BLADDER
INFECTIONS A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
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ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Bladder Infections: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83792-9 1. Bladder Infections-Popular works. I. Title.
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Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
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Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on bladder infections. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
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About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
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About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
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Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLADDER INFECTIONS .............................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Bladder Infections ......................................................................... 4 E-Journals: PubMed Central ......................................................................................................... 5 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed .................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLADDER INFECTIONS ................................................ 9 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 9 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine.................................................... 9 Additional Web Resources ........................................................................................................... 14 General References ....................................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON BLADDER INFECTIONS............................................................................... 19 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 19 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies.............................................................................................. 19 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers........................................................................................... 20 Chapters on Bladder Infections .................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON BLADDER INFECTIONS .................................................................... 25 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 25 Bibliography: Multimedia on Bladder Infections ......................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLADDER INFECTIONS ................................................. 27 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 27 News Services and Press Releases................................................................................................ 27 Newsletter Articles ...................................................................................................................... 29 Academic Periodicals covering Bladder Infections....................................................................... 30 CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS ..................................................................................... 31 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 31 U.S. Pharmacopeia....................................................................................................................... 31 Commercial Databases ................................................................................................................. 32 APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 35 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 35 NIH Guidelines............................................................................................................................ 35 NIH Databases............................................................................................................................. 37 Other Commercial Databases....................................................................................................... 39 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ................................................................................................. 41 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 41 Patient Guideline Sources............................................................................................................ 41 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................... 46 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES .................................................................................. 49 Overview...................................................................................................................................... 49 Preparation................................................................................................................................... 49 Finding a Local Medical Library.................................................................................................. 49 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................... 49 ONLINE GLOSSARIES.................................................................................................................. 55 Online Dictionary Directories ..................................................................................................... 55 BLADDER INFECTIONS DICTIONARY................................................................................... 57 INDEX ................................................................................................................................................ 77
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FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with bladder infections is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about bladder infections, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to bladder infections, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on bladder infections. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to bladder infections, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on bladder infections. The Editors
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From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
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CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON BLADDER INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on bladder infections.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and bladder infections, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Pediatric Voiding Dysfunction: Is My Child Just Lazy or Is There a Real Problem? Source: Family Urology. 5(2): 11-13. 2000. Contact: Available from American Foundation for Urologic Disease. 1126 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. (800) 242-2383 or (410) 468-1800. Fax (410) 468-1808. Website: www.afud.org. Summary: This article is the third in a three part series focusing on pediatric urologic issues. In this article, the authors describe the condition and management of voiding dysfunction in children. This term is used to describe a constellation of problems that interfere with efficient urine storage and evacuation. Children's symptoms may include recurrent bladder infections, day or night wetting, urgency, frequency, urinary
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Bladder Infections
dribbling, infrequent voiding, a weak or intermittent stream, or straining to void. Constipation is also often found in children with voiding dysfunction. There are both long and short term consequences of voiding dysfunction. Frequently, physicians and parents initially misdiagnose this problem as child laziness or stubbornness. The authors stress that patience is important on the parts of the child, the family, and the health care provider, as establishing new habits of this kind is difficult. For the most part, voiding dysfunction does not require surgical intervention. Recommended treatment is to correct inefficient bladder habits through the use of medications and behavior change procedures. Biofeedback for pelvic muscle retraining is one of the unique treatment options for the management of this condition. In addition, behavior therapy interventions such as modeling healthy urinary habits are often needed to alter maladaptive child behaviors that interfere with treatment progress. Success can only be achieved if the child is an active participant in treatment and if they believe that there are benefits to obtaining continence. 3 figures. •
UTIs: Prevention and Treatment Source: Diabetes Forecast. 55(8): 28-30. August 2002. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are more common in women than in men and more prevalent in women with diabetes. This article reviews the prevention and treatment of UTIs in women with diabetes. Topics include the anatomy and physiology of the female urogenital tract, blood glucose levels as a risk factor for UTIs, the diagnosis of a UTI, treatment strategies, the symptoms of UTIs, prevention methods, and risk factors (including age, frequent sexual activity, poor hygiene, pregnancy). The author concludes that good bladder health practices can help all women to reduce their changes of getting UTIs. Frequent and recurring infections put a woman at risk for kidney infections. High blood glucose provides a rich environment for bacteria to grow; by maintaining good blood glucose control, women can reduce their risk of bladder infections.
Federally Funded Research on Bladder Infections The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to bladder infections. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to bladder infections. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use 2
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
Studies
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animals or simulated models to explore bladder infections. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for bladder infections: •
Project Title: MOLECULAR BASIS OF E. COLI ADHESINS IN BLADDER DISORDERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hultgren, Scott J.; Professor; Molecular Microbiology; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, Mo 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-1997; Project End 31-DEC-2006 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common infections that affect a large proportion of the world population and account for significant morbidity and medical expenditures. These infections are most commonly caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). A long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the processes by which E. coli causes acute, recurrent and chronic UTIs and the sequelae of these infections. An integrated approach will be used that blends a powerful bacterial genetic system, a mouse UTI model, and x-ray crystallography with high-resolution electron microscopy (EM), protein chemistry, carbohydrate chemistry, and tissue culture systems in order to reveal the cellular, molecular, and structural basis for the pathogenesis of these infections. The FimH adhesin present at the tip of type 1 pili has been shown in animal models to mediate binding to the uroplakin-coated lumenal surface of the bladder. The uroplakin receptor complexes recognized by the FimH adhesin will be cloned and used to investigate the consequences of FimHuroplakin interactions. Also, the three dimensional structure of the FimH adhesin will be used to design a panel of site directed mutations to delineate the mannose binding pocket of the FimH adhesin and the structural basis of bacterial colonization of the urinary tract. The adaptive responses to bladder infections and the activation of signals that lead to the release of cytokines and recruitment of neutrophils will be dissected in detail. FimH-mediated attachment to the bladder epithelial cells activates a cascade of innate defenses that leads to rapid exfoliation and proliferation of underlying epithelial cells. The molecular basis of exfoliation will be investigated and its role in protecting the bladder from infection will be studied. The molecular mechanisms by which uropathogenic E. coli are able to invade bladder epithelial cells and evade the host response will be elucidated. Uropathogenic E. coli replicate intracellularly and form "bacterial factories" in the lumenal superficial facet cells of the bladder. The virulence factors required for this process will be identified and studied. Finally, the fluxing of E. coli out of the facet cells and colonization of underlying tissue will be investigated as a mechanism to cause persistent and recurrent infections. These studies will contribute to the development of adhesin-based vaccines to treat and prevent urinary tract infections and their sequelae. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and 3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age.
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Bladder Infections
unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-text articles. The following is a sample of items found for bladder infections in the PubMed Central database: •
Establishment of a Persistent Escherichia coli Reservoir during the Acute Phase of a Bladder Infection. by Mulvey MA, Schilling JD, Hultgren SJ.; 2001 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=98534
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6 The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with bladder infections, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for bladder infections (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A mechanical aid to control bladder infection and function using indwelling catheters. Author(s): Barron J. Source: Diseases of the Colon and Rectum. 1967 January-February; 10(1): 70-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4289487&dopt=Abstract
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A quantitative discussion of the effectiveness of voiding as a defense against bladder infection. Author(s): Boen JR, Sylwester D. Source: Biometrics. 1966 March; 22(1): 53-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5954725&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder infection. Author(s): Whitmore KE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 September; 152(3): 868. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8051738&dopt=Abstract
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The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print. 6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
Studies
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•
Clastogenic activity in urine of individuals with urinary bladder infections. Author(s): Rosin MP, See RH, San RH. Source: Cancer Letters. 1989 September 15; 47(1-2): 99-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2636038&dopt=Abstract
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Clostridial infection in the urinary tract. Report of a case of bladder infection due to Clostridium welchii. Author(s): Lykkegaard Nielsen M, Laursen H. Source: Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 1972; 6(2): 120-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4339299&dopt=Abstract
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Do antibiotics clear bladder infections? Author(s): Reid G. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1994 September; 152(3): 865-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8051737&dopt=Abstract
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EDTA and lysozyme lavage in the treatment of pseudomonas and coliform bladder infections. Author(s): Goldschmidt MC, Kuhn CR, Perry K, Johnson DE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1972 June; 107(6): 969-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4624519&dopt=Abstract
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Excretion of N-nitrosamines in patients with bacterial bladder infections or diversions of the urinary tract. Author(s): Tricker AR. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 1996 September; 5 Suppl 1: 95-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=8972301&dopt=Abstract
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Incidence of renal bacteriuria in the presence of long standing bladder infections. Author(s): Stovall CW, Mihaldzic N, Lloyd FA. Source: Proc Annu Clin Spinal Cord Inj Conf. 1967 September 27; 16: 172-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5191679&dopt=Abstract
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Infection and papillary necrosis. Scanning electron microscopic comparison with bladder infection. Author(s): Cohen MS, Davis CP, McDonald DF, Warren MM. Source: Urology. 1979 January; 13(1): 36-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=375534&dopt=Abstract
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Kidney and bladder infections. Author(s): Carvajal HF. Source: Adv Pediatr. 1978; 25: 383-413. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=369340&dopt=Abstract
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Nitrosamine formation in bladder infections and its role in the etiology of bladder cancer. Author(s): Radomski JL, Greenwald D, Hearn WL, Block NL, Woods FM. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1978 July; 120(1): 48-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=671604&dopt=Abstract
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Route and prophylaxis of ascending bladder infection in male patients with indwelling catheters. Author(s): Brehmer B, Madsen PO. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1972 November; 108(5): 719-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=5081705&dopt=Abstract
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The serum antibody response in renal and bladder infections. Author(s): Bremner DA, Fairley KF, O'Keefe C, Kincaid-Smith P. Source: The Medical Journal of Australia. 1969 May 24; 1(21): 1069-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4893351&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary bladder infection/irritation among female users of a high-tech toilet. Author(s): Miyoshi I, Mitsuoka T, Taguchi H. Source: Intern Med. 2003 April; 42(4): 373. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729331&dopt=Abstract
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Urinary lactic dehydrogenase isoenzyme 5 in the differential diagnosis of kidney and bladder infections. Author(s): Carvajal HF, Passey RB, Berger M, Travis LB, Lorentz WB. Source: Kidney International. 1975 September; 8(3): 176-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1177377&dopt=Abstract
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CHAPTER 2. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND BLADDER INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to bladder infections. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to bladder infections and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to bladder infections: •
A modified biofeedback program for children with detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia: 5year experience. Author(s): Chin-Peuckert L, Salle JL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 October; 166(4): 1470-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547115&dopt=Abstract
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A new, simple, non-invasive imaging technique of internal organs and various cancer tissues using extended principles of the “Bi-Digital O-Ring Test” without using expensive imaging instruments or exposing the patient to any undesirable radiation-Part I. Author(s): Omura Y. Source: Acupuncture & Electro-Therapeutics Research. 1985; 10(4): 255-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2871698&dopt=Abstract
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•
A review of the plants of the genus Phyllanthus: their chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic potential. Author(s): Calixto JB, Santos AR, Cechinel Filho V, Yunes RA. Source: Medicinal Research Reviews. 1998 July; 18(4): 225-58. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9664291&dopt=Abstract
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Acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis: a review of treatment approaches. Author(s): Kot T, Pettit-Young N. Source: Compr Ther. 1990 August; 16(8): 54-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=2173653&dopt=Abstract
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Adjuvant intraperitoneal chromic phosphate therapy in a woman with early ovarian carcinoma and pelvic infection with resulting catastrophic complications. Author(s): McGowan L. Source: Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 1994 August; 19(8): 696-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=7955749&dopt=Abstract
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An appraisal of 12 solutions used for bladder irrigation or instillation. Author(s): Harper WE. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1981 October; 53(5): 433-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6793121&dopt=Abstract
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Anaerobic bacteriuria in a male urologic outpatient population. Author(s): Geckler RW, Standiford HC, Calia FM, Kramer HC, Hornick RB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1977 November; 118(5): 800-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=916102&dopt=Abstract
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Antimicrobial activity of intraurethrally administered probiotic Lactobacillus casei in a murine model of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Author(s): Asahara T, Nomoto K, Watanuki M, Yokokura T. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2001 June; 45(6): 1751-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11353622&dopt=Abstract
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Assessment of antiseptic bladder washout procedures using a physical model of the catheterised bladder. Author(s): Stickler DJ, Clayton CL, Chawla JC. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1987 November; 60(5): 413-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3122868&dopt=Abstract
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Attempted reversal of oxytetracycline resistance of Proteus mirabilis by EDTAtromethamine lavage in experimentally induced canine and feline cystitis. Author(s): Wooley RE, Blue JL, Campbell LM.
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Source: Am J Vet Res. 1975 October; 36(10): 1533-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=811139&dopt=Abstract •
Biofeedback therapy expedites the resolution of reflux in older children. Author(s): Palmer LS, Franco I, Rotario P, Reda EF, Friedman SC, Kolligian ME, Brock WA, Levitt SB. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 October; 168(4 Pt 2): 1699-702; Discussion 1702-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12352338&dopt=Abstract
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Biofeedback training for children with bladder sphincter incoordination. Author(s): Jerkins GR, Noe HN, Vaughn WR, Roberts E. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1987 October; 138(4 Pt 2): 1113-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3656570&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder instillations of trisdine compared with catheter introducer for reduction of bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of patients with acute spinal cord trauma. Author(s): Pearman JW, Bailey M, Riley LP. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1991 May; 67(5): 483-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=1903999&dopt=Abstract
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Bladder rehabilitation, the effect of a cognitive training programme on urge incontinence. Author(s): Vijverberg MA, Elzinga-Plomp A, Messer AP, van Gool JD, de Jong TP. Source: European Urology. 1997; 31(1): 68-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9032538&dopt=Abstract
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Buchu--South Africa's amazing herbal remedy. Author(s): Simpson D. Source: Scott Med J. 1998 December; 43(6): 189-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=9924759&dopt=Abstract
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Candiduria in hospitalized patients: a review. Author(s): Nucci M. Source: The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases : an Official Publication of the Brazilian Society of Infectious Diseases. 2000 August; 4(4): 168-72. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11008220&dopt=Abstract
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Cerebellar ataxia. Author(s): Perlman SL.
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Source: Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2000 May; 2(3): 215-224. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11096749&dopt=Abstract •
Changing concepts concerning the management of vesicoureteral reflux. Author(s): Herndon CD, DeCambre M, McKenna PH. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2001 October; 166(4): 1439-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11547107&dopt=Abstract
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Combination chemotherapy of cisplatin, methotrexate, vinblastine, and high-dose tamoxifen for transitional cell carcinoma. Author(s): Hsu CH, Chen J, Wu CY, Cheng AL, Pu YS. Source: Anticancer Res. 2001 January-February; 21(1B): 711-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11299831&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Banaszak A, Begovac J, Strugar J, Strapac Z, Vrsalovic R, Vukovic J, Tomas M. Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 2003 May; 21(5): 457-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727080&dopt=Abstract
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Comparative analysis of azithromycin and clarithromycin efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of chronic prostatitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Author(s): Skerk V, Schonwald S, Krhen I, Markovinovic L, Barsic B, Marekovic I, Roglic S, Zeljko Z, Vince A, Cajic V. Source: Journal of Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2002 August; 14(4): 384-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420857&dopt=Abstract
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Comparison of the efficacy of “Trisdine” and kanamycin-colistin bladder instillations in reducing bacteriuria during intermittent catheterisation of patients with acute spinal cord trauma. Author(s): Pearman JW, Bailey M, Harper WE. Source: British Journal of Urology. 1988 August; 62(2): 140-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3136820&dopt=Abstract
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Complications of vesicoureteral operations from incoordination of micturition. Author(s): Hinman F Jr, Baumann FW. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1976 November; 116(5): 638-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=978818&dopt=Abstract
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Comprehensive management of dysfunctional voiding. Author(s): Schulman SL, Quinn CK, Plachter N, Kodman-Jones C.
Alternative Medicine 13
Source: Pediatrics. 1999 March; 103(3): E31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10049987&dopt=Abstract •
Cranberry juice consumption may reduce biofilms on uroepithelial cells: pilot study in spinal cord injured patients. Author(s): Reid G, Hsiehl J, Potter P, Mighton J, Lam D, Warren D, Stephenson J. Source: Spinal Cord : the Official Journal of the International Medical Society of Paraplegia. 2001 January; 39(1): 26-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11224011&dopt=Abstract
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EDTA and lysozyme lavage in the treatment of pseudomonas and coliform bladder infections. Author(s): Goldschmidt MC, Kuhn CR, Perry K, Johnson DE. Source: The Journal of Urology. 1972 June; 107(6): 969-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=4624519&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of chlorhexidine/EDTA/Tris against bacterial isolates from clinical specimens. Author(s): Harper WE, Epis JA. Source: Microbios. 1987; 51(207): 107-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=3116368&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of cranberry juice on bacteriuria in children with neurogenic bladder receiving intermittent catheterization. Author(s): Schlager TA, Anderson S, Trudell J, Hendley JO. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 1999 December; 135(6): 698-702. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10586171&dopt=Abstract
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Effect of recombinant human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (lenograstim) on chemotherapy induced neutropenia in patients with urothelial cancer. Author(s): Kotake T, Usami M, Miki T, Togashi M, Akaza H, Kubota Y, Matsumura Y. Source: International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association. 1999 February; 6(2): 61-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10226809&dopt=Abstract
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Effective management of daytime wetting. Author(s): Rhodes C. Source: Paediatric Nursing. 2000 March; 12(2): 14-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11220839&dopt=Abstract
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Effects of probiotic bacteria on diarrhea, lipid metabolism, and carcinogenesis: a review of papers published between 1988 and 1998. Author(s): de Roos NM, Katan MB.
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Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2000 February; 71(2): 405-11. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=10648252&dopt=Abstract •
EMG biofeedback for functional bladder-sphincter dyssynergia: a case study. Author(s): Libo LM, Arnold GE, Woodside JR, Borden TA, Hardy TL. Source: Biofeedback Self Regul. 1983 June; 8(2): 243-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=6357288&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
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AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
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Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
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drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
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Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
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Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
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Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
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MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
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Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
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HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
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WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
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WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,00.html
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Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to bladder infections; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation: •
General Overview Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bladder Infection and Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 15
Edema Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Tract Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com •
Alternative Therapy Hydrotherapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,705,00.html
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Herbs and Supplements Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barberry Alternative names: Berberis vulgaris, Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bearberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Vulgaris Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberry Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cleavers Alternative names: Galium aparine Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Coleus Forskohlii Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cranberry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cranberry Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10019,00.html
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Damiana Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Echinacea Alternative names: Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Angustifolia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Pallida Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Echinacea Purpurea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Goldenrod Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Goldenseal Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Horsetail Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10105,00.html Juniper Berry Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Lapacho Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Methionine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Nettle Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC.; www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10048,00.html Plantain Alternative names: Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Purple Coneflower Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Uva Ursi Alternative names: Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Bearberry, Beargrape Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 17
Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Vitamins Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Minerals Sodium Bicarbonate Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
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Food and Diet Berries Source: Healthnotes, Inc.; www.healthnotes.com
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
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CHAPTER 3. BOOKS ON BLADDER INFECTIONS Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to bladder infections. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on bladder infections include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on bladder infections: •
Medical Advisor Home Edition: The Complete Guide to Alternative and Conventional Treatments Source: Alexandria, VA: Time-Life Books. 1997. 960 p. Contact: Available from Time-Life Books. 400 Keystone Industrial Park, Dunsmore, PA 18512. PRICE: $20.00. ISBN: 0783552505. Summary: This book offers information about 300 health problems, ranging from relatively benign conditions to the most serious diseases. The book provides symptom charts that name several related problems and help readers decide which ailment entry to look up. Ailment entries provide a more complete list of symptoms, plus guidelines to discern whether the condition is potentially serious or requires a doctor's attention. Each entry describes the ailment and how it affects the body. Next, the entry outlines the underlying causes of the ailment and tests and procedures a doctor may use to confirm
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Bladder Infections
the diagnosis. The treatment segment presents conventional and alternative recommendations for curing the problem or alleviating the symptoms. Most ailment entries conclude with advice on preventive measures that can be used to maintain health. Alternative treatments described include bodywork, acupuncture and acupressure, herbal therapies, homeopathy, lifestyle changes, and nutrition and diet. The book begins with a section on emergency medicine. Also included is a visual diagnostic guide, an atlas to the body, a medicine chest section (describing herbs, homeopathic remedies, and over the counter drugs), a glossary, a subject index, a bibliography, and a list of health associations and organizations. Topics related to kidney and urologic diseases include AIDS, anemia, bedwetting, bladder cancer, bladder infections, diabetes, drug abuse, fluid retention, groin strain, impotence, incontinence, infertility, kidney cancer, kidney disease, kidney infections, kidney stones, penile pain, prostate cancer, prostate problems, sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted diseases, testicle problems, testicular cancer, and urinary problems. The book is illustrated with line drawings and full color photographs.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “bladder infections” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover non-medical books that use the generic term “bladder infections” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “bladder infections” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
Get It Out! Eliminating the Cause of Diverticulitis, Kidney Stones, Bladder Infections, Prostate Enlargement, Menopausal Discomfort, Cervical Dysplasia, PMS, and More by Soma Grismaijer, Sydney Ross Singer; ISBN: 1930858027; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1930858027/icongroupinterna
Chapters on Bladder Infections In order to find chapters that specifically relate to bladder infections, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and bladder infections using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on bladder infections: •
Diagnosing Interstitial Cystitis Source: in Moldwin, R.M. Interstitial Cystitis Survival Guide: Your Guide to the Latest Treatment Options and Coping Strategies. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. 2000. p. 9-34.
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Contact: Available from Interstitial Cystitis Association. 51 Monroe Street, Suite 1402, Rockville, MD 20850. (800) HELP-ICA or (301) 610-5300. Fax (301) 610-5308. E-mail:
[email protected]. Website: www.ichelp.org. PRICE: $12.00 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 1572242108. Summary: More than 700,000 Americans have interstitial cystitis (IC), a condition that includes symptoms of recurring bladder pain and discomfort on urination. This chapter on the diagnosis of IC is from a self care book designed to empower readers by simplifying the diagnostic and treatment process for IC. The primary object of the book is to build a framework for delivering proper care to the IC patient. IC is a disease recognized by its symptoms; there are no specific blood or urine tests that firmly tell a clinician whether IC is present or not. The physician reviews the patient's medical history, the physical exam, and other tests designed to make sure that no other disease is present that might cause identical symptoms. The author reviews the list of questions that the doctor may ask at the initial visit, as well as the reasons the questions are asked. These questions include the presence of blood in the urine, a history of bladder infections, the presence of burning on urination, personal or family history of kidney stones, history of sexually transmitted disease, the presence of urinary leakage, the duration of symptoms, the type of pain present and how it changes through the day and night, the role of stress in symptoms, the impact of foods or beverages on the symptoms, sleep disturbance, the use of vaginal douches or other products, painful sexual intercourse, and the urine flow. The chapter then describes what patients can expect during the physical examination and the tests that may be used to diagnosis IC. Tests discussed include urinalysis, urine culture and sensitivity, urine cytology (cell examination), special cultures, the pelvic ultrasound exam, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), urodynamic evaluation (the function of the lower urinary tract during urination), the post void volume assessment (PVR), the cystometrogram (CMG), colposcopy, laparoscopy, cystoscopy, cystoscopy with hydrodistention of the bladder, bladder biopsy, potassium sensitivity test, the response to anesthetic distillation, and urine 'markers' for diagnosis of IC. The chapter concludes with a description of the criteria for IC as established by the National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). 5 figures. 2 tables. •
Cystitis and Urethritis Source: in Chalker, R.; Whitmore, K.E. Overcoming Bladder Disorders: Compassionate, Authoritative Medical and Self-Help Solutions for Incontinence, Cystitis, Interstitial Cystitis, Prostate Problems, and Bladder Cancer. New York, NY: HarperPerennial. 1991. p. 98-132. Contact: Available from HarperCollins Publishers. Box 588, Dunmore, PA 18512. (800) 242-7737 or (800) 331-3861. Fax (800) 822-4090. PRICE: $12.50 plus $2.75 shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0060920831. Summary: This chapter on cystitis and urethritis is from a guidebook that provides current information on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of bladder disorders. The authors provide information to help readers understand how the bladder works, who may be susceptible to bladder infections and why, how bacteria get into the bladder, and how bacteria affect the bladder. They review new diagnostic guidelines that have been developed by urologists and methods of treatment that have been successful in breaking the cycle of recurrent cystitis. The authors also outline detailed self-help recommendations for women who suffer from recurrent bladder infections. The chapter concludes with a brief list of resources for readers who wish to explore this
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topic in more depth. The book includes an index of diagnostic tests, a drug glossary, a glossary of urological terms, a reference list, and a subject index. 26 references. (AA-M). •
Pregnancy and the Bladder Source: in Blaivas, J.G. Conquering Bladder and Prostate Problems: The Authoritative Guide for Men and Women. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation. 1998. p. 107-113. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic-Plenum Publishing Corporation. 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013-1578. (800) 221-9369 or (212) 620-8035. Fax (212) 647-1898. Website: www.plenum.com. PRICE: $26.95. ISBN: 0306458640. Summary: This chapter on pregnancy and the bladder is from a book for people who have urinary bladder and prostate problems: people who urinate too often, who plan their daily activities around the availability of a bathroom, men with prostate problems, women with incontinence, and people with bladder pain. The book is written in a clear, nontechnical, humorous style that makes the material more accessible to the lay reader. The author notes that although pregnancy can be a time of great joy and exhilaration, it usually means additional work for the bladder. By the ninth month of pregnancy, most women are urinating every hour or two during the day and getting up three or more times at night to urinate. Over a third of pregnant women have stress incontinence, and many women complain of urinary urgency, urge incontinence, weak stream, and a feeling of incomplete bladder emptying. This chapter discusses urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women and other lower urinary tract symptoms that may occur during pregnancy. During pregnancy, the biggest threat to the health of the mother and the baby from the lower urinary tract is UTI. Approximately 5 percent of pregnant women develop asymptomatic bacteriuria (urinary bacteria present without signs of infection). Untreated, over a third of these women will go on to develop kidney infections and even more will develop bladder infections. For this reason, it is standard practice to screen all pregnant women for bacteriuria and to treat it when it is found.
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Bacterial Infections of the Genitourinary Tract Source: in Tanagho, E.A. and McAninch, J.W., eds. Smith's General Urology. Fifteenth Edition. Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2000. p. 237-264. Contact: Available from McGraw-Hill. Medical Publishing. 1221 P.O. Box 182615, Columbus, OH 43272-5046. (800) 262-4729. PRICE: $54.95;plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0838586074. Summary: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by pathogenic bacteria are a significant source of morbidity (illness or disease) and mortality (death) in modern medicine, despite the widespread use of antibiotics. This chapter on bacterial infections of the genitourinary tract is from a textbook that offers a practical and concise guide to the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of urologic diseases. The authors note that although most cases are susceptible to a variety of antibiotic agents and respond quickly to short term therapy, fulminant infections with resistant organisms are difficult to treat and require a multimodal therapeutic approach. Progress in the management of bacterial UTIs has come about with the development of new antibiotic agents that have excellent activity against the usual uropathogens while simultaneously having fewer adverse effects on the patients. The authors stress that, fortunately, the organisms responsible for UTIs are still quite predictable. They discuss classification of UTIs; pathogenesis of UTIs, including host susceptibility and bacterial virulence; diagnosis; antibiotic agents; antibiotic prophylaxis (preventive therapy) for endourologic
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procedures; kidney infections, including acute pyelonephritis, emphysematous pyelonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, renal abscess, perinephric abscess, pyonephrosis and infected hydronephrosis, and xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis; genitourinary malacoplakia; bladder infections; bacteriuria (bacteria in the urine) in pregnancy; prostatitis; and epididymitis. 6 figures. 7 tables. 156 references.
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CHAPTER 4. MULTIMEDIA ON BLADDER INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on bladder infections. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Bladder Infections The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in bladder infections (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on bladder infections: •
Homeopathic treatment of bladder infections [sound recording]. Year: 1991; Format: Sound recording; Berkeley, CA: Conference Recording Service, [1991]
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CHAPTER 5. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON BLADDER INFECTIONS Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover bladder infections.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on bladder infections is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to bladder infections. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “bladder infections” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for bladder infections: •
Drink juice, eat yogurt to avoid bladder infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2003
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•
Vaginal vaccine shows promise in bladder infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 18, 2001
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Infant Bladder Infection Common Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 19, 1997
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One-Dose Drug for Bladder Infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: May 01, 1997
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Vaccine Fights Bladder Infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: April 24, 1997
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OTC Drugs For Bladder Infection Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: November 19, 1996 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name. Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or
Periodicals and News
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you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “bladder infections” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to bladder infections, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “bladder infections” (or synonyms).
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on bladder infections: •
Overactive Bladder Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 7(2): 6. October 1999. Contact: Available from Harvard Women's Health Watch. P.O. Box 420068, Palm Coast, FL 32142-0068. (800) 829-5921 or (904) 445-4662. Summary: This newsletter article describes the problem of overactive bladder, a condition characterized by the sudden, uncontrollable urge to urinate. The need is so strong that it may not be possible to get to a bathroom in time; incontinence (urine loss) associated with this condition is called urge incontinence. The article reviews the cause of this condition, diagnosis, and treatment options. In women with overactive bladder, the muscular wall of the bladder contracts well before the bladder reaches capacity. The problem may be made worse by bladder infections, weakness in pelvic floor muscles, or loss of tone in the urethra, or by substances in food, drink, and medications. The article describes the use of a 2 day diary in which the patient can record her urination history. This diary can then help the physician diagnose the problem. There are a number of behavioral and drug treatments that can be effective in treating overactive bladder, including dietary changes, behavioral conditioning, the urethral plug, drug therapy, and nerve stimulation. The author concludes that surgery is still considered a last resort. The article includes the toll free telephone number of the Simon Foundation for Continence (800-237-4666) and the web site of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (www.niddk.nih.gov).
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Academic Periodicals covering Bladder Infections Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to bladder infections. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering bladder infections that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
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CHAPTER 6. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for bladder infections. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a non-profit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with bladder infections. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.).
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The following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to bladder infections: Fluoroquinolones •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Avelox; Cipro; Cipro I.V.; Floxin; Floxin I.V.; Levaquin; Maxaquin; Noroxin; Penetrex; Tequin; Zagam http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202656.html
Fosfomycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Monurol http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203522.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee. If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
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APPENDICES
35
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute7: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
7
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
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•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
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National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
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National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
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National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
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Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
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NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.8 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:9 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
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Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
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Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
8
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 9 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
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Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html
The NLM Gateway10 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.11 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
Items Found 6490 52 949 43 0 7534
HSTAT12 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.13 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.14 Simply search by “bladder infections” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
10
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
11
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). 12 Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html. 13 14
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations.
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Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists15 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.16 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.17 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
15 Adapted 16
from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html.
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 17 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
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APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on bladder infections can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internetbased services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to bladder infections. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to bladder infections. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “bladder infections”:
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•
Other guides Bladder Cancer http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladdercancer.html Bladder Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bladderdiseases.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseases.html Urinary Tract Infections http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/urinarytractinfections.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search. The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on bladder infections. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Urinary Tract Infections in Children: Why They Occur and How to Prevent Them Source: American Family Physician. 57(10): 2448-2750. May 15, 1998. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article offers a general overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children and how to prevent them. The author first lists the anatomical parts of the urinary tract and then addresses basic questions about how UTIs occur and how to prevent them. The urinary tract normally does not have bacteria in it, except at the very end of the urethra and on the skin around the opening of the urethra. When harmful bacteria get into the urinary tract, though, they can cause an infection. Urinary tract infections include bladder infections (cystitis), and kidney infections (pyelonephritis). UTIs are sometimes hard to diagnose in babies and young children, as they cannot explain where it hurts. Older children may say that it hurts to urinate, may have a sudden need to urinate, or may hold themselves or squat to keep from urinating. UTIs are diagnosed with a urine culture. Children who have had numerous UTIs, particularly kidney infections, will be tested with an x-ray or sonogram for problems that could be contributing to the infections. The article concludes with a list of good bathroom habits for parents to teach children to follow. These include teaching girls to wipe from front to back, teaching boys to completely open their pants and underpants so the penis is not
Patient Resources
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pressed by clothing when urinating, teaching all children to urinate regularly, treating constipation, and giving children antibiotics only when indicated. 1 figure. •
Diabetes: How Do I Know If I Have It? Source: American Family Physician. 62(9): 2137-2138. November 1, 2000. Contact: Available from American Academy of Family Physicians. 11400 Tomahawk Creek Parkway, Leawood, KS 66211-2672. (800) 274-2237. Website: www.aafp.org. Summary: This article uses a question and answer format to provide people with information on the symptoms and diagnosis of diabetes. This disease, which occurs when the body does not make enough insulin or the body does not use insulin properly, can result in many complications if left untreated. Early symptoms may include extreme thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, blurry vision, unusual tiredness or drowsiness, tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, and frequent or recurring skin, gum, and bladder infections. Risk factors include age, body weight, inactivity, family history, and ethnic heritage. Testing for diabetes is usually done with a fasting blood test. Although a test result higher than 125 milligrams per deciliter suggests diabetes, two tests with this result on two different days are needed for a diagnosis of diabetes. Early diagnosis is important to prevent the complications of diabetes. The American Diabetes Association can provide people with more information about diabetes.
•
Tricks of the Trade : Health and Safety Tips for Street Sex Workers Contact: Positive Health Project Incorporated, 301 W 37 St 2nd Fl, New York, NY, 10016, (212) 465-8304. Summary: This brochure advises sex workers about the prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the maintenance of their health and safety while on the streets. Sex workers should use condoms for all 'services' with everyone; wear tampons during menstruation to prevent vaginal infections; urinate frequently to prevent bladder infections; always keep lips, gums, thighs, vagina, and rectum slippery by using water-based lubricant; douche, brush teeth, or use enemas after work; and avoid anything that abrades the skin or tissue of their mouths or genitals. Sex workers also should wear loose clothing and footwear that does not impede their ability to fight off or run from attackers and should wear cotton underwear to avoid vaginal infections. Sex workers should attempt to discourage vaginal and anal sex by charging more for these services. If they do engage in these activities, they should always use a well-lubricated condom. Sex workers should always stay in control of the encounter by taking the dominant role (e.g., during bondage or spanking), by choosing the location for the encounter, and by being aware of their access to exits. Sex workers should always negotiate prices and services outside of the client's car and walk around the car before getting in to ensure the number of passengers. For sex workers who work in groups, it is suggested that they shout out license plate numbers and estimated return times to other group members. If they do not work in groups, they should pretend that they do. The brochure also describes Positive Health Project (PHP), an organization designed to provide support, education, and multi-faceted interventions to persons with or affected by the HIV/AIDS. PHP integrates harm reduction, recovery readiness, and relapse prevention into its model of service delivery, which serves as a bridge to higher threshold services such as health care, case management, and drug treatment. A list of services and a telephone number for PHP is provided.
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•
Enlarged Prostate: Medication or Surgery Source: Hanover, MD: American Prostate Society. 1994. 4 p. Contact: Available from American Prostate Society. 1340-F Charwood Road, Hanover, MD 21076-3169. (410) 859-3735. E-mail:
[email protected]. Web site: http://www.ameripros.org. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. Summary: This brochure helps men with prostatic enlargement make the decision between medications or surgery for treatment. The brochure first describes the use of flutamide, finasteride (Proscar), and terazosin (Hytrin) and the drawbacks to each. The authors discuss two main objections to medication: cost factors and the lack of opportunity to detect prostatic cancer. The man's health, age, and degree of prostatic enlargement will affect the decision regarding treatment modality. Up to half of all men, properly evaluated for medication, could avoid surgery using Proscar or Hytrin under a physician's care. The remainder of the brochure outlines the steps taken prior to, during, and after surgery for prostatic enlargement. More than 400,000 men each year undergo surgery to correct prostate enlargement, at a cost of more than three billion dollars per year. The brochure lists the conditions that might require surgery (as opposed to watchful waiting): hesitating or difficult urination; incomplete voiding; recurring bladder infections; inability to control urination; and reduced kidney function. The brochure focuses on the transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP, procedure. One series of diagrams illustrates how the enlarging prostate affects urination at different points in its enlargement. 5 references. (AA-M).
•
Managing Bladder and Bowel Problems: Practical Ways of Helping You Better Care for a Person with Memory Loss and Confusion Source: Santa Cruz, CA: Journeyworks Publishing. 1996. 2 p. Contact: Available from Journeyworks Publishing. P.O. Box 8466, Santa Cruz, CA 95061. (800) 775-1998 or (408) 423-1400. Fax (408) 423-8102. PRICE: Single copy free; bulk copies available. ISBN: 1568850085. Summary: This brochure presents practical suggestions for caregivers who are managing bladder and bowel problems in people with memory loss and confusion. Ten strategies are presented and discussed. They include the following: use the toilet regularly, watch for signals, use simple clothing, try protective garments, give clear instructions, make using the bathroom easy and comfortable, use fluids and foods to prevent problems, plan for accidents, talk with a doctor, and help the person relax. Each strategy is illustrated with a line drawing and includes a bulleted list of ideas to try. The diet therapy section reminds readers that plenty of liquids can help prevent bladder infections that can lead to urinary incontinence.
•
Female Urinary Tract Infections and Your Health Source: Norwich, NY: Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. 1992. 4 p. Contact: Available from Procter and Gamble Pharmaceuticals. Norwich, NY 13815-0231. (607) 335-2111. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education brochure describes female urinary tract infections and why they can be a health threat. Topics include female urinary tract anatomy; bacteria and the lower urinary tract; the signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections, including bladder infections; the medical evaluation of urinary tract infections; and
Patient Resources
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drug therapy for urinary tract infections. The brochure concludes with a brief list of helpful hints to avoid urinary infections. 2 figures. •
Cystoscopy: Patient Education Source: Tarrytown, NY: Bayer Corporation. 1999. 7 p. Contact: Available from Bayer Corporation. Diagnostics Division, 511 Benedict Avenue, Tarrytown, NY 10591-5097. (800) 445-5901. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This patient education brochure reviews the use of cystoscopy, a procedure in which a doctor uses a thin, lighted tube to view the inner lining of the patient's bladder. The viewing device is called a cystoscope. In addition to viewing and recording images of the bladder, the doctor may use the cystoscope for taking tissue samples or removing tumors. The booklet describes the procedure, reviews the preparation, discusses the equipment used during the cystoscopy, outlines some conditions seen with cystoscopy (including normal bladder, bladder tumor, and enlarged prostate), reviews post-procedure care, and answers common questions about cystoscopy. Cystoscopy may be used to diagnose and evaluate hematuria (blood in the urine), urinary tract infections, stones in the urinary tract, difficulty emptying the bladder, frequent or painful urination, enlarged prostate (men), recurrent bladder infections (e.g., simple cystitis in women), cancer of the bladder or urethra, and incontinence. There are two types of cystoscopes: flexible and rigid. Cystoscopy is usually performed in a doctor's office or on an outpatient basis in a hospital; local or general anesthetic will be used to minimize any pain or other sensations from the cystoscope. The brochure concludes with a brief glossary of terms and a short list of resources for readers wishing to obtain additional information. A tear-off section lists the topics covered in the booklet; readers are encouraged to check off the items corresponding to issues they would like to discuss with their health care provider, to use the checklist as a reminder tool. 6 figures. The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to bladder infections. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html. Additional Web Sources A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
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•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to bladder infections. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with bladder infections. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about bladder infections. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “bladder infections” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “bladder infections”. Type the following hyperlink into
Patient Resources
47
your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “bladder infections” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “bladder infections” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
49
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.18
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
18
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
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Bladder Infections
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)19: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
19
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries
51
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
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•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries
53
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
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•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
55
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a).
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
57
BLADDER INFECTIONS DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibiotic Prophylaxis: Use of antibiotics before, during, or after a diagnostic, therapeutic, or surgical procedure to prevent infectious complications. [NIH] Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this
58
Bladder Infections
binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to erythromycin. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Infections: Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified. [NIH] Bacteriuria: The presence of bacteria in the urine with or without consequent urinary tract infection. Since bacteriuria is a clinical entity, the term does not preclude the use of urine/microbiology for technical discussions on the isolation and segregation of bacteria in the urine. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of
Dictionary 59
donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Behavior Therapy: The application of modern theories of learning and conditioning in the treatment of behavior disorders. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Catheters: A small, flexible tube that may be inserted into various parts of the body to inject or remove liquids. [NIH] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH]
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Bladder Infections
Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cervix: The lower, narrow end of the uterus that forms a canal between the uterus and vagina. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Child Behavior: Any observable response or action of a child from 24 months through 12 years of age. For neonates or children younger than 24 months, infant behavior is available. [NIH]
Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, developing slowly and lasting a long time. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] Cisplatin: An inorganic and water-soluble platinum complex. After undergoing hydrolysis, it reacts with DNA to produce both intra and interstrand crosslinks. These crosslinks appear to impair replication and transcription of DNA. The cytotoxicity of cisplatin correlates with cellular arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. [NIH] Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from erythromycin that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation. [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other
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interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally. [NIH] Colposcopy: The examination, therapy or surgery of the cervix and vagina by means of a specially designed endoscope introduced vaginally. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU] Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Condoms: A sheath that is worn over the penis during sexual behavior in order to prevent
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pregnancy or spread of sexually transmitted disease. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Continence: The ability to hold in a bowel movement or urine. [NIH] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cryptosporidiosis: Parasitic intestinal infection with severe diarrhea caused by a protozoan, Cryptosporidium. It occurs in both animals and humans. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate, also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females. [NIH] Cystitis: Inflammation of the urinary bladder. [EU] Cystometrogram: A line graph that records urinary bladder pressure at various volumes. [NIH]
Cystoscope: A thin, lighted instrument used to look inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumors. [NIH] Cystoscopy: Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the urinary bladder. [NIH] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytotoxicity: Quality of being capable of producing a specific toxic action upon cells of special organs. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action
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that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Douche: A procedure in which water or a medicated solution is used to clean the vagina and cervix. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Emergency Medicine: A branch of medicine concerned with an individual's resuscitation, transportation and care from the point of injury or beginning of illness through the hospital or other emergency treatment facility. [NIH] Emergency Treatment: First aid or other immediate intervention for accidents or medical conditions requiring immediate care and treatment before definitive medical and surgical management can be procured. [NIH] Endoscope: A thin, lighted tube used to look at tissues inside the body. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH]
Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Erectile: The inability to get or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Also called impotence. [NIH]
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Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Exfoliation: A falling off in scales or layers. [EU] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Finasteride: An orally active testosterone 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. [NIH] Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. [NIH] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Gram-negative: Losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. [EU] Groin: The external junctural region between the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh. [NIH]
Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH]
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Hair follicles: Shafts or openings on the surface of the skin through which hair grows. [NIH] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Hematuria: Presence of blood in the urine. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Homeopathic remedies: Small doses of medicines, herbs, or both that are believed to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydronephrosis: Abnormal enlargement of a kidney, which may be caused by blockage of the ureter (such as by a kidney stone) or chronic kidney disease that prevents urine from draining into the bladder. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Immune response: The activity of the immune system against foreign substances (antigens). [NIH]
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Impotence: The inability to perform sexual intercourse. [NIH] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
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Infant Behavior: Any observable response or action of a neonate or infant up through the age of 23 months. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Instillation: . [EU] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intestine: A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intravenous pyelogram: IVP. A series of x-rays of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. The xrays are taken after a dye is injected into a blood vessel. The dye is concentrated in the urine, which outlines the kidneys, ureters, and bladder on the x-rays. [NIH] Intubation: Introduction of a tube into a hollow organ to restore or maintain patency if obstructed. It is differentiated from catheterization in that the insertion of a catheter is usually performed for the introducing or withdrawing of fluids from the body. [NIH] Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted
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and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Isoenzyme: Different forms of an enzyme, usually occurring in different tissues. The isoenzymes of a particular enzyme catalyze the same reaction but they differ in some of their properties. [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components. [NIH] Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Laparoscopy: Examination, therapy or surgery of the abdomen's interior by means of a laparoscope. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Library Services: Services offered to the library user. They include reference and circulation. [NIH]
Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Malacoplakia: The formation of soft patches on the mucous membrane of a hollow organ, such as the urogenital tract or digestive tract. [NIH] Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH]
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Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Micturition: The passage of urine; urination. [EU] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitotic: Cell resulting from mitosis. [NIH] Modeling: A treatment procedure whereby the therapist presents the target behavior which the learner is to imitate and make part of his repertoire. [NIH] Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Mutagenic: Inducing genetic mutation. [EU] Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and
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stainable by neutral dyes. [NIH] Nitrosamines: A class of compounds that contain a -NH2 and a -NO radical. Many members of this group have carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. [NIH] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Outpatient: A patient who is not an inmate of a hospital but receives diagnosis or treatment in a clinic or dispensary connected with the hospital. [NIH] Overactive bladder: A condition in which the patient experiences two or all three of the following conditions: [NIH] Oxytetracycline: An antibiotic substance isolated from the actinomycete Streptomyces rimosus and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH] Papilla: A small nipple-shaped elevation. [NIH] Papillary: Pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penis: The external reproductive organ of males. It is composed of a mass of erectile tissue enclosed in three cylindrical fibrous compartments. Two of the three compartments, the corpus cavernosa, are placed side-by-side along the upper part of the organ. The third compartment below, the corpus spongiosum, houses the urethra. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Peptide Chain Elongation: The process whereby an amino acid is joined through a substituted amide linkage to a chain of peptides. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions, the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH]
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Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of health care and delivery. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH]
Dictionary 71
Prostate gland: A gland in the male reproductive system just below the bladder. It surrounds part of the urethra, the canal that empties the bladder, and produces a fluid that forms part of semen. [NIH] Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate. [EU] Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Pseudomonas: A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pyelonephritis: Inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. [EU] Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH]
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Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Resection: Removal of tissue or part or all of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Sebaceous: Gland that secretes sebum. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Segregation: The separation in meiotic cell division of homologous chromosome pairs and their contained allelomorphic gene pairs. [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Self Care: Performance of activities or tasks traditionally performed by professional health care providers. The concept includes care of oneself or one's family and friends. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Diseases due to or propagated by sexual contact. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sneezing: Sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the nose and mouth caused by irritation to the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract. [NIH] Sonogram: A computer picture of areas inside the body created by bouncing sound waves off organs and other tissues. Also called ultrasonogram or ultrasound. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such
Dictionary 73
alterations. [NIH] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stress incontinence: An involuntary loss of urine that occurs at the same time that internal abdominal pressure is increased, such as with laughing, sneezing, coughing, or physical activity. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Tamoxifen: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). It acts as an agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is an estrogen antagonist in mammary and uterine. [NIH] Testicular: Pertaining to a testis. [EU] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH]
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Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Toxoplasmosis: The acquired form of infection by Toxoplasma gondii in animals and man. [NIH]
Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transitional cell carcinoma: A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the bladder, ureter, or renal pelvis. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transurethral: Performed through the urethra. [EU] Transurethral resection of the prostate: Surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate using an instrument inserted through the urethra. Also called TURP. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of
Dictionary 75
Mycobacterium. [NIH] Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra. [EU] Urinalysis: Examination of urine by chemical, physical, or microscopic means. Routine urinalysis usually includes performing chemical screening tests, determining specific gravity, observing any unusual color or odor, screening for bacteriuria, and examining the sediment microscopically. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinary tract infection: An illness caused by harmful bacteria growing in the urinary tract. [NIH]
Urinary urgency: Inability to delay urination. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urodynamic: Measures of the bladder's ability to hold and release urine. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urogenital Diseases: Diseases of the urogenital tract. [NIH] Urologic Diseases: Diseases of the urinary tract in both male and female. It does not include the male genitalia for which urogenital diseases is used for general discussions of diseases of both the urinary tract and the genitalia. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vaginal: Of or having to do with the vagina, the birth canal. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vesicoureteral: An abnormal condition in which urine backs up into the ureters, and occasionally into the kidneys, raising the risk of infection. [NIH] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH]
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Vinca Alkaloids: A class of alkaloids from the genus of apocyanaceous woody herbs including periwinkles. They are some of the most useful antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Vulgaris: An affection of the skin, especially of the face, the back and the chest, due to chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands and the hair follicles. [NIH] Watchful waiting: Closely monitoring a patient's condition but withholding treatment until symptoms appear or change. Also called observation. [NIH] Welchii: A genus of anerobic spore-forming bacteria of the family Bacillaceae. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
77
INDEX A Abdomen, 57, 59, 64, 66, 67, 69, 73 Abdominal, 57, 66, 69, 73 Abscess, 23, 57 Adverse Effect, 22, 57, 72 Aerobic, 57, 71 Agonist, 57, 73 Algorithms, 57, 59 Alpha Particles, 57, 71 Alternative medicine, 28, 57 Anal, 43, 57 Anatomical, 42, 57 Anemia, 20, 57 Animal model, 5, 57 Antibiotic, 22, 57, 58, 60, 61, 64, 67, 69 Antibiotic Prophylaxis, 22, 57 Antibodies, 57, 58 Antibody, 8, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66 Anticoagulant, 58, 71 Antigen, 57, 58, 61, 66 Anti-infective, 58, 60 Antimicrobial, 10, 12, 58, 60, 62 Antiseptic, 10, 58 Anus, 57, 58, 59 Arteries, 58, 59, 62, 68 Asymptomatic, 22, 58 Ataxia, 11, 58, 73 Azithromycin, 12, 58 B Bacteria, 4, 13, 21, 22, 42, 44, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 68, 71, 75, 76 Bacterial Infections, 22, 58 Bacteriuria, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 23, 58, 75 Basal Ganglia, 58 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 58 Base, 58, 67 Behavior Therapy, 4, 59 Benign, 19, 59, 64 Bewilderment, 59, 62 Biofilms, 13, 59 Biopsy, 21, 59 Biotechnology, 5, 6, 28, 37, 59 Blood Glucose, 4, 59, 65, 66 Blood vessel, 59, 66, 71, 75 Bowel, 44, 57, 59, 62, 66, 73 Bowel Movement, 59, 62, 73 Branch, 53, 59, 63, 69, 73, 74
C Carbohydrate, 5, 59 Carcinogenesis, 13, 59 Carcinogenic, 59, 69 Carcinoma, 10, 59, 62 Catheterization, 13, 59, 66 Catheters, 6, 8, 59 Cell, 21, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76 Cell Cycle, 60 Cell Division, 58, 60, 70, 72 Cell membrane, 60, 61 Cellulose, 60, 70 Cerebellar, 11, 58, 60, 71 Cerebral, 58, 60 Cervix, 60, 61, 63 Chemotherapy, 10, 12, 13, 60 Child Behavior, 4, 60 Chlorhexidine, 13, 60 Cholesterol, 60, 73 Chromatin, 60, 68 Chromic, 10, 60 Chromium, 60 Chronic, 5, 10, 12, 23, 60, 65, 66, 67, 73, 76 Chronic prostatitis, 12, 60 Ciprofloxacin, 12, 60 Cisplatin, 12, 60 Clarithromycin, 12, 60 Clinical trial, 4, 37, 60, 71 Cloning, 59, 61 Colistin, 12, 61 Colposcopy, 21, 61 Complement, 61 Complementary and alternative medicine, 9, 17, 61 Complementary medicine, 9, 61 Computational Biology, 37, 61 Condoms, 43, 61 Confusion, 44, 62, 63 Constipation, 4, 43, 62 Consumption, 13, 62 Continence, 4, 29, 62 Contraindications, ii, 62 Coronary, 62, 68 Coronary Thrombosis, 62, 68 Corpus, 62, 69 Cortex, 58, 62, 71 Cryptosporidiosis, 58, 62
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Curative, 62, 74 Cyproterone, 62, 64 Cystitis, 10, 20, 21, 42, 45, 62 Cystometrogram, 21, 62 Cystoscope, 45, 62 Cystoscopy, 21, 45, 62 Cytokines, 5, 62 Cytoplasm, 60, 62, 68 Cytotoxicity, 60, 62 D Databases, Bibliographic, 37, 62 Detergents, 61, 62 Diagnostic procedure, 28, 63 Diarrhea, 13, 62, 63 Digestion, 59, 63, 66, 73 Digestive tract, 63, 67 Diploid, 63, 70 Direct, iii, 31, 63, 71 Disorientation, 62, 63 Douche, 43, 63 Drug Interactions, 32, 63 Duct, 59, 63 Dyes, 63, 69 E Efficacy, 12, 63 Electrolyte, 63, 70 Electrons, 59, 63, 71 Emergency Medicine, 20, 63 Emergency Treatment, 63 Endoscope, 61, 63 Environmental Health, 36, 38, 63 Enzyme, 63, 67, 71, 74, 76 Epithelial, 5, 63 Epithelial Cells, 5, 63 Erectile, 63, 69 Erythrocytes, 57, 64 Erythromycin, 58, 60, 64 Esophagus, 63, 64, 71, 73 Estrogen, 62, 64, 72, 73 Evacuation, 3, 62, 64 Exfoliation, 5, 64 Extracellular, 59, 64 F Family Planning, 37, 64 Feces, 62, 64, 73 Finasteride, 44, 64 Flutamide, 44, 64 G Gastrointestinal, 60, 64 Gene, 59, 64, 72 Genital, 60, 64, 75 Genitourinary, 22, 64, 75
Gland, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73 Glomeruli, 64, 71 Glucose, 4, 59, 60, 64, 65, 66 Governing Board, 64, 70 Graft, 64, 65 Gram-negative, 64, 71 Groin, 20, 64 Growth, 58, 64, 69, 70 H Hair follicles, 65, 76 Haploid, 65, 70 Hematuria, 45, 65 Hemoglobin, 57, 64, 65 Homeopathic remedies, 20, 65 Hormone, 65, 66, 73 Host, 5, 22, 65, 76 Hydrogen, 58, 59, 65, 68, 71 Hydrolysis, 60, 65, 70 Hydronephrosis, 23, 65 Hyperplasia, 64, 65 I Id, 14, 45, 52, 54, 65 Immune response, 58, 65, 76 Immune system, 65, 75, 76 Immunodeficiency, 43, 65 Impotence, 20, 63, 65 In vitro, 65, 74 Incision, 65, 66 Incontinence, 11, 20, 21, 22, 29, 44, 45, 65 Indicative, 20, 65, 69, 75 Infant Behavior, 60, 66 Infarction, 62, 66, 68 Infection, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 22, 27, 28, 42, 57, 62, 65, 66, 67, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76 Infertility, 20, 66 Inflammation, 14, 60, 62, 66, 71, 75, 76 Inorganic, 60, 66 Instillation, 10, 66 Insulin, 43, 66 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 66 Intermittent, 4, 11, 12, 13, 66 Interstitial, 20, 21, 66 Intestine, 59, 65, 66, 67 Intracellular, 66, 70 Intraperitoneal, 10, 66 Intravenous, 21, 66 Intravenous pyelogram, 21, 66 Intubation, 59, 66 Invasive, 9, 66 Involuntary, 58, 66, 68, 72, 73 Irrigation, 10, 66 Isoenzyme, 8, 67
Index 79
J Joint, 60, 67, 73 K Kanamycin, 12, 67 Kb, 36, 67 Kidney Disease, 20, 21, 29, 36, 42, 65, 67 Kidney stone, 20, 21, 65, 67 L Laparoscopy, 21, 67 Large Intestine, 63, 66, 67, 71 Lavage, 7, 10, 13, 67 Leukocytes, 62, 67, 68 Library Services, 52, 67 Ligament, 67, 70 Lipid, 13, 66, 67 Localized, 66, 67, 70 Locomotion, 67, 70 Lymphatic, 66, 67 M Malacoplakia, 23, 67 Mammary, 67, 73 Mediate, 5, 67 MEDLINE, 37, 67 Membrane, 60, 61, 64, 67 Memory, 44, 67 Menstruation, 43, 68 MI, 55, 68 Microbiology, 5, 58, 59, 68 Microscopy, 5, 68 Micturition, 12, 68 Mitochondrial Swelling, 68 Mitotic, 68, 75 Modeling, 4, 68 Molecular, 5, 37, 39, 59, 61, 68 Molecule, 58, 61, 65, 68, 71 Mutagenic, 68, 69 Myocardium, 68 N Necrosis, 7, 66, 68 Need, 3, 19, 20, 29, 42, 46, 57, 68 Nephropathy, 67, 68 Nerve, 29, 58, 68, 73 Nervous System, 68 Neurogenic, 13, 68 Neutrons, 57, 68, 71 Neutropenia, 13, 68 Neutrophils, 5, 67, 68 Nitrosamines, 7, 69 Nuclear, 10, 58, 63, 68, 69 Nucleus, 58, 60, 62, 68, 69, 71, 73 O Organ Culture, 69, 74
Outpatient, 10, 45, 69 Overactive bladder, 29, 69 Oxytetracycline, 10, 69 P Palliative, 62, 69, 74 Pancreas, 57, 66, 69 Papilla, 69 Papillary, 7, 69 Pathogenesis, 5, 22, 69 Pathologic, 59, 62, 69 Patient Education, 42, 44, 45, 50, 52, 55, 69 Pelvic, 4, 10, 21, 29, 69, 70 Penis, 42, 61, 69 Peptide, 60, 69, 70, 71 Peptide Chain Elongation, 60, 69 Peritoneal, 66, 69 Peritoneal Cavity, 66, 69 Pharmacologic, 70, 74 Physical Examination, 21, 70 Physiologic, 57, 68, 70, 71 Physiology, 4, 70 Pilot study, 13, 70 Plants, 10, 64, 70, 71, 74 Plaque, 60, 70 Platinum, 60, 70 Polymers, 59, 70, 71 Polypeptide, 61, 70, 76 Posterior, 57, 58, 69, 70 Potassium, 21, 70 Practice Guidelines, 38, 70 Progression, 57, 70 Progressive, 64, 68, 70 Prophylaxis, 8, 70 Prostate, 15, 20, 21, 22, 44, 45, 60, 70, 71, 74 Prostate gland, 60, 71 Prostatitis, 10, 23, 71 Protein C, 5, 71 Protein S, 59, 60, 64, 71 Proteins, 58, 60, 61, 62, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74 Protons, 57, 65, 71 Pseudomonas, 7, 13, 71 Public Policy, 37, 71 Publishing, 6, 22, 44, 71 Purulent, 57, 71 Pyelonephritis, 23, 42, 71 R Radiation, 9, 71, 76 Randomized, 63, 71 Receptor, 5, 58, 71 Recombinant, 13, 71 Rectum, 6, 43, 58, 59, 63, 65, 67, 70, 71
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Red Nucleus, 58, 71 Reductase, 64, 71 Refer, 1, 61, 67, 68, 71 Reflux, 11, 12, 71 Regimen, 63, 72 Relapse, 43, 72 Renal pelvis, 67, 72, 74 Resection, 72 Resuscitation, 63, 72 Rigidity, 70, 72 Risk factor, 4, 43, 72 Rod, 71, 72 S Screening, 61, 72, 75 Sebaceous, 72, 76 Sediment, 72, 75 Segregation, 58, 72 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 72, 73 Self Care, 21, 72 Semen, 70, 71, 72 Semisynthetic, 60, 72 Serum, 8, 61, 72 Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 20, 43, 72 Shock, 72, 74 Side effect, 31, 57, 72, 74 Signs and Symptoms, 44, 72 Sneezing, 72, 73 Sonogram, 42, 72 Sound wave, 72 Specialist, 46, 73 Species, 64, 71, 73, 74, 76 Sphincter, 9, 11, 14, 73 Spinal cord, 11, 12, 13, 60, 68, 73 Sterility, 66, 73 Stimulus, 73, 74 Stomach, 57, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 71, 73 Stool, 65, 67, 73 Stress, 4, 21, 22, 73 Stress incontinence, 22, 73 Subacute, 66, 73 Subclinical, 66, 73 Symphysis, 70, 73 Systemic, 32, 66, 73 T Tamoxifen, 12, 72, 73 Testicular, 20, 73 Testis, 73 Testosterone, 64, 71, 73 Thalamic, 58, 73 Thalamic Diseases, 58, 73 Therapeutics, 9, 32, 74
Thigh, 64, 74 Threshold, 43, 74 Thrombin, 71, 74 Thrombomodulin, 71, 74 Tin, 43, 70, 74 Tissue, 5, 43, 45, 58, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74 Tissue Culture, 5, 74 Topical, 60, 74 Toxic, iv, 61, 62, 74 Toxicity, 63, 74 Toxicology, 38, 74 Toxins, 58, 66, 74 Toxoplasmosis, 58, 74 Trace element, 60, 74 Transfection, 59, 74 Transitional cell carcinoma, 12, 74 Translocation, 60, 64, 74 Transurethral, 44, 74 Transurethral resection of the prostate, 44, 74 Trauma, 11, 12, 58, 68, 73, 74 Tuberculosis, 62, 74 U Unconscious, 65, 75 Ureter, 65, 72, 74, 75 Urethra, 29, 42, 45, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75 Urethritis, 21, 75 Urinalysis, 21, 75 Urinary, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22, 42, 44, 45, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 75 Urinary tract, 4, 5, 7, 10, 21, 22, 42, 44, 45, 58, 75 Urinary tract infection, 4, 5, 10, 22, 42, 44, 45, 58, 75 Urinary urgency, 22, 75 Urinate, 22, 29, 42, 43, 75, 76 Urine, 3, 7, 21, 23, 29, 42, 45, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75 Urodynamic, 21, 75 Urogenital, 4, 64, 67, 75 Urogenital Diseases, 75 Urologic Diseases, 20, 22, 75 Uterus, 60, 62, 68, 75 V Vaccine, 28, 75 Vagina, 43, 60, 61, 63, 68, 75 Vaginal, 21, 28, 43, 75 Vascular, 66, 75 Vein, 66, 69, 75 Vertebrae, 73, 75 Vesicoureteral, 12, 75
Index 81
Veterinary Medicine, 37, 75 Vinblastine, 12, 75 Vinca Alkaloids, 75, 76 Virulence, 5, 22, 74, 76 Virus, 43, 70, 76 Void, 4, 21, 76 Vulgaris, 15, 76
W Watchful waiting, 44, 76 Welchii, 7, 76 White blood cell, 57, 67, 68, 76 X Xenograft, 57, 76 X-ray, 5, 42, 66, 69, 76 Z Zymogen, 71, 76
82
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Index 83
84
Bladder Infections
