Лабораторные работы по грамматике к аудиокассетам (для студентов I и II курсов, изучающих английский язык)

Министерство образования Российской Федерации Омский государственный университет

Рекомендовано к изданию ученым советом факультета иностранных языков ОмГУ

Лабораторные работы по грамматике к аудиокассетам (для студентов I и II курсов, изучающих английский язык) / Сост. О.К. Сургутская, О.В. Павлова. – Омск: Омск. гос. ун-т, 2003. – 60 с.

Лабораторные работы по грамматике к аудиокассетам (для студентов I и II курсов, изучающих английский язык)

Издание ОмГУ

Омск 2003

Лабораторные работы охватывают следующий грамматический материал: исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, степени сравнения прилагательных, Perfect Tense, модальные глаголы (совершенное время, инфинитив, сослагательное наклонение. Разные виды упражнений в сопровождении аудиозаписей помогут освоить вышеперечисленные грамматические явления. Для студентов I и II курсов всех факультетов.

© Омский госуниверситет, 2003

Содержание 1. Nouns (countable uncountable) ................................................................4 2. Degrees of comparison .............................................................................7 3. Present Perfect ........................................................................................11 4. Participle .................................................................................................15 5. Modal Verbs ...........................................................................................18 6. Infinitive .................................................................................................23 7. Subjunctive .............................................................................................29

Nouns used only in the singular Ex. I Ask general questions according to the pattern and answer them in the affirmative. Start answer as soon as the speaker has finished. Compare the answers with the master-tape. Repeat the model answers. Pattern: The weather is fine today. Is the weather fine today? Yes, it is. 1. This work is difficult. 2. Her hair is long and wavy. 3. This advice was good. 4. Tom told me this news. 5. The news was good. 6. We got this information 2 days ago. 7. This information is useful. 8. His progress in English is remarkable 9. His knowledge on this subject is deep enough. 10 The money is on your desk. 11. The furniture in your flat is very nice. 12. Fruit is very cheap this year. Ex. 2 Listen to the questions and then answer them in a negative according to the pattern. Repeat them after the speaker. Pattern: Have you got much money about you? – No, I haven't. I haven’t got much money. 1. Have you got much work to do? 2. Has she made much progress in her studies? 3. Has Nick received much knowledge on this subject? 4. Is there much fruit this year? 5. Is there much furniture in your room? 6. Have you paid much money for this dress? 7. Has Ann bought much furniture?

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Ex. 3 Listen to the questions and answer them. Make use of the cue according to the pattern. Pattern: What colour is your son’s hair? /black My son’s hair is black. 1. What is your progress in English? /Not great yet. 2. When is fruit cheaper in summer or in winter? /in summer. 3. Where is my money? / In your pocket. 4. What is this girl’s hair like? / dark, wavy. 5. What kind of information have you received? / useful. 6. What about his progress in English? / great. 7. What can you say about this work? / difficult. 8. Did he follow his advice? / useful. Ex. 4 Translate into English: 1. Какого цвета волосы у твоей сестры ? – Они черные. 2. Ее волосы очень красивые. 3. Осенью мы едим много фруктов. 4. Летом и осенью на юге много фруктов. 5. Кому принадлежат эти деньги? – Они принадлежат товарищу Петрову. 6. Вы ищите свои деньги? – Они на телевизоре. 7.Ты опять не можешь найти свои деньги. Они у тебя в кармане. 8. По-моему это очень интересная работа. 9. Он сделал большие успехи в английском. 10. Какие красивые волосы у этой девушки. 11. У него достаточно хорошие знания в английском, чтобы читать английские книги в оригинале. 12. Эти новости очень приятны. 13. Hе все советы хороши. 14. Я всегда следую советам Нины. 15. Тебе помогли Петины советы. 16. Его советы всегда помогают мне. 17. Современная мебель очень подходит для маленьких квартир. 18. Я не пойду в кино сегодня. У меня много работы. 19. Какая сегодня погода? – Погода изумительная – очень тепло и солнечно.

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Nouns used only in the plural Ex. 5 Listen to the questions and answer them according to the pattern. Make use of the cue. Pattern: Where are my spectacles? Cue: television set. They are on the television set. 1. Where are my clothes? /chair 2. Where are my opera-glasses? /desk 3. Are the opera-glasses on a desk? /table 4. Where are the goods? /station 5. Where are the people? /hall 6. Where are the scissors? / draw 7. Where are the police? /house Ex. 6 Listen to the sentences. Repeat the orders of the speaker. Pay attention to the personal pronouns in the orders. Pattern: The scissors are on the table. Take them. 1. The clothes are on the chair. Take…. 2. The opera-glasses are in my bag. Take … 3. Your trousers are in a wardrobe. 4. Your spectacles are in the box. 5. The scales are in the kitchen. 6. The glasses are on the piano. 7. The child’s clothes are in a bedroom. Ex. 7 Translate into English, paying special attention to the uncountable nouns: 1. Где твоя одежда? – Она в шкафу. 2. Возьми свою одежду . Вот она! 3. Твоя одежда на стуле. Положи ее в гардероб. 4. Можно мне взять ваш бинокль? – Да, вот он . Возьмите его. 5. Бинокль на пианино. Не ищи его. 6. Где мой бинокль? – Он в столе. 7. Откуда прибывают эти товары? 8. Его зарплата очень высокая. 9. Какая у него зарплата? 6

Laboratory Work on Degrees of Comparison of adjectives for students of the first course composed by Mrs. Lebedeva Ex. 1 Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives: Sad Gentle merry pleasant bad little narrow thin handsome good few lucky capable many many talented old

Ex. 3 Combine the following sentences. Begin a new sentence with a subject of the first one and use antonyms of the given adjectives: Model: The bicycle is fast. The motorcycle is faster. The bicycle is slower than a motorcycle. 1. Mrs. Green is old. Mr. Green is older. 2. Ann is tall. Tom is taller. 3. John has many relatives on his father side. Dick has more. 4. Roger has much time left before his exam. Peter has more time left before his exam. 5. Mr. West’s garage is big. Mr. Brown’s garage is bigger. 6. John’s refrigerator is good. Dick’s refrigerator is better. 7. The story I asked you to read is long. This story is longer. 8. There’s little water in the basin. There’s less water in the jug. 9. Iron is heavy. Lead is heavier. 10. The French language is difficult. The Chinese is more difficult. Ex. 4 Change the sentences using the superlative degree according to the model. Model: Everest is higher than any other mountain in the world. Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

Ex. 2 Compare some things using given adjectives in a comparative degree.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Model: Lesson 10 and 5. (Difficult) Lesson 10 is more difficult than lesson 5. 1. Miss Green and Miss Brown. (Old) 2. John's composition and Peter's composition.(Good) 3. My friend and his brother. (Capable) 4. A number of mistakes in you dictation and your reproduction. (Few) 5. It took you the time to prepare lesson 2 and lesson 6. (Much) 6. The new building of our Institute and the old one. (High) 7. Your furniture and your friends’ furniture (modern) 8. Mr. Green and his brother (tall) 9. A lemon and an orange (sour) 10. Alley and a street (narrow)

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Lenin Avenue is wider than any other street in Moscow. The traffic in this street is heavier than in any other street in a city. This part of the river is narrower than any other. This assistant is more experienced than any other in the laboratory. Peter is older than any other member of the team. I remember that you were better than any other chess player in our

group. 7. Sid is weaker than any other child in the class. 8. The nursery is more convenient than any other room. Ex. 5 Answer the following questions according to the model. Model: – Is the film as interesting as the play? – No, it is not. The play is much more interesting than the film. 8

1. 2. 3. 4. 5 5. 6. 7.

Is your girlfriend as old as her sister? Is John as intelligent as his brother? Are the students of group 5 as diligent as the students of our group? Is John’s wife as curious as her mother? Is the film as interesting as the book? Is the traffic in Bellingham as heavy as in London? Was the first edition of the dictionary as good as the new one? Is this story as long as the other stories in this collection?

Ex. 6 Change the sentences according to the model. Model: Mary is neither older, nor younger than her cousin. Mary is as old as her cousin. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Peter is neither taller nor shorter than his father. John is neither stronger nor weaker than his father-in-law. My type recorder is neither better nor worse than yours. Their flat is neither larger nor smaller than ours. The weather today is neither warmer nor colder than it was yesterday. This word is neither worse nor better than the one you took. I paid neither more nor less for my winter coat than she did. She has got neither more information nor less than I.

Ex.7 Compare the following objects according to the model. Use the given adjectives. Model: Honey and sugar / sweet. Honey is not so(as) sweet as sugar. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9

Tom and his brother / busy. Ann and Mary / pretty. Mr. Black’s car and Mr. West’s car. / Modern Mrs. Green’s watch and Mrs. Bracken’s watch. / Expensive. The alarm-chair in my study and in the sitting room. / Comfortable. The weather in November and in January. / Cold The Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. / Stormy. Summer in London and summer in Moscow. / Dry The Thames and the Volga. / Long

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Ex. 8 Change the following sentences according to the model. Model: My mother is younger than you think she is. My mother is not so old as you think she is. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. gested.

This information is less interesting than that . This hospital is worse than the hospital you were in. Detective stories are more popular abroad than in our country. On Sundays buses are more overcrowded than on weekdays. This street is broader than the street I live in. The flat they got is better than you think it is. The question being raised is more important than the one you sug-

Ex. 9 Compare a small town and a big city, using not so… as and according to the model. Model: Streets. Wide. The streets in a small town are not so wide as in a big city. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A small town and a big city. The buildings /High The traffic / heavy The air/ pure The schools / numerous The shops /roomy The parks / beautiful

Ex. 10 Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. Сегодня не так ветрено как вчера. 2. Миссис Джонсон гораздо моложе мужа. 3. Сид старше своего брата на два года. 4. Когда он умер, его старшему сыну было только восемь лет. 5. Мария говорит по-французски гораздо хуже, чем ее мама. 6. Ты сделала столько же ошибок в изложении, сколько и я. 7. В моей комнате меньше мебели, чем в комнате моих родителей. 8. Мне это было так же ясно, как и вам. 9. Почему он был не так взволнован, как его жена? 10. Студенты пятой группы гораздо прилежнее, чем студенты десятой. 10

Ex. 11 Listen to the following story. 1. Note the sentences in which the adjectives in a superlative degree and the construction not so ……as are used: A certain dramatic translator introducing a well-known comedian to Madam Westriss said: «Madam, this is Mr. Bee who is not so silly as he looks». «True, Madam, – said the comedian,» and that is the greatest difference between me and my friend». 2. Listen to the story again. Repeat the sentences in which the adjective in a superlative is used. 3. Answer the following questions: a) What did a certain dramatic translator say introducing a well-known comedian to Madam Westriss b) What was the comedian’s remark? c) What did he mean by this? Be ready to answer these questions in class.

Present Perfect Ex. 1 Read the questions after the speaker. Answer them in the negative as in the model. Translate the questions. Model: Have you read the book? I haven’t. I haven’t read it yet. 1. Have you seen this film? 2. Have you finished your English lessons? 3. Have you translated the article? 4. Has the speaker answered all the questions? 5. Has Nina heard this opera? 6. Has Boris listened to lesson 6 in the language laboratory? 7. Has Victor helped Olga with her English? Ex. 2 Listen and answer the questions as in the model. Model: The children have seen this film. And Ann? So has she. She has also seen it.

2. We have prepared our reports. And Nina? 3. We have already discussed this film. And they? 4. Pete and Nina have written their compositions. And Helen? 5. Olga has already made her report. And Ben? 6. Lucy and Mary have already returned to Moscow. And Jane? 7. We have returned the books to the library. And you? Ex. 3 Change the following questions from indirect to direct speech and answer them using the word/words prompted by the speaker. Report your answers after the speaker. Model: Ask Ann what she has written. (Some new words) Ann, what have you written? I have written some new words. 1. Ask Tom who has written the sentence on the blackboard. ( Nina) 2. Ask Helen what book she has just read. 3. Ask Peter who has opened the window? (Nick) 4. Ask Nina who has just given her the dictionary? (My elder sister) 5. Ask Boris what opera he has heard lately. (“Ivan Susanin” by Glinka) Ex. 4 Give full answer using the prompted words: 1. What has Helen done? (Her written exercises) 2. What have you read lately? (a new novel by S. P. Shaw) 3. Where have you been this week? (to Kiev) 4. I haven’t seen you for ages. Where have you been all this time? (to Leningrad on business) 5. What have you bought? (Some new English books) Ex. 5 Listen to the dialogue. Pay attention to the use of the Present Perfect. Now read the same dialogue after the speakers. Be careful about the intonation. Mother: Mary, have you already cleaned the windows? Mary: Yes, I have. I have already cleaned them. Look, they are clean now. Mother: And have you cleaned the dishes? Mary: No, I haven’t. They are still dirty. Mother: Has father had his breakfast? Mary: Not yet. He is waiting for it.

1. Pete has read this book. And Tom? 11

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Ex. 6 Answer the questions according to the model. Pay attention to the use of the Present Perfect and the Present Continuous. Model: Have you already closed the box? Not yet. I’m still closing it. 1. Has Pete already had his breakfast? 2. Have you already read today’s newspaper? 3. Have the children already had a walk in the park? 4. Has Tom already written a letter to his parents? 5. Have the students already finished discussing? 6. Have the students of group 103 finished decorating the classroom with flowers and mottoes. 7. Has the Karelian girl finished performing her dances? Ex. 7 Answer the questions using the prompted time expressions as in the model. Model: How long has John studied Russian? He has studied it for 3 years. 1. How long has Ann been to England? (6 months) 2. How long have you been here? (10 minutes) 3. How long have these students studied English? (5 years) 4. How long has Petrov been working at his lesson? (an hour) 5. How long have you been waiting for them? (half an hour) 6. How long have the children been playing in the garden? (2 hours) 7. How long has Mary known Helen? (7 years) Ex. 8 Complete the statements as in the model using the negative form of the verb prompted by the speaker. Model: Mary is a good student. / to study since March. Mary is a good student but she hasn’t studied since March. 1. Ann is in Moscow now. / to come to Moscow since October. 2. I can read English books. / to read anything since summer. 3. Tom and Mary are in Kiev. / to write to me since September. 13

4. My friend has already come to Moscow. / to visit us. 5. I can do this exercise very quickly. / to do since yesterday. Ex. 9 Answer the following questions as in the model using the words prompted by the speaker. Pay attention to the Present Perfect: Where is Jane? / (to go to the cinema). Model: She has gone to the cinema. Where have you been, Jane? I’ve been to the cinema. 1. Where is comrade Pavlov? /(to go to the reading room). 2. Where are Tom and Mary? / (to go to the language laboratory). 3. Where are the students? / (to go to the lecture hall). 4. Where is mother? / (to go shopping). Ex. 10 Make up questions, using the suggested verb in the Present Perfect as in the model. Model: to eat ice-cream Have you already eaten your ice-cream? 1. to visit the Moscow University. 2. to be to the Bolshoy Theatre. 3. to give smb.a present. 4. to discuss the book. 5. to get Helen on the phone. 6. to accept Mike’s invitation to go the Malyi Theatre. 7. to read the article about the great fire in London. 8. to hear Tchaikovsky’s 6th symphony. Ex. 11 1. Ask your friend if he has closed the door. 2. Ask your friend if he has answered his friend’s letter. 3. Ask your friend if he has listened to lesson 17. 4. Ask your friend if he has already read the………….. 5. Ask your friend if his brother has already had his breakfast. 6. Ask your friend how many books he has brought. 7. Ask your friend where he has put the book. 8. Ask your friend who has taken the magazine. 14

Ex. 12 Translate into English: 1. Где Петр? – Он ушел в кино. 2. Где мой словарь? – Я положил его на полку. 3. Нелли Браун находится в Москве всего несколько дней. 4. Я пишу письмо своим родителям. Я написал пять писем с октября. 5.Они только что приехали с вокзала. 6. Вы уже подготовили доклад по книге «Путь Шенона Кронина»? – Да. 7. Кто прочел эту книгу ? – Петр и Майкл.

The Participle As. 1 Correct the statements changing the part, which does not contain the participle: Model: The family rejoiced, because Jim grew more and more alarmed. The family was disturbed, because Jim grew more and more alarmed. 1. He felt impressed, that is why he didn't want to hear symphony again. 2. She looked frightened so I hurried to scare her. 3. Since you seem so well advised of his shortcomings I hope you'll find him likeable. 4. She seemed so crashed and crumpled that he was glad for her. 5. She didn't look convinced so I stopped persuading him. As. 2 Correct the statements changing the part, which does not contain the Participle: Model: Opening his medicine case he took out a spade. (Bottle) 1. Puttung on his coat he sat down to dinner. (Left the house) 2. Taking out a key he began to comb his hair. (Tried to unlock the door) 3. Sitting down on a chair next to him he made for the door. (Stared at the new corner) 4. Drawing from his pocket a little pad of prescription blanks he lit a cigarette. (He began to write) 5. Being very tired he went on working. (He stopped working) 6. Seeing clearly that it will be useless to pursue his point, he insisted on being heard out. (Withdrew) 15

As. 3 Rewrite two clauses or two separate sentences as one with an absolute participle construction. Model: A chapter had been read through. The books were closed and the girls examined. (Having been) A chapter having been read through, the books… 1. The train came in a minute later. The two brothers parted and entered their respective compartments. 2. His long legs twisted under the table, and he omitted to stand up when the ladies left the room. (Twisted). 3. It was a quiet and ordinary breakfast. The four men were all looking very clean. (Looking). 4. For a moment longer he hesitated, her face was troubled and hurt. 5. There was nothing eatable within his reach so he replied in the affirmative. 6. Peg listened to him, his eyes were closed. 7. He had to carry his water from the kitchen, for there is no tap in the room. 8. This duty was done and we refilled our glasses. As. 4 Translate the following sentences into English using Participle I: 1. Он прождал целый день, вернувшись только к вечеру. 2. Мы не обратили никакого внимания на валявшуюся в углу записку. 3. Поскольку ему не давали книг, он проводил время в размышлении и терпеливо ждал дальнейшего развития событий. 4. Сказав это, он вручил мне бумагу, которую только что изучал. 5. И легко поднявшись по ступенькам, он поцеловал ее руку. 6. Сложив письмо и положив его в карман, он направился к двери. 7. Сидящий в углу мужчина встал и, откинув голову, громко запел. 8. Он стоял, прислушиваясь к удаляющимся шагам. 9. Она подняла руку, как бы намереваясь ударить его. As. 5 Translate the following sentences into English using Participle II: 1. Освещенные заходящим солнцем облака были необычайно красивыми. 2. Это была просторная комната, в которой редко спали. 3. Под ногами шуршали опавшие листья. 16

4. Он знал, что если его обнаружат, его арестуют. 5. Я думаю, что этот фильм не будет иметь успеха, хотя и получил надлежащую рекламу. 6. Я люблю блеклые тона. 7. Вот резолюция, которая была принята вчера. 8. Он сидел неподвижно, пораженный красотой ночи. As. 6 Translate the sentences into English using a Participle as a part of a complex: 1. В следующий момент я почувствовал, что меня тряхнуло и подняло в воздух. 2. Пожалуйста, сделайте так, чтобы эта статья была напечатана немедленно. 3. Он почувствовал, что краснеет. 4. Я обнаружил, что они все еще работают в саду. 5. Впервые я услышал, как эту книгу критиковали, на заседании нашей литературной группы. 6. Когда вы придете сюда в следующий раз, вы увидите, что все будет улажено. 7. Поскольку выхода не было, мы приняли предложение. 8. Он у меня будет наказан.

Modal Verbs Exercise 1. Listen to the story after class and write down the sentences containing modal verbs. Analyze their form and meaning and the form of the infinitives that come after them. Exercise 2. Practise. Repeat after the speaker. Part I. 1. Can a man be as unscrupulous as Adams. 2. Can a man be as innocent as uncle Theo. 3. Adams thought: ‘Could the old fellow still be working at his lecture?’ 4. Adams’ friend asked: ‘Could your roommates have been writing his lecture for three days now’. 5. Can the audience have believed that Uncle Theo repeated Adam’s lecture from memory? Part II. 1. A man can’t be as unscrupulous as Adams. 2. Uncle couldn’t be teaching at the college. He must be too old. 3. Uncle Theo thought ‘Mr. Adams can’t have been sleeping since yesterday. He must be ill.’ 4. The committee can’t have failed to decide which of the two candidates was better. Exercise 3. Change the following sentences using the modal verb ‘can’ and an appropriate form of the infinitive. Follow the model. Part I. Model 1: It’s hard to believe the committee is still interviewing the candidates. The committee can’t still be interviewing the candidates. Model 2: It’s hard to believe Adams was so clever. Adams can’t have been so clever. 1. It’s hard to believe Adams was so lazy. 2. It’s hard to believe the audience failed to understand the reason for the committee’s decision. 3. It’s hard to believe there were so few rooms in the hotel.

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4. It’s hard to believe Adams was so self-confident. 5. It’s hard to believe there were so many candidates. 6. It’s hard to believe uncle Theo is still teaching at the college. 7. A guest at the hotel said: ‘It’s hard to believe Mr. Hopkins has been working for three days almost without eating or sleeping’. 8. Adams said: ‘It’s hard to believe the old fellow is still writing his lecture. 9. Adams’ friend said: ‘It’s hard to believe your roommate is so hard working.’ 10. Uncle Theo thought: ‘It’s hard to believe Adams has been at the bath for three hours now.’ Part II. Model 1: Did Adams really go out every evening instead of working? Can Adams have gone out every evening instead of working (or could Adams have gone…)? Model 2: Is Mr. Adams really working at his lecture now? Can Mr. Adams be working at his lecture now? (or could be working). 1. The landlady said: ‘Is Mr. Hopkins really working at this late hour.’ 2. Did Adams really read uncle Theo’s lecture so eloquently. Was Adams really so self-confident? 3. A maid at the hotel said: ‘Has Mr. Adams been sleeping for 10 hours now?’ 4. Were the audience really taken by surprise committee’s decision. 5. Did Adams really have a good post at another college? 6. Uncle Theo thought: ‘Is Mr. Adams really playing billiards now?’ 7. Did the committee really choose uncle Theo? 8. Uncle Theo thought: ‘Is Mr. Adams really at the bar now?’ 9. The dean thought: ‘Does Mr. H. really have such a fine memory?’ 10. One of the candidates said: ‘Have the committee really been interviewing the candidates since morning?’ 11. Were the committee really filled with admiration at Adams’ learning? Exercise 4. Practise the following. Part 1. 1. Adams must be teaching at another college now. 2. One of the professors thought ‘What a memory Mr. H. must have.’ 19

3. The hotel must have been small. 4. The post in C University must have been very good. 5. ‘I must be dreaming’ – Uncle Theo thought, listening to Adams. The committee must nave been in conference for more than half an how now. (thought uncle Theo) 6. Mr. Adams must have been playing billiard since lunch time, said the landlady. Part II. 1. The dean may have been misled by Adams’ eloquence at first. 2. The audience may not have understood why Theo repeated Adams’ lecture. 3. Some people in the audience may have thought uncle Theo did have such a fine memory. 4. Mr. Adams may be working, I can’t disturb him. 5. ‘Mr. Adams may be in the dining room now’- said uncle. Exercise 5. Change the following sentences using the modal verb ‘must’ whenever it’s permissible to do so. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive after ‘must’. Follow the model. Model 1: ‘Evidently, he knows the subject better than I’– thought uncle T. ‘He must know the subject better than I’ – thought uncle T. Model 2: Evidently, the audience liked Adams. The audience must have liked Adams. 1. 2. at first. 3. 4. 5. 6. cle T. 7. cle T. 8. 9. 10.

‘Evidently, Adams stole my lecture’ – thought uncle T. ‘Evidently I left my lecture in the hotel room’ – thought uncle Theo + Evidently Mr H. is upset – he’s so pale. ‘Evidently, Adams will be the winner’ – thought uncle T. ‘Evidently Mr. H is working at his lecture now ‘– said the landlady. ‘Evidently, Adams has been in the bar since lunch time’ – thought un‘Evidently, Adams has been having a nap since breakfast’ thought unEvidently, Adams has no moral principles. Evidently, uncle T was absent-minded. ‘Evidently, the subject for the lecture will be difficult’– thought uncle T. 20

Exercise 6. Make the following sentences negative by using the verb ‘fail’. Follow the model. Model: The audience must have understood the truth. The audience must have failed to understand the truth. 1. 2. 3. 4. didates. 5.

Adams must have written the lecture. Adams must have impressed the committee. The committee must have chosen the candidates during the interview. The university administration must have found rooms for all the canUncle T. must have spoken eloquently.

Exercise 7. Change the sentences below by using the modal verb ‘may’ and the appropriate form of the infinitive. Follow the model. Model: Perhaps, the subject was too difficult for T. The subject may be too difficult for T. 1. Perhaps Adams was clever, but lazy. 2. Perhaps uncle T. was too trusty. 3. ‘Perhaps the candidates have too little time to prepare for the lecture’– said one of the professors. 4. ‘Perhaps, the dean is still talking to Mr. Adams’ – one of the candidates said. 5. ‘Perhaps Mr. Adams has been working in the library since morning’ – uncle T. thought. 6. ‘Perhaps the audience won’t listen to what I say’ – thought uncle F. 7. Perhaps, a number of the people from the audience weren’t surprised at the committee’s decision. 8. Perhaps, uncle T. is still teaching in C. University. 9. Perhaps uncle T. became more careful after that. 10. Perhaps, uncle T. would have fallen ill, if he hadn’t won. 11. Perhaps, Adams would have been chosen by the committee if uncle T. hadn’t applied for the post too.

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Exercise 8. Answer the following questions. Use the modal verbs ‘must’ or ‘may’. The expressions in parenthesis may provide cues for your answers. Follow the model. Model: Why did uncle T. apply for the post in C. University? (to be dissatisfied with his job). He may have been dissatisfied with his job (must have been). 1. Why were there so many candidates for this post? (to be good) 2. Why couldn’t the committee decide which of the two Adams or uncle Theo to chose? (to be good specialists) 3. Why did the committee want the two candidates to give a public lecture? (to want to make their final choice) 4. Why did uncle Theo work day and night? (to want to win) 5. Why did Adams do no preparations at all? (to make up his mind to steal uncle Theo’s lecture) 6. Why did Adams say to uncle T. – hard luck, fellow? (to be sure of his victory) 7. Why did the committee choose uncle T? (to understand the truth) 8. Why did uncle T retire years ago? (to grow old) Exercise 9. Express your doubt about the truthfulness of the events described in the story. Use the modal verb ‘can’ and the expressions given below. Follow the model. Model: to be naive Can uncle T have been so naive? He can’t have been so naive. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

to be unscrupulous to be lazy to have so few rooms to work almost without eating or sleeping to go to the bar every evening to play billiards for hours to eat like a horse

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Infinitive Exercise 1. Answer the following questions using the infinitive patterns of the questions: 1. Do children like to read or to be read to? Сhildren like to be read to. 2. Do modest people hate to praise other people or to be praised? 3. Do talkative people like to listen to other people or to be listened to? 4. Do most people hate to criticize or to be criticized? 5. Do sick people have to take care of other people or to be taken care of? 6. Ought parents to obey their children or to be obeyed? Exercise 2. Correct the following statements beginning your statements with “I’m afraid you’re wrong’: 1. It’s pleasant to be abused. I’m afraid you are wrong. It’s unpleasant to be abused. 2. Cats like to be washed. 3. It is delightful to be scolded. 4. Daughters-in-law like to be instructed by mother-in-law. 5. Neilon shirts are to be ironed with a hot iron. 6. Resourceful people ought to be given directions. 7. Lazy children should be praised. Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences into English using the Passive Infinitive: 1. Дети любят, когда с ними обращаются как со взрослыми. 2. Упражнение должно быть сделано в письменной форме. 3. Приятно, когда тебя внимательно слушают? 4. Он боялся, что его будут критиковать. 5. Студент надеялся, что его спросят на следующем уроке. 6. Неприятно, когда тебя перебивают. 7. Приказ отправили печатать. Exercise 4. Answer the following questions. 1. Are the Soviet people proud to be citizens of the first Socialist State? The Soviet people are proud to be citizens of the first Socialist State. 2. Are you glad or sorry to have entered our institute? I’m glad to have entered our institute. 3. Is Peter the Great considered to be the founder of Moscow or Petersburg? Peter the Great is considered to be the founder of Petersburg. 4. Is Rembrandt known to have died a poor or a rich man? Rembrandt is known to have died a poor man. 23

5. Is mountaineer believed to be beneficial or harmful to people suffering from lung diseases? Mountaineer is believed to be beneficial to people suffering from lung diseases. 6. Do maxi- or miniskirts appear to be coming into fashion? Maxi -skirts appear to be coming into fashion. 7. Did Jerome seem to be healthy or to be suffering from all sorts of diseases after he read the medical encyclopedia? He seemed to be suffering from all sorts of diseases after he read the medical encyclopedia. 8. Are students of the translator’s faculty likely or unlikely to work as interpreters after graduating from the Institute? Student of the translator’s faculty are likely to work as interpreters. 9. Are most people likely to be sleeping or awake at 5 a.m.? Most people are likely to be sleeping at 5 a.m.? 10. Are students of the 2nd course likely or unlikely to have written a course paper by the end of the year? Students of the 2nd course are likely to have written a course paper by the end of the year. Exercise 5. In the following exercise combine the pair of sentences into one and recast(придать новую форму предложению) the complex sentences using in both cases appropriate forms of the infinitive. Example: She is lucky. She knows everything. She is lucky to know everything. 1. She is lucky. She has seen the performance. 2. My friend is lucky. He is resting in the Caucasus now. 3. My elder brother is lucky. He has been working under this famous scientist for all these years. 4. He is happy. He has passed all his examinations. 5. I’m sorry. I must interrupt you. 6. I’m sorry. I have interrupted you. 7. I’m sorry. I am encroaching upon your hospitality. 8. I’m sorry. I have been encroaching upon your hospitality all these days. 9. She is not sleeping. She is only pretending to. 10. She hasn’t slept. She is only pretending. 11. He doesn’t know it. Although he claims to. 12. He hasn’t done it. Although he claims to. 24

13. He wasn’t working at that time. Although he claims to. 14. They meet regularly, it seems. 15. We have met somewhere before, it seems. 16. The child has been sleeping peacefully for 3 hours, It seems. 17. It so happens that I know the main question. 18. It so happened that I was busy that evening. 19. It so happened that I was working that evening. 20. It appears that the girl is blind. 21. It appears that the girl has been blind since her childhood. 22. It is said that the library is open from 9 to 12. 23. It is said that the library has been open since 19. 24. It is expected that the experiment will be completed on Tuesday. 25. It is reported that party is reaching the pool. 26. We suppose that she has spoken to the chief. 27. It is known that he was a brilliant singer in his young days. Exercise 6. Translate into English: 1. Я очень рад, что посоветовался с врачом. 2. Мне жаль, что я трачу понапрасну время. 3. Скорее всего, он уже ушел. 4. Маловероятно, чтобы занималась сейчас. 5. Известно, что он сделал открытие в области ядерной физике. 6. Она притворилась, что ничего не слышала. 7. Кажется, он занимается этой проблемой всю свою жизнь. 8. Ожидают, что делегация прибудет завтра. 9. Моему другу повезло, что он работает с британцами. Он наверняка приобрел хорошие разговорные навыки. 10. Я случайно проходил мимо лаборатории в то время. 11. Полагают, что их проинструктировали. 12. Этот концерт наверняка будут транслировать по радио. 13. Маловероятно, чтобы ему посоветовали это сделать. Exercise 7. Listen to the dialogue. Exercise 8. 1. Я не хочу, чтобы ты ждал меня. 2. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы остались здесь. 3. Я не предполагала, что он вернется так скоро. 4. Нам придется подождать, пока кончится дождь. 5. Я заставляю тебя слушаться. 6. Я не видел, как он ушел. 25

7. Можно положиться на то, что он поддержит нас? 8. Мы полагаем, что она обо всем договорилась. 9. Что послужило причиной того, что вы пришли так рано? 10. Терпеть не могу, когда ты так разговариваешь со мной. 11. Я не имел в виду, чтобы вы сделали все упражнения письменно. Exercise 9. Correct the following statements using the Infinitive of the pattern. Model: Parents like their children to disobey them. You are wrong: Parents don’t like their children to disobey them. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Teachers like pupils to stay away from the classes. Doctors advise their patients to smoke heavily. Little children don’t like their elders to tell them interesting stories. People expect their friends to leave them in the lurch. When in difficulty resourceful people wait for others to help them. Scorching sunrays cause rivers to overflow. Mothers want their children to run about dirty. Rain causes plants to wither. Most people can’t rely on their people to help them. Parents permit their children to toy with the matches. Women like their dresses to be criticized. We consider light-minded people to be most reliable.

Exercise 10. Answer the following questions, using the infinitive patterns of the questions. 1. Is it difficult or easy for a second – year student to read Shakespear in the original? 2. Is warmth or cold needed for dough to rise? 3. Is it dangerous or save for a person to face a ferocious beast. 4. What traffic light is the sign for a driver to go? 5. Are parents anxious for their children to study well or badly? 6. Are high or low temperatures needed for a metal to melt? Exercise 11. Correct the following statements using the infinitive patterns of the statements. 1. It is healthy for a fat person to eat a lot. (I’m afraid you are wrong…) 2. A lot of rain is needed for a watermelon to ripen.(sun) 3. It is customary for Soviet people to celebrate Christmas. 26

4. Teachers are anxious for their students to fail their examinations. 5. It is save for little children to play in the street. 6. Raincoats are meant to protect people from the sun. 7. It is advisable for a child to stay indoors a lot. 8. It is delightful for a cat to be washed. Exercise 12. Recast the following sentences using the infinitive pattern. Model: I’ve brought the book so that you may read it. I’ve brought the book for you to read. 1. The mother peeled the orange so that the child might eat it. 2. You are to choose not me. 3. The first thing you should do is to consult a doctor. 4. He’s sharpened the pencil so that I could write. 5. It is necessary that you should get in touch with him as soon as possible. 6. It is important that all students know the essential grammar rules. 7. Let’s open the window so that the room may be aired. 8. The teacher dictated the text slowly so that the students could put it down. 9. You are not to make terms-you are to accept them. 10. She was impatient that he should go. Exercise13. Translate the following sentences. 1. Вопрос был слишком труден, чтобы я мог дать ответ сразу. 2. Он попросил, чтобы ему подали обед. 3. Она принесла несколько журналов, чтобы я мог просмотреть. 4. Вам рекомендуется делать утреннюю зарядку. 5. Не вам решать, а мне. 6. Единственное, что нам остается делать, так поехать туда без предупреждения. 7. Очень важно, чтобы докладчик затронул эти вопросы в своем докладе. 8. Вам необходимо связаться с научным руководителем. 9. Давайте подождем, пока он придет.

4. Он пробыл в родном городе больше месяца, возвратившись лишь к началу года. 5. Овод считал, что за свободу стоит бороться. 6. Должно быть, ему трудно было решить задачу самому. 7. Это был тихий уголок, никто не обращал на них внимания. 8. Он извинился и уехал, не оставшись на обед. 9. Я случайно проходил мимо кабинета и слышал, как он давал это распоряжение секретарю. 10. Я не привык, чтобы мне возражали. 11. Мне повезло, что я достал билеты на этот концерт. А вы слышали, как он исполняет эту сонету? 12. Я бы никогда не заподозрил ее в том, что она лжет. Она отвечала на мои вопросы, глядя прямо в глаза. 13. Где вы обычно измеряете давление и сдаете кровь на анализ? 14. Оратор был недоволен тем, что его неожиданно прервали. 15. Я не советую вам договариваться с ним. Он не тот человек, на которого можно положиться. Он наверняка подведет вас. 16. Мне что-то не хочется идти гулять. Мне лучше лечь. У меня, кажется, начинается грипп. 17. Прожив так долго вместе, они были как отец и сын. 18. Профессор вспомнил, что видел описание подобной машины в одном из журналов. 19. Не может быть, чтобы он сказал такую вещь. Он очень умен, чтобы сказать такую глупость. 20. Придя к ним вечером, мы застали их за упаковкой чемоданов. 21. Он извинился за то, что заставил ее ждать. 22. Должно быть, что-то заставило его изменить его планы. Он должен был прийти еще полчаса тому назад. 23. Нельзя отрицать тот факт, что советские ученые внесли большой вклад в дело освоения космоса.

Exercise 14. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Нет смысла идти дальше, мы уже видели все интересные места. 2. Не так-то приятно, когда тебе задают вопросы, на которые ты не можешь ответить. 3. Я был рад, что мой уход положит конец ссоре. 27

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Subjunctive (unreality) Listen to the text. Exercise 1. Listen to the text again (read). Write out the sentences, containing all possible forms expressing unreality, modal verbs included. Analyse their form and meaning. Exercise 2. Practise the following sentences. Repeat after the speaker. 1. John said: ‘We should get a train at about 230 if we hurry’. 2. John said: ‘If we are late for the train, we could get one about half an our later?’ 3. Mary asked: ‘Could you tell me what platform the 230 train leaves from’. 4. Mary thought: “I must have been mistaken’. 5. John thought: ‘If I were to say what I thought of that this building would get in flames’. 6. John said: ‘I wish we had some kind of hiker’s guide-book’. 7. John said: ‘I wish you would consult me before buying things, if you did you might buy wrong things less often’. 8. John said: ‘Even if we found a guide-book, it would be too late to make any use of it now’. 9. Mary thought: ‘John might try and please me just for ones. If you were really a loving husband you would’. 10. Mary said: ‘If you were really as clever as you think you are, you wouldn’t have let me make the mistake’. Exercise 3. Change the sentences with real condition into sentences with unreal condition. Follow the model. Model: If we are late for that train we can get the next one. If we were late for that train we can get the next one. 1. If you see a nice hiker’s guide-book you may buy it. 2. If you see a train leaving for Worthing, you may try to catch it. 3. If you come across an inquiry office, you may find out what platform our train leaves from. 4. If you remember another nice place not far from here, we may start for there at once. 29

5. If you meet Mary, tell her that I’ll be waiting for her at Waterloo. Exercise 4. Change the sentences below using modal verb ‘can’ and an appropriate form of the infinitive. Follow the model. Model: It’s hard to believe that Mary is so forgetful. Mary can’t be so forgetful. Mary couldn’t be so forgetful. 1. It’s hard to believe that John and Mary will be late for the 230 train. 2. It’s hard to believe that Mary has decided beforehand what they are going to do over the weekend. 3. It’s hard to believe that Mary has brought John to the wrong railway station. 4. It’s hard to believe that John and Mary got on the train at last. 5. It’s hard to believe that Mary consults John before buying things. Exercise 5. Change the sentences below using the modal verb must and an appropriate infinitive to express probability. Follow the model. Model 1: Evidently John and Mary are in a hurry to catch 330 train. John and Mary must be in a hurry to catch 330 train. Model 2. Probably Mary forgot to think beforehand what they are going to do over the weekend. (Mary must have forgotten to think beforehand what they are going to do over the weekend.) Model 3. Evidently, John and Mary will be late for the 330 train. (No change) 1. Evidently John and Mary are a loving husband and wife. 2. Evidently John and Mary will leave from Waterloo station. 3. Probably John and Mary will catch the 230 train. 4. Evidently Mary is very forgetful. 5. Probably Mary thought that their train left from the Waterloo station. 6. Probably Mary forgot to take a hiker’s guide-book with her. 7. Evidently John is very impatient. 8. Probably John will try and please Mary. 30

Exercise 6. Make the sentences below negative using the verb ‘to fail’ or the verb ‘to forget’. Model: Mary must have decided beforehand what they are going to do over the weekend. Mary must have failed to decide beforehand. Mary must have forgotten to decide… 1. Mary must have inquired beforehand what station the train for Waterloo leaves from. 2. John must have helped Mary to get ready for the weekend. 3. John and Mary must have made their plans beforehand. 4. John and Mary must have bought a hiker’s guide-book. Exercise 7. Change the sentences below using the modal verb ‘might’ with the appropriate form of the infinitive. Follow the model. Model 1: It would have been better if Mary had been more concerned about her husband. Mary might have been more concerned about her husband. Model 2: It would be better if Mary made her plans beforehand. Mary might have made her plans beforehand. 1. It would have been better if Mary had made requires in advance. 2. It would be better if Mary had a few hiker’s guide-books at home. 3. It would have been better if John had helped Mary with her luggage. 4. It would Exercise 8. Change the sentences below using the modal verb ‘could’ to express a polite request. Follow the model. Model: What platform does the train for Waterloo leave from? Could you tell me what platform the train for Waterloo leaves. 1. What station do you leave from? 2. What train will we take? 3. What station is it? 4. How much is this hiker’s book? 31

5. Where should I buy a ticket? 6. What time does the train for Worthing leave? Exercise 9. Complete the sentences below using the modal verbs ‘can’ or ‘may’ in all their forms. Follow the model. Model 1: If we were late for that train (to take the next one). If we were late for that train we could take the next one. If we were late for that train we might take the next one. Model 2: If we’d caught the 230 train (to be in Worthing by now). If we had caught the 230 train we could have been in Worthing by now. If we’d caught the 230 train we might have been in Worthing by now. 1. If we hurried (to catch the 230 train). 2. Even if we had hurried (not to catch the 230 train). 3. If we were late for 230 train (to get one about half an hour later). 4. If we decided beforehand what we are going to do over the weekend.(to avoid the last minute rush). 5. Even if we had gone to Victoria (not to arrive in Worthing before 4). 6. If we’d not made that silly mistake (to arrive at the right station). 7. Even if we had arrived in Worthing before 4 (not to stay there long). 8. If we had some kind of a hiker’s guide-book (to look for some other camping ground). 9. Even if we had found a guide-book (not to go anywhere). Exercise 10. Use the words and expressions given below in conditional sentences, according to the situation. Follow the model. Model 1: to hurry, to get on a train, at about 230. If we hurried we could get on a train at about 230. Model 2: to make the mistake of coming to the wrong station, to be in Worthing by now. If we hadn’t made a mistake of coming to a wrong station we could have been in Worthin by now.

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1. to be late for that train, to get the next one. 2. decide beforehand what we are going to do over the weekend, to avoid this last minute rush. 3. to be mistaken, to come to the right station. 4. to go to Victoria at once, to arrive in Worthin before 4. 5. to get a train for some place from this station, still to have some time to stay in the country. 6. to have a hiker’s guide book, to know what to do now.

Keys Nouns used only in the singular. EX. I 1. Is this work difficult? – Yes, it is. 2. Is her hair long and wavy? – Yes, it is. 3. Was this advice good? – Yes, it was. 4. Did Tom tell you or me this news? – Yes, he did. 5. Was the news good? – Yes, it was. 6. Did you get this information 2 days ago? – Yes, it is. 7. Is this information useful? – Yes, it is. 8. Isn’t his progress in English remarkable? – Yes, it is. 9. Is his knowledge on this subject deep enough? – Yes, it is 10. Is the money on your desk? – Yes, it is 11. Is the furniture in your flat very nice? – Yes, it is. 12. Is fruit very cheap this year? – Yes, it is. EX. 2 1. No, I haven’t. I’ve got little work to do. 2. No, she hasn’t. She has made little progress in her studies. 3. No, he hasn’t. He has received little knowledge on this subject. 4. No, there isn’t. There is little fruit the share. 5. No, there isn’t. There is little furniture in my room. 6. No, I haven’t. I’ve paid little money for this dress. 7. No, she hasn’t. She has bought little furniture. EX. 3 1. It is not great yet. 2. It is cheaper in summer. 3. It is in your pocket. 4. It is dark and wavy. 5. It is useful. 6. It is great. 7. It is difficult. 8. It was useful. EX. 4 1. What colour is your sister’s hair? – It is black. 2. Her hair is very beautiful.

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3. We eat much fruit in autumn. 4. There’s much fruit in the South in summer and in autumn. 5. Whom does this money belong to? – It belongs to Comrade Petrov. 6. Are you looking for your money? – It is on the television set. 7. You can’t find your money again. It’s in your pocket. 8. To my mind it is very interesting work. 9. He has made great progress in English. 10. What beautiful hair this girl’s got. 11. His knowledge of English is good enough to read English books in original. 12. This news is very pleasant. 13. Not all advice is good. 14. I always follow Nina’s advice. 15. Did Pete’s advice help you? 16. His advice always help me. 17. Modern furniture is very suitable for small flats. 18. I’m not going to the cinema today. I have much work to do. 19. What is the weather like today? – The weather is wonderful, it’s very warm and sunny.

EX. 7 1. Where’re your clothes? – They’re in a wardrobe. 2. Take your clothes. Here they are. 3. Your clothes are on a chair. Put them in a wardrobe. 4. May I take your opera-glasses? – Certainly, yes you may. Here they are. Take them. 5. The opera-glasses are on the piano. Don’t look for them. 6. Where are my opera-glasses? – They’re in a draw in a table. 7. Where do these goods arrive from? 8. His wages are very high. 9. What are his wages?

EX. 5 Nouns used only in the plural. 1. They are on a chair. 2. They are on a desk. 3. They are on a table. 4. They are at the station. 5. They are in a hall. 6. They are in a draw. 7. They are in a house. EX. 6 1. Take them. 2. Take them. 3. Take them. 4. Take them. 5. Take them. 6. Take them. 7. Take them.

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Laboratory Work on Degrees of Comparison of adjectives for students of the first course composed by Mrs. Lebedeva 1) Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjective: Sad Gentle merry pleasant bad little narrow thin handsome good few lucky capable much many talented old

sadder more gentle merrier more pleasant worse less narrower thinner more handsome better fewer luckier more capable more more more talented older/ elder

saddest most gentle merriest most pleasant worst least narrowest thinnest most handsome best fewest luckiest most capable most most most talented oldest/eldest

2) 1. Miss Green is older than Miss Brown. 2. John's composition is better than Peter's composition. 3. My friend is more capable than his brother. 4. There are fewer mistakes in my dictation than in my reproduction. 5. It took me more time to prepare lesson 6 than lesson 2. 6. The new building of our Institute is higher than the old one. 7. My furniture is more modern than my friends’ furniture. 8. Mr. Green is taller than his brother. 9. A lemon is sourer than an orange. 10. Alley is narrower than a street. 3) 1. Mrs. Green is younger than Mr. Green. 2. Ann is shorter than Tom. 3. John has fewer relatives on his father side than Dick. 4. Roger has less time left before his exam than Peter. 5. Mr. West’s garage is smaller than Mr. Brown’s. 6. John’s refrigerator is not so good as Dick’s. 37

7. The story I asked you to read is shorter than this one. 8. There’s more water in the basin than in the jug. 9. Iron is lighter than lead. 10. The French language is easier than the Chinese Language. 4) 1. Lenin Avenue is the widest street in Moscow. 2. The traffic in this street is the heaviest in a city. 3. This part of the river is the narrowest. 4. This assistant is the most experienced in the laboratory. 5. Peter is the oldest member of the team. 6. I remember that you were the best chess player in our group. 7. Sid is the weakest child in the class. 8. The nursery is the most convenient room. 5) 1. No, she is not. Her sister is much older than she is. 2. No, he is not. His brother is much more intelligent than John. 3. No, they are not. The students of my group are much more diligent than the students of group 5. 4. No, she is not. Her mother is much more curious than she. 5. No, it is not. The book is much more interesting than the film. 6. No, it is not. The traffic in London is much heavier than in Bellingham. 7. No, it was not. The new edition of the dictionary is much better than the first. 8. No, it is not. This story is much longer than the other stories in this collection. 6) 1. Peter is as tall as his father. 2. John is as strong as his father –in-law. 3. My type recorder is as good as yours. 4. Their flat is as large as ours. 5. The weather today is as warm as it was yesterday. 6. This road is as bad as the one you took. 7. I paid as much for my winter coat as she. 8. She has got as much information as I. 7) 1. Tom is not so busy as his brother. 38

2. Ann is not so pretty as Mary. 3. Mr. Black’s car is not so modern as Mr. West’s. 4. Mrs. Green’s watch is not so expensive as Mrs. Backen’s. 5. The alarm-chair in my study is not so comfortable as the one in the sitting room. 6. The weather in November is not so cold as in January. 7. The Black Sea is not so stormy as the Baltic Sea. 8. Summer in London is not so dry as in Moscow. 9. The Thames is not so long as the Volga. 8) 1. This information is not so interesting as that. 2. This hospital is not so good as the hospital you are in. 3. Detective stories are not so popular in our country as abroad. 4. On Weekdays buses are not so overcrowded as on Sundays. 5. The street I live in is not so broad as this street. 6. The flat they got is not so bad as you think it is. 7. The question you suggested is not so important as a one being raised. 9) 1. The buildings in a small town are not so high as in a big city. 2. The traffic in a small town is not so heavy as in a big city. 3. The air in a big city is not so pure as in a small town. 4. The schools in a small town are not so numerous as in a big city. 5. The shops in a small town are not so roomy as in a big city. 6. The parks in a small town are not so beautiful as in a big city. 10) 1. Today it is not so windy as it was yesterday. 2. Mrs. Johnson is much younger than her husband. 3. Sid is two years older than his brother. 4. When he died his elder son was only 8. 5. Mary speaks French much worse than her mother. 6. You made just as many mistakes in your read-production as I. 7. There is less furniture in my room than in my parent’s room. 8. It was as clear to me as to you. 9. Why wasn’t he so excited as his wife? 10. The students of group 5 are much more diligent than the students of group 10.

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Present Perfect EX. I 1. No, I haven’t. I haven’t seen it yet. 2. No, I haven’t. I haven’t finished them yet. 3. No, I haven’t. I haven’t translated it yet. 4. No, he hasn’t. He hasn’t answered all of them. 5. No, she hasn’t. She hasn’t heard it yet. 6. No, he hasn’t. Ha hasn’t listened to it yet. 7. No, he hasn’t. He hasn’t helped Olga yet. EX. II 1. So has he. He has also read this book. 2. So has she. She has also prepared her report. 3. So have they. They have also discussed this film. 4. So has she. She has also written her compositions. 5. So has he. He has also made his report. 6. So has she. She has also returned to Moscow. 7. So have I. I have also returned a book to the library. EX. III 1. Tom, who has written the sentence on the blackboard? Nina has. 2. Helen, what book have you just read? 3. Peter, who has opened the window? Nick has. 4. Nina, who has just given you the dictionary? My elder sister has. 5. Boris what opera have you heard lately? I’ve heard «Ivan Susanin» by Glinka. EX. IV Give full answer using the prompted words: 1. Helen has done her written exercises. 2. I have read a new novel by S. P. Shaw. 3. I’ve been to Kiev this week. 4. I’ve been to Leningrad on business. 5. I’ve bought some new English books.

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EX.VI 1. Not yet. He is still having it. 2. Not yet. I’m still reading it. 3. Not yet. They are still walking there. or They are still having a walk. 4. Not yet. He is still writing it. 5. Not yet. They are still discussing it. 6. Not yet. They are still decorating it. 7. Not yet. She is still dancing. EX. VII 1. Ann has been to England for 6 months. 2. I have been here for 10 minutes. 3. These students have studied English for 5 years. 4. He has been working at his lesson for an hour. 5. I’ve been waiting for them for half an hour. 6. The children have been playing in the garden for 2 hours. 7. Mary has known Helen for 7 years. EX. VIII 1. Ann is in Moscow now, but she hasn’t come here since October. 2. I can read English books, but I haven’t read anything since summer. 3. Tom and Mary are in Kiev, but they haven’t written to me since September. 4. My friend has already come to Moscow, but he hasn’t visited us yet. 5. I can do this exercise very quickly, but I haven’t worked on it since yesterday. EX. IX 1. He has gone to the reading room. Where have you been, Comrade Pavlov? I’ve been to the reading room. 2. They’ve gone to the language laboratory. Where have you been, Mary? We’ve been to the language laboratory. 3. They’ve gone to the lecture hall. Where have you been, comrades? We’ve been to the lecture hall / We’ve been in the lecture hall. 4. She has gone shopping. Where have you been, mother? I’ve gone shopping. 41

EX. X 1. Have you already visited the Moscow University? 2. Have you already been to the Bolshoy Theatre? 3. Have you already given your friend a present? 4. Have you already discussed the book? 5. Have you already got Helen on the phone. 6. Have you already accepted mike’s invitation to go to the Malyi Theatre? 7. Have you already read the article about the great fire in London? 8. Have you already heard Tchaikovsky’s 6th symphony? EX. XI 1. Have you closed the door? 2. Have you answered your friend letter? 3. Have you listened to lesson 17? 4. Have you already read the…………………… 5. Has your brother had his breakfast already? 6. How many books have you brought? 7. Where have you put the book? 8. Who has taken the magazine? EX. XII Translate into English: 1. Where is Peter? – He’s gone to the cinema. 2. Where is my dictionary? – I’ve put it on the shelf 3. Nelly Brown has been to Moscow only a few days. 4. I’m writing a letter to my parents. I’ve written 5 letters since October. 5. They’ve just come from the railway station. 6. Have you already prepared your report on «Shanon’s Way» by Cronin? – Yes I have. 7. Who has read this book? – Peter and Mike have. EX. XIII Listen to the dialogue paying attention to the use of the Present Perfect. Learn it by heart and reproduce it in pairs in class: Jim is a teacher. He’s having a short holiday at the end of the term. He and his wife are just getting ready to go away for a week. Jim: Have you packed everything, Maggie? We must hurry if we don’t want to miss the train. Maggie: Yes, everything is ready. But I haven’t had time to take your 42

coat from the cleaner’s .We’ll have to pick it up on the way to the station. Jim: You haven’t forgotten my visa. Maggie: Oh, so I have. Have you telephoned for the taxi yet? Jim: Yes, it should be here any moment now. (The door bell rings) Jim: That must be the taxi. All ready to leave, Maggie? Maggie: Just a minute. Let’s make sure we haven’t forgotten anything. You’ve shut all the windows, haven’t you? And locked the back door? Jim: Yes, of course I have. Maggie: Have you turned out the gas Jim: Good heavens, Maggie! You’ve asked me that at least a dozen of time. Hurry up now. Maggie: For goodness sake! Don’t shout, Jim . Have you turned off the lights? Jim: Yes. I have. And I’ve turned off .And I have turned off the lights and the radio and the television set. Now, are you coming ? That’s all I suppose. Maggie: Oh, Jim, have you taken my umbrella? Jim: Maggie, you are starting all over again. We’ll never get away. We might as well unpack and stayed here. Maggie: But I’m coming Jim. Here I am. Look like ready. Jim: Well, at last.

The Participle As. 3 1. The train coming a minute later, the two brothers parted and entered their respective compartment. 2. His long legs twisted under the table, he omitted to stand up when the ladies left the room. 3. It was a quiet and ordinary breakfast, the four men looking very clean 4. For a moment longer she hesitated, her face troubled and hurt. 5. There being nothing eatable within his reach, he replied in the affirmative. 6. P. listened to him, his eyes closed. 7. He had to carry his water from the kitchen, there being no tap in the room. 8. This duty done, we refilled our glasses. As. 4 Translate the following sentences into English using Participle I: 1. He waited for the whole day returning only at night. 2. We didn't take any notice of the note lying in the corner. 3. Not being allowed books he spent his time in meditation and patiently waited for events to take their course. 4. So saying he handed to me the paper he has just been studying. 5. And coming lightly up the steps he kissed her hand. 6. Folding the letter and putting it into his pocket he made for the door. 7. The man sitting in the corner stood up and throwing back his head began to sing in a loud voice. 8. He stood listening to the retreating steps. 9. She raised her hand as if wishing to strike him. As. 5 Translate the following sentences into English using Participle II: 1. The clouds lit by the setting sun looked singularly beautiful. 2. It was a spacious room seldom slept in. 3. The fallen leaves rustled under our feet. 4. He knew if discovered he would be arrested. 5. I don't think the film will be a success though adequately advertised. 6. I like faded colors. 7. Here is the resolution adopted yesterday. 8. He sat motionless struck by the beauty of the night.

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As. 6 Translate the sentences into English using a Participle as a part of a complex: 1. In another moment I felt myself shaken and lifted in the air. 2. Please, get this article typed at once. 3. He felt himself flashing. 4. I found them still working in the garden. 5. I first heard this book criticized at a meeting of our literary group. 6. When next you come here you'll find everything settled. 7. There being no way out we accepted the offer. 8. I'll have him punished.

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Modal Verbs TEXT HOB: Yes, it’s terrible, isn’t it. But talking about «memory» reminds me of my Uncle Theophilus. LUCILLE: What, another uncle? НОВ: Oh yes, and the best of the family. May I tell them about him, Mr. Priestley? MR. PRIESTLEY: Well, as I don't suppose you'll ever know what an auxiliary is, and as this lesson is really over now, I think you might as well. НОВ: Thank you sir. Well, my Uncle Theophilus (we always call him Theo) is the uncle with the real brains. You would like him, Mr. Priestley – he could tell you at once what an auxiliary is. He's my oldest uncle, a tall, thin, grey-haired man whose thoughts were always on learning and nothing else. He's quiet and gentle and absent-minded and with about as much sense as a child where money is concerned. Well, he applied for a post in Camford University. It was a very good post and there were hundreds of candidates who applied for it, and about fifteen, including Theo, were asked to go to be interviewed. Now Camford is a very small town; there is only one hotel in it, and this was so full that they had to put many of the candidates two in a room. Theo was one of these, and the man who shared the room with him was a self-confident fellow called Adams, about twenty years younger than Theo, with a loud voice, and a laugh that you could hear all over the hotel. But he was a clever fellow all the same and had a good post in Iscariot College, Narkover. Well the Dean, that's the head of the department of the University, and the committee interviewed all the candidates; and, as a result of this interview, the number was reduced to two, Uncle Theo and Adams. The committee couldn't decide which of the two to take, so they decided to make their final choice after each candidate had given a public lecture in the college lecture-hall. The subject they had to speak on was – just a moment while I look at my notebook. Yes, it was "The Civilisation of the Ancient Sumerians"; and the lecture had to be given in three days' time. Well, for three days Uncle Theo never left his room. He worked day and night at that lecture, writing it out and memorising it, almost without eating or sleeping. Adams didn't seem to do any preparation at all. You could hear his voice and his laughter in the bar where he had a crowd of people round him. He came to his room late at night, asked Uncle Theo how he was getting on with his lecture, and then told him how he had spent the evening playing billiards, or

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at the theatre or music-hall. He ate like a horse and slept like a log; and Uncle Theo sat up working at his lecture. The day of the lecture arrived. They all went into the lecture-room and Theo and Adams took their seats on the platform. And then, Theo discovered, to his horror that the typewritten copy of his speech had disappeared! The Dean said he would call on the candidates in alphabetical order, Adams first: and, with despair in his heart, Theo watched Adams calmly take the stolen speech out of his pocket and read it to the professors who were gathered to hear it. And how well he read it! Even Theo had to admit that he couldn't have read it nearly so eloquently himself, and when Adams finished there was a great burst of applause. Adams bowed and smiled, and sat down. Now it was Theo's turn. But what could he do? He had put everything he knew into that lecture. His mind was too much upset to put the same thoughts in another way. With a burning face he could only repeat, word for word, in a low, dull voice the lecture that Adams had spoken so eloquently. There was hardly any applause when he sat down. The Dean and the committee went out to decide who the successful candidate was, but everyone was sure what their decision would be. Adams leaned across to Theo and patted him on the back and said, smilingly, "Hard luck, old fellow, but, after all, only one of us could win". Then the Dean and committee came back. "Gentlemen", the Dean said, "the candidate we have chosen is – Mr. Hobdell". Uncle Theo had won. You could have knocked him down with a feather. The audience were completely taken by surprise, and the Dean continued, "I think I ought to tell you how we arrived at that decision. We were all filled with admiration at the learning and eloquence of Mr. Adams. I was greatly impressed; I didn't think he had it in him. But, you will remember, Mr. Adams read his lecture to us. When Mr. Hobdell's turn came, he repeated that speech, word by word from memory, though, of course, he couldn't have seen a line of it before. Now a fine memory is absolutely necessary for this post; and what a memory Mr. Hobdell must have! That is why we decided that Mr. Hobdell was exactly the man we wanted". As they walked out of the room, the Dean came up to Uncle Theo, who was so confused but so happy that he hardly knew whether he was standing on his head or his heels; and as he shook Theo's hand he said, "Congratulations, Mr. Hobdell! But, my dear fellow, when you are on our staff, you must be more careful and not leave valuable papers lying about!" MR. PRIESTLEY: Which just shows that Deans (and even teachers of English) are not quite so innocent as some people think they are. Well, Hob, you may not have a memory like your Uncle Theophilus – but you certainly can tell a good story.

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Exercise 3. Part I 1. 1. Adams can’t have been (or couldn’t have been) so lazy. 2. The audience can’t have failed to understand the reason for the committee’s decision. 3. There can’t have been so few rooms in the hotel. 4. Adams can’t have been so self-confident. 5. There can’t have been so many candidates. 6. Uncle Fill can’t still be teaching at the college. 7. Mr. Hopkins can’t have been working for 3 days almost without eating or sleeping. 8. ‘The old fellow can’t be writing his lecture.’ 9. ‘Your roommate can’t be so hard working.’ 10. Adams can’t have been at the bath for three hours now. Part II 1. The landlady said: "Can Mr. Hopkins be still working at this late hour?" 2. Can’t (could) Adams have read uncle’s lecture so eloquently? Can (could) Adams be so self-confident? 3. Can (could) Mr. Adams have been sleeping for 10 hours now? 4. Can the audience have been taken by surprise? 5. Can Adams have had a good post at another college? 6. Can Mr. Adams 7. Can the committee have chosen uncle Fill? 8. Can Mr. Adams be at the bar now? 9. Can Mr. have such a fine memory? 10. "Can the committee have been interviewing the candidates since morning?" 11. Can the committee really have been filled with admiration at Adams learning? Exercise 5. 1. Adams must have stolen my lecture – thought uncle F. 2. I must have left my lecture in the hotel room – thought uncle at first. 3. Mr. H. must be upset, he’s so pale. 4. Can’t be changed. 5. Mr. H. must be working at his lecture now – said the landlady. 6. Adams must have been in the bar since lunch time. 7. Adams must have been having a nap since breakfast. 48

8. Adams must have no moral principles. 9. Uncle T. must have been absent-minded. 10. Can’t be changed. Exercise 6. 1. Adams must have failed to write the lecture. 2. Adams must have failed to impress the committee. 3. The committee must have failed to choose the candidates during the interview. 4. The university administration must have failed to find rooms for all the candidates. 5. Uncle F. must have failed to speak eloquently. Exercise 7. 1. Adams may have been clever, but lazy. 2. Uncle F may have been too trusty. 3. The candidates may have too little time – said one of the professors. 4. The dean may still be talking to Mr. Adams – one of the candidates said. 5. Mr. Adams may have been working in the library – uncle F. thought. 6. The audience may not listen to what I say – thought uncle F. 7. A number of people in the audience may not have been surprised at the committee’s decision. 8. Uncle F may still be teaching in C. University. 9. Uncle F may have become more careful after that. 10. Uncle might have fallen ill, if he hadn’t won. 11. Adams might have been chosen by the committee if uncle F. hadn’t applied for the post too.

5. He may have made up… or He must have made up… 6. He may have been or He must have been 7. They may have understood the truth. or They must have understood the truth. 8. He may have grown old. or He must have grown old. Exercise 9. 1. Can Adams have been so unscrupulous? He can’t have been so unscrupulous. 2. Can Adams have been so lazy? He can’t have been so lazy. 3. Can the hotel have had so few rooms? It can’t have had so few rooms. 4. Can uncle F have worked without eating or sleeping? He can’t have worked without eating or sleeping. 5. Can Adams have gone to the bar every evening? He can’t have gone to the bar every evening. 6. Can Ad. have played billiards for hours? He can’t have played billiards for hours. 7. Can Adams have eaten like a horse? He can’t have eaten like a horse?

Exercise 8. 1. It may have been good or It must have been good 2. Both of them may have been very good specialists. or Both of them must have been very good specialists. 3. They may have wanted to make their final choice. or They must have wanted to make their final choice. 4. He may have wanted to win. or He must have wanted to win. 49

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Infinitive Exercise 1. 2. Modest people hate to be praised. 3. Talkative people like to be listened to. 4. Most people hate to be criticized. 5. Sick people have to be taken care of. 6. Parents ought to be obeyed. Exercise 2. 1. I’m afraid you are wrong. It’s unpleasant to be abused. 2. I’m afraid you are wrong. Cats don’t like to be washed. 3. I’m afraid you’re wrong. It’s hateful to be scolded. 4. I’m afraid you’re wrong. Daughters don’t like to be instructed by mothers-in-law. 5. I’m afraid you’re wrong. Neilon shirts are not to be ironed with a hot iron. 6. I’m afraid you’re wrong. Resourceful people ought not to be given directions. 7. I’m afraid you’re wrong. Lazy children shouldn’t be praised. Exercise 3. 1. Children like to be treated as grown-ups. 2. The exercise is to be done in writing. 3. It is pleasant to be listened to attentively. 4. He was afraid to be criticized. 5. The student hoped to be asked to the next lesson. 6. It is unpleasant to be interrupted. 7. The order was sent to be typed. Exercise 4. Exercise 5. 1. She is lucky to have seen the performance. 2. My friend is lucky to be resting in the Caucasus now. 3. My elder brother is lucky to have been working under this famous scientist for all these years. 4. He is happy to have passed all his examinations. 5. I’m sorry to interrupt you. 6. I’m sorry to have interrupted you. 7. I’m sorry to be encroaching upon your hospitality. 8. I’m sorry to have been encroaching upon your hospitality all these days 51

9. She is only pretending to be sleeping. 10. She is only pretending to have slept. 11. He claims to know it. 12. He claims to have done it. 13. He claims to have been working at that time. 14. They seem to meet regularly. 15. We seem to have met somewhere before. 16. The child seems to have been sleeping peacefully for 3 hours. 17. I happen to know the main question. 18. I happened to be busy that evening. 19. I happened to be working that evening. 20. The girl appears to be blind. 21. The girl appears to have been blind since her childhood. 22. The library is said to be open from 9 to 12. 23. The library is said to have been open since19. 24. The experiment is expected to be completed on Tuesday. 25. The party is reported to be reaching the pole. 26. She is supposed to have spoken to the chief. 27. He is known to have been a brilliant singer in his young days. Exercise 6. 1. I’m very glad to have consulted the doctor. 2. I’m so sorry to be wasting my time. 3. He is likely to have gone. 4. She is unlikely to be studying now. 5. He is known to have made a discovery in the field of nuclear physics. 6. She pretended to have heard nothing. 7. He seems to have been working at this problem all his life. 8. The delegation is expected to arrive tomorrow. 9. My friend is fortunate to have been working with British. He is sure to have acquired speech habits. 10. I happened to be passing his laboratory at that time. 11. They are believed to have been instructed. 12. This concert is sure to be broadcast. 13. He is unlikely to have been advised to do it. Exercise 7. Mrs. Parker: Robert! I'd like you to do something for me. Robert: Oh, what is it, mum? Mrs.: I want you to make up stove for my bath. R.: But I’m busy, I’m doing my homework. 52

Mrs.: Do you think I haven’t got any work to do? Look at all these clothes I’ve got to iron. R.: Yes, but do you expect me to stop in the middle of what I’m writing? Mrs.: I can’t make you help me if you don’t want to. But I’ve seldom known you take so much interest in your homework. R.: I’ve got ever so much to do tonight. Mrs.: I only asked you to help me for a minute. I don’t like my boys to be disagreeable. Mr. P.: Do I understand you say, you refused to help your mother. You ought not even to wait for her to ask you. I’ve been watching you do your work, as you call it looking out of the window half the time. Let me tell you, young man, you need some real work to do. Mrs.: Thank you. I‘d just like the stove to be made for me to have a bath. I haven’t got used to this kind of stove yet. You understand it better. Mr.: Oh yes, I‘ll soon get the water to boil now, where’s the coal. That didn’t take me long to do, did it? R.: No, Dad, but I advise you to have another look inside the stove before you sit down again. I think the fire was out. Mr.: Good heavens. So it was. You relight, Robert. I refuse to. Exercise 8. 1. I don’t want you to wait for me. 2. I’d like you to stay here. 3. I didn’t expect him to come back so soon. 4. We’ll have to wait for the rain to stop. 5. I’ll make you obey. 6. I didn’t see him leave. 7. Can we rely on him to support us? 8. We believe her to have arranged everything. 9. What caused you to come so early? 10. I hate you to talk to me in such a manner. 11. I didn’t mean you to do all exercises in writing. Exercise 9. 1. Teachers don’t like pupils to stay away from classes. 2. I’m afraid you are wrong. Doctors don’t advise their patients to smoke heavily. 3. I’m afraid you are wrong…Little children do like their elders to tell them interesting stories. People don’t expect their friends to leave them in the lurch. 53

4. I’m afraid you are wrong……… 5. I’m afraid you are wrong: resourceful people don’t wait for others to help them. 6. I’m afraid you are wrong…Scorching sunrise cause little rivers to run dry. 7. I’m afraid you are wrong…Mothers don’t want their children to run about dirty. 8. I’m afraid you are wrong…Rain doesn’t cause plants to wither... 9. I’m afraid you are wrong……Most people can rely upon their friends to help them. 10. I’m afraid you are wrong……Parents don’t permit their children to toy with matches. 11. I’m afraid you are wrong .Women don’t like their dresses to be criticized. 12. I’m afraid you are wrong. We don’t consider light-minded people to be most reliable. Exercise 10. 1. It is difficult for a second-year student to read Shakespeare in the original. 2. Wamth is needed for dough to rise. 3. It is dangerous for a person to face a ferocious 4. A green light is a sign for a passenger to go. 5. Parents are anxious for their children to study well. 6. High temperature is needed for a metal to melt. Exercise 11. 1. I’m afraid you are wrong. It is not healthy for a fat person to eat a lot. 2. I’m afraid you are wrong. A lot of sun is needed for a watermelon to ripen. 3. ---“-- It is not customary for Soviet people to celebrate Christmas. 4. --- Teachers are anxious for their students to pass their examinations. 5. ---- It is dangerous for little children to play in the street. 6. ---- Raincoats are meant to protect people from the rain. 7. ---- It is advisable for a child to stay out of doors a lot. 8. --- It is hateful for a cat to be washed. Exercise 12. 1. The mother peeled the orange for the child to eat. 2. It is for you not for me to choose. 3. The first thing for you to do is to consult a doctor. 54

4. He’s sharpened the pencil for me to write with. 5. It is necessary for you to get in touch with him as soon as possible. Exercise 13. 1. The question was too difficult for me to answer at once. 2. He asked for dinner to be served. 3. She brought some magazines for me to look through. 4. It is recommended for you to do morning exercises. 5. It is for me not for you to decide. 6. The only thing for us to do is to go there without any warning. 7. It is very important for the speaker to touch upon all these questions in his report. 8. It is necessary for you to get in touch with your scientific adviser. 9. Let’s wait for him to come.

18. The professor remembered having seen the description of such a machine in one of the technical magazines. 19. He can’t have said such a thing. He is too clever to say such nonsense (or to have said) 20. Coming to their place in the evening we found him packing his suitcases. 21. Paul apologized to Ph. for having kept her waiting. 22. Something must have made him change his plans. He was to have come half an hour ago. 23. There is no denying the fact that soviet scientists have made a great contribution to the cause of the exploration of space.

Exercise 14. 1. There is no point in going further. We have seen all the places of interest. 2. It is not pleasant to be asked questions which you cannot answer. 3. I was glad that my going will put an end to a quarrel. 4. He stayed in his native town more than a month coming back only for the New Year. 5. The gadfly thought that freedom was worth fighting for. 6. It must have been difficult for him to solve the problem by himself. 7. It was a quiet place, no one taking any notice of them. 8. M. made some excuse and left without staying for dinner. 9. I happened to be passing his office and heard him giving the instructions to the secretary. 10. I’m not used to be answer back’ – said the stepfather to David. 11. I’m lucky to have got tickets for his concert. Have you ever heard him play the sonata. 12. I would have never suspected her of lying. She answered my questions looking me straight in the eyes. 13. Where do you usually have your blood-test taken and your bloodpressure checked. 14. The speaker was upset of being stopped like that. 15. I don’t advise you to make arrangements with him. He is not a man to rely on. He is sure to fail you. 16. I don’t feel like going for a walk. I’d better lie down. I think I have a cold coming. 17. Having lived together for such a long time they were like father and son. 55

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Subjunctive (unreality) Exercise 1. One weekend John and Mary decided to go to Worthing. − What station do we leave from? – asked John. − Waterloo – answered Mary. − If we hurry we should get a train at about 230. If we are late for that we could get one about half an hour later. − If you had decided beforehand what we are going to do over the weekend and avoided this last minute rush – said John, – we might have some chance of getting somewhere sometime. − On arrival at Waterloo station Mary made her way to the inquiry office. − Could you tell me what platform the train leaves – to Worthing from – she asked. − I might if this were Victoria station – answered the clerk with a grin. − Well, now. I must have been mistaken – cried Mary gayly turning to John. − What do you think of that? − If I were to say what I thought this building would get in flames. – ground he. − What shall we do? – persisted John. – If we went to Victoria at once we might get a train to arrive in Worthing somewhere before 4 but the afternoon will be half over. Could we get a train for some place from this station? I wish we had some kind of hiker’s guide. – John looked saw a book-stall and went there around. − Would you mind showing me some kind of a hiker’s guide – he asked. − Certainly, sir, – said the assistant. – Might I suggest this one? − Could I have a look at it first? – said John, examined it. − I wish you would consult me before paying for things – said Mary on looking John’s purchase over. – If you did, you might buy the wrong thing less often. − This one has nothing about camping grounds. − Saturday afternoon is hardly the best time to buy books of this kind, anyway. If you found one it would be too late to make any use of it – said John. − You might try and please me just for once. – said Mary. – If you were really a loving husband you would. You’ve been behaving like a bear all afternoon. If you don’t stop I’ll scream. − Mary looked as if she would to. − Come on – said John urgently. 57

− Let’s go to Victoria and see if there is a train. There we should have been in Worthing by now if you hadn’t made a silly mistake of bringing us here first. − If you are as clever as you think you are you wouldn’t have let me hake it – said Mary. They got into the train at a quarter past 3 and took seats separately at opposite ends of the coach. Exercise 3. 1. If you saw a nice hiker’s guide-book you might buy it. 2. If you saw a train leaving for Worthing you may try leaving for Worthing you might try to catch it. 3. If you came across an inquiry office, you might find out what platform our train leaves from. 4. If you remembered another nice place not far from here, we might start for there at once. 5. If you met Mary, you might tell her that I’ll be waiting for her at Waterloo. Exercise 4. 1. John and Mary can’t be late for the 2.30 train. John and Mary… 2. Mary can’t have decided beforehand what they are going to do over the weekend. Mary couldn’t have decided… 3. Mary can’t have brought… couldn’t have brought… 4. John and Mary can’t have got on the train at last. 5. Mary can’t consult John before buying things. couldn’t consult John before buying things. Exercise 5. 1. John and Mary must be a loving husband and wife. 2. No change. 3. No change. 4. Mary must be very forgetful. 5. Mary must have thought that their train left from the Waterloo station. 6. Mary must have forgotten to take a hiker’s guide-book with her. 7. John must be very impatient. 8. No change.

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Exercise 6. 1. Mary must have failed to inquire beforehand what station… 2. John must have failed to help Mary to get ready for the weekend. John must have forgotten to help Mary to get ready for the weekend. 3. John and Mary must have failed to make their plans beforehand. John and Mary must have forgotten to make their plans beforehand. 4. John and Mary must have failed to buy a hiker’s guide-book. John and Mary must have forgotten to buy a hiker’s guide-book.

4. If we had gone to Victoria at once, we could have arrived in Worthing before 4. 5. If we got a train for some place from this station we might still have some time to stay in the country. 6. If we had …. we could know…

Exercise 7. 1. Mary might have made requires. 2. Mary might have a few hiker’s guide-books at home. 3. John might have helped Mary with her luggage. 4. John might have tried to please Mary just… Exercise 8. 1. Could you tell me what station we leave from. 2. Could you tell me what train we’ll take. 3. Could you tell me what station it is. 4. Could you tell me how much this hiker’s book is. 5. Could you tell me where to buy a ticket. 6. Could you tell me what time the train for Worthing leaves. Exercise 9. 1. If we hurried we could catch the 230 train. If we hurried we might catch the 230 train. 2. Even if we had hurried we couldn’t have caught the 230 train. 3. If we were late for 230 train we could get one about half an hour later. – we might get one about half an hour later. 4. If we decided … we could avoid the last minute rush. 5. – we couldn’t have arrived in Worthing before 4. 6. – we could have arrived at the right station. 7. – we couldn’t have stayed there long. 8. – we could look… 9. – we couldn’t have gone anywhere. Exercise 10. 1. If we were late for that train we might get the next one. 2. If we decided beforehand what we are going to do over the weekend, we might avoid this last minute rush. 3. If we hadn’t been mistaken we might have come to the right station. 59

Учебно-практическое издание Составитель Ольга Константиновна Сургутская

Технический редактор Н.В. Москвичёва Редактор Л.М. Кицина Подписано в печать 17.09.03. Формат бумаги 60х84 1/16. Печ. л. 3,75. Уч.-изд. л. 4,0. Тираж 100 экз. Заказ 560. Издательско-полиграфический отдел ОмГУ 644077, г. Омск-77, пр. Мира, 55а, госуниверситет

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