Holt Student World Atlas 2007

Major Rivers N am e Nile Am azo n Ch ang (Yangtze) M ississippi-M iss o u ri

Continent

Out fl o w

T o tal Lengt h (mi.)

Africa South Am erica Asia N o rt h Am eri ca

Mediterran ean Sea Atlantic Oce an East China Sea Gul f of Mexico

4,1 60 4,000 3,964 3,710

Major Deserts Name

Continent

Area (sq. m i.)

Sa hara Gobi Libya n Sono ran

Africa Asia Africa No rt h Ameri ca

3,500 ,000 500,000 450,000 120,000

Oceans Arct ic Ocean Area: Coastline: Average De p t h:

Atlantic Ocean Area: Coastl ine: Average De p t h:

5,426 ,000 sq. mi . 28 ,209 mi . 3,407 ft.

Pacific Ocean

Indian Ocean Area: Coas tli ne: Average Depth:

3 1,73 6,000 sq . mi . 69 ,525 m i. 11,730 ft.

Area: Coas tl ine : Average De p th:

28,410,000 sq. mi . 4 1,346 m i. 12,598 ft

63,838,00 0 sq. m i. 84,315 m i. 12,925 ft.

Highest Elevations M o untain Peak Name

Place

Height (ft.)

Con tinen t

Kilimanja ro Vinson Massif Everest Kosciu sk o Elb rus Mc Kin ley Aconcagua

Tanzani a Antarctica Nepal-Tibet Australia Russia Alask a, U.S. Argentina

19,340 16,864 29,035 7,3 10 18,5 10 20,320 22 ,834

Africa An tarctica Asia Au stral ia Europe N orth Am erica South America

Lowest Elevations Lo west P o in t Name

Place

Dep th Below Sea Lev el (ft .)

Continen t

Lake AssaI Bentl ey Subgla cial T re nc h Dead Sea Lak e Eyre Cas p ia n Sea Death Valley Vald es Pen in su la

Djib outi

512 8,327* 1,3 10 52 92 282 13 1

Afri ca Antarctica Asia Aus trali a Europe North America South America

Antarctica

Israel-Jo rdan Aust ralia Rus sia - Azerbaijan Califo rn ia, U.S. Argentina

' Estimated Copynght © 2005 by MapQue st. Inc All rig~ t s reserved

-

Published by

Copynght © 2005

by Meprxest. Inc.

All nqhts reserved.

While everycare has been taken to trace and acknowledge copy­ right, the publishers tender their apologies for any accidental infringement where copynqht hasproved untraceable.

Allnghts reserved. No part of thrs book may be reproduced or trans­ mitt ed In any fo rm by any means electronic, mechanical, or other ­ Wise, whether now or hereafter devised. including photocopying, recording, or by any Information and retrieval system, without espress writt en prio r pe rm ission from the Publisher.

Acknowledgements.

"How to use this Atlas" written by ElspethLeacock

MeXICO Statecoat of arms on page 76. © 200J mextcan-Ilaq.com Photographs on pages 24-25 (Deserts, Nature, China/Tibet. Alaska,

Brazu,Arctic). 26-27 (Landscapes. Nature, Australia, China/ Tibet), 59

(rivers), 60--61(nature, Landscapes, Hawaii, Caribbean), 62- 63 (Arctic)

Copynqbt © 2005 Corel corp. and their suppliers.

Photographs on pages 26-2 7 1V01.16, 44, 74), 60- 61 1V01. 16, 44).

62-<>3 1V01. 16, 44)

Copyright © 2005 Pbotolxsc. Inc.

Photograph on page 42 (Wright brother's flight)

Copynght © 2005 NASA Photographs on pages 58, 62- 63 (Southern California)

Ccpynqbt © 2005 Drqital Stock Corp. Photograph on page 62 (Rockiespring) Copynghl © 2005 Freestockphotos ccm Pnotcqraphs on pages 68--69 No!. 194 )

Copynqbr © 2005 Corbrs Corp.

•

World Facts and Figures Using This Atlas Legend Map Scale Latitude and Longitude Different Kinds of Maps Our Solar System World Physical World Political Ocean Floor Dynamic Earth

Earthquakes Volcanoes Continental Drift World Climate World Vegetation World Environment

World Forest Cover Tropical Ra in Forests World Population

Population Density Population Projections World Population

Life Expectancy: 1999, 2025 Youthful Population Food and Nutrition World Culture

Languages Literacy Religions Historical Spread of Religions World Land Use Industrial Employment Agricultural ,Employment World Resources

Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Major Minerals Electrical Energy Production World Communications

Television Receivers Newspaper Circulation Personal Computers Cellular Communications World Transportation

Time Zones Major Airports

Inside front cover .4- 5

6

7

8- 9

10-11

12- 13

14- 15

16- 17

18- 19

20

21

22-23

24-25

26- 27

28

29

30-3 1

30

32

33

33

,

34

34

35

35

36- 37

36

37

38-39

38-39

39

.40

.41

.41

.41

.42

.43

..

North America Political .44

.45

North America Physica l North America Themes

Population Density .46

.47

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 47

Climate .48

Precipitation .48

Vegetat ion .49

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification,

Acid Rain .49

Un ited States Political 50-51

United States Political Facts 52-53

Un ited State s Physical 54-55

Un ited States Physical Facts 56-57

Geographic Featu res

58

Continental Divide U.S. Earthquakes 58

59

Fall Line Faults 59

60-61

United States Cli mate United States Vegetation 62-63

United States Land Use 64-65

66-67

United State s Resources United State s Transportation: Road, Ra ilroads, Airports . .68-69

United States Population

Population Density 70-71

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950,2000 70

71

Center of Population Percent Change in State Population, 1990-2000 .71

United States Economy

72.-73

Per Capita Income Persons Below the Poverty Level .73

74

Canada Political Canada Physical .75

Mexico Political 76

Mexico Physical 77

South America Political .78

South America Physical 79

South America Themes

Population Density 80

81

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 81

Climate 82

Precipitation 82

Vegetat ion 83

South America Themes, continued

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification

83

84

Europe Political

Europe Physical

85

Europe Themes

86

Population Density

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

87

Land Use 87

Climate 88

Precipitation 88

Vegetat ion 89

Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

89

Acid Rain Africa Political 90

Africa Physical 91

Africa Themes

Population Density 92

93

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Land Use 93

Climate 94

Precipitation 94

Vegetation 95

Environmental Issues: Deforestation, Desertification 95

96

Asia Political Asia Physical 97

Asia Themes

Population Density 98

Gross Domestic Product (GDPr 99

Land Use 99

Climate 100

Precipitation 100

Veqetatio n> 101

-, Environmental Issues: Deforestat ion, Desertification,

Acid Ra in ; 101

102

Australia and. Oceania Political ...r" Australia and Oceania Physical 103

Australia and-Oceania Themes

Population Density

104

105

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Land Use 105

Climate 106

Precipitation 106

Vegetation 107

Envi ronmental Issues: Deforestation , Desertification 107

Index 108- 112

Geographic Glossary Inside back cover

•

is a collectio n of m ap s that can be us ed to find information abo ut your world. The very latest data has been collected to mak e these maps. Hundred s of sat ellite im ages were used to map th e dramatic sh rin king of Eart h 's for est s. The latest cens us data from each a nd every coun­ tr y was used to build a picture of Eart h's current population. T he m ost recent scienti fic research was used to crea te th em atic map s of continental drift, th e ocea n floor, th e envi ro nme n t and our natural resources. Look closely an d yo u will see that th e informat ion fo r th e map s comes from many di fferent so urces suc h as NASA, th e U.S. Department of th e Inter ior or th e Wo rld Bank. You can use th ese map s to explo re yo u r world, discover co n nec tions bet ween places, and see relation ships between places a nd peoples. But thi s a tlas is m o re than ju st a wealth of information . It is fun to look a t to o. You will find th at th ese ma ps an d ph o to graphs can evo ke im ages of far away pla ces. T hey in vite you to pause an d to dream . With a m ap you can journey th e world without ever getting wet, cold, tir ed or hungry. You ca n im agine grea t adven tu res an d not leave th e co m fort of your favorite ch air!

AN ATLAS

To get th e most o ut of this a tlas you need to know how to read maps. Just as you learned to read wo rds like th e o nes on thi s page, you can learn how to read th e lan guage of maps. The map skills yo u need to kn ow ar e: 1. locating pla ces 2. measuring di stance 3. finding directi on 4. read ing m ap sym bols

CUlCO, Peru Cyclades,Islands Cyprus,country, Cyprus, Island Cyrenaica,region Czech Reo.. country

78 85 96 97 91 84

Dakar, Senega! Dallas, TX Dalmatia, region Dernareland, region Damascus, SYria d'Ambre, Cap,cape Da Nang,Vietnam Danube, nver DanubeDelta, delta

90 50 85 91 96 91 96 85 85 85 90 103

Derdeoel'es.st-e« Dares Salaam, Tanzania Darling, fiver

Locating Places To find pla ces in thi s a tlas, you can begin with th e index. To find Dalla s follow th ese steps . 13'3 2'5 71'S6'W 1. Look up Dallas in th e index a t th e 37'OO'N 2S'OO'E en d of thi s book. 3S'OO'N 33' OO'E 3S'OO'N 33'OO'E 2. T he index tells you th at D alla s is a 2S'OO'N 24'OO'E 49'OO'N lS'OO'E city in Texas and that it can be found on page 50. You will also 14' 42'N 17'27'W learn that Dallas is located at 32' 47' N 96' 48'W

44' 00'N 16'0 0'E 32 °4 7'N (32 de gr ees 47 minutes 21'00'5 19'OO'E

3J'J l' N 36' 18'E north) and 96° 48' W (96 degr ees 48 12' 00'5 48'0 0'E

16' OJ'N 108' 12'E minutes wesr.) 49' OO'N 10' OO'E

4S' OO'N 29'OO'E

3. Go to page 50 and find th e lin e of 40'OO'N 27'OO'E 6'49 '5 39' 17'E latitude nearest to th e number Jl 'OO'S 144'00' E 32 ° N and th e lin e oflongitude nea rest to th e number 96 °W. You will find Da llas close to wh ere th ose two lin es m eet. You can learn more ab out latitude a nd longitude o n pages 8- 9.

• reneda

o

6 260

200

400 mi

' 400 km '

Measuring Distance To m easure di stance most maps have a distan ce scale. You can learn more abo u t m easuring di s­ tan ce on pa ge 7.

-w 4 5

E

Finding Di rection To find directi ons use th e m ap's compass rose. You can also lise lines oflati tude an d longi tude to find directio n . Every line oflongi tude points n orth a nd so uth. Every lin e oflati tud e points east and west. You can learn m ore abo u t la titude and longitud e on pages 8-9. Readin g Map Symbols Every m ap sym bo l shows the locati o n of some­ thing. It could be so m ething as large as a conti­ nent o r as sm all as a bird-house. A dot sh ows th e locat ion of a city. A blu e line shows the co urse of a river. Bu t map sym bols are not t he same on all maps. One map m ight sho w a city with a sq uare. Map legends or keys help explain t he symbols used on a map. You ca n find o ut m o re abou t legends an d th e m a p sym bo ls used in this atlas on page 6.

Special Features o f this Atlas Th is atl as has been designed and organi zed to be easy fo r you to use. Here is a "ro ad map" to your atlas .

The Blu e T ab Ba r So mewhere along the top blue tab ba r of each sp read yo u will see a dark er blu e tab . It tells you

th e subject of th e map or ma ps you are look in g at. The ligh t blue ta bs tell you the subjects of the sur ro un ding m ap spreads. If, for example, you are loo king at the World Clim ate map and would lik e to co mpare it to th e World Vegeta tio n m ap, you can use the tabs to find that map q uickly and easily.

Map Skills

Look at t he blu e tab bar above and you will see that you a re in t he m a p skills sectio n. This sec­

tion should be called "Read Me First " beca use it is here that you will fin d all sorts of helpful inform a tio n about maps and how to read them. Even if yo u are a p racticed m ap reader, read t his sect ion ! The Wo rl d In th is section you will find a world poli tical map, a wo rld physical m ap, an d 35 world the­ matic m aps. T he world political m ap shows the most u p to date na tional boundaries. On the wo rld physical m ap yo u can see huge desert s,

great moun tai n ran ges, a n d even th e sea ice that covers much of th e Arcti c. The th ematic maps inclu d e t he most up to date mforrnanon on everything from the world di stribunon of com p u ters and televisions to life expectancy, religion an d literacy. If you want to see the ocean floo r, o r to find wh er e 111 the world vol­ canoes fo rm , th is IS the sec tio n to look in.

Fi e!

.\ N

Co n tin en t s The co ntin ent u n its are de sign ed to all have t h e same kin ds o f m ap s. This will en able yo u to compare and contrast one continenr with an o t he r with ease an d accuracy. There IS a political map, a ph ysical map, and a to tal o f seven them ati c maps p er co n tinen t. Used individ u ally each map can provide answers to m any q u es tio n s. But all together , each set of m aps can be used to tell a story.

-

Geographic Features Th ere are two sp ecial "Geogr ap hic Feature s" mcluded in this atl as. To find out how th e co n t ine n ts, Earth 's greatest land features, have been drifnng a ro u n d the glo be, turn to pages 22 -23 . To t ake an 1t1 de p th look at fall line s, d ivid es, and fau lts turn to the United States Geograp h ic Features sp read o n pages 58 -59 .

\1.

Charts and Graphs This atlas IS filled With ch arts, graphs an d d ia­ grams. They are used to gIve m ore information about su bject s shown on th e maps. To make these charts and grap h s, long list s of th e m ost up to date data was gathered. Then al l th ose number s were o rganized into gr aphic d isp lays th at ca n be read sim p ly and acc u ra tely.

._ 1

Van c o~

~~;~; : T"c~ " .

.(

Canada and Mexico Ca n ada and Mexico b oth h ave t h eir own spread s that include a political and phys ical m ap.

*

0" •

Portlafld.

..."1::

- - Consumpt ion

-----~

20

i;­

Line graphs are u sed to sh ow change in amounts over time.

l 15 ] 10 f-Im agine a jo u rn ey cro ssmg a contin en t . You can see t h e regio n s vrsi red , the rnounrams climbed, or t h e de serts crossed. You can tell if many peo pl e are passed al ong the way o r few. You ca n d escr ib e th e acnvin cs of th e people. Will yo u see nun ers o r ranc he rs o r farmer s? An d yo u can tell about the different climates exp erienced alon g th e way. All o f rhrs informa­ tion an d m ore is on th e maps for every conn­ nent but An tarct ica.

-:7"'S,£-- """"= '----.:::>---.-E.

o

~ 5 f'-----+-~"'-----

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

IA $2.679

NC $1 ,624 MN $1,083

Bar gr aphs ar e used to co m ­ pare amoun ts.

IL $762

NE $640

IN $545

Enviro n m en t al Issues T h ere IS a sp ecial "E nv ironmen tal Issu es" feature for each continent an d o ne for the wo rld. To cr eate th ese features the latest SCIen tific in fo rm a n o n wa s gath ered an d orga­ ni zed for yo u. The topiC S cover th e three major en vironmental Issues faced by crn zcn s today, desertific a­ tio n , d eforestati on, an d acid ram. The United Sta t es oston In th e sectio n o n the Umred States MA you will find a pol itical map WIth T 1 \ tw o pag es o f poliucal fact s, a physi­ P cal map With two pages o f physic al facts, an d seven themanc map sp reads .

L.-

NY

t

Pie chart s show percentages of a total.

Glossary Ther e are many geographic terms fo u n d on maps such as fjord, isthmus, or plateau. Yo u can find th e m eaning o f th ese and ot h er t erm s in the geographic glossary located on t he in sid e back cover.

The staffat Mapquest worked hard to make this atlas a referencebook that is bothfull ofinformation and fun and ea.ry to use. We hopethaty ou enjoy your copy.

Legend

T he fo llowi ng sym bo ls are used her e for gen eral referen ce m ap s. Map s with spec ial su bjec ts (thematic m ap s) have their own ul1lqu e legends.

, .0

General Reference Maps

D

National capita l

*

Other capita l

Physical Maps Legend Nonsubject area

Pack ice --Ft3==~----::;?("---;;;;:r\l

Mou ntain peak

Oth er city

Lowest p oint

International boundary (pol iti cal map)

=

Internati onal bou ndary in d ispute/und efined (polit ical map) State or provincial boundary

Perennial lake Intermitt ent lake Perennial river

M o unt ain s-+-----"~

or: -7~~'"-:---t-- Tundra

Oceans and seas

--'=+~+-f--

Arid lands -

+--."".,.v

.~£-..:..~__;=.",.:r_---+- Grassl ands

International boundary in d ispu te (physical map)

A glo be IS the m ost accu ra te picture of the Earth. Onl y a glo be ca n show di st an ce, directi on, an d the t ru e sha pe a nd area o fl and and sea. Map m akers st ruggle with how to sho w th e ro und world on a fla t map .

Imagine the Earth as a large balloon. \ ~\

Forests

Falls

International boundary (physical map)

Projections

Ice caps

Cut it apart, and flatten it to make a map.

To show th e ro und Ear rh o n flat pap er , m apm ak ers used d ifferent

projections , o r ways o fjsho wm g a ro u n d sha pe o n a flat su rface .

With every proj ection the sha pes o f places a re cha nged so m ewhat. This IS ca lled di stortion . To find distorti on, you can co m pa re the la tit ud e and lon gitude lines of a map to th ose same lines o n a glo be.

Mercator Projection Gerardus Merca tor, a Du tc h map ma ker, wanted a map proj ection th at sho wed directi on and shape accurately. T he prob lem s with drst o rr ron s are mo re ob vIOUS o n rlu s p rojecti on. Yo u can see th at the lan d ar eas a re very d istorted the clo ser to th e pol es th a t yo u ge t. So, thi s projecti on ende d up grearly distorting d ist an ce a nd size.

Thisdiagram shows how a Mercator projection distortsthe sizes ofplaces. Compare Greenland on the map and the globe.

Projections - Making the Round World Flat Robinson Projection Arthur Rob in son, an American m ap m ak er , wanted to d evelop a

ma p proj ect IOn that "loo ked" n ght. T hi s projecti on uses ma ny

di sto rti ons bu t none are

Sign ifica n t. You can see rhi s

by co m pa n n g o ne o f th e la rge scale Wo rld m ap s m th is atlas to a glo be.

Azimuthal Projection T h is IS a projecti on used to sh ow Antarctica and th e Arctic . Azim uthal map s show d irecti o n a nd dis tan ce acc u ra tely, if m easured from th e center of the map. Bu t, o ther d istances, sha pe and size ar e distorted.

r:

Changing Scale T he larg e sc al e map of New York 's lower Manharran (top) sh ows a small area with a large amounr of derail. T he small sca le m ap of New Yo rk State (bottom) is a lar ge area with a small amo u nr of de tail.

Map Scale o

2 mile s

IJ 11I1111111111111111111111111 111 inches One inch represe nts 1 mile

, o

i

,

i

i

10

20

30

40

I

50 kilometers

WlllllllllIIIIIIII11111111111~111111111~1111 1 " 1 centimeters One centimeter represen ts 10 kilometers

Latitude and Longitude

NORTH POLE

Since an cient time s, mapmak ers, geographers, an d navigarors have work ed to develop a system fo r accu rate ly loca tin g places o n th e Eart h. O n a sphe re, such as the Earth , the re are no co rne rs o r sides, no beginrung o r end. But since the Earth ro tates on an axis, th ere are two fixed points: th e No rt h Pole and the So u th Pol e. These pomts mak e a good start ing pla ce for a syste m o f im ag inary lin es. These im aginar y line s fo rm a grId over th e Ear th, allo wm g us w pmpOlnt the exact locatio n of any SpOt o n the Eart h. This sp he rica l grid IS called the grati cule. It is fo rm ed by lines ca lled latitude a nd longitude.

/ Parall els of Latitude

Merid ia ns of Longitude

I

The Graticule

NORTH POLE 90 0N

Latitude

EQUATOR 0° I----t----I-~---'----l 0°

Halfw ay betw een the pol es the equato r CIrcles th e globe 111 an eas t­ west d irectio n. Latitude IS measured in d egr ees north or so u th of the equaw r, whi ch IS 0 d egrees (0). Lin es of latitude are called parall el s becau se th ey circle th e glo be parall el to the eq uato r. Parallels a re numbered from 0 ° at th e Equ ato r to 90 ° N a t th e No rt b Pole an d 90 °S a t the So uth Pole .

90°5 SOUTH POLE

Longitude Ru nning fro m pole to pol e, lm es o f longitude-ccal led m eridi a ns - circle th e glob e In a north-south direcnon. As In any circle or sp here, th ere a re 360 d egr ees ( 0) oflong itu de. T he m erid ian s are nu m bere d fro m the Pr im e Meridian wlnch IS labeled 0 °. Meridian s east 1800 o r west o f th e Prime Mer idran a re la beled E or W up to 180 ° .The ln ternan c nal Date Lin e generally foll ows th e 180 ° m eridian , 0E 0 90 rnakmg a few Jogs to 90 W aVOId cuttll1g th rou gh land a reas .

0° Prime Mer idi an

180° In tern atio nal D ate Line -

Parallels and Meridians-The Fads

~--'-I-+

Pa rallels · ar e lines oflatitude used to measure location nor th o r so u th of the Equator · are always th e sa me d ista nce apart (a bo u t 70 m iles) · di ffer III leng th · The Equa to r, the lon gest par allel, IS a lm ost 25 ,000 mil es lon g

Meridi a n s · are lines of longitude used to measure loca tio n east o r west of th e Prime Meri d ian · meet at th e pol es · a re all th e same length

160'140'1 20"100"80' 60" 40' 20' 0' 20" 4W 60" 80' 100"120' 140' 160 ,

/

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AMERICA

40'

EU RO PE

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+---­ AUSTRALIA

20'

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Which way north... The geograp hic No rt h a nd South Po les are fixed points lo cated at each end of the Eart h 's axis. T he Ear th 's m agn et ic fields cause th e needle of a co m pa ss to POlllt toward ma gn eti c no rth, not geog raphic north. The north m agn et ic po le IS locat ed in th e nor th ern territo ries of Canada. T he so ut h magn eti c po le IS loca ted nea r th e coast of An ta rctica. T he ma gn eti c po les are co ns tan tly movlllg.

NORTH POLE

Degrees, Minutes, Seconds A degree (0) of latitude o r lon gitude can be d ivrded mto 60 part s called minutes (' ). Each minute can be d rvided in to 60 seco nds (") . T he di agram at tIght IS an exa m p le of a place loca ted to t he nearest secon d. It is writt en as: 42° 21 ' 30 " N 7 1° 03 ' 37 " W • Th is place

IS

City cen ter, Boston, Massachusetts.

The index a t the back of this Atlas uses degr ees and m in utes ofl atitude and lon gitude to help yo u find places.

SOUTH POLE

Different Kinds of Maps Maps are special pictures of places on Earth. All maps are alike in th ese lmportam ways: • All maps ar e a view from abo ve • All map s show selected info rmati on usm g sym bo ls • All map s are sm aller than th e real place o n Earth thar th ey show. Because peop le want to sho w many different dungs on Eart h, th ey create m an y d ifferent kinds of m ap s.

Physical Maps

~~~~~~=~

The purpose of a physical map is to show th e ph ysical or na tural " ~ Wo rld . Physical m ap s sh ow landforms a nd bodi es of _':; ~ _. water. We use physical '..... map s to locate rivers and m ountains, ocean cu rren ts and wind pat te rns .

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Thematic, or Special Purpose Maps

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These maps show a specific subject (rhe me) o r very limired number of subjects (such as population d en sity, climate or h istorical topics). They can be used to sho w distributions and relat ionsh ip s among m ap featu res. This page contains exam ples o f the ma ny ~ typesof maps to be found through out th e ...

Student Atlas ofthe World.

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Gross Domestic Product • (GOP) Map

Population • Density Map

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/ ' St. Ma n (Fr. an d Ncrh .}

. l' . _ Monlse" at (U.K.) ST. xrrrs e: Guapeloupe (Fr.)

;?:" A'V' G UA AN D BARBUDA

AND NEV IS

" DO~lI NICA 'Ii M4rtinique (Fr.) d

sT\ LUCIA

\ t> BARBADO S

•

GRENADA ·

+

10"N

PACIFIC OCEAN 90 "W

. . .:

.~ $T. VINCENT AN D

T'JIEGRENA DIN ES

, "<..~=-'i"il'.""'-I

TRINIDAD AN D TO BAGO

I§J

International bou ndary

IIJW

/

izo res ~~

c

CAP E V ERDE

ATLANTIC I

OCEAN

I

-+--w4 '--r-r--;-t--I--I------l

Abbreviations OEM. REP . CONGO EQ.GUINEA NETH. N .Z.

REP . CONGO U.A.E .

U.K. U.S.

DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC OFTHE CONGO EQUATO RIALGUINEA NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES

•

Ocean Floor

ASIA NO RTH ' \

AM E RICA

Surroun ding most o f th e co n rme n rs a re ge mly slo p mg areas called co n rm enral sh elves , wh ich reac h depth s of a bo u t 650 ft. (200 m) . At th e edges of the connn cnral shelves lie steepe r connnental slopes lead m g down [0 th e de ep ocean basin, o r ab yss. The ab yss co n ­ ta in s m any o f th e same features we see o n lan d , mcludmg p lains, moun tams ranges (rid ges), iso la ted mountains (k n own as sea mounts or guyots), and tr en ch es. The Mi d ­ Ocean fudge syste m m arks th e ar eas wh ere crus ta l p lat es are movm g ap art , and is very ac tive geol ogICally, as m olten rock n ses a nd eru p ts [0 crea te new crust. Eart hq uakes an d volcanoes are common alo ng man y u n d ersea t renc hes a nd rid ges.

ASIA

A FR ICA

0"

~

SOUTH AMERICA

Q

t~

0

-I

r­

....

Unde rsea Volcanoes

~

}> Cl

·

.

Plate Boundaries and Earthquakes ,.

Earthq uake region Location of major earthq uake Plate boundary

Major Earthquakes since 1900

- ­ Direction of plate movement

The move me nt o f Earth's cr us tal pl at es causes th e ph en omena kn own as ea rthq ua kes. The surface of th e Eart h ac tually mo ves o r qu ak es. An earthquake ca n have th e destructive energy o f an a tomi c bo m b. However, tho usa nds of ea rt hquakes occur eac h day a ll over th e world Without most peo pl e reali zin g I t. T he maJonty o f earthq uakes occ u r alo ng a fault. A faul t IS u sually a weak or broken area 111 th e rocks beneath th e surface o f th e Earth , but some, like th e San AndreasFault in Califo rrua, ca n be seen o n th e surface. See pages 58-59 to learn m or e a bo ut fa ults . T he Richter Scale meas u res th e ene rgy of an earthq uake. T his measu rem ent IS ob tai ned fro m t he foc us , or hypocenter, th e spot where the firs t break In the roc k lay­ ers occ urs . The spo t on th e surface of the Eart h, d ire ctly above th e foc us a nd near est to the so u rce of ene rgy IS called th e ep icen ter. Eart hq ua ke damage IS ca use d by rhrs energy, called seismic ene rgy, moving th ro ug h th e roc ks or alo ng th e surface. Many geograp hic facto rs, both ph ysical an d hu m a n, d etermine how much d amage IS do ne by th ese seis m ic waves of energy.

SOUTH AMERICA

-- Oceanic Crust . .

Lithosphere Subduction _ Asthenosphere

Richter Scale

Date

Location

April 4, 1905 April 18, 1906 Dec. 28, 1908 Dec 16, 1920 Sept. 1, 1923 May 22,1927 Dec. 25, 1932 March 2, 1933 Jan. 15, 1934 May30,1935 Jan. 25, 1939 Dec. 26, 1939 Dec. 21,1946 Oct. 5, 1948 Aug. 15, 1950 May22,1960 March 27,1964 May31,1970 Feb. 4, 1976 July 28, 1976 Oct. 10, 1980 Sept. 19, 1985 June 20, 1990 Dec. 12, 1992 Jan. 17, 1995 Aug. 17, 1999 Jan.26,2001

Kangra, India San Francisco, California Messina, Italy Gansu Province, China . . . . . . . . . . . . Sagami Bay (near Yokohama), Japan . . Xining, China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gansu Province, China off northeast coast of Honshu, Japan .. Bihar, India/Nepal Quetta , Pakistan Chillan, Chile Erzincan, Turkey Honshu, Japan Ashgabat, Turkmenistan Assam, India Arauco, Chile Anchorage, Alaska Northern Peru, near Chimbote Guatemala City, Guatemala Tangshan, China EI Asnam, Algeria Mexico City, Mexico Western Iran, near Qazvin Flores Island, Indonesia Kobe,Japan Istanbul, Turkey Ahmadabad, India

Source: National Earthquake Information Center, U.S.G.S

Magnitude

B.6 7.8 7.5 B.6 B.3 B.3 7.6 8.9

B.4 7.5 8.3 B,O

B.4 7.3 B.7

9.5 9.2 7,8

7.5 8.0 7.7

B.l 7.7

7.5 6.9 7.4 7.7

PACIFIC EOIJATOR_ ' -t-~.'-...,-, PLA ::..:..:T-=E,---+

~_---..+----/

Plate Boundaries and Volcanoes ..

Volcano

Some Notable Volcanic Eruptions

Plate boundary - - Direct ion of plate movement

A vo lc an o IS an op enmg 10 th e Earth's cru se o fte n capped by a co ne -shaped h ill or m o un ta in fo rmed from e ru p te d lava and ash . Volcanoes are associa ted with plate bound ari es. Powerful forc es occurrin g fa r beneath rhe su rface ar the edges o f plates cause roc k to m elt and, at th e same time, open crac ks in rhe crus e. An eru p tion occurs whe n magma (melted ro ck) flows, and many t imes explodes, throu gh a weakness, suc h as a crac k in the Eart h's crus e. Once magma is flowin g o n the Ea rt h's sur face it is called lava. Flowing lava ca n be several th ousan d degr ees Fah ren hei e. In a few cases , volca noes exist without bein g near the edge o f a place. In th ese cases , such as the H awa iian Islands, a powerful and persistent fl ow o f ma gma has broken thr ough the cruse.

Fissure Flows

5 J 1 7

5 9 4

7

Lava Flow

Date

Locat ion

1500 s.c, Aug. 24, A.D. 79 1169 1586 Dec. 15, 1631 March-July, 1669 Aug. 12, 1772 June 8, 1783 May 21,1 792 Apr. 10-12 , 1815 Oct. 8, 1822 Aug. 26-28, 1883 Apr. 24, 1902 May 8, 1902 Jan. 30, 1911 May 19, 1919 Jan. 17-2 1, 1951 May 18, 1980 Mar. 28, 1982 Nov. 13, 1985 Aug. 21, 1986 June 15, 1991 June-Sept. , 1997

Thira (Santorini), Greece Vesuvius, Italy Mt. Etna, Italy Mt. Ke lut, Java, Indonesia Vesuvius, Italy Mt. Etna, Italy Mt. Papandayan, Java, Indonesia Laki, Iceland Mt. Unzen, Japan Mt. Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia Galunggung, Java, Indonesia Krakatau, Indonesia Santa Maria, Guatemala Mt. Pelee, Martinique Mt. Taal, Philippines Mt. Kelut, Java, Indonesia Mt. Lamington, New Guinea Mt. St. Helens, United States EI Chichon, Mexico Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia Lake Nyos, Cameroon Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines Soufriere Hills, Montserrat

·

­

237 Million Years Ago

PANTHALASSIC

OCEAN

This peculiar-to ou r eyes-a rrangeme nt of continents with its unfamiliar oceans and seas , mountains and plains, and peninsulas and islands reminds us that th e dinosaurs lived in a far different landscape th an our own . As the last dinosaurs receded into memory, the future Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea were becomin g more su bs tan tial

and reco gni zable, and the continents, excep t for Australia and Antarctica, were nearing th eir present latitudes. Within the last 65 million years, most contine n ts nestl ed unhur­ riedly into th eir current pos iti ons. However, th e Indian su b-co ntine nt "s printed" north, crashing into Asia and bull­ dozing up the Himalayas. earth 's loftiest mountain range.

94

237

65

A e of Dinosaurs

300

250

200

150

100

Millions of Years Ago DECEMBER 10

"

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

94 Million Years Ago

.-::--=::;.;c::::::;.. . .....

AS IA

/

PACIFIC PACIFIC

OCEAN

OCEAN

The highly controversia l theory of Continental Drift was proposed in 1915 by Alfred Wegen er to explain both geo logic and fossil di scoveri es. Altho ugh su p po rt ed by str o ng data and seemingly o bvio us visual evrd ence -crnos t no tabl y, the close fit of the coasrlmes of Afr ica an d So uth Am erica- the th eory was rejected by o ther scien tists. By the 1960 s, fur the r studies, especially those th at di scovered that some rock s co ntained a record of th e al ignmem of th e Earth's mag­ neti c field , resurrecte d the theo ry, which was red efined under t he te rm Plate Tec tonics. Few scien tis ts now d isp u te its gen eral pr em­ ise, that continental and oceanic plates mov e a to p a layer of hot an d sem i-so lid rock below them , alt ho ug h many detail s, particu­ larly the cau ses and mechan ics of the motio n , ar e still not well un derstood.

65 Million Years Ago

(\ PACIFIC OCEAN

ANTARCTICA

~5

Present day

Present Day

Humans

o If a year (365 d ays) represented the app roxim ate age of the Earth (4.5 b illio n years). then the hrst mapwhich shows the Eart h 237 million years ago. would have occurred ab out December 13t h. 94 and 65 million years ago would have occurred about Decembe r 25th and 27th respectively. Recorded history started about 5.500 years ago: on this calendar . that would have bee n about 21 seconds be for e the New Year

PACIFIC OCEAN

\ )

. Climate •

Tropical wet

_

Arid

D D D D •

Tropical wet and dry

Semiarid Med iterranea n

Hum id subt rop ical M arine

Humid cont inental

D D D

•,

Subarctic Tundra Ice cap Hig hland High est average annual precipitat ion Lowes! average

6

annual precip tat ion

i

Highest recorded tempe rature

~

temperature

Lowest recorded

Major Ocean Currents

........ Cool ~ currents Warm currents

­

•

20'W \

.. Vegetat ion Unclassified high lands or ice cap Tundra and alp ine tundra Coniferous forest Midlatitude deciduous forest Subtropical broadleaf evergreen fo rest Mixed forest Midlatitude scrubland Midlatitude grassland Desert Tropical seasonal and scrub

D D

Tropical rain forest

Tropical savanna

I

PACIFIC OCEAN 0' -­ EQUATOR -+---- --+_------+-------+-------,..--- ----.f ....:lO :;n .----~- ...::: -_+--_:f _n_ ""-+_-- -

Recife"

Con ifero us for est

Deciduous for est

Desert

M io latit ud e scru b land

Mixed for est

Sub tr op ical b road leaf eve rgr een forest

Tro p ical rain fo rest

mr---

+--­ -

-- l\oolf--~-~'------' --t------+------f----+-----f----+-----f~::;"_--+_1,000

1,000

2,000 km

Scale01 the Equator , rcjecucn: Robinson

ANTARCTICA 20"

40"E

Midlatitude grassland

Tropical savanna

Tropical seasonal and scrub

Tundra and alpine tund ra

Unclassified highlands or ice cap

.

.

World Forest Cover Fo rests he lp regulate climate by sto n ng hu ge am ounts of carbon di oxide , whil e providing habitats for co un t­ less animal and plant species. Environmentalist s have

-=

Forest Cover Forest cover 8,000 years ago

that has been lost

D

Remaining forest cover (much of it frag mented)

SOurce ':or e Sl FrontIers jn, rJa t,lIe .

Wo rld Reso urces r-isutute. I QQ8

-,.

- -­ - - - -­ --­ Annual Deforestat ion Rates More than D.9% de fo rested D.l to D.9% defo rested Stable or increased forest area

No current data available Source World Resources rosntc te

voiced co ncern over a lon g-t erm decrease in forest cover, as forest lands have been cleared for such purposes as farnung, loggl11g, ml11mg, and urban expans IO n.

.....

Tropical Rain Forests Trop ical rain for ests, found aro und the Earth wit h in 10 degrees of the equa to r, co ntain m or e than hal f of all the world's p lants and anima l species, beside s to bein g home to man y Indi genou s peop les. Th ey are vit al to th e

Threats to Tropical Rain Forests Agricultural clearing

Highway

balance of nature . In the past 40 years alone, ab o ut o ne­ fifth of the acreage has been cleared fo r logging a nd other pu rp oses. T hese rain fo rest s, incl ud in g th e majo r fo rests pin po in ted here, rem ain un der serious threat. Sundarbans (Bangladesh /India)

diJff'

Bolivar State (Venezuela)

Threat Risks: The world's largest mangrove forest. Habit at for the world's largest pop ulatio n of Bengal tigers. Economy for 300,000 local families

Threat If!) Q Risks: Habitat s for several indigenous peop les/ cultures. Rich biodiversity

Ratanari Province (Cambodia) Threat: (illegal) Risks: Habitats for several minority peop les. End angered species of animals.

con structi on

Logging Mining

Western and Gulf Provinces (Papua New Guinea)

Pipel ine

Threat ~ Risks: Exceptional area fo r richness of diverse and rare animal species. Habit ats for several indigenous peoples/cultures.

o:?

development Source: Fares! Frontler 5 InItiatIve, Wor ld Resour ces Instrtute. 1998

Forests of Darien Gap (Colombia/Panama)

~ Threat Risks: Habitat s for three indig enous peoples /cul tures. Rich biodiversity

It>

,

A

,;>

f - -­ - - - - - - - --..:: Eastern Congo Forests (Oem. Rep. of the Congo)

The Atlantic Rain Forest (Coastal Brazil)

t.ltl

Threat: Risks: Greatest bio logica l diversity of any forest on the conti nent of Africa. Many of Africa's remaining Pygmy peoples .

r.i$l

Threat Risks: Biodiv ersity-70% of the plants and 20% of the primate species are found nowhere else in the world .

Tai Nat ional Park and surrounding for ests (Cote d'ivoire!"" Threat GII)J Risks: Rich biod iversity

Percentage of Frontier Forest Under Moderate or High Threat of Destruction

Cross River and Korup National Park (Cameroon/Nigeria)

ttP

(by European and Asian companies) Threat Risks: Rich in plant species-potent ial wealth of new drugs and industrial products. Possib le cure to deadly diseases.

Acco rding to the Wo rld Resou rces Inst itute, only about one -fifth of th e Eart h's fo rest cover of 8,000 year s ago su rvives unfragm ent­ ed , in the large un spo iled tracts it calls

frontierf orests. T hese for est s a re big eno ug h to provide sta ble habi rars for a rich d ivers ity of plant a nd an im al speCI es.

(through 2030) SOurce Fares! Fronti ers Inltlatlve. W o rld Resources lnsntute 1998

A FRI CA

WO RLD

EU RO PE

N OR TH AM ERICA

A SI A

CE N T RA L AM ERI CA

RUSS IA

SOUTH AMER I CA

OC EA N I A

-

Population Density 2002 Perso ns per

sq . mile Over 520

Over 200 100to 199 50 to 99

260 to 519 130 to 259

25 to 129 1 to 24

10 t0 49 1 t0 9

o •

Perso ns pe r sq. km

0

Urban agg lomerat ions with

ove r 10.000.000 inhabitants World population total as of March 1. 2003:

6.277.603,768

(Every da y it Incr eases by abo ut 202 .500)

Soc-cet-te-oenooar Prog ram$ ( en te r.

u.s

Burea u 01 th e Census

Largest Cities (urban agglomerations)

2000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tokyo 26,444 ,000 MexicoCity 18,131.000 Mumbai 18.066,000 SaoPaulo 17,755,000 New York 16.640.000 Lagos . . . .• . . . . 13,427.000 Los Angeles 13.140,000 Kolkata 12.918.000 Shanghai 12,887,000 Buenos Aires 12.560,000 Dhaka 12,317,000 Karachi 11,794.000 Delhi 11.695.000 Jakarta . • . . ... . 11,0 18,000 Osaka 11,013.000

2015 (projected) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Tokyo Mumbai Lagos Dhaka SaoPaulo Karachi Mexico City New York Jakarta Kolkata Delhi Manila Shanghai Los Angeles Buenos Aires

26,444 ,000 26.138.000 23.173,000 21.119.000 20,397,000 19.211.000 19,180.000 17,432.000 17,256,000 17,252,000 16,808,000 14,825,000 14.575,000 14,080,000 14,076.000

Sao Paulo

\

Buenos Aires .

y,

Source: Unit ed Nations Population Division

DO

(0' Populat ion Projections by Continent

I . ...' - - ---t-­

--I'-----'{

Inte ' l1(ltiona' Data Dvrs.cn

r-+-­

\

"J'! 2 . ()12, 5 ~ , O OO ~.+-----\ ---+--~""

1.317,493.000'

A TLANTlC OCEAN

SOurce U S Bureau of the Census.

I

I

805,243,000

0/

•

Rio de

J,,,;,,

Lagos

o

0;

/

" '0

Population Density by Country Persons pe r

Ti'e world will becom e mor e crowded in the 21st century. In mid -2000, China alread y had the highest popu lat ion in the world , with an estimated 1.3 billion inhabitant s, one -firth of the world to tal. India had reached 1 bi llion, while the United States had the wor ld's third-largest population , with about 275 million, followed by Indo nesia, Brazil, and Russia.

sq . mile 1170 and over 780 to 1169 390 to 779 195 to 389 65 to 194 Unde r 65

Persons per

Populati on Density of the

Current Most Populous Count ries

sq. km 450 and over 300 to 449 150 to 299 75 to 149

25 to 74 Under 25 O ther countrie s

Scc-ce U S. Bc-ee...of tt'le Ceoscs U.S Dep t. 01 Commerce

2000 China India United States Indonesia Brazil Russia

Per sons pe r

2050

(projected)

Persons per

square mile

square mile

330 800 70 290 50 20

China .. , . . , .. , , ' , 360 India .. .. .. .. ... 1,450 United States , . . , . , 100 Indonesia , .. , . , , . . 450 70 Brazil .. ... , , . , , .. , Russia , .. , . , ' . , . ,.. 20

2050

o

o

Life Expectancy Life expectancy at birth is a co m mo n measu re of the number of years a perso n may expect to live. T her e are many factors, su ch as nutritio n , sanitatio n , hea lt h a nd medi cal services, that co ntribute to hel ping people live longer. As so me of th e abo ve factors Imp rove In the develop­

ing counrnes, life expectancy there sho uld Inc rea se. Bu t m ost of su b-Saharan Afnca will have less tha n average life expectancies. Alt ho ug h it is no t in clu ded here, fem ales almost always have a lo nger life expectancy than males.

2000

\' r

j"

Life Expectancy (in years) 75(084 65 to 74 50 to 64

R 40

(0

49

Less than 40 No data

Source: U,S. CensusBureau

2025

.~

. ....".,.

Highest Anticipated Lif e Expectancies, 2025 World Average

71

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

84 83 83 83 82 82 82 82 82 82

Andorra Macau Japan Singapore Australia Switzerland Canada Sweden Ice land France

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Italy Liechte nste in Monaco Spain Norway Gree ce Israe l Netherlands

82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

30 United States 81 Source: u.s. Census Bureau

\'

Youthful Population

in g fin ancial and so cial su ppo rt for th e o lder members of the pop ula tion . Unfortunately, a co unt ry's eco no m ic and physi cal resou rces may not be able to ab sorb a ballooning youth fu l population. A lack of o ppo rt u nity in rural regions enco urages m igration to over-cro wde d citi es where , in turn, a lack of jo bs or space in schoo ls leads to swelling numbers of un employed .

A count ry with a yo uth fu l population o fte n reflects a high

birthrate and a shor t life expectancy. T he yo uth ful com po­ nent of a country's populati on sho u ld be th e healthiest and the mo st energetic. In co u ntries wh ere there is a good system of educa tio n, the sta ndards of livmg can onl y benefit from a large, educated you th ful population . furth ermore, large nu m bers of you ng wo rkers offer a means fo r provid ­

Perce nt of population age 14 years and younger More than 45% 40 to 45% 30 to 40%

0­

20 to 30% Less than 20% 2001 Est imates Source: World Factbook, CIA, 2001

Food and Nutrition There ha s been a gene ral tr end tow ards better nutrition, but su b-Saharan Afnca rem ain s a probl em area: increasing numbers o f people will be su ffen ng from un dern utrit io n.

O n a worldwide basis, th e food su pply seems adeq uate. Un fortuna tely th e ava ilability of food and th e di stribution of people don't always match up.

Undernutrition in Developing Countries, 1969-2010 5001-- - -- - --

-

-

-

­

c

o

<JI :5

c=>

400

o c Qj

e

L~

o

GYPT

3,346

,

\

..,. BOLl ~

2,218)

,

7-

,

I)

0

D E M OC RAT1 C

REPUBLIC OF ~ THECONGO

f U

1,514

-°1t.1E"?

\J,..

PAPUA ~ ·~ NEW GUINEA

d

'fi3f~

.

2,175

-v-

.~

~ ~}N~

k:;;~~::~:~5~~~:

~ .§ foo 1"""= - - - - - - - - - -=

:!'!

iil

\r'~~J.,

<=>...

300

g.g 200 =0)

f-- ---.; ; : - - - - -- -- ­

O1969-71 ~~~~ 1979-81 1990-92 2010 NEAR EAST &

NORTH AF RI CA

, . ZEALAND

Average Daily per Capita

Calorie Supply, 1998-2000

Within each cont inent, the countries with the highest pe r cap ita calorie suppl y are labeled in green, while the countr ies with the lowesl per cap ital calorie supply are labe led in red . Source: UN food and Agricultllre Organization

3,252

The colors of the regions correspond to the colors in the graph.

Hausa Fulani Akan Yorurabo A

FRICA

Somali

Luba l ulua Gikuyu Kongo

Swa~i

Rwand8

•

.r ;;' ••~ ;.-..... " ·~~P'a ~.,J' ,

Languages

D D

African (includi ng Yorub a. Swahili) Afro-Asiat ic (inclu d ing Hebr ew, Arabic ) Ame rindi an (Includin g Inuit, lroquoian. O uechua) Dravidian Ind o-European (includ ing English, Span ish, Hind i) Japa nese and Korean

• • D

D D

French

Malaya -Polynesian (includi ng Hawaiian, Prlipmo) Sino -Tibetan (incl uding Chine se, Burmese) Ural-Asiat ic (incl ud ing Finnish, Hungana n, Turkrsh) O the r Uninhabi t ed Primary reg iona l lang uage

Literacy 2001 Estim at es

97 to 100% 81 to 96% 61 to 80% 30 t o 60% Less than 30% No current data availab le World hteracy rates are based on the percentage of the popu latio n who can read the ir native lang uage. The data varies between t he years of 1989 to 2000. Source World Pectoooe. CIA. 2001

1"

Religions Roman Catholic

•

HindUism

Prot estant

•

Buddh ism

~

Judaism

Eastern Orth od ox Islam Japanese religions ($h· Chinese reli . mtctsm . Buddh ism) glons (Buddhism, Tdoism . Co nt ocianism) .

D D

Local relig ions Uninhabited

Historical Spread of Religions

--e

Budd hrsm

--e Chnstraruty

-­

Islam Judaism (Jew ish d iaspo ra)

Prese nt-da y b oundanes

A )

Land Use

D D

Commercial ag riculture Dairy ing Livestock ranching Nomadic he rd ing Subsisten ce ag riculture Primarily fo restland

D •

Limited agricultu ral act ivity Major manufactu ring and trade centers

ATLANTIC

--­6 CEAN-­--

Shares of the World's GOP 2001

PACIFIC OCEAN

SOurce: World Facrboolc. CIA. 2001

Canada 2%

-o·-----------t--- EQUATOR ---+---------.f:------...­"iiiil':!l.

- ,

Belo Horizonte• -

TROPICOFCAPRICORN­

• Rio deJm..

---------­

· Sao P ~u ~ - - - Buenos ~Ai r e s

T he Gross Do mes tic Product (GO P) is the value of goods and services produced by a pol iti cal ent ity In any given period . T hese valu es help ind icat e how well th e econo my is doing.

Industrial

Employment

More than 40%

30 to 40% lS to 29.9% Less than 1S%

No current data available Percentage of total labor force employed in industry. Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001

-

5? TO kYOIYOkOpha ~ C IFI C

~ Osaka/

OCEAN

'1Jl

0°

INDIAN OCEAN

------4-

w

--

- : _-

w

• 5

~

Cape Town -

I 1,qOO

oI

,

1 000

2,0,00 mi

2,000 km

Scale at the Eq ~a t or Projection : Robinson

-+--r= ANTA~ C T I C~OO E 0E 30 /

/

90' E

/'

120'E

Agricultural Employment

~

More than 80% 60 to 80% 30 to 59.9% 10 to 29.9% Lessthan 10% N o current da ta

available

t of tot al labor force Percen d i agriculture. emplo ye m k CIA 2001

Source: World Factboo .

.

60'S

" I

•

7­

PACIFIC OCEAN EQUATOR --+-

-

-

-

-j--

-

-

-

-+-

-

-

-

-+-

Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal Major oil fields •

c::::::>

D

Other oil fields Natural gas fields Coal deposits

EQUATOR

:.11

Bauxite

Chrom ium Copp er

B

Diamonds

&-, Gol d

M @

Iron Lead Manganese

&ill.

Nickel Platin um

!SJll

Silver

/l!U

Tin

.

Titan ium Zinc

--,r.--

-F

" ,,' Electrical Energy Productio n Billions of kilowatt hours, 1999 3,705 (United State s) 500 to 1,175 100 to 499 50 to 99 20 to 49 Less than 20 No current data available SOurce U S Depe -troeor of E.nergy Intern ati on al Ene rgy Annu al. 2000

--

Television Receivers Number of television receivers

per 100 popu lation

\

More than 50

30 to 50 10 to 30 5 to 10 Less than 5 N o current data available

SOurce. UNESCO Institute for Statistics

Although there a re so me unexp ect edl y upp er-ca tegor y co un tries on this ma p, televisions , a relatively inexp ensive consumer ite m in all but th e poo rest nations, predominate whe re broadcast and cab le tech no logy is modern an d avail­ able and where popular cu lture has made television th e pnmar y medi um of marketi ng, news, and enrerrain menr.

= ­

N ewspaper Circulation Daily new spa pe r circulation per 100 populat ion More than 40

20 to 40 10 to 20 2.5 to 10 Less than 2.5 No current data available

1996 Estimates Source: UNESCOInstitute tor Statistics

»: ~ U ST R A L I A Obvious ly, newspaper Circul atio n IS partially associated

with nati onal literacy. In addi tio n, th e relative co untry

rank ings m ay illustrate th e ra nge of cu ltural vitality and

th e freedom-or lack of- in th e ability to express and

share ideas, opi n ions , and critical co m me ntary.

Personal Computers Personal computers per

100 populat ion M ore than 40

30 to 40 20 to 30 10 to 20 5 to 10 Less [han 5

No data ava ila ble 2001 Estimat e s Source IM I Telecommunicat ion Unton

Perso nal co m p u te r owners h ip IS ge nera lly m sign rficanr 111 ASia , Eas tern Eu ro pe, and Africa. So m e o r all o f t he following reasons m ay

app ly: expe nse, illite racy, lack of techn o logy, and lit tle o r no eco no m ­

IC n eed . Also , au thoritaria n govern me nts may anem p[ to lirrur [h e

use o f co m puters, feanng the un resrrtcred acc ess to glo bal in fo rm s­

n on [ ha c email and [he Intern et offer.

if

Internet Users, 2001

u.s. 142,823,000 J ap an 57,900,000

China 33,700 ,000 Germ any 30,000,000 South Korea 24,380 ,000 United Ki ngdom 24,000,000 Italy 16,000,000 France 15,653,000 Canada 13,500,000 Braz il 8,000,000

'f

Source Inte rnati o na l Teleco mmun icat ion Un ion

Cellular Communications Ce llula r t el ephone subsc rib e rs per 100 populat ion More than 60

45 to 60 30 to 45 15 to 30 5 to 15 Less tha n 5 No da ta available 2001 Est;mate , Source In1"lI eleco mmunicatron Union

Cellu lar telep hon es m ay be affor dable and Viab le a lrerna nves where teleph o ne Ian d im es ar e non exist en t , rcchnolo gica lly ba ckwards, expensive, or overlo ade d. Co nversely, where land lin es are m od ern and p rofi cien t, [he demand fo r cellu lar telep hon es may be less [han expected.

1

D

Time Zones 2 A.M.

3 A.M.

4 A.M.

1 P.M.

5 A.M.

2 P.M.

3 P.M.

4 P.M.

5 P.M.

Non-standard time;

6 P.M.

7 P.M.

8 P.M.

+6

+7

+8

9 P.M. 10Pi

" +6

Hours +11

12 -12

- 11

-10

-9

-8

-7

-6

The World IS drvidcd inro 24 tim e zo nes , beg in ­ ning at th e Prim e Meridian, whi ch ru ns th rough Green wich , Eng land. T he twelve zo nes eas t and twelve zo nes west of the Prim e M errdian meer halfway aro und the glo be at the Intern ati on al Date Lin e.

-5

-1

I

o

+1

Trave lin g It1 an easte rly drr ecnon , the time of d ay m oves ahead o ne hour for eac h zo ne cros sed . T ravelm g west , n rne falls beh ind o ne hou r per zo ne . At the Intern ati on al Da te L1Ile a tr aveler gall1s o ne day croSSIl1g It III an eas te rly d irection, and loses one day rraveli ng west.

+2

+3

+4

+5

Note that th e run es shown a re "standard time." Adjustm en ts a re necessary when "d aylight saving ti me " IS use d.

Average Speeds of Some Passenger Transportation Walking 3-4 mph/ 5-6 kph Bicycle 10 mph/16 kph Ocean liner, Queen Elizabeth 1/ 33 mph/53 kph Intercity bus, Greyhound ; u.s . 54 mph/87 kph Air cushion vehicle, United Kingdom 69 mph/111 kph Electric tr ain, Amtrak Ace la Express; East ern U.s. 150 mph/241 kph (top speed) High-speed t rain, Shinkansen (Bullet Train); Japan 164 mph/263 kph (average speed between stations) Jet airliner, Boeing 737 500 mph/80S kph

nes

Ocean Travel, New York City to London

P.M.

=-

1883 , Steamsh ip 6 days

~m.

2000 , Ocean line r, Q ueen Elizabeth II, 5 days

~

AirTravel, New York City to Paris

t:,_,~> -.c2~~~f)~ ")

' '-.o S ),

1927, Spirit of St. Louis, sing le-engine propeller plane 33 hours 30 minutes

1958, Boe ing 707, fo ur-e ng ine jet 8 hours 41 minutes -

£: 1977, Concorde SST, superson ic jet

3 hours 44 minutes

~

'i.~

-L._';::====~

Famous Airplane Flights

A'I

'd ne y

•

~

:;i

+10

Passengers at M ajor Airports

2001 ~ More than 40 million ~ 30 to 40 milli on ~ 20 to 30 million Source Airports Coonctt International

1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first engine-powered flight in a heavier-than-aircraft at Kitty Hawk, NC.The fiight lasted less than 12 seconds. 1908 Glenn Curtiss made the first official flight of more than 1 kilometer (0.62 miles). 1926 Floyd Bennett (pilot) and Richard E. Byrd (navigator) claimed to have circled the North Pole. 1927 Charles A. Lindbergh made the first solo, nonstop, trans­ atlantic flight. He flewfrom Garden City, NY to Paris in 33 hours 30 minutes. 1929 Richard E. Byrd estab lishedan Antarctic base at Little America. On November 28 and 29, Byrd and his pilot, Bernt Balchen, left the base and flew to the South Pole.

1932 Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean. She flewfrom Harbour Grace, Newfoundland to Northern Ireland, a distance of 2,026 miles (3,260 kilometers) in 15 hours 18 minutes. 1933 Wiley Post made the first solo, round-the-world flight. He flewfrom Floyd Bennett Fieldin Brooklyn, NY and covered 15,596 miles (25,099 kilometers) in 7 days 18 hours 49 minutes.

1949 AnAirForce crew made the first nonstop, round-the-world flight. Using a B-50Abomber, they traveled 23,452 miles (37,742 kilometers) in 3 days 22 hours 1 minute, 1992 French pilotsflew the supersonic Concorde around the world, east-to-west, in a record setting 32 hours 49 minutes 3 seconds.

Internat ion al boun dary State or prov incial boundary National capital

ARCTIC

OCEAN

Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes 0/ cities:

•

New York

Berin g Sea

Balt imore

Cbartotte

400 ,

800m;

400

800 km

n's

\

PACIFIC

OCEAN

{,~

Bermuda _(U.K.)

,0°""

• Area: 9,36 1,791 square miles (24,247,038 square kilomete rs) • Highest Point: Mt. McKinley, United States,

20,32 0 h . (6,194 m) • Lowest Point: Death Valley, United States, 282 h . (86 m) below sea level

I

600 W Puerto Af19U~ 20oN IOOJ~U. K.}-St. Martin (U.S.) .J~~~ . (Fr . and N erh.)

• Longest River: Mississippi-M issour i-Red Rock, 3,710 mi. (5,971 km)

~-I

Nat ions of the Lesser Antilles

• Largest Lake: Lake Supe rior , United States! Canada, 31,700 sq. mi. (82,103 sq. km) • Largest Country : Canada, 3,85 1,809 sq. mi. (9,976,140 sq . km) • Larg est City: New York City , United State s, 21,200,000 (metrop olitan popu lation)

Iv

•

..,, ?':. ANTIGUA AND B1RBUDA ._ Montserrat (U.K.)

Virgin Islands / (U.S. and U.K.)

Count ry

Capital

Count ry

Capit al

Antigua and Barbuda 51. Kitts and Nevis Dominica 51. Lucia Barbados

St. John's Basseterre Roseau Castries Bridgetown

St. Vi ncent and the Grenadines Grenada Trinidad and Tobago

Kingstown 51. George's Port-of-Spain

ST . KIrrS

Ii': Gua~eloupe (Fr .) " DO ~tI NI CA

AND NEVIS

~OO mi

a

200km GRENADA "

'1\ Martinique (Fr .)

d S~. LUCIA

~

I

C)

BA RB/\ D OS

~~~~~i>~~~ TRINIDAD AND T OB AGO

IO'N

·

..

--------.; BO'N

North

+ Pole

ARCTIC OCEAN

,'I§S

,:,"

"\­

'00,.

tkcr~ /

,~

ATLANTIC \

OCEAN ., Bermuda

800 mi

f--~7-'-----'-----"

/

800 km

I

B

International bo undary

'"

Mountain peak

V

Lowest point Falls

[ Elevation Profile I

J

.

100"W I

, "'

70'W

•_ _,,

_

': :J~~~ _ --_ GroT~ ~··T~~k~H"=-.=~==--=l~

Sea A

B

Major Metropolitan Areas Antigua & Barbu da St. John 's

r

22,000

Bahama s

Nassau

211,000

Belize Belize City

Belmopan

Pe rso ns per sq . km

Over 520

Barbados

Bridgetown

Population Pe rso ns pe r sq . mile

6,000

Over 200

260 t0 5 19

100 to 199

130 to 259

50 to 99

25 to 29

10 to 49

49,000 8,000

1 to 24

1 to 9

o

o

Canada

Toronto Montr eal Vancouver

Ottawa Calgary Edmonton

Quebec

Hamilton Winnipeg

Costa Rica San Jose

5,030,000 3,549,000 2,123,000 1,129,000 993,000 967,000 698,000 687,000 686,000

Major me tr opolitan ar ea s •

•

• Und e r 1 million

.Edmonton

~anco u ver . Calgary

1,305 ,000

~Se att l e-

Quebec. Montreal. Minneapo lisawa • 51. Paul. am1t0 11... e Toro nto ost on . , Detroltlil ~ ( Sacrame nto . Sa lt Lake City MllCwha,ukee 4t'jeveland ew York-Newark • rcaqo , • ephilade lphia San Francisco-. . I n d l a n ~ p,? I IS. ,. ~. ~sh ington , D,C.-Baltimore Oak land­ .Fresno Denve re Kansas City Cincinnatie ('of, tts5~fg h San Jose Las Vegas • · St Louis "mbus rf Ik V' . , B h • UN I T ED S T ATE S 'Nashville .,.,,0 0 • "g'OIa ea c • . ? Los Angeles . Me mphis Charlott e Oklahomae San Diego. City Dallas· At lant a TIjuana· EI Paso Ft. Worth , New . Jac ksonville ad Ju arez" .Orlea ns Orland o AustlO. . San Antonio· ( 1-i~ Tampa-. · TH~~MIAM \S 51. Petersburg Mffifl'I') ~ N~a u ST , KITTS" NE VIS Mont er rey.

Cuba

Havana

Port land. Tacoma

2,192,000

Dominica Roseau

16,000

Dominican Republic SantoDomingo

2,677 ,000

EISalvador

San Salvador Grenada St. Geo rge 's

Guatem ala Guat emala City

1,909 ,000

5,000

1,007 ,000

Haiti Port-au-Prince

Honduras Tegucigalpa

99 1,000

Monterrey

Pueb la

Ciudad J uarez Tijuana leon

578,000

16,203.000 3,349 ,000 3,131 ,000 1,272.000 1,187,000 1,149,000 1,021,000

Nicarag ua

Managua

1,148,000

Panama

Panama City Puerto Rico San Juan

1,002,000

2,450,000

St. Kitts & Nevis

Basseterre St. lucia Castries

13,000

11,000

St. Vincent & Grenad ines Kingstown 15,000 Trinidad & Tobago Port of Spain

Guad alajara.

835,000

Mexico

Mexico City Guadalajara

Havana

~-:~~ . ~_, _

Jamaica Kingston

Ove r 2 million 1 million to 2 million

48,000

United States New York-Newark 21,200,000 Los Ange les 16,374,000 Chicago 9,158,000 Washington -Baltimore 7.608,000

• Leon

? ~ . "Puerto

Rico

" , (u .S ) l A • • ,.........­

\

j

Bassete rre ANTIGUA" ,,(BARRUIM

~ ~ t . Jo hn's San Ju an . DOMI NI CA

n Port,'a U­ \' Santo ST , LUC IA': • BARRAD OS Prince \ Do rninqo ~ ST, VI NC ENT"

lP

Mexico · City

DO MI N ICAN

GRE N ADA'

RE Pu nl ~ C. -Port-ol-Sparr ·

TI lE G RENADI NES

I";~ ~,t6~

San FranciscoOakland-San Jose Philadelph ia Boston Detroit Dallas-Ft. Worth Houston Atlanta Miami Seattle-Tacom a Phoe nix Minneapolis-St. Paul Cleveland -Akron San Diego St, Louis Denve r Tampe -St. Petersburg Pitts burgh Portland Cincinnati Sacramento Kansas City Milwaukee

7.039,000 6,188 ,000 5,819,000 5.456,000 5,222,000 4,670,000 4,112,000 3,876,000 3,555,000 3,252,000 2,969,000 2,946,000 2,81 4,000 2,604,000 2,582 ,000 2,396 ,000 2,359 ,000 2,265,000 1,979,000 1,797,000 1.776 ,000 1,690,000

Interna tiona l compa rabifi ty of

popolarion data is limited by varying census methods. VVhere metropolitan popvfation is unavailable, cor e city

population is sho wn.

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions) United States 281 Mexico 103 Canada 32 Guatemala 13 Cuba 11 All other count ries 51 Source:

u.s. Census BureaIJ

... Electricity Use Ca nada 15,748

Gross Domestic Product IS a meas­ u re of th e to tal goods and services genera ted by a cmIntry. Ge ne ra lly, manu facturing, hi gh-tech services, a nd specialized agri cultu ral prod­ uct s ad d m or e value th an raw mate­ rial s and baSIC food sruffs. Mexico p rofits from o il p roduc­ tion and a major manufa ct urm g zo ne adjace n t to th e U.S. bo rd er , whi le Cos ta Rica ha s becom e a sig­ ru fica n r to unst desti nation. Hai ti IS the poo rest co u ntry In the West ern Hemi sp here.

Un ite d St at es 12,407

Virgi n Island s 7,762

Ja ma ica 2,278 M exic o 1,676 EI Salv ador 583

Gross Domestic Product

KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year So urce World Factbook CIA 2001

GOP per capita Over 520,000

$10,000 to 520.000 $5,000 to 59,999 $2,500 to 54.999 Under 52.500

Land Use and

Resources

No data SOurce World Facrbook. CIA. 2001

Predom inant land use

D

There is a p rofo un d nort h-south d ifferen ce in No rt h Am erica , Can ada and the u.s. a re models o f high -tech , glo bally co n nec ted econom ies- largely urba n and service OrI­ ented SOCieties wh ere a relative ha ndful o f farmers pr oduces a su rplus of food stu ffs and every lan d use, from the irngared field s of the West to the d air y belt of th e Nor theas t to th e for est s of th e No rth , seems to be mol de d by marker effic iency , Withou t a d ou b t, th is eco nom ic prowess has been encouraged by Imm en se su p plies San Francisco of coal, oil, nat ural gas, wood, gold, iro n ore, and othe r min era l reso u rces. Altho ugh MeXICO has sub stantial oil and mineral resources and ag ncul tu ral pr oducti on thar succ essfully stru ggles agaIns r cha lleng ing enviro n m en ral lirru ta rio ns , much o f irs growing prospen ty IS lm ked to increased tr ad e with th e U.s., reflected in a major m anu factunng zo ne alo ng ItS northern borderlands. Central Am er ica and th e Carib bean co n ti n ue to wrestl e Wit h th e legacy of co m me r­ cial planta tion agrIcult u re and su bsiste nce agrI culture, bur tour ism, espec ially in the Ca rib bea n , a nd sma ll-scale assembly and m an u factunn g have become eco no m ic backb o nes, as well.

Commer cial agriculture

D D

Subsistence agriculture

•

Primarily forestland

D

Limited agricultural activity

Dairying livestock ranChing

Major resou rces

Q Cl iA •

Coal

Natural gas

Oil

Forest products

@

Gold

~

Silver

~

Iron ore

ill ®

Uranium

n

Bauxite Ot her rnmerals

..:::;:xc Fishing •

H SAl.V ADO R

Major manufacturing and trade centers

•

Climate Tropical wet Tropical wet and dry And Semiarid

D D

Med iterranean

,",

••

Humid continental

D D

Subarctic

D

Ice cap

Humid subtropical

Marine

Tundra Highland

Su rroun ded and envelo ped by warm water, th e co u n­ tries of so u the rn North America ar e warm and wet. T he Eas te rn U.S. and most of Ca nada a re striped by clim ate zones offering ad equ ate pr ecip iran on and progressively lower tem perarures as o ne travels north, but the pat tcrn go es tops y-rurvy m the West , wh ere swirling an d a nd se rn ran d zo nes abut coasta l regIOn s in fluenced by bot h ram-bean ng wind s and cool ocean currents. See photograp hs taken in di fferenr kinds of eli­ mates on pages 24- 25.

­

C A N A DA

Hend erso n Lake Highest averag e annua l pr ecipitation: 256 " {650 c

st. John's

Annual Precipitation Cent imet ers Over 203 San Francisco •

U N IT E D STATES

Bat ag ues Lowest average annu al precipita tion : 1.2 " (3.0 cm)

Atlanta .

Inches Over 80

152to 203

60 to 80

102 to 152

40 to 60

51 to 102

20 to 40

25 to 51

10 to 20

Under 25

Under 10

J ust as moisture-rich rrade winds sweep th ro ugh the Caribbean to st rike a nd soak Cen tral Am erica, p revailing westerly win ds eme rge fro m th e No rth Pacific to collide with the coastal mounrain s of Ca na da a nd th e U.S. Leache d of rain and snow, the movin g air remains dry unril it once again ap proaches warm war er-rhe Gulf of Mexico and th e Gu lf Str ea m enrich ed Atlanri c O cea n.

,

..

Vege tation

Climat e Graphs Average daily temperature

Average monthly

range(InoF)

(in inches)

' ~l ~~~h

Tundra and alpine tundra

l[~:

D D

':j _ ::::::::_ [20' --

-

1

.

Jul Oct

00

­

-, Jan Apr

• - - 0'

Jul Oct

MEXICO CITY, Mexico

':j==- =[::

I

0"

Midlatitude grassland Desert Tropical seasonal and scrub

Subtropicalbroadleaf evergreen forest

0

Tropical rain forest

Deserts span n ing the U.5./Mexico bo rd er join the tropica l pla nt life o f Central Ame rica and so uthe rn Mexico to the te mper ate and arctic vegetatIO n o f Canada and the U.S.- vegetatio n predominat ely for est lan d bu t spli t by the arc of the Grea t Plains and in ter wo ven with scrub­ lands able to end u re infreq uent ra in fall. See p ho to gra ph s o f d iffer ent the kin d s of veg­ eta tion o n page 26 - 27.

l210'o'

__

32".21 to -

Midlatitude scrubland

0,

FAIRBANKS. USA

100"] 65° ~~

Midlatitude deciduous forest

Mixed forest

10'

1

Jan Apr

0 0

Coniferous forest

ATlANTA. USA

:1

•

Unclassifiedhighlands or ice cap

preci pitation

.

Jan Apt Jul Oct

O·

AN llGUA& BARHUOA

MINNEAPOUS, USA

'~l-=:=-:-~ [~:

Oct

Jan Apr Jul

In the U.S. and Ca nada, heavy con ­ su mption of en ergy and other resou rces is a sou rce o f m an y en vironmental prob­ lem s. Enviro n m ental laws and regulatio ns have help ed , but air pollutants and gases con tinue to cau se health problem s and may contribute to global warming. In the west ern U.S. and parts of Mexic o , large areas a re suscep tible to desertificat ion from overgrazing and ag ricul ture. Deforestation is a m ajor issue in Lat in Am erica and th e Caribbean . In Hai ti, for example, all th e native rain for est s have been dest royed , causing irrev ersible harm to ecosystems.

NUUK, Greenland

'~:j

-

-

---- =

12'

0" - - Jan Apr

•• Jul Oct

[20' 10'

O·

NEWYORK CITY. USA

':j _--[20'

_

ll'

~

0"

• Jan

_

- - 10 '

• • • Apr Jul Oct

O·

PHOENIX. USA

_=_[20

'OO' 65' j ­

--

- - 10'

12' ­ 0"

Jan AfJr

Oct

Jul

O·

ST. JOHN'S, Canada

100' W j 12' 0"

-

- - --

=t=, . -

-­

1

Jan Apr Jul

l2o' 10'

O·

Oct

-__[20'

SAN FRANOSCO. USA

l~: l -

_ _ - - - - 10'

11' ­

0"

1

Jan

Jut Oct

Apr

~

SAN JOSE, Cost a Rica

': j=== ==::::::::r l~ I • Jan Apr Jul

[::

SANJUAN, Puerto Rico

':

====[::

1:1 1 1 1 1 0' Jan Apr

Jul

Oct

12'

-

Ja" Apr

-

Jul

•

Currentforest

D

Cleared forest

~ Area at highest risk of dese rtification

o

Areas most affected by acid rain

•

Poor air quality'

"Cities exceed ing at least one of the World Hea lth

OrganIzation's (WHO ) annual mean guidelines for ai,

VANCOUVER. Canada

'~: l r-r--: 0" .1: •

Environmental Issues

O.

Oct

-­

1 Oct

[20' 10'

qualit}' SOurces: Global Distribution of Originaland Remaining Forests, UNEPW CMC.

O·

2002

World Soil Resources Map Index, USDAlNRCS. 2002 World De velo pment Indicarors. World Bank. 1999

_") TH E BAHAMAS #

~,

A."IT1GUA e /BARBUDA

ST KITTS &. NEVIS

..

-'.;

#

.

6 - .....;;;;;:'.....~_ ..;

...

~eno ~ro

AD' ..

\

'. ,pico, DO Mf N TC".A ST . tUCIA~ • BARBADO..CO

(u .s .)

J

#

... .

::=::-ST. VINCENT e GREN AD A; TIn GRF.NADlN[S

~ TR1NmAO

& T O BAGO

. .. .. . United States

Alabama

*

Alaska

•

.. ... ... ....

~~ - } {" - ­

~

CAUFORNIA REPUB UC

Arkansas

Arizona

California

95'

Hawaii

Idaho

o

~

~

MONTANA I

Billings. :i ~\lOWstone \l .

KANSAS Iowa

Kansas

Maine

Maryland

Minnesota

Mississip pi NEW/MEXICO Fort Worth

RoswL ·

I

Nebraska

Abilene. • Odessa

Nevada

Dall Wac

t

TEXAS

Be

IOS'W

I Laredo.

New Mexico

New York

I

160'W

,pIG

'~ !f ' l! !' Oklahoma

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Q =

Honolulu

HAWAII 'D D

OKLAHOMA

Ohio

lWW

o lOOmi f-----r---' o 100km

13O'W \

Sou th Dakota

Tennessee

I 15S'W

Texas

Utah

Corpus

ChnS1l

Brownsville

V

...

·'0'

:m: _ ' ,

j Colorado

Connecticut

District of Columbia

Delaware

Georgia .. *... ..

."~* ~.,,

.,,-." -!f!__ * 11' ."

7O"W n..LINOIB

.... I .. * ." ." 1.,, ."

Illinois

India na

Kentucky

Louisiana

Massachusetts

Michigan

A

'lAS

MONTANA

e

Missouri

Montana

New Hampshire

N ew J ersey

• Total A rea: 3) 17) 96 sq uare miles (9,629.091 square kilom eters) • Hig hest Point: Mt. McKinley, A laska, 20.320 ft. (6,194 m) • Lowest Point: Death Valley, Califo rnia, 282 ft. (86 m) b elow sea level

EJ

State bo unda ry

®

Nation al capi t al

*

• Long est River: M ississippi­ M issouri-Red Rock, 3)10 mi. (5,971 km)

State cap it al

2o'N 8CJ'W

Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes of cities:

New York City St . Lo uis

\

o I o

150 , 150

300 , mi

N o rth Carolina

N orth Dak ota

Oregon

Pen nsylvani a

• Largest Lake (within U.S.): Lake Mi chigan, 22,342 sq . mi. (57,866 sq . km) • Large st State : Al aska, 570,374 sq . mi. (1,477 ,268 sq. km) • Largest City : New York City, New York, 8,008,028

WISCONSIN ·

.n . w -­ Verm ont

.~"'-~

300 km

Carson City

I

..(~

~ ""~ "

. :"l::! '

n ~~.:.~ " 1848

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

State

2000 Population and Rank

Capital

Abbreviation

Largest City

Traditional

Postal Service

Nickname

4,447,100

23rd

Montgomery

Birmingham

ALA.

AL

Heart of Dixie

626,932

48th

Juneau

Anchorage

(none)

AK

The Last Frontier

Arizona

5,130,632

20th

Phoenix

Phoenix

ARIZ.

AZ

Grand Canyon State

Arkansas

2,673,400

33rd

Litttle Rock

Little Rock

ARK.

AR

Land of Opportunity

California

33,871,648

1st

Sacramento

LosAngeles

CALIF.

CA

Golden State

Colorado

4,301,261

24th

Denver

Denver

COLO.

CO

Centennial State

Connecticut

3,405,565

29th

Hartford

Bridgeport

CONN.

CT

Constitution State, Nutmeg State

783,600

45th

Dover

Wilmington

DEL.

DE

First State, Diamond State

Florida

15,982,378

4th

Tallahassee

Jacksonville

FLA.

FL

Sunshine State

Georg ia

8,186,453

10th

Atlanta

Atlanta

GA.

GA

Empire State of the South, Peach State

Hawaii

1,211,537

42nd

Honolulu

Honolulu

(none)

HI

Aloha State

Idaho

1,293,953

39th

Boise

Boise

IDA.

ID

Gem State

Illinois

12,419,293

5th

Springfield

Chicago

ILL.

IL

Prairie State

Indiana

6,080,485

14th

Indianapolis

Indianapolis

IND .

IN

Hoosier State

Iowa

2,926,324

30th

Des Moines

Des Moines

(none)

IA

Hawkeye State

Kansas

2,688,418

32nd

Topeka

Wich ita

KANS.

KS

Sunflower State

Kentucky

4,041,769

25th

Frankfort

Lou isville

KY. or KEN .

KY

Bluegrass State

Louisiana

4,468,976

22nd

Baton Rouge

New Orleans

LA.

LA

Pelican State

Maine

1,274,923

40th

Augusta

Portland

(none)

ME

Pine Tree State

Maryland

5,296,486

19th

Annapolis

Baltimore

MD .

MD

Old Li ne State, Free State

Massachusetts

6,349,097

13th

Boston

Boston

MASS.

MA

BayState, Old Colony

Michigan

9,938,444

8th

Lansing

Detroit

MICH .

MI

Wolverine State

Minnesota

4,919,479

21st

St. Paul

Minneapolis

MINN .

MN

North 5tar State, Gopher State

Mississippi

2,844,658

31st

Jackson

Jackson

MISS .

MS

Magnolia State

5,595,211

17th

Jefferson City

Kansas City

MO.

MO

Show Me State

Alabama Alaska

Delaware

Missouri

·

State

2000 Population and Rank

..

Capital

Largest City

Abbreviation Traditional

Postal Service

Nickname

Montana

902,195

44th

Helena

Billings

MONT.

MT

Treasure State

Nebraska

1,711,265

38th

Lincoln

Omaha

NEBR .

NE

Cornhusker State

Nevada

1,998,257

35th

Carson City

LasVegas

NEV.

NV

Silver State

New Hampshire

1,235,786

41st

Concord

Manchester

N.H.

NH

Granite State

New Jersey

8,414,350

9th

Trenton

Newark

N.J.

NJ

Garden State

New Mexico

1,819,046

36th

Santa Fe

Albuquerque

N. MEX. or N.M.

NM

Land of Enchantment

18,976,457

3rd

Albany

New York

N.Y.

NY

Empire State

8,049,313

11th

Raleigh

Charlotte

N.C.

NC

Tar Heel State

642,200

47th

Bismarck

Fargo

N. DAK. or N.D.

ND

Peace Garden State, Flickertail State

11,353,140

7th

Columbus

Columbus

(none)

OH

Buckeye State

Oklahoma

3,450,654

27th

Oklahoma City

Oklahoma City

OKLA.

OK

Sooner State

Oregon

3,421,399

28th

Salem

Portland

ORE.

OR

Beaver State

Pennsylvania

12,281,054

6th

Harrisburg

Philad elphia

PA. or PENN .

PA

Keystone State

Rhode Island

1,048,319

43rd

Providence

Providence

R.1.

RI

Ocean State

South Carolina

4,012,012

26th

Columbia

Columbia

S.c.

SC

Palmetto State

754,844

46th

Pierre

Sioux Falls

S. DAK. or S.D.

SD

Mt. Rushmore State

5,689,283

16th

Nashville

Memphis

TENN.

TN

Volunteer State

Texas

20,851,820

2nd

Austin

Houston

TEX.

TX

Lone Star State

Utah

2,233,169

34th

Salt Lake City

Salt Lake City

(none)

UT

Beehive State

608,827

49th

Montpelier

Burlington

VT.

VT

Gree n Mountain State

Virginia

7,078,515

12th

Richmond

Virginia Beach

VA.

VA

Old Dominion

Washington

5,894,121

15th

Olympia

Seattle

WASH .

WA

Evergreen State

West Virginia

1,808,344

37th

Charleston

Charleston

W.VA.

WV

Mounta in State

Wisconsin

5,363,675

18th

Madison

Milwaukee

WIS .

WI

Badger State

Wyoming

493,782

50th

Cheyenne

Cheyenne

WYO.

WY

Equality State

New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio

South Dakota Tennessee

Vermont

ios-w

130' W

B

II

Internat ional bo undary

B

State boundary

'"

Mou ntai n peak

'V

Lowest point

40°fy

1300W

/

I

I I

I 3S'fy

Oahu

lia

*at '

lal}

­

Molokai

MEXICO

Lanai.. Kahoola we .. /.

100

a

250

500 km \

IS0'W

100

140'W

Coast Ranges

Sierra Nevada

200 km

Great Basin

10S'W

Wasatch Range

Mount Elbert

1 5 ,OOO ft . ---- -----------h~-k;T~h;;-----+-------------+------------------10,OOOft. -

-

5,OOOft. - - Sea level :.A.:.....---.,..

-

-

-

--

-i

I

irei

.

L---------~~--------.,---t'ft. . =----''----..1\.-

- ---­ ~

_

&

_ -- ­

--­

~

·

I 95'W

..

9WW

~River

d Hills

ATLANTIC OCEAN

-eat Plains

Appalachian Mountains

________j -_c_h_e~fr~~k e De~~~---_

_ _ _ __

_

~

- -------L---J-----F- -- ---s

_C..

_

Temperature of State

Land Area and Rank

Highest Point

Annual Precipitation

Highest

Recorded

Lowest

Recorded

Highest

Recorded

Lowest Recorded

50,750 sq mi 131,443 sq km

28th

Cheaha Mtn.

2,405 ft 777 m

112 0

_27 0

106.57"

22.00'

570,374 sq mi

1,477,268 sq km

1st

Mt. McKinley

20,320 ft 6,194 m

100 0

_80 0

332 .29 "

1.61 "

Arizona

113,642 sq mi 294,334 sq km

6th

Humphreys Peak

12,633 ft 3,851 m

128 0

-40 0

58.92 "

0.07"

Arkansas

52,075 sq mi

134,875 sq km

27th

2,753 ft 839 m

120 0

-29 0

98.55 "

19.11"

California

155,973 sq mi

403,970 sq km

3rd

Mt. Whitney

14,494 ft 4,418 m

134 0

-45 0

153.54 "

0.00 "

Colorado

103,730 sq mi

268 ,660 sq km

8th

Mt. Elbert

14,433 ft 4,399 m

118 0

-61 0

92 .84 "

1.69 "

4,845 sq mi

12,550 sq km

48th

south slope of Mt. Frissell

2,380 ft 725 m

105 0

_32 0

78.53"

23.60 "

1,955 sq mi

5,063 sq km

49th

Ebright Road at DE-PA border

448 ft 137 m

110 0

-1r

72.75"

21.38"

Florida

53,997 sq mi

139,85 2 sq km

26t h

Sec. 30, T.6N, R.20W in Walton Co.

345 ft 105 m

109 0

_2 0

112.43"

21.16'

Georgia

57,919 sq mi

150,010 sq km

21st

Brasstown Bald

4,784 ft 1,458 m

112 0

-17 0

112.16"

17.14"

Hawaii

6,423 sq mi

16,637 sq km

47th

Pu'u We kiu, Mauna Kea

13,796 ft 4,205 m

100 0

120

704 .83"

0.19"

Idaho

82,751 sq mi

214 ,325 sq km

11th

Borah Peak

12,662 ft 3,859 m

118 0

-60 0

81.05 "

2.09 '

Illinois

55,593 sq mi

143,987 sq km

24th

Charles Mound

1,235 ft 376 m

117 0

_35 0

74.58"

16.59"

Indiana

35,870 sq mi

92,904 sq km

38th

Franklin Township in Wayne County

1,257 ft 383 m

116 0

_35 0

97.38 "

18.67"

Iowa

55,875 sq mi

144,716 sq km

23rd

Sec . 29, T.100N, R.41W 1,670 ft in Osc eola Co. 509 m

118 0

_47 0

74.50 "

12.11"

Kansas

81,823 sq mi

211 ,922 sq km

13th

Mt. Sunflower

4,039 ft 1,231 m

121 0

-40 0

67 .02 "

4.77"

Kent ucky

39,732 sq mi

102,907 sq km

36th

Black Mtn.

4,139 ft 1,262 m

114 0

-34 0

79 .68 "

14.51"

Louisiana

43,566 sq mi

112,836 sq km

33rd

Driskill Mtn.

535 ft 163 m

114 0

_16 0

113.74 "

26.44"

Maine

30,865 sq mi

79,939 sq km

39th

Mt. Katahd in

5,267 ft 1,605 m

105 0

_48 0

75.64 "

23.06"

Maryland

9,775 sq mi

25,316 sq km

42nd

Backbo ne Mtn.

3,360 ft 1,024 m

109 0

_40 0

72.59"

17.76"

Massachusett s

7,838 sq mi

20,300 sq km

45th

Mt. Greylock

3,487 ft 1,063 m

10r

-35 0

72. 19 "

21.76"

Michigan

56,809 sq mi

147,135 sq km

22nd

Mt. Arvon

1,979 ft 603 m

112 0

_51 0

64 .01"

15.64"

Minnesota

79,617 sq mi

206,207 sq km

14th

Eagle Mtn.

2,301 ft 701 m

114 0

-59 0

51.53 "

7.81"

Mississippi

46,9 14 sq mi

121,506 sq km

31st

Woodall Mtn.

806 ft 246 m

1150

_19 0

104.36 "

25.97"

Missouri

68,898 sq mi

178,446 sq km

18th

Taum Sauk Mtn.

1,772 ft 540 m

118 0

_40 0

92.77 "

16.14'

Alabama Alaska

Connecticut Delaware

Maga zine Mtn.

·

..

Temperature OF

State

~

J

Lowest Recorded

12,799 ft 3,901 m

117 0

_70 0

55.51 "

2.97 "

5,424 ft 1,653 m

118 0

_47 0

64. 52 "

6.30 "

Boundary Peak

13,140 ft 4,005 m

125 0

-50 0

59.03"

Trace

Highest Point

Highest Recorded

Lowest Recorded

Montana

145,556 sq mi 376,991 sq km

4th

Nebraska

76,878 sq mi 199,113 sq km

15th

Nevada

109,806 sq mi 284,397 sq km

7th

New Hampshire

8,969 sq mi 23,231 sq km

44th

Mt. Washington

6,288 ft 1,917 m

106 0

_46 0

130.14"

22.31"

New Jersey

7,419sqmi 19,215 sq km

46th

High Point

1,803 ft 550 m

110 0

- 34 0

85.99"

19.85"

New Mexico

121,365 sq mi 314,334 sq km

5th

13,161 ft 4,011 m

122 0

-50 0

62.45"

1.00 "

NewYork

47,224 sq mi 122,310 sq km

30th

Mt. Marcy

5,344 ft 1,629 m

108 0

-52 0

82.06"

17.64 "

North Carolina

48,718 sq mi 126,180 sq km

29th

Mt. Mitchell

6,684 ft 2,037 m

110 0

_34 0

129.60"

22.69 "

North Dakota

68,994 sq mi 178,695 sq km

17th

White Butte

3,506 ft 1,069 m

121 0

-60 0

37.98"

4.0 2 "

Ohio

40,953 sq mi 106,067 sq km

35th

Campbell Hill

1,549 ft 472 m

113 0

_39 0

70.82"

16.96"

Oklahoma

68,679 sq mi 177,878 sq km

19th

Black Mesa

4,973 ft 1,516 m

120 0

-270

84.47"

6.53 "

Oregon

96,003 sq mi 248,647 sq km

10th

Mt. Hood

11,239 ft 3,426 m

119 0

_54 0

168.88"

3.33"

Pennsylvania

44,820 sq mi 116,083 sq km

32nd

Mt. Davis

3,213 ft 979 m

111 0

-42 0

81.6 4"

15.71"

Rh ode Island

1,045 sq mi 2,707 sq km

50th

Jerimoth Hill

812 ft 247 m

104 0

-23 0

70.21 "

24.08"

30,111 sq mi 77,988 sq km

40th

Sassafras Mtn.

3,560 ft 1,085 m

111 0

-19 0

101 .65 "

20.73"

South Dakota

75,891 sq mi 196,575 sq km

16th

Harney Peak

7,242 ft 2,207 m

120 0

_58 0

48.42"

2.89"

Tennessee

41,220 sq mi 106,759 sq km

34th

Clingmans Dome

6,643 ft 2,025 m

113 0

_32 0

114.88"

25.23"

Texas

261,914 sq mi 678,358 sq km

2nd

Guadalupe Peak

8,749 ft 2,667 m

120 0

-23 0

109.38"

1.64"

Utah

82,168 sq mi 212,816 sq km

12th

Kings Peak

13,528 ft 4,123 m

1170

_69 0

108.54"

1.34 "

Vermont

9,249 sq mi 23,956 sq km

43rd

Mt. Mansfield

4,393 ft 1,339 m

105 0

_50 0

92.88"

22.98 "

Virginia

35,598 sq mi 102,558 sq km

37th

Mt. Rogers

5,729 ft 1.746 m

1100

-30 0

81.78"

12.52 "

Washington

66,582 sq mi 172,447 sq km

20th

Mt. Rainier

14,410 ft 4,392 m

118 0

-48 0

184.56"

2.61"

24,087 sq mi 62,384 sq km

41st

Spruce Knob

4,861 ft 1,481 m

112 0

-370

94.01"

9.50 "

Wisconsin

54,314 sq mi 104,673 sq km

25th

Timms Hill

1,951 ft 595 m

114 0

_54 0

62.07"

12.00 "

Wyoming

97,105 sq mi 251,501 sq km

9th

13,804 ft 4,207 m

114 0

_63 0

55.46"

1.28"

South Carolina

f

Land Area and Rank

Annual Precipitation

Highest Recorded

West Virginia

Granite Peak Johnson Township in Kimball County

Wheeler Peak

Gannett Peak

Divide

CANADA

ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Gulf of Mexico

DIVIDE: The boundary or high ground between river systems, Srr eams o n one side of rh e divide flow in a different direcrion and into a d ifferent drainage basin from th e strea ms on the other side. A continental divide is the boundary that separates the rivers flowing roward opposite sid es of a continent.

rthquakes •

Major earthquake

• Other earthquake

In North Am erica a conrinenral divide called the Great Di vide runs along th e crest of th e Rocky Mounrains, d ividin g rivers that flow ro the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean fro m th ose th at flow into the Pacific Oc ea n . An o rhe r much lower d ivide sep ar at es those rivers that flow north through Hudson Bay to the Arctic Oc ean . T riple Divide Peak m Montana IS located on bo rh these divides. Water from one side of rhis mountain flows eas r to th e Atlantic; from ano ther side water flo ws west ro rhe Pacific; and from th e norrh face , water flow s ro the Arcti c Oc ean.

. . ...:-.:..:. .... . ··I ~·. . .. . .. i. . . . . . ....: .. ,- . . . :... ...•. I:: . .. ': . .. .... -:. " . .. . .. ,': '. .. .:: . .. ::', ..... .....

,-,

MT

ND

OR

~.!"

• WY •

~:

.:

,',

: .. " . NV

.. CA

:"

• :. 'UT

'.

. CO

'"

MN

"

NE

.

'

KS

I

AZ

\' NM

OK

".

<:; HI

~:::J .

. ~

, .l.

e ~ ,

58

IL

IN

"

MO

•"

.:.

:. ~~:.

'

KY

TN

~

NC

AR

MS

TX ,0

IA

. . .. wv · : .' ':;'" . ... . . . .. .... . . . .'. -r." .. .':::.:::' · :. . . '. ..' . .. . · ..

'

AL

The major earthquake! that have occurred in Californ ia are d istrib­ uted along the major fault lines depicted on the California map to th e right.

Fall Line

Fall Li ne

FALL LINE: A geologic feature where uplands meet lowlands and a series of waterfallsand rapids occur. Fall lin es are fo rm ed whe re a

§

regio n of ha rd roc k borders softe r rock, and th e softer rock has erode d away. The eros ion creates a led ge t hat wate r flows over. A maj o r fall hne exists in t he easte rn Un ited States. It ma rks the bou n da ry betw een th e Coastal Plain a nd t he Piedmont an d runs between New Yo rk an d Ala bama. Ci ties have gro wn into ind us tri al an d co m mercial h ub s aro und eac h waterfall on th e fall line for tw o reaso ns . First , t he energy o f the fa llin g wate r ca n be captured an d used by in d u stry. Secon d , the fa ll lin e IS o fte n the far t hest pomt reac hab le by sh ips carrying goods u p river, which m ean s t hat goods a re transferred to lan d -based tr a nsp ort at tha t po int. So me fa ll lin e cities on the East Coast incl ude Trenton, Ph iladelp h ia, Baltimore. Washington , D.C., Richmond, Petersbu rg, Co lu mb ia, Macon, an d Montgomery. If you d ra w a line o n a m ap co n necting th ese city d o ts, yo u will h ave d rawn the Eas tern Fall Line.

State boundary

@

National capital

9 ft. Cityelevation (3 m)

Feet Above

Meters

1~ 40 - - Above 500 200

. 655­ 0­

-0

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Fall Line State boundary

@

(j ~)

National capital

a

100

I

City elevation

a

"

100

200 mi I

200 km

GULF OF MEXICO

It

TN

Fault

he :0 [ - - Fault line ]

FAULT: A break in the Earth's crustcausedby movement. So lid rock on one side of the fa u lt no lo nger match es the so lid roc k o n t he o t h er side. T h e moveme n t may tak e place in any d irecn onc-u p, down, or side ways . T h e m ovement may be a few in ches o r t housands o f feet. A fau lt that m oves u p o r down IS calle d a dip-sli p fault. Ni agara Falls cascades over an esca rpment ca use d by rlus kin d o f m ovem en t.

hquakes

rred in listrib­ major (ted on map to

PAC IFIC OCEAN

a I a

I

100 km

A fau lt th at moves sideways is call ed a strike-sli p fa ult. T h e San Andreas fault IS an exa m p le of t h is ki n d . Ho rizo ntal m ovem ent along rlu s fa u lt cau sed th e devas ta ting Sa n Fra n cisco earthqu ak e in 1906 and will cause more earthquakes in t he fu ture. T h is h ap pen s bec ause th is fault marks t he bo und ar y bet ween the Pacific Plate and the No rrh American Plate (see page 20). Wh ere two parallel fa u lt s pu ll away fro m each other, th ey create a long, su n ke n va lley be tween t he m ca lled a ri ft. T he G reat Rift Valley in Africa IS th e wo rld's most visi b le exa mple (see page 9 1). Un derwater, t h e h u ge Mid-O cean Ridge IS th e lo n gest rift on Earth (see pages 18- 19).

Mt. Baker Most snow in one season: 1,140" (2,896 ern), 1998-1 999

Helena"

MONTANA

NORT H DAKOTA

SOUTH DAKOTA WYOMING

NEBRASKA

UTAH Mediterranean

ilver l:ake ~ Most snow in 24 hours: ~ 75.8" (192.5 clm;;.:::: ), ::::: 19::;:2= 1 - Denver

====­

COLORADO KANSAS 13

ARIZONA

• Phoenix

OKLAHOMJ IN EW MEXICO

Da ll ~

T EXAS

1:f% Highest Mt. WaiaJeale . . ~ average annual preciprteti on: 460.0" (1,168 em) Honolulu

_

.

HAWAII

~~ Hilo

Subarctic

Tropical wet

Most days of rain: 277

...

Semiarid

TA

• • •

-A

D

D

D D

IOWA

D

D D

MISSOURI St. Louis · Tri-Stats Tornad o Deadliest tornado: 689 dead, 1925

'"

(

O MA

(

KENTUCKY

Nashville .

, T ENN ESSEE! ./

.

Atlanta

Dallas

f

.

\ MISSISSIPPI

~

SOUTH CAROLINA

GEORGIA ALABAMA

LOUISIANA

Alvin

Most rain in 24 hours:

430' (109.2 em), 1979

fi, ouston

'WI

'"

G)

. Galvesto n

Deadliest hurricane: over 8,000 dead, 1900

~jG) Hurricane Andrew

.

Tropical wet and dry

Tropical wet Tropical wet and dry Arid Semiarid Medite rranean Humidsubtropical Marine Humid continental Subarctic Tundra Highland

,r~

ARKANSAS /

Climate

Costliest hurricane damage: $26.5 bill ion, 1992

NO R HDAKOTA

SOUTHlDAKOTA

-""""-.

NEBRASKA

KANSAS

OKLAHm

Da l a

,

ALASKA

, Honolu u·

HAWAII

- ..................

.. ~."..... .....

·

..

DTA

HA

IOWA

CA

.>

ISAS MISSOURI

Vegetation

D

Tundra and alpine tundra Coniferous forest Midlatitude deciduous forest

ARKAN SAS

Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest Mixed forest Midlatitude scrubland Midlatitude grassland

i\S

o

• eattle

Land Use

~a co ma

Farming

WASH IN GTO N

Grazing

o

Primarily forestland

•

Urbanarea

Portlana

M O NTANA

Limited agricultural activity

NORTH DAKOTA

OREGON

SOUTH DAKOTA WYOMING

N EVADA

NEBRASKA

San Francisco Denver

UTAH Leading Agricultural States

COLO RAD O

CA $25.510

KANSAS

TX $13.344

IA $10.774

Wichita'

NE $8,952

K5 $7.905

Farm incom e in millions of dollars

MN $7.522

ARIZO NA

Source: EconomicResearchService. 2000data. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

OKLAHOM

Albuqu erque

Oklahoma Ci

N EW M EXICO

hoe nix Leading Corn Producing States

•

IL $3,170

IA $3,045

NE $1.978

MN $1,675

IN $1,509

OH $970

Valueinmillions of dollars

San Antonio

Honolulu

H AWA II

Leading Soy Producing States IL $2,230

IA $2.181

MN $1.348 IN $1.230

KS $939

ND $907

WA $459 MT $438

OH $895 MO $831

Leading Wheat Producing States

OK $386 Valuein millionsof dollars

SD $318

Value in million s of dollars

·

..

)TA

A

IOWA

leading Beef Producing States TX $5,039

Omaha NE $2,561 KS $2,418 OK $1,578

SAS

CO $1,337

ansas City

CA $849

Value in millions of dollars

MISSOURI chita•

leading Hog Producing States IA $2,679 NC $1,624

OMA ity

ARKANSAS

MN $1,083 Il $762 NE $640 IN $545

Dall Fort 'o rth

Value in millions of dollars

leading Poultry Producing States GA $2,293 AR $2,169

FLO RIDA

AL $1,882 NC $1,430 MS $1,323

St. Petersburg

Value in millions of dollars

U.S. Percentage of World Production Miami

United States Corn

World

43.4%

Cotton 19.5%

Leading Dairy Producing States

Leading Vegetable Producing States

CA $3,708

CA $6,192 NY $1,562 PA $1,528

WA $836 ID $754 AZ$608

MN $1,139 Value in millions of dollars

ID $766

,~ .. . .. ~\

:. c. til \\

1.5% 44.1%

Wheat 10.5%

WI $2,721

FL $1,397

Rice Soy

SOurce : Foreign Agricultural Commodjry C"cul ar Serie s.

2000 data , Fo re ig n Agricultural Se rvice .

U.S. Dept . of Agr iculture

y!

Value in mill ions of dollars

Source: Crop Produ ction, 2000 data, National Agricultural Statistics Se -v.ce. u .S Dept. of Agnculture

Energy Resources •

Major oi l fields

C:?

Natu ral gas fields

Coal Dep osit s •

Ant hracit e

D

Bitum inous Lignite

OREGON

Mineral Resources Bauxite Copper

@. Go ld

•

Iron o re

1M

[£

))

Lead

(jjiI, Mo lybd enum

[£ [£ [£ fIjI, [£

c;::)

fIjI, Silver

/Jill

a

Tin

NEVADA

'.

00

[£

Tungsten

ill

Uranium

•

Zinc

NE BRASKA

cf) ~

Titanium [£

c

CALIFORNIA U.S. Petroleum Overview - ­ Consumpt ion

20

- ­ Production

- - -­ - - ----=

'-'

s-,

/.¥J. ARIZONA ~ [£

'" f-----------''------,,L-­ - ''''''''- - - ­

~ 15 Q.

~

.0

10

f---------:?"'::..,.e--~=-----=:'--"'""k

[£

c

.2

~ 5 i=-------f--~-'----

Area of inset 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Soc-ce u.S. Energ y Inform at ion Ad mmistratl on

TEXAS

,

~=:?

HAWAII

'UD '"

AR TIC

OCEAN

T he United Sta tes Geo log ical Su rvey esti mates th at th ere IS a 50 % chance o f extractin g 5 bill ion barr els o f oi l from th e coas tal pl ain wit hi n th e Arctic Na tio na l Wild life Refu ge. De bate sur­ rounds the Issu e of drilling and pro ductio n and ItS Impac t o n the enviro n me n t.

·

..

Wo rld 's Leading Energy Producers, 1999 U.S. 71.98

NEWJERSEY Russia 41.54 China 30.87

INDIA

ILLINOIS

Saudi Arabia 19.64 Canada 17.71

-s>

MISSOURI

Pb

Pb F. Pb

cu

Unit ed Ki ngdo m 12.01

,~

,

V~

:

I'

ARKA: : ;

.. ,

~ • KENTUCKY

~

9'

,.,y

7

Quadrillion BTU,

SOurc e International Energy Database. U S Energy

Inform ati on

Adm,n,stratiOf'l

World 's Leading Energy Consumers, 1999

u.s. 92.87 China 31.88

j TENN: -SEE v'

Russia 26.01

~

Germany 13.98 Quadrillion BTU,

Canada 12.52

GEORGIA

\M ISSISSIP PI

Q>

Japan 21.71

SOurce. Int ernati o nal Energy Databas e, U.S. Energy Infor mation Ad m in istrat io n

ALABAMA U.S. Percentag e of World Fuel Production, 2000

o \S

~

Unit ed St ates 23.2%

~

LOUISI ANA

~

Coal Pet roleum

8.9%

Nat ural gas

22.0%

World

SOurce' M inerals Yearbook. U S, Geolo gic al Survey:

Inte rnatio nal Energy Annual. U.S Energy Infor mation Adrr\in,sv ation

Leadin g Petroleum Producing States, 1999

Leading Natural Gas Producing States, 1999

Leading Coal Producing States, 2000 WY 338.9

TX $14,106

TX $7,767

WV 158.3

LA $11,649

AK$4,829 OK $3,223

CA $3,844

NM $3,191

LA $2,128

OK $1,254

WY $1,621

NM $1,124

CO $1,436

Va l ue in-"'~,",,'=~'

Source' Pet ro leum Supp ly Annual, U S, E:.ner gy lofceroeticn Ad n"lf1istrat io n

Source: Na tural Gas Annual, U,S. E:.ne rgy InforlT'ation Ad ministra tion

KY 104.9

PA 74.6

TX 18.2 MT 38.4 SOurce ' Coa l Ind ustry Annual

Million short t ons 2000. U.S. E:.nergy

Informat ion Ad ministrat ion

,r)P'

0

Transport at ion Limited access (free) Limit ed access (tol l) Primary highway Amtrak Time zone boundary

~

Int erstate hig hway

®

U.S. highway

®

St at e hig hway

@

Nat ional capita l

*

St at e capital

@

O the r city

~

Population Pe rsons pe r

sq . mile

Pe rso ns pe r sq . km

a ve' 1040

Over 400

520 to 1039

260 to 519

200 to 399 100 to 199

130 to 259

25 to 129

1 to 24

SO to 99 10to 49

Under 1

Under 1

WA

MT

ND

1 to 9 I--

OR

Major cit ies Ov er 1 million • 500.000 to 1 million • 250,000 to 500,000

•

_

ID

SD WY

U.S. Resident Population 300

J

250

'E c

g 200 .~

'S

a.

d"

__

.

I

, ,­

150 --

100

-

- -- ---c:>.e=-- - - ­

Denver

I

- - - - - -- -

I I I I

I I 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Las Veg as

CO

-----

-

80 -

- -- -- --

-

>

.....

I

AZ

,; Phoeni

San Diego

A urora • Co lorado Spring s

~

I

KS Wie

I

I

Population per Square Mile

NE

--,

esa

I

-

I

,Oklahoma

Ibuq uerque

l

NM

I

Cit\"

Ft. Wort Arlin

TX 10 --

---=->;;., . . - - -­

-

Austin

-

AK

o

I I' I' 1" '1 " '1 ' 1790 1830 1870 1910 1950 1990

Source: U 5 Ce nsus Bureau

" Honolulu·

HI

a

\ "

Distribution of Population by Region: 1900, 1950, 2000 1900

1950

2000

Source ; u.s. Cens us Bureau

a

20 Largest Cities, 2000 Population City

8,008,2 78 2 Los Angeles 3,694,820 2,896 ,016 3 Chicago 1,953,631 4 Houston

7,322,564 3,48 5,398

5 Philadelphia 1,517,550 1,321,045 6 Phoenix

1,585,577

7 San Diego 8 Dallas

1,223,400 1,188,580

9 San Antonio 1,144 ,646 10 Detroit 951 ,270 894,943 11 San Jose 12 Indianapolis 13 San Francisco 14 Jacksonville

KS Nichit a .

15 Columbus 16 Austin 17 Baltimore 18 Memphis 19 Milwaukee

,Tulsa

oma

City

20 Boston

AR

OK

Vort

1990

2000

1 New York

2,783 ,726 1,630 ,553 983,403 1,110,549 1,006,877 935,933 1,027,974 782,248

MS

The center of u.s. populati on IS the cen te r o f "po p ulatio n gr211fy, " or [he po int o n wh ich [he U. S. wo uld bal ance If ir were a rigi d plan e, assu nll ng all mdividuals weigh the same and exert influenc e p rop orti onal to [h eir di stance from a

~

22 .3% -7.5% 14.4

71 1,470

632,910

12.4%

656,562 65 1,154

465,622 41% 736,014 -11.5%

6.7%

650, 100

610,337

6.5%

596,974 589,141

628 ,088 574,283

-5.0% 2.6%

10.0 to 14.9% Increase 5.0 to 9.9% increase

a to 4.9% Increase Decrease

cen tr al P0l!1 L

2000

FL

Source U.S. Census Bureau

10.2% 18.0%

7.3% 15.8%

1990-2000

U.S. Center of Population

34.3%

635,230

Percent Change in State Population More than 30% inc rease 25.0 to 30% increase 20.0 to 24.9% increase 15.0 to 19.9% increase

19.8% -4.3%

735,617

AL

LA

6.0% 4.0%

74 1,952 723,959

Arl ingto

ti n

9.4%

79 1,926 776,733

Source: u.s. Census Bureau

alias

Change

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

Per Capita Income Per capita per son al income* in do llars

WA

$24,000 and above

$ 18,000 to $24,000

$14,000 to 18,000

$ 12,000 to $ 14,000

MT

$6.000 to $12,000

ND

Not report ing

OR

(

"Per cao.ta pe rsonal Inco me is the mean average Incom e co mp ut ed fo r every man, wo man, and child in a p articula r area. It 1$ d erived by d ivid­ Ing the ro ral income o f a part icular area by the tot al popu lation of that area. The areas used in th IS map are the co untie s and county eq uivalents.

WY

Based on latest availab le dat a. Source: Bureau of Econo mic Ana lysis,

U S. Cen sus Bu reau

NE San Francisc o ­

San Jo se-

Earnings

Denver

CA

• CO

by Gender

KS Male $40,257

Female $23,551

Earnings

.....

by Race

Los Angeles •

Whit e

AZ

"

M ale $41,598

\.

• Phoenix

Female $23,756

NM

Black Male $28,821 Female $21,694

Dall

Hisp anic

TX

Male $24,970

Female $18,187

Source

Cu rre n l Popu /arron

ALASKA

Reports, u.s Censvs Bureau. 2000

San Antonio.

--

............. ~...

Earnings $100,000 , -- -$80,000

by Education -

-

- --

Level -

-

-

-

-

-

- --

-

-

­

f-- - - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - ,,.-­

$60,000 f - - - --

- - -- - - - - -- - - ,I -- - ­

$40,000 f-- - --

- - - - - - - ,, ,""--- - - - -­

$20.000

~-,..,.--~~~1111""'~~=~--------No hig h schoo l dip loma

High school

Some A SSOci at e 's Bachelor's Master' s coll ege

Doctorate Source: Correot Population Reports, U.S. Census Bureau, 2000

·

..

Luxembourg $36,400 United States $36,200 Bermuda $33,000 San Marino $32,000 Switzerland $28,600 Aruba $28,000 Norway $27,700 Monaco $27,000 Singapore $26,500 Denm ark $25,500

MS

Belg ium $25,30 0 Austr ia $25,000 Jap an $24,900 Canada $24,800 Iceland $24,800 France $24,400 Neth erland s $24,400

Persons Below the Poverty Level

~

30% and above 25% to 30% 20% to 25% 15% to 20% 10% to 15% Less than 10%

Pove rty level is based on the incom e a house hold needs so that no more than a third of inco me must be used for adeq uate food . House holds with incomes below this le vel are conside red to be poor. The U.s . governmen t adj usts the pover­ ty leve l accord ing to house hold size, and revises it each year for changes in the cost of living.

Source: Census 2000. U.S. Census Bureau

Ge rmany $23,400

*estimated ,2ooo

Aust ralia $23,200

Source: TheWorld Faetbook2000.

CIA

1400w

Canada

HI

I

Canada

Alberta

.-,

-­ -­ Sask a tch ewan

l!I

,

lil1l

t

== Manitoba

~

~

Ontario

* •

Sault Ste Mer.e

Vancouver

Toront o

Symbol and label sizes md icate relative sizes of cities:

Other captial

Quebec

aI

a

New Brunswick

'lVDI. -1

500 krn

St-Pierre & Miquelon (Fr .)

,

500

mi

Nova Sco tia

Prin ce Ed ward Island

\

...

,' l~~

Newfoundland and Labrador

'

250

I~ PI

~ ~

250

• Largest City: Toronto, Ontario, 2,481,494 (city population)

• Largest Lake: Great Bear La ke, 12,096 sq. mi. (31 ,328 sq. km)

• Longest River: Mackenzie, 1,023 mi. (1,730 km)

• Lowest Point: sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Logan, 19,551 ft. (5,959 m)

• Area: 3,511,022 square miles (9,093,507 square kilometers)

Lab r a d o r Sea

~E W:

~'X

All offshore island s in

Hudson Bay.j am es Bay, Ungava Bay.

and Hu dson Stra it are part of

Nu navut

' \

\~~'5(-,." ~

...

National capital

Provincial boundary

International boundary

@

D D

0W

130

~lS0OW

Mountain peak

Provincial bo undary

Internatio nal boundary

oI 250

250

1100W

I

500 km

' '

500 mi

-z.­U'

s

w 4'

Labrador Sea

OCEAN

/

ATLANTIC

,<1""

SOOW

J?0""

National captial

Other capital

®

*

•

Cancun

Veracruz

Mexico City

Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes of cities:

State boundary

o

International boundary

Oaxaca

Nuevo Leo n

o

Morelos

Michoacan

Gu err ero

Du rango

So n ora

Q uin ta na Roo

Puebla

Mexico

1

9o *

San Pedro.

Saltillo*

de las Colon las

ZACATECAS

Concepcion de l Oro.

0

I

~

. • Liner 5

·~'u a

UI5

Leon .

GUANA~~~T,O

, ......;>

*.Guanajuato:~.,~~\l Q,!ER~TtA~O

da1iljiJ/'iJ

" "

•

,.

'-,

e-

.

~

~oza

Tuxpan Rica

, .

~a mpic o

.~ ~

CiudadMahte

Ciudad de Valles·

!

i

*Ciudad Victo ria

I

I

10S"W

Tabasco

Queretaro

0

'

... .".9

f--R.i~ - :;-- ' Tax*:o · .

I

v,

PUEBLA .

T am auli pa s

San Luis Potosi

I

l00"W

,

S

~

v~~E~.z Orizaba

.

*,

Tl axcala

I

Juchitisn. .

Salina Cruz. .

OAXACA

E

of Campeche

Bay

Nayarit

Veracruz

aco~\CO~.

' ", VERACRUZ Tehuac",n I

ue .

N

4

Tuxtepec" 0* . Huajuapan Coa t 7. . Chilpanclnqo \ de Leo~ Oaxaca

Iguala

M ORl-:l OS

AcapUIc°I'~

..~

-rk

Ixta pa"~. U &E RRER =I

.

'\a.. . .....

Lazaro Cardena, ,,,",

..

COU~ . M JC H OAC AN .C.uem avaca e

Ameca"

. 'ALISCO

I

9S'W

_

Hidalgo

Gu anajuato

1

- - - Z S'N

"Matamor os

' .. .~ ~ Y rma ilo "!ce"y~. • . * Quere I HIDar ;'L.GO h . . -, . --·'- Laki --..vco a ~--' . AE:am baro -4-- , *fa~c~ . W utlan Chapala ~Ia * MEl
\

(""

PACIFIC OCEAN

ZO' N___

•

San L .

~

AULIPAS

TAM

* Monterrey

NUEVO '~ LE6N Re y n oRsa . ~

i

Pot osi SAN LUI!, AGUASCAUENTES * POTOSI

Zacatecas•

\;t;,' Aguascalientes *

Tep lc

Puerto valiartf · 1

°0

N~YA RJT

Aca pon~l:' ·

··

~'":o •.~ ...

COAHUILA • ~ 1" ~"'Nu e vo Lar~ \\ . Mo nclova " Anaihuac 0

Nueva Rosita.

-;::\:-p ~-" ~~ ~~ ~~~

Piedras Negras. , •.

Ciu~ad Acu fia .:~

Distrito Federal

Colima

30"N

Coah uil a

Chihuahua

Chiapas

Campeche

Baja California Su r

Baja California

Matehuale, Mazatlan: - - - - ----- -- - -F~e-;n"J lo-----

1

SINALOA our

DURANGO

Torreon .

Aguascalientes

oI o

Yucatan

9O"W

90'W

200

] ali sco '

200

_

,

8S'W "'.....

I '?? ?

0-6

400 rni

Zacatecas

Sin aloa

Caribbean S ea

zooN -+

'7....

J;~C''7",

400 krn

Mexico

" Largest City: Mexico City, Distrito Federal, 8,489,007

" Largest Lake: La ke Chapala, 417 sq. mi. (1,080 sq. km)

" Longest River: Rio Bravo del Norte, 1,240 mi. (1,996 krn), along U.S. border

" Lowest Point: Laguna Sala da, 33 ft. (10 m) below sea level

" Highest Point: Pico de Orizaba, 18,405 ft. (5,610 m)

" Area: 742,490 square miles (1,923,040 square kilometers)

-lS'N

0N

20

Revillagigedo Islands

e

5

W -*E

N

0 ()

<-um " "," ,

o

Marias Is.

'tl

10S'W

UNITED

d' := .2

,

o o

rf/

-:--­

200

-:::?

,

I

I

,

400 mi

90'W

1

11S'W

110'W

10S'W

10\l'W

9S'W

?-:­ ~

c;}

-:­

'I

ASIA

25PN .

AUSTRALIA

- - TROPIC o.FCANCER­

Lowest point

Mountain peak

International bou ndary

8S'W

\

IJCozumel to .­

~

9~~

~£'

A Cape Catoche

Gulf of l M exico

Bayaf Camp eche

400km

9S'W

200

lH aa re lA goon

STATES

l00"W

I--;---+-~~~~

OCEAN

PACIFIC

- TROPIC OFCANCER __

-2S 'N

I Guadalupe f.

-30'N

3S'N

South America

700N

Caribb ean Sea

International boundary

I

@

National capit al

*

Other capital

8O"W

Symbol and label sizes indicate relative sizes of cities:

Caracas

;::;:[a1~~~~~Lf-------- 1 0"N -

I

•

so"w

Rio de Jan eiro Santos

I 400W

I

90"W

. '.

0° _

EQUATOR

,

Ga 'pagos

Isla ds

. Fo rt ale za

(Ec ador}

reTeresina FI

~. >

jJ

Juaze ~o

. Natal

do Norte .

0

/'

d ampina Grandee Petrolina.

_ 10°5

laos

PACIFIC I OCEAN _ 20"5

20°5 _

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

San Felix Island (Ch ile)

30°5_

_ 30°5 40"W

40°5

• Area: 6,900,000 square miles (17,800,000 square kilom eters) • Highe st Point: Mt. Aconc agu a, Arg ent ina, 22,834 ft (6,960 m)

o I o

300 , 300

• Lowest Point: Valdes Peninsula, Argentina , 131 ft (40 m) below sea level

omod ceo Rvadavi

600 km

• Longe st River: Amazon, 4,000 mi (6,400 km)

\ _~~~~r'---1----+- 50"S ~St a n ley

Falkland IslandS (U .K .) (Islas Malvinas)

SooW

I

• Largest Lake: Lake Titic aca, Peru/Bol ivia, 3,200 sq. mi (8,300 sq. km) • Largest Cou ntry: Brazil, 6,880,000 sq. mi (17,8 19,000 sq. km) (slightly smaller than the United States) • Largest Cit y: Sao

60"W I

P~~o , Brazil, 17,834,000

40"W

ATLANTIC I

OCEAN EQUATOR

~" Ga ) agos Islands

ssoa

PACIFIC

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

I

OCEAN

\

B ... 300

V

600km

(

~i;%.'-/ I'F~__

lOQ"W

"""'iI

Elevation Profile 60"W ,

1IJ,lXXJh -t - - IO,lXXJh

-

Andes Mountains -

Mountain peak Lowest po int Falls

~ Fa /klan d

Paraeas Peninsula

Internat ional boundary

50"W ,

Mato Grosso Plateau

- - - -- 1-------------------------- ---------­

..•

Major Metropolitan Areas Argent ina Buenos Aires Cordoba Rosario

.' Maraca;b6 Barranquillae ' (

\ \)

11,298,000 1,209,000 1,119,000

•

I

"l!;

•Georgetown • Paramaribo

SURINAME .Cayenne

• Medellin

GUYAN A

.Bogota Bolivia La Paz Santa Cruz Cochabamba

1,484,000 1,136,000 517,000

Brazil Sao Paulo Rio de Janeiro Belo Horizonte Porto Alegre Recife Salvador Fortaleza Brasilia Curitiba Belem Manaus

17,834,000 10,612,000 4,800,000 3,655,000 3,332,000 3,018,000 2,975,000 2,942,000 2,726,000 1,816,000 1,011,000

Chile

Santiago

Viiia de l Mar

•

Cali

CO LO M B IA

FRENCH

GUIANA

(Fr.)

.Manaus . Fortaleza •

• Li ma Salvador

BOLIVIA

La Paz •

Ecuador Guayaquil Quito

•

Belo Horizonte . 4,647,000 299,000

6,422,000 2,129,000 1,885,000 1,549,000

2,118,000 1,616,000

L-,

50,000

Guyana Georgetown

187,000

Paraguay Asuncion

513,000

Peru Lima Arequipa Chidayo

6,988,000 830,000 766,000

Uruguay Montevideo Venezuela Caracas Maracaibo Barquisimeto Valencia

Population Pe rsons per sq. mile Over 520 260 to 519 130 to 259 25 to 129 1 to 24

o

French Guiana Cayenne

Suriname Paramaribo

)

Cochabamb Santa Cruz

•

~

~)

CHILE

(

Rio de Janeiro

hI Cuntiitiba.

Asun ci o ~ (~

?

Persons per sq. km Over 200 100to 199 50 to 99 10to 49 1 to 9

-./

Sao Paulo

PARAGUAY"

Colombia Bogota Cali Medellin Barranquilla

Recife

BR AZIL

, Porto Alegre.

Cordoba.

I~

".,d. 7"''"' ' B:::~J':U::,,","

o

Major metropolitan areas • Over 2 million • 1 million to 2 million • Under 1 million

.~

/ ~

) I

t/

\

291,000

- -....- - - - - - - - - - ­ Colombia 39

3,061,000 1,220,000 896,000 742,000

Internationalcomparability of population data is lImited by varying censusmethods. Where metro­

poliran population is unavaifabfe, core city population is shown.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau

r: -,..,...

I'

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions) 1,303,000

I

wI Brazil 172

I>

1!

I,

I)

<,

-~

r

-'

r //

•

f

..

·

Electricity Use Un ite d St at es 12,407

Gross Domestic Product GDP pe r capita Over $20,000 $10,000 to $20,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $2,500 to $4,999 Less than $2,500 No data Source: WorldFacrbook, CIA, 2001

Su rinam e 4,1 SO

Gr oss Domest ic Product is a measure of th e to ta l goods and serv ices gene ra ted by a cou ntry. Gene ra lly, m an ufacturing, hi gh-tech services, and specia lized ag ncu lrural products add m o re value th an raw ma ter ials and basic food stuffs.

Ch ile 2,311

C o lu m b ia 1,00S Par agu ay 334 KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year Source: WorldFaetbook, CIA. 2001

( +!RJ.

£f0.

BRA Z I L

Non-ma nu factunng eco no m ic act ivity IS generated prim arily by commercial plantation agric u ltu re, livesto ck raisin g, and th e har vest of forest products, plus the extractio n of oil and mi nerals. Man ufacturing, like pop u latio n, is co nce ntrated in th e co ntine n t's coastal areas.

<;(J Belo Horizonte.

0.

~

CH ILE

@ Valparaiso 1

~P 0. Q fA

Land Use and Resources Major resource s

Predom inant land use

D

Commerc ial agricult ure Livestock ranching Subsistence agriculture

D

Q

Coal

ill

Uranium

GJ fA

Natura l gas

@

Bauxite

Oil

~ 0.

Oth er minerals

Primarily forestland

+ lii!:J.

Gold

~

Limit ed agricult ural act ivity

@

Silver

CD

!RJ.

Iron ore

Forest prod ucts

fA GJ.ffi

Santiago

Diamo nds

Fishing

Major manufacturing and trad e cente rs

llii D. /"

Gl

J

fA

Rio de Janeiro

Mo st of the co mme nt IS u nder th e influen ce o f wet and rropi cal air. Warm curren rs III the Arlan nc O cean as well as wet lowla nd elevati o ns Iym g w rrlu n th e con fines of th e rropi cal lariru des d irectl y affect th e clim a te of th e majority of th e land area. T he And es Mounrains an d col d cu rrents thai hu g th e Pacific coas t keep th e West ern and South ern region s o f the co m m ent tem pera te bu t dry. See photograph s tak en in

d ifferent kind s of chrna res o n pages

24-25

-Recife

.. / \

•• •• • • D D

FREN Cll GU IAN A (Fr.)

.JI''''

Recife

Arica

l owest average annual

preeiptation: 0.03" (0.08 em)

Moist and unstable ai r above th e

Equa to r-as well as hi gh lan d s th at

wrin g o u t wa terlogged clo ud s­

pr od uce heavy rain fall , bur alo ng

the coa st of Ch ile a nd else whe re,

cold ocean wate r and m ountaino us

barriers keep rainfall a r a mi n imu m .

Annual Precipitation Cent imet ers

Over 200 1S0 to 200 100 to 150 50 to 100 25 to 50 Under 25

Inches

Over 80 60 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 20 Under 10

D

Climate Tropical wet Tro pical wet and dry Arid Sem iarid

Med iterranean

Humid subtropical Mann e

Subarctic Highland

.. .

Climate Graphs Average daily temperature

range (in ' F)

Ave rage mon thly preci pitati on (in inch esJ

'~j ~ l:

ASUNCION, Paraguay

. -I [: 0

Jao Apr

J,I

Oct

South Am en ca IS dommated by tr opi cal vegeta tlo n, including Earth 's m ost extensive rain for est. Farther so u th, a vast grassland, the Pampa, fad es grad ually in to t h e dr y and m eager vegeratlo n of Para gonia. See ph otographs o f th e different kin ds o f vegetation on pages 26 -2 7.

BRAZIL

)

BOGOTA.Colombia

,ecife

IW j 65'

.

32' ~

I

Jan Apr

[20 10

.

I

J, I

O ct

Vegetation Unclassified highlands or ice cap

0'

BUENOS AIRES, Arg ent ina

Midlatitude decid uo us

[20 - = : - - 10'

1WI 65 ­

32'

0" Jan • Apr • • • t Jul Oc

On

CARACAS, Venezuela

'~j lry

I

I Jan Apr

Jul

m

•

lorest Mixed forest Mid lat itu de scrubland

D D D D D

Midlat it ude grassland Desert Tropi cal seasonal and scrub Tropical rain forest Trop ical savanna

l::

Oc t

CAYENNE,French Guiana

--f:::

'~ j ~

Jan Apr

Jul

Oct

0'

LA PAZ, Bolivia

::

lOOj

61' _ J2'

~

I

.

Jan Apr

J, I O ct

[ 0'

UMA,Peru

:­

I~j

_ [20 10

Jan Ap,

J,I

Oct

0

t.lANAUS, Brazil

I65lX'l'j 32' I

[20, 10'

I

~ ~ O' Jan Apr

Jul

O ct

PUNTA ARENAS, Chile

':j~! ! ! ! ! -= l ::

~

•

Jan

en

E

0'

Ap'

Jul

O CI

REC IFE,Brazil

IIXl'] 65' J2'

I

I

Apr

Ju l

_ [20,' 10'

~ ~ O Jan

Environmenta l Issues

Oct

RIODEJANEIRO, Brazil

---[:

I~) 65' 32'

" Jao I

I

•

Ap r

Jul

•

O.

Oe 1

_1[:,.

32

0'

Jan

Ap'

• Jul

OCl

Current fo rest Cleared forest

~ Area at highest risk of desertificat ion •

SANTIAGO, Chile

100'] 65:

•

D

0

Poor air q uality'

' Cures exceeamq at leas! one of the Wo rld Health O'ganlzavon·s (WHO) onnual mean gUidelines fo,. dll

qualrry Source s Glob al Dls rnb utlon 01 Ongmal a nd Remaining ro-esr s. UNEPWC MC.2002 World 50 ,1Resources Map rndell. USDAl NRCS. 2002 World Developmenllndicarors. World Bank. 1999

T he d estru ction o f for est a reas- especially in the Amazon Basin - is one o f th e leadin g en viro n m ental issu es in South Am erica. In Brazil , ir is estimated rhar an average of 15 ,000 ac res of forest ar e lost each d ay as peop le clea r lan d fo r tim ber and to gro w cro ps. Human ac tiviti es have im pacted other rypes o f vegerarion, as well. Fo r example, over­ g razin g has caused d amage to grassla n ds in many areas, p utti ng th em ar ris k of beco mi ng in ferti le de serts. Poor urban air q uali ty is ano th er serio us co nc ern in th e regio n, with nearly 80 percent o f the pop ulati on living in citi es.

10' W

40o~

Gil"'all,Jr

SlTolj(Of

Porto.

Vigo_.

Bay of

.

)

•

o I o

250

.

'

250

500 km

0'

(S p.)

•

500 mi

1<J<E

0'

~t. )

Pan;elleria

Norwegian

Sardinia {It.} •.

MiooJra.

Balearic Is.

Medit erra n e an

' GI BRALTAR (U.K.) /

I

M.ijortoj;-q

.PalmaO

10"W

Faroe Is. ,~ ( D e n. )

. . ... ... . .

Balearic Sea

. Z. r~ g oza

Valencia-

~ Ma d r id

S PA I N

V.lla~ol id ''\.-l-

".

BJlbao

Di sc" y

.G ij6n

. Cordoba

-,

. Allcante. de M..llorca Malag.a «Grenade I

OCEAN

ATLANTI~

So"~

20"W

MALT A

®Vallen a

20'E

20'E

Crete

30' E

lrakfio

.

J 3<J<E

61t1ck. Sea

S<J<E

60'E

40'E

.cr'"

Oth er capital

* •

Varna

Helsinki

London

Symbol and label sizes indicate rela tive sizes of cities:

N ational cap it al

Int ernat ional bo und ary

SO'E

60"E

®

§]

.,rs'"

• Largest City : Paris, France 9,645,000 (met ropol ita n pop .)

• Larg est Co untry : Russia (European), 1,663,870 sq. mi . (4,309,400 sq. km)

• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea, 143,244 sq . mi. (371 ,000 sq. km)

• Longest River: Vol ga, 2,290 mi. (3,685 km)

• Lowest Poi nt : Caspian Sea 92 ft. (28 m) bel ow sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Elbrus , Russia, 18,510 ft. (5,642 m)

• Area : 4,032,000 square mi. (10,443,000 squar e kilo met ers)

' 400""

20' W

"-S°itt.

Inte rnati onal bou nd a ry

"' f"OC

I

'Faroe Is ~~

T

J Rhodes

Carpathian Mountains

Crete ~

ewe

~

.-ttl'

. ,. .... . ... .

Black Sea

30'E \

"

Sea of Azov

. . -

'.

. '... ....

' -~ .. . ," "J ' ~.c;"~la1es.,., '"" . ', ,, . ~S,,;oI' • -"

's~ "

0\

9'

_

NORTH

.\

400E

i

250

2~0

i

500 krn

Sporn;

A SIA

Caspian Depression Caspian Sea

AMERICA

J::::=~ ~~-:-~~==-= ~~~:, i;,~, ~ = ~=1 =--=~_~~~~ -_: ==-~, -~=~~ ~~= ~} . _. . -_._-----. I-------I=-::::~-~ . .

M'TW'

OCEAN

ATLANTIC

'60~

Mounta in pea k

Lowe st p o int

It.

Ca nal

\l

B

30"W

l

)

Major Metropolitan Areas Albania

Tirana

244,000

Andorra la Vella

s

u

Ando rra

21,000

S

I

A

,~

Armenia Yerevan

1,247,000

Aust ria Vienna

1,562,000

Azerb aija n 8a ku

1.792,000

Belarus Minsk

1,68 1,000

• Perm'

t Ufa-

8e lgium Brussels Antwerp

-

Kaza n'

- Niznij Novgorod

Mosco w

g O(

ed rn a sen Volgograd_ Kiev.

Bulga ria Croat ia Zagreb

an

978,000 449,000

Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo 529,000

Sofia

. Samara

UK

1.191.000

agr me ria!

Kharkiv ­

N

692,000

Czech Republic Prag ue

1,179,000

PORTU

Denm ark

Cop enhage n

Eston ia

Tallinn

/

1,085,000

L Madrid

Lisbon-

· Vale nc·

398,000

...

Finland

Helsinki

Population

965,000

France

Paris Lyon Lill.

9,645 ,000

1,350,000

1,349,000

1,001,000

Geo rg ia

Tbilisi

1,399,000

Marseille

(core city only) 3,382,000 1,715,000 Munich 1,210,000 Co log ne 963,000 Frankfurt 647,000 Essen 595,000 Dortmund 589,000 Stuttgart 584,000 Dusseldorf 569,000

Germ any Berlin

Hamburg

Gree ce Athens

Ireland Dublin

Naples Turin Palermo Ge noa

M ona co

Norw ay Oslo

Warsaw

1,123,000

t6di Krakow Wrodaw

2,460,000 1,183,000 993,000 857,000 653,000 604,000

Portugal Lisbon

Bucharest

27.000 1,207,000 1.161,000

793,000

Niznij No vg orod Kazan'

5,000

Ut huania

578,000 77,000

F.Y.R. Macedonia Skopje 545,000

2,939,000 1,504,000 738,000 685,000

Ufa Perm Rostov -na-Donu

San Ma rino San Marino

10 0 to 199 50 to 99

25 to 129

10 to 49

Sweden Stockholm

1,665,000

1 to 9 0

Major m et rop o lit a n

areas

•

Ov e r 2 m illion

-

1 mi llio n to 2 million

.

Under 1 million

513,000 Switzerland Zurich

1,610,000 787,000 741,000 634,000

Gen eva

933,000 451.000

Turkey (European) Istanbu l 8,803,000

Ukraine 1,947,000

Kiev

2,009,000

Dnipr o pet rovs'k Don et s'k

Odesa

Volg~g r ad

Luxembo urg l uxembourg

264.000

Spain Madrid Barcelona

Valencia

Seville

Ov e r 20 0

13 0 to 2 59

0

2,590,000 1,494,000 1,109,000 1.050,000 1,002.000

Estimated 2002

Population (in millions)

Ru s s ia 145

Russia (Eur o p ean)

St. Petersburg

Liechtenst e in

Vilni us

Slovenia Ljubljana

Kharkiv

Samara

Vaduz

658 .000

Romania

Moscow

Latvia Riga

429,000

Pe rs o ns p er s q . km

260 to 519

1 to 24

Bratislava

Polan d 175,000

O ve r 52 0

Slovak ia

8.000

Mon aco

1,825,000

Italy Ro me Milan

Moldova Chi:;inau

3,073,000

Iceland

Reykjavik

Malta Valle tta

Ne t her la nds Amste rdam Rotte rda m

Hungary Budap e st

Persons pe r s q . mi le MALTA. Vallett a

G erman y 8,538 ,000 4,678,000 1,366,000 1.183,000 1,092,000 1,094,000 1,025,000 1.024,000 1,004 ,000 5,000

Ser bia & Montenegro Belgrade 1.619,000

83

United Kingdom London

Birmingham Manchest er

Leeds-Bradford Ne wcastle

Glasg ow

Liverpool

Sheffield

7,652,000 2,296,000 2,277,000 1,446,000 886,000 867,000 838,000 633,000

fnrernaMoal comparabi lity of population dara IS limIted by varying census me thod s. Whe re met rop olitan po pu la tion is unavailable, core city population ts sbo wo.

Unit ed Kingdom 60

F ra n c e 60

It a ly

58

Uk rai ne 48

S p a in 40

P o la n d Ro m an ia

39

22

All other c o u nt rie s 36' Source: u.s. Cens us Berea»

...

Electricity Use Gross Domestic Product

Icel an d 23,655

GOP per capit a R

U

S

S

A

Over 520,000

5 10,000 to 520,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $2,500 to $4,999

Finla nd 15,768

Under $2,500 No data Source. Wo rld

Facrboo~ .

Unite d St at e s 12,407

CIA. 2001

Gross Domestic Prod u ct IS

ameasure of th e to tal

goods and services gen era t­ ed by a count ry, Ge nerally, manufacturing, h igh -tcc h s.:rl'ices, and specialized agricultural products ad d morevalue than raw ma te­ nals and basic food st u ffs.

France 6,696 G e rm any 5,964 Unit ed Kin g d om 5,583

M o ldova 1,304

KWh (kilowat t ho urs) per person per year So urce ' World f-actbOOlo:. CIA. 200 1

Land Use and

Resources

Predominant land use

Comrneroa! ag riculture Da"ylng Livestock. ranching

A

Nomadic berd mq

Subsistence agncu lture Primanly forestland

D

Limited agncultural activity

",

Major reso urces

Q

Coal

~

Natural gas

~

f£J.

Niznij • Novgorod

ali

Moscow.

Gold

@ Iron are

[f;ll Silver @ Uranium

@ Bauxite

o

Minsk

BELARUS

Other minerals FishIng

•

Major rnaouiactunnq

and trade centers

AZERBAIJAN

s 365

Eu ro pe, parti cu la rly West crn Euro pe, is a co nsolida no n o f h igh- tech , m a rket ­ driven , glo ba lly co n nected eco no m ies, wh ere m an u factunng and co m me rcial ag riculture pr ed onuna cc. C ruc ial to con tmc n tal eco no m ic Il1 tegr atl on IS t he

Eur opean UnIOn , a par tn ershi p o f 15

'::IMALTA

mem ber na tio n s whose co m bin ed eco no m ic clo ut rivals th e U.S. RUSSIa a n d form er Soviet-sa tellite natio ns ar e, in large pan , reachmg ha rm on y with th e rest o f Eu ro pe afte r a n iru u al and un serrlin g

period o f ad j usment. Despite centuries o f expl ora tio n an d exp lo itatio n , co mme rcially -valuab le mineral resources conti n u e to be m in ed , notably in Russia , th e Ukra in e, an d Scandinavia. The bo u ntifu l oi l and ga s fields of the North Sea are o ne o f the most im portant and m ost recent dis coveries.

Climate

0 D D

• • D D D

Semiarid

~

y~t'~ ch u 9 0 r

Lowest recorded temperatUi;;f67'F (-55' C). date unknown Ii

Tro ms ~.

Reykjavik

Mediterranean

n

u

Humid subtropical

S

S

A

Marine Humid continental Subarctic Tundra Ice cap Highland

The far-reachmg influence and effects of warm ocean curren ts cannot be over stated . The ceaseless torren t d is­ tributed by the Gu lf Stream along the coasts o f Western Eu ro pe, even ro the sho res o f Iceland and Norway, pro­ duces much milder wea ther than would be expected a t Its la titud es and provides a ready so u rce of m o isture. Along th e Mediterranean margin of Eur op e th e typ ical weathe r-mild, wet wmters and hot, dry su m me rs- has been d efined as a climate category that IS now used worldwide. See photographs taken in different kinds o f climates on pa ges 24 -25 .

Reykjavik. ,­

-----.

(CElANO

Annual Precipitation Centimet ers Over 200 l S0 to 200 100to lS0 50 to 100 25 to 50 Under 2S

u

S

S

A

Inches

Over 80 60 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 20 Under 10

• Moscow

· MAl TA

Though regionally form idable mo untains rise to ext ract sn ow and ram, no co ntinental-scale alpine barrier extsts-v rh ereby perm itt ing m o istu re-lad en , weste rly winds sp n ng ing from warm ocea n ic waters to di st ribute pr ecipitation uniform­ ly across Europe. However, by the tim e th ese currents of air reach the lan dl ocked heart of Eastern Eu rope, northeast of th e Black Sea , much of the mo ist u re has already been spent.

Climate Graphs Average dally temperature range(ln oFl

Average monthly precipitation

Vegetation

(in inches)

D

lOO'Wl= '9h- t[20' lev. 10' Jr

O·

~

­

Jr 0' ----w-

-

= _.

D

Tund ra and alpine t und ra

•

Coniferous forest

A

D Midlat it ude dec iduous forest L:J Mixed fo rest

ARKHANGELSK, Russia

165 00'1 '

JCE IAN

Unclassified hig hland s or ice cap

[20' 10' O·

Jan Apr Jul Oct

•

Mid lat itude scrub land

D

Midlat itud e g rassland

ATHENS, Greece

':1= :_=== [20 10

Jr

(l'

•

•

Jan Ap.

0

Ocr

J",I

COPENHAGEN, Denmark

':1 Jr -

=

0' •

-

•

Jan Apr

[20 ' 10'

=

•

•

Jul

O ct

0'

DOBUN,Ireland

':1 3r = = D" Jan • Apr •

=

• Jul

• Oct

[20,"

10'

0

Fo rests, nounsh ed by plentiful pre­ cipita tio n , domina te in Eu ro pe, but grass lan d and scrubland thrive where ramfall becomes sparse o r IS seaso na l. D eciduous trees disappear as the win­ ters grow harsh , rep laced by vast and hard y sra nd s of coniferou s forest that are merely the west ern end of an unrnen se belt srrerching across RUSSia to rh e Pacific O cean. See ph otogr aphs o f th e different kind s o f vegetation on pages 26 -27.

USBON, Portugal

':1 ==-=[:: 3~

I.

•

Jan Apr

Jul

0"

Oct

MOSCOW, Russia

':j -=-[: Jr

-

­

0' :::;:: .

•

Jan Apr

•

l ui

Oct

O·

NAPLES,ltaly

':j __ = -

-

: --;- .

I

Jan Apr

l ui

[2100'' 0'

OCI

ODESA. Ukraine

':= :j ---=[:: .. O·

Jan

d

Apr

l uI

Oct

PARIS, France

PO R

~ rs

n­

e

ie , of nt.

REYIUAVIK.lceland

[20'

100'] 65' Jr -

_ = _ 10'

-

I

0'

­

•

•

•

Jan Apr Jul Oct

0'

Area at hig hest risk of desert ificat ion

TROMS0, Norway

': ] Jr

~

_

r --;- . =I -

[2100''

-

O·

Jan Apr lu i Oct

VlENNA, Austria

': j - ==== [20' 1r -

0" •

10 '

­

•

Jan Apr

•

•

l ui

O ct

0'

Em issio ns from th e many ca rs, trucks, and facro ries in Eu ro pe have led to prob lem s with air po llu tion and acid ram over a la rge parr o f rhe co ntm ent. Land and water po llution (fro m ferri lizers, pesticides, and industrial wast e) lS also widespread . Since the 1960 's, th e am ounr o f fore sr ar ea in West ern and Central Eu ro pe has acru ally increased , but many for esrs (nearl y 60%) ar e d am aged due ro acidification , po llution, dro ug hr , o r fir es. Overfi shmg-vesp ecial ly 111 rh e North Sea-is a serious problem for m arine ecos ystems.

Areas mo st affected by acid rain •

Poor air qu ality'

"Cutes exceed ing at leasl one of the Wo rld Healt h O rganizatio n's (WHO ) annua l mean gu ide hnes for

a ir

qu ality So urces: Glob al D'st rib utlOn o f Or lgma l a r'td Remaining Fo res ts.

UNE P-WCM C.2oo2 World 5011Resources Map Index. USDAlNRCS,2002 World Develop ment Indicators. World Bank. 1999

Africa

Internationa l bou ndary @

Nat ional capi al

*

Oth er capital

Symbo l and label sizes indicate relative sizesof cities; 4O'N

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

10' E

•

Johannesburg Dar es Salaam Malabo

30'E

,~~--

Canar}' Islands (Spa in)

30'N

-r

\

\

20'N -

-

-1--_ _

_-l-~-- l O' N

~ 0' -

EQUATOR

---h-~~

.u-+-,-~-.IL----+--- 0'

INDIAN I OCEAN

0'

Victorla @

) m, ,,,~ ATLANTIC OCEAN • ntsir anana

Facts • Area: 11,677,239 square mi les (30,244,049 square kilome ters) F'anarant soa

19,340 h . (5,895 m)

Iola nar J

• Lowest Point : Lake Assai, Djibout i 512 h . (156 m) below sea level

WE 40'E

• Long est River: Nile 4.160 mi. (6,695 km) • Largest Lake: Lake Victoria, Uganda/Kenya/ Tanzania 26,828 sq. mi. (69,484 sq . km) • Largest Coun try : Sud an 967,500 sq. mi (2,505,8 13 sq . km) • Largest City: Cairo , Egypt 6,801.0 00

& Port Reunion Leers

. - j - - -(~:'~ -

• Highest Point: Mt. Kilimanjaro , Tanzania

Cape Town

500 , 20'E

500

1.000 km

... B ... IJ

International boundary Mo untain peak Lowest point Falls

t--_--20'N

~~

n) ;r-="",~

__n:::2:'r t+-­ - l0' N

HrJf--¥ - - - - -+­ - -

O'

INDIAN

ATLANTIC

..

I

I

OCEAN

OCEAN

Seychelles Is.

... Ascensio

rs

",St. Helena

us ) 1 S

500 1,000km

10"W

JebelToubkal

I :::: : : 5,000 ft. Sea level A

---1-

40'E

10'E

L---\---t------t-~~. Ah

M

'

5 h

5 h I

~ __ '_-g-_-_g_a---1":~ -r__ " : : :.:-:: :=.--'- ,,'=-_ -- _-.----~ ~----~-.-~:---:-~._4_ _--' --------

-~-

r iI -.

SO'E

Lk V"

/

60'E

/ M K.,.

.

-~-t Gr-a-:-k. ~-- ;,sll-t~~-~-na- ~a-- ~~...,.l.-·- ,__,m~_a__nj a ro ' j__

B

Major Metropolitan Areas

Libya

Algeria Algiers

Madagascar Ant ananarivo

Oran Consta ntine

1.904,000 (metro) 745.000

564.000

Angola Luanda

Trip oli

-

1,500,000

1,103,000

Malawi

Blantyre

Alexandria

° "

Porto-Novo

Bamako

CAPE 612,000

Nou akchott

Botswana Gabor one

186,000

Mauritius Port Lo uis

128,000

BurkinaFaso Ouagadougou

Burundi Bujumbura

634,000

234,000

Morocco Casablanca Rabat M ar rakesh

2,943,000 1,220,000 602,000

Douala Yaounde

810,000 649,000

Cape Verde Praia

103,000

Maput o

989,000

Namibia Windhoek

147,000

Niger

Central African Republic Bangui 452,000 Chad N'Djamena

547,000

Kane

Iba dan Comoros Moroni

30,000

5,195,000 2,167,000 1,835,000

Rwanda Kigali

Congo, Republic of the Brazzaville 596,000

Sao Tome Senegal Dakar

Yamou ssoukro

Victo ria

1,929,000 107.000

Persons per sq . m ile

--,

. Luanda

100 to 199

130 to 259

50 to 99

25 to 129

10to 49

.. J-:::­ ~ ~h ~ r"

.7

~""""'\ '\ . ~ (SOMALI}

•

-1~ \

I

l

NAM IBIA I

o

Sierra Leone

1 million to 2 m illion

"

Und er 1 million

'

• Momb asa J

SEYCH E.LLES

Lusaka

'..

COMOROS

Lubumbashi ./"" MALAWI

'::J

Z A M B I~

-

Jt-

Ma yon~

"Jl lantyreI

(France )

\ ,: IM8AB\t'E

~OTSWAN~H

Gaborone .~ Pretoria Map! f\ r-.• uto

Joha nne 'burg

Over 2 m illion

'Mogadishu

."Dar es Salaam

~tfa ra re . ~10ZAM B IQUE

oek .

•

vrl,

N YA , .b' ano l

TANZA NI A ·

-...-, AN G O LA , J -

1 to 9

•

. Djibout i "

\.

BJ~mfontein.

Major metropolitan areas

25,000

230,000

l

go 3 )

260 to 5 19

o

1,977,000

Somalia Mogadish u

(An

J

,.-/

Ababa e ~ ' \ ETHIO P I A

CENTRA L AF RICAN

Over 200

1 to 24

6.000

470,000

..

Persons per sq . km

Ov e r 520

234,000

Freeto wn

~ .

Population

Seychelles Cote d'ivoire Abidjan

Accra

.l

OftBOUTJ ~

r Addis

U5'"ANDA GUIN EA . . -_-;-_' . ) CO NG O Kampa a. K SAOTOMEAND li breville ~. RWANDA ' \ I· PRiNCIPE GABON I , ~W DE M . R E P . O F . r--------------~ Brazzaville ,. T H E C O N G O UR DI Ca b in da Kinshasa Oodoma

Sao Tome & Principe

4.657,000 565,000

~

Monrovia " ~. ~. L~os", CAMEROON REj'U8 L1C l IBERIA""! ~ .oo ua la \, ' ''-'- .--c6TE »>"") " Yaounde - ? Bangu l [)'IVOIRE EQUATOlUAL ~. -r-tRE l'iOt'THE

Congo, Democratic

Repubroc of the Kinshasa Lubumbeshi

Abidi

LEO NE' .

' ERITREA " Asmara .. \

I

A I

r-""-..

397,000

N iam ey

Nigeria Lagos

M A U R ITA NI A

: j MA LI I N IGER V;EROE "N OUakcho .' SEN ' AL ) CHAD ) " _ ~ Dakar. ~" k 8 URKINA Niamey Bama 0 ,,-FASO ~" ~ ) GAMBIAr:;;: B' GUiNEA.~,au ~ . .J "Ouagadoug o -= Ka o ' N'/ jamen\ a BISSAU ' , GUINEA, / t - n ENlN N I G E R t .}1 GHANA , / l, Conakry" -e-, ~ Freetown ) TOGO{ ' Abuja <::SIERRA , I ada n '\ "

Mozambique

Cameroon

LI B YA

(-f

1,179,000

Mauritania

ALGER IA

sahara (M oiocco

1,822,000

537,000 179,000

~.

West~rn

Mali

Benin Cotonou

.

el-Aaiun .

502,000 440,000

Lilongwe

SOUTH A F R IC A /

T

r"•

Antananarivo MAURITIUS

t-.'ADAGASCA R

•

SWAZILAND

- Durban LESOTHO

Cape Town -~ ·Port Elizabeth

Djibouti Djibout i

Egypt Cairo Alexandria Giza Equatorial Guinea Malabo Eritrea Asmara Ethiopia Addis Ababa Gabon Libreville The Gambia 8anjul Ghana Accra

62,000

6,801,000 3,339,000 2,222,000

30,000 358,000

2,424,000

420,000

271.000

South Africa Durban Cape Town Joh a nne sbu rg Preto ria Port Elizabeth

2,992,000 2,898,000 2,885,000 2,086,000 1,312,000

Sudan Omdurman Khartoum

1,271.000 947,000

Swaziland Mba ban e Tanzania Dar e s Salaam Togo Lom e

1,155,000

Tunisia Tunis

705,000

Uganda Kampala

Guinea-Bissau Bissau

109,000

Western Sahara el-Aai un

Lesotho Maseru Liberia Monrovia

/

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions) Nigeria 130

1,361,000

Egypt 71 Ethiopia

450,000

68

O e m . Re p. o f Th e Co ngo 55

Guinea Conakry

Kenya Nairobi Mombasa

38,000

2,143,000 465,000

138,000 421,000

South Africa 44

674,000

Sudan 37 1.209,000

90,000

_-_...I

Tan zania 37 Algeria 32 Morocco 31

Zambia

Lusa ka

1,270,000

Zimbabwe Harare

1,189,000

Kenya 31

.. .._ _.I Ug a nd a 25

Mozambique 20

Intemationalcomparability of population dara is limited by varyingce nsus methods. Where merropoliran population is

unavailable, core CIty population IS shown.

Gh an a 20

• Source:

u.s. Cens us Burea u

All ot he r co u nt ries 230

.. .

Gross Domestic Produ ct is a m easu re o f the total goods and ser vices gene ra te d by a co u ntry. Ge nera lly, m anu fa ctu nng , hi gh -t ech se rvices, and s pecia lize d agricu lt u ra l p rodu cts ad d mo re va lu e th an raw m ater ia ls a nd ba sic foo d s tu ffs. So uth Africa IS the o nly Afr ica n na tion co ns idere d to h ave a d eveloped econo my, even th ough thei r G O P is less th en h al f that of t he Urured Sta tes.

EGYPT MA UR IT A N I A

Electricity Use Unite d States 12,407

MAL l N IG E R

SEtt EGAL (JAM8'"

RURK INA

GUINEA-, BISSAU

•

D ,~~JI'iu.:

LEONE

ERITREA

~

S UD AN

FASO BEN I N GHANA N IGER IA

GlnNJ:;A

SIERRA

CHAD "\.-

D}II\OUTI ~

'

TOG O

CENT lL\L AFRl CA:-.I

­

ETH I OP IA

REJ>UHUC LlB EJUA

I:Q UATO RIAL < GUINE A • SAUTOM E ANU ·

PRi N CIPE

U{iANDA ,

REP. OF T H E CO NGO GABON

D E M . R EP .

~

o r\

fJ..J

T H E C O N G O \ IURUNDI

Gross Domestic Product

Cll.binda A (Ango ld)

us

•

)

Seyche lles 1.867

T AN ZAN IA

S E Y C.HE L LE S

MA! W1

AN GO LA

Namibia 1,084

Zimbab we 611

Came roon 204

CO MO RO

'..

ZAMB IA

GDP per capita

ES

Sout h Africa 3,955

SOMA LI.\

~K E N Y A

RWA..···mA

Z'M8AR"MOZAM8'QtlE

Over $20,000 $10,000 to $20,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $2,500 to $4,999 Under $2,500 No data

KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year

.

Source: World Pecrooor. CIA.2001

M j\URJ 'lJ US

iE

QTSWANA

....T

SOUTH AF R JV

SW AZ I LA N D

'Sf L ESO T H O

Source: World secrocoe. CIA, 2001

Agriculture su p p lies t h e liveli hood for t h e vast majority o f Afr icans. Agncu lt u ra l exports inclu d e coffee, cocoa beans, pean uts, palm oil, and s p ices. T h ese impo rtant ex po rt crops are ma in ly cu ltiva te d o n p ianrari ons and large far ms. Areas o f s u bsi stence farrru ng supply the need s of lo cal co m m un ines. Unfort u na tely, p o or so ils a nd un favo rab le climate co nd itio ns, as we ll as p olitical unres t and unstab le eco no mies, a ll h ave an adverse impact on ag ncu ltural ac t ivity a n d t he re fo re the standard of hvin g. Minerals acco u n t for m o re t he n o n e h alf ofAfrica's expo rts. Oil, d ia m onds, go ld, cobalt, and seve ra l o ther m ine ra ls a re leadi n g exports. However, Im portan t m in e ra l deposirs are lim ired to a h a n d fu l o f countries. Manufact urin g h as been s lo w to d evelop on the conn nent. Lack of m o n ey a n d s ki lle d labor are th e rnam d eterrents.

,> • & Constantine Tangier AI~s ~. I. Tunis , Rabat -;:;. Oran r"\ n jNlslA '­ '-' III L-l, / Casablanca / A III III r-: Beng haz i~

~:7? 1

\11

i:""l

.m al

ALGERIA(.)

fill

CAPE MAURITANIA @ , V!'RDE MALI Dakar 0 N IGER SENEGAL GAMBIA BURKINA GUINEA-: IM\GUINE A I'ASO llISSAU ~ 'B ENI N

Conakry GHANA

SIERRA' @ TOGO

LEONE F. Abidjanfi!l::l9 t:::i.. Lagos 0

l

CHA D

~ T@

Major resources

Livestock ranching

Q Coal (.) Natural gas

Subsistence agriculture

A

Nomadic herding Primarilyforestland

130

D

Limited agriculturalactivity

Oil

fi!l::l Gold fill Iron ore § Platinum

EIUTRE1 M~~wa ~

Addis

Ababa

IA

0 Likasi ANGO LA MAcA\l1 Lubumbashi 0 fill

Commercial agriculture

Khartoum SUD AN

DliBOUT 7 ~

ET HIO PI A CENTRAL AI'RlCAN ~'I_e_aj, A REPUBLIC LIBERIA - ~ _\II ~ CAM ER ON COTE ~EQUATOlU i\L< O . . fi!l::l UGANDA SOMALIA D'lVOlRE GUINEA . fi2:i K,sanganl Kampala K E N Y~ SAO TOME AND 'GABONREP. Ol'THE RWANDA I Kisurnu PRINCI PE A 0 CONGO 0 ' O~ 9 Nairobi O EM. REP. O F BURUNDI j, Mombasa pOinte_NOi: re \ K ins~:':E CO NGO ~" .: ' Cabinda 'if Dar es Salaam • (Angola) j, 9 0 TANZANIA. SEY C,HEL LES

Land Use and Resources Predominant land use

"-

LI BYA

(M oro cco)

(

A1. d. " ' .... exan ria

'

A;Tripoli l-~A

Sah a ra

~

D

:J

A ·A

o ro cc o

Q fi!l::l

'

Q

Harare ZIMBABWE MuADAGASCAR MAURIJIUS BOTSWANAQ P ret~:i~ AMBIQUE ' Q

9

Uranium

Bauxite

Diamonds Other minerals Fishing Major manufacturing and trade centers

'.,

ZAM nH 0

O .

NA

COMOROS

§

/ O

@ ~SWAZ I IAND

-.J:). A~ Q

~

o ':10

SOUTH

/ Johannesburg ~ Durban / " LESOTHO <,

A F R I C A~

Cape Town ~

~

PortElizabeth

T he climate o f Africa is clea rly a stu dy in geogra phic co n t ras ts . Perp etually wet and tropical a reas surro u nd in g th e Equ ator quick ly acquire seaso n al var iety as you m ove no rth an d so u t h . Ro am ing even farth er lead s co the vast, h ot and ar id zo nes o f no rt hern and so u rhe rn Africa. The influ enc e o f nei gh bori ng wate r bodi es IS h rm red co sm all rcgio n s of nor th ern Afn ca , namely Morocco, Algeri a, a n d Libya, where t he mi ld cu rr enrs o f th e Med iterrane an Sea temper the clima te, an d eas te rn So uth Africa , where th e mixtu re o f warm cu rren ts flowing close co sh ore and t he seas o na l o nsh o re winds st rik mg t he D rakensberg u p lan ds provide fo r a mo ist and te m p erate marine coast climate. See pho tog ra p hs ta ken III differen t kinds of clim ates o n pages 24 - 25.

• • ••

~

D D

Climate Tropical wet Tropical wet and dry S E Y~HELL E S

Arid Semiarid

COMORO

"..

M editerranean

Humid subt rop ical M arine

Hig hland

Africa 's precip ita tio n pattern is deter­ rui n ed by its position on Earth 's grid . Heavy pr ecip itation near the Eq ua tor dwin d les b o th co north, ho m e of t he Imm en se Sahar a , an d co t h e south, real m of the Namib an d Kala h ari De serts , MOist cond iti o ns exist on Madaga scar as a resu lt o f the t ro p ical in fl uen ces of winds an d cu rrents fro m th e In d ian O cean.

CAI'E • .vE RDE S '

Dakar. GAM iliA GUINEA­

BISSAU

Conakry S IER LEON E 1I8EI

Annual Precipitation Cent im et er s

Inches

Over 203

Over 80

152 to 203

60

102 to 152

40 to 60

51 to 102

20 to 40

to

80

25 to 51

10 to 20

Under 25

Unde r 10

...

T he d en se, tr opica l ram for est su rro u nd ing th e Equa to r IS offset by the co n rrasringly spa rse veget atio n o n th e rest o f th e co n tine nt. Vast a rea s consist of grass land a nd scru b vegetation W I rh tr ees on ly oc casio na lly d otrin g the land sca pe. Everg reen and m ixed forest s o f more temperate chmar es are luru red to th e Medi rerranean ar eas o f Morocco and Algena, th e Erhio pia n Highlan d s, and Ken ya. See p hotog rap hs of th e d ifferent kinds of vegeta tion o n pages 26 -2 7

Climate Graphs A...eragedaily

Ave-age monthl y p recip It at ion

tempe-arure

lini n, nesl

'ange (inF)

ADDIS ABABA.Ethiopia

,l"o.rrANANARIVO. Madagascar

C \I'E

- .Vp RD I3

Vegetation Co nifero us fore st CAIRO, Egypt

-

'~j ~

Mi xed for est

l~: :

Jan Apr Jul

Oct

M id lati tud e scrub land M id latitu d e g rassland Desert

O·

Tro p ical seasonal and scrub

C,A.Pf TOWN, South Atrica

Trop ical rain forest Trop ical savanna

CASAB LANCA,Morocco

'~l "."' l " "l! !::::l r~.::! r:: Jan

~r

Jul

Environmental Issues

Oct

':1-- 5~1 Jul Oct

•

SOurces Globa ! D istributIon of 0"91" al and Remammg Forests. UNEP·WC MC 2002 World SOil Resources Ma p !nde.., u SDA/ N RCS. 2002 World Devetonree nr Indil;4tors World Bar-k. 1QQ9

~ Y~ R I)E

O·

Oct

DARESSAlAAM, Tanzania

FAYA.-l...ARGEAU, Chad

sxo T OME AND

p RiNCI PE '

SEYCIlELLES (JNSHASA, Dem. Rep, of the Congo

tuSAKA., Zambia

[he World Hea'rh gwde lrnes fo' arr

quality

'~j--- l::

LAGOS. Nigeria

01

Or ganizatIon 'S {WHO } a,mual me an

CA PE

••

Poor air q uality "

-Or.es e",ceed,ng 131 'east one

o:

DA.K:AR. Senegal

Jan Apr Jul

Cleared forest

I::

~

o

Current forest

~ Area at highest risk of desertihcation

CONAKRY, Guinea

Jan Apr

•

D

Desertifi cation (land tu rnIn g in to de sert ) is on e of the leadi ng environmenta l Issu es 111 Africa. Two lead in g ca uses of desertification are th e rem oval of vegeta tio n (o fte n for co o kmg fuel ) a nd overgraz ll1g, especia lly in se m iarid and drou gh t- pr o ne areas. O ther enviro n m ental p rob lem s in clude d eforest ati on, so il loss, d cchrung biod iversuy , and decre asin g ai r and wat er q ua lity. Wat er scarCity LS also a con cern rn many Afncan co u n rne s, such as Egypt. Libya, Algeria, Tumsia , and Mo ro cco.

COMORO S t ••

o

01

MAU RITI US

Other capital

*

•

Maqeda n

Chengdu

Bangalore

Symbol and lab el sizes

indica te relative sizes of cities:

National capital

-t>~

6O'E

1,000 km

International boundary

@

EJ

'>°lto

v'o~

~~

'

500

a

500

aI ,

-.'

0'

@ M, le

MALDIVES

INDIAN

1,000 mi

5

N

w 4

OCEAN

E

10'5

AR CTI C O CEAN

l00 'E 12O"E

.(>"'"

PACIFIC OCEAN

,,/

\()""

• Largest Country: Russia (Asian) 4,928,980 sq. mi. (12,766,000sq. km)

• Largest Lake: Caspian Sea 143,244 sq. mi. (371,000 sq. km)

• Longest River: Chang (Yangtze), China 3,964 mi. (6,379 km)

• Lowest Point: Dead Sea, Israel/Jordan 1,310 ft. (399 m) below sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Everest, China/ Nepal 29,035 ft. (8,850 m)

• Area: 17,139,000 square miles (44,390,000 square kilometers)

\

40~N

50~N

I

60 0E

7lYN

'c'.

._

800E

-..!~~.: ~~-- -----~~~"!..~-~':~':~-~l/~~a ~------------------------------------------

~:~w_~=~

------- - -------­-­----------\-----------­ ----­--­-- ---------------------- --- --­ - - - -­--------------­ -- - --

I

E

I

I

I

(i'

I

-~1~== South Korea -­-

1/

I

I

7

I

I I

I

~mJ A . ~~~-=~::;~;~ :~~-- ~_:_~~~~-.~~~~:== ==-.:..~~~=~~~=~=_~~~==:;:~ === =i~_B

"hI'",

.~

I I e. -.

INDIAN IOCEAN

W
30,000 It --~!df: s e a ---------~!~~~ ~:.::.::. -~a g rol~~ ts---J 25,000It.­ -­ - - ----.------­ - - - ------- ­ - -­ -­----­ ---­ - ------- .-­ --] .

?o~

\

3erN

G ar

Po pulat io n Major Metropolitan Areas Afghanistan Kabul Bahrain Manama Bangladesh Dhaka Bhuta n Thimphu

Persons per sq. mile Over 520 260 to 519 130 to 259 25 to 129 1 to 24

2,029,000 151,000 6,487 ,000

fa

Persons per sq . km Majo r metropolitan

o

tu

al

areas

Ove r 200 100 to 199 50 to 99 10 to 4 9 1 to 9

•

Ove r 2 million

•

1 million to 2 million

01

A~

al

o

8,900

Brunei

Bandar Seri Begawan Cambodia PhnomPenh China Shanghai

50,000 1,000,000

Harbin Nanjing

12,910,000 10,820,000 8,970,000 6,708,000 4,740,000 4,450,000 4,070,000 3,910,000 3,120,000 2,990,000 2,960,000 2,670,000

Cyprus Nicosia

273,000

Beijing Tianjin

Hong Kong Shenyang Wuhan Chongqing Guangzhou Chengdu Xi'an

East Timor

Dili

140,000

16,368,000

A a c

13,217,000

12,791,000

h

India Mu mba i

(Bombay) Kolkata

(Calcutta) Delhi Chennai

(Madras) Bangalore

Hyderabad

(

'Male 6,425,000

5,687,000

5,534,000

d

~LALI> JVE S

n ];

s

Indonesia

Jakarta Bandung Bogor Malang Iran Tehran

9,374,000

5,919,000

5,000,000

3,174,000

6,759,000

1,887,000

Iraq Baghdad

4,336,000

Israel Tel Aviv-Jaffa Jerusalem

2,595,000 628,000

Hiroshima

\ Pakist an 148 Banglade sh 133 J apan 127 Philippin es 85 _ _ _- ' Vietnam 81 12,059,000 3,427 ,000 2,599,000 2,171,000 1,822,000 1,494,000 1,468,000 1,341,000 1,250,000 1,126,000

Thailan d 62 South Korea 48 All oth er coun tr ies 365 Sou rce: If.S. Cens us Bueau

Amman

1,147,000

Kazakhstan Almaty

1,129,000

laos Vientiane

2,741,000

SouthKorea (core city only) Seoul 9,854,000 Susan 3,655 ,000 Daegu 2,474,000

Kyrgyzstan Bishkek

Lebanon Beirut Malaysia Kuala Lumpur

Maldives Male

1,500,000 1,379,000 74,000

193,000

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar 753,000

Philippines Manila

Myanmar (Burma)

331,000

North Korea

Kuwait Kuwait

t

...__ ,.,J Indonesia 232

_ _ _ ._._ _......

Jordan

P'yongyang

l: China 1,284 India 1,046

Mashhad

Japan Tokyo Yokohama Osaka Nagoya Sapporo Kobe Kyoto Pukuoka Kawasaki

Estimated 2002 Population (in millions)

760,000

Yango n

(Rangoon)

4,101,000

Nepal Kathmandu

421,000

Oman Muscat Pakistan Karachi Lahore Faisalabad Islamabad

Qatar Doha

477,000 9,339,000 5,143,000 2,009,000 529,000

9,933,000

Singapore Singapo re

4,131,000

264,000

SriLanka Colombo

642 ,000

Russia(Asian) Novosibirsk Yekaterinburg Omsk Chelyabinsk

1,400,000 1,314,000 1,177,000 1,111,000

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Jeddah

2,776,000 2,046,000

Syria Halab (Aleppo) 1,813,000 1,394,000 Damascus Taiwan Taipei Tajikistan Dushanbe

2,720,000 529,000

Thailand Bangkok

6,320,000

Turkey (Asian) Ankara lzrnir

3,203,000 2,232,000

Turkmenistan Ashgabat

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi

407,000

904,000

Uzbekistan Tashkent

2,142,000

Vietnam HoChi Minh City Hanoi

4,990,000 2,464,000

Yemen Sanaa

927,000

Intemationalcomparabilityofpop­ ulation data is limited by varying censusmethods. VVhere metro­ poUtan population is unavailable, core city population;s shown.

.. .

Electricity Use

Gross Domestic Pro duc t is a m ea sure o f rh e total goo ds and services generated by a country. Gen era lly, manu­ imuring, high-tech services, an d specialized agricu lrural producrs add mo re value t h an raw m ateri~san d basic food sru ffs. T he hi gh -rec h and oilproducing cou ntries o n t he frin ges o f Asia are the excep tio n s in rhi s gener­ ~Iy poor contine n t. R

Gross Domestic Product GDP per capita

u

Unit e d Stat e s 12,407

Over $20,000 $10,000 to $20,000 $5,000 to $9,999 $2,500 to $4,999 Less than $2,500 No data

A

Kuwait

United Arab Emirates 14,177 14,377

Japan 7,470

Source: World Factbook. CtA. 2001

Israe l 5,372

China Ind ia 851 442 Laos 31_ KWh (kilowatt hours) per person per year

MALDI VES

Source: World Factbook. CIA. 2001

A'

Agriculture is the p redo m in ant lan d use In Asia , rhou gh on ly o ne-sixth of th e land IS arable. Wer grain s, such as ne e, are t he pnncipal crops of China an d South east Asian countries. Dry gr ai ns, su ch as wh eat, are gro wn In lim ited ar eas o f Ru ssia and China. A lack of m ode rn farm in g m et h ods , exce p r In j apan, Ru ssia , an d Israel, I

~;\!,~rica lly lim ited food production. Ho wever, pro-

ducrion is increas in g in so m e co u n t ries as govern menrs supply rhe needed rechn ology. T he ru gged ~ landand climate in Northe rn , Centra l an d ([ ~ Southwesr Asia Iim irs lan d use ro n omad ic

herding. Here, ani m als sup ply food, sh el­

flD,

ler, clothing, and rra n sp orra rio n. R Q u s

~

Q

.' ~ . p.

Y..

.- ~. .;.f' ~

LJ

' . '17­

Q

R

•

~

r .

Land Use and Resources

,.

Pred ominant land use

D

.

Commercialagriculture Nomadic herding Subsistence agriculture Primarily forestland

s

D

A

Limited agricultural activity

A

Major resources

Q

Coal Natural gas Oil Forest products M Gold §J. Silver ili::, Iron ore ill Uranium @ Bauxite 9 Diamonds cs Other minerals ~ Fishing Major manufacturing and trade cente rs

to!

A

okyc

• •

Most Asian count ries ha ve an

Insignificant num ber of man u fac­

lUringjobs relarive ro o th er occu pa­ nons.Japan, Sou th Ko rea, Taiwan,

MALD rvES China,and Singa pore are excep ti o ns. Natural resou rces ar e Asia's m ost Iffiportant export. The o il fiel ds of Southwesr ASia su p p ly much o f th e ~'o rld' s energy needs. Sou t he ast Asia su p p lies t h e World wit h ItS un , an d coal is plentiful in are as o f Russia , Ch ina and India. The lack of processin g tacilities limirs many Asian co u ntries in th e use of th eir resources.

•

•

Asia has many clima res. T his ca n be expec red on a land m ass rha r covers an area fro m below rhe Equ ator co rh e Arcric O cea n and from rhe Medirerr anean Sea co rhe Pacific Oce an . Wearher co nd irions flu cruate from rhe su b-freezin g remperarures and sno w of rh e run dr a climare in No rr he rn Russia, rh rough rhe m o re rem per­ are h umid con n nen rai climate, pasr rh e arid co ndi ­ nons of Sou rh wesr a nd Cen tral ASia, a nd finally co rhe warm an d wet zo nes of So ur h an d Southeast Asia. See ph ocogr ap hs rak en In d ifferenr kin ds of clima tes o n pages 24-25 .

Climate Graphs Averag e d aily te mper ature range {in "Fl

Average mo nthly precip itation (in inches)

~~~h

';::]

( [:::

0'

O'

AlMATY. Kazakhstan

0 10os''] Jr

R

D·

=. =[:: -­

Jan

• Oct

Jul

Ap'

O'

BEIRUT, Lebanon

I ~l l -:-

okyo

Jan

=[::

Ap,

• Oct

Jul

O'

COLOMBO, Sri Lanka

100'j _ _ ==[20' os . ~ 10' J2'

,'/

D·

Jan

Apr

J ul

Oct

O'

DHAKA, Bangladesh

•

Trop ical wet Tro pical wet and d ry Arid Semiarid

D

100'j

Climate

Med iterranean

D

Humid subt rop ical

D D

Subarctic

• •

f r4f;""

Hum id cont inental D

'

.

. E S

...

I

J' ft.

• • ..".-... •

203 152 to 203 102 to 152

S1 to 102

25 to 51

Under 25

Over

Apr

l:J2' j .

--

I

Jan

Apr

D·

High land

1 ~~: l J

O'

I

I

Jul

Oct

[20' 10'

O'

_ = [20'

J~:

Jan

Inches

The co unr nes of Sour h and So u theast Asia expe rienc e rhe mosr rainfall. T his ra in fall occurs primarily between rhe monr hs of April a nd O ct ob er. Warm , moisr winds from rh e so urh, called Mon soo ns, bnn g rhe rain to t his part of rh e co nr ine nr and also pil e snow deepl y upo n rhe pe aks of rh e Himalayas. T he Mo nsoons d o nor reach rh e inrerior of rhe co nri ne n r, which remains d ry rhro ug ho u r rh e year. T he dri esr co unr ries are III rh e so u thwest.

80

60 to 80

40 to 60

20 to 40

10 to 20

Und er 10 Over

R

Oct

Jul

JAKARTA. Indonesia

Annual Precipitation Centimeters

Jan

[20' 10'

HONG KONG. China

('

A,

" '-"..

II

I

J2'

OS" 0'

~;~ST ' o/TI MO R r

Tund ra

T"'"'l z::::::;: ­

u

I • • Apr

Jul

:~ .

Oct

NEW DELHI, India

1~~: 1 _ _ _

r=l= [20' I

10'

J2'

00

J ul

O·

Ja n

Apr

Oct

RIYADH, Saudi Arabia

1::1 _- --[: :: 32'

D·

Jan

Apr

Jul

Oct

O'

TEHRAN, Iran

TIANJIN, China ,"

10ss-0']

_

32' ­ 00

Jan

Apr

,--" [20' I -

Jul

-

10'

Oct

O·

TOKYO, Japa n

1~~ 1 J2' ,,--, 00 ---:Ja n

__ -I [20'10' I I O·

Apr

J ul

Oct

YAKUTSK, Russia

~~3 2 :~ j ~;Jf~

1

T,m p

---, [:: :

_

00 _ 4 5,-=~~~__---,_ Jan

Api

Jul

Oct

O.

"

Ith ly ti on

..

T he contin en r's vegera rion is as vaned as irs clim are, ranging fro m rh e lush rropi cal vegera­ rion of rhe Sour h , Sourheas r, and Easr Asian co untries co rh e sparse vegera rion of Russia's vast areric t u n d ra, See phorographs of rhe di ffer­ ent kinds of vegerarion on pages 26 -27.

Veget at ion

hes)

[ ~: :

•

Unclassified highland s or ice cap Tundra and alpin e tund ra

O·

Coniferous forest Mid latltude decid uous for est

r20 "

Subtro pical broad leaf everg reen forest

~ 10 ·

Mixed forest Mid lant ude scrub Mldl at itu de grassland Desert Tropical seasonal and scrub

D D

Tropical rain for est Tropical savanna

'20 " 10·

'0"

'20 · 10"

·0 ·

' 20·

Environment al Issues

' 10 · O·

20· 10·

•

Current forest

~

Area at high est risk of desert ificati on

o D •

Cleared forest

Areas most affe cted by acid rain Poor air q uality '

0" 'Cue s exceed mg ar reast one

,.

0'

th e Wo rld He alth OrganJzanon s (WHO) a nnua l m ean g u rd e lmes for dlr

quality

20 " 10 ·

Sources Global Dlstrrbutlo n of 0 6gmal and Remaining Forests,

UNEP·WCMC, 2002

World Sorl Resources Map Ind ex, USDAJNRCS, 2002 World Developme nTIndicato rs, World Bank. 1999

0"

!O. 0"

)"

)"

./ 1"

n

.'HILIPPIN ES

M an jl~~~

i~

MA l D IVES ..

Asia's h igh popu lat ion dens iries have led co a mulrirude of env i­ ronm ental problem s, includi n g polluti on , d eforestation, over fish­ ing , and war er sho rt ages. Wirh rapid po pulation growrh , pr es­ su res o n land and war er resources will o nly conrinue co in creas e. In wesrern Asia, desertificari on and gro un d warer issu es are rh e mo sr pr essm g co ncerns. Mo st land in rhe region IS eirher cur renrly des ert o r IS vulnerable co beco m­ m g desert in rh e fu ru re, and wat er IS bein g wit hdrawn mo re quickly rhan ir can be rep laced.

300S

'

1,000 km

500

,

0

~';,

,

INDIAN OCEAN

• Kalgoorhe

'" ..,

120 E

t"" I

-:"\..

•

Hon iara

Perth

Sydney

ind icate re la tive sizes of cities:

Symbol and label sizes

National capital

State boundary

International boundary

'j

", -

J AUS T~LI A

1\

1,000 m i

-- ~-f--~----­ . Carnarvon ~WES TE RN

500

'" . ,

®

§

oI o

Philippin '!...I , Sea

135°E

"

-

r~i ., . .

..:

•

~

I

I .

Wake/.

"I

\

't I

I

®

:

Nukua loja

(N.Z.)

;;'1

01

~I

wi

51

wi

: Kermadec Is. I

I I ,

I

165'E

/

/

/

/

/

~I - I I Chatham Is, I (N.Z.) I 'll I • I

ffi l

FI

~I

lS0 ' E

H Niue I. (N.Z.)

(U.S.)

Samoa

.. . oV

I~

(U.S.)

Jarvis I.

0

'

,..."

Fr en ch"' :Po· IJne~ ia Tahiti (Fr.) "

~_.

.- ., '

15'S

" ­ -; .TROPIC OF CAPRICORN -

\

I

Date Line.

thou gh t hey are posit ioned on Opposite sides of the Internatio nal

Republic of Kiribati observethe same date as the Islands west of 180·, eve n

Allislands east of 180 with in the

l S0'W

15'N

150'W

• Largest City: Sydney, Australia, 3,997,000

• Largest Country: Australia, 2,967,909 sq. mi. (7,686,850 sq. km)

• Largest Lake: Lake Eyre, 3,500 sq. mi. (6,475 sq. km)

• Longest River: Murray-Darling, 2,510 mi. (4,039 km)

• Lowest Point: Lake Eyre, 52 ft. (1 6 m) below sea level

• Highest Point: Mt. Wilhelm, Pa pua New Guinea 15,400 ft. (4,694 m)

• Area: 3,300,000 square miles (8,547,000 square kilometers)

(N.Z.)

I

I

Palmyra Is, (U.S.)

OCEAN

(U.S.)

Hawaiian

Cook Islands

165'W

I

I

165°W

- - - , - - ­ - 1- - - - - - ­ I I I

180"

!

I I

I

American

'. ';] "

T_L_ I

T~!fG~

I,n.} I I

\ U u-l _

: Baker/. (U.S.)

Hoy-land I, (U.S.)

Tasman Sea

Fiji Sea

I

F unaf~ ti ®

TINALU

I \

PACIFIC

Johnsto n I. (U.S.)

K IIRIB A' TI

® Tarawa (Bairiki)

O<'

c-

~

a ~


~ o

r ur Z ::J w

.1

180°

61

S

i.

~ -~

f: .

I

MARSHALL IS'L ANDS

(U.S.)

N NorfolkIsland . (Australia) \AI ~ C ~ - - ~

.. • .....

I

165"E

AUSTRALIAN CA PITA L T ERRITORY

r~'e' iWo li o n g o n g

:,Sydney

LordHowe /. (Australia) • :Newcastle

.'

T

i

I

Coral Sea ~ <: 0 ~~.

Palikir~

: : rJ : ! 1(; Old Coast

.. , t .o

~

:~~ ,

F E DERATE ~ S T A"TES b r MI CRO N ESI A'

(u.S.)

Guam­

15" N - 1

Mariana Is. (U.S.)

Northe

150"E

1-..

120'E

~ -~ ~-' " ~

i" P

OCEAN

I

13S'E

ut:" /u w :tt:"d i1~/ ::~

INDIAN

I

Babe lth ua~

1 3S~E

.

M •C

_r

'"

·

J

0 f]

I

Cape

I

IS0'E

. South Ea$t

Caroline Is"/ nd; .

Guam-

I

: Northern

. Mariana I:

15 0 "E

e '. '

/

.LordHowe I.

'"

Sea

Tas ma n

s

I

I

lWE

16 5 "'E

.Norfolk Island

Tarawa ,

Marshall Islands

. Wake I.

Sea

Fiji

Tuvalu

Gilbert Is.

I

I

180'

I

HiO'

5~:~~v: i ~

' 7- - .-

...

.- ....

""""'--'cO'=- - - r -

3,000 ft . - - -....- - . . - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - .-

-

"

Tonga

: Saker I.

I

..

. - - - - - . - - -...- .

_

p

7.,.

I.

/

.J­

Manihiki I. .

I

I

0

"'====="-.

­-f"·

I

E

0

CookIslands .

16S'W

5

O ahu

" ~ Ma u i

"\l

,

,

Polynes ia ~ .

Fre nch' -;

:'''';0

I 1,000 mi

Kosciuszko

Mount

lS0'W

--­

"'\.

)

.­

International boundary State boundary Mountain peak Lowest point

I

1,000 km

I

~

~.....,..

.

<, ~-:s:

" '<.

Islands

Marque s~;

lS'N-

B

45'S

30'S

. - -; - TROPIC OF CAPRICORN" - ­

I

90 1,

:~~

5

JOel"'o,$l'~

Flint I.

500

~

El

B

Tongareva Is. ~

Rarotonga I. •

N

I

. ..

K aUil'

Hawai ian 15. _ Hawaii

OCEAN

16 S--N

w4

Niue I.

--~=

Chatham Is

o

" ..Phoenix Is.

Howland I.

: Kermadec Is.

- . - . - - - - - . -..- - - - - -....- - - ..- - - - -

.Johnston I.

PACIFIC

: ~~~ ~: =:~=-'---~~~~~='='~~'==' ' I ~ ~=~ ~"-"- "- - - -'~-' ·=-~~~f~e"z~_,__'. '._. ._.---'_-'-_.-_.=_-_'-._-.-.~~-~1.~~:=~~~-.~3~t~::---. ~-·

_ 3005

~

N O RTH

A MERIC A

Major Metropolitan Areas Australia Sydney Melbourne Brisbane Perth Adelaide Newcastle Gold Coast (Southport) Canberra Fiji Suva Lautaka Kiribati Tarawa (Bairiki)

3,997,000 3,367,000 1,628,000 1,340,000 1,073,000 471,000 397,000 312,000

Ashmore and Cartier Is. •

I !---_ ._~-

Brisbane I---

·Canberra Melbourne 1,075,000 340,000 334,000 Tasmania

Samoa Apia

34,000

Solomon Islands Honiara

61,000

Tonga Nuku 'alafa

30,000

Hobart

Estimated

2002 Population (in millions)

Aust ralia 20

4,000

Papu a New Guinea 5

New Zealand 4

30,000

InrernarlOOal comparabIlity of popu/arlon d.na is limited by varying census methods. Where metropolitan population IS unavailable, core city popula tIon IS shown.

S h ' out port Gold Coast

;Newcastle Sydney

Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 332,000 Lae 81,000 Madang 27,000 Wewak 23,000

Vanuatu Port-Vila

--­

4,000

13,000

All other countries 2

Source: u.s. CensusBureau

Persons per sq. km Over 200 100 to 199 50 to 99 10 to 49 1 to 9

o

Major met ropolitan areas

~U S TRA L IA

15,000 3,000

Tuvalu Funafuti

Over 520 260 to 519 130 to 259 25 to 129 1 to 24

o 25,000

Micronesia Wena Colonia

Palau Karar

Popu lation Persons pe r sq. mile

167,000 29,000

18,000

New Zealand Auckland Wellington Christchurch

...

Coral Sea , Islands

MarshallIslands Majuro

Nauru Yaren

,

• Over 1 million • 250,000 to 1 million • 100,000 to 250,000

Electricity Use

Gross Demes ne Product IS a m easure o f the total goods and services ge ne ra te d by a co u mry. Generally, m anufactunng, hi gh -tech serv ices, and specialized ag ric ultural product s add m o re value than raw m aterials and basi c food stuffs. Australia de rives its wea lth and h igh standard o f livin g fro m service indust ries an d m in eral ext rac­ ti on a nd p rocessing. New Zea lan d 's eco no my IS orien ted to wa rds th e export of an imal product s. Papua New GUine a's su bsiste nce eco no my ge ner ­ at es lit tle excess wealth.

Un ited St at es 12,407

Gross Domestic Product

GDP of Island Nati o ns Fiji Kiribati D M,rshallisiands D MICronesia D Nauru Palau

0

Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu

D

D

D

D

D

O ver $20.000

".

t

"-\.

$10,000 to $20,000 $5,000 t o $9,999 $2,500 to a$4,999 Pap ua New Gu inea 3S3

Less tha n $2,500 No data

KW h (kilowatt hours) per pe rson per year

Source: World Factbook. CIA, 2001

~.

on

Source; WorldFacroooe . CIA, 2001

, .• '

fA

Ashmore and Carti er Is.

Land Use and Resources Predomina nt lan d use

~~i\.

D D

Commercial agr icult ure

••

Dairying Livestock ranching Primarily fo restla nd

D

G>

Limite d agricult ural act ivity Majo r reso urces

Q

Natural gas

fA

Oil

•

,. @

as

fA

G>

Australia is rich in mineral resources. It ranks first 111 th e min­ mg ofbauxite, dia mo nds , lead, and zac while being a lead ing pr odu cer ofcoal, gold, and Iron ore . Its ura­ mum deposits are th e largest In the u'o rld, though largely un d evelop ed. .iedern methods of farm in g and rrigation allow a very limited area ofcommercial agricultu re to be highlyproductive. Despite a rid co n­ ditions,vastareas of the mr eri o r

su p port shee p and ca ttle grazing. The New Zealand eco no my IS buil t o n livestock, raisin g more am ­ mals per person then an y other co u n try In th e world. Meat and dairy prod uc ts are important exports. The eco nom ies o f Papu a New GUinea and the o th er Island

natio ns In the regIOn rely pr imarily

o n su bs iste nce ag nculture a nd

tounsm .

Gold

!HJ. IE:::.

Iron ore

ill ®

Silver Uraniu m Bauxite

9

Diamond s

Q

Ot her min erals

•

Tasm ania

Fo rest prod uct s

&J.

==<

Q

Co al

CJ

Fishing Maj or manufact uring and trade cente rs

Australia's climate IS pr edominately wa rm an d dr y. The northern half of the co untry lies within th e tr opi cs and has very warm condit ion s year ro un d. The so uthern half of th e country lies below th e tropics and expe ne nces a warm su m m er and a cool winter. New Zealand 's climate IS like th at of th e U.S. Pacific No rt hwe st- mi ld and moist. Papua New Guinea and o the r Island nations su rrou nd ing th e equato r have climates th at are m ain­ ly very warm and moi st year rou nd . See ph otographs taken in di fferent kinds of climates on pag es 24-25.

Ashmore and

Cartier/so •

Coral Sea , Islands

• • •• D D D

pert~

•

Climat e Tropical wet Tropical wet and dry Arid Semiarid Mediterranean Humid subtropical Marine Highland

Charlotte Pass Lowest recorded te mperat ure, -9.4'F (-23°C), 1994

Tasmania

Ashmore and Cart/er Is. •

Annual Precipitation Centimeters Over 200 150 to 200 100 to 150 50 to 100

25 to 50

Under 25

AUSTRALIA

Mulka 6 Lowest average annual precip itation: 4" (10.3 em) Perth...

~. Adelaide

• Sydney

• Tasmania

.,...

." ~f

Inches Over 80 60 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 40 10 to 20 Under10

While Papua New Gu inea and o the r island nations within the tropi cs receive plentiful an d reli abl e rai nfall, rai n can be a prob­ lem in Australia- rypically a case of feast o r famine or bad timing West erly winds off of the Tasm an Sea deposit precipita­ n on o n th e mo un tain ra nges of New Zealand , often in th e form o f snow th at can be seen on so me pea ks year ro u nd.

Climate Graphs ,l,ver~ dai ly

Average monthly

temperaillre

precipit ation

rallge(in "Fj

(in in ches)

BRISBANE,A ustralia

':1_=__ [20' -

17'

~

10·

I • . Jan

Apr

O.

II Oct

Jul

PERTH, Australia

'~I -------,I - - -. , - [: Jail Apr

lu i

DC!

Abundant Australian for est­ lan d s ar e lirru red to relatively narrow coastal regIon s where m oistu re, even if seas o n al, IS adeq uate. Mo st o f th e rest of th e contin en t is cove red by s pecIes of tr ees, bush, and grass es adapted to arid condi­ tions. Eucalyptus are th e m ost common t rees 111 Australia. Pa p u a New GUlI1ea has d en se tropical ra m fore sts, and New Zea la nd has m ixed forests and g rassla n ds anslI1 g from ItS temperate ch rnare. See photographs of differ­ ent kmds of vege ta ti o n on pages 26- 27 .

Veget at ion

,. -,

D D

EA

Ashmore and Cartie r Is. ~

CoralSea Islands

•

Mixed forest

D

Tropical seasonal and scrub

D D

o o

o

,

Subtropical broadleaf evergreen forest Midlatitude scrubland Midlatitude grassland Desert Tropical rain forest Tropical savanna

SOU~ h . NE W

TdsmaniaV

Island .

Z EALA ND

" AUCKLAND,New Zealand

65' _=_- [20'

11lI'1

io-

Ir

~

-­

•

Jan

I

I

Apr

I

Jul

0'

Oct

D PORT MORESBY, Papua New Guinea

':'1_ : : : : _ ==[20 10 '

1~ 1 1 • •

o

Ashmo re and

Ca-ner Is.

Jul Oct

Jan Apr

Environ ment al Issues

Coral Sea

, Islands

o

I22a

AOeL:JDE,Austrafia

'~l' ====[:.

v

Jul

Cleared forest Area at highest risk of desertification Poor air quality*

"Dries exceeomq at least one of the World Health

O'

•

Jan Apr

•

Current forest

Or ganization'S (WHO) annual mean gUidelines for air

Oct

quality

d he reli­ :>brase

Sources: Global Distribution of Ori ginal and Remaining Forests. UNEP·WCMC.2OO2 World Soil Resources Map Index. USOAlNRCS, 2002 World Deve lopme nt Indicato rs. World Baok. 1

m

MEtBOURNE.Australia

IIlI' MI::::-

-

_-_

[20'

: . . --=- .

Jan Apr Jul Oct

TO'

o·

in g.

of

SYDNEY,Austraiia

rm

OiRISTCHURCH, New Zealand

J1l] 6S

~

II

-

tI"

r--"""':

_ [20' 10'

­ ••

Jan Apr Jul Oct

O'

Biod iver sity loss (a de cr ease It1 t he vanety of life forms a n d ecos yste ms ) IS a lead in g enviro n m en tal p rob lem In both Australia and New Zealand. Ov er th e pa st two h u n d red years, vast areas have been clea red for set tle me nts an d far m land. ThIS land clean n g, along WIth th e mrrodu cnon of n on -native p lan t and an imal spe CIes, has permanently alte red the ecological balance. In New Zealan d , It IS est imate d t hat eig hty-five percen t of t he o rigmal lowla n d fo rests and wetlands have been lost du e to human in fl u en ces. D esertification, often brought o n by over grazmg, IS anoth er serio u s en vironmen ­ tal threat in many parts of Aus t ralia.

• '.., . Tasmani a

ngitude

IS"OS'E ll"OO'W

'roow

4S"00'E ;2°19'W

n-oow

l1"OO'W 23"S4'E '2°00 'W '1°39'W S' OO'W '(J°49'W 22' OO'E

22'oo 'E S'OO'W O"OO'W 59' oo'E 43'OO'E

37'oo' E

36'OO'E l'OO'W O'OO'W 19'oo'E 14'oo' E 4'OO'W 25°18'E 13' On 12' oo 'E 0'00 'W

9'09 'W

s-cow

18' oo 'E 1'S6'W 1'3 8'W )'S l'W 3"08'W ''OO'W

s-cow

S'19'W l1°26' E W 06'E ~' 16 'E

!5°S9'E 11' oo 'E /' oo'W 1' 17'W

roow I ~OO 'W

" 49'W

roow ~021 'W

IOJ 9'W ~ 049 'W

I'OS'W jOOO'w j003'W ,0OO'W I'OO'W " oo'W !OO6'W l'oo'W "'31'W l03S'W 8' oo'E 7' SO'E "02 'W B051'E 1'26 'E ,'29'E 2' 37'E 'OO'W ' OO'W ' 09'W ' oo'W 800'W 'OO'W 827'W ' S6'W ' 32'W ' 10'W '42 'W '49' W '01'W '38'W '27W 'S6'W 'S6'W '08'W

tTw OO'W 42 'W OO'W llO'W OO'W SOW 08'W OO'W 4j 'W OO'W S6'E OO'W S2'E 'W OO'W DO'W OO'W

~:~ DO'W 2'W 'W

Page Latitude l ongitude <"wrbta Mts" mountalns . 15 54 ~a Plat. , pla tea u ,,",M. GA. 51 ra.-. OH . 51 ~. Mexico . . . 76

.ooa ,

S1°00'N 4s ooo'N 32"28'N 39°S8'N 16°1S'N

11'rOO'W 118°eX)'W B4°S9'W 83"00W

srsr«

~ RlVadav la ,

c..m.C.Cd!"

.

Caooros.country .. Caroms Is.. islands . Cooairy,Guinea ...

_

~, Chl le . " ..

CcrcepciOn.Paraguay .

78 97 90 91 90 78 78

45"51'5 8"00'N 12"00'5 11'00'5 9°31'N 36' 48'5 23' 23'5

67"29W 78'oo'E 43'OO'E 43' oo'E 13'42W 13'02W SI'2SW

""""" ,,,IOro.

..........

76 54 77 UJwd. NH,. 51 Cltgo,nver. 91 l#Igo Sasln, basrn.. 91 '1l'I«tICUt,nver .. 55 -.::Kut.state, IJ S 51 --.ce,L., lake .. 85 mtta , Romanl
Ccrapb:n, Pt., cape. . Cmx:nos,rr.'t'f. .

24°36'N 101°26W 34' oo'N 120'OOW 29'OO'N 10S"OOW 43°12'N 1I' 32W 2'oo'N 22'oo'E 1' 00'5 23' OO'E 42' OO'N 13'OOW 42' oo'N 13' OOW 48' oo'N 9' OO'E 44°11'N 28'39'E 36' 22'N 6' 36'E 20'00'5 IS8'OOW 20'00'5 IS8'ooW 44' 00'5 170'OO'E 41' 00 5 174°00'E S5°41'N 12' 35'E 21'2 3'5 IO' I8W 27'ooN 108' OO'W 15'00'5 ISS'oo'E

.. 78 .. 85 :l!i.rounuy .......... 96 lIJI6,iSlatTd . , . 97 Q, reglon........ . 91 UJdl Rep., country ., . . . . . 84

11'00'5 ISO'OO'E 31' 23'5 64°11W 37'S3'N 4°47W S1'S4N 8'28W 48' S7'N 57'51W 45' 02N 74°45'W 27°48'N 97"24W 27'30'5 S8'49W 2O'OON 100"OOW 9' oo'E 43'OO'N 19'01'5 SI'38 W 10'OON 85'OOW S'OO'N s-cow 20'OON 81' 00W 49"31"N 11S046W SI'OO'N 108'OOW 3S'OO'N 2S'00'E 36' oo'N 2S'oo'E 45°00'N 34'OO'E 45'OO'N 15' OO'E 7' 38'5 72°40'W 15'00'5 22'OO'E 28'2S'N 106'SIW 22"00' N 8O'OOW 22"OON 80' OOW 15' 00'5 18°oo'E 1'53" 12'29W 2'54'5 79°01W 18' SS'N 99'14W 15'35'5 S6'OlW 24°47'N 10r 23W 10'27" 64' I1W 37'OO' N 88'OOW 66'ooN 6S'ooW 3S' oo'N 8S'OOW 6S'oo'N 6S' OOW 12°10'N 69'OOW 25'215 49·16W 13'32 5 71"S6W 31'OO' N 2S'oo'E 3S'OO'N 33' oo'E 3S'OO'N 33' oo'E 2S'OO'N 24' OO'E 49000'N lS'OO'E

s..g.1 .......... 90 JX . ........ 50 .reglon. .. . ..... 85 _ Iand. legion, . . 91 ~scus, Syria . ..... 96 :!~. Cap , cape ... 91 OtNallg,Vretnam . . 96 .rlVer.• . 85 DnbeDeita,deita. . .. 85 ~, s rrait ........ 85 ts Sa~ am. Tanzania . .. 90 .. 103 OIrimg, river" . !¥wrJ,Australia ...... .. 102 t:til1+Kavir. desert ...... 97 . 84 ~1Il . Can adJ ....... 74 Dfoo.Philippines . ...... 96 o...,.n, lA .......... 51 r.vtsSea. sea . .. . . . 15 Of..Is S:r.,walt . ...... .. . 45 ~. CJna da ........ . 74 Oiwlon Creek. Canada .... 74 1It,Ioo. 0H . .. . . . . . . . . . . 51 ~Sea, depressIon ..... 97 Val., dE'fJl'f.'S sion 54 r.t.ao,H ""9' ~ ....... 84 '\aIa.I1....... ...... 51 im.r1P1al, plateau ...... 97 r-uware,nver . . .. .. .. 55 _are, slate, U.S,. . 51 I'IoIIm Bay, bay ........ 55 1Igm.c..cape. . 91 . 96 , Me ~ ico ........ 76 c..",,*, .......... 74

14°42'N lr27W 32'4/'N 96°48W 44' ooN 16"00'E 21'00'5 19' OO'E 33'31'N 36' 18'E 12' 00'5 48' 00'E 16"03'N 108"2 'E 49000'N 10' oo'E 45'OO'N 29'OO'E .lO"OO'N 21'OO'E 6'495 39' 17'E 31'00'5 144'oo'E 12"2S'S 130' S3'E 3S'OO'N S4°00'E SS'53'N 26'32'E 51"10'N l 00"04W 1'04'N 125'36'E 41°31'N 9O'3SW 65'005 9S'OO'E 66'ooN S8' ooW 64°04'N 139°24W 55"4S'N 12001SW 39'46'N 84°12W 31'oo'N 3S'oo'E 36'00'N 117'OOW 47'32N 21'39'E 39°50'N 88' SIW 23'ooN 79'OO'E 42'00'N 75'OOW 39'00'N 74' OOW 39'OO'N 75°00W 10'00'5 41' oo'E 28'41'N 1I'1 2'E 28°12'N lOs028W 6S012'N 123°2TW

_.ea_..

ItIOerland Pen.• penmsula . 75 55 .... 75 lQliO. isJand... . , ...... 45 BrazIJ............ 7B

~and PlaL. pla tea u , . ~nd Sound , bay

Pou

:lldes. l5lands. .

o..g."".L.,.•..

....

-n:ra!lc Rep ~the Coo go. country ." 90

1'00'5

21' oo'E

Page LatitudeLongitude Denekil,region Denmark, country

Denmerk Str., strait Denver, CO

Dese, Ethiopia. Des Memes, IA Des MOines. nver Desne, nver

Detroit, MI Devon I , Isla nd Dhaka, Bangladesh Dretenbaker, L. fake DIJon, France Dill. EastTImor Dmanc Alps. mountams Dire Dews, Ethiopia DirkHartog I., ,sland Drstnto Federal, fed dlst., Mex DJibouti. country

91 84 45 50 90 51 55 85 51 75 96 75 84 96 85 90 103

76 90 Djibouti, DJibouti. 90 Dnieper. flvel 85 Dnieper Upland, highlands 85 Druester, river 85 Drupropetrovs'k. Ukraine 84 Dcd oma. Tanzania 90 Doha, Datar 96 Dommca. country 44 44 Dominican Rep, country Don. river 85 Dc nets. fiver 85 Donets Basm. basm 85 Donets'k. Ukrame 84 Douala. Cameroon 90 Douredos, BrazJl 78 Dourc , nvet . 85 Dover,DE 51 Dover.Str of, strait 85 Drakensberq, mountains 91 Drake Passage. strait 14 84 Dresden, Germany Dryden, Canada 74 Dobawnt. fiver 75 Dubawot L, lake 75 Dublin, Ireland 84 84 Dubrovmk.Croatia Duluth, MN 51 Dund-Us. Mongolia 96 Dunedin, New Zealand 102 Durango, Mex!Co 76 Durango, state, Mex 76 Durban. S Afflca 90 Dushanbe, Tajikistan 96 Dzonqanen Basn . basm 97

97 Esst Cbma Sea. sea 16 Easter ' , dependency Easter I ,I sland 14 91 Eastern Desert, desert. Eastern Ghats. mountarns 97 East London. 5 Afflca 90 East Sibenan Sea, sea 97 East Timor, country 96 Ebro, fIVer 85 Ecuador, country 78 Edinburgh, United Kingdom . 84 Edmonton. Canada 74 Edwards Plat.. plateau 54 90 Egypt, country. Elba, Island 85 Elbe, fiver 85 Elbert,Mt., peak 54 Elbrus. Mt., peak 85 Elburz Mts., mountams 97 Eldoret, Kenya 90 EI Fashlr. Sudan 90 90 EI Kharga. Egypt Ellesmere I, Island 75 EllJo t Lake, Canada 74 Ellsworth Land, region '5 Ellsworth Mts., mountains 15 EIObeld, Sudan 90 EIPaso, TX 50 EISalvador, country 44 EITigre, Venezuela 78 Eml Koussl, peak 91 EncarnaCio n. Paraguay 78 Encounter Bay, bay 103 Enderby Land, region 15 England. dIVISIon, U.K 84 English Channel, strait 85 Ensenada, MeXICO 76 Equatonal GUinea, country 90 Erg Chech, desert 91 Ene, PA 51 Ene, L., lake 45 Entrea, country 90 Esfahan, Iran 96 Esmeraldas, Ecuador 78 Esplntu Santo, ,sland 103 Esquel, Argentina 78 Essen. Germany 84 Estevan. Canada 74 Estonia, country 84 Ethiopia, country 90 Ethio pian Highlands, plateau. 91 Etna, Mt., peak 85 Eugene, OR 50 Eugenia Pt., cape 77 Euphrates, river 97 Europe. continent 15 EvanSVille, IN 51 Everest, Mt., peak 97 Eyre, L., lake 103 Eyre Pen , peninsula 103

13"00'N S6'OO'N 6S"00'N 39°44'N 11°10'N 41' 36N 43' ooN S2'OON 42°20'N 16'OON 23'43N SO'oo'N 47"20'N 8'35'5 44' OON 9'36N 26' 00'5

41"00'E lO"OO'E 31'OO'W 104°S9W 39"311 93' 31W 94°OOW 32' oo'E 83' 03W 85'OOW 9O"26'E 10l ' OOW S' 02'E 12S'36 'E 17"00'E 41' 52'E I13' oo'E

19' OON 1OI'ooW l1'oo' N 4I' OO'E 11°34'N 43'08 'E 4I' OO'N 33'OO'E 49°00'N 32'OO'E 49'OO'N 26' oo'E 48°27'N 34' S9'E 6' 09'5 3S'4 2'E 2S'lS 'N SI' 26'E 16°00'N 61' OOW 20'oo'N 10' OOW 48°00'N 40' OO'E 49°00'N 38'OO 'E 48°00'N 38' oo'E 48' 01'N 37'48'E 4°03'N 9'4 3'E 22"14'5 54"48W 43°0l)'N r or« 39'09'N 7S' 31W I'OO'E 51'OO'N 30' 00'5 30'OO 'E 60'00'5 10'OOW SI' 03'N 13'44'E 49°47'N 92°49W 63'OON 104'OOW 63' oo'N teo-cow S3' 21'N 6' I6W 42' 39'N 18'OS'E 46°47'N n'06W 41' S9N 9,'39 'E 45'52'5 110'28'E 24' 02'N 104'39W 24'OO' N 100'OOW 29'5 0'5 31' 01'E 38'34'N 68'48 'E 45'OO'N 88' OO'E

29' oo'N I24'OO'E 21'07'5 109' 22W 21' 07'5 109'22W 26'OO'N 32' oo'E lS'OO'N 82' OO'E 33'00'5 21'5 4'E 73'OO'N 165'OO'E 9'00'5 12S'oo'E 43·00'N 2' OOW 2'00'5 80'00W SS'S7'N 3'11W S3'3S'N 113'31'W 31'oo'N 10l'ooW 26'OO'N 29'OO'E 43°00'N 10' OO 'E S4°00'N l1'oo 'E 39' OO'N 106'OOW 43' oo'N 42' oo'E 36'0 0'N S3' oo'E O'32'N 3S' 16'E 13' 38'N 2S'21'E 2S'27'N 30'33 'E 83' OO'N 16' OOW 46' 23'N 82'39W 76'00'5 90'OOW 80' 00'5 8S' OOW 13°l 1'N 3O'13'E 31'46 'N 106'29'W 14'OON 89'OOW 8'S3'N 64'16W 19' OO'N 2I'OO'E 27'20'5 SS' S2W 31'00'5 139'00'E 70'00'5 40'00'E 52' OO'N 2"OOW SO' OON 4'OOW 31' S2'N 116' 31W 2'OO'N ll 'OO'E 24' OON 3'OOW 42'08N 80'05W 43'OON 83' OOW 18'OO'N 38'OO'E 32' 39'N SI'3 9'E O'SI N 79°40W 15'00'5 167"00'E 42' 55'5 1I' 20W 51'2 1N 7'03'E 49'08N 103' OOW 59'OO'N 29'OO'E 8' OO'N 40"00'E 9' OO'N 39'oo'E 38'OO'N IS'oo'E 44'0 3'N 123'OSW 28' OO'N 115'OOW 33'ooN 42'OO'E SO'OO'N 10' OO'E 31'58'N 81'33 W 27'S9'N 86'S6'E 29"00'5 137'00'E 33'00'5 I36'oo'E

Page Latitude Longitude

Fairbanks,AK 50 Farsalebad. Pakistan 96 Falcon Res" lake 77 Falkland Is.• dependency, UK 78 Falkland Is., Islands 79 Farewell, C , cape 45 Fargo, ND 50 Faro. Canada 74 Faroe ls., dependen cy, Den. 84 Faroe ts..Islands 85 Faya-Largeau, Chad 90 Fear, C , cape 55 Federated States of Mrconesra,country 102 78 Feee de Santana. Braz,1 Fes. Morocco 90 Feuriles. Raux, fiver 75 Fe narantsoa. Madagascar. 90 FiJI, country 102 FijiSea, sea 103 Filchner Ice Shelf, ICe shelf 15 Fnobulke Shelf, Ice shelf 15 Fsusterre . C; cape 85 Finland, country 84 Finland, G of, gulf 85 Fitzroy, river 103 Flagstaff, AZ 50 54 Flattery. C. cape Fhoders, fiver 103 Fhnders I., Island 103 Flinders Ranges, rnounran s 103 FlmHen Canada 74 Flmt,MI 51 Flmt.nver 55 Flint Hills. hIlls 55 Fllntl, Island. 103 Florence. Italy 84 Florence . Colombia 78 Floneno. BrazJI 78 Plonanopohs.Brazil 78 Honda. state, U.S 51 Honda Keys, Islands 55 Honda, Straits of, strait 45 Former Yugoslav Rep. of Macedonia. country. 84 Fortaleza. BraZIl 78 Fort Collms. CO 50 Fort Frances, Canada 74 Fort l auderdale, Fl 51 Fort McMurray,Canada 74 74 Fort McPherson, Canada Fort Nelson, Canada 74 Fort Peck L, lake. 54 FortSt John, Canada 74 FortSrmpson, Canada 74 Fort Smith, AR. 51 74 FortSmith, Canada FortWorth, TX 50 Poxe Basin, bay 75 Foxe Pen.. penmsula 75 France. country 84 Franceville, Gabon 90 FranCistown, Botswana 90 Frankfort, KY 51 Frankfurt, Germany 84 Franz Josef lan d, ,slands. 97 Fraser, nver 75 Fraser L,,sland 103 Fredericton. Canada 74 Freetown. SIerra leo ne 90 French GUiana. dependency, Fr 78 French PolyneSia. dependency,Fr 102 French Polynesra. ,slands 103 Fresndlo. Mex!Co 76 Fresno.CA 50 Frla. C , cape 91 FriSian Is,. islands 85 FrODlsher Bay, bay 75 Front Range, mountains 54 Fuerte , fiver 77 FUJI, Mt., peak 97 Funafuti, Tuvalu 102 Fundy. Bayof, bay 75 Fuzhou. China 96

Gabes. G of, gulf Gabon. country Gaborone, Botswana Galapagos Is" Islands Galdh0plggen, peak Galveston Bay, bay Gambia. country Gander, Canada Ganges, river Gangetic Plain, plain Gao,Mali Garonne, nver Garoua, Cameroon GarryL., lake Gary, IN

Gaspe, Canada Gaspe Pen., pe ninsula. Gdansk, Poland. Gedaref, Sudan Geelong, AustraiJa Genesee. fiver Geneva. SWitzerland Geneva, L., lake Genoa, Italy Geog rapfle Bay, bay

91 90 90 79 85 55 90 74 97 97 90 85 90 75 51 74 75 84 90 102 55 84 85 84 103

64"SO'N 141'43W 31°24'N 73'On 21'OON 99' OOW 52"00'5 52'00'5 60' OO'N 46'S3'N 62'1 6'N 62'OO'N 62' OO'N 1I' 56N 34'OO'N

59'OOW S9'OOW 44°OOW 96' 41W 133'24W 7"OOW

6' oo'N 12"15'5 34'04'N S8'OO'N 21'2 7'5 19'00'5 21'00'5 80'00'5 10'00'5 43'oo'N 66"OO'N 60'OO' N 18°OO 'S 3S' 12'N 48'OO'N 19'00'5 40'00'5 32' 00'5 S4°48'N 43'OI'N 31' oo'N 38'OO'N 11' 00'5 43'46'N l'36 'N 6'4 7'5 21' 36'5 29'OO'N 2S'oo'N 24' OO'N

ISO'oo'E 38'S8W 4'58W 73'OOW 41' 04'E 118' OO'E 177'OO'E 40'OOW S'OO'W 9'OOW 26'OO' E 26'OO' E 12S' oo'E 111'39 W 125'OO W 141°00'E 148' OO'E 139' OO'E 101°S2W 83c4 1'W 84°00W 97'00W IS2' OOW 11°15'E IS'3SW 43' ooW 4B034W 82"OOW 82' OOW 82'OOW

r ar«

19' OI E 18'OOW

4I' OO'N 22'OO'E 3' 46'5 38'33W 40'3S'N 10S'OSW 48'38'N 93'23W 26' Ol'N 80'00W S6°41'N 111°22'W 67'26 'N 134' S2W S8·4] ·N 122' 42W 48' OO'N 101'00W S6'13 'N 120' Sl W 61°50'N 121°21W 3S'23N 94°24W 6O'00'N 111' SIW 32' 44'N 97c19W 66'OON 79"OOW 6S' oo'N 78°00W 4I' OO'N 2' OO'E 1'39'5 13'34'E 21'12'5 27'32'E 3Bo12'N 84°52W 8°41'E SO'07' N 81'OO'N SS'oo'E S2' OON 123'OOW 25' 00'5 IS3'OO'E 4S' S7'N 66°40W 8'27N 13' 13W 4'OO'N S2'OOW 15'00'5 140'OOW 15'00'5 140' OOW 23'10'N 102'SIW 36' 45'N 119' 46W 18' 00'5 12' OO'E 54'OON 6'OO'E 64'OO'N 66'OOW 40' OO'N 10S'OO'W 26'oo'N 109' OOW 3S'21'N 138°44'E 8' 37'5 m ' 07'E 45' OON 67'00W 26'04N 119' 18'E

34'OO'N 12'0 0'E 0'00' 12'OO'E 24'38'5 2S'SS'E 1'00'5 91°00W 62'OO'N 8' OO'E 29'OO'N 95' OOW 12'oo' N 18'oo'E 48' S7'N 54'36'W 2S'OO' N 80' OO'E 28'oo'N 81' oo'E 16'16'N O' OO'E 0'00' 4S' OO' N 9' 18'N 13'231 WOO'N 100'OOW 41' 36'N 87'2 1W 48' SO'N 64"30W 49'OO'N 63' OOW S4'22'N 18'38'E 14"02'N 3S' 23'E 38'11'5 144' 23'E 43'OO'N 18'OOW 46°12'N 6' 09'E 46°00'N 7'OO'E 44°2S'N 8' S6'E 33' 00'5 I1S'OO' E

Page LatitudeLongitude George, fiver. 75 S7"OO' N II "OOW Georgetown, Guyana 78 6"41N 58"01W Georgia, country 84 43°00'N 43"00'E Georgia, state, U.s 51 33"00'N 83"00W Germany, country 84 S2'00 'N 11"oo'E Ghedamrs.libya 90 30'08 'N 9'3 0'E Ghana. country 90 9'OO'N 2"00W Gbardae . Algena 90 32'30'N 3'40'E Gibraltar, dependency, U.K 84 37"00'N 5'OOW 85 36' OO'N 6'OOW Gibraltar. Str.of, strait Gibson Desert, desert 103 25' 00'5 12I'OO'E 84 43'32 'N S041W Gllon, Spam Gila, fiver 54 33'oo'N 112'OOW Gilbert ls., ,slands 103 0'00' 173'oo'E 90 30'01'N 31' 13'E Giza, Egypt Glama.flver 85 60' OO'N l1'OO'E Glasgow.United Kmgdom 84 5S'51'N 4°16W Gobi, desert 97 43' oo'N ' OS' OO'E Gcdaven. fiver 97 19' OO'N 78'OO'E GoliIOla, Braz,/. 78 16' 42'5 49°1SW Gold Coast, Australia 102 27'57'5 IS3' 23'E Gold Coast, region 91 S' oo'N roow Gonder, Ethiopia. 90 12' 34'N 37'26'E 91 35'00'5 18'oo'E Good Hope. C of, cape 84 S7"42'N 11' 56'E Goteborg. Sweden Gotland, Island 85 S7'OO'N 18' OO'E

Govemedor valadares. Brazll Grain Coast, region Granada, Spain Gran Chaco. plain Grand, fiver. Grand Canyon, canyon Grande, river. Grande Prame. Canada Grand Erg OCCidental, desert Grand Erg Onental. desert Grand Falls-wmdsor.

78 91 84 79 55 54 79 74

18'51 '5 6°oo'N 37c ll 'N 23' 00'5 43°00'N 36'OO'N 20' 00'5 Ss011'N

41'S9W 10'OOW 3'3 6W 62' OO'W 86' OOW 113'OOW 48'OO W llB 048W

91 31°00'N 91 31' 00'N

8' OO'E

74 50 51 54 Graz,A ustfla 84 Great ArtesianBasin, baSin 103 Great Australian Sight. bay 103 Great BarnerI, 'sland. 103 Great BarnerReef, reef 103 54 Great Bassi. baSin Great Bear l. . /ake 75 Great Dlvldmg Range, mountams 103 Greater Antilles, Islands 45 Greater Khmgan Range, mountainS 97 Greater Sunde ts., ,slands 97 Great Falls, MT 50 Great Plalns,plaln 45 Great Salt L, lake 54 Great Salt Lake Desert, 54 desert Great Sandy Desert, desert . 103 Great Slsve L, lake 75 Great VletOna Desert, desert 103 Greece, country 84 Green, fiver 55 Green, fiver 54 Green Bay,WI 51 Greenland. ,sland 45 Greenland (Kalaalht Nunaat), 44 dependency, Den. GreenlandSea, sea 15 Green Mts., mountains . 55 Greensboro, NC 51 Grenada, country 44 GnJalva, fIVer 77 Groote I., Island 103 84 Groznyy, RUSSia Guadalaj31a, MeXICO 76 Guadalcanal l , ls/and 103 Guadalupe I, Island 77 Guadalupe Peak. peak . 54 Guadeloupe,

dependency, Fr. 44 Guadlana, fiver 85 Guaw a-Mlnm, BraZil 78 Guam, dependency, U.S. 102 Guam, lsland 103 GuanaJuato, MeXICO 76 Guanajuato, state. Mex 76 Guangzhou, China 96 Guapore, liver. 79 Guasave, MeXICO. 76 Guatemala, country. 44 Guatemala CIty.Guatemala 44 GuayaqUIl, Ecuador. 78 GuayaqUILG of, gulf 79 Guaymas, MeXICO 76 Guernsey, ,sland 85 Guerrero, state. Mex 76 Guerrero Negro, MexICO 76 GUIana Hrghlands, plateau 79 GUinea, country. 90 GUinea·BISsaU, country 90 GUinea. G of, gulf 91 GUlyang, China 96 GulfCoastal Plain. plain 55 Gurupl. BraZIl 78 Guyana, country 78 Gwardafuy, C, cape 91 Gweru, Z,mbabwe. 90 Canada

Grand Forks,ND Grand Rapids. MI Granrte Peak. peak

Harnan, Island Hartl, country Halifax,Canada

2'O~'E

49' OO'N SS' 3SW 41' S6'N 97'02W 42°58'N 85' 40W 45'OO 'N 110'OOW 47"OSN IS'21'E 22'0 0'5 141'oo'E 34'00'5 130' OO'E 36' 00'5 175'OO'E 15'00'5 146' OO'E 40' OO'N II I'OOW 6S' OO'N 120' OOW 22'00'5 149'OO'E 18'OON I S'OOW 4s 000'N 5'00 '5 4r 30'N 4S' OO'N 4I' OO'N

118' OO'E 110' OO'E 111°18'W 105'OOW 113'OO W

41°00N 114°00'W 21'0 0'5 12S'OO'E 63' OO'N 115'OOW

28'0 0'5 39'OO'N 38'OO'N 42' OO'N 44°31'N I S' OON

I28'OO'E 22' OO'E 8I' OO'W 110'OOW 88' 01W 40' OOW

IS' ooN 6S' OON 44°00'N 36°04'N 12'OON II'OON 14'00'5 43°24'N

40'00W IO'OOW 73'OOW 79°48W 62'OOW 93'OOW

137'OOE 45'41'E 20'4~'N 103'21'W 10'00'5 160'oo'E 29' OO'N 118'00'W 32' OON 104' OOW

18'OO'N 62' OOW

39"00'N 8"OOW 10'48'5 6S'2 2W 13'OO'N 14S'OO'E 13°00'N 14S'OO' E 21°00'N 101°17W 22'OO'N 101'OOW 23'08N 113'18'E '3'00'5 63'OOW 2S'34 'N 108' 29W 16"OO' N 91'OOW 14°37'N 90' 31W 2' 12'5 79°54W 3'0 0'5 80'OOW 27'5S'N 110' S3W 49' OO'N 3'OOW 1I' OO'N 10l'OOW 21' S8'N 114'0 3W S'OO'N 62'OOW l1' OO'N 12'OOW 12'OO'N 16'OOW 3' OO'E 2' OO'N 26'36 'N 106'41'E 30'OO'N 93'OOW 11°46'5 49' OS W 7'OO'N S9'OOW 12' OO'N SI' OO'E 19'28'5 29'49 'E

. 97 19'OO'N 110'OO'E 44 19'OO'N 73'OOW 74 44°38'N 63'36W

Page Latitude Longitude Halifax Bay, bay Hall Pen , peninsula. Hamburg, Germany Hamersley Range,

mocn tems

Hamilton. Canada Hamilton. New Zealand Hernrnertest. Norway Hannover, Germany HanOI, Vietnam Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Canada Harare, Zimbabwe . Harbin, China Hargeysa, SomalIa Harnsourg , PA

Hartford. CT Hatteras, C. cape Havana, Cuba Havre-St-Piene. Canada Hawaii, Isla nd Hawaii, state, US Hawauan Is.. ,slands Hay, fiver Hay River, Canada Hearst, Canada Hecate Str., strait Helena. MT Helsnkr,FInland Hermosillo, MeXICO Herrero, Pt., cape HIdalgo, state. Mex Hidalgo del Parra', MeXICO Highlands, mountams High Level. Canada Hnumea I.. ,sland Hilo, HI HImalayas, mountains Hindu Kush, mountains HIspaniola. ,sland Hobart. Australia Ho Chi Minh City. Vietnam Hokkao o. Island Holman,Canada Homel', Belarus Honduras, corJfltry Hong. rwer Hong Kong. Chrna Home-a,Solomon Islands Honolulu. HI Honshu. Island Hood. Mt., peak Hormuz. Str of, strait Horn, C. cape Hornof Afnca, regIon Horen. China

Houston, TX Howland I,

dependency, U S Howland I., Island Hrodna. Belarus HuaJuapan de Leon, Mex!Co Huambo, Angola Huancayo, Peru Huang (Yellow), fiver Huanuco, Peru Huascaran. MI.. peak Hudson, fiver Hudson Bay, bay Hudson Str, strait Hull, Canada Humphreys Peak, peak Hungary. country HuntSVille. Al Huron. L, lake Hyderabad, India

lasl. Romania Ibadan, N'gefla Ibague, Colombia Iberian Pen , peninsula Iblza, Island Ica, Peru Iceland, country Iceland, ,sland Idaho, state, US Iguala, MexICO Iguazu Falls. falls lIebo. Dem. Rep of Congo Ilheus, BraZil IIhmanl. MI., peak illinOIS. fiver. illinOIS, state, U.s. 1I0rln, Mgefla Imperatnz, Brazr! I.n-Amenas,Algena India. country Indiana. state, US Indianapolis, iN Indian Ocean, ocean Indochina Pen , penmsula IndoneSia, country Indus, fiver Infie rnilioRes., lake I-n-Salah, Algena. Inuvlk, Canada Ionian Sea. sea Iowa. liver Iowa, state, U S Iqalutt, Canada IqUlque, Ch,le IqUitos, Peru Irakho, Greece Iran, country Irapuato. MeXICO Iraq, country

103 19"00'5 147'OO'E 75 65"00'N 66"00W . 84 53"33'N 10'01'E 118'OO' E

19'5I W 175'18'E 23'42'E 9'4S'E 105' 49'E

103 . 74 102 . 84 . 84 . 96

23'00'5 43' I6N 31'415 70'40N S2'22'N 21'02'N

. 74 . 90 . 96 . 90 . 51 . 51 . 55 44 74 . 54 . 54 . 75 74 . 74 . 75 . 50 84 . 76 . 77 . 76 . 76 . 85 74 . 85 50 97 . 97 . 45 102 . 96 . 97 . 74 . 84 . 44 97 . 96 '02 . 50 . 97 . 54 . 97 . 79 . 91 . 96 . 51

S3' 20'N 60'23W 11'49'5 31"03'E 4S'4 3N 126'43 E 9°31'N 44"03'E 40' I6N 16'S3W 41°46'N 72'41'W 35'OO 'N IS'OOW 23'09'N 82'23'W SO'IS'N 63'36W 20'oo'N ISS'OO'W 2I'OO' N IS8'OOW 2I'OO'N ISI "OOW 58'00 N 118' OOW 60' 49'N 115'46W 49°42'N 83'40W S3'OO'N 13I'ooW 46'36N 112'02W 6O'11'N 24'56'E 29' 04'N 110'SSW 19'00 N 81'OOW 21'OO'N 99'OOW 26'S6'N IOS'41W SI'OO'N S'OO'W S8'31' N 117'06W S9' OO'N 22'OO'E 19°44'N 15S·0S'W 27'00'N 86'oo'E 3S'OO N 71'OO'E 18'OON 69'OO'W 42'48 '5 14r18'E IO' 43'N 106' 43'E 44°00'N 143' oo'E 70043'N llr41'W S2' 29N 31'oo'E 1rOO'1\I 8S'OOW 23'oo'N 100'oo'E 22'1SN 114°11'E 9'19'5 :W·44·E 21°18'N 157°Sl' W 31'OON 140' OO'E

45' OON 122'OOW 26' OO' N S6'OO'E 56' 00'5 68°00W 9'oo'N 4r OO'E 3I'OS'N 19' 54'E 29' 46'N 9S'22W

102 103 84 76 . 90 78 97 78 79 55 75 75 74 54 84 51 45 96

l' oo'N 177'OOW I' OO'N 177'OOW 53'41'N 23'Sn 11'48'N 91'41'W 12'46'5 IS'44'E 12'05'5 7S°13'W 37'OO N 111"OO'E

9' 54'5 76' I6W 9' 00'5 18'OOW

42' OO'N 14'OOW S9'OON 8S'ooW 63'OON 73'OOW 4S' 26'N 7s044'W 3S'00'N I1I "OOW

47'0 0'N 19'OO'E 34°44'N 86'3SW 41'oo'N 82'OOW

11' 20'N 78°31'E

84 90 78 85 85 78 84 85 SO 76 79 90 78 79 55 51 90 78 90 96 51 51 15 97 96 97 77 90 74 85 55 51 74 78 78 84 96 76 96

41' ION 21'36'E 7' 24N 3'S3'E 4°24'N 7S01SW 41'OO'N 4'OOW 39'OO'N I' OO'E 14'03'5 I S' 4SW 6S'ooN 18' OOW 6S' oo'N 1B"OOW 44"OO'N 114°00'W 18'21N 9'I'32W 26' 00'5 S5'OOW 4' 20'5 20' 38'E

14°47'5 39'03W 1rO O'S 68' OO'W 4I'OO'N 90'OOW 4I' OO'N 89'OOW 8' 29'N 4' 33'E 5'29'5 47' 30'W

28'03'N 9'34'E 23'oo'N 79'oo'E

4I' OO'N 86' OOW 39'46'N 86' 09W 10'00'5 80'00'E 16' oo'N 10S' oo'E 2'00'5 119'oo' E

31'OO'N 71'OO'E 19'oo'N 102"OO'W 21'12'N 2"31'E

68'22'N 133'42W

37'00N 19'00'E 43' OON 93'OOW 43'ooN 94'OOW 63'4S'N 68'26W 20°14'5 70'07W 3'45'5 73' 11W 3S'20N 2S'08'E

3I'OO'N S7'oo 'E

20' 39'N 10l' 22W 32'00'N 4I' OO'E

. SO

Page Latitude lo ngitude

ongitud.

S7"OOW 6S'33W I13'S4 'E 15"06'( 92'OOW 90'OOW 89' OO'W 07'OOW 93'OOW 74' OOW 06' OOW 82' OOW 28'OO'E 88' 03W 88' OO W 4S' 21'E 17' OO W 28'OO'E 2S'OO'E S7"OOW 128' OO 'E 39' 39'E 7'OO'E DI'2 6W 64"47'W l03' OO'E i04°00'E 1O"44'W J9'OOW 21"OO'E 22'OOW 7S'S2W JO'I 9W I3'SOW 56"13'W 16' 18W 72'3SW 73'3SW

12'OOW lS' 31W 10' 39W )l ' 12W 19' OO W 8' OO W 37'40'E 43' I6 'E !a'OOW 37"36' E 16'OS'E 37' OO 'E 42"OO' E 40' 12' E 3I' OO'E 3' OO W 72' SO'E 11"34'E 23'OO'E 33'OS'E 43'OO'E 24'OO'E S8' 39'E 32'OO'E 32'38 'E 3:'S4'E 29'OO'E 9S'OO'E 32'Ol'E

S2"28'E 40'4 2'E 79'06'E ,1"43'W 36'S O'E 36'04'E 14'OO'E 19' OO'E 39'lS'E !3"57'W lS'S6'E l S' 49'E 08' 19'E l ' 34W 14'I7'E "" 47W 'l' I9W 31'OO'E 'S'13W l S'OO'E "7"OO 'E 67'OO'E 19' 26W ~'OOW

l S' 04'E 2S'4 0'E (J' OO'W ,8'4SW ~'OO W

S' I6 W 13'1 6'E 6'OOW Bl'OO'E S'OO'E ,9'OOW 'OOW S'03W 7' OOW 4"1OW Sl ' OO 'E 'OOW IS' OO'E S' OO 'E ~ l '4 4 ' E

1°31'W 7'13'E S' OO W 'OOW ' 39 W l 'OO'E OOW

iIIr'o:l.island. .ny. state, US ~, s ta ! e,U S

~IA .

News. VA . ~1s. , isJan ds

103 51 SO 51 51 97

3000'5 40' OO' N 34' OO 'N 29'STN 36°59'N 7S' OO 'N

l S2'OO'E 74'OOW 106'DOW 9O'OSW 76'26W 142ooo'E

102 51 SI 102 45 90 44 45 84 97 96 90 91 91 90 54 91 91 54 75 78 102 103 84 76 50 51

29'D0'S 149' OO'E 40"43"N 74"OO'W 44' OO'N 7S'DOW 42' OO 'S 17S' OO'E 17'00'N 94'OOW 44"OO'N 83'OOW 13'31'N 2' OTE 12' OO'N 84'OOW 12'OO'N 8S'DOW 43'43'N 7' 16'E 8'oo' N 93'D0'E 3S'DTN 33'2 1'E 19'DON ,O'oo'E 0' 00' 17'00 N SoooN 6' oo'E 9'oo'N 9'D0'E 22'oo 'N 160' OOW 2S'OO'N 32'OO'E 3I' OO'N 3I'OO 'E 43' OO'N 102' OOW SO'OO'N 89' OOW 22'S2'S 43' 08W 19'OO 'S 170' OOW 19'OO'S 170' OOW S6'19N 43' S6'E 31'I9N 110' S6W M'30N 16S'24W 36°S1'N 76'ITW

102 103 96 14 74 74 85 51 97 SO 85

29'00'S 29' OO'S 69'24 'N SO'OO 'N S2' 47'N 46'1 9'N WOO'N 3S' OO'N 37' OO'N 48' OO'N M'OO'N

168'D0'E 168'D0'E 88'10'E teo -cow 108'I8W 79'28W 2S' OO'E 79' OOW 118' OO'E 10l' OOW 42' OO'E

85 SS'OO 'N

22'OO'E

84 SS'OO'N

8"OOW

~ Wa l es ,

Ausd.. ... Itd,NY ..

Yctk, St.l le, U. S. Ze ~ a nd , country. w kO yotIRes" lake falls,falls. . N9"... ~, cou n tly . ~ L , Ja k e .

m. ....

It. ISlands . ....,CJ!l'1'S.

QoJI1 oy.•. lIIef ••

"I' o. ~, ,,, , "

..

''In. CM'Y. h "M " .

77

Irt! land. I'III:J\ U.( .. .

Mwnals.,

....,U.s ,

102 16'OO' N 146' oo'E Mwna ls., W ,.. 103 16' oo'N 146°00'E " ' Terr, . stale.Austl 102 18'OO 'S I33'OO'E 1 ,1~la nd .. 103 39'D0'S I76' OO'E Korea,countly 96 41°00'N 128°00'E ~ ~ne . n v e r ., . 54 43'OO 'N IOS"OOW 0'00' Pde.pole.. 14 90"00'N Sasttltchewan,nver 75 S4' OO'N 111'OOW .Se.se. .. . 3'OO'E 85 S6'OO'N Terr~ones ,

...my, u n. .

""" ""''1 " ~~ Sea, sea .

74 65°00'N 119"OOW 9' OO'E 84 62'D0'N 6'oo'E 85 67'OO'N

DmM\S "

75 47'OO'N 70'OOW 90 20'SS'N 17"02W Wchott. Mauntanla 90 18' OS'N 15"59W IbJmea,Npw Caiedonia 102 22' 10'S 166°46'E NMxotia,penlnsula . 75 4S'oo'N 6S'DOW tbI Scotia,pro vi nce, Can . 74 47'00'N 6S'OOW ~iYfIZ Ml I ~ a . is la n ds . 97 74'OO 'N S7'OO'E )ad, Yugoslavia. 84 4S' IS'N 19'5rE lbct.Jnetsk. Russia . , . 96 S3' 46'N 87'11'E """",,- I_ "" ... 96 SS' 02'N 82'S6'E o...t",,,,, " ", 91 20'OO' N 35"OO'E .. """",, 55 28'oo N 98'DOW "", 76 27'S6'N I01' I2W IlQIltalM.......

~~ . Ma untanl a

........... . . . . 16 .. . 76 .... 76 " " ". 102 "", 103 " " , 74 . 44 .. .. . "",, 90 .. 91

,Illt

30'2S'N 27'29'N 26'OO'N 21"11'5 31' OO'S 6S' OO 'N M' 10'N 12' 02'N 12' OO' S

l07'SSW 99°30W l00'0OW 175"11W 127'00'E 9O'DOW 51"41'W 24"S3'E 3S"00'E

54 4S'OO' N l oo' ooW 54 22'OO 'N IS8' ooW SO 37"48'N 122"16'W , 76 17"04'N 96"43W sule. Mex, . 76 l7'DO'N 97'OOW ~t. pla rea u . 77 17'OO'N 97' OO W ~~ \$' ..... .. 97 62' oo'N 69"00'E 1l>Ugoe, ,,", ,, ,, , 55 33'OO' N 83"OO'W Cttnee. rmo r..... 55 33'oo'N 82'OO W ~, Me ~ ic o . 76 20'21'N 102' 47W LGrist, Denmark. . 84 SS' 24'N 1O"23'E O" f1'Iel', .... ... 85 S2' OO'N 17' 00'E I"dN. l.lralne., 84 46'28'N 30"46'E SO 3I'SI 'N 102' 22W _ :x ,," " 91 8'OO'N 46' OO 'E "",ur SO 41"13'N 111"S8'W , 55 39'OO'N 56'OOW 51ilf.US . 51 41'OO 'N 84'OO W "9l Me~,(j) ... 76 29' 34'N 104' 2SW 85 SS'OO'N 37"OO'E ~,- , 91 19'00'S 19' oo'E .L,lakt' , .. 55 27'OO'N 81' OOW Suof,sea.. 97 SS'DO'N 149'OO'E . I ~a nd . . . , ... 9726.3'DO'N 128'oo'E ~.sl<1 l e, U. S . .. 50 37"00'N 99' OOW Clty, OK, . 50 3S"28'N 97' 31W 85 S7"00'N 19' OO'E SO 47"02'N 122'S4W WA .. ~., p' '' 85 40"00'N 22'OO'E >IE 51 41°16'N 9S"S6W Cl),I'I lJ)" ...... 96 19'00'N SS'oo'E 97 24'OO'N 6O'OO'E Gd,!I'H.. 90 IS'38'N 32'27'E ,SOOao ". 96 SS'01'N 73'20'E lao " , ,", ,, 85 62'DO'N 36"OO'E N;gen.l '" .. .. . 90 6'08'N 6'4TE

o/rd .. CA ,

......

"","!I""

..

." ... .

Page Latitude lon gitude 74 Ontano. province, Can Ontano. L., lake 45 Oren, Algena 90 Orange, river. 91 Oregon, state, U.S SO 84 Orenburg,RUSSia Orinoco, river 79 Onzaba, MexICO 76 77 Oreaba. PICO de, peak Orkney ls., Islands 85 Orlando, Flo 51 Oruro. BolIVia 78 Osaka. Japan 96 Oslo, Norway 84 Osterdal, nver 85 84 Ostrava. Czech Rep Ottawa, Canada 74 75 Ottawa, river Ouachita, nver 55 OuachitaMts., mountams , 55 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. 90 Oulu.Finland " 84 Outer Hebridesls., Islands 85 74 Owen Sound. Canada 54 Owyhee, nver Oxnard.CA SO Ozark Plat., plateau 55 Ozarks. L. of the, lake 55

Pachuce, MeXICO Pachc Ocean, ocean Padang. IndoneSia Padre I.,lsland Pakistan, country Palau, country Pelawan. Island Palembenq, IndoneSJa Palermo. Italy Pabkn; Fed. States of Mcronesa . Palmade Mellorce. Spam Palmyra ls., dependency, U5 Palmyra Is.. Islands Parmrs.mowtta.os Pampas, plam Panama, country PanamaCanal,cana l PanamaCity, Panama

76 14 96 55 96 102 97 96 84

S2' OO'N 88'OOW 4S' OO'N 78' OOW 3S'42'N 0'39W 28'00'5 20'00'E 44'OO'N 121'OOW Sl'SO'N SS'03'E 8ooo'N 65"OOW 18' SO'N 97'DSW 19'D0'N 97"OOW S9'OO N 3"OOW 28'32 N 81'23W 17'S7'S 67'06W 3S'STN 137' lTE S9'SS'N IO'47 'E 62'OO 'N 14'OO'E 49'SO'N 18' 17'E 4S'24'N 7S'4 1W 46'oo 'N 78'OO'W 34'oo'N 92' OO W 3S' OO' N 9S'OOW 12'23 'N l'34W 6S'D2'N 2S'26'E S8'OO'N 7"OO W 44' 33'N 8O'S6W 43°00'N 118°00W 34°12'N 119°11W 36'oo'N 93°00W 38'OO 'N 93' OOW

20'OTN 30'00'N O'SS'S 27'00'N 29'OO 'N 9' oo'N 9°30'N 2'S6'S 38'D8'N

98'4SW 140"00W loo"21'E 97"OO W 6S'OO'E 133' oo'E 118'30'E 1Q4"43'E 13'2rE

102 6'S6'N IS8' 10'E 84 39'3S'N 2"40'E 102 103 97 79 44 45 44 79 45 74 85

162'OOW 162'OOW 73'OO'E 60' OOW 81' OOW 79' SSW 79"32'W 79'OOW 79'OOW 6S'42W 12' oo'E 98"OO W

102 79 78 79 , 78 78 79 79 84 78 79 75 , 103 , 78 " 78 79 84 , 96 75 74 55 85 84 54 , 84 55 85 ~: I~~; ;v;; lake 75 Peloponese Pen., penmsula. 85 Pelotas,BraZil . 78 Pemba I., Island 91 Pembroke, Canada 74 Pennmes, The, mountains 85 Pennsylvania,state, U.S. 51 55 Penobscot, rIVer Pensacola Mts., mO untains 15 Penza, RUSSia 84 Peona, IL 51 Pereira, Colombia 78 84 Perm', RUSS ia PerS ianG., gulf 97 Perth, Australra 102 , 78 Peru,country. 77 PetacalcoBay, bay Peterborough, Canada 74 78 Petrohna, BraZil Pelropavlovsk-Kamchatskly, Russia , 96 84 Petrozavodsk, RUSSia Phane Is., ,slands 97 Phllrppmes, country. 96 Philippine Sea, sea 97 PhnomPenh, Cambodia 96 Phoemx, AZ SO Phoel1lX Is., lslands . 103 Piedmont, hIghlands 55 Piedras Negras, MeXICO. 76 Pierre, SO SO Pletermantzburg, S. Afnca 90 Pikes Peak, peak 54 Pilcom ayo, over. 79 Pitcairn I.. Island 14 Pitcairn Is., dependency . 16 Pittsburgh, PA 51 Plura, Peru 78 Platte, river . 55 Plenty.Bayof, bay. 103 Plolestl, Romal1ia 84 84 Plovdlv. Bulgaria Po, over 85 Pocatello, ID SO Podgorlca, YugoslaVia 84

6' OO'S 149' OO'E 14'OO'S ))'OOW 24'OO 'S S9' OOW 20'OO 'S S8' OOW S'SO'N SS'l1 W 3I' 44'S 60'31W 22'00'S S3' OOW 7'00'S 81'OOW 48"53'N 2'21'E 2' SS'S 41"46W 7'OO 'S 44°00W 77'oo'N 10S'OOW 34'OO'S 124' oo'E 28' IS'S S2'24W " 13'N 77°17W 46' OO'S 70' OOW 38'16'N 2I' 44'E S2'20'N 76' SS'E S8'OO'N l1S'OOW S6'IS' N 117'14W 32' OO'N 90'OOW 67'00'N S2' OO 'E 6S"10'N S7'18'E 35"OO'N 104"OO W 46'OS'N 18' 14'E 3S'oo'N 80000W S8'oo'N 27'oo'E 63'OO 'N 13S'DO W 38°00'N 23"OO'E 31' 4S'S S2' I8W S'OO'S 40' 00'E 4S'49'N ))'08W S4' OO'N 2' OOW 42' OO'N 77'OOW 47'00'N 69'OOW 84"00'S SS' OOW S3"10'N 4S'OO'E 40042'N 89' 3SW 4°4S'N 7S'41 W S7'S9'N S6' I8'E 27'oo'N SI' OO'E 31"53'S 11S'S2'E 8'OO 'S 78'OOW 18'OO'N 102' OO W 44°18'N 78' I9W 9'22'S 40'33W

~:~ :~:: ~~h~I~r.~~~hmus

Panqnrrtunq, Canada. Pantelene. ls'and . Panuco. rrver. Papua New GUinea, country Parecas. peninsula Paraguay, country Paraguay, nvet. Parama ribo, Surmame Parana. Argentll1a Parana, river PeranasPt., cape. Pans, France Parnaiba. Brazl' Parnaiba, rtver Parryls., Islands Pasley,c., cape. Passe Fundo, Brazil Paste. Colombia Patagonia. region Patras, Greece.. Pavlodar, Kazakhstan Peace, river. Peace River, Canada Pearl, rtver. Pechora. nver Pechora, RUSSia Pecos, rIVer Pecs, Hungary Pee Dee, rIVer .

6'OO'N 6' OO'N 38'OO'N 38'OO'S 9' oo'N 9'20'N 9'OO'N 8"00'N IO'OO'N 66'08N 37ooo'N 77 22' OO'N

S3' OS'N 61°41'N 14'00'N l1"OO 'N IS'oo'N l1' 33'N 33'2TN S'OO'S 36'OO'N 28' 42N 44'22'N 29'37'S 38' oo'N 23'OO'S 2S'04'S 2S' 04'S 40' 26'N S'l1 'S " ' OO'N 37'00'S 44°S7'N 42'09'N 4S'OO'N 42'S2'N 42' 26'N

IS8' 34'E 34'1TE 123'OO 'E 124'OO 'E 133'OO 'E I04' S4'E 112' 04W 17l'OO W 80'OOW l00' 32W l00'21W 30'23'E lOS' ooW 61'OOW !30'OSW !30'OSW 80' OOW 80'38W 98' OOW 177' OO'E 26' 02'E 24'4S'E l1' OO'E 112'27W 19' 16'E

Page la titude lo ngitude PO insett, c.. cape 15 POinte-Noire, Rep. of Congo. 90 84 Poland, country. Polynes ia, region 103 Pood Inlet, Canada 74 Pootchartram. L., lake 55 Poopc, L., lake 79 Popccatepetl, peak 77 Portagela Prairie, Canada 74 44 Port-au-Pnnce. Haltl 74 Port-Carner, Canada 90 PortElizabeth, S. Afnca Port-Gentd, Gabon 90 Port Harcourt, Nigena 90 74 PortHardy. Canada PortHedland, Australta 102 Portland, ME 51 Portland, OR , SO Port LoUIS . Mauntlus 90 Port Moresby. 102 Papua New Gwnea 84 Porto, Portuga l . Porto Alegre, BraZil 78 Porto-Novo, Benin 90 Porto veho. BraZIl. 78 Port Sard, Egypt 90 Portsmouth, 84 UmtedKmgdom Port Sudan, Sudan 90 84 Portugal. country. Port-vile. Vanuatu . 102 Potomac, nvet, 55 78 Potosi, BoliVia Po Val., valiey 85 54 Powder, river. Powell, L., lake 54 PozaRica, MeXICO 76 84 Poznan, Poland 84 Prague, Czech Rep. 90 Praia, CapeVerde Pretona, S. Afnca 90 Pnnce Albert,Canada 74 PrinceAlbert Mts., rncuorems 15 Prince Charles I., Island 75 Pnnce Charles Mts., mountams IS Prmce Edward I., Island 75 Pnnce Edward Island, 74 provmce, Can. 74 PnnceGeorge, Canada. , 75 Pnnceof Wales I., lsland Pnnce Petnck I., Island 75 PnnceRupert, Canada. 74 Pnnope, ,sland 91 Pnpet. nver 85 Providence. RI . 51 Provo, UT SO Prut,rtver 85 Prydz Bay. bay. IS Pucallpa. Peru 78 Pueble. MeXICO 76 Pcebla, state, Mex. 76 Pueblo, CO. SO Puerto Ayacucho. Venezuela 78 Puerto Escondido, Mexico. 76 PuertoMaldonado, Peru 78 78 PuertoMontt, ChIle PuertoPenasco, MeXICO 76 Puerto RICO , 44 dependency. U.S 45 Puerto RICO, lsland Puerto Vallarta, MeXICO 76 Puget Sound. bay. 54 Punta Arenas, Chtle. 78 Purus, rtver 79 Putumayo, rtver.. 79 PU VlrI1ltU q, Canada 74 96 p'yongyang, N. Korea Pyrenees, mountains 85

Qaraghandy,Kazakhstan . Qatar,country

Papua New Guinea Race, c., cape Raini er, Mt., peak

Raleigh, NC . Rancagua, Chile Rankin Inlet, Canada Rapid City.SO. Rarotonga I., Island RasDashen, peak Rawson, Argentina ReCife, Brazil ReconqUista, Argentma Red, river Red, river Red Deer, Canada

9' 2TS 147"11'E 41'D9'N 8'3TW 30' OO'S Sl' I2W 6"29'N 2' 41'E 8'46'S 63'S4W 31"15'N 32°11'E SO'48'N 1°06W 19"3TN 37' 13'E 40"OO'N 8'OOW 17"44'S 168'2 4'E 40"OO'N 78' OOW 19' 36'S 6S' 4SW 4S'OO 'N 10'OO'E 4S' oo'N 106' OOW 37'00'N m-eow 20'33'N 97'27W S2' 24'N 16' SS'E SO' 06'N 14'2S'E 15"01'N 23"3S'W 2S' 4S'S 28'l1 'E S3'I O'N 10S' 4SW 7S'D0'S IS8' oo'E 67'00'N 77'OOW 74'OO'S 63'D0'E 46' OO 'N M' ooW 48' oo'N S3'S2'N 73'OO'N 77' OO' N S4' 18'N 2' oo'N S2' oo'N 41°49N 40014'N 48' OO'N 68'OO'S 8'23'S 19'03'N 18' OO'N 38' IS'N

63' OOW 122'46W lOO' OOW 120' OOW 130' I8W 8' OO'E 28' oo'E 71'2SW 111°39'W 28ooo'E 7S'OO'E 74'32W 98' I2W 97'00W 104' 37W

S' 40'N IS'S2'N 12' 3TS "'28'S 31' 19'N

67' 37W 97'06W 69' I2W 72' S8W 113' 32W

18'OON 66'OOW 18' oo'N 66'OOW 20'3S'N lOS'l SW 48' oo'N I23'OOW S3'08'S 70' SSW 8'OO 'S 66'OO'W 3'OO 'S 74' OOW 60'02'N )) ' 29W 39' Ol'N 125"44'E I' OO'E 43' oo'N

96 49'S2'N 73'08'E 96 26'OO'N S2' oo'E

Qattara DepreSSIon, depresslon. 91 Qlngdao, China. 96 Qu'Appelle, rtver. 75 Quebec, Canada 74 74 Quebec, provtnce, Can Queen Charlotte Is., Islands. . 75 Queen Charlotte Sound. bay 75 Queen Elizabeth Is.,Islands. 75 Queen Maud Land, region IS Queen Maud Mts., mountains IS Queensland,state, Austl 102 Quelimane, Mozambique 90 Queretaro,Mexico 76 76 Queretaro, state, Mex Quezon City, Philippines 96 QUi ntana Roo, state, Mex.. 76 QUi tO,Ecuador 78 Quoddy Head. cape 55

Rabat, Morocco. Rabaul,

66'00'5 113' OO' E 4°48'S l1' S2'E SI'OO 'N 2I'OO' E 2' 00'5 163'OOW 72' 42'N 77°47'W 30'OO 'N 90'OOW 19'D0'S 67'DOW 19'D0'N 99' OOW 49"58'N 98' I8W 18"32'N 72'21W SO'02'N 66'SlW 33"57'S 2S'3S'E 0'40'S 8°44'E 4"47'N 7"00'E SO'43 'N 127' 31W 20'22'S 118'3 TE 43°40'N 70'l SW 45°31'N 122°40'W 20'06 'S S7' 31'E

29'OO'N 36'D6'N S2'OO'N 46"4S'N S2'OO'N

S4'OO 'N 133' OOW S2'OO 'N 130'OO W 80'OO'N 109' OOW 7S'OO 'S 30'oo 'E 84'OO'S 17S'oo'E 23'OO 'S 148'oo'E 17'S2'S 36'S4'E 20"36'N 100"24'W 21' oo'N 99'OOW 14"44'N 121' 02'E 19'00'N 88'OOW O'12'S 78' 29W 4S"00'N 67'OO W

90 33' S9'N 102 75 54 51 78 74 SO , 103 91 78 78 78 75 55 74

29'oo 'E 120' 22'E 100'OOW 71'I3 W 72'OO' W

6"51'W

4' 13'S IS2' 08'E 47'OO 'N S3"OO W 47'OO 'N 122'OOW 3so46'N 78'38W 34°10'S 70'47W 62'49' N 92'IOW 44°0S'N 103"14W 21'OO'S 160'0OW 14'OO'N 38'OO 'E 43'l7' S 6S'06W 8'0 4'S 34'STW 29'1 0'S S9'36W 49' OO'N 98'OOW 34' oo'N 94°OQ'W S2'13'N l 13' SO W

Page Latitude lo ngitude

Page lat itude Longitude Red Rive r of the North, rrver 55 91 Red Sea, sea Regina, Canada 74 , 75 Reindeer L., lake Remqa. c., cape 103 Reno, NV 50 Republica n, fiver. 55 Rep. of the Congo, country 90 74 Repulse Bay, Canada. 78 Reslstencla, Argentma 74 Resolute, Canada Reunion, dependency. Fr 90 Reunion, Island . 91 Revelstoke, Canada 74 77 Revillagigedo Is" lslands 84 Reykjavik. Iceland 76 Reynosa. MeX ICO Rhine, nver 85 Rhme Delta, delta 85 Rhode Island, state, U.S 51 Rhodes, Island. 85 85 Rhone, fiver. Ribeldio Prete, Brazil 78 78 Ribeealte. BolIVIa Richmond, VA 51 Rift Val., valley. 91 84 Riga, Latvia Riga, G. of. gulf. 85 Rirser-Larsen tee Shelf, Ice shelf. . 15 Rrnouskr, Canada 74 78 RIOBranco, BraZil 77 Rio Bravo del Norte, fiver Rio Cuarto, Argentma . 78 RI o de Janeiro, BraZi l. . 78 RIo de la Plata, gulf. 79 RIOGallegos. Argentma 78 RIO Grande, over. 54 RIO Grande de Santiago, fiver.

48' OO 'N 97'OOW 21'D0'N 39'OO 'E So028'N 104°36'W S7' OO'N 103'OOW 34'00'5 173'OO 'E 39'3 2'N 119'49W 40' OO 'N 99'OOW I' OO'N 16' OO 'E 66'32'N 86'D9W 27"2TS S9' OOW 74"41'N 94°S4'W 21'OO 'S S6ooo'E 21'OO'S S6' oo'E S1"OO'N 118"11'W 19' OO'N 112'DOW 64'08'N 21'SSW 26' OS'N 98'I7W 7'OO'E SI'OO'N S2' OO 'N 3'OO'E 43' OO 'N 72' OOW 36' OO 'N 28'OO 'E 4S' OO'N 4'00'E 21' 10'S 47'47W 11'OI'S 66'OSW 37'33'N 77'28W 2'OO'N 38'OO'E S6'S7'N 24'08'E S8'D0'N 24'OO'E 73'OO 'S 48'2TN 9'S6'S 29'OO 'N 33'06'S 22'S3'S 3S'OO 'S SI'3 8'S 3S' OO'N

20'OOW 68'3 1W 67°48'W 101'OOW 64"20'W 43' 1SW S6'OOW 69' 14W 106' OOW

77 2I'OO'N 100'OO'W

RIO Negro, nvet. Rivera, Uruguay. Riverside, CA RiVl ere·du-Loup,Canada Riyadh, SaudI Arabia. Roanoke, nver. Roanoke, VA Robson, Mt., peak. Rochester, MN Rochester, NY Rock, nver.. Rockefeller Plat.. plateau Rockford, It. Rockhamptcn, Australia RockyMts., mountams ROJo, C; cape.. Romania. country . Rome, Italy . Ronn e IceShelf, ice shelf. Roosevelt I., Island Rosano, Argentina. Ross Ice SheJf, «e shelf . Ross I., Island . Ross Sea, sea Rostov-na-Donu, RUSSia Roswell, NM Rotterdam, Netherlands Rouen, France, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada Ruapeho Peak, peak Rub' AI-Khali, desert Rumbek, Sudan RUSS ia, country Russia, country Ruvuma, nver Ruwenzon Mts., mountains Rwan da, country Ryazan', Russia . Ryblnsk Res., lake. Ryu kyuIs.,Islands

79 78 SO 74 96 55 51 75 , 51 , 51 55 15 . 51 102 45 84 84 IS IS 78 15 IS IS 84 SO 84 84 74 103 97 90 96 84 91 91 90 84 , 85 , 97

l'OO'S 6S'OOW 30'S6'S SS'33W 33' STN 117'24W 47"49'N 69'33'W 24'40 N 46"42'E 38'OO 'N 80'OOW 37'I6 N 79' S7W S4'OO 'N 119'OOW 44°01'N 92'28W 43'09'N 77'37 W 42'OO 'N 90'OOW 80'OO 'S 140' OOW 42'lI'N 89'06W 23'2 S'S lS0'31'E SO'OO'N 116'OOW 22'OO'N 97'OO W 47'DO N 2S' OO'E 41"S4'N 12'29'E 80'OOS 60'DOW 79'OO 'S 162'OO W 32'S6'S 60'41W 82'OO'S 170' OOW 77'OO'S I68'OO'E 74'OO'S 170'OOW 47'16'N 39°44'E J3' 24'N 104"31W SI'SS'N 4"29'E 49' 27'N 1' 06'E 48'14 'N 79°01'W 39' OO'S 17S' OO'E 20' OO'N SO' OO'E 6°48'N 29' 41'E 60'oo 'N 80'oo'E S9'oo'N 4S'OO'E 12' OO 'S 38"OO'E I' OO 'S 29'0 0'E 2'D0'S 30' 00'E S4'37'N 39'4 TE S8' OO'N 38' oo'E 27'00'N 127' OO'E

Saaremaa l., lsland Sabme,river Sable,c., cape . Sable J., ,sland . . Sacramento, CA Sacramento, nver Saguenay, Mer Sahara, desert. .. Sahel, region Salmaa, L., lake St. Anthony.Canada. St. Cathannes, Canada St. Clair, L., lake St. CrOIX , fiver Ste. Mane, Cap. cape St. George, UT St-Georges, Canada . St. George'sChannel, strait. St. Helena, Island. St. Helens, Mt., peak.. St-Jean, Lac, lake . Saint John, Canada St. John, rIV er .. St.John's, Canada. St.Johns, river St. Kitts and NeVIS, country. St. Lawrence, river. St. Law rence, G 01,gulf Sf. Lawrence I., island St. LOUIS, MO St-LOU IS, Senegal, St. LUC ia, country. St. Martln,

85 55 75 75 SO 54 75 91 91 85 74 74 55 55 91 50 74 85 91 54 75 74 75 74 55 44 45 75 54 51 90 44

S8' oo'N 22'OO 'E 33' OO'N 9S' OOW 44"OO'N 66'OO W ,,"OO'N 60'OO W 38'3S'N 121'30W 40' oo'N 122' OO W 49"OO'N 73'OO W 21' oo'N 10' oo'E 12'D0'N 13' oo'E 6I'OO'N 28' oo'E SI'22 'N 55"36'W 43'1 0'N 79'14W 43' OO'N 83' OOW 46' OO'N 93' OOW 2S' OO'S 4S'OO'E 37'06'N 113'3SW 46' 07'N 70' 41W S2'OO'N 7'OO W 16'OO'S 6' OOW 46'oo'N 122' OOW 48'OO'N 7S'OOW 4S'18'N 66"01W 47"OO'N 68"OO W 47"34'N 52"43'W 30000'N 82'OOW 18' oo'N 63°00'W 47"OO 'N 72"OOW 48°00'N 63'OOW 63"00'N 170' OO W 38"J8'N 90'12W 16'OO 'N 16' 29'W l4 'OO 'N 6l 'OO 'W

dependency, Fr.INeth.

44 51 51 84

19'oo 'N 62'OO W 44"57'N 93'06W 27'46'N 82'41W S9'S6'N 30'19'E

St.Paul, MN St. Petersburg, FL St. Petersburg.RUSSia St'Pierre and Miquelon, dependency, Fr.. St-Pierre and Miquelon, Islands

St.Vincent and the Grenadines, country St. Vincent, c., cape Sakakawea, L" lake Sakami, Lac, lake. .

77

44 47'00'N S6'OOW 45 47"OO'N S6'OOW 44 85 54 75

13'OO' N 61'OOW 37'00'N 9"00W 48'00'N I02'OO W 54°00'N 78"00W

Sakhalin, Island Salado, fiver Salem,OR Salerno, Italy Salina Cruz, MeXICO Salinas, CA Salmon, nver Salt, fiver Salta. Argentma. Saltillo, MeXICO Salt Lake City,UT Saito, Uruguay SaltonSee. lake Salvador, Brazt! Salween, rIVer Samara, RUSSia Semarqand, Uzbekistan Samoa, country Samoa ts., Islands. Sanaa, Vemen San AmbrOSIOI., Island San Aotor uo. TX San Aotoruo Pt., cape San Bernardi no, CA. San Carlosde Banloche. Argenrma

SanCnstobal.Venezue la SanCristobal de las Casas, Mexico Sand Hills, hills San Diego, CA San Felipe, MexIco. San Felix I, Island San FranCISCO , CA San Frenosco Bay. bay Sangre de Cristo, mountams San Joaquin. fiver San Jorge, G. of, gulf San Jose, CA SanJose, Costa Rica San Juan, PuertoRICO SanJuan, twer San Lazaro, c., cape San Lucas. MeXICO . San Lucas, c., cape San lUIS Potosi, MeXICO. San LUIS Potosi, state, Mex San LUIS Rio Colorado, MeXICO San Manno, country . San Matias, G. of, gulf San Miguel de Tucumen, Argentma San Pedro, nver. San Pedro de las Colonlas. MeXICO

San Salvador, EI Salvador San Salvador de JUJuy, Argentll1a Santa Barbara. CA Santa Cruz, BoliV ia Santa Cruz,nver Santa Fe, Argentina. Santa Fe, NM Santa lsabell., Island Santa Marla. Brazil. Santarem. BraZil Santa Rosa, Argentll1a Santa Rosalia. MexICO Santiago, Chile Santiagode Cuba, Cuba. Santiagodel Estero, Argentll1a

Santo Domingo, Dorml1lcan Rep, Santos, BraZil Sao FranCISco, river Sao Jose do RIOPreto, BraZil Sao Luis. Brazd Sao Paulo. Brazil Sao Roque. c., cape Sao Tome, Island Sao Tome. SAo Tome and PrinCipe Sao Tomeand PrinCipe, country

S" OO'N 143'OO'E 28' 00'5 63000W 44°S1'N 123"02'W 40'41 'N 14"45'E 16' 11'N 9S' l1W 36'41 'N 121'39W 46' OO'N 116"OO W 34'OO 'N 111' OOW 24'48'S 6S'2SW 2S'2S'N 101'OOW 40"46'N 111°S3W 31'23'S S7'STW 33'OO'N 116'OOW 12'S9'S 38' lOW 21"OO'N 98"00'E S3' lTN SO'1 3'E 39"42'N 66'S8'E 13'OO'S 174' OOW 13'OO'S 172'OOW 15°23'N 44' 14'E 26' OO'S 80' OO W 29'2S'N 98' 30W , 77 30' OO'N 116"OOW , 50 34' 06'N 117'l TW

, 97 , 79 , SO , 84 . 76 . 50 , 54 , 54 . 78 , 76 , 50 , 78 , 54 , 78 , 97 , 84 , 96 102 103 , 96 , 79 , 50

, 78 41'09'S 71°11'W , 78 7'46'N 72' 14W , 76 , 54 , SO , 76 , 79 . SO . 54

16'4S'N 92"38W 42' OO'N un-ocw 32"43'N 117°09'W 31"02'N 114°S0W 26'00'5 80"0OW 37'46'N 122"2SW 38°00'N 123"OO'W

, 54 , 54 , 79 . SO , 44 , 44 , 54

38' oo'N 10S' OO W 37'00'N 121'OOW 46' OO 'S 66'OOW 37'20'N 121'S4W 9'SS'N 84'OSW 18' 2S'N 66'OS'W 37"OO' N to7"OO'W 2S"00'N 112'OOW 22"33'N 104"26W 23"OO 'N 110"00'W 22'10'N loo' S9W 23'oo'N l00'00W

, 77 , 76

, 77 , 76 , 76

, 76 32°28'N 114°47W , 84 43°00'N 12' OO 'E , 79 42' OO'S 6S' OOW , 78 26"S3'S 65'13'W

. 77 23' OO'N 10S' OOW , 76 2S' 4S'N 102'STW , 44 13°42'N 89' 11W , 78 , 50 , 78 , 79

.i8 , 50 103 , 78 , 78 , 78 , 76 78 44

24' I2'S 6S' 18W 34'2S'N 119'42W 17"41'S 63' l1W SO'OO 'S 70'OOW 31"37"5 6O'42W 3S'41'N IOS'S6W 8'OO 'S l S9'OO'E 29'39'S S3'49W 2'2 TS 54°44'W 36' 3S'S 64°17'W 27'2 0'N 112'17W 33'28'S 70' 39W 20' 02'N 7S'49W

78 27'48'S M'16W 44 18' 29'N 69'S4W , 78 23'S6'S 46' I7W 79 13'OO'S 42' OO'W 78 20'49 S 49' 20W 78 2' 33 S 44"14'W 78 23'33'S 46' 37W 79 S'OO'S 3S'OO'W 91 I' OO'N 7'OO 'E 90 90 96 , 84 84 85 90 74

Sapporo, Japan. Sarajevo, 80S. & Her.. Saratov. RUSSia Sardinia. Island Sam, Chad Sarnla, Canada Saskatchewan, , 74 prOVince, Can Saskatchewan, fiver. , 75 , 74 Saskatoon, Canada .. 96 SaudiArabia, country , 74 Sault Ste. Mane, Canada , 51 SaultSte. Mane. MI. Sava, river , 85 . 51 Savannah, GA Savannah, river. , 55 , 97 Sayan Mts., mountams ScandinaVian Mts., mountatns . 85 SciOto, river . , 55 Scotland,diVISion, U.K. , 84 , IS Scott I, Island , SO Seattle. WA . Sebastian Vizcaino Bay. bay. , 77 , 90 Segou. Mali. Seine, (lver , 85 , 96 Semey, Kazakhstan Sendal, Japan , 96 , 90 Senegal, country Senegal, river , 91 , 96 Seoul, S. Korea Sept.lles, Canada , 74 , 84 Serbia, diVISion, Yugo. Serbia and Montenegro, , 84 counrry , 90 Serowe, Botswana Serrado Mar, mountains , 79 Sevan, L, lake , 85 , 84 Sevastopol', Ukrame Severn, fIVer . 75 Severnaya Zemlya,islands , 97 , 84 SeVi lle. Spain

OO 18'N

6'4 4'E

l'oo' N 7'00 E 43'02'N 141"21'E 43"S2'N 18' 26'E 51"31'N 4S'SS'E 40"00'N 9'oo'E 9'09'N 18'23'E 42°58'N 82' 24W S6' oo'N S4' oo'N S2'09'N 27'00'N 46' 31'N 46"30'N 4S'oo'N 32"OS 'N J4"00'N S3'oo'N

97'OOW l03' ooW 106'4 0W 41'oo'E 84'2 0W 84' 21W 18' oo'E 81' 06W 83' OOW 96'oo'E

6S'OO'N l S'oo'E 4O'00'N 83'OOW S8'OO 'N S'OOW 67'OO'S I79'00'E 47' 36'N 122'20W 29' ooN 11S'OOW 13' 26'N 6"lo'W 49' oo'N l'oo 'E SO'23'N 80'19E 38' 16'N 140'S4'E IS'oo'N 16' OOW IS'OO'N 13OOO'W 37' 34'N 12)'On SO'1 2'N 66'22W 44"OO'N 22'OO'E 43'OO' N 21'OO E 22' 23'S 26'42'E 23' OO'S 4S' OOW 41' oo'N 4S' oo'E 44°34'N 33'28'E S6' oo'N 9O'00W 79'00'N 98' oo'E 37' 23'N S' S9'W

Page lat itude Longitude Sewarc Pen , penrnsula Seychelles, country SeychellesIs., Islands Sfax, Tunls,a Shackleton IceShelf, ICe shelf ShanghaI, Chilla Shasta, Ml., peak Shaweuqan, Canada Sheffield, UnJted Kingdom Shenyang, Chona Shert eooke, Canada Shetland Is ,lslands Sbxokc, Island Shdke. river Sh,raz, lran Shreveport, LA Siberia, region. SICI ly, Island

SrcdyStr oisrra« Sidra, G of, gulf SierraAw l, mountams SierraLeone, country Sierra Madre de Cbepas. mountains Sierra Madre del Sur, mountains SierraMadre OCCidental, mou'ltams Sierra MadreOriental. mountams

Serra Morena, mountaIns SierraNevada, rnounta.ns Sierra San Pedro Martlr, mounrams Seoferopol', Ukraine SI'Ial Pen, penrnsula Smaioa,stat e, Mex Smcelejo. Colombia Singapore, country Singapore, Singapore SiouxCity, JA Sioux Falls,SO Siple I, IsJand Siwah, Egypt Skaqerrak, strait Skeens. rIVer Skeleton Coast, region Skopje, FYR Maceoone Skovorcdmo, RUSSia Slave, rwer Slave Coast.region Slovakia, country Slovenia, country SmallwoodRes.,lake Smoky Hill, fiver Smolensk RUSSia Snake. rrver Snake River Plain, plain Society ls., Islands Socotra. Island Sofia, Bu/garra Sokoto, N!gerla Solomon Islands, country Solomon Islands. Islands Solomon Sea, sea Somalia, country Somali Pen, penmsula Somerset L ts'anc Songea, Tanzania Sonora, fiver Sonora, state, Mex Sonoran Desert, desert South Africa, country SoutnAmerica, continent Southampton I, Island South Aostraba. state, Austl South Bend, IN South Carolina, state, U.S Soutn Chrna Sea, sea South Dakota, state, US South Eastc' cape SouthernAlps, mountains Southern Indian L.,/ ake, South Georgia, Island South L, ls/and South Korea. country South Orkney Is., Islands South Platte, river South Pole, pole SouthSaskatchewan, river South Shetland Is., Islands Spain, country SpencerG, gulf Split, Croatia Spokane, WA Sprlngbok, S Africa Sprrngfleld, JL Springfield,MO Sri Lanka, country Sn Lanka, Island Snnagar, India StanJey, FalHand Is Stanovoy Range, mounta,ns . Starbuck I, Island Stavanger, Norway Steep Pt., cape Stewart I,I sland Stockholm, Sweden Strasbourg, France Stuttgart, Germany Sucre, BoliVia Sudan, country Sud::>ury, Canada Sudd, swamp Sudeten Mts" mountains SuezCanal, canal Suez, G of, gulf Sukhona, rIVer SulaweSI(Celebes), Island Sumatra, ,sland Sunda Str, strait Sundsvall, Sweden Supenor, L., lake Surabaya, IndoneSia Surgut. RUSSia Surrname, country Susquehanna, rrver

54 65'OO'N 165' OOW 9'00 '5 S2'OO'E 90 8' 00'5 S2'OO'E 91 90 34"47N IO'46'E IS 96 54 74 84 96 74 85 97 97 96 51 97 85 85 91 77 90

64' 00'5 100'00 '[

31"12'N 121'28 '[ 42' OO'N 122'OOW 46'33 'N 72'4SW S3'22 'N 1' 28W 41"49'N 123'30 '[

45"24N 71"53'W l"OO'W 60' OO'N 33' OON S2' OO'N 29'37 'N 32'31'N 64' OO 'N 37'00'N 37'00 'N 32'OO'N 23'OO'N 9'OO'N

133'00' [ 10S'OO'E S2'32 'E

77 16'OO'N

93' OOW

93"45'W 98' OO'E 14' 00'[ 12' OO'E 19' OO'E 99'OOW 12' OOW

77 P'OO 'N 99' OOW 77 27' OO'N 107'OOW 77 25' 00'N IOO'OOW 85 38' OO'N S' OOW 54 38'OO'N 120'OOW 77 84 91 76 78 96 96 51 50 15 90 85 75 91 84 96 75 91 84 84 75 55 8' 54 54 103 , 97 , 84

32'oo 'N 116'OOW 44cSS·N 34' 06'[ 29' oo'N 34' 00'[ 2, ' OON 107' OOW 9'18 'N 7S'2 'W l ' OO'N 10" 00'[ l' I 8' N 103°S1'E ,2 '3 0'N 96'2 ' W '3'33'N 96°42'W 74'00'5 13S' OOW 29' I l' N 25'3 1'[ S8'OO'N 9'00 '[ SS'OO'N 129' OOW 22'00 '5 12' 00'[ '2'OO'N 21'25' [ 5"02'N 123'59'[ 61' OO'N 112'OOW 2' 00'[ 6' OO'N 48' OO'N 19'00'[ ,7 ' OO'N 15'00'[ 55'00' 6''OOW 39' OO'N 99' OOW S4c48·N 32' 03'[

44coo'N 116"OO'W

l' 75

'3' OO 'N II S'OOW 18'00'5 IS2'OOW 12' 30'N 54' 00' [ 42"43'N 23'2 0'[ 13'02'N 5' 1" [ 7'00' 5 160'00 '[ 9'00 '5 165'00 '[ 8' 00'5 153' 00' [ , ' OO'N '5'00 '[ 10'00 'N ' 9'00 '[ 7"OO' N 9S' OOW 10"41'5 35'39 '[ 30' 00 N I II ' OO W 29'OO'N II I'OOW 3"OO'N II " OOW 21'00 '[ 30'00'5 10' 00'5 SO'OOW 6S' OO'N 8S' OOW

102 51 51 97 50 103 103 75 79 103 96 15 5' 15 75 15 84 103 8' 50 90 51 51 96 97 96 78

32' 00'5 135'00' [ 41°41'N 86'I SW 3" oo'N 81' OOW "'OO'N 115'00 '[ 'S ' OO'N 10l'OOW 44' 00'5 " 7' 00'[ 44"00'5 171'00'[ S7' oo'N 98' OOW 5" 00'5 37' OOW 44' 00'5 171' 00'[ 3S'OO'N 128' 00'[ 61'00 '5 'S'OOW 'O'OO'N 10" OO W 90' 00'5 0'00 ' SI' OO'N II O'OO W 62'00 '5 60' OOW S'OO'[ " ' OO'N 35'00 '5 137' 00'[ ' 3' 31 N 16' 27'[ ' 7" O'N I P ' 2SW 29"0'5 17'5"[ 39"8'N 89'3 9W 37'13'N 93'I 8W 7'OO'N 81' 00'[ 7' OO'N 81' 00'[ 34"11'N 7"'8'[ 51'43'5 S7' Sl' W

97 10 3 84 ' 03 103 8' 8' 8' 78 90 74 91 85 91 91 85 97 97 97 8' 45 96 96 78 55

S6'OO'N 6' 00'5 S8'S 7'N 26' 00'5 ' 7' 00'5 S9'2 0'N 48' 3S'N

130'00'[ I S6'oo W 5"5'[ 113'00 '[ 168'00 '[

48"48'N

9°11'E

, 90 10 2 103 103 , 90 . 91 . 75 , 90 , 77 , 76 , 54 , 90

18'On 7" 6'[

19"03'5 6S'1S W II'OO'N 29'00 '[ '6'29' N 81'OOW 9' OO'N 29' 00'[ SI'OO'N 16'00 '[ 31' OO'N 3" 00'[ 28'OO'N 34'00 '[ 60000 'N ' 2"00'[ 2'00 '5 121'00 '[ 0' 00' 101' 00 '[ 6'00 '5 105'00'[ 62' 22'N 17'17'[ '7'OO'N 86"OO'W 7'13'5 112"44'E 61"OS 'N 73'2 7'[

4"OO'N 57"OO'W " 'OO'N 76' OOW

Page lati tude Longitude Sude], five' Suva, Fiji Svalbard, Islands Swaziland. country Sweden, country SWift Current, Canada SWitzerland, country Sydney, Australia Sydney, Canada Syktyvkar, RUSSia Syracuse, NY SyrDarya,fiver SYria, country Synan Desert, desert Szczecn . Poland

T

97 31'OO'N 73' 00'[ 102 17" 8'5 178' 32'[ 15 78'OO'N 18'00' [ 90 28' 00'5 29' 00'[ 84 61' OO'N 15'00' [

74 SO"17'N 107"47'W 84 '6' OO'N 8' 00'[ 102 33'5"5 151' 12'[

74 46"09'N 60"12'W 84 61"4TN Sl"02'E 51 97 96 97 84

:

Tebasco. state, Mex Tabora. Tanzania Tabre. Iran Tacna, Peru Tacoma, WA Tademart Plat.,plateau Tagus, M er Tahat, peak Tahiti, !s/and Tahoe, L, lake Taipei, Taiwan Taiwan, country Taiwan, ,sland Tatyuan, China Tejikrstan. country Iakhmakan Desert,desert Talca. Chile Tallahassee, FL Tarhnn, EstOnia Tamale, Ghana Tamaorssset. Algena

Tarneuhpas, state, Mex Tambov, RUSSia Terruahua Lagoon, bay Tampa , FL Tampa Bay,bay. Tampere, Finland Tampico.MeXICO . Tana. L., lake Ia nqa. Tanzania raoqanyika, L., /ake Tangier, Morocco Tanzania, country Iapechula. MeXICO. Iapajcs , fiver. Taranto, Italy Taranto, G of, gulf Tarawa, Island Tarawa (Bamkll, KlrrbatJ Tanja. BoliVia Tenm Basm, baSin Iartu. Estonia Tashkent, Uzbekistan Tasman ia, Island Tasma nia, state, Austl Tasman Sea, sea Tatnam, C , cape Taupo, L., lake. Taxco, MeXICO Taymyr Pen., peninsula TbdlSI, Georgia TegUCigalpa, Honduras Tehran, Iran Iebvacan. MeXICO Iehoantepec, G. of. gulf Iehuantepec, Isth of, Isthmus tecpe o. Pt., cape Teles Pues, Me r Temuco, Ch!le Tenere, region Tennessee, nver Tennessee, state, US Teplc, MeXICO Tereslna, Brazil Termlnos Lagoon, bay. Tete, Mozambique Texas,state, U.S. Thabana Ntlenyana, peak Thailand, country . Thailand, G. of, gulf Thar Desert, desert Thelon, fiver The Pas, Canada Thessalonlkl, Greece Thlrnphu, Bhutan Thohoyandou, S. Africa Thompson, Canada ThunderBay, Canada Thurston Lis/ and TlanJln, China Tlan Shan, mountains Tibestl Mts., mountains Tibet, Plat. of, plateau. Tiburon I., ,sland Tierra del Fuego, Island. Tlgns, nver Tijuana, MeXICO Timan Ridge, highlands Tlmlsoara, Romania TimminS, Canada Timor, ,sland Timor Sea, sea Tirana, AJbania Tlsza, Mer Tltlcaca, L., lake Tlzlmin, MeXICO Tlaxcala, MeXICO Tlaxcala, state, Mex Toamaslna, Madagascar Tobruk, Libya Tocantlns, nver Togo, country Tokelau Is" dependency, N.l

Tokelau Is.,Islands, Tokyo, Japan Tolanaro, Madagascar Toledo, OH Tollara, Madagascar Toluca, MeXICO

'3' 03'N 76'09W 44'OO'N 68'00 '[ 3S'OO'N 38'00'[ 32"OO'N '0'00'[ S3'26 'N 14' 33'[

76 90 96 78 50 91 85 91 103 54 96 96 97 96 96 97 78 51 84 90 90 76 84 77 51 55 84 76 91 . 90 91 90 90 76 79 84 85 103 102 78 97 84 96 103 102 103 75 103 76 97 84 44 96 76 77 77 77 79 78 91 55 51 76 78 77 90 50 91 96 97 97 75 7' 8' 96 90 74 7' 15 96 97 91 97 77 79 97 76 85 84 74 97 97 8' 85 79 76 76 76 90 90 79 90

18' OO'N 5' 01'5 38'OS'N 18'0 2'5 ,7 ' 1S'N 28'OO'N ' O'OO'N 2''OO'N 18'00 '5 39'OO'N 2S' 04'N 2" OO'N 2" OO'N 37'SS 'N 39' OO'N 39' OO'N 35'26 '5 30'26 'N S9'2 " N 9' 2"N 22" 6'N 2"O O'N S2"3 'N 22'OO'N 27'S7'N 28' OO'N 61'29 'N 22' 12'N 12'OO'N 5'04' 5 8' 00'5 3S',7 'N 5' 00'5

14°S4'N 5' 00'5 ' O'28 N 39' OO 'N

l"OO'N

98' OOW 32" 9'[

46"lS'E 70' ISW 122'27W 5' 00' [ 8'0 0'[ 5' 00'[ " 9'OO'W 120' OOW 121' 33'[ 121'00'[ 121' 00'[ 112'36' [ 71'00 '[ 81' 00'[ 71'38 W 8, ' I7W 2" 44' [ O'SOW 5'32 '[ 99'OOW " ' 26'[ 97' 00W 82'28W 83' OOW 23" 7'[ 97' SI'W 38'00 '[ 39'0 6'[ 30'00 '[ S" 8W 32' 00'[ 92' ISW S7'oo W 17'15 '[ 19'00 '[ 173'00 '[ 172' 58'[

l'I 9' N 21'33'5 64°43'W 'O 'OO'N 83'00 '[ S8' 22'N 26"2'[ 41"14'N 69' 16'[ ' 2' 00'5 " 7' 00'[ ' 2' 00'5 " 7' 00'[ 38' 00'5 159' 00'[

S6'OO'N 89' OOW 39'00 '5 176' 00'[ 18'32'N 99'36W 74"OO'N 96' 00 '[

41"41'N 44"47'E 14"06'N 87' 12W 3S"41'N 51'2 6'[ 18'28N I S'OON

97'2'W 9S' OOW

17"OON 9S' OOW 18' OO'N 10'00' 5 38'44 '5 19' OO'N 3S' oo'N

104'OOW S6' OOW 72'36W 12' 00'[ 86' OOW 36"OJ'N 87' OOW 21'28 'N 104'S2W 5'03'5 42"47'W 19' OO'N 92'OOW 16' 11'5 33'35 '[ 3I'OO'N 99' OO W 29' 00'5 29' 00'[ 16' OO'N 102' 00' [ 8' OO'N 103' 00'[ 2S' OO'N 71'00 '[ 64' OO'N 10"OOW S3"7 'N 10l ' I 6W , O' 39'N 22'5 7'[ 27'2 7'N 89'39 '[ 22"57'5 30'28 '[

55"44'N 97"51'W 48"26'N 89' I''W 72' 00'5 39' 07'N '2' oo'N 21' oo'N 3" OO'N 29' OO'N 54' 00'5 37'OO'N 32'3 1'N 66'OO'N

Page Latitude Longitude Tombiqbee. M er.

55 90 96 76 10 2 103 103 102 51 85 74 76 103 90 84 84 84 102 74

Tombouctou, Mal, Iomsk, RUSSia

Ionala. MeXICO Tonga, country Tonga, Islands Tongareva Is. ,slands Ioowoomba.Australia Topeka. KS Iormo, river.

Toronto, Canada Torreon, MeXICO Torres Str., straIt Touggourt, Algena Toulon, France Toulouse, France Tours, France Townsville, Australia Trail, Canada Iransaotarcnc Mrs.. mountains Transcaucasia, regIon Transylvanian Alps, mountains Trenton, NJ. Trinidad, BolMa Touded . Island Trinidad and Tobago, country Trinity, M er Tripoli, Libya Inpohtama. region Trors-Rvreres.Canada Irornse. Norway

34' oo'N 16' , S'N S6'28 'N 16'03 'N 20' 00'5 20' 00'5 10'00'5 27'3 "5 39'03 'N 68'OO'N 43'3 9'N 2S'32 'N 10' 00'5 33'07 'N 43'08 'N 43'36 'N

89'OOW 3'02W 8"59'[ 93' 44W 17S'OO'W 17S'OOW I S8'OOW 151' 59'[ 9S' 41W 21'00 '[ 79"23W 103"27W "2'OO'E 6'0 " [ 5'57'[ 1' 28'[ 47"24'N 0' ,1'[ 19'1 7'5 " 6" 8'[

49"06'N 117"44'W

15 86'00' 5 85 42' OO'N

180'00 ' '5' 00'[

85 46' OO'N 23' 00'[ 51 40' 13'N 7"'SW 78 14'50'5 64"S4'W 45 11' OON 61' OOW 44 55 90 91 74 84 84 78 7'

Trondheim, Norway.

Ircjillo. Peru Truro, Canada Tstukapa, Oem. Rep of Congo Tsnnlyansk Res., lake Tsumeb. Namibia Tuamotu Arch , ,slands Tucson, AZ Tela. RUSSia Tulsa, OK Iurnbes. Peru TunIS, TUniSia. Iur usre, country TUrin, Italy Turkana, L.. lake Turkey, country Turkey, country Tcrkrneus tan, country Turksand CeicosIs" dependency, (U.K.)

Tcrku, Finland Tuvalu, country Tuvalu, Islands. Tcxpan. MexICO Tcxtepec. MexICO Tuxtla Gutierrez,MeXICO Tver', RUSSia Tyrrhenian Sea, sea

90 85 90 10 3 50 84 51 78 90 90 84 91 96 8' 96

11"OO'N 61'OOW 32' OO'N 96'OOW 32'S3 'N 13' ll 'E 30' OO'N " 'OO'E 46"21'N 72'33 W 69'3 9' N 18' 55'[ 63' 2S'N 10'26 '[ 8' 08'5 79' 01W 'S ' 21'N 63' I6 W 6' 23'5 ' 8' OO'N 19' 15'5 17'00 '5 32'I3'N S"IS'N 36' 09'N 3'35 '5 36"9'N 37' OO'N 'S ' OS'N

4°00'N 38' OO'N

41°OQ'N 39' OO'N

20'52 '[ ' 3' 00'[

17"41'[ " " OOW 110' S6W 37'36 '[ 96' OOW 8O' 26W 10' 11'[ 10'00' [ 7" ,'[ 38' 00'[ 36' 00'[ 28'00' [ 55'00 '[

21°44N 71"3S'W

44 8' 102 103 76 76 76 84 85

22' 16'[ P8'OO '[ 178' 00'[ 97'26W 96' 07W 93'OSW 56"54'N 35'53 '[ 41"00'N 12'00 '[

91 78 79 90 84 84 96 96 84 84 90 75 75

4"oo'N 18'00'[ 18' 55'5 ,8' 13W 6'00 '5 7S' OOW 2' OO'N 31' 00'[ 63'36 'N 53'5 1'[ '9' 00'N 29' 00'[ 47"S6'N 106'5 3'[ 51"49'N 10 7'36 '[ 54"18'N '8' 17'[ 63'SO'N 20' 15'[ 31'33'5 28"2'[ S9' OO'N 69'OOW 61'OO'N 7"OO W

96 84 44 55 84 85 85 76 78 79 96 78 97 77 50 96

2" OO 'N 53'00 '[ 0'00 ' S"OO'N 39'OO'N 98"00'W 46°00'N 87' 00W S9'S2 'N 17' 39'E S, ' OO'N S9'OO'E S7' OO'N 59'00 '[ 19' 2S'N 102'O'W 33' 00 '5 SS' OOW 29' 00'5 SS' OOW 43"4TN 87'37 '[ 5, " 7'5 68' ISW ' 3' OO'N 55' 00'[ 18' OO'N 92' OOW

Ubangl, nver Uberlandla, BraZIl Uceyab,fiver Uganda, country Dkhta. Russ!a Ukrame, country Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia Ulan-Uda, RUSSia UI'yanovsk, RUSSia Umea, Sweden Umtata, S Afrrca Ungava Bay, bay Ungava Pen" penmsula United ArabEmirates, country United Kingdom, country United States, country Upper Pen" peninsula Uppsala, Sweden Ural, river Ural Mts., mountams Uruapan, MeXICO Uruguay, country Uruguay,fIVer Urumql, Chma Ushuaia, Argentina Ustyurt Plat,plateau Usumaclnta, rIVer Utah, state, U.S Uzbekistan, country

6O'28'N 8' 00'5 8'00 '5 20' S7'N 18' 06'N 16" S'N

39"oo'N 112"OO'W 42"OO'N 69' 00'[

lOO'OOW 117' 10'[ 80'00'[

19'00' [ 90' 00'[ 113'OO'W 68' OOW 44' 00'[ 117' 03W 50' 00'[

Vaal, nver Vaasa, Finland Valdal Hills, hJghlands Valdes Pen , peninsula. ValdiVia, Chile Val·d'Or, Ca'lada ValenCIa. Sparn

91 84 85 79 78 74 84

25' 00'5 27' 00'[ 63"06'N 21'39' [ S7' OO'N 32'00' [ ' 3'00 '5 64'OOW 39" 7'5 73'13 W '8'0 7' N 7r47'W 39' 29'N O'21W

Page Latitude Longitude

vatencra. Venezuela Valera, Venezuela valladohd. MeXICO valladohd. Spam Valletta, Malta valparaiso, Chile Vancouver,Canada Vancouver I., Island

vanem. lake vanua Levu, Island Vanuatu, country Varna, Bulgaria Vatican City, country Vatnajokull, glaCier va rtem. face

Velikly Novgorod, RUSSia Venezuela, country venice, Italy

Veracruz, MexICO Veracruz, state, Mex Verde, nver Verde, nver Verkhoyansk Range, mountains Vermont, state, U.s Verona, Italy Vert, Cap, cape vrcebsk. Belarus vrctcna.Canada vrctcna. Seychelles

Vrctcna, state, Austl. Victoria Falls, falls Victoria I, Island Victoria, L., lake vredma.Argentina Vienna, Austrra Vientiane, Laos Vietnam, country. VlgO, Spam VillaAhumada, MeXICO viltahermosa. MeXICO vilmus. Lithuania Vinson MaSSif, mountains Virginia, state, U.s Virginia Beach, VA Virgin ts.,

78 78 76 84 84 78 74 75 85 103 102 84 84 85 85 84 78 84 76 76 54 77

4"43'W " '39'N 3S'S''N , " 31'[ 33' 02'5 71'38 W '9' I S'N 123' 07W '9'OO'N 127' OOW S9"00'N 13' 00'[ 16'00 '5 179'00 '[ 17"00'5 167'00 '[ ' 3"12'N 27'55'[ ' 2' OO'N 12'00' [ 67' OO'N 16'OOW S8' OO'N 14' 00'[ S8']2'N 31°14'E 8'OO'N 66' OOW 'S' 26'N 12'2 0'[ 19'O?'N 96'08W 18' oo'N 96' OOW 3S' OO'N 112' OOW 16"OO'N 98' OOW

97 51 84 91 84 74 90 102 91 75 91 78 84 96 96 84 76 76 84 15 51 51

6S' OO'N 130' 00'[ 44' OO'N 73'OOW 4S"26'N 11' 00'[ " ' OO'N 18' OOW SS' 13'N 30' 13'[ '8'26'N 123' 22W " 37'S 55'27 '[ 37'00 '5 " 5' 00'[ 19'00 '5 26' 00 '[ 72'OO'N 109' OOW 1' 00'5 33'00 '[ '0'51'5 62'S9W '8'13'N 16' 23'[ P'S8'N 102' 38'[ 14'OO'N 109'00 '[ '2' 13'N S"44'W 30'3 7'N 106'30W 17' S9' N 92'S SW

S4"41'N 25' 16'[

78'00 '5 88' OOW

38'OO'N 77'OOW

36'S l'N 7S' S9W

44

dependency, U.S./U.K.

10'Il'N 9' I9'N

200 41N

18' oo'N

67'S8W 70'38W 88'I2W

6S' OOW

Viscount MelVilleSound, straIt 75 7S' OO'N 108'OOW V,stula, nver 85 S3'OO'N 19' 00'[

Viti Levu, lsland 103 18'0 0'5 178'00 '[

Vlt6rra, BraZil 78 20'18 '5 400 19'W

vttcna da Conqursta. BraZil 78 14'51 '5 ' O' SOW

Vizcaino Desert,desert 77 27'00 'N I I"OO W Vladivostok, RUSSIa 96 43"08'N 131' 55'[ volcan MiStl, peak 79 16' 00'5 72' OOW Volga, fIVe r 85 S7'00 'N 35' 00'[ Volga Delta, delta 85 '6'OO'N '8'00'[ Volga-Don Canal, canal 85 ' 8' OO'N '5'00 '[ Volga Upland, highlands 85 S2' OO'N '5'00'[ 84 48°45'N 44'30'[ Volgograd, RUSSia Volgograd Res., lake 85 S2'OO'N 46' 00'[ Volta, L., lake 0' 00' 91 8'OO'N Volta Redonda, BraZil 78 22'285 44"04'W Voronezh, RUSSia 84 SI'36 'N 39'2"[ Vychegda, river 85 62' OO'N ' 7'00'[

Wabash, river 55 39' OO'N Waco, TX 50 31'33 'N WaddIngton, Mr., peak 75 S2'OON WakeI., dependency, U.S 102 19' OO'N Wake I., Island 103 19' OO'N Wales, dIVISion, U,K 84 S2' OO'N wallachre. region, 85 'S ' OO'N Wallis and Futuna, dependency, Fr

Wallis and Futuna, ,slands WalVISBay,Namibia Warrego, fiver Warsaw, Poland Wasatch Range, fTlounta ms Washlflgton, DC Washlflgton, state,U .S Washington, Mt., peak Watson Lake, Canada Wau,Sudan. Wawa, Canada Webl Jubba, nver WeddellSea, sea Wellesley Is., ,slands Welhngton, NewZealand Weser, nver, West Cape Howe, cape. West Dvina, nver Western Austraha, state, Austl. Western Ghats, mountams Western Plat., plateau Wes!ernSahara, disputed territory, Mor. West Ice Shelf, Ice shelf. West Indies, Islands West Palm Beach, FL West Siberian Plain,

102 103 90 103 84 54 51 , 50 55 74 90 74 91 15 103 102 85 103 85

13'0 0'5 13'0 0'5 22'57' 5 27' 00'5 S2' IS 'N ' 0' 00'N

38"S4'N ' 6"OO'N

44"OO'N 6O'09N

7"42'N

176' 00W 176'00W

14°32'E " S' oo'E 20'S9 E I II ' OOW 77' 02W 121' OO W 71' OOW 128"6W 28' 00'[

'7'S9N 84°45'W S' OO'N '2' 00'[ 73' 00'5 'S 'OOW 16'00 '5 "0'00'[

41"16'5 174"47'E S2' OO'N 11'00'[ 35"00'5 118'00 '[ S7"OO'N 25' 00'[

102 24"00'S 119' 00'[ 97 13' OO'N 75'00 '[ 103 25' 00'5 125' 00'[ 90 2S' OO'N IS' OOW 15 66'0 0'5 83' 00'[ 14 19' OO 'N 70'OOW 51 26"3 'N 80'0 3W 97 61'OO'N

plateau

88' OOW 97' 09W 126' OOW 167' 00'[ 167' 00'[ S'OOW 2" 00'[

Page WestVirginia, state, US Wheeler Peak, peak Wheeling, \AIV White, fiver Whlte, rlver White, river whrtecourt. Canada Whitehorse, Canada White Mts., mountains White Nile, Mer White Sea, sea Whitney, Mr., peak w hcldaraL., lake. w hyalla. AustralIa Wlchlta,KS Wiihelm, Mt.,peak Wilkes Land, region Williams l ake, Canada Wililston L., lake Wilmington, DE Windhoek, Namibia WIndsor, Canada. Wmdward Is" Islands. WlflIsk,flver Winnipeg, Canada Winnipeg, L., lake wmmpeqosrs.L" lake winston-Salem. NC WiSCOnSin, river WiSCOnSin, state, U,S Wollaston L., lake Wollongong, Australra Woods, L. of the, lake Worcester, MA Wrangel l , lsland Wrath, C., cape Wroclaw, Poland Wuhan, Chma Wyndham, Australia Wyoming, state, U.S

Latitude Lo~

.. 51 39'oo'N 81 .. 54 37' OO'N 10S'OOI .. 51 ' O"04'N 80" · 55 3S'OO'N 91m .. 55 39"00'N 87'OCl .. 54 44"OO'N 101'00'1 . 74 S4"OTN 115'39'1 .. 74 6O'44'N 13S't' .. 55 'S ' oo'N 71'1l1l .. 91 12' OO'N 32't\ .. 85 66' oo'N 36W! .. 54 37'OO'N 119'1lJ'1 , 75 62' OO'N 105'001 , 102 33'01'5 137':;:: 50 37"2'N 97'2'1l , 103 6'00'5 145'0:' 15 70"00'5 12O"t(': .. 74 S2' 09'N 122W' .. 75 S6' OO'N 135Wl .. 51 39"4S'N 7S'm .. 90 22'335 17'CoI: .. 74 ' 2' 18'N 83'Oll .. 45 I" OO' N 61'00'1 .. 75 SS'OO'N 88'00\1 .. 74 49"S4'N 97'm. .. 75 S3'OO'N 98'00'1 · 75 S3'OO'N l 00Wf , 51 36"06' N 80'11' . 55 4S' OO'N 9O'OO't . 51 44"00'N 89'001 . 75 S8' OO 'N 104'001 102 3"2"5 150';(' . 5 5 49"OO'N 95'OC1 . 51 ' 2' I6'N 71''; . 97 71' OO'N 1m . 85 S8' OO'N 5 . 84 SI'06 'N 17

, 96 30'32 'N 114' m

102 15'29 '5 128

50 43"oo'N 77'W1

Xmqu, river

90 25' 03'5 33 'l~

76 19' 32'N 96'54'

97 2" OO'N I lOW!

96 3"1 7' N l oa'~:

7' 00'5 52'00

79

YablonovyyRange,

mountains 'rakutsk. RUSSia

97 S3"OO'N I1S'OO!

96 62' O"N 129·,j.\ :

Xar-Xer, Mozambique Xalapa, MeXICO Xl, nver Xi'en, China

'ramoussoukro.

Cored'JvOlrc Yangon (Rangoon),

, 90

Myanmar Yaounde, Cameroon 'raqur. river

Yaren, Nauru Yarmouth,Canada 'rarostavl'. RUSSia Yazoo, fIver 'rekatennburq, RUSSia Yellowknife, Canada YellowSea, sea Yellowstone, river Yellowstone L., lake Vemen, country 'remsey fiver Yerevan, Armenia Yokohama,Japan York, C" cape Yorkton, Canada Yucatan, state, Mex YucatanChannel, strait Yucatan Pen., peninsula Yukon, river Yukon Terr., temtory, Can Yuma,AZ Yumen, China

96 , 90 , 77 102 , 74 , 84 , 55 , 96 74 , 97 , 54 , 54 , 96 , 97 , 84 96 103 , 74 , 76 77 . 77 45 . 74 , 50 , 96

Zacatecas, MeXICO Zacatecas, state, Mex Zagreb, Croatia Zagros Mts., mountains Zambezl, river Zambia, country ZanZibar, Tanzama ZanZibar I, Island Zaporlzhzhla, Ukrame Zapolltlan, Pt., cape Zaragoza, Spain Zaria, Nlgena Zed,Mt., peak Zhengzhou, China Zimbabwe, cOuntry Zinder, Niger Zurich, Switzerland

, 76 . 76 , 84 . 97 . 91 · 90 , 90 , 91 , 84 , 77 , 84 . 90 103 . 96 , 90 . 90 84

6" S'N

5'1:

16"49'N 96'(1'

3'S2 'N 1" 31=

28' OO'N 110'00'1

0' 31'5 166'5.::

'3"8 N 66~7 '

S7'36 'N 39'5): 33' OO 'N 90'00'1 S6'S l'N 60'. ;

62"29'N 1l4'm 3" OO'N 123'001

46"OO'N 108'lXJ"iI' 44'OO'N 110'00' IS'oo 'N 49"00 : )1, ': 67'OO'N 88''1 40"04'N 44'21: 3S' 27'N 139'3l'! 11'00'5 142'0;1 SI'1 2'N 102' 2n 21' OO' N 89' 00'/ 22' OO'N 86'1:0' 20' OO'N 89' 00'/ 6S'OO'N 150'00'1 6S'OO'N 138'001 32' 44'N 11" 37 39' S2'N 97'3r:

22"6'N 102'35 2" OO'N 103'00'1

4so49'N

15'5i:

30' OO'N 15"00'5 15"00'5 6'10 '5 6' 00'5

53'0:' 32'OC; 25'0::

4r 44'N

39'1r. 39'00! 35'15,

WOO'N 95'00'

41°39'N

O' 5 3 ~

7"44: 11' 06'N 23'0 0'5 13m,

34"47'N 113'40t 19' 00'5 13"8'N ' 7'2 3'N

29' OOl 9'001

g032t

79'00 '[

45°46'N 21"14'E 48°28'N 81' I9W 9'00 '5 13'00 '5 " ' 20'N ' 6' OO'N 16' 00'5 21' 09'N

125' 00'[ 127' 00' [ 19" 9'[ 20' 00'[

69"OOW 88'0 9W

19°19'N 98' 1, W 19' OO'N 98"OO'W 18' 10'5 '9'22'[ 32'OS'N 23'5 7'[ 10'00 '5 49"OO'W 1"OO'E 9"OO'N

9'00 '5 172"00'W 102 9' 00'5 172'OO'W 103 96 3S" O'N 139"5'[ 90 25'02 '5 '6'59 '[ 51 ' , " O'N 83'33W 90 23'2 1'5 ' 3' 39'[ 76 19"lS'N 99'39W

. cE~.:,

Abbreviations Arch, Austl. Ba s. & Her.

C. Ca n

Cen, African Rep ,

Czech Re p

Oem, Rep , of

Congo

Archipelago Australia Bosnia & Herzegovina Cape

Canada Central African Republic Czech Republic Democratic RepubliCof the Congo

Denmark Dommican Rep UbliC fed. d ist. Federal District Fed erated Fed . States of States of Micronesia Micronesia Fr, France Den

Dominican Rep

Ft. EY.R.

Maced onia

Fort

Former

Re~~b~~I~f Maced onia

G.

Gu lf

G r,

I. Is. Ism, It.

L Uecht. Mex. Mor Mt. Mtn

Mts, Net h,

Greece Island Islands Isthmus Ita ly lake

Liechtenste in Mexico Morocco Mount Mounta in Mountains Netherlands

N, Korea

Pt. R. Rep .

North Korea New Zealand Peninsula Plateau Point River Rep ubliC

Rt~~~~h e

of

N,l . Pen. Plat.

Res, Russ. Se rb. &

Mont.

S. Africa S. Korea Sp , St., St·

Ste., SteStr. Terr.

SoumA fna

South Kore;

Spa r San Sainte Strat

th :t~~~i~

UK U.S,

Terntory United Kingdom Untted States

Reservoir Russia Serbia and Montenegro

Val.

Valley

For U,S. two-letter state abb reViations, see pages 52-53.

I

Igitude

'OO'W i"OO'W 1"43'W ' oo'W ' oo'W ' oo'W

;o39 'W °04'W

' OO'W l'oo'E \'OO'E ' oo'W ' oo'W /' 34'E ' 20'W iOOO' E

roos

­""­

' 09'W ' oo'W

°33'W r"D4'E

' 02'W

D ese rt

-oow

'oo'W '09'W ' 00'W ' 00'W

l15'W

'OO'W '00'W >OO'W " SO' E 'OO'W '48'W :0' 00' 'OO'W '0 2'E " 8'E ' 08'E DO'W

river

' _O asis

Arch ipel ago

Peninsula

Point

S e a

' 39'E S4'W "OO' E ' S6'E OO'W

' oo'E ' 44 'E

' S'W

'08'E ' 31'E )(l'W 'S4'E J7'W ' S3'E 'XJ'W '36'E 12'W

'OO'E

'XJ'W 'YJ'W W E WE 28'E 37'E

oo's ~8 ' W

KJ'W KJ'W KJ'W KJ'W (l 'W 'W

l4'E

S'W O'W

J

Glossary Archip elago a group of islands

M esa a tlat up land area wit h steep sid es, sm aller than a plateau

Basin an area surro unded by hi gh er land; an ar ea d ra in ed by a riverand its trib utaries

Mountain an ar ea o fland n sing m uch higher tha n the land ar ound u , with steep slo pes and po inted or rounded tops

Bay a coastal ind entatio n of [h e sea or a lak e in to [he la nd Canal a man-ma de wa[erway. for Irn gatl on o r t rans po rtatio n

Mouth, of river th e pom t where a river empties into an o ther body of wat er

Canyon a deep valley wit h steep Sides, usually wu h a n ver flowi ng through it

Oasis a place rn the desen with en o ugh water to suppo n vegetation

Cape a point ofl an d extend in g ou t m to a bo dy of water

Peak [he po in ted top of a mou ntain

Channel a narrow stretch of water co n nec tin g two larger bodies of water

Peninsula a lon g piece of lan d surrounded on three sides by wa ter

Cliff a high, steep rock-face

Plain a la rge a rea of flat o r gen tly ro lling land

Coast a strip ofl and bo rdering t he sea

Plateau a la rge elevated area of fla t land

Continental D ivide a rid ge ofland (d ivide) th a t separa tes th e great drainage basins of a co n tinent, eac h ba sin em ptying into a separate body of water

Point a na rrow piece of la nd juttin g O llt into a body of wat er, usu ally low-lym g

'E

lOW lOW 4' E 'E O'E

O'E

OE 2'E

Reef an und erwat er ndge, lying near the surface of the water

Desert an area ofland with littl e ra infall or veget ati on

Re se rvoir a man -made lake, sometimes formed by a river dam

Fjord a narrow inlet of the sea, with st eep slop es, form ed by a glacier

Riv er any strea m of fresh water flowing by gravity from an up land source into a body of wa ter or anoth er river. Perennial rivers flow all year ; interm itt ent ar e dry pa rt o f the year

Glacier a large mas s of ice th at m oves slowl y, fr om high er to lower ground Gulf an extension of the sea partly sur ro un ded by land, lar ger than a bay Harbor a sheltered area along a coa st wh ere sh ips can safely anchor Hills an upland area, sm aller than m ountains, with gentle slo pes

ra

Range a ch ain of mountains

Delta an area ofland formed by deposit s at th e mo u th of a river

i9'E IO'E IO'E IO'E 2'E 'E

.

Island a body ofland com pletely sur ro u nded by wat er Isthmus a narrow strip ofl and t hat co n nec ts two la rger bodi es of land Lake a body of water com pletely surro und ed by lan d

Sea a large bo dy of salt wa ter, smaller than an ocean Sound a stretc h of water betw een an island and t he mainland Strait a stretch of water joining two larg er bodies of water, narrower th an a chan nel Swam p low-lying land perma nently waterlogged Tributary a river tha t flo ws into a larger river Valley a lo ng, low a rea, usually with a river flowing through it, and often lying between m o u ntain s or hills Vo lca no a cone-shape d hill or m ou ntain form ed by lava an d ash; may be acti ve o r exti nc t