prevalence grows

Teacher deaths rise, teaching quality falls, and AIDS orphans and out-of-school youth increase

Public budgets for health and education dry up

The vicious cycle of HIV/AIDS and education

23

20

18 15

15

10 Economic growth declines

Illiteracy expands, skilled workforce shrinks, and human capital deteriorates

5 5

Country’s ability to compete in the knowledge economy suffers

0 Zimbabwe

26

2003 World Bank Atlas

Zambia

Kenya

Uganda

12

Adult illiteracy, 2001 Percentage of population ages 15 and older 50% or more 25–49% 15–24% 5–14% Less than 5% No data

Morocco

China

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

40 23

Male

Ethiopia

Female

1

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

Pakistan

3 Female

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

50

Nigeria

Male

38

57

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

28 Male

Brazil

10

Illiteracy among ages 15–24, 2001 (%)

Male

6

A basic education can inform children and youth and equip them to make decisions about their lives, bring about longterm behavioral change, and give them the opportunity for economic independence. So, by strengthening education systems, countries can offer a window of hope unlike any other for escaping the grip of HIV/AIDS.

15 Male

Female

Female

3

Male

Education—a window of hope

Female

Female

AIDS reduces the demand for schooling

Enrollment would be higher without AIDS

Projected reduction in size of primary school–age population by 2010, selected African countries (%)

Men know more than women about AIDS

Net enrollment ratio in Zambia (%)

Illiterate people are less likely to understand how diseases are transmitted and how to protect themselves. Also shown for selected countries are the illiteracy rates for a narrower age group of males and females 15 to 24 years old—the age group that are particularly vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.

Percentage points by which men’s awareness exceeds that of women

100

Niger, 1998

Zimbabwe 80

In absence of HIV/AIDS

Chad, 1997 In presence of HIV/AIDS

Zambia

60

Kenya

Bangladesh, 1999–2000

40

Eritrea, 1995

20

Nigeria, 1999

Uganda Turkey, 1998

0 0

5

10

15

20

25

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2003 World Bank Atlas

27

Limited land and more mouths to feed Land is one of the world’s most important natural resources, yet it is increasingly degraded—mainly because of human activities. And although food production outpaces population growth in most regions, the demand for food is mounting and many of the world’s people are going hungry. Whether the world will continue to be able to feed itself will largely depend on how land and other natural resources are managed. The world’s growing population means that intense pressure on land will continue, particularly in Africa and Asia. This requires increasing crop and livestock yields and intensifying land use. In addition, the harvesting and processing of agricultural

products must be made more efficient. But current projections indicate that meeting the growing demand for food will also require expanding arable areas in developing countries. Such expansions must come from converting additional forests and woodlands or from bringing into cultivation fragile semi-arid areas. Both approaches raise serious environmental concerns.

Food production has outpaced world population growth globally and in every region except Sub-Saharan Africa

Causes and extent of land degradation Degradation significantly reduces land’s productive capacity and threatens current and future global food security. Among the causes of land degradation are overgrazing, deforestation, bad farming practices (including improper crop rotation and poor irrigation methods), removal of natural vegetation, poor soil and water management, and frequent use of heavy machinery. Around the world, land degradation stands at: • 680 million hectares degraded by overgrazing. About one-fifth of the world’s pastures and rangelands have been damaged. Recent losses have been most severe in Africa and Asia. • 580 million hectares degraded by deforestation. Vast swaths of forests have been degraded by large-scale logging and by clearance for farm and urban uses. During 1975–1990 more than 220 million hectares of tropical forests were destroyed, mainly for food production. • 550 million hectares degraded by agricultural mismanagement. Water erosion causes 25 billion tons of soil to be lost each year, and some 40 million hectares of land suffer from soil salinization and waterlogging. • 137 million hectares degraded by fuelwood consumption. Each year 1.7 billion cubic meters of fuelwood are harvested from forests and plantations. In many developing regions wood is the primary source of energy. Land degradation is a serious problem in many regions

Population growth and food production (1980 = 100)

Millions of hectares

180

World Population Food production

2,000

Sub-Saharan Africa Population Food production

1,500

160

Degraded land

1,000

140

500

120

0 100 1980

28

Nondegraded land

1982

2003 World Bank Atlas

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

Africa

Asia

Latin America

Forest & woodland

Africa

Asia

Latin America

Permanent pasture

Africa

Asia

Latin America

Agricultural land

13

Arable land, 1998–2000 Hectares per capita Less than 0.10 0.10–0.19 0.20–0.29 0.30–0.49 0.50 or more No data

China Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)

4,869

3,022

India

Sub-Saharan Africa

1979–81

Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)

Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)

1999– 2001

2,321

Argentina

1,324

Cereal yield (kilograms per hectare)

895

1,188 1979–81

1979–81

3,397

1999– 2001

1999– 2001

2,184

1979–81

1999– 2001

Although low-income countries are using more land to produce food . . .

. . . agricultural land per capita has fallen . . .

Land under cereal production (millions of hectares)

Land under cereal production (hectares per 1,000 people)

Low-income 1979–81 countries 1999–2001

. . . and agricultural yields have changed only modestly . . .

. . . despite an increase in the use of agricultural machinery

Cereal yields (thousands of kilograms per hectare)

Low-income 1979–81 countries 1999–2001

Agricultural machinery per 1,000 hectares of arable land

1979–81

Low-income countries

Lower-middleincome countries

Lower-middleincome countries

Lower-middleincome countries

Upper-middleincome countries

Upper-middleincome countries

Upper-middleincome countries

Upper-middleincome countries

High-income countries

High-income countries

High-income countries

High-income countries

100

200

300

0

50

100

150

200

0

1

2

3

1979–81

Low-income countries

1999–2001

Lower-middleincome countries

0

4

Over the last two decades arable land per capita has declined globally. Arable land areas traditionally have been the main sources of agricultural growth. With increasing demand for diversified crop and livestock products, the world is now largely dependent on increased yields to expand agricultural supply.

5

1999–2001

0

10

20

30

40

50

2003 World Bank Atlas

29

Forests shrinking Forests contribute to the livelihoods of 90 percent of the 1.2 billion people living in extreme poverty. They nourish the natural systems supporting the agriculture and food supplies on which many more people depend. They account for as much as 90 percent of terrestrial biodiversity. But in most countries they are shrinking. The Earth Summit in 1992 recognized that forests provide essential public goods including ecosystem of global value, such as carbon sequestration, nutrient and hydrological cycling, and biodiversity preservation. The loss in the tropics, alone, is responsible for between 10 and 30 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, with the great majority of this destruction from human actions.

Some loss of forest is an inevitable par t of economic development. But because forests are under valued in many places, they are subject to more destructive and unsustainable activities than is economically or environmentally justified. And forest loss is taking a terrible toll on both the natural and economic resources of many countries.

Forests now cover about 30 percent of all land

They shrank by 94 million hectares in the last decade

Forest as percentage of land

Change in forest areas, 1990–2000 (million hectares)

Latin America & Caribbean

Latin America & Caribbean

Europe

Europe

Protecting land areas to slow the loss of biodiversity Biological diversity, or biodiversity, refers to the variety of life on Earth, including the variety of plant and animal species, the genetic variability within each species, and the variety of different ecosystems. The Earth’s biodiversity is the result of millions of years of evolution of life on this planet. But human activities are causing losses in biodiversity 50 to 100 times faster than would be expected in the absence of human activities. The two most species-rich ecosystems are tropical forests and coral reefs. Tropical forests are under threat largely from conversion to other land uses, while coral reefs are experiencing increasing levels of overexploitation and pollution. The pressure on biodiversity is largely driven by economic development and related demands, including those for biological resources, habitat conversion and destruction, fragmentation of large ecosystems into smaller disconnected patches of original vegetation, and introduction or accidental release of exotic species that prove harmful to indigenous species. In response, several international conventions have been developed to conserve threatened species. One of the most widely used approaches for conserving habitat is to designate protected areas, such as national parks. The total area of protected sites has increased steadily in the past three decades. But protected land area is increasing Global area of protected sites (million square kilometers)

Number of protected sites (thousands)

1970

1980 North America

North America

Asia & Pacific

Asia & Pacific

Africa

Africa

1990

0

30

10

2003 World Bank Atlas

20

30

40

50

–60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10

2000

0 10

0

3

6

9

12

15 0

3

6

9

12

Forest cover, 2000 Percentage of total land area Less than 5.0% 5.0–14.9% 15.0–29.9% 30.0–49.9%

14

Forest ecosystems play multiple roles globally and locally as providers of environmental services—and as sources of economically valued products.

50.0% or more No data

Deforestation, 1990–2000 Average annual percent 1.0% or more 0.5–0.9% 0.1–0.4% –0.4–0.0% Less than –0.4% No data

Over the past several centuries an estimated 60 percent of European forests, 30 percent of North American forests, and 35 percent of the former Soviet Union’s forest have been cleared, primarily for agricultural purposes. The greatest forest loss is now occurring in the speciesrich tropics. More than a fifth of the world’s tropical forests have been cleared since 1960.

Note: Negative numbers indicate increases in forest area. 2003 World Bank Atlas

31

Energy use and a warmer world The Earth’s climate has warmed by about half a degree Celsius this century and much scientific evidence suggests that human activities have contributed to this. The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas and the cutting of forests are changing the atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases, changing our planet’s climate, with far-reaching consequences. Global warming shrinks glaciers, changes the frequency and intensity of rainfall, shifts growing seasons, advances the flowering of trees and emergence of insects, and causes the sea level to rise. The direction and magnitude of climate change

impact vary across regions, but developing countries are likely to suffer most because of their dependence on climate-sensitive activities—such as agriculture and fisheries. They also have limited capacity to respond to climate change.

Less oil, more coal used for electricity

Energy use, 2000

Others 0.2% Gas 9%

Others 1%

Coal 32% Nuclear 17% Hydropower 17%

India 5%

India 5% Other low-income 8%

Gas 17%

Oil 29%

Carbon dioxide emissions, 1999

2000

1980

Hydropower 21%

The extensive use of fossil fuels in recent decades has boosted carbon dioxide emissions—a major contributor to global warming. The heattrapping carbon (in the form of carbon dioxide) released each year by human activities is estimated at 6 to 7 billion tons. Some 2 billion tons are absorbed by oceans, and another 1.5 to 2.5 billion by plants, with the rest released in the atmosphere. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is up by some 30 percent since the beginning of the industrial revolution. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the rate and duration of warming in the 20th century are unprecedented in the past thousand years. The global average surface temperature has increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius, with the 1990s being the warmest decade since 1861. Increases in the maximum temperature and the number of hot days have been observed over nearly all regions. The warming is expected to continue, with increases projected to be in the range of 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius between 1990 and 2100.

High-income economies use half the energy and emit half the carbon dioxide

Global sources of electricity generation

Nuclear 9%

Carbon dioxide emissions mean faster warming

Coal 40%

Oil 8%

Other high-income 29%

China 12%

2003 World Bank Atlas

China 13%

United States 24%

United States 23% Other middle-income 23%

32

Other high-income 27%

Other low-income 6%

Other middle-income 25%

Energy use per capita, 2000 Kilograms of oil equivalent 5,000 or more 2,500–4,999 1,000–2,499 500–999 Less than 500 No data

Carbon dioxide emissions, 1999 Metric tons per capita 10.0 or more 5.0–9.9 2.5–4.9 1.0–2.4 Less than 1.0 No data

2003 World Bank Atlas

15

The world’s growing population, with its desire for economic growth and a better quality of life, is raising the demand for energy. By far the most common way to satisfy the need for energy in modern economies is through burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. Since 1950 fossil fuel use has increased more than fourfold.

Each year the use of fossil fuels releases billions of tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. High income economies, with 15 percent of the world’s population, produce more than half the global emission of carbon dioxide—the most important contributor to global warming.

33

Growth and opportunity Without economic growth there can be no longterm poverty reduction. Economies that have achieved sustained growth—through productive investments in physical, social, and human capital—have significantly reduced poverty. Economies that have not grown have experienced stagnant or increasing rates of poverty. Between 1990 and 1999 GDP per capita in all developing countries grew by 1.2 percent a year, but growth was not evenly distributed and the effect on poverty varied widely. The greatest gains were made in the two fastest growing regions, East Asia and Pacific and South Asia. In Europe and Central Asia, which experienced a painful economic contraction, both the number and the proportion of

people living on less than $1 a day increased sharply. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa, growth rates were low, and poverty rates also remained stagnant. Whether growth helps to reduce poverty depends on how growth is distributed. A continuing challenge for development is to ensure that poor people are not left behind.

Some of the 30 poorest countries in 1960 experienced the fastest growth rates in the following 40 years, lifting millions out of poverty

After 40 years of slowdown, is the rate of growth accelerating? A faster rate of growth can have a profound effect on the welfare of people within a single generation. Even a small improvement can make a difference. An increase in annual growth from 1.75 percent to 3.5 percent reduces the time needed to double output from 40 years to 20 years. Between 1990 and 1999 gross domestic product per capita in East Asia and Pacific grew by 6.4 percent a year—75 percent in 9 years—and the poverty rate fell by half. Economic growth does not follow a smooth path, but for most of the last 40 years the rate of growth has been slowing—in both high-income and developing economies. Why? Growth opportunities from postwar reconstruction ran out. The energy crises of the 1970s interrupted growth in oil consuming countries. The growth slowdown contributed to increasing debt in developing economies, which, combined with poor macroeconomic management, left many with fewer opportunities for investment. But growth did not slow everywhere. The export-oriented economies of East Asia grew rapidly, creating new jobs and raising incomes. India, which liberalized its trade and investment policies, also began to grow faster. There are other signs of faster growth ahead. In the last two years, nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa had per capita growth rates greater than 4 percent. As more countries recognize the need for an environment that encourages productive investment, more widespread growth will be possible. Weak policies and investor uncertainty caused a financial crisis in 1997–98 that spread from Asia to other vulnerable economies

GDP per capita (1995 dollars)

Annual growth of GDP per capita (%)

5,000

15 Botswana

4,000

10

Thailand

5

Malaysia

Korea, Rep.

Thailand

3,000

0

Philippines

2,000 –5 Indonesia 1,000 Low income cutoff, 2001

–10

Russian Federation

China Indonesia

Other 26 0

–15 1960

34

2003 World Bank Atlas

1970

1980

1990

2001

1990

1995

2001

16

GDP per capita growth, 1990–2001 Average annual percent Less than 0.0% 0.0–0.9% 1.0–1.9% 2.0–2.9% 3.0% or more No data

Over many years average growth rates have fallen, and low-income countries were frequently the slowest-growing—but that pattern is starting to change Annual growth in GDP per capita (%)

High income

Middle income

Low income

World trend

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

The last 12 years saw a surge of growth, especially among countries that opened their economies to trade and investment. The transition economies of Europe and Central Asia experienced setbacks, but many are now growing rapidly.

–1 –2 –3 1961

1971

1981

1991

2001 2003 World Bank Atlas

35

The rise of the service economy Services are the fastest growing sector of the world economy. Since 1970 global output of services has increased by more than 250 percent. The service sector now accounts for two-thirds of global economic output. In developing countries the share of services in GDP increased from 42 percent in 1970 to more than 52 percent in 2001. Services form the backbone of a modern economy and make important contributions to economic growth and human welfare. Banking and financial services guide investment and savings to productive uses. Software development and computer services make possible the growth of a knowledge economy. Telecommunications

spread knowledge and improve the operation of markets. Transportation services contribute to the efficient distribution of goods. Wholesale and retail services are a vital link between producers and consumers and increase the efficiency of trade. Health and education services and the services provided by government improve the quality of people’s lives.

Services now account for two-thirds of global output . . .

Trade in services is growing Merchandise trade still accounts for about 80 percent of all world trade, but trade in services is growing in importance. Unlike merchandise, services are often intangible, invisible, and perishable. And they often require the supplier and consumer to be near to each other. For trade to take place, one of them must move. Trade in services is thus divided into four modes of supply: • Cross-border supply is similar to merchandise trade: the product (such as software or an insurance policy) moves from supplier to consumer. • Consumption abroad occurs when consumers travel abroad to purchase services such as tourism, education, or health care. • Commercial presence involves establishing a subsidiary in another country, which supplies the services locally. • Movement of individuals occurs when individuals move temporarily from their own country to another to supply services. Data on trade in ser vices are collected from balance of payments records, which cover primarily cross-border supply and consumption abroad. Commercial presence, involving foreign direct investment, is thought to be increasing. Trade through the movement of individuals is par ticularly impor tant for developing countries. Many more would be able to “expor t” their labor if rules governing temporar y immigration were liberalized. . . . and a fifth of global trade

Value added in services as share of GDP (%)

Exports of commercial services as share of total exports (%)

80

30

70 20

High income

High income

60

50

Middle income 10

Middle income

Low income

40 Low income 30

0 1980

36

2003 World Bank Atlas

1985

1990

1995

2001

1980

1985

1990

1995

2001

17

Services value added, 2001 Percentage of GDP Less than 35% 35–44% 45–54% 55–64% 65% or more No data

Services are the largest part of gross domestic product, except in East Asia and Pacific, where China’s manufacturing sector dominates Shares of value-added (%) 80

Services Services

60

Services

Industry

The service sector produces the largest share of gross domestic product in most high- and middle-income economies. Low-income economies are catching up.

Services

40

Industry

Industry

Agriculture Agriculture

Agriculture

Industry

20

Agriculture

0

1980

1985

1990

1995

East Asia & Pacific

2001

1980

1985

1990

1995

Latin America & Caribbean

2001

1980

1985

1990

1995

South Asia

2001

1980

1985

1990

1995

2001

Sub-Saharan Africa 2003 World Bank Atlas

37

Investment for growth Almost a quarter of world output adds new assets needed for economic growth or replenishes those used up in production. Investment rates are highest in rapidly growing economies of East Asia and Pacific and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. But demand is greatest in high-income economies, where investment exceeded $5 trillion in 2001. Investment is financed out of saving. Countries with high savings rates usually have high investment rates. But not all investment is financed from domestic sources. Countries can obtain financing from the savings of foreigners through lending or direct investment. If countries cannot obtain adequate external financing, they may not be able to achieve their desired level of investment,

limiting oppor tunities for growth. Investment generally refers to the acquisition of buildings and equipment, improvements to proper ty, and net changes in stocks of goods. Other investments—not measurable directly in monetar y terms— may be even more impor tant. Investments in people and in the institutions that help people work together raise productivity and incomes.

Domestic savings exceed investment needs in three regions

Foreign direct investment flows to countries with a good investment climate Foreign direct investment provides much needed capital for poor countries whose savings rates are low. It is also important for the transfer of new technology and management skills. Companies make foreign direct investments to establish a lasting interest in an enterprise or exert effective management control over it. They thus share in the risk of the enterprise and have a greater stake in its success. This makes foreign direct investment a stable source of investment. But it also means that developing country governments and businesses must create a sound investment climate, able to attract and hold foreign investors. That implies an open economy without burdensome restrictions, access to markets and links to the global economy, the absence of internal or external conflicts, and favorable macroeconomic policies to encourage economic growth. In 2001 foreign direct investment fell to $747 billion, a 49 percent drop from 2000 that reversed a steady increase since 1991. Almost 77 percent of the world’s foreign direct investment goes to developed countries. Among developing regions, Latin America and East Asia receive the largest share, with Brazil, China, and Mexico accounting for more than half the flows to developing countries. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where most of the poor live and with the greatest need to accelerate economic growth, receive less than 3 percent of foreign direct investment. Latin America and East Asia have been the largest recipients of foreign direct investment in the last decade

Savings minus investment as share of GDP, 1997–2001 (%)

Foreign direct investment ($ billions)

200

6

South Asia 175

Middle East & North Africa

4

Sub-Saharan Africa

150 2

Europe & Central Asia

125 100

East Asia & Pacific

0 75 50

–2

25 –4

Latin America & Caribbean South Asia

38

2003 World Bank Atlas

Latin America & Caribbean

Sub-Saharan Africa

Europe & Central Asia

Middle East & North Africa

East Asia & Pacific

0 1990

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

2001

18

Gross capital formation, 2001 Percentage of GDP Less than 15% 15–19% 20–24% 25–29% 30% or more No data

Investment has increased rapidly in some developing countries, slowly in others Gross capital formation Billions of 1995 dollars

Share of GDP (%)

15

50

12

40

9

30

6

20

3

10

0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Mozambique

2001

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Bangladesh

2001

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

Vietnam

2001

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

2001

Investment rates have been highest in East Asia and the Pacific and lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa. But exceptions occur everywhere as domestic and foreign investors pursue new opportunities.

0

Albania 2003 World Bank Atlas

39

Improving the investment and business climate Investment is the foundation of growth. To attract and sustain investment, an economy must provide a good investment climate in which entrepreneurs take risks, markets work, governments deliver public services efficiently, and people have the confidence to invest in their own and their children’s futures.

Helping smaller enterprises create more jobs

Most investment comes from the private sector, but governments play an important role by providing a predictable environment in which people, ideas, and money work together productively and efficiently. This allows private firms operating in competitive markets to be the engines of growth and job creation, providing opportunities to escape poverty. A good investment climate requires sound macroeconomic management and trade and

investment policies that foster openness, productivity, and growth. And businesses require a well-functioning legal and regulator y system—with protection of proper ty rights, ready access to credit, and efficient judicial, taxation, and customs systems. Reliable and affordable infrastructure—power, communications, transpor t, water—lowers costs and helps attract new investment, as does a well-educated workforce.

Foreign direct investment goes to countries with macro stability . . .

. . . less goes to countries with poor macro performance

2001 (%)

In a poor business climate, the informal sector and smaller firms may be the only place poor people can make a living Manufacturing jobs created or lost in Nigeria, 1990–2000 (%)

2001 (%) FDI net inflows (% of GDP) Inflation

Estonia

Small and medium-size enterprises, including small farms, can improve lives and reduce poverty by creating jobs in local communities—where poor people live and work. This is true in urban areas as well as rural areas, where smaller enterprises can help farmers market their produce and earn income from off-farm employment. This is an important way out of poverty for poor people who have few opportunities in large firms or the public sector. Yet small and medium-size enterprises often lack the resources and clout to circumvent official corruption, unreliable power supplies, and burdensome taxes and regulations. To improve their business prospects, these enterprises need a better business environment, increased technical assistance and capacity building, stronger business associations, closer links with larger firms, and easier access to capital. Microcredit is filling the financing needs of many micro, small, and medium-size enterprises. Such firms normally have to pay high interest rates for borrowing or they have to rely on family, friends, and other informal sources of funds. Around the world, microcredit is developing into a thriving, self-sustaining industr y. In Cambodia the Association of Cambodian Local Economic Development Associations has some 84,000 borrowers and has lent $24 million to micro and small businesses.

180 Sri Lanka

150

GDP growth

120 90

Trinidad & Tobago

Haiti 60 30

Morocco

Zimbabwe

0

70.1

–30 0

40

5

2003 World Bank Atlas

10

15

20

–10 –5

0

5

10

15

20

Very small firms

Small firms

Medium-size firms

Large firms

Very large firms

(20–49 employees)

(50–99 employees)

(100–199 employees)

(200–499 employees)

(500+ employees)

19

Time to start a new business, 2002 Days 100 or more 70–99 50–69 20–49 Less than 20 No data

Countries with many start-up procedures . . .

. . . tend to have high registration costs . . .

Number of start-up procedures

. . . expensive contract enforcement . . .

Costs to register a business (% of GNI per capita)

. . . and a long time to resolve insolvency

Costs to enforce a contract (% of GNI per capita)

Time to resolve insolvency (days)

Belarus

Belarus

Belarus

Belarus

Madagascar

Madagascar

Madagascar

Madagascar

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Egypt, Arab Rep.

Egypt, Arab Rep.

India

India

India

India

Latvia

Latvia

Latvia

Latvia

Canada

Canada

Canada

Canada

0

5

10

15

20

25

0

20

40

60

80

0

50

100

150

200

250

To start a new business in Mozambique, an entrepreneur must complete 16 procedures taking an average of 214 business days. In Italy such procedures take an average of 62 business days. But Canada requires only 2 start-up procedures—and the process takes just 2 days.

0

2,500

5,000

2003 World Bank Atlas

41

Improving the performance of government Good governance—good management of a country’s economic and social resources in fostering development and fair treatment of its citizens—makes governments more effective, creates a better investment climate, improves public services, and enables poor people to participate in a country’s economic growth. Effective development requires that states complement markets, not substitute for them. States should focus on providing a good business environment—in which contracts are enforced, markets can function, basic infrastructure is provided, and people (especially poor people) are empowered to participate. When a country’s key policies and institutions are weak, it undermines government efforts

Governance, participation, and development assistance Development assistance works best in countries with sound or improving policies and institutions. Good governance is important for economic growth and for service delivery. But it has to be complemented by a strong civil society with local organizations capable of holding government institutions accountable for high-quality service delivery. Institutional and governance reforms should reflect country-specific issues and priorities, including the role of culture—the shared values, beliefs, knowledge, skills, and practices of social groups. The most effective strategy for reform may require focusing on a broad agenda of political accountability and transparency and an independent media. Recognizing and giving voice to participatory community development and diverse cultures can make for a more dynamic society that contributes to economic growth, looks toward a more prosperous future, and preserves its cultural heritage. In Monterrey, Mexico, in March 2002 developing countries committed to improving their governance, institutions, and policies, and rich countries committed to increasing aid, opening trade, and supporting capacity building. Bilateral and multilateral donors are trying to direct assistance to countries that govern justly, promote economic freedom, and invest in people. The countries of Sub-Saharan Africa—recognizing that they must take responsibility for improving their governance, institutions, and policies—recently established the New Partnership for Africa’s Development.

to mobilize revenue, deliver services, and improve governance. Policies and institutions and the services they deliver—healthcare, education, law enforcement, judicial functions, roads, and postal, telephone, and power services—affect how people live and how efficiently businesses operate. Small businesses and farmers are especially vulnerable to weak governance.

Government effectiveness lags in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa

Budgetary potholes—much needed, little provided

Proportion of countries in the world that score below selected region on quality of public service delivery (%). A higher score shows a better governance outcome.

Percentage of budget for road maintenance

Estimated need

Actual

20

60 50

15 40 10

30 20

5 10 0

0 South Asia

42

2003 World Bank Atlas

Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America & Caribbean

Eastern Europe

Middle East & North Africa

East Asia

Albania

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.

Macedonia, FYR

Bulgaria

Romania

20

Firms rating government services as bad, 1999–2000 60.0% or more 45.0–59.9% 30.0–44.9% 15.0–29.9% Less than 15.0% No data

Community-driven projects—good outcomes, but often unsustainable

Improvements in public services through information

Percent, fiscal year 1988–99

Surveyed firms rating services as bad (%)

In Uganda in the mid-1990s monthly education transfers to districts were published in newspapers and broadcast on the radio. But reports from local school districts showed that only 13 percent of the funding reached the schools. This information empowered local organizations to press for action—and by the late 1990s the share of funds received by local schools had risen to 80 percent.

Community-driven projects

Satisfactory outcomes All World Bank projects

Substantial institutional development impact

Likely sustainable

0

20

40

Firms rate the quality and efficiency of courts and customs—with very different results

60

80

100

Customs

Courts

100

80

60

40

20

In 1999–2000 more than 10,000 firms in 80 countries were asked to rate the quality and efficiency of such public services as customs, courts, roads, utilities, and healthcare. The map shows the percentage of firms in each country that rated government services as slightly bad, bad, or very bad.

0 Botswana

South Africa

Romania

Philippines

Bolivia

2003 World Bank Atlas

43

Building sound infrastructure Roads, rails, power, communications, and water and sanitation systems deliver services that promote better health and education. Better housing increases people’s earning capacity and assets. And good transportation and schooling help advance gender equality and the empowerment of women. Infrastructure investment needs are large. About 1.5 billion people will have to be provided affordable access to safe water and about 2 billion people will require basic sanitation during 2000–2015 to meet the Millennium Development Goals. This will require about $30 billion a year, twice current annual investments. The public

sector is—and will remain—the main player in the development of infrastructure and services. But new partnerships with the private sector are showing the way to more effective investment that enables businesses to grow, creates jobs, raises worker productivity, and improves health and education.

More access to personal computers in Latin America & the Caribbean

Private participation in infrastructure is concentrated in some sectors

Personal computers per 1,000 people

Sector distribution of infrastructure investment with private participation All developing countries, 1990–2001

Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia

Water and sewerage 5%

Natural gas 5%

Roads, water, sewerage, electricity, and health care are at the top of poor people’s list In developing countries, 2 of 10 people (1.1 billion) lack affordable access to safe water, and 5 of 10 (2.4 billion) lack adequate sanitation. About 90 children die every 15 minutes because of unsafe water and inadequate sanitation. Most die from diarrhea. In 1990 there were 4 billion episodes of diarrhea, and some 3 million deaths worldwide were attributed to diarrhea. Affordable access to safe water and sanitation not only improves health and saves lives, it can also affect a child’s chances of getting an education. In Bangladesh, where facilities with clean water and sanitation for girls were installed in schools, girls’ attendance increased by 15 percent. And in parts of Africa researchers found that a lack of piped water could reduce school attendance by nearly 20 percent—because the time-consuming chore of fetching water for the household usually falls on the family’s school-age children. Improving access to other infrastructure, such as electricity supply, roads, and information and communications services, and enhancing its quality also raise living standards. And better access and quality also contribute to the success of manufacturing and agricultural businesses by strengthening employment prospects, productivity, and income growth.

Water is reaching more people Population with access to an improved water source (%)

1990

2000

100

80

60

Middle East & North Africa Transport 18%

East Asia & Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa

Electricity 28%

Telecommunications 44%

40

20

South Asia 0 0 10 20

44

2003 World Bank Atlas

30

40

50

60

Sub--Saharan Africa

East Asia & Pacific

South Asia

Latin America Middle East & & Caribbean North Africa

Europe Central Asia

21

Fixed line and mobile phone subscribers, 2001 Per 1,000 people Less than 50 50–199 200–499

Czech Republic Subscribers per 1,000 people

500–999

Fixed line 375 Mobile 675

1,000 or more No data

Austria Subscribers per 1,000 people

Fixed line 468 Mobile 807

Venezuela, RB Subscribers per 1,000 people

Malaysia Subscribers per 1,000 people

Fixed line 109 Mobile 263

Water, sanitation, and electricity are good for health and education • In Bangladesh, installing facilities with clean water and sanitation for girls increased their school attendance by 15 percent. • Access to sewerage in some urban Nicaraguan communities reduced child mortality by 50 percent. • Electricity makes it possible to refrigerate vaccines and use electric lights for medical treatment and reading.

Fixed line 196 Mobile 314

Electrification rates—high and low Population with access to electricity, 2000 (%)

Egypt, Arab Rep. Colombia Sudan Zambia Lesotho Uganda Afghanistan 0

20

40

60

80 100

Transport is important for school attendance and health care • In Morocco, girls’ attendance in primary school more than tripled after a paved road was built. • In Africa, 11 percent of people sur veyed say that the high cost of transpor t—or its absence—is the major barrier to health care. • In central Peru, a rural road project reduced travel time by half for more than 2.5 million people, providing access to health clinics, schools, and jobs.

Transport affects school attendance in Peru

The combined mobile and fixed telephone lines per 1,000 people is a measure of access to information and communications technology. In 2001 almost 100 countries had more mobile than fixed line subscribers, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Malaysia, and Venezuela.

Children attending school (%)

Travel time to school: 1 hour or less

1 to 2 hours

2 to 4 hours

4 hours or more

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2003 World Bank Atlas

45

Conflict and development Of the more than 20 major armed conflicts in 2001, most were civil wars. Civil conflicts have devastating economic and social costs, reversing years of development, mainly in the world’s poorest countries. What are the economic and social costs and spillovers, and what can be done to reduce risk of conflict? The incidence of civil war—the proportion of countries that are in civil war at any given time— increased during the past 40 years. In 1964 the incidence of civil war was around 5 percent, with a peak in the early 1990s of about 17 percent. Civil wars last a long time—on average about 7

Conflict and civil war are inimical to development During 1990–2002 there were 56 major armed conflicts in 44 locations in the world. Most of today’s conflicts are internal wars, and civilians—including women and children—account for 90 percent of the casualties. And after a conflict ends, people continue to suffer and die of conditions brought on by the conflict, including landmines and the spread of infectious diseases. The effects of armed conflicts also spill over into neighboring countries. As refugees flee conflicts in their home country, and seek asylum in neighboring countries, they often are put into crowded conditions without adequate food, safe water, and sanitation and are at risk of contracting infectious diseases and spreading them to the host population. At the beginning of 2002, 20 million people were displaced as refugees in another country or were displaced within their own country. Links between poverty and conflict are strong. Of the world’s 20 poorest countries, 80 percent have suffered from a major conflict in the past 15 years. Economic instability, poverty, political and social exclusion, dependence on “lootable” natural resources, and weak institutions—all contribute to increased risk and persistence of conflict. How can these risks be reduced? If governments and the international community help to provide the environment for generating economic growth, strengthen democratic institutions, improve transparency and provide credible guarantees to minorities, the risk of conflict can be greatly reduced.

years—and the duration has increased, at least up to the early 1990s. Civil war is heavily concentrated in the poorest countries. Low-income countries, where about a billion people live, face the greatest risk of civil war—about 15 times that of high-income countries.

The risk of civil war in low-income countries increases as the share of primary commodity exports increases

The incidence of ongoing civil wars peaked in the early 1990s and has fallen since

%

Proportion of countries in civil war by year (%)

Primary commodity exports as a share of GDP

30

20

25 15 20 Ongoing wars 10

15 10

5 New wars

0

0 1950

46

5

1955

2003 World Bank Atlas

1960

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2001

Risk of civil war

22

Refugee population by country of origin, 2001 200,000 or more 30,000–199,999 3,000–29,999 500–2,999 Less than 500 No data

Colombia The conflict in Colombia has been going on for four decades. During the nineties, the annual number of violent deaths has been between 25,000 and 30,000. About 720,000 Colombians are internally displaced.

In January 2002, there were 19.8 million displaced persons

Angola The civil war in Angola, which ended in 2002, caused as many as one and a half million deaths. The extraction of diamonds has been an important source of funding for the UNITA armed opposition.

12 million of them were refugees . . .

Asylum-seekers, refugees, internally displaced persons, and others of concern to UNHCR (millions)

Asia

Burundi

Top Top 10 10 countries countries of of origin origin

Afghanistan

8.82

Europe

4.86

Africa

4.17

North America

1.09

Latin America & Caribbean

0.77

Oceania 0.08 0

2

4

6

8

. . . seeking asylum in these countries . . .

. . . and 5 million were internally displaced persons

Countries of asylum

Top 10 countries

Pakistan, Iran

Afghanistan

554,000

Tanzania

Colombia

720,000

Iraq

530,100

Iran

Sri Lanka

683,300

Sudan

489,500

Uganda, Ethiopia, Congo, Dem. Rep., Kenya, Central African Rep.

Azerbaijan

573,000

Angola

470,600

Zambia, Congo, Dem. Rep., Namibia

Russian Federation

443,300

Somalia

439,900

Kenya, Yemen, Ethiopia, USA, U.K.

Bosnia-Herzegovina

438,300

Bosnia-Herzegovina

426,000

Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep., USA, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands

Georgia

264,200

Congo, Dem. Rep.

392,100

Tanzania, Congo Rep., Zambia, Rwanda, Burundi

Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.

263,600

Vietnam

353,200

China, USA

Angola

202,000

Eritrea

333,100

Sudan

Liberia

196,100

Burundi

3,809,600

Since 1993, some 200,000 Burundians have perished in the widespread ethnic violence. Hundreds of thousands have been internally displaced or have become refugees in neighboring countries.

1,200,000

Refugees are people who are outside their country and cannot return owing to a well-founded fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. In 2001, there were more than 20 ongoing civil conflicts, including those in Angola, Burundi, and Colombia.

10 2003 World Bank Atlas

47

The integrating world In an integrated global economy, it is easier for people in different countries to do business with each other and for people and goods to move between countries. The links between economies have grown in the past 20 years as transportation costs and trade barriers have fallen and international financial markets have expanded. New technologies have altered longstanding patterns of production and employment. Increasingly, products are produced in multiple locations and distributed all over the world. Developing countries have become important suppliers of manufactured goods and services, spurring new opportunities for investment. Like trade and financial flows, the movement of labor is likely to

A global trade agenda focusing on development The rules of the global trading system are overseen by the World Trade Organization, the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). Through a series of trade “rounds” the members of GATT negotiated substantial reductions in tariffs and other trade barriers, but the new trade round resulting from the World Trade Organization meeting in Doha, Qatar, in 2001, is the first to take development as its primar y goal. And China’s accession to the World Trade Organization should help keep market access issues at the forefront. Although par ticipants at Doha did not agree unanimously on all points, the declaration emerging from the negotiations gave developing countries reason to hope for a more welcoming trade environment and promised a focus on implementation. Several key agreements at Doha relate to market access: • To reduce all forms of export subsidies (with a view to phasing them out), and to substantially reduce trade-distorting domestic support. • To support growth in service trade for developing countries. • To reduce or, as appropriate, eliminate tariffs. This includes reducing or eliminating tariff peaks, high tariffs, and tariff escalation as well as nontariff barriers, particularly on nonagricultural products of export interest to developing countries.

increase in an open, integrated economy. Immigrants are often more productive in the host country, reducing labor costs there, while remittances sent to their home countries boost incomes there. Integration, by opening new markets, sharing knowledge, and increasing the efficiency of resources, can increase opportunities for people and reduce poverty.

Trade is an important avenue for integration

Ten countries received 79 percent of net private capital flows to the developing world in 2001

Exports and imports of goods (% of GDP) * Data for Europe and Central Asia are for 1994 and 2001.

1990

2001

Net private capital flows ($ billions)

50

70 60

40 50 30 40 30

20

20 10 10 0

0 Europe & Central Asia*

48

2003 World Bank Atlas

East Asia & Pacific

Sub-Saharan Africa

Middle East & North Africa

Latin America & Caribbean

South Asia

China

Mexico

Brazil

Poland

South Africa

Chile

Czech Kazakhstan Hungary Colombia Republic

23

Merchandise trade flows, 2001 US$ billions 30–49 50–149

Europe and Central Asia Canada

150–249 250 or more

European Union United States Japan

Middle East and North Africa East Asia South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Latin America and Caribbean

Money sent home far exceeds aid in the 10 countries with the highest worker remittances in 2001

Country India

Net worker remittances ($ millions) 9,001

Immigrants play an important role in OECD economies Foreign population in selected OECD countries, 2000 (thousands)

Net aid ($ millions) 1,705

% of total

United States

28,400

Germany

7,297

10 9

Mexico

8,896

75

Australia

Morocco

3,234

517

United Kingdom

Egypt, Arab Rep.

2,877

1,255

Japan

Turkey

2,786

167

Italy

1,388

2

Bangladesh

2,092

1,024

Switzerland

1,384

19

El Salvador

1,911

234

Dominican Republic

1,808

105

Jordan Colombia

1,640 1,564

4,517

24

2,342

4

1,686

1

Spain

896

2

Belgium

862

8

Austria

758

9

432 380

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Trade in goods is a major avenue of global integration. The arrows show the value of trade (exports plus imports) between major trading partners. Flows of less than $30 billion are not shown. Trade between developing countries and regions has been increasing, but more than half of world trade still occurs between highincome countries.

30,000

2003 World Bank Atlas

49

Reducing barriers to trade An open and equitable global trading system is essential for development. But after many rounds of multilateral trade negotiations, significant barriers remain. Trade barriers impose costs on both high-income countries and the developing world. Developing countries face tariffs that are on average more than twice those faced by high-income countries. They also confront nontariff barriers, such as quotas, rules of origin, and antidumping actions. A reduction in trade barriers often results in significant growth oppor tunities for low- and middle-income countries. Most of these

Barriers to developing country agricultural exports Agricultural products are the most important exports of many developing countries, but these exports face numerous obstacles in high-income countries. Some of the highest tariffs imposed in both developing and high-income countries are on agricultural products. Developing country agricultural exports face average tariffs of 16 percent in rich countries and 20 percent in developing countries. “Peak” tariffs on some sensitive commodities exceed 100 percent. In addition to tariff and nontariff barriers, the United States, the European Union, and Japan provide large subsidies to domestic agricultural producers, further distorting the market. Agricultural subsidies by OECD members exceeded $300 billion in 2001—six times their contributions of foreign aid. Consider this: the average subsidy per cow is about $2.50 a day in Europe and nearly $7 a day in Japan. Then recall that three-quarters of the people in Sub-Saharan Africa live on less than $2 a day. Improving market access in agriculture will produce real income gains for both high-income and developing countries.

countries’ expor ts are in laborintensive goods, so encouraging expor t-led growth can help reduce pover ty. Not only will increased expor t earnings help raise national income levels, but growth in labor-intensive sectors will lead to more employment oppor tunities for poor people. Safety nets help ensure that liberalization will be pro-poor.

Further trade liberalization could reduce poverty substantially Reduction in number of poor by 2015 relative to baseline (millions)

Some high-income countries give large subsidies to agricultural producers $1 a day

$2 a day

120

Total support to agriculture as share of GDP, 1999 (%)

2.5

100

2.0

80 1.5 60 1.0 40

0.5

20

0

0.0 Sub-Saharan Africa

50

2003 World Bank Atlas

East Asia & Pacific

South Asia

Eastern Europe Middle East & Latin America & & Central Asia North Africa the Caribbean

Switzerland European Union

Japan

Norway

United States

Canada

Australia

New Zealand

Weighted mean tariffs, pre-1998 20.0% or more 15.0–19.9% 10.0–14.9% 5.0–9.9% Less than 5.0% No data

Weighted mean tariffs, 1998–2001 20.0% or more 15.0–19.9% 10.0–14.9% 5.0–9.9% Less than 5.0% No data

2003 World Bank Atlas

24

Weighted mean tariffs are weighted by the value of the country’s trade with its trading partners. Some countries set fairly uniform tariff rates across all imports. Others are more selective, setting high tariffs to protect favored domestic industries. For the time covered in this map (latest year available for 1988–97) the lowered trade barriers of the Uruguay Round had not yet taken effect.

In recent years— 1998–2001—tariffs have dropped in most countries, reflecting the international commitment to freer trade. Nontariff barriers such as quotas, licensing, and prohibitions have also been decreasing, but the use of antidumping measures to restrict imports has increased.

51

Aid for development Development is a partnership between developing and high-income countries. Donor countries help recipient countries build capacity to foster change. And recipient countries invest in their people and create an environment that sustains growth. Aid is one way for rich countries to transfer resources to developing countries. But aid to poorest countries has fallen from $58 billion in 1990 to $52 billion in 2001 and now represents less than a quarter of 1 percent of donor GNI. Aid is most effective in reducing poverty when it goes to poor countries with good policies and sound governance. To help the poorest countries reach the Millennium Development Goals, official development assistance Much external financing comes from private sources

More aid to developing countries is coming as grants

Total net flows to countries receiving development assistance, 2001 ($ billions) Bilateral official development assistance Multilateral official development assistance Other official flows

will need to double from its current level, and countries themselves will have to supply several times more than that. More than aid is needed. Rich countries can increase debt relief, market access, and the volume and predictability of aid. Developing countries can strengthen governance, improve the climate for private investment, and increase human capital through more effective delivery of basic and social services.

Bilateral official development assistance ($ billions) 40 35

35

30

Grants

16

25 20

–1

15 Net private flows

53

Net grants by nongovernmental organizations

5

7

0 –10 0 10

52

10

2003 World Bank Atlas

20

30

40

50

60

Loans

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000

The Monterrey Consensus In March 2002 leaders from developing and high-income countries came together in Monterrey, Mexico, to discuss new strategies for attacking global poverty. Rich countries made new commitments that would increase official development assistance in real terms by about $16 billion a year by 2006: • Members of the European Union: to strive to raise development assistance to at least 0.33 percent of gross national income (GNI) by 2006, with the EU average rising to 0.4 percent or more of GNI. • United States: to achieve a $5 billion increase (almost 50 percent) over current levels by 2006. • Canada: to double its aid by 2010. • Japan: to reduce its development assistance budget in fiscal 2002 and 2003 as part of necessary fiscal consolidation. • Norway: to increase its development assistance to 1 percent of GNI by 2005. • Switzerland: to increase its development assistance to 0.4 percent of GNI by 2010. • Australia: to increase its development assistance by 3 percent in real terms in 2002–03.

Debt relief for poor countries The Debt Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) provides debt relief to the world’s poorest and most heavily indebted countries. By March 2003, 26 countries had qualified for debt relief amounting to about $42 billion. The savings in debt service have allowed average annual social spending in these countries to rise from 6 percent of GDP to 8 percent.

The total debt burden of heavily indebted poor countries has declined Total external debt of HIPCs ($ billions)

250

200

150

100

50

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

25

Aid per capita, 2001 $50 or more $20–49 $5–19 Less than $5 Net aid donor No data

Only five countries provide as much as 0.7 percent of GNI for official development assistance—and the shares of most major aid donors have declined Net official development assistance (% of donor country GNI)

1990

2001

1.2

0.9

0.6

St at es

ly Ita

ce ee

Un

ite

d

Gr

da na

n Ca

pa Ja

al ug rt Po

Ze w Ne

Au

st

al

ra l

an

d

ia

y an rm Ge

n ai

st ria Au

ng ite

d

Ki

Fr Un

Sp

m do

ce an

d an nl Fi

nd la Ire

nd er la

m iu lg Be

Sw itz

en

s er la th Ne

Sw ed

nd

g ur bo Lu xe m

No r

De n

m

ar k

0.0

wa y

0.3

In most countries aid plays a relatively small role. But for the very poorest countries it can be very important. In 2001 43 developing countries received more than $50 per capita. Additional aid—together with good policies—could help countries lift millions of people out of poverty.

2003 World Bank Atlas

53

Key indicators of development Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

Total population

Surface area

Population density

millions 2001

thousand sq. km 2001

people per sq. km 2001

years 2001

27.2 c 3.2 30.8 0.1 0.1 13.5 0.1 37.5 3.8 0.1 19.4 8.1 8.1 0.3 0.7 133.3 0.3 10.0 10.3 0.2 6.4 0.1 0.8 8.5 4.1 1.7 172.4 0.3 8.0 11.6 6.9 12.3 15.2 31.1 0.4 0.0 3.8 7.9 0.1 15.4 1,271.8 6.7 0.4 43.0 0.6 52.4 3.1 3.9 16.4 4.4 11.2 0.8 10.2 5.4 0.6 0.1 8.5 12.9

652.1 28.8 2,381.7 0.2 0.5 1,246.7 0.4 2,780.4 29.8 0.2 7,741.2 83.9 86.6 13.9 0.7 144.0 0.4 207.6 31.0 23.0 112.6 0.1 47.0 1,098.6 51.1 581.7 8,547.4 5.8 110.9 274.0 27.8 181.0 475.4 9,970.6 4.0 0.3 623.0 1,284.0 0.2 756.6 9,598.1 i .. 0.4 1,138.9 2.2 2,344.9 342.0 51.1 322.5 56.5 110.9 9.3 78.9 43.1 23.2 0.8 48.7 283.6

42 115 13 350 140 11 156 14 135 474 3 98 94 31 917 1,024 624 48 313 11 58 1,200 18 8 80 3 20 65 73 42 270 69 33 3 111 135 6 6 768 21 136 .. .. 41 256 23 9 76 52 78 102 82 132 126 28 96 176 47

43 74 71 .. .. 47 .. 74 74 .. 79 78 65 70 73 62 75 68 78 74 53 .. 63 63 74 39 68 76 72 44 42 54 49 79 69 .. 43 48 79 76 70 80 79 72 61 45 51 78 46 74 77 78 75 77 45 76 67 70

54

2003 World Bank Atlas

Life expectancy at birth

Gross national income

$ billions 2001 b

.. 4.2 51.0 .. .. 6.7 0.6 260.3 2.2 .. 385.9 194.7 5.3 4.5 7.2 48.6 2.6 12.9 245.3 0.7 2.4 .. 0.5 8.1 5.0 5.3 528.9 .. 13.2 2.5 0.7 3.3 8.7 681.6 0.6 .. 1.0 1.6 .. 70.6 1,131.2 170.3 6.3 j 81.6 0.2 4.2 2.0 15.7 10.3 19.9 .. 9.4 54.3 164.0 0.6 0.2 19.0 14.0

per capita $ 2001 b

.. d 1,340 1,650 .. f .. g 500 9,150 6,940 570 .. g 19,900 23,940 650 14,860 11,130 360 9,750 h 1,290 23,850 2,940 380 .. g 640 950 1,240 3,100 3,070 .. g 1,650 220 100 270 580 21,930 1,340 .. g 260 200 .. g 4,590 890 25,330 14,380 j 1,890 380 80 640 4,060 630 4,550 .. k 12,320 5,310 30,600 890 3,200 2,230 1,080

PPP gross national income a

Youth unemployment

per capita $ 2001

% ages 15–24 2000

.. 3,810 5,910 e .. .. 1,690 e 9,550 10,980 2,730 .. 24,630 26,380 2,890 15,680 15,390 1,600 15,110 7,630 26,150 5,150 970 .. .. 2,240 6,250 7,410 7,070 .. 6,740 1,120 e 680 1,790 1,580 26,530 e 5,540 e .. 1,300 e 1,060 .. 8,840 3,950 25,560 21,630 6,790 1,890 630 680 9,260 1,400 8,930 .. 21,110 e 14,320 28,490 2,420 4,920 6,650 2,960

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12.3 5.9 .. 15.8 .. .. 21.8 .. 22.6 22.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.3 .. 34.2 .. .. .. .. 14.0 .. .. .. .. .. 21.2 3.1 10.3 9.9 36.3 .. .. .. 11.7 .. 29.8 .. .. 17.0 10.0 .. .. .. 23.5

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

Total population

Surface area

Population density

millions 2001

thousand sq. km 2001

people per sq. km 2001

65.2 6.4 0.5 4.2 1.4 65.8 0.1 0.8 5.2 59.2 0.2 1.3 1.3 5.3 82.3 19.7 10.6 0.1 0.1 0.2 11.7 1.2 7.6 0.8 8.1 6.6 10.2 0.3 1,032.4 209.0 64.5 23.8 3.8 0.1 6.4 57.9 2.6 127.0 5.0 14.9 30.7 0.1 22.4 47.3 2.0 5.0 5.4 2.4 4.4 2.1 3.2 5.4 0.0 3.5 0.4 2.0 16.0 10.5

1,001.5 21.0 28.1 117.6 45.1 1,104.3 1.4 18.3 338.2 551.5 4.0 267.7 11.3 69.7 357.0 238.5 132.0 341.7 0.3 0.6 108.9 36.1 245.9 215.0 27.8 112.1 93.0 103.0 3,287.3 1,904.6 1,648.2 438.3 70.3 0.6 21.1 301.3 11.0 377.8 89.2 2,724.9 580.4 0.7 120.5 99.3 17.8 199.9 236.8 64.6 10.4 30.4 111.4 1,759.5 0.2 65.2 2.6 25.7 587.0 118.5

65 309 17 42 32 66 36 45 17 108 65 5 134 76 231 87 82 0 295 285 108 44 31 4 295 59 110 3 347 115 39 54 56 133 309 197 239 349 57 6 54 127 186 480 115 26 23 38 429 68 33 3 188 54 170 80 27 112

Life expectancy at birth

years 2001

68 70 51 51 71 42 .. 69 78 79 73 53 53 73 78 56 78 .. 73 78 65 45 46 63 52 66 72 80 63 66 69 62 77 .. 79 79 76 81 72 63 46 62 61 74 77 66 54 70 71 43 47 72 .. 73 77 73 55 38

Gross national income

$ billions 2001 b

99.6 13.0 0.3 0.7 5.3 6.7 .. 1.8 123.4 1,380.7 4.1 4.0 0.4 3.1 1,939.6 5.7 121.0 .. 0.4 .. 19.6 0.2 3.1 0.6 3.9 5.9 49.2 8.2 477.4 144.7 108.7 .. 87.7 .. 106.6 1,123.8 7.3 4,523.3 8.8 20.1 10.7 0.1 .. 447.6 37.4 1.4 1.6 7.6 17.6 1.1 0.5 .. .. 11.7 17.6 3.5 4.2 1.7

per capita $ 2001 b

1,530 2,040 700 160 3,870 100 .. g 2,150 23,780 22,730 i 17,290 3,160 320 590 23,560 290 11,430 .. g 3,610 .. g 1,680 160 410 840 480 900 4,830 28,910 460 690 1,680 .. k 22,850 .. f 16,750 19,390 2,800 35,610 1,750 1,350 350 830 .. d 9,460 18,270 280 300 3,230 4,010 530 140 .. f .. g 3,350 39,840 1,690 260 160

PPP gross national income a

Youth unemployment

per capita $ 2001

% ages 15–24 2000

3,560 5,160 .. 1,030 9,650 800 .. 4,920 24,030 24,080 28,020 5,190 2,010 e 2,580 25,240 2,170 e 17,520 .. 6,290 .. 4,380 890 1,900 4,280 e 1,870 2,760 11,990 28,850 2,820 2,830 5,940 .. 27,170 .. 19,630 24,530 3,490 25,550 3,880 6,150 970 .. .. 15,060 21,530 2,630 1,540 e 7,760 4,400 2,980 e .. .. .. 8,350 48,560 6,040 820 560

.. .. .. .. 16.1 .. .. .. 21.6 26.6 .. .. .. .. 7.7 .. 29.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.3 12.4 4.4 .. .. .. .. 8.5 .. 17.2 32.9 34.0 9.2 .. .. .. .. .. 14.2 .. .. .. 23.1 .. .. .. .. .. 24.9 6.8 .. .. ..

Total population

Surface area

Population density

Economy

millions 2001

thousand sq. km 2001

people per sq. km 2001

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

23.8 0.3 11.1 0.4 0.1 2.7 1.2 0.1 99.4 0.1 4.3 0.0 2.4 29.2 18.1 48.3 1.8 23.6 16.0 0.2 0.2 3.8 5.2 11.2 129.9 0.1 4.5 2.5 141.5 0.0 2.9 5.3 5.6 26.3 78.3 38.6 10.0 3.8 0.6 22.4 144.8 8.7 0.2 0.0 0.2 21.4 9.8 0.1 5.1 4.1 5.4 2.0 0.4 9.1 43.2 41.1 18.7 0.0

329.8 0.3 1,240.2 0.3 0.2 1,025.5 2.0 0.4 1,958.2 0.7 33.9 0.0 1,566.5 446.6 801.6 676.6 824.3 147.2 41.5 0.8 18.6 270.5 130.0 1,267.0 923.8 0.5 323.9 309.5 796.1 0.5 75.5 462.8 406.8 1,285.2 300.0 323.3 92.0 9.0 11.0 238.4 17,075.4 26.3 2.8 0.1 1.0 2,149.7 196.7 0.5 71.7 0.6 49.0 20.3 28.9 637.7 1,221.0 506.0 65.6 0.4

72 934 9 1,234 263 3 591 388 52 172 130 15,789 2 65 23 73 2 165 473 275 12 14 43 9 143 160 15 8 183 42 39 12 14 21 263 127 110 433 54 97 9 352 61 300 157 10 51 183 72 6,772 112 99 15 14 35 82 290 125

Life expectancy at birth

years 2001

73 69 41 78 65 51 72 .. 73 68 67 .. 65 68 42 57 44 59 78 .. 73 78 69 46 46 .. 79 74 63 .. 75 57 71 70 70 74 76 76 75 70 66 40 69 .. 65 73 52 73 37 78 73 76 69 47 47 78 73 71

Gross national income

$ billions 2001 b

79.3 0.6 2.5 3.6 0.1 1.0 4.6 .. 550.2 0.3 1.5 .. 1.0 34.7 3.8 .. 3.5 5.8 390.3 .. 3.2 51.0 .. 2.0 37.1 .. 160.8 14.9 60.0 0.1 9.5 3.0 7.6 52.2 80.8 163.6 109.3 42.1 .. 38.6 253.4 1.9 0.3 .. 0.0 181.1 4.7 0.5 0.7 88.8 20.3 19.4 0.3 .. 121.9 588.0 16.4 0.3

per capita $ 2001 b

3,330 2,000 230 9,210 2,190 360 3,830 .. f 5,530 2,150 400 .. g 400 1,190 210 .. d 1,960 250 24,330 .. g 15,060 13,250 .. d 180 290 .. g 35,630 6,180 420 6,780 3,260 580 1,350 1,980 1,030 4,230 10,900 10,950 h .. g 1,720 1,750 220 1,490 .. g 280 8,460 490 6,530 140 21,500 3,760 9,760 590 .. d 2,820 14,300 880 6,630

PPP gross national income a

Youth unemployment

per capita $ 2001

% ages 15–24 2000

7,910 .. 770 13,140 .. 1,940 9,860 .. 8,240 .. 2,300 .. 1,710 3,500 1,050 e .. 7,410 e 1,360 27,390 .. 25,200 18,250 .. 880 e 790 .. 29,340 10,720 1,860 .. 5,440 e 2,450 e 5,180 e 4,470 4,070 9,370 17,710 18,090 .. 5,780 6,880 1,240 6,130 .. .. 13,290 1,480 .. 460 22,850 11,780 17,060 1,910 e .. 10,910 e 19,860 3,260 10,190

.. .. .. .. .. 44.9 .. .. 3.4 .. .. .. .. 35.0 .. .. .. .. 7.4 35.5 .. 13.2 .. .. .. .. 10.2 .. .. .. 28.7 .. .. .. 21.2 30.0 8.7 20.3 .. 19.5 26.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.1 32.2 18.2 .. .. 55.8 28.5 28.2 ..

Economy

Total population

Surface area

Population density

millions 2001

thousand sq. km 2001

people per sq. km 2001

St. Lucia 0.2 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 0.1 Sudan 31.7 Suriname 0.4 Swaziland 1.1 Sweden 8.9 Switzerland 7.2 Syrian Arab Republic 16.6 Tajikistan 6.2 Tanzania 34.4 Thailand 61.2 Timor-Leste 0.8 Togo 4.7 Tonga 0.1 Trinidad and Tobago 1.3 Tunisia 9.7 Turkey 66.2 Turkmenistan 5.4 Uganda 22.8 Ukraine 49.1 United Arab Emirates 3.0 United Kingdom 58.8 United States 285.3 Uruguay 3.4 Uzbekistan 25.1 Vanuatu 0.2 Venezuela, RB 24.6 Vietnam 79.5 Virgin Islands (U.S.) 0.1 West Bank and Gaza 3.1 Yemen, Rep. 18.0 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 10.7 Zambia 10.3 Zimbabwe 12.8 World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

0.6 0.4 2,505.8 163.3 17.4 450.0 41.3 185.2 143.1 945.1 513.1 14.9 56.8 0.8 5.1 163.6 774.8 488.1 241.0 603.7 83.6 242.9 9,629.1 176.2 447.4 12.2 912.1 331.7 0.3 .. 528.0 102.0 752.6 390.8

6,130.1 s 133,781.2 s 2,505.9 34,245.8 2,667.2 67,121.8 2,163.5 45,709.0 503.6 21,412.9 5,172.3 101,352.8 1,822.5 16,300.7 474.6 24,066.4 523.6 20,459.5 300.6 11,134.9 1,377.8 5,139.5 673.9 24,266.7 957.0 32,413.6 306.7 2,568.9

Life expectancy at birth

years 2001

1

Gross national income

PPP gross national income a

Youth unemployment

% ages 15–24 2000

$ billions 2001 b

per capita $ 2001 b

per capita $ 2001

257 297 13 3 62 22 183 90 44 39 120 51 86 140 255 62 86 12 116 85 36 244 31 19 61 17 28 244 322 .. 34 108 14 33

72 73 58 70 45 80 80 70 67 44 69 .. 49 71 72 72 70 65 43 68 75 77 78 74 67 68 74 69 78 72 57 73 37 39

0.6 0.3 10.7 0.8 1.4 225.9 277.2 17.3 1.1 9.4 m 118.5 0.4 1.3 0.2 7.8 20.0 167.3 5.1 5.9 35.2 .. 1,476.8 9,780.8 19.2 13.8 0.2 117.2 32.8 .. 4.2 8.2 9.9 3.3 6.2

3,950 2,740 340 1,810 1,300 25,400 38,330 1,040 180 270 m 1,940 520 270 1,530 5,960 2,070 2,530 950 260 720 .. g 25,120 34,280 5,710 550 1,050 4,760 410 .. g 1,350 450 930 320 480

4,960 4,980 1,750 .. 4,430 23,800 30,970 3,160 1,140 520 6,230 .. 1,620 .. 8,620 6,090 5,830 4,240 1,460 e 4,270 .. 24,340 34,280 8,250 2,410 3,110 5,590 2,070 .. .. 730 .. 750 2,220

47 w 76 40 48 24 52 115 20 26 27 288 29 31 121

67 w 59 70 69 72 64 69 69 71 68 63 46 78 78

31,400 t 1,069 4,957 2,672 2,291 6,025 1,640 935 1,876 669 618 311 25,372 6,339

5,120 w 430 1,860 1,230 4,550 1,160 900 1,970 3,580 2,220 450 460 26,510 20,670

7,370 w 2,190 5,390 4,700 8,500 3,830 3,790 6,320 6,900 5,430 2,570 1,750 26,650 23,800

44.0 .. .. 23.1 .. 14.2 5.6 .. .. .. 7.4 .. .. .. 25.4 .. 14.6 .. .. 22.5 .. 12.3 9.9 24.3 .. .. 25.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

a. PPP is purchasing power parity; see Definitions. b. Calculated using the World Bank Atlas method. c. Estimate does not account for recent refugee flows. d. Estimated to be low income ($745 or less). e. The estimate is based on regression; others are extrapolated from the latest International Comparison Programme benchmark estimates. f. Estimated to be upper-middle-income ($2,976–$9,205). g. Estimated to be high income ($9,206 or more). h. Included in the aggregates for upper-middle-income economies on the basis of earlier data. i. Includes Taiwan, China; Macao, China; and Hong Kong, China. j. Refers to GDP or GDP per capita. k. Estimated to be lower middle income ($746–2,975). l. GNI and GNI per capita estimates include the Frehch overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion. m. Data refers to mainland Tanzania only.

2003 World Bank Atlas

55

Poverty and mortality International poverty line

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

Survey year

1995

1998

2001

2000 2000

1999 1993 1998 2001 1994 1998 1996

1993

1998 2000

1998

1998 1995 2000

1996

1998 1995

56

Population Poverty below gap at $1 a day $1 a day % %

.. .. <2 .. .. .. .. .. 12.8 .. .. .. 3.7 .. .. 36.0 .. <2 .. .. .. .. .. 14.4 .. 23.5 9.9 .. 4.7 61.2 58.4 .. 33.4 .. .. .. 66.6 .. .. <2 16.1 .. .. 14.4 .. .. .. 6.9 12.3 <2 .. .. <2 .. .. .. <2 20.2

.. .. <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. 3.3 .. .. .. <1 .. .. 8.1 .. <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. 5.4 .. 7.7 3.2 .. 1.4 25.5 24.9 .. 11.8 .. .. .. 38.1 .. .. <0.5 3.7 .. .. 8.1 .. .. .. 3.4 2.4 <0.5 .. .. <0.5 .. .. .. <0.5 5.8

National poverty line

Survey year

Share of poorest quintile in national income

Population below the poverty line Rural Urban National % % %

1995

1998 1998

1995

2000 2000

1995

1999 2001–02 1990

1998 1990 1997 1984

1995–96 1998 1998

1992

1992 1995

1996 1992 1994

2003 World Bank Atlas

.. .. 30.3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81.7 19.9 .. 32.6 .. .. 51.0 .. 40.1 32.4 .. .. .. .. 67.0 .. .. 4.6 .. .. 31.2 .. .. .. 25.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 86.5 .. 29.8 47.0

.. .. 14.7 .. .. .. .. 29.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13.8 .. 13.1 .. .. 16.5 .. 21.1 44.4 .. .. .. .. 63.0 .. .. <2 .. .. 8.0 .. .. .. 19.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.9 25.0

.. .. 22.6 .. .. .. .. .. 55.0 .. .. .. 68.1 .. .. 33.7 .. 41.9 .. .. 33.0 .. .. 62.7 19.5 .. 17.4 .. .. 45.3 36.2 36.1 40.0 .. .. .. .. 64.0 .. 17.0 4.6 .. .. 17.7 .. .. .. 22.0 36.8 .. .. .. .. .. 45.1 .. 20.6 35.0

% 1987– 2001 a

.. .. 7.0 b .. .. .. .. .. 6.7 b .. 5.9 c 7.0 c 7.4 b .. .. 9.0 b .. 8.4 b 8.3 c .. .. .. .. 4.0 b .. 2.2 b 2.2 c .. 6.7 c 4.5 b 5.1 b 6.9 b 4.6 b 7. 3 c .. .. 2.0 b .. .. 3.2 c 5.9 c 5.3 c .. 3.0 c .. .. .. 4.5 c 7.1 b 8.3 b .. .. 10.3 c 8.3 c .. .. 5.1 c 5.4 b

Under-five Infant Maternal mortality mortality mortality rate rate ratio, modeled estimates per per 1,000 100,000 per 1,000 live births live births 2001 2001 1995

257 25 49 .. 7 260 14 19 35 .. 6 5 96 16 16 77 14 20 6 40 158 .. 95 77 18 110 36 6 16 197 190 138 155 7 38 .. 180 200 .. 12 39 .. .. 23 79 205 108 11 175 8 9 6 5 4 143 15 47 30

165 23 39 .. 6 154 12 16 31 .. 6 5 77 13 13 51 12 17 5 34 94 .. 74 60 15 80 31 6 14 104 114 97 96 5 29 .. 115 117 6 10 31 3 4 19 59 129 81 9 102 7 7 5 4 4 100 14 41 24

820 31 150 .. .. 1,300 .. 85 29 .. 6 11 37 10 38 600 33 33 8 140 880 .. 500 550 15 480 260 22 23 1,400 1,900 590 720 6 190 .. 1,200 1,500 .. 33 60 .. 20 120 570 940 1,100 35 1,200 18 24 .. 14 15 520 .. 110 210

International poverty line

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

Survey year

2000 1997

1998 1999–2000

1998 1998 1999

2000

1998 1998 1998 1999–2000 2000 1998

2000 1997 1996 1997

1998 2000 1997–98 1998 1993

2000 1998 1999 1997–98

Population Poverty below gap at $1 a day $1 a day % %

3.1 21.4 .. .. <2 81.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 59.3 <2 .. 44.8 .. .. .. .. 16.0 .. .. <2 .. 23.8 <2 .. 34.7 7.2 <2 .. .. .. .. .. <2 .. <2 1.5 23.0 .. .. <2 .. 2.0 26.3 <2 .. 43.1 .. .. .. <2 .. <2 49.1 41.7

<0.5 7.9 .. .. <0.5 39.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 28.8 <0.5 .. 17.3 .. .. .. .. 4.6 .. .. <0.5 .. 11.6 <0.5 .. 8.2 1.0 <0.5 .. .. .. .. .. <0.5 .. <0.5 0.3 6.0 .. .. <0.5 .. 0.2 6.3 <0.5 .. 20.3 .. .. .. <0.5 .. <0.5 18.3 14.8

National poverty line

Survey year

Share of poorest quintile in national income

Population below the poverty line Rural Urban National % % %

1999–2000 .. 1992 55.7 .. .. 1993–94 .. 1995 14.7 1999–2000 45.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998 61.0 1997 9.9 .. 1992 34.3 .. .. .. .. 1989 71.9 1991 .. 1994 .. 1993 .. 1995 66.0 1993 51.0 1997 .. .. 1999–2000 30.2 1999 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000 25.1 .. 1997 .. 1996 39.0 1992 46.4 .. .. .. .. 1999 69.7 1997–98 41.0 .. .. 1993 53.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999 76.7 1997–98 66.5

.. 43.1 .. .. 6.8 37.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. 48.0 12.1 .. 26.7 .. .. .. .. 33.7 .. .. .. .. 57.0 .. .. 24.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30.0 29.3 .. .. .. .. 49.0 26.9 .. .. 27.8 .. .. .. .. .. .. 52.1 54.9

16.7 48.3 153 53.0 8.9 44.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11.1 .. 31.4 .. .. .. .. 57.9 48.7 40.0 43.2 .. 53.0 17.3 .. 28.6 27.1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 18.7 .. 11.7 34.6 42.0 .. .. .. .. 64.1 38.6 .. .. 49.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 71.3 65.3

% 1987– 2001 a

8.6 b 3.3 c 101 .. 7.0 c 2.4 b .. .. 10.1 c 7.2 c .. .. 4.0 b 6.0 b 5.7 c 5.6 b 7.1 c .. .. .. 3.8 c 5.2 b 6.4 b 4.5 b .. 2.0 c 10.0 b .. 8.1 b 8.4 b 5.1 b .. 6.7 c .. 6.9 c 6.0 c 6.7 b 10.6 c 7.6 b 8.2 b 5.6 b .. .. 7.9 c .. 9.1 b 7.6 b 7.6 c .. 1.4 b .. .. .. 7.9 b 8.0 c 8.4 b 6.4 b 4.9 b

Under-five Infant Maternal mortality mortality mortality rate rate ratio, modeled estimates per per 1,000 100,000 per 1,000 live births live births 2001 2001 1995

41 39 .. 111 12 172 .. 21 5 6 12 90 126 29 5 100 5 .. 25 9 58 211 169 72 123 38 9 4 93 45 42 133 6 .. 6 6 20 5 33 99 122 69 55 5 10 61 100 21 32 132 235 19 11 9 5 26 136 183

35 33 1,400 72 11 116 .. 18 4 4 10 60 91 24 4 57 5 .. 20 6 43 130 109 54 79 31 8 3 67 33 35 107 6 .. 6 4 17 3 27 81 78 51 42 5 9 52 87 17 28 91 157 16 10 8 5 22 84 114

170 180 1,100 80 1,800 .. 20 6 20 20 620 1,100 22 12 590 2 .. .. 12 270 910 1,200 150 1,100 220 23 16 440 470 130 370 9 .. 8 11 120 12 41 80 1,300 .. 35 20 25 80 650 70 130 530 1,000 120 .. 27 .. 17 580 580

International poverty line

Economy

Survey year

Malaysia 1997 Maldives Mali 1994 Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania 1995 Mauritius Mayotte Mexico 1998 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova 2001 Monaco Mongolia 1995 Morocco 1999 Mozambique 1996 Myanmar Namibia 1993 Nepal 1995 Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua 1998 Niger 1995 Nigeria 1997 Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan 1998 Palau Panama 1998 Papua New Guinea Paraguay 1998 Peru 1996 Philippines 2000 Poland 1998 Portugal 1994 Puerto Rico Qatar Romania 2000 Russian Federation 2000 Rwanda 1983–85 Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal 1995 Seychelles Sierra Leone 1989 Singapore Slovak Republic 1996 Slovenia 1998 Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa 1995 Spain Sri Lanka 1995–96 St. Kitts and Nevis

Population Poverty below gap at $1 a day $1 a day % %

<2 .. 72.8 .. .. 28.6 .. .. 8.0 .. 22.0 .. 13.9 <2 37.9 .. 34.9 37.7 .. .. .. .. 82.3 61.4 70.2 .. .. .. 13.4 .. 7.6 .. 19.5 15.5 14.6 <2 <2 .. .. 2.1 6.1 35.7 .. .. .. .. 26.3 .. 57.0 .. <2 <2 .. .. <2 .. 6.6 ..

<0.5 .. 37.4 .. .. 9.1 .. .. 2.1 .. 5.8 .. 3.1 <0.5 12.0 .. 14.0 9.7 .. .. .. .. 52.2 33.9 34.9 .. .. .. 2.4 .. 2.9 .. 9.8 5.4 2.7 <0.5 <0.5 .. .. 0.6 1.2 7.7 .. .. .. .. 7.0 .. 39.5 .. <0.5 <0.5 .. .. <0.5 .. 1.0 ..

National poverty line

Survey year

1989

2000 1992 1988 1997 1995 1998–99 1996–97

1995–96

1998 1989–93 1992–93

1998–99 1997 1996 1991 1997 1997 1993

1994 1994 1993

1992 1989

1995–96

Share of poorest quintile in national income

Population below the poverty line Rural Urban National % % %

.. .. .. .. .. 61.2 .. .. .. .. 26.7 .. 33.1 27.2 71.3 .. .. 44.0 .. .. .. .. 68.5 66.0 36.4 .. .. .. 35.9 .. 64.9 41.3 28.5 64.7 50.7 .. .. .. .. 27.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. 40.4 .. 76.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27.0 ..

.. .. .. .. .. 25.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 38.5 12.0 62.0 .. .. 23.0 .. .. .. .. 30.5 52.0 30.4 .. .. .. 24.2 .. 15.3 16.1 19.7 40.4 21.5 .. .. .. .. 20.4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 53.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15.0 ..

15.5 .. .. .. .. 46.3 10.6 .. 10.1 .. 23.3 .. 36.3 19.0 69.4 .. .. 42.0 .. .. .. .. 47.9 63.0 34.1 .. .. .. 32.6 .. 37.3 37.5 21.8 49.0 36.8 23.8 .. .. .. 21.5 30.9 51.2 .. .. .. .. 33.4 .. 68.0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.0 ..

% 1987– 2001 a

4.4 c .. 4.6 b .. .. 6.4 b .. .. 3.4 c .. 7.1 b .. 5.6 b 6.5 b 6.5 b .. 1.4 c 7.6 b 7.3 c .. .. 6.4 c 2.3 b 2.6 b 4.4 b .. 9.7 c .. 8.8 b .. 3.6 b 4.5 b 1.9 c 4.4 c 5.4 b 7.8 b 5.8 c .. .. 8.2 b 4.9 b 9.7 b .. .. .. .. 6.4 b .. 1.1 b 5.0 c 8.8 c 9.1 c .. .. 2.0 b 7.5 c 8.0 b ..

Under-five Infant Maternal mortality mortality mortality rate rate ratio, modeled estimates per per 1,000 100,000 per 1,000 live births live births 2001 2001 1995

8 77 231 5 66 183 19 .. 29 24 32 5 76 44 197 109 67 91 6 .. 10 6 43 265 183 .. 4 13 109 29 25 94 30 39 38 9 6 .. 16 21 21 183 25 6 74 28 138 17 316 4 9 5 24 225 71 6 19 24

8 58 141 5 54 120 17 .. 24 20 27 4 61 39 125 77 55 66 5 .. 7 6 36 156 110 .. 4 12 84 24 19 70 26 30 29 8 5 10 11 19 18 96 20 4 57 23 79 13 182 3 8 4 20 133 56 4 17 20

39 390 630 .. .. 870 45 .. 65 .. 65 .. 65 390 980 170 370 830 10 20 10 15 250 920 1,100 .. 9 120 200 .. 100 390 170 240 240 12 12 30 41 60 75 2,300 15 .. .. 23 1,200 .. 2,100 9 14 17 60 1,600 340 8 60 ..

International poverty line

Economy

Survey year

St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan 1998 Tanzania 1993 Thailand 2000 Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago 1992 Tunisia 1995 Turkey 2000 Turkmenistan 1998 Uganda 1996 Ukraine 1999 United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay 1998 Uzbekistan 1998 Vanuatu Venezuela, RB 1998 Vietnam 1998 Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. 1998 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia 1998 Zimbabwe 1990–91

Population Poverty below gap at $1 a day $1 a day % %

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10.3 19.9 <2 .. .. .. 12.4 <2 <2 12.1 82.2 2.9 .. .. .. <2 19.1 .. 15.0 17.7 .. .. 15.7 .. 63.7 36.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.6 4.8 <0.5 .. .. .. 3.5 <0.5 <0.5 2.6 40.1 0.6 .. .. .. <0.5 8.1 .. 6.9 3.3 .. .. 4.5 .. 32.7 9.6

2

National poverty line

Survey year

1995

1993 1992 1987–89 1992 1995

1993 1995

1989 1993

1998 1998 1995–96

Share of poorest quintile in national income

Population below the poverty line Rural Urban National % % %

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 49.7 15.5 .. .. .. 20.0 13.9 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57.2 .. .. 45.0 .. 83.1 48.0

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24.4 10.2 .. .. .. 24.0 3.6 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25.9 .. .. 30.8 .. 56.0 7.9

.. .. .. .. 40.0 .. .. .. .. 41.6 13.1 .. 32.3 .. 21.0 7.6 .. .. 55.0 31.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 31.3 50.9 .. .. 41.8 .. 72.9 34.9

% 1987– 2001 a

5.2 c .. .. .. 2.7 c 9.1 c 6.9 c .. 8.0 b 6.8 b 6.1 b .. .. .. 5.5 c 5.7 b 6.1 b 6.1 b 7.1 b 8.8 b .. 6.1 c 5.2 c 4.5 c, d 9.2 b .. 3.0 c 8.0 b .. .. 7.4 b .. 3.3 b 4.6 b

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

Under-five Infant Maternal mortality mortality mortality rate rate ratio, modeled estimates per per 1,000 100,000 per 1,000 live births live births 2001 2001 1995

19 25 107 32 149 3 6 28 116 165 28 124 141 20 20 27 43 87 124 20 9 7 8 16 68 42 22 38 11 25 107 19 202 123

17 22 65 26 106 3 5 23 91 104 24 85 79 17 17 21 36 69 79 17 8 6 7 14 52 34 19 30 8 21 79 17 112 76

81 w 121 38 41 27 88 44 38 34 54 99 171 7 6

56 w 80 31 33 23 61 34 31 28 44 71 105 5 4

.. .. 1,500 230 370 8 8 200 120 1,100 44 850 980 .. 65 70 55 65 1,100 45 30 10 12 50 60 32 43 95 .. .. 850 15 870 610

a. Data are for the most recent year available. b. Refers to expenditure shares by percentiles of population; ranked by per capita expenditure. c. Refers to income shares by percentiles of population; ranked by per capita income. d. Urban data.

2003 World Bank Atlas

57

Health Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

Measles immunization rate

Prevalence of child malnutrition

% of children under age one 2001

46 95 83 .. 90 72 97 94 93 .. 93 79 99 93 98 76 92 99 83 96 65 .. 78 79 92 83 99 99 96 46 75 59 62 96 72 .. 29 36 .. 97 79 .. .. 75 70 46 35 82 61 94 99 86 97 94 49 99 98 99

58

Births attended by skilled health staff

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Prevalence of HIV

Weight for age % of children under age five 1993–2001 a

% of total 1996–2000 a

% of women ages 15–49 1990–2001 a

Young people % of ages 15–24 Male b Female b 2001 2001

49 14 6 .. .. 41 .. 5 3 .. 0 .. 17 .. .. 48 .. .. .. .. 23 .. 19 8 4 13 6 .. .. 34 45 45 22 .. 14 .. 23 28 .. 1 10 .. .. 7 25 34 .. 5 21 1 .. .. .. .. 18 .. 5 14

.. 99 92 .. .. 23 100 98 97 .. 100 .. 88 .. 98 12 91 100 .. .. 60 .. .. 59 100 99 88 99 99 27 25 34 56 .. 89 .. 44 16 .. 100 70 100 100 86 62 70 .. 98 47 100 100 .. .. .. .. 100 96 69

.. .. 51 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 55 .. 62 54 .. .. .. 47 16 .. 31 49 .. .. 77 .. .. 12 .. 24 19 .. 53 .. 15 4 .. .. 83 .. .. 77 21 .. .. .. 15 .. .. .. 69 .. .. .. 64 66

2003 World Bank Atlas

.. .. .. .. .. 2.23 .. 0.86 0.22 .. 0.12 0.22 0.06 2.64 .. 0.01 .. 0.58 0.12 1.10 1.17 .. .. 0.11 .. 16.08 0.64 .. .. 3.97 4.95 0.96 5.44 0.28 .. .. 5.82 2.38 .. 0.35 0.16 0.00 .. 0.85 .. 2.92 3.28 0.58 2.91 0.00 0.09 .. 0.00 0.14 .. .. 2.10 0.31

.. .. .. .. .. 5.74 .. 0.34 0.06 .. 0.01 0.12 0.01 3.03 .. 0.01 .. 0.19 0.12 1.99 3.71 .. .. 0.05 .. 37.49 0.48 .. .. 9.73 11.05 2.48 12.67 0.17 .. .. 13.54 4.28 .. 0.13 0.09 0.00 .. 0.19 .. 5.91 7.80 0.27 8.31 0.00 0.05 .. 0.00 0.06 .. .. 2.76 0.15

Incidence of tuberculosis

Measles immunization rate

Prevalence of child malnutrition

Births attended by skilled health staff

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Prevalence of HIV

per 100,000 people 2000

% of children under age one 2001

Weight for age % of children under age five 1993–2001 a

% of total 1996–2000 a

% of women ages 15–49 1990–2001 a

Young people % of ages 15–24 Male b Female b 2001 2001

97 99 19 88 95 52 .. 80 96 84 .. 55 90 73 89 81 88 .. 96 .. 90 48 52 92 53 95 99 88 56 59 96 90 73 .. 94 70 85 96 99 96 76 76 34 97 99 99 50 98 94 77 78 93 .. 97 91 92 55 82

4 12 .. 44 .. 47 .. 8 .. .. .. 12 17 3 .. 25 .. .. .. .. 24 25 33 12 17 17 .. .. 53 25 11 .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. 5 4 22 .. 28 .. 2 11 40 .. 3 18 .. 5 .. .. .. 6 40 25

61 90 .. .. .. 10 .. 100 .. .. 99 86 51 96 .. 44 .. .. 99 100 41 35 35 .. 24 55 .. .. 42 56 86 .. .. .. .. .. 95 100 97 98 44 85 99 100 98 98 21 .. 95 60 .. 94 .. .. .. 97 46 56

56 60 .. 8 .. 8 .. .. .. 71 .. 33 .. 41 .. 22 .. .. .. .. 38 .. 6 31 28 62 73 .. 52 57 73 .. 60 .. .. .. 65 .. 50 66 39 .. .. .. .. 60 25 .. 61 23 .. 45 .. .. .. .. 19 31

321 29 46 34 23 275 9 48 69 .. 8 15 74 66 53 242 16 88 14 44 259 6 137 230 91 757 68 61 41 c 324 406 572 341 7 182 5 445 274 .. 25 107 91 219 50 63 320 338 16 389 59 14 7 19 13 643 21 147 176

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

.. 0.77 1.39 2.78 2.48 4.39 .. .. 0.04 0.26 .. 2.32 0.52 0.08 0.10 1.36 0.14 .. .. .. 0.90 1.06 0.57 3.28 4.06 1.20 0.09 .. 0.34 0.06 0.05 .. 0.06 .. 0.06 0.28 0.82 0.01 .. 0.13 6.01 .. .. 0.03 .. 0.00 0.05 0.94 .. 17.40 .. .. .. 0.16 .. 0.00 0.06 6.35

.. 0.35 2.77 4.30 0.62 7.82 .. .. 0.03 0.17 .. 4.72 1.35 0.02 0.05 2.97 0.06 .. .. .. 0.85 2.98 1.43 4.01 4.95 1.50 0.02 .. 0.71 0.06 0.01 .. 0.05 .. 0.06 0.26 0.86 0.04 .. 0.03 15.56 .. .. 0.01 .. 0.00 0.03 0.24 .. 38.08 .. .. .. 0.05 .. 0.00 0.23 14.89

Incidence of tuberculosis

per 100,000 people 2000

39 64 244 289 67 397 .. 35 11 15 35 293 264 75 12 286 22 .. 6 87 85 271 270 115 350 91 41 3 184 280 53 132 14 .. 11 9 8 36 10 152 484 87 175 62 31 153 160 118 22 578 275 24 .. 111 15 52 254 447

Economy

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

Measles immunization rate

Prevalence of child malnutrition

Births attended by skilled health staff

Contraceptive prevalence rate

Prevalence of HIV

% of children under age one 2001

Weight for age % of children under age five 1993–2001 a

% of total 1996–2000 a

% of women ages 15–49 1990–2001 a

Young people % of ages 15–24 Male b Female b 2001 2001

92 99 37 65 94 58 90 .. 97 84 81 99 95 96 92 73 58 71 96 .. .. 85 99 51 40 .. 93 100 54 .. 97 58 77 97 75 97 87 .. 92 98 98 78 92 .. 69 94 48 95 37 89 99 98 .. 38 72 94 99 94

20 43 27 .. .. 32 15 .. 8 .. .. .. 13 .. 26 43 .. 48 .. .. .. .. 12 40 31 .. .. 23 38 .. 8 .. .. 7 32 .. .. .. 6 .. 3 24 .. .. .. .. 18 .. 27 .. .. .. 21 26 9 .. 33 ..

96 .. 24 .. 95 57 99 .. 86 93 99 .. 97 .. 44 57 76 12 100 .. .. .. 61 16 42 100 .. 91 20 100 90 53 71 56 56 .. 100 .. 98 98 99 31 100 .. .. 91 51 .. 42 100 .. .. 85 34 84 .. 95 99

.. .. 7 .. .. 8 75 .. 65 .. 74 .. 60 59 6 .. 29 29 75 .. .. .. 60 8 15 .. .. 24 28 .. .. 26 57 69 47 .. .. 78 43 48 34 13 .. .. .. 21 11 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 62 .. .. ..

0.70 .. 1.37 .. .. 0.38 0.04 .. 0.37 .. 0.46 .. .. .. 6.13 1.04 11.10 0.26 0.20 .. .. 0.05 0.23 0.95 2.99 .. 0.08 .. 0.06 .. 1.88 0.33 0.13 0.41 0.01 0.09 0.41 .. .. 0.02 1.87 4.91 .. .. .. .. 0.19 .. 2.48 0.14 0.00 0.00 .. .. 10.66 0.51 0.03 ..

0.12 .. 2.08 .. .. 0.59 0.04 .. 0.09 .. 0.14 .. .. .. 14.67 1.72 24.29 0.28 0.09 .. .. 0.01 0.08 1.50 5.82 .. 0.04 .. 0.05 .. 1.25 0.39 0.04 0.18 0.01 0.05 0.19 .. .. 0.02 0.67 11.20 .. .. .. .. 0.54 .. 7.53 0.16 0.00 0.00 .. .. 25.64 0.24 0.04 ..

Incidence of tuberculosis

Measles immunization rate

Prevalence of child malnutrition

Births attended by skilled health staff

Contraceptive prevalence rate

per 100,000 people 2000

% of children under age one 2001

Weight for age % of children under age five 1993–2001 a

% of total 1996–2000 a

% of women ages 15–49 1990–2001 a

100 99 .. 85 .. .. .. .. 77 35 95 26 51 92 99 90 81 97 38 99 99 99 99 100 96 .. 95 70 .. .. 22 93 47 84

.. .. 10 .. .. .. .. 45 .. 25 72 .. 24 .. .. 60 64 .. 15 72 .. .. 64 .. 56 .. .. 75 .. 42 21 .. 26 54

111 58 267 7 86 226 69 .. 38 86 135 .. 216 118 433 168 521 208 9 .. 87 11 85 256 305 86 6 9 175 89 52 262 66 212 330 36 52 9 25 135 132 405 35 7 133 45 261 43 278 48 25 26 87 360 526 34 58 16

Economy

St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe

89 98 67 90 72 94 81 93 86 83 94 .. 58 93 91 92 90 98 61 99 94 85 91 94 99 94 49 97 .. .. 79 90 85 68

.. 20 11 .. 10 .. .. 13 .. 29 18 .. 25 .. .. 4 8 12 23 3 7 .. 1 4 19 .. 4 34 .. 15 46 2 24 13

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

72 w 60 86 84 94 71 76 95 91 92 58 58 90 85

.. w .. 13 10 9 .. 15 .. 9 15 53 .. .. ..

44 w 44 61 61 .. 44 59 64 40 54 49 21 .. ..

3

Prevalence of HIV

Young people % of ages 15–24 Male b Female b 2001 2001

.. .. 1.08 1.22 15.23 0.06 0.46 .. 0.00 3.55 1.11 .. 2.05 .. 2.41 .. .. 0.00 1.99 1.96 .. 0.10 0.47 0.52 0.01 .. 0.65 0.31 .. .. .. .. 8.06 12.38 0.77 w 1.13 0.61 0.62 0.57 0.87 0.19 1.08 0.68 .. 0.27 4.12 0.26 0.24

a. Data are for most recent year available. b. Data are an average of high and low estimates. c. Data are for 2001.

2003 World Bank Atlas

59

.. .. 3.13 1.52 39.49 0.05 0.40 .. 0.00 8.06 1.66 .. 5.93 .. 3.23 .. .. 0.00 4.63 0.88 .. 0.05 0.22 0.20 0.00 .. 0.15 0.17 .. .. .. .. 20.98 33.01 1.34 w 2.37 0.77 0.85 0.43 1.58 0.16 0.41 0.46 .. 0.55 9.34 0.14 0.15

Incidence of tuberculosis

per 100,000 people 2000

22 38 193 74 600 5 11 85 160 359 140 .. 317 34 13 37 36 84 351 79 21 12 5 28 104 87 42 189 12 28 107 45 529 584 145 w 233 107 119 55 168 147 91 73 64 190 354 18 17

Education and gender Public expenditure on education

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

% of GDP 2000

.. .. .. .. .. 2.7 3.2 4.0 2.9 4.7 4.7 5.8 4.2 .. 3.0 2.5 7.1 6.0 5.9 6.2 3.2 .. 5.2 5.5 .. 8.6 4.7 4.8 3.4 .. 3.4 1.9 3.2 5.5 4.4 .. 1.9 2.0 .. 4.2 2.9 .. 3.6 .. 3.8 .. 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.2 8.5 5.4 4.4 8.2 3.5 5.1 2.5 1.6

60

Primary completion rate

% of relevant age group Male Female 1995–2001 a 1995–2001 a

15 89 93 .. .. .. .. 91 70 .. .. .. 99 .. 85 68 .. 95 .. 81 47 .. .. .. .. 96 .. .. 92 30 .. 68 46 .. 115 .. .. 29 .. 92 111 .. .. 84 .. 45 28 91 48 80 .. .. 110 .. 36 99 78 96

0b 93 88 .. .. .. .. 95 95 .. .. .. 101 .. 99 72 .. 92 .. 83 30 .. .. .. .. 107 .. .. 92 20 .. 51 39 .. 119 .. .. 9 .. 92 106 .. .. 88 .. 34 60 88 33 79 .. .. 107 .. 24 107 86 96

2003 World Bank Atlas

Adult literacy rate

Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school c

Ratio of literate females to males

Women in parliament

Women employed in the nonagricultural sector

% ages 15 and over 2001

% 2000

Ages 15–24 % 2001

% of total 2002

% of total 1998–2000 a

.. 85 68 .. .. .. .. 97 98 .. .. .. .. 95 88 41 100 100 .. 93 39 .. .. 86 .. 78 87 92 98 25 49 69 72 .. 75 .. 48 44 .. 96 86 94 94 92 56 63 82 96 50 98 97 97 .. .. 65 .. 84 92

.. 102 98 .. .. 84 .. 103 106 100 100 97 101 97 103 103 100 101 106 101 62 .. .. 97 .. 102 103 100 97 70 79 83 81 101 .. .. .. 56 .. 88 98 .. 100 104 83 80 89 101 71 .. 100 101 101 103 85 .. 106 100

.. 97 90 .. .. .. .. 100 100 .. .. .. .. 102 100 71 100 100 .. 101 52 .. .. 96 .. 109 103 101 100 52 96 89 96 .. 93 .. 79 83 .. 100 98 101 98 101 79 86 99 101 75 100 100 100 .. .. 90 .. 102 99

.. 6 3 .. 14 16 5 31 3 .. 25 27 11 15 .. 9 11 10 23 7 6 .. 9 12 7 17 7 .. 26 8 20 7 6 21 11 .. 7 2 .. 13 22 .. .. 12 .. .. 12 19 9 21 28 11 15 38 .. 19 16 15

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 43 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 45 .. .. .. .. .. .. 48 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 49 .. .. .. 39 .. 47 .. 44 47 49 .. .. .. ..

Public expenditure on education

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

% of GDP 2000

.. 2.3 0.6 4.8 7.5 4.8 .. 5.2 6.1 5.8 .. 3.9 2.7 .. 4.6 4.1 3.8 .. 4.2 .. 1.7 2.1 1.9 4.1 1.1 4.0 5.0 .. 4.1 .. 4.4 .. 4.4 .. 7.3 4.5 6.3 3.5 5.0 .. 6.4 .. .. 3.8 .. 5.4 2.3 5.9 3.0 10.1 .. .. .. 6.4 3.7 4.1 3.2 4.1

Primary completion rate

% of relevant age group Male Female 1995–2001 a 1995–2001 a

104 79 .. 40 89 36 .. .. .. .. .. 79 62 83 .. .. .. .. 107 .. 52 40 44 84 69 .. 102 .. 88 90 95 .. .. .. .. .. 91 .. 102 99 76 .. .. 95 69 107 73 87 .. 65 .. .. .. 97 .. 94 26 72

92 79 .. 31 86 12 .. .. .. .. .. 80 47 82 .. .. .. .. 104 .. 45 24 24 95 70 .. 102 .. 63 92 89 .. .. .. .. .. 98 .. 106 101 80 .. .. 98 71 103 64 84 .. 92 .. .. .. 94 .. 87 26 58

Adult literacy rate

Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school c

Ratio of literate females to males

Women in parliament

Women employed in the nonagricultural sector

% ages 15 and over 2001

% 2000

Ages 15–24 % 2001

% of total 2002

% of total 1998–2000 a

56 79 84 57 100 40 .. 93 .. .. .. .. 38 .. .. 73 97 .. .. .. 69 40 .. 99 51 76 99 .. 58 87 77 40 .. .. 95 98 87 .. 90 99 83 .. .. 98 82 .. 66 100 86 84 55 81 .. 100 .. .. 67 61

94 98 72 77 99 68 .. .. 106 100 .. 98 85 102 99 88 101 .. .. .. 92 65 57 .. .. .. 100 103 78 98 95 77 .. .. 100 98 101 101 101 98 97 .. .. 100 101 99 82 101 102 107 70 103 .. 99 103 98 97 94

83 98 97 76 100 81 .. 100 .. .. .. .. 76 .. .. 95 100 .. .. .. 85 62 .. 100 101 104 100 .. 82 99 95 50 .. .. 100 100 107 .. 100 100 98 .. .. 100 102 .. 84 100 96 119 63 94 .. 100 .. .. 92 76

2 10 5 15 18 8 .. 6 37 11 .. 9 2 7 32 9 9 .. 27 .. 9 8 9 20 4 9 8 35 9 8 3 8 12 .. 13 10 13 7 1 10 4 5 20 6 .. 10 21 17 2 4 8 .. 12 11 17 7 8 9

21 .. .. .. 51 .. .. .. 50 .. .. .. .. .. 45 .. 40 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 .. .. .. .. 46 .. 48 40 .. 40 .. .. .. .. .. 40 .. .. .. 51 .. .. .. .. .. 53 .. .. .. ..

Public expenditure on education

Economy

% of GDP 2000

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

6.2 3.9 2.8 4.9 16.6 3.0 3.5 .. 4.4 5.5 4.0 .. 2.3 5.5 2.4 0.5 8.1 3.7 4.8 .. .. 6.1 5.0 2.7 .. .. 6.8 3.9 1.8 .. 5.9 2.3 5.0 3.3 4.2 5.0 5.8 .. 3.6 3.5 4.4 2.8 4.2 .. .. 9.5 3.2 7.6 1.0 3.7 4.2 .. 3.6 .. 5.5 4.5 3.1 2.9

Primary completion rate

% of relevant age group Male Female 1995–2001 a 1995–2001 a

.. .. 29 .. .. 48 115 .. 85 .. 96 .. 70 63 50 .. 86 70 .. .. .. .. 61 24 73 .. .. 76 .. .. .. 64 79 90 .. 96 .. .. 45 99 .. .. 105 .. .. 68 49 .. 36 .. 96 90 .. .. 95 .. 108 115

.. .. 18 .. .. 43 108 .. 93 .. 94 .. 80 47 22 .. 94 58 .. .. .. .. 70 16 61 .. .. 76 .. .. .. 53 80 89 .. 97 .. .. 43 98 .. .. 92 .. .. 69 34 .. 30 .. 97 94 .. .. 100 .. 114 104

Adult literacy rate

Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school c

Ratio of literate females to males

Women in parliament

Women employed in the nonagricultural sector

% ages 15 and over 2001

% 2000

Ages 15–24 % 2001

% of total 2002

% of total 1998–2000 a

88 97 26 92 .. 41 85 .. 91 .. 99 .. 98 50 45 85 83 43 .. 97 .. .. 67 17 65 .. .. 73 44 .. 92 65 93 90 95 100 93 94 82 98 100 68 99 .. .. 77 38 .. .. 93 .. 100 .. .. 86 98 92 ..

105 101 66 101 .. 93 97 .. 101 109 102 .. 112 83 75 98 104 82 97 95 .. 103 105 67 .. .. 101 97 61 100 100 90 99 97 103 98 102 .. 102 100 .. 97 102 .. .. 94 84 .. 77 .. 101 .. .. .. 100 103 102 ..

100 100 54 102 .. 72 101 .. 99 .. 100 .. 101 78 63 99 104 57 .. 100 .. .. 102 44 95 .. .. 97 60 .. 99 90 100 97 100 100 100 101 105 100 100 96 100 .. .. 96 71 .. .. 100 .. 100 .. .. 100 100 100 ..

10 6 12 9 3 4 6 .. 16 .. 13 22 11 1 30 .. 25 6 36 .. .. 31 21 1 3 .. 36 .. .. .. 10 2 3 18 18 20 19 .. .. 11 8 26 6 17 9 .. 17 24 9 12 14 12 2 .. 30 28 5 13

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 .. .. 50 .. .. .. .. 48 .. .. .. 42 .. .. 33 41 47 46 .. .. 46 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 45 .. 48 .. .. .. 39 .. ..

Public expenditure on education

Economy

% of GDP 2000

Primary completion rate

% of relevant age group Male Female 1995–2001 a 1995–2001 a

St. Lucia 5.8 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 9.3 Sudan .. Suriname .. Swaziland 1.5 Sweden 7.8 Switzerland 5.5 Syrian Arab Republic 4.1 Tajikistan 2.1 Tanzania 2.1 Thailand 5.4 Timor-Leste .. Togo 4.8 Tonga 5.3 Trinidad and Tobago 4.0 Tunisia 6.8 Turkey 3.5 Turkmenistan .. Uganda 2.3 Ukraine 4.4 United Arab Emirates 1.9 United Kingdom 4.5 United States 4.8 Uruguay 2.8 Uzbekistan .. Vanuatu 7.3 Venezuela, RB .. Vietnam .. Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. West Bank and Gaza .. Yemen, Rep. 10.0 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 5.1 Zambia 2.3 Zimbabwe 10.4

109 85 46 .. 78 .. .. 95 79 54 .. 55 73 .. 79 93 .. .. 57 .. 76 .. .. 95 .. .. 77 104 .. .. 77 69 90 116

104 84 39 .. 85 .. .. 86 75 54 .. 53 52 .. 84 90 .. .. 44 .. 86 .. .. 101 .. .. 79 98 .. .. 38 70 75 111

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

.. w .. 105 106 .. .. 108 .. .. 90 86 .. .. ..

.. w .. 100 101 .. .. 103 .. .. 83 61 .. .. ..

4.4 w 2.8 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.1 2.3 4.4 4.4 5.3 2.5 3.4 5.3 4.8

Adult literacy rate

Ratio of female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school c

4

Ratio of literate females to males

Women in parliament

Women employed in the nonagricultural sector

% ages 15 and over 2001

% 2000

Ages 15–24 % 2001

% of total 2002

% of total 1998–2000 a

.. .. 59 .. 80 .. .. 75 99 76 96 .. 58 .. 98 72 86 .. 68 100 77 .. .. 98 99 .. 93 93 .. .. 48 .. 79 89

105 .. 102 106 96 115 96 92 87 99 95 .. 70 102 102 100 84 .. 89 92 105 111 100 105 .. 102 105 .. .. .. 50 .. 92 94

.. .. 87 .. 102 .. .. 83 100 95 99 .. 74 .. 100 92 95 .. 85 100 108 .. .. 101 100 .. 101 101 .. .. 58 .. 95 97

11 23 10 18 3 43 23 10 13 22 9 .. 5 .. 17 12 4 26 25 8 .. 18 14 12 7 .. 10 26 .. .. 1 7 12 10

.. .. .. .. .. 51 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

93 w 84 98 97 101 92 97 98 102 95 81 82 101 100

.. w 85 98 97 101 92 98 99 101 86 79 89 .. ..

.. w 63 87 86 91 76 87 97 89 65 55 62 .. ..

.. w .. .. .. 42 .. .. 43 41 .. .. .. 44 43

a. Data are for the most recent year available. b. Less than 0.5. c. Break in series between 1997 and 1998 due to change from International Standard Classification of Education 1976 (ISCED76) to ISCED97.

2003 World Bank Atlas

61

Environment Nationally protected areas

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

% of total land area a 2002

0.3 3.8 5.0 22.0 .. 6.6 30.2 6.6 7.6 0.0 13.2 33.9 5.5 14.6 1.3 0.8 0.7 6.3 2.6 45.2 11.4 .. 25.1 13.9 0.5 18.5 6.7 23.0 4.5 10.4 5.7 18.5 4.5 11.7 .. 34.6 8.9 9.1 .. 18.9 7.8 .. .. 9.1 .. 6.5 5.0 23.0 6.4 7.5 67.5 8.5 16.1 34.0 0.4 22.8 32.0 46.4

62

Freshwater resources Total renewable resources per capita cu. m b 2000

2,448 13,593 471 .. .. 14,009 1,471 24,276 2,787 .. 25,649 10,357 3,615 .. .. 9,238 375 5,797 1,561 77,292 4,114 .. 118,012 37,305 9,429 8,776 43,022 25,148 2,595 1,286 529 39,613 18,352 94,314 690 .. 37,934 5,589 .. 58,115 2,241 .. .. 49,930 1,792 23,809 275,679 29,501 4,790 16,301 3,405 1,057 1,382 1,124 3,639 .. 2,508 34,161

Annual freshwater withdrawals

Forest area

Average Access to Access to annual an improved improved deforestation water source sanitation facilities

% of total renewable resources c

% of total land area 2000

% 1990–2000

% of population 2000

40.2 3.3 35.0 .. .. 0.3 .. 3.2 27.4 .. 3.0 2.9 56.7 .. .. 1.2 .. 4.7 .. 0.5 0.4 .. .. 0.4 2.7 0.7 0.8 .. 65.6 2.8 2.8 0.1 0.1 1.6 .. .. 0.1 0.5 .. 2.3 18.6 .. .. 0.4 .. 0.0 .. 5.2 0.9 1.1 13.6 .. 19.0 20.0 .. .. 39.5 3.9

2.1 36.2 0.9 60.0 .. 56.0 20.5 12.7 12.4 .. 20.6 47.0 12.6 84.1 .. 10.2 4.7 45.3 .. 59.1 24.0 .. 64.2 48.9 44.6 21.9 63.0 83.9 33.4 25.9 3.7 52.9 51.3 26.5 21.1 50.0 36.8 10.1 .. 20.7 17.0 .. .. 47.8 3.6 59.6 64.6 38.5 22.4 31.9 21.4 12.7 34.1 10.7 0.3 61.3 28.4 38.1

0.0 0.8 –1.3 0.0 .. 0.2 0.0 0.8 –1.3 .. 0.0 –0.2 –1.3 0.0 .. –1.3 0.0 –3.2 .. 2.3 2.3 .. 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.2 –0.6 0.2 9.0 0.6 0.9 0.0 –9.3 0.0 0.1 0.6 .. 0.1 –0.9 .. .. 0.4 4.0 0.4 0.1 0.8 3.1 –0.1 –1.3 0.0 0.0 –0.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.2

13 97 89 .. 100 38 91 .. .. .. 100 100 78 97 .. 97 100 100 .. 92 63 .. 62 83 .. 95 87 .. 100 42 78 30 58 100 74 .. 70 27 .. 93 75 .. .. 91 96 45 51 95 81 .. 91 100 .. 100 100 97 86 85

2003 World Bank Atlas

% of population 2000

12 91 92 .. 100 44 95 .. .. .. 100 100 81 100 .. 48 100 .. .. 50 23 .. 70 70 .. 66 76 .. 100 29 88 17 79 100 71 .. 25 29 .. 96 38 .. .. 86 98 21 14 93 52 .. 98 100 .. .. 91 83 67 86

Carbon dioxide emissions

Nationally protected areas

Per capita metric tons 1999

% of total land area a 2002

0.0 0.5 3.0 .. .. 0.8 5.2 3.8 0.8 .. 18.2 7.6 4.2 6.0 29.4 0.2 7.6 5.7 10.2 2.7 0.2 .. 0.5 1.4 1.2 2.4 1.8 14.2 5.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.3 14.4 0.3 .. 0.1 0.0 .. 4.2 2.3 6.2 3.5 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.8 1.6 0.8 4.8 2.3 8.0 10.6 9.3 0.6 1.1 2.8 1.9

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

1.0 0.4 .. 5.0 11.8 22.8 .. 1.1 9.3 13.3 5.5 2.8 2.3 2.8 31.3 5.6 3.6 .. 1.8 15.8 20.0 .. 0.7 0.3 0.4 6.4 7.0 9.8 5.2 19.7 5.1 0.0 1.0 .. 15.8 7.9 .. 7.0 3.4 2.7 8.0 36.6 2.6 6.9 1.5 3.6 13.1 13.4 0.5 0.2 2.6 0.1 38.8 10.0 .. 7.1 2.1 11.3

Freshwater resources Total renewable resources per capita cu. m b 2000

1,071 2,836 56,893 2,148 9,346 1,711 .. 35,164 21,268 3,218 .. 133,333 6,140 12,395 2,165 2,756 6,913 .. .. .. 9,591 22,519 30,479 316,689 1,633 14,945 11,855 607,143 1,878 13,759 2,018 4,776 13,706 .. 273 3,281 3,653 3,389 143 7,278 1,004 .. 3,462 1,485 .. 9,461 63,175 14,924 1,109 2,555 74,121 113 .. 7,102 3,653 3,151 21,710 1,668

Annual freshwater withdrawals

Forest area

Average Access to Access to annual an improved improved deforestation water source sanitation facilities

% of total renewable resources c

% of total land area 2000

% 1990–2000

% of population 2000

96.4 3.9 .. .. 1.6 2.0 .. .. 2.0 17.0 .. 0.1 .. 5.3 26.0 0.6 11.9 .. .. .. 1.1 .. 0.3 0.6 7.7 1.6 5.7 0.1 26.2 2.6 54.5 38.5 1.5 .. 94.1 22.2 9.6 21.3 .. 30.7 6.6 .. 18.4 34.0 .. 21.7 0.3 0.8 27.1 1.9 0.0 .. .. 1.2 .. 29.7 4.8 5.2

0.1 5.8 62.5 15.7 48.7 4.6 .. 44.6 72.0 27.9 28.7 84.7 48.1 43.0 30.1 27.8 27.9 .. 14.7 38.2 26.3 77.8 28.2 85.7 3.2 48.1 19.9 0.3 21.6 58.0 4.5 1.8 9.6 .. 6.4 34.0 30.0 66.1 1.0 4.5 30.0 38.4 68.2 63.3 0.3 5.2 54.4 47.1 3.5 0.5 36.1 0.2 43.8 30.8 .. 35.6 20.2 27.6

–3.4 4.6 0.6 0.3 –0.6 0.8 .. 0.2 0.0 –0.4 0.0 0.0 –1.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 –0.9 .. 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.9 0.5 0.3 5.7 1.0 –0.4 –2.2 –0.1 1.2 0.0 0.0 –3.0 .. –4.9 –0.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 –2.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 –5.2 –2.6 0.4 –0.4 0.3 0.0 2.0 –1.4 –1.6 –0.2 .. 0.0 0.9 2.4

97 77 44 46 .. 24 .. 47 100 .. .. 86 62 79 .. 73 .. .. 95 .. 92 56 48 94 46 88 99 .. 84 78 92 85 .. .. .. .. 92 .. 96 91 57 48 100 92 .. 77 37 .. 100 78 .. 72 .. 67 .. .. 47 57

% of population 2000

98 82 53 13 .. 12 .. 43 100 .. .. 53 37 100 .. 72 .. .. 97 .. 81 56 58 87 28 75 99 .. 28 55 83 79 .. .. .. .. 99 .. 99 99 87 48 99 63 .. 100 30 .. 99 49 .. 97 .. 67 .. .. 42 76

Carbon dioxide emissions

Per capita metric tons 1999

2.0 0.9 1.5 0.1 11.7 0.1 .. 0.9 11.3 6.1 2.3 3.0 0.2 1.0 9.7 0.3 8.2 9.6 2.2 26.8 0.9 0.2 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.8 5.6 7.4 1.1 1.2 4.8 3.3 10.8 .. 10.0 7.3 4.0 9.1 3.1 7.4 0.3 0.3 9.4 8.4 24.9 1.0 0.1 2.8 4.0 .. 0.1 8.3 .. 3.8 18.6 5.6 0.1 0.1

Nationally protected areas

Economy

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

% of total land area a 2002

5.3 .. 3.7 0.9 .. 1.7 7.8 .. 10.2 .. 1.4 .. 11.5 0.7 8.4 0.9 13.6 8.9 14.2 9.8 6.3 23.7 17.8 7.7 3.3 .. 6.8 12.6 4.9 2.6 22.9 2.3 3.5 6.1 5.7 12.4 6.6 3.5 0.2 4.7 8.3 14.7 4.1 .. .. 38.4 11.6 100.0 2.1 4.9 .. 6.0 0.3 0.8 5.5 8.5 13.5 7.2

Freshwater resources Total renewable resources per capita cu. m b 2000

24,925 .. 9,225 256 .. 4,278 1,853 .. 4,675 .. 2,735 .. 14,512 1,010 11,870 21,898 25,896 9,122 5,716 .. .. 85,361 37,409 3,000 2,206 .. 87,508 415 1,610 .. 51,647 156,140 17,103 67,852 6,251 1,594 7,294 .. 171 9,463 30,904 611 .. .. 14,865 116 4,134 .. 31,803 .. 15,293 9,402 106,683 1,789 1,168 2,753 2,708 ..

Annual freshwater withdrawals

Forest area

Average Access to Access to annual an improved improved deforestation water source sanitation facilities

% of total renewable resources c

% of total land area 2000

% 1990–2000

% of population 2000

2.2 .. 1.4 .. .. 14.0 .. .. 17.0 .. 25.6 .. 1.1 39.7 0.3 0.4 0.4 13.8 8.6 .. .. 0.6 0.7 1.5 1.3 .. 0.5 .. 70.0 .. 1.1 0.0 0.4 1.1 11.6 20.0 10.0 .. .. 12.2 1.7 15.4 .. .. .. .. 3.6 .. 0.3 .. 2.2 7.0 .. 5.1 26.6 31.6 19.6 ..

58.7 3.3 10.8 0.0 .. 0.3 7.9 .. 28.9 .. 9.9 .. 6.8 6.8 39.0 52.3 9.8 27.3 11.1 .. 20.4 29.7 27.0 1.0 14.8 .. 28.9 0.0 3.2 76.1 38.6 67.6 58.8 50.9 19.4 30.6 40.1 25.8 0.1 28.0 50.4 12.4 37.1 .. 28.1 0.7 32.2 66.7 14.7 3.3 42.5 55.0 90.6 12.0 7.3 28.8 30.0 11.1

1.2 0.0 0.7 .. .. 2.7 0.6 .. 1.1 .. –0.2 .. 0.5 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.9 1.8 –0.3 .. 0.0 –0.5 3.0 3.7 2.6 0.0 –0.4 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.4 –0.1 –1.7 0.2 .. –0.2 0.0 3.9 2.1 .. 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 2.9 0.0 –0.3 –0.2 0.2 1.0 0.1 –0.6 1.6 0.0

.. 100 65 100 .. 37 100 .. 88 .. 92 100 60 80 57 72 77 88 100 .. .. .. 77 59 62 .. 100 39 90 79 90 42 78 80 86 .. .. .. .. 58 99 41 99 .. .. 95 78 .. 57 100 100 100 71 .. 86 .. 77 98

% of population 2000

.. 56 69 100 .. 33 99 .. 74 .. 99 100 30 68 43 64 41 28 100 .. .. .. 85 20 54 .. .. 92 62 100 92 82 94 71 83 .. .. .. .. 53 .. 8 99 .. .. 100 70 .. 66 100 100 .. 34 .. 87 .. 94 96

Carbon dioxide emissions

Nationally protected areas

Per capita metric tons 1999

% of total land area a 2002

5.4 1.7 0.0 8.8 .. 1.2 2.1 .. 3.9 .. 1.5 .. 3.2 1.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 8.5 .. 8.0 8.1 0.8 0.1 0.3 .. 8.7 8.5 0.7 12.9 2.9 0.5 0.8 1.2 1.0 8.1 6.0 2.7 91.5 3.6 9.8 0.1 0.8 .. 0.6 11.7 0.4 2.7 0.1 13.7 7.2 7.3 0.4 0.0 7.9 6.8 0.5 2.4

Economy

St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe

.. 21.3 5.2 5.2 3.5 13.2 30.0 .. 4.2 29.8 13.9 .. 7.9 5.1 6.0 0.3 1.6 4.2 24.9 3.9 0.0 22.8 25.9 0.3 2.0 0.3 63.8 3.5 32.1 .. .. .. 61.0 12.9

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

11.7 w 9.2 9.3 7.5 13.0 9.3 9.2 7.0 11.5 10.4 4.8 9.9 19.5 13.1

Freshwater resources Total renewable resources per capita cu. m b 2000

.. .. 4,792 292,566 4,306 20,656 7,437 2,761 12,853 2,701 6,750 .. 2,651 .. 2,921 481 3,593 11,523 2,972 2,820 69 2,503 9,985 39,856 4,623 .. 29,892 11,350 .. .. 234 17,674 11,498 1,117

Annual freshwater withdrawals

Forest area

5

Average Access to Access to annual an improved improved deforestation water source sanitation facilities

% of total renewable resources c

% of total land area 2000

% 1990–2000

% of population 2000

.. .. 11.9 0.4 .. 1.6 2.2 26.8 14.9 1.3 8.1 .. 0.8 .. 7.9 60.9 15.1 39.1 0.3 18.6 .. 8.0 16.6 0.5 50.8 .. 0.6 6.1 .. .. 70.7 6.9 1.5 8.5

14.8 15.4 25.9 90.5 30.3 65.9 30.3 2.5 2.8 43.9 28.9 34.1 9.4 5.6 50.5 3.3 13.3 8.0 21.3 16.5 3.8 10.7 24.7 7.4 4.8 36.7 56.1 30.2 41.2 .. 0.9 .. 42.0 49.2

4.3 1.5 1.4 0.0 –1.2 0.0 –0.4 0.0 –0.5 0.2 0.7 0.6 3.4 0.0 0.8 –0.2 –0.2 0.0 2.0 –0.3 –2.8 –0.8 –0.2 –5.0 –0.2 –0.1 0.4 –0.5 0.0 .. 1.8 0.0 2.4 1.5

98 93 75 82 .. 100 100 80 60 68 84 .. 54 100 90 80 82 .. 52 98 .. 100 100 98 85 88 83 77 .. .. 69 98 64 83

29.7 w 27.1 32.7 31.8 34.5 30.9 27.2 39.7 47.1 1.5 16.3 27.3 26.1 37.0

0.2 w 0.8 0.1 –0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 –0.1 0.5 –0.1 0.1 0.8 –0.1 –0.3

8,649 w 6,559 10,230 7,066 23,872 8,460 6,020 13,465 31,530 1,413 2,777 8,306 9,672 3,832

81 w 76 82 80 88 79 76 91 86 88 84 58 .. ..

% of population 2000

89 96 62 93 .. 100 100 90 90 90 96 .. 34 .. 99 84 90 .. 79 99 .. 100 100 94 89 100 68 47 .. .. 38 100 78 62 55 w 44 59 55 79 51 46 .. 77 85 34 53 .. ..

Carbon dioxide emissions

Per capita metric tons 1999

2.1 1.4 0.1 5.2 0.4 5.3 5.7 3.4 0.8 0.1 3.3 .. 0.3 1.2 19.4 1.8 3.1 6.4 0.1 7.5 31.3 9.2 19.7 2.0 4.8 0.4 5.3 0.6 121.2 .. 1.1 3.7 0.2 1.4 3.8 w 1.0 3.2 3.0 4.3 2.2 2.1 6.6 2.5 3.7 0.9 0.8 12.3 7.9

a.These are tentative data and are being finalized. b. River flows from other countries are included when available, but river outflows are not, because of data unreliability. c. Most data refer to years between 1980 and 2000.

2003 World Bank Atlas

63

Economy Gross domestic product

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

$ millions 2001

.. 4,114 54,680 .. .. 9,471 682 268,638 2,118 .. 368,726 188,546 5,585 4,818 7,935 46,706 2,757 12,219 229,610 805 2,372 .. 533 7,969 4,769 5,196 502,509 .. 13,553 2,486 689 3,404 8,501 694,475 588 .. 967 1,600 .. 66,450 1,159,031 161,896 6,199 82,411 221 5,187 2,751 16,108 10,411 20,260 .. 9,131 56,784 161,542 576 263 21,211 17,982

64

Agricultural value added

% of GDP 2001

.. 50 10 .. .. 8 4 5 28 .. 4 2 17 .. .. 23 6 11 2 23 36 .. 33 16 15 2 9 .. 14 38 50 37 43 .. 11 .. 55 39 .. 9 15 0 .. 13 41 56 6 9 24 9 7 .. 4 3 4 17 11 11

Services value added

Gross capital formation

Current account balance

Average inflation rate

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

Per capita average annual % growth 1990–2001

.. 3.7 2.0 .. .. 2.0 3.3 3.6 –0.7 .. 3.9 2.2 –0.3 1.9 4.7 4.9 2.4 –0.8 2.2 4.1 4.8 1.7 6.6 3.8 .. 5.2 2.8 2.1 –1.2 4.5 –2.2 5.0 2.1 3.1 6.0 .. 2.1 2.5 .. 6.3 10.0 3.8 1.9 2.7 1.1 –4.8 1.4 5.1 3.1 1.1 4.2 4.2 1.2 2.4 –1.1 1.7 6.0 1.8

.. 4.3 0.1 .. .. –1.1 2.7 2.3 –1.3 .. 2.7 1.8 –1.3 0.1 1.9 3.1 2.1 –0.6 1.9 1.6 1.9 .. 3.5 1.4 .. 2.5 1.4 –0.7 –0.6 2.0 –4.3 2.2 –0.3 2.1 3.5 .. –0.3 –0.5 .. 4.7 8.8 2.1 0.2 0.8 –1.4 –7.7 –1.6 2.8 0.1 2.1 3.7 3.2 1.3 2.0 –3.6 1.7 4.2 –0.3

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

.. 26 36 .. .. 25 75 69 38 .. 70 65 36 .. .. 52 74 50 71 52 50 .. 29 56 55 51 57 .. 57 41 31 41 38 .. 72 .. 24 48 .. 57 34 86 71 57 48 25 28 62 54 58 47 .. 55 71 82 60 55 56

.. 19 26 .. .. 34 27 14 19 .. 21 23 21 .. 13 23 20 22 21 35 19 .. 49 13 21 22 21 .. 20 25 7 18 18 20 18 .. 14 42 .. 21 38 26 11 15 13 5 27 18 10 24 10 19 30 21 13 28 23 25

.. –5.4 .. .. .. –3.7 –6.9 –1.7 –9.5 .. –2.4 –2.2 –0.9 –9.8 2.0 –1.7 –5.5 –2.3 4.1 –16.9 –3.1 .. –20.3 –3.7 –20.0 8.4 –4.6 .. –6.6 –13.6 –3.5 –3.1 –1.7 2.8 –14.8 .. 1.7 –41.3 .. –1.9 1.5 7.2 .. –2.2 .. .. .. –4.4 –0.6 –3.0 .. –4.3 –4.6 2.6 .. –18.6 –4.0 –4.4

.. 34.4 17.0 .. .. 658.8 2.2 4.3 172.0 .. 1.7 1.8 96.9 2.7 0.8 3.9 2.9 318.1 1.9 1.8 8.2 3.5 9.3 8.0 2.7 9.0 168.2 1.1 93.4 4.5 12.6 21.7 4.9 1.5 4.8 .. 4.2 6.7 .. 7.5 6.2 3.3 3.0 20.0 3.6 846.2 8.8 16.3 8.4 72.2 1.1 3.4 10.6 2.2 3.6 2.8 9.1 1.7

2003 World Bank Atlas

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

$ millions 2001

98,476 13,739 1,846 688 5,525 6,233 .. 1,684 120,855 1,309,807 3,929 4,334 390 3,138 1,846,069 5,301 117,169 .. 398 .. 20,496 199 2,989 699 3,737 6,386 51,926 7,702 477,342 145,306 114,052 .. 103,298 .. 108,325 1,088,754 7,784 4,141,431 8,829 22,389 11,396 40 .. 422,167 32,806 1,525 1,761 7,549 16,709 797 523 34,137 .. 11,992 18,540 3,426 4,604 1,749

Agricultural value added

% of GDP 2001

17 9 8 19 6 52 .. 18 3 3 5 8 40 21 1 36 8 .. 8 .. 23 56 24 31 .. 14 .. .. 25 16 19 .. 4 .. .. 3 6 1 2 9 19 .. .. 4 .. 38 51 5 12 16 .. .. .. 7 1 11 30 34

Services value added

Gross capital formation

Current account balance

Average inflation rate

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

Per capita average annual % growth 1990–2001

4.5 4.5 22.0 5.3 0.2 4.7 .. 2.6 2.9 1.9 1.9 2.6 3.4 –5.6 1.5 4.2 2.4 .. 3.5 .. 4.1 1.0 4.2 4.9 –0.4 3.1 1.9 3.0 5.9 3.8 3.6 .. 7.7 .. 4.7 1.6 0.2 1.3 4.8 –2.8 2.0 2.9 .. 5.7 3.4 –2.9 6.4 –2.2 5.4 4.0 6.2 .. .. –2.2 5.6 –0.2 2.4 3.6

2.5 2.4 18.8 2.5 1.6 2.4 .. 1.7 2.6 1.5 0.1 –0.1 0.1 –5.5 1.2 1.9 2.0 .. 2.9 .. 1.4 –1.3 1.6 4.4 –2.5 0.3 2.1 2.1 4.0 2.3 2.0 .. 6.8 .. 2.0 1.4 –0.5 1.0 0.9 –1.9 –0.6 0.6 .. 4.7 –1.0 –3.9 3.9 –1.0 3.6 2.1 3.5 .. .. –1.6 4.2 –0.9 –0.6 1.5

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

50 61 5 59 65 37 .. 53 63 72 .. 42 46 57 68 39 71 .. 69 .. 58 31 38 40 .. 55 .. .. 48 37 48 .. 55 .. .. 68 63 67 73 52 63 .. .. 54 .. 35 26 69 66 42 .. .. .. 58 78 58 56 48

15 16 .. 35 28 18 .. 13 20 20 .. 31 18 19 20 24 23 .. 32 .. 15 22 22 22 31 31 27 21 23 17 29 .. 24 .. 19 20 30 25 26 26 13 .. .. 27 9 16 22 28 19 37 .. 13 .. 22 23 17 16 11

0.0 –1.3 .. –30.0 –6.1 –4.4 .. 1.6 7.1 1.6 .. 10.0 –13.5 –8.9 0.1 –4.7 –8.0 .. –19.5 .. –6.0 .. –2.0 .. –4.7 –5.1 –2.1 –10.0 0.3 4.7 4.2 .. –1.0 .. –1.7 0.0 –10.1 2.1 0.0 –5.5 –2.8 .. .. 2.0 26.1 –1.3 –4.7 –9.7 –23.8 –11.9 –14.2 7.0 .. –4.8 9.0 –9.5 –0.4 –30.4

7.8 6.8 16.8 9.0 46.1 6.1 .. 3.1 1.9 1.5 1.2 5.6 4.1 279.0 1.8 26.6 8.5 .. 2.3 .. 9.9 28.7 5.1 11.9 20.3 18.0 18.3 3.4 7.6 15.8 25.7 .. 3.7 .. 9.3 3.6 22.1 –0.1 2.9 168.5 13.4 3.3 .. 4.5 1.9 95.2 28.5 42.0 15.1 9.5 53.3 .. .. 63.3 2.2 66.0 17.9 33.0

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product

Economy

$ millions 2001

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

88,041 584 2,647 3,623 96 1,007 4,500 .. 617,820 237 1,479 .. 1,049 34,219 3,607 .. 3,100 5,562 380,137 .. 3,057 50,425 .. 1,954 41,373 .. 166,145 19,826 58,668 122 10,171 2,959 7,206 54,047 71,438 176,256 109,803 67,897 16,454 38,718 309,951 1,703 255 .. 47 186,489 4,645 570 749 85,648 20,459 18,810 264 .. 113,274 581,823 15,911 343

Agricultural value added

% of GDP 2001

9 .. 38 .. 13 21 6 .. 4 .. 26 .. 30 16 22 57 11 39 3 .. .. .. .. 40 30 .. 2 .. 25 4 7 26 20 9 15 4 4 1 .. 15 7 40 17 .. 20 .. 18 3 50 0 4 3 .. .. 3 4 19 3

Services value added

Gross capital formation

Current account balance

Average inflation rate

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

Per capita average annual % growth 1990–2001

6.5 5.0 4.1 4.6 –2.4 4.2 5.2 .. 3.1 0.8 –8.4 .. 1.2 2.5 6.7 7.4 4.6 4.9 2.9 .. 1.6 3.1 2.8 2.5 2.5 .. 3.5 4.3 3.7 2.2 3.8 3.6 2.1 4.3 3.3 4.5 2.7 4.3 .. –0.4 –3.7 0.8 2.7 .. 1.9 1.5 3.9 1.6 –4.4 7.4 2.1 2.9 1.3 .. 2.1 2.7 5.0 4.4

3.9 2.5 1.6 3.8 –3.5 1.2 3.9 .. 1.5 –1.3 –8.2 .. 0.0 0.7 4.3 5.7 2.2 2.4 2.3 .. –0.9 2.0 –0.1 –0.9 –0.3 .. 2.9 0.6 1.2 .. 2.1 1.0 –0.6 2.4 1.0 4.4 2.6 3.5 .. –0.1 –3.5 –1.3 2.0 .. –0.6 –1.1 1.1 0.1 –6.6 4.4 1.9 3.0 –1.4 .. 0.2 2.2 3.6 3.9

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

42 .. 36 .. 71 50 62 .. 69 .. 50 .. 53 53 52 33 56 39 70 .. .. .. .. 43 25 .. 55 .. 52 83 77 32 54 62 54 59 66 56 .. 50 56 38 57 .. 63 .. 55 72 20 68 67 58 .. .. 66 66 54 68

29 23 21 20 .. 27 24 .. 21 .. 20 .. 30 25 42 15 24 24 22 .. .. 20 .. 11 28 .. 22 .. 16 .. 28 19 24 18 18 22 28 .. .. 22 22 18 .. .. 50 19 20 37 8 24 32 28 .. .. 15 25 22 46

8.3 –10.5 .. –4.8 .. 6.4 5.5 .. –2.9 .. –6.7 .. –7.5 4.7 –44.5 .. .. 3.1 1.0 .. .. –2.8 .. –8.7 1.5 .. 15.6 17.3 –1.9 .. –4.9 9.7 –2.9 –2.0 6.3 –3.0 –9.1 .. .. –6.0 11.2 –6.9 –8.1 .. –45.7 7.8 –6.4 –17.0 .. 20.9 –3.5 0.2 7.1 .. –0.1 –2.6 –1.7 –34.2

3.6 1.8 6.9 2.8 5.3 6.2 6.2 .. 18.2 3.0 103.1 .. 51.4 2.7 29.6 24.6 8.5 7.8 2.1 .. 1.7 1.6 45.2 5.8 26.5 .. 3.2 1.8 9.6 2.8 1.9 7.3 12.0 23.3 8.2 21.3 5.1 3.1 .. 91.0 139.6 13.1 3.8 .. 46.7 3.7 4.2 3.9 29.2 0.9 10.4 18.3 8.2 .. 9.3 3.9 9.1 3.0

Gross domestic product

Gross domestic product

Economy

$ millions 2001

Agricultural value added

% of GDP 2001

Services value added

Gross capital formation

Current account balance

6

Average inflation rate

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

–12.7 –7.8 –4.2 –11.1 –4.2 3.2 9.2 5.9 –7.0 –7.9 5.4 .. –11.4 –9.1 .. –4.2 2.3 –1.2 –6.5 3.7 .. –2.1 –3.9 –2.7 –1.0 0.9 3.1 2.1 .. .. 11.9 –5.5 –17.1 ..

2.7 2.1 58.2 82.8 12.3 2.0 1.2 7.4 202.4 20.1 3.9 .. 6.6 2.2 5.4 4.3 74.2 328.0 10.9 220.9 2.3 2.8 2.0 27.8 210.7 2.9 42.8 13.8 .. 8.4 21.1 .. 48.1 28.4

St. Lucia 662 St. Vincent & the Grenadines 353 Sudan 12,525 Suriname 757 Swaziland 1,255 Sweden 209,814 Switzerland 247,091 Syrian Arab Republic 19,495 Tajikistan 1,056 a Tanzania 9,341 Thailand 114,681 Timor-Leste 389 Togo 1,259 Tonga 142 Trinidad and Tobago 8,842 Tunisia 19,990 Turkey 147,683 Turkmenistan 5,962 Uganda 5,675 Ukraine 37,588 United Arab Emirates .. United Kingdom 1,424,094 United States 10,065,265 Uruguay 18,666 Uzbekistan 11,270 Vanuatu 213 Venezuela, RB 124,948 Vietnam 32,723 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. West Bank and Gaza 3,972 Yemen, Rep. 9,276 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 10,861 Zambia 3,639 Zimbabwe 9,057

7 10 39 11 17 2 .. 22 29 45 10 .. 39 29 2 12 14 29 36 17 .. 1 2 6 34 19 5 24 .. 8 16 15 22 18

75 65 42 67 39 71 .. 50 41 39 49 .. 39 56 55 60 61 20 43 44 .. 72 73 67 43 72 45 39 .. 66 35 53 52 58

21 27 18 16 19 18 22 21 12 17 24 43 21 .. 19 28 16 37 20 20 .. 17 21 13 19 .. 19 31 .. 33 20 13 20 8

World 31,121,436 t Low income 1,082,138 Middle income 5,156,519 Lower middle income 2,739,311 Upper middle income 2,422,397 Low & middle income 6,237,602 East Asia & Pacific 1,664,945 Europe & Central Asia 993,753 Latin America & Carib. 1,968,782 Middle East & N. Africa 698,444 South Asia 613,755 Sub-Saharan Africa 315,705 High income 24,886,672 Europe EMU 6,110,901

4w 24 10 12 7 12 15 10 8 .. 25 16 2 2

66 w 45 54 48 60 52 36 55 60 .. 49 56 70 69

22 w 20 24 26 21 23 31 22 20 22 22 18 22 21

a. GDP and GDP per capita refer to mainland Tanzania only.

2003 World Bank Atlas

65

Gross domestic product

Average annual % growth 1990–2001

Per capita average annual % growth 1990–2001

2.2 3.2 5.6 3.0 3.2 2.1 1.0 4.8 –8.5 3.2 3.8 .. 2.2 2.5 3.6 4.7 3.3 –2.8 6.8 –7.9 2.9 2.7 3.4 2.8 0.4 1.8 1.5 7.7 .. 1.2 5.8 .. 0.8 1.8

0.7 2.5 3.2 2.6 0.1 1.7 0.3 1.9 –9.9 0.4 3.0 .. –0.6 2.1 2.9 3.1 1.7 –6.1 3.6 –7.4 –1.6 2.5 2.1 2.1 –1.5 –1.1 –0.6 6.0 .. –3.0 2.4 .. –1.7 –0.2

2.7 w 3.4 3.4 3.7 3.1 3.4 7.5 –1.0 3.2 3.0 5.5 2.6 2.5 2.0

1.2 w 1.4 2.2 2.5 1.7 1.8 6.2 –1.1 1.5 0.9 3.5 0.0 1.8 1.6

Energy and infrastructure Commercial energy use per capita

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

kg of oil equivalent 2000

.. 521 956 .. .. 584 .. 1,660 542 .. 5,744 3,524 1,454 .. 9,858 142 .. 2,432 5,776 .. 377 .. .. 592 1,096 .. 1,077 5,870 2,299 .. .. .. 427 8,156 .. .. .. .. .. 1,604 905 2,319 .. 681 .. 292 296 861 433 1,775 1,180 3,203 3,931 3,643 .. .. 932 647

66

GDP per unit of energy use

PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent 2000

.. 6.7 6.4 .. .. 3.6 .. 7.2 4.5 .. 4.3 7.5 1.9 .. 1.6 10.8 .. 3.0 4.4 .. 2.5 .. .. 3.9 5.2 .. 6.7 3.0 2.8 .. .. .. 3.8 3.3 .. .. .. .. .. 5.6 4.1 10.9 .. 10.3 .. 2.5 3.2 11.7 3.6 4.9 .. 6.3 3.6 7.9 .. .. 7.4 4.9

Electric power

Consumption per capita kwh 2000

.. 1,073 612 .. .. 88 .. 2,038 944 .. 9,006 6,457 1,852 .. 8,507 96 .. 2,678 7,564 .. 64 .. .. 387 1,473 .. 1,878 7,263 2,962 .. .. .. 183 15,620 .. .. .. .. .. 2,406 827 5,447 .. 788 .. 40 86 1,630 .. 2,695 1,049 3,958 4,807 6,079 .. .. 788 624

2003 World Bank Atlas

Transmission and distribution losses % of output 2000

.. 51 16 .. .. 15 .. 13 25 .. 8 7 15 .. 7 16 .. 13 4 .. 72 .. .. 18 17 .. 18 1 15 .. .. .. 22 8 .. .. .. .. .. 7 7 13 .. 24 .. 4 60 7 .. 19 16 6 7 6 .. .. 27 21

Paved roads

% 1995–2000 a

13.3 39.0 68.9 .. .. 10.4 .. 29.4 96.3 .. .. 100.0 92.3 57.4 77.6 9.5 95.0 89.0 78.2 17.0 20.0 .. 60.7 6.5 52.3 55.0 5.5 34.7 94.0 16.0 7.1 16.2 12.5 .. 78.0 .. .. 0.8 .. 19.4 22.4 100.0 100.0 14.4 76.5 .. 9.7 22.0 9.7 84.6 49.0 57.7 100.0 100.0 12.6 50.4 49.4 18.9

Fixed line Personal and mobile computers a phone subscribers a

per 1,000 people 2001

.. 138 64 248 740 12 804 416 147 850 1,095 1,275 191 597 672 8 672 292 1,244 305 29 1,076 .. 152 168 213 385 673 551 11 6 19 27 1,038 215 998 5 4 .. 575 248 1,439 828 247 .. 3 55 305 63 742 52 1,087 1,050 1,457 20 310 257 170

Internet users a

Commercial energy use per capita

per 1,000 people 2001

thousands 2001

Economy

.. 7.6 7.1 .. .. 1.3 .. 91.1 7.9 .. 515.8 335.4 .. .. 141.8 1.9 92.3 .. 232.8 135.2 1.7 495.4 5.8 20.5 .. 38.7 62.9 74.6 44.3 1.5 .. 1.5 3.9 459.9 68.6 .. 1.9 1.6 .. 106.5 19.0 386.6 178.6 42.1 5.5 .. 3.9 170.2 7.2 85.9 19.6 246.6 145.7 540.3 10.9 75.0 .. 23.3

.. 10 60 .. 7 60 5 3,300 50 24 7,200 2,600 25 17 140 250 15 422 3,200 18 25 25 3 150 45 50 8,000 35 605 19 6 10 45 13,500 12 .. 2 4 .. 3,102 33,700 2,601 101 1,154 3 6 1 384 70 250 120 150 1,400 2,900 3 6 186 328

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

kg of oil equivalent 2000

726 651 .. .. 3,303 291 .. .. 6,409 4,366 .. 1,271 .. 533 4,131 400 2,635 .. .. .. 628 .. .. .. 256 469 2,448 12,246 494 706 1,771 1,190 3,854 .. 3,241 2,974 1,524 4,136 1,061 2,594 515 .. 2,071 4,119 10,529 497 .. 1,541 1,169 .. .. 3,107 .. 2,032 8,409 .. .. ..

GDP per unit of energy use

PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent 2000

4.8 8.1 .. .. 2.9 2.6 .. .. 3.8 5.4 .. 4.7 .. 4.5 6.1 5.5 6.3 .. .. .. 7.1 .. .. .. 7.5 6.0 4.9 2.4 5.5 4.2 3.2 .. 7.9 .. 6.5 8.2 2.4 6.1 3.6 2.2 1.9 .. .. 3.6 1.8 5.4 .. 4.6 3.5 .. .. .. .. 3.9 6.4 .. .. ..

Electric power

Consumption per capita kwh 2000

976 587 .. .. 3,628 22 .. .. 14,588 6,539 .. 697 .. 1,212 5,963 288 4,086 .. .. .. 335 .. .. .. 37 499 2,909 24,779 355 384 1,474 1,450 5,324 .. 6,188 4,732 2,328 7,628 1,236 2,622 106 .. .. 5,607 13,995 1,606 .. 1,887 1,814 .. .. 3,921 .. 1,768 13,050 .. .. ..

Transmission and distribution losses % of output 2000

12 13 .. .. 15 10 .. .. 4 6 .. 10 .. 15 4 1 8 .. .. .. 25 .. .. .. 45 19 14 4 27 11 16 .. 9 .. 3 7 9 3 11 17 22 .. .. 5 .. 25 .. 24 18 .. .. .. .. 12 33 .. .. ..

Paved roads

% 1995–2000 a

78.1 19.8 .. 21.8 20.1 12.0 .. 49.2 64.5 100.0 .. 9.9 35.4 93.5 .. 29.6 91.8 .. 61.3 .. 34.5 10.3 16.5 7.4 24.3 20.4 43.4 29.5 45.7 46.3 .. 84.3 94.1 .. 100.0 100.0 70.1 46.0 100.0 94.7 12.1 .. 6.4 74.5 80.6 91.1 .. 38.6 84.9 18.3 6.2 57.2 .. 91.3 100.0 63.8 11.6 18.5

Fixed line Personal and mobile computers a phone subscribers a

per 1,000 people 2001

147 218 47 .. 808 5 932 211 1,326 1,179 507 234 67 213 1,317 21 1,281 766 392 716 162 .. 10 178 21 83 872 1,484 44 66 201 .. 1,214 .. 1,285 1,311 467 1,185 294 125 30 48 .. 1,106 685 83 15 588 407 20 3 118 902 566 1,701 373 13 11

Internet users a

per 1,000 people 2001

thousands 2001

15.5 21.9 5.3 1.8 174.8 1.1 .. 60.9 423.5 337.0 280.0 11.9 12.7 .. 382.2 3.3 81.2 .. 130.0 .. 12.8 .. 4.0 26.4 .. 12.2 100.3 418.1 5.8 11.0 69.7 .. 390.7 .. 245.9 194.8 50.0 348.8 32.8 .. 5.6 23.2 .. 256.5 131.9 .. 3.0 153.1 56.2 .. .. .. .. 70.6 517.3 .. 2.4 1.3

600 50 1 15 430 25 3 15 2,235 15,653 16 17 18 25 30,800 41 1,400 20 5 48 200 4 15 95 30 40 1,480 195 7,000 4,000 1,005 .. 895 .. 1,800 16,400 100 55,930 212 100 500 2 0 24,380 200 151 10 170 300 5 1 20 .. 250 110 70 35 20

Commercial energy use per capita

Economy

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

kg of oil equivalent 2000

2,126 .. .. 2,088 .. .. .. .. 1,567 .. 671 .. .. 359 403 262 587 343 4,762 .. .. 4,864 542 .. 710 .. 5,704 4,046 463 .. 892 .. 715 489 554 2,328 2,459 .. 26,773 1,619 4,218 .. .. .. .. 5,081 324 .. .. 6,120 3,234 3,288 .. .. 2,514 3,084 437 ..

GDP per unit of energy use

PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent 2000

4.3 .. .. 6.7 .. .. .. .. 5.5 .. 3.1 .. .. 9.5 2.5 .. 12.0 3.7 5.7 .. .. 3.7 4.6 .. 1.2 .. 5.1 3.0 4.0 .. 6.5 .. 7.2 9.5 6.8 4.0 7.2 .. .. 3.4 1.6 .. .. .. .. 2.6 4.5 .. .. 3.9 3.6 5.0 .. .. 4.4 6.4 7.8 ..

Electric power

Consumption per capita kwh 2000

2,628 .. .. 4,018 .. .. .. .. 1,655 .. 720 .. .. 447 53 69 .. 56 6,152 .. .. 8,813 267 .. 81 .. 24,422 2,952 352 .. 1,331 .. 838 668 477 2,511 3,834 .. 14,994 1,513 4,181 .. .. .. .. 4,912 121 .. .. 6,948 4,075 5,290 .. .. 3,745 4,653 293 ..

Transmission and distribution losses % of output 2000

8 .. .. 12 .. .. .. .. 14 .. 45 .. .. 6 10 31 .. 21 5 13 .. 10 30 .. 32 .. 8 17 24 .. 20 .. 2 11 14 10 8 .. 7 13 12 .. .. .. .. 8 17 .. .. 4 6 6 .. .. 8 9 20 ..

Paved roads

% 1995–2000 a

75.8 .. 12.1 87.5 .. 11.3 97.0 .. 32.8 17.5 87.0 100.0 3.5 56.4 18.7 .. 13.6 30.8 90.0 .. .. 62.8 11.0 7.9 30.9 .. 76.0 30.0 43.0 .. 34.6 3.5 .. 12.8 21.0 68.3 86.0 100.0 90.0 49.5 67.4 8.3 42.0 .. 68.1 .. 29.3 .. 7.9 100.0 86.7 99.9 2.5 11.8 20.3 99.0 95.0 42.5

Fixed line Personal and mobile computers a phone subscribers a

per 1,000 people 2001

510 168 8 884 67 10 509 .. 354 .. 202 .. 133 204 13 6 122 14 1,388 .. 541 1,076 49 2 9 452 1,546 213 29 .. 355 14 255 137 192 555 1,201 643 568 356 281 11 82 .. .. 258 56 800 10 1,196 685 1,161 21 .. 364 1,086 80 600

Internet users a

per 1,000 people 2001

thousands 2001

126.1 21.9 1.2 229.6 50.0 10.3 109.1 .. 68.7 .. 15.9 .. 14.6 13.7 3.5 1.1 36.4 3.5 428.4 .. .. 392.6 9.6 0.5 6.8 .. 508.0 32.4 4.1 .. 37.9 56.7 14.2 47.9 21.7 85.4 117.4 .. 163.9 35.7 49.7 .. 6.7 .. .. 62.7 18.6 146.5 .. 508.3 148.1 275.7 50.9 .. 68.5 168.2 9.3 174.5

6,500 10 30 99 1 7 158 .. 3,636 5 60 .. 40 400 15 10 45 60 7,900 2 25 1,092 50 12 115 .. 2,700 120 500 .. 90 50 60 3,000 2,000 3,800 2,500 600 40 1,000 4,300 20 3 .. 9 300 100 9 7 1,500 674 600 2 1 3,068 7,388 150 2

Commercial energy use per capita

Economy

kg of oil equivalent 2000

GDP per unit of energy use

PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent 2000

St. Lucia .. St. Vincent & the Grenadines .. Sudan 521 Suriname .. Swaziland .. Sweden 5,354 Switzerland 3,704 Syrian Arab Republic 1,137 Tajikistan 470 Tanzania 457 Thailand 1,212 Timor-Leste .. Togo 338 Tonga .. Trinidad and Tobago 6,660 Tunisia 825 Turkey 1,181 Turkmenistan 2,627 Uganda .. Ukraine 2,820 United Arab Emirates 10,175 United Kingdom 3,962 United States 8,148 Uruguay 923 Uzbekistan 2,027 Vanuatu .. Venezuela, RB 2,452 Vietnam 471 Virgin Islands (U.S.) .. West Bank and Gaza .. Yemen, Rep. 201 Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. 1,289 Zambia 619 Zimbabwe 809

.. .. 3.8 .. .. 4.4 7.5 2.9 2.3 1.1 5.1 .. 4.9 .. 1.3 7.4 5.3 1.4 .. 1.4 2.0 6.0 4.2 9.4 1.2 .. 2.3 4.2 .. .. 4.0 .. 1.2 3.1

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

4.5 w 4.0 4.0 3.7 4.9 4.0 .. 2.3 6.1 3.8 5.5 2.9 4.9 6.2

1,694 t 569 1,318 1,206 1,805 971 871 2,653 1,181 1,368 453 669 5,430 3,824

Electric power

Transmission and distribution losses % of output 2000

Consumption per capita kwh 2000

.. .. 66 .. .. 14,471 7,294 900 2,137 56 1,448 .. .. .. 3,692 939 1,468 1,071 .. 2,293 10,725 5,601 12,331 1,924 1,612 .. 2,533 286 .. .. 107 .. 556 845

.. .. 15 .. .. 8 6 .. 15 22 8 .. .. .. 7 11 19 14 .. 18 9 8 6 19 9 .. 24 13 .. .. 26 .. 3 21

2,176 w 352 1,391 1,193 2,252 914 760 2,753 1,528 1,346 323 432 8,617 5,757

9w 22 11 10 14 13 8 13 16 12 26 10 6 6

Paved roads

% 1995–2000 a

5.2 30.8 36.3 26.0 .. 78.4 .. .. .. 4.2 97.5 .. 31.6 27.0 51.1 64.8 34.0 81.2 6.7 96.7 100.0 100.0 58.8 90.0 87.3 23.9 33.6 25.1 .. .. 11.5 62.3 .. 47.4 43.4 m 16.1 52.7 53.0 51.1 30.9 21.2 91.3 26.9 66.3 36.9 12.9 91.8 92.9

7

Fixed line Personal and mobile computers a phone subscribers a

per 1,000 people 2001

per 1,000 people 2001

Internet users a

thousands 2001

330 240 18 374 96 1,529 1,476 115 36 16 222 .. 31 112 437 149 587 84 17 256 956 1,358 1,118 438 68 35 373 53 853 168 30 416 19 43

146.8 116.1 3.6 45.5 .. 561.2 540.2 16.3 .. 3.3 27.8 .. 21.5 .. 69.2 23.7 40.7 .. 3.1 18.3 135.5 366.2 625.0 110.1 .. .. 52.8 11.7 .. .. 1.9 23.4 7.0 12.1

3 4 56 15 14 4,600 2,223 60 3 300 3,536 .. 150 3 120 400 2,500 8 60 600 976 24,000 142,823 400 150 6 1,265 1,010 12 60 17 600 25 100

329 w 40 281 246 432 165 207 375 326 153 38 41 1,202 1,251

86.2 w 501,478 s 6.2 15,932 35.4 96,658 25.5 60,355 77.2 36,303 21.6 112,591 19.1 50,902 52.1 18,778 59.3 26,282 32.0 3,356 5.3 7,973 9.9 5,300 416.3 388,888 286.2 91,231

a. Data are for the latest year available in the period shown. b. Data are from the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) World Telecommunication Development Report 2002. Please cite the ITU for third-party use of these data.

2003 World Bank Atlas

67

Business and investment climate and trade Entry regulations Time to start up a business

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

days January 2002

.. 62 29 .. .. .. .. 63 79 .. 6 30 104 .. .. 30 .. 143 34 .. 63 .. .. 77 74 70 86 .. 30 39 .. .. 56 2 .. .. .. .. .. 34 55 20 .. 60 .. .. .. 80 91 50 .. .. 89 3 .. .. 86 90

68

Cost to register a business % of GNI per capita January 2002

.. 63 36 .. .. .. .. 11 12 .. 2 18 21 .. .. 78 .. 39 15 .. 168 .. .. 164 56 16 12 .. 9 328 .. .. 197 1 .. .. .. .. .. 14 13 3 .. 15 .. .. .. 21 136 17 .. .. 5 0 .. .. 41 65

Institutional Investor credit rating a

Stock market capitalization

Net private capital flows

Foreign direct investment

Trade in goods

September 2002

$ millions 2002

$ millions 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of manufactured exports 2001

.. 5.0 2.2 .. .. 22.7 .. 1.2 3.3 .. 1.2 3.1 4.1 5.2 .. 0.2 0.6 0.8 32.1 4.2 5.5 .. 0.0 8.3 4.7 1.1 4.5 .. 5.1 1.0 0.0 3.3 0.9 4.0 0.1 .. 0.8 5.0 .. 6.7 3.8 14.1 .. 2.8 0.7 0.6 2.1 2.8 2.4 7.5 .. 1.8 8.7 4.5 0.6 4.5 5.6 7.4

.. 39.4 56.1 .. .. 106.1 49.1 17.5 60.1 .. 34.5 76.8 71.4 58.2 123.6 32.0 54.9 127.4 161.3 71.4 43.5 .. 55.5 37.8 81.6 91.6 23.2 .. 97.1 33.4 26.0 91.7 42.4 70.1 41.3 .. 27.0 49.7 .. 52.2 44.3 124.8 75.6 30.4 41.2 34.2 109.8 71.9 60.3 62.7 .. 55.2 123.9 60.2 30.0 64.6 66.6 54.5

.. 1 4 .. 11 .. .. 9 4 .. 10 14 8 .. .. .. 21 8 10 .. .. .. .. 10 .. .. 18 .. 2 .. 0 .. 0 15 .. .. .. .. .. 1 20 20 1 7 1 .. .. 36 3 10 .. 3 10 21 .. 6 .. 4

6.9 15.9 31.5 .. .. 14.0 .. 15.8 .. .. 84.5 90.7 26.8 65.1 54.8 27.3 58.8 13.8 89.5 42.0 20.1 .. .. 30.9 .. 59.0 39.0 .. 40.7 18.8 11.3 19.6 19.7 89.4 .. .. .. 14.8 .. 66.1 58.9 67.7 .. 38.7 .. 8.7 10.5 46.2 18.5 48.3 15.7 63.0 64.0 90.5 .. .. 38.1 22.5

2003 World Bank Atlas

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 103,434 .. .. 374,269 25,204 .. .. 6,855 1,193 1,828 .. 16,584 .. .. 2,480 .. 1,555 .. 1,723 123,807 .. 733 .. .. .. .. 700,751 .. 145 .. .. .. 47,584 463,080 506,131 .. 9,664 .. .. .. .. 1,328 3,976 .. 6,147 15,893 94,958 .. .. .. 1,750

.. 203 243 .. .. 1,924 .. –3,897 74 .. .. .. 216 .. .. 304 171 83 .. 125 131 .. 0 637 226 55 23,336 .. 1,043 26 0 113 –16 .. 8 .. 8 80 .. 5,727 43,238 .. .. 3,597 2 32 59 630 137 2,236 .. .. 5,194 .. 3 24 1,729 1,444

Hightechnology exports

Entry regulations Time to start up a business

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

days January 2002

52 .. .. .. .. 44 .. .. 36 53 .. .. .. 62 45 126 45 .. .. .. 41 .. .. .. .. 146 65 .. 88 168 69 .. 16 .. 44 62 37 30 89 54 68 .. .. 36 .. 26 .. 11 46 92 .. .. .. 62 .. .. 68 56

Cost to register a business % of GNI per capita January 2002

76 .. .. .. .. 429 .. .. 1 3 .. .. .. 38 6 98 50 .. .. .. 69 .. .. .. .. 67 65 .. 51 15 11 .. 10 .. 21 23 16 12 48 39 44 .. .. 19 .. 13 .. 17 116 68 .. .. .. 5 .. .. 58 94

Institutional Investor credit rating a

Stock market capitalization

Net private capital flows

Foreign direct investment

Trade in goods

September 2002

$ millions 2002

$ millions 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of manufactured exports 2001

0.5 1.9 4.8 5.0 9.8 0.3 .. –0.2 3.1 4.0 .. 4.6 9.1 5.1 1.7 1.7 1.4 .. 8.6 .. 2.2 15.1 0.1 8.0 0.1 3.1 4.7 1.7 0.7 –2.3 0.0 .. 9.6 .. 3.0 1.4 7.9 0.1 1.1 12.3 0.0 .. .. 0.8 –0.1 0.3 1.4 2.3 1.5 14.7 2.4 .. .. 3.7 .. 12.9 0.2 3.3

17.1 57.4 37.9 72.6 139.6 23.4 .. 84.7 62.0 49.4 40.1 82.3 53.5 32.8 57.6 89.2 29.1 .. 56.5 .. 39.4 60.3 47.7 152.0 34.5 66.3 123.6 29.8 19.5 60.1 37.5 .. 129.3 .. 62.6 43.5 58.5 18.2 80.8 67.0 25.4 150.3 .. 69.1 72.8 61.6 50.4 72.9 48.8 120.9 173.1 62.0 .. 91.8 0.0 81.3 45.7 49.2

1 7 .. .. 19 0 0 0 23 23 11 .. 3 .. 18 1 8 7 .. .. 8 .. 0 .. .. 1 23 3 6 13 2 .. 48 .. 25 10 0 26 7 4 4 .. .. 29 1 5 .. 3 3 .. .. .. .. 5 17 1 3 ..

45.5 46.0 .. .. 59.5 16.0 .. .. 91.1 92.9 .. 21.8 .. 15.4 94.0 25.7 75.3 .. 37.9 .. 33.0 .. 15.1 .. 14.8 26.1 66.1 73.6 47.3 23.8 34.1 10.2 88.5 .. 58.6 86.2 28.9 82.7 38.7 38.8 22.9 .. 7.3 65.6 62.9 16.9 15.2 52.0 26.8 26.8 9.6 33.5 .. 50.8 94.7 20.6 .. 19.6

26,094 1,522 .. .. 2,430 .. .. .. 190,456 1,174,428 .. .. .. .. 1,071,749 740 86,538 .. .. .. 232 .. .. .. .. .. 13,110 3,552 131,011 29,991 9,704 .. 75,298 .. 45,371 527,396 5,838 2,251,814 7,087 1,204 1,423 .. .. 248,533 20,772 .. .. 714 1,401 .. .. .. .. 1,463 23,783 46 .. 156

2,068 674 88 34 624 10 .. –9 .. .. .. 170 36 173 .. 244 .. .. 30 .. 403 30 1 55 3 126 3,952 .. 3,534 –7,312 1,049 .. .. .. .. .. 1,385 .. –114 4,947 –37 .. .. 9,279 .. –73 24 880 2,757 113 13 .. .. 521 .. 466 9 58

Hightechnology exports

Entry regulations Time to start up a business

Economy

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

days January 2002

56 .. 61 .. .. .. .. .. 51 .. 41 .. 31 62 214 .. .. 25 42 .. .. 2 69 27 50 .. 24 .. 53 .. 19 .. .. 114 62 58 104 .. .. 46 50 .. .. .. .. 99 58 .. .. 8 119 62 .. .. 32 100 73 ..

Cost to register a business % of GNI per capita January 2002

27 .. 230 .. .. .. .. .. 21 .. 31 .. 14 19 74 .. .. 189 17 .. .. 0 309 390 92 .. 4 .. 44 .. 30 .. .. 23 15 23 22 .. .. 36 7 .. .. .. .. 153 116 .. .. 6 13 13 .. .. 7 16 16 ..

Institutional Investor credit rating a

Stock market capitalization

Net private capital flows

Foreign direct investment

Trade in goods

September 2002

$ millions 2002

$ millions 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of manufactured exports 2001

0.6 2.0 3.9 8.1 .. 3.0 –1.1 .. 4.0 .. 6.3 .. 6.0 7.8 13.3 .. .. 0.3 13.5 .. .. 3.4 .. 0.7 2.7 .. 1.3 0.4 0.7 .. 5.0 2.1 1.1 2.0 2.5 3.2 5.4 .. .. 3.0 0.8 0.3 0.5 .. 11.7 .. 2.7 10.4 0.5 10.1 7.2 2.7 –1.9 .. 6.3 3.7 1.1 24.2

184.0 80.2 52.8 71.5 .. 61.1 78.1 .. 54.2 .. 99.1 .. 67.8 52.8 49.0 .. 94.8 39.7 114.9 .. 54.0 53.7 .. 35.3 26.9 .. 54.3 80.2 33.8 .. 38.1 97.3 43.5 29.1 88.9 49.0 56.4 .. 90.2 67.8 50.6 19.7 57.3 .. 57.5 53.3 55.8 104.1 25.9 277.6 133.5 103.1 74.6 .. 50.9 43.4 67.5 59.8

57 0 .. 62 .. .. 1 .. 22 .. 3 .. .. 11 0 .. .. .. 32 .. 1 8 3 8 1 .. 12 3 0 .. 1 19 4 2 70 3 6 .. 0 6 8 .. .. .. .. 0 5 .. .. 60 4 5 .. .. 5 8 3 1

57.7 .. 19.1 66.2 .. .. 53.5 .. 59.0 .. 15.7 .. 21.7 48.2 19.1 13.8 40.8 24.4 94.6 .. .. 81.2 17.6 13.6 17.6 .. 93.1 57.8 20.0 .. 47.2 30.4 29.7 38.3 44.9 60.1 84.2 .. 58.9 33.8 39.0 .. .. .. .. 58.0 27.8 26.4 9.6 86.1 51.4 65.8 .. .. 52.7 87.0 33.6 ..

123,872 .. .. 1,350 .. 1,091 1,328 .. 103,137 .. 350 .. .. 8,591 .. .. 171 800 458,221 .. .. 17,779 .. .. 5,740 .. 69,054 3,997 10,200 .. 2,602 .. .. 13,363 39,021 28,750 46,338 .. 5,152 4,561 124,198 .. .. .. .. 74,855 .. .. .. 117,338 1,904 4,606 .. .. 184,622 468,203 1,681 ..

855 12 103 381 .. 27 –75 .. 28,079 .. 70 .. 62 2,633 450 145 .. 19 .. .. .. .. 13 7 920 .. .. –867 –308 .. 1,799 2 –14 1,400 2,076 9,611 .. .. .. 2,633 1,488 5 1 .. 6 .. 167 56 4 .. 303 .. –9 0 6,627 .. 243 110

Hightechnology exports

Entry regulations Time to start up a business

Economy

St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

days January 2002

.. .. .. .. .. 18 20 42 .. 37 45 .. .. .. .. 47 53 .. 36 42 29 4 4 27 33 .. 119 68 .. .. 95 71 40 122

Cost to register a business % of GNI per capita January 2002

.. .. .. .. .. 1 18 17 .. 229 7 .. .. .. .. 21 43 .. 114 22 24 1 1 49 17 .. 24 36 .. .. 317 20 43 27

Institutional Investor credit rating a

Stock market capitalization

Net private capital flows

September 2002

$ millions 2002

$ millions 2001

.. .. 9.7 .. 28.2 89.3 96.2 23.1 12.7 21.3 51.9 .. 15.5 .. 53.3 53.7 33.8 19.2 20.0 25.3 68.2 94.1 93.1 41.9 18.6 .. 30.6 32.3 .. .. .. 16.5 15.8 11.9

.. .. .. .. 127 232,561 521,190 .. .. 398 46,084 .. .. .. 6,506 2,131 33,958 .. 36 3,119 7,881 2,217,324 13,810,429 153 50 .. 3,962 .. .. 723 .. 0 217 15,632

58 35 574 .. 35 .. .. 204 39 197 –3,052 .. 67 1 830 1,108 906 .. 147 426 .. .. .. 796 46 18 2,644 710 .. .. –210 10 126 –28

8

Foreign direct investment

Trade in goods

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2001

% of manufactured exports 2001

7.7 10.1 4.6 .. 1.7 6.2 3.5 1.1 2.1 2.4 3.3 .. 5.3 0.7 9.4 2.3 2.2 .. 2.5 2.1 .. 4.4 1.3 1.7 0.6 8.5 2.8 4.0 .. .. –2.2 0.0 2.0 0.1

48.5 64.3 25.6 130.8 130.9 65.7 67.2 45.1 126.7 26.1 110.9 .. 83.6 73.5 93.3 80.8 27.5 79.3 36.1 85.2 .. 42.5 19.0 27.4 53.9 38.5 36.4 93.6 .. .. 60.1 .. 50.3 36.5

5 .. .. 0 .. 18 21 1 .. 6 31 .. 1 .. 1 3 5 5 22 .. .. 31 32 2 .. 1 2 .. .. .. .. .. 1 ..

33.5 m 27,561,743 s .. s 18.0 158,646 3,764 39.0 1,712,619 165,240 33.8 883,032 79,848 52.0 829,587 85,392 26.8 1,871,265 169,003 27.1 723,605 36,817 33.8 181,064 36,162 35.5 609,072 72,067 36.4 131,528 7,462 25.9 117,817 3,798 19.0 108,179 12,697 87.0 25,690,523 .. 89.5 4,164,198 ..

2.2 w 0.8 3.3 3.1 3.5 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.7 1.0 0.7 4.1 2.0 3.4

40.0 w 39.8 50.8 50.3 51.3 48.9 61.0 65.9 37.6 45.4 23.4 56.0 37.9 56.3

Hightechnology exports

23 w 7 22 17 22 18 31 8 15 4 5 4 24 19

a. This copyrighted material is reprinted with permission from Institutional Investor Inc., 488 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 13057. Prior written consent must be obtained for third-party use of these data.

2003 World Bank Atlas

69

Government finance, external debt, and aid Total central government expenditure

Economy

Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Channel Islands Chile China Hong Kong, China Macao, China Colombia Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa Rica Côte d’Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador

% of GDP 2000

.. 29.8 29.3 .. .. .. .. 17.0 .. .. 23.5 40.4 22.6 19.0 25.9 12.7 .. 28.9 45.6 .. .. .. 38.1 23.8 .. .. 26.8 .. 35.3 .. 26.1 .. 15.5 20.3 .. .. .. .. .. 21.9 10.9 .. 17.5 19.1 .. 0.1 25.5 22.3 17.9 46.5 .. 36.9 36.8 34.9 .. .. 16.0 ..

70

Central government overall budget balance Including grants % of GDP 2000

.. –8.5 9.9 .. .. .. .. –2.3 .. .. 1.4 .. –2.5 –0.3 2.2 –2.8 .. 0.1 –1.8 .. .. .. –3.5 –3.3 .. .. –7.8 .. 0.6 .. –4.7 .. 0.1 1.3 .. .. .. .. .. 0.1 –2.9 .. 1.6 –7.1 .. 0.0 1.2 –1.3 –1.1 –4.9 .. –5.5 –3.0 1.6 .. .. 1.0 ..

Military expenditures a

Public expenditure on health

Total external debt

Total debt service

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2000

$ millions 2001

% of exports of goods and services 2001

Aid as % of GNI 2001

.. 3.1 19.5 .. .. 26.0 .. 48.6 8.1 .. .. .. 4.7 .. .. 9.0 4.3 2.7 .. 24.5 10.0 c .. 3.3 16.1 c 18.3 1.7 28.6 .. 15.5 11.0 c, d 36.3 1.1 9.9 c .. 7.0 .. 11.5 7.7 c .. 5.2 4.2 .. .. 28.1 5.6 0.0 3.3 8.2 8.1 13.7 .. .. 4.4 .. 5.4 11.9 6.6 22.0

.. 6.3 0.3 .. .. 3.4 1.3 0.1 9.7 .. .. .. 4.3 .. 0.2 2.2 0.0 0.3 .. 2.9 11.6 .. 10.8 9.4 12.8 0.6 0.1 .. 2.6 15.7 19.3 12.4 5.0 .. 13.1 .. 7.9 11.2 .. 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.5 12.4 5.3 3.9 0.0 1.9 0.6 .. 0.5 0.6 .. 9.4 8.5 0.5 1.1

.. 1.2 3.5 .. .. 3.1 .. 1.4 3.1 .. 1.7 0.8 2.6 .. 4.1 1.3 .. 1.4 1.3 .. .. .. .. 1.6 9.5 3.5 1.5 6.1 2.7 1.6 8.1 3.0 1.4 1.2 0.8 .. .. 1.5 .. 2.9 2.3 .. .. 3.8 .. .. .. .. .. 2.6 .. 3.1 2.1 1.6 .. .. .. 2.1

2003 World Bank Atlas

0.6 2.1 3.0 .. 6.8 2.0 3.3 4.7 3.2 .. 6.0 5.6 0.6 4.4 2.8 1.4 4.1 4.7 6.2 2.1 1.6 .. 3.7 4.9 3.1 3.8 3.4 2.5 3.0 3.0 1.6 2.0 1.1 6.6 1.8 .. 1.4 2.5 .. 3.1 1.9 .. .. 5.4 3.2 1.1 1.5 4.4 1.0 8.0 6.1 4.3 6.6 6.8 4.2 4.3 1.8 1.2

.. 1,094 22,503 .. .. 9,600 .. 136,709 1,001 .. .. .. 1,219 .. .. 15,216 701 869 .. 708 1,665 .. 265 4,682 2,226 370 226,362 .. 9,615 1,490 1,065 2,704 8,338 .. 360 .. 822 1,104 .. 38,360 170,110 .. .. 36,699 246 11,392 4,496 4,586 11,582 10,742 .. .. 21,691 .. 262 207 5,093 13,910

Aid dependency ratios b

Aid per capita $ 2001

15 85 6 .. .. 20 125 4 56 –19 .. .. 28 27 27 8 –4 4 .. 87 42 0 71 86 157 17 2 1 43 34 19 33 26 .. 171 .. 20 23 .. 4 1 1 1 9 48 5 24 1 11 26 5 65 31 .. 85 277 12 13

Total central government expenditure

Economy

Egypt, Arab Rep. El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Faeroe Islands Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Gambia, The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Greenland Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea-Bissau Guinea Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran, Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Isle of Man Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Dem. Rep. Korea, Rep. Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR Madagascar Malawi

Central government overall budget balance

% of GDP 2000

Including grants % of GDP 2000

.. 17.0 .. .. 31.4 26.8 .. .. 33.4 .. .. .. .. 12.4 32.7 .. 30.7 .. .. .. .. .. 21.0 .. 10.5 .. 40.2 29.7 16.7 20.5 21.9 .. .. .. 46.3 41.9 37.3 .. 31.2 14.3 26.0 .. .. .. 44.2 18.0 .. 31.6 35.7 49.7 .. .. .. 27.6 .. .. 17.1 ..

.. 1.7 .. .. 0.2 –5.0 .. .. –0.3 .. .. .. .. –1.6 –0.9 .. –4.4 .. .. .. .. .. –2.4 .. –2.3 .. –3.5 2.3 –5.2 –1.1 –0.6 .. .. .. 0.9 –1.6 –1.2 .. –2.0 –0.6 0.6 .. .. .. –9.7 –2.2 .. –2.7 –16.2 –3.6 .. .. .. –1.3 .. .. –2.4 ..

Military expenditures a

Public expenditure on health

Total external debt

Total debt service

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2000

$ millions 2001

% of exports of goods and services 2001

2.6 0.8 .. 27.5 0.0 6.2 .. 2.2 1.2 2.5 .. .. 1.0 0.7 1.5 0.6 4.6 .. .. .. 1.0 3.1 1.7 .. .. .. 1.8 0.0 2.5 1.1 4.8 .. 0.7 .. 7.7 2.0 .. 1.0 8.6 1.0 1.8 .. .. 2.8 11.3 1.7 2.1 1.2 5.5 3.1 .. .. .. 1.8 0.8 7.0 1.2 0.8

1.8 3.8 2.3 2.8 4.7 1.8 .. 2.5 5.0 7.2 .. 2.1 3.4 0.7 8.0 2.2 4.6 .. 3.4 .. 2.3 2.6 1.9 4.2 2.4 4.3 5.1 7.5 0.9 0.6 2.5 2.2 5.1 .. 8.3 6.0 2.6 6.0 4.2 2.7 1.8 8.0 1.6 2.6 2.6 2.2 1.3 3.5 2.5 5.2 3.0 1.6 .. 4.3 5.3 5.1 2.5 3.6

29,234 4,683 239 410 2,852 5,697 .. 188 .. .. .. 3,409 489 1,714 .. 6,759 .. .. 215 .. 4,526 668 3,254 1,406 1,250 5,051 30,289 .. 97,320 135,704 7,483 .. .. .. .. .. 4,956 .. 7,479 14,372 5,833 .. .. 110,109 .. 1,717 2,495 5,710 12,450 592 1,987 .. .. 5,248 .. 1,423 4,160 2,602

8.8 7.4 0.1 4.5 0.9 20.6 c .. 1.5 .. .. .. 13.6 13.8 c 8.1 .. 8.9 c .. .. 5.4 .. 8.5 0.7 c 9.2 c 8.0 4.5 5.7 8.5 .. 12.6 13.8 4.1 .. .. .. .. .. 16.8 .. 14.7 4.7 11.4 .. .. 7.1 .. 12.0 9.0 2.9 40.5 12.4 0.6 .. .. 5.9 .. 10.3 3.4 c 15.3 c

Aid dependency ratios b

Aid as % of GNI 2001

1.3 1.7 2.9 40.8 1.3 17.5 .. 1.5 .. .. .. 0.2 13.3 9.2 .. 12.7 .. .. 3.1 .. 1.1 32.0 9.4 16.0 4.4 10.9 0.8 .. 0.4 1.1 0.1 .. .. .. 0.2 .. 0.7 .. 4.9 0.7 4.0 17.6 .. 0.0 0.0 12.9 14.5 1.4 1.4 5.5 8.3 .. .. 1.1 .. 7.3 7.8 23.4

Aid per capita $ 2001

19 37 28 67 50 16 .. 32 .. .. 1,636 7 38 55 .. 33 .. .. 115 .. 19 48 36 133 20 103 41 .. 2 7 2 5 .. .. 27 .. 21 .. 86 10 15 134 5 –2 2 38 45 45 55 26 11 2 .. 37 .. 121 22 38

Total central government expenditure

Economy

Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Samoa San Marino São Tomé and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Kitts and Nevis

Central government overall budget balance

% of GDP 2000

Including grants % of GDP 2000

.. 38.9 .. 42.3 .. .. 24.0 .. 16.0 .. 29.6 .. 29.3 32.5 .. 8.7 36.2 16.0 .. .. .. 30.8 35.9 .. .. .. 36.5 28.6 23.1 .. 28.0 31.4 19.4 19.3 19.6 34.6 38.5 .. .. 34.2 22.9 .. .. .. .. .. 20.6 57.9 20.9 18.8 40.5 40.2 .. .. 29.1 .. 25.7 ..

.. –4.6 .. –5.6 .. .. –1.3 .. –1.3 .. –1.3 .. –6.1 –2.5 .. –3.4 –3.6 –3.3 .. .. .. –0.3 –1.0 .. .. .. –3.9 –4.8 –5.5 .. 0.3 –2.8 –4.0 –1.8 –4.1 0.3 –1.2 .. .. –4.0 3.9 .. .. .. .. .. –1.2 –14.6 –8.5 10.0 –3.0 –1.3 .. .. –2.2 .. –9.5 ..

Military expenditures a

Public expenditure on health

Total external debt

Total debt service

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2000

$ millions 2001

% of exports of goods and services 2001

Aid as % of GNI 2001

3.6 4.3 6.6 c 2.6 .. 16.5 c,d 4.7 .. 14.1 .. 15.3 .. 7.9 21.9 2.7 c 2.8 .. 6.2 .. .. .. .. 16. 7c 6.6 c 11.5 .. .. 6.8 21.3 .. 11.2 7.1 8.3 20.8 13.3 11.5 .. .. .. 13.7 12.0 7.6 c 7.1 .. 9.9 .. 9.3 c 2.1 74.3 c .. 6.2 .. 2.7 .. 6.8 .. 9.2 13.5

0.0 4.5 13.9 0.0 63.7 26.6 0.5 .. 0.0 51.6 7.5 .. 20.6 1.6 28.1 .. 3.4 6.7 .. .. .. .. .. 12.8 0.5 .. .. .. 3.4 25.0 0.3 7.2 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.6 .. .. .. 1.7 0.4 17.3 17.0 .. 90.6 0.0 9.2 2.4 45.8 0.0 0.8 0.7 22.2 .. 0.4 .. 2.0 3.4

2.2 .. 2.0 0.8 .. 2.1 0.2 .. 0.5 .. 0.4 .. 2.3 4.1 2.3 2.3 2.8 1.1 1.6 .. .. 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 .. 1.8 12.2 4.5 .. 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.0 1.9 2.1 .. .. 2.5 3.8 3.9 .. .. .. 11.3 1.5 1.8 3.6 5.0 1.9 1.4 .. .. 1.6 1.2 3.9 ..

1.5 6.3 2.2 6.0 5.8 3.4 1.9 .. 2.5 5.6 2.9 3.6 4.6 1.3 2.7 0.4 4.2 0.9 5.5 .. .. 6.2 2.3 1.8 0.5 .. 6.6 2.3 0.9 5.7 5.3 3.6 3.0 2.8 1.6 4.2 5.8 .. 2.5 1.9 3.8 2.7 3.9 10.0 1.6 4.2 2.6 4.1 2.6 1.2 5.3 6.8 5.6 0.9 3.7 5.4 1.8 3.1

43,351 235 2,890 1,531 .. 2,164 1,724 .. 158,290 .. 1,214 .. 885 16,962 4,466 5,670 .. 2,700 .. .. .. .. 6,391 1,555 31,119 .. .. 6,025 32,019 .. 8,245 2,521 2,817 27,512 52,356 62,393 .. .. .. 11,653 152,649 1,283 204 .. 313 .. 3,461 215 1,188 .. 11,121 .. 163 2,532 24,050 .. 8,529 189

Aid dependency ratios b

Aid per capita $ 2001

1 89 32 4 1,410 95 18 .. 1 1,144 28 .. 88 18 52 3 61 16 .. 268 1,359 .. 178 22 1 .. .. 1 14 1,753 10 39 11 17 7 25 .. .. 2 29 8 33 248 .. 251 1 43 164 65 0 30 63 137 16 10 .. 18 236

Total central government expenditure

Economy

% of GDP 2000

St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RB Vietnam Virgin Islands (U.S.) West Bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep. Zambia Zimbabwe

.. 33.9 8.7 .. 30.0 39.3 26.7 23.2 11.3 .. 18.0 .. .. .. .. 32.0 39.4 .. 20.4 28.3 11.2 36.0 19.2 31.5 .. 25.8 21.7 23.4 .. .. 26.7 .. .. ..

World Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low & middle income East Asia & Pacific Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Carib. Middle East & N. Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa High income Europe EMU

25.8 w 18.3 21.3 20.7 24.4 20.7 15.0 30.5 21.9 .. 17.9 25.9 .. ..

Central government overall budget balance Including grants % of GDP 2000

.. –2.2 –0.9 .. –0.9 0.1 3.0 0.7 –0.2 .. –3.0 .. .. .. .. –2.6 –11.4 .. –7.2 –0.6 –0.3 0.0 2.4 –3.4 .. –1.3 –1.7 –2.8 .. .. –3.5 .. .. .. –1.0 w –3.6 –3.3 –3.8 –4.7 –3.3 –3.7 –1.3 –4.8 .. –5.4 –1.6 .. ..

Military expenditures a

Public expenditure on health

Total external debt

% of GDP 2001

% of GDP 2000

$ millions 2001

.. .. 3.0 .. 1.5 2.0 1.1 6.2 1.2 1.3 1.4 .. .. .. .. 1.6 4.9 3.8 2.1 2.7 2.5 2.5 3.1 1.3 1.1 .. 1.5 .. .. .. 6.1 4.9 0.6 3.2

2.7 4.1 1.0 5.5 3.0 6.5 5.9 1.6 0.9 2.8 2.1 .. 1.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 3.6 4.6 1.5 2.9 2.5 5.9 5.8 5.1 2.6 2.4 2.7 1.3 .. .. 2.1 2.9 3.5 3.1

238 194 15,348 .. 308 .. .. 21,305 1,086 6,676 67,384 .. 1,406 63 2,422 10,884 115,118 .. 3,733 12,811 .. .. .. 9,706 4,627 66 34,660 12,578 .. .. 4,954 11,740 5,671 3,780

2.3 w 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.1 3.0 1.3 6.7 2.6 1.8 2.3 1.8

5.4 w .. s 1.1 533,346 3.0 1,798,761 e 2.6 917,109 3.5 881,566 e 2.7 2,332,106 e 1.8 504,125 4.0 497,827 3.3 764,880 2.9 200,641 1.0 161,657 2.5 202,976 6.0 .. 6.7 ..

9

Total debt service

% of exports of goods and services 2001

6.9 6.9 3.2 .. 2.5 .. .. 2.1 6.3 7.3 c 7.9 .. 5.9 7.9 3.8 13.4 24.6 .. 10.8 c 6.5 .. .. .. 30.3 20.6 1.1 20.9 6.5 .. .. 6.3 2.0 13.4 c 3.4 .. w 11.4 11.3 9.5 13.7 11.4 6.1 11.4 19.4 11.3 12.9 9.0 .. ..

Aid dependency ratios b

Aid as % of GNI 2001

2.6 2.6 1.5 3.4 2.3 .. .. 0.8 15.5 13.3 0.3 48.4 3.8 14.4 0.0 2.0 0.1 1.2 14.1 1.4 .. .. .. 0.1 1.4 15.2 0.0 4.4 .. 19.6 5.0 12.1 10.7 1.8 0.2 w 2.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.9 0.5 1.0 0.3 0.7 1.0 4.6 0.0 ..

Aid per capita $ 2001

104 75 5 55 27 .. .. 9 25 36 5 259 10 201 –1 39 3 13 34 11 1 .. .. 5 6 157 2 18 .. 280 24 123 36 12 10 w 10 8 7 7 11 4 21 11 16 4 21 1 ..

a. Data for some countries are based on partial or uncertain data or rough estimates from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. b. Regional aggregates include data for economies not specified elsewhere. World and income group totals include aid not allocated by country or region. The 2001 data exclude aid from the World Food Program. c. Data are from debt sustainability analyses undertaken as part of the debt initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). Present value estimates for these countries are for public and publicly guaranteed debt only, and export figures exclude workers’ remittances. d. Enhanced HIPC assistance will be accoounted for in the 2004 Global development finance. e. Includes data for Gibraltar.

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Millennium Development Goals Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Goal 1

• • •

Proportion of population below $1 a daya

• •

Prevalence of underweight in children (under five years of age) Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption

• • •

Net enrollment ratio in primary education Proportion of pupils starting grade 1 who reach grade 5 Literacy rate of 15- to 24-year-olds

• • • •

Ratios of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education Ratio of literate females to males among 15- to 24-year-olds Share of women in wage employment in the nonagricultural sector Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

• • •

Under-five mortality rate Infant mortality rate Proportion of one-year-old children immunized against measles

• •

Maternal mortality ratio Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

• • •

HIV prevalence among 15- to 24-year-old pregnant women Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rateb Number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDSc

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases

• • • •

Prevalence and death rates associated with malaria Proportion of population in malaria-risk areas using effective malaria prevention and treatment measuresd Prevalence and death rates associated with tuberculosis Proportion of tuberculosis cases detected and cured under directly observed treatment short course (DOTS)

• • • • •

Proportion of land area covered by forest Ratio of area protected to maintain biological diversity to surface area Energy use per unit of GDP Carbon dioxide emissions (per capita) and consumption of ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons Proportion of population using solid fuels

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day

Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Goal 2

Promote gender equality and empower women Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015

Goal 4

Reduce child mortality Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate

Goal 5

Improve maternal health Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio

Goal 6

Goal 7

Poverty gap ratio (incidence times depth of poverty) Share of poorest quintile in national consumption

Achieve universal primary education Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling

Goal 3

Indicators for monitoring progress

Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

Ensure environmental sustainability Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources

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Goals and targets from the Millennium Declaration Goal 7

Goal 8

Indicators for monitoring progress

Continued Halve by 2015 the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water

•

Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural

Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers

• •

Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation Proportion of households with access to secure tenure

Develop a global partnership for development Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction—both nationally and internationally)

Address the special needs of the least developed countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access for exports, enhanced program of debt relief for and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more generous ODA for countries committed to poverty reduction)

Address the special needs of landlocked countries and small island developing states (through the Program of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and 22nd General Assembly provisions)

Some of the indicators listed below will be monitored separately for the least developed countries, Africa, landlocked countries, and small island developing states. Official development assistance (ODA) • Net ODA, total and to least developed countries, as a percentage of DAC donors’ gross national income (GNI) • Proportion of bilateral ODA for basic social services (basic education, primary health care, nutrition, safe water, and sanitation) • Proportion of bilateral ODA that is untied • ODA received by landlocked countries as a proportion of their GNI • ODA received by small island developing states as a proportion of their GNI Market access • Proportion of total developed country imports (excluding arms) from developing countries and least developed countries admitted free of duties • Average tariffs imposed by developed countries on agricultural products and textiles and clothing • Agricultural support estimate for OECD countries as a percentage of their GDP • Proportion of ODA provided to help build trade capacitye

Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term

Debt sustainability • Total number of countries that have reached their HIPC decision points and completion points (cumulative) • Debt relief committed under HIPC initiative • Debt service as a percentage of exports of goods and services

In cooperation with developing countries, develop and implement strategies for decent and productive work for youth

•

Unemployment rate of 15- to 24-year-olds, male and female and totalf

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries

•

Proportion of population with access to affordable, essential drugs on a sustainable basis

In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications technologies

• • •

Telephone lines and cellular subscribers per 100 people Personal computers in use per 100 people Internet users per 100 people

a. For monitoring at the country level, national poverty lines should be used. b. Among contraceptive methods, only condoms are effective in reducing the spread of HIV. c. The proportion of orphan to nonorphan 10– to 14-year-olds who are attending school. d. Percentage of children under five sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets (prevention) and appropriately treated (treatment). e. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the World Trade Organization are collecting data, which will be available from 2001 on. f. An improved measure of the target is under development by the International Labour Organization. 2003 World Bank Atlas

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Definitions, sources, and notes United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) Agricultural machinery Wheel and crawler tractors (excluding garden tractors) in use in agriculture. (Source: FAO) Agricultural productivity The ratio of agricultural value added, measured in constant 1995 US dollars, to the number of workers in agriculture. (Source: FAO) Agricultural products Plant and animal products, including tree crops but excluding timber and fish products. (Source: FAO) Agriculture Includes hunting, forestry, and fishing and corresponds to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 1–5. Aid dependency ratios Net official aid and official development assistance as a percentage of GNI and aid per capita provide a measure of the recipient country’s dependency on aid. They are calculated using values in U.S. dollars converted at official exchange rates. (Source: OECD) Aid, net official Grants and loans (net of repayments) that meet the criteria for official development assistance and are made to countries and territories in part II of the Development Assistance Committee’s list of aid recipients. (Source: OECD) Asylum seekers People who flee their own country and seek sanctuary in a second state and apply for asylum. (Source:

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Births attended by skilled health staff The percentage of deliveries attended by personnel trained to give the necessary supervision, care, and advice to women during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period, to conduct deliveries on their own, and to care for newborns. (Source: WHO) Business, cost to register Includes costs of all required procedures for legally operating a business. It is normalized by presenting it as a percentage of gross national income (GNI) per capita. (Source: World Bank) Business, costs to enforce a contract Filing fees, court costs, and estimated attorney fees. (Source: World Bank’s Doing Business Project) Business, time to resolve an insolvency The number of calendar days from the moment of filing for insolvency in court until the moment of actual resolution of distressed assets. (Source: World Bank’s Doing Business Project) Business, time to start up The time, in calendar days, needed to complete all the procedures required to legally operate a business. If a procedure can be speeded up at additional cost, the fastest procedure, regardless of cost, is chosen. Time spent gathering information about the registration process is excluded. (Source: World Bank)

Carbon dioxide emissions Emissions stemming from the burning of fossil fuels (including the consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring) and the manufacture of cement. (Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center)

whose sexual partners are practicing, any form of contraception. It is usually measured for married women ages 15–49 only. (Source: WHO) Crop production index Agricultural production for each period relative to the base period 1989–91. It includes all crops except fodder crops. (Source: FAO)

Cereal yield Includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, r ye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains, measured in kilograms per hectare of harvested land. Production data on cereals refer to crops harvested for dry grain only. (Source: FAO)

Current account balance The sum of net exports of goods and services, net income, and net current transfers recorded in the balance of payments. (Source: IMF)

Child malnutrition, prevalence of The percentage of children under five whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months. The reference population, adopted by the World Health Organization in 1983, is based on children from the United States, who are assumed to be well nourished. (Source: WHO)

Debt, total external Debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services. It is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Shortterm debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. (Source: World Bank)

Civil war conflicts Internal conflicts between a government and a rebel organization, with 1,000 or more deaths in the country and with at least 5 percent of the deaths on each side of the conflict.

Debt service, total The sum of principal repayments and interest actually paid in foreign currency, goods, or services on long-term debt, interest paid on shor t-term debt, and repayments (repurchases and charges) to the International Monetary Fund. (Source: World Bank)

Computers, personal Self-contained computers designed to be used by a single individual. (Source: ITU) Contraceptive prevalence rate The percentage of women who are practicing, or

Deforestation The permanent conversion of natural forest area to other uses, including shifting cultivation, permanent

agriculture, ranching, settlements, and infrastructure development. Deforested areas do not include areas logged but intended for regeneration or areas degraded by fuelwood gathering, acid precipitation, or forest fires. Negative numbers indicate an increase in forest area. (Source: FAO) Dependency ratios The ratios of dependents—people younger than 15 and older than 64—to the working-age population-those ages 15–64. (Source: World Bank)

Education, primary Provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, ar t, and music. (Source: UNESCO) Education, public expenditure on Public spending on public education plus subsidies to private education at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Education, secondary Completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level. It is aimed at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers. (Source: UNESCO) Electric power consumption The production of power plants and combined

heat and power plants less transmission, distribution, and transformation losses and own use by heat and power plants. (Source: IEA) Electric power transmission and distribution losses Losses in transmission between sources of supply and points of distribution and in distribution to consumers, including pilferage. (Source: IEA) Energy, net imports Calculated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. (Source: IEA)

Enrollment ratio, net The ratio of children who are enrolled in an education level and are of the official age for that level (as defined by the national education system) to all children of that age. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Exchange rate, official The exchange rate determined by national authorities or the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar). (Source: IMF)

Energy production, commercial Refers to commercial forms of primary energy—petroleum (crude oil, natural gas liquids, and oil from nonconventional sources), natural gas, and solid fuels (coal, lignite, and other derived fuels)— and primary electricity, all converted into oil equivalents. (Source: IEA)

Expenditure, total central government Includes nonrepayable current and capital expenditures, but does not include government lending or repayments to the government or government acquisition of equity for public policy purposes. (Source: IMF)

Energy use, commercial Refers to apparent consumption of commercial energy, which is equal to domestic production plus impor ts and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. (Source: IEA)

Female to male enrollments in primary and secondary school The ratio of female students enrolled in primary and secondary school to male students. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics)

Enrollment ratio, gross The ratio of children who are enrolled in an education level, regardless of age, to all children of the official age for that level (as defined by the national education system). (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics)

Fertility rate, total The number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with current age-specific fertility rates. (Source: WHO) Fertilizer consumption The plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. It

includes nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). The time reference for fertilizer consumption is the crop year (July through June). (Source: FAO) Financing from abroad (obtained from nonresidents) and domestic financing (obtained from residents) The means by which a government provides financial resources to cover a budget deficit or allocates financial resources arising from a budget surplus. The data include all government liabilities—other than those for currency issues or demand, time, or savings deposits with government—or claims on others held by government, and changes in government holdings of cash and deposits. They exclude government guarantees of the debt of others. (Source: IMF) Food production index Covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value. (Source: FAO) Foreign direct investment Net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. (Source: IMF) Forest area Land under natural or planted stands of trees, whether productive or not. (Source: FAO)

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Freshwater resources Total renewable resources in the country and river flows from other countries. (Source: World Resources Institute) Freshwater withdrawals, annual Total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation losses from storage basins but including water from desalination plants in countries where they are a significant source. Withdrawal data are for single years between 1980 and 2000. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where there is significant water reuse. (Source: World Resources Institute)

Gross capital formation Outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy, net of changes in the level of inventories, and net acquisitions of valuables. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machiner y, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and “work in progress.” (Source: World Bank, OECD, UN) Gross domestic product (GDP) The sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any

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product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the value of the products. It is calculated using purchaser prices and without deductions for the depreciation of fabricated assets or for the depletion and degradation of natural resources. (Source: World Bank) Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita Gross domestic product divided by midyear population. (Source: World Bank) Gross domestic product (GDP) per unit of energy use The PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of commercial energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (Source: World Bank) Gross national income (GNI) Gross domestic product (GDP) plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are shown in dollars using the World Bank Atlas method. (Source: World Bank)

lar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. (Source: World Bank)

Health, public expenditure on Current and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings, and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental organizations) and social (or compulsory) health insurance funds. (Source: WHO) Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative An initiative by official creditors designed to help the poorest, most heavily indebted countries escape from unsustainable debt. (Source: World Bank) High-income economies Those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $9,206 or more in 2001. High-technology exports Products with a high intensity of research and development. They include products such as those in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. (Source: UN)

Gross national income (GNI) per capita Gross national income divided by midyear population. (Source: World Bank)

HIV, prevalence of The percentage of people ages 15–24 who are infected with HIV. (Source: UNAIDS)

Gross national income (GNI), PPP Gross national income converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dol-

Illiteracy rate, adult The percentage of people ages 15 and above who cannot, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their

everyday life. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Illiteracy rate, youth The illiteracy rate among people ages 15–24. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Industry Comprises mining, manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and gas, corresponding to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 10–45. Manufacturing refers to industries in divisions 15–37. Inflation rate The average annual rate of overall price change for all goods and services included in GDP. Institutional Investor credit rating A ranking, from 0 to 100, of the chances of a country’s defaulting on its debt. (Source: Institutional Investor) Interest payments Payments of interest on government debt—including long-term bonds, long-term loans, and other debt instruments—to both domestic and foreign residents. (Source: World Bank) Internally displaced persons of concern to UNHCR People who flee their homes for the same reasons as refugees but remain within their own country and are thus subject to the laws of that state. They include certain groups of war-affected populations. (Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) Internet users People with access to the worldwide network. (Source: ITU)

Land, arable Land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. (Source: FAO) Land under cereal production Refers to harvested areas, although some countries report only sown or cultivated area. (Source: FAO) Life expectancy at birth The number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. (Source: World Bank) Literacy rate, adult The percentage of people ages 15 and above who can, with understanding, read and write a short, simple statement about their everyday life. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Literate females to males, ratio of The ratio of females ages 15–24 who are literate to males in that age group who are literate. (Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics) Livestock production index Includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool, and hides and skins. (Source: FAO)

Low-income economies Those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of $745 or less in 2001.

Measles immunization rate The percentage of children under one year of age receiving vaccination coverage for measles. (Source: WHO) Middle-income economies Those with a gross national income (GNI) per capita of more than $745 but less than $9,206. Military expenditures Includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitar y forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Excluded are civil defense and current expenditures for previous military activities, such as for veterans’ benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction. (Source: Stockholm International Peace Research Institute)

Mortality ratio, maternal The number of women who die from pregnancy-related causes during pregnancy and childbirth, per 100,000 live births. The data shown have been collected in various years and adjusted to a common 1995 base year. They are modeled estimates based on an exercise by the World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund. (Source: WHO, UNICEF)

Nationally protected areas Totally or partially protected areas of at least 1,000 hectares that are designated as national parks, natural monuments, nature reserves or wildlife sanctuaries, protected landscapes or seascapes, or scientific reserves with limited public access. The data do not include sites protected under local or provincial law. Total land area is used to calculate the percentage of total area protected. (Source: World Conservation Monitoring Centre)

Particulate matter Fine suspended particulates less than 10 microns in diameter that are capable of penetrating deep into the respiratory tract and causing significant health damage. (Source: World Bank) Paved roads Roads sur faced with crushed stone (macadam) and a hydrocarbon binder (such as tar), concrete, or cobblestones, as a percentage of all the countr y’s roads, measured by length. (Source: IRF) Permanent cropland Land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each har vest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. It includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. (Source: FAO)

Mortality rate, infant The number of infants dying before reaching the age of one year, per 1,000 live births in a given year. (Source: World Bank)

Official development assistance (ODA) Comprises grants and loans (net of repayments of principal) that meet the Development Assistance Committee (DAC) definition of ODA and are made to developing countries and territories in Part I of the DAC’s list of recipients. (Source: OECD)

Phones, fixed lines and mobile phone subscribers Telephone mainlines connecting a customer’s equipment to the public switched telephone network, and users of portable telephones who subscribe to a service that uses cellular technology to provide access to the network. (Source: ITU)

Mortality rate, under-five The probability that a newborn baby will die before reaching age five, if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. The probability is expressed as a rate per 1,000. (Source: World Bank)

Official development assistance (ODA) provided for basic social services As reported by Development Assistance Committee members, aid provided for basic health, education, nutrition, and water and sanitation services. (Source: OECD)

Poorest quintile, share in national income or consumption The share of consumption or, in some cases, income that accrues to the poorest 20 percent of the population. (Source: World Bank)

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Population, total Includes all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. (Source: World Bank) Population, average annual growth rate The exponential change in population for the period indicated. (Source: World Bank) Population below $1 a day The percentage of the population living on less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices. As a result of revisions in purchasing power parity exchange rates, they cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in previous editions for individual countries. (Source: World Bank) Population below $2 a day The percentage of the population living on less than $2.15 a day at 1993 international prices. (Source: World Bank) Population density Midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population, rural Calculated as the difference between the total population and the urban population. (Source: World Bank) Population, urban The population of urban agglomerations—contiguous inhabited territories defined without regard to administrative boundaries. (Source: World Bank)

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2003 World Bank Atlas

Poverty gap The mean shortfall from the poverty line (counting the nonpoor as having zero shortfall), expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. This measure reflects the depth of poverty as well as its incidence. (Source: World Bank) Population below the poverty line, rural The percentage of the rural population living below the national rural poverty line. (Source: World Bank) Population below the poverty line , urban The percentage of the urban population living below the national urban poverty line. (Source: World Bank) Pregnant women receiving prenatal care The percentage of women attended at least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel for reasons related to pregnancy. (Source: UN) Primary completion rate The number of students successfully completing the last year of (or graduating from) primary school in a given year, divided by the number of children of official graduation age in the population. (Source: World Bank) Private capital flows, net Consist of private debt and nondebt flows. Private debt flows include commercial bank lending, bonds, and other private credits. Nondebt flows include foreign direct investment and portfolio equity investment. (Source: IMF) Purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion factor The number of units of a country’s currency required to buy the

same amount of goods and services in the domestic market as a U.S. dollar would buy in the United States. (Source: World Bank)

Refugees People who are outside their country and cannot return owing to a well-founded fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a par ticular social group. (Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) Revenue, current Includes all revenue of the central government from taxes and current nontax revenues (other than grants), such as fines, fees, recoveries, and income from property or sales. (Source: IMF)

reflect the sum of output of services, including banking and financial services. Small and medium-size enterprises Microenterprises (10 employees or less), small enterprises (10 to 50 employees), and medium-size enterprises (50 to 300 employees). (Source: World Bank/ International Finance Corporation) Stock market capitalization The average price of shares times the number of shares outstanding (also known as market value). (Source: Standard & Poor’s) Surface area A country’s total area, including areas under inland bodies of water and some coastal waterways. (Source: FAO) Survey year The year in which the underlying data were collected.

Sanitation facilities, access to improved The share of the population with access to at least adequate excreta disposal facilities (private or shared but not public) that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with excreta. Improved facilities range from simple but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with a sewerage connection. To be effective, facilities must be correctly constructed and properly maintained. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) Services Corresponds to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 50–99. This sector is derived as a residual (from GDP less agriculture and industry) and may not properly

Tariff, simple mean The unweighted average of the effectively applied rates for all products subject to tariffs. (Source: World Bank, UNCTAD, WTO) Tetanus vaccinations The percentage of pregnant women who receive two tetanus toxoid injections during their first pregnancy and one booster shot during each subsequent pregnancy. (Source: WHO) Trade in goods as a share of GDP The sum of merchandise expor ts and imports divided by the value of GDP, all in current U.S. dollars. (Source: WTO, World Bank)

Tuberculosis, incidence of The estimated number of new cases of tuberculosis (pulmonar y, smear positive, extrapulmonary). (Source: WHO)

Value added The net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) revision 3.

Water source, access to an improved The share of the population with reasonable access to water from an improved source, such as a household connection, public standpipe, borehole, protected well or spring, or rainwater collection. Unimproved sources include vendors, tanker trucks, and unprotected wells and springs. Reasonable access is defined as the availability of at least 20 liters a person per day from a source within one kilometer of the dwelling. (Source: WHO, UNICEF) Women at risk of unintended pregnancy Fertile, married women of reproductive age who do not want to become pregnant and are not using contraception. (Source: WHO) Women in parliament Share of seats held by women in the lower or single house of the national parliament. (Source: IPU) Workers’ remittances Current transfers by migrants who are employed or intend

to remain employed for more than a year in another economy than the one in which they are considered residents. World Bank Atlas method The Atlas method of calculating gross national income (GNI) per capita. It converts national currency units to U.S. dollars at prevailing exchange rates, adjusted for inflation and averaged over three years. The purpose is to reduce the effect of exchange rate fluctuations in the cross-country comparison of national incomes.

Youth unemployment The share of the labor force ages 15–24 without work but available for and seeking employment. Definitions of labor force and unemployment differ by countr y. (Source: ILO)

Data sources The indicators presented in the World Bank Atlas are compiled by international agencies and by public and private organizations, usually on the basis of survey data and administrative statistics obtained from national governments. The principal source of each indicator is given in parentheses following the indicator definition. The World Bank publishes these and many other statistical series in the World Development Indicators, available in print, CD-ROM, and online. More information about development statistics is available at www.worldbank.org/data. Excerpts from the World Bank Atlas, additional information about sources, definitions, and statistical methods, and suggestions for further reading are available at www.worldbank.org/data/atlas. Data notes and symbols The data in this book are for the most recent year unless otherwise noted. • Growth rates are propor tional changes from the previous year unless otherwise noted. • Regional aggregates include data for low- and middle-income economies only. • Figures in italics indicate data for years or periods other than those specified. Data are shown for economies with populations greater than 30,000 or less if they are members of the World Bank. The term country (used interchangeably with economy) does not imply political independence or official recognition by the World Bank but

refers to any economy for which the authorities report separate social or economic statistics. The regional groupings of countries include only low- and middle-income economies. For the income groups, every economy is classified as low income, middle income or high income. Low-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $745 or less in 2001. Middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of more than $745 but less than $9,206. Lower-middle-income and upper-middle-income economies are separated at a GNI per capita of $2,975. Highincome economies are those with a GNI per capita of $9,206 or more. The 12 participating member countries of the European Monetary Union are: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Symbols used in data tables: .. means that data are not available or that aggregates cannot be calculated because of missing data. 0 or 0.0 means zero or less than half the unit shown. $ means current U.S. dollars. m (median), s (simple total), t (total including estimates for missing data), w (weighted average) are used to describe the calculation of the income and regional aggregates in the tables.

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79

GNI per capita, 2001—World Bank Atlas method Rank

$

1

Luxembourg

2

Liechtenstein

3

Switzerland

4

Norway

5

Japan

6

Bermuda

7

United States

8

Denmark

9

Rank

$

Rank

$

Rank

$

Rank

57

Saudi Arabia

8,460

105

Thailand

1,940

150

Solomon Islands

590

197

Tajikistan

180

60

Argentina

6,940

106

Colombia

1,890

152

Cameroon

580

199

Eritrea

160

38,330

62

Palau

6,780

107

Suriname

1,810

152

Papua New Guinea

580

199

Guinea-Bissau

160

35,630

63

St. Kitts and Nevis

6,630

108

Jordan

1,750

154

Armenia

570

199

Malawi

160

35,610

64

Seychelles

6,530

108

Russian Federation

1,750

155

Uzbekistan

550

203

Liberia

140

65

Oman

6,180 c

110

Romania

1,720

156

Lesotho

530

203

Sierra Leone

140

34,280

66

Trinidad and Tobago

5,960

111

Macedonia, FYR

1,690

157

Timor-Leste

520

206

Burundi

100

30,600

68

Uruguay

5,710

112

Guatemala

1,680

158

Angola

500

206

Ethiopia

100

69

Mexico

5,530

112

Iran, Islamic Rep.

1,680

159

Senegal

490

208

Congo, Dem. Rep.

70

Czech Republic

5,310

114

Algeria

1,650

160

Haiti

480

39,840 .. a

.. a

Cayman Islands

.. a

10

Iceland

28,910

11

San Marino

71

Hungary

4,830

114

Bulgaria

1,650

160

Zimbabwe

480

12

Sweden

25,400

72

Venezuela, RB

4,760

116

Egypt, Arab Rep.

1,530

162

India

460

13

Hong Kong, China

25,330

73

Chile

4,590

116

Tonga

1,530

163

Yemen, Rep.

450

14

United Kingdom

25,120

74

Croatia

4,550

119

Samoa

1,490

164

Pakistan

420

15

Monaco

75

Poland

4,230

120

Kazakhstan

1,350

165

Guinea

410

16

Netherlands

24,330

76

Costa Rica

4,060

120

Paraguay

1,350

165

Vietnam

410

17

Austria

23,940

77

Lebanon

4,010

120

West Bank and Gaza

1,350

167

Moldova

400

18

Belgium

23,850

78

St. Lucia

3,950

123

Albania

1,340

167

Mongolia

400

19

Finland

23,780

79

Estonia

3,870

123

Cape Verde

1,340

169

Benin

380

20

Germany

23,560

80

Mauritius

3,830

125

Swaziland

1,300

169

Comoros

380

22

Ireland

22,850

81

Slovak Republic

3,760

126

Belarus

1,290

172

Bangladesh

360

.. a

.. a

23

France b

22,730

82

Grenada

3,610

127

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1,240

172

Mauritania

360

25

Canada

21,930

83

Lithuania

3,350

128

Morocco

1,190

174

Kenya

350

26

Singapore

21,500

84

Malaysia

3,330

129

Ecuador

1,080

175

Sudan

340

29

Australia

19,900

85

Panama

3,260

130

Vanuatu

1,050

176

Gambia, The

320

30

Italy

19,390

86

Latvia

3,230

131

Syrian Arab Republic

1,040

176

Zambia

320

31

Kuwait

18,270

87

Dominica

3,200

132

Philippines

1,030

178

Lao PDR

300

34

French Polynesia

17,290 c

88

Gabon

3,160

134

Bolivia

950

179

Ghana

290

35

Israel

16,750

89

Botswana

3,100

134

Turkmenistan

950

179

Nigeria

290

38

New Caledonia

15,060 c

90

Brazil

3,070

136

Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.

930

182

Kyrgyz Republic

280

39

Bahamas, The

14,860 c

91

Belize

2,940

137

Honduras

900

182

São Tomé and Principe

280

40

Macao, China

14,380

92

South Africa

2,820

138

China

890

184

Cambodia

270

41

Spain

14,300

93

Jamaica

2,800

138

Djibouti

890

184

Tanzania d

270

44

New Zealand

13,250

94

St. Vincent & Grenadines 2,740

140

Sri Lanka

880

184

Togo

270

46

Cyprus

12,320

95

Turkey

2,530

141

Guyana

840

187

Central African Republic

260

47

Greece

11,430

96

Dominican Republic

2,230

142

Kiribati

830

187

Madagascar

260

49

Bahrain

11,130

97

Marshall Islands

2,190

143

Ukraine

720

187

Uganda

260

50

Puerto Rico

10,950

98

Fiji

2,150

144

Equatorial Guinea

700

190

Nepal

250

51

Portugal

10,900

98

Micronesia, Fed. Sts.

2,150

145

Indonesia

690

191

Mali

230

52

Slovenia

9,760

100

Tunisia

2,070

146

Azerbaijan

650

192

Burkina Faso

220

53

Barbados

9,750

101

El Salvador

2,040

147

Bhutan

640

192

Rwanda

220

54

Korea, Rep.

9,460

102

Maldives

2,000

147

Congo, Rep.

640

194

Mozambique

210

55

Malta

9,210

103

Peru

1,980

149

Côte d’Ivoire

630

195

Chad

200

56

Antigua and Barbuda

9,150

104

Namibia

1,960

150

Georgia

590

197

Niger

180

80

2003 World Bank Atlas

$

80

Note: Rankings include all 208 economies presented in tables 1–9, but only those that have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita estimates for 2001 or rank in the top 20 are shown. Estimated ranges for economies that do not have confirmed Atlas GNI per capita figures are: High income ($9,206 and above): Andorra, Aruba, Brunei, Channel Islands, Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Guam, Netherlands Antilles, Northern Mariana Islands, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Virgin Islands (U.S.). Upper middle income ($2,976–$9,205): American Samoa, Isle of Man, Libya, and Mayotte. Lower middle income ($746–$2,975): Cuba and Iraq. Low income ($745 or less): Afghanistan, Korea, Dem. Rep., Myanmar, Nicaragua, and Somalia. a. Data not available; ranking is approximate. b. Data include the French overseas departments of French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion. c. Data are for 2000; ranking is approximate. d. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only.

GNI per capita, 2001—purchasing power parity (PPP) method Rank

$

Rank

$

Rank

1

Luxembourg

48,560

$

Rank 67

Oman

10,720 a

114

Dominica

4,920

170

Mongolia

$ 1,710

3

United States

34,280

69

St. Kitts and Nevis

10,190

117

Peru

4,470

171

Angola

1,690

5

Switzerland

30,970

70

Mauritius

9,860

118

Swaziland

4,430

172

Togo

1,620

7

Norway

29,340

71

Estonia

9,650

119

Lebanon

4,400

173

Bangladesh

1,600

8

Iceland

28,850

72

Antigua and Barbuda

9,550

120

Guatemala

4,380

174

Cameroon

1,580

9

Denmark

28,490

73

Poland

9,370

121

Guyana

4,280

175

Lao PDR

1,540

11

French Polynesia

28,020 a

74

Costa Rica

9,260

123

Ukraine

4,270

176

Senegal

1,480

13

Netherlands

27,390

75

Croatia

8,930

124

Turkmenistan

4,240

177

Uganda

1,460

Note: Rankings include all 208 economies

14

Ireland

27,170

76

Chile

8,840

125

Philippines

4,070

179

Côte d’Ivoire

1,400

presented in tables 1–9, but only those that

15

Canada

26,530

77

Trinidad and Tobago

8,620

127

China

3,950

180

Nepal

1,360

have confirmed PPP GNI per capita estimates

17

Austria

26,380

78

Lithuania

8,350

128

Jordan

3,880

181

Central African Republic

1,300

for 2001 are shown.

18

Belgium

26,150

79

Uruguay

8,250

130

Albania

3,810

183

Rwanda

1,240

19

Hong Kong, China

25,560

80

Mexico

8,240

131

Egypt, Arab Rep.

3,560

184

Tajikistan

1,140

Economies that do not have confirmed PPP GNI

20

Japan

25,550

81

Malaysia

7,910

132

Morocco

3,500

185

Burkina Faso

1,120

per capita figures are:

21

Germany

25,240

82

Latvia

7,760

133

Jamaica

3,490

187

Chad

1,060

Afghanistan, American Samoa, Andorra, Aruba,

22

New Caledonia

25,200 a

83

Belarus

7,630

134

Sri Lanka

3,260

188

Mozambique

1,050

Bermuda, Bhutan, Brunei, Cayman Islands,

24

Australia

24,630

84

Botswana

7,410

136

Syrian Arab Republic

3,160

189

Eritrea

1,030

Channel Islands, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea,

25

Italy

24,530

85

Namibia

7,410

137

Vanuatu

3,110

190

Benin

970

26

United Kingdom

24,340

86

Brazil

7,070

139

Lesotho

2,980

190

Kenya

970

27

France

24,080

87

Russian Federation

6,880

140

Ecuador

2,960

193

Guinea-Bissau

890

28

Finland

24,030

88

Colombia

6,790

141

Azerbaijan

2,890

194

Niger

880

29

Sweden

23,800

89

Bulgaria

6,740

142

Indonesia

2,830

197

Madagascar

820

32

Singapore

22,850

90

Dominican Republic

6,650

143

India

2,820

198

Ethiopia

800

Marino, Seychelles, Somalia, Suriname, São

34

Macao, China

21,630

91

Grenada

6,290

144

Honduras

2,760

199

Nigeria

790

Tomé and Principe, Timor-Leste, Tonga, United

35

Kuwait

21,530

92

Bosnia and Herzegovina

6,250

145

Armenia

2,730

200

Mali

770

Arab Emirates, Virgin Islands (U.S.), West Bank

36

Cyprus

21,110

93

Thailand

6,230

147

Kyrgyz Republic

2,630

201

Zambia

750

and Gaza, and Yugoslavia, Fed. Rep.

39

Spain

19,860

94

Kazakhstan

6,150

148

Georgia

2,580

202

Yemen, Rep.

730

40

Israel

19,630

95

Samoa

6,130

149

Papua New Guinea

2,450

203

Burundi

680

a. Data are for 2000; ranking is approximate.

43

New Zealand

18,250

96

Tunisia

6,090

151

Djibouti

2,420

203

Congo, Rep.

680

b. Data refer to mainland Tanzania only.

44

Puerto Rico

18,090

97

Macedonia, FYR

6,040

152

Uzbekistan

2,410

205

Congo, Dem. Rep.

630

46

Portugal

17,710

98

Iran, Islamic Rep.

5,940

154

Moldova

2,300

206

Malawi

560

China

47

Greece

17,520

99

Algeria

5,910

155

Bolivia

2,240

207

Tanzania b

520

On July 1, 1997, China resumed its exercise of

49

Slovenia

17,060

100

Turkey

5,830

156

Zimbabwe

2,220

208

Sierra Leone

460

sovereignty over Hong Kong, and on December

51

Bahamas, The

15,680 a

101

Romania

5,780

157

Ghana

2,170

52

Bahrain

15,390

102

Venezuela, RB

5,590

159

Vietnam

2,070

53

Barbados

15,110

103

Cape Verde

5,540

160

Gambia, The

2,010

54

Korea, Rep.

15,060

104

Panama

5,440

162

Mauritania

1,940

55

Czech Republic

14,320

105

Gabon

5,190

163

Solomon Islands

1,910

56

Saudi Arabia

13,290

106

Paraguay

5,180

164

Guinea

1,900

57

Malta

13,140

107

El Salvador

5,160

165

Comoros

1,890

Timor-Leste through 1999 unless otherwise noted.

59

Hungary

11,990

108

Belize

5,150

166

Haiti

1,870

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

60

Slovak Republic

11,780

111

St. Vincent & Grenadines 4,980

167

Pakistan

1,860

On February 4, 2003, the Federal Republic of

63

Argentina

10,980

112

St. Lucia

4,960

168

Cambodia

1,790

Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and

64

South Africa

10,910

113

Fiji

4,920

169

Sudan

1,750

Montenegro.

Faeroe Islands, Greenland, Guam, Iraq, Isle of Man, Kiribati, Korea, Dem. Rep., Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Mayotte, Micronesia, Fed. Sts., Monaco, Myanmar, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Qatar, San

20, 1999, it resumed its exercise of sovereignty over Macao. Unless otherwise noted, data for China do not include data for Hong Kong, China; Taiwan, China; or Macao, China. Timor-Leste On May 20, 2002, Timor-Leste became an independent country. Data for Indonesia include

2003 World Bank Atlas