CALCIUM A M EDICAL D ICTIONARY , B IBLIOGRAPHY , AND A NNOTATED R ESEARCH G UIDE TO I NTERNET R EFERENCES
J AMES N. P ARKER , M.D. AND P HILIP M. P ARKER , P H .D., E DITORS
ii
ICON Health Publications ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, 4th Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. Copyright ©2003 by ICON Group International, Inc. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Last digit indicates print number: 10 9 8 7 6 4 5 3 2 1
Publisher, Health Care: Philip Parker, Ph.D. Editor(s): James Parker, M.D., Philip Parker, Ph.D. Publisher's note: The ideas, procedures, and suggestions contained in this book are not intended for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. As new medical or scientific information becomes available from academic and clinical research, recommended treatments and drug therapies may undergo changes. The authors, editors, and publisher have attempted to make the information in this book up to date and accurate in accord with accepted standards at the time of publication. The authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for consequences from application of the book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, in regard to the contents of this book. Any practice described in this book should be applied by the reader in accordance with professional standards of care used in regard to the unique circumstances that may apply in each situation. The reader is advised to always check product information (package inserts) for changes and new information regarding dosage and contraindications before prescribing any drug or pharmacological product. Caution is especially urged when using new or infrequently ordered drugs, herbal remedies, vitamins and supplements, alternative therapies, complementary therapies and medicines, and integrative medical treatments. Cataloging-in-Publication Data Parker, James N., 1961Parker, Philip M., 1960Calcium: A Medical Dictionary, Bibliography, and Annotated Research Guide to Internet References / James N. Parker and Philip M. Parker, editors p. cm. Includes bibliographical references, glossary, and index. ISBN: 0-597-83614-0 1. Calcium-Popular works. I. Title.
iii
Disclaimer This publication is not intended to be used for the diagnosis or treatment of a health problem. It is sold with the understanding that the publisher, editors, and authors are not engaging in the rendering of medical, psychological, financial, legal, or other professional services. References to any entity, product, service, or source of information that may be contained in this publication should not be considered an endorsement, either direct or implied, by the publisher, editors, or authors. ICON Group International, Inc., the editors, and the authors are not responsible for the content of any Web pages or publications referenced in this publication.
Copyright Notice If a physician wishes to copy limited passages from this book for patient use, this right is automatically granted without written permission from ICON Group International, Inc. (ICON Group). However, all of ICON Group publications have copyrights. With exception to the above, copying our publications in whole or in part, for whatever reason, is a violation of copyright laws and can lead to penalties and fines. Should you want to copy tables, graphs, or other materials, please contact us to request permission (E-mail:
[email protected]). ICON Group often grants permission for very limited reproduction of our publications for internal use, press releases, and academic research. Such reproduction requires confirmed permission from ICON Group International Inc. The disclaimer above must accompany all reproductions, in whole or in part, of this book.
iv
Acknowledgements The collective knowledge generated from academic and applied research summarized in various references has been critical in the creation of this book which is best viewed as a comprehensive compilation and collection of information prepared by various official agencies which produce publications on calcium. Books in this series draw from various agencies and institutions associated with the United States Department of Health and Human Services, and in particular, the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services (OS), the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), the Administration on Aging (AOA), the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the Healthcare Financing Administration (HCFA), the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), the Indian Health Service (IHS), the institutions of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Program Support Center (PSC), and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). In addition to these sources, information gathered from the National Library of Medicine, the United States Patent Office, the European Union, and their related organizations has been invaluable in the creation of this book. Some of the work represented was financially supported by the Research and Development Committee at INSEAD. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Finally, special thanks are owed to Tiffany Freeman for her excellent editorial support.
v
About the Editors James N. Parker, M.D. Dr. James N. Parker received his Bachelor of Science degree in Psychobiology from the University of California, Riverside and his M.D. from the University of California, San Diego. In addition to authoring numerous research publications, he has lectured at various academic institutions. Dr. Parker is the medical editor for health books by ICON Health Publications. Philip M. Parker, Ph.D. Philip M. Parker is the Eli Lilly Chair Professor of Innovation, Business and Society at INSEAD (Fontainebleau, France and Singapore). Dr. Parker has also been Professor at the University of California, San Diego and has taught courses at Harvard University, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford University, and UCLA. Dr. Parker is the associate editor for ICON Health Publications.
vi
About ICON Health Publications To discover more about ICON Health Publications, simply check with your preferred online booksellers, including Barnes & Noble.com and Amazon.com which currently carry all of our titles. Or, feel free to contact us directly for bulk purchases or institutional discounts: ICON Group International, Inc. 4370 La Jolla Village Drive, Fourth Floor San Diego, CA 92122 USA Fax: 858-546-4341 Web site: www.icongrouponline.com/health
vii
Table of Contents FORWARD .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CALCIUM .................................................................................................. 3 Overview........................................................................................................................................ 3 The Combined Health Information Database................................................................................. 3 Federally Funded Research on Calcium ....................................................................................... 10 E-Journals: PubMed Central ....................................................................................................... 65 The National Library of Medicine: PubMed ................................................................................ 88 CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CALCIUM ....................................................................................... 179 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 179 Finding Nutrition Studies on Calcium...................................................................................... 179 Federal Resources on Nutrition ................................................................................................. 187 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 188 CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CALCIUM ................................................................ 201 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 201 National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine................................................ 201 Additional Web Resources ......................................................................................................... 217 General References ..................................................................................................................... 238 CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CALCIUM .................................................................................. 239 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 239 Dissertations on Calcium........................................................................................................... 239 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 261 CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CALCIUM ............................................................................. 263 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 263 Recent Trials on Calcium........................................................................................................... 263 Keeping Current on Clinical Trials ........................................................................................... 274 CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CALCIUM ............................................................................................. 277 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 277 Patents on Calcium.................................................................................................................... 277 Patent Applications on Calcium ................................................................................................ 363 Keeping Current ........................................................................................................................ 444 CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CALCIUM ................................................................................................. 445 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 445 Book Summaries: Federal Agencies............................................................................................ 445 Book Summaries: Online Booksellers......................................................................................... 446 The National Library of Medicine Book Index ........................................................................... 473 Chapters on Calcium.................................................................................................................. 474 CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CALCIUM ...................................................................................... 477 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 477 Video Recordings ....................................................................................................................... 477 Bibliography: Multimedia on Calcium....................................................................................... 480 CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CALCIUM ................................................................... 483 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 483 News Services and Press Releases.............................................................................................. 483 Newsletters on Calcium ............................................................................................................. 486 Newsletter Articles .................................................................................................................... 487 Academic Periodicals covering Calcium .................................................................................... 489 CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS................................................................................. 491 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 491 U.S. Pharmacopeia..................................................................................................................... 491 Commercial Databases ............................................................................................................... 494 Researching Orphan Drugs ....................................................................................................... 495
viii Contents
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES .......................................................................................... 499 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 499 NIH Guidelines.......................................................................................................................... 499 NIH Databases........................................................................................................................... 501 Other Commercial Databases..................................................................................................... 507 The Genome Project and Calcium.............................................................................................. 508 APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES ............................................................................................... 517 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 517 Patient Guideline Sources.......................................................................................................... 517 Associations and Calcium.......................................................................................................... 524 Finding Associations.................................................................................................................. 528 APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES ................................................................................ 531 Overview.................................................................................................................................... 531 Preparation................................................................................................................................. 531 Finding a Local Medical Library................................................................................................ 531 Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada ................................................................................. 531 ONLINE GLOSSARIES................................................................................................................ 537 Online Dictionary Directories ................................................................................................... 541 CALCIUM DICTIONARY ........................................................................................................... 543 INDEX .............................................................................................................................................. 665
1
FORWARD In March 2001, the National Institutes of Health issued the following warning: "The number of Web sites offering health-related resources grows every day. Many sites provide valuable information, while others may have information that is unreliable or misleading."1 Furthermore, because of the rapid increase in Internet-based information, many hours can be wasted searching, selecting, and printing. Since only the smallest fraction of information dealing with calcium is indexed in search engines, such as www.google.com or others, a non-systematic approach to Internet research can be not only time consuming, but also incomplete. This book was created for medical professionals, students, and members of the general public who want to know as much as possible about calcium, using the most advanced research tools available and spending the least amount of time doing so. In addition to offering a structured and comprehensive bibliography, the pages that follow will tell you where and how to find reliable information covering virtually all topics related to calcium, from the essentials to the most advanced areas of research. Public, academic, government, and peer-reviewed research studies are emphasized. Various abstracts are reproduced to give you some of the latest official information available to date on calcium. Abundant guidance is given on how to obtain free-of-charge primary research results via the Internet. While this book focuses on the field of medicine, when some sources provide access to non-medical information relating to calcium, these are noted in the text. E-book and electronic versions of this book are fully interactive with each of the Internet sites mentioned (clicking on a hyperlink automatically opens your browser to the site indicated). If you are using the hard copy version of this book, you can access a cited Web site by typing the provided Web address directly into your Internet browser. You may find it useful to refer to synonyms or related terms when accessing these Internet databases. NOTE: At the time of publication, the Web addresses were functional. However, some links may fail due to URL address changes, which is a common occurrence on the Internet. For readers unfamiliar with the Internet, detailed instructions are offered on how to access electronic resources. For readers unfamiliar with medical terminology, a comprehensive glossary is provided. For readers without access to Internet resources, a directory of medical libraries, that have or can locate references cited here, is given. We hope these resources will prove useful to the widest possible audience seeking information on calcium. The Editors
1
From the NIH, National Cancer Institute (NCI): http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/ten-things-to-know.
3
CHAPTER 1. STUDIES ON CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to locate peer-reviewed references and studies on calcium.
The Combined Health Information Database The Combined Health Information Database summarizes studies across numerous federal agencies. To limit your investigation to research studies and calcium, you will need to use the advanced search options. First, go to http://chid.nih.gov/index.html. From there, select the “Detailed Search” option (or go directly to that page with the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html). The trick in extracting studies is found in the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Journal Article.” At the top of the search form, select the number of records you would like to see (we recommend 100) and check the box to display “whole records.” We recommend that you type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. Consider using the option “anywhere in record” to make your search as broad as possible. If you want to limit the search to only a particular field, such as the title of the journal, then select this option in the “Search in these fields” drop box. The following is what you can expect from this type of search: •
Foscarnet - Induced Hypocalcemia and Effect of Foscarnet on Calcium Metabolism Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism; Vol. 72, No. 5, May 1991. p. 1130-1135. Contact: University of California Positive Health Program, San Francisco General Hospital, AIDS Program, Clinical Research Section, PO Box 0881, San Francisco, CA, 94110-0881, (415) 514-0550. Summary: Toscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate), an investigational pyrophosphate analog increasingly used to treat refractory cytomegalovirus retinitis and mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infections in immunocompromised patients, has been reported to cause abnormalities in serum calcium and phosphate, including cases of fatal hypocalcemia. To further elucidate the magnitude and mechanism of these
4
Calcium
abnormalities in humans treated with foscarnet for opportunistic herpes virus infections, we analyzed anaerobic serum specimens and 24-h urine samples before and after single and multiple doses of iv foscarnet and performed a series of in vitro experiments with normal human serum and plasma. Plasma ionized calcium concentrations acutely decreased by a mean 0.17 mmol/L in the 6 individuals who received a 90 mg/kg dose of foscarnet and by a mean 0.28 mmol/L in the 11 individuals who received a 120 mg/kg dose (P = 0.016, 90 vs. 120 mg/kg dose). Results of in vitro experiments showed a highly significant inverse linear relationship between foscarnet and ionized calcium concentrations, but no correlation between foscarnet and total calcium or phosphate concentration. Dialysis experiments suggested that the complexing of foscarnet with ionized calcium could be a cause of this ionized hypocalcemia. Physicians must be aware of this phenomenon and should measure serum ionized calcium during foscarnet therapy (preferably at the end of a foscarnet infusion) whenever neurological or cardiological abnormalities occur. •
Calcium Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease and Brain Aging Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 15(747): 1-11. December 1994. Summary: This introductory article, in the volume that represents the proceedings of a workshop with the same title, reevaluates and defends the calcium hypothesis in light of new evidence. This evidence might support or refute the proposition that cellular mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis of cytosolic calcium concentration play a key role in aging, and that sustained changes in cytosolic calcium homeostasis could provide the common pathway for the neurological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease. The article discusses the rationale behind the calcium hypothesis, the parameters needed for it to become a unifying hypothesis, the essential features and challenges it must meet, and its key elements. 1 figure, 22 references.
•
Calcium Antagonists May Help Slow Dementia Source: Medical World News. 32(11): 10. November 1991. Summary: This brief report in a medical news journal discusses accumulating clinical evidence suggesting that calcium antagonists can retard and perhaps halt the progression of dementia. Results of a number of trials indicate that nimodipine benefits patients with organic brain syndrome. The data are as yet inconclusive, and the possible effects on Alzheimer's disease cannot be predicted.
•
Role of Calcium Regulation in Brain Aging: Reexamination of a Hypothesis Source: Aging (Raven Press). 1(1): 17-34. March 1989. Summary: Studies of the central nervous system have a long history; however, it is only recently that researchers have begun to understand brain function in health and disease states. And, the topic of the aging brain has become a subject of intense study for a short period. At present, the process of normal aging is relatively poorly understood. Although there are a number of theories of aging, no single theory appears to account for most age-dependent brain changes. This review article provides a re-evaluation of the 'Calcium Hypothesis of Brain Aging' in light of new evidence that suggests that cellular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of cytosol Ca2 homeostasis play a key role in brain aging, and that sustained changes in [Ca2] homeostasis provide a common pathway for age-as{sociated brain changes. Revision of this hypothesis suggests that there is a complex interaction between the amount of [Ca2] perturbation and the duration of deregulation of Ca2 homeostasis, and it proposes that a small disturbance in
Studies
5
Ca2 homeostasis with a sustained increase in [Ca] over a long period has similar cell injuring consequences as that produced by a large increase in [Ca] over a shorter period. Although there are several alternative mechanisms through which the regulation of{ cytosol [Ca2] can be disrupted (such as changes in ion channels, extrusion pumps, and sequestration), this review focuses on disruptions in energy metabolism and changes in the structure and function of membranes as the most likely antecedent events which lead to disruption of Ca2 homeostasis. The principle purpose of this review is to identify scientific opportunities and stimulate further research into cellular mechanisms of brain aging. 84 references. •
Effect of Exercise Intensity on Bone Density, Strength, and Calcium Turnover in Older Women Source: Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 32(6):1043-1050. June 2000. Summary: This journal article provides health professionals with information on a study that examined the effects of 24 weeks of high intensity strength training or low intensity walking on lumbar bone mineral density (BMD), muscular strength, and calcium turnover in Australian women either taking hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or not taking HRT. A subject pool of 64 women between 45 and 65 years of age and randomly allocated into weights, walking, weights and HRT, and walking and HRT groups completed the study. All subjects trained twice weekly in either a 50 minute walking or weight training program. Measurements included maximal isometric knee strength, 1RM bench press, 1RM squat, isokinetic back strength, lumbar BMD, serum osteocalcin, and urinary deoxypyridinoline crosslinks. The study found no significant group differences in BMD at the completion of training. However, a significant within group change was apparent for the walking group since BMD decreased 1.3 percent below baseline testing. Osteocalcin levels increased significantly in the walking group. Maximal bench press and squat strength improved significantly in the weight and weights and HRT groups. The weights group also increased significantly in isokinetic back strength. The article concludes that short term high intensity resistance training using free weight lifts provides an effective means for increasing muscular strength in women between 45 and 65 years old. 3 figures, 1 table, and 40 references. (AA-M).
•
Bone Mineral Density in Mother-Daughter Pairs: Relations to Lifetime Exercise, Lifetime Milk Consumption, and Calcium Supplements Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63:72-79; 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals describes a study that investigated associations between lifetime milk consumption, calcium intake from supplements, lifetime weight-bearing exercise, and bone mineral density (BMD) among 25 elderly women and their premenopausal daughters. The BMD of the total, axial, and peripheral skeleton was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Lifetime milk consumption, supplemental calcium intake, and weight-bearing exercise were estimated retrospectively by questionnaire and interview. Results from multiple-linear-regression analyses show that the total and peripheral BMD of mothers were positively associated with supplemental calcium intake after age 60 years, body weight, current estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), and past oral contraceptive (OC) use. Negative associations were found for age and height. The axial BMD of mothers was positively correlated with body weight and past OC use. Among daughters, lifetime weight-bearing exercise was a predictor of total and peripheral BMD, whereas total lean mass was a predictor of axial BMD. The lifetime milk consumption of mothers was positively associated with that of their daughters. The peripheral BMD values of both mothers and daughters were
6
Calcium
positively correlated after adjustment for daughters' exercise and mothers' age, body weight, and ERT. Results suggest that calcium supplementation and exogenous estrogen positively influence bone mass in postmenopausal years. Findings lend support to recommendations for physical activity as a means of osteoporosis prevention. In the age groups studied, the effects of behavioral and hormonal factors on BMD appeared to dominate over familial similarity, which suggests that women may successfully enhance their genetically determined bone mass through weight-bearing exercise, postmenopausal ERT, and adequate calcium intake. 60 references and 6 tables. (AA-M). •
Vitamin D and Calcium in the Prevention of Corticosteroid Induced Osteoporosis: A 3 Year Follow up Source: Journal of Rheumatology. 23(6):995-1000; 1996. Summary: This journal article for health professionals describes a study that determined the efficacy and safety of using 50,000 units per week of vitamin D and 500 milligrams per day of calcium in the prevention of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. A minimized double blind, placebo controlled trial was used to evaluate corticosteroidtreated patients in a tertiary care university affiliated hospital. Patients were eligible for the study if they had polymyalgia rheumatica, temporal arteritis, asthma, vasculitis, or systemic lupus erythematosus. There were 22 women and 9 men in the treatment group, and 20 women and 11 men in the control group. The primary outcome measure was the percentage change in bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine in the two treatment groups from baseline to 36 months followup. Results indicate that BMD of the lumbar spine in the vitamin D and calcium treated group decreased by a mean of 2.6 percent at 12 months, 3.7 percent at 24 months, and 2.2 percent at 36 months. In the placebo group, there was a decrease of 4.1 percent at 12 months, 3.8 percent at 24 months, and 1.5 percent at 36 months. The observed differences between groups were not statistically significant. Results suggest that vitamin D and calcium may help prevent the early loss of bone seen in the lumbar spine as measured by densitometry of the lumbar spine; however, long-term vitamin D and calcium in those undergoing extended therapy with corticosteroid does not appear to be beneficial. 14 references, 2 figures, and 7 tables. (AA-M).
•
Calcium and Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence Source: Current Practice of Medicine. 2(6):115-117, June 1999. Summary: The author discusses the role of diet, particularly calcium, in the development and recurrence of colorectal adenoma. Diet is believed to be the main environmental factor in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. High-fat intake received the most initial attention as the responsible dietary component in the 1960's and 1970's. The sequence of changes in the colorectal mucosa during the progression from normal mucosa to the development of colorectal cancer and metastasis has received much attention over the past two decades. In patients at high risk for colonic cancer, cryptproliferating cells change. This change is thought to lead to adenoma formation, the precursor to colorectal cancer. A growing body of data shows the importance of calcium and/or vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that there is an inverse relationship between the incidence of colon cancer and the dietary intake of calcium or vitamin D. Research has shown that (1) supplementation with calcium carbonate to persons at risk for colon cancer reduces colonic crypt cell proliferative rates; (2) patients at risk for colon cancer who had recent adenomatous polyps removed and were fed a diet high in low-fat dairy foods have improved proliferative and differentiation markers of risk; and (3) calcium or calcium-containing
Studies
7
foods reduce the recurrence rate of adenomatous polyps. Other possible chemopreventive agents include (1) nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, (2) Cox-2 inhibitors, (3) sulphone, (4) fiber, and (5) folic acid. The author concludes that a combination of chemopreventive agents may be required to have a maximal effect on the development of colorectal cancer. 20 references. •
Is My Child Getting Enough Calcium? Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. Contact: Available from Jane Zukin. C/O Commercial Writing and Design, P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. Summary: This article, from a newsletter about lactose intolerance and milk allergy, reviews the role of recommended daily allowances (RDAs) of calcium and other vitamins and minerals, and focuses on ways to ensure that children are receiving adequate amounts of calcium. The author considers the use of calcium supplements and lists the RDA of calcium for kids, broken down by age, from infants through adolescents. The author also lists alternative calcium sources, with the typical serving size and milligrams of calcium in each noted.
•
Cytoprotective Effects of Calcium Channel Blockers: Mechanisms and Potential Applications in Hepatocellular Injury Source: Journal of Hepatology. 12(2): 251-255. March 1991. Summary: This review article considers the cytoprotective effects of calcium channel blockers, focusing on their mechanisms and potential applications in hepatocellular injury. The authors discuss intracellular calcium homeostasis, calcium dependence of hepatocellular injury, targets of calcium-mediated liver cell injury, calcium entry and blockade, the potential cytoprotective mechanisms of calcium channel blockers, in vivo studies, and clinical applications of calcium channel blockers. The authors conclude that studies relating to the liver are few, but suggest that calcium channel blockers may have a role to play in limiting hepatocellular damage, especially that arising from exposure to a variety of toxic agents. 1 figure. 42 references.
•
Counterpoint: Do People with Diabetes Benefit from Coronary Calcium Scans? Source: Diabetes Care. 26(2): 543-544. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Cardiovascular disease is responsible for most death and disability associated with diabetes. This editorial considers the role of coronary calcium scans as a noninvasive approach to screen and diagnose coronary syndromes in patients with diabetes. The author discusses calcium screening, the interplay of coronary calcium and future new coronary events in patients with diabetes, and diabetic atherosclerosis. The author contends that those who promote the unproven application of calcium screening for diabetes patients do them a disservice. Calcium screening has not been proven and the question of its therapeutic effectiveness must be addressed. The author concludes that it is far better to offer patients only those tests and therapies that are likely to help them. Elsewhere in the same publication is an article that offers the opposing viewpoint on coronary calcium testing. 20 references.
8
Calcium
•
Point: Diabetic Patients and Coronary Calcium Source: Diabetes Care. 26(2): 541-542. February 2003. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: Cardiovascular disease is responsible for most death and disability associated with diabetes. This editorial considers the role of coronary artery calcium (CAC) scans (as measured by electron beam tomography or EBT) as a noninvasive approach to screen and diagnose coronary syndromes in patients with diabetes. The author discusses risk stratification for individuals with diabetes, and then outlines the four possible times when EBT may be useful in the diabetes cohort: type 1 diabetes, younger patients with diabetes, improving compliance, and tracking effectiveness of therapy. The author concludes that while the vast majority of patients with diabetes would not need to undergo further noninvasive testing for CAC, there are certain cohorts that will benefit. The use of EBT to better risk stratify certain patients with diabetes, to improve compliance, and to allow for noninvasive tracking of atherosclerotic plaque could potentially reduce both mortality and costs and better direct therapy. Elsewhere in the same publication is an article that offers the opposing viewpoint on coronary calcium testing. 11 references.
•
Calcium Antagonists and Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence (commentary) Source: Diabetes Care. 22(7): 1206-1208. July 1999. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Summary: This commentary highlights findings from large hypertension studies on the use of calcium antagonists (CAs) and the risk of cardiovascular disease in people who have diabetes. These studies provide evidence in support of CA based therapy for treating high blood pressure in people who have diabetes. In addition, the commentary examines fundamental assumptions used to support the hypothesis that there is an adverse change in dihydropyridine CA activity associated with a systemic decrease in the relative membrane cholesterol content of people who have diabetes. The first assumption is that the cholesterol to phospholipid mole ratio is lower in diabetes, leading to an increase in the accumulation of lipophilic agents such as CAs. The second assumption is that an increase in the membrane accumulation of CAs results in a change in their pharmacologic activity. A review of relevant evidence does not support either assumption and fails to predict an adverse pharmacologic effect for CAs in the hypertensive patient with diabetes. The article therefore concludes that there is an important role for CA based therapy in managing hypertension in people who have diabetes. 17 references.
•
Effects of Aging on Serum Ionized and Cystosolic Free Calcium Source: Hypertension. 34(4 Part 2): 902-906. October 1999. Contact: Available from American Heart Association. 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Summary: Calcium ions, both intracellular (within the cells) and extracellular (outside the cells) are critically important for a wide spectrum of cellular processes, including muscle contraction, nerve excitability, and stimulus to secretion coupling in all
Studies
9
endocrine and exocrine tissues. Elevated cyctosolic free calcium (Cai) and reciprocally reduced, extracellular ionized calcium (Ca ion) levels are observed in both hypertension (high blood pressure) and type 2 diabetes. Because the changes of vascular (blood vessel) function and insulin sensitivity in these conditions resemble the changes associated with 'normal' aging, the authors of this article considered to what extent similar alterations in calcium metabolism occur with aging per se in the absence of overt hypertension or diabetes. This article reports on a study in which platelet Cai levels and serum C ion levels were measures in normotensive, nondiabetic, healthy, normal elderly (older than 65 years) subjects (n = 11); in 10 young adults with hypertension; and in 10 normotensive adults with type 2 diabetes. Platelet Cai levels were higher and Ca ion levels lower in normal elderly compared with young control subjects, but normal elderly Cai and Ca ion levels were indistinguishable from those in hypertensive and type 2 diabetes subjects. In normal subjects, significant correlations were found between platelet Cai levels and age, and between Cai levels and systolic blood pressure. The authors conclude that aging is associated with alterations of Cai and Ca ion levels resembling those changes present at any age in hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The authors hypothesize that these alterations of calcium metabolism underlie the predisposition to the alterations of blood pressure and insulin sensitivity characteristics of 'normal' aging. The data also suggest that studies of the aging process should be limited to subjects with normal blood pressure and glucose tolerance. 2 figures. 2 tables. 35 references. •
Bone Up On Calcium Source: Diabetes Forecast. 45(3): 38, 40-41. March 1992. Contact: Available from American Diabetes Association. 1701 North Beauregard Street, Alexandria, VA 22311. (800) 232-3472. Website: www.diabetes.org. Summary: This article reviews the role of calcium in the diet, particularly for people who have diabetes mellitus. Topics include specific circumstances that call for increased dietary calcium, the role of calcium in avoiding osteoporosis, guidelines for how much calcium should be ingested and the best sources for calcium, increasing calcium intake without increasing cholesterol intake, and calcium supplements. Four recipes from a menu designed to provide the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance of calcium are included: broccoli quiche, tomato soup, cucumber yogurt salad, and peachy rice pudding. Each recipe includes the full nutritional and exchange list information.
•
Calcium Antagonists and Diabetic Nephropathy (editorial) Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 151(12): 2361-2364. December 1992. Summary: This editorial considers some of the issues raised by the emerging body of evidence suggesting that calcium antagonists may also have beneficial effects in diabetic renal disease. The author also considers the controversy surrounding the theoretic framework that has been proposed to account for these beneficial therapeutic effects. Topics discussed include studies in experimental diabetes in the rat; the role of nonhemodynamic factors in affording protection; limitations in extrapolating from animal models; calcium antagonists; and how calcium antagonists differ in their ameliorative effects on proteinuria. 38 references.
10 Calcium
Federally Funded Research on Calcium The U.S. Government supports a variety of research studies relating to calcium. These studies are tracked by the Office of Extramural Research at the National Institutes of Health.2 CRISP (Computerized Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) is a searchable database of federally funded biomedical research projects conducted at universities, hospitals, and other institutions. Search the CRISP Web site at http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/crisp_query.generate_screen. You will have the option to perform targeted searches by various criteria, including geography, date, and topics related to calcium. For most of the studies, the agencies reporting into CRISP provide summaries or abstracts. As opposed to clinical trial research using patients, many federally funded studies use animals or simulated models to explore calcium. The following is typical of the type of information found when searching the CRISP database for calcium: •
Project Title: ACTIVITY DEPENDENT REGULATION OF BDNF EXPRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ghosh, Anirvan; Associate Professor; Neuroscience; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1999; Project End 30-NOV-2004 Summary: Synaptic activity has a profound effect on the formation of appropriate connections in the brain. Work during the last decade has indicated that such activitydependent plasticity requires calcium influx, which triggers a cascade of intracellular biochemical events that lead to long lasting physiological and anatomical changes. Many of these changes require calcium-dependent gene expression, and several lines of evidence suggest that the Brain-derived neurotophic factor (BDNF) gene is an important target of calcium signaling in neurons. The focus of the proposed experiments is to identify the mechanisms by which calcium influx leads to BDNF expression in cortical neurons. Our preliminary studies suggest that calcium- dependent expression of BDNF is regulated by two calcium-response elements. The first is a novel element (CRS-I) that is regulated by an as yet unidentified transcription factor. The second element is homologous to the cAMP response element (CRE) and is regulated by the transcription factor CREB. To gain further insight into the mechanisms by which calcium regulates BDNF expression, we propose to (i) identify and characterize the transcription factor that mediates transactivation via CRS-I, and (ii) determine the mechanism by which CRS-I and BIII-CRE cooperate to regulate BDNF expression. The mechanisms underlying activity-dependent BDNF expression are of scientific as well as clinical interest. It is clear that BDNF plays a critical role in brain development and plasticity, ans therefore perturbation of BDNF regulation might contribute to neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Our investigations should lead to the identification of molecules involved in regulating BDNF expression, and it is likely that this molecular understanding will eventually be useful in developing clinical strategies to correct disorders of the nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Healthcare projects are funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services (SAMHSA), Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), and Office of Assistant Secretary of Health (OASH).
2
Studies 11
•
Project Title: ACTIVITY-DEPENDENT HOMEOSTASIS
DEVELOPMENT
OF
CALCIUM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Zirpel, Lance; Neurobiology and Anatomy; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: The proposed research project is aimed at understanding how interactions between afferent activity and central auditory neurons affects development of those neurons and their abilities to cope with changing activity levels. The first set of experiments will address how neurons in the cochlear nucleus respond to the onset and increasing levels of afferent input from the cochlear nerve during development with the implementation of mechanisms to regulate intracellular ion homeostasis. Previous studies have indicated that these mechanisms become prominent at about the same time as onset of afferent activity. The hypothesis that activity determines that implementation of these mechanisms will be experimentally evaluated in chick embryos by surgically or pharmacologically eliminating afferent activity to the nucleus during development. The homeostatic mechanisms will then be evaluated in cochlear nucleus neurons and compared to neurons from normal embryos. Protein quantification and dynamic optical imaging will be used for these evaluations. The ability of a neuron to regulate intracellular calcium is critical for its survival. Many proteins are involved in this regulation and combined to restrict not only the amplitude of a calcium signal, but also the time course and area of that signal. During development of the auditory system, the input that generates these calcium signals changes dramatically. The second set of proposed experiments aims to understand how this input affects the ability of cochlear nucleus neurons to regulate these changing calcium signals. Similar to the first set of experiments, surgical and pharmacological techniques will be used to eliminate afferent activity during development of the brain stem auditory nuclei, and protein quantification and dynamic optical imaging will be used to evaluate specific components and functions of the cellular calcium regulatory machinery. In addition, a specialized imaging technique will be used that allows great precision in measuring the temporal and spatial aspects of the calcium signals within neurons. These studies will contribute to understanding the interactions between afferent activity and the development of specialized central auditory neurons. This understanding will allow for more accurate evaluations of the impact of early sensory deprivation on central neurons. In addition, they will contribute to an animal model of congenital hearing deficits that is widely used for studies on the development and regeneration of auditory function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADAPTIVE MECHANISM TO LOW DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKES DURING PUBERTY Principal Investigator & Institution: Abrams, Steven A.; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Although many lines of evidence document the importance of maintaining a relatively high calcium intake during pubertal development, the calcium intake of as many as 20% of pubertal American girls is less than one-third of the currently recommended level. Virtually no information is available regarding the physiological adaptation to these low intakes. For example, despite a lower average calcium intake, peak bone mass is greater and the risk of osteoporosis is lower in African-American compared with Caucasian girls. This proposal will evaluate the adaptation to low
12 Calcium
calcium intakes by girls during puberty and compare the differences in that adaptation between Caucasian and African-American girls. The specific aims of the project have not changed during the initial year since the project began. To summarize, these were to: 1) To assess the effects of decreasing calcium intake to 400 mg/day in girls on calcium absorption, excretion and bone formation/resorption; 2)To determine the changes in calcium retention and kinetics after supplementing the intake of girls with very low habitual intakes of calcium (Group 2) with 600 mg of calcium for 6 months; 3) To evaluate racial differences in adaptation to low calcium intakes which may partially account for the lower incidence of osteoporosis in African-Americans compared to Caucasians despite the lower calcium intake of African-Americans; 4) To determine the relationship between hormonal and pubertal status and adaptation to low calcium intake in healthy girls. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ADP-RIBOSE DEPENDENT CALCIUM ENTRY IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Principal Investigator & Institution: Scharenberg, Andrew M.; Assistant Professor; Pediatrics; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2006 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract): The molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of calcium entry into immune system cells are poorly understood. My preliminary data describe the molecular characterization of a novel calcium entry pathway controlled by ADP-ribose (ADPR). This characterization includes the identification of a novel highly specific vertebrate ADP-Ribose Hydrolase (ADPRH-1), and the functional demonstration that a previously identified gene encodes a protein product which is an ADPR gated calcium channel. Based on these data, I propose to explore ADPR metabolism and the mechanisms which regulate ADPR-mediated calcium entry within the immune system through three specific aims: Specific Aim 1: Characterization of free ADPR metabolism in the immune system. This aim will characterize the cell biology, structure/function relationships, and physiologic roles of ADPRH-1 in the regulation of ADPR metabolism. These analyses will include the production of an ADPRH- 1 deficient cell line and its complementation using various forms of ADPRH-1. Specific Aim 2: Immune system mechanisms for the regulation of free ADPR levels. This aim will focus on analyses of ADPR metabolism in relation to immune cell manipulations plausibly linked to the production of free ADPR. It will utilize both classic methods for measurement of total cellular free ADPR and a novel electrophysiologic assay for cytosolic free ADPR. Specific Aim 3: Characterization of the cell biology and structure/function relationships of the ADPR gated cation channel: a possible key effector of free ADPR. These analyses will include screening of cell lines and primary cell types for channel expression and ADPR-mediated currents, and a structure/function analysis of the role of an ADPRH- 1 homology region of the ADPR gated channel in the gating process. Together, the experiments in these aims will provide us with substantial new information regarding the metabolism of free ADPR and the role of ADPR dependent calcium entry in immune system function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ALCOHOL MODULATION OF CARDIAC CALCIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Aistrup, Gary L.; Mol Pharm & Biol Chemistry; Northwestern University Office of Sponsored Programs Chicago, IL 60611
Studies 13
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1999; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Alcohol exerts a variety of actions on the cardiovascular system, the nervous system, and other organs. Clinical studies, have linked alcohol consumption with a number of asymptomatic and overt cardiovascular abnormalities, including cardiomyopathy, hypertension, arrhythmias, heart failure, and stroke. The mechanisms responsible for these various problems are not well understood. In the nervous system, voltage activated calcium channels and certain ligand-gated channels arc particularly sensitive targets of alcohol. These channels are suspected of being instrumental in acute intoxication and withdrawal. In cardiac tissues, calcium channels play a key role in rhythmicity, conduction, and excitation-contraction coupling. These channels are a major site of control by endogenous hormones and transmitters, and by therapeutic drugs. Calcium channels have been directly linked to a number of the actions of ethanol on the heart. Ethanol interferes with contractility in a variety of models, and it reduces electrically-stimulated calcium transients in ventricular myocytes. Our preliminary data with rat myocytes, and results from other laboratories, have confirmed that ethanol blocks L-type calcium channels in isolated cardiac cells. Defining how alcohol affects the physiology and regulation of these channels is essential in explaining immediate consequences of alcohol ingestion, as well as events that occur during prolonged periods of alcohol ethanol abuse. The overall objective of the proposed studies is to use whole-cell patch clamp techniques to analyze ethanol modulation of cardiac calcium channels. Ventricular myocytes will be dissociated from cardiac tissues of adult rats, and subjected to acute alcohol exposure. Biophysical and pharmacological experiments will evaluate calcium channel function under these conditions, and impossible mechanisms of channel modulation. Certain second messenger systems are known to exert regulatory control over calcium channel function in heart cells. Among these, the betaadrenergic/cAMP/PKA pathway is a critical mechanism for enhancing L-type calcium channels and stimulating cardiac contractility. We will therefore test the hypothesis that ethanol alters regulation of channels through this signal transduction system. Our preliminary data have shown that ethanol not only blocks currents stimulated via the beta-adrenergic system, but it also inhibits desensitization of the coupling process. We have also just completed exciting new preliminary studies demonstrating that ethanol is capable of reversing or occluding nifedipine-induced channel block. This novel action may have major implications, given the widespread clinical use of dihydropyridines and other calcium channel antagonists. Drug interactions of this type will be an important focus of the project. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ALTERED CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D METABOLISM IN PMDD Principal Investigator & Institution: Thys-Jacobs, Susan; St. Luke's-Roosevelt Inst for Hlth Scis Health Sciences New York, NY 10019 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2000; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: (adapted from investigator's abstract): Premenstrual Dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is widely recognized as a recurrent disorder related to hormonal variations of the menstrual cycle. PMDD shares many of the features of depression anxiety and the dysphoric states. Whereas alterations in calcium homeostasis have long been associated with many affective disturbances, recent evidence has suggested that luteal phase symptomatology may be associated with a perturbation in calcium homeostasis. Recently reported abnormalities in calciotropic hormone regulation, as well as the beneficial response to calcium treatment, all support the hypothesis that disordered calciotropic hormone regulation is a major provocative factor in luteal phase
14 Calcium
symptomatology. The purpose of the investigation is to understand more completely the extent to which calcium regulation is disturbed in PMDD by utilizing new tools to assess calcium and bone turnover. This investigation seeks to confirm our preliminary data in a definitive study. The long-term objective is to elucidate the pathophysiology of PMDD as it relates to the calciotropic hormones and bone markers. The experimental design involves enrolling 70 with PMDD and 35 controls. Following 2 months of baseline symptom documentation, women with PMDD and controls will be enrolled in a 1-month observational period with frequent hormonal samplings, urinary collections and daily ratings. Clinical evaluation will involve a detailed history and physical examination, a structured psychiatric interview and a dietary assessment. Hormonal evaluation will include total and ionized calcium intact parathyroid hormone, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, estradiol, progesterone, osteocalcin, urinary N-telopeptide, IGF-1 and TNF-A. Each subjects will be initially screened prospectively for 2 menstrual cycles with a daily, self assessment scale; symptoms will then be monitored and quantified for another 1 month while undergoing blood and urine sampling. The observation period will provide extensive characterization of the calciotropic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover across the menstrual cycle with simultaneous symptom ratings in women with PMDD and controls. Bone density evaluation will be performed as well on all subjects. Understanding the pathophysiology associated with PMDD may lead to effective therapeutic strategies to prevent the neuropsychiatric disturbances and abnormal calcium regulation that are characteristic of this disorder. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AMACRINE CELL SIGNALING Principal Investigator & Institution: Gleason, Evanna L.; Biological Sciences; Louisiana State Univ A&M Col Baton Rouge Office of Sponsored Programs Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Retinal amacrine cells are interneurons that help to shape the visual signal that ganglion cells send to other visual centers in the brain. The ultimate goal of the research proposed here is to understand the factors that underlie the dynamics of calcium and calcium dependent signaling within and between amacrine cells. A better understanding of signal processing in the retina will be valuable in helping us to better understand how signals are shaped elsewhere in the brain. This proposal specifically addresses the role of mitochondria in shaping the temporal and spatial properties of calcium signals and calcium-dependent processes in amacrine cells. Mitochondria are especially interesting because they can be a spatially discrete sink and source of calcium. This is relevant to amacrine cell function in particular because it is thought that much of the synaptic signaling in amacrine cells is spatially localized rather than spread over broad regions of the cell. To understand the role of mitochondria in amacrine cell signaling, we propose the following three specific aims: Specific Aim 1: To elucidate the impact of mitochondrial calcium buffering on the spatial and temporal aspects of calcium elevations in amacrine cells. Specific Aim 2: To discover the role of mitochondrial calcium buffering during synaptic transmission between GABAergic amacrine cells. Specific Aim 3: To uncover the interactions between mitochondria and other mechanisms and organelles relevant to calcium signaling in amacrine cells. To achieve these three aims, amacrine cells cultured from the chick retina will be used as a model system for amacrine cells in the intact retina. This system will allow the examination of single amacrine cells or pairs of amacrine cells participating in functional GABAergic synapses, an extremely common type of synapse found in the retina. The
Studies 15
proposed research will employ calcium imaging, whole cell voltage clamp recordings, immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy to achieve the stated aims. These studies will lead to insights into the mechanisms that underlie the processing of the visual signal in the vertebrate retina. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: AMLODIPINE TREATMENT FOR COCAINE DEPENDENCE Principal Investigator & Institution: Malcolm, Robert J.; Professor; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; Medical University of South Carolina 171 Ashley Ave Charleston, SC 29425 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JAN-1998; Project End 31-DEC-2002 Summary: Pharmacotherapies have not proven to be clinically useful in the treatment of cocaine dependence. Two lines of research indicate that calcium channel antagonists are promising in the treatment of cocaine dependence. 1) Clinical studies of chronic cocaine use have demonstrated multiple neurovascular changes on PET, SPECT and MRI scans of the brain. These studies demonstrate functional abnormalities in energy utilization and reductions in regional cerebral blood flow. Some improvement in these deficits have been noted with lengthening abstinence from cocaine; however, recent work indicates that some regional blood flow changes are persistent over many months. It is possible that these neurovascular abnormalities decrease cognitive abilities and thus reduce the benefits of rehabilitative treatment for cocaine dependence such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Calcium channel antagonists antagonize cerebral vasoconstriction, enhance regional cerebral blood flow and possibly could lead to cognitive improvement. 2) Preclinical studies indicate that dihydropyridine type channel antagonists have specific binding sites in rat brains and play a role in modulating dopaminergic reinforcement. Calcium channel antagonists reduce cocaine- related behaviors. One human trial demonstrated that a calcium channel antagonist decreased the subjective rush of cocaine and reduced euphoric properties of cocaine. Thus, there is animal and human evidence that calcium channel antagonists may improve cerebral circulation, enhancing cognitive functioning, and alter the subjective rewarding experience of cocaine. This protocol proposes to evaluate amlodipine, a marketed dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist which has a well-established safety profile and has known effects of enhancing regional cerebral blood flow. In conjunction with CBT, amlodipine versus placebo will be tested for efficacy in 160 males and females, Caucasians and African-Americans. After screening and informed consent, cocaine dependent individuals will enter a two week placebo period followed by randomization to 12 weeks of amlodipine plus CBT or placebo plus CBT. Follow-up will occur three months after treatment ends. Treatment outcome will be measured with twice weekly quantitative urine drug screens for cocaine and cocaine metabolites, retention in treatment,subjective cocaine craving, and psychometric testing of cognitive functions. Evaluation of this agent for effectiveness and safety provides the opportunity to examine the rationale that improvements in regional cerebral blood flow or modulation of dopamine mechanisms through calcium channel antagonism will enhance recovery from cocaine dependence. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: AN ADP-RIBOSE DEPENDENT CATION CHANNEL ENCODED BY LTRPC2 Principal Investigator & Institution: Penner, Reinhold; Queen's Medical Center 1301 Punchbowl St Honolulu, HI 96813
16 Calcium
Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002; Project End 31-MAY-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): Sustained calcium entry, in many cells, is fundamental to the initiation and maintenance of specific cellular responses. In addition to the widespread store-operated calcium influx mechanism, whose molecular nature remains elusive, other putative calcium influx pathways have emerged through identification of a growing number of genes coding for calcium-permeable cation channels. Our preliminary data describe the molecular characterization of a novel calcium-entry pathway controlled by ADP-ribose (ADPR). This characterization includes the identification of a novel highly specific ADP-ribose hydrolase, NUDT9, which shares high homology with the C-terminal region of a previously identified gene, LTRPC2, and the functional demonstration that LTRPC2 encodes a protein product that is an ADPR-gated calcium-permeable cation channel. We also identified natively expressed ADPR-dependent conductances in pancreatic beta cells and human monocytes. Based on these data, we propose to explore the mechanisms that regulate ADPRmediated calcium entry in recombinant and physiological systems. In Specific Aim 1, we will analyze the biophysical and molecular aspects of LTRPC2 ion channel function by using a combination of calcium imaging and electrophysiological analysis of cells that express recombinant LTRPC2. To identify the structural basis for ADPRdependent gating of LTRPC2, we will express and characterize truncated or chimeric LTRPC2 constructs directed towards the C-terminal nudix domain, the putative ADPR binding region. We also propose to systematically alter amino acids within this domain to assess structure-function relationships that confer selectivity for ADPR gating. In Specific Aim 2, we will address the functional and physiological role of ADPR-gated channels in the regulation of calcium homeostasis of beta cells. We will investigate the specific properties of native ADPR-gated channels and compare them with those of recombinant LTRPC2. We will assess their functional role in the cellular responses of the above cells by comparing the relative contributions of ADPR-gated Ca2+ signals to those of store-operated Ca2+ influx and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Finally, we will seek to identify the mechanisms responsible for ADPR production by investigating the major enzymes and pathways involved in its metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANALYSIS OF NEAR-MEMBRANE CALCIUM USING TIRFM AND NSOM Principal Investigator & Institution: Clark, Heather A.; Physiology; University of Connecticut Sch of Med/Dnt Bb20, Mc 2806 Farmington, CT 060302806 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000 Summary: Many in vitro experiments demonstrate that the transient calcium concentrations needed to trigger cellular events such as signaling cascades and synaptic transmission are actually much higher than the average resting concentrations of calcium experimentally measured in the cytoplasm of the cell. These findings suggest that calcium reaches transient concentrations that are much higher than that measured in the bulk of the cell. We propose to utilize two optical imaging methods to obtain better resolution of near- membrane dynamics and hotspots: Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM) and Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM). Both of these techniques effectively excite only 100 -200 nm into the bulk of the cell. TIRFM will provide a high resolution method of imaging near the membrane of a neuroblastoma cell, and NSOM will monitor a single channel with fast temporal resolution. The combination of the two techniques will elucidate the dynamics of
Studies 17
calcium microdomains, including information on their size, concentration, location, and lifetime. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANALYTICAL ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMAGING Principal Investigator & Institution: Somylo, Andrew P.; University of Virginia Charlottesville Box 400195 Charlottesville, VA 22904 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: This project is dedicated to the interdisciplinary development of analytical electron microscopic and other structural approaches and their application to the determination of calcium-dependent and independent mechanisms of regulation in vascular smooth and cardiac muscle. A major goal is to perfect the sensitivity and spatial resolution of energy- filtered transmission electron microscopy (STEM-EELS) to a previously un- attained (2-4 nm) level suitable for sensitive compositional imaging of subcellular domains. STEM-EELS and X-ray mapping with an improved solid- state detector will be used to determine the functionally important, binding of calcium to membranes of cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, the sub-mitochondrial distribution of calcium and the composition of (putative) Ca- and Na buffering domains beneath the plasma membrane. The hypotheses, that the calcium content of mitochondria varies depending on their cellular location relative to the plasma membrane or the sarcoplasmic reticulum, will be quantitatively tested with electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Manganese (Mn), used to quench the fluorescence of calcium-sensitive fluorophores used for measuring intracellular free calcium, will be quantitatively localize to assess the contribution of Mn accumulation by mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum to fluorescent signals. The distribution of aluminum and fluoride, used to activate G- proteins will be determined in order to ascertain whether AIF/4 directly interacts and co translocates with monomeric GTP-binding proteins in cells or only interacts with trimeric G-proteins. Fluorescence confocal microscopy will be used to related to function the stimulus-dependent distribution of telokin, Rho and Rhoassociated proteins and smooth muscle myosin phosphatase in vascular smooth muscle. Health-related aspects of the research include the role of calcium binding to cardiac gap junctions in ventricular fibrillation, the most common cause of sudden cardiac death, and the importance of abnormalities of vascular and bronchial smooth muscle regulation in diseases such as high blood pressure and asthma. The STEM-EELS methodology developed for mapping,a t 2-4 nm resolution, biologically important elements, such as calcium, will be widely applicable to a broad range of problems related to normal and diseased cardiovascular function and to cellular physiology and pathology of nearly every biological system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: ANESTHETICS AND CALCIUM CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Lingle, Christopher J.; Professor; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Anesthetics exhibit considerable diversity in the nature of their anesthetic effects. The underlying mechanism of anesthetic action presumably involves alteration of one or more membrane conductances. Relative differences among anesthetics in their effects on these different targets may underlie the important clinical differences among anesthetics. Calcium channels are particularly attractive as potential targets of
18 Calcium
anesthetic action because of their central role in synaptic transmission. Some voltagedependent calcium channels are inhibited by anesthetics within clinical concentrations. Inhibition of particular components of Ca plus current may contribute to some of the diverse effects of different anesthetics including anticonvulsant activity and analgesic activity. Steroid anesthetics provide a particularly interesting group for evaluation of potential targets of anesthetic action, because the structurally defined nature of steroids make them more amenable to structure/function investigations and more useful for the ultimate identification of binding sites. Recent studies indicate that specific steroids exhibit remarkable selectivity in blocking particular components of calcium current. Based on these studies, this proposal addresses a series of aims concerned with the molecular mechanisms of action of steroids on calcium channels. First, we will examine the structure-activity relationships for blockade of particular calcium current components by steroids. Second, we will extend earlier work in which we are defining the pharmacological similarities and differences between different low voltage-activated calcium currents among different neurons. Third, using steroids which selectively block particular components of calcium current in native cells, we will examine the effects of those agents on cloned neuronal calcium channel variants. Finally, we will examine the contribution of different high-voltage-activated calcium currents in synaptic transmission in cultures of hippocampal neurons and the effects of steroids on that transmission. These experiments will provide a whole new series of agents for selective inhibition of different calcium current components which will help advance our understanding of the clinical and behavioral roles of different calcium channel subtypes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTECEDENTS OF PEAK BONE MASS IN BLACK & WHITE WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Kimm, Sue Y.; Professor of Internal Medicine; Family Med/Clin Epidemiology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 18-MAR-1999; Project End 28-FEB-2004 Summary: The aim of this study is to investigate environmental, biologic, and genetic determinants of bone mass in a large (n=650) biracial of young women enrolled in the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Eleven-year longitudinal data are available data are available on dietary intake, physical activity, body composition, pubertal milestones, pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, smoking, and alcohol intake. This cohort is also concurrently enrolled in a second study which obtains annual total body DEXA scans until year 2000. Nested within this study, we will 1) determine what environmental (current and antecedent) and genetic factors determine bone mass (BMD) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur at ages 20-22 years; 2) determine racial difference in the effects of the significant environmental and genetic factors found in aim #1; and 3) determine what environmental and genetic factors influence biochemical markers of bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Bone mass will be assessed several different ways in part to address the biethnic nature of the population. Genotyping will be done for variation at genetic loci intimately involved in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis. Biomarkers include serum osteocalcin and ionized calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, and urinary N-telopeptides and calcium. The main hypotheses involve the effects of dietary calcium, vitamin D, physical activity, and pubertal maturation on BMD, and their interaction with each other as well as with genotypes. Attention will be directed to understanding the extent to which selected environmental and genetic factors influence the well-recognized black-white differences in BMD. The
Studies 19
relative importance of the timing of "exposure" to these environmental factors will be assessed by analyzing data in biologically meaningful time periods defined by pubertal milestones. This study will provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of an exhaustive set of environmental measures, genotypes, and biomarkers of bone/calcium homeostasis in determining BMD as well as in determining the racial differences in BMD. Thus, by capitalizing on the efficiency and cost- saving afforded by the two ongoing studies at Cincinnati Children's Hospital, our study can "telescope" the 11 years of follow-up to uncover important childhood antecedents of peak bone mass in black and white women. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ANTHRACYCLINE CARDIOTOXICITY AND CALSEQUESTRIN FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Shadle, Susan E.; Chemistry; Boise State University 1910 University Dr Boise, ID 83725 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): Recent work has shown pre-incubation with nanomolar concentrations of anthracyclines inhibits caffeine- 'induced calcium release from canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles (Olson, et al., Tox. Appl. Pharm., 2000, 169, 168-176) This inhibition is important to understand because it may contribute to the clinical cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines. The inhibitory effects are hypothesized to be a result of a direct interaction between anthracyclines and the SR calcium binding protein, calsequestrin, which results in a drug-dependent disruption of proper calsequestrin function. This proposal is designed to probe the mechanism of inhibition, with particular attention to the roles of calsequestrin and the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel. Comparison of the anthracyclines daunorubicin, daunorubicinol and 5-iminodaunorubicin, which vary in their ability to inhibit calcium release, will allow the importance of various structural moieties for inhibition to be explored. The proposed research consists of four specific aims: 1) to study calciumdependent conformational changes in calsequestrin in the presence of anthracyclines using fluorescence spectroscopy; 2) to investigate whether anthracyclines alter the aggregation behavior of calsequestrin using flow-field flow fractionation and multiangle light scattering detection (flow-FFF/MALS); 3) to probe the ability of anthracyclines to inhibit calcium binding to calsequestrin using Ca-45 competitive binding assays; 4) to determine the conformation of the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) in isolated SR vesicles after preincubation with anthracyclines; ryanodine binding assays will be used. The proposed experiments will determine the ability of anthracyclines to interfere with normal calsequestrin function and will define the contribution of RyR2 channel gating to inhibition of SR calcium release. The results will provide insight into the details of molecular mechanisms involved in disruption of proper cardiac calcium handling by anthracychnes and will thus inform the design of improved anthracyclines with decreased cardiotoxicity. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: AORTIC CALCIUM: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PROGRESSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Criqui, Michael H.; Professor; Family and Preventive Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 10-MAR-2003; Project End 28-FEB-2007
20 Calcium
Summary: (provided by applicant): Aortic calcium, measured by computed tomography, occurs earlier in life than other subclinical (that is, asymptomatic) markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD), shows a wide range, and is common in women. The large size of the aorta and relative lack of image artifact from motion make it ideal for radiographic quantitative imaging. This application is coordinated with the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a large prospective epidemiologic study investigating multiple subclinical CVD measures and CVD risk factors. Subclinical measures in MESA include coronary calcium, carotid ultrasound, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and the ankle/brachial blood pressure index. The extensive CVD risk factor measurements include both traditional risk factors and newer measures such as inflammatory and genetic markers. The primary long-term objective of this application is to determine the epidemiology of aortic calcium. 2000 randomly selected (from 6500 total) MESA participants will be studied. Questions to be addressed include predictors of aortic calcium progression; associations of aortic calcium and aortic calcium progression with other subclinical CVD measures, CVD risk factors, and demographics; and the prognostic significance of aortic calcium. The project has three primary specific aims: 1) to predict the cross-sectional aortic calcium burden as a function of other subclinical CVD measures and CVD risk factors; 2) to predict aortic calcium progression as a function of other subclinical CVD measures and CVD risk factors, and 3) to predict aortic calcium progression as a function of progression of selected subclinical CVD measures and CVD risk factors. The two secondary specific aims are 1) to contrast the results of the three primary specific aims for men vs. women, and for four major ethnic groups (White, Hispanic, Black, and Asian); and 2) to provide a database for future evaluation of whether aortic calcium and/or aortic calcium progression independently predict subsequent myocardial infarction, stroke, and other CVD events. This application potentially has major significance for cardiovascular health. "Total body scanning" including measurement of aortic calcium, has become a popular diagnostic tool. This application, in conjunction with the extensive subclinical and risk factor measurements available in MESA, will uniquely allow determination of the independent and incremental importance of measuring aortic calcium in CVD risk assessment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ASSOCIATION BETWEEN KCA AND VOLTAGE-GATED CA2+ CHANNELS Principal Investigator & Institution: Cibulsky, Susan M.; Neuroscience; University of Pennsylvania 3451 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-APR-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Calcium-activated potassium and voltage-gated calcium channels participate in an intimate interplay in excitable cells, by which each kind of channel regulates the function of the other. The calcium that enters a cell through voltage-gated calcium channels activates nearby calcium-activated potassium channels that in turn hyperpolarize the cell arid cause calcium channels to shut. This functional coupling plays important roles in determining electrical excitability and influencing signaling events in neurons and muscle cells. In order for the channels to interact functionally, they must be localized close together. Furthermore, in a cell expressing multiple types of each channel, functional coupling is often channel type specific. The work proposed here is designed to determine the mechanisms by which functional coupling is achieved, including the molecular components necessary for channel association and the determinants of channel type specificity. The results will
Studies 21
contribute to our understanding of the physiology of processes such as the regulation of neurotransmitter release and the determination of smooth muscle tone. Such information could lead to useful strategies for the treatment and/or prevention of neurological and vascular diseases of the central nervous system. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BCL 2 FUNCTION IN ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Principal Investigator & Institution: Distelhorst, Clark W.; Professor; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's abstract) The Bcl-2 protein family regulates cell death induction by a wide range of apoptotic signals and thereby plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Although the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are localized to both mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) recent studies have focused almost exclusively on their role in mitochondria. Therefore, the purpose of this proposal is to investigate how Bcl-2/Bxl-xL function in the ER. Based on the central role the ER plays in intracellular calcium homeostasis and signaling, this proposal will test the overall hypothesis that Bcl-2/Bcl-xL work either as ion channels or regulators of ion channels to preserve calcium homeostasis within the ER lumen, thereby preventing organelle dysfunction that triggers apoptosis. Aim 1 will investigate the hypothesis that the transmembrane alpha 5, 6 helices of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL function as a calcium sensor that regulates the ion conductivity of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL in response to changes in calcium concentration within the ER lumen, thereby forming a feedback loop that maintains calcium homeostasis in the ER. Aim 2 will investigate the hypothesis that the BH4 domain of the Bcl-2/Bcl-xL regulates the ion conductivity of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL in response to changes in intraluminal calcium concentration. Aims 1 & 2 will employ planar lipid bilayer techniques to measure ion channel activity in ER-targeted fluorescent proteins, cameleons, to monitor effects of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL on intraluminal calcium concentration on a single cell basis. Aim 3 will investigate the hypothesis that Bcl-2/Bcl-xL regulate calcium efflux through the inositol 1.4.5-triphosphate receptor, a calcium channel located in the ER membrane. Aim 4 will test the hypothesis that apoptotic signals disrupt calcium-dependent ER function, as measured by the calciumdependent processing of the lysosomal aspartic protease cathepsin D, and that Bcl2/Bcl-xL preserve calcium-dependent protein processing in the ER, thereby inhibiting organelle dysfunction and preserving cell viability. The latter studies will employ both pulse-chase labeling techniques and microscopic imaging of green fluorescent proteincathepsin D fusion proteins to determine effects of apoptotic signals and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL on protein processing within the ER. Collectively, the aims of this proposal investigate novel concepts regarding the mechanism of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL function at the level of the ER. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: BRAIN INJURY AND INTERCELLUAR CALCIUM WAVES Principal Investigator & Institution: Floyd, Candace L.; Psychiatry; University of California Davis Sponsored Programs, 118 Everson Hall Davis, CA 95616 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JUN-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): The goal of the current proposal is to evaluate the hypothesis that traumatic brain injury alters intercellular communication between astrocytes, a potentially crucial and often overlooked aspect of brain processing. Astrocytes were once viewed as passive cells, but are now characterized as active
22 Calcium
contributors to signal processing in the brain. Yet, the effect of traumatic injury on calcium-mediated astrocyte intercellular signaling has not been evaluated. Therefore, the proposal evaluates the hypothesis that traumatic injury alters intercellular calcium signaling between astrocytes in the glial syncytium using the following specific aims: Specific Aim 1: Injury of cortical astrocytes alters origination and propagation of intercellular calcium waves. We will compare the velocity and distance of intercellular calcium waves in injured astrocytes to that of uninjured astrocytes. (Method: Use quantitative fluorescent microscopy to evaluate intercellular calcium waves). Specific Aim 2: Injury alters gap junction coupling. We will compare fluorescent dye transfer through gap junctions, expression of Connexin 43 protein, and phosphorylation of Connexin 43 protein between uninjured and injured astrocytes. (Method: Use lucifer yellow transfer to measure coupling of gap junctions; use Western Blots to measure expression and phosphorylation of Connexin 43 protein). Specific Aim 3: Intercellular calcium signaling will be maintained in astrocytes by pharmacological manipulation of IP3-mediated intracellular calcium signaling. (Method: Use agonists and antagonists of elements in the signaling pathway to determine if alterations in intercellular calcium waves can be attenuated). These proposed experiments evaluate, for the first time, the effect of traumatic brain injury on the intricate and extensive calcium signaling network among astrocytes. Aim #1 directly examines the effects of mechanical injury on intercellular calcium signaling in astrocytes. Aim #2 examines the potential mechanisms (i.e. gap junctions) involved in injury-induced alterations in intercellular calcium signaling. Aim #3 examines potential therapeutic interventions which could restore intercellular signaling. The results of the proposed experiments may provide not only new insights into the pathophysiology of TBI, but also potentially lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of the traumatically injured brain. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: BUILDING BETTER BONES IN CHILDREN Principal Investigator & Institution: Zemel, Babette S.; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia 34Th St and Civic Ctr Blvd Philadelphia, PA 19104 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1999; Project End 31-MAY-2004 Summary: Increased calcium intake has proven effective in increasing bone mineral density in children, but the effect disappears when calcium supplements are discontinued. Increased dietary calcium from daily and other food sources may have an even greater impact on bone density than that achieved by calcium supplements, but achieving sustained increased calcium from food sources has not been demonstrated. In addition, the effects of baseline characteristics of calcium intake and bone density and puberty status may influence the response to intervention. This study will develop and implement a Behavioral Modification-Nutrition Education (BM-NE) Intervention Program aimed at increasing dietary calcium Male and female subjects (n=154), ages 710 years (Tanner stage I or II), will be randomly assigned to participate in an intensive BM-NE intervention group to increase intake to 1500 mg/d or a group that will receive usual care (UC) as counseling on bone health. The BM-NE Program will consist of five separate group sessions for parents and children over a five to six week period, and use individualized plans to increase calcium intake. Participants will be recruited into two groups: a group of healthy children (i.e.,no known chronic disease or previous oral steroid exposure) with no known risk factors, and a group of healthy children with potential risk factors for low bone density (previous fracture from usual childhood activities, daily refusal, or lactose intolerance, family history of osteoporosis). These two
Studies 23
groups will be equally represented in their assignment to BM-NE and UC groups. This latter strategy will be used to determine whether the presence of risk factors influences participant compliance with the programs. We hypothesize that (a) at the end of 36 months the BM-NE group will have increased dietary calcium of at least 300 mg/d in the no-risk BM-NE group compared to those receiving UC, (b) baseline calcium intake and presence of risk factors will be associated with changes in calcium intake over the course of the study, and (c) after controlling for important co-variates such as increases in body size and sexual and skeletal maturation, changes in BMD will be associated with calcium intake and physical activity. These findings will help define important behavioral strategies for increasing peak bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis later in life that can be implemented in a short period of time with long-lasting effects. Furthermore, it will help quantify the impact of increased dietary calcium on bone density during growth and development with possible identification of the characteristics of children most in need of and responsive to this treatment. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CA HANDLING & ARRHYTHMIAS ASSOCIATED WITH LQT SYNDROME Principal Investigator & Institution: Laurita, Kenneth; Medicine; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic disease characterized by prolonged QT interval and a high incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the genetic and molecular abnormalities underlying LQTS, the mechanistic relationship between such abnormalities and SCD is not well understood. In patients with LQTS, episodes of syncope and SCD are caused by torsade de pointes (TdP), where afterdepolarizations are believed to play a critically important role. Abnormal management (i.e. handling) of intracellular calcium has been implicated as an important mechanism of afterdepolarizations, including afterdepolarizations that are enhanced by Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase). We hypothesize that heterogeneities of calcium handling are present normally and are enhanced by electrophysiological changes that occur in LQTS. As a result, regional "hot spots" of abnormal calcium handling develop that are prone to the formation of early afterdepolarizations (EADs) and delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs). It is further hypothesized that the location and timing of afterdepolarizations and their interaction with transmural repolarization gradients can critically influence the initiation of TdP. The specific aims of his proposal are to: 1) Determine the regional differences (i.e. heterogeneities) of intracellular calcium handling and action potential duration across the ventricular transmural wall that occur normally and in models of LQTS (i.e. LOT1, LQT2, LQT3). 2): Determine the cellular/molecular mechanisms of calcium handling heterogeneities that occur normally by measuring the level of calcium regulatory protein expression under control conditions. 3) Determine the cellular/molecular mechanisms of enhanced heterogeneities of (i.e. abnormal) intracellular calcium handling and afterdepolarization in models of acquired LQTS, where calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and CaM klnase are important mechanisms. 4) Determine the mechanistic relationship between the regional occurrence of EADs, repolarization gradients, and episodes of TdP in all three models of acquired LQTS, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of initiation by pauses in cycle length. New optical mapping techniques developed and validated by the PI to measure transmembrane
24 Calcium
potential and intracellular calcium simultaneously from 256 sites across intact heart preparations will be used. A major advantage of this experimental system is that multiple cellular parameters can be measured during arrhythmia initiation, providing the unique ability to bridge cellular and molecular abnormalities with arrhythmias that are a consequence. The long term objectives of this study are to determine the mechanistic relationship between abnormal intracellular calcium handling and arrhythmias associated with LQTS (i.e. TdP). Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CA KINETICS IN PREADOLESCENT/ADOLESCENT GIRLS W /CROHN'S Principal Investigator & Institution: Caballero, Benjamin H.; Director and Professor; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Background & Aims: Children with Crohn's disease are at risk for osteoporosis because of undernutrition, prolonged corticosteroid therapy, inflammatory process itself, inadequate calcium intake or absorption and vitamin D deficiency. The aim of this study is to address the effects of Crohn's disease and cumulative corticosteroid dose on calcium metabolism, efficiency of calcium absorption, calcitropic hormone levels and bone mineral density in preadolescent and adolescent girls. Methods: Seven female subjects (12 to 1 yrs. of age) have been enrolled. Patients are undergoing anthropometric assessment, pubertal staging, bone age radiography, and BMD assessment by dual energy 2-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine and total body. Clinical disease activity of CD is assessing by te Pediartic Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI). The cumulative corticosteroid dose (i grams) is calculating. Laboratory evaluations include serum levels of albumin, prealbumin, ionized Ca, phosphated, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OHD], 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)xD], calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), estradiol, osteocalcin and interleukin-6, and urinary levels of N-telopeptide. We are measuring calcium absorption and urinary calcium excretion, using a dual-tracer, stable-isotope technique and thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Results: We have not completed this study yet. We hypothesize that the low bone mineral density reported in girls with Crohn's disease is related to disturbances in calcium metabolism. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CA REGULATION IN INTACT VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bers, Donald M.; Professor and Chairman; Physiology; Loyola University Medical Center Lewis Towers, 13Th Fl Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-JAN-2000; Project End 31-DEC-2004 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's description): This proposal studies calcium regulation in intact ventricular cells with a focus on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release and the sodium/calcium (Na/Ca) exchanger. The proposal has three specific aims. Specific aim 1 determines the amount of calcium released during a calcium spark and the number of SR calcium release channels (ryanodine receptors, RYRs) contributing to a calcium spark (i.e. cluster size). Specific aim 2 measures the flux of SR calcium release during an action potential. Specific aim 3 explores the contribution of Na/Ca exchange current to the action potential and the trigger for SR calcium release. The majority of these studies will be performed on single cardiac ventricular cells isolated from adult rabbits, rats, mice and ferrets. Membrane currents (both whole cell
Studies 25
and single channel) will be measured with the patch clamp technique. Whole-cell calcium transients will be measured with indo-1 by standard techniques in epifluorescence microscopy. Local calcium transients (calcium sparks and sarcolemmal calcium transients) will be visualized as fluo-3 fluorescence with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CA/CALMODULIN ACTIVATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 AND NA K ATPASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Yingst, Douglas R.; Wayne State University 656 W. Kirby Detroit, MI 48202 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): A new form of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) associated with the cytoskeleton of human red cells inhibits Na,K-ATPase at the concentrations of intracellular free calcium that occur during cell activation. This form of PLA2 may also be present in neurons, where it could mediate the effects of intracellular calcium on Na,K-ATPase. Regulation of Na,K-ATPase in neurons by calcium has been linked to the control of neurotransmitter release and has been implicated in the development of bipolar disorders. The data in red cells suggest a single PLA2 that exists in two forms: phosphorylated and unphosphorylated. When phosphorylated, PLA2 is activated by micromolar (0.2-10 uM) free calcium by the binding of calmodulin (CaM). In the absence of phosphorylation, PLA2 is directly activated my millimolar (0.1-1 mM) calcium. This membrane-associated PLA2 has properties distinct from other PLA2s based on its activation by CaM, its sensitivity to both micromolar and millimolar calcium, and its response to inhibitors. The specific aims are to determine (1) the molecular basis for the Ca/CaM stimulated PLA2 and (2) how the Ca/CaM PLA2 affects the Na,K-ATPase. The results will define a new Ca/CaM-PLA2 capable of participating in cell signaling and of regulating Na,K-ATPase in response to changes intracellular free calcium. The studies will be carried out in red cells due to their advantages as a simple model system, but should be applicable to other cells, including neurons, where Na,K-ATPase is also inhibited by changes in intracellular free calcium. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CA/NA EXCHANGERS--HORMONE & ETHANOL ACTION IN HEPATOCYTE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bernstein, Jaime; University of Puerto Rico Med Sciences Medical Sciences Campus San Juan, PR 00936 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The intention of the present proposal is to describe in isolated rat liver cells the operation of the Na/Ca exchanger and to determine whether the combined operation of this exchanger and that of the Na/H Exchanger System can contribute to the increased [Ca]i which is observed after the action of substances which promote calcium entry into the hepatocyte. Normally, the Na/Ca anti-porter seems to operate in the liver by exchanger intracellular sodium for extracellular calcium. It has been estimated that in rat liver slices about 60% of the resting calcium flux across the cell membrane would occur via the exchanger. This fact would make the Na/Ca anti-porter an important target for effectors which affect [Ca]i such as the calcium modeling hormones and hematotoxins like ethanol. In isolated hepatocytes liver slices and the perfused liver, these hormones and ethanol are known to increase [Ca]i and calcium
26 Calcium
uptake. However, the role of the Na/Ca Exchanger on the calcium entry across the cell membrane induced by these dependent calcium influx into the cell, and that in isolated rat hepatocytes the cytosolic calcium concentration markedly rises when intracellular sodium is increased by the use of ouabain, a well known inhibitor of the Sodium Pump (see preliminary data). It is also known that increases in intracellular calcium may constitute an important link in the development of cell pathologies and cell death. Using the isolated hepatocyte, it is specifically proposed to kinetically describe, in terms of Km and Vmax, the Na/Ca as well as to determine the kinetic characteristics of the exchanger function as a calcium extruder by studying the [Ca]i-dependent 22Na uptake at different [Ca]i and [Na]o. The stoichiometry of the anti-porter will be determined by analyzing the dependence of sodium-efflux on [Ca]o. In addition, the actions of ethanol on the activity and kinetics of the Na/Ca Exchanger will be analyzed and the effect of the calcium-mobilizing hormones, phenylephrine, vasopressin, angiotensin II, and glucogen on the activity and kinetic parameters of the Na/Ca anti-porter, will be determined by analyzing the dependence of sodium-efflux on [Ca]o. In addition, the actions of ethanol on the activity and kinetics of the Na/Ca Exchanger will be analyzed and the effect of the calcium-mobilizing hormones, phenylephrine, vasopressin, the effects of ethanol on the calcium-mobilizing activity of these hormones through the Na/Ca Exchanger will be studying 45Ca uptake and [Ca]i increases in cells at normal or at low pHi [proportionate- loaded) in the presence or absence of specific inhibitors of the Na/Ca, or Na/H exchangers, respectively. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TRANSMISSION
CA++
&
PRESYNAPTIC
MODULATION--SYNAPTIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Saggau, Peter; Neuroscience; Baylor College of Medicine 1 Baylor Plaza Houston, TX 77030 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: There is compelling evidence for the involvement of presynaptic inhibition in controlling normal synaptic transmission and preventing excessive neurotransmitter release at mammalian central synapses. The presynaptic site is an effective target for modulation of synaptic transmission and presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels play a significant role in controlling transmitter release. To address our longterm objective of understanding the basic presynaptic mechanisms underlying modulation of synaptic transmission in mammalian central synapses, we propose to investigate the direct and indirect role of presynaptic calcium during inhibition of synaptic transmission at hippocampal CA3/CA1, MF/CA3 and PP/GC excitatory synapses. This in vitro study will employ hippocampal brain slices and optical imaging techniques. We will selectively load presynaptic terminals with ion-sensitive indicators to investigate resting levels and transients of presynaptic calcium and presynaptic potassium. In addition, we will use voltage- sensitive dyes to measure presynaptic action potentials. Specific blockers will be utilized to identify and quantify the types of presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels involved in synaptic transmission. We will study presynaptic calcium during the application of neuromodulators with presumed inhibitory presynaptic action and identify the types of calcium channels involved and their quantitative inhibition. Through the use of advanced optical techniques, the proposed studies will provide new and important insight into the presynaptic modulation of mammalian synaptic transmission. This insight will contribute to the understanding of normal and pathological synaptic transmission. Excessive release of excitatory neurotransmitter has been observed during episodes of
Studies 27
epilepsy and after brain damage. Control of this release by presynaptically acting endogenous neuromodulators could be the basis of future therapeutic interventions. We will address the following specific aims: 1) To discriminate the types of presynaptic VDCCs at principal hippocampal excitatory synapses. 2) To investigate resting levels and influx of presynaptic Ca2+ during presynaptic inhibition of evoked synaptic transmission. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CA++ HOMEOSTASIS IN ISOLATED HYPERTROPHIED HEART CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Houser, Steven R.; Professor; Physiology; Temple University 406 Usb, 083-45 Philadelphia, PA 19122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1985; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (adapted from the applicant's description): The overall hypothesis of this proposal is that alterations in myocyte calcium handling are centrally involved in the abnormal contractility of failing myocytes and contribute to the progressive decline of cardiac function in CHF. Two specific hypotheses will be tested. The first hypothesis is that the "signature" defects in calcium handling in CHF are due to an increase in the relative transport rate and capacity of the Na/Ca exchanger (NCX) with respect to the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) rather than an increase or decrease in the absolute rate or capacity of either transport mechanism. This will be tested by (1) measuring the calcium transport capacities of the SR and NCX in single myocytes from normal, hypertrophied and failing feline hearts and from non-failing, failing and left ventricular assisted device-supported (LVAD) human hearts, and (2) manipulating the calcium transport capacity of the SR and/or NCX in feline and human myocytes transfected with SERCA2a, native or mutant phospholamban (PLB), and/or NCX. The second hypothesis is that calcium influx via reverse-mode NCX makes a greater than normal contribution to excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and SR calcium loading because NCX density increases and the density of the L-type calcium channels and t-tubules decreases in CHF. This will be tested by (1) determining if calcium influx via reverse mode NCX modulates calcium-induced calcium release (CICR), (2) determining if calcium influx via reverse mode NCX replaces calcium entry via L-type calcium channels as the primary source of trigger calcium in CICR, and (3) measuring the amount of L-type calcium current, NCX current and SR calcium loading that is lost when T-tubules are disrupted by osmotic shock from the surface membranes of non-failing and failing feline and human myocytes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CA2+ HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
SENSING
RECEPTOR
EXPRESSION
IN
Principal Investigator & Institution: Brown, Alex J.; Medicine; Washington University Lindell and Skinker Blvd St. Louis, MO 63130 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2000; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: Parathyroid glands (PTGs) express a calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) that detects the concentration of extracellular calcium and signals the glands to secrete the proper amount of parathyroid hormone (PTH) to maintain normal calcium levels. The calcium-PTH relationship is sigmoidal and can be defined by four parameters: maximum PTH, minimum PTH, the midpoint of the curve (set-point), and the slope at the midpoint. The CaR levels are decreased in the hyperplastic PTGs of patients with
28 Calcium
secondary HPT (2oHPT) due to chronic renal failure (CRF), but the factors responsible are not known. The impact of this down-regulation on calcium sensitivity remains controversial. In vitro studies indicate decreased calcium sensitivity (elevated set-point) in parathyroid cells from CRF patients, but in vivo assessment of the set-point in CRF patients have yielded mixed results. Furthermore, in patients it is not possible to relate CaR levels to the four parameters of the calcium-PTH relationship. We have now observed a similar reduced CaR expression in hyperplastic PTGs of CRF rats. This model can be used to determine the role of decreased CaR in PTG hyperplasia and the abnormal calcium-PTH relationship, and to identify the factors that regulate the CaR. Definitive identification of the factors that directly control CaR levels requires an in vitro model with stable expression of the CaR. Traditional monolayer cultures do not respond to calcium. We have developed a unique parathyroid cell culture system that preserves the normal cellular architecture, allowing stable CaR expression and calcium response for several weeks. These cultures, which we refer to as pseudoglands or psGs, provide the best available model for studying the regulation off parathyroid cell CaR expression and provide a unique in vitro model t9o examine the effects in CaR levels on the calcium-PTH relationship. This grant presents an experimental approach that utilizes these in vivo and in vitro models to examine both the causes and effects of the downregulation of the CaR in renal failure. The specific aims are: 1. To define the relationships, temporal and spatial, between parathyroid gland hyperplasia and downregulation of the CaR in vivo. 2. To examine the effects of established therapies for uremic secondary hyperparathyroidism (phosphate restriction and vitamin D compounds) on CaR expression in uremic rats. 3. To determine the direct effects of potential regulators of CaR expression in vitro using the psG model. 4. To determine the effects of down-regulation of CaR on the calcium- PTH relationship and PTH expression in vivo and in vitro. These studies will provide new information about the effect of decreased CaR in CRF on the calcium-PTH relationship, define the factors responsible for the decrease, and test therapeutic strategies to correct the abnormality. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CA2+/CAMP SIGNALING IN DEVELOPMENT OF FOREBRAIN CIRCUITS Principal Investigator & Institution: Pham, Tony A.; Psychiatry and Behavioral Scis; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2005 Summary: The precise synaptic connectivity of neurons in the mammalian brain is the underlying cellular substrate that governs perception and behavior. The major psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and depression, may be caused by abnormalities in the connectivity of forebrain neurons. However, the molecular mechanisms that instruct the precise development of forebrain connectivity are largely unknown. This application examines the hypothesis that cellular processes mediated by calcium and cyclic AMP are critical for the refinement and maturation of neural circuits in the thalamus and neocortex, key forebrain structures that mediate conscious perception. Using the visual system as the experimental model, the specific aims of the research are: (1) to examine the mechanisms that drive calcium/cAMP-regulated gene expression during the development of neocortical and thalamic circuitry, (2) to examine the processes that lead to the down-regulation of neocortical calcium/cAMP-regulated gene expression with maturation, (3) to determine the impact of disruption of calcium/cAMP signaling on neocortical plasticity and thalamic connectivity, (4) to construct a transgenic mouse line that has a thalamus specific disruption of the
Studies 29
calcium/cAMP-regulated transcription factor CREB. These experiments will help elucidate how calcium/cAMP signals translate sensory experience into patterns of gene expression, and determine the impact of disruption of calcium/cAMP signaling on neural connectivity. The investigator is a psychiatrist whose long-term interest is to understand how neuronal connectivity develops early in life and how it is modified by experience, with the hope that this knowledge will provide insight into the cellular and molecular abnormalities that underlie behavioral and perceptual disorders. He will have an appointment as assistant professor at the University of Washington School of Medicine. His transition towards research independence will be undertaken with mentoring from Dr. Daniel Storm and Dr. Mark Hamlin of the University of Washington. Also, several collaborations are planned, namely with Dr. Alcino Silva (UCLA), Dr. Barbara Gordon-Lickey (University of Oregon), and Dr. John Neumaier (University of Washington), that will result in a significant broadening of research experience. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM ABSORPTION IN CACO-2 CELLS: MOLECULAR MECHANISM Principal Investigator & Institution: Fleet, James C.; Associate Professor; Foods and Nutrition; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN 479072040 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-SEP-1997; Project End 29-SEP-2004 Summary: (provided by applicant): 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D)-mediated intestinal calcium absorption is an important adaptive mechanism utilized by the body when calcium status is low. Low calcium absorption efficiency is a risk factor for osteoporosis and intestinal resistance to 1,25(OH)2 D action develops with aging and after menopause. Our long-term objective is to clarify the mechanisms used by 1,25(OH)2 D to promote calcium absorption and to determine how dysfunction in the regulatory control of intestinal calcium absorption during aging or due to menopause leads to reduced absorption efficiency and, ultimately, low bone density. Recent research demonstrates that 1,25(OH)2 D rapidly activates scr kinase, protein kinase C (PKC), and MAP kinases and that inhibition of these kinases blunts 1,25(OH)2 Dmediated activation of the CYP24 gene. The goal of the proposed research is to determine how the adaptive increase in intestinal calcium absorption due to 1,25(OH)2 D-dependent; vitamin D receptor (nVDR)-mediated gene activation is influenced by the basal or induced activity of these kinases. The specific aims of this project are to: (1) Identify the nVDR-mediated genomic pathways controlling intestinal calcium absorption that are modulated by 1,25(OH)2-induced activation of src kinase, PKC, and MAPK, (2) Establish the mechanisms by which 1,25(OH)2 D-induced kinase activation promotes 1,25(OH)2 D-mediated gene expression and intestinal calcium absorption, and (3) Identify new, 1,25(OH)2 D-regulated transcripts in differentiated enterocytes and determine whether their regulation is modulated by activation of protein kinases. We will accomplish these aims by studying the effect of 1,25(OH)2 D in a well-characterized cell culture model (Caco-2 cells) and in the small intestine of mice. Biological actions of 1,25(OH)2 D will be studied in the presence of activators and inhibitors of protein kinases (pharmacologic inhibitors, dominant negative kinases) and the rapid actions of vitamin D (vitamin D analogs), nVDR action and function will be studied with cellular imaging, RT-PCR, DNA microarrays, Western blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation (CHIP) assays. Elucidating the mechanism for how signal transduction pathways influence the genomic actions of 1,25(OH)2 D will permit us to design prevention and pharmacologic intervention strategies to enhance intestinal
30 Calcium
calcium absorption, especially when vitamin D resistance associated with aging or estrogen deficiency is present. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM AND CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Zweifach, Adam; Assistant Professor; Physiology; University of Colorado Hlth Sciences Ctr P.O. Box 6508, Grants and Contracts Aurora, CO 800450508 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-APR-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): The long-term goal of this proposal is to understand the role of intracellular calcium signals in the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). These critical effectors of the immune system kill virus-infected cells and cancer cells and play a major role in the immune response to transplanted tissues; inappropriate killing can cause autoimmune diseases such as Lupus, certain forms of diabetes, and arthritis. Understanding CTL function is therefore important for preventing and treating naturally occurring viral diseases such as AIDS and influenza, and viral diseases such as smallpox used as biological weapons. It is also important for understanding and treating cancers and autoimmune diseases. Finally, the ability to suppress CTL function is vital for successful organ transplantation. One of the main mechanisms CTLs use to kill is the perforin pathway, which involves the exocytotic release of pore-forming peptides and hydrolytic enzymes contained in specialized lytic granules into an area of close apposition formed with the target. Granule exocytosis is known absolutely to require increased intracellular calcium caused by influx across the plasma membrane. However, the specific role(s) of calcium in granule exocytosis are unknown, the number of calcium-dependent steps is unclear, and molecules that confer calcium-dependence have not been identified. The specific aims of this proposal will use a battery of techniques, including novel fluorescence imaging methodologies we have developed, to: 1) determine whether bulk cytosolic calcium increases are sufficient to support granule exocytosis, or whether higher-than-cytosolic calcium increases in microdomains are required. 2) Investigate the calcium dependence of granule reorientation and of reorientation-independent exocytosis. 3) Determine whether immunological synapse formation is calcium dependent, and acts as a slow step in granule reorientation. 4) Investigate the role of the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin in granule exocytosis. These studies will significantly further our understanding of the role of calcium influx in lytic granule exocytosis. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM AND ENDOCYTOTIC MEMBRANE RETRIEVAL Principal Investigator & Institution: Lambert, Nevin A.; Inst/Molecular Med & Genetics; Medical College of Georgia 1120 15Th St Augusta, GA 30912 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 24-MAY-2000; Project End 29-FEB-2004 Summary: (Applicant's Abstract) Endocytotic membrane retrieval compensates for excess surface membrane following exocytosis but the mechanism of exocytosisendocytosis coupling is not known. We have shown in sea urchin eggs that membrane retrieval requires calcium influx through agatoxin sensitive channels. Thus, in addition to their role in signaling for exocytosis at synapses, P-type calcium channels are required for endocytotic membrane retrieval in eggs. We hypothesize that exocytosis regulates P-type calcium channel gating to coordinate exocytosis and endocytotic membrane retrieval. We will use microscopy, electrophysiology, as well as cell and
Studies 31
molecular biological techniques to determine how exocytotic activity regulates calcium influx through P-type channels in sea urchin eggs, a model system for understanding calcium-triggered exocytosis and endocytosis. Specifically we will determine how exocytotic activity influences membrane depolarization and the cellular distribution of P-type calcium channels. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM AND THIAZIDE PHENOTYPES AND GENETIC HYPERTENSION Principal Investigator & Institution: Fanestil, Darrell D.; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) were found in a population of male F2 animals derived from an SHR(LJ)x WKY(LJ) cross for a number of phenotypic traits regulated by renal function. One QTL (LOD=4.45) is located on chromosome #7 and is associated with a lower plasma ionized calcium concentration in SHR. A second QTL (LOD greater than 3.40), located on chromosome #2, is associated with increased urinary excretion of calcium in the SHR. This QTL is the only one related to renal excretion that is present when the excretion data are normalized both per unit of excreted creatinine and as amount excreted per body weight. We consider these two calcium-related traits as traits most likely to yield information in studies of SHR-WKY congenics. Therefore, congenic strains of animals containing the relevant chromosome segments from SHR chromosomes #2 or #7 will be placed on a WKY background and the reciprocal congenics developed. These congenic strains will be raised after weaning on one of two diets, a low (0.3% Ca) or high (1.9% Ca) calcium diet traditionally used in this program. All animals will be studied for blood pressure, plasma ionized Ca&Mg, Na, K & Cl; for urinary excretion of creatinine and of Ca, Na, K and Cl; and for renal thiazide receptor density. These QTLs were identified by genomic scanning of a limited number of the male f2 animals on whom these renal traits have been determined. We will continue collaborative efforts with Core C, Molecular Genetics, in order to identify additional QTLs predicted to be present by the patterns of inheritance we found in this population. In addition, this application requests support for the initiation of genotyping of the DNA from a large population of female F2 animals on whom these renal traits have already determined. Since the difference between SHR and WKY for several of these traits are greater in females than males, there is enhanced likelihood that QTLs of major interest for these traits will be detected. Completion of these proposed studies will provide a most rigorous test of the postulates (a) that alterations in calcium homeostasis are of importance in the regulations (1) of blood pressure, in both "permissive" and "non- permissive" genetic backgrounds and (2) of the renal thiazide receptor, and (b) that genes modulating renal function can be identified by this genetic paradigm. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM AND VITAMIN D MALNUTRITION IN ELDERLY WOMEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Lappe, Joan; Medicine; Creighton University 2500 California St Omaha, NE 68178 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Applicant's Abstract): Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a condition of excessive skeletal fragility which results in low impact fractures. The best
32 Calcium
studied measurable determinant of skeletal fragility is low bone mass. One of the easily correctable, non-genetic determinants of bone loss is calcium nutritional deficiency, particularly for older women for whom secondary hyperparathyroidism is considered to be universal. Calcium nutritional deficiency may be due to low dietary calcium as well as low 25(OH)D which promotes calcium absorption. Numerous reports demonstrating a bone sparing effect, and a few reports demonstrating an anti-fracture effect of increasing calcium intake among vitamin D replete women strongly support the hypotheses that increasing calcium intake among vitamin D intake benefits bone health in older women. Small scale intervention studies have shown that older women who consume calcium intakes up to 2400mg/d have a reversal of secondary hyperparathyroidism and experience no adverse effects due to the "high", in terms of the American diet, calcium intake. Despite these data, the behavior of many in the scientific community indicates doubt about the therapeutic value of calcium. The proposed study is designed to test whether calcium supplementation alone (1500mg/d) or calcium 1500mg/d) plus vitamin D (800IU/d) reduces the incidence of fractures, eliminates secondary hyperparathyroidism, and halts bone loss in a population-based sample of women 60+ years of age. An Achilles heel for intervention trials is the problem of subject compliance. This study will use an electronic monitoring system to track the number of time the treatment bottle is opened. This compliance measure will be used, not only to determine the amount of medication taken, but as a method to counsel the study subjects regarding protocol problems. This is a valid method to determine compliance, far superior to the traditional pill counts, and thus a substantial aid to measure the anti-fracture efficacy of calcium alone or calcium plus vitamin D interventions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM CHANNEL CAT 1 IN PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Hediger, Matthias A.; Associate Professor of Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital 75 Francis Street Boston, MA 02115 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2008 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is among the leading causes of cancer-related death of men in Western countries. Strategies for its primary prevention through nutritional modifications have recently become a major focus. There is substantial epidemiologic evidence that an excess of dietary calcium, mainly from dietary sources, increases the risk of prostate cancer. The exact biological basis for this, however, is unknown. One possible explanation is that calcium can reduce the body's level of 1,25-vitamin D3 which has been shown to protect the prostate, but various scientists have questioned the significance of this concept. Understanding the molecular properties of calcium channels, including their regulation by 1,25-vitamin D3, may help explain the role of the nutrient calcium in prostate cancer development. Calcium channels play a important roles in the metabolism of prostate cancer epithelial cells but little is known about their implications in prostate cancer development. We propose to investigate the role of the epithelial calcium entry channel, CaT1 (TRPV6), and other calcium permeable channels in prostate cancer malignancy. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that CaT1 is upregulated several fold in prostate malignancy, indicating that it might be involved in proliferation and tumor cell growth. To investigate the relationship of dietary calcium, calcium channels and prostate cancer risk, we propose to study the following: (1) The regulation of CaT1 in response to high and low calcium diets in various prostate cancer cell lines, the prostates of control mice and the prostate carcinomas of TRAMP (transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate) mice. (2) The
Studies 33
effect of reduced expression of CaT1 on tumor progression by crossing the TRAMP mouse with the CaT1 (+/-) or CaT1 (-/-) mouse. (3) The implication of the level of CaT1 expression in regulating proliferation and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. (4) The molecular identity, biophysical properties and roles in prostate tumor progression of other putative calcium channel proteins. Since the human body depends on dietary calcium intake to maintain the integrity of the skeleton, dietary calcium restriction would not be appropriate to reduce the risk of prostate cancer. The molecular characterization of CaT1 and related calcium channels, however, may lead to alternative strategies for the treatment of prostate cancer, involving inhibition of calcium influx into prostate cancer cells to impair tumor growth. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM TRANSMISSION
CHANNELS
AND
INHIBITORY
SYNAPTIC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mynlieff, Michelle; Biomedical Sciences; Marquette University P.O. Box 1881 Milwaukee, WI 532011881 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (from applicant's abstract) Modulation of the voltage-dependent calcium channels regulating release by neurotransmitters is likely to be a common mechanism of regulating synaptic plasticity. There is currently no consensus on the identity of the calcium channel controlling neurotransmitter release, thus raising the possibility that different synapses may use different channel types. This project exploits the well characterized circuitry of the hippocampus to investigate the identity of calcium channels controlling release in specific inhibitory synapses, and also the modulation of these channels by neurotransmitter. The inhibitory synapses between the CA1 pyramidal cells and the vertical cells of the stratum oriens/alveus, the basket cells in the stratum pyramidale, and the stellate cells in the stratum laciunosum/moleculare will be studied. The vertical and basket cells mediate both feedforward and recurrent inhibition primarily by activation of GABAA receptors. The stellate mediate feedforward inhibition by activation of GABAB receptors. The first specific aim is to provide thorough characterization of the voltage-dependent calcium channels in the presynaptic cells of each of these synapses, using whole cell voltage-clamp recording in dissociated cells. The data obtained in these experiments will provide a foundation for the subsequent studies in neurotransmitter release and modulation of calcium channels. The second specific aim is to determine which calcium channel type controls release in each of the synapses in question, by application of specific calcium channel antagonists during whole cell voltage clamp recording in the postsynaptic cell in hippocampal slice preparation. The final specific aim is to determine if a decrease in calcium influx can account for the decrease of inhibitory synaptic transmission produced by activation of presynaptic GABAB and mu opioid receptors. The effect of GABA and opiates on calcium currents will be studied using whole cell voltage clamp recording in dissociated vertical, basket and stellate interneurons and the involvement of specific G proteins in this process will be explored. Understanding how neurotransmitter regulate specific synapses by modulation of distinct calcium channels types will provide insight into some of the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. In addition, these studies will provide a better foundation for pharmaceutical therapies in diseases such as epilepsy and neurodegeneration where the use of neuromodulators is being actively pursued. Moreover, this information will also provide insights into the cellular pathology of various neuronal disorders in which synaptic function is altered. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
34 Calcium
•
Project Title: CALCIUM CITRATE AND PROPENSITY FOR CRYSTALLIZATION OF CALCIUM SALTS Principal Investigator & Institution: Sakhaee, Khashayar; University of Texas Sw Med Ctr/Dallas Dallas, TX 753909105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Aims are: 1) to test the hypothesis that the rise in urinary calcium and in the propensity for the crystallization of calcium salts following calcium supplementation is transient, owing to the "intestinal adaptation process". and 2) that calcium citrate confers protection against calcium stone formation due to its persistent citraturic response. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION IN MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Rosenberg, Paul B.; Medicine; Duke University Durham, NC 27706 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): This proposal describes a four-year training program for an academic career in molecular cardiology. The principal investigator has completed clinical training in internal medicine residency as well as clinical cardiology with additional training in heart failure/transplantation. He has also completed two additional years of post-doctoral work in the laboratory of the sponsor, R. Sanders Williams, M.D. During this time the principal investigator has developed fundamental skills in molecular biology and cellular physiology in order to establish a program focusing on calcium imaging in myocytes. The Mentored Clinical Scientist Development Award is an excellent opportunity to further his scientific development under Dr. Williams. The sponsor is the Dean of Duke Medical School in Durham, NC and an expert in cardiac and skeletal muscle biology. He has successfully mentored numerous molecular cardiologists, post-doctoral fellows and graduate students and junior faculty members over the years. This program will build on the extensive training initiated over the last two years and focus on calcium signaling and transcriptional activation in models of muscle hypertrophy and specialization. Work in the Williams' laboratory has established the link between neural activation of gene expression and the calcium regulated serine-threonine phosphatase, calcineurin. Loss of function and gain of function studies have established the calcineurin pathway as a critical nodal point for excitation transcription coupling. Research in this program will focus on the proximal aspects of the calcineurin pathway in order to understand calcium activation and identify upstream aspects of this pathway in muscle. Specific aims will include: 1) to determine the spatial and temporal aspects of calcium signaling that regulate calcineurin and NFAT signaling in isolated single fibers and cardiomyocytes, 2) to define the calcium signals responsible for NFAT activation in an intact animal, 3) to identify calcium signaling molecules that are differentially expressed among specialized myofiber subtypes and are important in gene regulation. The research proposed will establish a better understanding of calcium signaling and its influence on cardiac and skeletal myopathies. The training environment established in the Division of Cardiology at Duke University has demonstrated a continued commitment to the career development of young faculty, particularly in molecular cardiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 35
•
Project Title: CALCIUM IN THE PREVENTION OF NEOPLASTIC POLYPS Principal Investigator & Institution: Baron, John A.; Professor of Medicine; Medicine; Dartmouth College 11 Rope Ferry Rd. #6210 Hanover, NH 03755 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1988; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: This application, a resubmission for the renewal of "Calcium Prevention of Neoplastic Polyps," is a proposal to collect further information on subjects in our randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium supplementation for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. The study began in response to animal and human experimental data and some epidemiological findings suggesting that calcium intake may exert a protective effect on large bowel neoplasia. The trial studied whether supplementation with calcium carbonate (1200 mg calcium per day) prevented the recurrence of colorectal adenomas in 930 patients with a recent history of these tumors. Treatment in the trial ended in December, 1996. Calcium lowered the risk of any recurrent adenoma by 18% (95% CI 0.66-0.98), and reduced the number of adenomas by 25% (95% CI 0.550.94). We now propose to investigate whether the effect of calcium persisted beyond active treatment, or if there was a subsequent rebound. We also plan to study some related biological mechanisms. Studies of calcium supplementation and mucosal proliferation in the bowel have been conflicting, but the relationship between calcium intake and apoptosis has been investigated and merits study. Further evidence that dietary calcium may preferentially affect the risk of adenomas harboring ras mutations needs confirmation. As well, animal models and some epidemiological data suggest that vitamin D may protect against bowel carcinogenesis. We propose to investigate this in the context of our trial, and to examine polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene. With the funds requested here, we will use our established subject population and available biological specimens to study these mechanisms. We will follow the subjects in the study until the year 2003, monitor their medical history, and track adenoma recurrence after the end of treatment in the trial. All subjects provided blood specimens at study entry and at study exit. Using these samples, we will measure 25-OH vitamin D and 1,25-OH vitamin D to document how calcium supplementation affected these levels, and how the baseline levels and polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor related to adenoma occurrence. We will also obtain slides from each adenoma detected during the risk period of the trial or during the additional follow-up period and investigate the association between calcium treatment and ras mutation. Finally, we propose to conduct a pilot study in preparation for a study of calcium supplementation and apoptosis both in normal rectal mucosa and in adenomas. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM INFLUX PATHWAYS IN ALLERGY Principal Investigator & Institution: Kinet, Jean-Pierre M.; Director, Laboratory of Allergy & Immuno; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center St 1005 Boston, MA 02215 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) Sustained calcium entry in mast cells plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of allergic responses associated with ligand binding to Fc epsilon RI. It is believed that the sustained calcium entry associated with engagement of Fc epsilon RI is mediated by the opening of calcium channels in the plasma membrane in response to depletion of a subset of calcium stores by the second messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). Although the functional relationship between calcium store depletion and calcium entry is a well-documented phenomenon, there is little or no definitive data concerning the nature of the relevant
36 Calcium
calcium channels involved (referred to as Store Operated Channels or SOC), or the molecular mechanisms by which these channels are gated in response to calcium store depletion. Moreover, although recent data suggest that calcium entry may be regulated by pathways associated with the production of the second messengers sphingosine-1phosphate, cyclic ADP-ribose or NAADP, the relationship between these putative pathways and calcium store depletion, and the generality of these pathways and the potential targets of these specific second messengers are either unknown or controversial. In summary, there is a significant lack of specific knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms which regulate calcium entry into mast cells and other nonexcitable cells. Because of the fundamental importance of calcium entry to mast cell function, the investigator's laboratory has embarked upon a series of experimental approaches to identify calcium entry regulatory proteins. In the preliminary data provided, experiments describe the identification and initial characterization of a novel family of putative calcium channels (CeCH proteins) which are widely expressed in non-excitable cells including mast cells. In the current application, experiments are proposed to analyze the function of these proteins in both mast cell and non-mast cell lines. In specific aim 1, studies will be performed to analyze the assembly and transport of wild type CeCH proteins, to conduct structure/function analyses to identify structural features required for proper assembly and transport, and to isolate and characterize the role of CeCH-associated proteins in CeCH function. In specific aim 2, experiments will analyze CeCH function in regulating calcium homeostasis and signaling through a combination of calcium imaging and electrophysiologic analysis of cultured cells expressing defined combinations of CeCH proteins under various types of stimulus conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM INHIBITION OF CAMP IN ENDOTHELIAL CELL PERMEABILITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Stevens, Troy; Professor; University of South Alabama Mobile, AL 366880002 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2001; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: Calcium agonists disrupt macrovascular and not microvascular cell barrier function, suggesting distinct responses to similar inflammatory mediators may represent a mechanism for targeting lung inflammation to specific vascular segments. Our prior work indicated that activation of store operated calcium entry by inflammatory calcium agonists inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity in pulmonary artery endothelial cells resulting in decreased cyclic AMP (cAMP) sufficient to increase permeability. Although microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) express a calcium inhibited isoform of adenylyl cyclase (AC6), calcium agonists neither decrease cAMP content nor disrupt the PMVEC barrier. Preliminary data indicate this calcium insensitivity is accompanied by a high rate of cAMP synthesis and turnover; when cAMP hydrolysis is disrupted in PMVECs calcium inhibits cAMP formation and inflammatory mediators induce intercellular gaps, demonstration AC6 critically regulates both PAEC and PMVEC barrier function. One cAMP-sensitive target that regulates endothelial cell permeability is membrane associated, on-erythroid spectrin. Disruption of spectrin binding to F-actin promotes intercellular gap formation in both PAECs spectrin. Disruption of spectrin binding to F-actin promotes intercellular gap formation in both PAECs and PMVECs, demonstrating spectrin's important role in regulating cell shape. Taken together our data support the idea that calcium inhibition of cAMP reduces the spectrin-F-actin association. In PAECs, whereas preservation of
Studies 37
cAMP content promotes the spectrin-F-actin association in PMVECs. Thus, this proposal test the overall Hypothesis that calcium inhibition of cAMP formation decreases spectrin binding to F-actin important to increase lung endothelial cell permeability. Specific Aims test the related Hypotheses that: [1] cAMP accumulation regulates calcium inhibition of AC6 in PMVECs; [2] non-erythroid spectrin from F-actin increases macro- and microvascular endothelial cell permeability. Completion of this work will be important to further our understanding of the key signaling events that link calcium agonists to endothelial barrier disruption, a cardinal feature of multiple inflammatory lung diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, and reperfusion pulmonary edema. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM ADOLESCENTS
KINETICS
IN
PREGNANT
&
LACTATING
Principal Investigator & Institution: O'brien, Kimberly O.; Professor of International Health; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-2000; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: Adolescent pregnancy is a significant problem in the United States. Special nutritional concerns are present in this group to insure that optimal nutritional needs can be met by both the fetus and the growing adolescent. The additional nutritional demands of pregnancy may be of primary concern when the mother has not yet completed her linear growth and has not fully achieved her peak bone mass. The aim of the proposed study is to address the impact of pregnancy and lactation on the efficiency of calcium absorption and rates of bone calcium deposition and resorption in adolescent non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black girls between the ages of 11-17 y. Fifteen girls from each group who intend to breastfeed their infants will participate in a longitudinal calcium kinetic study designed to address the efficiency of calcium absorption and rates of bone calcium turnover during both the third trimester of pregnancy (34-36 weeks of gestation) and during lactation (1-2 months post partum). All adolescents will be screened for positive predictors of lactation performance prior to the start of the study. In each kinetic study, girls will be admitted to the General Clinical Research Unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital. On the morning of each study, girls will consume a glass of milk containing a stable calcium isotope (46Ca), and following breakfast a second stable calcium isotope (42Ca) will be administered intravenously. Timed blood samples will be obtained for 8 hours following the isotope dosing, and a complete 24 hour urine demands of adolescence and the calcium demands of pregnancy and lactation. collection will be made. Additional spot urine samples will be collected for 5 days following each isotope study. To address the hormonal response to pregnancy and lactation, calcitropic hormones will be measured during each study using a fasting blood sample. Rates of bone calcium deposition and resorption in response to these physiological changes will be determined using multicompartmental modeling. These studies will provide novel information on the physiological alterations in calcium absorption and bone calcium turnover which occur to support both the increased calcium Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM METABOLISM IN ADOLESCENT BOYS Principal Investigator & Institution: Weaver, Connie M.; Head and Distinguished Professor; Foods and Nutrition; Purdue University West Lafayette West Lafayette, IN 479072040
38 Calcium
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1993; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the investigator's Abstract): From previous work on this project, the investigators determined calcium retention and kinetics in black and white adolescent girls. They developed a nonlinear regression model of the relationship between calcium intake and calcium retention in order to establish calcium requirements for maximal skeletal accretion. They now propose to study these same relationships in boys, hypothesizing that both calcium intake and stage of sexual maturity (associate with change in endocrine factors) will explain much of the variance in calcium accretion in boys as it did in girls. By controlling calcium intake in a metabolic study, the non-dietary factors, which drive calcium accretion, can be better understood. Boys are a better model than girls for studying endocrine factors which drive calcium accretion because of the fluctuation associated with menses in girls. The first aim establishes calcium requirements in boys. Peak velocity of calcium accretion determined by bone mineral densitometry in boys is 75 mg/d higher in boys than girls; thus calcium requirements may be higher for boys than girls. The second aim is to identify candidate hormones/growth factors which drive non-dietary changes in calcium. IGF-1 may be most predictive of initial gains in calcium accretion until attainment of peak velocity of calcium accretion in puberty and increases in sex steroid hormone levels may predict the subsequent decline in rate of calcium accretion. Calcium retention in boys will be determined over a range of calcium intakes between 700-2100 mg/d during three-week metabolic camps. Stable isotopes of calcium will be administered orally and by intravenous injection after the first week equilibrium period in a subset of boys. Analysis of complete urine and fecal collections and periodic blood samples will provide data for multicompartmental and stochastic analysis of calcium metabolism. Bone mass and total body and skeletal site calcium measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, hormone levels (PTH, vitamin D metabolites, IGF-1, IGFBP3, estrogen, testosterone, and SHBG), and biochemical markers of bone turnover (serum osteocalcin and bone specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary collagen crosslinks) will be determined in all boys. The relationship of calcium retention and bone turnover to parameters of sexual maturity and size will be analyzed. Optimizing calcium accretion during this rapid period of growth should maximize peak bone mass within the genetic potential and reduce risk of osteoporosis later. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM OXALATE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Principal Investigator & Institution: Hatch, Marguerite; Associate Professor; Federation of Amer Soc for Exper Bio Bethesda, MD 208143998 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-AUG-2002; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: (provided by applicant): This is an application for funds to provide partial support for a FASEB Summer Conference entitled: "Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems" at the Vermont Academy in Saxtons River, Vermont, on August 3-8, 2002. This Conference is a sequel to the first FASEB Summer Conference on this topic which was very successful and subsequently propagated collaborations between newly found colleagues among the diverse scientists who attended. Perhaps the most intriguing and enigmatic aspect of the complexation of calcium and oxalate is the fact that it is crucial to the normal physiology of plant life, whereas in humans and animals, its primary importance is derived from its role in the pathophysiology of kidney stone disease. This contrast in function between plant and animal physiology highlights one of the important features of this Conference. In contrast to bacteria and fungi that can degrade oxalate, mammalian cells have no capacity in this regard. Clearly, there is tremendous
Studies 39
potential for both exchange and cross-fertilization of ideas when the topic is discussed by such a diverse group of investigators from a wide range of disciplines. This conference has been specifically planned to include young/new investigators since the most exciting and rapid growth in the area of calcium oxalate research is in the application of newer technology in addressing some of the nagging questions and issues that have remained elusive up until now. Approximately 150 scientists are expected to attend this second Conference. Presently, 50% of the Speakers/Session Chairs are young new researchers/new participants to this Summer Conference and the remainder are individuals who are highly respected and recognized in their respective areas of research. Nine scientific sessions will be held on the following topics: 1) Metabolic Pathways leading to Oxalate Formation; 2) Handling of Oxalate/Precursors by Cells; 3) Calcium Oxalate Crystallization Processes; 4) Calcium Oxalate Crystal Inhibition; 5) Crystal and Cell Interactions; 6) Cellular Responses to Oxalate and Calcium Oxalate; 7) Genetic Aspects; 8) Pathophysiology of Stone Disease; 9) Integration of Information from Diverse Systems. The overall goal of this Conference is to provide a forum where a diverse group of scientists in calcium oxalate research can gather and share the broad scope of knowledge among the completely different scientific disciplines. No where else can a botanist, a urologist, and a chemical engineer, (to name just three of the fifteen disciplines represented) gather at the same venue to discuss the same topic each from his/her own point of view. In our view the hallmark of this Conference is underscored by the final program session which acknowledges that collectively we can learn from each other by bringing a multidiscipinary approach to scientific discussion and experimentation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE REPAIR MATERIALS Principal Investigator & Institution: Chow, Laurence C.; Chief Research Scientist; American Dental Assn Health Fdn 211 E Chicago Ave Chicago, IL 60611 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1996; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: (Adapted from the Investigator's Abstract): A calcium phosphate cement (CPC), developed under this research project, was approved by the FDA in 1996 for cranial defects repair applications in humans, thus becoming the first material of its kind to be available for clinical use. While CPCs were shown to be very useful in a number of dental and medical applications for which other materials do not work well, in vivo study results suggest that in order to achieve the best results, CPC should have handling and in vivo properties that are best suited for the particular clinical application. The objectives of the proposed research are to elucidate mechanisms of cement setting reactions and to understand the physicochemical factors that influence cements= handling and in vivo properties. Four specific aims are proposed. Aim 1 proposes to understand factors that control the hydrolysis reactions of tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP), alpha-tricalcium phosphate (alpha-TCP), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) and calcium hydroxide. These calcium phosphate salts are the major components of different CPCs. Hydrolysis of one or more of the salts that form hydroxyapatite (HA) is responsible for the hardening of the cement. A better understanding of the hydrolysis reaction of each of these salts will provide important insights into factors that influence some important cement properties, including the rate of conversion to HA, formation of Ca-deficient or stoichiometric HA, the crystallinity HA, etc. Defective or non-stoichiometric HAs are believed to be more bioresorbable. Aim 2 proposes to study the dissolution rate of cement products in demineralizing solutions having ionic compositions mimicking the
40 Calcium
acidic environment produced by osteoclasts. A dual constant-composition titration system was developed during the report period for measuring dissolution rates of calcium phosphate biomaterials under simulated acidified physiological solutions. The Principal Investigator proposes to use this technique as an in vitro model for predicting resorption rates of CPC and to understand factors that control the dissolution rate. Aim 3 proposes to study properties of non-rigid and resorbable calcium phosphate cements. Experiments are described to study composites of CPC and chitosan, a biocompatible polymer to form self-hardening, bioresorbable, and non-rigid bone graft materials. These materials should be useful in a number of applications in which the implant can remain stable and firmly attached to the bone defect surface despite micro-movements of the defect walls. Aim 4 will study properties of injectable premixed calcium phosphate cement pastes. Premixed CPC pastes have the advantages that they are stable in the package and harden only after delivery to the defect site where the non-aqueous liquid is replaced by water from the surrounding tissue. While premixed CPC is considerably easier to use and is injectable, its properties are quite different from the conventional CPCs. The hardening time, resistance to washout, and HA conversion of premixed pastes consisting of CPC powder and non-aqueous liquids, such as glycerin, will be studied. The Principal Investigator also proposes to determine mechanical properties of the hardened CPC pastes. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM RECEPTOR SIGNALING OF P450 ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLITES Principal Investigator & Institution: Hebert, Steven C.; Vanderbilt University 3319 West End Ave. Nashville, TN 372036917 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: The hypothesis to be explored in Project #3 of this Program Project is that cytochrome P450 (P450) arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites provide a major signaling system for the extracellular calcium/polyvalent cation- sensing G protein-coupled receptor (CaSR) in the mammalian kidney. Genetic and physiological studies in man and laboratory animals have demonstrated that the CaSR is crucial not only for the extracellular calcium-dependent regulation of parathyroid hormone form parathyroid glands, but also for normal divalent mineral handling by the kidney. The CaSR is expressed in many epithelial segments of the mammalian kidney nephron, particularly at the urinary face of cells forming the initial proximal tubule and at the bloodinterstitial face of the ascending segment of the loop of Henle called the thick ascending limb (TAL). Since salt transport processes in both the proximal tubule and TAL are involved in regulated divalent mineral ion excretion, activation of the CaSR in these nephron segments is expected to modulate calcium and magnesium loss in the urine. Modulation of transport processes by the CaSR in these segments also alter the kidney excretion of salt and water, processes that help to ensure that calcium and magnesium can be excreted with a reduced likelihood for kidney stone formation or nephrocalcinosis. Specifically, calcium activation of the CaSR in the TAL functions as in endogenous "loop" diuretic, and this mechanism may account for the beneficial effect of dietary calcium intake on blood pressure seen in laboratory animals and man. Using a combination of molecular, biochemical and physiological approaches, we will: a) identify the specific P450 gene(s) involved in CaSR signaling in the kidney tubule epithelial cells; b) define the specific P450 omega/omega-1 AA metabolites generated by activation of the CaSR; c) identify the enzymatic components of the CaSR-P450 signaling pathway; and d) define the physiological effects of CaSR action on salt transport
Studies 41
process. Results of these studies should define roles for the CaSR in the renal regulation of divalent mineral homeostasis and salt and water balance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM REMOVAL AND REGULATION OF MUSCLE AND NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Schneider, Martin F.; Professor; Biochem and Molecular Biology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, MD 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-MAY-1994; Project End 30-NOV-2002 Summary: The overall objective of this project is to gain deeper understanding of fiber type-specific gene expression skeletal muscle and of calcium signalling in muscle and neurons. Activity dependent gene expression will be studied in skeletal muscle and role of cytosolic [Ca/2+] in such "excitation-transcription" (ET) coupling will be determined. Understand of the mechanisms of ET coupling is of central importance for maintenance of muscle tone and function in health, inactivity and after traumatic nerve section or during neuromuscular disease. The subcellular details of calcium signaling will be explored in isolated neurons to explain important local effects of [Ca/2+] relevant to wide range of neuronal functions. The contributions of Ca/2+ transport systems and Ca/2+ binding proteins to the decline of muscle [Ca/2+] after Ca/2+ release, which is crucial to the relaxation of normal and diseased muscle, will be determined for both fastand slow-twitch muscle. Chronic electrical stimulation will be used to study plasticity of gene expression in individual enzymatically isolated adult mouse skeletal muscle fibers in culture. The localization and functional properties of the calcium uptake, storage, and release organelles in neurons will be determined by high spatio-temporal resolution confocal microscopy of individual sympathetic ganglion neurons. Protein isoform composition will be determined in the same individual muscle fibers from which [Ca/2+] transients were recorded to define the molecular basis for the diversity of calcium removal mechanisms in fibers of the same and different types. These studies will provide a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying fiber type conversion in skeletal muscle, the control of a variety of calcium dependent processes in both muscle and neurons, and relaxation of skeletal muscle fibers. They will provide deeper insight into calcium regulation and its adaptability in muscle and neurons under a variety of physiological states as well as during disuse, aging and under possible pathological conditions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALING AND OVARIAN CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Rodland, Karin D.; Senior Staff Scientist; Cell and Developmental Biology; Oregon Health & Science University Portland, OR 972393098 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1998; Project End 30-SEP-2001 Summary: Ovarian carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women. The low survival for victims of ovarian cancer (less than 13 percent for stage III disease) reflect, in large part, the highly aggressive and metastatic character of ovarian adenocarcinomas. Despite the obvious seriousness of ovarian cancer, very little is known about the normal biology of the ovarian surface epithelial cells which give rise to the most malignant forms of ovarian carcinoma. Data presented in this proposal indicate that increased extracellular calcium exerts a significant proliferative effect on ovarian surface epithelial cells, as measured by both thymidine incorporation and cell growth curves. Ovarian surface epithelial cells express mRNA and protein for the recently
42 Calcium
cloned Calcium-sensing Receptor (CaR). This G-protein coupled receptor has been shown to be responsible for triggering parathormone release from parathyroid cells in response to elevated extracellular calcium. We have shown that the CaR in ovarian surface epithelial cells displays the same functional responses to extracellular calcium and other agonists (including gadolinium) as does the parathyroid CaR. Activation of the CaR in ovarian surface epithelial cells is associated with increases in tyrosine phosphorylation, increased activity of the mitogen-activated kinase ERK2, and increased src kinase activity. Expressing a non-functional mutant of the CaR (R796W) inhibited the increases in tyrosine phosphorylation and ERK2 activity observed in response to agonists of the CaR, indicating that the presence of functional CaR is required for these responses to increased extracellular calcium. Furthermore, we have observed that two of four ovarian tumor cell lines examined appear to over-express CaR mRNA, as well as expressing a novel CaR transcript. These ovarian tumor cell lines are no longer growthinhibited in low calcium media. This proposal is based on the hypotheses that signal transduction downstream of the CaR leads directly to activation of ERK kinase and increased proliferation, and that disruption of normal CaR expression and/or function contributes to the loss of normal growth controls in ovarian carcinogenesis. These hypotheses will be tested by 1) disrupting known signaling mechanisms and observing the effect on CaR-dependent activation of src and/or ERK2, using transfection of dominant negative mutants or selective chemical inhibitors, 2) using a prospective study of CaR expression in patients with ovarian cancer to test clinical relevance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALING AND TRANSPORT IN S CEREVISIAE Principal Investigator & Institution: Cunningham, Kyle W.; Biology; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-1996; Project End 31-MAR-2004 Summary: Calcium signaling is a critical component of normal immune cell function and development of the heart and brain. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizes a calcium signaling mechanism that is closely related to those operating in human cells such as T lymphocytes in their response to antigens. In both of these systems, calcium signals can be sensed by calcineurin, a protein phosphatase that is activated by Ca2+/calmodulin and inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs Cyclosporin A and FK506. In turn, activated calcineurin dephosphorylates specific transcription factors which then concentrate in the nucleus and induce expression of specific target genes. A new family of proteins conserved from yeast to humans that binds and regulates calcineurin function has been recently identified. One major goal of this proposal is to determine how the yeast protein Rcn1p exerts both positive and negative effects on calcineurin functions. Recent studies also show that yeast maintains a regulatory mechanism related to capacitative calcium entry (CCE) in lymphocytes that helps generate calcium signals. Depletion of Ca2+ from secretory organelles in yeast through inactivation of the Pmr1p Ca2+ pump strongly enhances the activity of a highaffinity Ca2+ channel involving Cch1p, a homolog of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in animals. Additional goals of this proposal include the identification and characterization of factors involved in releasing Ca2+ from intracellular organelles, sensing Ca2+ concentration in the lumen of these compartments, regulating the Cch1p-dependent Ca2+ channel, and activating another unidentified Ca2+ influx channel in the plasma membrane. Calcineurin- dependent feedback regulation of these Ca2+ channels and of the Ca2+ transporters that dissipate calcium signals also will be evaluated. These goals will be accomplished by combining genetic, molecular, physiological, and biochemical
Studies 43
methods. The broad long-term objectives of this project are to elucidate the components of the calcium signaling mechanism operating in all cells and to develop a detailed working model for their interactions and functions. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM CONTRACTION
SIGNALING
IN
CARDIAC
EXCITATION-
Principal Investigator & Institution: Gyorke, Sandor; Professor; Physiology; Texas Tech University Health Scis Center Health Sciences Center Lubbock, TX 79430 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 20-MAY-2001; Project End 30-APR-2004 Summary: This research will be done primarily in Slovak Republic as an extension of NIH grant # ROl HL52620. The overall goal of this proposal is to elucidate the mechanisms of calcium signaling in dyads of mammalian cardiac muscle cells. These structures, representing excitation-contraction coupling units, contain clusters of L-type calcium channels (the excitation unit) in apposition to clusters of ryanodine receptor calcium release channels (the release unit) functionally coupled by calcium ions. The feed-forward calcium signaling steps are important for activation of calcium release by excitation, the feedback calcium signaling steps are important for inactivation of calcium current and calcium release, and their relationship to the topology of channels in the excitation-contraction coupling unit will be determined. To this end, measurements of the kinetics of whole-cell calcium currents, whole-cell calcium transients, and dyadic calcium release events during stimulation and during recovery from inactivation will be carried out. The properties of the excitation-contraction coupling unit, such as calcium channel gating and permeation, the fraction of active calcium channels, and the rate of calcium binding to the ryanodine receptor, will be manipulated. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics of calcium current and calcium release in parallel will be used to estimate parameters of calcium signaling critical for control of gradation and efficiency of excitation-contraction coupling. Computer simulations of experiments on channel clusters that interact by way of calcium signaling will be used to ascertain possible mechanisms and to design experiments with high predictive power. Understanding the regulation of cardiac E-C coupling is important since it might become a strategic site for therapeutic intervention in cardiac muscle dysfunctions. Furthermore, defining mechanisms of calcium-based interaction between channels in co-localized clusters has a broader significance for understanding processes such as synaptic transmission, neuroendocrine secretion and regulation of vascular tone. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALING IN DENDRITIC CELL FUNCTION Principal Investigator & Institution: Ahern, Gerard P.; Pharmacology; Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 15-FEB-2003; Project End 31-JAN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): Dendritic cells (DC) are a heterogeneous population of rare leukocytes highly specialized for immune-surveillance, and the induction and regulation of primary immune responses. This unique capacity reflects their ability to continuously sample the microenvironment and ingest foreign and self-antigens. After encountering a "danger" stimulus in the form of microbes, inflammatory molecules or allergens, DC transform into potent stimulatory cells and migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues, where they trigger the activation of antigen-specific effector T cells. The signaling pathways that underlie these processes are undoubtedly complex, but
44 Calcium
intracellular calcium appears to play a crucial role. We have recently characterized two novel calcium signaling pathways in DC. First, we have identified the skeletal muscletype ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in DC. RyR1 is a massive intracellular channel that can amplify small calcium transients within a cell to produce much larger, sustained calcium rises. Second, we have demonstrated that calcium fluxes trigger rapid secretion by DC. Such pathways enable DC to respond rapidly to external stimuli, and release autocrine and paracrine signaling factors including exosomes and leaderless secretory proteins. The goal of this proposal is to determine the RyRl-calcium regulated pathways in DC. We hypothesize that RyR1 integrates diverse cellular stimuli, and mediates the calcium pathways that drive DC function. An inter-disciplinary approach is outlined to investigate the properties of these calcium signaling mechanisms and understand how they participate in DC biology. We will accomplish the objectives of this proposal by pursuing the following specific aims: Aim 1 is designed to determine the role of RyR1 during DC development and function. Aim 2 tests the impact of endogenous and pharmacologic activators of RyR1 on DC. In Aim 3, we will elucidate the role of calcium-triggered secretion in DC. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALING IN THE TESTIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Beckingham, Kathleen M.; Biochemistry and Cell Biology; Rice University 6100 S Main Houston, TX 77005 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 28-MAR-2001; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) The long-term objectives of the proposed work are to dissect the roles of calcium regulation in sperm development and mature sperm function. The initial studies proposed here concern the role(s) of a newly identified calcium-binding protein implicated in calcium-regulatory events in the testis. The protein, termed Androcam, is specifically expressed in the testis and appears to be evolutionarily conserved from insects to mammals. The characteristics of Androcam indicate that it is a calcium sensor-a protein that converts transient changes in intracellular calcium into changes in cellular responses as a result of calcium-induced changes in its protein-protein interactions. Two major approaches to understanding Androcam function will be pursued: i) the disruptions in spermatogenesis and mature sperm function produced by mutations to the Androcam gene of Drosophila melanogaster will be analyzed; ii) the protein interaction partners of Androcam, both in the calcium-bound and calcium-free state will be identified in the same organism. Prior studies already allow the prediction that two types molecular motor proteins may be Androcam targets. The Androcam homologs in other species will also be isolated with a particular view to pursuing studies of Androcam-related proteins in mammalian species. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALCIUM SIGNALLING AMONG NON-NEURONAL BRAIN CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Nedergaard, Maiken; Professor; Cell Biology and Anatomy; New York Medical College Valhalla, NY 10595 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-2001; Project End 31-JUL-2005 Summary: In previous studies, we have reported that calcium waves among gap junction-coupled glia may form the cellular substrate for spreading depression in vivo. Recently, we have noted that calcium waves initiated in astrocytes in slices can propagate to brain endothelial and meningeal cells; all of these cell types express
Studies 45
connexin43, which may allow their mutual heterotypic syncytial interaction through homotypic gap junctions. On this basis, we propose to test the hypothesis that astrocytic calcium waves may thereby invade the brain by propagating along the capillary vasculature, as well as through the astrocytic syncytium. These experiments will test the possibility that endothelial calcium waves may follow the venular endothelium to invade the meningeal vasculature, thereby recruiting both meningeal cells and trigeminal sensory afferents. This proposed pathway, by bypassing and traversing the restrictive barrier of the pia limitans, would permit the recruitment of both the meningeal vasculature and its trigeminal sensory afferents into parenchymal waves of spreading depression. We propose here that this scenario might operationally model the initiation of migraine headache in adults. In parallel experiments, we will also follow-up our recent observation of a steroid-induced accentuation of astrocytic calcium signaling, by asking whether calcium signaling among non-neuronal brain cell types may be modulated by gonadal steroids. In particular, we seek to determine whether the cyclical female hormones estrogen and progesterone potentiate signaling from astrocytes to endothelial cells, and if so, whether the likelihood of meningovascular recruitment into a parenchymal calcium wave is thereby increased. This pathway might account for much of the symptomatology of migraine headache, while steroidal accentuation of calcium signaling might account for the cyclicity of migraine occurrence. The longdistance multicellular calcium signaling pathway that we propose, and its attendant hormonal regulation, suggests immediately testable strategies for its abrogation. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM SPARKS IN HEART MUSCLE Principal Investigator & Institution: Lederer, W Jonathan.; Professor; Physiology; University of Maryland Balt Prof School Baltimore, MD 21201 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-DEC-1986; Project End 30-NOV-2001 Summary: The planned work will investigate a new phenomenon in heart muscle that we have recently discovered: "Calcium sparking". Calcium-sparking can be observed when imaging the distribution of calcium in normal heart cells with very high temporal and spatial resolution. The calcium spark is a highly localized (microns) elevation of intracellular calcium that arises spontaneously and lasts only briefly (msec). The "calcium spark" occurs largely randomly in time and space within a heart muscle cell. In normal, healthy cardiac myocyte the calcium spark event is rare. However, it produces a significant elevation of intracellular calcium (near-micromolar) that, surprisingly, does not activate additional calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Our preliminary investigation of calcium sparks in isolated rat heart muscle cells suggests that the calcium spark could result from the opening of a single SR calcium release channel, but this finding will be examined during the planned work. The calcium spark may activate propagated waves of elevated calcium when the heart cells are "overloaded" with calcium. Over the next five years we plan to examine the cellular, biophysical and molecular basis of [Ca2+]i- sparking and explore its cellular consequences. Four experimental series are planned that will address the following broad questions: (1) What controls the [Ca2+]i sparking process? (2) What is the relationship between [Ca2+]i sparks and the normal [Ca2+]i transient? (3) What is the relationship between [Ca2+]i sparks and propagated waves of elevated [Ca2+]i? (4) Are the kinetic and functional properties of the SR Ca-release channel appropriate to explain calcium sparking? We expect this planned investigation to resolve issues that have been raised by our preliminary results: (a) What activates the calcium-spark? (b). How many SR Ca-release channels are involved in contributing calcium to a spark? (c) Why doesn't
46 Calcium
a spark usually give rise to a propagated wave of elevated calcium? (d) Is the frequency of calcium sparking a direct function of the open probability (P) of the SR- Ca-release channel? We will use isolated guinea pig and rat heart cells examined by high-speed confocal fluorescence microscopy in combination with a patch-clamp method in wholecell mode. Additionally, the novel planar lipid bilayer method of Gyorke & Fill (1993) will be used to examine the SR Ca-release channels from rats and guinea-pig hearts. Both bilayer and imaging methods will exploit flash photolysis of caged calcium in the planned work. Fundamental new information on the cellular processes that control SR Ca- release channels and EC coupling in the heart muscle should result from the propose experiments. The work should thus broaden our understanding of calciumdependent arrhythmias and diverse forms of heart failure. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM, DIFFERENTIATION
S100
PROTEINS
AND
KERATINOCYTE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Eckert, Richard L.; Professor; Physiology and Biophysics; Case Western Reserve University 10900 Euclid Ave Cleveland, OH 44106 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 03-MAY-2000; Project End 30-APR-2005 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - Calcium is the single most important regulator of keratinocyte differentiation. A major goal in keratinocyte biology is to understand how the calcium signal is transduced to drive keratinocyte differentiation. S100 proteins are an important class of protein that are required for calcium signal transduction. They are activated by a calcium binding-dependent conformation change, and then bind to and regulate the function of target proteins. The target proteins include regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation. Although keratinocytes express eight S100 proteins, little information is available regarding S100 protein function in keratinocytes. S100 proteins are thought to function as noncovalently associated homodimers. However, their recent study shows that the calcium-dependent enzyme, transglutaminase (TG), can modify S100 proteins by adding two interprotein covalent links, one linking each end of the antiparallel homodimer. They hypothesize that this regulates S100 function by altering the calcium-dependent conformation change. This hypothesis links transglutaminase, S 100 proteins, and calcium as components of a common regulatory unit. In this model, TG modification of S100 protein structure could provide a trigger to promote differentiation. The overall goals of this study are to characterize the S100 proteins expressed in keratinocytes with respect to (i) ability to act as a TG substrates and the effects of TG modification on function, (ii) subcellular and tissue distribution and the effects of physiological agents in this distribution, (iii) interaction with target proteins, and (iv) alteration in psoriasis. In preparation for these studies they have cloned cDNAs, expressed protein, and produced antibodies against S100A11, S100A10, and S100A7. They show that each of these proteins are TG substrates and in one case, S100A11; they identified the TG reactive sites by amino acid microsequencing. Their study is designed to provide new information on S100 protein function in keratinocytes. In Specific Aim 1, they clone, express, and generate antibodies to the remaining keratinocyte S100 proteins, S100A2, S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, and S100A9. These reagents are used (i) to determine whether these S100 proteins form TG-dependent covalent multimers in vivo and in cultured keratinocytes, (ii) to determine the structure of crosslinked products, (iii) to identify the amino acids involved in crosslink formation, and (iv) to study S100 protein function in psoriasis. The studies described in Specific Aim 2, are designed to determine whether TG-dependent modification of S100A11, their prototype S100 protein, alters its ability to
Studies 47
interact with its target substrate, annexin I. This, they expect, will provide a direct test of their hypothesis that TG modification is a regulatory mechanism designed to alter S100 protein function. Localization can profoundly influence function. Their preliminary studies show that S100A11 is mobilized to the plasma membrane in response to calcium. In Specific Aim 3 they (i) use anti-S100 protein antibodies to localize the proteins in epidermis (normal and psoriatic), and in cultured cells, (ii) and examine the effects of physiological agents (calcium, etc.) on their subcellular distribution. S100 proteins transduce calcium signals by binding to target proteins; however, the targets are not known in keratinocytes. The goal of Specific Aim 4 is to identify these target proteins using ligand blots, co-immunoprecipitation, affinity chromatography, and protein microsequencing. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: TOLERANCE
CALCIUM-DEPENDENT
MECHANISMS
IN
NICOTINE'S
Principal Investigator & Institution: Damaj, M. Imad.; Associate Professor; Pharmacology and Toxicology; Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA 232980568 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-FEB-2001; Project End 31-JAN-2004 Summary: The broad objective of this proposal is to elucidate the calcium- dependent mechanisms of nicotinic receptor function. It was recently shown that neuronal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) have a high Ca2+ permeability and our initial studies indicate that changes in calcium homeostasis and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKinase II) can modulate nicOtine's pharmacological effects and are involved in neuroadaptative processes after chronic exposure to nicotine in the animal. In this project we plan to study calcium-dependent intracellular mechanisms and their modulation after short and long-term activation of nAChRs. We will assess the potential role of CaM-kinase II activatiOn in the behavioral effects of nicOtine using pharmacological, biochemical and genetic approaches. Tolerance to nicotine's effects could involve an adaptation in the calcium signaling system activated by nicotine leading to a decrease in in CaM-kinase II activity. Such a hypothesis will be investigated by measuring quantitative and qualitative changes in Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent signaling in in vitro and ex-vivo preparations during long-term exposure to nicotine. Finally, we will attempt to modulate tolerance to nicotine's effects by administering drugs that alter calcium entry. In vivo studies with calcium channel modulators and CaM-Kinase II inhibitors as well as NMDA receptor antagonists will be conducted in animals chronically infused with nicotine. The proposed studies will elucidate the calcium-dependent processes involved in nicotine's actions in the brain as well as the neuroadaptation that occurs after short-and long-term exposure to this drug of abuse. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALCIUM-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL OF DEVELOPING NEURONS Principal Investigator & Institution: Mao, Zixu; Rhode Island Hospital (Providence, Ri) Providence, RI 02903 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-2000; Project End 30-JUN-2005 Summary: (From the applicant's abstract): Afferent input supports many neuronal functions in vivo including neuronal survival in the developing brain. Imbalance of the process of neuronal survival and apoptosis is linked to a growing list of developmentand aging related neurological abnormalities characterized by neuronal death including
48 Calcium
Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Neuronal activity-dependent cell survival is mediated by calcium influx. But the process by which calcium influx promotes neuronal survival remains largely unknown. The long-term objective of our research is to understand the mechanisms by which neuronal activity regulates gene expression. This present application is specifically designed to study how membrane depolarizationinduced calcium influx affects the regulation and function of the transcription factor, myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), in the context of a cell survival model of cultured primary neonatal cerebellar granule neurons. The specific aims of this application include: 1. Identify the kinases and phosphatases that regulate MEF2 activity in calciumdependent neuronal survival; 2. determine calciium-regulated sites of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation on MEF2A; 3. characterize the mechanisms by which MEF2 mediates calcium-dependent neuronal survival. Membrane depolarizing concentrations of extracellular potassium chloride mimics neuronal activity in vivo to promote survival of neonatal cerebellar granule neurons. This model will be used to determine by kinase assay or phospho Westernblot analysis the activities of specific isoforms of p38 MAPK, PKCs as well as calcineurin in response to calcium influx. The critical sites of (de)phosphorylation on MEF2A by these kinases and phosphatase will be determined by a combined approach of phosphopeptide mapping and phosphoamino acid analysis. Dimerization, subcellular localization, DNA binding, and transcription activation assays, combined with mutagenesis and phospho-antibody analysis, will be used to determine the effects of (de)phosphorylation of these sites on MEF2 function following calcium signals. Finally, the mechanisms by which MEF2 mediates survival will be studied by establishing whether KC1 and MEF2 regulate the expression of pro-survival gene bc1-2 in bc1-2 promoter-driven luciferase reporter assay and whether Bc1-2 can rescue neurons from apoptosis when calcium-dependent activation of MEF2 is blocked. These experiments will define the mechanisms of calcium-dependent, MEF2-mediated neuronal survival which are essential to our understanding of both physiological and pathological changes in developing neurons. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DEVELOPMENT
CALCIUM-MEDIATED
MODULATION
OF
CARDIAC
Principal Investigator & Institution: Porter, George A.; Pediatrics; Yale University 47 College Street, Suite 203 New Haven, CT 065208047 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 08-JUL-2002; Project End 30-JUN-2007 Summary: (provided by applicant): This Mentored Clinical Scientist Developmental Award application describes a program of career development and training for the applicant, who has completed a residency in pediatrics and a fellowship in pediatric cardiology. This program will be under the mentorship of Dr. Scott Rivkees, who has experience grooming young M.D. and Ph.D. trained scientists for independent research and who is a recognized leader in the field of receptor biology. The applicant intends to study the origins of abnormal heart development by using his expertise in muscle cell biology and in the physiology of congenital heart lesions and by continuing his training in developmental molecular biology. The research plan presented herein will focus on the role of intracellular calcium signals in controlling cardiac development. Calcium's role as an intracellular messenger is well-recognized. Preliminary data demonstrate that alterations in intracellular calcium levels and the signal cascades that lie downstream of calcium can dramatically alter cardiac development. In addition, previous studies have demonstrated the presence of calcium regulatory mechanisms in the early mammalian heart. To further understand these phenomena, following Specific Aims are proposed.
Studies 49
(1) I will examine whether a reduction of intracellular calcium levels affect cardiac myocyte differentiation and cardiac morphogenesis. (2) I will examine the role of CaMK II in the regulation of cardiac morphogenesis and myocyte differentiation. Finally, (3) I will determine whether calcium signals modulate TAF expression and function in the developing heart. Yale University is a world leader in biomedical research, and the Department of Pediatrics has proven itself to be an ideal setting to train pediatric physician-scientists. A prestigious advisory committee drawn from the faculty at Yale will monitor the applicant's progress during this project. Combined with Dr. Rivkees mentorship, these resources should allow the applicant to develop into a successful independent investigator and make great contributions to the field of developmental cardiology. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALMODULIN AND CGMP CONTROL OF OSTEOCLASTIC H+ SECRETION Principal Investigator & Institution: Blair, Harry C.; Professor of Pathology and of Cell Biolo; Pathology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1994; Project End 30-JUN-2004 Summary: Management of osteoporosis is limited by poor understanding of how bone mass is regulated. Osteoclasts are the acid-secreting cells that degrade bone. We found that Ca+2/calmodulin at the acid-secreting membrane of osteoclasts is required for HCI production. In contrast, inactivation of acid secretion is calmodulin independent, but is mediated by the cGMP- dependent enzymes function in a coordinated counterregulatory processes that mediates the reversible phosphorylation of proteins in the acid secreting membrane to regulate osteoclastic activity. We will study this hypothesis using human osteoclasts in vitro. Aim 1 will determine the role of local intracellular Ca+2 increases (calcium puffs or sparks) that occur near the acid-secreting cell membrane. H+- ATPase or acid secretion will be modified, and effects on intracellular calcium puffs will be measured using fluorescent indicators. The effects of calcium transport antagonists will be studied to identify the mechanism(s) that cause the calcium puffs, and the effects of calcium puffs on membrane protein phosphorylation will be determined. Aim 2 will use adenovirus infection to modify osteoclastic expression of the cGMP- dependent protein kinase and calcineurin (the calmodulin-dependent phosphatase). Eliminating the kinase should promote acid transport and abolish cGMP effects in osteoclasts; constitutive kinase should inactivate acid secretion. In cells without calcineurin, phosphorylation of membrane regulatory proteins should increase, decreasing acid secretion. Aim 3 will characterize the interaction of cGMP and Ca+2 signals in osteoclasts. How calmodulin-dependent cGMP phosphodiesterase activity varies with cGMP, acid secretion, and calcium puff activity will be assessed, using Western analysis and immune localization, to establish the role of this enzyme in balancing cGMP and Ca+2/calmodulin effects. Interactions of cGMP- and calmodulindependent kinases/phosphatases in the acid-secreting cell membrane will also be studied, using kinase, membrane activity, and immune localization assays. This will show whether Ca+2/calmodulin and cGMP counter- regulation occurs via common target proteins, and how distribution of regulatory proteins varies with cGMP and calcium signals. These studies will characterize an intracellular regulatory system that controls osteoclastic activity. This knowledge will be useful in understanding how osteoporosis develops, and may assist in the design of treatments to reduce bone resorption and prevent osteoporosis.
50 Calcium
Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CALMODULIN, AGING AND CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Squier, Thomas C.; Associate Professor; University of Kansas Lawrence Lawrence, KS 66045 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1995; Project End 31-MAR-2006 Summary: Our long term goal is to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the proposed linkage between oxidative stress and the age-dependent loss of calcium regulation. Based on our previous findings that during aging multiple methionines in the calcium regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM) are oxidatively modified to their corresponding sulfoxides and the key role that CaM plays in intracellular signaling, we hypothesize that age- related decreases in CaM function play a major role in the loss of calcium homeostasis observed in senescent cells. The accumulation of oxidatively modified and functionally inactive CaM during aging is consistent with a decreased function of cellular repair and degradative enzymes in senescent animals. Thus the specific activity of methionine sulfoxide reductase (MsrA), which is able to repair oxidized CaM in vitro and restore the ability of oxidized CaM to activate the plasma membrane Ca- ATPase (PMCA), may be compromised during aging. Likewise, agerelated decreases in the function of the proteasome, which normally degrades oxidized proteins, may result in the accumulation of inactive CaM. Therefore, to identify the cellular effects of CaM oxidation, we propose to test whether changes in CaM function observed in vitro using purified CaM are important in vivo for modulating cell function. These measurements will combine biochemical measurements of protein function using genetically engineered CaM mutants with altered sensitivities to oxidative stress with well defined measurements of cellular function and calcium regulation of neurons in cell culture. It is our expectation that the oxidative modification of CaM correlates with the loss of calcium regulation and enhanced sensitivity of neurons to oxidative stress. We therefore propose the following specific aims: (1) Identify how methionine oxidation in CaM alters target protein activation, (2) Investigate the cellular consequences of CaM oxidation on calcium homeostasis and neuronal visibility, (3) Determine the physiological role of MsrA in the maintenance of cell function, and (4) Investigate functional modifications to cellular repair and degradative systems during aging. An understanding of cellular mechanisms that modify calcium homeostasis under conditions of oxidative stress in the role of CaM oxidation in modifying cellular survival will be important to the development of possible therapies that could alleviate the decline in cellular functions associated with aging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CALPAINS AND AGING AND AD PATHOGENESIS Principal Investigator & Institution: Adamec, Emil; Mc Lean Hospital (Belmont, Ma) Belmont, MA 02478 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUN-1997; Project End 30-APR-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the application) Changes in the rate or efficiency of proteolysis have been implicated as potentially important factors in the mechanism of aging. One of the pathophysiological abnormalities associated with aging and agerelated neurodegenerative disorders might be abnormal regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, which can lead to excessive activation of calcium-dependent enzymes, such as calpains, as seen in Alzheimer s disease. Calcium-mediated injury is considered as one potentially important contributing mechanism in neurodegeneration.
Studies 51
This application is based on the hypothesis that abnormalities in the regulation of calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) represent important pathophysiological mechanisms in etiopathogenesis of neurodegeneration and aging. The broad, long-term objectives of this proposal are to provide the educational, environmental, and technical resources necessary for the candidate to become an independent researcher. In the educational part of the proposal, the candidate will gain further knowledge of molecular biology, advanced neurobiology, mathematical modeling and statistical analysis. In the scientific part of the proposal, the candidate will apply the knowledge to answering specific questions of the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and aging. Specific aim 1 will determine which factors regulate the recovery of neurons from calcium load, using single cell digital imaging of cell calcium. Specific aim 2 will determine if chronic decrease in the cellular concentration of calpastation will affect the vulnerability of cells to calcium-mediated injury, using antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to generate gradual and prolonged depletion of calpastatin. In specific aim 3 the candidate will establish neuronal cultures with downregulated or upregulated calpain/calpastatin system using genetic engineering and determine the pathophysiological consequences of the manipulation. Specific aim 4 will test if combinational therapy with calpain inhibitors together with other putative neuroprotective agents provides higher level of neuroprotection as compared to calpain inhibitors alone. Successful completion of the proposed experiments will provide new insight into fundamental mechanisms of neurodegeneration. The results might suggest new avenues and approaches for the prevention and treatment of neuronal death in age-related neurodegenerative disorders and stroke. Successful completion of the proposal will give the candidate firm foundation in neuropharmacology, molecular biology, cellular physiology, and computational neuroscience to become a successful and independent researcher in cellular biology of neuronal degeneration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CARBONATED DAIRY CALCIUM SOFT DRINK Principal Investigator & Institution: Schroder, Bruce G.; Dairilean, Inc. Box 88647 Sioux Falls, SD 57105 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1999; Project End 31-JAN-2003 Summary: (Scanned from the Applicant's Abstract): Americans, especially teenage girls and young women, do not consume the recommended amount of calcium per day. This inhibits proper bone development and contributes to other health problems including, osteoporosis. In recent decades consumption of milk has declined significantly and the consumption of soft drinks has increased. Teenagers consume on average more than 64 gallons of soft drinks annually. During Phase I research a good tasting carbonated soft drink, containing 300 mg of dairy calcium and minerals per 10 ounce serving was developed. The Phase II research will refine and test a dairy calcium soft drink product and an orange juice product supplemented with dairy calcium. The bioavailability of the calcium in the two products will be tested against milk and Tropicana calcium supplemented orange juice. Introduction of the product along with a calcium education program into schools and retail outlets will also be tested. At the completion of Phase II research Dairilean will market the product either through a regional marketing plan that has been developed or through a licensing agreement with a large soft drink manufacturer. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: Not available Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
52 Calcium
•
Project Title: CAROTID BODY EXCITATION--NEW CONCEPT Principal Investigator & Institution: Shirahata, Machiko; Associate Scientist; Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University 3400 N Charles St Baltimore, MD 21218 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 05-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Applicant's abstract): The carotid body is a major chemoreceptor organ whose excitation causes reflex responses in cardiopulmonary, renal and endocrine systems. Although the mechanisms of carotid body excitation are not yet clear, essential steps include the depolarization of chemosensitive glomus cells, the increase in glomus cell intracellular calcium and the release of neurotransmitters. Many studies point to the involvement of oxygen-sensitive potassium channels, but a causal relationship between the inhibition of these channels and the depolarization of glomus cells during hypoxia has not yet been established. Since cat glomus cells release acetylcholine even under normoxic/normocapnic conditions, we hypothesize that hypoxia augments the activity of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and/or enhances the sensitivity of acetylcholine receptors for acetylcholine. This initiates the depolarization of glomus cells and the increase in intracellular calcium. Oxygen-sensitive potassium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels participate in the later phase of the changes. Preliminary data have shown that: 1) cat glomus cells expressed alpha-4 subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 2) acetylcholine-induced inward current and carotid body neural output were enhanced by a mild decrease in oxygen tension from normoxic levels, 3) acetylcholine increased calcium of carotid body cells, 4) oxygen-sensitive potassium current was linearly inhibited by decreasing oxygen, and 5) increased carotid body neural output in hypoxia was inhibited by L-type voltage gated calcium channels. Specific aims are to investigate: 1) the role of acetylcholine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors for initiating the depolarization of glomus cells and the increase in calcium, 2) the contribution of oxygen sensitive potassium channels in the late phase of glomus cell depolarization during hypoxia, 3) the contribution of voltage gated calcium channels to the late phase of the calcium increase in glomus cells during hypoxia. Patch clamp, microfluorometric, and immunocytochemical techniques are to be used. This innovative proposal will advance the understanding of the excitation mechanisms of glomus cells. Once the chemotransductive mechanisms are understood, pharmacological or genetic tools can be developed to alter the carotid body function to levels desirable for treating carotid body related pathological conditions such as sudden infant death syndrome and hemodynamic changes in sleep apnea patients. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CELLULAR CALCIUM TRANSPORT IN URINARY EPITHELIA Principal Investigator & Institution: Friedman, Peter A.; Professor; Pharmacology; University of Pittsburgh at Pittsburgh 350 Thackeray Hall Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-SEP-1998; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: The long-term objective of our work is directed toward a complete understanding of the cellular mechanisms and regulation of calcium transport by renal tubular epithelial cells. Although most calcium absorption proceeds in proximal tubules, distal tubules are the site of the physiological regulation of calcium transport by parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin and vitamin D3. The specific aims of the present proposal are to: 1) characterize the mechanism of calcium entry across apical plasma membranes of distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells; 2) evaluate the participation and regulation of Na+/Ca2+ exchange in mediating calcium efflux; and, 3) define the
Studies 53
signaling pathways activated by PTH and calcitonin in DCT cells, and to examine the coordinate regulation of PTH-dependent calcium transport by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 and estradiol. We identified and partially characterized a novel calcium channel that mediates calcium entry. To acquire additional information about these channels we will: 1) characterize the properties of these channels with regard to their ion selectivity, pharmacologic sensitivity and voltage- dependence; 2) determine the regulation of these calcium channels by protein kinases; 3) define the participation of G-proteins in regulating calcium entry channels; and, 4) identify and clone calcium channel transcripts. Extrusion of calcium across basolateral plasma membranes of distal tubules is mediated by Na+/Ca2+ exchange and by /ca2+-ATPase. Pilot studies suggest that Na+/Ca2+ exchange is the dominant efflux mechanism in DCT cells. We will: 1) Test the hypothesis that thiazide diuretics can inhibit Na+/Ca2+ exchange; and 2) Characterize the stimulatory effects of PTH on Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Calcium transport in distal nephrons is regulated by PTH, calcitonin and 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3. The following studies will evaluate the mechanism mediating the hormonal regulation of calcium transport in DCT cells. The goals of these experiments are to: 1) Characterize the signaling pathways with particular regard to the phospholipases responsible for activating PKA and PKC and characterize the temporal sequence in which PKA and PKC are activated. We will test the hypothesis that PTH and calcitonin activate PKC via phospholipase D. 2) Identify the mechanism by which PTH activates C1- channels, a primary event in membrane hyperpolarization and stimulation of calcium transport in DCT cells. We will test the hypothesis that these chloride channels are regulated by the PKA limb of the PTH-activated signaling pathway. 3) Examine the regulation of vitamin D3 and estradiol accelerate PTH dependent calcium transport by up-regulating PTH receptor expression. The specific aims will be achieved by applying single cell fluorescence, patch clamp, tracer flux measurements, biochemical and molecular techniques to a DCT cell line that we developed, which expresses an appropriate phenotype. In selected studies, primary cell cultures of proximal or distal tubule cells will be used to verify results in transformed cells or as controls. All procedures are established in our lab. Results from the proposed experiments will provide new information on the mechanism and regulation of calcium transport in the kidney under normal conditions, but also in calcium-wasting syndromes including hyperparathyroidism, renal failure, osteoporosis and malignancy- associated hypercalcemia. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CGMP DIFFERENTIATIONS
CHANNEL
ISOFORMS
AND
KERATINOCYTE
Principal Investigator & Institution: Mauro, Theodora M.; Dermatology; University of California San Francisco 500 Parnassus Ave San Francisco, CA 94122 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1997; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Adapted from the applicant's abstract) - Calcium influx, required for keratinocyte differentiation, is enhanced by treatment with permeant cGMP. Moreover, the investigators have found a keratinocyte channel that is activated by cGMP. Finally, they have cloned complete and alternatively spliced isoforms of a cGMP channel that is similar to the calcium-permeable channel found in photoreceptor rod cells. The isoforms differ in their cGMP sensitivity, and their expression is unique in that it is developmentally regulated. The investigators hypothesize that this channel regulates keratinocyte differentiation through its role as cGMP-gated calcium influx pathway. The broad, long-term objective of these studies is to develop methods that modify
54 Calcium
keratinocyte differentiation by manipulating calcium influx into these cells. The healthrelatedness of the project stems from the fact that abnormal keratinocyte differentiation underlies common skin diseases, both benign; psoriasis, abnormal wound healing; and malignant: squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, new approaches to modifying cell differentiation would have wide clinical applications. The specific aims of the project are: 1) To correlate the exact proportion of each isoform with the degree of keratinocyte differentiation; 2) to compare channel characteristics in differentiating and undifferentiated keratinocytes; 3) to examine the channel's role in keratinocyte differentiation by overexpressing the native, alternatively spliced, or mutant isoforms in undifferentiated and differentiating keratinocytes. To accomplish these aims, the research design will first quantify the proportion of each isoform using the RNAse protection assay. Next, the functional difference conferred by the different isoforms will be examined by comparing 1) ion channel and whole cell current characteristics, using the patch clamp method; 2) calcium influx, using calcium-45 studies; and 3) intracellular calcium concentration, using Fluo-3 measurement. Finally, alteration of calcium influx and keratinocyte differentiation by overexpression of channel isoforms in keratinocytes will be tested. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: CHEMORESPONSE IN PARAMECIA: ROLE OF THE CA2+ PUMP Principal Investigator & Institution: Gannon-Murakami, Laura J.; Biology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, VT 05405 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-FEB-2002 Summary: (provided by applicant): Calcium levels in cells are controlled in part by the plasma membrane calcium ATPases. The calcium pump is highly conserved from paramecia to humans and has many sites of control including phosphorlation by protein kinases and binding calmodulin. Mutations in this plasma membrane pump have been shown to cause such diseases as deafness and balance deficits. We are interested in its role in chemoresponse. We have found indirect evidence that activation of the calcium pump figures into the transduction pathways for chemoreception in Paramecium. (See evidence described in the proposal.) I propose to examine the regulation of the Paramecium calcium pumps and their potential roles in chemosensory signal transduction. Specifically, I plan to test the hypotheses that the calcium pump is activated by phosphorylation of and by calmodulin binding to the autoinhibitory domain (also called calmodulin binding domain, or CBD) in two different chemosensory pathways. In preparation, I have created CBDs in which two conserved serines are replaced by alanines (AA) or glutamates (EE). As expected, the wild type CBD is phosphorylated by protein kinases A and C in vitro, but the mutant AA and EE CBDs were not. Calmodulin binds to the wild type and AA CBD, but not to the EE mutant. I will use the CBDs as specific inhibitory reagents to probe for the role of phosphorylation and calmodulin binding in chemosensory signal transduction and to test my hypotheses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: CORONARY ARTERY REGULATION BY CA2+SIGNALING & ESTROGEN Principal Investigator & Institution: Nelson, Mark T.; Professor and Chair; Pharmacology; University of Vermont & St Agric College 340 Waterman Building Burlington, VT 05405
Studies 55
Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2000; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: (Verbatim from the application): The cardioprotective effect of estrogen is complex, and incompletely understood. We have identified one potentially important action of physiological circulating estrogen on coronary arteries, which involved an elevation of basal nitric oxide release from the endothelium and an ensuing smooth muscle relaxation through activation of one type of calcium-sensitive (large conductance; BK) potassium channel in the smooth muscle. Our results indicate that estrogen causes fundamental alterations in Ca2+ signaling in the coronary endothelium, which leads to an elevation of nitric oxide production, which in turns alters Ca2+ signaling in the smooth muscle. This proposal focuses on novel, interlinked Ca2+ signaling mechanisms to explain the effects of estrogen and nitric oxide on coronary artery diameter. Specifically, Aim 1 will determine the mechanisms by which estrogen leads to an elevation of endothelial [Ca2+]i; Specific Aim 2 will explore positive feedback regulation of endothelial Ca2+ by local and global Ca2+ signaling from ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the endoplasmic reticulum to small conductance calciumsensitive (SK) and BK channels; Specific Aim 3 will determine the negative feedback mechanisms by which endogenously produced nitric oxide activates RyRs and BK channels in coronary artery smooth muscle, with a focus on the key roles of phospholamban, which regulates SR Ca2+-ATPase activity, and on the beta-subunit of the BK channel. To address these issues, we have developed techniques to measure global and local calcium in the endothelium and smooth muscle of intact pressurized coronary arteries, including coronary arteries from phospholamban and beta-subunit gene-ablated mice, and developed novel, selective peptide inhibitors of cGMPdependent protein kinase. The proposed study should significantly deepen our understanding of the regulation of Ca2+ signaling in coronary arteries, and the important influences of physiological estrogen and nitric oxide on coronary artery function. This work should also suggest novel mechanisms for therapeutic interventions to mimic the beneficial effects of estrogen and nitric oxide on calcium signaling in coronary arteries. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DAIRY PRODUCTS, CALCIUM, AND RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER Principal Investigator & Institution: Lee, I-Min M.; Assistant Professor of Medicine; Epidemiology; Harvard University (Sch of Public Hlth) Public Health Campus Boston, MA 02460 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-JUN-2003; Project End 31-MAY-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the U.S. (apart from non-melanoma skin cancer), and is a leading cause of death. Unfortunately, well-established risk factors for this disease (e.g., age) are not modifiable. In the search for modifiable predictors, calcium intake has been proposed to be a risk factor. A high intake of calcium may increase risk by down-regulating 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D3, a hormone that inhibits prostate cancer cell growth and development. It is important to clarify the relation between calcium intake and risk of prostate cancer because calcium is important in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Epidemiologic data on the association of calcium intake and prostate cancer risk have been inconsistent. Few studies have specifically investigated intake of calcium from dairy products and risk of prostate cancer. The data on calcium supplement use and prostate cancer risk are even sparser. Additionally, little information is available on whether the association of calcium intake and prostate cancer risk is modified by age. This is an important question since older men are at
56 Calcium
higher risk of osteoporosis. Finally, there is a suggestion that calcium intake may be more strongly related to advanced prostate cancer, but few data are available. We propose to analyze the associations of calcium intake from dairy products and supplements among 11,122 men (mean age, 67 years) who were free of cancer in 1988. Men reported on their diet, including intake of dairy products and calcium supplements, in 1988. Information on the development of nonfatal prostate cancer is available through 1998; fatal prostate cancer, 1995. We propose to collect another 3 years of mortality data through 1998. We anticipate a total of 800 prostate cancers (including 116 fatal cancers) to occur among subjects, providing sufficient statistical power to address the questions of interest. We will examine the associations of calcium intake from dairy products and supplements with risk of all and fatal prostate cancer. A consistent increased risk seen with both calcium from dairy products and calcium supplements lends weight to the hypothesis that it is calcium, rather than other nutrients in the dairy products, that is responsible for the increased risk. We also will examine men aged <65, 65-74, and 75+ years. This large database provides a unique and cost-effective opportunity to answer questions of public health importance. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DECODING OF CALCIUM SIGNALS BY CAM KINASE Principal Investigator & Institution: Meyer, Tobias; Associate Professor; Molecular Pharmacology; Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-1993; Project End 31-MAR-2003 Summary: Calcium signals have important roles in many neuronal processes, including the release of neurotransmitter, gene expression as well as different aspects of neuronal plasticity. However, the mechanisms by which different intracellular calcium release mechanisms and different calcium influx pathways can selectively activate downstream targets are not yet understood. Localization of calcium signals and the localized activation of distinct calcium effectors are thought to be important means through which specificity can be achieved. The objective of this grant is to define, in living cells, to which extent calcium signals are localized and to determine how localized calcium signals are used for the specific activation of calmodulin and of Ca2+/calmodulindependent protein kinase II (CaMkinase). A better understanding of the pleiotropic functions of calcium signals is of fundamental importance for a large number of neuronal diseases. During the last funding period, the applicants have developed several new fluorescent methods to attack their objective. In particular, they have developed an efficient"microporation" technique to introduce RNA and other macromolecules into different neuronal and non-neuronal cell models. RNA transfection has significant advantages over DNA transfection for the rapid and efficient expression of GFP-tagged proteins in different cell types. The applicants will study the local control of depolarization-induced calcium influx and local IP3-gated calcium release by using newly developed localized calcium indicators, localized markers for calcium stores as well as GFP-based fluorescent probes to measure calmodulin binding. Specifically, they will investigate: 1. whether localized calcium signals are an essential part of calcium-mediated signal transduction processes, 2. whether calmodulin is a local mediator of signaling transduction and 3. which mechanism is responsible for the localization of CaMkinase to different cellular sites. The results from these experiments will be integrated into a model of localized neuronal signal transduction mediated by calcium, calmodulin and CaMkinase. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 57
•
Project Title: DENDRITIC INTEGRATION AND CEREBELLAR SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY Principal Investigator & Institution: Wang, Samuel S.; Molecular Biology; Princeton University 4 New South Building Princeton, NJ 085440036 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-DEC-2002; Project End 30-NOV-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The cerebellum, a brain structure found in all vertebrates, is thought to serve many sensory-motor coordinating functions. In particular, decades of evidence suggest that the cerebellum guides motor learning based on sensory inputs. One laboratory example of motor learning thought to involve the cerebellum is a task in which a conditional stimulus, such as an audible tone, is associated with an unconditional stimulus, such as an airpuff delivered to the eye. Eventually the subject learns to blink in response to the tone played alone. For learning to occur the tone must come first, suggesting that the cerebellum can detect the order in which events occur. Under synaptic activity conditions thought to match the orderdependence of this task, one molecular event is elevation of calcium, a widely used signaling ion, inside cerebellar Purkinje neurons. Calcium, in turn, induces long-term depression, a form of synaptic plasticity at parallel fiber synapses to the Purkinje neuron that may underlie motor learning. This proposal will test the following ideas: (1) Conditional stimulus information coming in through parallel fiber synapses is encoded by the chemical messenger inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). (2) Unconditional stimulus information coming through the climbing fiber synapse is encoded by a small amount of priming calcium that enters during the action potential. (3) Synapses in the cerebellum generate large amounts of calcium release from internal stores when both IP3 and priming calcium are generated. (4) The order-dependence seen in calcium signaling is caused by dynamics in IP3, calcium, and calcium release mechanisms. This hypothesis will be tested using multiphoton laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, a technique that allows calcium signals to be measured at single synapses; and light-sensitive "caged" compounds, which can be used to control biochemical events in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. These experiments will provide crucial basic knowledge regarding the molecular events that occur on a time scale of milliseconds to seconds during synaptic plasticity and motor learning, and may eventually help in understanding defects in cerebellar function. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: DENDRITIC ROLE IN DOPAMINE NEURON FIRING Principal Investigator & Institution: Callaway, Joseph C.; Associate Professor; Anatomy and Neurobiology; University of Tennessee Health Sci Ctr Health Science Center Memphis, TN 38163 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-MAR-2002; Project End 28-FEB-2005 Summary: Destruction or dysfunction of the dopaminergic neurons of the mesencephalon is believed to underlie a variety of disorders of movement, motivation and mentation, including Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia. In those disorders, not accompanied by death of the dopaminergic neurons, it is likely that a disruption of the activity patterns of those neurons is an important component of the pathology. Dopaminergic neurons fire in stereotyped modes, controlled largely by calcium currents and by calcium-dependent potassium currents. We will employ calcium-imaging of single neurons injected intracellularly with calcium indicator during whole cell recording in slices visualized by infra-red DIC microscopy. This will allow simultaneous detection of membrane potential at the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons and
58 Calcium
detection of calcium entry in the cell body and dendritic tree. Current models of firing pattern generation by dopaminergic neurons differ in their predictions of the location of calcium entry, and our experiments allow a critical test of these models. Synaptic excitation and local dendritic excitation by applied glutamate or glutamate agonists will be used to test for the local control of dendritic calcium currents by subthreshold excitatory currents. We will measure how action potentials propagating into dopamine cell dendrites contribute to slow oscillations in dendritic calcium levels and resulting calcium dependent potassium current that ultimately control the output firing pattern. Experiments will examine how the extent of dendritic spike propagation regulates pacemaker firing rate and whether modulation of dendritic spike propagation contributes to irregular and burst firing. Calcium channel blockers will be used in conjunction with calcium imaging to establish the types and distribution of calcium channels that contribute to voltage dependent calcium imaging to establish the types and distribution of calcium channels that contribute to voltage-dependent calcium entry in these cells. Finally, immunocytochemistry using antibodies against clones of channel subtypes will also be used to examine the distribution of calcium and calcium dependent potassium channels in the dendritic arbors of dopamine cells and results from will be compared to those from calcium imaging. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DETERMINANTS OF CALCIUM BINDING IN NON EF HAND PROTEINS Principal Investigator & Institution: Berliner, Lawrence J.; Professor and Chair; Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Denver Box 101562 Denver, CO 80208 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1998; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: Biochemists and structural biologists have learned a tremendous amount about a common group of calcium-binding proteins containing the "EF-han motif" (troponin C, parvalbumin, calmodulin, etc.) from which there is a relative wealth on information on their structures and function. However another unique group of proteins exist, the calcium-binding a-lactalbumins and lysozymes, which are "non-classical" calcium-binding proteins which have a unique and distinct coordination geometry. The overall topography and role of the cation binding loop in the calcium-binding alphalactalbumins has yet to b fully understood. Furthermore, the alpha-lactalbumins are unique in their high propensity to form the intermediate "molten globule" folding state. They also bind the metal ion zinc at another distinct site, which modulates the conformational properties of the calcium bound form. The aims of this project are to unravel the structural and functional properties of the calcium binding properties of this milk protein, which modifies the specificity of the enzyme galactosyl transferase in lactose biosynthesis. The specific aims of this project are to: 1. Unravel the determinants involved in calcium binding (and in the folding an structural integrity of the protein). 2. Determine which residues of the protein are buried in membranes. 3. Determine the role of the amino acids involved in zinc binding. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: DIABETIC CARDIOMYOPATHY AND CALCIUM FLUX Principal Investigator & Institution: Dillmann, Wolfgang H.; Professor; Medicine; University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, Dept. 0934 La Jolla, CA 92093 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 30-SEP-2000; Project End 31-AUG-2004
Studies 59
Summary: Applicant's Abstract Diabetes mellitus (D) leads to diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and congestive heart failure. The molecular basis of DCM is only incompletely explored. It is their hypothesis that in DCM hyperglycemia significantly contributes to abnormalities in calcium handling and contractile function and that contractile function in DCM can be improved by expression of calcium handling proteins and changes in the activity of enzymes in the hexosamine and glycosylation pathways. In Aim I they will determine the molecular basis of DM induced abnormalities in calcium handling and explore mechanisms leading to decreased levels of the calcium ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA2) and changes in the ryanodine receptors (RyR2). We will also determine sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium loading, calcium spark patterns and NA+/Ca exchanger activity and the phospholamban (Plb) phosphorylation status. In Aim II they will explore if abnormal calcium handling of the DM heart occurs largely due to exposure to the diabetic milieu or is also contributed to by a lack of insulin signaling at the cardiac myocyte. The preliminary results show that exposing myocytes to hyperglycemia in cell culture and increased hexosamine pathway activity in vivo as it occurs in glutamine fructose 6P amidotransferase (GFAT) transgenic mice and diminishes SERCA2 and RyR2 gene expression. This will be further explored by altering the activity of key enzymes in the hexosamine and glycosylation pathways using adenoviral vectors expressing the appropriate transgene and transgene mice. To assess influences of insulin signaling and changes in the diabetic milieu the applicants are constructing cell type specific insulin receptor null mutant mice using the Cre lox P system. In Aim III they will further explore the preliminary findings that increased SERCA2 expression ameliorates DCM using SERCA2 transgenic mice and, adenoviral vector based delivery of a Plb antibody transgene to rats in vivo. Similar approaches will be used to inhibit enzymes in the hexosamine and glycosylation pathway to improve calcium handling and contractile performance in the presence of persistent hyperglycemia. Novel insights into the molecular basis of calcium flux abnormalities in DCM and new approaches to increase cardiac function will result from this proposal. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIET SALT, CALCIUM KIDNEY STONES, BONE IN STONE FORMERS Principal Investigator & Institution: Massey, Linda K.; Professor; Food Science & Human Nutrition; Washington State University 423 Neill Hall Pullman, WA 99164 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 15-SEP-2001; Project End 31-DEC-2003 Summary: (Scanned from the applicant's description): Increases in dietary salt, i.e. sodium chloride (NaCI), increase urinary calcium over the range of intakes commonly consumed. Both salt loading studies and reports of within-population correlations find that increased urinary calcium losses are approximately 1 mmol (40 mg) for each 100 mmol (2300 mg) increase in dietary NaC1. Individuals with hypercalciuria and/or a history of calcium kidney stones appear to have 2 times greater proportional increases in urinary calcium per 100 mmol increase in salt intake. Thirty-two subjects with a history of at least one calcium oxalate kidney stone will be recruited; 16 with hypercalciuria, 16 normocalciuria. This study consists of two, seven-day periods. For all seven days of both dietary treatments, each participant will eat only the foods provided by the investigators, a nutritionally adequate diet prepared from common foods containing 50 mmol/d salt. The first five days of each treatment (adaptation), the participant will be free-living, the sixth and seventh in the WSU metabolic unit. One of the two weeks, 150 mmol supplemental salt will be added as tablets taken with each meal; the total of 200 mmol is the average consumption measured in previous studies of
60 Calcium
stone formers. The major outcome measures are urinary oxalate, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and citrate, and two measures of calcium salt saturation as indicators of risk of calcium salt precipitation. The two measures of calcium salt precipitability will be the Tiselius risk index, a measure of calcium oxalate precipitability from solution which includes the effects of volume, magnesium and citrate concentrations as well as calcium and oxalate, and Ap (CaP), a measure of calcium phosphate precipitability from solution, which includes the effects of volume, citrate and pH as well as calcium and phosphate. Because increased urinary calcium loss from adding salt occurs, bone breakdown may be increased in compensation, so 4 markers of bone turnover will be measured, bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, deoxypyridinoline, and Ntelopeptide. We will also compare the responsiveness of hypercalciuric vs normocalciuric participants for all the outcome variables, because the literature suggests that hypercalciuric stoneformers may be more sensitive to dietary salt effects on urinary calcium. Reduction of dietary NaC1 from typical intakes of 200 mmol/day to an intake of 50 mmol/day may decrease the risk of recurrence of calcium-containing kidney stones and slow rates of bone loss, thus reducing risk of osteoporosis as well. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DIFFERENTIATION DEPENDENT GENE EXPRESSION IN NORMAL AND TRANSFORMED KERATINOCYTES Principal Investigator & Institution: Bikle, Daniel D.; Professor; Northern California Institute Res & Educ San Francisco, CA 941211545 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: (Taken from application) Epidermal keratinocytes are normal cells which grow and differentiate in vitro. Calcium is the principal regulator of keratinocyte differentiation in vitro, and appears to play that role in vivo. Although calcium is the major regulator of keratinocyte differentiation, its actions involve protein kinase C (PKC). The calcium response element (CaRE) in genes involved in differentiation (such as the involucrin gene) contain an AP-1 site (the element binding transcription factors regulated by PKC) which is critical for the calcium response of those genes. Squamous carcinoma cells lines (e.g. SCC4) fail to respond to the pro-differentiating actions of calcium. Constructs containing the CaRE. Of the involucrin gene when transfected into SCC4 cells do not respond to calcium or phorbol esters,. Suggesting an abnormality in PKC and/or the AP-1 binding transcriptional regulators through which calcium and phorbol esters regulate gene expression. In this project we will test the following hypothesis. SC cells fail to differentiate in response to calcium because they fail to activate the appropriate set of PKC isozymes and/or the PKC regulated AP-1 transcription factors required for expression of the genes encoding differentiation specific proteins. To test this hypothesis we will accomplish the following specific aims. 1. Determine which members of the PKC family mediate calcium induced differentiation in normal human keratinocytes (NHK), and whether such members are absent, maldistributed, or dysfunctional in SCC 4 cells. This will be accomplished by comparing the PKC isozymes in NHK and SCC 4 cells during different stages of differentiation and evaluating the effect of selectively blocking their production and activity. 2. Determine which members of the fos/jun family regulate INV and TG expression during calcium induced differentiation in NHK, and whether they re absent, maldistributed, or dysfunctional in SCC 4 cells. This will be accomplished by comparing the levels and function of the fos/jun family during calcium and phorbol ester induced differentiation in NHK and SCC4 cells and evaluating the effect of blocking or stimulating their production or activity. 3. Determine whether regulation of AP-1
Studies 61
transcription factors by PKC contributes to calcium induced differentiation in normal keratinocytes, and whether such regulation is altered in SCC 4 cells. This will be accomplished by determining whether altering the production or activity of selected PKC isozymes changes the fos/jun family members during calcium and TPA induced differentiation in NHK versus SCC4 cells and whether phosphorylation of the fos/jun family members is altered in SCC 4 cells. These studies are expected to further our understanding of the reasons SCC fail to differentiate, potentially leading to earlier diagnosis and more effective therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: DISINHIBITION FOLLOWING NEOCORTICAL TRAUMA Principal Investigator & Institution: Benardo, Larry S.; Professor and Vice Chairman; Neurology; Suny Downstate Medical Center 450 Clarkson Ave New York, NY 11203 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-JUL-1999; Project End 30-JUN-2003 Summary: (Verbatim from the Applicant's Abstract) Acute seizures develop in up to 80 pecent of cases of moderate to severe head trauma, indicating serious cortical damage. The majority of these individuals will have chronic seizures (epilepsy). Concepts regarding the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and cell damage have focused on excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity consists of a cascade of events triggered by excitatory amino acid transmitters, calcium influx via transmitter-gated and voltage-dependent channels, and intracellular calcium release, which then activate autodestructive processes ending in membrane damage and cell death. Epileptogenesis, signaling the dominance of excitation over inhibition can occur at any stage in the excitotoxic process. Such inhibitory failure following trauma cona only be understood by studying local neuronal circuits. A model of traumatic neocortical injury has been developed in order to investigate the mechanisms of excitotoxicity and epileptogenesis. This model utilizes rat in vitro somatosensory cortical slices, wherein after removal of the superficial third of coronal slices, over half the isolated deep segments express epileptiform activity. Preliminary findings postulate that hyperexcitability results from GABAergic disinhibition owing to physical removal of superficial inhibitory circuits and glutamatetriggered increases in intracellular calcium. Experiments will be performed in order to test this hypotheses with regarded to these issues: 1) Strength of glutamatergic excitation and fast GABAergic inhibition in deep neurons from intact versus damaged preparations, 2) Properties of monosynaptic fast GABAergic inhibition in intact versus damage preparations, 3) Intracellular calcium concentration in pyramidal cells after damage, 4) Whether increased intracellular calcium concentration leads to fast GABAergic disinhibition in deep pyramidal neurons, and 5) Testing whether lowering the intracellular calcium concentration in damaged preparations restores fat inhibition. Experiments will utilize standard intracellular or patch clamp recordings of deep pyramidal cells and videoimaging of calcium-sensitive dyes to allow correlation of inhibitory strength with intracellular calcium concentration. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: DISSECTION OF A CALCIUM SIGNALING PATHWAY IN C. ELEGANS Principal Investigator & Institution: Peters, Maureen A.; Biology; University of Utah 200 S University St Salt Lake City, UT 84112 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-APR-2002
62 Calcium
Summary: Calcium signaling plays a key role in many cellular processes including proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells, muscle contraction, actin filament disassembly and long term potentiation. One essential component of intracellular calcium dynamics is release of intracellular calcium stores via inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs). In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), the IP3R regulates a behavioral rhythm - the periodic contraction of the posterior body wall muscles. The intestine controls the contraction of the overlying muscles in a nonautonomous fashion and intestinal calcium oscillations directly precede the muscle contraction. How the activity of the IP3R within one tissue, the intestine, modulates the activity of another tissue, the muscle, is unknown. This proposal aims to uncover the molecular and cellular basis of the fast, novel signaling cascade initiated by IP3R function in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The following Aims will be addressed. Specific Aim 1: Sufficiency and necessity of calcium spike in induction of the posterior body contraction Specific Aim 2: Determination of the spatial and temporal characteristics of calcium dynamics in the intestine Specific Aim 3: Determination of the molecular basis of the signal that directs posterior body contraction . Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: EFFECT OF MATERNAL CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON INFANT BONE MINERAL CONTENT Principal Investigator & Institution: Prada, Jorge A.; Children's Hospital Med Ctr (Cincinnati) 3333 Burnet Ave Cincinnati, OH 45229 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001 Summary: Calcium requirements during pregnancy increase significantly to meet the needs of the mother and the developing fetus. This could result in the maternal loss of bone mineral density (up to 3.8% spinal BMD). This loss of BMD may be the combined result of dietary calcium intake falling short of the calcium requirements for pregnancy, and the increased urinary calcium excretion during pregnancy. From our preliminary study of 64 pregnant adolescents, the dietary recall of the previous 24 hours revealed a calculated dietary calcium intake of 978 +/- 532 mg/day, including the 250 mg/day of calcium present in the prenatal supplementation, which is below the RDA for pregnancy. Births from adolescent mothers are known to result in lower birth weight of the individual infants. However, it is not known whether it is associated with altered bone mineral status. The effect of maternal calcium depletion during adolescent pregnancy on the infant BMC has not been studied. The overall aim of this proposal is to determine the effects that the current maternal dietary calcium intake, and calcium supplementation in pregnancy, will have on the infant bone mineral content. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
•
Project Title: EFFECTS OF CALCIUM INTAKE ON ALVEOLAR BONE Principal Investigator & Institution: Bollen, Anne-Marie; Associate Professor; University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1999; Project End 31-JUL-2004 Summary: The benefits of sufficient levels of calcium intake in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures are well recognized. Since alveolar bone is influenced in the same manner as other bones, dietary calcium levels are assumed to also affect its density. It has been suggested that increased alveolar bone density may increased bone loss during periodontitis. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the effects of calcium intake on alveolar bone, and its capacity to decrease periodontitis-induced bone loss at old age,
Studies 63
in a rat model. Rats were chosen due to their previous extensive use in bone and periodontitis studies, and their relative short life span which allows evaluation of the effects of calcium intake at old age, when its benefits are of most value. Two calcium intake levels will be used: low, and high. The following aims will be addressed: 1. Test the difference in alveolar bone density at old age (20 months) between the two calcium intake groups. 2. Test the difference in periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss at old age between the two groups. 3. Describe how bone density measures of cranial and post-cranial change during the study period in the two animal groups. Animals will be randomly assigned to one of the two calcium intake groups at age 1 month, and followed until the age of 20 months. At that time, some of the animals will be euthanized for invasive bone measurements for Aim 1. Periodontitis will be i induced in the remainder of the animals who will be followed until the age of 23 months. Noninvasive longitudinal data collected at the age of 1,3,8,13,20 and 23 months will include bone density measurements using dual x-ray radiography (cranial and non-cranial bones), as well as intra-oral radiographs of the molars (alveolar bone). The primary outcome variable for Aim 1 will be alveolar bone density, and for Aim 2 alveolar bone loss. Alveolar bone density will be measured on defleshed jaws using dual x-ray absorptiometry and pixel intensity on oral radiographs. Alveolar bone loss will be measured on the buccal of the molars using morphometry on defleshed jaws, and radiographically on intraoral radiographs. In addition, static and dynamic parameters of bone metabolism will be measured using histomorphometry. Power calculations indicate that 21 animals per group will be needed to detect a minimum of 5% in alveolar bone density (Aim 1). A total of 24 animals will be needed to detect a minimum of 10% difference in alveolar bone loss (Aim 2) between any of the two calcium intake groups with a power of 80% at a 0.05 significance level. To test the effect of calcium intake with equal precision in male and female rats, a equal sample size will be required for both genders. These calculations include an estimated 20% mortality rte in these elderly rats. This study may indicate the benefits of dietary calcium intake on dental/orofacial health. This additional benefit may help to promoter this preventive therapy. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF DCN CARTWHEEL CELLS Principal Investigator & Institution: Molitor, Scott C.; Bioengineering; University of Toledo 2801 W Bancroft St Toledo, OH 43606 Timing: Fiscal Year 2003; Project Start 01-MAY-2003; Project End 30-APR-2006 Summary: (provided by applicant): The dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) is part of the brainstem complex that serves as the first processing station for auditory input within the brain. Although its function is not completely understood, an integration of information from auditory and non-auditory sources within the DCN may play a role in extracting auditory information as it relates to the overall sensory environment. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanisms that underlie the complex responses of cartwheel cells (CWCs), a population of interneurons within the superficial DCN that respond to non-auditory stimuli and inhibit the auditory responses of pyramidal cells (PCs) that project to the inferior colliculus. Unlike many neurons, which respond to excitatory inputs with single or repetitive action potentials known as simple spikes, CWCs can respond to excitation with a rapid burst of action potentials known as complex spikes. CWCs are also capable of generating simple spikes and it is not clear what determines their response to excitatory stimuli. Because of their role in shaping information projected from the DCN to higher auditory centers within the brain, it is
64 Calcium
important to understand what conditions determine the responses of CWCs. The proposed experiments employ whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, fluorescence imaging of calcium influx, focal application of pharmacologic agents, and computational modeling to examine the contribution of voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels to the generation of complex spikes in CWCs in a brainstem slice preparation. The first aim of this application is to investigate the properties and distribution of calcium channels that underlie complex spikes, and to test the hypothesis that low-threshold, non-inactivating calcium channels in the soma and proximal dendrites are responsible for complex spike generation in CWCs. The second aim is to examine how potassium channels regulate complex spiking in CWCs and to test the hypothesis that calcium-activated potassium channels regulate CWC discharge patterns by attenuating the slow calcium-dependent depolarization underlying complex spikes. The focus of the third aim is to examine conditions that determine CWC discharge patterns and to investigate the hypothesis that simple spikes are preferentially evoked over complex spikes under conditions that elevate cytosolic free calcium levels. These experiments should provide valuable information about the generation of electrophysiologic responses in CWCs and provide greater understanding about the role of CWCs in modulating DCN output. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen •
Project Title: ELECTROSTATICS: PROTEIN CONFORMATION AND METAL BINDING Principal Investigator & Institution: Wilkins, Anna L.; Chemistry; Georgia State University University Plaza Atlanta, GA 30303 Timing: Fiscal Year 2002; Project Start 01-JAN-2003; Project End 31-MAR-2005 Summary: (provided by applicant): Since calcium is important in many biological functions and is related to many diseases and health related disorders, the effects of charge distribution, conformation, and metal selectivity to calcium-binding proteins are important for understanding calcium-induced conformational change and binding affinity. This will allow future design of calcium triggers to control protein function and contribute to the understanding of diseases and health related disorders involved in calcium-binding. To initially dissect the role of charge and ligand type to conformation and metal selectivity, calcium-binding proteins (using glutamate as the bidentate ligand) have been designed, expressed, and purified in the host protein, domain 1 of CD2 (CD2D1). These proteins have different net negative charges in the coordination sphere and different ligand types. Currently, conformational analysis and metal binding affinity and selectivity are being studied using far UV CD, Trp fluorescence, and FRET. Further analysis will be completed using NMR, ICP-MS, near UV CD and ITC. In addition, a new generation of calcium-binding proteins (using aspartate as the bidentate ligand) is being designed and engineered. Our desire for the new generation will be to understand charge induced conformational change and local charge effects to metal binding affinity and selectivity.This will allow us to test the key factors for calcium binding with sitespecific metal binding properties. The knowledge obtained will equip us with the ability to generate therapeutic agents for diseases and health disorders related to the improper use of calcium. The studies already completed are encouraging and exciting. They bring us closer to our hypothesis and to our long-term goals. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
Studies 65
•
Project Title: SIGNALING
ELEMENTARY
EVENTS
OF
INTRACELLULAR
CALCIUM
Principal Investigator & Institution: Parker, Ian; Neurobiology and Behavior; University of California Irvine Campus Dr Irvine, CA 92697 Timing: Fiscal Year 2001; Project Start 01-AUG-1992; Project End 31-JUL-2003 Summary: The liberation of calcium from in intracellular stores into the cytosol is used as a signaling mechanism by virtually all cell types to regulate functions as diverse as secretion, contraction, proliferation and cell death. Improved imaging technology has revealed that calcium liberation through pathways involving both inositol trisphosphate and ryanodine receptor/channels occurs discontinuously, as 'elementary' calcium release events. These transient, localized, subcellular free [Ca2+] elevations arise at clusters of channels that form discrete functional release sites within the endoplasmic reticulum. Individual sites can generate autonomous events involving single or multiple channels, and their activity may be coordinated by calcium diffusion and calciuminduced calcium release to propagate global cellular calcium waves. Elementary events thus form the basic building blocks underlying the complex spatiotemporal calcium signals that permit graded and selective regulation of cell functions. An understanding of their generation, interaction and functional consequences is, therefore, pivotal to understand the physiological and pathological functioning of the ubiquitous calcium messenger pathway. Our specific aims are to determine, (i) the mechanisms underlying the generation of elementary calcium events, (h) the coordination between events allowing the initiation and propagation of calcium waves, and (iii) the principles underlying specific activation of effector systems by local calcium microdomains. We will use Xenopus oocytes and cardiac myocytes as model systems to study signaling by inositol trisphosphate- and ryanodine-receptors, respectively. Furthermore, use of cultured cell lines will allow investigation of events generated by other receptor isoforms. Our experimental methodology involves 1- and 2-photon confocal microscopy with high (less than 0.5 mum and 1 ms) resolution to image subcellular calcium events in intact cells evoked by photorelease of inositol trisphosphate and Ca2+. These optical techniques provide a unique opportunity to visualize single channel activity in living cells, and our overall goal is to elucidate how individual calcium release channels contribute to cellular calcium responses. Website: http://crisp.cit.nih.gov/crisp/Crisp_Query.Generate_Screen
E-Journals: PubMed Central3 PubMed Central (PMC) is a digital archive of life sciences journal literature developed and managed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM).4 Access to this growing archive of e-journals is free and unrestricted.5 To search, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Pmc, and type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box. This search gives you access to full-
3 4
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/about/intro.html.
With PubMed Central, NCBI is taking the lead in preservation and maintenance of open access to electronic literature, just as NLM has done for decades with printed biomedical literature. PubMed Central aims to become a world-class library of the digital age. 5 The value of PubMed Central, in addition to its role as an archive, lies in the availability of data from diverse sources stored in a common format in a single repository. Many journals already have online publishing operations, and there is a growing tendency to publish material online only, to the exclusion of print.
66 Calcium
text articles. The following is a sample of items found for calcium in the PubMed Central database: •
(-)-Baclofen and [gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid Inhibit Calcium Currents in Isolated Retinal Ganglion Cells. by Bindokas VP, Ishida AT. 1991 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53010
•
[alpha]-Helix nucleation by a calcium-binding peptide loop. by Siedlecka M, Goch G, Ejchart A, Sticht H, Bierzynski A. 1999 Feb 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15323
•
A Biologic Function for an ``Orphan" Messenger: D-myo-Inositol 3,4,5,6Tetrakisphosphate Selectively Blocks Epithelial Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels. by Ismailov II, Fuller CM, Berdiev BK, Shlyonsky VG, Benos DJ, Barrett KE. 1996 Sep 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38415
•
A calcium influx is triggered and propagates in the zygote as a wavefront during in vitro fertilization of flowering plants. by Antoine AF, Faure JE, Cordeiro S, Dumas C, Rougier M, Feijo JA. 2000 Sep 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27078
•
A calcium responsive element that regulates expression of two calcium binding proteins in Purkinje cells. by Arnold DB, Heintz N. 1997 Aug 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23159
•
A Drosophila Photoreceptor Cell-Specific Protein, Calphotin, Binds Calcium and Contains a Leucine Zipper. by Ballinger DG, Xue N, Harshman KD. 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45909
•
A human intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium channel. by Ishii TM, Silvia C, Hirschberg B, Bond CT, Adelman JP, Maylie J. 1997 Oct 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23567
•
A mathematical model of the cytosolic-free calcium response in endothelial cells to fluid shear stress. by Wiesner TF, Berk BC, Nerem RM. 1997 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20508
•
A new prostaglandin E receptor mediates calcium influx and acrosome reaction in human spermatozoa. by Schaefer M, Hofmann T, Schultz G, Gudermann T. 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19685
•
A Simple Method to Prevent Calcium Embolization during Aortic Valve Surgery. by Neri E, Toscano T, Frati G, Capannini G, Bizzarri F, Sassi C. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=101213
•
Abnormal Calcium Homeostasis and Mitochondrial Polarization in Human Encephalomyopathy. by Moudy AM, Handran SD, Goldberg MP, Ruffin N, Karl I, Kranz-Eble P, DeVivo DC, Rothman SM. 1995 Jan 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42693
Studies 67
•
Abscisic Acid-Induced Actin Reorganization in Guard Cells of Dayflower Is Mediated by Cytosolic Calcium Levels and by Protein Kinase and Protein Phosphatase Activities. by Hwang JU, Lee Y. 2001 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=88867
•
Acetylcholine Induces Voltage-Independent Increase of Cytosolic Calcium in Mouse Myotubes. by Giovanelli A, Grassi F, Mattei E, Mileo AM, Eusebi F. 1991 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52869
•
Activating calcium release through inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors without inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate. by Bootman MD, Berridge MJ, Roderick HL. 2002 May 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124228
•
Adaptation of Inuit children to a low-calcium diet. by Sellers EA, Sharma A, Rodd C. 2003 Apr 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=153683
•
Alternative splicing, muscle calcium sensitivity, and the modulation of dragonfly flight performance. by Marden JH, Fitzhugh GH, Wolf MR, Arnold KD, Rowan B. 1999 Dec 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24815
•
Alzheimer Disease Amyloid [beta] Protein Forms Calcium Channels in Bilayer Membranes: Blockade by Tromethamine and Aluminum. by Arispe N, Rojas E, Pollard HB. 1993 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45704
•
An Arabidopsis Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase Is Associated with the Endoplasmic Reticulum. by Lu SX, Hrabak EM. 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152213
•
An endogenous calcium oscillator may control early embryonic division. by Swanson CA, Arkin AP, Ross J. 1997 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19767
•
An extracellular signaling component in propagation of astrocytic calcium waves. by Hassinger TD, Guthrie PB, Atkinson PB, Bennett MV, Kater SB. 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24082
•
Angiogenesis: Role of Calcium-Mediated Signal Transduction. by Kohn EC, Alessandro R, Spoonster J, Wersto RP, Liotta LA. 1995 Feb 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42508
•
Anthrax Edema Toxin Requires Influx of Calcium for Inducing Cyclic AMP Toxicity in Target Cells. by Kumar P, Ahuja N, Bhatnagar R. 2002 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128280
•
Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides to the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Inhibit cAMP-Activated but not Calcium-Activated Chloride Currents. by Wagner JA, McDonald TV, Nghiem PT, Lowe AW, Schulman H, Gruenert DC, Stryer L, Gardner P. 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49588
68 Calcium
•
Antisense oligonucleotides against rat brain [alpha]1E DNA and its atrial homologue decrease T-type calcium current in atrial myocytes. by Piedras-Renteria ES, Chen CC, Best PM. 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25141
•
Association of calcium channel [alpha]1S and [beta]1a subunits is required for the targeting of [beta]1a but not of [alpha]1S into skeletal muscle triads. by Neuhuber B, Gerster U, Doring F, Glossmann H, Tanabe T, Flucher BE. 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20205
•
Ataxia and altered dendritic calcium signaling in mice carrying a targeted null mutation of the calbindin D28k gene. by Airaksinen MS, Eilers J, Garaschuk O, Thoenen H, Konnerth A, Meyer M. 1997 Feb 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19818
•
Biochemical Requirements of Virus Wrapping by the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involvement of ATP and Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Store during Envelopment of African Swine Fever Virus. by Cobbold C, Brookes SM, Wileman T. 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111695
•
Brief Dendritic Calcium Signals Initiate Long-Lasting Synaptic Depression in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells. by Konnerth A, Dreessen J, Augustine GJ. 1992 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49643
•
By Releasing ADP, Acanthamoeba castellanii Causes an Increase in the Cytosolic Free Calcium Concentration and Apoptosis in Wish Cells. by Mattana A, Tozzi MG, Costa M, Delogu G, Fiori PL, Cappuccinelli P. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=98481
•
Ca2 + Content and Expression of an Acidocalcisomal Calcium Pump Are Elevated in Intracellular Forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. by Lu HG, Zhong L, de Souza W, Benchimol M, Moreno S, Docampo R. 1998 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=121484
•
Ca2 + marks: Miniature calcium signals in single mitochondria driven by ryanodine receptors. by Pacher P, Thomas AP, Hajnoczky G. 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122373
•
Calcimimetics with potent and selective activity on the parathyroid calcium receptor. by Nemeth EF, Steffey ME, Hammerland LG, Hung BC, Van Wagenen BC, DelMar EG, Balandrin MF. 1998 Mar 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19959
•
Calcineurin-Dependent Mitochondrial Disturbances in Calcium-Induced Apoptosis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp160-Expressing CD4 + Cells. by Sasaki M, Miyazaki K, Koga Y, Kimura G, Nomoto K, Yoshida H. 2002 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135701
Studies 69
•
Calcium and calmodulin are involved in blue light induction of the gsa gene for an early chlorophyll biosynthetic step in Chlamydomonas.. by Im CS, Matters GL, Beale SI. 1996 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161349
•
Calcium and S100B Regulation of p53-Dependent Cell Growth Arrest and Apoptosis. by Scotto C, Deloulme JC, Rousseau D, Chambaz E, Baudier J. 1998 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=109011
•
Calcium and the heart: a question of life and death. by Marks AR. 2003 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151912
•
Calcium at the Crossroads of Signaling. by Sanders D, Pelloux J, Brownlee C, Harper JF. 2002 0; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151269
•
Calcium block of Na + channels and its effect on closing rate. by Armstrong CM, Cota G. 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22436
•
Calcium dependence and binding in cultures of Histoplasma capsulatum.. by Batanghari JW, Goldman WE. 1997 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=175757
•
Calcium dynamics in single spines during coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity depend on relative timing of back-propagating action potentials and subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials. by Koester HJ, Sakmann B. 1998 Aug 4; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21384
•
Calcium electrogenesis in distal apical dendrites of layer 5 pyramidal cells at a critical frequency of back-propagating action potentials. by Larkum ME, Kaiser KM, Sakmann B. 1999 Dec 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24482
•
Calcium influx factor is synthesized by yeast and mammalian cells depleted of organellar calcium stores. by Csutora P, Su Z, Kim HY, Bugrim A, Cunningham KW, Nuccitelli R, Keizer JE, Hanley MR, Blalock JE, Marchase RB. 1999 Jan 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15103
•
Calcium influx is required for endocytotic membrane retrieval. by Vogel SS, Smith RM, Baibakov B, Ikebuchi Y, Lambert NA. 1999 Apr 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21809
•
Calcium Ion as a Cofactor in Na Channel Gating. by Armstrong CM, Cota G. 1991 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52119
•
Calcium isotope fractionation between soft and mineralized tissues as a monitor of calcium use in vertebrates. by Skulan J, DePaolo DJ. 1999 Nov 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24129
70 Calcium
•
Calcium Permeability of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Channel in Hippocampal Neurons in Culture. by Jahr CE, Stevens CF. 1993 Dec 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48026
•
Calcium regulation of a slow post-spike hyperpolarization in vagal afferent neurons. by Cordoba-Rodriguez R, Moore KA, Kao JP, Weinreich D. 1999 Jul 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33596
•
Calcium Regulation of GM-CSF by Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase Phosphorylation of Ets1. by Liu H, Grundstrom T. 2002 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=138649
•
Calcium regulation of neuronal gene expression. by West AE, Chen WG, Dalva MB, Dolmetsch RE, Kornhauser JM, Shaywitz AJ, Takasu MA, Tao X, Greenberg ME. 2001 Sep 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58677
•
Calcium signaling and acute pancreatitis: Specific response to a promiscuous messenger. by Parekh AB. 2000 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34065
•
Calcium Signaling in a Marrow Somatic Submembrane Shell During Synaptic Activity in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons. by Eilers J, Callewaert G, Armstrong C, Konnerth A. 1995 Oct 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40778
•
Calcium signaling induces acquisition of dendritic cell characteristics in chronic myelogenous leukemia myeloid progenitor cells. by Engels FH, Koski GK, Bedrosian I, Xu S, Luger S, Nowell PC, Cohen PA, Czerniecki BJ. 1999 Aug 31; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17888
•
Calcium Transients in Dendrites of Neocortical Neurons Evoked by Single Subthreshold Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials via Low-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channels. by Markram H, Sakmann B. 1994 May 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43961
•
Calcium triggers an intramolecular association of the C2 domains in synaptotagmin. by Garcia RA, Forde CE, Godwin HA. 2000 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18528
•
Calcium-Dependent Assembly of Centrin-G-Protein Complex in Photoreceptor Cells. by Pulvermuller A, Giessl A, Heck M, Wottrich R, Schmitt A, Ernst OP, Choe HW, Peter Hofmann K, Wolfrum U. 2002 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=133667
•
Calcium-dependent Clustering of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors. by Wilson BS, Pfeiffer JR, Smith AJ, Oliver JM, Oberdorf JA, Wojcikiewicz RJ. 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25370
II
Studies 71
•
Calcium-Dependent Glutamate Release During Neuronal Development and Synaptogenesis: Different Involvement of [omicron]-Agatoxin IVA- and [omicron]Conotoxin GVIA-Sensitive Channels. by Verderio C, Coco S, Fumagalli G, Matteoli M. 1995 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41535
•
Calcium-dependent switching of the specificity of phosphoinositide binding to synaptotagmin. by Schiavo G, Gu QM, Prestwich GD, Sollner TH, Rothman JE. 1996 Nov 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24092
•
Calcium-independent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by ceramide. by Igarashi J, Thatte HS, Prabhakar P, Golan DE, Michel T. 1999 Oct 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22998
•
Calcium-Mediated Signaling during Sandalwood Somatic Embryogenesis. Role for Exogenous Calcium as Second Messenger. by Anil VS, Rao KS. 2000 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59089
•
Calcium-Regulated Proteolysis of eEF1A. by Ransom-Hodgkins WD, Brglez I, Wang X, Boss WF. 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58932
•
Calcium-triggered acrosomal exocytosis in human spermatozoa requires the coordinated activation of Rab3A and N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor. by Michaut M, Tomes CN, De Blas G, Yunes R, Mayorga LS. 2000 Aug 29; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27650
•
Calexcitin: A signaling protein that binds calcium and GTP, inhibits potassium channels, and enhances membrane excitability. by Nelson TJ, Cavallaro S, Yi CL, McPhie D, Schreurs BG, Gusev PA, Favit A, Zohar O, Kim J, Beushausen S, Ascoli G, Olds J, Neve R, Alkon DL. 1996 Nov 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19433
•
Calmodulin Activation of an Endoplasmic Reticulum-Located Calcium Pump Involves an Interaction with the N-Terminal Autoinhibitory Domain. by Hwang I, Harper JF, Liang F, Sze H. 2000 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58854
•
Calmodulins and Calcineurin B --like Proteins Calcium Sensors for Specific Signal Response Coupling in Plants. by Luan S, Kudla J, Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Yalovsky S, Gruissem W. 2002 0; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=151268
•
Calpain-dependent cleavage of cain /cabin1 activates calcineurin to mediate calciumtriggered cell death. by Kim MJ, Jo DG, Hong GS, Kim BJ, Lai M, Cho DH, Kim KW, Bandyopadhyay A, Hong YM, Kim DH, Cho C, Liu JO, Snyder SH, Jung YK. 2002 Jul 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=125047
•
Calphotin: A Drosophila Photoreceptor Cell Calcium-Binding Protein. by Martin JH, Benzer S, Rudnicka M, Miller CA. 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45908
72 Calcium
•
Calreticulin Couples Calcium Release and Calcium Influx in Integrin-mediated Calcium Signaling. by Kwon MS, Park CS, Choi KR, Park CS, Ahnn J, Kim JI, Eom SH, Kaufman SJ, Song WK. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14857
•
Calreticulin, a Calcium-binding Molecular Chaperone, Is Required for Stress Response and Fertility in Caenorhabditis elegans. by Park BJ, Lee DG, Yu JR, Jung SK, Choi K, Lee J, Lee J, Kim YS, Lee JI, Kwon JY, Lee J, Singson A, Song WK, Eom SH, Park CS, Kim DH, Bandyopadhyay J, Ahnn J. 2001 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59717
•
Calsequestrinlike Calcium-Binding Protein is Expressed in Calcium-Accumulating Cells of Pistia stratiotes. by Franceschi VR, Li X, Zhang D, Okita TW. 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47060
•
Characterization of a Membrane Calcium Pathway Induced by Rotavirus Infection in Cultured Cells. by Perez JF, Ruiz MC, Chemello ME, Michelangeli F. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=104495
•
Characterization of Calcium-Binding Sites in the Kidney Stone Inhibitor Glycoprotein Nephrocalcin with Vanadyl Ions: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Electron Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy. by Mustafi D, Nakagawa Y. 1994 Nov 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45223
•
Characterization of the Golgi Complex Cleared of Proteins in Transit and Examination of Calcium Uptake Activities. by Taylor RS, Jones SM, Dahl RH, Nordeen MH, Howell KE. 1997 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25639
•
Chimeric Plant Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Gene with a Neural Visinin-Like Calcium-Binding Domain. by Patil S, Takezawa D, Poovaiah BW. 1995 May 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41814
•
Cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein AI involves endocytosis and resecretion in a calcium-dependent pathway. by Takahashi Y, Smith JD. 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18038
•
Chronic lithium treatment robustly protects neurons in the central nervous system against excitotoxicity by inhibiting N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated calcium influx. by Nonaka S, Hough CJ, Chuang DM. 1998 Mar 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19446
•
Cold calcium signaling in Arabidopsis involves two cellular pools and a change in calcium signature after acclimation.. by Knight H, Trewavas AJ, Knight MR. 1996 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161115
•
Cold-shock regulation of the Arabidopsis TCH genes and the effects of modulating intracellular calcium levels.. by Polisensky DH, Braam J. 1996 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161008
Studies 73
•
Compromised mitochondrial function leads to increased cytosolic calcium and to activation of MAP kinases. by Luo Y, Bond JD, Ingram VM. 1997 Sep 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23254
•
Connexins regulate calcium signaling by controlling ATP release. by Cotrina ML, Lin JH, Alves-Rodrigues A, Liu S, Li J, Azmi-Ghadimi H, Kang J, Naus CC, Nedergaard M. 1998 Dec 22; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=28113
•
Convergence of the abscisic acid, CO2, and extracellular calcium signal transduction pathways in stomatal guard cells.. by Webb AA, Hetherington AM. 1997 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=158450
•
Convergent and Parallel Activation of Low-Conductance Potassium Channels by Calcium and cAMP-Dependent Protein Kinase. by Lidofsky SD. 1995 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41482
•
Correlation between the Effects of Bombesin Antagonists on Cell Proliferation and Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Swiss 3T3 and HT-29 Cell Lines. by Casanueva FF, Perez FR, Casabiell X, Camina JP, Cai R, Schally AV. 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39951
•
Cytokinin Stimulates Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Uptake in Moss Protoplasts. by Schumaker KS, Gizinski MJ. 1993 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47896
•
Dark-Stimulated Calcium Ion Fluxes in the Chloroplast Stroma and Cytosol. by Sai J, Johnson CH. 2002 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150780
•
Deciphering the plasma membrane hallmarks of apoptotic cells: Phosphatidylserine transverse redistribution and calcium entry. by Martinez MC, Freyssinet JM. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59679
•
Decreased intracellular calcium mediates the histamine H3-receptor-induced attenuation of norepinephrine exocytosis from cardiac sympathetic nerve endings. by Silver RB, Poonwasi KS, Seyedi N, Wilson SJ, Lovenberg TW, Levi R. 2002 Jan 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117589
•
Delayed Activation of the Store-operated Calcium Current Induced by Calreticulin Overexpression in RBL-1 Cells. by Fasolato C, Pizzo P, Pozzan T. 1998 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25376
•
Dendritic calcium conductances generate high-frequency oscillation thalamocortical neurons. by Pedroarena C, Llinas R. 1997 Jan 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19581
•
Depletion-Activated Calcium Current is Inhibited by Protein Kinase in RBL-2H3 Cells. by Parekh AB, Penner R. 1995 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=41255
in
74 Calcium
•
Determinants of the G Protein-Dependent Opioid Modulation of Neuronal Calcium Channels. by Bourinet E, Soong TW, Stea A, Snutch TP. 1996 Feb 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39966
•
Different mechanisms for suppression of apoptosis by cytokines and calcium mobilizing compounds. by Lotem J, Sachs L. 1998 Apr 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22536
•
Direct Modulation of Calmodulin Targets by the Neuronal Calcium Sensor NCS-1. by Schaad NC, Castro ED, Nef S, Hegi S, Hinrichsen R, Martone ME, Ellisman MH, Sikkink R, Rusnak F, Sygush J, Nef P. 1996 Aug 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38628
•
Dissection of nodulation signaling using pea mutants defective for calcium spiking induced by Nod factors and chitin oligomers. by Walker SA, Viprey V, Downie JA. 2000 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27238
•
Distinct Calcium Signaling Pathways Regulate Calmodulin Gene Expression in Tobacco. by van der Luit AH, Olivari C, Haley A, Knight MR, Trewavas AJ. 1999 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59432
•
Distinguishing surface effects of calcium ion from pore-occupancy effects in Na + channels. by Armstrong CM. 1999 Mar 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22437
•
Duodenal calcium absorption in vitamin D receptor --knockout mice: Functional and molecular aspects. by Van Cromphaut SJ, Dewerchin M, Hoenderop JG, Stockmans I, Van Herck E, Kato S, Bindels RJ, Collen D, Carmeliet P, Bouillon R, Carmeliet G. 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60869
•
Dynamics of dendritic calcium transients evoked by quantal release at excitatory hippocampal synapses. by Murthy VN, Sejnowski TJ, Stevens CF. 2000 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15428
•
Effect of Calcium in Assay Medium on D Value of Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953 Spores. by Sasaki K, Shintani H, Itoh J, Kamogawa T, Kajihara Y. 2000 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92493
•
Effects of Calcium and Calcium Chelators on Growth and Morphology of Escherichia coli L-Form NC-7. by Onoda T, Enokizono J, Kaya H, Oshima A, Freestone P, Norris V. 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=94432
•
Elemental propagation of calcium signals in response-specific patterns determined by environmental stimulus strength. by Goddard H, Manison NF, Tomos D, Brownlee C. 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26539
•
Elevation of cytosolic calcium precedes anoxic gene expression in maize suspensioncultured cells.. by Subbaiah CC, Bush DS, Sachs MM. 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160559
Studies 75
•
Elevation of Intracellular Calcium by Muscarinic Receptor Activation Induces a Block of Voltage-Activated Rat ether-a-go-go Channels in a Stably Transfected Cell Line. by Stansfeld CE, Roper J, Ludwig J, Weseloh RM, Marsh SJ, Brown DA, Pongs O. 1996 Sep 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38528
•
Endogenous activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors in neocortical development causes neuronal calcium oscillations. by Flint AC, Dammerman RS, Kriegstein AR. 1999 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18426
•
Energized mitochondria increase the dynamic range over which inositol 1,4,5trisphosphate activates store-operated calcium influx. by Gilabert JA, Bakowski D, Parekh AB. 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=125482
•
Estradiol induces the calcium-dependent translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. by Goetz RM, Thatte HS, Prabhakar P, Cho MR, Michel T, Golan DE. 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15847
•
Estrogen-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase requires mobilization of intracellular calcium. by Improta-Brears T, Whorton AR, Codazzi F, York JD, Meyer T, McDonnell DP. 1999 Apr 13; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16393
•
Experimental support for a [beta]-propeller domain in integrin [alpha]-subunits and a calcium binding site on its lower surface. by Oxvig C, Springer TA. 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20180
•
Exposure of N-Formyl-l-Methionyl-l-Leucyl-l-Phenylalanine-Activated Human Neutrophils to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Derived Pigment 1-Hydroxyphenazine Is Associated with Impaired Calcium Efflux and Potentiation of Primary Granule Enzyme Release. by Ramafi G, Anderson R, Theron A, Feldman C, Taylor GW, Wilson R, Cole PJ. 1999 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96865
•
Expression of Arabidopsis CAX1 in tobacco: altered calcium homeostasis and increased stress sensitivity.. by Hirschi KD. 1999 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=144126
•
Expression of Tissue Factor Procoagulant Activity: Regulation by Cytosolic Calcium. by Bach R, Rifkin DB. 1990 Sep 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54669
•
Extracellular Calcium Regulates HeLa Cell Morphology during Adhesion to Gelatin: Role of Translocation and Phosphorylation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2. by Crawford JR, Jacobson BS. 1998 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25651
76 Calcium
•
Fire --diffuse --fire model of dynamics of intracellular calcium waves. by Dawson SP, Keizer J, Pearson JE. 1999 May 25; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26835
•
Functional disorders of the sympathetic nervous system in mice lacking the [alpha]1B subunit (Cav 2.2) of N-type calcium channels. by Ino M, Yoshinaga T, Wakamori M, Miyamoto N, Takahashi E, Sonoda J, Kagaya T, Oki T, Nagasu T, Nishizawa Y, Tanaka I, Imoto K, Aizawa S, Koch S, Schwartz A, Niidome T, Sawada K, Mori Y. 2001 Apr 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33208
•
Genetic analysis of calcium spiking responses in nodulation mutants of Medicago truncatula. by Wais RJ, Galera C, Oldroyd G, Catoira R, Penmetsa RV, Cook D, Gough C, Denarie J, Long SR. 2000 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27237
•
GTP-binding protein [beta][gamma] subunits mediate presynaptic calcium current inhibition by GABAB receptor. by Kajikawa Y, Saitoh N, Takahashi T. 2001 Jul 3; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35466
•
Guanosine 5[prime prime or minute]-[[beta]-Thio]Triphosphate Selectively Activates Calcium Signaling in Mast Cells. by Muhlen FV, Eckstein F, Penner R. 1991 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=50927
•
Guard Cells Possess a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase That Phosphorylates the KAT1 Potassium Channel. by Li J, Julie Lee YR, Assmann SM. 1998 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=35138
•
Heat transduction in rat sensory neurons by calcium-dependent activation of a cation channel. by Reichling DB, Levine JD. 1997 Jun 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=21275
•
hSK4, a member of a novel subfamily of calcium-activated potassium channels. by Joiner WJ, Wang LY, Tang MD, Kaczmarek LK. 1997 Sep 30; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=23566
•
Human autoantibodies specific for the [alpha]1A calcium channel subunit reduce both P-type and Q-type calcium currents in cerebellar neurons. by Pinto A, Gillard S, Moss F, Whyte K, Brust P, Williams M, Stauderman K, Harpold M, Lang B, NewsomDavis J, Bleakman D, Lodge D, Boot J. 1998 Jul 7; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20975
•
Human hepatitis C virus NS5A protein alters intracellular calcium levels, induces oxidative stress, and activates STAT-3 and NF-[kappa]B. by Gong G, Waris G, Tanveer R, Siddiqui A. 2001 Aug 14; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=55498
•
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 p12I Expression Increases Cytoplasmic Calcium To Enhance the Activation of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells. by Ding W, Albrecht B, Kelley RE, Muthusamy N, Kim SJ, Altschuld RA, Lairmore MD. 2002 Oct; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136546
•
Hydrogen peroxide homeostasis: Activation of plant catalase by calcium /calmodulin. by Yang T, Poovaiah BW. 2002 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122654
Studies 77
•
Hyperpolarization-activated calcium channels at the tip of Arabidopsis root hairs. by Very AA, Davies JM. 2000 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16945
•
Hypersensitivity of Abscisic Acid --Induced Cytosolic Calcium Increases in the Arabidopsis Farnesyltransferase Mutant era1-2. by Allen GJ, Murata Y, Chu SP, Nafisi M, Schroeder JI. 2002 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150713
•
IL-1[beta] differentially regulates calcium wave propagation between primary human fetal astrocytes via pathways involving P2 receptors and gap junction channels. by John GR, Scemes E, Suadicani SO, Liu JS, Charles PC, Lee SC, Spray DC, Brosnan CF. 1999 Sep 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18082
•
In Vitro Analysis of Roles of a Disulfide Bridge and a Calcium Binding Site in Activation of Pseudomonas sp. Strain KWI-56 Lipase. by Yang J, Kobayashi K, Iwasaki Y, Nakano H, Yamane T. 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=94276
•
Inactivation of calcium-activated chloride channels in smooth muscle by calcium /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. by Wang YX, Kotlikoff MI. 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25138
•
Increased Levels of Intracellular Calcium Are Not Required for the Formation of Attaching and Effacing Lesions by Enteropathogenic and Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. by Bain C, Keller R, Collington GK, Trabulsi LR, Knutton S. 1998 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108447
•
Induction of Calcium-Dependent Nitric Oxide Synthases by Sex Hormones. by Weiner CP, Lizasoain I, Baylis SA, Knowles RG, Charles IG, Moncada S. 1994 May 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43962
•
Inhibition of Calcium Influx and Calcium Current by [gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid in Single Synaptic Terminals. by Heidelberger R, Matthews G. 1991 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52248
•
Inhibition of RhoA Translocation and Calcium Sensitization by In Vivo ADPRibosylation with the Chimeric Toxin DC3B. by Fujihara H, Walker LA, Gong MC, Lemichez E, Boquet P, Somlyo AV, Somlyo AP. 1997 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25718
•
Inhibition of the Gravitropic Response of Snapdragon Spikes by the CalciumChannel Blocker Lanthanum Chloride. by Friedman H, Meir S, Rosenberger I, Halevy AH, Kaufman PB, Philosoph-Hadas S. 1998 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=34823
•
Integration of Calcium and Cyclic AMP Signaling Pathways by 14-3-3. by Chow CW, Davis RJ. 2000 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=85175
78 Calcium
•
Integration of Cytoplasmic Calcium and Membrane Potential Oscillations Maintains Calcium Signaling in Pituitary Gonadotrophs. by Stojilkovic SS, Kukuljan M, Iida T, Rojas E, Catt KJ. 1992 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49017
•
Intercellular Calcium Waves in HeLa Cells Expressing GFP-labeled Connexin 43, 32, or 26. by Paemeleire K, Martin PE, Coleman SL, Fogarty KE, Carrington WA, Leybaert L, Tuft RA, Evans WH, Sanderson MJ. 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14886
•
Intra- and Extracellular Calcium Modulates Sterocilia Stiffness on Chick Cochlear Hair Cells. by Pae SS, Saunders JC. 1994 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43112
•
Involvement of Calcium/Calmodulin Signaling in Cercosporin Toxin Biosynthesis by Cercospora nicotianae. by Chung KR. 2003 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=143606
•
Involvement of plasma membrane redox activity and calcium homeostasis in the UVB and UV-A/blue light induction of gene expression in Arabidopsis.. by Long JC, Jenkins GI. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=143967
•
Isolation of Medicago truncatula Mutants Defective in Calcium Oxalate Crystal Formation. by Nakata PA, McConn MM. 2000 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59209
•
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Mitochondrial K7 Protein Targets a Cellular Calcium-Modulating Cyclophilin Ligand To Modulate Intracellular Calcium Concentration and Inhibit Apoptosis. by Feng P, Park J, Lee BS, Lee SH, Bram RJ, Jung JU. 2002 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=136794
•
LeCPK1, a Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase from Tomato. Plasma Membrane Targeting and Biochemical Characterization. by Rutschmann F, Stalder U, Piotrowski M, Oecking C, Schaller A. 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155880
•
Localized Calcium Signals along the Cleavage Furrow of the Xenopus Egg Are Not Involved in Cytokinesis. by Noguchi T, Mabuchi I. 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=102267
•
Loperamide: A positive modulator for store-operated calcium channels? by Harper JL, Shin Y, Daly JW. 1997 Dec 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25137
•
Low-Calcium-Induced Enhancement of Chemical Synaptic Transmission from Photoreceptors to Horizontal Cells in the Vertebrate Retina. by Piccolino M, Byzov AL, Kurennyi DE, Pignatelli A, Sappia F, Wilkinson M, Barnes S. 1996 Mar 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39790
Studies 79
•
Low-temperature signal transduction: induction of cold acclimation-specific genes of alfalfa by calcium at 25 degrees C.. by Monroy AF, Dhindsa RS. 1995 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160785
•
Mechanically Stimulated TCH3 Gene Expression in Arabidopsis Involves Protein Phosphorylation and EIN6 Downstream of Calcium. by Wright AJ, Knight H, Knight MR. 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154267
•
Mimicry of the Calcium-Induced Conformational State of Troponin C by Low Temperature under Pressure. by Foguel D, Suarez MC, Barbosa C, Rodrigues JJ, Sorenson MM, Smillie LB, Silva JL. 1996 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=38207
•
Mobilization of Dantrolene-Sensitive Intracellular Calcium Pools is Involved in the Cytotoxicity Induced by Quisqualate and N-Methyl-D- Aspartate but not by 2Amino-3-(3-Hydroxy-5-Methylisoxazol-4-yl)Propionate and Kainate in Cultured Cerebral Cortical Neurons. by Frandsen A, Schousboe A. 1992 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48707
•
Modulation of Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Channels in Heart Cells by Fish Oil Fatty Acids. by Hallaq H, Smith TW, Leaf A. 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48532
•
Modulation of intracellular calcium and proliferative activity of invertebrate and vertebrate cells by ethylene. by Perovic S, Seack J, Gamulin V, Muller WE, Schroder HC. 2001; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=32299
•
Modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration in photoreceptor terminals by a presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor. by Koulen P, Kuhn R, Wassle H, Brandstatter JH. 1999 Aug 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22309
•
Motility initiation in herring sperm is regulated by reverse sodium-calcium exchange. by Vines CA, Yoshida K, Griffin FJ, Pillai MC, Morisawa M, Yanagimachi R, Cherr GN. 2002 Feb 19; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122313
•
Multiple Calcium Channel Transcripts in Rat Osteosarcoma Cells: Selective Activation of [alpha]1D Isoform by Parathyroid Hormone. by Barry EL, Gesek FA, Froehner SC, Friedman PA. 1995 Nov 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40541
•
Mutations at Two Distinct Sites Within the Channel Domain M2 Alter Calcium Permeability of Neuronal [alpha]7 Nicotinic Receptor. by Bertrand D, Galzi JL, Devillers-Thiery A, Bertrand S, Changeux JP. 1993 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=47057
80 Calcium
•
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Increases Intracellular Calcium Release in Porcine Ciliated Tracheal Cells. by Park SC, Yibchok-Anun S, Cheng H, Young TF, Thacker EL, Minion FC, Ross RF, Hsu WH. 2002 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127901
•
Neuropeptide Stimulation of Calcium Flux in Human Lung Cancer Cells: Delineation of Alternative Pathways. by Bunn PA Jr, Dienhart DG, Chan D, Puck TT, Tagawa M, Jewett PB, Braunschweiger E. 1990 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53646
•
Nicotinic cholinergic signaling in hippocampal astrocytes involves calcium-induced calcium release from intracellular stores. by Sharma G, Vijayaraghavan S. 2001 Mar 27; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=31194
•
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor-Induced Proteolytic Conversion of Postsynaptic Class C L-Type Calcium Channels in Hippocampal Neurons. by Hell JW, Westenbroek RE, Breeze LJ, Wang KK, Chavkin C, Catterall WA. 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39613
•
Nod Factors and Chitooligomers Elicit an Increase in Cytosolic Calcium in AequorinExpressing Soybean Cells. by Muller J, Staehelin C, Xie ZP, Neuhaus-Url G, Boller T. 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59178
•
Nuclear and cytoplasmic free calcium level changes induced by elastin peptides in human endothelial cells. by Faury G, Usson Y, Robert-Nicoud M, Robert L, Verdetti J. 1998 Mar 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=19678
•
On the molecular basis and regulation of cellular capacitative calcium entry: Roles for Trp proteins. by Birnbaumer L, Zhu X, Jiang M, Boulay G, Peyton M, Vannier B, Brown D, Platano D, Sadeghi H, Stefani E, Birnbaumer M. 1996 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26380
•
Opioid Enhancement of Evoked [Met5]Enkephalin Release Requires Activation of Cholinergic Receptors: Possible Involvement of Intracellular Calcium. by Xu H, Gintzler AR. 1992 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48577
•
Optical probing of neuronal circuits with calcium indicators. by Peterlin ZA, Kozloski J, Mao BQ, Tsiola A, Yuste R. 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16289
•
Optical recording of light-evoked calcium signals in the functionally intact retina. by Denk W, Detwiler PB. 1999 Jun 8; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=22046
•
Orientia tsutsugamushi Inhibits Apoptosis of Macrophages by Retarding Intracellular Calcium Release. by Kim MK, Seong SY, Seoh JY, Han TH, Song HJ, Lee JE, Shin JH, Lim BU, Kang JS. 2002 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=128204
Studies 81
•
Ouabain, a steroid hormone that signals with slow calcium oscillations. by Aizman O, Uhlen P, Lal M, Brismar H, Aperia A. 2001 Nov 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=60886
•
Oxygen-Sensitive Calcium Channels in Vascular Smooth Muscle and Their Possible Role in Hypoxic Arterial Relaxation. by Franco-Obregon A, Urena J, Lopez-Barneo J. 1995 May 9; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=42015
•
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) regulates fetal --placental calcium transport through a receptor distinct from the PTH /PTHrP receptor. by Kovacs CS, Lanske B, Hunzelman JL, Guo J, Karaplis AC, Kronenberg HM. 1996 Dec 24; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26386
•
Pasteurella haemolytica A1-Derived Leukotoxin and Endotoxin Induce Intracellular Calcium Elevation in Bovine Alveolar Macrophages by Different Signaling Pathways. by Hsuan SL, Kannan MS, Jeyaseelan S, Prakash YS, Sieck GC, Maheswaran SK. 1998 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=108279
•
Perinuclear, perigranular and sub-plasmalemmal mitochondria have distinct functions in the regulation of cellular calcium transport. by Park MK, Ashby MC, Erdemli G, Petersen OH, Tepikin AV. 2001 Apr 17; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=125431
•
Pharmacological Analysis of Nod Factor-Induced Calcium Spiking in Medicago truncatula. Evidence for the Requirement of Type IIA Calcium Pumps and Phosphoinositide Signaling. by Engstrom EM, Ehrhardt DW, Mitra RM, Long SR. 2002 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=154266
•
Phosphorylation of a twitchin-related protein controls catch and calcium sensitivity of force production in invertebrate smooth muscle. by Siegman MJ, Funabara D, Kinoshita S, Watabe S, Hartshorne DJ, Butler TM. 1998 Apr 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20270
•
Physiological astrocytic calcium levels stimulate glutamate release to modulate adjacent neurons. by Parpura V, Haydon PG. 2000 Jul 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26999
•
Pollen tube growth is coupled to the extracellular calcium ion flux and the intracellular calcium gradient: effect of BAPTA-type buffers and hypertonic media.. by Pierson ES, Miller DD, Callaham DA, Shipley AM, Rivers BA, Cresti M, Hepler PK. 1994 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=160564
•
Potassium-Efflux Channels in Extensor and Flexor Cells of the Motor Organ of Samanea saman Are Not Identical. Effects of Cytosolic Calcium. by Moshelion M, Moran N. 2000 Oct 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59194
82 Calcium
•
Protection against Heat Stress-Induced Oxidative Damage in Arabidopsis Involves Calcium, Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Salicylic Acid. by Larkindale J, Knight MR. 2002 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=148929
•
Proteins on Exocytic Vesicles Mediate Calcium-Triggered Fusion. by Vogel SS, Zimmerberg J. 1992 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49161
•
P-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channel Mediates Presynaptic Calcium Influx and Transmitter Release in Mammalian Synapses. by Uchitel OD, Protti DA, Sanchez V, Cherksey BD, Sugimori M, Llinas R. 1992 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48860
•
Purification and Characterization of a Psychrophilic, Calcium-Induced, GrowthPhase-Dependent Metalloprotease from the Fish Pathogen Flavobacterium psychrophilum. by Secades P, Alvarez B, Guijarro JA. 2001 Jun; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=92892
•
RANK is the intrinsic hematopoietic cell surface receptor that controls osteoclastogenesis and regulation of bone mass and calcium metabolism. by Li J, Sarosi I, Yan XQ, Morony S, Capparelli C, Tan HL, McCabe S, Elliott R, Scully S, Van G, Kaufman S, Juan SC, Sun Y, Tarpley J, Martin L, Christensen K, McCabe J, Kostenuik P, Hsu H, Fletcher F, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Boyle WJ. 2000 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=26475
•
Rapid Accumulation of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate and Inositol 1,4,5Trisphosphate Correlates with Calcium Mobilization in Salt-Stressed Arabidopsis. by DeWald DB, Torabinejad J, Jones CA, Shope JC, Cangelosi AR, Thompson JE, Prestwich GD, Hama H. 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=111166
•
Rapid Activation of Protein Tyrosine Kinase and Phospholipase C-[gamma]2 and Increase in Cytosolic Free Calcium Are Required by Ehrlichia chaffeensis for Internalization and Growth in THP-1 Cells. by Lin M, Zhu MX, Rikihisa Y. 2002 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=127685
•
Rapid Low Temperature-Induced Stomatal Closure Occurs in Cold-Tolerant Commelina communis Leaves But Not in Cold-Sensitive Tobacco Leaves, via a Mechanism That Involves Apoplastic Calcium But Not Abscisic Acid. by Wilkinson S, Clephan AL, Davies WJ. 2001 Aug 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=117156
•
Ras-Specific Exchange Factor GRF: Oligomerization through Its Dbl Homology Domain and Calcium-Dependent Activation of Raf. by Anborgh PH, Qian X, Papageorge AG, Vass WC, DeClue JE, Lowy DR. 1999 Jul; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=84259
•
Real-Time Imaging of Calcium Influx in Mammalian Cerebellar Purkinje Cells In vitro. by Sugimori M, Llinas RR. 1990 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54266
Studies 83
•
Receptor-Mediated Increase in Cytoplasmic Free Calcium Required for Activation of Pathogen Defense in Parsley. by Blume B, Nurnberger T, Nass N, Scheel D. 2000 Aug; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149113
•
Regional Differences in Calcium-Release Channels from Heart. by Borgatta L, Watras J, Katz AM, Ehrlich BE. 1991 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=51257
•
Regulated Expression of the Calmodulin-Related TCH Genes in Cultured Arabidopsis Cells: Induction by Calcium and Heat Shock. by Braam J. 1992 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48836
•
Regulation of Flagellar Dynein by Calcium and a Role for an Axonemal Calmodulin and Calmodulin-dependent Kinase. by Smith EF. 2002 Sep 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=124160
•
Regulation of oxidative stress-induced calcium release by phosphatidylinositol 3kinase and Bruton's tyrosine kinase in B cells. by Qin S, Stadtman ER, Chock PB. 2000 Jun 20; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16509
•
Regulation of the gravitropic response and ethylene biosynthesis in gravistimulated snapdragon spikes by calcium chelators and ethylene inhibitors.. by Philosoph-Hadas S, Meir S, Rosenberger I, Halevy AH. 1996 Jan; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=157721
•
Regulatory Role of the N Terminus of the Vacuolar Calcium-ATPase in Cauliflower. by Malmstrom S, Akerlund HE, Askerlund P. 2000 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58888
•
Release of calcium from stores alters the morphology of dendritic spines in cultured hippocampal neurons. by Korkotian E, Segal M. 1999 Oct 12; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=18413
•
Reorientation of Seedlings in the Earth's Gravitational Field Induces Cytosolic Calcium Transients. by Plieth C, Trewavas AJ. 2002 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=161701
•
Reversible Block of the Calcium Release Channel/Ryanodine Receptor by Protamine, a Heparin Antidote. by Koulen P, Ehrlich BE. 2000 Jul 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=14914
•
Reversible Calcium-Regulated Stopcocks in Legume Sieve Tubes. by Knoblauch M, Peters WS, Ehlers K, van Bel AJ. 2001 May; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=135563
•
Role of Calcium in Activity and Stability of the Lactococcus lactis Cell Envelope Proteinase. by Exterkate FA, Alting AC. 1999 Apr; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=91197
84 Calcium
•
Role of Calcium in Protein Folding and Function of Tva, the Receptor of Subgroup A Avian Sarcoma and Leukosis Virus. by Wang QY, Dolmer K, Huang W, Gettins PG, Rong L. 2001 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=114789
•
Role of cGMP and cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase in Nitrovasodilator Inhibition of Agonist-Evoked Calcium Elevation in Human Platelets. by Geiger J, Nolte C, Butt E, Sage SO, Walter U. 1992 Feb 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=48379
•
Roles of Disulfide Linkage and Calcium Ion-Mediated Interactions in Assembly and Disassembly of Virus-Like Particles Composed of Simian Virus 40 VP1 Capsid Protein. by Ishizu KI, Watanabe H, Han SI, Kanesashi SN, Hoque M, Yajima H, Kataoka K, Handa H. 2001 Jan 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=113898
•
Rotavirus Infection Induces an Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Role in Microvillar Actin Alteration. by Brunet JP, Cotte-Laffitte J, Linxe C, Quero AM, Geniteau-Legendre M, Servin A. 2000 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=111714
•
Rotavirus Infection Induces Cytoskeleton Disorganization in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Implication of an Increase in Intracellular Calcium Concentration. by Brunet JP, Jourdan N, Cotte-Laffitte J, Linxe C, Geniteau-Legendre M, Servin A, Quero AM. 2000 Nov 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=110956
•
Serum Calcium and Vitamin D Regulate 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor Concentration in Rat Kidney in vivo. by Sandgren ME, DeLuca HF. 1990 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54099
•
SNARE proteins contribute to calcium cooperativity of synaptic transmission. by Stewart BA, Mohtashami M, Trimble WS, Boulianne GL. 2000 Dec 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=17682
•
SOS3 Function in Plant Salt Tolerance Requires N-Myristoylation and Calcium Binding. by Ishitani M, Liu J, Halfter U, Kim CS, Shi W, Zhu JK. 2000 Sep; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=149077
•
Spatio-Temporal Accumulation and Activity of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases during Embryogenesis, Seed Development, and Germination in Sandalwood. by Anil VS, Harmon AC, Rao KS. 2000 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58938
•
Specific Reduction of Calcium-Binding Protein (28-Kilodalton Calbidin-D) Gene Expression in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. by Iacopino AM, Christakos S. 1990 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=54050
Studies 85
•
Stereospecific Inositol 1,4,5-[32P]Trisphosphate Binding to Isolated Rat Liver Nuclei: Evidence for Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor-Mediated Calcium Release from the Nucleus. by Malviya AN, Rogue P, Vincendon G. 1990 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=55146
•
Stimulation of Adenosine A1 Receptors and Bradykinin Receptors, which act via Different G Proteins, Synergistically Raises Inositol 1,4,5 Trisphosphate and Intracellular Free Calcium in DDT1 MF-2 Smooth Muscle Cells. by Gerwins P, Fredholm BB. 1992 Aug 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49703
•
Stimulation of CD95 (Fas) blocks T lymphocyte calcium channels through sphingomyelinase and sphingolipids. by Lepple-Wienhues A, Belka C, Laun T, Jekle A, Walter B, Wieland U, Welz M, Heil L, Kun J, Busch G, Weller M, Bamberg M, Gulbins E, Lang F. 1999 Nov 23; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=24144
•
Stimulation of Growth Factor Receptor Signal Transduction by Activation of VoltageSensitive Calcium Channels. by Rosen LB, Greenberg ME. 1996 Feb 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=40040
•
Structure-Function Analysis of Nod Factor-Induced Root Hair Calcium Spiking in Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis. by Wais RJ, Keating DH, Long SR. 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=155885
•
Submillimolar levels of calcium regulates DNA structure at the dinucleotide repeat (TG /AC)n. by Dobi A, v. Agoston D. 1998 May 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27571
•
Suppression of Calcium-Dependent Membrane Currents in Human Fibroblasts by Replicative Senescence and Forced Expression of a Gene Sequence Encoding a Putative Calcium-Binding Protein. by Liu S, Thweatt R, Lumpkin CK Jr, Goldstein S. 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43335
•
Technique for in situ Measurement of Calcium in Intracellular Inositol 1,4,5Trisphosphate-Sensitive Stores Using the Fluorescent Indicator Mag- Fura-2. by Hofer AM, Machen TE. 1993 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46142
•
The [beta] subunit of the high-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel contributes to the high-affinity receptor for charybdotoxin. by Hanner M, Schmalhofer WA, Munujos P, Knaus HG, Kaczorowski GJ, Garcia ML. 1997 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20286
•
The ACA4 Gene of Arabidopsis Encodes a Vacuolar Membrane Calcium Pump That Improves Salt Tolerance in Yeast. by Geisler M, Frangne N, Gomes E, Martinoia E, Palmgren MG. 2000 Dec 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=59877
86 Calcium
•
The Arabidopsis Phospholipase D Family. Characterization of a CalciumIndependent and Phosphatidylcholine-Selective PLD[zeta]1 with Distinct Regulatory Domains. by Qin C, Wang X. 2002 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152217
•
The Arabidopsis SOS2 protein kinase physically interacts with and is activated by the calcium-binding protein SOS3. by Halfter U, Ishitani M, Zhu JK. 2000 Mar 28; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=16309
•
The calcium-sensing receptor is required for normal calcium homeostasis independent of parathyroid hormone. by Kos CH, Karaplis AC, Peng JB, Hediger MA, Goltzman D, Mohammad KS, Guise TA, Pollak MR. 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152589
•
The crystal structure of calcium-free human m-calpain suggests an electrostatic switch mechanism for activation by calcium. by Strobl S, Fernandez-Catalan C, Braun M, Huber R, Masumoto H, Nakagawa K, Irie A, Sorimachi H, Bourenkow G, Bartunik H, Suzuki K, Bode W. 2000 Jan 18; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15374
•
The hunting of the snark: the elusive calcium receptor(s). by Raisz LG. 2003 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=152595
•
The L-type calcium channel inhibitor diltiazem prevents cardiomyopathy in a mouse model. by Semsarian C, Ahmad I, Giewat M, Georgakopoulos D, Schmitt JP, McConnell BK, Reiken S, Mende U, Marks AR, Kass DA, Seidman CE, Seidman JG. 2002 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=150949
•
The lysine-dependent stimulation of lysine catabolism in tobacco seed requires calcium and protein phosphorylation.. by Karchi H, Miron D, Ben-Yaacov S, Galili G. 1995 Nov; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=161054
•
The novel product of a five-exon stargazin-related gene abolishes CaV2.2 calcium channel expression. by Moss FJ, Viard P, Davies A, Bertaso F, Page KM, Graham A, Canti C, Plumpton M, Plumpton C, Clare JJ, Dolphin AC. 2002 Apr 2; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=125363
•
The Path of Calcium in Cytosolic Calcium Oscillations: A Unifying Hypothesis. by Jaffe LF. 1991 Nov 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=52825
•
The Regulation of Hypoxic Genes by Calcium Involves c-Jun/AP-1, Which Cooperates with Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 in Response to Hypoxia. by Salnikow K, Kluz T, Costa M, Piquemal D, Demidenko ZN, Xie K, Blagosklonny MV. 2002 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=135615
•
The Rho-family GTP exchange factor Vav is a critical transducer of T cell receptor signals to the calcium, ERK, and NF-[kappa]B pathways. by Costello PS, Walters AE, Mee PJ, Turner M, Reynolds LF, Prisco A, Sarner N, Zamoyska R, Tybulewicz VL. 1999 Mar 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15890
Studies 87
•
The rotavirus enterotoxin NSP4 mobilizes intracellular calcium in human intestinal cells by stimulating phospholipase C-mediated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. by Dong Y, Zeng CQ, Ball JM, Estes MK, Morris AP. 1997 Apr 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=20550
•
The SNARE protein SNAP-25 is linked to fast calcium triggering of exocytosis. by Sorensen JB, Matti U, Wei SH, Nehring RB, Voets T, Ashery U, Binz T, Neher E, Rettig J. 2002 Feb 5; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=122241
•
Thiocalsin: A Thioredoxin-Linked, Substrate-Specific Protease Dependent on Calcium. by Besse I, Wong JH, Kobrehel K, Buchanan BB. 1996 Apr 16; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=39577
•
Three-dimensional structure of the human transglutaminase 3 enzyme: binding of calcium ions changes structure for activation. by Ahvazi B, Kim HC, Kee SH, Nemes Z, Steinert PM. 2002 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=125988
•
Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 Is Calcium Modulated and Coordinately Regulates Genes Involved in Calcium Homeostasis in C Cells. by Suzuki K, Lavaroni S, Mori A, Okajima F, Kimura S, Katoh R, Kawaoi A, Kohn LD. 1998 Dec; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=109322
•
Transfected cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Suppresses Calcium Transients by Inhibition of Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Production. by Ruth P, Wang G, Boekhoff I, May B, Pfeifer A, Penner R, Korth M, Breer H, Hofmann F. 1993 Apr 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=46147
•
Transient Calcium Release Induced by Successive Increments of Inositol 1,4, 5Trisphosphate. by Meyer T, Stryer L. 1990 May 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=53999
•
Treponema denticola Outer Membrane Inhibits Calcium Flux in Gingival Fibroblasts. by Ko KS, Glogauer M, McCulloch CA, Ellen RP. 1998 Feb; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=107960
•
TRP, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, and capacitative calcium entry. by Putney JW Jr. 1999 Dec 21; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=33952
•
Tumor-Suppressor Function of Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors is Associated with Activation of Receptor-Operated Calcium Influx. by Felder CC, MacArthur L, Ma AL, Gusovsky F, Kohn EC. 1993 Mar 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45948
•
Use of Recombinant Aequorin to Study Calcium Homeostasis and Monitor Calcium Transients in Response to Heat and Cold Shock in Cyanobacteria. by Torrecilla I, Leganes F, Bonilla I, Fernandez-Pinas F. 2000 May 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=58991
88 Calcium
•
Vasocative Intestinal Peptide Increases Intracellular Calcium in Astroglia: Synergism with [alpha]-Adrenergic Receptors. by Fatatis A, Holtzclaw LA, Avidor R, Brenneman DE, Russell JT. 1994 Mar 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=43304
•
Vav1 Regulates Phospholipase C[gamma] Activation and Calcium Responses in Mast Cells. by Manetz TS, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Arudchandran R, Xirasagar S, Tybulewicz V, Rivera J. 2001 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=87023
•
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Thermostable Direct Hemolysin Modulates Cytoskeletal Organization and Calcium Homeostasis in Intestinal Cultured Cells. by Fabbri A, Falzano L, Frank C, Donelli G, Matarrese P, Raimondi F, Fasano A, Fiorentini C. 1999 Mar; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=96440
•
Visualizing the dynamics of T cell activation: Intracellular adhesion molecule 1 migrates rapidly to the T cell /B cell interface and acts to sustain calcium levels. by Wulfing C, Sjaastad MD, Davis MM. 1998 May 26; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=27665
•
Vitamin D and Adaptation to Dietary Calcium and Phosphate Deficiencies Increase Intestinal Plasma Membrane Calcium Pump Gene Expression. by Cai Q, Chandler JS, Wasserman RH, Kumar R, Penniston JT. 1993 Feb 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45869
•
Voltage Window for Sustained Elevation of Cytosolic Calcium in Smooth Muscle Cells. by Fleischmann BK, Murray RK, Kotlikoff MI. 1994 Dec 6; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=45346
•
Wind-Induced Plant Motion Immediately Increases Cytosolic Calcium. by Knight MR, Smith SM, Trewavas AJ. 1992 Jun 1; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstr act&artid=49209
•
YopD of Yersinia pestis Plays a Role in Negative Regulation of the Low-Calcium Response in Addition to Its Role in Translocation of Yops. by Williams AW, Straley SC. 1998 Jan 15; http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=exter nal&artid=106890
The National Library of Medicine: PubMed One of the quickest and most comprehensive ways to find academic studies in both English and other languages is to use PubMed, maintained by the National Library of Medicine.6
6 PubMed was developed by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The PubMed database was developed in conjunction with publishers of biomedical literature as a search tool for accessing literature citations and linking to full-text
Studies 89
The advantage of PubMed over previously mentioned sources is that it covers a greater number of domestic and foreign references. It is also free to use. If the publisher has a Web site that offers full text of its journals, PubMed will provide links to that site, as well as to sites offering other related data. User registration, a subscription fee, or some other type of fee may be required to access the full text of articles in some journals. To generate your own bibliography of studies dealing with calcium, simply go to the PubMed Web site at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed. Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” The following is the type of output you can expect from PubMed for calcium (hyperlinks lead to article summaries): •
A calcium-activated chloride channel blocker inhibits goblet cell metaplasia and mucus overproduction. Author(s): Zhou Y, Shapiro M, Dong Q, Louahed J, Weiss C, Wan S, Chen Q, Dragwa C, Savio D, Huang M, Fuller C, Tomer Y, Nicolaides NC, McLane M, Levitt RC. Source: Novartis Found Symp. 2002; 248: 150-65; Discussion 165-70, 277-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568493&dopt=Abstract
•
A novel calcium-dependent proapoptotic effect of annexin 1 on human neutrophils. Author(s): Solito E, Kamal A, Russo-Marie F, Buckingham JC, Marullo S, Perretti M. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 August; 17(11): 1544-6. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12824302&dopt=Abstract
•
A novel TRPM2 isoform inhibits calcium influx and susceptibility to cell death. Author(s): Zhang W, Chu X, Tong Q, Cheung JY, Conrad K, Masker K, Miller BA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 2; 278(18): 16222-9. Epub 2003 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594222&dopt=Abstract
•
A rosetta stone for coronary calcium risk stratification: agatston, volume, and mass scores in 11,490 individuals. Author(s): Rumberger JA, Kaufman L. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2003 September; 181(3): 743-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933474&dopt=Abstract
•
A tyrosine residue in TM6 of the Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1 involved in desensitization and calcium permeability of capsaicin-activated currents. Author(s): Mohapatra DP, Wang SY, Wang GK, Nau C. Source: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 2003 June; 23(2): 314-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812762&dopt=Abstract
journal articles at Web sites of participating publishers. Publishers that participate in PubMed supply NLM with their citations electronically prior to or at the time of publication.
90 Calcium
•
Activation and inhibition of cellular calcium and tyrosine kinase signaling pathways identify targets of the HBx protein involved in hepatitis B virus replication. Author(s): Bouchard MJ, Puro RJ, Wang L, Schneider RJ. Source: Journal of Virology. 2003 July; 77(14): 7713-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829810&dopt=Abstract
•
Activation of calcium-dependent calmodulin by calcium(II)3(3,5diisopropylsalicylate)6(H2O)6 decreases thrombin receptor activating peptideinduced P-selectin expression. Author(s): Homoncik M, Jilma B, Donham DC, Frossard M, Keuzer C, Sorenson JR. Source: Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis : an International Journal in Haemostasis and Thrombosis. 2003 February; 14(2): 131-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12632022&dopt=Abstract
•
Activation of platelet gpIIbIIIa by phospholipase C from Clostridium perfringens involves store-operated calcium entry. Author(s): Bryant AE, Bayer CR, Hayes-Schroer SM, Stevens DL. Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2003 February 1; 187(3): 408-17. Epub 2003 January 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12552424&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute spinal cord compression and calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Case illustration. Author(s): Baty V, Prost B, Jouvet A, Laurent J, Vallee B. Source: Journal of Neurosurgery. 2003 September; 99(2 Suppl): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12956470&dopt=Abstract
•
Adaptation of Inuit children to a low-calcium diet. Author(s): Sellers EA, Sharma A, Rodd C. Source: Cmaj : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'association Medicale Canadienne. 2003 April 29; 168(9): 1141-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12719317&dopt=Abstract
•
Additive antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine on common endodontic bacterial pathogens. Author(s): Podbielski A, Spahr A, Haller B. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2003 May; 29(5): 340-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12775007&dopt=Abstract
Studies 91
•
Adenosine triphosphate induces proliferation of human neural stem cells: Role of calcium and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Author(s): Ryu JK, Choi HB, Hatori K, Heisel RL, Pelech SL, McLarnon JG, Kim SU. Source: Journal of Neuroscience Research. 2003 May 1; 72(3): 352-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12692902&dopt=Abstract
•
Aggregation and dispersion characteristics of calcium oxalate monohydrate: effect of urinary species. Author(s): Christmas KG, Gower LB, Khan SR, El-Shall H. Source: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 2002 December 1; 256(1): 168-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12505509&dopt=Abstract
•
Albumin-adjusted calcium is not suitable for diagnosis of hyper- and hypocalcemia in the critically ill. Author(s): Slomp J, van der Voort PH, Gerritsen RT, Berk JA, Bakker AJ. Source: Critical Care Medicine. 2003 May; 31(5): 1389-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771607&dopt=Abstract
•
Alterations in sensitivity to calcium and enzymatic hydrolysis of membranes from sickle cell disease and trait erythrocytes. Author(s): Judd AM, Best KB, Christensen K, Rodgers GM, Bell JD. Source: American Journal of Hematology. 2003 March; 72(3): 162-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605387&dopt=Abstract
•
Altered 5-HT-induced calcium response in the presence of staurosporine in blood platelets from bipolar disorder patients. Author(s): Suzuki K, Kusumi I, Akimoto T, Sasaki Y, Koyama T. Source: Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 June; 28(6): 1210-4. Epub 2003 April 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700717&dopt=Abstract
•
An examination of calcium current function on heterotopic neurons in hippocampal slices from rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol. Author(s): Calcagnotto ME, Baraban SC. Source: Epilepsia. 2003 March; 44(3): 315-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614386&dopt=Abstract
•
An injectable calcium phosphate cement as a bone-graft substitute in the treatment of displaced lateral tibial plateau fractures. Author(s): Horstmann WG, Verheyen CC, Leemans R. Source: Injury. 2003 February; 34(2): 141-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12565022&dopt=Abstract
92 Calcium
•
An updated meta-analysis of calcium-channel blockers in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Author(s): Dens J, Desmet W, Piessens J. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 March; 145(3): 404-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660661&dopt=Abstract
•
Anti-ischemic properties of calcium-channel blockers: lessons from cardiac surgery. Author(s): Opie L. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1506-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742290&dopt=Abstract
•
Antioxidant effects and anti-elastase activity of the calcium antagonist nicardipine on activated human and rabbit neutrophils--a potential antiatherosclerotic property of calcium antagonists? Author(s): Kouoh F, Gressier B, Dine T, Luyckx M, Brunet C, Ballester L, Cazin JC. Source: Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy / Sponsored by the International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. 2002 December; 16(6): 515-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766385&dopt=Abstract
•
Antisense-mediated loss of calcium homoeostasis endoplasmic reticulum protein (CHERP; ERPROT213-21) impairs Ca2+ mobilization, nuclear factor of activated Tcells (NFAT) activation and cell proliferation in Jurkat T-lymphocytes. Author(s): O'Rourke FA, LaPlante JM, Feinstein MB. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 July 1; 373(Pt 1): 133-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656674&dopt=Abstract
•
Apical entry channels in calcium-transporting epithelia. Author(s): Peng JB, Brown EM, Hediger MA. Source: News in Physiological Sciences : an International Journal of Physiology Produced Jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society. 2003 August; 18: 158-63. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869616&dopt=Abstract
•
Apoptosis induced in neuronal cells by oxidative stress: role played by caspases and intracellular calcium ions. Author(s): Annunziato L, Amoroso S, Pannaccione A, Cataldi M, Pignataro G, D'Alessio A, Sirabella R, Secondo A, Sibaud L, Di Renzo GF. Source: Toxicology Letters. 2003 April 4; 139(2-3): 125-33. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12628748&dopt=Abstract
Studies 93
•
Appropriate calcium fortification of the food supply presents a challenge. Author(s): Johnson-Down L, L'Abbe MR, Lee NS, Gray-Donald K. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 July; 133(7): 2232-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12840185&dopt=Abstract
•
Are preoperative serum calcium, parathyroid hormone, and adenoma weight predictive of postoperative hypocalcemia? Author(s): Strickland PL, Recabaren J. Source: The American Surgeon. 2002 December; 68(12): 1080-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12516813&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of calcium scoring performance in cardiac computed tomography. Author(s): Ulzheimer S, Kalender WA. Source: European Radiology. 2003 March; 13(3): 484-97. Epub 2002 December 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594550&dopt=Abstract
•
Assessment of vitamin D and calcium status in healthy adult Austrians. Author(s): Kudlacek S, Schneider B, Peterlik M, Leb G, Klaushofer K, Weber K, Woloszczuk W, Willvonseder R; Austrian Study Group on Normative Values of Bone Metabolism. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 April; 33(4): 323-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662163&dopt=Abstract
•
Association of E-cadherin gene 3'-UTR C/T polymorphism with calcium oxalate stone disease. Author(s): Tsai FJ, Wu HC, Chen HY, Lu HF, Hsu CD, Chen WC. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(4): 278-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740491&dopt=Abstract
•
Atheroprotective effects of long-acting dihydropyridine-type calcium channel blockers: evidence from clinical trials and basic scientific research. Author(s): Mason RP. Source: Cerebrovascular Diseases (Basel, Switzerland). 2003; 16 Suppl 3: 11-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740551&dopt=Abstract
•
ATP-induced calcium oscillations and change of P2Y subtypes with culture conditions in HeLa cells. Author(s): Okuda A, Furuya K, Kiyohara T. Source: Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2003 March; 21(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12579523&dopt=Abstract
94 Calcium
•
Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia: a novel activating mutation (E604K) in the cysteine-rich domain of the calcium-sensing receptor. Author(s): Tan YM, Cardinal J, Franks AH, Mun HC, Lewis N, Harris LB, Prins JB, Conigrave AD. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 605-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574188&dopt=Abstract
•
Auxiliary subunits: essential components of the voltage-gated calcium channel complex. Author(s): Arikkath J, Campbell KP. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2003 June; 13(3): 298-307. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850214&dopt=Abstract
•
Awareness of the link between bone disease and calcium intake is associated with higher dietary calcium intake in women aged 50 years and older: results of the 1991 CSFII-DHKS. Continuing Survey of the Food Intake of Individuals. Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. Author(s): Tepper BJ, Nayga RM Jr. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 1998 February; 98(2): 196-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515424&dopt=Abstract
•
Bacterial expression and characterization of a novel, soluble, calcium-binding, and calcium-activated human nucleotidase. Author(s): Murphy DM, Ivanenkov VV, Kirley TL. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 March 4; 42(8): 2412-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600208&dopt=Abstract
•
Balloon vertebroplasty with calcium phosphate cement augmentation for direct restoration of traumatic thoracolumbar vertebral fractures. Author(s): Verlaan JJ, van Helden WH, Oner FC, Verbout AJ, Dhert WJ. Source: Spine. 2002 March 1; 27(5): 543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880842&dopt=Abstract
•
Benefits and risks of calcium resonium therapy in hyperkalaemic preterm infants. Author(s): Grammatikopoulos T, Greenough A, Pallidis C, Davenport M. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003; 92(1): 118-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650312&dopt=Abstract
Studies 95
•
Besides affecting intracellular calcium signaling, 2-APB reversibly blocks gap junctional coupling in confluent monolayers, thereby allowing measurement of single-cell membrane currents in undissociated cells. Author(s): Harks EG, Camina JP, Peters PH, Ypey DL, Scheenen WJ, van Zoelen EJ, Theuvenet AP. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2003 May; 17(8): 941-3. Epub 2003 March 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626431&dopt=Abstract
•
Beta-amyloid-induced increase in the resting intracellular calcium concentration gives support to tell Alzheimer lymphocytes from control ones. Author(s): Palotas A, Kalman J, Palotas M, Juhasz A, Janka Z, Penke B. Source: Brain Research Bulletin. 2002 June; 58(2): 203-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127018&dopt=Abstract
•
Beta-blockers restore calcium release channel function and improve cardiac muscle performance in human heart failure. Author(s): Reiken S, Wehrens XH, Vest JA, Barbone A, Klotz S, Mancini D, Burkhoff D, Marks AR. Source: Circulation. 2003 May 20; 107(19): 2459-66. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743001&dopt=Abstract
•
Beyond calcium: new signaling pathways for Tec family kinases. Author(s): Takesono A, Finkelstein LD, Schwartzberg PL. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 2002 August 1; 115(Pt 15): 3039-48. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12118060&dopt=Abstract
•
Beyond traditional risk factor analysis for coronary artery disease: the case for coronary artery calcium assessment with electron beam computed tomography. Author(s): Arad Y. Source: Preventive Cardiology. 2002 Spring; 5(2): 62-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986549&dopt=Abstract
•
Bilateral symptomatic synovial cysts of the lumbar spine caused by calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease: a case report. Author(s): Gadgil AA, Eisenstein SM, Darby A, Cassar Pullicino V. Source: Spine. 2002 October 1; 27(19): E428-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12394940&dopt=Abstract
96 Calcium
•
Binding of HTLV-1 virions to T cells occurs by a temperature and calcium-dependent process and is blocked by certain type 2 adenosine receptor antagonists. Author(s): Hague BF, Zhao TM, Kindt TJ. Source: Virus Research. 2003 May; 93(1): 31-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727340&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical distinction between hyperuricosuric calcium urolithiasis and gouty diathesis. Author(s): Pak CY, Poindexter JR, Peterson RD, Koska J, Sakhaee K. Source: Urology. 2002 November; 60(5): 789-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429297&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical effects of high dialysate calcium in hemodialysis patients with hyperparathyroidism: a 10 month study. Author(s): Haris A, Richardson RM. Source: Asaio Journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992). 2003 January-February; 49(1): 70-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558310&dopt=Abstract
•
Biochemical, biophysical and haemorheological effects of dimethylsulphoxide on human erythrocyte calcium loading. Author(s): Santos NC, Figueira-Coelho J, Saldanha C, Martins-Silva J. Source: Cell Calcium. 2002 April; 31(4): 183-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027383&dopt=Abstract
•
Biological and medical significance of calcium phosphates. Author(s): Dorozhkin SV, Epple M. Source: Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 2002 September 2; 41(17): 3130-46. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207375&dopt=Abstract
•
Biological evolution of renal osteodystrophy after decreasing dialysate calcium from 1.75 to 1.6 mmol/l. Author(s): Jean G, Chazot C, Charra B. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 January; 57(1): 91-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11837809&dopt=Abstract
•
Biomechanical evaluation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement for vertebroplasty. Author(s): Lim TH, Brebach GT, Renner SM, Kim WJ, Kim JG, Lee RE, Andersson GB, An HS. Source: Spine. 2002 June 15; 27(12): 1297-302. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12065977&dopt=Abstract
Studies 97
•
Biomechanical evaluation of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty with calcium phosphate cement in a simulated osteoporotic compression fracture. Author(s): Tomita S, Kin A, Yazu M, Abe M. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Science : Official Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic Association. 2003; 8(2): 192-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665956&dopt=Abstract
•
Biomechanical evaluation of proximal humeral fracture fixation supplemented with calcium phosphate cement. Author(s): Kwon BK, Goertzen DJ, O'Brien PJ, Broekhuyse HM, Oxland TR. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2002 June; 84-A(6): 951-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12063329&dopt=Abstract
•
BK channels in human glioma cells have enhanced calcium sensitivity. Author(s): Ransom CB, Liu X, Sontheimer H. Source: Glia. 2002 June; 38(4): 281-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12007141&dopt=Abstract
•
Blood concentrations of selenium, zinc, iron, copper and calcium in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Author(s): Chin-Thin W, Wei-Tun C, Tzu-Ming P, Ren-Tse W. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2002 November; 40(11): 1118-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521229&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone alterations in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Tasca A, Cacciola A, Ferrarese P, Ioverno E, Visona E, Bernardi C, Nobile M, Giannini S. Source: Urology. 2002 June; 59(6): 865-9; Discussion 869. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12031370&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone and nutrition in elderly women: protein, energy, and calcium as main determinants of bone mineral density. Author(s): Ilich JZ, Brownbill RA, Tamborini L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 57(4): 554-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12700617&dopt=Abstract
98 Calcium
•
Bone density in axial and appendicular skeleton in patients with lactose intolerance: influence of calcium intake and vitamin D status. Author(s): Segal E, Dvorkin L, Lavy A, Rozen GS, Yaniv I, Raz B, Tamir A, Ish-Shalom S. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 June; 22(3): 201-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805246&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone mass loss in calcium stone disease: focus on hypercalciuria and metabolic factors. Author(s): Caudarella R, Vescini F, Buffa A, Sinicropi G, Rizzoli E, La Manna G, Stefoni S. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2003 March-April; 16(2): 260-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768074&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone mineral contents and plasma osteocalcin concentrations of Gambian children 12 and 24 mo after the withdrawal of a calcium supplement. Author(s): Dibba B, Prentice A, Ceesay M, Mendy M, Darboe S, Stirling DM, Cole TJ, Poskitt EM. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 September; 76(3): 681-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12198018&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone origin of the serum complex of calcium, phosphate, fetuin, and matrix Gla protein: biochemical evidence for the cancellous bone-remodeling compartment. Author(s): Price PA, Caputo JM, Williamson MK. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 July; 17(7): 1171-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096831&dopt=Abstract
•
Bonelike apatite formation on ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer modified with silane coupling agent and calcium silicate solutions. Author(s): Oyane A, Kawashita M, Nakanishi K, Kokubo T, Minoda M, Miyamoto T, Nakamura T. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 May; 24(10): 1729-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593954&dopt=Abstract
•
Bradykinin increases permeability by calcium and 5-lipoxygenase in the ECV304/C6 cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier. Author(s): Easton AS, Abbott NJ. Source: Brain Research. 2002 October 25; 953(1-2): 157-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384249&dopt=Abstract
Studies 99
•
Bronchogenic cyst with milk of calcium. Author(s): Altinok T, Topcu S, Kurul IC, Yazici U. Source: European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2002 August; 22(2): 311. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12142207&dopt=Abstract
•
Bruce Psaty and the risks of calcium channel blockers. Author(s): Deyo RA. Source: Quality & Safety in Health Care. 2002 September; 11(3): 294-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12486998&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. Demystifying calcium supplements. Author(s): Delichatsios H. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2002 May; 9(9): 7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12021026&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. I recently saw a TV ad for a product called "coral calcium," which is supposed to prevent osteoporosis and other diseases. What do you know about it? Author(s): Robb-Nicholson C. Source: Harvard Women's Health Watch. 2003 August; 10(12): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936861&dopt=Abstract
•
By the way, doctor. I'm 84, 5-foot-9, and weigh 160. I do an hour's exercise every day. I take a diuretic, potassium, and calcium-channel blocker. Should I also take Lipitor to avoid a heart attack? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 April; 28(6): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777236&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium activates SK channels in the intact human lens. Author(s): Rhodes JD, Collison DJ, Duncan G. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 September; 44(9): 3927-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939311&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium and calmodulin in membrane fusion. Author(s): Burgoyne RD, Clague MJ. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 August 18; 1641(2-3): 137-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12914954&dopt=Abstract
100 Calcium
•
Calcium antagonists in the treatment of hypertension in patients with ischaemic heart disease. Author(s): Rosendorff C. Source: Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2003 September; 4(9): 1535-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943483&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium antagonists: a scandal in need of an inquiry. Author(s): Jackson G. Source: Int J Clin Pract. 2003 July-August; 57(6): 455. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12918880&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium blocks fungicidal activity of human salivary histatin 5 through disruption of binding with Candida albicans. Author(s): Dong J, Vylkova S, Li XS, Edgerton M. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2003 September; 82(9): 748-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939362&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium channel blocker, nimodipine, for the treatment of bipolar disorder during pregnancy. Author(s): Yingling DR, Utter G, Vengalil S, Mason B. Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 December; 187(6): 1711-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501088&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium channel blocker-related periperal edema: can it be resolved? Author(s): Sica DA. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2003 July-August; 5(4): 291-4, 297. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939574&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium channel blockers as the treatment of choice for hypertension in renal transplant recipients: fact or fiction. Author(s): Baroletti SA, Gabardi S, Magee CC, Milford EL. Source: Pharmacotherapy. 2003 June; 23(6): 788-801. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820820&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium channel blockers for reducing cardiac morbidity after noncardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Author(s): Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS. Source: Anesthesia and Analgesia. 2003 September; 97(3): 634-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933374&dopt=Abstract
Studies 101
•
Calcium channel blockers, verapamil and cancer risk. Author(s): La Vecchia C, Bosetti C. Source: European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990). 2003 January; 39(1): 7-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12504652&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium fluxes in human trophoblast (BeWo) cells: calcium channels, calciumATPase, and sodium-calcium exchanger expression. Author(s): Moreau R, Simoneau L, Lafond J. Source: Molecular Reproduction and Development. 2003 February; 64(2): 189-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506351&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium hydroxide's association with different vehicles: In vitro action on some dentinal components. Author(s): Pacios MG, de la Casa ML, de los Angeles Bulacio M, Lopez ME. Source: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics. 2003 July; 96(1): 96-101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12847451&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium influx via I(NCX) is favored in failing human ventricular myocytes. Author(s): Weber CR, Piacentino V 3rd, Margulies KB, Bers DM, Houser SR. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 478-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502599&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium intake and reduction in weight or fat mass. Author(s): Teegarden D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 249S-251S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514302&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium phosphate bone cements: a comprehensive review. Author(s): Weiss DD, Sachs MA, Woodard CR. Source: Journal of Long-Term Effects of Medical Implants. 2003; 13(1): 41-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12825748&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease in cervical radiculomyelopathy. Author(s): Chen CF, Chang MC, Wang ST, Liu CL, Chen W. Source: J Chin Med Assoc. 2003 April; 66(4): 256-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12854880&dopt=Abstract
102 Calcium
•
Calcium signalling: dynamics, homeostasis and remodelling. Author(s): Berridge MJ, Bootman MD, Roderick HL. Source: Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 2003 July; 4(7): 517-29. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838335&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium signalling: NAADP comes out of the shadows. Author(s): Rutter GA. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 July 15; 373(Pt 2): E3-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939167&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium, vitamin D, and nutrition in elderly adults. Author(s): Nieves JW. Source: Clinics in Geriatric Medicine. 2003 May; 19(2): 321-35. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916289&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-deficiency rickets. Author(s): Thacher TD. Source: Endocr Dev. 2003; 6: 105-25. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964429&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent and calcium-independent contractions in smooth muscles. Author(s): Harnett KM, Biancani P. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 August 18; 115 Suppl 3A: 24S-30S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12928071&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent conformation of desmoglein 1 is required for its cleavage by exfoliative toxin. Author(s): Hanakawa Y, Selwood T, Woo D, Lin C, Schechter NM, Stanley JR. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 August; 121(2): 383-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12880431&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent gene regulation in myocyte hypertrophy and remodeling. Author(s): Williams RS, Rosenberg P. Source: Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 2002; 67: 339-44. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858558&dopt=Abstract
Studies 103
•
Calcium-dependent injury of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by a variety of iodinated radiographic contrast media. Author(s): Sumimura T, Sendo T, Itoh Y, Oka M, Oike M, Ito Y, Oishi R. Source: Investigative Radiology. 2003 June; 38(6): 366-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12908704&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent prevention of neuronal apoptosis by lithium ion: essential role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and phospholipase Cgamma. Author(s): Kang HJ, Noh JS, Bae YS, Gwag BJ. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 August; 64(2): 228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869627&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent synergistic interaction of platelet activating factor and epinephrine in human platelet aggregation. Author(s): Saeed SA, Rasheed H. Source: Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2003 January; 24(1): 31-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511226&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-dependent, swelling-activated K+ conductance in human neuroblastoma cells. Author(s): Basavappa S, Mangel AW, Boulpaep EL. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 September 5; 308(4): 759-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12927783&dopt=Abstract
•
Calmodulin lobotomized: novel insights into calcium regulation of voltage-gated calcium channels. Author(s): Zamponi GW. Source: Neuron. 2003 September 11; 39(6): 879-81. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12971887&dopt=Abstract
•
Chemoprevention of colon cancer by calcium, vitamin D and folate: molecular mechanisms. Author(s): Lamprecht SA, Lipkin M. Source: Nature Reviews. Cancer. 2003 August; 3(8): 601-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12894248&dopt=Abstract
•
Cisplatin nephrotoxicity affects magnesium and calcium metabolism. Author(s): Goren MP. Source: Medical and Pediatric Oncology. 2003 September; 41(3): 186-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12868117&dopt=Abstract
104 Calcium
•
Comparison of coronary artery calcium detected by electron beam tomography in patients with to those without symptomatic coronary heart disease. Author(s): Cheng YJ, Church TS, Kimball TE, Nichaman MZ, Levine BD, McGuire DK, Blair SN. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 September 1; 92(5): 498-503. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943866&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of hydrocellular foam and calcium alginate in the healing and comfort of split-thickness skin-graft donor sites. Author(s): Vaingankar NV, Sylaidis P, Eagling V, King C, Elender F. Source: J Wound Care. 2001 July; 10(7): 289-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964350&dopt=Abstract
•
Confocal fluorescence microscopy measurements of pH and calcium in living cells. Author(s): Yip KP, Kurtz I. Source: Methods Cell Biol. 2002; 70: 417-27. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12512331&dopt=Abstract
•
Coronary artery calcium quantification at multi-detector row CT: influence of heart rate and measurement methods on interacquisition variability initial experience. Author(s): Hong C, Bae KT, Pilgram TK, Zhu F. Source: Radiology. 2003 July; 228(1): 95-100. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832574&dopt=Abstract
•
Coronary-calcium screening to improve risk stratification in primary prevention. Author(s): Raggi P. Source: J La State Med Soc. 2002 November-December; 154(6): 314-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517028&dopt=Abstract
•
Critical residues of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-2 voltage-gated calcium channel that affect behavioral and physiological properties. Author(s): Mathews EA, Garcia E, Santi CM, Mullen GP, Thacker C, Moerman DG, Snutch TP. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 July 23; 23(16): 6537-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12878695&dopt=Abstract
•
Cyclosporin A regulates sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX1) gene expression in vitro and cardiac hypertrophy in NCX1 transgenic mice. Author(s): Jordan MC, Quednau BD, Roos KP, Ross RS, Philipson KD, Nicholas SB. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 259-67. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502568&dopt=Abstract
Studies 105
•
Decrease in vitamin D receptor and calcium-sensing receptor in highly proliferative parathyroid adenomas. Author(s): Yano S, Sugimoto T, Tsukamoto T, Chihara K, Kobayashi A, Kitazawa S, Maeda S, Kitazawa R. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2003 April; 148(4): 403-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12656660&dopt=Abstract
•
Decreased expression of calcium receptor in parathyroid tissue in patients with hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure. Author(s): Martin-Salvago M, Villar-Rodriguez JL, Palma-Alvarez A, Beato-Moreno A, Galera-Davidson H. Source: Endocrine Pathology. 2003 Spring; 14(1): 61-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746564&dopt=Abstract
•
Decreased renal vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase activity in calcium oxalate calculi patients. Author(s): Chen J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Ye Z, Wang S. Source: Chin Med J (Engl). 2003 April; 116(4): 569-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875724&dopt=Abstract
•
Defects in calcium control. Author(s): Del Monte F, Johnson CM, Stepanek AC, Doye AA, Gwathmey JK. Source: Journal of Cardiac Failure. 2002 December; 8(6 Suppl): S421-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12555155&dopt=Abstract
•
Deficiencies of calcium-regulatory proteins in dialysis patients: a novel concept of cardiovascular calcification in uremia. Author(s): Ketteler M, Wanner C, Metzger T, Bongartz P, Westenfeld R, Gladziwa U, Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C, Jahnen-Dechent W, Floege J. Source: Kidney International. Supplement. 2003 May; (84): S84-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12694317&dopt=Abstract
•
Deficiency in plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 2 increases susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss in mice. Author(s): Kozel PJ, Davis RR, Krieg EF, Shull GE, Erway LC. Source: Hearing Research. 2002 February; 164(1-2): 231-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950541&dopt=Abstract
•
Delayed presentation of calcium channel antagonist overdose. Author(s): Punukollu G, Gowda RM, Khan IA, Dogan OM. Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2003 March-April; 10(2): 132-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629592&dopt=Abstract
106 Calcium
•
Deleterious effects of nifedipine on smooth muscle cells implies alterations of intracellular calcium signaling. Author(s): Raicu M, Florea S. Source: Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2001 December; 15(6): 387-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11860526&dopt=Abstract
•
Depression improvement with calcium heparin. Author(s): Maluquer SS, Arranz B, San L. Source: General Hospital Psychiatry. 2002 November-December; 24(6): 450-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490350&dopt=Abstract
•
Desmosomes: interconnected calcium-dependent structures of remarkable stability with significant integral membrane protein turnover. Author(s): Windoffer R, Borchert-Stuhltrager M, Leube RE. Source: Journal of Cell Science. 2002 April 15; 115(Pt 8): 1717-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11950889&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of calcium deposits on heart valve leaflets by vibro-acoustography: an in vitro study. Author(s): Alizad A, Fatemi M, Nishimura RA, Kinnick RR, Rambod E, Greenleaf JF. Source: Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : Official Publication of the American Society of Echocardiography. 2002 November; 15(11): 1391-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12415234&dopt=Abstract
•
Detection of the calcium antagonist nicardipine and its metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Author(s): Ikegaya H, Kobayashi M, Sakurada K, Takeichi H, Yoshida K, Iwase H. Source: Forensic Science International. 2002 November 5; 130(1): 25-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12427446&dopt=Abstract
•
Determinants of serum calcium in men and women. The Tromso Study. Author(s): Jorde R, Sundsfjord J, Bonaa KH. Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2001; 17(12): 1117-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12530771&dopt=Abstract
•
Development and validation of a stages of change algorithm for calcium intake for college female students. Author(s): Tucker LJ, Snelling AM, Adams TB. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 December; 21(6): 530-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480798&dopt=Abstract
Studies 107
•
Development of genetically encoded fluorescent indicators for calcium. Author(s): Miyawaki A, Mizuno H, Nagai T, Sawano A. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2003; 360: 202-25. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622151&dopt=Abstract
•
Developmental and age-related alterations of calcium homeostasis in human fibroblasts. Author(s): Papazafiri P, Kletsas D. Source: Experimental Gerontology. 2003 March; 38(3): 307-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581795&dopt=Abstract
•
Diabetes technology news. Calcium antagonists aid high blood pressure control. Author(s): Walczak IM. Source: Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics. 2003; 5(3): 510-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838935&dopt=Abstract
•
Diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of humans is inhibited by dietary calcium. Author(s): Bovee-Oudenhoven IM, Lettink-Wissink ML, Van Doesburg W, Witteman BJ, Van Der Meer R. Source: Gastroenterology. 2003 August; 125(2): 469-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12891550&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective cohort study in women. Author(s): Terry P, Baron JA, Bergkvist L, Holmberg L, Wolk A. Source: Nutrition and Cancer. 2002; 43(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467133&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary calcium intake and serum vitamin D are major determinants of bone mass variations in women. A longitudinal study. Author(s): del Puente A, Esposito A, Savastano S, Carpinelli A, Postiglione L, Oriente P. Source: Aging Clin Exp Res. 2002 October; 14(5): 382-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602573&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary calcium intake in premenopausal Bangladeshi women: do socio-economic or physiological factors play a role? Author(s): Islam MZ, Lamberg-Allardt C, Karkkainen M, Ali SM. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 May; 57(5): 674-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771968&dopt=Abstract
108 Calcium
•
Dietary calcium lowers the age-related rise in blood pressure in the United States: the NHANES III survey. Author(s): Hajjar IM, Grim CE, Kotchen TA. Source: Journal of Clinical Hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.). 2003 March-April; 5(2): 122-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671324&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary calcium supplements to lower blood lead levels in lactating women: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Author(s): Hernandez-Avila M, Gonzalez-Cossio T, Hernandez-Avila JE, Romieu I, Peterson KE, Aro A, Palazuelos E, Hu H. Source: Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.). 2003 March; 14(2): 206-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606887&dopt=Abstract
•
Dietary protein, calcium metabolism, and skeletal homeostasis revisited. Author(s): Kerstetter JE, O'Brien KO, Insogna KL. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3 Suppl): 584S592S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936953&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential calcium response in HeLa and HeLa-Fas cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Author(s): Schneider EM, Menzl I, Weber O, Hug H. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 January 31; 301(1): 159-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12535656&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential effects of acute administration of 19-Nor-1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D2 and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 on serum calcium and phosphorus in hemodialysis patients. Author(s): Coyne DW, Grieff M, Ahya SN, Giles K, Norwood K, Slatopolsky E. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 December; 40(6): 1283-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460048&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential expression of S100 calcium-binding proteins in epidermoid cysts, branchial cysts, craniopharyngiomas and cholesteatomas. Author(s): Pelc P, Vanmuylder N, Lefranc F, Heizmann CW, Hassid S, Salmon I, Kiss R, Louryan S, Decaestecker C. Source: Histopathology. 2003 April; 42(4): 387-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653951&dopt=Abstract
Studies 109
•
Differential properties of astrocyte calcium waves mediated by P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors. Author(s): Gallagher CJ, Salter MW. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 July 30; 23(17): 6728-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12890765&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential responses of S100A2 to oxidative stress and increased intracellular calcium in normal, immortalized, and malignant human keratinocytes. Author(s): Zhang T, Woods TL, Elder JT. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2002 November; 119(5): 1196-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445212&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential tyrosine phosphorylation of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase and regulation of calcium pump activity by carbachol and bradykinin. Author(s): Babnigg G, Zagranichnaya T, Wu X, Villereal ML. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 25; 278(17): 14872-82. Epub 2003 February 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12594217&dopt=Abstract
•
Dihydropyridines as inhibitors of capacitative calcium entry in leukemic HL-60 cells. Author(s): Harper JL, Camerini-Otero CS, Li AH, Kim SA, Jacobson KA, Daly JW. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 February 1; 65(3): 329-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527326&dopt=Abstract
•
Dissolution properties of calcium phosphate granules with different compositions in simulated body fluid. Author(s): Monteiro MM, Campos da Rocha NC, Rossi AM, de Almeida Soares G. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2003 May 1; 65A(2): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734825&dopt=Abstract
•
Diuretics are better first-line antihypertensive therapy than calcium channel blockers and ACE inhibitors. Author(s): Rollins G. Source: Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res. 2003 January 24; 14(2): 5-7. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776699&dopt=Abstract
•
Do calcium supplements prevent postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures? Author(s): Campbell BG, Ketchell D, Gunning K. Source: The Journal of Family Practice. 2003 March; 52(3): 234, 237. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620181&dopt=Abstract
110 Calcium
•
Do thickening properties of locust bean gum affect the amount of calcium, iron and zinc available for absorption from infant formula? In vitro studies. Author(s): Bosscher D, Van Caillie-Bertrand M, Deelstra H. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 July; 54(4): 261-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850887&dopt=Abstract
•
Does acetic acid iontophoresis accelerate the resorption of calcium deposits in calcific tendinitis of the shoulder? Author(s): Ciccone CD. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 January; 83(1): 68-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495407&dopt=Abstract
•
Does QTc interval predict the response to beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers in hypertensives? Author(s): Lamarre-Cliche M, Lacourciere Y, de Champlain J, Poirier L, Larochelle P. Source: Heart Disease. 2003 July-August; 5(4): 244-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877758&dopt=Abstract
•
Dose-effect relations of loop- and thiazide-diuretics on calcium homeostasis: a randomized, double-blinded Latin-square multiple cross-over study in postmenopausal osteopenic women. Author(s): Rejnmark L, Vestergaard P, Pedersen AR, Heickendorff L, Andreasen F, Mosekilde L. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 January; 33(1): 41-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12492451&dopt=Abstract
•
Early development of cancer chemoprevention clinical trials: studies of dietary calcium as a chemopreventive agent for human subjects. Author(s): Lipkin M. Source: European Journal of Cancer Prevention : the Official Journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (Ecp). 2002 August; 11 Suppl 2: S65-70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12570337&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of a calcium and exercise intervention on the bone mineral status of 16-18-y-old adolescent girls. Author(s): Stear SJ, Prentice A, Jones SC, Cole TJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 985-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663301&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of a calcium carbonate-based dentifrice on enamel demineralization in situ. Author(s): Cury JA, Francisco SB, Simoes GS, Del Bel Cury AA, Tabchoury CP. Source: Caries Research. 2003 May-June; 37(3): 194-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740543&dopt=Abstract
Studies 111
•
Effect of Bax deficiency on death receptor 5 and mitochondrial pathways during endoplasmic reticulum calcium pool depletion-induced apoptosis. Author(s): He Q, Montalbano J, Corcoran C, Jin W, Huang Y, Sheikh MS. Source: Oncogene. 2003 May 1; 22(17): 2674-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730681&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of biphasic calcium phosphate on human macrophage functions in vitro. Author(s): Silva SN, Pereira MM, Goes AM, Leite MF. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2003 June 15; 65A(4): 475-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761838&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of calcium carbonate on bioavailability of orally administered gemifloxacin. Author(s): Pletz MW, Petzold P, Allen A, Burkhardt O, Lode H. Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2003 July; 47(7): 2158-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12821462&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of calcium hydroxide as a supplementary barrier in the radicular penetration of hydrogen peroxide during intracoronal bleaching in vitro. Author(s): Lambrianidis T, Kapalas A, Mazinis M. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 2002 December; 35(12): 985-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12653316&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of dietary calcium on stone forming propensity. Author(s): Heller HJ, Doerner MF, Brinkley LJ, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 February; 169(2): 470-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544289&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of high vegetable protein diets on urinary calcium loss in middle-aged men and women. Author(s): Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, Augustin LS, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vieth R, Vandenbroucke AC, Josse RG. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 376-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571674&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of oral calcitriol pulse therapy on the lipid, calcium, and glucose homeostasis of hemodialysis-patients: its safety in a combination with oral calcium carbonate. Author(s): Khajehdehi P, Taheri S. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 April; 13(2): 78-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12671829&dopt=Abstract
112 Calcium
•
Effect of short-chain fructooligosaccharides on intestinal calcium absorption and calcium status in postmenopausal women: a stable-isotope study. Author(s): Tahiri M, Tressol JC, Arnaud J, Bornet FR, Bouteloup-Demange C, FeilletCoudray C, Brandolini M, Ducros V, Pepin D, Brouns F, Roussel AM, Rayssiguier Y, Coudray C. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 77(2): 449-57. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540407&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of surgical implantation of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in a bioabsorbable collagen sponge or calcium phosphate putty carrier in intrabony periodontal defects in the baboon. Author(s): Blumenthal NM, Koh-Kunst G, Alves ME, Miranda D, Sorensen RG, Wozney JM, Wikesjo UM. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 December; 73(12): 1494-506. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12546100&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of transforming growth factor-beta on calcium homeostasis in prostate carcinoma cells. Author(s): Gizatullina ZZ, Grapengiesser E, Shabalina IG, Nedergaard J, Heldin CH, Aspenstrom P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 May 16; 304(4): 643-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727202&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of an oxalate load on urinary oxalate excretion in calcium stone formers. Author(s): de O G Mendonca C, Martini LA, Baxmann AC, Nishiura JL, Cuppari L, Sigulem DM, Heilberg IP. Source: Journal of Renal Nutrition : the Official Journal of the Council on Renal Nutrition of the National Kidney Foundation. 2003 January; 13(1): 39-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12563622&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of hypokinesia on cyclic nucleotides and hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism in rats. Author(s): Chek JB, Laniko AI. Source: East Afr Med J. 2002 April; 79(4): 210-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12625679&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of IgM from rheumatic fever patients on intracellular calcium levels of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Author(s): Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Tong S, Kalis NN, Van der Merwe P, Gatchel J, Young DC. Source: Life Sciences. 2003 September 5; 73(16): 2101-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899933&dopt=Abstract
Studies 113
•
Effects of long-acting calcium channel antagonists on neurohumoral factors: comparison of nifedipine coat-core with amlodipine. Author(s): Tsutamoto T, Tsutsui T, Maeda K, Hayashi M, Wada A, Ohnishi M, Fujii M, Ishii C. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 January; 41 Suppl 1: S77-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12688402&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of postexsanguination vascular infusion of cattle with a solution of saccharides, sodium chloride, and phosphates or with calcium chloride on quality and sensory traits of steaks and ground beef. Author(s): Dikeman ME, Hunt MC, Addist PB, Schoenbeck HJ, Pullen M, Katsanidis E, Yancey EJ. Source: Journal of Animal Science. 2003 January; 81(1): 156-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12597386&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of the selective aldosterone blocker eplerenone versus the calcium antagonist amlodipine in systolic hypertension. Author(s): White WB, Duprez D, St Hillaire R, Krause S, Roniker B, Kuse-Hamilton J, Weber MA. Source: Hypertension. 2003 May; 41(5): 1021-6. Epub 2003 April 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12682082&dopt=Abstract
•
Efficiency of calcium absorption is not compromised in clinically stable prepubertal and pubertal girls with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Schulze KJ, O'Brien KO, Germain-Lee EL, Baer DJ, Leonard A, Rosenstein BJ. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 July; 78(1): 110-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12816779&dopt=Abstract
•
Electron-beam tomography coronary artery calcium and cardiac events: a 37-month follow-up of 5635 initially asymptomatic low- to intermediate-risk adults. Author(s): Kondos GT, Hoff JA, Sevrukov A, Daviglus ML, Garside DB, Devries SS, Chomka EV, Liu K. Source: Circulation. 2003 May 27; 107(20): 2571-6. Epub 2003 May 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12743005&dopt=Abstract
•
Emerging data on calcium-channel blockers: the COHORT study. Author(s): Zanchetti A. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 February; 26(2 Suppl 2): Ii17-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622322&dopt=Abstract
114 Calcium
•
Endodontic treatment of permanent teeth in children with a new calcium-carbamideformaldehyde paste. Author(s): Georgieva MG, Indjova KN, Indjov SI. Source: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 2002; 44(4): 35-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751685&dopt=Abstract
•
Endogenous adenosine regulates neutrophil pro-inflammatory activities by cyclic AMP-dependent accelerated clearance of cytosolic calcium. Author(s): Theron AJ, Steel HC, Tintinger GR, Anderson R. Source: Inflammation Research : Official Journal of the European Histamine Research Society . [et Al.]. 2002 December; 51(12): 594-602. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12558193&dopt=Abstract
•
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium storage and release in cells expressing misfolded growth hormone. Author(s): Graves TK, Hinkle PM. Source: Growth Hormone & Igf Research : Official Journal of the Growth Hormone Research Society and the International Igf Research Society. 2003 February; 13(1): 36-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12550080&dopt=Abstract
•
Enhanced capacitative calcium entry and TRPC channel gene expression in human LES smooth muscle. Author(s): Wang J, Laurier LG, Sims SM, Preiksaitis HG. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003 June; 284(6): G1074-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736151&dopt=Abstract
•
Enhancement of ATRA-induced cell differentiation by inhibition of calcium accumulation into the endoplasmic reticulum: cross-talk between RAR alpha and calcium-dependent signaling. Author(s): Launay S, Gianni M, Diomede L, Machesky LM, Enouf J, Papp B. Source: Blood. 2003 April 15; 101(8): 3220-8. Epub 2002 December 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12515718&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of reconstruction windows for multislice computed tomography in quantification of coronary calcium. Author(s): Gerber TC, O'Brien PC, Pastor K, Kuzo RS, Blackshear JL, Morin RL. Source: Investigative Radiology. 2003 February; 38(2): 108-18. Erratum In: Invest Radiol. 2003 April; 38(4): 240. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12544074&dopt=Abstract
Studies 115
•
Evolution of calcium antagonists: past, present, and future. Author(s): Messerli FH. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 February; 26(2 Suppl 2): Ii12-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622321&dopt=Abstract
•
Expression and distribution of a small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK3) protein in skeletal muscles from myotonic muscular dystrophy patients and congenital myotonic mice. Author(s): Kimura T, Takahashi MP, Fujimura H, Sakoda S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 August 28; 347(3): 191-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12875918&dopt=Abstract
•
Expression and function of the calcium-sensing receptor in pancreatic islets and insulinoma cells. Author(s): Komoto I, Kato M, Itami A, Shimada Y, Doi R, Hosotani R, Imamura M. Source: Pancreas. 2003 March; 26(2): 178-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12604917&dopt=Abstract
•
Expression of calcium-binding proteins MRP8 and MRP14 in inflammatory muscle diseases. Author(s): Seeliger S, Vogl T, Engels IH, Schroder JM, Sorg C, Sunderkotter C, Roth J. Source: American Journal of Pathology. 2003 September; 163(3): 947-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12937135&dopt=Abstract
•
Expression of kinase-inactive c-Src delays oxidative stress-induced disassembly and accelerates calcium-mediated reassembly of tight junctions in the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Author(s): Basuroy S, Sheth P, Kuppuswamy D, Balasubramanian S, Ray RM, Rao RK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 4; 278(14): 11916-24. Epub 2003 January 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547828&dopt=Abstract
•
Extracellular calcium sensing and signalling. Author(s): Hofer AM, Brown EM. Source: Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 2003 July; 4(7): 530-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838336&dopt=Abstract
•
Extracellular nucleotides, cartilage stress, and calcium crystal formation. Author(s): Graff RD, Picher M, Lee GM. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 May; 15(3): 315-20. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707587&dopt=Abstract
116 Calcium
•
Factors confounding cytosolic calcium measurements in Jurkat E6.1 cells during exposure to ELF magnetic fields. Author(s): McCreary CR, Thomas AW, Prato FS. Source: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 May; 23(4): 315-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11948612&dopt=Abstract
•
Failure to replicate an allelic association between an exon 8 polymorphism of the human alpha(1A) calcium channel gene and common syndromes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Author(s): Sander T, Toliat MR, Heils A, Becker C, Nurnberg P. Source: Epilepsy Research. 2002 April; 49(2): 173-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12049805&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease and the ANKH gene. Author(s): Williams CJ. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 May; 15(3): 326-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707589&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia caused by an R648stop mutation in the calciumsensing receptor gene. Author(s): Yamauchi M, Sugimoto T, Yamaguchi T, Yano S, Wang J, Bai M, Brown EM, Chihara K. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2002 December; 17(12): 2174-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12469911&dopt=Abstract
•
Familial polymorphic ventricular tachycardia--intracellular calcium channel disorder. Author(s): Swan H, Laitinen PJ. Source: Cardiac Electrophysiology Review. 2002 February; 6(1-2): 81-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11984023&dopt=Abstract
•
Fatty acids, calcium and bone metabolism. Author(s): Baggio B. Source: Journal of Nephrology. 2002 November-December; 15(6): 601-4. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495271&dopt=Abstract
•
FcepsilonRI cross-linking-induced actin assembly mediates calcium signalling in RBL-2H3 mast cells. Author(s): Oka T, Sato K, Hori M, Ozaki H, Karaki H. Source: British Journal of Pharmacology. 2002 July; 136(6): 837-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12110608&dopt=Abstract
Studies 117
•
Fibroblasts and lymphocytes from Alzheimer patients are resistant to beta-amyloidinduced increase in the intracellular calcium concentration. Author(s): Palotas A, Kalman J, Palotas M, Juhasz A, Janka Z, Penke B. Source: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 2002 June; 26(5): 971-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12369273&dopt=Abstract
•
Final report on the safety assessment of aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, magnesium aluminum silicate, magnesium silicate, magnesium trisilicate, sodium magnesium silicate, zirconium silicate, attapulgite, bentonite, Fuller's earth, hectorite, kaolin, lithium magnesium silicate, lithium magnesium sodium silicate, montmorillonite, pyrophyllite, and zeolite. Author(s): Elmore AR; Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2003; 22 Suppl 1: 37-102. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851164&dopt=Abstract
•
Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. Author(s): Lanigan RS, Yamarik TA. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2002; 21 Suppl 2: 95-142. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396676&dopt=Abstract
•
FKBP-12 exhibits an inhibitory activity on calcium oxalate crystal growth in vitro. Author(s): Han IS, Nakagawa Y, Park JW, Suh MH, Suh SI, Shin SW, Ahn SY, Choe BK. Source: Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2002 February; 17(1): 41-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11850587&dopt=Abstract
•
Flexibility analysis and structure comparison of two crystal forms of calcium-free human m-calpain. Author(s): Reverter D, Braun M, Fernandez-Catalan C, Strobl S, Sorimachi H, Bode W. Source: Biological Chemistry. 2002 September; 383(9): 1415-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12437134&dopt=Abstract
•
Flow cytometric analysis of platelet activation under calcium ion-chelating conditions. Author(s): Nishioka T, Yokota M, Tsuda I, Tatsumi N. Source: Clinical and Laboratory Haematology. 2002 April; 24(2): 115-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11985558&dopt=Abstract
118 Calcium
•
Flow properties of liquid calcium alginate polymer injected through medical microcatheters for endovascular embolization. Author(s): Becker TA, Kipke DR. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2002 September 15; 61(4): 533-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12115443&dopt=Abstract
•
Foreign body reaction to calcium alginate fibre mimicking recurrent tumour of the submandibular salivary gland. Author(s): Bhalla RK, Murphy J, Jones TM, Roland NJ. Source: The British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 2002 April; 40(2): 172-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12180215&dopt=Abstract
•
Frequency and severity of "incidentalomas" encountered during electron beam computed tomography for coronary calcium in middle-aged army personnel. Author(s): Elgin EE, O'Malley PG, Feuerstein I, Taylor AJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 September 1; 90(5): 543-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12208421&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional analysis of calcium-binding EF-hand motifs of visinin-like protein-1. Author(s): Lin L, Braunewell KH, Gundelfinger ED, Anand R. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2002 August 30; 296(4): 827-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12200122&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional calcium coupling with the human metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 2 and 4 by stable co-expression with a calcium pathway facilitating Gprotein chimera in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Author(s): Kowal D, Nawoschik S, Ochalski R, Dunlop J. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 September 1; 66(5): 785-90. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948859&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional characterization of a calcium-sensing receptor mutation in severe autosomal dominant hypocalcemia with a Bartter-like syndrome. Author(s): Vargas-Poussou R, Huang C, Hulin P, Houillier P, Jeunemaitre X, Paillard M, Planelles G, Dechaux M, Miller RT, Antignac C. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2002 September; 13(9): 2259-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12191970&dopt=Abstract
Studies 119
•
Functional diversity in neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels by alternative splicing of Ca(v)alpha1. Author(s): Lipscombe D, Pan JQ, Gray AC. Source: Molecular Neurobiology. 2002 August; 26(1): 21-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12392054&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional interactions between presynaptic calcium channels and the neurotransmitter release machinery. Author(s): Spafford JD, Zamponi GW. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2003 June; 13(3): 308-14. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850215&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional Roles of Ca(v)1.3 (alpha(1D)) calcium channel in sinoatrial nodes: insight gained using gene-targeted null mutant mice. Author(s): Zhang Z, Xu Y, Song H, Rodriguez J, Tuteja D, Namkung Y, Shin HS, Chiamvimonvat N. Source: Circulation Research. 2002 May 17; 90(9): 981-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016264&dopt=Abstract
•
Functional screening of G protein-coupled receptors by measuring intracellular calcium with a fluorescence microplate reader. Author(s): Kassack MU, Hofgen B, Lehmann J, Eckstein N, Quillan JM, Sadee W. Source: Journal of Biomolecular Screening : the Official Journal of the Society for Biomolecular Screening. 2002 June; 7(3): 233-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12097186&dopt=Abstract
•
Fura-2 antagonises calcium-induced calcium release. Author(s): Alonso MT, Chamero P, Villalobos C, Garcia-Sancho J. Source: Cell Calcium. 2003 January; 33(1): 27-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526885&dopt=Abstract
•
Galectin-9 induces apoptosis through the calcium-calpain-caspase-1 pathway. Author(s): Kashio Y, Nakamura K, Abedin MJ, Seki M, Nishi N, Yoshida N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 April 1; 170(7): 3631-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646627&dopt=Abstract
•
Gamma subunit of voltage-activated calcium channels. Author(s): Kang MG, Campbell KP. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 13; 278(24): 21315-8. Epub 2003 April 03. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676943&dopt=Abstract
120 Calcium
•
Ganglioside function in calcium homeostasis and signaling. Author(s): Ledeen RW, Wu G. Source: Neurochemical Research. 2002 August; 27(7-8): 637-47. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374199&dopt=Abstract
•
GAP43 stimulates inositol trisphosphate-mediated calcium release in response to hypotonicity. Author(s): Caprini M, Gomis A, Cabedo H, Planells-Cases R, Belmonte C, Viana F, Ferrer-Montiel A. Source: The Embo Journal. 2003 June 16; 22(12): 3004-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805215&dopt=Abstract
•
Gastric cancers overexpress S100A calcium-binding proteins. Author(s): El-Rifai W, Moskaluk CA, Abdrabbo MK, Harper J, Yoshida C, Riggins GJ, Frierson HF Jr, Powell SM. Source: Cancer Research. 2002 December 1; 62(23): 6823-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460893&dopt=Abstract
•
Gating of the expressed Cav3.1 calcium channel. Author(s): Lacinova L, Klugbauer N, Hofmann F. Source: Febs Letters. 2002 November 6; 531(2): 235-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417318&dopt=Abstract
•
Generation of functional and mature dendritic cells from cord blood and bone marrow CD34+ cells by two-step culture combined with calcium ionophore treatment. Author(s): Liu A, Takahashi M, Narita M, Zheng Z, Kanazawa N, Abe T, Nikkuni K, Furukawa T, Toba K, Fuse I, Aizawa Y. Source: Journal of Immunological Methods. 2002 March 1; 261(1-2): 49-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11861065&dopt=Abstract
•
Genetic studies of disorders of calcium crystal deposition. Author(s): Timms AE, Zhang Y, Russell RG, Brown MA. Source: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 2002 July; 41(7): 725-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12096219&dopt=Abstract
•
Glucagon in beta-blocker and calcium channel blocker overdoses: a systematic review. Author(s): Bailey B. Source: Journal of Toxicology. Clinical Toxicology. 2003; 41(5): 595-602. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=14514004&dopt=Abstract
Studies 121
•
Glucosylceramide and glucosylsphingosine modulate calcium mobilization from brain microsomes via different mechanisms. Author(s): Lloyd-Evans E, Pelled D, Riebeling C, Bodennec J, de-Morgan A, Waller H, Schiffmann R, Futerman AH. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 27; 278(26): 23594-9. Epub 2003 April 22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709427&dopt=Abstract
•
Glutamate may be the soluble cerebrospinal fluid factor that induces calcium dysregulation in cultured astrocytes in HIV dementia. Author(s): Tremolizzo L, Aliprandi A, Longoni M, Stanzani L, Ferrarese C. Source: Aids (London, England). 2002 August 16; 16(12): 1691-2; Author Reply 1692-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12172094&dopt=Abstract
•
Glutathione oxidation in calcium- and p38 MAPK-dependent membrane blebbing of endothelial cells. Author(s): van Gorp RM, Heeneman S, Broers JL, Bronnenberg NM, van Dam-Mieras MC, Heemskerk JW. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 August 19; 1591(1-3): 129-138. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12183063&dopt=Abstract
•
Glycoprotein Ib cross-linking/ligation on echicetin-coated surfaces or echicetinIgMkappa in stirred suspension activates platelets by cytoskeleton modulated calcium release. Author(s): Navdaev A, Clemetson KJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 November 29; 277(48): 45928-34. Epub 2002 September 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324454&dopt=Abstract
•
Glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet fibrinogen receptor activation occurs through calcium-sensitive and PKC-sensitive pathways without a requirement for secreted ADP. Author(s): Quinton TM, Ozdener F, Dangelmaier C, Daniel JL, Kunapuli SP. Source: Blood. 2002 May 1; 99(9): 3228-34. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11964287&dopt=Abstract
•
Got calcium? Author(s): Lord M. Source: U.S. News & World Report. 2002 May 27; 132(18): 54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051037&dopt=Abstract
122 Calcium
•
Haemorheological and endothelial-dependent alterations in heart failure after ACE inhibitor, calcium antagonist and beta blocker. Author(s): Turchetti V, Bellini MA, Boschi L, Postorino G, Pallassini A, Richichi MG, Trabalzini L, Guerrini M, Forconi S. Source: Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation. 2002; 27(3-4): 209-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454378&dopt=Abstract
•
Halothane-induced calcium release in cultured human skeletal muscle cells from a family susceptible to malignant hyperthermia with an unidentified mutation in chromosome 19. Author(s): Snoeck MM, Oosterhof A, Tangerman A, Veerkamp JH, van Engelen BG, Gielen MJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 July; 97(1): 272-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131133&dopt=Abstract
•
Haplotype and linkage disequilibrium analysis to characterise a region in the calcium channel gene CACNA1A associated with idiopathic generalised epilepsy. Author(s): Chioza B, Osei-Lah A, Nashef L, Suarez-Merino B, Wilkie H, Sham P, Knight J, Asherson P, Makoff AJ. Source: European Journal of Human Genetics : Ejhg. 2002 December; 10(12): 857-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12461694&dopt=Abstract
•
Heart rate in hypertensive patients treated with ACE inhibitors and long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Author(s): Pierdomenico SD, Bucci A, Lapenna D, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2002 August; 40(2): 288-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12131558&dopt=Abstract
•
Hepatic biotransformation of the new calcium-mimetic agent, RWJ-68025, in the rat and in man--API-MS/MS identification of metabolites. Author(s): Wu WN, McKown LA, Rybczynski PJ, Demarest K. Source: The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2003 May; 55(5): 631-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12831505&dopt=Abstract
•
Heritability of coronary artery calcium quantity measured by electron beam computed tomography in asymptomatic adults. Author(s): Peyser PA, Bielak LF, Chu JS, Turner ST, Ellsworth DL, Boerwinkle E, Sheedy PF 2nd. Source: Circulation. 2002 July 16; 106(3): 304-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12119244&dopt=Abstract
Studies 123
•
High accumulation of calcium and phosphorus in the coronary artery of the Thai in comparison with the Japanese. Author(s): Tohno S, Mahakkanukrauh P, Tohno Y, Vaidhayakarn P, Minami T, Somsarp V, Moriwake Y, Chomsung R, Azuma C. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2002 Summer; 87(1-3): 69-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117234&dopt=Abstract
•
High-calcium diets and fracture prevention. Author(s): MacDonald HB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 May; 75(5): 950-1; Author Reply 951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11976175&dopt=Abstract
•
Hippocampal expression of the calcium sensor protein visinin-like protein-1 in schizophrenia. Author(s): Bernstein HG, Braunewell KH, Spilker C, Danos P, Baumann B, Funke S, Diekmann S, Gundelfinger ED, Bogerts B. Source: Neuroreport. 2002 March 25; 13(4): 393-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11930147&dopt=Abstract
•
Histamine H4 receptor mediates chemotaxis and calcium mobilization of mast cells. Author(s): Hofstra CL, Desai PJ, Thurmond RL, Fung-Leung WP. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2003 June; 305(3): 1212-21. Epub 2003 March 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12626656&dopt=Abstract
•
Histone H1-mediated transfection: role of calcium in the cellular uptake and intracellular fate of H1-DNA complexes. Author(s): Zaitsev S, Buchwalow I, Haberland A, Tkachuk S, Zaitseva I, Haller H, Bottger M. Source: Acta Histochemica. 2002; 104(1): 85-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11993855&dopt=Abstract
•
Histopathologic reaction of a calcium phosphate cement for alveolar ridge augmentation. Author(s): Sugawara A, Fujikawa K, Kusama K, Nishiyama M, Murai S, Takagi S, Chow LC. Source: Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 2002 July; 61(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12001245&dopt=Abstract
124 Calcium
•
HIV-1 Nef interacts with inositol trisphosphate receptor to activate calcium signaling in T cells. Author(s): Manninen A, Saksela K. Source: The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 2002 April 15; 195(8): 1023-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956293&dopt=Abstract
•
HMG CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) and aortic valve calcium. Author(s): Shavelle DM, Takasu J, Budoff MJ, Mao S, Zhao XQ, O'Brien KD. Source: Lancet. 2002 March 30; 359(9312): 1125-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11943265&dopt=Abstract
•
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors suppress intracellular calcium mobilization and membrane current induced by lysophosphatidylcholine in endothelial cells. Author(s): Yokoyama K, Ishibashi T, Ohkawara H, Kimura J, Matsuoka I, Sakamoto T, Nagata K, Sugimoto K, Sakurada S, Maruyama Y. Source: Circulation. 2002 February 26; 105(8): 962-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11864926&dopt=Abstract
•
How abnormal calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone relate to cardiovascular disease. Author(s): Bro S. Source: Nephrology Nursing Journal : Journal of the American Nephrology Nurses' Association. 2003 June; 30(3): 275-81; Quiz 282-3. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12861895&dopt=Abstract
•
How calpain is activated by calcium. Author(s): Khorchid A, Ikura M. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 2002 April; 9(4): 239-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11914728&dopt=Abstract
•
How much calcium is really in that supplement? Author(s): Marcason W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449288&dopt=Abstract
•
How safe are calcium antagonists in hypertension and coronary heart disease? Author(s): Mancia G, van Zwieten PA. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 1996 January; 14(1): 13-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12013485&dopt=Abstract
Studies 125
•
Human calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II gamma gene (CAMK2G): cloning, genomic structure and detection of variants in subjects with type II diabetes. Author(s): Gloyn AL, Desai M, Clark A, Levy JC, Holman RR, Frayling TM, Hattersley AT, Ashcroft SJ. Source: Diabetologia. 2002 April; 45(4): 580-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12032636&dopt=Abstract
•
Human calcium-sensing receptor gene. Vitamin D response elements in promoters P1 and P2 confer transcriptional responsiveness to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Author(s): Canaff L, Hendy GN. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 August 16; 277(33): 30337-50. Epub 2002 May 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12036954&dopt=Abstract
•
Human neuronal calcium sensor-1 shows the highest expression level in cerebral cortex. Author(s): Chen C, Yu L, Zhang P, Jiang J, Zhang Y, Chen X, Wu Q, Wu Q, Zhao S. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 February 15; 319(2): 67-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11825672&dopt=Abstract
•
Human skeletal muscle calcium channel alpha1S is expressed in the basal ganglia: distinctive expression pattern among L-type Ca2+ channels. Author(s): Takahashi Y, Jeong SY, Ogata K, Goto J, Hashida H, Isahara K, Uchiyama Y, Kanazawa I. Source: Neuroscience Research. 2003 January; 45(1): 129-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12507731&dopt=Abstract
•
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 p12(I) expression increases cytoplasmic calcium to enhance the activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells. Author(s): Ding W, Albrecht B, Kelley RE, Muthusamy N, Kim SJ, Altschuld RA, Lairmore MD. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 October; 76(20): 10374-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12239314&dopt=Abstract
•
Human water, sodium, and calcium regulation during space flight and exercise. Author(s): Doty SE, Seagrave RC. Source: Acta Astronautica. 2000 May; 46(9): 591-604. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12053887&dopt=Abstract
126 Calcium
•
Huntingtin and huntingtin-associated protein 1 influence neuronal calcium signaling mediated by inositol-(1,4,5) triphosphate receptor type 1. Author(s): Tang TS, Tu H, Chan EY, Maximov A, Wang Z, Wellington CL, Hayden MR, Bezprozvanny I. Source: Neuron. 2003 July 17; 39(2): 227-39. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873381&dopt=Abstract
•
Hydrochlorothiazide effectively reduces urinary calcium excretion in two Japanese patients with gain-of-function mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Author(s): Sato K, Hasegawa Y, Nakae J, Nanao K, Takahashi I, Tajima T, Shinohara N, Fujieda K. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 July; 87(7): 3068-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12107202&dopt=Abstract
•
Hydroxyapatite induction and secondary aggregation of calcium oxalate, two important processes in calcium stone formation. Author(s): Baumann JM, Affolter B, Caprez U, Henze U, Lauper D, Maier F. Source: Urological Research. 2001 December; 29(6): 417-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11828996&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperinsulinemia, intracellular calcium, and membrane function in essential hypertension. Author(s): Tsuda K. Source: American Journal of Hypertension : Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2003 January; 16(1): 95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12517693&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperinsulinemia/euglycemia therapy for calcium channel blocker poisoning. Author(s): Boyer EW, Duic PA, Evans A. Source: Pediatric Emergency Care. 2002 February; 18(1): 36-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11862138&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperoxaluric calcium nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Asplin JR. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2002 December; 31(4): 927-49. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474639&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperproliferation of normally quiescent keratinocytes in non-lesional psoriatic skin due to high calcium concentration (an organotypic culture model). Author(s): Szabo AK, Bos JD, Das PK. Source: Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2002; 49(1): 129-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12073819&dopt=Abstract
Studies 127
•
Hypertension is not all alike nor are its treatments: where would a better calciumchannel blocker fit in a modern treatment system? Author(s): Laragh JH. Source: Clin Cardiol. 2003 February; 26(2 Suppl 2): Ii21-2. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622323&dopt=Abstract
•
Hyperuricosuric calcium nephrolithiasis. Author(s): Sorensen CM, Chandhoke PS. Source: Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2002 December; 31(4): 915-25. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474638&dopt=Abstract
•
Hypervitaminosis A and the redistribution of calcium in the neutrophil of chronic renal failure patients on maintenance hemodialysis treatment. Author(s): Koorts AM, Potgieter CD, Viljoen M. Source: Clinical Nephrology. 2002 September; 58(3): 249-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12356198&dopt=Abstract
•
Hypochlorous acid activates tyrosine phosphorylation signal pathways leading to calcium signaling and TNFalpha production. Author(s): Schieven GL, de Fex H, Stephenson L. Source: Antioxidants & Redox Signalling. 2002 June; 4(3): 501-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12215218&dopt=Abstract
•
Hypotonic medium increases calcium permeant channels activity in human normal and dystrophic myotubes. Author(s): Vandebrouck C, Duport G, Raymond G, Cognard C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2002 May 3; 323(3): 239-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959428&dopt=Abstract
•
Identification of calcium-induced genes in HaCaT keratinocytes by polymerase chain reaction-based subtractive hybridization. Author(s): Seo EY, Piao YJ, Kim JS, Suhr KB, Park JK, Lee JH. Source: Archives of Dermatological Research. 2002 December; 294(9): 411-8. Epub 2002 November 05. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522579&dopt=Abstract
128 Calcium
•
Imaging and diagnostic testing: diastolic dysfunction after coronary artery bypass grafting: a frequent finding of clinical significance not influenced by intravenous calcium. Author(s): Ekery DL, Davidoff R, Orlandi QG, Apstein CS, Hesselvik JF, Shemin RJ, Shapira OM. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 May; 145(5): 896-902. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766750&dopt=Abstract
•
Immunolocalization and protein expression of the alpha subunit of the largeconductance calcium-activated potassium channel in human myometrium. Author(s): Chanrachakul B, Matharoo-Ball B, Turner A, Robinson G, Broughton-Pipkin F, Arulkumaran S, Khan RN. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2003 July; 126(1): 43-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814346&dopt=Abstract
•
Immunological characterization of T-type voltage-dependent calcium channel CaV3.1 (alpha 1G) and CaV3.3 (alpha 1I) isoforms reveal differences in their localization, expression, and neural development. Author(s): Yunker AM, Sharp AH, Sundarraj S, Ranganathan V, Copeland TD, McEnery MW. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 117(2): 321-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12614673&dopt=Abstract
•
Impact of moderate lesion calcium on mechanisms of coronary stenting as assessed with three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound in vivo. Author(s): von Birgelen C, Mintz GS, Bose D, Baumgart D, Haude M, Wieneke H, Neumann T, Brinkhoff J, Jasper M, Erbel R. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July 1; 92(1): 5-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842236&dopt=Abstract
•
Impact of supplementary high calcium milk with additional magnesium on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(4): 268-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495258&dopt=Abstract
•
Implication of Ref-1 in the repression of renin gene transcription by intracellular calcium. Author(s): Fuchs S, Philippe J, Corvol P, Pinet F. Source: Journal of Hypertension. 2003 February; 21(2): 327-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569263&dopt=Abstract
Studies 129
•
Improved tolerability of the dihydropyridine calcium-channel antagonist lercanidipine: the lercanidipine challenge trial. Author(s): Borghi C, Prandin MG, Dormi A, Ambrosioni E; Study Group of the Regional Unit of the Italian Society of Hypertension. Source: Blood Pressure. Supplement. 2003 May; Suppl 1: 14-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12800983&dopt=Abstract
•
In vitro behavior of HVOF sprayed calcium phosphate splats and coatings. Author(s): Khor KA, Li H, Cheang P, Boey SY. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 February; 24(5): 723-35. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485791&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased dairy product or calcium intake: is body weight or composition affected in humans? Author(s): Barr SI. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 245S-248S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514301&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased expression of interleukin-9, interleukin-9 receptor, and the calciumactivated chloride channel hCLCA1 in the upper airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Hauber HP, Manoukian JJ, Nguyen LH, Sobol SE, Levitt RC, Holroyd KJ, McElvaney NG, Griffin S, Hamid Q. Source: The Laryngoscope. 2003 June; 113(6): 1037-42. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782818&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased open probability of single cardiac L-type calcium channels in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. role of phosphatase 2A. Author(s): Klein G, Schroder F, Vogler D, Schaefer A, Haverich A, Schieffer B, Korte T, Drexler H. Source: Cardiovascular Research. 2003 July 1; 59(1): 37-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12829174&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased phase synchronization of spontaneous calcium oscillations in epileptic human versus normal rat astrocyte cultures. Author(s): Balazsi G, Cornell-Bell AH, Moss F. Source: Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.). 2003 June; 13(2): 515-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12777115&dopt=Abstract
130 Calcium
•
Influence of age, diabetes, and cataract on calcium, lipid-calcium, and protein-calcium relationships in human lenses. Author(s): Tang D, Borchman D, Yappert MC, Vrensen GF, Rasi V. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 May; 44(5): 2059-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714644&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence of urine pH and citrate concentration on the upper limit of metastability for calcium phosphate. Author(s): Greischar A, Nakagawa Y, Coe FL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 March; 169(3): 867-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12576801&dopt=Abstract
•
Influence on pH of vehicle containing glycerin used with calcium hydroxide. Author(s): Camoes IC, Salles MR, Chevitarese O, Gomes GC. Source: Dental Traumatology : Official Publication of International Association for Dental Traumatology. 2003 June; 19(3): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752534&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of the alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex alters mitochondrial function and cellular calcium regulation. Author(s): Huang HM, Zhang H, Xu H, Gibson GE. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 January 20; 1637(1): 119-26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527416&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibition of the TEF/TEAD transcription factor activity by nuclear calcium and distinct kinase pathways. Author(s): Thompson M, Andrade VA, Andrade SJ, Pusl T, Ortega JM, Goes AM, Leite MF. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 February 7; 301(2): 267-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12565854&dopt=Abstract
•
Inhibitors of articular calcium crystal formation. Author(s): Sallis JD, Cheung HS. Source: Current Opinion in Rheumatology. 2003 May; 15(3): 321-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12707588&dopt=Abstract
Studies 131
•
Injectable calcium phosphate bone cement Norian SRS for the treatment of intraarticular compression fractures of the distal radius in osteoporotic women. Author(s): Zimmermann R, Gabl M, Lutz M, Angermann P, Gschwentner M, Pechlaner S. Source: Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery. 2003 February; 123(1): 22-7. Epub 2003 January 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12582792&dopt=Abstract
•
Intake of calcium-rich foods, body image, and self-esteem. Author(s): Owen D. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2003 May-June; 35(3): 114. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12773281&dopt=Abstract
•
Intakes of calcium and vitamin d predict body mass index in the population of Northern Norway. Author(s): Kamycheva E, Joakimsen RM, Jorde R. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 102-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514276&dopt=Abstract
•
Interaction of dietary calcium and protein in bone health in humans. Author(s): Dawson-Hughes B. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 852S-854S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612168&dopt=Abstract
•
Interaction of science, consumer practices and policy: calcium and bone health as a case study. Author(s): Looker AC. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 133(6): 1987S-1991S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771351&dopt=Abstract
•
Interactions between calcium release pathways: multiple messengers and multiple stores. Author(s): Galione A, Churchill GC. Source: Cell Calcium. 2002 November-December; 32(5-6): 343-54. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543094&dopt=Abstract
•
Interactions with PDZ proteins are required for L-type calcium channels to activate cAMP response element-binding protein-dependent gene expression. Author(s): Weick JP, Groth RD, Isaksen AL, Mermelstein PG. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 April 15; 23(8): 3446-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716953&dopt=Abstract
132 Calcium
•
Intercellular calcium communication regulates platelet aggregation and thrombus growth. Author(s): Nesbitt WS, Giuliano S, Kulkarni S, Dopheide SM, Harper IS, Jackson SP. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2003 March 31; 160(7): 1151-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12668663&dopt=Abstract
•
Intercellular calcium waves mediate preferential cell growth toward the wound edge in polarized hepatic cells. Author(s): Sung YJ, Sung Z, Ho CL, Lin MT, Wang JS, Yang SC, Chen YJ, Lin CH. Source: Experimental Cell Research. 2003 July 15; 287(2): 209-18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837277&dopt=Abstract
•
Interleukin-2 regulates membrane potentials and calcium channels via mu opioid receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Author(s): Song P, Lie-Cheng W, Wang GD, Zhou Z, Zhao ZQ. Source: Neuropharmacology. 2002 December; 43(8): 1324-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527482&dopt=Abstract
•
Interleukin-8 production induced by the endozepine triakontatetraneuropeptide in human neutrophils: role of calcium and pharmacological investigation of signal transduction pathways. Author(s): Marino F, Cosentino M, Fietta AM, Ferrari M, Cattaneo S, Frigo G, Lecchini S, Frigo GM. Source: Cellular Signalling. 2003 May; 15(5): 511-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12639714&dopt=Abstract
•
Intestinal calcium absorption: Molecular vitamin D mediated mechanisms. Author(s): Bouillon R, Van Cromphaut S, Carmeliet G. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 February 1; 88(2): 332-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520535&dopt=Abstract
•
Intestinal necrosis following Calcium Resonium-sorbitol administration in a premature uraemic infant. Author(s): Chlumska A, Boudova L, Pavlovsky M, Sulc M. Source: Cesk Patol. 2002 October; 38(4): 169-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629864&dopt=Abstract
•
Intestinal Oxalobacter formigenes colonization in calcium oxalate stone formers and its relation to urinary oxalate. Author(s): Troxel SA, Sidhu H, Kaul P, Low RK. Source: Journal of Endourology / Endourological Society. 2003 April; 17(3): 173-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803990&dopt=Abstract
Studies 133
•
Intracellular calcium measurements as a method in studies on activity of purinergic P2X receptor channels. Author(s): He ML, Zemkova H, Koshimizu TA, Tomic M, Stojilkovic SS. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology. 2003 August; 285(2): C467-79. Epub 2003 April 23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12711592&dopt=Abstract
•
Intracellular calcium waves accompany neutrophil polarization, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine stimulation, and phagocytosis: a high speed microscopy study. Author(s): Kindzelskii AL, Petty HR. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2003 January 1; 170(1): 64-72. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496384&dopt=Abstract
•
Is long-term use of a calcium channel blocker associated with an exacerbated response of an insulinoma during selective intraarterial calcium stimulation? Author(s): Moreira RO, Vaisman M, Peixoto PC, Azevedo F. Source: Acta Radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2003 May; 44(3): 354. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752012&dopt=Abstract
•
Is synaptotagmin the calcium sensor? Author(s): Yoshihara M, Adolfsen B, Littleton JT. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2003 June; 13(3): 315-23. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850216&dopt=Abstract
•
Is the interaction between dietary protein and calcium destructive or constructive for bone? Author(s): Roughead ZK. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 866S-869S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612171&dopt=Abstract
•
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus mitochondrial K7 protein targets a cellular calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand to modulate intracellular calcium concentration and inhibit apoptosis. Author(s): Feng P, Park J, Lee BS, Lee SH, Bram RJ, Jung JU. Source: Journal of Virology. 2002 November; 76(22): 11491-504. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388711&dopt=Abstract
•
Kappa-casein interactions in the suspension of the two major calcium-sensitive human beta-caseins. Author(s): Sood SM, Erickson G, Slattery CW. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 July; 86(7): 2269-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12906042&dopt=Abstract
134 Calcium
•
Keeping an eye on calcium levels. Author(s): Krueger D, Tasota FJ. Source: Nursing. 2003 June; 33(6): 68, 70. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803227&dopt=Abstract
•
Keeping up with calcium: conference on calcium-binding proteins and calcium function in health and disease. Author(s): Klee CB, Means AR. Source: Embo Reports. 2002 September; 3(9): 823-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12223462&dopt=Abstract
•
Ketamine suppresses platelet aggregation possibly by suppressed inositol triphosphate formation and subsequent suppression of cytosolic calcium increase. Author(s): Nakagawa T, Hirakata H, Sato M, Nakamura K, Hatano Y, Nakamura T, Fukuda K. Source: Anesthesiology. 2002 May; 96(5): 1147-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981155&dopt=Abstract
•
Kinetic properties of "soluble" adenylyl cyclase. Synergism between calcium and bicarbonate. Author(s): Litvin TN, Kamenetsky M, Zarifyan A, Buck J, Levin LR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 May 2; 278(18): 15922-6. Epub 2003 February 27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12609998&dopt=Abstract
•
Kinetic studies of calcium and cardiac troponin I peptide binding to human cardiac troponin C using NMR spectroscopy. Author(s): Li MX, Saude EJ, Wang X, Pearlstone JR, Smillie LB, Sykes BD. Source: European Biophysics Journal : Ebj. 2002 July; 31(4): 245-56. Epub 2002 June 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12122471&dopt=Abstract
•
LAAE-14, a new in vitro inhibitor of intracellular calcium mobilization, modulates acute and chronic inflammation. Author(s): Lucas R, Alves M, del Olmo E, San Feliciano A, Paya M. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 May 1; 65(9): 1539-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12732367&dopt=Abstract
Studies 135
•
Lack of association between calcium-sensing receptor gene "A986S" polymorphism and bone mineral density in Hungarian postmenopausal women. Author(s): Takacs I, Speer G, Bajnok E, Tabak A, Nagy Z, Horvath C, Kovacs K, Lakatos P. Source: Bone. 2002 June; 30(6): 849-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12052452&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of association between suicidal ideation and enhanced platelet 5-HT2A receptormediated calcium mobilization in cancer patients with depression. Author(s): Uchitomi Y, Kugaya A, Akechi T, Nakano T, Inagaki M, Matsuoka Y, Kagaya A, Yamawaki S. Source: Biological Psychiatry. 2002 December 15; 52(12): 1159-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12488061&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of bioequivalence of ciprofloxacin when administered with calcium-fortified orange juice: a new twist on an old interaction. Author(s): Neuhofel AL, Wilton JH, Victory JM, Hejmanowsk LG, Amsden GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2002 April; 42(4): 461-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11936572&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of bioequivalence of gatifloxacin when coadministered with calcium-fortified orange juice in healthy volunteers. Author(s): Wallace AW, Victory JM, Amsden GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 January; 43(1): 92-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520633&dopt=Abstract
•
Lack of bioequivalence when levofloxacin and calcium-fortified orange juice are coadministered to healthy volunteers. Author(s): Wallace AW, Victory JM, Amsden GW. Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 May; 43(5): 539-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12751275&dopt=Abstract
•
Lactose hydrolysis and calcium absorption in premature feeding. Author(s): Vento M, Moya M. Source: The Journal of Pediatrics. 2003 June; 142(6): 737-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838211&dopt=Abstract
•
L-amino acid sensing by the calcium-sensing receptor: a general mechanism for coupling protein and calcium metabolism? Author(s): Conigrave AD, Franks AH, Brown EM, Quinn SJ. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 November; 56(11): 1072-80. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12428172&dopt=Abstract
136 Calcium
•
Lercanidipine: a novel dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker. Author(s): Epstein M. Source: Heart Disease. 2001 November-December; 3(6): 398-407. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11975824&dopt=Abstract
•
Less calcium in cremaster muscles of boys with undescended testis supports a deficiency in sympathetic innervation. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Ulusu NN, Tezcan EF, Buyukpamukcu N. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2002; 69(2): 111-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187040&dopt=Abstract
•
Leukotriene D4-induced calcium signaling in human intestinal epithelial cells. Author(s): Thodeti CK, Sjolander A. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 507: 187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12664584&dopt=Abstract
•
Lifetime physical activity and calcium intake related to bone density in young women. Author(s): Wallace LS, Ballard JE. Source: Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine. 2002 May; 11(4): 389-98. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12150501&dopt=Abstract
•
Limited proteolysis of surfactant protein D causes a loss of its calcium-dependent lectin functions. Author(s): Griese M, Wiesener A, Lottspeich F, von Bredow Ch. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 July 14; 1638(2): 157-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12853121&dopt=Abstract
•
Lipoprotein subclasses and coronary artery calcium in postmenopausal women from the healthy women study. Author(s): Mackey RH, Kuller LH, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Evans RW, Holubkov R, Matthews KA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 October 17; 90(8A): 71I-76I. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419483&dopt=Abstract
•
Listeriolysin O-mediated calcium influx potentiates entry of Listeria monocytogenes into the human Hep-2 epithelial cell line. Author(s): Dramsi S, Cossart P. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2003 June; 71(6): 3614-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12761148&dopt=Abstract
Studies 137
•
Local anesthetics modulate neuronal calcium signaling through multiple sites of action. Author(s): Xu F, Garavito-Aguilar Z, Recio-Pinto E, Zhang J, J Blanck TJ. Source: Anesthesiology. 2003 May; 98(5): 1139-46. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12717135&dopt=Abstract
•
Localization of gastrinomas by selective intra-arterial calcium injection. Author(s): Turner JJ, Wren AM, Jackson JE, Thakker RV, Meeran K. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 December; 57(6): 821-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460333&dopt=Abstract
•
Longitudinal changes in weight in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women: effects of dietary energy intake, energy expenditure, dietary calcium intake and hormone replacement therapy. Author(s): Macdonald HM, New SA, Campbell MK, Reid DM. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 June; 27(6): 669-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12833110&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Ong HT. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2068; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709460&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Rifkin W. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2068; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709459&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Yarows SA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2068-9; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709458&dopt=Abstract
138 Calcium
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Messerli FH, Weber MA. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2067-8; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709457&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Chikamori T. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2066; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709456&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Palmer CR, Brown MJ, Mancia G, Ruilope LM; INSIGHT Steering Committee. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2066-7; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709455&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term cardiovascular consequences of diuretics vs calcium channel blockers vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Houghton JL. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2003 April 23-30; 289(16): 2066; Author Reply 2069-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709454&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term exposition of cells to beta-amyloid results in decreased intracellular calcium concentration. Author(s): Palotas A, Kalman J, Palotas M, Kemeny L, Janka Z, Penke B. Source: Neurochemistry International. 2003 June; 42(7): 543-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12590936&dopt=Abstract
•
Long-term increase in bone mass through high calcium intake before puberty. Author(s): Remer T, Boye KR, Manz F. Source: Lancet. 2002 June 8; 359(9322): 2037-8; Author Reply 2038. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12076578&dopt=Abstract
Studies 139
•
Long-term treatment of hypoparathyroidism: a randomized controlled study comparing parathyroid hormone-(1-34) versus calcitriol and calcium. Author(s): Winer KK, Ko CW, Reynolds JC, Dowdy K, Keil M, Peterson D, Gerber LH, McGarvey C, Cutler GB Jr. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4214-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970289&dopt=Abstract
•
Looking forward to seeing calcium. Author(s): Rudolf R, Mongillo M, Rizzuto R, Pozzan T. Source: Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 2003 July; 4(7): 579-86. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838340&dopt=Abstract
•
Loss of heterozygosity in parathyroid glands of familial hypercalcemia with hypercalciuria and point mutation in calcium receptor. Author(s): Szabo E, Carling T, Hessman O, Rastad J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2002 August; 87(8): 3961-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12161540&dopt=Abstract
•
Loss of hydroxyl ions from gutta-percha points with calcium hydroxide in their composition: an in vivo study. Author(s): Azabal-Arroyo M, Menasalvas-Ruiz G, Martin-Alonso J, Arroquia JJ, Vegadel Barrio JM. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2002 October; 28(10): 697-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12398167&dopt=Abstract
•
Low calcium dialysate increases cardiac relaxation in CAPD patients. Author(s): Tuncer M, Ermis C, Suleymanlar G, Yakupoglu G, Ersoy FF. Source: Perit Dial Int. 2002 November-December; 22(6): 714-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556074&dopt=Abstract
•
Low protein intake: the impact on calcium and bone homeostasis in humans. Author(s): Kerstetter JE, O'Brien KO, Insogna KL. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 March; 133(3): 855S-861S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12612169&dopt=Abstract
140 Calcium
•
Low-calcium diet in hypercalciuric enuretic children restores AQP2 excretion and improves clinical symptoms. Author(s): Valenti G, Laera A, Gouraud S, Pace G, Aceto G, Penza R, Selvaggi FP, Svelto M. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2002 November; 283(5): F895-903. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372764&dopt=Abstract
•
Lower calcium absorption in infants fed casein hydrolysate- and soy protein-based infant formulas containing palm olein versus formulas without palm olein. Author(s): Ostrom KM, Borschel MW, Westcott JE, Richardson KS, Krebs NF. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2002 December; 21(6): 564-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480803&dopt=Abstract
•
L-phenylalanine and NPS R-467 synergistically potentiate the function of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor through distinct sites. Author(s): Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Quinn SJ, Krapcho K, Nemeth EF, Bai M. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 September 13; 277(37): 33736-41. Epub 2002 July 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12114500&dopt=Abstract
•
L-type calcium channels: highs and new lows. Author(s): Lipscombe D. Source: Circulation Research. 2002 May 17; 90(9): 933-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12016257&dopt=Abstract
•
LY294002, but not wortmannin, increases intracellular calcium and inhibits calcium transients in bovine and human airway smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Ethier MF, Madison JM. Source: Cell Calcium. 2002 July; 32(1): 31-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12127060&dopt=Abstract
•
Lysophosphatidic acid induces human natural killer cell chemotaxis and intracellular calcium mobilization. Author(s): Jin Y, Knudsen E, Wang L, Maghazachi AA. Source: European Journal of Immunology. 2003 August; 33(8): 2083-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12884281&dopt=Abstract
Studies 141
•
Lysophosphatidylcholines prime the NADPH oxidase and stimulate multiple neutrophil functions through changes in cytosolic calcium. Author(s): Silliman CC, Elzi DJ, Ambruso DR, Musters RJ, Hamiel C, Harbeck RJ, Paterson AJ, Bjornsen AJ, Wyman TH, Kelher M, England KM, McLaughlinMalaxecheberria N, Barnett CC, Aiboshi J, Bannerjee A. Source: Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2003 April; 73(4): 511-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660226&dopt=Abstract
•
Magnesium and calcium in drinking water and the risk of death from esophageal cancer. Author(s): Yang CY, Chiu HF, Tsai SS, Wu TN, Chang CC. Source: Magnes Res. 2002 December; 15(3-4): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12635875&dopt=Abstract
•
Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). Author(s): ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial. Source: Jama : the Journal of the American Medical Association. 2002 December 18; 288(23): 2981-97. Erratum In: Jama 2003 January 8; 289(2): 178. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479763&dopt=Abstract
•
Malaria parasites solve the problem of a low calcium environment. Author(s): Camacho P. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2003 April 14; 161(1): 17-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12695494&dopt=Abstract
•
Management of calcium channel antagonist overdose. Author(s): Salhanick SD, Shannon MW. Source: Drug Safety : an International Journal of Medical Toxicology and Drug Experience. 2003; 26(2): 65-79. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12534324&dopt=Abstract
•
Marked hypercalcemia in a patient with hypocalciuric hypercalcemia without a mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Author(s): Hanibuchi N, Maruyama T, Menju M, Toyoshima H, Yamamoto T, Fukumoto S, Konishi I. Source: Intern Med. 2002 December; 41(12): 1153-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521205&dopt=Abstract
142 Calcium
•
Mass media release of medical research results: an analysis of antihypertensive drug prescribing in the aftermath of the calcium channel blocker scare of March 1995. Author(s): Brunt ME, Murray MD, Hui SL, Kesterson J, Perkins AJ, Tierney WM. Source: Journal of General Internal Medicine : Official Journal of the Society for Research and Education in Primary Care Internal Medicine. 2003 February; 18(2): 84-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542582&dopt=Abstract
•
Maternal, fetal and neonatal vitamin D and calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. Author(s): Weisman Y. Source: Endocr Dev. 2003; 6: 34-49. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12964424&dopt=Abstract
•
Maxillary sinus augmentation using prehardened calcium sulfate: a case report. Author(s): Guarnieri R, Bovi M. Source: Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2002 October; 22(5): 503-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449310&dopt=Abstract
•
Measuring intracellular calcium fluxes in high throughput mode. Author(s): Chambers C, Smith F, Williams C, Marcos S, Liu ZH, Hayter P, Ciaramella G, Keighley W, Gribbon P, Sewing A. Source: Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 2003 June; 6(4): 355-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769679&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate based dental filling and regeneration materials. Author(s): Lee YK, Lim BS, Kim CW. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2003 April; 30(4): 418-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631167&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanism of action of volatile anesthetics: involvement of intracellular calcium signaling. Author(s): Gomez RS, Guatimosim C. Source: Current Drug Targets. Cns and Neurological Disorders. 2003 April; 2(2): 123-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12769804&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanism of activation of heparin cofactor II by calcium spirulan. Author(s): Hayakawa Y, Hirashima Y, Yamamoto H, Kurimoto M, Hayashi T, Lee JB, Endo S. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2003 August 1; 416(1): 47-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12859981&dopt=Abstract
Studies 143
•
Mechanism of inhibitory actions of oxidizing agents on calcium-activated potassium current in cultured pigment epithelial cells of the human retina. Author(s): Sheu SJ, Wu SN. Source: Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 2003 March; 44(3): 1237-44. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12601054&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of calcium transport in human colonic basolateral membrane vesicles. Author(s): Saksena S, Ammar MS, Tyagi S, Elsharydah A, Gill RK, Ramaswamy K, Dudeja PK. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2002 October; 47(10): 2306-15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12395904&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of intestinal calcium absorption. Author(s): Bronner F. Source: Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 2003 February 1; 88(2): 387-93. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12520541&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanisms of plaque stabilization for the dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine: review of the evidence. Author(s): Mason RP. Source: Atherosclerosis. 2002 December; 165(2): 191-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12417269&dopt=Abstract
•
Mechanosensitivity of N-type calcium channel currents. Author(s): Calabrese B, Tabarean IV, Juranka P, Morris CE. Source: Biophysical Journal. 2002 November; 83(5): 2560-74. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12414690&dopt=Abstract
•
Medical grade calcium sulfate hemihydrate versus expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in the treatment of mandibular class II furcations. Author(s): Couri CJ, Maze GI, Hinkson DW, Collins BH 3rd, Dawson DV. Source: J Periodontol. 2002 November; 73(11): 1352-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479641&dopt=Abstract
•
Melatonin-induced calcium signaling in clusters of human and rat duodenal enterocytes. Author(s): Sjoblom M, Safsten B, Flemstrom G. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2003 June; 284(6): G1034-44. Epub 2003 February 12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584110&dopt=Abstract
144 Calcium
•
Membrane excitability and calcium homeostasis in exercising skeletal muscle. Author(s): Carlsen RC, Villarin JJ. Source: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 2002 November; 81(11 Suppl): S28-39. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12409809&dopt=Abstract
•
Membrane proximal lysosomes are the major vesicles responsible for calciumdependent exocytosis in nonsecretory cells. Author(s): Jaiswal JK, Andrews NW, Simon SM. Source: The Journal of Cell Biology. 2002 November 25; 159(4): 625-35. Epub 2002 Nov 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12438417&dopt=Abstract
•
Metabolic control through L calcium channel, PKC and opioid receptors modulation by an association of naloxone and calcium salts. Author(s): Minoia P, Sciorsci RL. Source: Current Drug Targets. Immune, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2001 August; 1(2): 131-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476794&dopt=Abstract
•
Metabolic risk factors in pediatric and adult calcium oxalate urinary stone formers: is there any difference? Author(s): Tefekli A, Esen T, Ziylan O, Erol B, Armagan A, Ander H, Akinci M. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(4): 273-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740490&dopt=Abstract
•
Metabolism of the calcium and bioavailability of the salts of most frequent use. Author(s): Sosa M, Bregni C. Source: Boll Chim Farm. 2003 January-February; 142(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12680036&dopt=Abstract
•
Microbial susceptibility to calcium hydroxide pastes and their vehicles. Author(s): Gomes BP, Ferraz CC, Garrido FD, Rosalen PL, Zaia AA, Teixeira FB, de Souza-Filho FJ. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2002 November; 28(11): 758-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12470019&dopt=Abstract
•
Milk of calcium on mammography. Author(s): Hall FM. Source: Ajr. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2002 March; 178(3): 762. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856716&dopt=Abstract
Studies 145
•
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide as pulp-capping agents in human teeth: a preliminary report. Author(s): Aeinehchi M, Eslami B, Ghanbariha M, Saffar AS. Source: International Endodontic Journal. 2003 March; 36(3): 225-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657149&dopt=Abstract
•
Mineralized tissue and vertebrate evolution: the secretory calcium-binding phosphoprotein gene cluster. Author(s): Kawasaki K, Weiss KM. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 April 1; 100(7): 4060-5. Epub 2003 March 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12646701&dopt=Abstract
•
Minimal internal fixation and calcium-phosphate cement in the treatment of fractures of the tibial plateau. A pilot study. Author(s): Keating JF, Hajducka CL, Harper J. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 January; 85(1): 6873. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585580&dopt=Abstract
•
Mitochondrial stress-induced calcium signaling, phenotypic changes and invasive behavior in human lung carcinoma A549 cells. Author(s): Amuthan G, Biswas G, Ananadatheerthavarada HK, Vijayasarathy C, Shephard HM, Avadhani NG. Source: Oncogene. 2002 November 7; 21(51): 7839-49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12420221&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular characterization of binding of calcium and carbohydrates by an early activation antigen of lymphocytes CD69. Author(s): Pavlicek J, Sopko B, Ettrich R, Kopecky V Jr, Baumruk V, Man P, Havlicek V, Vrbacky M, Martinkova L, Kren V, Pospisil M, Bezouska K. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 August 12; 42(31): 9295-306. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12899616&dopt=Abstract
•
Molecular physiology of low-voltage-activated t-type calcium channels. Author(s): Perez-Reyes E. Source: Physiological Reviews. 2003 January; 83(1): 117-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12506128&dopt=Abstract
146 Calcium
•
Mutations in the amino terminus of ANKH in two US families with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Author(s): Williams CJ, Pendleton A, Bonavita G, Reginato AJ, Hughes AE, Peariso S, Doherty M, McCarty DJ, Ryan LM. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2003 September; 48(9): 2627-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=13130483&dopt=Abstract
•
Mutations in the calcium-binding motifs of CDH23 and the 35delG mutation in GJB2 cause hearing loss in one family. Author(s): de Brouwer AP, Pennings RJ, Roeters M, Van Hauwe P, Astuto LM, Hoefsloot LH, Huygen PL, van den Helm B, Deutman AF, M Bork J, Kimberling WJ, Cremers FP, Cremers CW, Kremer H. Source: Human Genetics. 2003 February; 112(2): 156-63. Epub 2002 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12522556&dopt=Abstract
•
Mutations linked to familial hypokalaemic periodic paralysis in the calcium channel alpha1 subunit gene (Cav1.1) are not associated with thyrotoxic hypokalaemic periodic paralysis. Author(s): Dias da Silva MR, Cerutti JM, Tengan CH, Furuzawa GK, Vieira TC, Gabbai AA, Maciel RM. Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2002 March; 56(3): 367-75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11940049&dopt=Abstract
•
N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate and calcium leucovorin modulation of fluorouracil administered by constant rate and circadian pattern of infusion over 72 hours in metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. Author(s): Grem JL, Yee LK, Schuler B, Hamilton JM, Chen AP, Chabuk C, Grollman F, Grabenc M, Allegra CJ, Takimoto CH. Source: Annals of Oncology : Official Journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / Esmo. 2001 November; 12(11): 1581-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11822758&dopt=Abstract
•
Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange in human myotubes: intracellular calcium rises in response to external sodium depletion are enhanced in DMD. Author(s): Deval E, Levitsky DO, Marchand E, Cantereau A, Raymond G, Cognard C. Source: Neuromuscular Disorders : Nmd. 2002 October; 12(7-8): 665-73. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12207936&dopt=Abstract
•
NBR1 interacts with fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) and calcium and integrin binding protein (CIB) and shows developmentally restricted expression in the neural tube. Author(s): Whitehouse C, Chambers J, Howe K, Cobourne M, Sharpe P, Solomon E. Source: European Journal of Biochemistry / Febs. 2002 January; 269(2): 538-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11856312&dopt=Abstract
Studies 147
•
Nef of HIV-1 interacts directly with calcium-bound calmodulin. Author(s): Hayashi N, Matsubara M, Jinbo Y, Titani K, Izumi Y, Matsushima N. Source: Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society. 2002 March; 11(3): 529-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11847276&dopt=Abstract
•
Negative calcium balance during lactation in rural Mexican women. Author(s): DeSantiago S, Alonso L, Halhali A, Larrea F, Isoard F, Bourges H. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 October; 76(4): 845-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12324299&dopt=Abstract
•
Nephrolithiasis in a neonate with transient renal wasting of calcium and magnesium. Author(s): Stoll ML, Listman JA. Source: Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany). 2002 May; 17(5): 386-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12042901&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuronal calcium-binding proteins and schizophrenia. Author(s): Eyles DW, McGrath JJ, Reynolds GP. Source: Schizophrenia Research. 2002 September 1; 57(1): 27-34. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12165373&dopt=Abstract
•
Neuronal depletion of calcium-dependent proteins in the dentate gyrus is tightly linked to Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficits. Author(s): Palop JJ, Jones B, Kekonius L, Chin J, Yu GQ, Raber J, Masliah E, Mucke L. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 August 5; 100(16): 9572-7. Epub 2003 July 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12881482&dopt=Abstract
•
Neurotoxicity of pneumolysin, a major pneumococcal virulence factor, involves calcium influx and depends on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Author(s): Stringaris AK, Geisenhainer J, Bergmann F, Balshusemann C, Lee U, Zysk G, Mitchell TJ, Keller BU, Kuhnt U, Gerber J, Spreer A, Bahr M, Michel U, Nau R. Source: Neurobiology of Disease. 2002 December; 11(3): 355-68. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586546&dopt=Abstract
•
Neutron activation analysis of calcium/phosphorus ratio in rib bone of healthy humans. Author(s): Tzaphlidou M, Zaichick V. Source: Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 2002 December; 57(6): 779-83. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12406616&dopt=Abstract
148 Calcium
•
New approaches to the management of peripheral vertigo: efficacy and safety of two calcium antagonists in a 12-week, multinational, double-blind study. Author(s): Pianese CP, Hidalgo LO, Gonzalez RH, Madrid CE, Ponce JE, Ramirez AM, Moran LM, Arenas JE, Rubio AT, Uribe JO, Abiuso J, Hanuch E, Alegria J, Volpi C, Flaskamp R, Sanjuan AP, Gomez JM, Hernandez J, Pedraza A, Quijano D, Martinez C, Castaneda JR, Guerra OJ, F GV. Source: Otology & Neurotology : Official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology. 2002 May; 23(3): 357-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11981396&dopt=Abstract
•
New aspects of calcium signaling in skeletal muscle cells: implications in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Author(s): Gailly P. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 November 4; 1600(1-2): 38-44. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445457&dopt=Abstract
•
Nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate-sensitive calcium stores initiate insulin signaling in human beta cells. Author(s): Johnson JD, Misler S. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2002 October 29; 99(22): 14566-71. Epub 2002 Oct 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12381785&dopt=Abstract
•
Nitric oxide and calcium ions in apoptotic esophageal carcinoma cells induced by arsenite. Author(s): Shen ZY, Shen WY, Chen MH, Shen J, Cai WJ, Yi Z. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2002 February; 8(1): 40-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11833068&dopt=Abstract
•
Nitric oxide and fusion with prostasomes increase cytosolic calcium in progesteronestimulated sperm. Author(s): Arienti G, Carlini E, Saccardi C, Palmerini CA. Source: Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 2002 June 15; 402(2): 255-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12051671&dopt=Abstract
•
Nitric oxide plays an insignificant role in direct vasodilator effects of calcium channel blockers in healthy humans. Author(s): Nakamura M, Arakawa N, Yoshida H, Naganuma Y, Nagano M, Hiramori K. Source: Heart and Vessels. 2002 March; 16(3): 105-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12027232&dopt=Abstract
Studies 149
•
No involvement of the calcium channel gene (CACNA1A) in a family with cluster headache. Author(s): Haan J, van Vliet JA, Kors EE, Terwindt GM, Vermeulen FL, van den Maagdenberg AM, Frants RR, Ferrari MD. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 December; 21(10): 95962. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843867&dopt=Abstract
•
No involvement of the calcium channel gene (CACNA1A) in a family with cluster headache. Author(s): Russell MB. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2001 December; 21(10): 939. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11843863&dopt=Abstract
•
No role of calcium- and ATP-dependent potassium channels in insulin-induced vasodilation in humans in vivo. Author(s): Abbink EJ, Walker AJ, van der Sluijs HA, Tack CJ, Smits P. Source: Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 2002 March-April; 18(2): 143-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11994906&dopt=Abstract
•
Non-digestible oligosaccharides and calcium absorption in girls with adequate calcium intakes. Author(s): Griffin IJ, Davila PM, Abrams SA. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2002 May; 87 Suppl 2: S187-91. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12088517&dopt=Abstract
•
Normalizing calcium intake: projected population effects for body weight. Author(s): Heaney RP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 268S-270S. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514306&dopt=Abstract
•
Novel hydrolysis-resistant analogues of cyclic ADP-ribose: modification of the "northern" ribose and calcium release activity. Author(s): Guse AH, Cakir-Kiefer C, Fukuoka M, Shuto S, Weber K, Bailey VC, Matsuda A, Mayr GW, Oppenheimer N, Schuber F, Potter BV. Source: Biochemistry. 2002 May 28; 41(21): 6744-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12022878&dopt=Abstract
150 Calcium
•
Novel role for calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) in the macrophage antiviral response of inducible nitric-oxide synthase expression. Author(s): Maggi LB Jr, Moran JM, Scarim AL, Ford DA, Yoon JW, McHowat J, Buller RM, Corbett JA. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2002 October 11; 277(41): 38449-55. Epub 2002 August 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12167650&dopt=Abstract
•
No-wash dyes for calcium flux measurement. Author(s): Mehlin C, Crittenden C, Andreyka J. Source: Biotechniques. 2003 January; 34(1): 164-6. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545554&dopt=Abstract
•
Nuclear and cytosolic calcium are regulated independently. Author(s): Leite MF, Thrower EC, Echevarria W, Koulen P, Hirata K, Bennett AM, Ehrlich BE, Nathanson MH. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 March 4; 100(5): 2975-80. Epub 2003 February 26. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606721&dopt=Abstract
•
Nutritional rickets with normal circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a call for reexamining the role of dietary calcium intake in North American infants. Author(s): DeLucia MC, Mitnick ME, Carpenter TO. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3539-45. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915633&dopt=Abstract
•
Old players in a new role: mitochondria-associated membranes, VDAC, and ryanodine receptors as contributors to calcium signal propagation from endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondria. Author(s): Hajnoczky G, Csordas G, Yi M. Source: Cell Calcium. 2002 November-December; 32(5-6): 363-77. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543096&dopt=Abstract
•
on "Does acetic acid iontophoresis accelerate the resorption of calcium deposits in calcified tendinitis of the shoulder?". Author(s): Tygiel PP. Source: Physical Therapy. 2003 July; 83(7): 667-9; Discussion 669-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12872777&dopt=Abstract
Studies 151
•
On the conservation of fast calcium wave speeds. Author(s): Jaffe L. Source: Cell Calcium. 2002 October; 32(4): 217-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12379182&dopt=Abstract
•
Opposing roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors in neuronal calcium signalling and BDNF gene regulation. Author(s): Vanhoutte P, Bading H. Source: Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 2003 June; 13(3): 366-71. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850222&dopt=Abstract
•
Oral calcium, sevelamer and vascular calcification in uraemic patients. Author(s): Fournier A, Presne C, Oprisiu R, Sadek T. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 December; 17(12): 2276-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454254&dopt=Abstract
•
Oral potassium citrate treatment for idiopathic hypocitruria in children with calcium urolithiasis. Author(s): Tekin A, Tekgul S, Atsu N, Bakkaloglu M, Kendi S. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 December; 168(6): 2572-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441986&dopt=Abstract
•
Orientia tsutsugamushi inhibits apoptosis of macrophages by retarding intracellular calcium release. Author(s): Kim MK, Seong SY, Seoh JY, Han TH, Song HJ, Lee JE, Shin JH, Lim BU, Kang JS. Source: Infection and Immunity. 2002 August; 70(8): 4692-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12117985&dopt=Abstract
•
Orthopedic devices; classification for the resorbable calcium salt bone void filler device. Final rule. Author(s): Food and Drug Administration, HHS. Source: Federal Register. 2003 June 2; 68(105): 32635-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12784825&dopt=Abstract
•
Osteoblast precursor cell attachment on heat-treated calcium phosphate coatings. Author(s): Yang Y, Bumgardner JD, Cavin R, Carnes DL, Ong JL. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2003 June; 82(6): 449-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12766197&dopt=Abstract
152 Calcium
•
Osteoblastic cells have refractory periods for fluid-flow-induced intracellular calcium oscillations for short bouts of flow and display multiple low-magnitude oscillations during long-term flow. Author(s): Donahue SW, Donahue HJ, Jacobs CR. Source: Journal of Biomechanics. 2003 January; 36(1): 35-43. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485636&dopt=Abstract
•
Osteoporosis in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of calcium and vitamin D with or without fluoride. Author(s): Abitbol V, Mary JY, Roux C, Soule JC, Belaiche J, Dupas JL, Gendre JP, Lerebours E, Chaussade S; Groupe D'etudes Therapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires Digestives (GETAID). Source: Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2002 May; 16(5): 919-27. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11966500&dopt=Abstract
•
Osteoporosis knowledge, calcium intake, and weight-bearing physical activity in three age groups of women. Author(s): Terrio K, Auld GW. Source: Journal of Community Health. 2002 October; 27(5): 307-20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12238730&dopt=Abstract
•
Overexpression of sorcin, a calcium-binding protein, induces a low level of paclitaxel resistance in human ovarian and breast cancer cells. Author(s): Parekh HK, Deng HB, Choudhary K, Houser SR, Simpkins H. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2002 March 15; 63(6): 1149-58. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11931848&dopt=Abstract
•
Overview of the 7th European symposium on calcium-binding proteins in normal and transformed cells. Author(s): Williams RJ. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 November 4; 1600(1-2): 2-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12445452&dopt=Abstract
•
Oxidative stress increases internal calcium stores and reduces a key mitochondrial enzyme. Author(s): Gibson GE, Zhang H, Xu H, Park LC, Jeitner TM. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2002 March 16; 1586(2): 177-89. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11959459&dopt=Abstract
Studies 153
•
Oxidative stress, perturbed calcium homeostasis, and immune dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Author(s): Mattson MP. Source: Journal of Neurovirology. 2002 December; 8(6): 539-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12476348&dopt=Abstract
•
Oxypurines, protein, glucose and the functional state of blood vasculature are markers of renal calcium stone-forming processes? Observations in men with idiopathic recurrent calcium urolithiasis. Author(s): Manoharan M, Schwille PO. Source: Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine : Cclm / Fescc. 2002 March; 40(3): 266-77. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12005217&dopt=Abstract
•
Painful soft-tissue reaction to injectable Norian SRS calcium phosphate cement after curettage of enchondromas. Author(s): Welkerling H, Raith J, Kastner N, Marschall C, Windhager R. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume. 2003 March; 85(2): 238-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12678359&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns of calcium-binding proteins in human inferior colliculus: identification of subdivisions and evidence for putative parallel systems. Author(s): Tardif E, Chiry O, Probst A, Magistretti PJ, Clarke S. Source: Neuroscience. 2003; 116(4): 1111-21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12617952&dopt=Abstract
•
Patterns of calcium-binding proteins support parallel and hierarchical organization of human auditory areas. Author(s): Chiry O, Tardif E, Magistretti PJ, Clarke S. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 January; 17(2): 397-410. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12542677&dopt=Abstract
•
Permeation and selectivity in calcium channels. Author(s): Sather WA, McCleskey EW. Source: Annual Review of Physiology. 2003; 65: 133-59. Epub 2002 November 21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12471162&dopt=Abstract
•
pH changes in root dentin after intracanal placement of improved calcium hydroxide containing gutta-percha points. Author(s): Ho CH, Khoo A, Tan R, Teh J, Lim KC, Sae-Lim V. Source: Journal of Endodontics. 2003 January; 29(1): 4-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540209&dopt=Abstract
154 Calcium
•
Pharmacological analysis of calcium responses mediated by the human A3 adenosine receptor in monocyte-derived dendritic cells and recombinant cells. Author(s): Fossetta J, Jackson J, Deno G, Fan X, Du XK, Bober L, Soude-Bermejo A, de Bouteiller O, Caux C, Lunn C, Lundell D, Palmer RK. Source: Molecular Pharmacology. 2003 February; 63(2): 342-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527805&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacological modulators of voltage-gated calcium channels and their therapeutical application. Author(s): Kochegarov AA. Source: Cell Calcium. 2003 March; 33(3): 145-62. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12600802&dopt=Abstract
•
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches for decompensated heart failure: a role for the calcium sensitiser, levosimendan? Author(s): Greenberg B, Borghi C, Perrone S. Source: European Journal of Heart Failure : Journal of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. 2003 January; 5(1): 13-21. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559210&dopt=Abstract
•
pH-dependent effect of mitochondria on calcium influx into Jurkat cells; a novel mechanism of cell protection against calcium entry during energy stress. Author(s): Zablocki K, Makowska A, Duszynski J. Source: Cell Calcium. 2003 February; 33(2): 91-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12531185&dopt=Abstract
•
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and calcium-activated transcription pathways are required for VLDL-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation. Author(s): Lipskaia L, Pourci ML, Delomenie C, Combettes L, Goudouneche D, Paul JL, Capiod T, Lompre AM. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 May 30; 92(10): 1115-22. Epub 2003 May 01. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730091&dopt=Abstract
•
Plasma membrane calcium ATPase overexpression in arterial smooth muscle increases vasomotor responsiveness and blood pressure. Author(s): Gros R, Afroze T, You XM, Kabir G, Van Wert R, Kalair W, Hoque AE, Mungrue IN, Husain M. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 October 3; 93(7): 614-21. Epub 2003 August 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12933703&dopt=Abstract
Studies 155
•
Point: Diabetic Patients and Coronary Calcium: Risk stratification, compliance, and plaque progression. Author(s): Budoff MJ. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 February; 26(2): 541-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12547898&dopt=Abstract
•
Polycystin-2 is an intracellular calcium release channel. Author(s): Koulen P, Cai Y, Geng L, Maeda Y, Nishimura S, Witzgall R, Ehrlich BE, Somlo S. Source: Nature Cell Biology. 2002 March; 4(3): 191-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11854751&dopt=Abstract
•
Posttransplant changes of calcium and phosphate and the role of pretransplant calcitriol therapy. Author(s): Derakhshan A, Nasiri M. Source: Transplantation Proceedings. 2003 February; 35(1): 268. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12591393&dopt=Abstract
•
Prebiotics and calcium bioavailability. Author(s): Cashman K. Source: Curr Issues Intest Microbiol. 2003 March; 4(1): 21-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691259&dopt=Abstract
•
Predicting calcium status post thyroidectomy with early calcium levels. Author(s): Husein M, Hier MP, Al-Abdulhadi K, Black M. Source: Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery. 2002 October; 127(4): 289-93. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12402007&dopt=Abstract
•
Predictors of aortic and coronary artery calcium on a screening electron beam tomographic scan. Author(s): Raggi P, Cooil B, Hadi A, Friede G. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 March 15; 91(6): 744-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12633815&dopt=Abstract
•
Pregnant adolescents in Guam consume diets low in calcium and other micronutrients. Author(s): Pobocik RS, Benavente JC, Boudreau NS, Spore CL. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2003 May; 103(5): 611-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12728222&dopt=Abstract
156 Calcium
•
Presence and racemisation of amino acids in calcium oxalate patinas. A case study from the Baptistery in Parma, Italy. Author(s): Casoli A, Palla G. Source: Ann Chim. 2002 November-December; 92(11-12): 1057-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12556029&dopt=Abstract
•
Presynaptic calcium influx, neurotransmitter release, and neuromuscular disease. Author(s): Poage RE, Meriney SD. Source: Physiology & Behavior. 2002 December; 77(4-5): 507-12. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12526991&dopt=Abstract
•
Preventing hypotension effect of calcium channel blockers. Author(s): Allen R. Source: American Family Physician. 2003 March 1; 67(5): 940; Author Reply 940-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12643354&dopt=Abstract
•
Prognostic significance of calcium-binding protein S100A4 in colorectal cancer. Author(s): Gongoll S, Peters G, Mengel M, Piso P, Klempnauer J, Kreipe H, von Wasielewski R. Source: Gastroenterology. 2002 November; 123(5): 1478-84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12404222&dopt=Abstract
•
Prognostic significance of coronary artery calcium in asymptomatic subjects with usual cardiovascular risk. Author(s): Alexopoulos D, Toulgaridis T, Davlouros P, Christodoulou J, Sitafidis G, Hahalis G, Vagenakis AG. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 March; 145(3): 542-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660680&dopt=Abstract
•
Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for allcause mortality. Author(s): Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Source: Radiology. 2003 September; 228(3): 826-33. Epub 2003 July 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12869688&dopt=Abstract
•
Prognostic value of extensive coronary calcium quantities in symptomatic males--a 5year follow-up study. Author(s): Mohlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Schmermund A, Pump H, Moebus S, Baumgart D, Seibel R, Gronemeyer DH, Jockel KH, Erbel R. Source: European Heart Journal. 2003 May; 24(9): 845-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12727152&dopt=Abstract
Studies 157
•
Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: calcium phosphates. Author(s): LeGeros RZ. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 February; (395): 81-98. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937868&dopt=Abstract
•
Protein kinase A phosphorylation of the cardiac calcium release channel (ryanodine receptor) in normal and failing hearts. Role of phosphatases and response to isoproterenol. Author(s): Reiken S, Gaburjakova M, Guatimosim S, Gomez AM, D'Armiento J, Burkhoff D, Wang J, Vassort G, Lederer WJ, Marks AR. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 January 3; 278(1): 444-53. Epub 2002 October 24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401811&dopt=Abstract
•
Proteolytic cleavage and cellular toxicity of the human alpha1A calcium channel in spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Author(s): Kubodera T, Yokota T, Ohwada K, Ishikawa K, Miura H, Matsuoka T, Mizusawa H. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 April 24; 341(1): 74-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676347&dopt=Abstract
•
PTH pulsatility but not calcium sensitivity is restored after total parathyroidectomy with heterotopic autotransplantation. Author(s): Schmitt CP, Locken S, Mehls O, Veldhuis JD, Lehnert T, Ritz E, Schaefer F. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2003 February; 14(2): 40714. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12538741&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantification of coronary artery calcium with multi-detector row CT: assessing interscan variability with different tube currents pilot study. Author(s): Takahashi N, Bae KT. Source: Radiology. 2003 July; 228(1): 101-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12832575&dopt=Abstract
•
Quantifying human calcium absorption using pharmacokinetic methods. Author(s): Heaney RP. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 April; 133(4): 1224-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12672947&dopt=Abstract
158 Calcium
•
Quantitative changes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in common iliac arteries with aging. Author(s): Tohno S, Tohno Y, Moriwake Y, Azuma C, Ohnishi Y, Minami T. Source: Biological Trace Element Research. 2001 Winter; 84(1-3): 57-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11817696&dopt=Abstract
•
Quiz page. Diabetic nephropathy and extensive, superimposed, intratubular, calcium oxalate crystals, due to enteric hyperoxaluria. Author(s): Fogo AB. Source: American Journal of Kidney Diseases : the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation. 2002 August; 40(2): Xl. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12148125&dopt=Abstract
•
Racial differences in bone turnover and calcium metabolism in adolescent females. Author(s): Bryant RJ, Wastney ME, Martin BR, Wood O, McCabe GP, Morshidi M, Smith DL, Peacock M, Weaver CM. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 10437. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629083&dopt=Abstract
•
Raloxifene lowers serum calcium and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women with primary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Rubin MR, Lee KH, McMahon DJ, Silverberg SJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 11748. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629102&dopt=Abstract
•
Re: Effects of 5 different diets on urinary risk factors for calcium oxalate kidney stone formation: evidence of different renal handling mechanisms in different race groups. Author(s): Dodds PR. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 May; 169(5): 1798. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12686843&dopt=Abstract
•
Recurrent familial hypocalcemia due to germline mosaicism for an activating mutation of the calcium-sensing receptor gene. Author(s): Hendy GN, Minutti C, Canaff L, Pidasheva S, Yang B, Nouhi Z, Zimmerman D, Wei C, Cole DE. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 August; 88(8): 3674-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12915654&dopt=Abstract
Studies 159
•
Regional specificity of exercise and calcium during skeletal growth in girls: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Iuliano-Burns S, Saxon L, Naughton G, Gibbons K, Bass SL. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2003 January; 18(1): 156-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12510818&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of 15-hydroxy prostaglandin dehydrogenase by corticotrophin-releasing hormone through a calcium-dependent pathway in human chorion trophoblast cells. Author(s): McKeown KJ, Challis JR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 April; 88(4): 173741. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679466&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of alpha1G T-type calcium channel gene (CACNA1G) expression during neuronal differentiation. Author(s): Bertolesi GE, Jollimore CA, Shi C, Elbaum L, Denovan-Wright EM, Barnes S, Kelly ME. Source: The European Journal of Neuroscience. 2003 May; 17(9): 1802-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12752779&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of calcium homeostasis in activated human neutrophils--potential targets for anti-inflammatory therapeutic strategies. Author(s): Tintinger GR, Anderson R, Ker JA. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 December; 92(12): 990-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561417&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of calcium signals in the nucleus by a nucleoplasmic reticulum. Author(s): Echevarria W, Leite MF, Guerra MT, Zipfel WR, Nathanson MH. Source: Nature Cell Biology. 2003 May; 5(5): 440-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12717445&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of cell death: the calcium-apoptosis link. Author(s): Orrenius S, Zhivotovsky B, Nicotera P. Source: Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 2003 July; 4(7): 552-65. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12838338&dopt=Abstract
•
Relation between calcium intake and fat oxidation in adult humans. Author(s): Melanson EL, Sharp TA, Schneider J, Donahoo WT, Grunwald GK, Hill JO. Source: International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders : Journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 2003 February; 27(2): 196-203. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586999&dopt=Abstract
160 Calcium
•
Relation of C-reactive protein and fibrinogen to coronary artery calcium in subjects with systemic hypertension. Author(s): Kullo IJ, McConnell JP, Bailey KR, Kardia SL, Bielak LF, Peyser PA, Sheedy PF 2nd, Boerwinkle E, Turner ST. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 July 1; 92(1): 56-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842247&dopt=Abstract
•
Renal cell carcinoma with intratumoral calcium oxalate crystal deposition in patients with acquired cystic disease of the kidney. Author(s): Rioux-Leclercq NC, Epstein JI. Source: Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 2003 February; 127(2): E89-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12562261&dopt=Abstract
•
Retention in plaque and remineralization of enamel lesions by various forms of calcium in a mouthrinse or sugar-free chewing gum. Author(s): Reynolds EC, Cai F, Shen P, Walker GD. Source: Journal of Dental Research. 2003 March; 82(3): 206-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12598550&dopt=Abstract
•
Reversible segmental cerebral vasoconstriction (Call-Fleming syndrome): are calcium channel inhibitors a potential treatment option? Author(s): Nowak DA, Rodiek SO, Henneken S, Zinner J, Schreiner R, Fuchs HH, Topka H. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2003 April; 23(3): 218-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662190&dopt=Abstract
•
Reversible segmental cerebral vasoconstriction (Call-Fleming syndrome): the role of calcium antagonists. Author(s): Dodick DW. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2003 April; 23(3): 163-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662181&dopt=Abstract
•
rhBMP-2 release from injectable poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid)/calcium-phosphate cement composites. Author(s): Ruhe PQ, Hedberg EL, Padron NT, Spauwen PH, Jansen JA, Mikos AG. Source: The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 2003; 85-A Suppl 3: 75-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12925613&dopt=Abstract
Studies 161
•
Role of calcium in E-selectin induced phenotype of T84 colon carcinoma cells. Author(s): D'Amato M, Flugy AM, Alaimo G, Bauder B, Kohn EC, De Leo G, Alessandro R. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 February 21; 301(4): 907-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12589798&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of calcium in phototoxicity of 2-butylamino-2-demethoxy-hypocrellin A to human gastric cancer MGC-803 cells. Author(s): Zhou Z, Yang H, Zhang Z. Source: Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. 2003 February 17; 1593(2-3): 191-200. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12581863&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (syndecan-1) on the renal epithelial cells during calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal attachment. Author(s): Chikama S, Iida S, Inoue M, Kawagoe N, Tomiyasu K, Matsuoka K, Noda S, Takazono I. Source: Kurume Med J. 2002; 49(4): 201-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652971&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of intracellular calcium mobilization and cell-density-dependent signaling in oxidative-stress-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT keratinocytes. Author(s): Bakondi E, Gonczi M, Szabo E, Bai P, Pacher P, Gergely P, Kovacs L, Hunyadi J, Szabo C, Csernoch L, Virag L. Source: The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003 July; 121(1): 88-95. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12839568&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of phospholipase A2 activation and calcium in CYP2E1-dependent toxicity in HepG2 cells. Author(s): Caro AA, Cederbaum AI. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 September 5; 278(36): 33866-77. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813050&dopt=Abstract
•
Role of plasma and urinary calcium and phosphorus measurements in early detection of phosphorus deficiency in very low birthweight infants. Author(s): Catache M, Leone CR. Source: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). 2003; 92(1): 76-80. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12650304&dopt=Abstract
162 Calcium
•
Role of protein kinase C alpha in calcium induced keratinocyte differentiation: defective regulation in squamous cell carcinoma. Author(s): Yang LC, Ng DC, Bikle DD. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2003 May; 195(2): 249-59. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652652&dopt=Abstract
•
Roles of calcium ions in the activation and activity of the transglutaminase 3 enzyme. Author(s): Ahvazi B, Boeshans KM, Idler W, Baxa U, Steinert PM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 June 27; 278(26): 23834-41. Epub 2003 April 04. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12679341&dopt=Abstract
•
Ryanodine receptor antibodies in myasthenia gravis: epitope mapping and effect on calcium release in vitro. Author(s): Skeie GO, Mygland A, Treves S, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA, Zorzato F. Source: Muscle & Nerve. 2003 January; 27(1): 81-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508299&dopt=Abstract
•
Ryanodine receptor mutations associated with stress-induced ventricular tachycardia mediate increased calcium release in stimulated cardiomyocytes. Author(s): George CH, Higgs GV, Lai FA. Source: Circulation Research. 2003 September 19; 93(6): 531-40. Epub 2003 August 14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12919952&dopt=Abstract
•
S100A8 and S100A9 calcium-binding proteins: localization within normal and cyclosporin A-induced overgrowth gingiva. Author(s): Echelard S, Hoyaux D, Hermans M, Daelemans P, Roth J, Philippart P, Pochet R. Source: Connective Tissue Research. 2002; 43(2-3): 419-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12489193&dopt=Abstract
•
Saccadic omnipause and burst neurons in monkey and human are ensheathed by perineuronal nets but differ in their expression of calcium-binding proteins. Author(s): Horn AK, Bruckner G, Hartig W, Messoudi A. Source: The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2003 January 13; 455(3): 341-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483686&dopt=Abstract
•
Saturation of human saliva with respect to calcium salts. Author(s): Larsen MJ, Pearce EI. Source: Archives of Oral Biology. 2003 April; 48(4): 317-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663077&dopt=Abstract
Studies 163
•
Sensitivity of parathyroid hormone response to calcium intake. Author(s): Heaney RP. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 September; 78(3): 493; Author Reply 493-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12936935&dopt=Abstract
•
Serum calcium in normal pregnant women. Author(s): Akhter K, Rahman MS, Ahmed S, Ahmed A, Alam SM. Source: Mymensingh Med J. 2003 January; 12(1): 55-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12715646&dopt=Abstract
•
Sevelamer hydrochloride with or without alphacalcidol or higher dialysate calcium vs calcium carbonate in dialysis patients: an open-label, randomized study. Author(s): Sadek T, Mazouz H, Bahloul H, Oprisiu R, El Esper N, El Esper I, Boitte F, Brazier M, Moriniere P, Fournier A. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 March; 18(3): 582-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584283&dopt=Abstract
•
Shape and dynamics of a calcium-binding protein investigated by nitrogen-15 NMR relaxation. Author(s): Werner JM, Campbell ID, Downing AK. Source: Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 2002; 173: 285-300. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11859769&dopt=Abstract
•
Short-term calcitriol administration improves calcium homeostasis in adults with cystic fibrosis. Author(s): Brown SA, Ontjes DA, Lester GE, Lark RK, Hensler MB, Blackwood AD, Caminiti MJ, Backlund DC, Aris RM. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2003 June; 14(5): 442-9. Epub 2003 May 28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12774194&dopt=Abstract
•
Signaling of the human calcium-sensing receptor expressed in HEK293-cells is modulated by protein kinases A and C. Author(s): Bosel J, John M, Freichel M, Blind E. Source: Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes : Official Journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association. 2003 February; 111(1): 216. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605346&dopt=Abstract
164 Calcium
•
Signaling role for phospholipase C gamma 2 in platelet glycoprotein Ib alpha calcium flux and cytoskeletal reorganization. Involvement of a pathway distinct from FcR gamma chain and Fc gamma RIIA. Author(s): Mangin P, Yuan Y, Goncalves I, Eckly A, Freund M, Cazenave JP, Gachet C, Jackson SP, Lanza F. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 August 29; 278(35): 32880-91. Epub 2003 June 17. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12813055&dopt=Abstract
•
Small fish is an important dietary source of vitamin A and calcium in rural Bangladesh. Author(s): Roos N, Islam M, Thilsted SH. Source: International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 2003 September; 54(5): 32939. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12907404&dopt=Abstract
•
Smooth muscle uses another promoter to express primarily a form of human Cav1.2 L-type calcium channel different from the principal heart form. Author(s): Saada N, Dai B, Echetebu C, Sarna SK, Palade P. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 February 28; 302(1): 23-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593842&dopt=Abstract
•
Sodium and calcium transport pathways along the mammalian distal nephron: from rabbit to human. Author(s): Loffing J, Kaissling B. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 2003 April; 284(4): F628-43. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12620920&dopt=Abstract
•
Sodium/lithium countertransport and intracellular calcium concentration in patients with essential hypertension and coronary heart disease. Author(s): Gruska S, Jendral I, Rettig R, Kraatz G. Source: Clinical Science (London, England : 1979). 2003 March; 104(3): 323-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12605593&dopt=Abstract
•
Sodium-calcium exchanger overexpression in the heart--insights from a transgenic mouse model. Author(s): Reuter H, Philipson KD. Source: Basic Research in Cardiology. 2002; 97 Suppl 1: I31-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479231&dopt=Abstract
Studies 165
•
Solution structure and dynamics of a calcium binding epidermal growth factor-like domain pair from the neonatal region of human fibrillin-1. Author(s): Smallridge RS, Whiteman P, Werner JM, Campbell ID, Handford PA, Downing AK. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 4; 278(14): 12199-206. Epub 2003 January 02. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12511552&dopt=Abstract
•
Specific contribution of human T-type calcium channel isotypes (alpha(1G), alpha(1H) and alpha(1I)) to neuronal excitability. Author(s): Chemin J, Monteil A, Perez-Reyes E, Bourinet E, Nargeot J, Lory P. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2002 April 1; 540(Pt 1): 3-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11927664&dopt=Abstract
•
Sphingosine 1-phosphate, a diffusible calcium influx factor mediating store-operated calcium entry. Author(s): Itagaki K, Hauser CJ. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 25; 278(30): 27540-7. Epub 2003 May 13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12746430&dopt=Abstract
•
Stimulatory effects of chlorzoxazone, a centrally acting muscle relaxant, on large conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in pituitary GH3 cells. Author(s): Liu YC, Lo YK, Wu SN. Source: Brain Research. 2003 January 3; 959(1): 86-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12480161&dopt=Abstract
•
Stone recurrence predictive score (SRPS) for patients with calcium oxalate stones. Author(s): Lee YH, Huang WC, Lu CM, Tsai JY, Huang JK. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 August; 170(2 Pt 1): 404-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12853786&dopt=Abstract
•
Store-operated calcium channels in HL-60 cells effects of temperature, differentiation and loperamide. Author(s): Harper JL, Daly JW. Source: Life Sciences. 2000 June 30; 67(6): 651-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659171&dopt=Abstract
•
Store-operated calcium entry in human neutrophils reflects multiple contributions from independently regulated pathways. Author(s): Itagaki K, Kannan KB, Livingston DH, Deitch EA, Fekete Z, Hauser CJ. Source: Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950). 2002 April 15; 168(8): 4063-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937565&dopt=Abstract
166 Calcium
•
Striatal proenkephalin gene induction: coordinated regulation by cyclic AMP and calcium pathways. Author(s): Konradi C, Macias W, Dudman JT, Carlson RR. Source: Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 2003 July 23; 115(2): 157-61. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877986&dopt=Abstract
•
Studies on the oligomeric state of the sodium/calcium + potassium exchanger NCKX2. Author(s): Yoo SS, Leach S, Lytton J. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 94-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502543&dopt=Abstract
•
Successful pregnancy and delivery after calcium ionophore oocyte activation in a normozoospermic patient with previous repeated failed fertilization after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Author(s): Eldar-Geva T, Brooks B, Margalioth EJ, Zylber-Haran E, Gal M, Silber SJ. Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2003 June; 79 Suppl 3: 1656-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12801576&dopt=Abstract
•
Summary measure of dietary musculoskeletal nutrient (calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, and phosphorus) intakes is associated with lower-extremity physical performance in homebound elderly men and women. Author(s): Sharkey JR, Giuliani C, Haines PS, Branch LG, Busby-Whitehead J, Zohoori N. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 847-56. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663282&dopt=Abstract
•
SUNCT syndrome: priming of symptomatic periods and worsening of symptoms by treatment with calcium channel blockers. Author(s): Jimenez-Huete A, Franch O, Pareja JA. Source: Cephalalgia : an International Journal of Headache. 2002 December; 22(10): 8124. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485207&dopt=Abstract
•
Sustained calcium entry through P2X nucleotide receptor channels in human airway epithelial cells. Author(s): Zsembery A, Boyce AT, Liang L, Peti-Peterdi J, Bell PD, Schwiebert EM. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 April 11; 278(15): 13398-408. Epub 2003 February 03. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12566439&dopt=Abstract
Studies 167
•
Symptoms and the distress they cause: comparison of an aldosterone antagonist and a calcium channel blocking agent in patients with systolic hypertension. Author(s): Hollenberg NK, Williams GH, Anderson R, Akhras KS, Bittman RM, Krause SL. Source: Archives of Internal Medicine. 2003 July 14; 163(13): 1543-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12860576&dopt=Abstract
•
Targeting calcium cycling proteins in heart failure through gene transfer. Author(s): del Monte F, Hajjar RJ. Source: The Journal of Physiology. 2003 January 1; 546(Pt 1): 49-61. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12509478&dopt=Abstract
•
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5B circulates in human serum in complex with alpha2-macroglobulin and calcium. Author(s): Ylipahkala H, Halleen JM, Kaija H, Vihko P, Vaananen HK. Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 2003 August 22; 308(2): 320-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12901871&dopt=Abstract
•
The antidepressant fluoxetine blocks the human small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels SK1, SK2 and SK3. Author(s): Terstappen GC, Pellacani A, Aldegheri L, Graziani F, Carignani C, Pula G, Virginio C. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 July 31; 346(1-2): 85-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12850554&dopt=Abstract
•
The calcium-binding protein S100A12 induces neutrophil adhesion, migration, and release from bone marrow in mouse at concentrations similar to those found in human inflammatory arthritis. Author(s): Rouleau P, Vandal K, Ryckman C, Poubelle PE, Boivin A, Talbot M, Tessier PA. Source: Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2003 April; 107(1): 46-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12738249&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Jewell C, Cashman KD. Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 89(5): 639-47. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12720584&dopt=Abstract
168 Calcium
•
The gene promoter of human Na+/Ca2+ exchanger isoform 3 (SLC8A3) is controlled by cAMP and calcium. Author(s): Gabellini N, Bortoluzzi S, Danieli GA, Carafoli E. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 282-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502570&dopt=Abstract
•
The influence of one-year treatment by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on baroreflex sensitivity and flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery in essential hypertension--comparison with calcium channel blockers. Author(s): Munakata M, Aihara A, Nunokawa T, Ito N, Imai Y, Ito S, Yoshinaga K. Source: Clinical and Experimental Hypertension (New York, N.Y. : 1993). 2003 April; 25(3): 169-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12716079&dopt=Abstract
•
The metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and subclinical atherosclerosis assessed by coronary calcium. Author(s): Wong ND, Sciammarella MG, Polk D, Gallagher A, Miranda-Peats L, Whitcomb B, Hachamovitch R, Friedman JD, Hayes S, Berman DS. Source: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2003 May 7; 41(9): 1547-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12742296&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in normal and disturbed calcium metabolism. Author(s): Reichel H, Schmidt-Gayk H. Source: European Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2003 April; 33(4): 281-2. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12662156&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of dietary calcium in disease prevention. Author(s): Leyva M. Source: J Okla State Med Assoc. 2003 June; 96(6): 272-5. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12858818&dopt=Abstract
•
The role of passive transport in calcium absorption. Author(s): Bronner F, Slepchenko B, Wood RJ, Pansu D. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 May; 133(5): 1426; Author Reply 1427. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730433&dopt=Abstract
•
The store-operated calcium entry pathways in human carcinoma A431 cells: functional properties and activation mechanisms. Author(s): Gusev K, Glouchankova L, Zubov A, Kaznacheyeva E, Wang Z, Bezprozvanny I, Mozhayeva GN. Source: The Journal of General Physiology. 2003 July; 122(1): 81-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12835472&dopt=Abstract
Studies 169
•
The urinary response to an oral oxalate load in recurrent calcium stone formers. Author(s): Krishnamurthy MS, Hruska KA, Chandhoke PS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 June; 169(6): 2030-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12771711&dopt=Abstract
•
The utility of alizarin red s staining in calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Author(s): Yamakawa K, Iwasaki H, Masuda I, Ohjimi Y, Honda I, Saeki K, Zhang J, Shono E, Naito M, Kikuchi M. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 May; 30(5): 1032-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12734902&dopt=Abstract
•
Tolerability of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients receiving nadroparin calcium for unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction: the Angiofrax study. Author(s): Bassand JP, Berthe C, Bethencourt A, Bolognese L, Wojcik J; Angiofrax Study Group. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2003; 19(2): 107-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740154&dopt=Abstract
•
Total calcium content of sacs associated with inguinal hernia, hydrocele or undescended testis reflects differences dictated by programmed cell death. Author(s): Tanyel FC, Ulusu NN, Tezcan EF, Buyukpamukcu N. Source: Urologia Internationalis. 2003; 70(3): 211-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12660459&dopt=Abstract
•
Toward comparative genomics of calcium transporters. Author(s): Kraev A, MacLennan D. Source: Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002 November; 976: 53-9. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12502533&dopt=Abstract
•
Transcriptional program of apoptosis induction following interleukin 2 deprivation: identification of RC3, a calcium/calmodulin binding protein, as a novel proapoptotic factor. Author(s): Devireddy LR, Green MR. Source: Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2003 July; 23(13): 4532-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12808095&dopt=Abstract
170 Calcium
•
Transient receptor potential channels in endothelium: solving the calcium entry puzzle? Author(s): Nilius B, Droogmans G, Wondergem R. Source: Endothelium : Journal of Endothelial Cell Research. 2003; 10(1): 5-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699072&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of chronic hypocalcemia with intraperitoneal calcium. Author(s): Stamatakis MK, Seth SK. Source: American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy : Ajhp : Official Journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 1995 January 15; 52(2): 201-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12879550&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of mild-to-moderate hypertension with calcium channel blockers: a multicentre comparison of once-daily nifedipine GITS with once-daily amlodipine. Author(s): Kes S, Caglar N, Canberk A, Deger N, Demirtas M, Dortlemez H, Kiliccioglu B, Kozan O, Ovunc K, Turkoglu C. Source: Current Medical Research and Opinion. 2003; 19(3): 226-37. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12803737&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of nonunions and osseous defects with bone graft and calcium sulfate. Author(s): Borrelli J Jr, Prickett WD, Ricci WM. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2003 June; (411): 245-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12782881&dopt=Abstract
•
Treatment of uncomplicated hypertension: are ACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers as effective as diuretics and beta-blockers? Author(s): Saseen JJ, MacLaughlin EJ, Westfall JM. Source: The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice / American Board of Family Practice. 2003 March-April; 16(2): 156-64. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12665182&dopt=Abstract
•
Troponin I binds polycystin-L and inhibits its calcium-induced channel activation. Author(s): Li Q, Liu Y, Shen PY, Dai XQ, Wang S, Smillie LB, Sandford R, Chen XZ. Source: Biochemistry. 2003 June 24; 42(24): 7618-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12809519&dopt=Abstract
•
TRPC3 mediates T-cell receptor-dependent calcium entry in human T-lymphocytes. Author(s): Philipp S, Strauss B, Hirnet D, Wissenbach U, Mery L, Flockerzi V, Hoth M. Source: The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003 July 18; 278(29): 26629-38. Epub 2003 May 06. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12736256&dopt=Abstract
Studies 171
•
T-type calcium channel gene alpha (1G) is not associated with childhood absence epilepsy in the Chinese Han population. Author(s): Chen Y, Lu J, Zhang Y, Pan H, Wu H, Xu K, Liu X, Jiang Y, Bao X, Zhou J, Liu W, Shi G, Shen Y, Wu X. Source: Neuroscience Letters. 2003 April 24; 341(1): 29-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12676336&dopt=Abstract
•
T-type calcium channel regulation by specific G-protein betagamma subunits. Author(s): Wolfe JT, Wang H, Howard J, Garrison JC, Barrett PQ. Source: Nature. 2003 July 10; 424(6945): 209-13. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12853961&dopt=Abstract
•
Tumoral calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease of the ligamentum flavum. Author(s): Muthukumar N, Karuppaswamy U. Source: Neurosurgery. 2003 July; 53(1): 103-8; Discussion 108-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823879&dopt=Abstract
•
Two polyol, low digestible carbohydrates improve the apparent absorption of magnesium but not of calcium in healthy young men. Author(s): Coudray C, Bellanger J, Vermorel M, Sinaud S, Wils D, Feillet-Coudray C, Brandolini M, Bouteloup-Demange C, Rayssiguier Y. Source: The Journal of Nutrition. 2003 January; 133(1): 90-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12514273&dopt=Abstract
•
Underutilization of aspirin, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and lipid-lowering drugs and overutilization of calcium channel blockers in older persons with coronary artery disease in an academic nursing home. Author(s): Ghosh S, Ziesmer V, Aronow WS. Source: The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2002 June; 57(6): M398-400. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12023270&dopt=Abstract
•
Update on the use of calcium antagonists on hypertension. Author(s): Hernandez-Hernandez R, Velasco M, Armas-Hernandez MJ, Armas-Padilla MC. Source: Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 March; 16 Suppl 1: S114-7. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986907&dopt=Abstract
172 Calcium
•
Up-regulated expression of cartilage intermediate-layer protein and ANK in articular hyaline cartilage from patients with calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Author(s): Hirose J, Ryan LM, Masuda I. Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2002 December; 46(12): 3218-29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12483726&dopt=Abstract
•
Up-regulation of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenic and bipolar patients. Author(s): Koh PO, Undie AS, Kabbani N, Levenson R, Goldman-Rakic PS, Lidow MS. Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003 January 7; 100(1): 313-7. Epub 2002 December 20. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12496348&dopt=Abstract
•
Urinary calcium excretion in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Author(s): Garcia-Nieto V, Siverio B, Monge M, Toledo C, Molini N. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 March; 18(3): 507-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12584271&dopt=Abstract
•
Urinary calcium excretion in the monitoring of bone metastases from prostatic carcinoma. Author(s): Berruti A, Tucci M, Dogliotti L, Scarpa RM, Angeli A. Source: Cancer. 2002 September 1; 95(5): 1182-3; Author Reply 1183-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12209706&dopt=Abstract
•
Urinary stone risk factors in the siblings of patients with calcium renal stones. Author(s): Kinder JM, Clark CD, Coe BJ, Asplin JR, Parks JH, Coe FL. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 May; 167(5): 1965-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11956418&dopt=Abstract
•
Ursodeoxycholic acid enhances fractional calcium absorption in primary biliary cirrhosis. Author(s): Verma A, Maxwell JD, Ang L, Davis T, Hodges S, Northfield TC, Zaidi M, Pazianas M. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2002 August; 13(8): 677-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181628&dopt=Abstract
Studies 173
•
Use of an injectable calcium phosphate bone cement in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures: a prospective study of twenty-six cases with twenty-month mean follow-up. Author(s): Lobenhoffer P, Gerich T, Witte F, Tscherne H. Source: Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma. 2002 March; 16(3): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11880775&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of calcium antagonists and worsening renal function in patients receiving angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. Author(s): Zuccala G, Onder G, Pedone C, Cesari M, Marzetti E, Cocchi A, Carbonin P, Bernabei R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003 February; 58(10): 695-9. Epub 2003 January 31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610747&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of calcium channel blockers as antihypertensives in relation to mortality and cancer incidence: a population-based observational study. Author(s): Lindberg G, Lindblad U, Low-Larsen B, Merlo J, Melander A, Rastam L. Source: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. 2002 September; 11(6): 493-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12426934&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of injectable calcium phosphate cement for fracture fixation: a review. Author(s): Larsson S, Bauer TW. Source: Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 2002 February; (395): 23-32. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11937863&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of injectable calcium phosphate in the treatment of intra-articular distal radius fractures. Author(s): Tyllianakis M, Giannikas D, Panagopoulos A, Panagiotopoulos E, Lambiris E. Source: Orthopedics. 2002 March; 25(3): 311-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11918036&dopt=Abstract
•
Use of stable calcium isotopes (42Ca & 44Ca) in evaluation of calcium absorption in Beijing adolescents with low vitamin D status. Author(s): Lee WT, Jiang J, Hu P, Hu X, Roberts DC, Cheng JC. Source: Food Nutr Bull. 2002 September; 23(3 Suppl): 42-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12362810&dopt=Abstract
174 Calcium
•
Usefulness of aortic valve calcium scores by electron beam computed tomography as a marker for aortic stenosis. Author(s): Shavelle DM, Budoff MJ, Buljubasic N, Wu AH, Takasu J, Rosales J, Otto CM, Zhao XQ, O'Brien KD. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2003 August 1; 92(3): 349-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12888153&dopt=Abstract
•
Using mutant mice to study the role of voltage-gated calcium channels in the retina. Author(s): Ball SL, Gregg RG. Source: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 2002; 514: 439-50. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12596937&dopt=Abstract
•
Utility of immediate exercise treadmill testing in patients taking beta blockers or calcium channel blockers. Author(s): Diercks DB, Kirk JD, Turnipseed SD, Amsterdam EA. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 October 15; 90(8): 882-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12372580&dopt=Abstract
•
Validation of a food frequency questionnaire for nutritional calcium intake assessment in Italian women. Author(s): Montomoli M, Gonnelli S, Giacchi M, Mattei R, Cuda C, Rossi S, Gennari C. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002 January; 56(1): 21-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11840176&dopt=Abstract
•
Value of coronary artery calcium scanning by computed tomography for predicting coronary heart disease in diabetic subjects. Author(s): Qu W, Le TT, Azen SP, Xiang M, Wong ND, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Source: Diabetes Care. 2003 March; 26(3): 905-10. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12610057&dopt=Abstract
•
Valvular and thoracic aortic calcium as a marker of the extent and severity of angiographic coronary artery disease. Author(s): Yamamoto H, Shavelle D, Takasu J, Lu B, Mao SS, Fischer H, Budoff MJ. Source: American Heart Journal. 2003 July; 146(1): 153-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12851625&dopt=Abstract
•
Variation of the coronary calcium score depending on image reconstruction interval and scoring algorithm. Author(s): Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE, Sinha AM, Flohr T, Truong HT, Krombach GA, Gunther RW. Source: Investigative Radiology. 2002 September; 37(9): 496-502. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12218445&dopt=Abstract
Studies 175
•
Vascular calcifications as a footprint of increased calcium load and chronic inflammation in uremic patients: a need for a neutral calcium balance during hemodialysis? Author(s): Tetta C, Gallieni M, Panichi V, Brancaccio D. Source: Int J Artif Organs. 2002 January; 25(1): 18-26. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11853066&dopt=Abstract
•
Vasoregulation at the molecular level: a role for the beta1 subunit of the calciumactivated potassium (BK) channel. Author(s): Patterson AJ, Henrie-Olson J, Brenner R. Source: Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2002 February; 12(2): 78-82. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11852255&dopt=Abstract
•
Visual function and perfusion of the optic nerve head after application of centrally acting calcium-channel blockers. Author(s): Boehm AG, Breidenbach KA, Pillunat LE, Bernd AS, Mueller MF, Koeller AU. Source: Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology = Albrecht Von Graefes Archiv Fur Klinische Und Experimentelle Ophthalmologie. 2003 January; 241(1): 34-8. Epub 2002 December 18. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545290&dopt=Abstract
•
Vitamin D and calcium-sensing receptor genotypes in men and premenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Author(s): Eckstein M, Vered I, Ish-Shalom S, Shlomo AB, Shtriker A, Koren-Morag N, Friedman E. Source: Isr Med Assoc J. 2002 May; 4(5): 340-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12040821&dopt=Abstract
•
Vitamin D deficiency: a neglected aspect of disturbed calcium metabolism in renal failure. Author(s): Cannata-Andia JB, Gomez Alonso C. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2002 November; 17(11): 1875-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12401838&dopt=Abstract
•
Vitamin D receptor start codon polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk: effect modification by dietary calcium and fat in Singapore Chinese. Author(s): Wong HL, Seow A, Arakawa K, Lee HP, Yu MC, Ingles SA. Source: Carcinogenesis. 2003 June; 24(6): 1091-5. Epub 2003 April 11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807755&dopt=Abstract
176 Calcium
•
Vitamin D-inducible calcium transport and gene expression in three Caco-2 cell lines. Author(s): Fleet JC, Eksir F, Hance KW, Wood RJ. Source: American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 2002 September; 283(3): G618-25. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12181175&dopt=Abstract
•
Vitamin/calcium supplement use in Taiwan: findings from the 1994 National Health Interview Survey. Author(s): Chang CH, Chiang TL. Source: Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2002 April; 18(4): 171-81. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12164010&dopt=Abstract
•
Voltage-operated calcium channels in male germ cells. Author(s): Jagannathan S, Publicover SJ, Barratt CL. Source: Reproduction (Cambridge, England). 2002 February; 123(2): 203-15. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11866687&dopt=Abstract
•
Volumetric intravascular ultrasound quantification of the amount of atherosclerosis and calcium in nonstenotic arterial segments. Author(s): Tinana A, Mintz GS, Weissman NJ. Source: The American Journal of Cardiology. 2002 March 15; 89(6): 757-60. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11897220&dopt=Abstract
•
Well-being, mood and calcium homeostasis in patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard treatment with calcium and vitamin D. Author(s): Arlt W, Fremerey C, Callies F, Reincke M, Schneider P, Timmermann W, Allolio B. Source: European Journal of Endocrinology / European Federation of Endocrine Societies. 2002 February; 146(2): 215-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11834431&dopt=Abstract
•
What are the dietary requirements for calcium and vitamin D? Author(s): Prentice A. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2002 February; 70(2): 83-8. Epub 2002 January 22. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11870413&dopt=Abstract
•
When calcium goes wrong: genetic alterations of a ubiquitous signaling route. Author(s): Rizzuto R, Pozzan T. Source: Nature Genetics. 2003 June; 34(2): 135-41. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12776115&dopt=Abstract
Studies 177
•
When is medical prophylaxis cost-effective for recurrent calcium stones? Author(s): Chandhoke PS. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2002 September; 168(3): 937-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12187194&dopt=Abstract
•
When tiny glands cause big problems. Kidney stones or osteoporosis may signal hyperparathyroidism, a disease that disrupts the distribution of calcium in the body. Author(s): Utiger RD. Source: Health News. 2003 January; 9(1): 5. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12545949&dopt=Abstract
•
Whole urinary proteins coat calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to greatly decrease their adhesion to renal cells. Author(s): Kumar V, Farell G, Lieske JC. Source: The Journal of Urology. 2003 July; 170(1): 221-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12796693&dopt=Abstract
•
Will helical CT replace electron beam CT in the assessment of coronary calcium? Author(s): Schaefer S. Source: Preventive Cardiology. 2002 Spring; 5(2): 84-6. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=11986553&dopt=Abstract
•
Zona pellucida-induced acrosome reaction in human sperm: dependency on activation of pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i) protein and extracellular calcium, and priming effect of progesterone and follicular fluid. Author(s): Schuffner AA, Bastiaan HS, Duran HE, Lin ZY, Morshedi M, Franken DR, Oehninger S. Source: Molecular Human Reproduction. 2002 August; 8(8): 722-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12149403&dopt=Abstract
179
CHAPTER 2. NUTRITION AND CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to find studies dedicated specifically to nutrition and calcium.
Finding Nutrition Studies on Calcium The National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) offers a searchable bibliographic database called the IBIDS (International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements; National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 1B29, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2086, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2086, Tel: 301-435-2920, Fax: 301-480-1845, E-mail:
[email protected]). The IBIDS contains over 460,000 scientific citations and summaries about dietary supplements and nutrition as well as references to published international, scientific literature on dietary supplements such as vitamins, minerals, and botanicals.7 The IBIDS includes references and citations to both human and animal research studies. As a service of the ODS, access to the IBIDS database is available free of charge at the following Web address: http://ods.od.nih.gov/databases/ibids.html. After entering the search area, you have three choices: (1) IBIDS Consumer Database, (2) Full IBIDS Database, or (3) Peer Reviewed Citations Only. Now that you have selected a database, click on the “Advanced” tab. An advanced search allows you to retrieve up to 100 fully explained references in a comprehensive format. Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Go.” To narrow the search, you can also select the “Title” field.
7
Adapted from http://ods.od.nih.gov. IBIDS is produced by the Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS) at the National Institutes of Health to assist the public, healthcare providers, educators, and researchers in locating credible, scientific information on dietary supplements. IBIDS was developed and will be maintained through an interagency partnership with the Food and Nutrition Information Center of the National Agricultural Library, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
180 Calcium
The following is a typical result when searching for recently indexed consumer information on calcium: •
A 9-point guide to choosing the right supplement. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (September 1993). volume 11(7) page 3-6. supplements consumer education costs standards vitamins diet minerals calcium iron retinol carotenoids ingredients packaging trade marks 0747-4105
•
A year in review from A to Z: what made nutrition news in 1997. Source: Flynn, M.E. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (December 1997). volume 20(12) page 1, 4. supplements aging human diseases nutritional requirements vitamin e vitamin b12 calcium analeptics diterpenoids amino sugars hair diagnosis iron nutrient excesses vitamin k digestive disorders aspartame spongiform encephalopathy hormones quinones sucrose polyesters fat substitutes sharks cartilage triglycerides unsaturated fats vegetables walnuts appetite drugs diet periodicity 0893-4452
•
Are you eating right? Source: Consumer-reports-Consumers-Union-of-United-States (USA). (October 1992). volume 57(10) page 644-651. fish oils diet health services health disease control nutrient uptake nutritional requirements fats carbohydrates proteins vitamins minerals iron calcium fruit vegetables common salt coffee alcoholic beverages weight 0010-7174
•
Dietary phosphorus: the benefits and the problems: too much of a good thing (nutrient) Author(s): University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Source: Anderson, J.J.B. Barrett, C.J.H. Nutrition-today (USA). (April 1994). volume 29(2) page 29-34. foods phosphorus diet mineral nutrients nutrient excesses risk elderly osteodystrophy nutrient intake nutrient nutrient interactions calcium physiological functions bioavailability absorption recommended dietary allowances nutrients soft drinks surveys age groups food additives bone formation ash content density bones 0029-666X
•
Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Source: Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1997). volume 32(5) page 182-188. nutritional requirements standards human nutrition toxicity nutrient excesses uses age sex biological differences longevity calcium phosphorus magnesium vitamin d fluorine 0029-666X
•
Do calcium's disease-fighting roles go beyond bone buildings? Source: Wein, D.A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1994). volume 17(8) page 1, 6. calcium blood pressure bones strength disease control osteodystrophy biological rhythms 0893-4452
•
EN's nutrition advice for women of 'a certain age'. Source: Ternus, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (August 1996). volume 19(8) page 1, 6. aging osteodystrophy calcium oestrogens supplements biological rhythms magnesium mammary gland diseases neoplasms cardiovascular diseases eye diseases antioxidants diet women 0893-4452
•
Ice cream: the real scoop. Source: Hurley, J. Schmidt, S. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (May 1995). volume 22(4) page 10-11. icecream trade marks energy value diet fats calcium nutritive value 0885-7792
Nutrition 181
•
Just the calcium facts. Source: Liebman, B. Nutrition-action-health-letter (USA). (June 1994). volume 21(5) page 8-9. foods calcium supplements diet nutritive value nutrients vitamin d 0885-7792
•
Lead and nutrition. I. Biologic interactions of lead with nutrients. Author(s): PB Associates, Durham, NC. Source: Mushak, P. Crocetti, A.F. Nutrition-today (USA). (February 1996). volume 31(1) page 12-17. fats nutrition physiology lead calcium iron phosphates zinc diet proteins sterols milk antagonism synergism children 0029-666X
•
Lead and nutrition. II. Some potential impacts of lead-nutrient interactions in US populations at risk. Author(s): PB Associates, Durham, NC. Source: Mushak, P. Crocetti, A.F. Nutrition-today (USA). (June 1996). volume 31(3) page 115-122. usa lead poisoning diet nutritional status preschool children aetiology blood nutrition surveys women pregnancy youth age ethnic groups sex biological differences children calcium phosphorus zinc nutrient deficiencies income urban areas 0029-666X
•
New RDAs call for more calcium, less sodium. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (January 1990). volume 7(11) page 1-2. diet iron calcium ascorbic acid sodium vitamin k selenium vitamins b nutrient uptake health services health 0747-4105
•
Sorting through vitamins, minerals in a pill: what you need to know. Source: Smith, S.M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (April 1996). volume 19(4) page 1, 4-5. vitamins supplements mineral nutrients meal patterns nutrient intake calcium iron antioxidants recommended dietary allowances trade marks human nutrition evaluation 0893-4452
•
To shake or not to shake: EN takes another look at salt. Source: Ternus, M. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (September 1996). volume 19(9) page 1, 4. sodium chloride common salt nutritive value osteodystrophy flavour enhancers hypertension risk nutrient excesses meal patterns dietary guidelines age recommended dietary allowances calcium absorption nutrient intake men women 08934452
•
When taking supplements is a double-edged sword. Source: Tufts-University-diet-and-nutrition-letter (USA). (August 1995). volume 13(6) page 1-2. zinc calcium mineral nutrients supplements absorption nutrient intake bioavailability elderly men women 0747-4105
Additional consumer oriented references include: •
10 surprising ways to get more calcium. Source: Sachs, J.S. Weight-watchers. [New York, N.Y. : W/W Twentyfirst Corp.,. April 1994. volume 27 (4) page 14, 16, 18. 0043-2180
•
A confusion of calcium supplements and drinks. Source: Antinoro, L. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (November 1997). volume 20(11) page 5. beverages calcium supplements drugs nutrients nutritional requirements 08934452
182 Calcium
•
A Harvard study reported in my newspaper showed that drinking milk correlates with a higher incidence of prostate cancer. But we were always told that as we age, we need more calcium to keep bones healthy, and milk is a good source. Should we stop drinking milk? Source: Simon, H B Harv-Mens-Health-Watch. 2002 September; 7(2): 8 1089-1102
•
A health-conscious friend told me that carbonated drinks leach calcium from bones. Is this true? I'm wondering whether taking my calcium pills with seltzer counteracts their good effects. Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 May; 5(9): 8 1070-910X
•
Avoiding the fracture zone: calcium. Source: Jacobson, M. Corcoran, L. Nutr-action-health-lett. [Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest,. April 1998. volume 25 (3) page 1, 3-7. 0885-7792
•
Beyond calcium: nutrition strategies to protect your bones. Source: Welland, D. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. December 1996. volume 19 (12) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
•
Bone formulas: not just about calcium anymore. Source: Klausner, A. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. Sept 2000. volume 23 (9) page 5. 0893-4452
•
Bone health. Nutrients beyond calcium. Source: Anonymous Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2002 August; 9(12): 4-5 1070-910X
•
Bone up on calcium. Source: Barnard, N.D. Diabetes-Forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association. March 1992. volume 45 (3) page 38-41. 0095-8301
•
Breaking new ground: calcium and bone health. Source: Roberts, D.C.K. BNF-nutr-bull. London : The British Nutrition Foundation. Autumn 1998. volume 23 (84) page 167-172. 0141-9684
•
By the way doctor. Is there a best time to take prescribed cardiac pills? Does a multivitamin or a calcium pill cancel out their effects? Source: Lee, T H Harv-Health-Lett. 2003 January; 28(3): 8 1052-1577
•
By the way, doctor. Demystifying calcium supplements. Source: Delichatsios, Helen Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 2002 May; 9(9): 7 1070-910X
•
Calcium catch-up. Source: Tufts-Univ-diet-nutr-lett. New York, N.Y. : Tufts University Diet and Nutrition Letter,. August 1993. volume 11 (6) page 7. 0747-4105
•
Calcium enhances HRT for bones. Author(s): Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Source: Dawson Hughes, B Health-News. 1998 March 10; 4(3): 2 1081-5880
•
Calcium in nutrition and prevention of disease. Source: Food-Nutr-News. Chicago, Ill. : National Live Stock and Meat Board. Mar/April 1991. volume 63 (2) page 7-10. 0015-6310
•
Calcium-Are you getting enough. Source: Environ-Nutr-Newsl. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. May 1984. volume 7 (5) page S-2. 0195-4024
•
Calcium-rich recipes. Source: Devi, Y. Veg-times. Mt. Morris, Ill. : Vegetarian Times. July 1993. (191) page 4248. 0164-8497
Nutrition 183
•
Calcium's healthy cholesterol consequences. Source: Anonymous Health-News. 2002 June; 8(6): 5 1081-5880
•
Effects of various domestic processing and cooking methods on phytic acid and HClextractabiltiy of calcium, phosphorus and iron of pigeonpea. Source: Abidoye, R.O. Soroh, K.W. Nutr-health. Oxon : A B Academic Publishers. 1999. volume 13 (3) page 161-169. 0260-1060
•
EN's guide to calcium in unexpected places. Source: Lepke, J. Environ-nutr. New York : Environmental Nutrition, Inc.,. May 1999. volume 22 (5) page 5. 0893-4452
•
Getting calcium without the fat. Source: Consumer-reports (USA). (May 1996). volume 61(6) page 48-49. cheese yoghurt calcium fat substitutes 0010-7174
•
I am 51 years old, perimenopausal, have irritable bowel syndrome and a family history of breast cancer, and am told my bones are thinning. These conditions would seem to rule out my use of estrogen or Fosamax. I weight train and take 1,500 mg of calcium a day to stave off osteoporosis. What's left? Source: Robb Nicholson, C Harv-Womens-Health-Watch. 1998 November; 6(3): 8 1070910X
•
I pay attention to how much calcium I get each day. But I recently heard that without enough vitamin D, my body can't make use of the calcium. Please explain. Source: Anonymous Mayo-Clin-Health-Lett. 2002 September; 20(9): 8 0741-6245
•
Iron and calcium bioavailability of fortified foods and dietary supplements. Author(s): Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK. Source: Fairweather Tait, S J Teucher, B Nutr-Revolume 2002 November; 60(11): 360-7 0029-6643
•
Look to 3 E's of bone health: extra calcium, exercise, estrogen. Source: Forman, A. Environmental-nutrition (USA). (April 1993). volume 16(4) page 1, 6. bones strength calcium physical activity oestrogens adults 0893-4452
•
Not only salt, but calcium and fish oils affect high blood pressure. Source: Mendoza, T.G. Environ-Nutr. New York, N.Y. : Environmental Nutrition, Inc. November 1988. volume 11 (11) page 1, 6. 0893-4452
•
Putting calcium into perspective. Source: Quint, L. Liebman, B. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. June 1987. volume 14 (5) page 8-10. ill., charts. 0199-5510
•
The new calcium crop. Source: Quint, L. Nutr-Action-Health-Lett. Washington, D.C. : Center for Science in the Public Interest. October 1986. volume 13 (9) page 10-11. ill. 0199-5510
•
USA raises calcium reference intakes. Source: Ritson, C. Nutr-food-sci. Bradford, West Yorkshire, England : MCB University Press. 1998. (4/5) page 207-211. 0034-6659
•
Washington update: NIH Consensus Development Conference Statement optimal calcium intake. Author(s): Library of Congress. Source: Porter, D.V. Nutrition-today (USA). (October 1994). volume 29(5) page 37-40. calcium recommended dietary allowances optimization methods bioavailability 0029666X
184 Calcium
•
Where do you get your calcium. Source: Roberts, S.B. Heyman, M.B. Diabetes-forecast. Alexandria, Va. : American Diabetes Association Inc. January 1999. volume 52 (1) page 23-25. 0095-8301
The following information is typical of that found when using the “Full IBIDS Database” to search for “calcium” (or a synonym): •
A family of calcium-permeable channels in the kidney: distinct roles in renal calcium handling. Author(s): Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
[email protected] Source: Peng, J B Hediger, M A Curr-Opin-Nephrol-Hypertens. 2002 September; 11(5): 555-61 1062-4821
•
Adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatinum, mitoxantrone, 5fluorouracil, and calcium folinate in patients with gastric cancer: a phase II study. Author(s): Medical Oncology Department, Institute of Oncology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey. Source: Topuz, E Basaran, M Saip, P Aydiner, A Argon, A Sakar, B Tas, F Uygun, K Bugra, D Aykan, N F Am-J-Clin-Oncol. 2002 December; 25(6): 619-24 0277-3732
•
Aluminium related changes in brain histology: protection by calcium and nifedipine. Author(s): Lady Brabourne College, P 1/2, Surawardy Avenue, Calcutta 700017, India. Source: Basu, S Das Gupta, R Chaudhuri, A N Indian-J-Exp-Biol. 2000 September; 38(9): 948-50 0019-5189
•
Biochemical distinction between hyperuricosuric calcium urolithiasis and gouty diathesis. Author(s): Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA. Source: Pak, C Y Poindexter, J R Peterson, R D Koska, J Sakhaee, K Urology. 2002 November; 60(5): 789-94 1527-9995
•
Calcium absorption measured by stable calcium isotopes ((42)Ca & (44)Ca) among Northern Chinese adolescents with low vitamin D status. Author(s): Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
[email protected] Source: Lee, W T Cheng, J C Jiang, J Hu, P Hu, X Roberts, D C J-Orthop-Surg-(HongKong). 2002 June; 10(1): 61-6 1022-5536
•
Calcium antagonists for aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. Author(s): Department of Neurology, University Hospital Utrecht, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3508 GA.
[email protected] Source: Rinkel, G J Feigin, V L Algra, A Vermeulen, M van Gijn, J Cochrane-DatabaseSyst-Revolume 2002; (4): CD000277 1469-493X
•
Calcium intake and prostate cancer risk in a long-term aging study: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Author(s): Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Source: Berndt, S I Carter, H B Landis, P K Tucker, K L Hsieh, L J Metter, E J Platz, E A Urology. 2002 December; 60(6): 1118-23 1527-9995
•
Calcium metabolism under stress and in repose. Author(s): Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minn., USA. Source: Goldsmith, R S Life-Sci-Space-Res. 1972; 10: 87-101 0075-9422
Nutrition 185
•
Calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels in the hemodialysis population: a multicenter study. Author(s): Renal Unit, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy.
[email protected] Source: Gallieni, M Cucciniello, E D'Amaro, E Fatuzzo, P Gaggiotti, A Maringhini, S Rotolo, U Brancaccio, D J-Nephrol. 2002 Mar-April; 15(2): 165-70 1120-3625
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II clusters in adult rat hippocampal slices. Author(s): Laboratory of Neurobiology, NINDS, NIH, Building 36, Room 2A21, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
[email protected] Source: Tao Cheng, J H Vinade, L Pozzo Miller, L D Reese, T S Dosemeci, A Neuroscience. 2002; 115(2): 435-40 0306-4522
•
Calcium-dependent inactivation and depletion of synaptic cleft calcium ions combine to regulate rod calcium currents under physiological conditions. Author(s): Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985540 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5540, USA. Source: Rabl, K Thoreson, W B Eur-J-Neurosci. 2002 December; 16(11): 2070-7 0953-816X
•
Calcium-induced calcium release and cyclic ADP-ribose-mediated signaling in the myocytes from small coronary arteries. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, 53226, USA. Source: Zhang, D X Harrison, M D Li, P L Microvasc-Res. 2002 September; 64(2): 339-48 0026-2862
•
Combination treatment with a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin blocker in a rat systolic heart failure model with hypertension. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan. Source: Namba, M Kim, S Zhan, Y Nakao, T Iwao, H Hypertens-Res. 2002 May; 25(3): 461-6 0916-9636
•
Detection of calcium transients in Drosophila mushroom body neurons with camgaroo reporters. Author(s): Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Source: Yu, D Baird, G S Tsien, R Y Davis, R L J-Neurosci. 2003 January 1; 23(1): 64-72 1529-2401
•
Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium antagonist on endothelial function in patients with essential hypertension. Author(s): Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
[email protected] Source: On, Y K Kim, C H Oh, B H Lee, M M Park, Y B Hypertens-Res. 2002 May; 25(3): 365-71 0916-9636
•
Effects of tetrandrine on calcium and potassium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Department of Pharmacology,Tongji medical college of Huazhong university of science and technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China.
[email protected] Source: Zhou, H Y Wang, F Cheng, L Fu, L Y Zhou, J Yao, W X World-J-Gastroenterol. 2003 January; 9(1): 134-6 1007-9327
•
Fatty acids, calcium and bone metabolism. Author(s): Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy.
[email protected]
186 Calcium
Source: Baggio, B J-Nephrol. 2002 Nov-December; 15(6): 601-4 1120-3625 •
Inhibition of transiently expressed low- and high-voltage-activated calcium channels by trivalent metal cations. Author(s): Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary, Canada. Source: Beedle, A M Hamid, J Zamponi, G W J-Membr-Biol. 2002 June 1; 187(3): 225-38 0022-2631
•
Is routine supplementation therapy (calcium and vitamin D) useful after total thyroidectomy? Author(s): Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy. Source: Bellantone, R Lombardi, C P Raffaelli, M Boscherini, M Alesina, P F De Crea, C Traini, E Princi, P Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 1109-12; discussion 1112-3 0039-6060
•
Metacarpal bone mineral density, body mass index and lifestyle among postmenopausal Japanese women: relationship of body mass index, physical activity, calcium intake, alcohol and smoking to bone mineral density: the Hizen-Oshima study. Author(s): Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan. Source: Yahata, Y Aoyagi, K Okano, K Yoshimi, I Kusano, Y Kobayashi, M Moji, K Takemoto, T Tohoku-J-Exp-Med. 2002 March; 196(3): 123-9 0040-8727
•
Novel tacrine derivatives that block neuronal calcium channels. Author(s): Instituto Teofilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid. C/Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. Source: de los Rios, C Marco, J L Carreiras, M D Chinchon, P M Garcia, A G Villarroya, M Bioorg-Med-Chem. 2002 June; 10(6): 2077-88 0968-0896
•
Perspectives on intake of calcium-rich foods among Asian, Hispanic, and white preadolescent and adolescent females. Author(s): Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
[email protected] Source: Auld, G Boushey, C J Bock, M A Bruhn, C Gabel, K Gustafson, D Holmes, B Misner, S Novotny, R Peck, L Pelican, S Pond Smith, D Read, M J-Nutr-EducBehavolume 2002 Sep-October; 34(5): 242-51 1499-4046
•
Possible pathogenetic role of new cytokines in postmenopausal osteoporosis and changes during calcitonin plus calcium therapy. Author(s): Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dicle University School of Medicine, Diyarbakir, Turkey.
[email protected] Source: Gur, A Denli, A Nas, K Cevik, R Karakoc, M Sarac, A J Erdogan, F RheumatolInt. 2002 September; 22(5): 194-8 0172-8172
•
Redox regulation of calcium release in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Author(s): Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 70005, Santiago 7, Chile.
[email protected] Source: Hidalgo, C Aracena, P Sanchez, G Donoso, P Biol-Res. 2002; 35(2): 183-93 07169760
•
Responses of the ultimobranchial gland to vitamin D3 treatment in freshwater mud eel, Amphipnous cuchia, kept in different calcium environments. Author(s): Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, India.
[email protected]
Nutrition 187
Source: Srivastav, A K Tiwari, P R Srivastav, S K Suzuki, N Anat-Histol-Embryol. 2002 October; 31(5): 257-61 0340-2096 •
The effect of active absorbable algal calcium (AAA Ca) with collagen and other matrix components on back and joint pain and skin impedance. Author(s): Katsuragi Hospital, 250 Makami-cho, Kishiwada, Osaka 596-0842, Japan. Source: Fujita, T Ohue, M Fujii, Y Miyauchi, A Takagi, Y J-Bone-Miner-Metab. 2002; 20(5): 298-302 0914-8779
•
The health economics of calcium and vitamin D3 for the prevention of osteoporotic hip fractures in Sweden. Author(s): Swedish Institute for Health Economics. Source: Willis, M S Int-J-Technol-Assess-Health-Care. 2002 Fall; 18(4): 791-807 0266-4623
•
The use of calcium carbonate in nelfinavir-associated diarrhoea in HIV-1-infected patients. Author(s): Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
[email protected] Source: Jensen Fangel, S Justesen, U S Black, F T Pedersen, C Obel, N HIV-Med. 2003 January; 4(1): 48-52 1464-2662
•
Voltage- and calcium-activated currents in cultured olfactory receptor neurons of male Mamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera). Author(s): INRA, Unite de Phytopharmacie et des Mediateurs Chimiques, Route de Saint Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France.
[email protected] Source: Lucas, P Shimahara, T Chem-Senses. 2002 September; 27(7): 599-610 0379-864X
Federal Resources on Nutrition In addition to the IBIDS, the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) provide many sources of information on general nutrition and health. Recommended resources include: •
healthfinder®, HHS’s gateway to health information, including diet and nutrition: http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/SearchContext.asp?topic=238&page=0
•
The United States Department of Agriculture’s Web site dedicated to nutrition information: www.nutrition.gov
•
The Food and Drug Administration’s Web site for federal food safety information: www.foodsafety.gov
•
The National Action Plan on Overweight and Obesity sponsored by the United States Surgeon General: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/
•
The Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition has an Internet site sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration and the Department of Health and Human Services: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
•
Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.usda.gov/cnpp/
•
Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/
•
Food and Nutrition Service sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture: http://www.fns.usda.gov/fns/
188 Calcium
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering food and nutrition. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=174&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_nutrition.html
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Nutrition/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Nutrition/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Nutrition/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/nutrition
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
The following is a specific Web list relating to calcium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
Vitamins Multiple Vitamin-Mineral Supplements Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pantothenic Acid Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pantothenic acid Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,882,00.html Pantothenic Acid and Pantethine Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin B6 Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin C Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin C Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Nutrition 189
Vitamin D Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin D Alternative names: Calciferol, Calcitrol, Cholecalciferol, Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin D Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin D Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,905,00.html Vitamin E Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin K Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vitamin K Alternative names: Menadione, Menaphthone, Menaquinone, Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Vitamin K Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com •
Minerals Aluminum, Calcium, and Magnesium-Containing Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Boron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Boron Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Boron Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,909,00.html Calcium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
190 Calcium
Calcium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,884,00.html Calcium Acetate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium Channel–Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Calcium D-glucarate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium Rich Rolaids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium/magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,937,00.html Calcium: Which Form is Best? Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcium-Channel Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cheese, aged (firm & grating) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,277,00.html Chromium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Chromium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Chromium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10018,00.html Cisplatin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition 191
Copper Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Gabapentin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glucosamine/Chondroitin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Iron Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Iron Alternative names: Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Magnesium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Magnesium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Magnesium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,890,00.html Magnesium Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Manganese Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Potassium Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Potassium Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10086,00.html Potassium-Sparing Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
192 Calcium
Retinol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sodium Fluoride Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vanadium Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vitamin A (Retinol) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Zinc Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Zinc Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Zinc Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10071,00.html •
Food and Diet Almonds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,113,00.html Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Arugula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,123,00.html Asiago Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Asparagus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Athletic Performance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition 193
Avocado Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beet greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,309,00.html Beets Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Beets Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,10,00.html Bok Choy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bok choy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,148,00.html Brazil nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,115,00.html Broccoflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Broccoli Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Brussels Sprouts Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cabbage Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Carrots Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,14,00.html Cauliflower Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cheese Alternatives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
194 Calcium
Cheese, aged (soft-ripened) Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,276,00.html Cheese, fresh Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,275,00.html Chicory Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chocolate Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,179,00.html Chondroitin Sulfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Coffee Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Collard greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,152,00.html Collards Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dairy-Free Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eggnog Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com English Muffins Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ferrous Sulfate Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Figs Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,51,00.html
Nutrition 195
Flour, wheat Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,81,00.html Greens, cooking Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,22,00.html High Cholesterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com HMB Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Honey Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,283,00.html Jerusalem Artichoke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Jicama Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,249,00.html Juices Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kale Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,127,00.html Kohlrabi Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kombu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Leeks Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
196 Calcium
Lettuce & other salad greens Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,196,00.html Low-Oxalate Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low-Salt Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Macrobiotic Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,95,00.html Mustard Greens Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Nuts Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,84,00.html Okra Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Omega-6 Fatty Acids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Onions Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Onions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,27,00.html Oranges Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,59,00.html
Nutrition 197
Oyster Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Parsnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pike Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Porcini Mushrooms Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin Seeds Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pumpkin seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,176,00.html Radishes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rhubarb Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,68,00.html Ricotta Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Romaine Lettuce Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rutabagas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Salmon Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,102,00.html Sardines Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,317,00.html
198 Calcium
Scallions Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,34,00.html Seaweed Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,217,00.html Seeds Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,288,00.html Snow Peas Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Soy Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Soy flour Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,293,00.html Soy milk Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,200,00.html Soybeans Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,105,00.html Sucralfate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Summer Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sweet Peppers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sweet Potatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Nutrition 199
Tofu Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tofu Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,136,00.html Tomatoes Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Turnips Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Vegetarian Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Water Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Winter Squash Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Wound Healing Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yams Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yogurt Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/foods_view/0,1523,97,00.html Zucchini Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
201
CHAPTER 3. ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE AND CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will begin by introducing you to official information sources on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) relating to calcium. At the conclusion of this chapter, we will provide additional sources.
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) of the National Institutes of Health (http://nccam.nih.gov/) has created a link to the National Library of Medicine’s databases to facilitate research for articles that specifically relate to calcium and complementary medicine. To search the database, go to the following Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nccam/camonpubmed.html. Select “CAM on PubMed.” Enter “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box. Click “Go.” The following references provide information on particular aspects of complementary and alternative medicine that are related to calcium: •
17beta-Estradiol and the phytoestrogen genistein attenuate neuronal apoptosis induced by the endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. Author(s): Linford NJ, Dorsa DM. Source: Steroids. 2002 December; 67(13-14): 1029-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12441188&dopt=Abstract
•
A 2-year prospective study on the effects of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone mass-response to estrogen and calcium therapy in individual users. Author(s): Merki-Feld GS, Neff M, Keller PJ. Source: Contraception. 2003 February; 67(2): 79-86. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12586317&dopt=Abstract
•
A cost effectiveness analysis of calcium and vitamin D supplementation, etidronate, and alendronate in the prevention of vertebral fractures in women treated with
202 Calcium
glucocorticoids. Author(s): Buckley LM, Hillner BE. Source: The Journal of Rheumatology. 2003 January; 30(1): 132-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508402&dopt=Abstract •
A low dietary cation-anion difference precalving and calcium supplementation postcalving increase plasma calcium but not milk production in a pasture-based system. Author(s): Roche JR, Dalley D, Moate P, Grainger C, Rath M, O'Mara F. Source: Journal of Dairy Science. 2003 August; 86(8): 2658-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12939090&dopt=Abstract
•
A prospective study of calcium intake from diet and supplements and risk of ischemic heart disease among men. Author(s): Al-Delaimy WK, Rimm E, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 April; 77(4): 814-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12663277&dopt=Abstract
•
A role for calcium in the regulation of neutral trehalase activity in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Author(s): Franco A, Soto T, Vicente-Soler J, Paredes V, Madrid M, Gacto M, Cansado J. Source: The Biochemical Journal. 2003 August 28 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12943532&dopt=Abstract
•
Acute effect of high-calcium milk with or without additional magnesium, or calcium phosphate on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone resorption. Author(s): Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 January; 57(1): 61-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12548298&dopt=Abstract
•
Additivity and the physical basis of multivalency effects: a thermodynamic investigation of the calcium EDTA interaction. Author(s): Christensen T, Gooden DM, Kung JE, Toone EJ. Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2003 June 18; 125(24): 7357-66. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12797810&dopt=Abstract
•
Adjuvant intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cisplatinum, mitoxantrone, 5fluorouracil, and calcium folinate in patients with gastric cancer: a phase II study. Author(s): Topuz E, Basaran M, Saip P, Aydiner A, Argon A, Sakar B, Tas F, Uygun K, Bugra D, Aykan NF.
Alternative Medicine 203
Source: American Journal of Clinical Oncology : the Official Publication of the American Radium Society. 2002 December; 25(6): 619-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12478012&dopt=Abstract •
Age-related changes in cortical bone content of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3, IGFBP-5, osteoprotegerin, and calcium in postmenopausal osteoporosis: a cross-sectional study. Author(s): Ueland T, Brixen K, Mosekilde L, Mosekilde L, Flyvbjerg A, Bollerslev J. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 10148. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629078&dopt=Abstract
•
An investigation into the role of calcium in the modulation of rat synaptosomal D[3H]aspartate transport by docosahexaenoic acid. Author(s): Berry CB, McBean GJ. Source: Brain Research. 2003 May 23; 973(1): 107-14. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12729959&dopt=Abstract
•
Analysis of lead in 55 brands of dietary calcium supplements by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave digestion. Author(s): Kim M, Kim C, Song I. Source: Food Additives and Contaminants. 2003 February; 20(2): 149-53. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12623663&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone mass at final height in precocious puberty after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with and without calcium supplementation. Author(s): Antoniazzi F, Zamboni G, Bertoldo F, Lauriola S, Mengarda F, Pietrobelli A, Tato L. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 1096101. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629090&dopt=Abstract
•
Bone regeneration with calcium sulfate: evidence for increased angiogenesis in rabbits. Author(s): Strocchi R, Orsini G, Iezzi G, Scarano A, Rubini C, Pecora G, Piattelli A. Source: J Oral Implantol. 2002; 28(6): 273-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12498535&dopt=Abstract
•
Bradykinin increases permeability by calcium and 5-lipoxygenase in the ECV304/C6 cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier. Author(s): Easton AS, Abbott NJ.
204 Calcium
Source: Brain Research. 2002 October 25; 953(1-2): 157-69. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12384249&dopt=Abstract •
By the way doctor. Is there a best time to take prescribed cardiac pills? Does a multivitamin or a calcium pill cancel out their effects? Author(s): Lee TH. Source: Harvard Health Letter / from Harvard Medical School. 2003 January; 28(3): 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12543610&dopt=Abstract
•
Ca(2+) and Na(+) binding to high affinity sites of calcium-containing proteins measured by capillary electrophoresis. Author(s): Rasmussen BW, Bjerrum MJ. Source: Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry. 2003 June 1; 95(2-3): 113-23. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12763655&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium and vitamin d supplementation in nursing home residents. Author(s): Smith RL. Source: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2001 NovemberDecember; 2(6): 289-96. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12812533&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium and vitamin D supplementation in nursing home residents. Author(s): Smith RL. Source: Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 2003 March-April; 4(2 Suppl): S23-31. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12807567&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium balance in young adults on a vegan and lactovegetarian diet. Author(s): Kohlenberg-Mueller K, Raschka L. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism. 2003; 21(1): 28-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12491091&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium carbonate consumption during pregnancy: an unusual cause of neonatal hypocalcemia. Author(s): Robertson WC Jr. Source: Journal of Child Neurology. 2002 November; 17(11): 853-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12585729&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium influx induced by activation of receptor tyrosine kinases in SV40-transfected human corneal endothelial cells. Author(s): Mergler S, Dannowski H, Bednarz J, Engelmann K, Hartmann C, Pleyer U.
Alternative Medicine 205
Source: Experimental Eye Research. 2003 October; 77(4): 485-495. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12957147&dopt=Abstract •
Calcium intake of Asian, Hispanic and white youth. Author(s): Novotny R, Boushey C, Bock MA, Peck L, Auld G, Bruhn CM, Gustafson D, Gabel K, Jensen JK, Misner S, Read M. Source: Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2003 February; 22(1): 64-70. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12569116&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium sensing receptor gene A986S polymorphism and responsiveness to calcium supplementation in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Young R, Wu F, Van de Water N, Ames R, Gamble G, Reid IR. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 February; 88(2): 697-700. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12574201&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium supplementation to prevent pre-eclampsia--a systematic review. Author(s): Hofmeyr GJ, Roodt A, Atallah AN, Duley L. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2003 March; 93(3): 224-8. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12768949&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium supplements and bone resorption in pregnancy: a randomized crossover trial. Author(s): Janakiraman V, Ettinger A, Mercado-Garcia A, Hu H, Hernandez-Avila M. Source: American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003 April; 24(3): 260-4. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12657345&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium, vitamin D, dairy products, and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort (United States). Author(s): McCullough ML, Robertson AS, Rodriguez C, Jacobs EJ, Chao A, Carolyn J, Calle EE, Willett WC, Thun MJ. Source: Cancer Causes & Control : Ccc. 2003 February; 14(1): 1-12. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12708719&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium, vitamin D, milk consumption, and hip fractures: a prospective study among postmenopausal women. Author(s): Feskanich D, Willett WC, Colditz GA. Source: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 77(2): 504-11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12540414&dopt=Abstract
•
Calcium-vitamin D3 supplementation is cost-effective in hip fractures prevention. Author(s): Lilliu H, Pamphile R, Chapuy MC, Schulten J, Arlot M, Meunier PJ.
206 Calcium
Source: Maturitas. 2003 April 25; 44(4): 299-305. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12697371&dopt=Abstract •
Carnosic acid potentiates the antioxidant and prodifferentiation effects of 1alpha,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 in leukemia cells but does not promote elevation of basal levels of intracellular calcium. Author(s): Danilenko M, Wang Q, Wang X, Levy J, Sharoni Y, Studzinski GP. Source: Cancer Research. 2003 March 15; 63(6): 1325-32. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12649194&dopt=Abstract
•
Changes in immunoreactivity to calcium-binding proteins in the anterior olfactory nucleus of the rat after neonatal olfactory deprivation. Author(s): Barbado MV, Brinon JG, Weruaga E, Porteros A, Arevalo R, Aijon J, Alonso JR. Source: Experimental Neurology. 2002 September; 177(1): 133-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12429217&dopt=Abstract
•
Characteristics of the hypoosmosis-induced calcium response in isolated nerve terminals of rat brain. Author(s): Levko AV, Rakovich AA, Samoilenko SG, Konev SV. Source: Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research. 2003 April; 9(4): Br115-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709662&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparison of calcium and alfacalcidol supplement in the prevention of osteopenia after kidney transplantation. Author(s): Berczi C, Asztalos L, Kincses Z, Balogh A, Locsey L, Balazs G, Lukacs G. Source: Osteoporosis International : a Journal Established As Result of Cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the Usa. 2003 June; 14(5): 412-7. Epub 2003 April 16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12730763&dopt=Abstract
•
Comparisons of oral calcium, high dose vitamin D and a combination of these in the treatment of nutritional rickets in children. Author(s): Kutluk G, Cetinkaya F, Basak M. Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2002 December; 48(6): 351-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12521277&dopt=Abstract
•
Compound I formation in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) peroxidase is modulated by the equilibrium between pentacoordinated and 6-aquo hexacoordinated forms of the heme and by calcium ions. Author(s): Hiner AN, Sidrach L, Chazarra S, Varon R, Tudela J, Garcia-Canovas F, Rodriguez-Lopez JN.
Alternative Medicine 207
Source: Biochemistry. 2003 July 29; 42(29): 8799-808. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12873141&dopt=Abstract •
Contribution of raloxifene and calcium and vitamin d(3) supplementation to the increase of the degree of mineralization of bone in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Boivin G, Lips P, Ott SM, Harper KD, Sarkar S, Pinette KV, Meunier PJ. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 September; 88(9): 4199-205. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12970287&dopt=Abstract
•
Conversion disorder and calcium homeostasis. Author(s): Venter EK, Lange G, Kruger C, Meyer BJ. Source: South African Medical Journal. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Geneeskunde. 2002 December; 92(12): 970-1. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12561412&dopt=Abstract
•
Cytochrome p-450 epoxygenase metabolites of docosahexaenoate potently dilate coronary arterioles by activating large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels. Author(s): Ye D, Zhang D, Oltman C, Dellsperger K, Lee HC, VanRollins M. Source: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2002 November; 303(2): 768-76. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12388664&dopt=Abstract
•
Dangerous nutrition? Calcium, vitamin D, and shark cartilage nutritional supplements and cancer-related hypercalcemia. Author(s): Lagman R, Walsh D. Source: Supportive Care in Cancer : Official Journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2003 April; 11(4): 232-5. Epub 2003 January 15. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12673461&dopt=Abstract
•
Desnitro-imidacloprid activates the extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascade via the nicotinic receptor and intracellular calcium mobilization in N1E-115 cells. Author(s): Tomizawa M, Casida JE. Source: Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 2002 November 1; 184(3): 180-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12460746&dopt=Abstract
•
Development and application of caged calcium. Author(s): Ellis-Davies GC. Source: Methods Enzymol. 2003; 360: 226-38. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12622152&dopt=Abstract
208 Calcium
•
Diethylstilbestrol and tetrahydrochrysenes are calcium channel blockers in human platelets: relationship to the stilbene pharmacophore. Author(s): Dobrydneva Y, Williams RL, Katzenellenbogen JA, Ratz PH, Blackmore PF. Source: Thrombosis Research. 2003 April 15; 110(1): 23-31. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12877905&dopt=Abstract
•
Differential effects of quercetin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, on L-type calcium current in pituitary tumor (GH3) cells and neuronal NG108-15 cells. Author(s): Wu SN, Chiang HT, Shen AY, Lo YK. Source: Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2003 May; 195(2): 298-308. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12652656&dopt=Abstract
•
Dimethylsphingosine increases cytosolic calcium and intracellular pH in human T lymphocytes. Author(s): Alfonso A, De la Rosa LA, Vieytes MR, Botana LM. Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2003 February 1; 65(3): 465-78. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12527340&dopt=Abstract
•
Early activation of the p42/p44MAPK pathway mediates adenosine-induced nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells: a novel calcium-insensitive mechanism. Author(s): Wyatt AW, Steinert JR, Wheeler-Jones CP, Morgan AJ, Sugden D, Pearson JD, Sobrevia L, Mann GE. Source: The Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2002 October; 16(12): 1584-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12374781&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of calcium antagonist on cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in patients with hypertension and chronic major cerebral artery occlusion: a positron emission tomography study. Author(s): Ogasawara K, Noda A, Yasuda S, Kobayashi M, Yukawa H, Ogawa A. Source: Nuclear Medicine Communications. 2003 January; 24(1): 71-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12501022&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Author(s): Saleh F, Jorde R, Sundsfjord J. Source: J Endocrinol Invest. 2003 January; 26(1): 35-41. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12602532&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of fibre and calcium supplementation on adenoma recurrence and growth. Author(s): Faivre J, Bonithon-Kopp C.
Alternative Medicine 209
Source: Iarc Sci Publ. 2002; 156: 457-61. Review. No Abstract Available. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12484234&dopt=Abstract •
Effect of Heat Treatment and Mineral and Vitamin Supplementation on the Nutritive Use of Protein and Calcium From Lentils (Lens culinaris M.) in Growing Rats. Author(s): Porres JM, Lopez-Jurado M, Aranda P, Urbano G. Source: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). 2003 May; 19(5): 451-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12714100&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of the aqueous extract of Chrysanthellum indicum on calcium mobilization and activation of rat portal vein. Author(s): Amos S, Binda L, Adamu M, Vongtau HO, Abbah J, Omogbai EK, Akah PA, Bukar BB, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 September; 88(1): 57-62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12902051&dopt=Abstract
•
Effect of vitamin C supplements on urinary oxalate and pH in calcium stone-forming patients. Author(s): Baxmann AC, De O G Mendonca C, Heilberg IP. Source: Kidney International. 2003 March; 63(3): 1066-71. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12631089&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of a single dose of menadione on the intestinal calcium absorption and associated variables. Author(s): Marchionatti AM, Diaz de Barboza GE, Centeno VA, Alisio AE, Tolosa de Talamoni NG. Source: The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2003 August; 14(8): 466-472. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12948877&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of an aqueous extract from Phyllantus niruri on calcium oxalate crystallization in vitro. Author(s): Barros ME, Schor N, Boim MA. Source: Urological Research. 2003 February; 30(6): 374-9. Epub 2003 January 21. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12599017&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of calcium and glutamate receptor agonists on leaf consumption by lepidopteran neonates. Author(s): Pszczolkowski MA, Zahand A, Bushman SM, Brown JJ. Source: Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. 2003 January; 74(2): 389-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12479959&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of calcium disodium EDTA and meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid on tissue concentrations of lead for use in treatment of calves with experimentally induced lead
210 Calcium
toxicosis. Author(s): Meldrum JB, Ko KW. Source: Am J Vet Res. 2003 June; 64(6): 672-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828250&dopt=Abstract •
Effects of calcium supplementation on serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Author(s): Heaney RP, Recker RR, Lappe JM. Source: The American Journal of Medicine. 2003 May; 114(7): 620-1; Author Reply 621. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12753892&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of Chan Su, a traditional Chinese medicine, on the calcium transients of isolated cardiomyocytes: cardiotoxicity due to more than Na, K-ATPase blocking. Author(s): Bick RJ, Poindexter BJ, Sweney RR, Dasgupta A. Source: Life Sciences. 2002 December 27; 72(6): 699-709. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12467910&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of phytase supplementation on the performance, egg quality, and phosphorous excretion of laying hens fed different levels of dietary calcium and nonphytate phosphorous. Author(s): Lim HS, Namkung H, Paik IK. Source: Poultry Science. 2003 January; 82(1): 92-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12580249&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of tetrandrine on calcium and potassium currents in isolated rat hepatocytes. Author(s): Zhou HY, Wang F, Cheng L, Fu LY, Zhou J, Yao WX. Source: World Journal of Gastroenterology : Wjg. 2003 January; 9(1): 134-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12508368&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on falls: a randomized controlled trial. Author(s): Bischoff HA, Stahelin HB, Dick W, Akos R, Knecht M, Salis C, Nebiker M, Theiler R, Pfeifer M, Begerow B, Lew RA, Conzelmann M. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2003 February; 18(2): 343-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568412&dopt=Abstract
•
Effects on bone mineral density of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly women with vitamin D deficiency. Author(s): Grados F, Brazier M, Kamel S, Duver S, Heurtebize N, Maamer M, Mathieu M, Garabedian M, Sebert JL, Fardellone P. Source: Joint, Bone, Spine : Revue Du Rhumatisme. 2003 June; 70(3): 203-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12814763&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 211
•
Efficacy and safety of a therapeutic interchange from high-dose calcium channel blockers to a fixed-dose combination of amlodipine/benazepril in patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension. Author(s): Caro JJ, Lee K. Source: Current Hypertension Reports. 2002 December; 4(6): 417-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12419166&dopt=Abstract
•
Enhancement of low-voltage-activated calcium currents by group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in rat retinal ganglion cells. Author(s): Robbins J, Reynolds AM, Treseder S, Davies R. Source: Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 2003 July; 23(3): 341-50. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12837619&dopt=Abstract
•
Evaluation of an injectable calcium phosphate cement as an autograft substitute for transpedicular lumbar interbody fusion: a controlled, prospective study in the sheep model. Author(s): Blattert TR, Delling G, Weckbach A. Source: European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 2003 April; 12(2): 216-23. Epub 2002 October 29. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12709861&dopt=Abstract
•
Fabrication and evaluation of a new composite composed of tricalcium phosphate, gelatin and chi-li-saan as a bone substitute. Author(s): Yao CH, Tsai CC, Chen YS, Chang CJ, Liu BS, Lin CC, Tsuang YH. Source: The American Journal of Chinese Medicine. 2002; 30(4): 471-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12568275&dopt=Abstract
•
Final report on the safety assessment of EDTA, calcium disodium EDTA, diammonium EDTA, dipotassium EDTA, disodium EDTA, TEA-EDTA, tetrasodium EDTA, tripotassium EDTA, trisodium EDTA, HEDTA, and trisodium HEDTA. Author(s): Lanigan RS, Yamarik TA. Source: International Journal of Toxicology. 2002; 21 Suppl 2: 95-142. Review. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12396676&dopt=Abstract
•
FK506 restores sensitivity of thymic lymphomas to calcium-mediated apoptosis and the inducible expression of Fas ligand. Author(s): Kalas W, Matuszyk J, Ziolo E, Strzadala L. Source: Anticancer Res. 2003 March-April; 23(2B): 1613-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12820430&dopt=Abstract
•
High-dose calcium stimulation test in a case of insulinoma masquerading as hysteria. Author(s): Nakamura Y, Doi R, Kohno Y, Shimono D, Kuwamura N, Inoue K, Koshiyama H, Imamura M.
212 Calcium
Source: Endocrine. 2002 November; 19(2): 127-30. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12588041&dopt=Abstract •
How much calcium is really in that supplement? Author(s): Marcason W. Source: Journal of the American Dietetic Association. 2002 November; 102(11): 1647. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12449288&dopt=Abstract
•
Hysteresis and calcium set-point for the calcium parathyroid hormone relationship in healthy horses. Author(s): Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Sams RA, Capen CC, Rosol TJ. Source: General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2003 February; 130(3): 279-88. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12606270&dopt=Abstract
•
Immobilization of Chinese herbal medicine onto the surface-modified calcium hydrogenphosphate. Author(s): Lin FH, Dong GC, Chen KS, Jiang GJ, Huang CW, Sun JS. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 June; 24(13): 2413-22. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12699679&dopt=Abstract
•
In vitro diffusion of hydroxyl ions through root dentine from various calcium hydroxide medicaments. Author(s): Sevimay S, Kalayci A, Yilmaz S. Source: Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 2003 October; 30(10): 1047-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12974867&dopt=Abstract
•
Increased reflux symptoms after calcium carbonate supplementation and successful anti-Helicobacter pylori treatment. Author(s): Fischbach LA, Correa P, Feldman M, Fontham E, Priest E, Goodman KJ, Jain R. Source: Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2003 August; 48(8): 1487-94. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12924641&dopt=Abstract
•
Induction of Apoptosis in Skeletal Tissues: Phosphate-Mediated Chick Chondrocyte Apoptosis is Calcium Dependent. Author(s): Mansfield K, Pucci B, Adams CS, Shapiro IM. Source: Calcified Tissue International. 2003 May 21 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12754666&dopt=Abstract
•
Intracellular calcium increasing at the beginning of reperfusion assists the early recovery of myocardial contractility after diltiazem cardioplegia. Author(s): Inoue K, Ando S, Itagaki T, Shiojiri Y, Kashima T, Takaba T.
Alternative Medicine 213
Source: Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 March; 51(3): 98-103. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12691118&dopt=Abstract •
Is routine supplementation therapy (calcium and vitamin D) useful after total thyroidectomy? Author(s): Bellantone R, Lombardi CP, Raffaelli M, Boscherini M, Alesina PF, De Crea C, Traini E, Princi P. Source: Surgery. 2002 December; 132(6): 1109-12; Discussion 1112-3. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12490862&dopt=Abstract
•
Media calcification, low erythrocyte magnesium, altered plasma magnesium, and calcium homeostasis following grafting of the thoracic aorta to the infrarenal aorta in the rat--differential preventive effects of long-term oral magnesium supplementation alone and in combination with alkali. Author(s): Schwille PO, Schmiedl A, Schwille R, Brunner P, Kissler H, Cesnjevar R, Gepp H. Source: Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & Pharmacotherapie. 2003 March; 57(2): 88-97. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12842494&dopt=Abstract
•
Neocortical long-term potentiation and experience-dependent synaptic plasticity require alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II autophosphorylation. Author(s): Hardingham N, Glazewski S, Pakhotin P, Mizuno K, Chapman PF, Giese KP, Fox K. Source: The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 2003 June 1; 23(11): 4428-36. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12805283&dopt=Abstract
•
Novel bilirubin-based PVC calcium sensors. Author(s): Mahmoud WH. Source: Anal Sci. 2003 March; 19(3): 361-5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12675340&dopt=Abstract
•
Osteoporosis--Part II: Dietary and/or supplemental calcium and vitamin D. Author(s): Moyad MA. Source: Urologic Nursing : Official Journal of the American Urological Association Allied. 2002 December; 22(6): 405-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12593233&dopt=Abstract
•
Oxalate content and calcium binding capacity of tea and herbal teas. Author(s): Charrier MJ, Savage GP, Vanhanen L.
214 Calcium
Source: Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2002; 11(4): 298-301. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12495262&dopt=Abstract •
Perspectives on intake of calcium-rich foods among Asian, Hispanic, and white preadolescent and adolescent females. Author(s): Auld G, Boushey CJ, Bock MA, Bruhn C, Gabel K, Gustafson D, Holmes B, Misner S, Novotny R, Peck L, Pelican S, Pond-Smith D, Read M. Source: Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2002 September-October; 34(5): 242-51. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12559059&dopt=Abstract
•
Pregnancy in Mice Lacking the Vitamin D Receptor: Normal Maternal Skeletal Response, But Fetal Hypomineralization Rescued by Maternal Calcium Supplementation. Author(s): Rummens K, Van Cromphaut SJ, Carmeliet G, Van Herck E, Van Bree R, Stockmans I, Bouillon R, Verhaeghe J. Source: Pediatric Research. 2003 June 18 [epub Ahead of Print] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12815117&dopt=Abstract
•
Preventing kidney stones: calcium restriction not warranted. Author(s): Hall PM. Source: Cleve Clin J Med. 2002 November; 69(11): 885-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12430973&dopt=Abstract
•
Prevention of bone loss in calcium deficient ovariectonized rats by OST-6, a herbal preparation. Author(s): Prabhakara Reddy N, Lakshmana M. Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003 February; 84(2-3): 259-64. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12648824&dopt=Abstract
•
Prophylaxis of calcium oxalate stones by Herniaria hirsuta on experimentally induced nephrolithiasis in rats. Author(s): Atmani F, Slimani Y, Mimouni M, Hacht B. Source: Bju International. 2003 July; 92(1): 137-40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12823398&dopt=Abstract
•
Randomized trial of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral content in 3- to 5-year-old children. Author(s): Specker B, Binkley T. Source: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research : the Official Journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2003 May; 18(5): 885-92. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12733728&dopt=Abstract
Alternative Medicine 215
•
Redox-sensitive extracellular gates formed by auxiliary beta subunits of calciumactivated potassium channels. Author(s): Zeng XH, Xia XM, Lingle CJ. Source: Nature Structural Biology. 2003 June; 10(6): 448-54. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12740608&dopt=Abstract
•
Regulation of parathyroid vitamin D receptor expression by extracellular calcium. Author(s): Garfia B, Canadillas S, Canalejo A, Luque F, Siendones E, Quesada M, Almaden Y, Aguilera-Tejero E, Rodriguez M. Source: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Jasn. 2002 December; 13(12): 2945-52. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12444213&dopt=Abstract
•
Relationship of urinary sodium/potassium excretion and calcium intake to blood pressure and prevalence of hypertension among older Chinese vegetarians. Author(s): Kwok TC, Chan TY, Woo J. Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2003 February; 57(2): 299-304. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12571663&dopt=Abstract
•
Response of growing Pekin ducks to supplementation of monobasic calcium phosphate to low-phosphorus diets. Author(s): Rodehutscord M, Timmler R, Wendt P. Source: Poultry Science. 2003 February; 82(2): 309-19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12619810&dopt=Abstract
•
Smooth muscle contraction induced by Indigofera dendroides leaf extracts may involve calcium mobilization via potential sensitive channels. Author(s): Amos S, Binda L, Kunle OF, Okafor I, Emeje M, Akah PA, Wambebe C, Gamaniel K. Source: Phytotherapy Research : Ptr. 2003 August; 17(7): 792-6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12916079&dopt=Abstract
•
Soy protein has a greater effect on bone in postmenopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy, as evidenced by reducing bone resorption and urinary calcium excretion. Author(s): Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Smith BJ, Lucas EA, Juma S, Payton ME, Wild RA. Source: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2003 March; 88(3): 104854. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12629084&dopt=Abstract
•
Static magnetic fields affect calcium fluxes and inhibit stress-induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells. Author(s): Teodori L, Gohde W, Valente MG, Tagliaferri F, Coletti D, Perniconi B, Bergamaschi A, Cerella C, Ghibelli L.
216 Calcium
Source: Cytometry : the Journal of the Society for Analytical Cytology. 2002 December 1; 49(4): 143-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12454977&dopt=Abstract •
Tetramethylpyrazine as potassium channel opener to lower calcium influx into cultured aortic smooth muscle cells. Author(s): Tsai CC, Lai TY, Huang WC, Yang T, Liu IM, Wong KL, Chan P, Cheng JT. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 June; 69(6): 557-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12865978&dopt=Abstract
•
The calcium-dependent protease of Loxosceles gaucho venom acts preferentially upon red cell band 3 transmembrane protein. Author(s): Barretto OC, Satake M, Nonoyama K, Cardoso JL. Source: Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research = Revista Brasileira De Pesquisas Medicas E Biologicas / Sociedade Brasileira De Biofisica. [et Al.]. 2003 March; 36(3): 309-13. Epub 2003 March 07. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12640494&dopt=Abstract
•
The choice of the dialysate calcium concentration in the management of patients on haemodialysis and haemodiafiltration. Author(s): Malberti F, Ravani P. Source: Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association. 2003 August; 18 Suppl 7: Vii37-Vii40. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12953028&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of digenea larvae on calcium content in the shells of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) individuals. Author(s): Zblkowska E. Source: J Parasitol. 2003 February; 89(1): 76-9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12659306&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of Gu-Sui-Bu (Drynaria fortunei J. Sm) immobilized modified calcium hydrogenphosphate on bone cell activities. Author(s): Sun JS, Dong GC, Lin CY, Sheu SY, Lin FH, Chen LT, Chang WH, Wang YJ. Source: Biomaterials. 2003 February; 24(5): 873-82. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12485805&dopt=Abstract
•
The effect of oestrogen and dietary phyto-oestrogens on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. Author(s): Cotter AA, Jewell C, Cashman KD.
Alternative Medicine 217
Source: The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003 June; 89(6): 755-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12828792&dopt=Abstract •
The effect of prostaglandin E2 and calcium gluconate on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats. Author(s): Seifi M, Eslami B, Saffar AS. Source: European Journal of Orthodontics. 2003 April; 25(2): 199-204. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12737218&dopt=Abstract
•
The effects of calcium supplementation to patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and a low calcium intake. Author(s): Jorde R, Szumlas K, Haug E, Sundsfjord J. Source: European Journal of Nutrition. 2002 December; 41(6): 258-63. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12474069&dopt=Abstract
•
The Importance of Calcium in the Appearance of p32, a Boar Sperm Tyrosine Phosphoprotein, During In Vitro Capacitation. Author(s): Dube C, Tardif S, Leclerc P, Bailey JL. Source: Journal of Andrology. 2003 September-October; 24(5): 727-33. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12954665&dopt=Abstract
•
The mechanism of inhibitory actions of S-petasin, a sesquiterpene of Petasites formosanus, on L-type calcium current in NG108-15 neuronal cells. Author(s): Wu SN, Chen H, Lin YL. Source: Planta Medica. 2003 February; 69(2): 118-24. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12624815&dopt=Abstract
•
Vascular influences of calcium supplementation and vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia in NaCl-hypertensive rats. Author(s): Kahonen M, Nappi S, Jolma P, Hutri-Kahonen N, Tolvanen JP, Saha H, Koivisto P, Krogerus L, Kalliovalkama J, Porsti I. Source: Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology. 2003 September; 42(3): 319-28. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_ uids=12960676&dopt=Abstract
Additional Web Resources A number of additional Web sites offer encyclopedic information covering CAM and related topics. The following is a representative sample: •
Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc.: http://www.herbmed.org/
•
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=169&layer=&from=subcats
•
Chinese Medicine: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/
218 Calcium
•
drkoop.com®: http://www.drkoop.com/InteractiveMedicine/IndexC.html
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/med_altn.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Alternative/
•
Healthnotes: http://www.healthnotes.com/
•
MedWebPlus: http://medwebplus.com/subject/Alternative_and_Complementary_Medicine
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Alternative/
•
HealthGate: http://www.tnp.com/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/drugs_and_herbs
•
WholeHealthMD.com: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/reflib/0,1529,,00.html
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Alternative_Medicine/
The following is a specific Web list relating to calcium; please note that any particular subject below may indicate either a therapeutic use, or a contraindication (potential danger), and does not reflect an official recommendation (some Web sites are subscription based): •
General Overview AIDS and HIV Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Allergic Reaction, Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amyloidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angina Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Angioedema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anorexia Nervosa Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Anxiety Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 219
Anxiety Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Arthritis, OsteoSource: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Asthma Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease Prevention Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Disorder Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bipolar Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Bladder Infection Alternative names: Urinary Tract Infection [UTI] Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bone Loss Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Breast Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Breast Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Brittle Nails Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cancer Prevention (Reducing the Risk) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cancer Prevention and Diet Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Candidiasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
220 Calcium
Cataracts (Prevention) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Celiac Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chickenpox and Shingles Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Colon Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colorectal Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Crohn's Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Depression Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Depression Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diabetes Mellitus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Diarrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dysmenorrhea Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Eating Disorders Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Eating Disorders, Anorexia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Endometriosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 221
Epilepsy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Food Poisoning Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Gestational Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gingivitis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gum disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hair Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heart Attack Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Heart palpitations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Heat Exhaustion Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Herpes Zoster and Varicella Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Blood Pressure Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com High Cholesterol Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com High Triglycerides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Histoplasmosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com HIV and AIDS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
222 Calcium
Hypercholesterolemia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hyperparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypertension Alternative names: High Blood Pressure Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hyperthyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypochondriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypoparathyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hypothyroidism Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Incontinence, Urinary Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Crohn's Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insomnia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Insulin Resistance Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Irritability Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Kidney Stones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Kidney stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 223
Kidney Stones Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lactose Intolerance Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Low Back Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lyme Disease Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Malabsorption Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Male Infertility Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ménière's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstrual Pain Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menstruation, Absence of Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Migraine Headaches Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Migraine Headaches Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com MSG Sensitivity Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Multiple Sclerosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
224 Calcium
Muscular Dystrophy Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Obesity Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoarthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoarthritis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Osteoporosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Osteoporosis Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Parkinson's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Periodontal Disease Alternative names: Gum Disease Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com PMS Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com PMS Alternative names: Premenstrual Stress Syndrome Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Preeclampsia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Pregnancy and Postpartum Support Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Premenstrual Syndrome Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
Alternative Medicine 225
Prostate Cancer Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Prostate Cancer Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psoriasis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Psoriasis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Psychological conditions and disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Pulmonary Edema Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Raynaud's Disease Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Raynaud's Phenomenon Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Rheumatoid Arthritis Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rickets/Osteomalacia Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Sarcoidosis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Scleroderma Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Seasonal Affective Disorder Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Seizure Disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Senile Dementia Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Shingles and Chickenpox Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sleep disorders Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
226 Calcium
Stress Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Stroke Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tendinitis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Tension Headache Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroid Inflammation Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thyroiditis Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Urinary Incontinence Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Varicella and Herpes Zoster Viruses Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Water Retention Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Yeast Infection Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Yeast Infection Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com •
Alternative Therapy Chelation Therapy Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Chelation therapy Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,679,00.html Macrobiotics Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,714,00.html
Alternative Medicine 227
Nutrition Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Schuessler biochemic system of medicine Alternative names: biochemic medicine biochemic system of medicine biochemic system of medicines tissue salts therapy Source: The Canoe version of A Dictionary of Alternative-Medicine Methods, by Priorities for Health editor Jack Raso, M.S., R.D. Hyperlink: http://www.canoe.ca/AltmedDictionary/s.html •
Chinese Medicine Chonglou Alternative names: Paris Root; Rhizoma Paridis Source: Chinese Materia Medica Qingfei Yihuo Wan Alternative names: Qingfei Yihuo Pills Source: Pharmacopoeia Commission of the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China Hyperlink: http://www.newcenturynutrition.com/cgilocal/patent_herbs_db/db.cgi?db=default&Chinese=Qingfei%20Yihuo%20Wan&m h=10&sb=---&view_records=View+Records Shigao Alternative names: Gypsum; Gypsum Fibrosum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zhongrushi Alternative names: Stalactite; Stalactitum Source: Chinese Materia Medica Zishiyin Alternative names: Fluorite; Fluoritum Source: Chinese Materia Medica
•
Herbs and Supplements Advanced Formula Di-Gel Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Albuterol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alendronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Alfalfa Alternative names: Medicago sativa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
228 Calcium
Aluminum Hydroxide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amino Acid K Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amino Acids Overview Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Aminoglycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Amlodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Amlodipine/Benazepril Alternative names: Lotrel Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antacids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Antacids/Acid Blockers Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Anticonvulsants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Antituberculosis Agents Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Barbiturates Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Berberis Alternative names: Barberry; Berberis sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Beta-Blockers Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bile Acid Sequestrant Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 229
Bile Acid Sequestrants Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bisphosphonate Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Black Cohosh Alternative names: Cimicifuga racemosa Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blood Pressure Drugs Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Blue-Green Algae Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bone-building formula Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,838,00.html Borago Alternative names: Borage; Borago officinalis Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Boswellia Alternative names: Frankincense; Boswellia serrata Roxb. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Brewer's Yeast Alternative names: Nutritional Yeast Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Bryonia Bryony Alternative names: Bryony; Bryonia sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Caffeine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Calciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
230 Calcium
Calcitonin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Calcitrol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cardiac Glycosides Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cartilage (Bovine and Shark) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Celery Seed Alternative names: Apium graveolens Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Cholecalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ciprofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Colestipol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Corticosteroids Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Cycloserine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Dandelion Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diclofenac Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Digoxin Alternative names: Crystodigin, Lanoxicaps, Lanoxin Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Diltiazem Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Diltiazem/Enalapril Alternative names: Teczem Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com
Alternative Medicine 231
Doxycycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Enalapril/Felodipine Alternative names: Lexxel Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Equisetum Alternative names: Horsetail; Equisetum arvense L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Eriodictyon YerbaSanta Alternative names: Yerba Santa; Eriodictyon californicum Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Erocalciferol Alternative names: Vitamin D Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erocalciferol Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Erythromycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Estrogens (Combined) Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Felodipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fiber Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Flavonoids Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,782,00.html Fluoroquinolones Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Flurbiprofen Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and Other Oligosaccharides Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
232 Calcium
Gentamicin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ginkgo Alternative names: Ginkgo biloba Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org GLA Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com GLA (Gamma-Linolenic Acid) Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Glipizide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Glycyrrhiza1 Alternative names: Licorice; Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hawthorn Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10035,00.html Heparin Alternative names: Hep-Lock Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Hibiscus Alternative names: Hibiscus, Roselle; Hibiscus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Histamine H2 Antagonists Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydantoin Derivatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Hydrastis Alternative names: Goldenseal; Hydrastis canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Hydroxychloroquine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Indapamide Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Indomethacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 233
Inhalant, Systemic, and Topical Corticosteroids Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Inhaled Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Inositol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Ipriflavone Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Ipriflavone Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10039,00.html Isoniazid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Juniperus Alternative names: Juniper; Juniperus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Kelp Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lactase Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Loop Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lubricant Laxatives Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Lysine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Lysine Alternative names: Amino Acid K, L-Lysine Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com
234 Calcium
Mahonia Alternative names: Mahonia aquifolium Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Menadione Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaphthone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menaquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Menopause herbal combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10096,00.html Metformin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Methylsulfonylmethane Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Minocycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Mixed Amphetamines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Monophasic, Biphasic, and Triphasic Preparations Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Musa Banana Alternative names: Plantain, Banana; Musa sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Nadolol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Naringin Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10089,00.html Neomycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Nifedipine Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 235
Ofloxacin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oral Contraceptives Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Oral Corticosteroids Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Oregano/Wild Marjoram Alternative names: Origanum vulgare Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Panax Alternative names: Ginseng; Panax ginseng Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Passiflora Alternative names: Passion Flower; Passiflora alata L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Peppermint Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenobarbital Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Phenobarbital Alternative names: Bellatal, Solfoton Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phenytoin Alternative names: Dilantin Infatab, Dilantin-125 Oral Suspension Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Phosphorus Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Phylloquinone Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Piper Alternative names: Kava; Piper methysticum Forst.f Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Piper nigrum Alternative names: Black Pepper Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org
236 Calcium
Plantago psyllium Alternative names: Psyllium, Ispaghula; Plantago psyllium/ovata Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org PMS Herbal combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,947,00.html Primidone Alternative names: Mysoline Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Progesterone Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Raspberry Source: The Canadian Internet Directory for Holistic Help, WellNet, Health and Wellness Network; www.wellnet.ca Red Clover Alternative names: Trifolium pratense , beebread, cow clover, cow grass, meadow clover, purple clover Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Ribes Alternative names: Black Currant; Ribes nigrum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Risedronate Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rofecoxib Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Rosmarinus Alternative names: Rosemary; Rosmarinus officinalis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Sambucus Alternative names: Black Elderberry; Sambucus nigra L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Sanguinaria Alternative names: Bloodroot; Sanguinaria canadensis L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Sotalol Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
Alternative Medicine 237
Spirulina Alternative names: Blue-green Algae Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Sulfamethoxazole Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tempo Tablets Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Terminalia Alternative names: Myrobalans; Terminalia arjuna Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Tetracycline Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tetracyclines Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Thiazide Diuretics Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Thyroid Hormones Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tobramycin Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Triamterene Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Tribulus Puncture Alternative names: Puncture Vine, Goathead; Tribulus terrestris L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Trigonella Alternative names: Fenugreek; Trigonella foenum graecum L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Trimethoprim Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com
238 Calcium
Uncaria asian Alternative names: Asian species; Uncaria sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Uva Ursi Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com VacciniumB Alternative names: Bilberry; Vaccinium myrtillus L. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Valproic Acid Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Valproic Acid Source: Prima Communications, Inc.www.personalhealthzone.com Vasodilators Source: Integrative Medicine Communications; www.drkoop.com Verapamil Source: Healthnotes, Inc. www.healthnotes.com Women's herbal combination Source: WholeHealthMD.com, LLC. www.wholehealthmd.com Hyperlink: http://www.wholehealthmd.com/refshelf/substances_view/0,1525,10100,00.html Zingiber Alternative names: Ginger; Zingiber officinale Roscoe Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org Zizyphus Alternative names: Jujube; Ziziphus sp. Source: Alternative Medicine Foundation, Inc. www.amfoundation.org
General References A good place to find general background information on CAM is the National Library of Medicine. It has prepared within the MEDLINEplus system an information topic page dedicated to complementary and alternative medicine. To access this page, go to the MEDLINEplus site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alternativemedicine.html. This Web site provides a general overview of various topics and can lead to a number of general sources.
239
CHAPTER 4. DISSERTATIONS ON CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will give you a bibliography on recent dissertations relating to calcium. We will also provide you with information on how to use the Internet to stay current on dissertations. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical dissertations that use the generic term “calcium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on calcium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical dissertations in this bibliography.
Dissertations on Calcium ProQuest Digital Dissertations, the largest archive of academic dissertations available, is located at the following Web address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations. From this archive, we have compiled the following list covering dissertations devoted to calcium. You will see that the information provided includes the dissertation’s title, its author, and the institution with which the author is associated. The following covers recent dissertations found when using this search procedure: •
A Kinetic Study of Hot Metal Desulphurization by Calcium Carbide Powder Injection by Chiang, L. K; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35872
•
A Model for the Formation of Calcium Carbide in Solid Pellets by Brookes, Charles; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12901
•
A Novel Building Block for Peptide-based Hybrid Polyamides: Synthesis, Conformational Studies, and Calcium Binding Profile by Jones, Ashley R. Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 217 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063674
•
A Novel Technique Using Presaturation Water Suppression to Measure Unbound Copper(ii) Ion in Solutions of Fulvic Acid and Edta and the Use of Nmr Relaxation Measurements and Fluorescence Quenching to Investigate the Effect of Calcium on
240 Calcium
Copper-fulvic Acid by Larrousse, Margaret Mary; Phd from University of Massachusetts Lowell, 2002, 180 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053160 •
A Role for Store Calcium(2+) in the Regulation of Ngf Protein Synthesis by Faison, Milton Omar; Phd from University of Virginia, 2002, 108 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038984
•
A Spectroscopic Study of the Elementary Chemical Reactions between Calcium Atoms and Halogen-containing Diatomic Molecules by Corbett, Michael Robin; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51005
•
A Study of Molecular Processes in Calcium Clusters, Sarin, and Calcium Carbonate Clusters by Mirick, Jeffrey Warren; Phd from George Mason University, 2002, 161 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045277
•
A Study of the Effects of Rennin, Trypsin, Lysozyme and Beta-glucosidase on Calcium Caseinate, Alphas-, Beta and Kappa-casein by Mullin, W. John; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK21073
•
A Study of the Interfacial Reaction Kinetics in the Iron-calcium Fluoride System at 1450 Degrees C by Ray, J. D; , Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54200
•
A Study on Calcium and Oxidative Phosphorylation of Mitochondria from the Skeletal Muscle of Normal and Bi0 14.6 Genetically Dystrophic Hamsters by Thakar, Jayendrakumar H; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17872
•
A Ubiquitous Calcium Binding Protein (calmodulin) and Its Possible Physiological Function by Waisman, David Morton; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40062
•
Activation of Calcium-activated Potassium Channels and Cell Migration by Hepatocyte Growth Factor/scatter Factor in Madin-darby Canine Kidney Cells by Jin, Min; Phd from East Tennessee State University, 2002, 74 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083430
•
Age-related Memory Impairment and L-type Calcium Channel Expression in the Hippocampus by Veng, Lone Merete; Phd from University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069593
•
Aging and the Role of Estrogen in Calcium Mobilization in the Laying Hen by Hansen, Kimberly K. Phd from The University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2002, 150 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3045518
•
Alcohol Dehydrogenase Biosensor Based on Poly(aniline)-poly(vinylsulfonate) Modified Electrode and Enhancement Effect of Calcium Ions on the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Nadh at Poly(aniline)-(poly(vinylsulfonate) and Poly(aniline)poly(styrenesulfonate) by Toh, Chee-seng; Phd from University of Southampton (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f307505
Dissertations 241
•
Alterations in Cardiac Membrane Activities during the Calcium Paradox in Isolated Perfused Rat Hearts by Alto, Lauri E; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54509
•
An E. P. R. Investigation of Calcium Hydroxide:copper(ii) and Calcium Deuteroxide:copper(ii) Systems by Wilson, Robert G; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK23968
•
An Evaluation of Calcium Channel Blockade and Direct Current Stimulation for Promoting Recovery after Acute Experimental Spinal Cord Injury by Fehlings, Michael George; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51004
•
An Examination of the Different Roles of Two Calcium Channels in Memory Formation by Woodside, Brian Lynn; Phd from Kent State University, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068702
•
An Investigation of the Effects of the Calcium Channel Agonist, Bay K 8644, on Postrest Potentiation in Canine Ventricular Muscle by Hryshko, Larry; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37295
•
An Investigation of Water Hardness, Calcium and Magnesium in Relation to Mortality in Ontario by Allen, Hugh A. J; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12898
•
Analysis of Gene and Protein Expression Related to Cerebellar Neurodegeneration in the Calcium Channel Mutant Mouse, Leaner by Nahm, Sang-soep; Phd from Texas A&m University, 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060863
•
Analysis of Paracellular Junctions in Primary Rat Hepatocytes Following Calcium Depletion and Iron Loading: Effects on Baculovirus-mediated Gene Delivery and Hepatocyte Gene Expression by Bilello, John Philip; Phd from The Pennsylvania State University, 2002, 326 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076928
•
Anion Regulation of Calcium(2+) Transport Atpase of the Human Erythrocyte Membrane by Minocherhomjee, Arda-e-viraf Minocher; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK59302
•
Applications of Theoretical Chemistry: Effective Hamiltonian Studies of Calcium Hydroxide and Implicit Solvent Simulations of Poly(ethylene Oxide) by Taylor, Caroline Margaret; Phd from The University of Chicago, 2003, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077078
•
Autophosphorylation of Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Kinase Ii (camkii) after Traumatic Brain Injury by Folkerts, Michael Matthew; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065247
•
Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Coatings: Physicochemistry and Biological Activity by Barrere, Florence; Dr from Universiteit Twente (the Netherlands), 2002, 179 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f465281
242 Calcium
•
Cadmium-induced Toxicity, Bioaccumulation, Structural Changes and Ionic Influences and Their Amelioration by Calcium and Magnesium in Embryos and Alevins of Atlantic Salmon and Brook Trout (salmonidae) by Rombough, Peter John; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48239
•
Calcium (2+)-permeable Ampa Receptors and Modulation of Inhibition in the Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn by Engelman, Holly Sue; Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 119 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066834
•
Calcium Activation and Membrane Docking of C2 Domains for Conventional Isoforms of Protein Kinase C by Kohout, Susy Carolina; Phd from University of Colorado at Boulder, 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074767
•
Calcium Aluminate-based Cement As Dental Restorative Materials by Kraft, Lars Bruno Ulrik; Phd from Uppsala Universitet (sweden), 2002, 67 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f526353
•
Calcium and Calcitonin Studies in Pacific Salmon, Genus Oncorhynchus and Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri by Watts, Eric George; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17242
•
Calcium Antagonists: Effect on Skeletal Muscle Function and Working Capacity in Normal Males by Lehnhard, Robert Allen, Phd from The Ohio State University, 1984, 71 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8426433
•
Calcium Binding to Erythrocyte Membranes by Forstner, Janet Ferguson; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27844
•
Calcium Carbonate Crystallization in the Presence of Polymeric Additives by Agarwal, Parminder; Phd from Michigan State University, 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074962
•
Calcium Carbonate in Subterranean Termite Foraging Galleries in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert by Liu, Xiaoyun; Phd from New Mexico State University, 2002, 86 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072023
•
Calcium Channel Modulation by Gaba(b) Receptor Activation by Carter, Thomas Joseph; Phd from Marquette University, 2002, 125 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078900
•
Calcium Channel Regulation: Roles of Alpha-2/delta Subunit and Protein Kinase Cbetaii by Alden, Kris John; Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2002, 140 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047895
•
Calcium Dynamics in Sensory and Supporting Cells of the Organ of Corti by Lagostena, Laura; Phd from Open University (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f185393
Dissertations 243
•
Calcium Homeostasis after Thyroid Surgery by Lindblom, Pia Monica; Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2002, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f579425
•
Calcium Intake and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer by Alder, Robert John; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL54578
•
Calcium Kinetics and Bone Health in Girls with Cystic Fibrosis by Schulze, Kerry J. Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080761
•
Calcium Mediated Microneme Secretion in Toxoplasma Gondii by Lovett, Jennie Lee; Phd from Washington University, 2002, 155 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083576
•
Calcium Mobilization from the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Mitochondria during Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer by Nutt, Leta Kang; Phd from The Univ. of Texas H.s.c. at Houston Grad. Sch. of Biomed. Sci., 2002, 142 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046067
•
Calcium Phosphate Compatible Bone Cement: Characterization, Bonding Properties and Tissue Response by Roemhildt, Maria Lynn; Phd from Iowa State University, 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3074116
•
Calcium Regulation in Long-term Changes of Neuronal Excitability in the Hippocampal Formation by Mody, Istvan; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL24213
•
Calcium Related Properties of Plasma Membranes from Guinea Pig Placenta by Shami, Yehezkel; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22229
•
Calcium Release and Weatherability of Some Primary Minerals Assessed with Jack Pine, Pinus Banksiana Lamb by Burger, Dionys; Advdeg from University of Toronto (canada), 1965 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00631
•
Calcium Signaling in and between Brain Astrocytes and Endothelial Cells by Paemeleire, Koen; Phd from Rijksuniversiteit Te Gent (belgium), 2002, 143 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f174177
•
Calcium Signaling in Apoptosis of Cultured Mammalian Cells by Pu, Yongmei; Phd from Hong Kong Univ. of Sci. and Tech. (people's Republic of China), 2002, 267 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047727
•
Calcium Sparks in Embryonic and Postnatal Mouse Skeletal Muscle by Chun, Lois Grace; Phd from University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2002, 152 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075284
•
Calcium Transport and Its Regulatory Role in Cellular Metabolism of Achlya by Cameron, Linda Eileen; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK26336
•
Calcium Transport by Mitochondria and Microsomes in Different Types of Heart Failure by Lee, Sheu Lun; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20869
244 Calcium
•
Calcium Uptake and Enzymatic Activities of Subcellular Fractions from Cardiovascular System of Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats (calcium Regulation and Hypertension) by Wei, Jiann-wu; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK27754
•
Calcium(2+) Physiology in Primary Vagal Sensory Neurons by Hoesch, Robert Eugene; Phd from University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2002, 173 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064054
•
Calcium(2+)-stimulated Mgatpase of the Heart by Morcos, Nabil Charles; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK42059
•
Calcium(2+)-transport in the Non-failing Hypertrophied Rabbit Heart by Heyliger, Clayton E; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54670
•
Calcium-binding Recombinant Proteins As Labels in Bioanalysis by Desai, Urvee Amit; Phd from University of Kentucky, 2002, 186 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039684
•
Calcium-independent Regulation of Smooth Muscle Contraction by Borman, Meredith Alison; Phd from University of Virginia, 2003, 157 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3077305
•
Calcium-permeable Ampa Receptors As Pathways for Synaptic Calcium Influx in Dorsal Horn Neurons by De Albuquerque, Cristovao; Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037677
•
Calcium-stimulated Signal Transduction in Long-term Memory Formation and Neural Plasticity by Athos, Jaime Ian; Phd from University of Washington, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072053
•
Calsenilin: a Neuronal Calcium Sensor by Lilliehook, Christina; Phd from Mount Sinai School of Medicine of New York University, 2002, 148 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054074
•
Capacitative Calcium Entry in Cardiac Myocytes by Hunton, Dacia Lorelee; Phd from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002, 130 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053238
•
Cardiac Metabolism in Vitro with Special Reference to the Role of Calcium by Benmouyal, Elie; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1969 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK05137
•
Causes and Consequences of Calcium Limitation in Breeding Passerine Birds by Wasson, Matthew Frederick; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 138 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3037296
•
Characterisation of a Novel Calcium Ion-dependent Exocytosis by Borgonovo, Barbara; Phd from Open University (united Kingdom), 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f225793
•
Characterization and Application of Oxine Immobilized on Controlled Pore Glass for the Determination of Free Calcium by Chow, Patrick Y. T; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45446
Dissertations 245
•
Characterization of the Arabidopsis Compact Inflorescence (cif) Mutant and Isolation of Cif1 to Aca10, a P-type Iib Calcium(2+)-atpase Gene by George, Lynn Deann; Phd from Montana State University, 2003, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083474
•
Characterization of the Calcium Releasing Activity of Equine Sperm Extracts or Equine Sperm in Murine and Equine Oocytes: Implications in the Success of Equine Assisted Reproductive Technologies by Bedford Guaus, Sylvia Juana; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2003, 83 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078669
•
Characterization of the Calcium-dependent Cell Adhesion Molecule Ddcad-1 in Dictyostelium Discoideum by Wong, Estella Fung Sum; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 226 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69096
•
Chemomechanics of Calcium Leaching of Cement-based Materials at Different Scales: the Role of Calcium Hydroxide-dissolution and C-s-h-degradation on Strength and Durability Performance of Materials and Structures by Heukamp, Franz Hoyte; Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f63425
•
Cloning and Regulation of a Renal Mesangial Cells Sodium:calcium Exchanger Isoform by Williams, Ianthalatres; Phd from The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2002, 122 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053277
•
Cold Shock and Oxidative Stress-induced Calcium Signaling in Aspergillus Nidulans by Greene, Vilma; Phd from St. John's University (new York), 2002, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060691
•
Computational Analysis of Cadherins: Sequence Analysis of Dimerization Properties and Quantum Calculations of Calcium Coordination Characteristics by Vosnidou, Nancy Carol Hoffman; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3060154
•
Control of Calcium(2+) Dynamics in T Cells: a New Role for the Plasma Membrane Calcium(2+)-atpase by Bautista, Diana Michele; Phd from Stanford University, 2002, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048490
•
Control of Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types by Calcium Signaling Pathways by Wu, Hai; Phd from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f219697
•
Cyclic Amp and Arterial Smooth Muscle Calcium Regulation by Kattenburg, David Michael; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54169
•
Defining the Calcium Regulatory Capacity of 2-aminoethanesulfonate (taurine) in Preventing Age-related Calcium Accumulation Within Two Distinct Excitable Tissues, the Pineal Gland and the Heart by Zalud, Andre Winston; Ms from Baylor University, 2002, 194 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411668
•
Design, Synthesis and Application of New Heterobifunctional Photoaffinity Probe for the Studies of Protein-protein Interactions Involved in the Actin-linked Calcium-
246 Calcium
regulated System of Muscle Contraction by Chong, Pele Choi-sing; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1983 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK63938 •
Divalent Ion Dependent Inactivation of L-type Calcium Channel When Barium(2+) Is the Charge Carrier and Asymmetric Contribution of the Pore Glutamates to Charged Dhp Interaction by Xia, Jing; , Phd from Columbia University, 2002, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048265
•
Effect of Calcium Source and Particle Size on in Vitro Solubility and on Production Performance, Bone Quality and Calcium Balance of the Laying Hen by Saundersblades, Jennifer L. Msc from Dalhousie University (canada), 2002, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ67573
•
Effect of Modified Milk Fat Diet with Varying Levels of Calcium on Plasma and Hepatic Cholesterol Concentrations and Fecal Fat and Calcium Excretion in Male Golden Syrian Hamsters by Pellizzon, Michael Angelo; Phd from Wayne State University, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047584
•
Effect of Training on Rat Skeletal Muscle Myofibrillar Atpase, Calcium Uptake and Binding during Development by Belcastro, Angelo N; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40085
•
Effects of Calcium Carbonate and Phosphorus Additions on Soil Chemical Characteristics and Corn Growth on a Podzolic Soil by Simard, Régis; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37930
•
Effects of Hyaluronan on Calcium Carbonate Crystallization: Experiments and Molecular Simulations by Huang, Dongping; Phd from Polytechnic University, 2002, 120 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047488
•
Effects of Isoflavone and Calcium Supplementation on Bone Metabolism in Ovariectomized Rats by Breitman, Pearl Laurie; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 117 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ74120
•
Effects of Lidocaine and Calcium Ion on the Rabbit Atrium by Betancourt, Oswaldo J; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK40003
•
Effects of Longitudinal Disorder on the Magnetic Field Distribution in Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide by Wan, Xuewen; Phd from The College of William and Mary, 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081207
•
Effects of Manipulating Dietary Cation-anion Balance on Calcium Metabolism in Sheep by Takagi, Hiroshi; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL45981
•
Effects of Nutritional Calcium-phosphorus Imbalance on the Metabolism of Calcium, Phosphorus Zinc and Alkaline Phosphatase by Mccuaig, Larry W; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK20132
Dissertations 247
•
Effects of Sodium Pump Inhibitors on Physiology, Calcium Cycle, Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Cardiac Growth by Priyadarshi, Snigdha Shrivastava; Msbs from Medical College of Ohio at Toledo, 2002, 47 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1410509
•
Effets De La Consommation De Cigarettes Et De Calcium Et De L'activite Physique Durant La Grossesse Sur Le Risque De Pre-eclampsie Et D'hypertension Gestationnelle by Marcoux, Sylvie; Phd from Universite Laval (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL49488
•
Elastic Scattering of Protons from Calcium-40, Calcium-42 and Calcium-44 in the Energy Range 20--50 Mev, and Nuclear Matter Radii by Nasr, Tawfik N. Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1980 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK47226
•
Electrical Conductivity in Liquid Calcium Silicates by Berryman, Roy A; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50967
•
Electronic Spectra of Erbium+(3) and Praseodymium+(3) Ions in Calcium Fluoride Crystals by Bhola, V. P; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14725
•
Embryonic Epithelial Development Is Modulated by Extracellular Calcium by Mack, Cina Marie; Phd from North Carolina State University, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3076424
•
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Linked to Calcium Signaling in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by Bonilla, Myriam; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 197 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080627
•
Expression of Amphiphysin 1 in Breast Carcinoma and Regulation by Phosphorylation and Intracellular Calcium by Floyd, Scott Richard; Phd from Yale University, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046150
•
Fatty Acid Calcium Interaction in Broilers, Layers and Swine by Atteh, Job Olutimehin; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65594
•
Frustrated Nesting Behaviour: Relation to Extra-cuticular Shell Calcium and Bone Strength in White Leghorn Hens by Yue, Stephanie; Msc from University of Guelph (canada), 2002, 92 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ65993
•
Functional Effects of Splice Variation on the Neuronal Alpha1d Calcium Channels by Safa, Parsa; Hd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2002, 126 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3040202
•
Galvanic Cell Studies Involving Calcium Carbide - Calcium Chloride and Calcium Calcium Chloride Solutions by Aksaranan, Chokechai; Phd from The University of New Brunswick (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK16157
•
Gating Modifications of Neuronal Voltage-activated Calcium Channels by Peptide Toxins by Sidach, Serguei S. Phd from Boston University, 2002, 196 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051430
248 Calcium
•
Generation of Calcium Oscillations in Mammalian Eggs: Impact on Activation and Development and Implications for Cloning by Knott, Jason Glenn; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078700
•
Growth Regulation by T Cell Calcium Stores by Weil, Keri Rene; Ms from University of the Pacific, 2002, 54 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1412112
•
Identification and Characterization of Swelling and Calcium-activated Chloride Currents in a Non-transformed Colonic Epithelial Cell Line by Jones, Heather Marie; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063133
•
Identification of a Novel Protein Interaction Which Contributes to N-type Calcium Channel G-protein and Pkc-dependent Modulation by Guthrie, Heather; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2002, 382 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ73171
•
Influence Du Phosphore, Du Potassium Et Du Calcium Sur La Croissance Et La Teneur Minerale Des Racines Et Des Parties Aeriennes De Certaines Especes Agricoles by Tabi, Marton; Dsc from Universite Laval (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14276
•
Influence of Calcium Fortification, Stabilization, and Storage Time on Orange Juice by Khosravi, Parvaneh; Ms from Mississippi State University, 2002, 59 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411406
•
Influence of Calcium on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Apple Tissue by Ismail, Hoda; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48744
•
Influence of Dietary Calcium, Cation-anion Balance, Genetics and Age on the Development of Leg Bone Characteristics and Leg Bone Abnormalities in Broiler Chicks by Toure, Issa B. Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 141 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3039535
•
Inhibition of Calcium and Zinc Absorption by Phytate in Man: Methodological Studies and Hydrothermal Processing of Cereals to Improve Absorption by Fredlund, Kerstin E. M. Phd from Chalmers Tekniska Hogskola (sweden), 2002, 76 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f592465
•
Interactions of Ef-hand and C2 Proteins with Calcium and Lead by Sehgal, Bernd Uwe; Phd from Northwestern University, 2002, 129 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050586
•
Intermediate Energy Proton-nucleus Scattering from Calcium-40, Zirconium-90, Lead208 by Lee, Lawrence; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46404
•
Internal Dynamics of the Calcium-signaling Protein S100b, Revealed by Nmr Relaxation Studies by Inman, Keith Griscom; Phd from University of Maryland, Baltimore, 2003, 213 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083294
•
Intracellular Calcium and the Regulation of Growth Hormone Release by Growth Hormone-releasing Factor and Somatostatin in Rat Somatotrophs by Lussier, Benoit T; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1990 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55263
Dissertations 249
•
Investigating the Mechanism and Function of Ethylene and Nod Factor-induced Calcium Spiking in the Rhizobium/medicago Symbiosis by Engrstrom, Eric Michael; Phd from Stanford University, 2002, 175 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067854
•
Investigation of the Migration of a Calcium Promoter on a Silica-supported Palladium Catalyst by Gusovius, Arnd Ferdinand; Drsctech from Eidgenoessische Technische Hochschule Zuerich (switzerland), 2002, 111 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f280561
•
Investigations of the Isovector Giant Dipole Resonance in Lead-208 and Calcium-40 by (proton Vector,proton Prime Gamma) at 200 Mev and of the Gdr-gdr Excitation in Lead-208 by Intermediate-energy Heavy Ions by Olive, Don Hilliard, Jr. Phd from Vanderbilt University, 2002, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3047454
•
Isotope Studies on Crop Utilization and Soil Fixation of Nitrogen from Urea, Calcium Nitrate and Ammonium Sulphate in Several Manitoba Soils by Obi, Adeniyi Olubunmi; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK54273
•
Kinetic Comparison of the Calcium-calmodulin Sensitive Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases from Bovine Brain, Heart and Placental Tissues by Karuppiah, Nadarajah; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL39618
•
Kinetic Model for Hydrogen Reduction of Cobalt Sulfide in the Presence of Calcium Oxide by Fahim, Mohamed A; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK19314
•
La Reponse Secretoire De La Cellule Acinaire Pancreatique Implication Du Calcium Et De La Membrane Des Grains De Zymogenes by Phaneuf, Sylvain; Phd from Universite De Sherbrooke (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL31789
•
L'endotheline-1 Module Le Calcium Cytosolique Et Nucleaire Ainsi Que La Proliferation Cellulaire Et L'apoptose Des Cellules Du Muscle Lisse Aortique Humain (french Text) by Choufani, Sanaa; Phd from Universite De Sherbrooke (canada), 2002, 262 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74225
•
Lipid-protein Interactions and Calcium Uptake in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Vesicles by Merrill, Allan Rodney; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46817
•
Local Control of Calcium Release and Its Implications for Cardiac Myocyte Properties by Greenstein, Joseph Leon; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2002, 270 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3046464
•
L-type Calcium Channel Structure and Function: Mechanisms of Gating and Signaling in Skeletal Muscle by Wilkens, Christina Marie; Phd from Colorado State University, 2002, 63 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3053458
•
L-type Calcium Channels and Ngf in Regenerating Rat Sympathetic Neurons by Kulbatski, Iris; Msc from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ68795
250 Calcium
•
Magnetic Trapping of Atomic Chromium and Molecular Calcium Monohydride by Weinstein, Jonathan David; Phd from Harvard University, 2002, 247 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038494
•
Manganese Toxicity in Marigold As Affected by Calcium and Magnesium by Eaton, Touria El-jaoual; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 311 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056221
•
Mechanism of Action of Hypoxia in Airway Smooth Muscle Effect on Energy and Calcium Metabolism by Kroeger, Edwin A; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK06602
•
Mechanisms of Calcium Wave Initiation and Propagation in Astrocytes by Stout, Charles Emmet; Phd from Loma Linda University, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041275
•
Mechanisms of Calcium-dependent Inactivation of L-type Calcium Channels Revealed by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer in Living Cells by Erickson, Michael Gustaf; Phd from The Johns Hopkins University, 2003, 225 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080657
•
Modulation of Calcium Channels in Frog Sympathetic Neurons by Ganglionic Transmitters, G Proteins and Intracellular Messengers by Bley, Keith Roger; Phd from Yale University, 2002, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068254
•
Modulation of N-type Calcium Channels by G-protein Betagamma Subunits and Regulators of G-protein Signaling by Zhou, Janice Y. Phd from The University of Chicago, 2002, 274 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3048440
•
Molecular Analysis of Altered Calcium Homeostasis in Bipolar Disorder Using Differential Display and Candidate Gene Approaches by Yoon, Il-sang; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 288 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69205
•
Molecular Characterization of the Regulatory Subunits of Voltage-dependent Calcium Channels from Rat Heart by Chu, Po-ju; Phd from University of Illinois at Urbana-champaign, 2002, 149 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3069982
•
Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Calcium Channel Alpha1 and Beta Subunits from Tiger Salamander Retina by Wei, Min; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072697
•
Molecular Components of the Wnt/calcium Pathway by Sheldahl, Laird Charles; Phd from University of Washington, 2002, 101 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063014
•
Muscle Mitochondrial Calcium Transport in the Cold-acclimated Rat by Greenway, Donald C; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1977 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33692
Dissertations 251
•
Neuronal Ca(v)1.3alpha(1) L-type Calcium Channels: Molecular, Functional, and Pharmacological Diversity by Xu, Weifeng; Phd from Brown University, 2002, 211 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3050984
•
Nonlinear Dynamic Properties, Synchrony Analysis and Control of Low Calcium Induced Epileptiform Activity by Lian, Jun; , Phd from Case Western Reserve University, 2002, 131 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052281
•
Noradrenergic Modulation of Calcium Channels in Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Sensorimotor Cortex by Timmons, Shelly D. Phd from The University of Tennessee Center for the Health Sciences, 2002, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3049720
•
Novel Calcium and Aluminum-based Initiators for the Controlled Ring-opening Polymerization of Lactides and Lactones by Zhong, Zhiyuan; Phd from Universiteit Twente (the Netherlands), 2002, 121 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f312017
•
Nucleation Phenomena Occurring in Aqueous Solutions Supersaturated with Calcium Sulfate by Massey, Ronald E; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK29682
•
Paramecium Calmodulin Mutants That Disrupt Ion Channel Regulation Have Defects in Calcium-induced Conformational Switching by Jaren, Olav Reinhard; Phd from The University of Iowa, 2002, 261 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052325
•
Phosphorylation Screening Identifies Translational Initiation Factor 4gii As an Intracellular Target of Calcium 2+/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase I by Qin, Hui; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052533
•
Photon Asymmetry in Radiative Muon Capture on Calcium by Virtue, Clarence John; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40025
•
Physico-chemical Studies of the Growth and Dissolution of Sparingly Soluble Calcium Salts by Gerard, Daniel Edward; Phd from State University of New York at Buffalo, 2002, 209 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052511
•
Placental Calcium and Phosphorus Transfer in the Guinea Pig Effects of Pharmacological and Physiological Modulators by Mckercher, Henry Grant; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1982 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK58280
•
Polypeptide Synthesis in Response to 20-hydroxyecdysone, with Particular Reference to Calcium-binding Proteins, in the Epidermis of a Larval Insect by Ouellette, Yves; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL43312
•
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Characterisation of an Animal Model and the Effects of Dietary Calcium by Lazowski, Darien-alexis; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51751
252 Calcium
•
Preparation and Characterization of Ferroelectric Yttrium Manganite and Lead Calcium Titanate Thin Films by Haiyan, Guo; Phd from Chinese University of Hong Kong (people's Republic of China), 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052104
•
Processes That Trigger Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Release in Cardiac Ventricular Myocytes by Piacentino, Valentino, Iii; Phd from Temple University, 2002, 156 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3057107
•
Prolonged Calcium Flux Following Traumatic Brain Injury Occurs Via Injuryinduced Molecular Alterations in the Nmda Receptor by Osteen, Cheri Lynne; Phd from University of California, Los Angeles, 2003, 200 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081155
•
Protein Secretion from the Rat Exocrine Pancreas : Role of Calcium, Carbachol and the Cyclic Nucleotides by Fast, Diane K; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24316
•
Protein Secretion in the Albumen Gland of Helisoma Duryi Is Mediated by Dopamine D1-like Receptors: the Role of Calcium and Phospholipase C by Kiehn, Lana; Msc from York University (canada), 2002, 88 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ75390
•
Quasi-elastic Scattering of Polarized Protons from Calcium-40 at 200 Mev by Antonuk, Larry Edward; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK51429
•
Radiative Muon Capture in Calcium by Sloboda, Ronald Stephen; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK43555
•
Radiative Muon Capture on Carbon, Oxygen and Calcium by Armstrong, David Stairs; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL50694
•
Reaction Products of Orthophosphates in Soils Containing Varying Amounts of Calcium and Magnesium by Racz, Geza; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00713
•
Redox Control of the Calcium Release Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Sarcoplasmic Reticulum by Xia, Ruohong; Phd from Portland State University, 2002, 87 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3043088
•
Reduction of Transient Outward Potassium Current and Hypertrophy in Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocytes: Role of Calcium-dependent Signaling Pathways by Kassiri, Zamaneh; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 276 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ74730
•
Regulation of Calcium-activated Potassium Channels by Transforming Growth Factor Beta1 in Developing Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons by Lhuillier, Loic Charles; Phd from University of Houston, 2003, 183 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085611
Dissertations 253
•
Regulation of Epidermal Keratinocyte Growth and Differentiation by Calcium and Retinoic Acid by Deucher, Anne Marie; Phd from Case Western Reserve University (health Sciences), 2002, 165 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068083
•
Regulation of Intracellular Calcium in Porcine Airway Smooth Muscle by White, Thomas Arthur; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3072698
•
Regulation of Large-conductance, Calcium-sensitive Potassium Channels by the Nitric Oxide/cyclic Gmp Signaling Pathway by Swayze, Richard David; Msc from University of Calgary (canada), 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/MQ72193
•
Regulation of Plasma Membrane Calcium(2+)-atpase (pmca) in Platelets by Wan, Tina Chi; Phd from University of Louisville, 2002, 103 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3054177
•
Regulation of Striated Muscle Contraction: Effects of Cross-bridge Kinetics on Calcium(2+) Binding to Troponin C by Wang, Ying; Phd from University of Miami, 2003, 151 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3081287
•
Regulation of the Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Receptor Degradation during Fertilization and Its Impact on [calcium(2+)](i) Signaling in Mammalian Eggs by Jellerette, Teru Jacqueline; Phd from University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2002, 79 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3068567
•
Relationship among Calcium Intake, Secondary Amenorrhea and Stress Fractures in Female College Cross Country/track Athletes by Doyle, Robert, Phd from Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 1987, 97 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8728268
•
Role of Calcium during Hyperthermia by Malhotra, Arun; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29695
•
Role of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Calcium Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle by Szado, Tania Monica; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ75117
•
Role of Superficial Calcium Binding Sites in the Inotropic Response of Isoproterenol and Ouabain by Fawzi, Ahmad B; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22393
•
Roles of Endothelial Cell Calcium and Purinergic Receptors in Local Metabolic Coupling and Vascular Communication in Arterioles in Situ by Duza, Tasmia; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 243 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3085632
•
Serotonergic, Purinergic and Calcium Dependent Mechanisms in Rat Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells by Obenaus, André; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55885
254 Calcium
•
Site Selective Spectroscopy of Europium(3+) in the Glass Ceramic Forming System Sodium Monoxide, Calcium Monoxide, Aluminum Oxide, Titanium Dioxide, Silicon Dioxide by Belliveau, Thomas F; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1988 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL46137
•
Sodium and Calcium Specific Hungers: Similarity of Response to Pre- and Postoperative Taste Aversions by Frumkin, Kenneth; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14441
•
Sodium-calcium Exchange and Caveolins by Bossuyt, Julie Beatrice Cecile; Phd from University of Missouri - Columbia, 2002, 137 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3052149
•
Spectra and Dynamics of Calcium Monochloride by Clevenger, Jason Otto; Phd from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f305697
•
Spectroscopic Studies on Pig Intestinal Calcium-binding Protein by O'neil, Joe; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65295
•
Strontium and Diet at Hayonim Cave, Israel: an Evaluation of the Strontium/calcium Technique for Investigating Prehistoric Diets by Sillen, Andrew, Phd from University of Pennsylvania, 1981, 201 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8117853
•
Structural Studies of the N-terminal Region of Cyclin B and Pds1, and Calcium Coordination and Backbone Dynamics of the Metastasis Associated Protein, Mts1 by Cox, Cathleen Jane; Phd from The University of Rochester, 2003, 145 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078407
•
Structure and Expression of the Calcium(2+) Atpases of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum by Brandl, Christopher John; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36111
•
Structure-function Relations in the Calcium-dependent Protein Modulator of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase by Walsh, Michael; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1978 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK37829
•
Studies of Calcium and Other Storage Minerals in Embryos of Cucurbita Maxima, Cucurbita Andreana and Their Reciprocal Hybrids by Ockenden, Irene Eelnurme; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL35885
•
Studies of Htlv-1p12(i) in Calcium Mediated Signaling and T Cell Activation by Ding, Wei; , Phd from The Ohio State University, 2002, 240 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3059233
•
Studies of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitor, Calcium Carbimide and Its Interaction with Ethanol in Man and Rat by Loomis, Christopher Warren; Phd from Queen's University at Kingston (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK65865
Dissertations 255
•
Studies on a Calcium-dependent Activator Protein, Structurally and Functionally Homologous to Calmodulin, from the Water Mold Achlya Ambisexualis Raper by Suryanarayana, Kalachar; Phd from University of Windsor (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL20746
•
Studies on Calcium Kinetics and Bone Metabolism in the Aging Rat during Exercise by Mcdonald, Roger Berkeley, Phd from University of Southern California, 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f1583925
•
Studies on Calcium Sulfate Scale Formation in Nucleate Pool Boiling at Atmospheric Pressure by Islam, Mohammed Serajul; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK14862
•
Studies on Calcium-regulation in Two Types of Muscle by Crankshaw, Denis James; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK24003
•
Studies on the Crystallinity and Phase Transitions of Calcium Gluceptate by Suryanarayanan, Rajagopalan; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22454
•
Studies on the Development of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Transport and Sarcolemma Calcium Exchange Systems in Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Cultures by Charuk, Jeffrey H. M; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL34435
•
Studies on the Mechanisms of Branchial Calcium Transport in Teleost Fish, with Special Reference to a Calcium-stimulated Atpase in the Gill Plasma Membranes by Ma, Stephanie W. Y; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28746
•
Studies on the Myosin Nucleoside Triphosphatase and the Actin-myosin Interaction under the Influence of Calcium and Magnesium at Low Concentrations of Potassium Chloride by Sugden, Edward Arthur; Advdeg from University of Alberta (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK08127
•
Studies on the Proteolysis of the Human Erythrocyte Calcium-pumping Atpase by Endogenous Calpain I by Wang, Kevin Ka-wang; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL55859
•
Synaptosomal Doubly Charged Positive Calcium Ion + Doubly Charged Positive Magnesium Ion-atpase from the Brain of the Bertha Armyworm Mamestra Configurata Preparation, Properties and the Effect of Insecticides by Luo, Ma; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL37389
•
Synthesis and Characterization of Tailor-made Additives for Inhibition of Sparingly Soluble Calcium Salt Crystallization by Ngowe, Charles Owino; Phd from Michigan State University, 2002, 106 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3075054
•
Taurine Stimulation of Calcium Uptake in the Retina: Mechanism of Action by Militante, Julius Depanes; Phd from Texas Tech University, 2003, 107 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3083367
256 Calcium
•
T-cell Calcium Responses Following Signal Transduction Via the T-cell Antigen Receptor by Williams, Douglas Bruce Garrison; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL51087
•
The Ac Hall Effect in Single Crystal Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide by Schmadel, Donald Cronin, Jr. Phd from University of Maryland College Park, 2002, 116 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3080294
•
The Actions of Calcium Antagonists on Arrhythmias and Other Responses to Myocardial Ischaemia in the Rat by Curtis, Michael John; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL36620
•
The Calcium and Lanthanide Binding Properties of Peptides and Calcium Binding Proteins by Shelling, Judith Grace; Phd from University of Alberta (canada), 1984 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK67315
•
The Calcium Homeostasis of Endothelial Cells under the Effect of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Treatment by Pogan, Liviu; Phd from Universite De Montreal (canada), 2002, 285 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ67783
•
The Consequences of Serum Calcium Homeostasis, Reproductive Life History and Bone Mineral Content in Postmenopausal Women with Implications to Theories of Aging by Huxley, Angie Kay; Phd from The University of Arizona, 1999, 767 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/9946785
•
The Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Nutrition Education Video for Adolescent Hispanic Females: a Focus on Folate, Calcium, Iron, and Zinc by Nijjer, Avtar Kaur; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 235 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065286
•
The Distribution of Some Oxygen Acids and Metal Chlorides between Acetone and Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride by Begum, N; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1966 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK00429
•
The Effect of Calcium Ion Concentration on the Interval-strength Relationship of Isolated Papillary Muscle of the Rat : Correlation with a Model of Calcium Movement by Forester, George Victor; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22394
•
The Effect of Calcium Pantothenate on the Biofractionation of Sulfur by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by Mccready, R. G. L; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1973 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK17012
•
The Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Blood Pressure of Healthy Adult Black Males and White Males (parathyroid Hormone, Urine Biochemicals) by Lyle, Roseann Marisa, Phd from Purdue University, 1986, 251 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/8700929
•
The Effect of Temperature, Frequency of Stimulation and External Calcium Concentration on Myocardial Contractility by Longhurst, Penelope Anne; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK56594
Dissertations 257
•
The Effects of Calcium-channel Blocking Drugs on the Sympathetic Nerves of the Rat an in Vitro and in Vivo Study by Chaudhry, Archana; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1985 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL22521
•
The Effects of Estrogen, Progesterone and Ionized Calcium on Seizures during the Menstrual Cycle of Mature Female Epileptics by Jacono, John; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29462
•
The Effects of Physical Activity, Calcium Intake and Selected Lifestyle Factors on Bone Density in Young Women by Mcculloch, Robert; Phd from The University of Saskatchewan (canada), 1989 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL49916
•
The Effects of Vitamin D Metabolites on the Renal Handling of Calcium, Magnesium and Phosphate in the Hamster by Burnatowska, Maria A; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK50402
•
The Electrical Properties of Lanthanum Oxide-calcium Oxide, Yttrium Oxide-calcium Oxide and Zirconium Dioxide-calcium Oxide Solid Electrolytes by Etsell, Thomas Harvey; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22746
•
The Importance of Calcium Ions and Calpains in Beta-lapachone-mediated Apoptosis by Tagliarino, Colleen; Phd from Case Western Reserve University (health Sciences), 2002, 176 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058845
•
The Importance of Subcellular Localization of Calcium(2+)/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase Ii in Neuronal Differentiation by Kutcher, Louis Wm., Iii; Phd from University of Cincinnati, 2003, 124 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084735
•
The Influence of Calcium Ions and Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate on Lymphocyte Transformation in Vitro by Whitney, Richard Boynton; Phd from The University of Western Ontario (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK12563
•
The Influence of Energy Restriction and Body Weight on Calcium Absorption: Hormonal Regulation by Cifuentes, Mariana; Phd from Rutgers the State University of New Jersey - New Brunswick, 2002, 127 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066691
•
The Influence of Ternary Additions on the Kinetics of Discontinuous Precipitation on Lead-calcium Alloys by Kelly, David Earlen; Phd from University of Waterloo (canada), 1986 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL29703
•
The Isolation of Plasma Membranes from the Rat Submandibular Salivary Glands Characterization and Some Aspects of Lipid Metabolism, Enzymic and Calcium(++)binding Properties by Nijjar, Mohinder Singh; Phd from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK10412
258 Calcium
•
The Mechanism of Solid-state Polymerization of Calcium Acrylate by Grisard, Patrice J; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK33294
•
The N-terminal Egf Module of Coagulation Factor Ix: Studies of Calcium Binding and Module Interactions by Persson, Kristina E. M. Phd from Lunds Universitet (sweden), 2003 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f26065
•
The Oxidation of Ethylene over Silver and Silver Calcium Alloys by Macdonald, Robie Wilton; Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13154
•
The Physical and Mechanistic Basis for Calcium-atpase Regulation by Phospholamban by Southall, Jason Shawn; Phd from West Virginia University, 2002, 134 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064609
•
The Regulation of G(1) Progression by Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Enzymes in Mammalian Fibroblasts by Kahl, Christina Ross; Phd from Duke University, 2002, 185 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082805
•
The Relationship between Calcium Influx and Neurotransmitter Release: the Role of Active Zone Organization Studied with Monte Carlo Simulations by Pattillo, John Merrill; Phd from University of Pittsburgh, 2002, 189 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078868
•
The Relationships between Vitamin D Therapy and Serum Phosphorus and Calciumphosphorus Product Levels in Hemodialysis Patients by Schultz, Sarah Louise; Ms from Texas A&m University - Kingsville, 2002, 73 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411855
•
The Role of Biogenic Calcium Carbonate and Silicate in the Preservation of Organic Carbon by Ingalls, Anitra Eiding; Phd from State University of New York at Stony Brook, 2002, 246 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3067571
•
The Role of Bound Calcium Ions in the Structure of Proteolytic Enzymes by Voordouw, Gerrit; Phd from University of Calgary (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK28581
•
The Role of Calcium and Protein Phosphatases in Cold Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis Thaliana by Tahtiharju, Sari Susanna; Phd from Helsingin Yliopisto (finland), 2002, 41 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/f224641
•
The Role of Calcium in Supersensitivity Induced by Cocaine by Greenberg, Roland; Advdeg from The University of Manitoba (canada), 1968 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK03289
•
The Role of Calcium in the Cochlear Transduction Process in the Guinea Pig / by D. H. Moscovitch by Moscovitch, D. H; Phd from Mcgill University (canada), 1971 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK18325
Dissertations 259
•
The Role of Calcium in the Structure and Function of Erythrocyte Membranes Calcium-binding Sites and Permeability to Substrates of Enzymes by Moore, Robert Blaine; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 1979 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK47126
•
The Role of Calcium Stores in Regulating Acrosomal Exocytosis in Mouse Sperm by Herrick, Scott Bills; Phd from University of California, Riverside, 2003, 147 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3078990
•
The Role of Calcium-induced Calcium Release in Pancreatic Beta Cell Function by Graves, Thomas K. Phd from The University of Rochester, 2002, 160 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3064816
•
The Role of Neuronal Calcium Sensor-1 in Exocytosis by Jeromin, Andreas; Phd from University of Toronto (canada), 2002, 132 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ69201
•
The Role of Plc, Cpkc, L-type Calcium Channels and Camkii in Insulin-stimulated Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle by Wright, David Charles; Phd from Ball State University, 2002, 91 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042285
•
The Role of Postsynaptic Calcium2+ Ions in Posttetanic Potentiation at Sensorimotor Synapses in Aplysia by Schaffhausen, Joanna Hutchinson; Phd from Yale University, 2003, 100 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3084365
•
The Role of Presynaptic Ryanodine-sensitive Calcium Stores in Long-term Depression by Unni, Vivek Kongot; Phd from Columbia University, 2003, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3066916
•
The Role of the Gills in the Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis in the American Eel, Anguilla Rostrata (le Sueur) by So, Ying Peng; Phd from University of Ottawa (canada), 1981 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK48638
•
The Role of the L-type Voltage-dependent Calcium 2+ Channel in Synaptogenesis and Disease in the Retina by Read, Daniel Scott; Phd from University of Louisville, 2002, 128 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3062493
•
The Role of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Cell Death and Calcium(2+) Signaling by Lin, Da-ting; Phd from The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 2002, 171 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3042000
•
The Solid State Polymerization of Hydrated Calcium Acrylate and Hydrated Barium Methacrylate by Costaschuk, Fred Michael; Advdeg from Mcgill University (canada), 1970 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK07024
•
The Solidification Behavior of Calcium Oxide-aluminum Oxide Slags by Prapakorn, Kritsada; Phd from Carnegie Mellon University, 2003, 204 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082627
260 Calcium
•
The Uptake of Sulphur, Calcium, and Magnesium and Their Distribution in Phaseolus Vulgaris L. As Affected by Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid by Peirson, David R; Phd from The University of British Columbia (canada), 1972 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK13251
•
Thermodynamic Properties of the Calcium-calcium Chloride System by an Electrochemical Technique by Dosaj, Vishu D; Phd from The University of New Brunswick (canada), 1974 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22905
•
Thermodynamics of the Calcium-nickel System by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry by Dugdale, Peter John; Phd from The University of New Brunswick (canada), 1976 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK30392
•
Thrombin-activated Calcium Signaling in the Mechanism of Increased Endothelial Permeability by Sandoval, Raudel; Phd from University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 2002, 163 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3058239
•
Toxic Interactions among Lead, Zinc and Cadmium with Varying Levels of Dietary Calcium and Vitamin D in Rats by Thawley, David G; Phd from University of Guelph (canada), 1975 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NK22726
•
Transcriptional Regulation of Prolactin Gene by Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Dopamine in Cultured Turkey Pituitary Cells: Role of Calcium(2+)/pkc Signaling Pathway by Al-kahtane, Abdullah Ali; Phd from University of Minnesota, 2002, 188 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3056299
•
Transduction of the Egg Activation Signal: an Intricate Relationship between Nitric Oxide and Calcium Mobilization at Fertilization by Kuo, Richard Chin-hung; Phd from Stanford University, 2002, 94 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3038113
•
T-type Calcium Current and Calcium-induced Calcium-release in Developing Chick Myocardium by Kitchens, Susan Ann; Phd from Medical College of Georgia, 2002, 96 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3041688
•
Turgor Pressure Component of Calcium-induced Firming of Tomato (lycopersicon Esculentum Mill, Cv Hypeel 45) Pericarp Tissue by Luna Guzman, Irene; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 159 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3051544
•
Upper Leaf Necrosis on Lilium Cv. Star Gazer: a Calcium Deficiency Disorder by Chang, Yao-chien; Phd from Cornell University, 2002, 177 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3063670
•
Vegan and Omnivore Diets: an Examination of Dietary Intake, Body Composition, Serum Lipids, Parathyroid and Vitamin D Hormones, Acid-base Balance, Urinary Calcium Excretion and Bone Parameters in Pre-menopausal Women by Stawasz, Lydia-anne; Phd from University of California, Davis, 2002, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3065308
Dissertations 261
•
Visible Laser Absorption Spectroscopy of Gas-phase Ytterbium Chloride, Ytterbium Sulfide, Ytterbium Hydroxide and Calcium Sulfide by Melville, Todd C. Phd from Dalhousie University (canada), 2002, 214 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NQ67654
•
Visual, Microscopic, and Colorimetric Examination of Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Parenteral Nutrition Solutions Containing 6 Percent Amino Acids, 25 Percent Dextrose, and 65 Mmol of Phosphorus/l by Lorenz, Kimberly Lynn; Ms from Rush University, 2003, 99 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1411748
•
Vortex Properties of the High-temperature Superconductor Bismuth Strontium Calcium Copper Oxide, and Controlled Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes by Wang, Yan Mei Aileen; Phd from University of California, Berkeley, 2002, 118 pages http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3082449
•
Zinc Uptake in the Rainbow Trout, Salmo Gairdneri (richardson), As Affected by Dietary and Waterborne Zinc, and Waterborne Calcium by Spry, D. J; Phd from Mcmaster University (canada), 1987 http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/NL40270
Keeping Current Ask the medical librarian at your library if it has full and unlimited access to the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database. From the library, you should be able to do more complete searches via http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations.
263
CHAPTER 5. CLINICAL TRIALS AND CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we will show you how to keep informed of the latest clinical trials concerning calcium.
Recent Trials on Calcium The following is a list of recent trials dedicated to calcium.8 Further information on a trial is available at the Web site indicated. •
A Study to Examine the Use of Zemplar to Increase Serum Calcium Levels in ICU Subjects Condition(s): Hypocalcemia Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Abbott Laboratories Purpose - Excerpt: A study to determine the effect of Zemplar on the regulation of serum calcium levels and the need for administration of elemental calcium in hypocalcemic intensive care patients Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00053378
•
Calcium With or Without Estrogen and/or Risedronate in Preventing Osteoporosis in Patients with Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Osteoporosis; stage I prostate cancer; stage II prostate cancer; stage III prostate cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients.
8
These are listed at www.ClinicalTrials.gov.
264 Calcium
Sponsor(s): North Central Cancer Treatment Group; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Preventing bone loss in patients who are undergoing androgen ablation for prostate cancer may decrease the risk of fractures and may help patients live more comfortably. It is not yet known whether calcium is more effective with or without estrogen and/or risedronate in preventing osteoporosis. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of two forms of calcium with or without estrogen and/or risedronate in preventing osteoporosis in patients with prostate cancer who are receiving androgen ablation therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00043069 •
Phase I/II Study of Tac-Expressing Malignancies [Other than Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL)] with Yttrium-90 Radiolabeled Humanized Anti-Tac and Calcium-DTPA Condition(s): Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma; Hodgkin's Disease; Neoplasm; Non Hodgkin's Lymphoma; Peripheral T Cell Lymphoma Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of the study is to determine (1) the maximum tolerated dose of humanized-anti-Tac monoclonal antibody conjugated with Yttrium-90 (90Y) and (2) the clinical response in patients with Tac-expressing malignancies other than adult Tcell leukemia (ATL). This study represents an extension of Metabolism Branch, NCI protocols utilizing modifications of the anti-Tac monoclonal antibody in the treatment of ATL. The scientific basis for these therapeutic studies is that the malignant cells of patients with various hematologic malignancies express abnormally high levels of the Tac antigen (the IL-2R alpha) on their surfaces whereas resting normal cells, including T cells, do not. The administration of 90Yttrium-humanized anti-Tac (90Y-HAT) and intravenous calcium DTPA for patients with ATL is permitted under protocol #96-C0147. The maximum tolerated dose in the Phase I trial of 90Y-murine anti-Tac (90YMAT) (without the intravenous chelate) was 10 mCi. In 1993 a phase II study of Yttrium90 (90Y)-labeled humanized anti-Tac, also without the chelate, Protocol #93-C-0066 was initiated. In that trial all patients received an initial dose of 10 mCi of 90Y-HAT followed by up to 8 successive doses of 5 mCi. A review of the results of the first 15 patients treated has shown evidence of both less efficacy and less toxicity than seen in the 90Ymurine anti-Tac study. Also, recent data from another group has indicated that the maximum tolerated dose of the 90Yttrium can be significantly increased through use of an intravenous chelate, calcium DTPA (Ca-DTPA) to facilitate urinary excretion of 90Y. As a result we proposed and obtained approval for a Phase I/II, dose escalation trial of 90Yttrium labeled humanized anti-Tac with a fixed dose of calcium-DTPA for the treatment of patients with Tac-expressing ATL. We seek to redesign the ongoing trial of 90Y-HAT for the treatment of Tac-expressing post-thymic T-cell malignancies [other than ATL] (CC Protocol # 94-C-0068) to include the same modifications and to expand the patient population to include other Tac-positive malignancies. There will be two phases to the study, a phase I dose escalation element to define the maximum tolerated dose and a phase II element at the maximum tolerated dose of 90Y-anti-Tac defined in the first element. Phase(s): Phase I
Clinical Trials 265
Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001575 •
Supplemental Calcium in Overweight People Condition(s): Obesity Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: This study will examine the health effects of calcium supplements in overweight adults. Overweight adults often eat a diet low in calcium. Some studies have found low calcium intake in people who have some of the medical problems often seen in overweight adults. This study will see if extra calcium improves the health of overweight adults. Volunteers in general good health 18 years of age or older who are overweight (body mass index equal to or greater than 25 kilograms per square meter of body surface) may be eligible for this study. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may not participate. The study includes four visits, described below. Visit 1 Volunteers will be screened for participation in the study with a medical history, physical examination, and blood and urine tests. At home, they will collect a 24-hour urine sample; fill out questionnaires to assess their average calcium intake; and record their food intake for 7 days. Those enrolled in the study will continue with the next 3 visits. Visit 2 Participants will complete a physical activity questionnaire, have their food diary reviewed, and meet with a dietitian for nutritional counseling. Triceps fold thickness and waist and hip circumferences will be measured three times. Body composition will be analyzed by a DEXA study. For this procedure, the subject lies on a flat table while a small dose of X-rays is passed through the body. Participants will be randomly assigned to take either calcium carbonate (1500 mg/day) or placebo capsules twice a day by mouth for 2 years. (The placebo looks like the calcium capsules but contains no calcium.) They will receive a 6-month supply of study capsules during visit 2 and return to NIH every 6 months for the next supply. They will also be sent questionnaires by mail every 3 months to complete information about health problems and how often the study capsules are being taken. Visits 3 and 4 Visit 3 is scheduled after participants have taken the study capsules for 1 year; visit 4 is scheduled after 2 years (the end of the study). At each of these visits, participants will have a DEXA scan, blood and urine tests, blood pressure measurements, and measurements of height, weight, waist and hip circumference. They will complete questionnaires about their medical history, side effects of the study medications, dietary calcium intake, and physical activity, and they will meet with one of the study investigators to talk about any concerns regarding the study. At the fourth visit, participants will answer some additional questions about their study participation and return the Diet History Questionnaire that was mailed to them before the visit. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00030238
266 Calcium
•
Zoledronate in Preventing Bone Loss Caused By Long-Term Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Prostate Cancer Condition(s): Hypercalcemia; stage III prostate cancer; stage IV prostate cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Zoledronate may prevent bone loss associated with long term androgen deprivation therapy. It is not yet known whether zoledronate combined with calcium is more effective than calcium alone in preventing bone loss. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to compare the effectiveness of zoledronate combined with calcium with that of calcium alone in preventing bone loss in patients with stage III or stage IV prostate cancer who have received long-term androgen deprivation therapy. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00058188
•
Zoledronate, Calcium, and Vitamin D in Preventing Bone Loss in Women Receiving Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer Condition(s): Osteoporosis; stage I breast cancer; stage II breast cancer; stage IV breast cancer; stage IIIA breast cancer; stage IIIB breast cancer Study Status: This study is currently recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Cancer and Leukemia Group B; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: RATIONALE: Zoledronate plus calcium and vitamin D may prevent bone loss in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. It is not yet known which regimen is most effective for treating breast cancer. PURPOSE: Randomized phase III trial to determine the effectiveness of zoledronate plus calcium and vitamin D in preventing bone loss in women who are receiving adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022087
•
A Phase I Study of Weekly Gemcitabine Given in Combination with Infusional Fluorouracil and Oral and Intravenous Calcium Leucovorin in Adult Cancer Patients Condition(s): Lymphoma; Neoplasm; Neoplasm Metastasis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: The primary objective of this protocol is to determine the clinical toxicities associated with administering sequential gemcitabine (dFdC) as a 30 minute infusion followed by a continuous infusion of fluorouracil (FUra) over 24 hour with low dose oral leucovorin (LV) weekly for two weeks out of three, and to identify appropriate doses of dFdC and FUra for future studies.
Clinical Trials 267
Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001706 •
Altered Calcium and Vitamin D in PMDD or Severe PMS Condition(s): Premenstrual Syndrome Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Purpose - Excerpt: Osteoporosis has become one of the most widely recognized disorders of our times affecting an estimated 25 million women in this country. Recent evidence has suggested that premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is associated with a calcium deficiency state and bone loss. This may place premenopausal women at greater risk for osteoporosis. An entity such as PMS may be an important physiological marker of a calcium disturbance. The purpose of this investigation is to understand more completely the extent to which calcium balance is disturbed in severe PMS or Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) by utilizing new tools to assess calcium and bone turnover. The long term objective is to elucidate the pathophysiology of PMDD or severe PMS as it relates to calcium hormones and bone markers. The experimental design involves the comparison between women witn severe PMS and asymptomatic controls. Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00005119
•
Bone Development in Adolescent Girls: Effects of Calcium and Exercise Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Osteoporosis is a major public health problem. Prevention of osteoporosis depends in part on good bone development in childhood and adolescence. This study will evaluate a weight-bearing exercise program and high-calcium diet on bone development in adolescent girls. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063011
•
Calcium Supplements for Bone Health in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Condition(s): Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
268 Calcium
Purpose - Excerpt: This study looks at the effects of taking calcium pills on bone health in young people with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). In this 2-year study, children aged 6-18 who have JRA will take either a calcium supplement or a matching placebo (inactive or "dummy" pill) containing no calcium. During the study, researchers and patients will not know if a patient is taking calcium or placebo. We believe that patients who take calcium supplements will have at least a 10 percent greater increase in total body bone mineral density compared to patients who take the placebo. We will evaluate patients at Children's Hospital Medical Center every 6 months for 2 years. During this 2year period, participants in the study will take one multivitamin containing 400 IU (international units) of vitamin D and either 1,000 mg of calcium carbonate (Tums tablets) by mouth or a matching placebo once a day. We will check patients 6 and 18 months after the 2-year treatment period to find out if people in the Tums-treated group maintain any increases in bone formation that occurred during the 2-year treatment period. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000429 •
Cardiovascular Mortality Associated with Abnormal Calcium Metabolism Condition(s): Cardiovascular Disease; Kidney Disease Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Research Service Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this cohort study is to estimate the risk of cardiovascular mortality associated with abnormal calcium metabolism Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00018395
•
Interactions Between HIV Protease Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers Condition(s): HIV Infections; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hypertension Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: Diltiazem CD and amlodipine are drugs used to treat heart disease and high blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to find out if these drugs interact with the anti-HIV drugs indinavir and ritonavir. The study will also look at the safety of taking the study drugs together. Heart disease and high blood pressure are major health concerns for people with HIV. Standard treatment for these illnesses often includes calcium channel blockers (CCBs). There is a potential for significant drug interactions between CCBs and HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) that may influence the dosing, monitoring, and choosing of CCBs and PIs when used in people infected with HIV. This study will examine the drug interactions between 2 commonly used CCBs and the PI combination indinavir and ritonavir (IDV/RTV). This information should help doctors choose the appropriate treatment for high blood pressure or heart disease in people taking PIs.
Clinical Trials 269
Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00039975 •
Optimizing Calcium Absorption and Bone Formation During Early Puberty Condition(s): Healthy Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to compare calcium absorption and bone growth in boys and girls on diets containing a nondigestible oligosaccharide, or NDO (a type of carbohydrate that the body cannot digest) and diets containing simple sugar. In this study, we will learn if adding NDO to the diet allows the body to absorb more of the calcium from the diet and produce stronger bones. We will study how the hormones produced by the body during puberty affect bone growth. We will also study whether certain genes in the body affect bone growth or calcium absorption. Phase(s): Phase I; Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00022867
•
Program to Prevent Osteoporosis in Girls Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is no longer recruiting patients. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: Osteoporosis is a condition defined by decreased bone mass. Osteoporosis generally affects older women and can lead to bone fractures. One way to prevent osteoporosis is to build strong, healthy bones during childhood. This study will evaluate a program designed to improve girls' bones. The program encourages eating foods rich in calcium and participating in physical activity. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00063024
•
A School-Based Osteoporosis Prevention Program for Adolescent Girls Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: The Incorporating More Physical Activity and calcium in Teens (IMPACT) study was a behaviorally-based middle school nutrition and physical activity
270 Calcium
program for the prevention of osteoporosis. The goal of IMPACT was to increase calcium intake and physical activity to help build bone mass in girls. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00067925 •
Calcium and Bone Mass in Young Females Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: We originally suggested that calcium in the diet is important in determining the amount of bone (bone mass) that builds up in young adults. We are testing the effect of calcium on bone mass in 354 Caucasian (white) girls. At the start of this 7-year study, the average age of the girls was 11 years, and they had not yet reached puberty. The study will also provide information about the effect of calcium on body composition (body fat) and blood pressure in young women. We have been giving calcium to one group of participants in this study and giving a placebo (an inactive pill, or "sugar pill") to the other group. The results of this research will be important in preventing osteoporosis, because building more bone as a young person should reduce a woman's chances of developing osteoporosis later in life. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000402
•
Calcium for Pre-Eclampsia Prevention (CPEP) Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Eclampsia; Heart Diseases; HELLP Syndrome; Hypertension; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy Toxemias; Vascular Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Purpose - Excerpt: To evaluate the efficacy of 2 grams per day of oral calcium supplementation in reducing the combined incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and the HELLP Syndrome (hypertension, thrombocytopenia, hemolysis, and abnormal liver function). The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) initiated the trial in 1991, with joint funding provided by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in fiscal years 1992, 1993, and 1995. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000534
Clinical Trials 271
•
Comparison of Trimetrexate Plus Leucovorin Calcium Rescue Versus TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP) in Patients with AIDS Condition(s): Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the safety and effectiveness of an investigational drug therapy (trimetrexate plus leucovorin calcium) with that of conventional therapy (trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole) in the treatment of moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients who have AIDS, are HIV positive, or are at high risk for HIV infection. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001013
•
Oral Calcium in Pregnant Women with Hypertension Condition(s): Cardiovascular Diseases; Heart Diseases; Hypertension; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy Toxemias; Vascular Diseases Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Purpose - Excerpt: To determine of providing calcium supplementation to women with pre-existing hypertension reduces the level of blood pressure, requirement for antihypertensive drugs, and incidence of pre-eclampsia. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000543
•
Phase I/II Study of Tac-Expressing Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL) with Yttrium-90 (90Y)-Radiolabeled Humanized Anti-Tac Monoclonal Antibody and Calcium-DTPA Condition(s): T Cell Leukemia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Cancer Institute (NCI) Purpose - Excerpt: This is a dose-finding study to estimate the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of yttrium-90-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody anti-Tac (90Y-MOAB anti-Tac). All patients receive intravenous 90Y-MOAB anti-Tac once every 6 weeks with a fixed dose of calcium-DTPA given for 3 days; the quantity of anti-Tac protein administered is determined by individual serum interleukin-2 receptor levels. Groups of 3-6 patients receive escalated doses of yttrium-90 until the MTD is determined. Additional patients are treated at the MTD. Patients without evidence of disease progression or circulating antibodies to humanized anti-Tac may receive up to 8 further treatments that are at least 6 weeks apart and at least 1 week after the cessation of G-CSF
272 Calcium
therapy (if given to increase neutrophil count). Patients are followed 4-6 weeks after the therapy is completed. Phase(s): Phase I Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001514 •
Physical Activity, Calcium, and Bone in Children Condition(s): Physical activity; Nutrition Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: Doctors recommend that young children participate in daily physical activity to promote bone health. However, studies in adults show that physical activity and increased calcium intake cause noticeable benefits for bone health only when both factors occur together. The goal of this study is to find out whether calcium intake changes the response of bone to activity in children 3 to 4 years old. Children will participate in one of two programs conducted in childcare centers 5 days a week for 1 year. One program will involve activities that use large muscles (gross motor activity). The other will involve activities using small muscles (fine motor activity). We will give a calcium supplement (1 gram per day) to half of the children in each program and give the other half an inactive pill. We will measure bone mass and bone mineral density at the beginning and end of the study. We will take measurements 12 months after the program's completion to see if physical activity and/or calcium supplements have longterm effects on bone mineral density and physical activity. Phase(s): Phase II; MEDLINEplus consumer health information Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000415
•
Study of the Relationship Between Calcium Levels and Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) in Adults with Repaired or Palliated Conotruncal Cardiac Defects Condition(s): Hypoparathyroidism; Tetralogy of Fallot; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis; Conotruncal Cardiac Defects; Heart Defects, Congenital; Pulmonary Atresia Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago Purpose - Excerpt: Objectives: I. Identify latent hypoparathyroidism in normocalcemic adult survivors with repaired conotruncal cardiac defects, by evaluating parathyroid gland secretory function after induced hypocalcemia. II. Determine the relationship of parathyroid hormone secretion to microdeletions in the same region of chromosome 22q11 as found in patients with DiGeorge anomaly. Study Type: Observational Contact(s): see Web site below
Clinical Trials 273
Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00004361 •
The Effect of Alendronate, Calcium, and Vitamin D on Bone Mineral Density in HIV Infected Patients Condition(s): HIV Infections Study Status: This study is not yet open for patient recruitment. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: The purpose of this study is to examine if alendronate, in combination with calcium and vitamin D, is safe and effective for treating bone loss in people infected with HIV. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00061256
•
Treatment of Calcium Deficiency in Young Women Condition(s): Osteoporosis Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Purpose - Excerpt: This study looks at the effects of calcium supplementation on bone density in women in their third decade of life. We placed women aged 19-27 who take in low amounts of calcium in their diets in one of two groups. We will give women in one group a placebo (inactive pill) and women in the other group 1500 milligrams of calcium per day (as calcium carbonate). We will monitor the results by looking at the change in bone mineral density measured at the hip, total body, forearm, and spine. Treatment will last 3 years. Phase(s): Phase II Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00000426
•
Trimetrexate Plus Leucovorin Calcium Rescue Versus TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole in the Treatment of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia (PCP) in Patients with AIDS Condition(s): Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii; HIV Infections Study Status: This study is completed. Sponsor(s): National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Purpose - Excerpt: To compare the safety and effectiveness of an investigational drug therapy (trimetrexate plus leucovorin calcium) with that of conventional therapy (trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole) in the treatment of moderately severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients who have AIDS, are HIV positive, or are at high risk for HIV infection. New treatments are needed to reduce the mortality rate from PCP in AIDS patients and to reduce the high relapse rate found after
274 Calcium
conventional therapy. Trimetrexate (TMTX) was chosen for this trial because it was found to be much more potent than trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole (TMP / SMX) against the PCP organism in laboratory tests. Also TMTX, in combination with leucovorin (LCV), did not cause severe toxicity in a preliminary trial. It is believed that TMTX will be more effective in treating PCP and in preventing a recurrence of PCP. Phase(s): Phase III Study Type: Interventional Contact(s): see Web site below Web Site: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00001014
Keeping Current on Clinical Trials The U.S. National Institutes of Health, through the National Library of Medicine, has developed ClinicalTrials.gov to provide current information about clinical research across the broadest number of diseases and conditions. The site was launched in February 2000 and currently contains approximately 5,700 clinical studies in over 59,000 locations worldwide, with most studies being conducted in the United States. ClinicalTrials.gov receives about 2 million hits per month and hosts approximately 5,400 visitors daily. To access this database, simply go to the Web site at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ and search by “calcium” (or synonyms). While ClinicalTrials.gov is the most comprehensive listing of NIH-supported clinical trials available, not all trials are in the database. The database is updated regularly, so clinical trials are continually being added. The following is a list of specialty databases affiliated with the National Institutes of Health that offer additional information on trials: •
For clinical studies at the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center located in Bethesda, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/
•
For clinical studies conducted at the Bayview Campus in Baltimore, Maryland, visit their Web site: http://www.jhbmc.jhu.edu/studies/index.html
•
For cancer trials, visit the National Cancer Institute: http://cancertrials.nci.nih.gov/
•
For eye-related trials, visit and search the Web page of the National Eye Institute: http://www.nei.nih.gov/neitrials/index.htm
•
For heart, lung and blood trials, visit the Web page of the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For trials on aging, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute on Aging: http://www.grc.nia.nih.gov/studies/index.htm
•
For rare diseases, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the Office of Rare Diseases: http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/resources/rsch_trials.asp
•
For alcoholism, visit the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/intramural/Web_dicbr_hp/particip.htm
•
For trials on infectious, immune, and allergic diseases, visit the site of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/clintrials/
Clinical Trials 275
•
For trials on arthritis, musculoskeletal and skin diseases, visit newly revised site of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases of the National Institutes of Health: http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/studies/index.htm
•
For hearing-related trials, visit the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/clinical/index.htm
•
For trials on diseases of the digestive system and kidneys, and diabetes, visit the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: http://www.niddk.nih.gov/patient/patient.htm
•
For drug abuse trials, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse: http://www.nida.nih.gov/CTN/Index.htm
•
For trials on mental disorders, visit and search the Web site of the National Institute of Mental Health: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/studies/index.cfm
•
For trials on neurological disorders and stroke, visit and search the Web site sponsored by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke of the NIH: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/funding_opportunities.htm#Clinical_Trials
277
CHAPTER 6. PATENTS ON CALCIUM Overview Patents can be physical innovations (e.g. chemicals, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment) or processes (e.g. treatments or diagnostic procedures). The United States Patent and Trademark Office defines a patent as a grant of a property right to the inventor, issued by the Patent and Trademark Office.9 Patents, therefore, are intellectual property. For the United States, the term of a new patent is 20 years from the date when the patent application was filed. If the inventor wishes to receive economic benefits, it is likely that the invention will become commercially available within 20 years of the initial filing. It is important to understand, therefore, that an inventor’s patent does not indicate that a product or service is or will be commercially available. The patent implies only that the inventor has “the right to exclude others from making, using, offering for sale, or selling” the invention in the United States. While this relates to U.S. patents, similar rules govern foreign patents. In this chapter, we show you how to locate information on patents and their inventors. If you find a patent that is particularly interesting to you, contact the inventor or the assignee for further information. IMPORTANT NOTE: When following the search strategy described below, you may discover non-medical patents that use the generic term “calcium” (or a synonym) in their titles. To accurately reflect the results that you might find while conducting research on calcium, we have not necessarily excluded non-medical patents in this bibliography.
Patents on Calcium By performing a patent search focusing on calcium, you can obtain information such as the title of the invention, the names of the inventor(s), the assignee(s) or the company that owns or controls the patent, a short abstract that summarizes the patent, and a few excerpts from the description of the patent. The abstract of a patent tends to be more technical in nature, while the description is often written for the public. Full patent descriptions contain much more information than is presented here (e.g. claims, references, figures, diagrams, etc.). We
9Adapted from the United States Patent and Trademark Office: http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/whatis.htm.
278 Calcium
will tell you how to obtain this information later in the chapter. The following is an example of the type of information that you can expect to obtain from a patent search on calcium: •
1-phenyl-3-aryl-2-propyne-1-one useful as calcium uptake inhibitors Inventor(s): Dinerstein; Robert J. (Cincinnati, OH), Sabol; Jeffrey S. (Loveland, OH), Diekema; Keith A. (West Chester, OH) Assignee(s): Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,223,518 Date filed: June 1, 1992 Abstract: This invention relates to 1-phenyl-3-aryl-2-propyne-1-ones, the use of these compounds as calcium uptake inhibitors in leukocytes and thrombocytes, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds as active ingredients, and the process of their preparation. Excerpt(s): Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (leukocytes) provide a principle means of defense against microbial infections. The response to invading microorganisms causes activation of cellular oxidative processes (production of hydroxyl radicals) and nonoxidative processes (digestive enzymes; myeloperoxidase, elastase, etc.) in order to effectively kill microorganisms. However, the response of leukocytes to a foreign challenge can also cause destruction to host tissues and play an important part in the pathogenesis of a number of noninfectious disease conditions.... Leukocytes possess a wide variety of mechanisms that enable them to respond to foreign challenges which are initiated by cell surface receptors. Receptor activation or general cellular activation results in an altered cellular physiology causing the cell in itself to become "activated". The intracellular signaling molecules of activation are often referred to as second messengers, the first messengers being the extracellar activating ligands themselves.... One of the major second messengers in many cells is the calcium ion (Ca.sup.+2). There are two general ways in which cell-surface receptors are known to generate intracellular calcium signals. One is by activating phospholipase C. Activation of phospholipase C generates inositol trisphosphate which, in turn, releases stored calcium in the cell. Alternatively, cell receptors may open or close gated ion channels, letting calcium enter from outside the cell. Ca.sup.+2 channels in the plasma membrane are further distinquished to be of two functional types: (1) voltage sensitive calcium channels which are activated when a small and transient flux of ions briefly alter the voltage across the plasma membrane, or (2) receptor operated channels which are directly opened by receptor ligands. The first type of channel operates mainly in voltage sensitive cells such as neurons and muscle cells. Many cells, like leukocytes, are not primarily voltage sensitive cells but have cell-surface receptors that are functionally linked to receptor sensitive Ca.sup.+2 channels in the plasma membrane. Binding of certain ligands activates these receptors, thereby opening the channels and allowing Ca.sup.+2 to enter the cytosol, where it then functions as a second messenger. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05223518__
Patents 279
•
1-phenyl-3-phenyl-2-propyne-1-ones as calcium uptake inhibitors Inventor(s): Dinerstein; Robert J. (Cincinnati, OH), Sabol; Jeffrey S. (Loveland, OH), Diekema; Keith A. (West Chester, OH) Assignee(s): Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,446,068 Date filed: September 16, 1994 Abstract: This invention relates to 1-phenyl-3-phenyl-2-propyne-1-ones, the use of these compounds as calcium uptake inhibitors in leukocytes and thrombocytes, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds as active ingredients, and the process of their preparation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to 1-phenyl-3-phenyl-2-propyne-1ones, the use of these compounds as calcium uptake inhibitors in leukocytes and thrombocytes, and pharmaceutical compositions containing these compounds as active ingredients, and the process of their preparation.... Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (leukocytes) provide a principle means of defense against microbial infections. The response to invading microorganisms causes activation of cellular oxidative processes (production of hydroxyl radicals) and nonoxidative processes (digestive enzymes; myeloperoxidase, elastase, etc.) in order to effectively kill the microorganisms. However, the response of leukocytes to a foreign challenge can also cause destruction to host tissues and play an important part in the pathogenesis of a number of noninfectious disease conditions.... Leukocytes possess a wide variety of mechanisms that enable them to respond to foreign challenges which are initiated by cell surface receptors. Receptor activation or general cellular activation results in an altered cellular physiology causing the cell in itself to become "activated". The intracellular signaling molecules of activation are often referred to as second messengers, the first messengers being the extracellar activating ligands themselves. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05446068__
•
2-amino-1, 4-dihydropyridine derivatives with calcium agonist and alpha.sub. antagonist activity Inventor(s): Aldrich; Paul E. (Wilmington, DE), Earl; Richard A. (Wilmington, DE), Ma; Philip (Chadds Ford, PA) Assignee(s): The Du Pont Merck Pharmaceutical Company (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,314,887 Date filed: October 30, 1992 Abstract: There are provided novel 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds possessing both calcium agonist and alpha.sub.1 -antagonist activity useful for treating congestive heart failure, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and methods of using these compounds to treat congestive heart failure in a mammal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to novel 1,4-dihydropyridines, pharmaceutical compositions containing them and methods of using them to treat congestive heart failure, and more particularly to such 1,4-dihydropyridines which combine both calcium agonist and alpha.sub.1 -antagonist activity and are useful in the treatment of congestive heart failure.... Representative of the art in the field of dihydropyridine calcium agonists are U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,873 (Bossert et al.), issued Feb. 3, 1981; European Patent
280 Calcium
Application 0071819 published Feb. 16, 1983 by Boshagen et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,881 (Franckowiak et al.), issued Aug. 27, 1985. Literature references include M. Schram, et al., Nature 303:535 (1983); M. Schram, et al., Arzneium-Forsch, 33:1268 (1983); P. Erne, et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 118:482 (1984). Dihydropyridine calcium agonists which contain an amino group in the 2-position are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,532,248 (Boshagen et al.), issued Jul. 30, 1985.... Combining calcium agonist properties and alpha.sub.1 -adrenergic blocking properties in a single molecular structure provides a new and attractive approach for the treatment of congestive heart failure. The combination of these two types of activities affords a novel class of cardiotonics which have cardiac stimulatory effects in combination with pronounced vasodilator properties. The detrimental vasoconstricting properties which are normally associated with dihydropyridine calcium agonists are minimized by the alpha.sub.1 adrenergic blocking properties which cause dilation of the peripheral vasculature. Applicants are not aware of any references that describe this combination of properties in a single compound, other than co-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,181 (Johnson et al.) issued Sep. 19, 1989. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05314887__ •
Abrasive grain comprising calcium oxide and/or strontium oxide Inventor(s): Erickson; Dwight D. (Oakdale, MN), Wood; William P. (Golden Valley, MN) Assignee(s): Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company (St. Paul, MN) Patent Number: 5,489,318 Date filed: May 10, 1994 Abstract: Alumina-based abrasive grain comprising rare earth oxide and calcium oxide and/or strontium oxide, and a method of making the same. The abrasive grain is useful in abrasive articles, such as coated abrasives, three-dimensional, low density abrasives, and bonded abrasives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to alumina-based ceramic comprising calcium oxide and/or strontium oxide, and a method of making the same.... The abrasives industry generally concerns abrasive products comprising binder and a plurality of abrasive grain used to abrade a workpiece (e.g., stainless steel). Desirable abrasive grains are hard, tough and chemically resistant to the workpiece being abraded. The hardness property is associated with the abrasive grain not yielding from forces of grinding and not dulling. The toughness property is associated with strength and fracture resistance of the abrasive grain.... In general, it is known that inclusion of various materials within an alpha alumina-based abrasive grain will modify the characteristics of the grain. While additives are generally added to improve the properties of the abrasive grain, some additives are unintentionally present (e.g., contaminants). For example, the inclusion of calcium (typically as a contaminate) at levels on the order of 0.07 percent by weight or more (usually 0.1% or more) of calcium oxide (calculated on a theoretical oxide basis as CaO) is associated with the undesirable formation of relatively soft beta alumina, the effects of which is to provide a ceramic abrasive grain of relatively low hardness. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05489318__
Patents 281
•
Absorbent article including a calcium-based feces modification agent Inventor(s): Roe; Donald C. (West Chester, OH), Ahr; Nicholas A. (Cincinnati, OH), Gavrilenko; Konstantin N. (Saint Petersburg, RU), Logatchev; Dmitry N. (Saint Petersburg, RU), Pavlov; Sergey Y. (Saint Petersburg, RU), Burov; Lev G. (Saint Petersburg, RU), Novozhilova; Aleksandra P. (Saint Petersburg, RU) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,018,093 Date filed: June 29, 1998 Abstract: An absorbent article adapted to receive feces having a first waist region, a second waist region opposed to the first waist region and the second waist region. The absorbent article includes a liquid pervious topsheet, a liquid impervious backsheet joined to at least a portion of the topsheet, an absorbent core disposed between at least a portion of the topsheet and the backsheet and an effective amount of a calcium-bases feces modifying agent disposed in the article such that the feces modifying agent is available to contact at least a portion of the feces. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to articles which absorb and/or contain bodily exudates, including disposable absorbent articles such as diapers, adult incontinence products, sanitary napkins and the like. More particularly, the invention relates to disposable absorbent articles including one or more calcium-based agents which act to modify the physical properties of feces or other bodily wastes which may be deposited in the article.... The major function of absorbent articles such as diapers and adult incontinence briefs is to prevent body exudates from soiling, wetting, or otherwise contaminating clothing or other articles, such as bedding, that may come in contact with the wearer. In recent years, disposable diapers, such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,151,092 issued to Buell et al., have become very popular and have generally replaced durable cloth absorbent articles because of their convenience and reliability. However, despite the effectiveness of such disposable absorbent articles, body exudates often still leak or are stored in the diaper such that the exudates soil and/or irritate the skin of the wearer. Additionally, body exudates often adhere aggressively to skin, increasing the difficulty of cleaning and increasing the likelihood of chronic residual contamination. The fundamental causes of these, and other key problems with absorbent articles of the art lie in the mobility under applied shear stress and adhesiveness of the feces.... The undesirable effects of leakage and/or improper containment, difficult cleanup, and/or residual skin contamination are especially evident with regard to fecal matter deposited in the diaper. Feces contained in the diaper can harm the skin of the wearer over time and feces leaking from the diaper almost invariably presents unpleasant, messy cleanups. Thus, several attempts have been made to add features to diapers such as barriers, pockets, spacers, transverse barriers, apertured topsheets and the like to limit the movement of the fecal material across the topsheet and/or to better confine the fecal matter in the diaper. However, such attempts have been generally unsuccessful because they fail to address the fundamental causes of these problems (i.e., the properties of feces) and, because of their cost and complexity. Further, many of the means for isolating or containing feces are directed to fecal material with certain physical properties (e.g., viscosity, free water content and particle size) and are not effective with exudates with physical properties outside a very small range. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06018093__
282 Calcium
•
Acicular calcite and aragonite calcium carbonate Inventor(s): Fairchild; George Henry (Bethlehem, PA), Thatcher; Richard Louis (Treichlers, PA) Assignee(s): Minerals Technologies Inc. (Bethlehem, PA) Patent Number: 6,071,336 Date filed: September 5, 1996 Abstract: The present invention relates to a calcium carbonate composition having both calcite and aragonite crystalline morphology. More particularly, the present invention relates to an acicular calcite and an acicular aragonite product and a method for the production of the same and the use of such as fillers, additives and modifiers of consumer and commercial products such as toothpaste, paper, plastics and sealants. The acicular calcite/aragonite composition of the present invention provides a balance of properties such as sheet bulk, strength, stiffness, and sizing, when employed as a filler for paper. As a coating pigment, the acicular calcite/aragonite product of the present invention provides gloss characteristics suitable for dull and matte grades of low gloss coated paper. Upon further processing such as milling, grinding, or other means of comminution, the resulting product provides gloss characteristics suitable for high gloss coated paper. For paint formulations, the acicular calcite/aragonite composition of the present invention provides properties such as low sheen and high contrast ratio. As an additive in polymers, the acicular calcite/aragonite product of the present invention imparts reinforcing properties, rigidity, and impact strength, including sealant applications. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium carbonate composition, a process for producing the composition, and a method of using the composition in commercial and consumer related applications. More particularly, the present invention relates to a calcium carbonate composition having both acicular calcite and acicular aragonite crystalline morphology. Acicular calcite and aragonite compositions produced according to the process of the present invention are particularly useful as fillers in pharmaceutical products, paper, paper coating, consumer products such as paints, toothpaste and as additives for polymers and sealants.... It is known that calcium carbonate may occur naturally or may be synthetically produced in three particular crystalline morphologies, calcite, aragonite, and less commonly found, vaterite. The vaterite form of calcium carbonate is metastable and irreversibly transforms into calcite and aragonite.... The calcite crystalline morphology is the most commonly used crystal form of calcium carbonate. Over 300 crystalline forms of calcite have been reported in the literature. Many of these crystal forms of calcite, such as scalenohedral, prismatic and rhombohedral, are readily available through precipitation production technology. Although less commonly known, an acicular crystalline form of calcite has also been reported. Acicular refers to the shape of the crystals, which are typically clusters of rodshaped or needle-like crystalline morphologies. For example, acicular calcite morphology has been reported to occur in nature as pendent calcretes in semi-arid climates, Ducloux J. and Laouina, The Pendent Calcretes in Semi-Arid Climates, Catena, vol. 16, pages 237-249, (1989). Another acicular calcitic micromorphic form of calcium carbonate has been reported to occur in bauxite processing waste, Thomas T. L., Hossner L. R. and Wilding L. P., Micromorphology of Calcium Carbonate in Bauxite Processing Waste, Geoderma, vol. 48, pages 31-42, (1991). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06071336__
Patents 283
•
Acid tolerant calcium carbonate composition and uses therefor Inventor(s): Snowden; Kevin (Milledgeville, GA), Rodriguez; Jose M. (Eatonton, GA), Wu; Kuan-Ting (Sandersville, GA) Assignee(s): ECC International Inc. (Roswell, GA) Patent Number: 5,711,799 Date filed: March 13, 1996 Abstract: An improved form of calcium carbonate which is acid tolerant to enable its use as a filler material in the making of neutral to weakly acid paper, and a process for producing this acid tolerant calcium carbonate are provided. This acid tolerant calcium carbonate comprises a mixture of calcium carbonate with at least about 0.1 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of sodium aluminate together with at least about 0.1 percent, based on the dry weight of the calcium carbonate, of one or more weak acids. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to calcium carbonate for use in papermaking, and related industries, and more particularly to a calcium carbonate having acid tolerant properties.... Titanium dioxide and calcined clay have traditionally been utilized as filler materials in the preparation of neutral to weakly acidic paper in order to improve the optical properties, especially the brightness, of the resultant product. These materials, however, especially titanium dioxide, have the disadvantage of being very expensive, resulting in higher manufacturing costs and an uncompetitively priced paper product.... Calcium carbonate, particularly precipitated calcium carbonate, has been used as a filler material in the making of wood-free alkaline paper. Such usage results in a paper with enhanced optical properties, particularly high brightness and opacity, without the expense incurred in using titanium oxide fillers, resulting in a much less expensive product. Calcium carbonate, however, cannot generally be used as a filler in acidic paper made from mechanical pulp furnishes because it decomposes in an acidic environment. Since mechanical pulp sheets and newsprint are made in the acidic range, there has long been a need to develop a calcium carbonate composition which is acid stabilized and resistant to decomposition at low Ph, so that it can be utilized as a filler material in the manufacture of such paper, such as groundwood paper, where the use of an alkaline filler would have a negative impact on the final paper properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05711799__
•
Acid-stabilized calcium carbonate, process for its production and method for its use in the manufacture of acidic paper Inventor(s): Passaretti; June D. (Liberty Corner, NJ) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,156,719 Date filed: December 17, 1990 Abstract: A form of calcium carbonate, acid-stabilized by the addition to finely divided calcium carbonate of one of a calcium- chelating agent and a conjugate base, such as sodium hexametaphosphate, followed by the addition of a weak acid, such as phosphoric acid, is disclosed. A process for producing this material, and a method for its use in the making of neutral to acidic paper in order to improve the optical properties of the paper are also disclosed.
284 Calcium
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to an acid-stabilized form of calcium carbonate, a process for producing this material, and to a method for use of the material as a filler material in the making of neutral to weakly acidic paper to improve the optical properties of the resulting paper.... Titanium dioxide and calcined clay have traditionally been used as filler materials in the making of neutral to weakly acidic paper, to improve the optical properties of the resulting paper, particularly its brightness. These materials, however, especially titanium dioxide, have the disadvantage of being very expensive, which results in a high cost of manufacturing the paper, and consequently, the need to charge a high, uncompetitive price for such paper.... Calcium carbonate, particularly precipitated calcium carbonate, is used as a filler material in the making of alkaline paper. This material results in a paper with enhanced optical properties. Calcium carbonate is also significantly less expensive than titanium dioxide, consequently there are appreciable economic advantages to its use. Calcium carbonate, however, cannot generally be used as a filler in acidic paper because it decomposes in an acidic environment. Consequently, there has long been a need to develop a calcium carbonate based material which is acid stabilized and resistant to decomposition at low pH, so that it can be used as a filler material in the manufacture of acidic paper, such as groundwood paper, where use of an alkaline filler would have a negative impact on the final paper properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05156719__ •
Addition of organophosphonates for size control of wet calcium-based FGD byproduct solids under forced oxidation conditions Inventor(s): Moser; Robert E. (Palo Alto, CA), Meserole; Frank B. (Austin, TX), Maller; Gordon (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): Electric Power Research Institute (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 5,246,677 Date filed: May 7, 1991 Abstract: A process for producing large, regularly-shaped crystalline gypsum solids in a wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization system is provided. A chemical crystal modifier, preferably an organophosphonate, is added to the gypsum-containing solids slurry produced by the FGD process under forced oxidation conditions at an addition level which promotes the formation of large, regular gypsum crystals that are easily dewatered. The dewatered gypsum is useful in producing gypsum-based building products and the like. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the control of wet calcium-based flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes and specifically to a method of producing an improved gypsum solids byproduct by controlling the formation of the gypsum crystals during the FGD process.... Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes currently in use today typically employ wet calcium-based technology to remove sulfur from various flue gas sources Sulfur is absorbed from the flue gas as S0.sub.2 into a calciumcontaining liquid phase and forms calcium sulfite or calcium bisulfite. At least some of calcium sulfite or bisulfite will be oxidized to calcium sulfate. The amount of calcium sulfate oxidized will depend, in large measure, on the amount of excess oxygen in the flue gas. Crystals of calcium sulfite or calcium sulfate, primarily as gypsum (CaS0.sub.4.2H.sub.2 O), will form as the respective critical relative saturations for each of the compounds is exceeded in the liquid phase. If the ratio of the amount of sulfite oxidized to sulfate compared to the total amount of sulfur compounds absorbed from
Patents 285
the flue gas is less than 15 to 18%, all of the sulfur will be purged from the FGD system as a coprecipitate within the calcium sulfite crystal matrix. If this occurs, the calcium sulfate or gypsum relative saturation in the liquid phase will never exceed 1.0, and, therefore, calcium sulfate or gypsum scaling cannot occur.... The widespread use of calcium-based wet scrubbers for controlling SO.sub.2 emissions from utility boilers and the like generates as waste quantities of calcium sulfate and/or calcium sulfite solids in the range of 5 to 10 million tons annually in the United States. This material is currently disposed of primarily in ponds and landfills. The volume of this FGD waste material and the disposal methods currently employed depends largely on the chemical composition of the precipitated solids. Calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) solids are generally larger and more regularly shaped than are calcium sulfite hemihydrate solids. While gypsum can usually be dewatered to produce about 85% solids, only about 50 to 70% calcium sulfite hemihydrate solids can typically be produced. Moreover, the calcium sulfite sludges tend to exhibit thixotropic-like behavior, which increases the difficulty and expense of their disposal. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05246677__ •
Air conditioning and refrigeration system using a sulfonate containing calcium salt of dialkyl aromatic sulfonic acid and nonylated phenylamine derivatives in a polar compound Inventor(s): Sgarbi; Tony Pio (Houston, TX), Barr; Teresa Leigh (Port Townsend, WA) Assignee(s): Sgarbi; Antonio Pio (Houston, TX) Patent Number: 6,286,323 Date filed: May 2, 2000 Abstract: A method of improving the efficiency of an air conditioning and refrigeration system, comprising introducing into the system a mixture of a carrier with an energy transferring polar compound comprising a sulfonate containing calcium salt of dialkyl aromatic sulfonic acid and nonylated phenylamine derivatives; and a novel additive containing a polar compound containing a sulfonate containing calcium salt of dialkyl aromatic sulfonic acid and nonylated phenylamine derivatives, and an air conditioning system utilizing the polar compound containing a sulfonate containing calcium salt of dialkyl aromatic sulfonic acid and nonylated phenylamine derivatives. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the improvement in the energy efficiency of air conditioning and refrigeration systems including refrigeration units, and air conditioning systems that transfer energy from one location to another.... Since the early 1970's there has been a constant effort to improve the energy efficiency of cooling units which function on the air conditioning and refrigeration principle. As is well known, air conditioning and refrigeration systems function by relying upon the energy absorbed or released as a compressible fluid undergoes either pressure increase in a compressor or pressure decrease across a valve or other orifice. Typically, these systems rely upon phase changes from the gas to liquid state as a result of changes in pressure to effectuate energy transport. Such air conditioning and refrigeration units are utilized for large commercial installations either for refrigeration or freezing of perishable articles and the like as well as for climate control of large commercial buildings as well as individual dwellings. The energy efficiency of these units has been greatly increased through redesigned compressors, motors and other mechanical and design improvements. Improved methods for lubricating compressors have been developed so as to reduce the frictional energy which must be overcome in the compressor while new compressor
286 Calcium
designs have also been developed in an attempt to increase the energy efficiency of the systems.... However, a need still exists for continued energy improvement in the field of air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06286323__ •
Algicidally enhanced calcium hypochlorite compositions Inventor(s): Wojtowicz; John A. (Cheshire, CT) Assignee(s): Olin Corporation (Cheshire, CT) Patent Number: 5,164,109 Date filed: May 31, 1990 Abstract: Compositions consisting essentially of calcium hypochlorite and a water soluble zinc salt, the compositions containing from about 40 percent to about 99 percent by weight of calcium hypochlorite, provide controlled release of the components for continuous and effective sanitation and algae control to waters treated for use in swimming pools and spas. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to calcium hypochlorite compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to calcium hypochlorite compositions for use in sanitizing water.... In addition to providing the available chlorine levels required for the destruction of bacteria, the control of algae is a major problem in outdoor swimming pools especially in warmer climates. Algae can develop rapidly especially, for example, following a rain storm.... The separate addition of commercially available algicides to swimming pool water has been practiced but has been only partially satisfactory as the dosage level is difficult to maintain i.e. replace amounts lost by various means such as decomposition, precipitation, back washing, splashout etc. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05164109__
•
Alkoxylation using heterogeneous calcium catalysts and products therefrom Inventor(s): King; Stephen W. (Scott Depot, WV), Knopf; Robert J. (St. Albans, WV) Assignee(s): Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation (Danbury, CT) Patent Number: 5,104,575 Date filed: June 12, 1989 Abstract: This invention relates to heterogeneous (organic polymer-supported) calciumcontaining catalysts and the use thereof in the preparation of alkoxylation products, i.e., condensation reaction products of alkylene oxides and organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen. In another aspect of this invention, processes are provided for preparing heterogeneous (organic polymer-supported) calcium-containing catalysts for alkoxylation using calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide as sources for the catalyticallyactive calcium. In a further aspect of this invention, alkoxylation products are provided that have beneficial, narrow molecular weight ranges and are essentially neutral in pH and free from catalyst residues. Excerpt(s): This invention relates heterogeneous (organic polymer-supported) calciumcontaining catalysts and the use thereof in the preparation of alkoxylation products, i.e.,
Patents 287
condensation reaction products of alkylene oxides and organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen. In another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for preparing heterogeneous (organic polymer-supported) calcium-containing catalysts for alkoxylation using calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide as sources for the catalyticallyactive calcium. In a further aspect of the invention, alkoxylation products are provided that have beneficial, narrow molecular weight ranges and are essentially neutral in pH and free from catalyst residues. These alkoxylation products can be prepared using hetergeneous, modified calcium-containing catalysts.... A variety of products such as surfactants, functional fluids, glycol ethers, polyols, and the like, are commercially prepared by the condensation reaction of alkylene oxides with organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen, generally, in the presence of an alkaline or acidic catalyst. The types and properties of the alkoxylation products depend on, among other things, the active hydrogen compound, the alkylene oxide, and the mole ratio of alkylene oxide to organic compound employed, as well as the catalyst. As a result of the alkoxylation, a mixture of condensation product species are obtained having a range of molecular weights.... In many applications of alkoxylated products, certain of the alkoxylation species provide much greater activity than others. Consequently, alkoxylation processes are desired that are selective to the production of those alkoxylation species. Further, for many of these uses, mixtures of alkoxylation products falling within a narrow range of molecular distribution of reacted alkylene oxide are believed to be superior to alkoxylation products in which a single alkoxylation specie predominates. For example, in a surfactant composition the range of materials on which the surfactant will be required to operate will normally vary. A range of alkoxylation species, even though narrow, will enhance the performance of the surfactant to the variety of materials which it may encounter. Further, mixtures of closely related alkoxylation species can provide a mixture having other improved properties such as in respect to cloud point, freezing point, pour point and viscosity as compared to a single specie. There, however, is a balance, and if the distribution of species becomes too broad, not only are less desirable alkoxylation species diluting the mixture, but also the more hydrophilic or lipophilic components than those in the sought range can be detrimental to the sought properties. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05104575__ •
Alkoxylation using modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts Inventor(s): King; Stephen W. (Scott Depot, WV) Assignee(s): Union Carbide Chemicals & Plastics Technology Corporation (Danbury, CT) Patent Number: 5,114,900 Date filed: September 30, 1988 Abstract: This invention relates to modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts and the use thereof in the preparation of alkoxylation products, i.e., condensation reaction products of alkylene oxides and organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen. In another aspect of this invention, processes are provided for preparing modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts for alkoxylation using calcium metal or a calcium-containing compound as sources for the catalytically-active calcium. In a further aspect of this invention, processes are provided for preparing alkoxylation products that have beneficial, narrow molecular weight ranges using the modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts.
288 Calcium
Excerpt(s): U.S. patent application Ser. No. 251,430, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,984; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 251,434; U.S patent application Ser. No. 251,432; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 251,436; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 251,431.... This invention relates to modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts and the use thereof in the preparation of alkoxylation products, i.e., condensation reaction products of alkylene oxides and organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen. In another aspect of the invention, processes are provided for preparing modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts for alkoxylation using calcium metal or a calcium-containing compound, e.g., calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide, as sources for the catalytically-active calcium. In a further aspect of the invention, processes are provided for preparing alkoxylation products that have beneficial, narrow molecular weight ranges using the modified calcium-containing bimetallic or polymetallic catalysts.... A variety of products such as surfactants, functional fluids, glycol ethers, polyols, and the like, are commercially prepared by the condensation reaction of alkylene oxides with organic compounds having at least one active hydrogen, generally, in the presence of an alkaline or acidic catalyst. The types and properties of the alkoxylation products depend on, among other things, the active hydrogen compound, the alkylene oxide, and the mole ratio of alkylene oxide to organic compound employed, as well as the catalyst. As a result of the alkoxylation, a mixture of condensation product species are obtained having a range of molecular weights. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05114900__ •
Amino acid chelate for the effective supplementation of calcium, magnesium and potassium in the human diet Inventor(s): Clark; George H. (Woburn, MA), Clark; Mary Ann (Woburn, MA) Assignee(s): Mac Farms, Inc. (Woburn, MA) Patent Number: 6,582,722 Date filed: September 12, 2000 Abstract: Amino acid chelates for enhancing the absorption and assimilation of essential minerals in the human diet. Calcium, magnesium and potassium picolinic acid salts are disclosed as food and beverage supplements to improve the nutritive capacity of food stuffs and beverages. A method of enhancing the nutritive value of food and beverages is also described. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to unique calcium, magnesium and potassium chelates and a method and use of such chelates for the supplementation of essential minerals in the human diet.... Unless expressly stated otherwise, as used herein, all liquid components are measured in liters or fractions thereof and all solid components are measured in grams or fractions thereof.... A major problem exists in North America for adults and youth eat increasingly routine amounts of fast foods that contain high amounts of fats, sodium and phosphates. These compete and interfere with calcium, magnesium and potassium absorption and create deficiencies in the daily amounts of these minerals that are bioavailable for essential use by the human body. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06582722__
Patents 289
•
Angstrom polishing of calcium fluoride optical VUV microlithography lens elements and preforms Inventor(s): Darcangelo; Charles M. (Corning, NY), Sabia; Robert (Big Flats, NY), Stevens; Harrie J. (Corning, NY), Williamson; Paul J. (Corning, NY) Assignee(s): Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) Patent Number: 6,375,551 Date filed: June 6, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a means for making below 200 nm VUV optical microlithography lens elements and preforms therefor. The inventive methods include polishing a fluoride optical lithography crystal with cerium to a surface roughness less than five angstroms. The invention includes making a 157 nm VUV optical lithography element preform by polishing a calcium fluoride crystal with cerium oxide polish. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to optical lithography, and particularly to optical microlithography crystals for use in optical photolithography systems utilizing vacuum ultraviolet light (VUV) wavelengths below 200 nm, preferably below 193 nm, preferably below 175 nm, more preferably below 164 nm, such as VUV projection lithography systems utilizing wavelengths in the 157 nm region.... Projection optical photolithography systems that utilize the vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths of light below 200 nm provide benefits in terms of achieving smaller feature dimensions. Such systems that utilize vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths in the 157 nm wavelength region have the potential of improving integrated circuits with smaller feature sizes. Current optical lithography systems used by the semiconductor industry in the manufacture of integrated circuits have progressed towards shorter wavelengths of light, such as the popular 248 nm wavelengths, but the commercial use and adoption of vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths below 200 nm, such 193 and 157 nm has been hindered by the transmission nature of such vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths in these VUV excimer laser regions through optical materials and the surfaces of the optical materials. For the benefit of vacuum ultraviolet photolithography in the 157 nm region such as the emission spectrum VUV window of a F.sub.2 excimer laser to be utilized by the semiconductor industry in the manufacturing of integrated circuits there is a need for optical lithography crystal surfaces with beneficial angstrom level roughness that can be economically and efficiently manufactured.... There is a need for an economical and efficient means for forming angstrom level roughness high quality surfaces in optical lithography fluoride crystal surfaces, such as the surface of calcium fluoride crystals that transmit 157 nm light. The polishing of calcium fluoride lithography crystals is complicated by calcium fluoride's high thermal expansion and low hardness. Prior art methods of polishing calcium fluoride VUV optical lithography surfaces are time consuming and inefficient to produce from an industrial manufacturing respect with polishing process times ranging from days to weeks. Japanese Patent Application 11 [1999]-87808 (Mar. 30, 1999) of Nikon Corp. describes a Method for Manufacturing Optical Elements for ArF Excimer Laser uses. As noted in this Nikon Corp. Japanese Patent 11-87808, optical elements for optical systems using a high-pulse ArF 193 nm excimer laser are manufactured by polishing fused silica glass with CeO.sub.2 polishing agents and by polishing fluorite with diamond powder polishing agents. Cerium polishing of fluorite optical lithogaphy fluoride crystal surfaces has been avoided by the prior art due to cerium oxide contamination concerns that any cerium molecules/atoms/ions incorporated into the optical lithography fluoride crystal surface by polishing and then exposed to the highly energetic high fluence levels produced by 157 nm and 193 nm excimer lasers and used in optical lithography systems will strongly
290 Calcium
absorb the VUV light with the VUV absorbing cerium then damaging and corrupting the fluoride crystal structure and producing further detrimental VUV absorptions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06375551__ •
Aqueous system containing a synergistic combination including polyether polyamino methylene phosphates for controlling calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale Inventor(s): Gill; Jasbir S. (McKees Rocks, PA) Assignee(s): Calgon Corporation (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,702,634 Date filed: October 6, 1995 Abstract: An aqueous system containing scale forming salts including both calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate and characterized by high pH and high calcite concentrations which further contains a synergistic effective amount of a combination comprising (A) a polyether polyamino methylene phosphonate, and (B) a terpolymer comprising the monomers of acrylic acid, sulfophenomethallyl ether and maleic acid, is disclosed. A method for inhibiting the formation, deposition and adherence of such scale forming salts in the aqueous system employing the synergistic combination is also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a synergistic combination comprising a polyether polyamino methylene phosphonate, and a terpolymer comprising the monomers of acrylic acid, sulfophenomethallyl ether and maleic acid for controlling the deposition of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale deposits on the surfaces of an aqueous system.... Generally, calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale deposits are incrustation coatings which accumulate on the metallic or plastic surfaces of a watercarrying system through a number of different causes.... Various industrial and commercial water-carrying systems are subject to calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale formation problems. Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scales are of particular concern in heat exchange systems employing water, such as, for example, boiler systems and once-through and open recirculating water cooling systems. Cooling towers are especially significant, particularly where severe conditions including high pH and high calcite concentrations are encountered. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05702634__
•
Aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate pigment for coating rotogravure printing papers Inventor(s): Haskins; William John (Bethlehem, PA), Osterhuber; Edward Joseph (Riegelsville, PA) Assignee(s): Minerals Technologies Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,861,209 Date filed: May 16, 1997 Abstract: The present invention relates to a paper coated with a coating pigment for rotogravure printing, and to a method for preparing such a paper. In addition, the invention relates to a method for the preparation of an aragonitic calcium carbonate pigment for coating paper that is useful in rotogravure printing. The present invention
Patents 291
also relates to precipitated calcium carbonate particles having an aspect ratio of from about 3:1 to about 15:1, preferably from about 4:1 to about 7:1, and a multimodal particle size distribution, which is preferably bimodal or trimodal. Preferably, the aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate is present in an amount from about 20 percent to about 100 percent by weight. Typically, the aragonitic precipitated calcium carbonate has a specific surface area of from about 4 m.sup.2 /g to about 15 m.sup.2 /g, preferably from about 5 m.sup.2 /g to about 7 m.sup.2 /g. Precipitated calcium carbonate pigments of the invention may also be used with titanium dioxide, talc, calcined clay, satin white, plastic pigments, aluminum trihydrate, mica, or mixtures thereof. Other useful additives include a synthetic latex binder, such as a styrene/butadiene or acrylic binder, a starch cobinder, a starch insolubilizer, such as a melamine/formaldehyde resin, and a calcium stearate lubricant. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to a precipitated calcium carbonate pigment that has been found to be useful in the production of high quality coated paper designed for use in rotogravure printing. The precipitated calcium carbonate is preferably aragonitic in nature, and displays a high length-to-width or aspect ratio and a multimodal particle size distribution. When used in coating formulations alone or in combination with clay, talc or clay/talc blends, the carbonate of the invention provides improvement in missing dot performance when compared to typical coating grade carbonates, and is particularly advantageous in the production of lightweight coated (LWC) rotogravure papers.... At present, three methods are used extensively for the commercial application of printing ink to paper, i.e., offset, letterpress (and flexography), and gravure type printing. In offset printing, the printing plate has hydrophilic or "water-loving" non-printing areas and hydrophobic or "water-hating" printing areas, and is "planographic", i.e., the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas of the plate all lie in the same plane, so that the plate has no relief. During printing, the printing plate does not come in direct contact with the paper to be printed, but rather transfers the inked image to a rubber blanket, which then applies the image to paper. Therefore, the process is an indirect, or offset method, and, hence, the name offset printing. The offset printing plate is initially wetted with an aqueous-based fountain solution that is preferentially adsorbed by the hydrophilic portion of the plate, and rejected by the hydrophobic portion. The plate is then contacted with a rubber roller laden with printing ink, which is rejected by the hydrophilic regions of the plate and accepted by the hydrophobic regions.... A significant advantage of offset printing is the ability to adequately print on relatively rough paper, due to the use of the rubber printing blanket, which is compressible, and, thus, allows intimate contact between the printing ink and the surface of the paper. Commonly used pigments in the coatings of paper used in offset printing include calcium carbonate and clay. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05861209__ •
Assays of cells expressing human calcium channels containing.alpha..sub.1.beta. subunits Inventor(s): Harpold; Michael M. (San Diego, CA), Ellis; Steven B. (San Diego, CA), Williams; Mark E. (Carlsbad, CA), Feldman; Daniel H. (San Diego, CA), McCue; Ann F. (La Mesa, CA), Brenner; Robert (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): SIBIA Neurosciences, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 5,876,958 Date filed: September 23, 1994
292 Calcium
Abstract: Human calcium channel.alpha..sub.1 -,.alpha..sub.2 -,.beta.- and.gamma.subunit encoding cDNAs, and related compositions and methods, are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology.... More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same.... Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multi-subunit proteins that allow controlled entry of Ca.sup.2+ ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. Cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05876958__ •
Atorvastatin hemi-calcium form VII Inventor(s): Aronhime; Judith (Rehovot, IL), Lidor-Hadas; Ramy (Kafar-Saba, IL), Niddam; Valerie (Even-Yeouda, IL), Lifshitz; Revital (Herzlia, IL) Assignee(s): Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (Petah Tiqva, IL) Patent Number: 6,605,636 Date filed: November 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium designated Form VII and novel processes for its preparation whereby another crystalline form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium is suspended in ethanol, preferably absolute ethanol, and is converted to the new form, which is then isolated. The present invention further provides a method of reducing the plasma low density lipoprotein level in patients suffering from or susceptible to hypercholesterolemia and compositions and dosage forms for practicing the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to crystalline polymorphic forms of atorvastatin hemi-calcium and novel processes for preparing crystalline solids.... Atorvastatin is a member of the class of drugs called statins. Statin drugs are currently the most therapeutically effective drugs available for reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration in the blood stream of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. A high level of LDL in the bloodstream has been linked to the formation of coronary lesions which obstruct the flow of blood and can rupture and promote thrombosis. Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 879 (9th ed. 1996). Reducing plasma LDL levels has been shown to reduce the risk of clinical events in patients with cardiovascular disease and patients who are free of cardiovascular disease but who have hypercholesterolemia. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1994; Lipid Research Clinics Program, 1984a, 1984b.... The mechanism of action of statin drugs has been elucidated in some detail. They interfere with the synthesis of cholesterol and other sterols in the liver by competitively inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase enzyme ("HMG-CoA reductase"). HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion HMG to mevalonate, which is the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, and so, its inhibition leads to a reduction in the concentration of cholesterol in the liver. Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) is the biological vehicle for transporting cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral cells. VLDL is catabolized in the peripheral cells which releases fatty acids which may be stored in adopcytes or oxidized by muscle. The VLDL is converted to intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), which is either removed by an LDL receptor, or is converted to LDL. Decreased production of
Patents 293
cholesterol leads to an increase in the number of LDL receptors and corresponding reduction in the production of LDL particles by metabolism of IDL. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06605636__ •
Avian extracellular calcium-sensing receptor Inventor(s): Brown; Edward M. (Milton, MA), Diaz; Ruben (Boston, MA), Bai; Mei (Brookline, MA), Quinn; Stephen J. (Sudbury, MA) Assignee(s): The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,210,964 Date filed: August 14, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to an avian calcium-sensing receptor and to DNA sequences which encode the receptor. In addition, the invention is directed to methods and compositions which serve to modulate the serum concentration of calcium in humans and animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to an avian calcium-sensing receptor protein and to nucleic acid sequences encoding this protein. It encompasses assays that utilize the avian receptor and to transgenic animals that have been engineered to express mutated forms of the receptor. In addition, the invention is directed to methods for altering the activity of calcium receptors by administering small organic polyanions.... An extracellular Ca.sup.2+ -sensing receptor (CaR) has been cloned from both bovine and human parathyroids, and there is evidence indicating that this receptor plays a key role in regulating extracellular calcium homeostasis by controlling PTH secretion (Pollak, et al., Cell 75:1297-1303 (1993); Pollak, et al., Nature Genet. 8:303-307 (1994); Pollak, et al., J. Clin. Invest. 93:1108-1112 (1994)). The isolation and identification of the avian counterpart of this receptor and of polynucleotides encoding the receptor should aid in the development of methods for regulating serum calcium levels in chickens and related species. By increasing serum calcium in such animals, it is expected that more rapid growth should be obtainable due to an increased rate of bone deposition and that eggs of higher quality should be produced.... The present invention is based upon two related discoveries. First, a novel avian extracellular Ca.sup.2+ -sensing receptor has been isolated and characterized. This receptor is structurally distinct from all similar receptors that have been identified and can be used in assays designed to identify agents that lead to an alteration in the serum calcium concentration of birds. Mutated forms of the receptor have been identified that have an altered sensitivity to extracellular calcium. These can be used in the development of transgenic chickens that have a higher than normal concentration of serum calcium and that have improved characteristics in terms of growth and egg production. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210964__
294 Calcium
•
Azide-containing chelators whose affinity for calcium ion is decreased by illumination Inventor(s): Tsien; Roger Y. (La Jolla, CA), Adams; Stephen R. (Poway, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,602,258 Date filed: October 23, 1992 Abstract: The present invention relates to a group of organic chelators whose affinity for calcium ion in solution is decreased by electromagnetic radiation. Specifically, the chelators are related to fura-2 and utilize the addition of an azide group to the 3-position of the benzofuron ring of a fura-2 type structure. Photolysis of the azide group causes the calcium ion affinity to decrease 100 to 1000 fold. These chelators when incorporated into rat fibroblasts either by microinjection or by incubation as the membranepermeable, enzymatically-labile esters and flash-photolyzed cause large increases in intracellular free calcium ion. These chelators are used to generate controlled fast elevation of intracellular free calcium ion concentration to mimic or modulate a number of important cellular responses, especially in nerve or muscle. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to photosensitive calcium ion (Ca.sup.+2) chelators whose affinity for calcium is decreased by illumination. More specifically, the present invention concerns the illumination of novel compounds, e.g. tetraacetic acid substituted aniline-type structures which bear one or more azide substituents and are connected by an alkylenedioxy or cyclic dioxy linkage. A heteroaromatic group covalently bonded to the carbon atom adjacent to the oxygen of a benzofuran structure is preferred. The preparation of these novel compounds is described herein.... The recent introduction of photosensitive derivatives of nucleotides, inositol polyphosphates, neurotransmitters, calcium and protons which release the physiologically active compound with a flash of light, has enabled the dynamics of biological responses to be probed non-invasively within cells on a microsecond or millisecond time scale. The photochemical manipulation of intracellular free Ca.sup.2+ concentration ([Ca.sup.2+ ].sub.i) first become possible with the introduction of the "nitr" series of chelators which release Ca.sup.2+ upon illumination with long wavelength UV light. See for example, R. Y. Tsien, et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,589,432 and 4,806,604. Thus, when loaded into cells either through microinjection or through incubation with the membrane-permeant acetoxymethyl ester, the nitr compounds can be irradiated to generate spikes or plateaus of elevated [Ca.sup.2+ ].sub.i. For example, nitr-5 has been used in cultured rat sympathetic neurons to study the activation stoichiometry and kinetics of the Ca.sup.2+ -activated K.sup.+ -conducting channel, and in skeletal muscle to examine the kinetics of Ca.sup.2+ regulation to troponin C.... The present invention describes synthesis, characterization and biological application of a series of chelators whose Ca.sup.2+ affinity is decreased upon photolysis, an effect which is more pronounced than that exhibited by the "nitr" series of photolabile Ca.sup.2+ chelators. Therefore, these chelators can generate a larger rise in [Ca.sup.2+ ]. The new series of chelators like the nitr series, are based on the parent Ca.sup.2+ chelators, BAPTA and fura-2 and retain their high selectivity for Ca.sup.2+ over Mg.sup.2+, their insensitivity to pH variations above pH 7, and their fast Ca.sup.2+ binding kinetics. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05602258__
Patents 295
•
Basic calcium aluminum hydroxide dicarboxylates, a process for their production and their use Inventor(s): Razvan; Coriolan (Munich, DE), Beck; Reinhard (Munich, DE), Kuerzinger; Alfred (Munich, DE), Puerzer; Albert W. (Munich, DE), Rosenthal; Michael (Munich, DE) Assignee(s): Baerlocher GmbH (Munich, DE) Patent Number: 5,241,094 Date filed: July 21, 1992 Abstract: The invention describes basic calcium aluminum hydroxide dicarboxylates of the general formulaCa.sub.x Al.sub.2 (OH).sub.2(x+2) A. m H.sub.2 Owhereinx means 2-8,m means 0-12 andA means an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acid anion or combinations thereofand a process for their production.The compounds according to the invention are especially suited as stabilizers for halogen-containing, thermoplastic resins, in particular PVC. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to basic calcium aluminum hydroxide dicarboxylates, a process for their production and their use as stabilizers for halogen-containing, thermoplastic resins, in particular polyvinyl chloride.... Thermoplastic, halogencontaining resins, in particular PVC, are instable to the influence of heat and light. A thermal decomposition of the resin already occurs in the processing of e.g. unstablized PVC. This is manifested in a discolouring of the shaped article and in the deterioration of the mechanical properties. To exclude this disadvantage it is necessary to incorporate heat stabilizers into the resin composition. For this purpose, organic and/or inorganic compounds of the metals lead, barium, cadmium, calcium, tin and zinc are customarily added alone or in combinations. In addition to this, other costabilizers such as epoxides, organic sulphur compounds, polyols and phosphites are still added.... Basic lead compounds are preferably used for stabilizing PVC articles such as tubes, plates, profiles and cable insulations. The most frequently used basic lead compounds are of the sulphate, phosphite or stearate type. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05241094__
•
Beverage compositions comprising palatable calcium and magnesium sources Inventor(s): Nunes; Raul Victorino (Loveland, OH), Elliott; Eric Gregory (Cincinnati, OH), Trout; Lisa Marie (West Chester, OH), Andon; Mark Benson (Fairfield, OH) Assignee(s): The Proctor & Gamble Co. (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 6,616,955 Date filed: January 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes compositions comprising a calcium source and a magnesium source. The compositions are surprisingly palatable when delivered in a fruit juice beverage matrix at amounts which are nutritionally meaningful. In particular, the present invention relates to beverage compositions comprising: (a) a calcium source comprising a form selected from calcium carbonate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof; (b) at least about 20 milligrams of a magnesium source per reference serving of the composition; wherein the compositions are substantially free of milk base solids. In an another embodiment of the present invention, beverage compositions are described, comprising: (a) at least about 50 milligrams of a calcium
296 Calcium
source per reference serving of the composition; (b) at least about 20 milligrams of a magnesium source per reference serving of the composition, wherein the magnesium source comprises a form selected from magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof; wherein the compositions are substantially free of milk base solids. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to beverage compositions comprising a calcium and magnesium source. The beverage compositions are readily incorporated into a daily diet of foods and beverages, and are palatable to the consumer.... Various nutritional products are available in the marketplace, containing numerous vitamins, minerals, or other nutritionals, all of which provide the mammalian system with the essential nutrients for sustaining life and maintaining health. For example, vitamin/mineral supplements, available in tablet or pill form, are particularly prevalent. However, such supplements can be undesirable for various reasons. For example, compliance with a supplement regimen is often compromised, since these supplements are not consistently incorporated into the mammalian diet. Additionally, supplements are often difficult or undesirable to ingest, due to their size, flavor, and/or odor.... Therefore, among other reasons, it is most desirable to incorporate nutritional supplementation within the daily diet of the mammal, i e., within the food and beverage products the mammal regularly consumes. Delivering such supplemented food and beverage products has, in many cases, been an arduous task. This is primarily related to the undesirable flavor profile of the vitamin or mineral used to supplement the product, often compounded by the undesirable color or physical/chemical instability of the vitamin or mineral. and Slimfast.RTM. are advertised to promote nutritional health through the delivery of a convenient, highly nutritional product. In products containing milk base solids, such as milks and shakes, efficient flavor masking by the milk base solids allows extensive supplementation of the product. That is, the undesirable flavor of the vitamin or mineral is effectively masked due to the heavy flavor or other character of the delivery vehicle. In such cases, providing vitamin or mineral supplements having an optimized flavor profile may not be important. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06616955__ •
Bimolecular coated calcium carbonate and process of production thereof Inventor(s): Nover; Christoph (Rheinberg, DE), Dillenburg; Helmut (Rheinberg, DE) Assignee(s): Solvay Soda Deutschland GmbH (Hannover, DE) Patent Number: 6,342,100 Date filed: March 3, 2000 Abstract: Bimolecular coated calcium carbonate and a process for controlled surface treatment of calcium carbonate according to which an amount of coating determined from the mean particle diameter (dp) of the calcium carbonate is contacted with the calcium carbonate particles. The way in which the amount of coating agent is determined enables purposeful control of the properties of the coated calcium carbonate particles to adapt them for use as functional filling materials in different technical applications. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a bimolecularly coated calcium carbonate, as well as to a method for the controlled surface treatment of calcium carbonate.... The use of finely ground limestone or precipitated calcium carbonate as a filler, for example, for rubber, plastics, paper or paints, is known. Likewise, it is known that the dispersibility of the
Patents 297
calcium carbonate particles in or the affinity of the particles towards the substance or the mixture, to which the calcium carbonate is to be added as a filler, can be improved or increased by a surface treatment with, for example, fatty acids or their salts.... The German patent 958 830 describes a method for improving the properties of calcium carbonate, in which the calcium carbonate is ground in the presence of surface-active materials. In order to achieve complete coverage of the calcium carbonate particles, the amount of surface-active materials added can fluctuate appreciably. According to the German patent 958 830, the limits lie between 0.1 and 40% by weight, based on the amount of calcium carbonate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342100__ •
Biomimetic calcium phosphate implant coatings and methods for making the same Inventor(s): Sarangapani; Shantha (Walpole, MA), Calvert; Paul D. (Tucson, AZ) Assignee(s): ICET, Inc. (Norwood, MA) Patent Number: 6,129,928 Date filed: September 4, 1998 Abstract: This invention encompasses porous, nanocrystalline, biomimetic calcium phosphate coatings of the order of 2-30 microns that can be grown on metal implants. The chemical surface treatments and methods for making the calcium phosphate coatings are disclosed. Post treatment with dilute hydrogels such as phema reinforce the inorganic structure and enhance the mechanical strength of the coatings. Methods are also disclosed for adsorbing or covalently attaching growth factor proteins to derivatives of the hydrogel coated calcium phosphate coatings. Such hydrogel reinforced calcium phosphate coatings show equivalent bone tissue growth as the currently used implants and are easily resorbed. This property in combination with the immobilized growth factors is expected to enhance the process of osseointegration of the disclosed coatings. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to calcium phosphate coatings on implants in orthopedic and dental applications.... Metal implants are widely used both in orthopedic hip and knee surgeries and in dental surgery. Over 2 million orthopedic procedures and over 10 million dental implant procedures are performed in the United States every year. Implants fail because of poor osseointegration between the implant and the natural bone. Therefore, for the implants to function successfully, a direct chemical bond between the implant and the bone needs to form rapidly and needs to be retained over many years while the implant is loaded. Metal, however, does not form a direct chemical bond with bone. In order to promote osseointegration between the metal implant and bone, a layer of calcium phosphate ceramic material is coated onto the implants.... In current practice, calcium phosphate coatings are repeatedly applied using the mechanical and physical forces of plasma spraying. This method involves firing high temperature and high energy molten droplets of calcium phosphate at a high velocity onto the surface of the implant where they stick and freeze. Plasma sprayed calcium phosphate coatings have many disadvantages, though. Chief among these drawbacks is the inability to form thin coatings on the order of 25 microns or less. The process generally produces layers that are about 50 microns thick, remain on the implant for very long periods of time, and tend to delaminate under load, resulting in implant loosening. The slow resorption of calcium and the inability of bone cells to penetrate the thick, dense calcium phosphate layer cause the implant and calcium phosphate interface to weaken.
298 Calcium
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06129928__ •
Blends of calcium carbonate and LLDPE Inventor(s): Crotty; Vincent J. (Wall, NJ), Firdaus; Vaseem (Somerset, NJ), Puterbaugh; Frank Herbert (Phillipsburg, NJ) Assignee(s): Mobil Oil Corporation (Fairfax, VA) Patent Number: 5,922,800 Date filed: January 31, 1995 Abstract: Film forming blends, and films thereof, comprise copolymers of ethylene and alpha-olefins of 4 to 10 carbon atoms (LLDPE) containing up to about 35% of calcium carbonate exhibit excellent film impact properties which are sustained over time, without reduction in modulus or stiffness. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to novel compositions comprising a linear low density copolymer of ethylene and a an olefin containing 4 to 10 carbon atoms (LLDPE), and to films of improved properties formed from such compositions. Also included in the invention is the process of forming blown films from such compositions which results in films of improved impact strength, with retention of stiffness properties.... Impact properties of film of linear low density polyethylene has been the subject of various patents in the literature, for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,743,649 and 4,957,969. Improvements in impact resistance of linear low density polyethylene has been described to result from blending linear low density polyethylene with impact polystyrene or impact poly(para-methylstyrene). Although the addition of impact polymers can improve impact properties of LLDPE film, the impact polymers, on addition to LLDPE, can reduce the stiffness (modulus) of the resulting film. In the literature, the use of microtalc has been described to act as an antiblocking agent in LLDPE production. However, such use of microtalc as an antiblocking agent has also been reported to result in decrease in impact properties of the resulting LLDPE film.... Various additives to increase impact strength of LLDPE do not have a sustained effect; that is, the initial effect of those impact strength enhancer additives tends to decrease as a function of time. Moreover, the impact strength enhancers tend to reduce stiffness properties of the product. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05922800__
•
Bone prosthesis material containing calcium carbonate particles dispersed in a bioresorbable polymer matrix Inventor(s): Christel; Pascal (Paris, FR), Li; Su M. (Montpellier, FR), Vert; Michel (Mont Saint-Aignan, FR), Patat; Jean-Louis (Paris, FR) Assignee(s): INOTEB (Saint Gonnery, FR) Patent Number: 5,433,751 Date filed: April 1, 1993 Abstract: Bioresorbable bone prosthesis material containing particles of calcium carbonate, originating, for example, from coral skeleton, dispersed within a polymer matrix, the said particles being smaller than 1 mm in size and representing from 40 to 70% of the total weight, and the said polymer being a bioresorbable polymer.
Patents 299
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bioresorbable bone prosthesis material containing calcium carbonate particles dispersed within a bioresorbable polymer matrix.... It is known that some polymers, such as aliphatic polyesters, and especially those derived from lactic and glycolic acids, have been recommended as bioresorbable materials, for example in surgery, for the production of suture threads or of osteosynthesis items (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,739,773 and 3,867,190 and Patents FR 2,364,644 and 2,439,003), or alternatively in pharmacology for the production of a system for the controlled release of active principles (see, for example, Patent FR 2,070,153). They are bioresorbable synthetic polymers, that is to say they are gradually degraded in the body and eliminated via the natural routes. Their degradation products, for example lactic and glycolic acids, are normal metabolites and are hence fully tolerated by the living milieu.... In Patent FR 2,460,657, the use has been described of calcium carbonate, in particular in the form of solid items, in the production of biodegradable implants which can be used as bone prosthesis items. Such implants, produced, for example, from skeletons of natural coral, are well-tolerated, and their gradual degradation takes place to the benefit of a regrowth of the bone tissue. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05433751__ •
Brazing filler alloy containing calcium Inventor(s): Childree; David L. (Livermore, CA) Assignee(s): Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corporation (Pleasanton, CA) Patent Number: 6,152,354 Date filed: April 8, 1998 Abstract: Minor additions of calcium (Ca) to Al--(1% to 14%) Si filler metals result in larger fillets than conventional Al--Si alloys normally used in the NOCOLOK brazing process. This new filler metal can be clad to 2XXX, 3XXX, 6XXX, and 7XXX series alloys and brazed with a fluoride flux. The filler metal contains between 0.005% Ca to 0.3% Ca. The new filler metal could have up to 0.3% Mg and up to 0.3% Li. Additionally, the brazing process can optionally include an aqueous treatment with a fluoride salt to reduce the need for NOCOLOK fluxing. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to brazing aluminum articles. More specifically, the present invention relates to a specific cladding (filler) alloy and a process for brazing aluminum articles using the clad alloy.... The present invention is a product and process for brazing an aluminum alloy core. The product is an aluminum alloy that comprises between 1.0% (preferably 0.3%) and 0.005% calcium and between 1% and 14% silicon. The present brazing process comprises brazing a calcium and silicon containing aluminum alloy under controlled atmosphere brazing conditions. The present brazing process preferably includes an aqueous fluoridic wash.... Among other factors, it has been discovered that the use of very low levels of calcium in the cladding alloy produces larger fillet areas when used in controlled atmosphere brazing. It has also been discovered that these stronger joints may be produced without using flux if the novel clad alloy is used in combination with an aqueous flouridic treatment. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06152354__
300 Calcium
•
Calcium activation of lipase enzyme in process of pressure splitting glycerides Inventor(s): Wenzel; Jon Douglas (Cincinnati, OH), Anderson; Kevin W. (Indian Springs, OH) Assignee(s): Henkel Corporation (Gulph Mills, PA) Patent Number: 5,968,792 Date filed: December 19, 1996 Abstract: A process for pressure splitting glycerides into fatty acids and glycerols involving the steps of: (a) providing a glyceride feedstock; (b) providing a hydrolytic lipase enzyme; (c) providing an alkaline earth metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, and mixtures thereof; (d) mixing components (a)-(c) in the presence of water and with agitation, at a temperature ranging from about 50 to about 60.degree. C. to form a partially hydrolyzed glyceride feedstock; (e) introducing the partially hydrolyzed glyceride feedstock into a pressure splitter; and (f) splitting the partially hydrolyzed glyceride feedstock in the pressure splitter into carboxylic acids and glycerols. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to improvements in the presplitting of fats and oils by means of lipase hydrolysis utilizing calcium as an activator for lipase.... Fatty acids are carboxylic acids having varying degrees of unsaturation and molecular weight. Fatty acids are used in a wide variety of products, such as in soaps and surfactants, lubricants, paints and coatings, candles, and in a variety of other agricultural, industrial, and personal care products. Glycerine, or 1,2,3-propanetriol, is used as a humectant, plasticizer, emollient, and lubricant in a wide variety of industrial and personal care applications.... Though fatty acids and glycerine have been produced synthetically, a substantial portion of these materials are obtained from naturally derived fats and oils. Fats and oils are also known as triglycerides, which are the reaction products of an alcohol, glycerine, and an acid, the fatty acids discussed above. To produce fatty acids and glycerine from fats and oils, the fat or oil is hydrolyzed or "split", typically by the action of heat and pressure in the presence of water, to break the bonds between the acid and the alcohol. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968792__
•
Calcium agent for plants Inventor(s): Kato; Hitoshi (Niimi, JP), Matsubara; Yorihiki (Okayama, JP), Inoue; Tadashi (Fukuyama, JP) Assignee(s): Bihoku Funka Kogyo Co., Ltd. (Niimi, JP) Patent Number: 5,720,793 Date filed: July 3, 1996 Abstract: An object of this invention is to obtain a calcium agent for plants, which enters into cells of a plant so as to derive the physiological activity basically for DNA and RNA activation and to enhance the absorbability of calcium into the living plant. Therefore, the calcium agent for plants, contains, as main components, water-soluble low molecular weight chitosan having an average molecular weight of 500 to 30000 consisting of chitosan and/or chito-oligosaccharide and/or derivatives thereof, an inorganic substance including calcium element and/or a water-soluble organic
Patents 301
substance including calcium element, and if necessary, water-soluble organic acid. By administering this calcium agent, lime deficiency diseases of plants can be prevented. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium agent for plants, which enters into cells of a plant so as to derive the physiological activity basically for DNA and RNA activation and to enhance the absorbability of calcium into the living plant.... In culture of vegetables and fruit trees, calcareous fertilizers are used for the purpose of soil improvement in a wide range, including neutralization of acid soil, supplying lime, increasing the fertility maintenance capacity of soil, increasing microbial activity, promoting decomposition of organic substances, formation of soil nodules, and so forth.... As a calcareous fertilizer, there are quick lime, slaked lime, a calcium carbonate fertilizer, a shell fossil fertilizer, a by-product lime fertilizer, and a mixed lime fertilizer, which are specified in the official standard. Further, as a fertilizer allowed to contain a calcareous fertilizer or gypsum, there are lime nitrogen, a phosphatic fertilizer from prepared slug, a processed bittern potassic fertilizer, a potassium silicate fertilizer, superphosphate of lime, double superphosphate of lime, a complex fertilizer, a mixed fertilizer, and so forth. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05720793__ •
Calcium and trace mineral supplements comprising estrogen Inventor(s): Saltman; Paul D. (La Jolla, CA), Smith; Kenneth T. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,232,709 Date filed: May 13, 1992 Abstract: Nutritional mineral supplements comprising calcium citrate malate and salts of manganese, copper and zinc are disclosed. These supplements, which provide at least 25% RDA of the minerals, are used in addition to the normal diet. These supplements are useful for increasing bone growth and for treating age-related bone loss in humans and animals. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to nutritional improvements in calcium supplements containing trace minerals, in particular copper, manganese and zinc. These supplements are useful for increasing bone growth and treating age-related bone loss. They can be used in conjunction with foods and beverages or taken as an oral solid or liquid supplement. The invention also relates to a method of building bone or treating bone loss in osteoporosis patients and post-menopausal women.... Vitamin and mineral supplements for human and veterinary use are commonplace. Some diets, heavy physical exercise and disease conditions may require the intake of considerable quantities of minerals apart from those generally obtained through what otherwise would be considered a normal diet. Calcium and trace mineral supplementation is important primarily for those who have inadequate diets, including growing children. Older adults have an additional need for calcium to help prevent the bone loss which occurs as a normal consequence of the aging process. In particular, postmenopausal women need additional calcium due to hormonal changes which can accelerate the bone loss rate leading to a further diminishment in bone mass.... The trace minerals which affect bone growth are copper, zinc and manganese. Supplementation of the diet with these minerals along with a highly bioavailable source of calcium is highly desirable. Commercially available mineral supplements are useful in many circumstances where increased mineral intake is desirable. Most of these multi-vitamin and multi-mineral
302 Calcium
tablets are low in calcium, requiring separate supplementation with calcium sources. In addition, not all calcium sources are equal in terms of bioavailability and absorption. It would be more convenient if all of the minerals could be administered conjointly in a convenient and/or pleasant tasting form which would not require extra attention, planning and implementation by the user. This could be done in the form of foods and beverages as well as in the form of tablets. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05232709__ •
Calcium and vitamin C containing beverage products with improved color stability Inventor(s): Dake; Timothy W. (Cincinnati, OH), Kearney; Donald R. (Fairfield, OH), Kirksey; Sanford T. (Forest Park, OH), Meyer; Larry E. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Proctor & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,424,082 Date filed: March 3, 1994 Abstract: The present invention relates to beverage compositions containing calcium and Vitamin C, exhibiting reduced browning. The beverage compositions comprise:a) from about 50 ppm to about 2000 ppm ascorbic acid;b) from about 100 ppm to about 2,000 ppm erythorbic acid;c) From about 0.03% to about 0.19% calcium;d) a pH control system comprising an acidic buffering component, such that the pH of the composition is from about 3.1 to about 4.5;e) from 0% to about 60% of a flavoring system;f) an effective amount of a sweetening component; andg) water. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium and Vitamin C containing beverages.... Vitamin and mineral supplements are recognized to be important primarily for those who have inadequate diets, including children. In order to alleviate the problem of improper diet, it has become common practice to supplement the diet with essential nutrients, such as by the use of vitamin pills, fortified beverages, and the like.... Of the several known vitamins and minerals, calcium and Vitamin C are recognized to be important. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) is considered one of the most essential since it plays an important role in collagen formation, teeth and bone formation and repair, and the prevention of scurvy. Ascorbic acid is found naturally in many fruits and vegetables, but the vitamin is water soluble and thus is not stored in the body for any appreciable period of time. For these reasons, ascorbic acid is commonly included in various fortified beverages now being marketed so that it may be consumed on a daily basis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05424082__
•
Calcium and/or magnesium hydroxide, and preparation and use thereof Inventor(s): Dumont; Philippe A. (Auderghem, BE), Goffin; Robert (Trooz, BE) Assignee(s): Lhoist Researche et Developpement S.A. (BE) Patent Number: 5,705,141 Date filed: January 18, 1996 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of a special calcium and/or magnesium hydroxide in which CaO and/or MgO is reacted with water in the presence of an additive selected among ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene
Patents 303
glycol, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and mixtures thereof, the weight ratio additive to CaO and/or MgO being greater than 0.002:1. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a special calcium and/or magnesium hydroxide.... The invention relates also to a method for the preparation of a special calcium and/or magnesium hydroxide, in which CaO and/or MgO is reacted with water in presence of an additive selected among ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, monoethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and mixtures thereof, the weight ratio additive to CaO and/or MgO being greater than 0.002:1.... A further object of the invention is a composition containing said special calcium and/or magnesium hydroxide, a method for the preparation thereof and uses thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05705141__ •
Calcium antagonists for treatment of vascular restenosis Inventor(s): Pershadsingh; Harrihar A. (Bakersfield, CA), Kurtz; Theodore W. (Mill Valley, CA) Assignee(s): The Regents of The University of California (Oakland, CA) Patent Number: 5,866,595 Date filed: November 10, 1994 Abstract: According to the present invention, compounds selected from the thiozole class of organic molecules are employed as antagonists for receptor-operated ion channels (ROICs) useful in the treatment of a variety of disease states in which ROICs are implicated. ROICs of particular interest are receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs). Compounds of particular interest with respect to the subject invention are compounds of the thiazolidinedione class of organic molecules, more particularly ciglitazone. Disease states in which particular utility is expected include vasculoproliferative diseases such as atherosclerosis, restenosis following angioplasty, and other conditions in which PDGF is known to play a role. The utility of the present invention with respect to further studies on the operation of ROICs and ROCCs and their role in disease will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to the treatment of disease and, more particularly, to the treatment of diseases associated with receptor-operated calcium channels, including the treatment of hypertension, atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, thrombosis, vasospasm, and the consequences of these conditions.... Agonist-mediated increases in intracellular calcium in mammalian cells can occur via multiple mechanisms, most notably increased conductance of Ca.sup.2+ ions through voltageoperated calcium channels (VOCCs) and receptor-operated calcium channels (ROCCs), both being located in the plasma membrane.... The VOCCs were the first identified in cardiac muscle and their characterization were greatly facilitated by the discovery of the highly sensitive and specific dihydropyridine antagonists. Fleckenstein et al., Am. J. Cardiol. (1987)59:177B-187B. These channels occur primarily in so-called electrically excitable cells and have been studied extensively in cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle. Channel opening, or more precisely, the probability that specified numbers of calcium channels are biophysically in the open state, is directly related to the potential difference across the plasma membrane. Depolarization increases the probability of the existence of VOCCs in the open state, whereas hyperpolarization results in the opposite, that VOCCs are likely to be closed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05866595__
304 Calcium
•
Calcium assimilation accelerator and calcium-supplementing diet comprising and a method for accelerating calcium assimilation Inventor(s): Takase; Sachiko (Shizuoka, JP), Goda; Toshinao (Shimizu, JP), Unno; Takehiro (Fuji, JP), Nakakuki; Teruo (Mishima, JP) Assignee(s): Nihon Shokuhin Kako Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,248,347 Date filed: April 12, 1999 Abstract: Disclosed are an assimilation accelerator which contains.beta.glucooligosaccharide as an active ingredient, a calcium-supplementing diet which contains.beta.-glucooligosaccharide and a calcium material, and a method for accelerating calcium assimilation using the calcium assimilation accelerator. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium assimilation accelerator containing.beta.-glucooligosaccharide as an active ingredient, a calcium-supplementing diet containing it, and a method for accelerating calcium assimilation.....beta.Glucooligosaccharide is a compound composed of.beta.-glucoside bonds, and a saccharide obtained by.beta.-1,6 bonding and/or.beta.-1,4 bonding of glucoses. It has been known that since these.beta.-glucbside bonds can not be decomposed by internal enzymes, they can be utilized as a low calorie sugar, and accordingly they can be utilized as additives for various diets or refreshments.... Further, in JP-A-3-262460 filed by the present applicant, it has been found that.beta.-glucooligosaccharide has a growing or proliferation effect on bifidobacteria and lactic-acid bacteria, and an intestinal flora (bacteria flora in intestine) improver comprising.beta.glucooligosaccharide is disclosed. Furthermore, since.beta.-glucooligosaccharide is rich in moisture retention property, its effects on not only a humectant for foods, but also a crystal inhibitor, a glazing agent, an excipient and the like have been recognized, and it can be utilized for medicines. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06248347__
•
Calcium binding protein Inventor(s): Tang; Y. Tom (San Jose, CA), Guegler; Karl J. (Menlo Park, CA), Corley; Neil C. (Mountain View, CA), Gorgone; Gina A. (Boulder Creek, CA) Assignee(s): Incyte Genomics, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) Patent Number: 6,365,371 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: The invention provides a human calcium binding protein (hCBP) and polynucleotides which identify and encode hCBP. The invention also provides expression vectors, host cells, antibodies, agonists, and antagonists. The invention also provides methods for diagnosing, treating, or preventing disorders associated with expression of hCBP. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a calcium binding protein and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, reproductive disorders, immune disorders, and developmental disorders.... In nearly all eukaryotic cells, calcium (Ca.sup.2+) functions as an
Patents 305
intracellular signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes including cell proliferation, neurotransmitter secretion, glycogen metabolism, and skeletal muscle contraction. Within a resting cell, the concentration of Ca.sup.2+ in the cytosol is extremely low, <10.sup.-7 M. However, when the cell is stimulated by an external signal, such as a neural impulse or a growth factor, the cytosolic concentration of Ca.sup.2+ increases by about 50-fold. This influx of Ca.sup.2+ is caused by the opening of plasma membrane Ca.sup.2+ channels and the release of Ca.sup.2+ from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Ca.sup.2+ directly activates regulatory enzymes, such as protein kinase C, which trigger signal transduction pathways. Ca.sup.2+ also binds to specific Ca.sup.2+ -binding proteins (CBPs) such as calmodulin (CaM) which then activate multiple target proteins including enzymes, membrane transport pumps, and ion channels. CaM is the most widely distributed and the most common mediator of calcium effects and appears to be the primary sensor of Ca.sup.2+ changes in eukaryotic cells. The binding of Ca.sup.2+ to CaM induces marked conformational changes in the protein permitting interaction with, and regulation of over 100 different proteins. CaM interactions are involved in a multitude of cellular processes including but not limited to, gene regulation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, mitosis, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal organization, muscle contraction, signal transduction, ion homeostasis, exocytosis, and metabolic regulation (Celio, M. R. et al. (1996) Guidebook to Calciumbinding Protein, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 15-20).... A novel mouse gene named MO25, expressed during early stages of development, has recently been identified and is believed to encode a CBP. The Drosophila equivalent of MO25, DMO25, encodes a polypeptide of 339 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 39.3 kDa. The novel CBP was found to be conserved among Drosophila, mouse, and yeast. In particular, the carboxy-terminal region of the protein is highly conserved among these species. A homology search revealed that the amino acid sequence of MO25 and DMO25 is similar to a protein encoded in an open reading frame near the calcineurin B subunit gene on chromosome XI in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Calcineurin B is the small Ca.sup.2+ -binding regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a CaM-regulated protein phosphatase. The conservation of the MO25 and DMO25 gene structure among species and the wide tissue expression profile indicates that the function of the gene is likely to be fundamental in many cell types as well as during development (Nozaki, M. et al. (1996) DNA Cell Biol. 15:505-509; and Miyamoto, H. et al. (1993) Mol. Reprod. Dev. 34:1-7). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06365371__ •
Calcium binding proteolipid compositions and methods Inventor(s): Boyan; Barbara D. (San Antonio, TX), Dijk; Simon Van (San Antonio, TX), Dean; David D. (San Antonio, TX) Assignee(s): Board of Regents, The University of Texas System (Austin, TX) Patent Number: 6,444,446 Date filed: November 23, 1999 Abstract: The invention relates to the cloning and sequencing of the DNA encoding a membrane associated proteolipid from C. matruchotii that is capable of inducing in vitro calcium binding. A proteolipid was extracted from cultures of C. matruchotii and separated into a lipid component and three apoproteins having molecular weights of approximately 5.0, 5.5 and 7.5 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE. The invention also
306 Calcium
includes the polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against the membrane associated proteolipid and immunological assays developed with these antibodies. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fields of protein chemistry and immunology; in particular to the isolation and characterization of new calcium binding proteolipids, the encoding DNA and to methods of using the novel proteins for detection of calcifying bacteria in various pathological conditions such as dental calculus and heart valve calcification.... Numerous studies have implicated oral bacteria in the etiology of transient bacteremia and endocarditis (Everett and Hirschmann, 1977). In particular, some studies have indicated that C. matruchotii may play a role in the occurrence of bacterial endocarditis and in the calcification of bicuspid heart valves (Cohen et al., 1992; lakovidis et al., 1992).... Corynebacterium matruchotii is a microbial inhabitant of the oral cavity associated with dental calculus formation. As early as 1925, C. matruchotii (previously known as Leptothrix buccalis and Bacterionema matruchotii) was shown to be present in calcified deposits scraped from teeth (Bulleid, 1925). Subsequently it was demonstrated that these calcium phosphate containing deposits were due to bacteria in the dental calculus and that their production was regulated by various environmental factors (Ennever, 1960; Wasserman et al., 1958; Zander et al., 1960). At the light and electron microscopic level, mineralization in these bacteria has been found to occur either intracellularly, as in Actinomyces israeli, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sanguis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, and some strains of C. matruchotii, or extracellularly, as in Veillonella and the diphtheroids (Ennever et al., 1974; Lie and Selvig, 1974; Rizzo et al., 1962; Streckfuss et al., 1974; Wasserman et al., 1958). The mineralized deposits produce electron diffraction patterns similar to that found in mammalian bone (Boyan-Salyers et al., 1978b; Ennever et al., 1971; Gonzales and Sognnaes, 1960). Also similarly to bone formation (Anderson, 1969), initial deposition of hydroxyapatite in calcifying bacteria has been associated with membranes (Ennever et al., 1968; Ennever et al., 1971; Vogel and Smith, 1976) or membrane components (Boyan and Boskey, 1984; Boyan-Salyers et al., 1978b; Boyan-Salyers and Boskey, 1980; Ennever et al., 1972; Ennever et al., 1976; Ennever et al., 1979). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06444446__ •
Calcium borate overbased silicylate as an additive for petroleum products Inventor(s): Inoue; Kiyoshi (Hiratsuka, JP) Assignee(s): Nippon Oil Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,380,508 Date filed: August 26, 1993 Abstract: This invention provides a calcium borate overbased salicylate as an additive for petroleum products which has been overbased with meta-calcium borate having a particle diameter of not larger than 200 angstrom, said meta-calcium borate being prepared by two steps of (1) reacting a mixture of (A) 100 parts by weight of oil-soluble calcium salicylate, (B) 10 to 200 parts by weight, of calcium hydroxide or oxide, (C) 1.5 to 2.5 moles, per mole of said component B, of orthoboric acid, (D) 60 to 200 parts by weight of an alkanol of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, (E) 1 to 40 parts by weight of water and (F) 40 to 1000 parts by weight of a diluent which is a nonpolar organic solvent having a boiling point of 60.degree. C. or higher, at a temperature of from 20.degree. to 120.degree. C. for 2 to 8 hours, and then (2) heating the reaction mixture to 100.degree. to 200.degree. C. thereby to remove the water therefrom by distillation.
Patents 307
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a calcium borate overbased salicylate for use as an additive for petroleum products and more particularly to a calcium borate overbased salicylate having extremely fine meta-calcium borate particles with a particle diameter of not more than 200 angstrom are uniformly dispersed therein and exhibiting excellent performances as a multifunctional additive for petroleum products.... A boron compound serves to improve the oxidation stability, rust-preventing properties, friction reducing properties and extreme pressure properties of a lubricating oil. Further, it has recently been found that an alkaline earth borate has excellent acid neutralizing properties and excellent hydrolytic stability when compared with conventional calcium carbonate. Under such circumstances, many research workers have attempted to incorporate stably a boron compound in the form of an alkaline earth metal borate in a lubricating oil. Especially, processes for stabilizing an alkaline earth metal borate in the form of ultramicroparticles in an oil by using a metallic detergent, for example, an alkaline earth metal sulfonate or an alkaline earth metal salicylate as a protective colloid have been studied.... For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,679,584 discloses a process comprising reacting an overbased alkaline earth metal carbonate, namely, an overbased alkaline earth metal sulfonate with boric acid and an alkaline earth metal hydroxide in a mineral oil or a diluent by heating lo while blowing carbon dioxide into the reaction system. Further, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,829,381, 4,744,920, etc., disclose processes comprising reacting an overbased alkaline earth metal sulfonate with boric acid in a mineral oil. Furthermore. U.S. Pat. No. 4,539,126 discloses a process for reacting an alkaline earth metal carbonate overbased compound, namely, an overbased alkaline earth metal salicylate with boric acid in a diluent by heating. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05380508__ •
Calcium carbide power system with waste energy recovery Inventor(s): Bell; Ealious D. (285 Crosshaven La., San Diego, CA 92139) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,282,900 Date filed: June 27, 2000 Abstract: A calcium carbide based power system for stationary and mobile power plants. The carbide is reacted with water to create heat and acetylene, with the acetylene then being burned to heat a boiler for providing steam to a steam expander. The exhaust of the steam expander is condensed and pumped back into the boiler, first being preheated by a heat exchanger using the heat in burner exhaust gas and then in the carbidewater reactor to further pre-heat the boiler makeup water (steam) and to cool the reactor. The system may limit the excess water required for the carbide-water reactor, and provides recovery of the heat given off in the generation and combustion of the acetylene for maximum system efficiency. The system may further provide for preheating the combustion air with waste heat from the exhaust of the steam expander. The system may further provide for preheating the combustion air with heat from the acetylene produced by the reactor, thereby removing moisture from the acetylene. Dissociated hydrogen may be recovered from the exhaust of the steam expander by cyclonic separation and burned as fuel in the boiler. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of power systems.... The present invention is very adaptable to provide either mechanical or electrical power in both stationary and mobile systems. The preferred embodiments, however, are intended for use in mobile systems, such as in the powering of automobiles, trucks and other
308 Calcium
vehicles. As such, the prior art relating to power plants for such mobile systems and the fuels used therein will be discussed, it being understood however, that the present invention is not so limited in its application.... At the present time, a very large majority of vehicles in day-to-day operation contain internal combustion engines operating on some suitable hydrocarbon fuel. Of these, most operate on gasoline, while smaller numbers operate on diesel fuels and liquid propane. These fuels, however, are becoming increasingly expensive, are subject to supply limitations by foreign powers, and would appear to be nearly exhaustible in supply in the not too distant future. Accordingly, it would be desirable to develop other propulsion systems based on other fuels or other sources of energy more readily available and not as subject to control by foreign powers. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06282900__ •
Calcium carbonate beneficiation Inventor(s): Newman; Thomas C. (Hinsdale, IL), Mehaffey; Joseph L. (Lockport, IL) Assignee(s): Akzo America Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 4,995,965 Date filed: October 25, 1989 Abstract: A process for purifying calcium carbonate ore by the removal of silicate impurities from the ore by reverse flotation. The process achieves high yields and low Acid Insoluble content of the calcium carbonate product by employing novel collectors. These novel collectors which characterize the invention comprise organo-nitrogen compounds including hydroxypropylated quaternary ammonium compound, unsymmetrical dialkyl dimethyl quaternary ammonium compounds and dialkyl hexahydropyrimidine compounds. Excerpt(s): Calcium carbonate (calcite) is found in limestone rock along with various mineral impurities, particularly silicates such as, quartz, mica, feldspar, etc. The most common known methods for separating the calcite from the mineral impurities involve physical separations whereby the limestone rock is first ground and slurried and the ground material is subject to floatation by employing some means which selectively imparts hydrophobicity to certain of the components of the rock to enable such components to be floated away. In the reverse flotation process it is the impurities which are floated away from the calcite.... Means to provide hydrophobicity to the impurities in the reverse flotation process are numerous and well known to the art, including, from U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,966 to Stanley et al, 1-hydroxyetyl-2-heptadecenyl glyoxalidin, 1hydroxyethyl-2-alkylimidazolines and salt derivations of the imidazoline. Canadian Publication No. 1187212 discloses, the following quaternary amines or salts thereof for use as collectors: dimethyl dialkyl with the alkyl groups containing 8 to 16 carbon atoms and being optionally unsaturated and optionally branched; and dimethyl alkyl benzyl with the alkyl containing 10 to 22 carbon atoms and being a normal aliphatic; and bisimidazoline containing 12 to 18 carbon atoms in optionally unsaturated normal alkyls.... Another collector in common use is a combination of N-tallow-1,3-diaminopropane diacetate (Duomac T) and a tertiary amine having one long carbon chain alkyl group and two polyoxyethylene groups attached to the nitrogen (Ethomeen 18/60). The latter compound serves as a dispersant. A significant disadvantage to the use of this combination is that both compounds of the combination are high melting points solids and to be used must be dispersed in water with a high energy blender and/or heating and then mixed so as to remain in suspension.
Patents 309
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04995965__ •
Calcium carbonate in a platelet-like particulate form and a method for the preparation thereof Inventor(s): Tanaka; Hiroichi (Tokyo, JP), Matsukawa; Masanori (Tokyo, JP), Takeshi; Akira (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Okutama Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,075,093 Date filed: October 3, 1990 Abstract: The invention provides a method for the preparation of a calcium carbonate powder of which the particles have a platelet-like particulate configuration and which is useful as a pigment or filler in various products with superiority to kaolin clays and mica powders. The method is a two-step carbonation method of a milk of lime of which the first step is performed by blowing carbon dioxide into the milk of lime until 10 to 70% of the calcium hydroxide is carbonated and the second step is performed by admixing the thus partially carbonated milk of lime with an aqueous carbonating solution containing an alkali metal carbonate or ammonium carbonate and an alkali metal hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide in specified concentrations to complete the carbonation of the calcium hydroxide. The first step carbonation is preferably preceded by a pretreatment of the milk of lime in which the milk of lime is subjected to shearing disintegration of the calcium hydroxide particles to cause a substantial increase of the viscosity up to a specified extent. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium carbonate powder in a platelet-like particulate form and a method for the preparation thereof. More particularly, the invention relates to a powder of calcium carbonate of which each of the particles has a flat platelet-like configuration and a method for the preparation of such a powder of calcium carbonate by the synthetic method of the carbonation of a milk of lime.... Needless to say, the demand for natural and synthetic calcium carbonate powders is rapidly growing in recent years in various fields of industry including paper making, processing of rubbers and plastics, preparation of inks, paints and many other useful products by virtue of the excellent whiteness as a pigment and reinforcing effect as a filler to impart mechanical strengths and abrasion resistance to the above named materials.... As is known, powders of synthetic calcium carbonate are usually prepared by introducing carbon dioxide gas into a milk of lime to effect the reaction of calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide precipitating calcium carbonate in a powdery form. The particulate configuration of the calcium carbonate powder obtained in such a method of carbonation of a milk of lime is usually spindle-like, cube-like or needle-like. Presumably this is the reason for the inferiority of conventional calcium carbonate powders in connection with the smoothness and luster of the surface and the mechanical strengths of the materials impregnated with the powder as a pigment or filler in comparison with kaolin clay, mica and other inorganic powders having a platelet-like particuLate configuration although calcium carbonate powders are preferred when in high whiteness and large ink absorption are desired. Accordingly, the application fields of the conventional calcium carbonate powders are under considerable limitations in this regard. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05075093__
310 Calcium
•
Calcium carbonate pigments for coating paper and paper board Inventor(s): Brown; Alan J. (Vancouver, WA) Assignee(s): Columbia River Carbonates (Woodland, WA) Patent Number: 5,676,747 Date filed: December 29, 1995 Abstract: A method for producing structured calcium carbonate pigments for coating paper is disclosed. An aqueous slurry of anionically dispersed calcium carbonate particles is formed at 1 to 30 percent solids. A low-molecular-weight cationically charged aggregating agent is then added to the slurry to selectively aggregate fine and ultra-fine particles. The resultant aggregates are of larger mean particle size than the mixture of particles in the original slurry and contain little or no fine and colloidal particles. The net charge present on the aggregated particles is lower than that of the original mineral particles. The low solids suspension of the aggregated mineral particles is then dewatered, or increased in solids to form a slurry with a solids content greater than 60 percent by weight. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns a method for forming pigments for coating cellulosic products and products made using the pigments.... Mineral pigments such as kaolin, calcium carbonate, talc and titanium dioxide are often used for coating paper and paper board. Aqueous slurries of mixtures of some or all of these minerals are applied to the paper or paper board surface as a "coating color." When the coating dries it provides improved surface properties such as enhanced smoothness and gloss. Typically coatings are applied at high machine speeds that necessitate rapid drying of the applied coating color. Thus, the coating pigment should preferably possess good high-shear rheological properties.... The properties which render a mineral, or pigment, of value as a coating pigment are low abrasion, high brightness and opacifying characteristics. The low abrasion is significant in order to assure that the resultant paper product can be manufactured with conventional machinery. The brightness and opacifying characteristics are important in producing quality cellulosic products. Good quality cellulosic products incorporate whiteness, high opacity, and an optimum bulk/weight ratio. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05676747__
•
Calcium carbonate precipitation method Inventor(s): Ramsay; James Ian (Randburg, ZA) Assignee(s): Pretoria Portland Cement Company Limited (Johannesburg, ZA), Gomersall; John Edward (Sandton, ZA) Patent Number: 6,036,933 Date filed: October 22, 1997 Abstract: A method for producing precipitated calcium carbonate by reacting an aqueous solution of calcium nitrate [Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2 ] with an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate [(NH.sub.4).sub.2 CO.sub.3 ] and allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate from the resultant mixture containing nitrate [NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 ] in the mother liquor, the process being characterized in that: (i) the calcium nitrate [Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2)] solution utilized in the processes is prepared by slaking lime [CaO] in water in the presence of ammonium nitrate [NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 ] to form
Patents 311
calcium nitrate [Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2 ] and ammonium hydroxide [NH.sub.4 OH] in solution, filtering the solution to render it solids free, and heating the filtrate to dissociate the ammonium hydroxide [NH.sub.4 OH] and to drive ammonia gas [NH.sub.3 ] from the solution; (ii) the ammonium carbonate (NH.sub.4).sub.2 CO.sub.3 solution utilized is prepared by absorbing ammonia gas [NH.sub.3 ] and carbon dioxide gas [CO.sub.2 ] in water, the ammonia gas preferably being derived from the step in (i) above in which the Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2 solution is heated; and (iii) the ammonium nitrate used is derived from the precipitation phase during which calcium carbonate is precipitated from the mother liquor containing ammonium nitrate. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to methods for producing crystalline materials by precipitation. According to one aspect of the invention it relates to the production of precipitated calcium carbonate. The invention thus relates particularly, but not exclusively, to the production of high purity calcium carbonate from relatively impure calcium source material.... Calcium carbonate is a natural carbonate which is present in large quantities particularly in calcitic and dolomitic limestone. In raw impure form these products are used in various industries including the mining and cement industries. In purified crystalline form calcium carbonate is used in the production of paint, in toothpaste, paper coating and sizing and as an acid neutraliser or as a filler in pharmaceutical products, amongst other applications.... Despite the natural abundance of calcium carbonate as such pure calcium carbonate is a relatively expensive product due to the difficulties and expenses associated with conventional purification methods. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06036933__ •
Calcium carbonate scale inhibitor having organophosphonate, water soluble acrylic or maleic copolymer and citric acid Inventor(s): Nakanishi; Keisho (Nara, JP), Okuma; Masatsune (Kyoto, JP), Katayama, deceased; Sakae (late of Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Katayama Chemical, Incorporated (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,259,985 Date filed: August 26, 1991 Abstract: A scale inhibitor for a calcium-type scale, which includes ingredients of:(a) an organophosphonic acid or its salt having an scale inhibiting activity;(b) a water-soluble acrylic acid-type or maleic acid-type polymer constituted by at least two kinds of monomer unit composed of a vinyl monomer having a carboxyl group or another polar group; and(c) citric acid or its salt. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a scale inhibitor for calcium-type scales, and more particularly to a scale inhibitor useful for preventing the occurrence of calcium carbonate-type scales in various aqueous systems having a calcium hardness.... In various aqueous systems for industrial use, especially in such systems for boilers or cooling units, formed is a calcium-type scale of which main component is calcium carbonate originated from a hardness-causing component and carbonate ion present in water. Such a scale is deposited over heat transfer surfaces of the above aqueous systems thereby lowering the heat transfer efficiency thereof. Accordingly, it is desired to prevent or inhibit the occurrence of the scale.... In view of the above, a formulation known as a scale inhibitor has conventionally been used as additive to the aqueous systems for preventing or inhibiting the occurrence of the calcium-type scale. Specifically, there have been proposed for a relatively long time various formulations
312 Calcium
such as of polyacrylic acid-type copolymers, organophosphonic acids, organic chelating agents or the like. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05259985__ •
Calcium carbonate, calcium carbonate pigment, process for preparing same, coating composition for information recording paper and information recording paper Inventor(s): Tsukisaka; Ryogo (Takarazuka, JP), Kondo; Satoshi (Nishinomiya, JP), Kaneguchi; Toshio (Kobe, JP), Deguchi; Takashi (Nishinomiya, JP) Assignee(s): Shiraishi Central Laboratories Co., Ltd. (Hyogo, JP) Patent Number: 5,007,964 Date filed: January 13, 1989 Abstract: Disclosed is a calcium carbonate which is 25 to 55 m.sup.2 /g in BET specific surface area, 5 to 110 in the ratio of BET specific surface area (m.sup.2 /g)/mean particle size (.mu.m), at least 120 ml/100 g in oil absorption as determined by the Ogura method and at least 1.8 g/g in water absorption, and process for preparing the same. The calcium carbonate is formulated into a coating composition for forming a heat-sensitive recording layer or intermediate layer of a heat-sensitive recording paper or for forming an ink-jet recording paper. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium carbonate having high ability to absorb oil and water, calcium carbonate pigment having high ability to absorb oil and water, a process for preparing the carbonate or pigment, coating compositions comprising the calcium carbonate for information recording paper, and information recording paper coated with the composition.... Calcium carbonate is widely used as a pigment for papers, coating compositions, inks, etc. and also as a filler for rubbers, plastics, papers, sealing materials, etc. Calcium carbonates include precipitated calcium carbonate and ground calcium carbonate which are up to 10 m.sup.2 /g in BET specific surface area, and fine calcium carbonate in excess of 10 m.sup.2 /g in BET specific surface area. Such calcium carbonates are all up to 60 ml/100 g in oil absorption.... In recent years, calcium carbonate is used also as a pigment for the coating layer of information recording papers such as heat-sensitive recording paper and ink-jet recording paper. When the heat-sensitive recording paper is heated as by the thermal head of a heat-sensitive facsimile system or heat-sensitive printer to develop a color for printing, a higher fatty acid amide or like chromogenic sensitivity adjusting agent adheres to the thermal head as residual matter (hereinafter referred to as "residue") to obscure the printed characters, so that calcium carbonate is incorporated in the coating composition for such paper to inhibit or prevent the adhesion of the residue. Calcium carbonate is incorporated in the coating composition for ink-jet recording paper to cause the paper to rapidly absorb the applied ink, thereby giving improved sharpness to the print and assuring speedy recording. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05007964__
Patents 313
•
Calcium carbonates of altered crystal habit or morphology and methods for producing same Inventor(s): Doxsee; Kenneth M. (Eugene, OR) Assignee(s): State of Oregon acting by and through the Oregon State Board of Higher (Eugene, OR) Patent Number: 5,853,686 Date filed: August 12, 1996 Abstract: Methods are disclosed in which first and second reactant salts and, optionally, a complexing agent are added to a non-aqueous reaction solvent to form a reaction system. The reactant salts, which are substantially soluble and reactive with each other in water to form a first crystallite of calcium carbonate, are present in the reaction solvent in relative amounts that are sufficient to form a desired amount of the calcium carbonate in the reaction system. The complexing agent, if present, is a crown ether or other cyclic or acyclic polydentate chelating agent that, in the reaction solvent, forms chelation complexes with at least one of the reactant salts. Reaction of the first and second reactant salts in the reaction solvent forms a second crystallite precipitate comprising crystals of calcium carbonate having a different habit or morphology from calcium carbonate crystals in the first crystallite that would otherwise be formable in water by reaction of similar amounts of the first and second reactant salts. Excerpt(s): This invention pertains to new crystalline forms of calcium carbonate compounds and methods for their preparation.... Interest in crystallization, and in various ways for altering the shapes and structures of crystals, has a long history because an extraordinary range of physical and chemical properties of crystalline solidstate materials is dictated to a large extent by their crystal form and size. Efforts to modify crystallization processes so as to generate new crystalline forms of substances continue to be of considerable importance for various reasons including, for example, improvement of mass-handling characteristics of particulate materials, production of materials that are stronger or more durable than existing materials, and production of materials having improved physical characteristics such as light transmissivity.... Conventional ways of altering the shape (i.e., the "habit") or the crystal lattice (i.e., the "morphology") of a crystalline material include: (1) using additives (Weissbuch et al., Science 253:637, 1991; Addadi et al., Topics in Stereochem. 16:1, 1986; Addadi et al., Angew. Chem. mnt. Ed. Engl. 24:466, 1985; and Addadi et al., Nature 296:21, 1982); and (2) changing the crystallization solvent (including crystallization from the gas phase) used to dissolve the crystallization solute. Unfortunately, these methods are not universally applicable and frequently do not produce the desired form of a compound. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05853686__
•
Calcium channel.alpha.-2 subunit DNAs and cells expressing them Inventor(s): Ellis; Steven B. (San Diego, CA), Williams; Mark E. (Carlsbad, CA), Harpold; Michael M. (San Diego, CA), Schwartz; Arnold (Cincinnati, OH), Brenner; Robert (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): The Salk Institute Biotechnology/Industrial Associates, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 5,407,820 Date filed: July 13, 1992
314 Calcium
Abstract: Calcium channel.alpha..sub.1 -subunit and.alpha..sub.2 -subunit-encoding cDNAs, and related compositions and methods, are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology.... More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same.... Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multisubunit proteins that allow controlled entry of Ca.sup.+2 ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. All cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05407820__ •
Calcium channel Alpha 2 subunit polypeptides Inventor(s): Ellis; Steven Bradley (San Diego, CA), Williams; Mark E. (Carlsbad, CA), Harpold; Michael Miller (San Diego, CA), Sartor; Jean (San Diego, CA), Brenner; Robert (San Diego, CA) Assignee(s): SIBIA Neurosciences, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 5,710,250 Date filed: May 5, 1995 Abstract:.alpha..sub.1 - and.alpha..sub.2 - protein subunits of voltage-dependent calcium channels are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology.... More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same.... Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multisubunit proteins hat allow controlled entry of Ca.sup.+2 ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. All cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05710250__
•
Calcium channel antagonist possessing an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones and a use thereof Inventor(s): Inoue; Ranko (Tokyo, JP), Inoue; Takeshi (Tokyo, JP), Fujita; Takuo (Kobe, JP), Kudoh; Yoshihisa (Machida, JP), Yamagiwa; Seiichi (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): Fujix Inc. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,475,532 Date filed: December 13, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a calcium channel antagonist effective as a single substance for attaining dual purposes of inhibiting secretion of parathyroid hormones and of promoting absorption and utilization of calcium in human body as well as a process for preparing the calcium channel antagonist. According to the present invention the calcium channel antagonist is prepared by baking a calciferous material of plant origin at a temperature of 500-1000.degree. C. under reduce pressure or vacuum and extracting the baked material with and acidic substance. The calcium channel antagonist may be incorporated with a conventional calcium preparations to enhance bioavailability of
Patents 315
calcium. Further, the calcium channel antagonist of the present invention may be processed to calcium preparations in the form of porous granules. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium channel antagonist capable of inhibiting intrusion of calcium into cells which possesses an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones, an agent (a medicament) for promoting absorption and utlization of calcium into human body as well as a process for preparing the antagonist and the agent and also to a calcium preparation wherein a calcium material has been incorporated with the calcium channel antagonist for enhancing effective utilization of the calcium value. More particularly, the present invention relate to a calcium channel antagonist possessing an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones which comprises an acid extract of a calciferous (calciumcontaining) material of plant origin baked in a specific manner, an agent (medicament) for promoting absorption and utilization of calcium as well as a process for preparation thereof, and a calcium preparation wherein a known calcium preparation has been incorporated with the calcium channel antagonist.... As is evident from the foregoing description, the calcium channel antagonist of the present invention is effective as a single substance for attaining dual purpose of inhibiting secretion of parathyroid hormones and promoting absorption and utilization of calcium in human body.... It is well recognized that calcium is one of the indispensable constituents for the formation of bones and teeth of mammalia including human. In recent years, it has become manifested, not only the above recognition, that calcium is one of the most important nutritive substances sustaining all of the living phenomena. Accordingly, calcium is now being watched among research staffs in the far front of the medical field. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06475532__ •
Calcium channel blockers Inventor(s): Mehanna; Ahmed S. (Sudbury, MA), Kim; Jinyung T. (Boston, MA) Assignee(s): Massachusetts College of Pharmacy (Boston, MA) Patent Number: 6,541,479 Date filed: December 2, 1997 Abstract: The invention involves the identification of a family of compounds which block calcium channels. The compounds can be formulated in pharmaceutical carriers and administered to subjects. The compounds are useful for treating disorders associated with calcium channel activity, such as, cardiovascular diseases, for example hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and angina. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a class of aromatic compounds which are blockers of calcium channels. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions, methods of blocking calcium channels, kits and methods of treatment using the class of compounds described herein, as well as intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of the compounds.... Calcium channel blockers are a chemically diverse class of compounds having important therapeutic value in the control of a variety of diseases including several cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, angina, and cardiac arrhythmias (Fleckenstein, Cir. Res. v. 52, (suppl. 1), p.13-16 (1983); Fleckenstein, Experimental Facts and Therapeutic Prospects, John Wiley, New York (1983); McCall, D., Curr Pract Cardiol, v. 10, p. 1-11 (1985)).... Calcium channel blockers are a heterogenous group of drugs that prevent or slow the entry of calcium into cells by regulating cellular calcium channels. (Remington, The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,
316 Calcium
Nineteenth Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa., p.963 (1995)). The regulation of calcium entry into the cells of the cardiovascular system is of paramount importance to the proper functioning of this system. Cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells have calcium channels within the cell membrane. Calcium influx through these channels initiates a process of electromechanical coupling which ultimately leads to muscle contraction. The ability to regulate the entry of calcium into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells is a powerful therapeutic approach in the treatment of angina and hypertension respectively. Likewise, blocking calcium influx into cardiac tissues and conduction systems provides a useful approach to control certain types of arrhythmia. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541479__ •
Calcium channel transplantation
blockers
to
improve
preservation
of
organs
stored
for
Inventor(s): Thurman; Ronald G. (Chapel Hill, NC), Lemasters; John J. (Chapel Hill, NC) Assignee(s): The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Chapel Hill, NC) Patent Number: 5,484,789 Date filed: October 31, 1989 Abstract: A composition for storing tissue prior to transplantation is disclosed, wherein the tissue storage composition comprises a calcium channel blocker. Also disclosed is a method of storing tissue, comprising contacting the tissue to be stored with an amount of a calcium channel blocker sufficient to reduce tissue injury during storage under conditions such that viability of the tissue is maintained. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a composition for storing tissues prior to transplantation, and a method for storing such tissues. In one embodiment of the invention, the tissues are human tissues.... In perfused rat livers stored in cold EuroCollins solution for 24 hours, hepatic parenchymal cells exclude trypan blue; however, nonparenchymal cells lose viability as quickly as 8 hours upon reperfusion (CaldwellKenkel et al, Transplantation 1988; 5:834). These data have suggested to the present inventors that viability of parenchymal cells in liver grafts prior to transplantation (e.g., assessed from ATP levels measured chemically or by.sup.31 P NMR (Kamike et al, Transplantation 1988; 45:138) is a poor predictor of surgical outcome. Further, it follows from this reasoning that preservation of nonparenchymal cells is critical for successful liver transplantation.... In perfused livers, the injury to non-parenchymal cells following cold storage involves mainly sinusoidal endothelium (Caldwell-Kenkel et al, Hepatology 1989; 10:292). Further, in an in vivo model of liver transplantation, disturbances in the microcirculation and an injury to about 20% of hepatic parenchymal cells has been observed 24 hours postoperatively. However, it was found that the injury to the hepatic parenchymal cells could be prevented almost entirely by rinsing the organ with nitrogen-saturated buffer. Based on the results of these two models, it was concluded that a reperfusion injury occurs in liver transplantation (Thurman et al, Transplantation 1988; 46:502). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05484789__
Patents 317
•
Calcium channel blocking polypeptide from agelenopsis aperta and therapeutic methods employing it Inventor(s): Phillips; Douglas (Gales Ferry, CT), Kelly; Mary E. (Groton, CT), Saccomano; Nicholas A. (Ledyard, CT), Volkmann; Robert A. (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,599,559 Date filed: April 27, 1995 Abstract: A polypeptide isolated from the venom of the Agelenopsis aperta spider blocks calcium channels in cells of various organisms and is useful in blocking such calcium channels in cells per se, in the treatment of calcium channel-mediated diseases and conditions, and in the control of invertebrate pests. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a polypeptide found in the venom of the Agelenopsis aperta spider and to a polypeptide having substantially the same amino acid sequence and substantially the same activity as said polypeptide. The polypeptides and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof block calcium channels in cells including neuronal and muscle cells of various organisms including invertebrates and vertebrates. This invention also relates to the use of said polypeptides and their salts in blocking calcium channels in cells such as cells in the nervous and muscular system of an organism, per se, and in the treatment of calcium channel mediated diseases and conditions in a mammal. Further, this invention relates to compositions comprising said polypeptides and salts thereof.... Compounds which are calcium antagonists have a variety of utilities. Calcium antagonists can find clinical application in the treatment of such conditions as angina, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, supraventricular arrhythmias, aesophogeal achalasia, premature labor and Raynaud's disease among others. See W. G. Nayler, Calcium Antagonists, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, N.Y. 1988, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Further, such compounds are useful in the study of the physiology of cells such as neuronal and muscle cells.... Other polypeptides isolated from Agelenopsis aperta are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,596. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05599559__
•
Calcium channel blocking polypeptides from filistata hibernalis Inventor(s): Nason, II; Deane M. (Norwich, CT), Heck; Steven D. (Groton, CT), Ronau; Robert T. (Gales Ferry, CT), Saccomano; Nicholas A. (Ledyard, CT), Volkmann; Robert A. (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,804,554 Date filed: May 3, 1995 Abstract: Polypeptides isolated from the venom of the Filistata hibernalis spider block calcium channels in cells of various organisms and are useful in blocking said calcium channels in cells, per se, in the treatment of calcium channel-mediated diseases and conditions and in the control of invertebrate pests. Excerpt(s): This is a national stage application, filed pursuant to 35 U.S.C..sctn.371, of PCT international application Ser. No. PCT/US93/03921, filed Apr. 30, 1993, published as WO93/23428 Nov. 25, 1993.... This invention relates to polypeptides found in the
318 Calcium
venom of the Filistata hibernalis spider and to polypeptides. having substantially the same amino acid sequence and substantially the same activity as said polypeptides. The polypeptides and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof block calcium channels in cells including neuronal and muscle cells of various organisms including invertebrates and vertebrates. This invention also relates to the use of said polypeptides and their salts in blocking calcium channels in cells such as cells in the nervous and muscular system of an organism, per se, and in the treatment of calcium channel mediated diseases and conditions in a mammal. Further, this invention relates to compositions comprising said polypeptides and salts thereof.... Compounds which are calcium antagonists have a variety of utilities. Calcium antagonists can find clinical application in the treatment of such conditions as angina, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, supraventricular arrhythmias, aesophogeal achalasia, premature labor and Raynaud's disease among others. See W. G. Nayler, Calcium Antagonists, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, N.Y. 1988, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Further, such compounds are useful in the study of the physiology of cells such as neuronal and muscle cells. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05804554__ •
Calcium channel blocking polypeptides from Heteropoda venatoria Inventor(s): Kelbaugh; Paul R. (Niantic, CT), Saccomano; Nicholas A. (Ledyard, CT), Volkmann; Robert A. (Mystic, CT) Assignee(s): Pfizer Inc. (New York, NY) Patent Number: 5,627,154 Date filed: April 27, 1995 Abstract: Polypeptides isolated from the venom of the Heteropoda venanoria spider block calcium channels in cells of various organisms and are useful in blocking said calcium channels in cells, per se, in the treatment of calcium channel-mediated diseases and conditions and in the control of invertebrate pests. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to polypeptides found in the venom of the Heteropoda venatoria spider and to polypeptides having substantially the same amino acid sequence and substantially the same activity as said polypeptides. The polypeptides and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof block calcium channels in cells including neuronal and muscle cells of various organisms including invertebrates and vertebrates, This invention also relates to the use of said polypeptides and their salts in blocking calcium channels in cells such as cells in the nervous and muscular system of an organism, per se, and in the treatment of calcium channel mediated diseases and conditions in a mammal. Further, this invention relates to compositions comprising said polypeptides and salts thereof.... Compounds which are calcium antagonists have a variety of utilities. Calcium antagonists can find clinical application in the treatment of such conditions as angina, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, supraventricular arrhythmias, aesophogeal achalasia, premature labor and Raynaud's disease among others. See W. G. Nayler, Calcium Antagonists, Academic Press, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, New York, N.Y. 1988, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Further, such compounds are useful in the study of the physiology of cells such as neuronal and muscle cells.... This invention concerns polypeptides found in the venom of the Heteropoda venatoria spider. The polypeptides of this invention and the fractions in which they are present according to this invention are as follows.
Patents 319
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05627154__ •
Calcium channel compositions and methods Inventor(s): Ellis; Steven Bradley (San Diego, CA), Williams; Mark E. (Carlsbad, CA), Harpold; Michael Miller (San Diego, CA), Schwartz; Arnold (Cincinnati, OH), Brenner; Robert (Austin, TX) Assignee(s): Sibia Neurosciences, Inc. (La Jolla, CA) Patent Number: 6,013,474 Date filed: June 27, 1997 Abstract: Calcium channel (alpha).sub.1 -subunit and (alpha).sub.2 -subunit-encoding DNA, and related compositions and methods, are provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology.... More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same.... Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multisubunit proteins that allow controlled entry of Ca.sup.+2 ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. All cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06013474__
•
Calcium channel compositions and methods Inventor(s): Williams; Mark E. (Carlsad, CA), Stauderman; Kenneth A. (San Diego, CA), Harpold; Michael M. (El Cajon, CA) Assignee(s): Merck & Co., Inc. (Rahway, NJ) Patent Number: 6,528,630 Date filed: December 3, 1997 Abstract: Isolated nucleic acid encoding calcium channel.alpha..sub.1F -subunits, including subunits encoded by nucleic acid that arises as splice variants of primary transcripts, is provided. Cells and vectors containing the nucleic acid and methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels that contain.alpha..sub.1F -subunits are also provided. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to molecular biology and pharmacology. More particularly, the invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using the same.... Calcium channels are membrane-spanning, multi-subunit proteins that allow controlled entry of Ca.sup.2+ ions into cells from the extracellular fluid. Cells throughout the animal kingdom, and at least some bacterial, fungal and plant cells, possess one or more types of calcium channel.... The most common type of calcium channel is voltage dependent. All "excitable" cells in animals, such as neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nerve cells and muscle cells, including those of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles, and venous and arterial smooth muscles, have voltage-dependent calcium channels. "Opening" of a voltage-dependent channel to allow an influx of Ca.sup.2+ ions into the cells requires a depolarization to a certain level of the potential difference between the inside of the cell bearing the channel and the extracellular environment bathing the cell. The rate of influx of Ca.sup.2+ into the cell depends on this potential difference.
320 Calcium
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528630__ •
Calcium channel compositions and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Lerman; Michael Isaac (Rockville, MD), Latif; Farida (Birmingham, GB), Wei; Ming-Hui (Germantown, MD), Duh; Fuh-Mei (Ellicot City, MD), Minna; John Dorrance (Dallas, TX), Sekido; Yoshitaka (Nagoya, JP), Gao; Boning (Dallas, TX) Assignee(s): The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and (Rockville, MD) Patent Number: 6,441,156 Date filed: December 22, 1999 Abstract: The present invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same. In particular, the invention relates to calcium channel alpha2delta (.alpha..sub.2.delta.) subunits and nucleic acid sequences encoding them. These compositions are useful in methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels and for identifying compounds as therapeutic for disease. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same. In particular, the invention relates to calcium channel alpha2delta (.alpha..sub.2.delta.) subunits and nucleic acid sequences encoding them. These compositions are useful in methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels and for identifying compounds as therapeutic for disease.... Calcium channels are present in various tissues, have a central role in regulating intracellular calcium ion concentrations, and are implicated in several vital processes in animals (e.g., neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, pacemaker activity, secretion of hormones and other substances, etc.). Thus, changes in calcium influx into cells which are mediated through calcium channels have been implicated in various human diseases such as disorders of the central nervous system and cardiovascular disease.... For example, changes to calcium influx into neuronal cells may be implicated in conditions such as epilepsy, stroke, brain trauma, Alzheimer's disease, multiinfarct dementia, other classes of dementia, Korsakoff's disease, neuropathy caused by a viral infection of the brain or spinal cord (e.g., human immunodeficiency viruses, etc.), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, convulsions, seizures, Huntington's disease, amnesia, or damage to the nervous system resulting from reduced oxygen supply, poison or other toxic substances (See e.g., Goldin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,312,928). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06441156__
•
Calcium channel modulating substances Inventor(s): Janis; Ronald A. (Orange, CT), Johnson; David E; (North Haven, CT) Assignee(s): Miles Inc. (Elkhart, IN) Patent Number: 5,126,432 Date filed: February 12, 1988 Abstract: Endogenous calcium channel modulating substances isolated from mammalian tissue are disclosed. Said substances act on dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels to reversibly modulate the activity thereof.
Patents 321
Excerpt(s): In recent years, considerable effort has been expended in an attempt to develop new therapeutic agents for the treatment of angina pectoris and associated symptomatology representative of cardiovascular disease. Of such agents, the calcium channel blockers have met with widespread acceptance. Calcium channel antagonists (as they are alternatively referred to) possess diverse chemical structures. These agents possess the ability to block the influx of extracellular calcium during cardiac and vascular smooth muscle depolarization thus leading to a decrease in cytosolic calcium concentration and the concomitant physiological manifestations. Calcium channel agonists are potentially useful in the treatment of heart failure.... Research into the design and synthesis of new chemical entities which can block the calcium channel has progressed largely based on drug screening studies per se in both smooth and cardiac muscle. Such studies have led to speculation concerning the existence of endogenous substances which modulate the activity of the calcium channel and which have therapeutic and diagnostic implications which will be discussed in detail below.... All publications cited in this document are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05126432__ •
Calcium chloride fruit blossom thinning agent Inventor(s): Long; Gary S. (4302 Scenic Dr., Yakima, WA 98908) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,440,901 Date filed: August 29, 2000 Abstract: A process and composition for thinning fruit blossoms with a calcium chloride solution is provided. The calcium chloride is a common salt, often referred to as CaCl, but having the chemical formula CaCl.sub.2 and is preferably applied to the blooms in a solution or brine. The calcium chloride brine is a natural material that is classified as a "generally regarded as safe" (GRAS) compound. The calcium chloride solution in water apparently interrupts the pollination of blooms through the dessication of the pistils, when it is applied during the blooming period. The CaCl.sub.2 blossom or bloom thinning agent solution is effective on many varieties of fruit trees, especially apples. The calcium chloride is preferably applied in a substantially aqueous solution at a rate of between 5 and 40 pounds of calcium chloride per acre. The CaCl.sub.2 solution is not an artificial or derived substance and carries none of the environmental and health concerns raised by other hormonal or caustic chemical thinning agents. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process and composition for the thinning of fruit blooms, and more particularly to the use of a calcium chloride solution for the natural thinning of fruit blossoms.... Under most conditions, fruit and nut trees will produce an over-abundant crop. This over production results in small, low quality fruit, often poorly colored. The thinning of fruit blossoms prevents this over-production and promotes annual bearing, instead of fruit production that fluctuates year to year. Thinning also increases fruit size and color. For fruit trees, bloom thinning also increases tree vigor, and reduces limb breakage and winter injury. Because of these benefits, chemical bloom thinning practices are quite common, but are expensive and must be applied with care.... Most conventional chemical products employed for the thinning of blossoms on plants such as fruit trees can produce unwanted effects beyond thinning. Chemical thinning uses either caustic materials or hormonal type growth regulators to reduce the quantity of fruit in a particular crop. Most hormonal type thinners are quickly losing acceptance, with many hormonal thinners currently banned or under the
322 Calcium
scrutiny of several groups concerned about effects on the products to which they are applied. Caustic thinners either employ weakly acidic compounds or desiccating formulations to chemically dry or "burn" the blossoms. Bloom desiccation apparently prevents pollination and inhibits seed formation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06440901__ •
Calcium chloride salt manufacturing process Inventor(s): James; Lucas (2829 W. Prion Lake Rd., Lake Charles, LA 70605) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,328,490 Date filed: August 30, 1993 Abstract: A method of producing calcium chloride granules of a specific size from a calcium chloride and water solution in a completely closed environment by controlling the rate of fall of a specific size of solution droplet through an up-current of hot, dry gas. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application based upon the application entitled "Process for Manufacturing Calcium Chloride Salt" Ser. No. 08/002,062, filed by Lucas James on Jan. 8, 1993, pending. Calcium chloride salt is a well known and widely used chemical. It is usually used in a granulated state for a variety of purposes ranging from food preparation to highway de-icing. The design and process disclosed herein provides for the production of this important chemical in a more efficient and economical manner.... There are, at present, many methods and machines by which calcium chloride is produced. One example is U.S. Pat. No. 3,339,618 by JOHN H. BOWDEN ET AL, entitled PROCESS FOR PREPARING POWDER AND GRANULAR CALCIUM CHLORIDE PRODUCTS, which discloses a process for producing powdered calcium chloride. Another is U.S. Pat. No. 1,877,733 by 0. V. MARTIN, entitled ANHYDROUS METALLIC CHLORIDES AND THEIR PREPARATION, which discloses a process by which calcium chloride is dried upon and scraped from a roller. These as well as the other various processes fail to produce the product in its most desired form. The product must be further processed to get it into granulated form in most cases. In those cases where a granulated form is produced, the granules must be crushed, sorted, and graded. Many of the processes are environmentally unsafe due to the fact that they employ unsealed processes in which the product comes into contact with the atmosphere during production. The process disclosed herein is environmentally safe because of the fact that it is a sealed process employing equipment in which the product does not come into contact with the atmosphere and where there is no possibility of spillage. The sealed process also solves the problem of plant corrosion which accompanies the usual constant spillage of this corrosive material. This vastly decreases the cost of plant maintenance, and eliminates the cost of handling and reprocessing the spillage.... The process disclosed herein is also much more cost effective than the prior art in that it employs a simpler plant design and therefore requires much less capital investment, maintenance, and space of operation. The energy required for production of properly graded calcium chloride granules is also much less using the method disclosed herein. These concerns and advantages, along with the wide spread and essential use of calcium chloride, render the present invention to be a much needed improvement in calcium chloride production. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05328490__
Patents 323
•
Calcium Citrate anticaking agent Inventor(s): Vidal; Susan (Patterson, NY), Saleeb; Fouad Z. (Pleasantville, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft General Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,208,372 Date filed: May 18, 1992 Abstract: A new and useful calcium salt of citric acid is prepared and is used as an anticaking agent in furctose-sweetened powdered soft drinks. Also included are the processes for preparing the new calcium salt and powdered beverage mixes containing the new salt. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a new and useful calcium salt of citric acid, and use of this salt as an anticaking agent in fructose-sweetened powdered soft drinks, as well as the process of preparing the new calcium salt.... Dry beverage mixes containing sweetener, food acid, flavor and flow agent are well known. Generally, the primary sweetener in beverages has been sucrose, glucose or artificial sweeteners.... While sucrose is effective to sweeten foods, nutritional reasons have recently inspired a reduction in the sucrose and/or total sugars content of some presweetened foods, especially beverages. To provide traditional levels of sweetness at reduced weight concentrations, sweeteners having more sweetening power per unit weight than sucrose (i.e., having higher relative sweetness) must be employed. While certain high potency non-nutritive or "artificial" sweeteners have been suggested for use, both current food regulations and strong consumer prejudice against artificial sweeteners have directed art attempts at providing presweetened beverage mixed employing only nutritive, carbohydrate sweetening agents. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05208372__
•
Calcium citrate malate composition Inventor(s): Fox; Mary M. (Fairfield, OH), Heckert; David C. (Oxford, OH), Luhrsen; Kenneth R. (Aurora, IN) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,186,965 Date filed: December 16, 1991 Abstract: A metastable complex of calcium, citrate and malate is disclosed. This material is highly bioavailable, and is soluble in both neutral and acid solutions. The salt is prepared by the reaction of calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide with citric and malic acids in aqueous solution. The reaction mixture is dried at a temperature of less than 100.degree. C., and the resultant solid is a metastable solid. The solid can be ground to reduce the particle size for easier tabletting or adding to foods and beverages. Preferred salts are neutral and acidic salts which can be expressed by molar ratios. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a soluble calcium source comprising specific molar ratios of calcium, citrate and malate. The composition is more soluble than calcium citrate or calcium malate alone, and when prepared by the process herein, consists of a metastable complex salt which is distinct from either pure calcium citrate or pure calcium malate.... Calcium is a mineral that is important for building bones and teeth. One of the problems with supplementation of the diet with calcium is that all sources of calcium are not equally soluble or bioavailable. In addition, some calcium sources are
324 Calcium
not as pure as other sources. For example, calcium carbonate derived from bone meal, oyster shell, or other biological origins contains trace amounts of lead and other minerals. Some calcium carbonates also contain silica. Therefore, it is necessary to take additional amounts of these materials to achieve the same calcium level as those taken from synthetic sources which are essentially pure calcium carbonate.... Calcium citrate is poorly soluble in water; 1 gram of calcium citrate dissolves per 1050 grams of cold water. Calcium malate exhibits a similar solubility. Calcium hydroxide is only slightly soluble in water, and it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air readily forming calcium carbonate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05186965__ •
Calcium citrate-vegetable oil compositions Inventor(s): Cante; Charles J. (Bedford Hills, NY), Gbogi; Emmanuel O. (Tarrytown, NY), Saleeb; Fouad Z. (Pleasantville, NY) Assignee(s): Kraft General Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 5,258,190 Date filed: March 10, 1993 Abstract: A vegetable oil-based composition containing finely divided special type of calcium citrate salt compositions to produce semi-solid to solid vegetable oil compositions without the use of hydrogenation. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to semi-solid to solid, normally liquid vegetable oil compositions and the use thereof, particularly in the food industry. Cross Reference Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,552, issued Sep. 22, 1992, which describes certain calcium citrate salt crystals.... Vegetable oils are most desirable natural forms of lipids to be used for diet purpose. The role of lipids, i.e. fats, which are saturated or comprise trans unsaturated fatty acid glycerides in blood circulatory problems is well known. The use of vegetable oils which are comprised of cis-unsaturated fatty acid triglyceride in lieu of the aforesaid saturated fats or trans-unsaturated fatty acid triglycerides has been highly recommended to avoid the blood circulatory problems of the latter fats.... One of the difficulties in implementing this recommendation is the physical form of the desirable vegetable oils, i.e., liquid form which is not always adaptable for many food uses. In the past, vegetable oils have been converted to the more useful semi-solid to solid state by hydrogenation which results in conversion of the vegetable oils to saturated fat and trans-unsaturated fatty acid glycerides. Therefore, the use of the desirable vegetable oils has been seriously limited in the food industry to only those situations where the liquid oil can be employed. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05258190__
•
Calcium complex and a process of making a food fortified with calcium Inventor(s): Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Sher; Alexander (Rockwell, MD), Vadehra; Dharam Van (New Milford, CT), Wedral; Elaine Regina (Sherman, CT) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 5,928,691 Date filed: May 1, 1997
Patents 325
Abstract: A fortified foodstuff containing a fortifying amount of a complex formed by the interaction of a soluble calcium salt and an alkali metal citrate and a process for its preparation by forming the complex and adding the complex to the foodstuff or forming the complex in the foodstuff. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fortification of food and more particularly to the fortification of food with calcium.... Calcium is an important element in human diets for adequate bone formation and maintenance as well as other metabolic functions, e.g. nerve transmission, blood clotting, proper cell function and muscle contraction. It is common practice to fortify food products with calcium sources which are either insoluble or soluble at around neutral pH. Many of the calcium sources currently used for fortification which are insoluble or substantially insoluble at around neutral pH, e.g. calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, calcium citrate and other organic acid salts of calcium, result in precipitation and a chalky mouth feel. Other calcium sources which are soluble or substantially soluble at around neutral pH such as calcium chloride, calcium hydroxide and a few organic acid salts of calcium react with milk proteins resulting in undesirable coagulation and sedimentation.... It is also common practice to stabilize or reduce the sedimentation of the calcium and milk proteins in the milk beverages fortified with calcium sources by adding carrageenans, pectins and/or other gums, but such materials impart an undesirably high viscosity to milk. Protein destabilisation, e.g. precipitation and coagulation, is mainly attributed to the amount of free calcium ions in the system. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05928691__ •
Calcium complex and food fortified therewith Inventor(s): Jacobson; Mark Randolph (New Milford, CT), Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Sher; Alexander (Rockville, MD), Vaderhra; Dharam Vir (New Milford, CT), Wedral; Elaine Regina (Sherman, CT) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,036,985 Date filed: April 3, 1998 Abstract: A metastable calcium complex formed by the interaction of an insoluble calcium source and a solution of citric and lactic acids is described. A fortified foodstuff comprising a fortifying amount of the metastable complex and a process for its preparation by forming the complex then adding the complex to a foodstuff or forming the complex in the foodstuff is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fortification of foods and beverages, particularly those containing protein, with calcium.... Milk is an important source of dietary calcium. Calcium, the most abundant mineral in body, is a major constituent of bone and teeth. This mineral also plays an important role in several physiological systems. Calcium is important for healthy bone and tooth development in the young and an adequate intake is essential. Calcium status may also be a factor in the development of osteoporosis in elderly people.... Since the body does not produce minerals, it is totally dependent on an external supply of calcium, nutritional or supplementary. The importance of adequate calcium intake is recognized during the whole life of the human being. In 1994, the NIH Consensus Development Panel revised recommended daily allowances for calcium intake for each age group from 800-1200 mg per day to 1500 mg per day.
326 Calcium
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06036985__ •
Calcium complexes for fortification of foods Inventor(s): Jacobson; Mark Randolph (New Milford, CT), Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Sher; Alexander (Rockville, MD), Vadehra; Dharam Vir (New Milford, CT), Wedral; Elaine Regina (Sherman, CT) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,242,020 Date filed: December 8, 1999 Abstract: A novel calcium complex for the fortification of beverages and foods, especially milk, is disclosed. Fortifying complexes are made of a calcium source and a negatively-charged emulsifier with or without an organic or inorganic acid or a salt thereof. These complexes have been found to be particularly effective in fortifying milk and milk-protein containing beverages without coagulation of the proteins or without significantly changing the texture of the product. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fortification of foods and beverages, particularly those containing milk proteins, with calcium.... Milk is an important source of dietary calcium. Calcium, the most abundant mineral in body, is a major constituent of bone and teeth. This mineral also plays an important role in several physiological systems. Calcium is important for healthy bone and tooth development in the young and therefore an adequate intake is essential. Calcium status may also be a factor in the development of osteoporosis in elderly people.... Since the body does not produce minerals, it is totally dependent on an external supply of calcium, nutritional or supplementary. The importance of adequate calcium intake is recognized during the whole life of the human being. In 1994, the NIH Consensus Development Panel revised recommended daily allowances for calcium intake for each age group from 800-1200 mg per day to 1500 mg per day. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06242020__
•
Calcium containing composition from sea urchin with high oral bioavailability Inventor(s): Kumagai; Yoshinari (Fujisawa, JP), Kubo; Azuma (Hirakata, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Megawave Japan (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,620,709 Date filed: July 14, 1994 Abstract: A calcium containing composition was obtained by baking sea urchin shells. This calcium containing composition gives superior oral bioavailability, has better appearance and taste, contains low impurity, and provides high yield. Therefore, this sea urchin shell derived calcium containing composition is useful in the treatment and prophylaxis of various diseases which require calcium supplementation such as hypocalcemia, osteoporosis, renal osteodystrophy, and so forth. Also, it is suitable to combining into health food and feed for the purpose of calcium supply. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to a calcium containing composition derived from the shell of sea urchin which gives high oral bioavailability, manufacturing method of such a composition, food containing such a composition, feed containing such a
Patents 327
composition, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such a composition.... Various types of calcium formulations and health food which contain calcium as an active component have been proposed to supplement dietary calcium thus far. The calcium used for such formulation and health food is generally made from calcium carbonate derived from mineral origin such as limestone and lime milk, calcium phosphate, calcium hydroxide, calcium lactate, calcium gluconate, shellfish derive calcium such as oyster shells, other mollusks shells and corals, crustaceans such as crabs, and shrimps, seaweeds such as tangles, hijikia, and undaria, mammalian bones, egg shells, and so forth.... However, the calcium made from these materials generally does not give sufficient oral bioavailability. Furthermore, oral bioavailability of calcium in human is generally extremely low unless it is administrated with Vitamin D or proteins and it is difficult to supply the required amount of calcium to human by itself. In addition, people in Japan take only 531 mg per day of calcium in average according to the National Nutrition Investigation Report by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. This level is less than a half of that in the Western countries. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05620709__ •
Calcium di(meth)acrylate cured halogenated polyethylene polymers Inventor(s): Ceska; Gary W. (West Chester, PA), Costin; C. Richard (West Chester, PA), Hazell; Thomas W. (Swarthmore, PA), Nagel; Walter R. (West Chester, PA), Tuccio; Albert S. (Exton, PA) Assignee(s): Sartomer Company, Inc. (Exton, PA) Patent Number: 5,298,562 Date filed: August 19, 1991 Abstract: Free radical-curable halogenated polyethylene polymer compositions, which are crosslinked with the aid of a crosslinking monomer selected from the group consisting of calcium diacrylate and calcium dimethacylate coagents and, optionally an alkyl aminoalkyl phenol vulcanization inhibitor, are provided. The compositions of the invention yield cured rubber articles with markedly improved tensile strength and scorch resistance. Processes for producing a cured rubber article from the disclosed free radical-curable elastomeric compositions and cured compositions prepared from such curable compositions are also provided. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the improved curing of halogenated polyethylene polymer compositions through the use of calcium di(meth)acrylate coagents and, in particular, to cured halogenated polyethylene polymer compositions having high tensile strength and improved scorch resistance in which vulcanization is accomplished with an organic peroxide and a calcium di(meth)acrylate coagent.... Non-sulfur cured elastomeric compositions have typically suffered from poor mechanical properties compared to sulfur-cured elastomers.... Curable elastomeric compositions containing various rubbery elastomeric polymers and certain metal acrylates and methacrylates or metal diacrylates and metal dimethacrylates (hereinafter sometimes referred to as "metal (meth)acrylates" or "di(meth)acrylates"), including zinc di(meth)acrylate and magnesium di(meth)acrylate, which may be cured with organic peroxides, as well as cured rubber compositions formed from such compositions, are generally known in the art, as illustrated by the following patents and publications. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05298562__
328 Calcium
•
Calcium dietary supplement Inventor(s): Ellenbogen; Leon (New York, NY), Buono; Lisa C. (Saddle Brook, NJ) Assignee(s): American Cyanamid Company (Madison, NJ) Patent Number: 5,879,698 Date filed: April 3, 1997 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition is disclosed which comprises a calcium salt, vitamin D and at least one mineral, preferably a boron compound. Other minerals may be present, in addition to, or instead of the boron compound, such as copper compounds, Magnesium compounds, manganese compounds and zinc compounds. Excerpt(s): Mineral and vitamin compositions are routinely used as dietary supplements either as therapeutic preparations directed to a specific medical problem or as general nutritional supplements.... Calcium and trace mineral supplementation is important for adults as well as growing children. The adult population requires additional calcium to help prevent the bone loss that goes along with the normal aging process. Postmenopausal women require more calcium due to the change in their hormonal status, which can accelerate the bone loss rate leading to osteoporosis.... Osteoporosis is a prevalent condition, affecting as many as 15-20 million individuals in the United States. In osteoporosis, bone mass decreases causing bones to be more brittle, thus bones become more susceptible to fracture. It has been estimated that at least 1.3 million fractures in the U.S. are attributable to this disease ›National Osteoporosis Foundation, Stand UP to Osteoporosis, Your Guide to Staving Healthy and and Independent Through Prevention and Treatment, Washington, D.C. 1992!. Many scientist believe that a chronic shortage of dietary calcium is one very important factor leading to osteoporosis. Optimal calcium intake (1000-1500 mg) for adults may be achieved through diet, calcium fortified foods, calcium supplements or combinations thereof. Studies show that the usual intake of calcium for adult woment in the U.S. is between 450-500 mg per day ›U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health, Osteoporosis. Cause, Treatment Prevention, Maryland, National Institutes of Health, 1987!; this amount is well below the United States Recommended Daily Allowance (U.S. RDA). It has recently been reported that in addition to calcium, the minerals boron, copper, magnesium, manganese and zinc, play an important role in bone formation ›Strause, L., et at: The Role of Trace Elements in Bone Metabolism, Nutritional Aspects of Osteoporosis, New York, Raven Press, p. 223233, 1992 and Nielsen, F.: Facts and Fallacies about Boron, Nutrition Today, 27 (3): 6-12, May/June 1992). In addition, vitamin D is known to play a critical role in the absorption of calcium by the human body. The recommended daily intake of vitamin D is between 400 INternational Units, hereinafter called I. U., and 800 I.U. for an elderly person. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05879698__
•
Calcium enriched natural cheese Inventor(s): Reinbold; Robert S. (Fond du Lac, WI), Willits; Richard E. (Elkhart Lake, WI), DeSmidt; Kim M. (Plymouth, WI) Assignee(s): Sargento Foods Inc. (Plymouth, WI) Patent Number: 6,007,852 Date filed: April 10, 1998
Patents 329
Abstract: A natural cheese having at least 210 milligrams of calcium per 28 grams of said natural cheese. The calcium enriched natural cheese comprising: a calcium material suspended in a natural cheese by dispersing the calcium material generally throughout a cheese milk and processing the cheese milk into a natural cheese. The natural cheese has at least 0.0075 grams of calcium material per each gram of natural cheese. The method of producing a predetermined natural cheese enriched with a dispersible calcium material includes the steps of adding the calcium material to a predetermined processing liquid to form a slurry, agitating the slurry for a predetermined period of time, dispersing the slurry in a cheese milk prior to setting the cheese milk, and completing a cheese manufacturing process. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to cheese and specifically to the calcium enrichment of natural cheese product. Natural cheeses are cheeses that are produced by combining various ingredients to produce a resultant cheese. Natural cheeses are distinct from processed cheeses, which are a cheese product manufactured by combining a natural cheese with other ingredients. Processed cheeses are produced by processing, e.g., grinding up, or preparing in some manner, natural cheese and then mixing the prepared natural cheese with emulsifying agents, e.g., emulsifying salts, and other materials. Usually, other work, such as heating the resulting mixture to produce a homogenous mass of processed cheese, is also subsequently performed. Accordingly, a processed cheese is literally a natural cheese which has subsequently been processed.... The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a natural cheese, as opposed to a processed cheese, with enhanced calcium levels. The present invention is a novel and unique process and the resulting product addresses the production of cheese having the desirable qualities of natural cheese plus an enhanced calcium level.... Because calcium is already present in dairy products such as natural cheese it is not, upon initial consideration, apparent why it would be desirous to increase the level of calcium. Cheese is a natural source of calcium and people eat cheese, among other reasons, to get calcium. However, even people who eat cheese do not necessarily eat sufficient quantities to obtain some or all of the calcium they may require. The present invention makes it easier for a person to eat a sufficient quantity of cheese to obtain some or all of the calcium they may require. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06007852__ •
Calcium enrichment composition and method for producing the same Inventor(s): Buddemeyer; Bruce (Raytown, MO), Cheong; Weng Kit (Gladstone, MO), Hagedorn; Herman H. (Kansas City, MO) Assignee(s): American Micronutrients, Inc. (Independence, MO) Patent Number: 6,599,544 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: An improved calcium-enriched composition and method of supplementing food products with the composition are provided. Broadly, the compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, metal hydroxides, and water, with the molar ratio of citrate ions to phosphate ions in the composition being from about 1.0:1.35 to about 1.0:2.35. The compositions have high solids contents relative to prior art compositions, and at least about 70% of the theoretically available calcium ions remain dispersed in the compositions at ambient temperatures. The compositions are in the form of a colloidal suspension having very little or no sedimentation. Finally, the compositions can be mixed with food products (e.g., cow's
330 Calcium
milk, soy milk) to substantially increase the calcium available in the product without negatively affecting the taste, color, or smell of the product. Excerpt(s): The present invention is broadly concerned with calcium-enriched compositions and methods of supplementing food products with those compositions. More particularly, the inventive compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, a metal hydroxide, and water. The compositions have high solids contents and are in the form of substantially uniform, colloidal suspensions in which a high percentage of the available calcium ions remains dispersed.... The food industry has long sought stable, water-dispersible forms of calcium which would allow significant amounts of calcium to be introduced into food products without substantially increasing the bulk of the product. To be effective in this context, the calcium-containing substances must be essentially odorless, colorless, tasteless, and producible at a relatively low cost. In addition, these substances must be stable under the extreme conditions dictated by formulation, processing, and storage of the food products.... Numerous food products would benefit from calcium enrichment. For example, animal milk products (particularly those formed from cow's milk) are already considered to be a good dietary source of calcium. However, these products contain only limited quantities of calcium in each serving, requiring the average person to consume a large portion of the product to obtain the recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium. Furthermore, some people have medical conditions (e.g., osteoporosis) which require the consumption of calcium beyond that required for others. Therefore, supplemental products which increase the amount of calcium in each serving of milk products at a low cost and without negatively affecting the quality of the milk product are always in demand. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06599544__ •
Calcium fluoride (CaF2) stress plate and method of making the same Inventor(s): Martin; Gene Jay (New Haven, CT) Assignee(s): Silicon Valley Group, Inc. (Ridgefield, CT) Patent Number: 6,324,003 Date filed: December 23, 1999 Abstract: A calcium fluoride (CaF.sub.2) stress plate provides a predetermined amount of optical delay. The CaF.sub.2 stress plate has surfaces that lie in CaF.sub.2 cubic planes, and delays an optical wavefront that is incident to a set of cubic planes along a transmission axis. To implement the desired delay, the CaF.sub.2 stress plate has a first index of refraction that is seen by a first field component of the optical wavefront, and a second index of refraction that is seen by a second field component of the optical wavefront. The optical delay of the stress plate is proportional to the differences between the two indexes of refraction. Embodiments of the invention include a method of fabricating the CaF.sub.2 stress plate from a sample of CaF.sub.2 material. The method includes the step of determining the orientation of the cubic planes for the CaF.sub.2 sample, as the sample is typically oriented along the cleave planes. Next, the sample is processed to generate a CaF.sub.2 plate whose surfaces are oriented in CaF.sub.2 cubic planes. Next, a compressive or tensile force is applied perpendicular to at least one pair of cubic plane surfaces and perpendicular to the transmission axis for the incident optical wavefront. The compressive/tensile force has the effect of changing the index of refraction for electromagnetic fields that are oriented along the direction of the force vector from the characteristic index of refraction for CaF.sub.2. After which, the
Patents 331
CaF.sub.2 stress plate effectively has two indexes of refraction, where the amount optical delay is proportional to the difference between the indexes of refraction. Next, the amount of optical delay is measured to determine if the measured delay is sufficiently close to the specified delay. If it is not, then more compression or stress can be applied until the desired delay is achieved. In alternate embodiment, shear forces are applied to the CaF.sub.2 plate instead of compressive or tensile forces. The shear forces are applied along mechanical surfaces that are rotated 45 degrees to the CaF cubic planes of the plate. As with the compressive/tensile forces, the shear forces operate to change the index of refraction of the CaF.sub.2 plate in the direction of a resultant force vector. Excerpt(s): The present invention is generally related to optical stress plates that are used for delaying optical wavefronts, and methods for making the same.... Many semiconductor fabrication systems utilizes photolithography techniques in the fabrication of semiconductor wafers. During fabrication, one or more layers of circuit patterns are built up on a semiconductor wafer. This is accomplished by illuminating a reticle with light, where the reticle contains a desired circuit pattern. The resulting reticle image is then projected onto photosensitive resist that covers the semiconductor wafer. After a series of exposures and subsequent processing, a semiconductor wafer containing the desired circuit pattern is manufactured.... It is well known that the smallest feature that can be fabricated on the semiconductor wafer is limited to the optical wavelength of the light used in the illumination system. It is also well known that the upper limit on circuit clock speeds varies inversely with the size of the semiconductor features. Therefore, the demand for higher clock speeds necessitates that semiconductors have smaller circuit features. Circuit features of 0.25.mu.m (micrometers) have been achieved with photolithography systems using light wavelengths of 193 m (nanometers). To achieve geometries below 0.25.mu.m, even smaller wavelengths (e.g. 157 nm) must be used. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06324003__ •
Calcium fluoride crystal, optical article and exposure apparatus for photo-lithography using the same Inventor(s): Oba; Tomoru (Kashiwa, JP), Ichizaki; Toshio (Ibaraki-ken, JP) Assignee(s): Canon Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,342,312 Date filed: March 21, 1997 Abstract: A calcium fluoride crystal in which the light transparency does not deteriorate with consecutive irradiation by high output short wavelength light over long time periods. A calcium fluoride crystal in accordance with the present invention has an internal transmittance of 70% or more for light of a 135-nm wavelength or more. A calcium fluoride crystal contains any one of strontium, aluminum, silicon and magnesium, with the strontium content ranging from 1 ppm to 600 ppm, the aluminum content ranging from 1 ppm to 50 ppm, the silicon content ranging from 1 ppm to 50 ppm, or the magnesium content ranging from 1 ppm to 10 ppm. A calcium fluoride crystal has an internal transmittance of 70% or more for light of a 135-nm wavelength or more and contains 1 ppm or less of La and 10 ppm or less of Y. An optical system for an excimer laser in accordance with the present invention comprises a lens comprising any calcium fluoride crystal set forth above. An exposure apparatus for photo-lithography in accordance with the present invention comprises an optical System comprising the calcium fluoride crystal and a stage for holding a substrate to be exposed.
332 Calcium
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium fluoride crystal and an optical system and an apparatus using the same. In particular, the present invention relates to a calcium fluoride crystal used for an optical article which transmits excimer laser light used in exposure apparatuses for photo-lithography.... Excimer lasers have attracted attention as the only high-output lasers which can oscillate in an ultraviolet region, and have been applied in electronic, chemical and energy industrial fields. In these industrial fields, the excimer laser is used for processing metal, resin, glass, ceramic and semiconductor articles as well as for chemical reactions.... The equipment for generating an excimer laser beam is known as an excimer laser oscillator. A laser gas such as Ar, Kr, Xe, F.sub.2, or Cl.sub.2 which is filled into a chamber is excited by electron beam irradiation or electric discharge. The excited atoms bond to atoms in a ground state to form molecules which can be present in an excited state. Such molecules are called excimers. The excimers are unstable and immediately return to the ground state, simultaneously emitting ultraviolet light. This phenomenon is referred to as bond-free transition. An excimer laser oscillator amplifies ultraviolet light formed by the bond-free transition with an optical resonator comprising a pair of mirrors and outputs it as a laser light beam. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342312__ •
Calcium formate for use as a dietary supplement Inventor(s): DeLuca; Hector F. (Deerfield, WI) Assignee(s): Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI) Patent Number: 6,528,542 Date filed: September 24, 2001 Abstract: A calcium format composition for oral administration to an individual for the purpose of supplementary dietary calcium is disclosed. Excerpt(s): Phosphorus retention plays a major role in chronic renal failure in the development of both secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophy. Bricker, N., S. et al., Archives of Internal Medicine 123:543-553 (1969); Rubini, M. E. et al., Archives of Internal Medicine 124:663-669 (1969); Slatopolsky, E., et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation 50:492-499 (1971); Bricker, N. S., New England Journal of Medicine 286:1093-1099 (1972); Slatopolsky, E. S., et al., Kidney Int. 2:147-151 (1972).... Antacids are often used to bind dietary phosphorus to prevent phosphorus retention and prevent its absorption. This process is referred to as phosphorus binding and appears to be a chemical reaction between dietary phosphorus and the cation present in the binder compound, which is usually albumin or calcium. The binding results in the formation of insoluble and unabsorbable phosphate compounds, adsorption of phosphorus ions on the surface of binder particles, or a combination of both.... Presently-used antacids are inefficient at binding phosphorus in vivo. For example, a recent study by Ramirez, et al., noted that even though aluminum-containing or calcium-containing antacids were administered in large excess, they bound only 19-35 percent of dietary phosphorus. Ramirez, J. A., et al., Kidney Int. 30:753-759 (1986). Similar conclusions can be derived from data presented in earlier studies. Kirsner, J. B., Journal of Clinical Investigation, 22:47-52 (1943); Clarkson, E. M., et al., Clinical Science 43:519-531 (1972); Cam, J. M., et al., Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 51:407-414 (1976); Man, N. K. et al., Proceedings of the European Dialysis and Transplantation Association 12:245-55 (1975). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06528542__
Patents 333
•
Calcium formulations for prevention of parturient hypocalcemia Inventor(s): Goff; Jesse P. (Ames, IA), Horst; Ronald L. (Ames, IA) Assignee(s): The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary of (Washington, DC) Patent Number: 5,560,920 Date filed: April 7, 1995 Abstract: Calcium propionate treatments for milk fever (parturient paresis) have been formulated (1) with propylene glycol and either citric or phosphoric acid as a nonhardening paste and (2) with sodium chloride as a liquid drench. These compositions are particularly useful for treating this hypocalcemic disorder associated with the onset of lactation in dairy cows. Excerpt(s): Milk fever (parturient paresis) is a hypocalcemic disorder associated with the onset of lactation in dairy cows. Hypocalcemia occurs because calcium (Ca) leaves the extracellular fluid pool to enter the mammary gland faster than it can be replaced by intestinal calcium absorption or bone calcium resorption. Milk fever can be prevented by measures that increase the rate of entry of calcium into the extracellular fluid compartment from intestine or bone.... Recently, Goff et al. [J. Dairy Sci. 76:101 (1993)], supra, established that concentrated CaCl.sub.2 solutions are absorbed with greater efficiency than are dilute CaCl.sub.2 solutions when administered as a drench (using increased blood calcium concentration as an indicator) and that CaCl.sub.2 in solution is absorbed with greater efficiency than is CaCl.sub.2 suspended in a commercial paste. Calcium chloride increased blood calcium concentrations more quickly than did calcium propionate, but calcium propionate effects lasted longer. The CaCO.sub.3 drenches were ineffective. Drenching with CaCl.sub.2 solutions increased blood calcium to a greater extent than did placing the solution into the rumen via stomach tube. However, a risk of aspiration of liquid drenches in hypocalcemic animals with reduced epiglottal reflex exists, making the development of a paste formulation advantageous in some circumstances. Goff et al. [J. Dairy Sci. 76:101 (1993)], supra, also reported that clinical metabolic acidosis had occurred in a cow treated with 100 g of calcium as CaCl.sub.2 at calving and again at 12 h postcalving.... Preparations of calcium propionate do not induce a metabolic acidosis in treated cattle and are nearly as effective at raising plasma calcium concentration as CaCl.sub.2 preparations. In addition, the gluconeogenic properties of propionate may be useful in reducing the incidence of ketosis and fatty liver. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05560920__
•
Calcium fortification of cheese Inventor(s): Brafford; Kristeen (Grayslake, IL), Mehnert; David Webb (Antioch, IL) Assignee(s): Kraft Foods, Inc. (Northfield, IL) Patent Number: 6,326,038 Date filed: March 27, 2000 Abstract: The present invention provides a method of making flavorful, organoleptically pleasing natural cheese containing a significant level of a calcium supplement. More specifically, the calcium supplement is a mixture of calcium sulfate and tricalcium
334 Calcium
phosphate. By using a mixture of calcium sulfate and tricalcium phosphate the bitterness normally associated with calcium sulfate and the graininess normally associated with tricalcium phosphate are surprisingly essentially eliminated. The use of these particular calcium sources allows for significant levels of calcium to be incorporated without requiring excessive levels of the calcium compounds. The calcium supplements of the present invention can be used in, for example, cottage cheese, process cheese, and natural cheeses such as, for example, Cheddar cheese, Colby cheese, Monterey Jack, Havarti cheese, Muenster cheese, Brick cheese, Gouda cheese, Mozzarella cheese, and mixtures thereof. Excerpt(s): The present invention provides a method of making flavorful, organoleptically pleasing cheese and dairy products, including natural cheeses, which contain significant levels of calcium supplements. More specifically, the calcium supplement of the present invention is a mixture of calcium sulfate and tricalcium phosphate. By using a mixture of calcium sulfate and tricalcium phosphate, the bitterness normally associated with calcium sulfate and the graininess normally associated with tricalcium phosphate are surprisingly and essentially eliminated. The use of these particular calcium sources also allows for significant levels of calcium to be incorporated into cheese products without requiring excessive levels of the calcium compounds in the cheese products. The calcium supplements of the present invention can be used in, for example, cottage cheese, process cheese, cream cheese, yogurt, and natural cheeses such as, for example, Cheddar cheese, Colby cheese, Monterey Jack, Havarti cheese, Muenster cheese, Brick cheese, Gouda cheese, Mozzarella cheese, and mixtures thereof.... Food products manufactured for public consumption are often modified by adding nutritional or other types of supplements in order to enhance their nutritional properties. Nutritional fortification of cheese products may include supplementation with trace requirements or additives that benefit the overall state of health of the human body. Examples of nutritional fortification include supplementation by vitamins, minerals, and comparable materials. These supplements are either absolutely essential for human metabolism or enhance the provision of substances that may not be available in sufficient amounts in a normal diet.... In recent years, calcium supplementation or fortification of foods, including cheeses, has received significant attention. Although cheese is a good source of calcium, increasing the calcium levels in cheese may provide additional benefits to the consumer. Increased calcium intake is reported to be especially useful in the prevention or moderating the effects of osteoporosis. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06326038__ •
Calcium fortification of oleaginous foods Inventor(s): Christiansen; Earl C. (South Ogden, UT), Ashmead; Stephen D. (Clinton, UT), Ericson; Clayton (Ogden, UT) Assignee(s): Albion International, Inc. (Clearfield, UT) Patent Number: 6,294,207 Date filed: November 1, 1999 Abstract: A calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex for fortification of oleagnious foods which is stable, bioavailable, and palatable is disclosed. Further, oleaginous foods fortified with the calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complexes of the present invention are also disclosed. The calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex is
Patents 335
prepared by reacting a calcium source, an amino acid ligand, and malic acid in an aqueous environment. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a composition for calcium fortification of oleaginous or highly lipid foods such as margarine, butter, lards, vegetable oil spreads, and vegetable oils. Particularly, this invention relates to 1) calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complexes and 2) calcium amino acid malic acid chelate complex fortified oleaginous foods that are stable, palatable and have a high calcium content.... It has been widely accepted that calcium is an essential element for formation of bone and teeth in animals, including humans. In fact, though calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body, approximately 99% of the body's calcium is found in the bones and teeth providing an exchangeable pool of calcium. The remaining one percent is widely distributed in cells and body fluids and is responsible for the regulation of a number of metabolic functions such as nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, hormone secretion, blood coagulation, normal heart beat, activation of enzymes, and maintenance of cell membranes. Additionally, calcium is receiving much attention on the front line of medical science because it has recently been discovered that calcium is one of the most important elements for supporting many life activities. For example, recent observations indicate that calcium deficiency not only induces osteoporosis, but also contributes to such diseases as hypertension, arteriosclerosis, arthritis, diabetes, immunological diseases, colon cancer, and obesity. Therefore, the presence of sufficient amounts of calcium within the body is essential for proper health.... One of the problems associated with calcium supplementation is that all sources of calcium are not equally soluble or bioavailable. In addition, some calcium sources are not as pure as others. For example, calcium carbonate derived from bone meal, oyster shell, or other biological origin contains trace amounts of lead and other minerals. Some calcium carbonates also contain silica. Therefore, it is necessary to take additional amounts of these materials to achieve the same bioavailable calcium level as those taken from synthetic sources of essentially pure calcium. In fact, foods fortified with calcium and calcium supplements are being used more often by U.S. consumers and are generally considered by some researchers to offer the same net effect as calcium found naturally in food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06294207__ •
Calcium fortified beverages Inventor(s): Keating; Kim R. (Evansville, IN) Assignee(s): Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (Evansville, IN) Patent Number: 5,834,045 Date filed: May 16, 1997 Abstract: Calcium fortified acid beverages. The calcium source is preferably a combination of calcium hydroxide and calcium glycerophosphate and the acidulant is preferably a combination of citric acid and fumaric acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns beverages that are stable upon storage which contain a calcium source and an acidulant.... Calcium is an important element in the diets of mammals, especially humans. Calcium is required for adequate bone formation and maintenance. Calcium is also needed for various other diverse, metabolic body functions. Calcium deficiencies can result in significant health problems, for example, osteoporosis. Therefore, consuming a diet with adequate calcium is important for health and is useful to avoid various clinical conditions (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
336 Calcium
4,851,221, 4,740,380, and 4,737,375, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety).... One of the major sources of dietary calcium is dairy products, particularly milk. However, many people do not consume milk in quantities sufficient to provide adequate calcium for various reasons, such as taste, lactose intolerance, and the like. Conversely, consumption of other beverages, such as soft drinks and New Age beverages such as water drinks and juice-based drinks (e.g., Snapple, Quest, Clearly Canadian and various teas such as Nestea and Lipton), is common and popular for most people in everyday life. Thus, it would be highly desirable to have an improved calcium supplemented beverage that can be utilized in the same manner as beverages commonly in use. One of the problems in supplementing such beverages with calcium is poor storage stability due to the solubility of calcium compounds in aqueous media. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05834045__ •
Calcium fortified cereal product and method of preparation Inventor(s): Leusner; Steven J (Orono, MN), Creighton; Dean W (Brooklyn Park, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 6,210,720 Date filed: September 22, 1999 Abstract: Lightly cooked cereal dough products are provided that are fortified with at least a 0.3% calcium at least a portion of which is supplied by CaCO.sub.2 exhibiting reduced discoloration such as RTE cereals and grain based snacks. The dried cereal finished products are fabricated from cooked cereal doughs that can comprise rice and/or corn and minor levels of other conventional cereal ingredients and calcium carbonate. The cooked cereal doughs additionally contains effective amounts of calcium sequestrants. Methods for preparing such calcium fortified cooked cereal compositions and dried cereal finished food products are: A. providing a lightly colored calcium fortified cooked cereal dough or mass containing at least 0.3% calcium (dry weight basis) at least a portion of which is supplied by calcium carbonate and sequestrants; B. forming the lightly colored calcium fortified cereal dough into pieces; and, C. drying the pieces to form the present rice based finished food products fortified with high levels of calcium. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed generally to food products and to their methods of preparation. In particular, the present invention is directed to improved Ready-To-Eat cereal products fortified with a nutritionally fortifying ingredient such as calcium and to processes for making such improved fortified cereal products.... ReadyTo-Eat ("RTE") breakfast cereals have long been fortified with various vitamins and minerals. Health and nutrition interests have recently focused upon increasing the calcium content of foods and in RTE cereals in particular. The present invention provides improvement in the mineral fortification of cooked cereal products such as Ready-To-Eat cereals. More specifically, the present invention provides improvements in providing lightly colored RTE cereals fortified such as rice and/or corn based with high levels of calcium that are not discolored.... For adults, recent medical studies have indicated that a diet containing the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium might be effective in preventing or mitigating osteoporosis, and also possibly high blood pressure and colon cancer. Calcium is also of particular nutritional value in growing children to support bone growth. There is therefore great public interest in the
Patents 337
consumption of food products that will supply the recommended daily allowance of calcium. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06210720__ •
Calcium fortified dressing salad product Inventor(s): Fox; Mary M. (Fairfield, OH), Luhrsen; Kenneth R. (Aurora, IN), Burkes; Alice L. (Cincinnati, OH) Assignee(s): The Procter & Gamble Company (Cincinnati, OH) Patent Number: 5,215,769 Date filed: August 13, 1992 Abstract: This invention relates to sauces and salad dressings containing a soluble calcium source comprising specific molar ratios of calcium, citrate and malate or calcium acetate. The calcium composition is more soluble in these products than calcium citrate or calcium carbonate. The calcium citrate malate consists of a metastable complex salt. A calcium fortified vinegar is also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to sauces and salad dressings containing a soluble calcium source comprising specific molar ratios of calcium, citrate and malate or calcium acetate. The calcium citrate malate composition is more soluble than calcium citrate or calcium carbonate, and consists of a metastable complex salt.... Calcium is a mineral that is important for building bones and teeth. One of the problems with supplementation of the diet with calcium is that all sources of calcium are not equally soluble or bioavailable. In addition, some calcium sources are not as pure as other sources. For example, calcium carbonate derived from bone meal, oyster shell, or other biological origins contains trace amounts of lead and other minerals. Some calcium carbonates also contain silica. Therefore, it is necessary to take additional amounts of these materials to achieve the same calcium level as those taken from synthetic sources which are essentially pure calcium carbonate.... Calcium citrate is poorly soluble in water; calcium malate is more soluble. Calcium hydroxide is somewhere in between these salts. The hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air readily forming calcium carbonate. Calcium salts readily hydrate even when stored in dry cool places. Therefore, the amount of calcium being delivered by any pill or preparation may be even less than expected because of the large amount of water absorbed by the salts. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05215769__
•
Calcium fortified foodstuff Inventor(s): Jacobson; Mark Randolph (New Milford, CT), Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Vadehra; Dharam (New Milford, CT), Wedral; Elaine Regina (Sherman, CT), Sher; Alexander (Danbury, CT) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,342,257 Date filed: April 28, 2000 Abstract: A fortified foodstuff comprising a fortifying amount of a complex of calcium and a hydrolyzed polysaccharide, optionally combined with an acid, such as an organic
338 Calcium
acid. The foodstuff may be a dairy-based product such as milk or a milk product, a confectionery product, or an ice cream. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fortification of food and more particularly to the fortification of food with calcium.... Calcium is an important element in human diets for adequate bone formation and maintenance as well as other metabolic functions, e.g., nerve transmission, blood clotting, proper cell function and muscle contraction. It is common practice to fortify food products with calcium sources which are either insoluble or soluble at around neutral pH. Many of the calcium sources currently used for fortification are insoluble or substantially insoluble at around neutral pH, e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, calcium citrate and other salts of calcium. These materials result in precipitation and a chalky mouth feel. Other calcium sources are soluble or substantially soluble at around neutral pH such as calcium chloride, calcium lactate and a few organic acid salts of calcium, but these react with milk proteins resulting in undesirable coagulation and sedimentation.... It is also common practice to stabilize or reduce the sedimentation of the calcium and milk proteins in the milk beverages fortified with calcium sources by adding carrageenans, pectins and/or other gums, but such materials impart an undesirably high viscosity to milk. Protein destabilization, e.g., precipitation and coagulation, is mainly attributed to free calcium ions in the system. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06342257__ •
Calcium fortified foodstuff and method of preparing same Inventor(s): Jacobson; Mark Randolph (New Milford, CT), Reddy; Sekhar (New Milford, CT), Vadehra; Dharam (New Milford, CT), Wedral; Elaine Regina (Sherman, CT), Sher; Alexander (Rockwell, MD) Assignee(s): Nestec S.A. (Vevey, CH) Patent Number: 6,063,411 Date filed: April 30, 1998 Abstract: A method of preparing a fortified foodstuff containing a fortifying amount of a complex of calcium and a hydrolyzed polysaccharide, combined with an acid, such as an organic acid. The foodstuff may be a dairy-based product such as milk or a milk product, a confectionery product, ice cream or a beverage such as a juice. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the fortification of food and more particularly to the fortification of food with calcium.... Calcium is an important element in human diets for adequate bone formation and maintenance as well as other metabolic functions, e.g., nerve transmission, blood clotting, proper cell function and muscle contraction. It is common practice to fortify food products with calcium sources which are either insoluble or soluble at around neutral pH. Many of the calcium sources currently used for fortification are insoluble or substantially insoluble at around neutral pH, e.g., calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, calcium citrate and other salts of calcium. These materials result in precipitation and a chalky mouth feel. Other calcium sources are soluble or substantially soluble at around neutral pH such as calcium chloride, calcium lactate and a few organic acid salts of calcium, but these react with milk proteins resulting in undesirable coagulation and sedimentation.... It is also common practice to stabilize or reduce the sedimentation of the calcium and milk proteins in the milk beverages fortified with calcium sources by adding carrageenans, pectins and/or other gums, but such materials impart an undesirably high viscosity to
Patents 339
milk. Protein destabilisation, e.g., precipitation and coagulation, is mainly attributed to free calcium ions in the system. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06063411__ •
Calcium fortified juice-based nutritional supplement and process of making Inventor(s): Liebrecht; Jeffery Wayne (Columbus, OH), Phillips; Kenneth Mark (Bexley, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 6,106,874 Date filed: November 18, 1998 Abstract: This invention relates to a low pH nutritional beverage that utilizes pectin-free fruit juice as a major component and a source of calcium selected from natural milk mineral, calcium lactate gluconate and mixtures thereof. The beverage preferably also contains water soluble vitamins, flavors and carbohydrates. The use of a pectin-free and clarified pear juice in a preferred embodiment of the beverage provides a fat-free beverage with a substantially clear appearance and a light, refreshing mouthfeel. The beverage is preferably produced using a "cold water process" that results in excellent physical stability of the beverage over shelf life and the reduction of browning. Excerpt(s): This invention is directed to a clear, sediment-free, stabilizer-free, low pH (3.0-4.0) liquid nutritional beverage that provides high levels of iron, Vitamin C, and calcium in a matrix that has a refreshing fruit flavor, a thin texture, and a highly acceptable mouthfeel. The invention also relates to a specific process for the manufacture of the beverage. The beverage according to this invention may be carbonated to enhance certain sensory characteristics. Other aspects of this invention relate to methods of providing nutrition to a patient. Further aspects relate to methods of supplementing a patient's diet with additional nutrients such as calcium, Vitamin C or iron.... Nutritional supplements differ generally from nutritionally complete liquid foods in that they are not intended to provide all of the nutritional requirements of a human, but instead are intended to supplement other, more conventional, sources of nutrition. Nutritional supplements can take the form of pills, capsules, food bars, powders, and ready-to-drink beverages. Modern consumers not only desire that their beverages be refreshing and tasty, they also desire some level of nutritional supplementation, especially for the important vitamins and minerals such as calcium, iron, Vitamin C, the B vitamins, and folic acid.... Parents of toddlers and children are especially sensitive to the nutritional needs of their offspring and understand that unfortified juice products and soft drinks fall short of the nutritional needs of the growing child. Parents are also aware that for children to consume a nutritionally beneficial beverage, it must taste good and have a refreshing character. The beverage industry has expended significant efforts over the last two decades in developing products that provide significant levels of important vitamins and minerals in a matrix that is clear, refreshing, juice-based, of low viscosity, and with good physical stability over shelf life. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06106874__
340 Calcium
•
Calcium fortified low pH beverage Inventor(s): DeWille; Normanella Torres (Columbus, OH), Chandler; Michael Allen (Gahanna, OH), Mazer; Terrence Bruce (Reynoldsburg, OH), Ragan; Robert John (Gahanna, OH), Snowden; Gregory Allan (Westerville, OH), Geraghty; Maureen Elizabeth (Columbus, OH), Johnson; Catherine Dubinin (Dublin, OH) Assignee(s): Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL) Patent Number: 5,817,351 Date filed: January 27, 1997 Abstract: Liquid beverages for supplementation of dietary calcium are disclosed. The beverages of this invention use calcium glycerophosphate as the source of calcium, acidulants, vitamin C and optionally, vitamin D. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid nutritional product which has a low pH and is fortified with calcium and vitamin C to meet 50%, most preferably, 100%, of the adult RDI for vitamin C in a twelve ounce (355 ml) serving and from 30-50% of the adult RDI for calcium in a 12 ounce serving. Most preferably, the beverage of this invention contains 30-50% of the RDI for calcium and 100% of the RDI for vitamin C in 355 ml..... Calcium is an essential nutrient; it is a major component of mineralized tissues and is required for normal growth and development of the skeleton and teeth. Over the last decade, calcium has enjoyed increased attention due to its potential role in the prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects more than 25 million people in the United States and is the major underlying cause of bone fractures in postmenopausal women and the elderly. "Optimal Calcium Intake", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 272(24): 1942-1948 (1994).... As used herein "osteoporosis" refers to a reduction in the amount of bone mass. Two important factors influencing the occurrence of osteoporosis are optimal peak bone mass attained in the first two to three decades of life and the rate at which bone mass is lost in later years. Adequate calcium intake is critical to achieving optimal peak bone mass and modifies the rate of bone mass loss associated with aging. Wardlaw, "Putting Osteoporosis in Perspective", JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION, 93(9): 1000-1006 (1993). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05817351__
•
Calcium fortified pasta and process of making Inventor(s): Hahn; David H. (654 Waltonville Rd., Hummelstown, PA 17036), Nolt; Michael L. (508 Prospect Rd., Elizabethtown, PA 17022), Paris; Frank P. (1305 Edgewood Dr., Hummelstown, PA 17036) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,945,144 Date filed: May 15, 1998 Abstract: The present invention is directed to a calcium fortified pasta and the process of preparing the same. The pasta product contains about 75% wheat flour, water and at least 800 mg to 8000 mg of calcium per pound of product. The process includes mixing the ingredients and at least 800-8000 mg calcium per pound of pasta product, extruding, then drying the pasta at temperatures from about 130.degree. F. to about 200.degree. F. and at a relative humidity sufficient to control the drying rate to a moisture content of about 13%.
Patents 341
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium fortified pasta and to processes for making the same.... Calcium is an extremely important mineral nutrient that helps prevent osteoporosis and softening of the bone. Unfortunately, in today's busy world, many Americans neglect ingesting, either through foods or vitamin supplements, the daily recommended dosage of calcium to minimize the risk of being afflicted with calcium deficiency related diseases. In fact, studies have confirmed that intakes of calcium today in the United States are well below the 1989 Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDAs) set by the Food and Nutritional Board of the National Academy of Sciences--especially for adolescent and adult females. Further a 1994 National Institutes of Health Consensus Conference has recommended calcium intakes above the RDAs and above the levels consumed by most Americans. It is becoming increasingly clear that there is a need for additional dietary sources for calcium. The present invention fulfills that need by adding high levels of calcium to one of the most popular food products in the world--pasta.... Pasta is an ideal food for such calcium enrichment. It is a healthy food, low in fat and high in carbohydrates--ideal for the nutrition minded population. It has a long shelf life, especially since it has a low moisture content. Furthermore, pasta is easy to prepare. Generally, it is prepared by forming a dough from pasta flour consisting of semolina, durum flour or other types of wheat flour and water, extruding the dough into the desired product shape and then carefully drying under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. But, most important of all, it is a popular food. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05945144__ •
Calcium fortified yogurt and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Fleury; Amy R. (Arden Hills, MN), Funk; Dean F. (Brooklyn Park, MN), Patel; Mayank T. (Maple Grove, MN), Vala; Warren D. (Plymouth, MN) Assignee(s): General Mills, Inc. (Minneapolis, MN) Patent Number: 5,820,903 Date filed: June 30, 1997 Abstract: Nutritionally improved yogurt products are provided that include a calcium phosphate salt of reduced particle size. The calcium fortification provides yogurts containing a total calcium content of 500 to 1500 mg per 170 g of yogurt. The calcium phosphate has a particle size of less than 150.mu.m in the product. A method for producing the calcium fortified yogurt is also provided wherein an insoluble calcium salt is admixed with a yogurt base subsequent to fermentation with minimal shear. The yogurt base is prepared by conventional fermentation to have a thickness of at least 1500 cps (at 5.degree. C.). Separately, a concentrated slurry of a calcium phosphate is prepared having a pH of 4.0 to 4.6. The pH is adjusted by adding an edible organic or mineral acid. The slurry can be subjected to a size reduction step such as homogenization. Sufficient amounts of calcium phosphate slurry are admixed with the yogurt base to provide desired levels of calcium content (native plus supplemental). Excerpt(s): This invention relates to fermented food products such as yogurt compositions and to their methods of manufacture, and more specifically to yogurt fortified with calcium.... Recent medical studies have indicated that a diet containing the U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) of calcium may be effective in preventing or mitigating osteoporosis, and also possibly high blood pressure and colon cancer. There is therefore great public interest in the consumption of food products that will supply the recommended daily allowance of calcium.... Nutritionists and consumers alike
342 Calcium
recognize dairy products as good sources of calcium. Consumers who may be most in need of an adequate calcium intake (e.g., dieters, the pregnant or middle aged women) are target consumers for yogurt products. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05820903__ •
Calcium free subtilisin mutants Inventor(s): Bryan; Philip N. (Silver Spring, MD), Alexander; Patrick A. (Silver Spring, MD), Strausberg; Susan L. (Rockville, MD) Assignee(s): University of Maryland (College Park, MD) Patent Number: 5,707,848 Date filed: November 27, 1995 Abstract: Novel calcium free subtilisin mutants are taught, in particular a subtilisin which has been mutated to eliminate amino acids 75-83. Excerpt(s): A general object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which have been mutated such that they do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide DNA sequences which upon expression provide for subtilisin mutants which do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which comprise specific combinations of mutations which provide for enhanced thermal stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05707848__
•
Calcium free subtilisin mutants Inventor(s): Bryan; Philip N. (North Potomac, MD) Assignee(s): University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,541,234 Date filed: September 11, 2000 Abstract: Novel calcium free subtilisin mutants are taught, in particular subtilisins which have been mutated to eliminate amino acids 75-83 and which retain enzymatic activity and stability. Recombinant methods for producing same and recombinant DNA encoding for such subtilisin mutants are also provided. Excerpt(s): A general object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which have been mutated such that they do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide DNA sequences which upon expression provide for subtilisin mutants which do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which comprise specific combinations of mutations which provide for enhanced thermal stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541234__
Patents 343
•
Calcium free subtilisin mutants Inventor(s): Bryan; Philip N. (North Potomac, MD) Assignee(s): University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute (Baltimore, MD) Patent Number: 6,541,235 Date filed: September 29, 2000 Abstract: Novel calcium free subtilisin mutants are taught, in particular subtilisins which have been mutated to eliminate amino acids 75-83 and part or all of amino acids 1-22 (the N-terminal region) and which retain enzymatic activity and stability. Recombinant methods for producing the same and recombinant DNA encoding for such subtilisin mutants are also provided. Excerpt(s): A general object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which have been mutated such that they do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide DNA sequences which upon expression provide for subtilisin mutants which do not bind calcium.... Another object of the invention is to provide subtilisin mutants which comprise specific combinations of mutations which provide for enhanced thermal stability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06541235__
•
Calcium hydrogen phosphate, a method for preparing it, and an excipient utilizing it Inventor(s): Takado; Kanemasa (Takaoka, JP), Murakami; Tatsuo (Kamiichi, JP) Assignee(s): Fuji Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. (JP) Patent Number: 5,486,365 Date filed: July 8, 1994 Abstract: The object of the present invention is to prepare a calcium hydrogen phosphate that has excellent binding properties, a large oil adsorption capacity and a specific surface area, and is therefore suitable as an excipient.A scale-like calcium hydrogen phosphate is prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with an alkaline calcium compound such as quick lime, in the presence of a multivalent organic acid with coordinating ability, such as citric acid, to obtain a columnar calcium hydrogen phosphate, and then hydrothermally treating the obtained columnar calcium hydrogen phosphate at a temperature of 60.degree. C. or higher. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium hydrogen phosphate for use in such items as medicines, cosmetics, and foods, as well as a method for preparing the calcium hydrogen phosphate and an excipient utilizing it.... Calcium hydrogen phosphate is used in such items as pharmaceuticals and foods to reinforce calcium and phosphoric add components and as an anti-caking agent.... Since calcium hydrogen phosphate is non-hygroscopic, inert, non-reactive with medicines, and does not discolor formulations, attempts have been made to utilize it as an excipient for such items as medicines, cosmetics, and foods. However, since calcium hydrogen phosphate takes the form of sheet-like crystalline granules of 10.mu.m or more and thereofore features inferior binding properties, unsuitabe as an excipient. In order to avoid this drawback, calcium hydrogen phosphate is conventionally pulverized into fine granules or combined with a binding agent such as sodium polyacrylate to give it molding properties.
344 Calcium
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05486365__ •
Calcium hydroxide multi-pack container and method of forming same Inventor(s): Schmid; Carl E. (Easton, CT) Assignee(s): Centrix, Inc. (Shelton, CT) Patent Number: 5,934,460 Date filed: August 4, 1998 Abstract: A calcium hydroxide unit-dose multi-package and method of forming the package that includes sealed chambers or compartments each containing a capsule having a connected needle forming a nozzle which is open at the discharge end. The capsule is pre-filled with a predetermined amount of calcium hydroxide formulation that is confined within the capsule by an end plug that functions as a piston to extrude the calcium hydroxide formulation from the capsule and directly to the tooth when used. Disposed within the sealed chamber or compartment containing the capsule, is a quantity of preservative liquid or distilled water saturated with calcium hydroxide to prevent dehydration or decomposition of the calcium hydroxide formulation in the capsule during shipping or storage. The multi-package with the capsule and liquid sealed therein can be sterilized by gamma radiation to ensure sterility of the calcium hydroxide and to prevent growth in the sealed container. The multi-packaged is formed as a tray having multiple chambers, each of which contains pre-loaded capsules and a quantity of preservative liquid whereby the respective chambers are sealed by an overlying cover sheet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a package for calcium hydroxide formulation, and more specifically to a multi-pack container of unit or single dose capsules of calcium hydroxide formulation to prohibit long term changes in consistency due to dehydration or chemical reactions in the presence of any carbon dioxide, and method of making the same.... In dentistry, calcium hydroxide formulated paste is frequently used as a temporary treatment material to pack a root canal of a tooth during a root canal procedure. Heretofore, such calcium hydroxide paste was packaged in relatively large (five cc) syringes or in an anesthetic type glass cartridge. When packaged in a large bulk syringe, a dentist would first extrude therefrom a desired amount of the calcium hydroxide paste for a given procedure onto a pad or dispensed from the bulk syringe using a disposable canula. Calcium hydroxide so packaged can lead to cross contamination, since it is impossible for a dentist to sterilize a bulk syringe with the remaining material inside. The dentist would then pack the extruded amount of calcium hydroxide paste into the root canal of a tooth. It has been noted in the packaging of such calcium hydroxide paste in a bulk syringe type package that there is also the tendency for the calcium hydroxide paste to harden or solidify over time because of dehydration and/or by reaction with any carbon dioxide which may be present, thereby rendering such paste unfit for its intended use. As a result, much of the paste packaged in such bulk type package syringes often would solidify before it was used, thereby resulting in substantial waste. In an effort to alleviate this solidifying problem, dentists were instructed to moisten the tip end of the bulk syringe before recapping the tip end between use thereof. However, such instructions provided only marginal success depending upon the integrity of the sealing cap and end piston. Also, dentists and/or the dental assistants frequently would neglect and/or not follow such manufacturer's instructions.... When packaged in anesthetic type glass cartridge with attached needle,
Patents 345
the sterility of the calcium hydroxide was compromised, as the same cartridge was used on multiple patients that required the attachment of a new needle for each patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05934460__ •
Calcium hydroxide package and method of forming same Inventor(s): Schmid; Carl E. (Easton, CT) Assignee(s): Centrix, Inc. (Shelton, CT) Patent Number: 5,819,921 Date filed: December 12, 1996 Abstract: A calcium hydroxide package and method of forming the package that includes a sealed vial containing a capsule having a connected needle forming a nozzle which is open at the discharge end. The capsule is prefilled with a predetermined amount of calcium hydroxide formulation that is confined within the capsule by an end plug that functions as a piston to extrude the calcium hydroxide formulation from the capsule and directly to the tooth when used. Disposed within the sealed vial containing the capsule, prefilled with the calcium hydroxide formulation, is a quantity of preservative liquid or distilled water saturated with calcium hydroxide to prevent dehydration or decomposition of the calcium hydroxide formulation during shipping or storage, and wherein the vial with the capsule and liquid sealed therein can be subsequently sterilized by gamma radiation to ensure sterility of the calcium hydroxide and to prevent growth in the sealed container containing distilled water. In another form of the invention, the packaged is formed as a tray having multiple chambers, each of which contains pre-loaded capsules and a quantity of preservative liquid whereby the respective chambers are sealed by an overlying cover sheet. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a package for calcium hydroxide formulation, and more specifically to a unit or single dose package of calcium hydroxide formulation to prohibit long term changes in consistency due to dehydration or chemical reactions in the presence of any carbon dioxide, and method of making the same.... In dentistry, calcium hydroxide formulated paste is frequently used as a temporary treatment material to pack a root canal of a tooth during a root canal procedure. Heretofore, such calcium hydroxide paste was packaged in relatively large (five cc) syringes or in an anesthetic type glass cartridge. When packaged in a large bulk syringe, a dentist would first extrude therefrom a desired amount of the calcium hydroxide paste for a given procedure onto a pad or dispensed from the bulk syringe using a disposable canula. Calcium hydroxide so packaged can lead to cross contamination, since it is impossible for a dentist to sterilize a bulk syringe with the remaining material inside. The dentist would then pack the extruded amount of calcium hydroxide paste into the root canal of a tooth. It has been noted in the packaging of such calcium hydroxide paste in a bulk syringe type package that there is also the tendency for the calcium hydroxide paste to harden or solidify over time because of dehydration and/or by reaction with any carbon dioxide which may be present, thereby rendering such paste unfit for its intended use. As a result, much of the paste packaged in such bulk type package syringes often would solidify before it was used, thereby resulting in substantial waste. In an effort to alleviate this solidifying problem, dentists were instructed to moisten the tip end of the bulk syringe before recapping the tip end between use thereof. However, such instructions provided only marginal success depending upon the integrity of the sealing cap and end piston. Also, dentists and/or the dental assistants frequently would neglect and/or not follow such manufacturer's
346 Calcium
instructions.... When packaged in anesthetic type glass cartridge with attached needle, the sterility of the calcium hydroxide was compromised, as the same cartridge was used on multiple patients that required the attachment of a new needle for each patient. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05819921__ •
Calcium hydroxide pretreatment of biomass Inventor(s): Holtzapple; Mark T. (College State, TX), Davison; Richard R. (Bryan, TX), Nagwani; Murlidhar (Houston, TX) Assignee(s): The Texas A&M University System (College Station, TX) Patent Number: 5,693,296 Date filed: September 6, 1994 Abstract: Lignocellulose-containing materials are treated with lime (calcium hydroxide) and water at a relatively high temperature and for a certain period of time under certain conditions. The process variables were: lime loading which ranged from about 2 to about g Ca(OH).sub.2 /100 g dry material; water loading which ranged from about 6 to about 19 g water/g dry material; treatment temperature which varied from about 50.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C. and treatment time which varied from about 1 to about 36 hours. The effects of treatment time and temperature were interdependent.A process for lime recovery is developed. The soluble Ca(OH).sub.2 was washed out of the pretreated material with water and converted to insoluble CaCO.sub.3, by reacting with CO.sub.2, and was thus separated. The CaCO.sub.3 can be heated to produce CaO and CO.sub.2. The CaO is hydrated to Ca(OH).sub.2 which can be reused as the lignocellulose treatment agent. Carbon dioxide is reused for lime recovery. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to pretreating lignocellulose-containing materials with a certain amount of lime and water at a relatively high temperature for a certain period of time to render the material amenable to enzymatic digestion and also relates to recovering the lime from the mixture.... Biomass can be classified in three main categories: sugar-, starch- and cellulose-containing plants. Sugar-containing plants (e.g. sweet sorghum, sugarcane) and starch-containing plants (e.g. corn, rice, wheat, sweet potatoes) are primarily used as food sources. Cellulose-containing plants and waste products (e.g. grasses, wood, bagasse, straws) are the most abundant forms of biomass. Although they are not easily converted to useful products, a well engineered process to convert them to feedstock may potentially be economical since the costs of feedstock are much less than those of sugar and starch-containing biomass.... Cellulose-containing materials are generally referred to as lignocellulosics because they contain cellulose (40%-60%), hemicellulose (20%-40%) and lignin (10%-25%). Non-woody biomass generally contains less than about 15-20% lignin. Cellulose, a glucose polymer, can be hydrolyzed to glucose using acid, enzymes or microbes. Glucose can serve as a feedstock for fuel alcohol and single-cell protein production. Microbial hydrolysis produces cellular biomass (i.e. single-cell protein) and metabolic waste products such as organic acids. Acid hydrolysis, although simple, produces many undesirable degradation products. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the cleanest and most preferred approach. However, production of enzymes, mainly cellulase and cellobiase, can be an expensive step. Apart from alcohol production, lignocellulose can be used as inexpensive cattle feed. Since raw lignocellulose cannot be easily digested by cattle, it must be processed to improve its digestibility before it can be fed to ruminants. Also, anaerobic fermentation using rumen microorganisms can produce low molecular weight volatile fatty acids.
Patents 347
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05693296__ •
Calcium hydroxide, a process for the production thereof and use thereof Inventor(s): Miyata; Shigeo (Kitakyushu, JP) Assignee(s): Kabushiki Kaisha Kaisui Kagaku Kenkyujo (Fukuoka-ken, JP) Patent Number: 6,592,834 Date filed: August 15, 2000 Abstract: Calcium hydroxide in which the average secondary particle diameter at a cumulative percentage of 50% by number in a particle size distribution is 2.0.mu.m or less and the BET specific surface area is 7 to 20 m.sup.2 /g and which is surface-treated with 0.1 to 10% by weight of an anionic surfactant, its production process and its use. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a high-purity calcium hydroxide having fine particles and a high dispersibility in a resin, a process for the production thereof and a calcium hydroxide-containing resin composition containing said calcium hydroxide as an active ingredient for an acid-capturing agent. More specifically, it relates to calcium hydroxide which can work as a heat stabilizer for a resin, prevent the occurrence of dioxin or the like, prevent the corrosion of a processing machine or impart antifungal properties owing to the capture of an acid substance such as hydrochloric acid, generated from a resin or garbage at a processing or burning time, at high yields by incorporating a high-purity calcium hydroxide having fine particles and a high dispersibility, as an active ingredient, into a resin such as polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene, a process for the production thereof and a calcium hydroxide-containing resin composition containing said calcium hydroxide as an active ingredient for an acidcapturing agent.... A conventional calcium hydroxide has large primary particles (crystal) as large as about 1.mu.m to several.mu.m, and these particles agglomerate strongly to form large secondary particles (the average secondary particle diameter at a cumulative percentage of 50% is about 4 to 20.mu.m). Further, the above calcium hydroxide is very unstable, and it has the problem that the calcium hydroxide is easily reacted with a carbonic acid gas in the air to convert to calcium carbonate. When the conventional calcium hydroxide is added in a resin, therefore, the calcium hydroxide is remarkably poor in dispersibility in the resin. For example, when a resin composition containing the calcium hydroxide is molded to a film, the surface of the film is rough, and further, the film is colored to have a puce color due to large amounts of impurities such as Fe or Mn. Further, the reactivity of the calcium hydroxide with an acid such as hydrogen chloride generated from polyvinyl chloride is impaired since the primary particles and the secondary particles are large. Therefore, a corresponding amount of the calcium hydroxide should be further added to the resin. When the amount of the calcium hydroxide increases, inherent properties of a resin are impaired, which extremely decreases a value as a commodity product.... It is an object of the present invention to provide a fine-particle, high-dispersibility and high-purity calcium hydroxide of which the primary particles and secondary particles are fine, and which is prevented from converting to calcium carbonate, and a process for the production thereof. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06592834__
348 Calcium
•
Calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material Inventor(s): Imai; Yohji (Chiba, JP), Abiru; Masao (Tokyo, JP) Assignee(s): GC Corporation (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 6,566,418 Date filed: January 25, 2001 Abstract: A calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material having superior bioaffinity is provided, which is a temporary root canal filling material to be used in the root canal treatment of teeth, having such roles that, when filled temporarily in the root canal, it stays in an affected part during a predetermined period of time, thereby a root canal being prevented from staining by pathogenic bacteria or exudates, has corrosion resistance, and promotes the remedy of an apical abscess by wound of the root apex portion. The calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material is comprised of 3 to 20% by weight of polyvinylpyrrolidone and/or polyvinyl methyl ether, 30 to 60% by weight of calcium hydroxide, and 35 to 60% by weight of water. Further, there is an embodiment in which from 5 to 20 parts by weight of at least one X-ray opacity medium selected from barium sulfate, zirconium oxide, bismuth subnitrate, bismuth trioxide, and bismuth carbonate and/or 0.5 to 5 parts by weight of at least one disinfectant selected from iodoform and iodine is further contained based on 100 parts by weight of the calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material, which is a temporary root canal filling material that is used for a short period of time after root canal preparation, in the root canal treatment of teeth, a pulp tissue is removed with an instrument for root canal preparation such as a reamer or a file, thereby a root canal being prepared into a form in which the root canal filling can be readily achieved, but before a final root canal filling material such as a gutta-percha is filled into the prepared root canal. This calcium hydroxide-based root canal filling material has such roles that, when filled temporarily in the root canal, it stays in an affected part during a predetermined period of time, thereby preventing the root canal from staining by pathogenic bacteria or exudates, has corrosion resistance, and promotes the remedy of an apical abscess by wound of the root apex portion.... In the dental remedy, there is taken a treatment that, when the remedy of pulp disease or apical periodontitis of teeth is carried out, sphacelus pieces or food pieces within a root canal and dentins within a stained root canal inner wall are removed, and pulpectomy is then carried out. Simultaneously, there is taken a treatment that the root canal is adjusted into a form in which the root canal filling can be readily achieved with an instrument such as a reamer or a file, and a materially stable substance such as guttapercha is filled into the prepared root canal, thereby pathogenic bacteria being prevented from invading as well as the tooth root being kept harmless for a periodontal tissue. This treatment in series is called as a root canal remedy.... Now, in order to achieve the root canal treatment, first of all, a dental pulp is removed, and root canal preparation is then performed to enlarge an instrument such as a reamer or a file,. Subsequently, the root canal thus treated is cleaned with a chemical. However, the root canal is complicated, and the number of root canals per tooth is different depending on a site at which the teeth are present, such as a single root canal, two root canals, three root canals, or four root canals. Further, the shape of the root canal varies depending on the individual teeth, including a linear shape, a flat shape, a gutter shape, and a curved shape. For these reasons, even when such a treatment is achieved, there is a fear that bacteria within the root canal and dentinal tubule cannot be removed completely.
Patents 349
Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06566418__ •
Calcium hypochlorite article Inventor(s): Johnson; Harlan B. (Rittman, OH), Wiedrich; Charles R. (Wadsworth, OH), Allen; Ernie L. (Barberton, OH), Howell; Peter P. (New Martinsville, WV) Assignee(s): PPG Industries, Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA) Patent Number: 5,009,806 Date filed: July 17, 1990 Abstract: Granular calcium hypochlorite containing from about 0.001 to about 1.0 weight percent of finely-divided polyfluorinated polymer, e.g., polytetrafluoroethylene, dispersed throughout the granules is described. The product may be compressed and formed into shaped articles, e.g., tablets. The granules may be prepared by admixing the polyfluorinated polymer with particulate calcium hypochlorite, compacting the mixture and granulating the compacted product. Tablets prepared from the polyfluorinated polymer containing granular calcium hypochlorite dissolve in water at a rate slower than tablets prepared without the polyfluorinated polymer. Finely-divided calcium hypochlorite powder, e.g., powder of less than about 10 microns in size, is rendered more conveyable and compactible by the addition of the finely-divided polyfluorinated polymer; and mixtures of finely-divided calcium hypochlorite powder and particulate calcium hypochlorite is rendered more readily compactible. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium hypochlorite compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to granular calcium hypochlorite compositions and solid articles, such as tablets, prepared from such compositions. Still more particularly, this invention relates to improving the compactability of granular calcium hypochlorite containing finely-divided calcium hypochlorite powder.... Calcium hypochlorite enjoys a major portion of the market for available chlorine because it is the cheapest and most stable solid composition known which delivers all of its available chlorine immediately on contact with oxidizable materials. Calcium hypochlorite compositions containing at least 65 weight percent of available chlorine have been on the market for many years and are used primarily as a commercial bleaching and sanitizing agent, particularly in the disinfection and sanitizing of water supplies such as swimming pool water. Solid formed articles of calcium hypochlorite, e.g., tablets, can provide a continuous source of available chlorine for disinfecting and sanitizing water over a prolonged period of time.... For the treatment of residual swimming pool water, it is conventional to broadcast granular calcium hypochlorite periodically directly on the water in the pool in quantities sufficient to maintain the amount of available chlorine at or above the desired levels, e.g., from less than 1 part per million to a few parts per million of chlorine. In an alternative method, tablets of calcium hypochlorite are placed in a skimmer or in dissolving baskets located around the swimming pool to provide continuous contact between the pool water and the solid calcium hypochlorite. A further method used to treat swimming pool water is to add granular or tabletted calcium hypochlorite to a dispensing device in which the calcium hypochlorite is contacted with the water to be treated so that dissolution of the calcium hypochlorite is controlled to form an aqueous solution having the desired concentration of available chlorine. This concentrated solution is then added to the total body of pool water to provide the desired level of available chlorine in the pool. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05009806__
350 Calcium
•
Calcium hypochlorite compositions containing phosphonobutane polycarboxylic acid salts Inventor(s): Mullins; Richard M. (Madison, CT), Wood; Richard B. (Bristol, CT), Wojtowicz; John A. (Cheshire, CT) Assignee(s): Olin Corporation (Cheshire, CT) Patent Number: 5,112,521 Date filed: February 25, 1991 Abstract: A solid calcium hypochlorite composition contains calcium hypochlorite and an alkali metal salt of phosphonobutane polycarboxylic acid having an available chlorine concentration of at least 50 percent by weight.It has been found that the use of the novel compositions of the present invention can significantly reduce scale formation in dispensers for calcium hypochlorite particularly where water having high total alkalinity is used. The prevention or inhibition of scale formation is accomplished without harmfully affecting other properties of the pool water such as the pH. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to calcium hypochlorite compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to improved calcium hypochlorite compositions for disinfecting and sanitizing water supplies.... Calcium hypochlorite is widely used as a disinfectant and sanitizing agent for supplying available chlorine in the treatment of water supplies such as swimming pool water. To sanitize swimming pool water, available chlorine concentrations ranging from less than 1 part per million to a few parts per million are continually maintained. In conventional methods of application, granular calcium hypochlorite is periodically added directly to the water in the pool in quantities sufficient to maintain the available chlorine at the desired levels. It is preferred, however, to provide substantially continuous application of solid calcium hypochlorite to the pool water.... Placing tablets of calcium hypochlorite in the skimmer or in dissolving baskets around the pool is one method employed. Another method used is to add solid calcium hypochlorite to a dispensing device in which the calcium hypochlorite is contacted with the water to be treated so that the dissolving of the solid is controlled to form a solution of the desired available chlorine concentration. This concentrated solution is then added to the total body of pool water to provide the desired available chlorine concentration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05112521__
•
Calcium hypochlorite feeder Inventor(s): Morrison; Ralph (Chebanse, IL), Liebendorfer; Michael (Herscher, IL), Dennis, II; Richard (Clifton, IL), Tietjens; Joseph (Bourbonnais, IL), Martin; Roy (Downers Grove, IL) Assignee(s): U.S. Filter/Stranco (Bradley, IL) Patent Number: 6,045,706 Date filed: August 19, 1998 Abstract: The instant invention is directed toward an improved calcium hypochlorite feeder for water treatment applications. Tablets of calcium hypochlorite are diluted in an erosion feeder and the high pH effluent is then directed to a precipitation basin where a precipitation enhancing combination of calcium hypochlorite solution and
Patents 351
precipitate act to initiate precipitation within the newly formed solution such that calcium carbonate scaling at the injection point and within the associated feed lines and equipment is substantially eliminated. Excerpt(s): This invention is related to the treatment of water and in particular, to an apparatus for treating water with calcium hypochlorite.... Aquatic facilities are a primary example of the need for proper water conditioning. When water is used for swimming, it must meet stringent health standards. Once the water is preconditioned, it is most economical to recirculate the water through water conditioning equipment to maintain such standards. For this reason, the water is commonly treated with various chemicals. A known problem with water conditioning chemicals is that many of them are dependent on the maintenance of an appropriate pH for proper operation. In many circumstances the chemical itself will cause an alteration of the pH upon its introduction into the water.... Calcium hypochlorite is an oxidizer that is commonly accepted for use in a variety of aqueous systems, including the aquatic environment. However, effective application of calcium hypochlorite is highly dependent on the concentration of alkalinity in the supply water and the treated water pH. Generally speaking, supply water having a high concentration of alkalinity with the addition of calcium hypochlorite causes hard water scaling. This scaling often occurs at the injection point and throughout the feed line. When such scaling occurs, it makes it necessary to routinely remove the scale by disassembly of the equipment and washing in an acid bath. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06045706__ •
Calcium hypochlorite product Inventor(s): Shaffer; John H. (Cleveland, TN), Melton; James K. (Cleveland, TN), Hilliard; Garland E. (Cleveland, TN) Assignee(s): Olin Corporation (Cheshire, CT) Patent Number: 5,091,165 Date filed: July 23, 1990 Abstract: A calcium hypochlorite composition consists essentially of at least 75 percent by weight of Ca(OCl).sub.2, from about 6 to about 14 percent by weight of water, and less than 1.5 percent by weight of an alkali metal chloride. The novel composition provides increased amounts of sanitizing and disinfecting to, for example, water bodies while remaining safe with respect to thermal decomposition. Further, the composition reduces the rate of chlorine evolution during storage. Excerpt(s): Calcium hypochlorite is well known as a disinfectant and sanitizing agent which has been available commercially for over 50 years. It was produced in its early years as an anhydrous product having an available chlorine concentration of about 80 percent and a water content of less than 2 percent by weight. This product was an effective sanitizing agent, for example, for water in swimming pools. However, it was found to be susceptible to exothermic decomposition when contacted by, for example, open flames or lighted cigarettes. To reduce this safety hazard, the available chlorine concentration in commercial calcium hypochlorite products was reduced below 75 percent.... More recently, hydrated calcium hypochlorite compositions have been developed having a water content of at least 4 percent by weight, for example from 4 to 15 percent by weight. These "hydrated" calcium hypochlorite compositions may be prepared by the methods described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,544,267, issued to G.
352 Calcium
R. Dychdala on Dec. 1, 1970. The increase in product safety with respect to thermal decomposition was accomplished by a further reduction in available chlorine concentration, with commercial products having an available chlorine concentration of about 70 percent.... In a labor intensive process, J. P. Faust (U.S. Pat. No. 3,669,894, issued June 13, 1972) produced calcium hypochlorite having improved safety with respect to thermal decomposition having a concentration of 75 to 82 percent of Ca(OCl).sub.2 and 6 to 12 percent water. The composition also contained inert materials usually associated with the process of manufacture such as sodium chloride, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride and calcium carbonate. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05091165__ •
Calcium independent cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 /B enzymes Inventor(s): Jones; Simon (Somerville, MA), Tang; Jin (Canton, MA) Assignee(s): Genetics Institute, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) Patent Number: 5,589,170 Date filed: April 14, 1995 Abstract: The invention provides a novel calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 /B enzyme, polynucleotides encoding such enzyme and methods for screening unknown compounds for anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the arachidonic acid cascade. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a purified calcium independent cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 /B enzymes which are useful for assaying chemical agents for anti-inflammatory activity.... The phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes comprise a widely distributed family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position. One kind of phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, secreted phospholipase A.sub.2 or sPLA.sub.2, are involved in a number of biological functions, including phospholipid digestion, the toxic activities of numerous venoms, and potential antibacterial activities. A second kind of phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, the intracellular phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, also known as cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 or cPLA.sub.2, are active in membrane phospholipid turnover and in regulation of intracellular signalling mediated by the multiple components of the well-known arachidonic acid cascade. One or more cPLA.sub.2 enzymes are believed to be responsible for the rate limiting step in the arachidonic acid cascade, namely, release of arachidonic acid from membrane glycerophospholipids. The action of cPLA.sub.2 also results in biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF).... The phospholipase B enzymes are a family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The mechanism of hydrolysis is unclear but may consist of initial hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acid followed by rapid cleavage of the sn-1 substituent, i.e., functionally equivalent to the combination of phospholipase A.sub.2 and lysophospholipase (Saito et al., Methods of Enzymol., 1991, 197, 446; Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). Whether these two events occur at the same or two distinct active sites has not been resolved. It is also unknown if these enzymes have a preference for the removal of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular arachidonic acid, at the sn-2 position and accordingly contribute to the arachidonic acid cascade. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05589170__
Patents 353
•
Calcium independent cytosolic phospholipase A2/B enzymes Inventor(s): Jones; Simon (Somerville, MA), Tang; Jin (Canton, MA) Assignee(s): Genetics Institute, Inc. () Patent Number: 6,274,140 Date filed: March 6, 2000 Abstract: The invention provides a novel calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 /B enzyme, polynucleotides encoding the enzyme and methods for screening unknown compounds for anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the arachidonic acid cascade. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a purified calcium independent cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 /B enzymes which are useful for assaying chemical agents for anti-inflammatory activity.... The phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes comprise a widely distributed family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position. One kind of phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, secreted phospholipase A.sub.2 or sPLA.sub.2, are involved in a number of biological functions, including phospholipid digestion, the toxic activities of numerous venoms, and potential antibacterial activities. A second kind of phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, the intracellular phospholipase A.sub.2 enzymes, also known as cytosolic phospholipase A.sub.2 or cPLA.sub.2, are active in membrane phospholipid turnover and in regulation of intracellular signalling mediated by the multiple components of the well-known arachidonic acid cascade. One or more cPLA.sub.2 enzymes are believed to be responsible for the rate limiting step in the arachidonic acid cascade, namely, release of arachidonic acid from membrane glycerophospholipids. The action of cPLA.sub.2 also results in biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF).... The phospholipase B enzymes are a family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The mechanism of hydrolysis is unclear but may consist of initial hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acid followed by rapid cleavage of the sn-1 substituent, i.e., functionally equivalent to the combination of phospholipase A.sub.2 and lysophospholipase (Saito et al., Methods of Enzymol., 1991, 197, 446; Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). Whether these two events occur at the same or two distinct active sites has not been resolved. It is also unknown if these enzymes have a preference for the removal of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular arachidonic acid, at the sn-2 position and accordingly contribute to the arachidonic acid cascade. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06274140__
•
Calcium ion selective electrode Inventor(s): Shibata; Yasuhisa (Oomiya, JP), Oki; Naoto (Hitachi, JP) Assignee(s): Hitachi, Ltd. (Tokyo, JP) Patent Number: 5,102,527 Date filed: February 12, 1991 Abstract: A calcium ion selective electrode having a sensitive membrane comprising an organic polymeric substance, a plasticizer and a calcium ion sensitive substance of neutral carrier type, wherein the dielectric constant of the plasticizer is 10 or less, thus remarkably improving the responsiveness and stability of the electrode.
354 Calcium
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a calcium ion selective electrode of a polymeric support membrane type suitable for the measurement of the concentration of a calcium ion in a living body fluid such as blood.... Ions which are cations contained in a living body fluid, particularly blood, and frequently measured in the field of clinical tests are sodium, potassium, lithium and calcium ions. Among them, the sodium ion which is contained in the highest concentration, having a normal value of concentration of 135 to 145 mmol/l.... One of the methods of measuring the ion concentration of a living body fluid is an ion selective electrode method, and in recent years this method has come into wide use in the field of clinical tests. However, in order to realize an accurate measurement, it is necessary to eliminate a primary factor of error based on the influence of an interfering substance, etc., on the electrode. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05102527__ •
Calcium ion stable photographic color developing composition and method of use Inventor(s): Haye; Shirleyanne E. (Rochester, NY), Huston; Janet M. (Webster, NY), Henry; William G. (Caledonia, NY) Assignee(s): Eastman Kodak Company (Rochester, NY) Patent Number: 6,503,696 Date filed: March 12, 2001 Abstract: A color developing composition is stable in the presence of calcium ion because of the presence of a specific polyphosphonic acid sequestering agent. The composition also comprises a color developing agent in free base form and an antioxidant for the color developing agent. The calcium ion sequestering agent is morpholinomethanediphosphonic acid or a salt thereof. This sequestering agent can be used alone to control calcium ion precipitates, or in combination with a polyaminopolyphonic acid or salt thereof. The composition can be used to provide images in various color photographic silver halide materials. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to photographic color developing compositions that are stable to calcium ions, and to a method for their use. This invention is useful in the field of photography to provide color photographic images.... The basic processes for obtaining useful color images from exposed color photographic silver halide materials include several steps of photochemical processing such as color development, silver bleaching, silver halide fixing and water washing or dye image stabilizing using appropriate photochemical compositions.... Photographic color developing compositions are used to process color photographic materials such as color photographic films and papers to provide the desired dye images early in the photoprocessing method. Such compositions generally contain color developing agents, for example 4-amino-3-methyl-N-(2-methane sulfonamidoethyl)aniline, as reducing agents to react with suitable color forming couplers to form the desired dyes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,804 (Vincent et al) describes conventional color developing compositions that have found considerable commercial success in the photographic industry. Other known color developing compositions are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,174 (Ishikawa et al), U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,646 (Kobayashi et al) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,660,974 (Marrese et al). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06503696__
Patents 355
•
Calcium lactate-glycerol adduct, a process for its preparation Inventor(s): Reul; Bernhard (Konigstein, DE), Petri; Walter (Niedernhausen, DE) Assignee(s): Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Patent Number: 5,081,150 Date filed: April 12, 1990 Abstract: Calcium lactate-glycerol adduct, a molecular compound of 1 mole of calcium lactate and 2 moles of glycerol, and a process for its preparation are described. The adduct can be used as a calcium donor or auxiliary in pharmacy, cosmetics and the production of foodstuffs. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to calcium lactate-glycerol adduct, which is a solid, pulverulent, crystalline reaction product between calcium lactate and glycerol, and a process for the preparation of this novel substance. The invention furthermore relates to the use of the adduct in pharmacy, cosmetics and foodstuffs.... The process for its preparation comprises reacting calcium lactate with anhydrous glycerol in a molar ratio of 1 to at least 2, while warming in an anhydrous C.sub.1 - to C.sub.3 -alcohol, cooling the resulting clear solution and separating off the calcium lactate-glycerol adduct.... a clear solution is formed, from which the adduct precipitates in the form of granular crystals on cooling. For complete crystallization, the solubility of the adduct in the glycerol/methanol reaction mixture can be reduced by adding acetone (equal parts by weight of acetone, based on the glycerol employed). The substance is washed with a methanol/acetone mixture for complete removal of the glycerol. The adduct is separated off, for example, by filtration. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05081150__
•
Calcium metasilicates and methods for making Inventor(s): Withiam; Michael C. (25 Ketcham Ct., Landenberg, PA 19350), Conley; Donald P. (73 Groff Farm La., Conowingo, MD 21918), Yannul; Edward T. (61 Steelman Dr., Conowingo, MD 21918) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 6,610,266 Date filed: May 29, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed is calcium metasilicate having an aspect ratio (average major axial diameter/average minor axial diameter) of from about 1:1 to about 2.5:1, and an oil absorption of from about 20 ml/100 g to about 220 ml/100. Excerpt(s): Many consumer products, such as health and personal care products, are manufactured and packaged in solid, compacted form. The solid, compacted product form has several advantages over other product forms, such as relative ease of manufactures and durability in shipment and convenience in storing for retailers and consumers alike. The tablet solid form is particularly well-suited for over-the-counter prescription pharmaceutical, and nutritional products that are to be administered orally, because virtually any pharmaceutically-active medicament is capable of being granulated and prepared in powdered form without affecting its medicinal effectiveness. Moreover, after being swallowed, the tablets quickly disintegrate within the acidic environment of the stomach, and the active medicament within the tablet is readily digested and absorbed into the blood stream.... However, in certain situations it
356 Calcium
would be beneficial if the tablet would disintegrate in the mouth so that the active pharmaceutical could be delivered to the blood stream of a patient without the necessity of swallowing the tablet. For example, children and advanced geriatric patients (those over 80 years old) often have difficulty swallowing pills, and a tablet that dissolves or rapidly disintegrates in the mouth would provide a convenient and effective solid form delivery system for such patients. Additionally, a tablet that dissolves, or disintegrates, in the mouth would be helpful for mentally disabled individuals who require treatment with pharmaceuticals, but refuse to swallow tablets.... Yet another situation where oral disintegration would be helpful is where water may not be readily available to assist in swallowing the tablet, such as when a person is traveling in an automobile or under certain working conditions. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06610266__ •
Calcium mineral-based microparticles and method for the production thereof Inventor(s): Nuwayser; Elie S. (Wellesley, MA) Assignee(s): Biotek, Inc. (Woburn, MA) Patent Number: 5,648,097 Date filed: October 4, 1995 Abstract: A novel method of producing biodegradable microparticles is disclosed. Inorganic calcium salts are mixed with water to form a slurry. The slurry is then added to an oil bath which is then mixed to form an emulsion. The mixing continues for a period of time sufficient to form hardened microparticles. The hardened microparticles are then retrieved and characterized. Biologically active agents may be added to the slurry prior to emulsification, or they may be added to the hardened microparticles after production. The microparticles may be injected into a human being whereby they act as controlled release drug delivery vehicles. Excerpt(s): Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to mineral based microparticles and methods for the production thereof. Embodiments of the present invention relate further to novel biodegradable and/or bioerodible microparticles having as a major component an inorganic calcium compound. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to methods of producing such microparticles by using a novel emulsion technique. The microparticles are useful in the controlled delivery of desired agents, such as biologically active agents and, given their biocompatability, are useful as injectable or implantable drug delivery vehicles. Embodiments of the present invention also relate to novel controlled drug delivery vehicles produced by coating such mineral based microparticles with a polymer, mineral or lipid shell to produce microcapsules.... A variety of methods to produce biodegradable drug delivery systems exist. For example, biodegradable polymer systems exist which include polylactide-coglycolides, polycarbonates, polyalkylcyanoacrylates, and polyanhydrides. Biodegradable polymer systems have been investigated for their in vivo drug delivery capability as implants, microspheres, microcapsules, nanoparticles, aggregates, and micelles. These biodegradable polymers have been developed into useful products, and have been the subject of many review articles.... As useful as biodegradable polymers are, they have proven difficult to develop into practical parenteral systems, in part because they release drugs by a complex combination of mechanisms including homogeneous hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis, diffusion, percolation, and matrix degradation. For example, the release of drugs from polylactide-co-glycolide microspheres typically involves an early burst, presumably because drug near the
Patents 357
surface dissolves quickly, and a late burst produced after the polymer lattice has degraded sufficiently to allow more deeply confined drug to escape. Although complex polymeric media have been developed into promising biodegradable delivery systems, there remains a real need for alternative matrices which have a simpler release mechanism and which lead more readily to uniform rates of drug delivery. Such delivery systems should be biocompatible, chemically inert, cleanly resorbable, easily made, easily injectable or implantable and readily able to be coated with compounds designed to alter degradation and delivery of a biologically active agent. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05648097__ •
Calcium nitrate based fertilizer Inventor(s): Obrestad; Torstein (Ulefoss, NO), R.o slashed.dsvik; Johanne (Porsgrunn, NO), Legard; Torbj.o slashed.rn (Porsgrunn, NO) Assignee(s): Norsk Hydro ASA (Olso, NO) Patent Number: 6,171,358 Date filed: February 24, 1999 Abstract: Homogeneous calcium nitrate based fertilizers containing sulphur, and method for their preparations. Solid gypsum and/or a slow reacting sulphate mineral is mixed with melted calcium nitrate fertilizer at a temperature of 90-110.degree. C. and kept at this temperature for 3-15 minutes and subsequently particulated at a temperature of 80-110.degree. C. The particulation by prilling is preformed at 95110.degree. C. and the particulation by granulation is performed at 90-110.degree. C. The fertilizer is a homogeneous composition of a calcium nitrate fertilizer and gypsum and/or a slow reacting sulphate mineral comprising 0.1-5.0 weight % SO.sub.4 --S, 14-19 weight % water soluble calcium and 16-21 weight % total calcium, and 0-3.0 weight % water soluble magnesium. The fertilizer may contain microamounts of Se and/or Co. and/or micronutrients like Mn, Cu, B and Zn. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to calcium nitrate based fertilizers containing sulphur and a process for making such fertilizers.... Calcium nitrate is widely used within horticulture and as a dry product on open fields. There are two major types of calcium nitrate, one made from acidulation of calcium carbonate by nitric acid and one obtained as a by-product from nitrophosphate fertilizer processes. The latter normally contains 75-81 weight % Ca(NO.sub.3).sub.2, 5-9 weight % NH.sub.4 NO.sub.3 and 1214 weight % water of crystallization. This type is usually called NH--CN (Norsk Hydro Calcium Nitrate). In the following the abbreviation CN will be used for both these types of fertilizer.... Over the last years there has been an ever increasing demand for sulphur in fertilizers in general, even for special applications of CN-fertilizers sulphur has been required. For some markets and crops there has also been a demand for CN-fertilizers containing Mg, Se, Co and some micronutrients in addition to sulphur. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06171358__
358 Calcium
•
Calcium pantothenate composite Inventor(s): Yamashita; Junzou (Toyonaka, JP), Ono; Yasuo (Osaka, JP), Sumimura; Kunihiko (Osaka, JP) Assignee(s): Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, JP) Patent Number: 5,089,276 Date filed: April 18, 1990 Abstract: A composite which is obtainable by mixing calcium pantothenate with a per se neutral or basic magnesium or calcium lactate or carbonate in the presence of water and/or a lower alcohol, and drying the resulting mixture, is stable with little decrease of the content of calcium pantothenate during storage.When other drugs, which may cause changes as the result of combination with calcium pantothenate, are combined to produce various preparations, the composite is stable because they are hardly affected by other ingredients and hardly affect other ingredients; for example, in production of tablets, powders, granules, and capsules, complicated processes to separate from other ingredients are not required, and the excessive amount in anticipation of the loss along with time can be reduced markedly. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a stable granular or powdery composite of calcium pantothenate which can be advantageously used for production of vitamin-containing products such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, and granules used in the field of food, medicines, and fodders in the livestock industry.... Calcium pantothenate is often processed into preparations in the form of tablets, powders, granules, and capsules by combining with other vitamins.... Calcium pantothenate itself is relatively stable but its decomposition is accelerated markedly by combination of other vitamins such as ascorbic acid, thiamine, or pyridoxine. Conversely, calcium pantothenate accelerates the decomposition of vitamins such as ascorbic acid, thiamine, and pyridoxine. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05089276__
•
Calcium permeable insect sodium channels and use thereof Inventor(s): Soderlund; David M. (Geneva, NY), Ingles; Patricia J. (Geneva, NY) Assignee(s): Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. (Ithaca, NY) Patent Number: 5,858,713 Date filed: February 28, 1997 Abstract: The present invention is directed to isolated nucleic acid molecules encoding a voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) of an insect having a mutation therein which renders the sodium channel permeable to calcium, as well as to the isolated calcium permeable voltage-sensitive sodium channels encoded thereby. Nucleic acid molecules encoding calcium permeable VSSCs of Musca domestica, Drosophila melanogaster, and Heliothis virescens are specifically provided. These calcium permeable channels can be used to monitor the function of the channel by monitoring calcium transport through the sodium channel, and for screening chemical agents for the ability of the chemical agent to modify sodium channel function, again by monitoring calcium transport through the channel. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 60/034,361, filed Dec. 24, 1996 and Ser. No. 60/012,649, filed Mar. 1, 1996.... The present invention relates generally to insect sodium channel proteins, and more
Patents 359
particularly to calcium permeable, voltage-sensitive sodium channels of insects.... Throughout this application various publications are referenced, many in parenthesis. Full citations for these publications are provided at the end of the Detailed Description. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05858713__ •
Calcium phosphate and urea phosphate soluble compound fertilizer compositions Inventor(s): Biamonte; Richard L. (Allentown, PA), Peters; Robert B. (Allentown, PA) Assignee(s): OMS Investments, Inc. (Wilmington, DE) Patent Number: 5,454,850 Date filed: December 15, 1993 Abstract: A precipitate free concentrated aqueous stock solution formed from a dry solid fertilizer mixture and containing from about 0.1% to 50% by weight of dissolved solid fertilizer. The stock solution contains phosphorus and calcium and is prepared by bringing together the dry fertilizer mixture and water to make up a concentrated stock solution. The dry solid fertilizer mixture comprises 1% to 95% by weight of dry urea phosphate as the principal phosphorus source and 0.2% to 70% by weight of dry calcium phosphate in the form of monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate and mixtures thereof to contribute a desired amount of phosphorus and calcium for fertilization purposes. Excerpt(s): This invention concerns the enhanced solubility of calcium phosphate fertilizer compositions and in particular calcium phosphate compositions useful for preparing aqueous fertilizer solution for precision plant nutrition.... In greenhouses, nurseries, and other intensive horticulture environments, best results are attained when macro- and micro-nutrients are carefully delivered to the growing plants. Many growers choose to utilize compound high analysis water soluble fertilizers. Typically, these fertilizers are marketed as solids which are dissolved to prepare concentrated stock solutions which are then diluted into irrigation water by means of proportioners or injection devices.... The Grace-Sierra Horticultural Products Company markets a wide range of water-soluble solid compound fertilizer formulations under the trademark Peters Professional. These formulations are designed to dissolve quickly and completely with no precipitation. It is also desired that a fertilizer formulation have good long term stability as a stock solution so as not to form precipitates which clog proportioners and irrigation lines in used by commercial growers. This has led to a limitation with water soluble fertilizer formulation available heretofore. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05454850__
360 Calcium
•
Calcium phosphate artificial bone as osteoconductive and biodegradable bone substitute material Inventor(s): Chae; Soo Kyung (Seoul, KR), Kim; Hong Yeoul (Seoul, KR), Lee; Ho Yeon (Seoul, KR), Lee; Chang Hun (Seoul, KR), Seo; Kang Moon (Seoul, KR) Assignee(s): Kyung Won Medical Co., Ltd. (Seoul, KR) Patent Number: 6,537,589 Date filed: July 25, 2000 Abstract: An artificial bone promotive of osteoanagenesis comprising a calcium phosphate cement and a linear polyphosphate, wherein the calcium phosphate cement comprises.beta.-tricalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate hemihydrate and other additives. The artificial bone is non-toxic to the body chemically stable, and has an excellent biodegradability. The artificial bone may be applied as substitutes for bone cements, allografts and autografts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel calcium phosphate artificial bone as osteoconductive and osteoinductive, biodegradable substrate material which is highly able to promote biocompatible osteoanagenesis.... Particulary, the present invention relates to the novel calcium phosphate artificial bone promotive of biocompatible osteoanagenesis, which comprises an ordinary calcium phosphate bone cement and a linear polyphosphate comprising 3-200 orthophosphate molecules.... The polyphosphate-containing artificial bone of the present invention can substitute conventional bone cements, allografts and autografts which are used in the treatment of defects and fractures in every bone of the body, the cure of osteoporous, the fillers of implant for dental surgery, the bone substitute for plastic surgery, the substitution of defected bones in the operation on joints, including hip-joint, knee-joint and shoulderjoint, and the operation on the vertabra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06537589__
•
Calcium phosphate calcium sulfate composite implant material Inventor(s): Liu; Sung-Tsuen (29 Landing, Laguna Niguel, CA 92677), Chung; Harvey H. (43 Via Costa Verde, Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274) Assignee(s): none reported Patent Number: 5,462,722 Date filed: April 17, 1991 Abstract: This invention provides new inorganic composite materials for hard tissue replacement. The new composite material comprises solid material of calcium sulfate which is fully or partially converted to calcium phosphate from aqueous solution. This composite material has good biocompatibility and controllable resorption, and will be very useful for bone substitute material in orthopaedic and dental applications. The fully converted material which comprises mainly apatite calcium phosphate is also useful for chromatography application. A process to prepare these new composite materials is also described. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a bone substitute material and a method of production thereof.... In orthopaedic surgery and dental applications, there is a great need for biocompatible and bioresorbable implant materials which can be used as a bone substitute. This includes bone lost due to periodontal disease, ridge augmentation,
Patents 361
bone defect or bone cavities due to trauma or surgery, and spinal fusion. After implantation, the bone substitute is resorbed and replaced by the formation of new bone.... In orthopaedic surgery, autogenous bone has been used quite often for bone repair or bone substitute. Autogenous bone has good biocompatibility, is not subject to immunological rejection, and induces bone growth. However, it requires a secondary surgery and thus increases the burden on the patient while delaying recovery. On the other hand, both homogeneous bone from other human sources and heterogeneous bone from animal sources always suffer the disadvantages of adverse immunological reactions. This will result in an inflammatory reaction and rejection after implantation. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05462722__ •
Calcium phosphate cements and calcium phosphate cement compositions Inventor(s): Sawamura; Takenori (Nagoya, JP), Hattori; Masateru (Nagoya, JP), Okuyama; Masahiko (Nagoya, JP) Assignee(s): NGK Spark Plug Co., Ltd. (Aichi, JP) Patent Number: 6,051,061 Date filed: March 22, 1999 Abstract: A calcium phosphate cement or the like which shows a low viscosity and excellent handleability in the step of kneading and achieves a high strength of the hardened body even though a kneading liquid is used in a small amount. A calcium phosphate cement containing a polysaccharide powder and 0.05 to 5% by weight of an N-alkyl-D-glucamine such as N-methyl-D-glucamine; or a calcium phosphate cement containing a calcium phosphate powder and a specific alkanolamine such as monoethanolamine. A calcium phosphate cement composition containing a calcium phosphate powder and a kneading liquid comprising an aqueous solution containing 0.1 to 10% by weight of an N-alkyl-D-glucamine such as N-methyl-D-glucamine or a kneading liquid containing a definite amount of a specific alkanolamine such as monoethanolamine. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to calcium phosphate cements and calcium phosphate cement compositions for medical or dental uses. More particularly, it relates to cements containing specific amine compounds and cement compositions having kneading liquids comprising aqueous solutions of specific amine compounds. The cements and cement compositions according to the present invention are usable as biological cements and cement compositions for forming artificial bones, artificial joints, artificial tooth roots, etc.... A large number of medical cements of various compositions have previously been proposed for use in living bodies. Among all, calcium phosphate cements for living bodies have an advantage in that, this kind of cement upon hardening changes into a bioactive hydroxyapatite, and hence results in a hardened cement having excellent bioaffinity.... Many of these calcium phosphate cements for living bodies comprise tetracalcium phosphate as the main component. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,053 discloses cements comprising tetracalcium phosphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate as the main components. It is also known that the hardening properties of these calcium phosphate cements widely vary depending on the amount of liquid employed in the step of kneading. That is, the hardening time is shortened while the strength of the hardened body is elevated with a decrease in the kneading liquid employed (1990, Orthopaedic Ceramic Implant Vol. 10, p. 43-47). Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US06051061__
362 Calcium
•
Calcium phosphate cements comprising amorophous calcium phosphate Inventor(s): Constantz; Brent R. (Portola Valley, CA), Barr; Bryan M. (San Jose, CA) Assignee(s): Norian Corporation (Cupertino, CA) Patent Number: 5,782,971 Date filed: March 19, 1997 Abstract: Calcium phosphate cements are provided. The subject cements comprise amorphous calcium phosphate, at least one additional calcium source, usually an additional calcium phosphate, and a liquid component, such as a physiologically acceptable lubricant. Upon combination of the cement components, a flowable composition capable of setting in vivo into a solid calcium phosphate mineral product, such as hydroxyapatite, is produced. The subject cement compositions find use in a variety of applications, including the treatment of injured or compromised hard tissue. Excerpt(s): The technical field of this invention is calcium phosphate cements.... Bone is a composite material made up of organic and inorganic components, where the inorganic or mineral phase of bone comprises 60 to 70% of the total dry bone weight. Bone mineral is an apatitic calcium phosphate containing carbonate and small amounts of sodium and magnesium, as well as other trace components. The amount of carbonate present in the mineral phase of bone ranges from about 4 to 6% by weight and this particular carbonated apatite is known as dahllite. In addition to being found in bone, dahllite is also found in teeth and some invertebrate skeletons.... Because bone is naturally subjected to various stresses from which microscopic stress fractures result, all bone tissue is subject to perpetual remodeling, which is a complex process involving a coupled process of bone removal and replacement. At the beginning of the remodeling cycle, osteoclasts erode away bone in targeted areas. In the next phase of the cycle, osteoblasts fill in the osteoclast created cavities with collagen which then mineralizes over several months to become mature bone. The ability of bone to be perpetually remodeled is ascribed, as least in part, to both the calcium phosphate ratio of the mineral phase of bone as well as the particular crystalline nature of bone, as such characteristics provide for the soluble nature of bone and its consequent resorbability. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05782971__
•
Calcium phosphate cements comprising antimicrobial agents Inventor(s): Poser; Robert (Scotts Valley, CA), Fulmer; Mark (San Jose, CA), Constantz; Brent R. (Portola Valley, CA) Assignee(s): Norian Corporation (Cupertino, CA) Patent Number: 5,968,253 Date filed: July 31, 1998 Abstract: A flowable, paste-like composition capable of setting in a clinically relevant period of time into an antimicrobial agent loaded apatitic product having sufficient compressive strength to serve as a cancellous bone structural material is provided. The subject compositions are prepared by combining dry ingredients with a physiologically acceptable lubricant and an antimicrobial agent, where the dry ingredients comprise at least two different calcium phosphates. The subject compositions find use in a variety of
Patents 363
different applications, applications.
including
orthopaedic,
dental
and
cranio-maxillofacial
Excerpt(s): The field of the invention is calcium phosphate cements.... Calcium phosphate cements, in which one or more dry components and a liquid are combined to form a flowable, paste-like material that is subsequently capable of setting into a solid calcium phosphate product, hold great promise for use as structural materials in the orthopedic, cranio-maxillofacial, dental and related fields. For example, it is desirable to be able to inject a flowable material into a cancellous bone void and have the material set into a solid calcium phosphate mineral product that is capable of withstanding physiological loads. Materials that set into solid calcium phosphate mineral products are of particular interest as such products can closely resemble the mineral phase of natural bone and are potentially remodelable, making such products extremely attractive for use in orthopedics and related fields.... In view of the great interest in calcium phosphate cements, a variety of different formulations have been developed to date. See the Relevant Literature section infra. Web site: http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US05968253__
Patent Applications on Calcium As of December 2000, U.S. patent applications are open to public viewing.10 Applications are patent requests which have yet to be granted. (The process to achieve a patent can take several years.) The following patent applications have been filed since December 2000 relating to calcium: •
Antibiotic calcium phosphate coating Inventor(s): Scott, Christopher; (Hackensack, NJ), Zitelli, Joseph; (River Edge, NJ), Higham, Paul; (Ringwood, NJ) Correspondence: LERNER, DAVID, LITTENBERG,; KRUMHOLZ & MENTLIK; 600 SOUTH AVENUE WEST; WESTFIELD; NJ; 07090; US Patent Application Number: 20030077381 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: A process for applying a coating having a therapeutic agent such as an antibiotic to an implant uses the high surface area of a calcium phosphate coated metal implant as a repository for the therapeutic agent. The implant is coated with one or more layers of calcium phosphate minerals such as hydroxyapatite. After the crystalline layer is applied, which is usually done within an aqueous solution, the implant is dried and packaged. Immediately prior to implantation, the implant is removed from the package and the crystalline layer of calcium phosphate is wetted with an aqueous solution containing the therapeutic agent. Excerpt(s): The field of this invention relates to mineralized coatings of prosthetic devices. More particularly the invention relates to a porous calcium phosphate mineral coated prosthesis which includes a coating having a therapeutic agent, such as an antibiotic in water, absorbed therein.... The use of prosthetic devices for treatment of bone injuries/illnesses is continuously expanding with an increasingly active and aging population. The use of bone replacements for bone fractures, removal of bone, or the use
10
This has been a common practice outside the United States prior to December 2000.
364 Calcium
of supports for weakened bone requires that the artificial bone replacement form a strong joint or bone with natural bone to insure the integrity of the structure. Bone is able to grow into adjacent structure, particularly where the adjacent structures are porous and compatible with the bone. However, not only must the bone be able to grow into a porous structure, but there must be bonding in a form which allows for a strong bond between the natural ingrown bone and the prosthetic device.... The key requirement for bony fixation of prosthetic implants is that bone grows onto and/or into the implant's surface. A number of studies have shown that calcium phosphate coatings, such as biological apatite, on Cobalt Chrome (Co--Cr) and Titanium (Ti)-alloy implants foster more rapid bony apposition than the bare surfaced alloys alone. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Apparatus for loading fibers in a fiber suspension with calcium carbonate Inventor(s): Doelle, Klaus; (Menasha, WI) Correspondence: Todd T. Taylor; TAYLOR & AUST, P.C. 142 S. Main St. P.O. Box 560; Avilla; IN; 46710; US Patent Application Number: 20030010463 Date filed: July 11, 2001 Abstract: An apparatus for loading fibers in a fiber suspension with calcium carbonate has a housing with an inlet and an accept outlet. A rotatable distribution member is positioned within the housing. A rotor and stator assembly is positioned within the housing radially outside of the distribution member. A toothed ring is interposed between the distribution rotor and the rotor and stator assembly. The toothed ring and the rotor and stator assembly define a gas ring therebetween. A reactant gas supply is fluidly coupled with the gas ring. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to an apparatus for loading fibers in a fiber suspension with a chemical compound, and, more particularly, to an apparatus for loading fibers in a fiber suspension with calcium carbonate.... A paper-making machine receives a fiber suspension including a plurality of fibers, such as wood fibers, which are suspended within an aqueous solution. The water is drained and the fiber suspension, of more than 2,200 cu. ft. up to 132,000 cu. ft. per day for today's paper making process, which is dried in the paper-making machine to increase the fiber content and thereby produce a fiber web as an end product.... The fiber web produced by the paper-making machine typically includes organic wood fibers and inorganic fillers. A known inorganic filler is calcium carbonate, which may be added directly to the fiber suspension (direct loaded calcium carbonate). It is also known to chemically load the fibers within a fiber suspension with calcium carbonate in the lumen and walls of the individual fibers (fiber loaded calcium carbonate). The fiber loaded calcium carbonate increases the strength of the paper compared with a direct loaded calcium carbonate (adding calcium carbonate directly to the fiber suspension) at the same loading (filler) level. This yields an economic advantage in that the filler level of the paper is increased by replacing the more expensive fiber source (wood fibers) with calcium carbonate. The finished paper web has higher strength properties due to the increased filler levels of the calcium carbonate. In contrast, the strength properties of a finished web using direct loaded calcium carbonate is less. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 365
•
Atorvastatin hemi-calcium form VII Inventor(s): Aronhime, Judith; (Rehovot, IL), Lidor-Hadas, Ramy; (Kafar-Saba, IL), Niddam, Valerie; (Even-Yeouda, IL), Lifshitz, Revital; (Herzlia, IL) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20020115709 Date filed: November 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium designated Form VII and novel processes for its preparation whereby another crystalline form of atorvastatin hemi-calcium is suspended in ethanol, preferably absolute ethanol, and is converted to the new form, which is then isolated. The present invention further provides a method of reducing the plasma low density lipoprotein level in patients suffering from or susceptible to hypercholesterolemia and compositions and dosage forms for practicing the invention. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/245,897, filed Nov. 3, 2000 which is incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to crystalline polymorphic forms of atorvastatin hemi-calcium and novel processes for preparing crystalline solids.... Atorvastatin is a member of the class of drugs called statins. Statin drugs are currently the most therapeutically effective drugs available for reducing low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentration in the blood stream of patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. A high level of LDL in the bloodstream has been linked to the formation of coronary lesions which obstruct the flow of blood and can rupture and promote thrombosis. Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 879 (9th ed. 1996). Reducing plasma LDL levels has been shown to reduce the risk of clinical events in patients with cardiovascular disease and patients who are free of cardiovascular disease but who have hypercholesterolemia. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group, 1994; Lipid Research Clinics Program, 1984a, 1984b. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Automatic detection and quantification of coronary and aortic calcium Inventor(s): Arnold, Ben A. (Columbia, KY), Reed, Judd E. (Bowling Green, KY) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 2040 MAIN STREET; FOURTEENTH FLOOR; IRVINE; CA; 92614; US Patent Application Number: 20030176780 Date filed: November 23, 2002 Abstract: An automated method measures coronary calcium in a living subject using xray computed tomography (CT). The method acquires at least one CT image containing voxels representing x-ray attenuation of the subject which may or may not be calibrated. The method of analysis may or may not require operator interactions and includes analyzing the images in a computer to identify the boundaries of the heart. The method further includes identifying the approximate location of at least one coronary artery without operator interaction. The method further includes placing a region-of-interest (ROI) surrounding the artery location automatically. The method further includes
366 Calcium
analyzing the ROI to identify voxels above a threshold value. The method further includes determining the calcium content in mass units. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/333,223, filed Nov. 24, 2001, which is incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.... The present invention relates to the field of medical imaging using computed tomography ("CT"), and in particular, to measurements of calcium in the vascular system of a living body.... Cardiovascular disease, including heart attacks and strokes, is caused by atherosclerotic plaque build-up from calcification of the arteries of the body, including the coronary arteries, cerebral arteries, renal arteries, etc., and is the leading cause of death in the Western world. Coronary artery disease ("CAD"), the leading cause of death in the United States, is receiving a great amount of attention, particularly with regard to the need for noninvasive, safe, and low-cost tests to diagnose arterial plaque. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Beverage compositions comprising palatable calcium and magnesium sources Inventor(s): Nunes, Raul Victorino; (Loveland, OH), Elliott, Eric Gregory; (Cincinnati, OH), Trout, Lisa Marie; (West Chester, OH), Andon, Mark Benson; (Fairfield, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020122847 Date filed: January 4, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes compositions comprising a calcium source and a magnesium source. The compositions are surprisingly palatable when delivered in a fruit juice beverage matrix at amounts which are nutritionally meaningful.In particular, the present invention relates to beverage compositions comprising:(a) a calcium source comprising a form selected from calcium carbonate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof;(b) at least about 20 milligrams of a magnesium source per reference serving of the composition; wherein the compositions are substantially free of milk base solids.In an another embodiment of the present invention, beverage compositions are described, comprising:(a) at least about 50 milligrams of a calcium source per reference serving of the composition;(b) at least about 20 milligrams of a magnesium source per reference serving of the composition, wherein the magnesium source comprises a form selected from magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide, magnesium citrate, solubilized species thereof, and mixtures thereof; wherein the compositions are substantially free of milk base solids. Excerpt(s): The present invention is directed to beverage compositions comprising a calcium and magnesium source. The beverage compositions are readily incorporated into a daily diet of foods and beverages, and are palatable to the consumer.... Various nutritional products are available in the marketplace, containing numerous vitamins, minerals, or other nutritionals, all of which provide the mammalian system with the essential nutrients for sustaining life and maintaining health. For example, vitamin/mineral supplements, available in tablet or pill form, are particularly prevalent. However, such supplements can be undesirable for various reasons. For example, compliance with a supplement regimen is often compromised, since these supplements are not consistently incorporated into the mammalian diet. Additionally, supplements are often difficult or undesirable to ingest, due to their size, flavor, and/or odor....
Patents 367
Therefore, among other reasons, it is most desirable to incorporate nutritional supplementation within the daily diet of the mammal, i e., within the food and beverage products the mammal regularly consumes. Delivering such supplemented food and beverage products has, in many cases, been an arduous task. This is primarily related to the undesirable flavor profile of the vitamin or mineral used to supplement the product, often compounded by the undesirable color or physical/chemical instability of the vitamin or mineral. and Slimfast.RTM. are advertised to promote nutritional health through the delivery of a convenient, highly nutritional product. In products containing milk base solids, such as milks and shakes, efficient flavor masking by the milk base solids allows extensive supplementation of the product. That is, the undesirable flavor of the vitamin or mineral is effectively masked due to the heavy flavor or other character of the delivery vehicle. In such cases, providing vitamin or mineral supplements having an optimized flavor profile may not be important. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Bioactive device having surface with alloyed layer of calcium phosphate compounds and method of making Inventor(s): Driskell, Thomas D. (Westerville, OH), Deutchman, Arnold H. (Columbus, OH) Correspondence: John A. Haug; P.O. Box 386; West Harwich; MA; 02671; US Patent Application Number: 20020134667 Date filed: January 11, 2002 Abstract: A dental or orthopedic implantable prosthetic device (1) which has a bioactive surface of an alloyed layer of material having calcium phosphate compounds. The device is formed by placing a suitable substrate of biocompatible material in a vacuum chamber (10), the substrate is cleaned by ion beam sputtering (18a) and then ion beam sputtering (14a) evolves and deposits (16a) bioactive material onto the surface of the device. The bioactive layer is mixed into the surface forming an alloyed zone by augmenting ion beam (18a) and is grown out to a selected thickness while being continuously bombarded by the augmenting ion beam. Excerpt(s): Priority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. Section 119 (e)(1) of Prov. Appl. No. 60/261,127, filed Jan. 16, 2001.... This invention relates generally to prosthetic devices including orthopedic; dental and other implantable devices and more particularly, to devices, such as implants, having a surface formed with improved bioactive characteristics.... Plasma sprayed hydroxylapatite (hereafter also identified as HA) coatings have been successfully used clinically since at least the early 1980s to enhance the load transmitting capabilities of orthopedic and dental prosthetic implants placed into bone. Biocompatible materials, such as HA, have a unique attribute compared to most so-called biomaterials in that they are "bioactive" and react compatibly with bone which forms a tenacious bond with HA, a phenomenon commonly known as biointegration. HA also has been demonstrated to enhance the speed of bone healing around implants. From the beginning, however, although widely used clinically, plasma sprayed HA coatings have been subject to a number of physical and biological phenomena that often compromise the health and even survival of the implant. A brief discussion of exemplary problematic areas follows. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
368 Calcium
•
Calcium (3S) tetrahydro-3-furanyl (1S,2R)-3-[[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl](isobutyl)amino]-1-benzyl-2-(phos-phonooxy)propylcarbamate Inventor(s): Armitage, Ian Gordon; (Arlesey, GB), Searle, Andrew David; (Stevenage, GB), Singh, Hardev; (Dartford, GB) Correspondence: DAVID J LEVY, CORPORATE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY; GLAXOSMITHKLINE; FIVE MOORE DR., PO BOX 13398; RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK; NC; 27709-3398; US Patent Application Number: 20030100537 Date filed: November 25, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to calcium (3S) tetrahydro-3-furanyl(1S,2R)-3-[[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl](isobutyl)amino]-1-benzyl-2-(phosphonooxy) propylcarb-amate, to processes for its preparation, and to its use in the treatment of diseases caused by retroviruses. 1 Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the antiviral compound calcium (3S) tetrahydro-3-furanyl (1S,2R)-3-[[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl](isobutyl)a- mino]-1-benzyl-2(phos-phonooxy)propylcarbamate, pharmaceutical compositions comprising it, its use in the treatment of retroviral infections, and processes for its preparation.... Virusencoded proteases, which are essential for viral replication, are required for the processing of viral protein precursors. Interference with the processing of protein precursors inhibits the formation of infectious virions. Accordingly, inhibitors of viral proteases may be used to prevent or treat chronic and acute viral infections.... A new antiviral compound, (3S) tetrahydro-3-furanyl (1S,2R)-3-[[(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl](isobutyl)amino]-1-benzyl-2-(phospho- nooxy)propylcarbamate, described in PCT/US98/04595, has HIV aspartyl protease inhibitory activity and is particularly well suited for inhibiting HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses. Moreover, (3S) tetrahydro-3-furanyl (1S,2R)-3-[[(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl](isobutyl)amino]-1-benzyl-2-(phosphonooxy) propylcarbamate has increased solubility in the pH range of the gastrointestinal tract compared to the HIV protease inhibitor [3S-[3R*(1R*,2S)]]-[3-[[(4aminophenyl)sulfony](2-methyl-propyl)amino]-2-hydroxy-1-phenylmethyl)propyl]tetrahydro-3-furanyl ester (amprenavir, 141W94). Amprenavir, which has poor solubility and is thus available as a solution in gel capsules and has a high pill burden. This new HIV protease inhibitor with its increased solubility thus has the potential to reduce the perceived pill burden and may be formulated as a tablet. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium based neutral and bioresorbable bone graft Inventor(s): Genin, Francois Y. (Berkeley, CA), Luo, Ping; (Berkeley, CA) Correspondence: Francois Y. Genin; Berkeley Advanced Biomaterials, Inc. 1933 Davis Street, Suite 307; San Leandro; CA; 94577; US Patent Application Number: 20030055512 Date filed: May 21, 2001 Abstract: An injectable and moldable putty comprising biodegradable calcium-based compounds including calcium sulfate, hydroxyapatite, and tricalcium phosphate is invented. The putty hardens into a solid body when mixed with water, saline, serum, or other neutral aqueous solutions. The hardening time of the putty can be tailored in
Patents 369
order to meet the specific requirements of various dental or orthopedic applications. The pH of the putty is neutral during and after mixing. The invented putty may be used as bone graft, bone implant, or implantable drug delivery device. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to injectable, moldable, and bioresorbable bone grafts containing calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate cementing powder and cementing reagents including neutral aqueous solutions and buffers, useful in dental and bone cements, bone graft materials, bone tissue substitutes, bone void fillers, and drug release carriers.... The use of synthetic biocompatible, bioresorbable, injectable or moldable putty or cement implant materials is increasing in orthopedic, plastic and dental surgery applications. Such materials are typically needed to add bone mass or replace damaged bone tissue at the surgical site (e.g. bone loss caused by periodontal disease, ridge augmentation, bone defect or cavity due to trauma, cancer/disease, or surgery and spinal fusion). After being implanted, the bone substitute begins to resorb and is replaced by new bone as a result of the action of bone cells. In orthopedic surgery, autografts are commonly used for bone repair. Unfortunately, such procedure requires second site surgery which increases the burden on the patient and can delay his/her recovery.... When properly processed and implanted, autografts, allografts, xenografts, and demineralized bone grafts typically show excellent biocompatibility and can sometimes induce bone growth. Their main disadvantage is related to the potential of transmitting diseases such HIV, hepatitis and recently discovered ailments caused by proteins (e.g. mad cow). Proteins or other organic substances may not always be removed by chemical processes or sterilization as a result of internal porosity. This has the potential for causing adverse immunological reactions resulting in inflammation or rejection after implantation and for spreading genetic defects in the future. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium binding protein Inventor(s): Tang, Y. Tom; (San Jose, CA), Guegler, Karl J. (Menlo Park, CA), Corley, Neil C. (Castro Valley, CA), Gorgone, Gina A. (Boulder Creek, CA), Yue, Henry; (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: INCYTE GENOMICS, INC. 3160 PORTER DRIVE; PALO ALTO; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20030045466 Date filed: December 18, 2001 Abstract: The invention provides a human calcium binding protein (hCBP) and polynucleotides which identify and encode hCBP. The invention also provides expression vectors, host cells, antibodies, agonists, and antagonists. The invention also provides methods for diagnosing, treating, or preventing disorders associated with expression of hCBP. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/470,253, filed Dec. 22, 1999, which is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/190,965, filed Nov. 13, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,071,721, issued Jun. 6, 2000, both entitled CALCIUM BINDING PROTEIN, all of which applications and patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference.... This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a calcium binding protein and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer, reproductive disorders, immune disorders, and developmental disorders.... In nearly all eukaryotic cells, calcium
370 Calcium
(Ca.sup.2+) functions as an intracellular signaling molecule in diverse cellular processes including cell proliferation, neurotransmitter secretion, glycogen metabolism, and skeletal muscle contraction. Within a resting cell, the concentration of Ca.sup.2+ in the cytosol is extremely low, <10.sup.-7 M. However, when the cell is stimulated by an external signal, such as a neural impulse or a growth factor, the cytosolic concentration of Ca.sup.2+ increases by about 50-fold. This influx of Ca.sup.2+ is caused by the opening of plasma membrane Ca.sup.2+ channels and the release of Ca.sup.2+ from intracellular stores such as the endoplasmic reticulum. Ca.sup.2+ directly activates regulatory enzymes, such as protein kinase C, which trigger signal transduction pathways. Ca.sup.2+ also binds to specific Ca.sup.2+-binding proteins (CBPs) such as calmodulin (CaM) which then activate multiple target proteins including enzymes, membrane transport pumps, and ion channels. CaM is the most widely distributed and the most common mediator of calcium effects and appears to be the primary sensor of Ca.sup.2+ changes in eukaryotic cells. The binding of Ca.sup.2+ to CaM induces marked conformational changes in the protein permitting interaction with, and regulation of over 100 different proteins. CaM interactions are involved in a multitude of cellular processes including, but not limited to, gene regulation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, mitosis, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal organization, muscle contraction, signal transduction, ion homeostasis, exocytosis, and metabolic regulation (Celio, M. R. et al. (1996) Guidebook to Calcium-binding Proteins, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 15-20). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium borate treated wood composite Inventor(s): Hatton, Howard Wayne; (Tualatin, OR), Hibbs, Eugene M. (Philomath, OR) Correspondence: Paul M. Denk; 763 South New Ballas Road; St. Louis; MO; 63141; US Patent Application Number: 20020182431 Date filed: April 11, 2002 Abstract: A method of making a borate treated wood composite board or article, (such as particleboard, waferboard, oriented strandboard, medium density fiberboard, or hardboard) by applying an adhesive resin and calcium borate to wood particles, fibers, wafers or strands to produce treated wood particles, fibers, wafers, or strands. The treated wood particles, fibers, wafers or strands to produce treated wood particles, fibers, wafers, or strands are formed into a mat and consolidated under heat and pressure to produce a treated wood composite panel or article. The calcium borate is particularly suitable for the purpose of making treated wood composite board or articles due to the low solubility of the calcium borate. The low solubility of the calcium borate minimizes the interference of the borate with leaching after the article is installed or used in an exterior application in contact with water. Further, calcium borate should be considered to be less toxic to the environment that the alternative very low solubility borate, zinc borate, due to the substitution of the less toxic calcium ion for the zinc ion present in the zinc borate. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to Provisional Application No. 60/285,311 filed Apr. 23, 2001 which is entitled "Calcium Borate Treated Wood Composite" and which is incorporated herein by reference.... Not Applicable.... The present invention relates to a borate treated composite board or article. The present invention applies to particleboard, waferboard, oriented strandboard, medium density fiberboard or hardboard and the method of producing the same wherein borate is added as calcium
Patents 371
borate particles. The calcium borate may be added to the wood either as a dry powder or suspended in a liquid resin or in a liquid wax emulsion. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium carbonate filled epoxy urethane string binders Inventor(s): Flautt, Martin C. (Granville, OH), Adzima, Leonard J. (Pickerington, OH), Priest, James R. JR. (Nashport, OH) Correspondence: OWENS CORNING; 2790 COLUMBUS ROAD; GRANVILLE; OH; 43023; US Patent Application Number: 20020098754 Date filed: August 30, 2001 Abstract: A string binder is disclosed which is useful for making reinforcing articles for use in the manufacture of molded composite articles. The string binder comprises a fibrous substrate with a chemical treatment, applied thereto, comprising an epoxy, a polyurethane, at least one curing agent, a thickener, and a filler. Additionally, the string binder may be co-roved with one or more ends of a separate fibrous pre-form material to make a product suitable for use in various molding application. The filler, preferably a calcium carbonate filler, of the present invention improves surface characteristics of the finished reinforcing articles by minimizing or eliminating surface fiber prominence and blistering. The string binder made with fillers additionally reduces manufacturing costs and raw material costs as compared with string binders made without such fillers. Excerpt(s): The present application is a continuation in part of application Ser. No. 09/721,355, filed Nov. 22, 2000.... The present invention relates generally to chemically treated reinforcing fibers, pre-forms made with the same, and polymer composites made with the same. More particularly, this invention relates to: reinforcing fibers having a chemical treatment comprising an epoxy, a polyurethane, at least one curing agent, a thickener, and a calcium carbonate filler; pre-forms made with such fibers; and polymer composites made with such pre-forms.... Fibers, such as glass fibers, are commonly used as reinforcements for synthetic polymer composites. These fiber reinforced composites are desirable for their combination of light weight and strength and are useful in a variety of applications including automobile components and housings for computers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium carbonate imaging technique Inventor(s): Bland, Ronald G. (Houston, TX), Jones, Tom A. (Cypress, TX) Correspondence: PAUL S MADAN; MADAN, MOSSMAN & SRIRAM, PC; 2603 AUGUSTA, SUITE 700; HOUSTON; TX; 77057-1130; US Patent Application Number: 20030107735 Date filed: October 30, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for determining the particle size distribution (PSD) of bridging agents in fluids, particularly aqueous fluids used in hydrocarbon recovery such as drilling fluids, drill-in fluids, completion fluids, and the like. It was discovered that the PSD could be selectively determined for calcium carbonate as a bridging agent because it auto-fluoresces. The method is reproducible and is not
372 Calcium
bothered by the presence of other particles such as drill solids which interferes with conventional methods, for instance, light-scattering techniques. The light used to fluoresce the bridging agent may be filtered to a particular frequency if there are other components present that fluoresce. Flow cytometry is another technique that could be used to implement the invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to methods for determining the presence and proportion of certain additives in fluids, and more particularly relates, in one embodiment, to methods for determining the presence and proportion of bridging agents in aqueous drilling fluids, drill-in fluids and completion fluids.... Drilling fluids used in the drilling of subterranean oil and gas wells as well as other drilling fluid applications and drilling procedures are known. In rotary drilling there are a variety of functions and characteristics that are expected of drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds, or simply "muds". The drilling fluid is expected to carry cuttings up from beneath the bit, transport them up the annulus, and allow their separation at the surface while at the same time the rotary bit is cooled and cleaned. A drilling mud is also intended to reduce friction between the drill string and the sides of the hole while maintaining the stability of uncased sections of the borehole. The drilling fluid is formulated to prevent unwanted influxes of drilling fluid filtrate and drill solids into permeable rocks penetrated and also often to form a thin, low permeability filter cake which temporarily seals pores, other openings and formations penetrated by the bit. The drilling fluid may also be used to collect and interpret information available from drill cuttings, cores and electrical logs. It will be appreciated that within the scope of the claimed invention herein, the term "drilling fluid" also encompasses "drill-in fluids" and "completion fluids".... Drilling fluids are typically classified according to their base fluid. In waterbased muds, solid particles are suspended in water or brine. Oil can be emulsified in the water. Nonetheless, the water is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds are the opposite or inverse. Solid particles are suspended in oil, and water or brine is emulsified in the oil and therefore the oil is the continuous phase. Oil-based muds that are water-in-oil emulsions are also called invert emulsions. Brine-based drilling fluids, of course are a water-based mud in which the aqueous component is brine. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium channel antagonist possessing an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones and a use thereof Inventor(s): Inoue, Ranko; (Tokyo, JP), Inoue, Takeshi; (Tokyo, JP), Fujita, Takuo; (Kobeshi, JP), Kudoh, Yoshihisa; (Tokyo, JP), Yamagiwa, Seiichi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: ARMSTRONG,WESTERMAN, HATTORI,; MCLELAND & NAUGHTON, LLP; 1725 K STREET, NW, SUITE 1000; WASHINGTON; DC; 20006; US Patent Application Number: 20010000473 Date filed: December 13, 2000 Abstract: Disclosed is a calcium channel antagonist effective as a single substance for attaining dual purposes of inhibiting secretion of parathyroid hormones and of promoting absorption and utilization of calcium in human body as well as a process for preparing the calcium channel antagonist. According to the present invention, the calcium channel antagonist is prepared by baking a calciferous material of plant origin at a temperature of 500-1000.degree. C. under reduce pressure or vacuum and extracting the baked material with and acidic substance. The calcium channel antagonist may be incorporated with a conventional calcium preparations to enhance bioavailability of
Patents 373
calcium. Further, the calcium channel antagonist of the present invention may be processed to calcium preparations in the form of porous granules Excerpt(s): 2. The present invention relates to a calcium channel antagonist capable of inhibiting intrusion of calcium into cells which possesses an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones, an agent (a medicament) for promoting absorption and utlization of calcium into human body as well as a process for preparing the antagonist and the agent and also to a calcium preparation wherein a calcium material has been incorporated with the calcium channel antagonist for enhancing effective utilization of the calcium value. More particularly, the present invention relate to a calcium channel antagonist possessing an inhibitory action against secretion of parathyroid hormones which comprises an acid extract of a calciferous (calciumcontaining) material of plant origin baked in a specific manner, an agent (medicament) for promoting absorption and utilization of calcium as well as a process for preparation thereof, and a calcium preparation wherein a known calcium preparation has been incorporated with the calcium channel antagonist.... 3. As is evident from the foregoing description, the calcium channel antagonist of the present invention is effective as a single substance for attaining dual purpose of inhibiting secretion of parathyroid hormones and promoting absorption and utilization of calcium in human body.... 5. It is well recognized that calcium is one of the indispensable constituents for the formation of bones and teeth of mammalia including human. In recent years, it has become manifested, not only the above recognition, that calcium is one of the most important nutritive substances sustaining all of the living phenomena. Accordingly, calcium is now being watched among research staffs in the far front of the medical field. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium channel blockers Inventor(s): Mehanna, Ahmed S. (Sudbury, MA), Kim, Jinyung T. (Boston, MA) Correspondence: Helen C. Lockhart; Wolf, Greenfield & Sacks, P.C. Federal Reserve Plaza; 600 Atlantic Avenue; Boston; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20020115655 Date filed: October 31, 2001 Abstract: The invention involves the identification of a family of compounds which block calcium channels. The compounds can be formulated in pharmaceutical carriers and administered to subjects. The compounds are useful for treating disorders associated with calcium channel activity, such as, cardiovascular diseases, for example hypertension, congestive heart failure, arrhythmia and angina. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a class of aromatic compounds which are blockers of calcium channels. The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions, methods of blocking calcium channels, kits and methods of treatment using the class of compounds described herein, as well as intermediate compounds useful in the preparation of the compounds.... Calcium channel blockers are a chemically diverse class of compounds having important therapeutic value in the control of a variety of diseases including several cardiovascular disorders, such as hypertension, angina, and cardiac arrhythmias (Fleckenstein, Cir. Res. v. 52, (suppl. 1), p.13-16 (1983); Fleckenstein, Experimental Facts and Therapeutic Prospects, John Wiley, New York (1983); McCall, D., Curr Pract Cardiol, v. 10, p. 1-11 (1985)).... Calcium channel blockers are a heterogenous group of drugs that prevent or slow the entry of calcium into cells by
374 Calcium
regulating cellular calcium channels. (Remington, The Science and Practice of pharmacy, Nineteenth Edition, Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa., p.963 (1995)). The regulation of calcium entry into the cells of the cardiovascular system is of paramount importance to the proper functioning of this system. Cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells have calcium channels within the cell membrane. Calcium influx through these channels initiates a process of electromechanical coupling which ultimately leads to muscle contraction. The ability to regulate the entry of calcium into cardiac and vascular smooth muscle cells is a powerful therapeutic approach in the treatment of angina and hypertension respectively. Likewise, blocking calcium influx into cardiac tissues and conduction systems provides a useful approach to control certain types of arrhythmia. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium channel blockers Inventor(s): Hu, Lain-Yen; (Ann Arbor, MI), Francis Rafferty, Michael; (Ann Arbor, MI), Robert Ryder, Todd; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: David R. Kurlandsky; Warner-Lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20030060632 Date filed: September 23, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides compounds that block calcium channels having the Formula I shown below. 1The present invention also provides methods of using the compounds of Formula I to treat stroke, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, or epilepsy and to pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds of Formula I. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compounds that act to block calcium channels; methods of using the compounds to treat stroke, cerebral ischemia, pain, head trauma or epilepsy; and to pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds of the present invention.... The entry of excessive amounts of calcium ions into neurons following an ischemic episode or other neuronal trauma has been well documented. Uncontrolled high concentrations of calcium in neurons initiates a cascade of biochemical events that disrupts normal cellular processes. Among these events are the activation of proteases and lipases, breakdown of neuronal membranes and the formation of free radicals, which may ultimately lead to cell death. Several types of calcium channels have been discovered and called the L, N, P, Q, R, and T types. Each type possesses distinct structural features, functional properties and cellular/subcellular distributions. Type selective calcium channel blockers have been identified. For example, SNX-111 has been shown to be a selective N-type calcium channel blocker and has demonstrated activity in a number of models of ischemia and pain (Bowersox S. S., et al., Drug News and Perspective, 1994:7:261-268 and references cited therein). The compounds of the present invention are calcium channel blockers that can block N-type calcium channels and can be used to treat stroke, pain, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, and epilepsy.... and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, amides, and prodrugs thereof. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 375
•
Calcium channel compositions and methods of use thereof Inventor(s): Lerman, Michael Isaac; (Rockville, MD), Latif, Farida; (Birmingham, GB), Wei, Ming-Hui; (Germantown, MD), Duh, Fuh-Mei; (Ellicot City, MD), Minna, John Dorrance; (Dallas, TX), Sekido, Yoshitaka; (Nagoya, JP), Gao, Boning; (Dallas, TX) Correspondence: MEDLEN & CARROLL, LLP; Suite 350; 101 Howard Street; San Francisco; CA; 94105; US Patent Application Number: 20030044911 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same. In particular, the invention relates to calcium channel alpha2delta (.alpha..sub.2.delta.) subunits and nucleic acid sequences encoding them. These compositions are useful in methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels and for identifying compounds as therapeutic for disease. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/114,359 filed Dec. 30, 1998, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to calcium channel compositions and methods of making and using same. In particular, the invention relates to calcium channel alpha2delta (.alpha..sub.2.delta.) subunits and nucleic acid sequences encoding them. These compositions are useful in methods for identifying compounds that modulate the activity of calcium channels and for identifying compounds as therapeutic for disease.... Calcium channels are present in various tissues, have a central role in regulating intracellular calcium ion concentrations, and are implicated in several vital processes in animals (e.g., neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, pacemaker activity, secretion of hormones and other substances, etc.). Thus, changes in calcium influx into cells which are mediated through calcium channels have been implicated in various human diseases such as disorders of the central nervous system and cardiovascular disease. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium channel polynucleotides, polypeptides, and antibodies Inventor(s): Ruben, Steven M. (Olney, MD), Ni, Jian; (Germantown, MD), Shi, Yanggu; (Gaithersburg, MD) Correspondence: HUMAN GENOME SCIENCES INC; 9410 KEY WEST AVENUE; ROCKVILLE; MD; 20850 Patent Application Number: 20020155539 Date filed: January 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to novel human calcium channel polypeptides and isolated nucleic acids containing the coding regions of the genes encoding such polypeptides. Also provided are vectors, host cells, antibodies, and recombinant methods for producing human calcium channel polypeptides. The invention further relates to diagnostic and therapeutic methods useful for diagnosing and treating disorders related to these novel human calcium channel polypeptides. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of U.S. Application No. 09/774,028, filed Jan. 31, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of, and claims benefit under 35 U.S.C..sctn. 120 to International Application No. PCT/US00/20392, filed Jul. 27, 2000, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/145,958, filed Jul. 28, 1999, 60/149,446,
376 Calcium
filed Aug. 18, 1999, and 60/189,064, filed Mar. 14, 2000. Each of the above referenced applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.... The present invention relates to novel calcium channel proteins. More specifically, isolated nucleic acid molecules are provided encoding novel calcium channel polypeptides. Novel calcium channel polypeptides and antibodies that bind to these polypeptides are provided. Also provided are vectors, host cells, and recombinant and synthetic methods for producing human calcium channel polynucleotides and/or polypeptides. The invention further relates to diagnostic and therapeutic methods useful for diagnosing, treating, preventing and/or prognosing disorders related to these novel calcium channel polypeptides. The invention further relates to screening methods for identifying agonists and antagonists of polynucleotides and polypeptides of the invention. The present invention further relates to methods and/or compositions for inhibiting the production and function of the polypeptides of the present invention.... Calcium channel proteins are ion channel transport proteins involved in the regulated transport of calcium ions into the cell from the extracellular environment. These proteins are a heterogeneous class of molecules that respond to depolarizations by opening a calciumselective pore through the plasma membrane that is selective to calcium and other divalent cations, generating an inward current into the cell (Cens et al., J. Biol Chem., 274:5483-90 (1999)). Based upon their electrophysiological and pharmacological properties, these proteins are classified as T, L, N, P, and Q types (Dunlap et al., Trends Neurosci., 18:89-98 (1995)). Further, it is believed that all types of functionally characterized calcium channel proteins consist of at least three different subunits, referred to as the.alpha.1 subunit, the.alpha.2-.delta. subunit, and the.beta. subunit. It is the.alpha.1 subunit that is thought to be the integral membrane-spanning protein involved in calcium binding. The.alpha.2-.delta. and.beta. subunits are thought to play a role in the regulation of these processes. (Cens et al., J. Biol Chem., 274:5483-90 (1999)). In the maintenance of intracellular calcium levels, calcium channel proteins show a high selectivity toward calcium ions (Hess et al., Nature, 309:453-6 (1984)). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium dependent protein kinase polypeptides as regulators of plant disease resistance Inventor(s): Sheen, Jen; (Boston, MA) Correspondence: CLARK & ELBING LLP; 101 FEDERAL STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02110; US Patent Application Number: 20030167516 Date filed: May 4, 2001 Abstract: In general, the invention features a method of producing a plant having increased disease resistance. The method includes the steps of: (a) providing a nonnaturally occurring plant cell overexpressing a nucleic acid molecule encoding a calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) polypeptide; and (b) regenerating a plant from said plant cell, wherein the CDPK polypeptide is expressed in said plant, increasing the resistance of the plant to disease as compared to a naturally-occurring plant. In addition, the invention In related aspects, the invention further features non-naturally occurring plants (or plant cell, plant tissue, plant organ, or plant component) that expresses a nucleic acid molecule encoding either a CDPK2 or CDPK4 polypeptides or both, as well as seeds and cells of such plants.
Patents 377
Excerpt(s): This application claims benefit of U.S. provisional patent application 60/201,925, filed on May 5, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.... The invention relates to plant disease resistance.... The invention is based on applicant's discovery that a calcium dependent protein kinase (CDPK) polypeptide, a CDPK2 polypeptide of Arabidopsis, is involved in signaling the activation of early pathogen response genes. Such CDPKs, therefore, serve as master regulators of pathogen responsive genes, serving to enhance multiple pathogen resistance. Accordingly, the invention involves methods of genetically engineering disease resistant plants. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium dietary supplement Inventor(s): Hendricks, Lewis; (Richboro, PA) Correspondence: KEVIN E. MC VEIGH; RHODIA INC. 259 PROSPECT PLAINS ROAD; CRANBURY; NJ; 08512; US Patent Application Number: 20030031726 Date filed: August 8, 2002 Abstract: A dietary supplement composition contains phosphorus and from greater than 1.3 to less than 2.2 parts by weight calcium per part by weight phosphorus, and may, optionally, further contain Vitamin D, Vitamin B.sub.12, folate and Vitamin B.sub.6, provides components that have been linked to bone health. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to dietary supplements, more particularly to calciumcontaining dietary supplements.... Mineral and vitamin compositions are routinely used as dietary supplements, either as general nutritional supplements or as therapeutic preparations directed to treat specific medical problems.... Calcium is an important nutrient for growing children to help in bone formation and for adults to help prevent bone loss. Excessive bone loss may lead to a condition known as "osteoporosis", in which decreased bone mass causes the bones to be more brittle and thus more susceptible to fracture. It is widely believed that a chronic shortage of dietary calcium is one factor leading to osteoporosis, see Osteoporosis, Cause, Treatment, Prevention, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service National Institutes of Health, Maryland 1987. Calcium dietary supplements appear to be of value in helping to prevent osteoporosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium double salts Inventor(s): Raczek, Nico N. (Kelkheim, DE), Mollenkopf, Christoph; (Frankfurt am Main, DE) Correspondence: PROPAT, L.L.C. 2912 CROSBY ROAD; CHARLOTTE; NC; 28211-2815; US Patent Application Number: 20020068113 Date filed: October 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to calcium double salts having good preservative properties. Said salts can be used in foods, feeds, pet food, cosmetics and
378 Calcium
pharmaceuticals, food-contact items, silage, brewers' spent grains, pomace, food wastes, brewers' yeast, distillation residues and other wastes from the food industry or for leather treatment. These substances exhibit a considerably extended shelf life after addition of, or treatment with, one of the calcium double salts. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to stable calcium double salts which contain, in one molecule, one calcium atom (cation) and one radical each of two different organic acids (anion) in the same stoichiometric ratio, preferably acids such as formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, sorbic acid and benzoic acid. In addition, the invention relates to formulations that comprise the double salts and a stabilizer and/or a formulating aid.... The invention further relates to a process for preparing the double salts, and to the use of the salts in foods, cosmetics and drugs, food-contact articles, feeds, for example in silage, brewer's spent grains, pomace, food wastes, brewer's yeast, distillation residues and other wastes from the food industry, or as preservative in industrial products.... Antimicrobial substances which are less physiologically harmful are increasingly replacing substances which are hazardous to health or the environment, for example antibiotics, formaldehyde-releasing substances, halogenated substances, boric acid derivatives, and many others, in foods, feeds, pet food, cosmetics and drugs, foodcontact articles, silage, brewer's spent grains, pomace, food waste, brewer's yeast, distillation residues and other wastes from the food industry or in leather treatment. Substances which are less physiologically hazardous include the classic preservatives, in particular sorbic acid, propionic acid or benzoic acid. These organic acids are used in particular in the food industry (M. Jager and E. Luck: Chemische Lebensmittelkonservierung [Chemical preservation of food], Berlin and Heidelberg 1995). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium enrichment composition and method for producing the same Inventor(s): Buddemeyer, Bruce; (Raytown, MO), Cheong, Weng Kit; (Gladstone, MO), Hagedorn, Herman H. (Kansas City, MO) Correspondence: HOVEY WILLIAMS TIMMONS & COLLINS; 2405 GRAND BLVD., SUITE 400; KANSAS CITY; MO; 64108 Patent Application Number: 20020086094 Date filed: January 18, 2001 Abstract: An improved calcium-enriched composition and method of supplementing food products with the composition are provided. Broadly, the compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, metal hydroxides, and water, with the molar ratio of citrate ions to phosphate ions in the composition being from about 1.0:1.35 to about 1.0:2.35. The compositions have high solids contents relative to prior art compositions, and at least about 70% of the theoretically available calcium ions remain dispersed in the compositions at ambient temperatures. The compositions are in the form of a colloidal suspension having very little or no sedimentation. Finally, the compositions can be mixed with food products (e.g., cow's milk, soy milk) to substantially increase the calcium available in the product without negatively affecting the taste, color, or smell of the product. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/491,426, filed Jan. 26, 2000.... The present invention is broadly concerned with calcium-enriched compositions and methods of supplementing food products with those compositions. More
Patents 379
particularly, the inventive compositions include respective sources of phosphate ions, citrate ions, and calcium ions, a metal hydroxide, and water. The compositions have high solids contents and are in the form of substantially uniform, colloidal suspensions in which a high percentage of the available calcium ions remains dispersed.... The food industry has long sought stable, water-dispersible forms of calcium which would allow significant amounts of calcium to be introduced into food products without substantially increasing the bulk of the product. To be effective in this context, the calcium-containing substances must be essentially odorless, colorless, tasteless, and producible at a relatively low cost. In addition, these substances must be stable under the extreme conditions dictated by formulation, processing, and storage of the food products. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium fluoride crystal and method and apparatus for using the same Inventor(s): Kuwabara, Tetsuo; (Ibaraki-ken, JP) Correspondence: MORGAN & FINNEGAN, L.L.P. 345 PARK AVENUE; NEW YORK; NY; 10154; US Patent Application Number: 20020162501 Date filed: February 26, 2002 Abstract: A calcium fluoride crystal produced in accordance with a method for producing calcium fluoride crystal on the basis of refining a raw material of calcium fluoride and causing crystal growth of the refined calcium fluoride, the method including a process of raising a purity of the calcium fluoride to complement the refining, wherein a transition density in crystal is not greater than 1.times.10.sup.5/cm.sup.2, and that dispersion of transition density inside an effective portion in crystal is in a range of.+-.5.times.10.sup.4/cm.sup.2. Also disclosed is an optical element to be manufactured by use of such CaF2 crystal. Excerpt(s): This invention relates generally to a crystal producing method and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for producing calcium fluorite (CaF2) which may be a material for an optical element to be used in a lithographic exposure apparatus, for example.... Because of recent demands of reduction in size and thickness of electronic instruments, further miniaturization of semiconductor devices to be incorporated into electronic instruments have been required more and more. As regards the design rule for a mask pattern, for example, mass-production of a line-and-space (L&S) 130 nm will be accomplished and, to this end, it will be smaller and smaller. The line-and-space (L&S) is an image projected on a wafer, in such state that the widths of the line and the space are the same, and it is the scale of exposure resolution. In the exposure process, three parameters of resolution, overlay precision and throughput are important. The resolution concerns a minimum size to be accurately transferred, and the overlay precision is the precision for superposing patterns upon a workpiece. The throughput is the number of workpieces to be processed per unit time.... Shortening the wavelength of an exposure light source is effective to improve the resolution. For this reason, recently, exposure light sources have been changed from KrF excimer lasers (wavelength is about 248 nm) to ArF excimer lasers (wavelength is about 193 nm). Further, practical use of F2 excimer lasers (wavelength is about 157 nm) has been advanced. Among various glass materials, CaF2 crystal has a high transmissivity (i.e., internal transmissivity) to light of such wavelength region, and it is the best optical
380 Calcium
material for an optical element such as lens or diffraction grating to be used in an exposure optical system. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium formate for use as a dietary supplement Inventor(s): DeLuca, Hector F. (Deerfield, WI) Correspondence: QUARLES & BRADY LLP; 411 E. WISCONSIN AVENUE, SUITE 2040; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20030100609 Date filed: December 19, 2002 Abstract: A calcium formate composition for oral administration to an individual for the purpose of supplementary dietary calcium is disclosed. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. Nos. 09/469,513, filed Dec. 22, 1999 and 09/649,710, filed Aug. 25, 2000. Both of these documents are incorporated by reference as if set forth fully herein.... Phosphorus retention plays a major role in chronic renal failure in the development of both secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophy. Bricker, N., S. et al., Archives of Intemal Medicine 123:543-553 (1969); Rubini, M. E. et al., Archives of Internal Medicine 124:663669 (1969); Slatopolsky, E., et al., Journal of Clinical Investigation 50:492499 (1971); Bricker, N. S., New England Journal of Medicine 286:1093-1099 (1972); Slatopolsky, E. S., et al., Kidney Int. 2:147-151 (1972).... Antacids are often used to bind dietary phosphorus to prevent phosphorus retention and prevent its absorption. This process is referred to as phosphorus binding and appears to be a chemical reaction between dietary phosphorus and the cation present in the binder compound, which is usually albumin or calcium. The binding results in the formation of insoluble and unabsorbable phosphate compounds, adsorption of phosphorus ions on the surface of binder particles, or a combination of both. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium fortified beverages Inventor(s): Luhadiya, Ashok Prem Chand; (Cincinnati, OH), Yang, David Kee; (Manhattan, KS), Heisey, Matthew Thomas; (Cincinnati, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20030003192 Date filed: April 26, 2002 Abstract: Calcium fortified protein-containing beverages and processes for making them are disclosed. Such beverages are stable, contain high levels of soluble calcium and are hedonically acceptable. Unlike other calcium fortified protein-containing beverages, such beverages can be produced using a process that is similar to that used to produce regular dairy milk. Such beverages can be consumed neat or easily incorporated into other food or beverage products.
Patents 381
Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/085,186, filed Feb. 27, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/893,841, filed Jun. 28, 2001, which was a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/400,002, filed Sep. 20, 1999 (now abandoned), which was a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/162,864, filed Sep. 29, 1998 (now abandoned).... This invention relates to calcium fortified protein-containing products, processes for making such products; and concentrated calcium solutions used in making such products.... In addition to being the basic building block of bones and teeth, calcium is required for blood coagulation and the proper functioning of the heart, nerves, and muscles. As many individuals, especially elderly individuals, do not obtain sufficient levels of calcium from their diets, calcium supplementation is desired. A preferred method of increasing calcium intake is to replace,fluids that are normally consumed, with calcium-fortified versions of such fluids. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium fortified dairy products and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Murphy, Maeve; (Plymouth, MN), Silva, Ellen M. (Minnetonka, MN), Stoddard, Gary W. (New Brighton, MN), Konkoly, Amy; (Minneapolis, MN), Johnson, Timothy T. (St.Anthony Village, MN) Correspondence: John A. O'Toole, Esq. P.O. Box 1113; Minneapolis; MN; 55440; US Patent Application Number: 20020068112 Date filed: December 1, 2000 Abstract: Nutritionally improved cultured dairy products such as yogurt products include a fine powdered calcium phosphate salt of reduced particle size having a mean diameter.ltoreq.6.mu.m in amounts sufficient to provide a total calcium content of 0.25% to 0.75%.A method for producing the calcium fortified yogurt is also provided wherein an fine powdered insoluble calcium salt is admixed with a milk blend prior to fermentation. The yogurt is prepared by conventional fermentation. Both stirred style and cup set style yogurt products can be prepared. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to food products, especially refrigerated fermented dairy products such as yogurt that are calcium fortified and to their methods of manufacture, and more specifically to yogurt fortified with calcium.... The present invention provides improvements to those calcium fortified yogurt products and methods of preparation that are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,820,903 entitled "Calcium Fortified Yogurt and Methods of Preparation" (issued Oct. 13, 1998 to Fluery et al.) and which is incorporated herein by reference. The '903 patent describes the post fermentation addition of a calcium phosphate having a particle size of less than 150 microns to produce a calcium fortified stirred style yogurt. In important part, the present improvement resides in selecting and adding a more fine powder form of calcium phosphate having a particle size of less than six microns to a milk base prior to fermentation. By utilizing the more fine powder, it has been surprisingly found that prefermentation addition can be practiced. As a result, methods have now been found to produce either a stirred style yogurt product or a cup set fermented yogurt product from the same or similar calcium fortified milk base. Moreover, the process can be simplified relative to the post fermentation addition to eliminate the need for preparing a sterilized, pH adjusted calcium phosphate slurry for post fermentation addition.... Recent medical studies have indicated that a diet containing the U.S. recommended daily allowance ("RDA") of calcium can be effective in preventing or mitigating
382 Calcium
osteoporosis, and also possibly high blood pressure and colon cancer. There is therefore great public interest in the consumption of food products that will supply the recommended daily allowance of calcium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium fortified shredded cheese with a calcium anti-caking agent Inventor(s): Willits, Richard E. (Elkhart Lake, WI), Brody, John K. (Plymouth, WI) Correspondence: RYAN KROMHOLZ & MANION, S.C. POST OFFICE BOX 26618; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53226; US Patent Application Number: 20030021873 Date filed: April 12, 2001 Abstract: A calcium fortified natural or pasteurized process divided cheese including an anti-caking agent which reduces the stickiness of the cheese and further provides calcium fortification of the product and method of manufacture. A powdered mixture for use on divided cheese as an anti-caking agent, calcium fortifier, and desiccation inhibitor. Excerpt(s): Calcium fortification of products in the food industry, especially in the cheese industry, has been primarily directed to calcium fortification by direct addition of a calcium source to the cheese milk. The cheese milk is then used for manufacture of the various commercial cheese products, some of which include divided cheese products such as shredded or diced cheeses. Usually, calcium enriched, divided cheese products must be additionally treated with an anti-caking agent after dividing to prevent undesirable clumping of the product in the package. Typical anti-caking agents have been in the form of a cellulose powder which is a fibrous vegetable material, such as Keycel 2000 obtainable from International Fiber Corporation located in North Tonawanda, N.Y., U.S.A.... The present invention relates generally to a calcium enriched, divided cheese product and specifically to a calcium enriched anti-caking agent used on a divided cheese. Shredded cheese manufacture typically includes the step of adding an anti-caking agent such as cellulose powder to the already shredded cheese prior to packaging. Addition of an anti-caking agent to reduce the stickiness of the cheese is necessary to prevent the cheese shreds from clumping together in the package prior to use. Anti-caking agents have been used primarily to prevent undesirable clumping, yet leave the flavor and palatability of the cheese product unaffected. Presently, the usual anti-caking agent supplied to a shredded cheese product is cellulose, typically in micro-fine powder form. While the addition of cellulose powder has been successful in use as an anti-caking agent, it has been observed that cellulose does not add substantially to the food value of the finished product. Further, micro-fine cellulose adds appreciable dust particles to the production environment and may contribute to leaky packages, due to product being caught in the package profile during sealing and filling. Additionally, cellulose coated divided cheese often develops an unacceptable desiccated appearance prior to purchase that consumers find unappealing.... The present invention seeks to ameliorate the shortcomings associated with cellulose anti-caking agents while additionally enriching the divided cheese product, whereby food value in the form of calcium fortification is added. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 383
•
Calcium glutarate supplement and phosphorus binder Inventor(s): Walsdorf, Neill B. SR. (San Antonio, TX), Alexandrides, George; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: Thomas D. Paul; Fulbright & Jaworski, L.L.P. 1301 McKinney, Suite 5100; Houston; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20030077331 Date filed: July 31, 2001 Abstract: Methods of controlling calcium intake and phosphate metabolism and metabolic acidosis in patients suffering from renal failure and associated hyperphosphatemia or patients predisposed to development of a hyperphosphatemic condition are provided. The method in accordance with this invention comprises administering to a patient a calcium glutarate compound. Therapeutic benefit can be realized in accordance with such method by administering the compound orally to a patient to increase available calcium and contact and bind with ingested phosphate in the patient's digestive tract, and thereby prevent its intestinal absorption. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to calcium supplementation and controlling phosphate retention and particularly, to methods for treating patients on dialysis and suffering from renal failure and associated hyperphosphatemia.... Phosphorus is the sixth most abundant element in the human body. It is critical for bone mineralization, cellular structure, genetic coding, and energy metabolism. Many organic and inorganic forms exist. Approximately 1,000 g of phosphorus is present in an adult, of which 80-90% is in bone. An additional 10-14% is intracellular and the remaining 1%, is extracellular.... The phosphorus in plasma is 12-17% protein bound. Free serum compounds represent much less than 1% of the total body phosphorus content. This fraction also varies with shifts between the intracellular and extracellular compartments. Thus, serum phosphorus levels may not accurately reflect the total body phosphorus content. Levels are expressed in terms of serum phosphorus mass (mg/dL). One mg/dL of phosphorus is equal to 0.32 mmol of phosphate. The normal adult range is 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL (0.81 to 1.45 mmol/L). Levels are 50% higher in infants and 30% higher in children due to growth hormone effects. Hyperphosphatemia is an abnormally elevated serum phosphate level. Normal serum phosphate levels are in the range of 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dl. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium hypochlorite of reduced reactivity Inventor(s): Martin, Roy; (Downers Grove, IL) Correspondence: MCHALE & SLAVIN; 4440 PGA BLVD; SUITE 402; PALM BEACH GARDENS; FL; 33410 Patent Application Number: 20030038277 Date filed: August 9, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes a solid calcium hypochlorite product formulation, including a polymeric alkali salt, which formulation exhibits improved environmental stability and shelf-life while simultaneously inhibiting scale in dispensing equipment, as well as in and on feed equipment used for delivering a calcium hypochlorite solution to a water stream which is to be treated.
384 Calcium
Excerpt(s): This invention relates to calcium hypochlorite blends; particularly to blends of solid calcium hypochlorite in combination with an alkali salt form(s) of anti-scaling polymers, wherein the polymer(s) are present in an alkali salt form effective at reducing the hygroscopic characteristics of the solid polymer(s), and subsequent calcium hypochlorite blend. This invention also relates to a means of reducing the reactivity of solid calcium hypochlorite with the said polymer(s) by applying a coating of the polymer(s) to the solid calcium hypochlorite.... U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,112,521 and 5,004,549 disclose the blending of Phosphono-Butane-Tricarboxylic acid (PBTC) with calcium hypochlorite to produce a solid calcium hypochlorite blend that inhibits scale formation associated with the reconstitution and dispensing of the calcium hypochlorite solution.... U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,538, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference, discloses the use of Polymaleic acid (PMA) and/or Polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) in an alkali salt form that is blended with calcium hypochlorite to reduce or eliminate scale formation associated with the reconstitution and dispensing of the calcium hypochlorite solution. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium ion stable photographic color developing composition and method of use Inventor(s): Haye, Shirleyanne E. (Rochester, NY), Huston, Janet M. (Webster, NY), Henry, William G. (Caledonia, NY) Correspondence: Sarah Meeks Roberts; Patent Legal Staff; Eastman Kodak Company; 343 State Street; Rochester; NY; 14650-2201; US Patent Application Number: 20010012602 Date filed: March 12, 2001 Abstract: A color developing composition is stable in the presence of calcium ion because of the presence of a specific polyphosphonic acid sequestering agent. The composition also comprises a color developing agent in free base form and an antioxidant for the color developing agent. The calcium ion sequestering agent is morpholinomethanediphosphonic acid or a salt thereof. This sequestering agent can be used alone to control calcium ion precipitates, or in combination with a polyaminopolyphonic acid or salt thereof. The composition can be used to provide images in various color photographic silver halide materials. Excerpt(s): The present application is a Continuation-in-part of copending U.S. application Ser. No. 09/438,121, filed Nov. 10, 1999 by Haye et al.... Reference is also made to copending divisional application U.S. application Ser. No. 09/713,850 filed Nov. 16, 2000.... The present invention relates to photographic color developing compositions that are stable to calcium ions, and to a method for their use. This invention is useful in the field of photography to provide color photographic images. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 385
•
Calcium phosphate bone graft material, process for making same and osteoimplant fabricated from same Inventor(s): Shimp, Lawrence A. (Morganville, NJ) Correspondence: Peter G. Dilworth; DILWORTH & BARRESE, LLP; 333 Earle Ovington Blvd. Uniondale; NY; 11553; US Patent Application Number: 20020183417 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: A calcium phosphate bone graft material comprising an amorphous calcium phosphate glassy phase of from about 30 to about 100 volume % is obtained by plasma spraying calcium phosphate-containing powder onto a target to produce a deposited layer and removing the deposited layer from the target to provide the calcium phosphate bone graft material. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a calcium phosphate bone graft material, to a process for making the calcium phosphate bone graft material, and to an osteoimplant fabricated from the calcium phosphate bone graft material. More particularly, this invention relates to a calcium phosphate bone graft material composed of plasma sprayed calcium phosphate wherein the relative amounts of amorphous (glassy) phase and crystalline (ceramic) phase varies from about 100 volume % amorphous, 0 volume % crystalline to about 30 volume % amorphous, 70 volume % crystalline.... An ideal artificial bone graft possesses an osteoconductive surface that bonds to bone, and dissolves (resorbs) at about the rate of bone growth so that the formation of new bone is not inhibited. Existing artificial bone grafting materials are usually quite osteoconductive, but most resorb either too quickly or too slowly.... The most commonly employed artificial grafting materials are ceramic forms of hydroxylapatite (HA), or of hydroxylapatite/tricalcium phosphate (TCP) mixtures. These ceramic materials are obtained by sintering HA or HA/TCP. Sintering is a heating process whereby crystals grow larger and more perfect to the limit where all crystals completely surround other crystals and all porosity is eliminated. The ceramic structure is therefore characterized by well-defined crystals held together by grain boundaries where different crystals touch. The more perfect the sintering conditions are, the more perfectly formed the crystals are, and the more crystalline the material is. Conventionally employed HA or HA/TCP artificial bone grafting materials contain a minimum of 80 volume % crystallinity with amounts of up to 100 volume % not being uncommon. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium phosphate cements prepared from silicate solutions Inventor(s): Constantz, Brent R. (Menlo Park, CA) Correspondence: BOZICEVIC, FIELD & FRANCIS LLP; 200 MIDDLEFIELD RD; SUITE 200; MENLO PARK; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20020098245 Date filed: March 29, 2002 Abstract: Methods are provide for producing flowable compositions, e.g. pastes, that set into calcium phosphate products. In the subject methods, dry reactants that include a calcium source and a phosphate source are combined with a solution of a soluble silicate, e.g. sodium silicate, and the combined liquids and solids are mixed to produce
386 Calcium
the flowable composition. Also provided are the compositions themselves as well as kits for preparing the same. The subject methods and compositions produced thereby find use in a variety of applications, including the repair of hard tissue defects, e.g. bone defects. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/561,324 filed Apr. 28, 2000; the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference.... The field of this invention is calcium phosphate cements.... Calcium phosphate cements which are prepared by combining a dry component(s) and a liquid to form a flowable paste like material that is subsequently capable of setting into a solid calcium phosphate product hold great promise for use as structural materials in the orthopedic and dental fields. For example, it is desirable to be able to inject a flowable material into a cancellous bone void and have the material set into a solid calcium phosphate mineral product that is capable of withstanding physiological loads. Materials that set into solid calcium phosphate mineral products are of particular interest as such products can closely resemble the mineral phase of natural bone and are susceptible to remodeling, making such products extremely attractive for use in orthopedics and related fields. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium silicate insulating material containing alumina silica microspheres Inventor(s): Krowl, Thomas R. (Littleton, CO), Doerr, Bryan K. (Portersville, PA), Borski, Michael W. (Dracut, MA) Correspondence: William J. Quinn, Esq. Quinn & Quinn, P.C. Suite 102; 5931 S. Middlefield Road; Littleton; CO; 80123; US Patent Application Number: 20030029361 Date filed: July 22, 2002 Abstract: An asbestos free, calcium silicate insulating material suitable for use in the casting of molten non-ferrous metals, and suitable for use in applications where a fire resistant, heat insulating, electrical insulating, and corrosion resistant material is desirable. The calcium silicate insulating material is produced by combining lime, a siliceous component, alumina silica microspheres, wollastonite and organic fibrous material in the presence of water to form a slurry. The slurry is then placed under steam pressure, to react the lime, siliceous component and water, dried, and heat treated if necessary. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/742,164 filed Dec. 20, 2000, and entitled Calcium Silicate Insulating Material Containing Alumina Silica Microspheres.... The present invention relates generally to improved insulating heat-resistant materials containing alumina silica microspheres and methods of producing such materials. The present invention further relates to such materials containing alumina silica microspheres and methods wherein the resulting materials produced are suitable for use in the casting of non-ferrous metals such as aluminum and similar metals.... A variety of insulating heat-resistant materials suitable for use in casting of non-ferrous metals are well known in the prior art. Of the insulating heat-resistant materials utilized in the process of casting non-ferrous metals that are known in the prior art, calcium silicate based materials have proven to be of particular utility because of their small heat capacities, high heat insulating capability and nonwetting properties in contact with molten non-ferrous metals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 387
•
Calcium-based catalyst system Inventor(s): Halasa, Adel Farhan; (Bath, OH), Hsu, Wen-Liang; (Cuyahoga Falls, OH), Zuppo, John Robert III; (Akron, OH) Correspondence: The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company; Department 823; 1144 East Market Street; Akron; OH; 44316-0001; US Patent Application Number: 20020045720 Date filed: November 7, 2001 Abstract: The process and catalyst system of this invention can be utilized to synthesize a highly random styrene-butadiene rubber having a high trans content by solution polymerization. The styrene-butadiene rubber made by the process of this invention can be utilized in tire tread rubbers that exhibit improved wear characteristics. This invention more specifically reveals a catalyst system for use in isothermal polymerizations which consists essentially of (a) an organolithium compound, (b) a calcium alkoxide and (c) a lithium alkoxide. The subject invention further discloses a process for synthesizing a random styrene-butadiene rubber having a low vinyl content by a process which comprises copolymerizing styrene and 1,3-butadiene under isothermal conditions in an organic solvent in the presence of a catalyst system which consists essentially of (a) an organolithium compound, (b) a calcium alkoxide and (c) a lithium alkoxide. An amine can also be added to the catalyst system to increase the molecular weight (Mooney viscosity) of the rubber. Excerpt(s): This is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 09/389,507, filed on Sep. 3, 1999, presently pending.... It is highly desirable for pneumatic tires to have good wet skid resistance, low rolling resistance and good wear characteristics. It has traditionally been very difficult to improve the wear characteristics of a tire without sacrificing its wet skid resistance and traction characteristics. These properties depend, to a great extent, on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of the rubbers utilized in making the tire.... In order to reduce the rolling resistance and to improve the treadwear characteristics of tires, rubbers having a high rebound have traditionally been utilized in making tire tread rubber compounds. On the other hand, in order to increase the wet skid resistance of a tire, rubbers which undergo a large energy loss have generally been utilized in the tire vs tread. In order to balance these two viscoelastically inconsistent properties, mixtures of various types of synthetic and natural rubber are normally utilized in tire treads For instance, various mixtures of styrene-butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber are commonly used as a rubbery material for automobile tire treads. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium-binding protein Inventor(s): Hillman, Jennifer L. (Mountain View, CA), Goli, Surya K. (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: INCYTE GENOMICS, INC; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 3160 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20010012831 Date filed: January 23, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a human calcium-binding protein (HCBP) and polynucleotides which identify and encode HCBP. The invention also provides
388 Calcium
expression vectors and host cells, agonists, antibodies, and antagonists. In addition, the invention provides methods for producing HCBP and for treating or preventing disorders associated with the expression of HCBP. Excerpt(s): This application is a DIVISIONAL application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/206,499, filed Dec. 7, 1998, entitled NOVEL CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/828,242, filed Mar. 31, 1997, which issued on Feb. 16, 1999 as U.S. Pat. No. 5,871,970, entitled CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN. Both of these applications are hereby expressly incorporated by reference.... This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a novel calcium-binding protein and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disorders associated with cell proliferation.... Calcium plays essential roles in various cell processes including cell metabolism, muscle contraction, molecular secretion and mitogenesis. Calcium is mostly stored in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in non-muscle cells, and in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle cells. The regulation of calcium involves a family of homologous, calcium-binding proteins such as calbindins, troponin C, calmodulin, and S-100 proteins. These proteins contain a common structural motif, the EF-hand motif, which consists of two.alpha.-helices separated by a loop of 12 to 13 amino acid residues. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium-fortified, grape-based products and methods for making them Inventor(s): Livisay, Stacy A. (Voorhees, NJ), Lavoie, James P. (Billerica, MA) Correspondence: BROMBERG & SUNSTEIN LLP; 125 SUMMER STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02110-1618; US Patent Application Number: 20020001642 Date filed: February 16, 2001 Abstract: Methods of making a calcium fortified, tartaric acid-containing product that is essentially free of tartrate precipitates. The tartaric acid concentration of a precursor is adjusted to form an adjusted precursor. An additive comprising a calcium-based compound is mixed with the adjusted precursor to make the fortified product. The compound may be calcium gluconate, a variety of other compounds or mixtures thereof. The fortified product, when stored at approximately 70.degree. F., may remain essentially free of tartrate precipitate for at least sixteen weeks.The fortified, tartaric acid-containing products processed by the disclosed methods. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/183,299, filed Feb. 17, 2000, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.... The embodiment relates to formulation of grape-based products such as, but not limited to, juice, juice-blended beverages, and wine containing a significant amount of bioavailable calcium as well as to processes for the manufacture of the products. The field encompasses the production, storage and distribution of stable calcium-fortified purple, red and white grape juice and juice drinks, in shelf-stable, refrigerated, frozen and concentrate forms. Beverages covered include grape-based liquids blended with nongrape liquids.... Calcium is an essential mineral in the human diet for the preservation of human health. Calcium has been established as a key nutrient for skeletal rigidity; it is also known to impact metabolic, muscular, neurological, circulatory, and enzymatic processes. Calcium deficiency is a contributing cause of osteoporosis, a debilitating bone disease marked by a loss of bone mass.
Patents 389
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Calcium-independent negative regulation by CD81 of receptor signalling Inventor(s): Fleming, Tony; (Newton, MA), Kinet, Jean-Pierre; (Lexington, MA) Correspondence: Anne I. Craig, Esq. HAMILTON, BROOK, SMITH & REYNOLDS, P.C. 530 Virginia Road; P.O. Box 9133; Concord; MA; 01742-9133; US Patent Application Number: 20020182726 Date filed: December 5, 2001 Abstract: Calcium independent CD81 inhibition of IgE-mediated degranulation in mast cells, particularly through the Fc.gamma.RIII and Fc.epsilon.RI receptors, is described, as well as methods of inhibiting allergic processes. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/954,279, filed Oct. 20, 1997, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Seral No. 60/032,963, filed Dec. 13, 1996. The entire teachings of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.... In the past two decades, tremendous advances have been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms used by various types of cell surface receptors to transduce signals. Nearly all of these advances have come from the study of model systems where a receptor "activates" cells to generate a well-defined response. As knowledge about activating model systems has increased, it has become clear that there are many situations in which the activating signal sent from one receptor is modulated as the direct result of a negative or inhibitory signal sent by another cell surface receptor. While the study of this type of signaling is generally in its infancy, several recent studies have begun to shed light on the molecular mechanisms which underlie receptor-mediated inhibitory signals in immunologic systems. Given the tendency of nature to utilize signaling functions modularly in a variety of signaling pathways, the paradigms outlined by these systems may have implications for the study of inhibitory or deactivating signals in non-immunologic situations as well. In addition, the study of these signals may add new dimensions to the understanding of other widely utilized signaling pathways.... As described herein, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been isolated which inhibit Fc.epsilon.RI-induced mast cell degranulation. Through protein isolation, peptide sequencing, cloning, and gene expression, CD81 has been identified as a novel inhibitory receptor for Fc.epsilon.RI and Fc.gamma.RIII. AntiCD81 mAbs also inhibited passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions, a model of IgE-dependent, mast cell activation in vivo. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Calcium-iron oxide composite particles Inventor(s): Matsui, Toshiki; (Hiroshima-shi, JP), Isoai, Masaru; (Onoda-shi, JP), Fujii, Yasuhiko; (Otake-shi, JP), Hatakeyama, Satoshi; (Hiroshima-ken, JP), Okita, Tomoko; (Hatsukaichi-shi, JP), Imai, Tomoyuki; (Hiroshima-shi, JP) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C. 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20010021366 Date filed: January 12, 2001
390 Calcium
Abstract: Calcium-iron oxide composite particles of the present invention have a BET specific surface area of 1 to 100 m.sup.2/g and containing iron atom in an amount of 1 to 50 moles based on 100 moles of calcium atom,the iron atom of not less than 50% based on the total amount of iron atom contained in said calcium-iron oxide composite particles being bonded with calcium atom for forming a calcium-iron ferrite phase.A hydrogen chloride-scavenger comprising the calcium-iron oxide composite particles, is capable of effectively capturing harmful hydrogen chloride generated by thermal decomposition or combustion of chorine-containing resin molded products upon fire or incineration thereof, and fixing the hydrogen chloride as stable calcium chloride or the like. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/219,853 filed on Dec. 23, 1998.... The present invention relates to calcium-iron oxide composite particles. More particularly, the present invention relates to calcium-iron oxide composite particles, a hydrogen chloride-scavenger comprising the calcium-iron oxide composite particles, which is capable of effectively capturing harmful hydrogen chloride generated by thermal decomposition or combustion of chorine-containing resin molded products upon fire or incineration thereof, and fixing the hydrogen chloride as stable calcium chloride or the like.... The chlorine-containing resin molded products according to the present invention can be used as interior and exterior building materials such as blinds, wall papers, flooring materials, outer walls or tubs; materials for transportation means such as automobiles, vehicles, ships or airplanes; structural materials for machineries, equipments, apparatuses, etc. agricultural materials for greenhouse culture of agricultural products, etc. or materials for various other application fields. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Detergent composition with improved calcium sequestration capacity Inventor(s): Carter, John David; (Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, GB), Pancheri, Eugene Joseph; (Montgomery, OH), Rohrbaugh, Robert Henry; (Indian Springs, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; PATENT DIVISION; IVORYDALE TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 474; 5299 SPRING GROVE AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45217; US Patent Application Number: 20020028756 Date filed: March 29, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to detergent compositions having significantly improved calcium sequestration capacity as well as superior builder capacity in comparison to conventional aluminosilicate builder materials, while not redepositing on fabrics. More particularly, this invention relates to detergent compositions comprising microclusters of submicron crystallites of an aluminosilicate ion exchange material. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority under 37 U.S.C..sctn. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/194,721, filed Apr. 5, 2000 (Attorney Docket No. 8020P).... This invention relates to detergent compositions having significantly improved calcium sequestration capacity as well as superior builder capacity in comparison to conventional aluminosilicate builder materials, while not redepositing on fabrics. More particularly, this invention relates to detergent compositions comprising microclusters of submicron crystallites of an aluminosilicate ion exchange material.... The presence of hardness ions (i.e. Ca.sup.+2, Mg.sup.+2) during the laundering process has long been recognized to negatively impact the cleaning performance of detergents. It is also known
Patents 391
that faster sequestration of calcium and magnesium yields improved cleaning performance. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Device and method for preparing calcium phosphate-based cement Inventor(s): Mizutani, Yoichiro; (Aichi, JP), Sawamura, Takenori; (Aichi, JP), Hattori, Masateru; (Aichi, JP), Okuyama, Masahiko; (Aichi, JP) Correspondence: SUGHRUE MION, PLLC; 2100 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Washington; DC; 20037-3213; US Patent Application Number: 20020118596 Date filed: February 22, 2002 Abstract: A kneading device adapted for preparing calcium phosphate-based cement and for applying the cement directly to a required site which comprises a cylinder 1 which includes a hollow cylindrical body portion 11 and a nozzle 12 formed at the distal end of the cylindrical body portion; a plug 2 having an axial through-hole 21 slidably disposed within the proximal end of the cylindrical body portion; a piston assembly 3 which includes a shaft 31 extending through the through-hole 21 of the plug 2 for axial and rotatable movement, a kneading element 32 at the distal end of the shaft 31 within the cylindrical body portion, and a handle 34 formed at the proximal end of the shaft 31 external of the cylindrical body portion; a cover member 4 attached to and forming a closure for the nozzle 12; and a stop member 5 for locating the plug 2 in position at the proximal end of the cylindrical body portion. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a device suitable for preparing by kneading a calcium phosphate-based cement which may be utilized as a dental or medical cement and for applying the resultant kneaded cement to a treatment site, and to a method for preparing a calcium phosphate-based cement. More particularly, the invention relates to a kneading device for preparing calcium phosphate-based cement and for applying the resultant kneaded cement to defective portions of bone, for example bone which has suffered fracture or osteoporosis, or applying the resultant kneaded cement as an adhesive for bonding artificial bone, such as that formed from metal or ceramic, to bone, as well as to a method for preparing the calcium phosphate-based cement.... Calcium phosphate-based cement, which contains a predominant amount of calcium phosphate, is identical to the inorganic component of bones or teeth. Calcium phosphate-based cement therefore exhibits high bio-compatibility and is useful in certain fields of medical treatment, such as orthopedics and anaplasty. Such calcium phosphate-based cement is conventionally prepared by mixing calcium phosphate powder and a kneading liquid, such as distilled water, for example, in a mortar to obtain kneaded cement which may then be filled into or applied to a defective portion of bone or tooth using a syringe or spatula and then allowed to cure.... However, the whole procedure involves strenuous labor in kneading whether performed manually or with motor assistance and in introducing the kneaded cement into a syringe. Further, foreign matter or unwanted bacteria may enter the cement during the course of kneading or of introduction into the syringe. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
392 Calcium
•
Device and method for producing a calcium-rich getter thin film Inventor(s): Carretti, Corrado; (Milano, IT), Toia, Luca; (Carnago, IT) Correspondence: Perkins Coie LLP; 101 Jefferson Drive; Menlo Park; CA; 94025; US Patent Application Number: 20030138328 Date filed: October 29, 2002 Abstract: An improved getter device and method for forming a calcium-rich getter thin film in an electronic vacuum device is disclosed. The getter device includes a powder of a Ca--Ba--Al ternary alloy composed of between 53% and 56.8% by weight of aluminum, from 36% to 41.7% by weight of calcium and from 1.5% to 11% by weight of barium. The method allows the formation of a calcium-rich getter thin film with a substantially reduced amount of released hydrogen in the vacuum device. Excerpt(s): This Application claims priority under 35 U.S.C..sctn.119 to Italian Application MI2001A-002273, filed Oct. 29, 2001, which is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.... The present invention relates to a device and method for forming a calcium-rich getter thin film in an electronic vacuum device.... A number of industrial applications require a suitable vacuum to be kept in a sealed space for a period of several years. In particular, electronic vacuum devices such as CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes), which are used as screens of television sets or computers, have this requirement. In CRTs, vacuum is required to avoid electrons emitted by a cathode from being deflected by collisions with gas particles. CRTs are evacuated during the manufacturing step through mechanical pumps and then hermetically sealed. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Dietary calcium as a supplement to vitamin D compound treatment of multiple sclerosis Inventor(s): DeLuca, Hector F. (Deerfield, WI), Cantorna, Margheritea T. (State College, PA), Humpal-Winter, Jean; (Poynette, WI) Correspondence: QUARLES & BRADY LLP; 411 E. WISCONSIN AVENUE, SUITE 2040; MILWAUKEE; WI; 53202-4497; US Patent Application Number: 20030022873 Date filed: August 30, 2002 Abstract: A method of and composition for diminishing multiple sclerosis symptoms are disclosed. In one embodiment, the method comprises the step of administrating an amount of calcium and a vitamin D compound effect to diminish multiple sclerosis symptoms. In another embodiment, the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising an amount of calcium and vitamin D compound effective to diminish multiple sclerosis symptoms. Excerpt(s): Vitamin D is a recent arrival in the roster of agents that are known to regulate the immune system. Vitamin D is converted in a two-step process to the hormone, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3).sup.1 that is a key factor in regulating serum calcium, phosphorus and bone (DeLuca, 1997). This hormone acts in a steroid hormone-like mechanism through a nuclear receptor, the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is a member of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily (Pike, 1991; Ross, et al., 1993). The discovery of VDR in peripheral blood lymphocytes (Bhalla, et al., 1983; Provvedini, et al. 1983) is a factor that led to the realization that 1,25-
Patents 393
(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 is a significant regulator of the immune system. The most striking evidence of a role for 1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 as an immune system regulator comes from in vivo experiments. 1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 can prevent the development of EAE (Cantorna, et al., 1996 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,946; Lemire and Archer, 1991), experimental arthritis (Cantorna, et al., 1998a), and 1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3can markedly inhibit transplant rejection (Bouillon, et al., 1995; Hullett, et al., 1998)..sup.1Abbreviations: central nervous system, CNS; 1,25-dihydroxycholecalc- iferol, 1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3; experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lymph node, LN; multiple sclerosis, MS; interferon y, IFN-.gamma. interleukin-4, IL-4; transforming growth factor.beta.1, TGF.beta.1; tumor necrosis factor-.alpha., TNF-.alpha. type-1 helper, Th1; type-2 helper, Th2; vitamin D receptor, VDR.... EAE is mediated by CD4+ T cells, which mount an inappropriate immune-mediated attack on the central nervous system (CNS). Type-1 helper (Th1) cells specific for CNS antigens induce the disease and the Th1 cytokines interferon (IFN)-.gamma. and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-.alpha. are associated with EAE in mice (Holda and Swanborg, 1982; Powell, et al., 1990). Conversely, type-2 helper (Th2) cells and other cell types which produce interleukin (IL)4 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-.beta.1 in response to CNS antigens are known to ameliorate EAE. In vivo 1,25-(OH).sub.2D.sub.3 treatments result in a net loss in the total number of lymphocytes and a net increase in the expression of IL-4 and TGF-.beta.1 (Cantorna, et al., 1998b). Conversely the in vivo 1,25- treatments had no effect on IFN-.gamma. or TNF-.alpha. expression (Cantorna, et al., 1998b). The role, if any, for calcium in the regulation of the immune response remains unclear.... The present invention is a method of more effectively treating multiple sclerosis patients. The method comprises the step of administration of an amount of calcium that renders a vitamin D compound effective in preventing or markedly reducing MS symptoms. Preferably, this amount of calcium is 0.5-2 g per patient per day. Most preferably, the amount is between 1 and 2 g of calcium as a salt with a variety of anions, e.g. CO.sub.3.sup.=, PO.sub.4.sup.=, Cl.sub.2.sup.acetate, gluconate, citrate, etc. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Dosage forms for immediate gastric release of a calcium transport stimulator coupled with delayed gastric release of a bis-phosphonate Inventor(s): Fleshner-Barak, Moshe; (Petach Tikva, IL) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20030158154 Date filed: July 17, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a gastric retention dosage form for immediate or uncontrolled release of a vitamin D derivative that stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine, like calcitriol, alphacalcidol and calcifediol, combined with delayed release of a bis-phosphonate calcium resorption inhibitor such as alendronic acid and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of provisional application Serial No. 60/306,383, filed Jul. 18, 2001 which is incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to a gastric retention system for immediate release of a vitamin D derivative that stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine, like calcitriol, combined with delayed release of a bis-phosphonate calcium resorption inhibitor such as
394 Calcium
alendronic acid and its pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates.... Treatment of osteoporosis, metastatic bone disease, and Paget's disease can benefit from improvements in controlled gastric release and multiple dose delivery technology. Bisphosphonates such as alendronate, risedronate, etidronate and tiludronate are commonly prescribed drugs for treatment of these diseases. Despite their benefits, bisphosphonates suffer from very poor oral bioavailability. Alendronate has less than 1% bioavailability. Gert, B. J. Holland, S. D. Kline, W. F. Matuszewski, B. K. Freeman, A. Quan, H. Lasseter, K. C. Mucklow, J. C. Porras, A. G. "Studies of The Oral Bioavailablity of Alendronate," Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 1995, 58, 288-298. Its absorption is inhibited by foods and beverages other than water. Id. Side effects experienced by patients who have taken alendronate include irritation of the upper gastrointestinal mucosa. Liberman, U. A. Hirsch, L. J. "Esophagitis and Alendronate" N. Engl. J. Med., 1996, 335, 1069-70. This irritation can lead to more serious conditions. Physicians' Desk Reference, Fosamax, Warnings. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Edible water-in-oil emulsion with calcium Inventor(s): Castenmiller, Wilhelmus Adrianus; (Vlaardingen, NL) Correspondence: UNILEVER; PATENT DEPARTMENT; 45 RIVER ROAD; EDGEWATER; NJ; 07020; US Patent Application Number: 20030118695 Date filed: October 17, 2002 Abstract: An edible water-in-oil emulsion having an average water droplet size D.sub.3,3 of 30.mu.m or lower, comprising a water-insoluble calcium salt, wherein the emulsion comprises calcium sulphate, the amount of calcium in the emulsion is 0.20 weight % or more and the molar ratio [Ca]/[SO.sub.4] in the emulsion is in the range 0.2 to 6.0. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to edible water-in-oil emulsions with calcium, especially edible water-in-oil emulsions in a calcium supplemented food product.... Calcium is an essential element in human and animal nutrition. Calcium is the chief supportive element in bones and teeth. Calcium salts make up about 70 percent of bone by weight and give that substance its strength and rigidity. It helps to contract muscles and helps regulate the contractions of the heart. It plays a role in the transmission of nerve impulses and in the clotting of blood. Calcium is involved in the stimulation of contractions of the uterus during childbirth and in the production of milk. It also regulates the secretion of various hormones and aids in the functioning of various enzymes within the body.... Calcium can be obtained from a variety of dietary sources. Food sources high in calcium include milk, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products and leafy green vegetables. However these products are often not consumed in sufficient quantities to obtain the recommended dietary levels of calcium. Therefore calcium supplemented food products have been developed and these are available for the consumers in numerous forms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 395
•
EFFERVESCENT CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS Inventor(s): FOX, MARY MORA; (FAIRFIELD, OH) Correspondence: JAMES F MCBRIDE; THE PROCTOR & GAMBLE COMPANY; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER; 6071 CENTER HILL AVENUE - BOX 331; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224 Patent Application Number: 20010018082 Date filed: October 27, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to effervescent compositions which provide calcium supplementation via a soluble calcium source. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to effervescent compositions which provide calcium supplementation via a soluble calcium source.... Vitamin and mineral supplements for human and veterinary use are commonplace. Some diets, heavy physical exercise and disease conditions may require the intake of considerable quantities of minerals and vitamins apart from those generally obtained through what otherwise would be considered a normal diet. Vitamin and mineral supplementation is important primarily for those who have inadequate diets, including growing children. Older adults have an additional need for calcium to help prevent age-related bone loss. In particular, postmenopausal women need additional calcium due to hormonal changes which can accelerate the bone loss rate leading to a further diminishment in bone mass. Therefore, supplementation of the diet with a highly bioavailable source of calcium is desirable.... Calcium can be obtained from a variety of dietary sources. The primary sources of calcium are dairy products, in particular milk. However, beginning in young adulthood and continuing through later life, milk is typically not consumed in sufficient quantities by the general population at levels sufficient to meet their dietary requirements. Diminished consumption can be caused by lactose intolerance as well as by the unattractiveness of milk as a drink for "social occasions". Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Encapsulated calcium acetate caplet and a method for inhibiting gastrointestinal phosphorous absorption Inventor(s): Dennett, Edmund V. JR. (Milton, MA), Raleigh, Robert M. JR. (Pembroke, MA), Aronson, Bruce H. (Sharon, MA) Correspondence: CESARI AND MCKENNA, LLP; 88 BLACK FALCON AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210; US Patent Application Number: 20030050340 Date filed: October 24, 2002 Abstract: A composition for inhibiting gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorous in an individual. The composition includes a quantity of calcium acetate sufficient to bind the phosphorous in the gastrointestinal tract of the individual. The calcium acetate has a bulk density of between 0.50 kg/L and 0.80 kg/L and is dimensioned to form a caplet for fitting within a capsule in a manner that optimizes the volume of the capsule. Also provided is a method for administering the calcium acetate composition of the present invention to an individual to reduce phosphorous absorption by binding with the phosphorous in their gastrointestinal tract.
396 Calcium
Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the field of oral pharmaceutical compositions. More particularly, the present invention relates to an encapsulated calcium acetate caplet, and to a method for binding and inhibiting gastrointestinal absorption of phosphorous using an encapsulated calcium acetate caplet.... A major focus of research and development efforts in the pharmaceutical industry is on the formulation of acceptable oral pharmaceutical compositions. More particularly, these efforts are concentrated on making oral pharmaceuticals that are palatable to the consumer. Chief among the concerns of pharmaceutical manufacturers in this area is the development of drugs that are as palatable as they are efficacious. The importance of these research efforts is greatest where the pharmaceuticals at issue are intended to ameliorate a patient's medical condition or alleviate their symptoms in cases of terminal illness. Chronic renal failure is one example of such an illness.... In cases of chronic renal failure, hyperphosphatemia, or excess phosphorus retention, plays a major role in the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophy. Antacids or prescription medications are commonly used to manage or prevent hyperphosphatemia by binding dietary phosphorus and, thus, preventing its absorption into the gastrointestinal tract. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Epoxy-steroidal aldosterone antagonist and calcium channel blocker combination therapy for treatment of congestive heart failure Inventor(s): Schun, Joseph R. (St. Louis, MO) Correspondence: JOSEPH R. SCHUH; PHARMACIA CORPORATION; Corporate Patent Department; P.O. Box 5110; Chicago; IL; 60680; US Patent Application Number: 20030055027 Date filed: April 19, 2002 Abstract: A combination therapy comprising a therapeutically-effective amount of an epoxy-steroidal aldosterone receptor antagonist and a therapeutically-effective amount of a calcium channel blocker is described for treatment of circulatory disorders, including cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis and ascites. Preferred calcium channel blockers are those compounds having high potency and bioavailability. Preferred epoxy-steroidal aldosterone receptor antagonists are 2O-spiroxane steroidal compounds characterized by the presence of a 9.alpha.,11.alpha.-substituted epoxy moiety. A preferred combination therapy includes the calcium channel blocker verapamil HC1 (Benzenacetonitrile, (.+-.) -.alpha.[3[[2-(3,4dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]methylamino]propyl]-3,4-dimethoxy-.alpha.-(1methylethyl)hydrochloride) and the aldosterone receptor antagonist epoxymexrenone. Excerpt(s): Combinations of an epoxy-steroidal aldosterone receptor antagonist and a calcium channel blocker are described for use in treatment of circulatory disorders, including cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, cirrhosis and ascites. Of particular interest are therapies using an epoxycontaining steroidal aldosterone receptor antagonist compound such as epoxymexrenone in combination with a calcium channel blocker compound.... Myocardial (or cardiac) failure, whether a consequence of a previous myocardial infarction, heart disease associated with hypertension, or primary cardiomyopathy, is a major health problem of worldwide proportions. The incidence of symptomatic heart failure has risen steadily over the past several decades.... In clinical terms, decompensated cardiac failure consists of a constellation of signs and symptoms that
Patents 397
arises from congested organs and hypoperfused tissues to form the congestive heart failure (CHF) syndrome. Congestion is caused largely by increased venous pressure and by inadequate sodium (Na.sup.+) excretion, relative to dietary Na.sup.+ intake, and is importantly related to circulating levels of aldosterone (ALDO). An abnormal retention of Na.sup.+ occurs via tubular epithelial cells throughout the nephron, including the later portion of the distal tubule and cortical collecting ducts, where ALDO receptor sites are present. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Factory scale process for producing crystalline atorvastatin trihydrate hemi calcium salt Inventor(s): Tully, William; (Midleton, IE) Correspondence: Francis J. Tinney; Warner-Lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20020156294 Date filed: June 14, 2002 Abstract: A factory scale process for producing crystalline atorvastatine trihydrate hemi calcium salt includes the addition of extra methyl tert-butyl ether to the reaction mixture to supersaturate the crystallization matrix. A seed slurry is made up in a makeup/delivery vessel and delivered, under pressure, to the reaction mixture. The process produces crystalline atorvastatin calcium within a consistent size range on a factory scale. Excerpt(s): This application is related to and claims benefit of the following applications: International Application PCT/IE 00/00150 filed Dec. 18, 2000, which claims priority from International Application PCT/IE 99/00132 filed Dec. 17, 1999 all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.... The invention relates to an improved process for producing crystalline atorvastatin calcium which is known by the chemical name [R-(R*,R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-.beta.,.delta.-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid hemi calcium salt.... Atorvastatin is useful as a selective and competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme that converts 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A to mevalonate, a precursor of sterols such as cholesterol. The conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate is an early and ratelimiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Food formulations with a high calcium content Inventor(s): Rothlin, Ursula Mariah; (Rome, IT) Correspondence: Ursula Mariah ROTHLIN; Ufficio Brevetti Rapisardi S.R.L. Via Serbelloni, 12; Milano; I-20122; IT Patent Application Number: 20020090419 Date filed: December 11, 2001
398 Calcium
Abstract: Food formulations with a high calcium content, in which calcium is contained in a product that can provide a high amount of calcium in ionic form, and can be used in a mainly osteopathic field. Excerpt(s): The present invention refers to food formulations with a high calcium content.... In particular the invention relates to food formulations that can be used for prevention and as adjuvants in treatment and in prevention, especially in osteopathy (e.g. in the treatment of osteoporosis, arthrosis etc.).... Normally Ca is ingested along with milk and its by-products. Its absorption is influenced by ionisation and by the presence of vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, but is significantly reduced by the dietary presence of phytates and vegetable oxalates, fats and fibres. Lactose and some amino acids, such as lysin and arginine can by contrast increase calcium absorption. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Gel products fortified with calcium and methods of preparation Inventor(s): Gordon, Daniel L. (Plymouth, MN), Roy, Souyma; (Plymouth, MN) Correspondence: GENERAL MILLS, INC. Number One General Mills Boulevard; Minneapolis; MN; 55426; US Patent Application Number: 20030008054 Date filed: July 11, 2002 Abstract: Disclosed are improved, intermediate moisture sweetened gelled food compositions fortified with calcium supplied by calcium phosphate that is dispersed in an oil and/or fat. The gelled compositions comprise: A) about 55 to 85% by weight nutritive carbohydrate sweeteners; B) sufficient amounts of a gelling agent(s) to provide a gel strength of about 2-8 kg/cm.sup.2; C) about 50 to 1500 mg/oz total calcium; and D) about 9 to 20% moisture, and E) about to 0.1% to 5% of an edible fatty triglyceride. Also disclosed are methods for the preparation of such fruit products involving forming a concentrated slurry of calcium phosphate having a particle size such that at least 90% are less than 150.mu.m dispersed in at least a portion of the oil and/or fat, forming a gellable blend and admixing the gellable composition with the slurry to form a gellable calcium fortified composition and forming into desired shaped and sized pieces. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/197,214 entitled "GEL PRODUCTS FORTIFIED WITH CALCIUM AND METHOD OF PREPARATION" filed on Nov. 20, 1998.... The present invention relates to food products and to their methods of preparation. More particularly, the present invention relates to gelled food products fortified with calcium and to their methods of preparation.... The present invention provides an improvement in food products prepared by starch molding and to their methods of preparation. In particular, the present invention provides starch molded gelled food products fortified with insoluble calcium. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 399
•
Granular calcium carbonate for use as a dietary supplement and/or antacid Inventor(s): Malcolm, Alexander R. (W. Greenwich, RI) Correspondence: SELITTO, BEHR & KIM; P. O. BOX 1477; 100 PLAINFIELD AVENUE, SUITE 7; EDISON; NJ; 08818-1477; US Patent Application Number: 20020044974 Date filed: September 7, 2001 Abstract: A process for producing granular calcium carbonate for use as dietary supplements and/or antacids, which easily reconstitutes, upon mixing with a liquid or liquid-containing food prior to ingestion, into an ultra-fine calcium carbonate powder having improved non-gritty "mouthfeel". The process involves aggregating an ultra-fine calcium carbonate powder, having an average particle size of no more than 25 microns, into granular calcium carbonate particles. Methods for administering 100% of the adult RDA for calcium in a single dose, and for treating upper gastrointestinal tract disorders, using the granular calcium carbonate produced by the process of the present invention are also disclosed. Excerpt(s): This is a.sctn.111 (a) application relating to U.S. application Ser. No. 60/230,832 filed Sep. 7, 2000 and U.S. application Ser. No. 60/274,721 filed Mar. 12, 2001.... The present invention relates to a process for producing granular calcium carbonate for use in dietary supplements and/or antacids, whereby the need to ingest any "excipient" materials is eliminated and the granular calcium carbonate has improved non-gritty "mouthfeel".... The mineral calcium is an important human dietary component. Calcium is required for adequate bone formation and maintenance, as well as for diverse metabolic functions. Calcium is particularly relevant to the prevention of osteoporosis, a condition characterized by decreases in bone mass which renders bones more fragile and susceptible to fracture. Adequate dietary calcium is important for normal development, metabolism, and health maintenance. However, the amount of calcium obtained through the average adult diet alone is frequently insufficient. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
HCaRG, a novel calcium-regulated gene coding for a nuclear protein Inventor(s): Tremblay, Johanne; (Quebec, CA), Hamet, Pavel; (Quebec, CA), Lewanczuk, Richard; (Alberta, CA), Grossard, Francis; (Quebec, CA), Solban, Nicolas; (Quebec, CA) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020115604 Date filed: July 16, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a novel gene that shows tissue specific expression and increased expression in a low calcium concentration medium. Low renin hypertension is characterized by decreased levels of serum ionized calcium in the presence of increased levels of parathyroid hormone. It is hypothesized that hypertensive factor(s) are cosecreted with PTH in SHR, a model of low renin hypertension, the parathyroid hypertensive factor being one of them. As a negative calcium balance is present in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), we searched for gene(s) involved in this dysregulation. A cDNA library was constructed from the SHR parathyroid gland which is a key regulator of serum ionized calcium. From 7 overlapping DNA fragments, a
400 Calcium
1100-bp novel cDNA containing an open reading frame of 224 codons was reconstituted. This novel gene, named HCaRG (Hypertension-related, Calcium-regulated Gene), was negatively regulated by extracellular calcium concentration and its basal mRNA levels were higher in hypertensive animals. The deduced protein showed no transmembrane domain, 67% a helix content, a mutated calcium-binding site (EF-hand motif), 4 putative `leucine zipper` motifs and a nuclear receptor-binding domain. At the subcellular level, HCaRG had a nuclear localization. We cloned the human homolog of this gene. Sequence comparison revealed 80% homology between rats and humans at the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Tissue distribution showed a preponderance in the heart, stomach, jejunum, kidney (tubular fraction), liver and adrenal gland (mainly in the medulla). HCaRG mRNA was significantly more expressed in adult than in fetal organs, and its levels were decreased in tumors and cancerous cell lines. We observed that after 60-min ischemia followed by reperfusion, HCaRG mRNA declined rapidly in contrast with an increase in c-myc mRNA. Its levels then rose steadily to exceed baseline at 48 h of reperfusion. HEK293 cells stably transfected with HCaRG exhibited much lower proliferation, as shown by cell count and 3 H-thymidine incorporation. Taken together, our results suggest that HCaRG is a nuclear protein potentially involved in the control of cell proliferation. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a novel gene that shows tissue specific expression and increased expression in a low calcium concentration medium and in hypertensive animals, and which is potentially involved in the regulation of cell proliferation.... Calcium ion is an essential element of life with distinct extracellular and intracellular roles- Extracellular functions of calcium include its role in blood clotting, intercellular adhesion, bone metabolism, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity whereas its intracellular roles include protein secretion, cellular contraction and division. The free extracellular calcium concentration is maintained within a narrow range (.about.1 to 1.3 mM) and that of intracellular calcium is in the order of 100 nM; 10,000 fold lower than the extracellular free calcium concentration.... The first priority of the extracellular calcium homeostatic system is to maintain a normal extracellular ionized calcium concentration. This component represents approximately 45% of the total circulating calcium concentration- Another 45% of total circulating calcium is bound to proteins (primarily albumin) and about 10% is Pound to small organic anion. Therefore, ionized calcium concentration in plasma is maintained within a very narrow range. The major players maintaining extracellular calcium homeostasis are calciotropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, calcitonin and calcium itself. Indeed, extracellular calcium regulates its own concentration as an extracellular messenger by acting on cells involved in the control of extracellular calcium homeostasis such as parathyroid, bone, intestine and kidney cells (56). For example, parathyroid cells are key sensors of extracellular calcium in vertebrates responding with increases in PTH secretion when there is a decrease in calcemia while high calcemia stimulates hormonal release of calcitonin from C cells of the thyroid gland. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 401
•
Heat-resisting alloy with magnesium and calcium Inventor(s): Suarez, Francis S. (Huntington, WV), Hartmann, Vernon William; (Culloden, WV) Correspondence: Robert F. Dropkin, Esq. Vice President, Secretary and Chief Legal Counsel; Special Metals Corporation; 4317 Middle Settlement Road; New Hartford; NY; 13413-5392; US Patent Application Number: 20020106299 Date filed: November 2, 2001 Abstract: A heat-resisting weldable alloy consisting essentially of, by weight percent, 01. to 0.4 aluminum, 0.001 to 0.008 calcium, 0.002 to 0.1 magnesium, 0 to 0.08 carbon, 0 to 1 manganese, 0 to 0.002 sulfur, 0 to 1 silicon, 0 to 0.75 copper, 0 to 0.3 phosphorus, 18 to 22 nickel, 18 to 22 chromium, and the balance iron and incidental impurities. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to improved process yield of a heat-resisting weldable wrought alloy, in particular an alloy of iron, nickel and chromium containing aluminum, magnesium and calcium.... The results depicted in FIGS. 1 and 2 demonstrate that the removal of titanium results in reduced hot ductility. Accordingly, a need remains for an alloy similar to INCOLOY alloy 840 with no or minimal titanium but with improved performance in a strip product.... This need is met by the alloy composition of the present invention which includes by weight percent 0.1 to 0.4 aluminum, 0.001 to 0.008 calcium, 0.002 to 0.1 magnesium, maximum of 0.08 carbon, maximum of 1.0 manganese, maximum of 0.002 sulfur, maximum of 1.0 silicon, maximum of 0.75 copper, 18 to 22 nickel, 18 to 22 chromium, maximum of 0.03 phosphorous and the balance iron. It is believed that magnesium and calcium in controlled amounts sufficient to control the deoxidation process can be substituted for titanium added to INCOLOY alloy 840 and similar alloys to maintain the necessary hot ductility during rolling. The magnesium and calcium are conditioned and added during refining by first adding aluminum which is believed to bind with a portion of the available oxygen in solution. This improved deoxidation process has resulted in a product with improved internal cleanliness and improved surface appearance due to the absence of titanium nitrides in rolled out slivers. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Heteroaryl alkyl alpha substituted peptidylamine calcium channel blockers Inventor(s): Hu, Lain-Yen; (Ann Arbor, MI), Rafferty, Michael Francis; (Ann Arbor, MI), Ryder, Todd Robert; (Ann Arbor, MI), Sercel, Anthony Denver; (Ann Arbor, MI), Song, Yuntao; (Ann Arbor, MI) Correspondence: David R. Kurlandsky; Warner-Lambert Company; 2800 Plymouth Road; Ann Arbor; MI; 48105; US Patent Application Number: 20030060419 Date filed: September 25, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides compounds that block calcium channels having the Formula I shown below. 1The present invention also provides methods of using the compounds of Formula I to treat stroke, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, asthma, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, or epilepsy and to pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds of Formula I.
402 Calcium
Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. Serial No. 60/077,522, filed Mar. 11, 1998.... The present invention relates to compounds that act to block calcium channels; methods of using the compounds to treat stroke, cerebral ischemia, pain, head trauma, asthma, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, or epilepsy; and to pharmaceutical compositions that contain the compounds of the present invention.... The entry of excessive amounts of calcium ions into neurons following an ischemic episode or other neuronal trauma has been well-documented. Uncontrolled high concentrations of calcium in neurons initiates a cascade of biochemical events that disrupts normal cellular processes. Among these events are the activation of proteases and lipases, breakdown of neuronal membranes, and the formation of free radicals, which may ultimately lead to cell death. Several types of calcium channels have been discovered and called the L, N, P, Q, R, and T types. Each type possesses distinct structural features, functional properties, and cellular/subcellular distributions. Type selective calcium channel blockers have been identified. For example, SNX-111 has been shown to be a selective N-type calcium channel blocker and has demonstrated activity in a number of models of ischemia and pain (Bowersox S. S. et al., Drug News and Perspective, 1994:7:261-268 and references cited therein). The compounds of the present invention are calcium channel blockers that can block N-type calcium channels and can be used to treat stroke, pain, cerebral ischemia, head trauma, asthma, amyotropic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Highly soluble nutritional compositions containing calcium Inventor(s): Lederman, Steven; (Beverly Hills, CA) Correspondence: Carol W. Burton; Suite 1500; 1200 17th Street; Denver; CO; 80202; US Patent Application Number: 20030068408 Date filed: February 4, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides novel compositions containing calcium and/or other minerals (as single mineral compositions or as multiple mineral compositions), methods for making these compositions, and methods for delivering the compositions. The compositions provide soluble bioavailable calcium and/or other minerals at a high concentration due to the high solubility attained through the processing method contained in this patent. Addition by these methods of other mineral(s) to calcium increases the stability and solubility of the calcium. The compositions of the present invention are powders that can be reconstituted in aqueous solutions. The compositions of the present invention also are very stable, allowing for a long shelf life of the compositions and of foods supplemented with the compositions. Excerpt(s): The present invention is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 9/265,035, filed Mar. 9, 1999, entitled "Highly Soluble and Stable Mineral Supplements Containing Calcium and Magnesium", to issue May 22, 2001, as U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,322.... The present invention relates to nutritional sources of solubilized calcium. More particularly, the present invention relates to sources of solubilized calcium having improved shelf life and stability.... Minerals are an essential part of the human diet. Sufficient quantities of most minerals can be obtained through the proper choice of foods and beverages; however, many people do not consume a well-balanced diet, and mineral supplements can be beneficial to many. Among other uses, calcium supplements are beneficial for the building and protection of bones and teeth, for the prevention and possibly the treatment of osteoporosis, and for use as cofactors to a number of essential enzymes such as those involved in the conversion of
Patents 403
prothrombin to thrombin. Additionally, increased amounts of calcium may be required after heavy physical exercise, and the level of calcium in the blood stream has been shown to have an effect on neurological function. Magnesium is an essential cofactor to many of the body's enzymatic reactions. Potassium is involved in basic cell metabolism and is used in high levels as a prescription for heart patients. Intake of potassium and magnesium has been found to reduce the risk of stroke. Zinc is also an essential mineral. Research is ongoing on the effects of specific minerals and mineral combinations on health. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hollow bone mineral-like calcium phosphate particles Inventor(s): Radin, Shulamith; (Voorhees, NJ), Ducheyne, Paul; (Rosemont, PA), Falaize, Sylvie; (Lyon, FR), Ayyaswamy, Portonovo S. (Broomall, PA) Correspondence: WOODCOCK WASHBURN LLP; ONE LIBERTY PLACE, 46TH FLOOR; 1650 MARKET STREET; PHILADELPHIA; PA; 19103; US Patent Application Number: 20020172715 Date filed: May 1, 2002 Abstract: Hollow particles having a shell substantially composed of calcium-phosphate, methods for preparing the same, and methods of use are disclosed. The particles are obtained by differential immersion of silica-based, calcium and phosphate containing glass particles. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to particles comprising silica-based, calcium and phosphate containing, glass compositions, and their transformation to calciumphosphate shells in vitro.... In U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,106, issued to Schepers et al., (hereby incorporated by reference) the implantation of bioactive glass granules having the composition: 45% SiO2, 24.5% Na.sub.2O, 24.5% CaO and 6% P.sub.2O.sub.5, and a size range of 280-425.mu.m in diameter into the jaw of beagle dogs is disclosed. With particles of this size range, internal pouches formed in each of the particles and, subsequently, osteoprogenitor cells differentiated to osteoblasts within the pouches, actively laying down bone tissue. Next, bone tissue proliferated from the excavations, surrounded the particles and connected with bone tissue being formed around neighboring particles. Bone tissue was formed within the particle, without being bridged to the lingual or buccal bone plates. At 3 months, bone had grown throughout the surgical defects treated with glass granules. A similar phenomenon was not observed with particles of a larger size range, i.e., 480-800 micrometers, or a smaller size range, i.e., 210-300 micrometers.... Glass granules of narrow size range (300-360.mu.m) were used in a clinical trial in humans. Schepers et al., "Bioactive Glass Particles of Narrow Size Range: A New Material for the Repair of Bone Defects," Implant Dentistry, 2(3):151-156, 1993, incorporated herein by reference. In this clinical study, 87 patients and 106 maxillo facial defects were treated. At 3 months, the application sites had fully solidified. At six months, no radiological difference between the defect sites and the surrounding bone could be discerned. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
404 Calcium
•
Human apoptosis-related calcium-binding protein Inventor(s): Hillman, Jennifer L. (San Jose, CA), Goli, Surya K. (Sunnyvale, CA) Correspondence: INCYTE GENOMICS, INC. PATENT DEPARTMENT; 3160 Porter Drive; Palo Alto; CA; 94304; US Patent Application Number: 20020086830 Date filed: October 1, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a human apoptosis-related calcium-binding protein (HARC) and polynucleotides which identify and encode HARC. The invention also provides genetically engineered expression vectors and host cells comprising the nucleic acid sequences encoding HARC and a method for producing HARC. The invention also provides for agonists, antibodies, or antagonists specifically binding HARC, and their use, in the prevention and treatment of diseases associated with expression of HARC. Additionally, the invention provides for the use of antisense molecules to polynucleotides encoding HARC for the treatment of diseases associated with the expression of HARC. The invention also provides diagnostic assays which utilize the polynucleotide, or fragments or the complement thereof, and antibodies specifically binding HARC. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/328,687, filed Jun. 9, 1999, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/094,212, filed Jun. 9, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,931, which is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/766,605, filed Dec. 12, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,220, the contents each of which is hereby incorporated by reference, and each application entitled "Human ApoptosisRelated Calcium-Binding Protein".... This invention relates to nucleic acid and amino acid sequences of a novel human apoptosis-related calcium-binding protein and to the use of these sequences in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases associated with decreased or increased apoptosis.... Normal development, growth, and homeostasis in multicellular organisms require a careful balance between the production and destruction of cells in tissues throughout the body. Cell division is a carefully coordinated process with numerous checkpoints and control mechanisms. These mechanisms are designed to regulate DNA replication and to prevent inappropriate or excessive proliferation. In contrast, programmed cell death is the genetically controlled process by which unneeded or damaged cells can be eliminated without causing the tissue destruction and inflammatory responses that are often associated with acute injury and necrosis. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Human N-type calcium channel isoform and uses thereof Inventor(s): Lipscombe, Diane; (Barrington, RI), Schorge, Stephanie; (Charvil, GB) Correspondence: WOLF GREENFIELD & SACKS, PC; FEDERAL RESERVE PLAZA; 600 ATLANTIC AVENUE; BOSTON; MA; 02210-2211; US Patent Application Number: 20020147309 Date filed: December 28, 2001 Abstract: The invention pertains to a human N-type calcium channel isoform, h.alpha..sub.1B+SFVG, which is involved in central nervous system signaling, and nucleic acids relating thereto. The present invention also includes fragments and
Patents 405
biologically functional variants of the human h.alpha..sub.1B+sFvGchannel. Also included are human N-type calcium channel h.alpha..sub.1B+SFVG subunit inhibitors which inhibit human N-type calcium channel h.alpha..sub.1B+SFVG subunit activity by inhibiting the expression or function of human N-type calcium channel h.alpha..sub.1B+SFVG subunit. The invention further relates to methods of using such nucleic acids, polypeptides, and inhibitors in the treatment and/or diagnosis of disease, such as in methods for treating stroke, pain, e.g., neuropathic pain, and traumatic brain injury. Excerpt(s): This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/268,163, filed Mar. 12, 1999, now pending, and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C..sctn. 119(e) of U.S. provisional application serial No. 60/077,901, filed Mar. 13, 1998, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.... The invention pertains to human N-type calcium channel.alpha..sub.1B subunit isoforms.... Voltage gated calcium channels, also known as voltage dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) are multisubunit membrane spanning proteins which permit controlled calcium influx from an extracellular environment into the interior of a cell. Several types of voltage gated calcium channel have been described in different tissues, including N-type, P/Q-type, L-type and T-type channels. A voltage gated calcium channel permits entry into the cell of calcium upon depolarization of the membrane of the cell, which is a lessening of the difference in electrical potential between the outside and the inside of the cell. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Hydrolysis of [R (R*, R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-beta,delta-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid esters with calcium hydroxide Inventor(s): Niddam, Valerie; (Even-Yeouda, IL), Lidor-Hadas, Ramy; (Kfar Saba, IL), Lifshitz, Revital; (Herzlia, IL), Ishai, Eti; (Netanya, IL) Correspondence: KENYON & KENYON; ONE BROADWAY; NEW YORK; NY; 10004; US Patent Application Number: 20020099224 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing atorvastatin hemicalcium from an atorvastatin ester derivative with calcium hydroxide. The process is conveniently incorporated into a process for preparing atorvastatin hemi-calcium from an acetonide protected, ester protected.beta.,.delta.-dihydroxy heptanoic acid precursor compound by a first acid hydrolysis step followed by base hydrolysis with calcium hydroxide. The latter process may be performed as a one-pot process. Excerpt(s): This invention claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 1.119(e) of provisional applications Serial Nos. 60/249,319, filed Nov. 16, 2000; 60/312,144, filed Aug. 13, 2001 and provisional application Serial No. 60/326,529, filed Oct. 1, 2001, which are incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention relates to compounds that suppress cholesterol biosynthesis in humans by competitively inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and, more particularly, to processes for preparing pharmaceutically appropriate salts for oral administration of such compounds.... [R (R*, R*)]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-.beta.,.delta.-dihydroxy-5-(1-methylethyl)-3-phenyl-4-[(phenylamino)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-1-heptanoic acid ("atorvastatin") is an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis in humans. It is one of a class of drugs called
406 Calcium
statins. Statins suppress cholesterol biosynthesis by competitively inhibiting 3-hydroxy3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase ("HMG-CoA reductase"). HMG-CoA reductase catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, which is the rate determining step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol. Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 841 (MacMillan Publ. Co.: New York 7th ed. 1985). Decreased production of cholesterol stimulates LDL receptor activity and consequently reduces the concentration of LDL particles in the bloodstream. Reducing LDL concentration in the bloodstream decreases the risk of coronary artery disease J.A.M.A. 1984, 251, 351-74. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Identification of a capacitative calcium channel in antigen presenting cells and uses thereof Inventor(s): Schindler, Veronique; (Paris, FR), Bloes, Carole; (Orsay, FR), Fink, Michel; (Fresnes, FR), Allen, Janet; (Meudon, FR), Grentzmann, Guido; (Verrieres Le Buisson, FR) Correspondence: NIXON & VANDERHYE P.C. 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201; US Patent Application Number: 20020106671 Date filed: September 5, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to the identification of a capacitative calcium channel homologue for the immune system activation, and its use to report and to modulate modulate the activity of immune cells in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. This invention more specifically discloses that a Mlsn1 gene product, represents a capacitative calcium channel in immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, T-cells, B-cells and mast-cells. This invention is a proven identification of a gene expressing a capacitative calcium channel in immune cells, and can be used in various compositions and methods for monitoring or modulating an immune response in a subject. The present invention can be used to develop biomarkers for immune system activation or inflammatory responses or to screen for specific immune system activity altering drugs. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the caracterisation of a capacitative calcium channel homologue for the immune system activation, and its use to report or to modulate the activity of immune cells in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo. This invention more specifically discloses that a mlsn1 gene product represents a capacitative calcium channel in immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, T-cells, B-cells and mastcells. This invention is a proven identification of a gene expressing a capacitative calcium channel in immune cells, and can be used in various compositions and methods for monitoring or modulating an immune response in a subject. The present invention can be used to develop biomarkers for immune system activation or inflammatory responses or to screen for specific immune system activity altering drugs.... Regulated entry of calcium across the plasma membrane is an essential signaling mechanism, implicated in phenomena like exocytosis, contraction, gene expression, and cell differentiation (1). Store operated channels (SOCs), defined as channels that open in response to depletion of intra-cellular calcium stores, represent one of the most ubiquitous mechanisms for triggering calcium influx in non-excitable cells.... A large number of cell surface receptors are coupled through G-proteins or tyrosine kinases to the activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and consequently the generation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) (2). Increased IP3, acting on its receptor (3) results in an increase of intra-cellular calcium ([Ca.sup.2+]i) through depletion of intra-cellular calcium stores.
Patents 407
How depletion of intra-cellular calcium stores triggers Ca.sup.2+ entry through the cell membrane is still controversial. The simplest mechanism would involve a direct action of IP3, or of the IP3 receptor, on Ca.sup.2+ channels in the plasma membrane. On the other hand depletion of stores might send an activating signal of some kind to channels in the plasma membrane (4). Plasma membrane Ca.sup.2+ channel activation results in a small inward current in parallel with a sustained raise in [Ca.sup.2+]i. Such a current has been shown to be induced by intra-cellular dialysis with IP3 in rat mastcells (5) or by Thapsigargin-activation of Jurkat T-cells (6). Thapsigargin (TG), a plant derived sesquiterpene lactone, depletes IP3-sensitive stores through its ability to inhibit Ca.sup.2+-ATPases (7). Several groups have shown that TG depletion of intracellullar calcium stores in T-cells activates a Ca.sup.2+ influx that was similar to and not additive with that evoked by T-Cell Receptor (TCR) stimulation (8-10). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Liquid oral compositions comprising a calcium compound and an acidulant Inventor(s): Parker, David Myatt; (Hereford, GB) Correspondence: GLAXOSMITHKLINE; Corporate Intellectual Property - UW2220; P.O. Box 1539; King of Prussia; PA; 19406-0939; US Patent Application Number: 20020044992 Date filed: October 16, 2001 Abstract: Acidic oral compositions having reduced tooth erosion characteristics, especially acid beverages such as fruit juice drink concentrates, or oral healthcare products such as mouthwashes, are prepared by adding a calcium compound to the acid composition so that the mol ratio of calcium to acid ranges from 0.3 to 0.8, and the pH of the composition, if necessary after adjustment with an alkali, is from 3.5 to 4.5. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to compositions for oral use, such as acidic beverages and oral healthcare compositions, and to the use of calcium in such compositions to alleviate or prevent the tooth damage associated with the consumption of acid. In particular, the present invention alleviates palatability problems associated with calcium addition to beverages.... It is thought that erosion of teeth is caused inter alia by acidic foodstuffs leaching out calcium from the teeth faster than it can be replaced by normal remineralisation processes. When a product such as a beverage is prepared in accordance with this invention, and introduced into the oral cavity for consumption or healthcare purposes, the dissolution or removal of calcium and phosphate from teeth by chemical processes is significantly reduced.... Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. The vast majority of calcium is deposited in the bones and teeth but the mineral is also essential for other bodily functions such as the regulation of nerve function, the contraction of muscles and clotting of blood. Calcium is a common constituent of beverages being derived from fruit ingredients and from hard water when this is used in beverage production without prior softening. Values for the concentration of calcium occurring in this way are typically in the range 0.005-0.02% w/w. Interest in the general nutritional benefits of diet fortification by calcium ion has led to a search for practical ways to incorporate this ion in beverages at higher levels from 0.02% w/w to 2% w/w. The use of calcium as a supplement for beverages has been described in WO88/03762. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
408 Calcium
•
Liquid overbased mixed metal stabilizer composition of calcium, barium and zinc for stabilizing halogen-containing polymers Inventor(s): Reddy, James E. (Lyndhurst, OH), Hackett, Jeremy A. (Rocky River, OH) Correspondence: David J. Josephic; Wood, Herron & Evans, L.L.P. 2700 Carew Tower; 441 Vine Street; Cincinnati; OH; 45202-2917; US Patent Application Number: 20030104954 Date filed: March 15, 2002 Abstract: Liquid overbased calcium/barium/zinc ternary systems are provided for stabilizing halogen-containing polymers. These overbased ternary stabilizer systems are shelf stable liquids and provide polyvinyl chloride compositions with improvements in thermal stability, early color, clarity and plate-out resistance. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No. 09/861,393, filed May 18, 2001, directed to "Shelf Stable Haze Free Liquids of Overbased Alkaline Earth Metal Salts Processes and Stabilizing Halogen-Containing Polymers Therewith", which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.... The present invention relates to a liquid overbased mixed metal stabilizer composition of calcium, barium and zinc (Ca/Ba/Zn) for stabilizing halogen-containing polymers. Shelf stable haze free liquids of overbased calcium carboxylates are used to provide a mixed metal ternary stabilizer of calcium, barium and zinc. The liquid overbased ternary system of Ca/Ba/Zn provides polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with improvements in thermal stability, early color, plate-out resistance and clarity.... and 3,779,922. The use of these overbased metal salts in the halogen-containing organic polymer is described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,159,973; 4,252,698; and 3,194,823. The use of overbased barium salt in stabilizer formulations has increased during recent years. This is due, in the main, to the fact that overbased barium salts possess performance advantages over the neutral barium salts. The performance advantages associated with overbased barium salts are low plate-out, excellent color hold, good long-term heat stability performance, good compatibility with the stabilizer components, etc. Unfortunately, most of the overbased barium salts are dark in color and, while these dark colored overbased barium salts are effective stabilizers for halogen-containing organic polymer, their dark color results in the discoloration of the end product. This feature essentially prohibits the use of dark colored overbased barium salts in applications where a light colored polymer product is desired. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Liquid reagent for calcium assay Inventor(s): Matsukawa, Hirokazu; (Osaka-fu, JP), Oka, Osamu; (Kyoto-fu, JP), Fujita, Tuyosi; (Osaka-fu, JP), Sakakibara, Hitoshi; (Kyoto-fu, JP), Sugiyama, Tatsuo; (Aichiken, JP) Correspondence: BURNS, DOANE, SWECKER & MATHIS, L.L.P. P.O. Box 1404; Alexandria; VA; 22313-1404; US Patent Application Number: 20020120952 Date filed: December 13, 2000 Abstract: The present invention relates to an enzyme immunoassay method for assaying calcium ion, including putting calcium-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase, namely
Patents 409
glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) never expressing its activity in the absence of calcium ion, in contact to the calcium ion in a sample to assay the enzyme activity of the GLDH, the activity changing depending on the calcium ion concentration in the sample; and the invention also relates to an assay reagent for use in the same. Because the reagent is very stable in a solution state under storage, the reagent can be incorporated in a liquid reagent. Thus, the calcium in a biological material or other samples can be assayed in a simple and accurate manner. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a liquid reagent for assaying calcium derived from a biological material in a sample. Characteristically, the inventive reagent contains calcium-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase and an adjusting factor and is in a liquid form.... Additionally, the invention relates to a method for assaying calcium in a biological material by using the assay reagent, and a system for efficiently producing calcium-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase.... Calcium ion plays a significant role in biological organisms. In biological organisms, 99% of calcium is locally present in bone and teeth, but calcium is continuously absorbed in bone or excreted therefrom at 700 mg/day. Thus, calcium is also present in body fluids and cells at a lesser amount than the amount in bone. The calcium in body fluids and cells is responsible for significant functions as second messenger in biological actions, including nerve transmission function, muscle contraction function, and hormonal actions, in addition to blood coagulation. Thus, the calcium level in body fluids, particularly in blood, should be retained constantly in a strict manner. It has been known that blood calcium level is retained constantly by vitamin D, parathyroid hormone and calcitonin; in normal individuals, for example, calcium is present at 9 to 11 mg/dl in blood and the intra-day variation of the calcium level should be strictly retained within.+-.3% at most. The calcium level varies in response to diseased conditions. Hypercalcemia occurs in diseases such as myxedema, malignant tumor sarcoidosis, hyperproteinemia, and hyperthyroidism; hypocalcemia emerges in diseases such as hypoparathyroidism, osteomalacia, renal rickets, uremia, hypoproteinemia, and bone metastasis of malignant tumor. Even a slight change of the blood calcium level in normal individuals simply indicates that the change is due to a disease. Thus, the blood calcium assay is a very important test item for laboratory tests. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Low acid beverages supplemented with nutritional calcium sources Inventor(s): Yang, David Kee; (Cincinnati, OH), Heisey, Matthew Thomas; (Wyoming, OH), Andon, Mark Benson; (Fairfield, OH) Correspondence: THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DIVISION; WINTON HILL TECHNICAL CENTER - BOX 161; 6110 CENTER HILL AVENUE; CINCINNATI; OH; 45224; US Patent Application Number: 20020146486 Date filed: February 27, 2002 Abstract: Low acid beverages can be further fortified with calcium without adversely affecting the taste or texture of the beverage. These products have a more bioavailable source of calcium and contain an additional 3% to 100% of the recommended daily allowance of calcium per unit serving. Calcium fortified water compositions of the present invention have elemental calcium concentrations up to 850 ppm. The added calcium source that is used to fortify the beverages of the present invention is added
410 Calcium
directly to the beverages of the present invention or may be added in the form of at least one premix. Excerpt(s): This is a Continuation-in-Part of co-pending application Ser. No. 09/162,864 filed Sep. 29, 1998.... This invention relates to low acid beverages which are nutritionally supplemented with significant levels of calcium. More particularly, this invention relates to water and fluid milk which can be fortified with calcium without adversely affecting their taste or texture. These fortified products have a bioavailable source of additional calcium.... Osteoporosis, a degenerative bone disease, is recognized as a major public health problem in many countries. It is the most common skeletal disease in the world and results in a significant burden to the population in terms of quality of life and medical expense. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Machinable preformed calcium phosphate bone substitute material implants Inventor(s): Tofighi, Aliassghar N. (Waltham, MA), Krause, Michele; (Wayne, NJ), Lee, Dosuk D. (Brookline, MA) Correspondence: HALE AND DORR, LLP; 60 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20030135283 Date filed: December 21, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides machinable calcium phosphate bone substitute material implants having mechanical properties comparable to those of natural bone. The implants include intimately mixed solid precursor materials that react under physiological conditions to form poorly-crystalline hydroxyapatite and eventually are remodeled into bone in vivo. The implants can include a biocompatible polymer to increase density and strength and control resorbability. Excerpt(s): The field of the present invention is bone repair and replacement. More specifically, the invention relates to machinable synthetic bone substitute material implants having mechanical properties comparable to those of natural bone.... Treatments for bone voids, defects, and injuries must provide structural integrity and induce the formation of new bone. In particular, spinal fusion is designed to stabilize the spinal column by creating a bridge between adjacent vertebrae in the form of a bone fusion mass. Early spinal fusion methods involved stabilizing the spinal column with a metal plate or rod spanning the affected vertebrae and allowing bone fusion to occur around the implanted hardware. Various other forms of metal implants have also been used in spinal fusion procedures. However, the strength of metal implants causes stress shielding of the surrounding bone, which slows the natural bone growth that leads to fusion. Further, metal implants are permanent foreign bodies that cannot be remodeled into natural bone in vivo. In addition, many surgical procedures for implanting metal devices are long and complex.... Natural bone grafts have been used to promote osteogenesis and to avoid the disadvantages of metal implants. Naturally-occurring bone mineral is made of nanometer-sized, poorly-crystalline calcium phosphate of hydroxyapatite structure with a Ca/P ratio between 1.5 and 1.7. These properties impart solubility to bone tissue that allows it to be repaired continually by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Natural bone grafts are incorporated into a patient's bone through this continual remodeling process in vivo. However, natural bone grafts are associated with problems such as limited availability and painful, risky harvesting procedures for a
Patents 411
patient's own autogenous bone, and risks of viral transmission and immune reaction for allograft bone from a cadaver. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Magnesium calcium thioaluminate phosphor Inventor(s): Cheong, Dan Daeweon; (Mississauga, CA), Nakua, M. Abdul; (Mississauga, CA), Wu, Xingwei; (Brampton, CA) Correspondence: James W. McKee; Fay, Sharpe, Fagan, Minnich & McKee, LLP; Seventh Floor; 1100 Superior Avenue; Cleveland; OH; 44114-2518; US Patent Application Number: 20020192498 Date filed: June 13, 2001 Abstract: A thin film phosphor for an electroluminescent device, and the electroluminescent device. The phosphor comprises a compound of the formula Mg.sub.xCa.sub.1-xAl.sub.2S.sub.4:M, where the value of x is in the range 0<x<0.3 and M is a rare earth activator. Preferably, the value of x is in the range 0.05<x<0.20. A thin film phosphor for an electroluminescent device, the phosphor comprising magnesium calcium thioaluminate activated with a rare earth metal, the calcium thioaluminate containing an amount of magnesium to effect a lowering of the temperature of deposition of the phosphor on a substrate. A method for the preparation of the phosphor on a substrate, said method comprising the steps of: (i) depositing a mixtures of sulphides of magnesium, calcium, aluminum and rare earth metal on a substrate, and (ii) annealing the mixture of sulphides on the substrate so as to form the phosphor. The mixture of sulphides may be deposited on the substrate at a temperature of not greater than 200.degree. C. Preferably, prior to step (i), a photoresist pattern is deposited on said substrate e.g. using photolithography. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to single-phase magnesium calcium thioaluminate phosphors, particularly thin film magnesium calcium thioaluminate phosphors for electroluminescent displays and more particularly for electroluminescent displays employing thick film dielectric layers. The phosphor emits green light. The invention also relates to an electroluminescent apparatus employing such phosphors. The phosphors may be deposited at low temperatures and subsequently annealed to develop optimum phosphor performance. The deposition temperature is sufficiently low to prevent damage to photoresist materials that are required to be in place during the phosphor deposition process. The annealing step may be done following lithography steps required to define the phosphor pattern for the sub-pixels.... In particular, the present invention relates to a high luminance green phosphor material for full colour electroluminescent displays that is compatible with photolithographic processes used to pattern thin phosphor films comprising distinct materials for red, green and blue sub-pixels on the display. Preferably, such electroluminescent displays employing thick film dielectric layers with a high dielectric constant.... Thick film dielectric structures provide for superior resistance to dielectric breakdown, a reduced operating voltage as well as the use of thicker phosphor films as compared to thin film electroluminescent (TFEL) displays, as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,015. The thick film dielectric structure when it is deposited on a ceramic or other refractory substrate will withstand somewhat higher processing temperatures than TFEL devices, which are typically fabricated on glass substrates. This increased temperature tolerance facilitates annealing of phosphor films at higher temperatures to improve their luminosity. With these advantages and with recent advances in blue-emitting phosphor materials, these
412 Calcium
displays have approached the luminosity and colour coordinates required to achieve the technical performance of traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) displays. Nevertheless, achievement of optimum energy efficiency requires that different phosphor materials be used for red, green and blue sub-pixels for the displays. Thus, methods of patterning deposited phosphor films to form the respective sub-pixels are required. Such patterning is typically achieved using photolithographic processes, which require the use of polymeric photoresist materials that will only withstand relatively low temperatures during processing. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Manufacturing method photolithography
for
calcium
fluoride
and
calcium
fluoride
for
Inventor(s): Sakuma, Shigeru; (Chigasaki-shi, JP), Mizugaki, Tsutomu; (Matsudo-shi, JP), Kimura, Kazuo; (Tokyo, JP), Takano, Shuuichi; (Tokyo, JP) Correspondence: MORGAN, LEWIS & BOCKIUS; 1800 M STREET NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20036-5869; US Patent Application Number: 20020038625 Date filed: October 22, 2001 Abstract: A manufacturing method for a single crystal of calcium fluoride by which it is possible to obtain a single crystal of calcium fluoride with adequately small double refraction, which can be used in optical systems for photolithography, and in particular, a single crystal of calcium fluoride with a large diameter (.o slashed.200 mm or larger) having superior optical properties, which can be used for photolithography with a wavelength of 250 nm or less. A manufacturing method for a single crystal of calcium fluoride, having its optical properties improved through an annealing process in which a single crystal of calcium fluoride is contained in a sealable container, and said container is sealed and vacuumed, followed by, a process of heating with a heater arranged external to said container so that the temperature inside said container is raised to a first temperature, which is lower than the melting point of said single crystal of calcium fluoride, a process by which the temperature inside said container is maintained at said first temperature for a designated period of time, and a process by which the temperature inside said container is lowered to room temperature, wherein, the maximum temperature of the annealing process is set to be a first temperature within the range of 1020 to 1150.degree. C. Also provided is a manufacturing method for a single crystal of calcium fluoride having its optical properties improved through an annealing process such that, its maximum temperature during the thermal process is set to a first temperature which is within the range of 1020 to 1150.degree. C., and which is maintained for a designated period of time, and its cooling speed for reaching a second temperature, which is in the range of (or around) 600 to 800.degree. C., from said first temperature is set to be 1.2.degree. C./hour or less, or its cooling speed for reaching a second temperature, which is in the range of (or around) 700 to 900.degree. C., from said first temperature is set to be 1.2.degree. C./hour or less. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of Japanese Application No. 10-046481 filed Feb. 27, 1998, and Japanese Application No. 10-045541 filed Feb. 26, 1998, which are hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a manufacturing method for a single crystal of calcium fluoride with a large diameter (.o slashed.200 mm or greater) and superior optical properties, which can be used appropriately in an optical system as the lens and windows of various devices using KrF, ArF excimer lasers
Patents 413
and F.sub.2 lasers (such as a stepper, CVD device, or nuclear fusion device), and in particular, for photolithographic devices with a wavelength of 250 nm or less (such as photolithographic devices that utilize KrF, ArF excimer lasers and F.sub.2 lasers), and a single crystal of calcium fluoride for photolithography (a wavelength of 200 nm or less).... Currently, VLSI has been experiencing increasingly higher integration and higher functionalization. In the field of theoretical VLSI, progress is being made on a "system on a chip" in which larger systems are loaded on a chip. Along with this, microscopic processes and higher integration have been required for wafers, for example of silicon, which is the substrate. In photolithography, in which microscopic patterns of integrated circuits are exposed and transcribed on a wafer, for example of silicon, an exposing device called a stepper has been used. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Medicament and method for the remediation of aberrant fibrotic tissue masses with topical calcium channel blocker preparations Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 900 Washington Avenue; P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 76701; US Patent Application Number: 20020156065 Date filed: February 8, 2002 Abstract: The invention is of a topical medicament and associated methodology for use thereof, through the use of which sub-dermal, aberrant fibrotic tissue masses are "remodeled" through the topical, non-invasive, transdermal application of the calcium channel blocker diltiazem. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. application Ser. No. 09/514,796 filed Feb. 28, 2000, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C..sctn.120.... In U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 (and subsequently filed continuation-in-part applications in relation thereto, which CIPs have not issued at the time of this filing), the present inventor has provided new and unobvious treatment regimens for a variety of fibrotic conditions through the use of topically applied calcium channel blocker-based preparations. The specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 ("the '005 patent") is incorporated herein by reference, as if set forth herein verbatim.... The preparations and associated methods for the topical application of calcium channel blocker preparations as taught in the '005 patent have proven remarkably effective in treating, not only the conditions described in the '005 patent (notably Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren's Hand Contracture, Ledderhose Fibrosis and scarring), but also in treating hemangiomas, "spider veins" and "cellulite." However, the previously preferred embodiment and best known mode of the topical calcium channel blocker preparations of the '005 patent's invention (the verapamil-based composition as taught in the '005 patent and continuations thereof) have shown to cause skin irritation for certain patients. In addition, certain limited numbers of Peyronies disease patients have, after marked, but incomplete remediation of their conditions, reached plateaus beyond which additional treatment with the verapamil-based formulations proved largely ineffective, or at least marked deceleration. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
414 Calcium
•
Medication and method for remediating existing scars through transdermal, topical delivery of calcium channel blockers Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 700 Texas Center; P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 767031470; US Patent Application Number: 20020160995 Date filed: October 24, 2001 Abstract: The invention is of a non-invasive, topical medicament and associated methodology for use thereof, through the use of which existing scars may be effectively, cost effectively, and painlessly treated. One or more calcium channel blocker agents serve as the primary active ingredient of the present compositions and transdermal penetration agents or carriers are included to facilitate topical delivery of the active ingredient(s) to the intended, sub-dermal treatment site. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/411,17 5 filed Oct. 01, 1999, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C..sctn.120.... Applicant's invention relates to medicaments and treatment procedures relating to scars arising from trauma, surgery, and burns.... In U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 (and subsequently filed continuation-inpart applications in relation thereto, which CIPs have not issued at the time of this filing), the present inventor has provided new and unobvious treatment regimens for a variety of fibrotic conditions through the use of topically applied calcium channel blocker-based preparations. The specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 ("the '005 patent") is incorporated herein by reference, as if set forth herein verbatim. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Metal matrix composites of aluminum, magnesium and titanium using silicon hexaboride, calcium hexaboride, silicon tetraboride, and calcium tetraboride Inventor(s): Weaver, Samuel C. (Knoxville, TN) Correspondence: Frederick L. Tolhurst; Cohen & Grigsby, P.C. 11 Stanwix Street, 15th Floor; Pittsburgh; PA; 15222; US Patent Application Number: 20030059641 Date filed: May 8, 2002 Abstract: A metal matrix composite was fabricated by adding particles of calcium hexaboride to a metal of aluminum, magnesium or titanium and their alloys. The resulting metal matrix composite is light weight has improved strength, increased elastic modulus and reduced thermal coefficient of expansion, thus making the metal matrix composite more useful in industry. A metal matrix composite is also formed by mixing particles of aluminum, magnesium, titanium or combinations thereof with particles of silicon lexaboride, calcium hexaboride, silicon tetraboride, calcium tetraboride or combinations thereof. The blended particles are processed according to powder metallurgical techniques to produce a metal matrix composite material. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/961,523 filed Sep. 24, 2001 and is currently pending.... The present invention relates generally to the improved mechanical and physical properties including
Patents 415
strength, elastic modulus and reduced thermal expansion of metal bodies by using metal matrix composites, and more particularly to the reinforcement of aluminum, magnesium and titanium by forming metal matrix composites of those metals using silicon hexaboride, calcium hexaboride, silicon tetraboride or calcium tetraboride particles.... The light weight metals of aluminum and magnesium have very large markets for they are utilized in a wide variety of industries. In a lesser way, titanium is also utilized as a light weight fabrication material. These metals suffer from some drawbacks, however, which limit their usefulness. These include low stiffness (low modulus of elasticity), high thermal coefficient of expansion, and low strength. Some of these drawbacks have been overcome through the use of metal matrix composites of these metals. Typically, metal matrix composites are composed by adding ceramics to the metals. The primary objectives of these ceramic additives have been to increase the modulus of elasticity and to reduce the thermal coefficient of expansion. When fibrous material, such as silicon carbide whiskers, are added, strengthening has been observed. Other added materials include the fibers of boron metal, carbon, aluminum silicate, and aluminum oxide, Still other typical strengthening agents are aluminum oxide particulates, boron carbide and silicon carbide in various forms. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for production of precipitated calcium carbonate and silicate compounds in common process equipment Inventor(s): Mathur, Vijay K. (Federal Way, WA), Mathur, Varun K. (Phoenix, AZ) Correspondence: R REAMS GOODLOE JR; 10725 SE 256TH STREET; SUITE 3; KENT; WA; 980316426 Patent Application Number: 20030051841 Date filed: February 28, 2001 Abstract: A method and apparatus for the production of calcium carbonate and calcium silicate in common superatmospheric reactors. Multiple reactors can be provided for switching production between reactors, and advantageously utilizing process waste heat. On site production of both PCC and Calcium Silicate Hydrates is thus achieved in a paper mill. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to the production of precipitated calcium carbonate and to hydrothermal manufacture of calcium silicate hydrates.... The new "internet" economy has created a need for better appearing and for higher performance papers. Desirable aesthetic qualities require papers to be brighter, more opaque, and to have a smoother printing surface. Better qualities of these properties are useful to accommodate increasingly important uses of papers, such as ink jet printing and desktop publishing. And, higher performance requirements are sought in industrial papers like paper board and packaging (used to ship items ordered via the internet) which paper types require components with very high mechanical strength. At the same time, escalating shipping and postal costs mean that users would also benefit from lighter weight papers. In other words, it would be desirable to provide industrial paper with higher mechanical strength, higher brightness, higher opacity, yet still having improved printability, weigh less, and made at a lower basis weight. With paper fillers and paper manufacturing techniques known or practiced heretofore, the juxtaposition of these requirements has not been feasible.... Presently, the paper industry adds filler to paper in order to improve some of the key performance attributes. However, nearly all of the paper fillers currently available have some drawbacks associated with their use.
416 Calcium
For example, the best known filler for improving the optical properties of paper is titanium dioxide (TiO.sub.2). Although it can be used to dramatically improve the optical properties of paper, unfortunately, TiO.sub.2 has some major disadvantages. First, it is very expensive, on the order of about US$2,000 per ton at time of filing of this patent application. Second, it is highly abrasive to processing machinery. Third, it is usually shipped in a slurry form, which requires dispersant additives to prevent settling; that both adds cost and creates paper machine runnability issues. Finally, TiO.sub.2 must be produced off-site, remotely from the paper mill, shipped to customers, thus adding a large transportation cost. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and apparatus for reducing the calcium and phosphorous ratio and increasing crude protein in shellfish waste meal Inventor(s): Walker, C. Reuben; (Lafayette, LA) Correspondence: Tyrone Davis; C/O DAVIS & KENDALL, PC; 188 West Randolph, Ste. 626; Chicago; IL; 60601; US Patent Application Number: 20030040488 Date filed: August 10, 2001 Abstract: This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the processing of shellfish waste meal. More particularly, to increasing the crude protein while decreasing calcium and phosphorus levels of shellfish waste meal. The method significantly reduces the percent calcium and phosphorous in shellfish waste meal by introducing a strong acid while lowering the ratio of calcium to phosphorous and raising or maintaining protein levels of the shellfish waste mealat a neutral ph level. Excerpt(s): This invention was originally disclosed in disclosure documents numbers 482942, and 490994 filed on, Nov. 28, 2000 and Mar. 26, 2001 respectively. The inventor claims all rights and priorities associated with those disclosure documents.... This invention relates to a method and apparatus for the processing of shellfish waste meal (SWM). More particularly, to increasing the crude protein while decreasing calcium and phosphorus levels of crawfish waste meal (CWM). The method significantly reduces the percent calcium and phosphorous in shellfish waste meal while lowering the ratio of calcium to phosphorous and raising or maintaining protein levels. These findings make the waste meal a more viable economical nitrogen source in for plants and protein source in livestock rations.... Proper disposal of aquatic waste is a growing environmental problem for the aquaculture industry in Louisiana and other coastal areas of the United States. Freshwater Crawfish (Procambarus clarkil) and the White River Crawfish (Procambarus zonangulus) are important commercial commodities in Louisiana. Louisiana produces over 90% of the crawfish harvested in the United States. The state's aquaculture industry has over 100 crawfish shrimp and crab processing plants. These plants bag or package the shellfish for sale in various forms. Of the amount of crawfish harvested each year, approximately 85% (34 to 85 million pounds) is classified as crawfish waste. Analogously, of the crab, and shrimp harvested each year, approximately 60% to 70% is waste respectfully. The exploration of ways to utilize the waste makes good environmental and economical sense. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 417
•
METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR INCREASING CALCIUM UPTAKE Inventor(s): ADUSUMILLI, PRASAD S. (WARREN, NJ), MANDEL, KENNETH G. (PARSIPPANY, NJ), MIRCHANDANI, HARESH L. (MORRIS PLAINS, NJ) Correspondence: KNOBBE, MARTENS, OLSON & BEAR, LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; 6TH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020009474 Date filed: April 6, 1999 Abstract: This invention relates to a hydrophilic matrix containing a pharmaceutically acceptable calcium source for use as a calcium supplement for mammals. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/522,377 (allowed) filed Nov. 12, 1996 which is the.sctn.371 national stage entry of PCT/US95/06239, filed May 12, 1995 which is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/355,537, filed Nov. 7, 1994 (abandoned) which is a continuation in part application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/242,753, filed May 13, 1994 (abandoned).... This invention relates to a hydrophilic matrix containing a pharmaceutically acceptable calcium source for use as a calcium supplement for mammals.... Calcium supplements are widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis. The bioavailability of these preparations are relatively low. This problem has been noted by a number of medical professionals recently as the issue of osteoporosis in an aging population is becoming a well publicized issue (F-D-CReports--"The Tan Sheet", Mar. 14, 1994). Not all calcium supplements are the same. Bioavailability appears to differ among and between sources of calcium. It often is influenced by manufacturing processes. Solubility in vitro is not necessarily correlated with bioavailability. And even though the same total amount of calcium is ingested, more calcium may be absorbed if the supplement is taken in multiple small doses, especially when taken with food, that when taken in just a few large doses. Other nutritional depravations, such as inadequate vitamin D intake, may influence calcium absorption. What ever the reason, calcium absorption from supplements can be quite variable from preparation to preparation and is not a particularly efficient process vis-avis the currently available oral supplements. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method and composition for treating and preventing pathogenic effects caused by intracellular calcium overload Inventor(s): Pearlstein, Robert D. (Durham, NC), Kramer, Richard S. (Millbrae, CA) Correspondence: FINNEGAN, HENDERSON, FARABOW, GARRETT &; DUNNER LLP; 1300 I STREET, NW; WASHINGTON; DC; 20005; US Patent Application Number: 20010027206 Date filed: March 12, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a method and composition for treating or preventing pathogenic effects in a mammal caused by intracellular calcium overload, comprising administering to a mammal a mixture of sodium co-transport dependent amino carboxylic acids or their physiologically acceptable salts in an amount sufficient to substantially saturate sodium-dependent amino carboxylic acid transport mechanisms of a cell's plasma membranes. Administration of these amino carboxylic acids can advantageously treat or prevent cell lysis and irreversible cell damage caused
418 Calcium
by intracellular calcium overload, especially in mammals suffering from a disease condition associated with or resulting from insufficient tissue oxygenation. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 08/188,411, filed Jan. 24, 1994, the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a method and composition for treating and preventing pathogenic effects in mammals caused by intracellular calcium overload. Calcium overload occurs in the tissue and organs of mammals suffering from a disease condition associated with or resulting from insufficient tissue oxygenation. By treating the pathogenic effects of intracellular calcium overload, the present invention also effectively prevents irreversible cell damage and cell lysis in cells transiently deprived of oxygen.... Healthy cells regulate free cytosolic calcium concentrations by limiting influx of the cation across the cell's plasma membrane, sequestering free calcium, and pumping calcium ions out of the cytosol. When a cell becomes ischemic, insufficient free energy exists to operate the ion pumps. As calcium accumulates in the cytosol, degradative enzymes become activated and begin to further affect the cell's ability to regulate calcium. Calcium activated enzymes, e.g., phospholipases, break down the cell's membranes, making them even "leakier" to calcium. Additional enzymes, e.g., proteases, also attack the molecular pumps. When oxygen is restored to the tissue, free radical oxygen species are produced that can further damage these systems. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and device for forming a calcium phosphate film on a substrate Inventor(s): Coffer, Jeffery L. (Fort Worth, TX) Correspondence: Charles D. Gunter, Jr. Bracewell & Patterson, LLP; Suite 1600; 201 Main Street; Fort Worth; TX; 76102-3105; US Patent Application Number: 20020144888 Date filed: April 4, 2001 Abstract: A method of forming thin porous layers of calcium phosphate upon a silicon wafer surface using a high voltage spark. The outer layer of calcium phosphate is the inorganic component of bone and is anchored to the underlying substrate of silicon. The silicon is compatible with existing integrated circuit processing methods. The morphology and thickness of the calcium phosphate film can be controlled by the duration of the spark and the distance between the affected surface and the counterelectrode utilized. The resultant porous layer can be impregnated with medicinally useful substances which then can be subsequently released to the surroundings through an electrical actuator. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates generally to devices and methods for forming fixed calcium phosphate films on isolating substrates, more specifically, upon semiconducting substrates. In a preferred application, the calcium phosphate film thus formed is used as a drug delivery system which effects the controlled release of a medicinally active ingredient to a targeted site over a predetermined time interval.... Techniques are known in the prior art for applying inorganic films to isolating substrates, such as silicon substrates. The previous methods have generally either involved high energy plasma deposition techniques which were complicated and expensive to implement or involved wet chemical etch type techniques. The wet chemical etch techniques in some cases resulted in contaminating the substrates to be coated, thereby impairing the function of the components to be manufactured from the
Patents 419
substrate. See, for example, "Bioreactive Silicon Structure Fabrication Through Nanoetching Techniques", Advanced Materials, 1995,7, No. 12. Dry coating methods are also known in various arts, including cathode sputtering and vapor deposition. These techniques are primarily used to deposit metal layers over the entire surface of a target substrate, sometimes with the aid of a mask whose openings correspond to the pattern to be deposited. These masks are relatively complicated to manufacture and their alignment relative to the substrate must be extremely accurate.... A need exists for a simple technique for permanently or semi-permanently afixing an inorganic film, such as a calcium phosphate film, to an isolating substrate. As will be explained, such films are biocomapatible and can be used to dispense medicinally active agents. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and means of preparing chlorinated bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and alkali metals Inventor(s): Khan, Mohammed N. I. (Clear Lake, IA), Hoq, M. Fazlul; (Worthington, OH) Correspondence: ZARLEY, McKEE, THOMTE, VOORHEES & SEASE; Suite 3200; 801 Grand Avenue; Des Moines; IA; 50309; US Patent Application Number: 20020071805 Date filed: December 8, 2000 Abstract: A novel method of producing chlorate is described which involves the chlorination of bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and/or alkali metals. The bicarbonates and carbonates used in the reaction are preferably the waste by-products of ammonium chlorate plants, while the chlorine is preferably the waste by-product of chlor-alkali plants. The method saves 15% or more of the electrical energy involved in the electrochemical reaction for the preparation of chlorate. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority to provisional application Ser. No. 60/170,770 filed Dec. 15, 1999.... This invention relates to the preparation of a chlorinated solution of bicarbonates and carbonates of calcium and/or alkali metals as a replacement feed for sodium chloride feed in chlorate plants.... The manufacture of ammonium chlorate using sodium chlorate (see e.g. U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,380) produces sodium bicarbonate as a waste by- product. Similarly, preparation of ammonium chlorate using calcium chlorate produces calcium carbonate as a waste by-product. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method and reagent for the inhibition of calcium activated chloride channel-1 (CLCA-1) Inventor(s): McSwiggen, James; (Boulder, CO), Thompson, James; (Lafayette, CO), McKenzie, Timothy; (Aurora, CO), Ayers, David; (Broomfield, CO), Szymkowski, David E. (Mountain View, CA), Grupe, Andrew; (Redwood City, CA) Correspondence: MCDONNELL BOEHNEN HULBERT & BERGHOFF; 300 SOUTH WACKER DRIVE; SUITE 3200; CHICAGO; IL; 60606; US Patent Application Number: 20030064946 Date filed: August 9, 2001
420 Calcium
Abstract: Nucleic acid molecules, including antisense and enzymatic nucleic acid molecules, such as hammerhead ribozymes, DNAzymes, and GeneBlocs, which modulate the expression of calcium activated chloride channels (CLCA1, CLCA2, CLCA3, and CLCA4). Excerpt(s): The present invention concerns compounds, compositions, and methods for the study, diagnosis, and treatment of conditions and diseases related to the expression of CLCA (Cl.sup.- Channel Ca.sup.2+-Activated) genes.... The following is a brief description of the current understanding of CLCAs.... The discussion is not meant to be complete and is provided only for understanding the invention that follows. The summary is not an admission that any of the work described below is prior art to the claimed invention. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method and software for improving coronary calcium scoring consistency Inventor(s): Kaufman, Leon; (San Francisco, CA), Carlson, Joseph W. (Kensington, CA) Correspondence: TOWNSEND AND TOWNSEND AND CREW, LLP; TWO EMBARCADERO CENTER; EIGHTH FLOOR; SAN FRANCISCO; CA; 94111-3834; US Patent Application Number: 20030095693 Date filed: April 18, 2002 Abstract: Methods and devices for improving the machine-to-machine and temporal (e.g., inter and intra-machine) and database consistency of coronary calcium scoring by applying a filtering algorithm that sharpens and/or smoothes the image so as to return a filtered image having a spatial resolution of a certain reference value. Excerpt(s): The present application claims benefit under 37 C.F.R..sctn.1.78 to Provisional Patent Application S. No. 60/332,452, filed Nov. 20, 2001, the complete disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.... The present application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/860,030, filed May 16, 2001, entitled "Accreditation Maintenance Through Remote Site Monitoring," Ser. No. 09/908,466, filed Aug. 17, 2001, entitled "Methods for Generating a Lung Report," and Ser. No. 10/096,356, filed Mar. 11, 2002, entitled "Systems, Methods, and Software for Generating a Risk Report," (Attorney Docket No. 021106-000610US), the complete disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.... The present invention generally relates to medical imaging software, methods, and databases. Specifically, the present invention relates to improving machine-to-machine and temporal (e.g., inter and intra-machine) consistency of coronary calcium scoring by using an algorithm that can either sharpen or smooth the image, so as to return the spatial resolution of the processed image to a certain reference value. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 421
•
Method for eliminating bismuth from molten lead by adding calcium-magnesium alloys Inventor(s): Maugras, Cyprien; (Paris, FR) Correspondence: DENNISON, SCHULTZ & DOUGHERTY; 1745 JEFFERSON DAVIS HIGHWAY; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202; US Patent Application Number: 20030121367 Date filed: December 4, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for eliminating bismuth from molten lead with magnesium and calcium, which consists in inputting magnesium and calcium in the form of lumps of two Mg--Ca alloys, one containing predominantly Mg, the other containing predominantly Ca, each having a Liquidus temperature lower than 650.degree. C., and preferably less than 600.degree. C. The Liquidus temperatures of the two alloys are preferably close to less than about 20.degree. C. A particularly efficient treatment is obtained with a Mg--Ca alloy close to the eutectic alloy at 16.2 wt. % of calcium and containing 12 to 25% of calcium and a Ca--Mg alloy containing between 60 and 80% of calcium. The invention enables fast elimination of bismuth and adjustment of the Ca/Mg ratio during treatment. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a molten lead refining method to eliminate bismuth from said molten lead, using calcium and magnesium.... The treatment of lead with calcium in order to eliminate bismuth has been known since 1917 and has, since that time, made it possible to reduce the bismuth content to less than 0.05%. Guillaume Kroll's U.S. Pat. No. 1,428,041, filed in 1920, already described the combined use of calcium and magnesium for this purpose and subsequently gave rise to the KrollBetterton method, which is still widely used at the present time. It consists of simultaneously adding calcium in lump form and magnesium in ingot form. Experience has shown that the most effective proportion of these two refining agents is approximately 1/3 of calcium to 2/3 of magnesium.... The main problem encountered when introducing these metals into the lead bath lies in the significant difference in their density (1.5 for Ca and 1.7 for Mg) with respect to that of lead (10.5), which tends to keep them on the surface of the bath and induces significant losses due to air oxidation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method for identifying an agonist of neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), for therapy of CNS disorders Inventor(s): Nef, Patrick; (Riehen, CH) Correspondence: HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE INC. PATENT LAW DEPARTMENT; 340 KINGSLAND STREET; NUTLEY; NJ; 07110 Patent Application Number: 20030159158 Date filed: April 17, 2002 Abstract: Provided is a method for determining whether an agent is an agonist of the neuron-specific calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), for consideration of an agonist of NCS-1 as a drug candidate for therapy of a behavioral disorder or for improving learning and/or memory of a subject, said method comprising the steps of:(a) contacting a cell, tissue or non-human animal with an agent to be screened under conditions to permit neuronspecific calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) activity; and(b) determining NCS-1 activity of said
422 Calcium
treated cell, tissue or non-human animal, wherein an increase in NCS-1 activity compared with a corresponding control cell, tissue or animal is indicative of an agent which is an agonist of NCS-1. Excerpt(s): The neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) is an intracellular calcium sensor of the EF-hand calcium-binding proteins family that is neuron-specific and highly conserved throughout evolution with 100% identity at the amino acid level among vertebrates, and 75% between vertebrates and C. elegans (Braunewell and Gundelfinger, 1999; De Castro et al., 1995). NCS-1 binds 3 calcium ions with a high affinity of.about.300 nM that is within the range of intracellular Ca.sup.2+.sub.i fluctuations known to regulate key neuronal functions such as neurotransmitter release, receptor phosphorylation, ion channel activities, or transcription (Bourne et al., 2001; Burgoyne and Weiss, 2001; Cox et al., 1994; Fontana and Blaustein, 1993; Martone et al., 1999; Paterlini et al., 2000; Yazejian et al., 2000). In a calcium-dependent manner, the recombinant vertebrate NCS-1 can activate, in vitro, the G-protein receptor kinase 1 (De Castro et al., 1995; lacovelli et al., 1999), substitute for calmodulin (CaM) and directly activate CaM-dependent targets such as 3':5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, calcineurin, and nitric oxide synthase enzymes (Schaad et al., 1996). NCS-1 has also been reported to regulate evoked exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells (McFerran et al., 1998). Phenotypic analyses addressing the functional role of NCS-1 in vivo have been performed with yeast, Paramecium, C. elegans, and Drosophila. In S. cerevisiae, the frq1 gene encodes NCS-1 which is essential for vegetative growth, and which has been shown, following genetic studies, to interact with the yeast phosphatidylinositol 4-OH kinase Pik1 (Hendricks et al., 1999). The vertebrate NCS-1 directly substitutes for a mutated form of CaM in Paramecium and can restore normal wild-type (WT) behavioral responses (avoiding reaction) of live Paramecium mutants most likely via the reactivation of a CaM-dependent potassium channel (Schaad et al., 1996). A shaker-like phenotype in Drosophila caused by the overexpression of frequenin (Pongs et al., 1993), the Drosophila orthologue of NCS-1, seems to involve an increase of evoked neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of flies via unknown mechanisms that could possibly involve the NCS-1-dependent regulation of a K.sup.+ channel (Poulain et al., 1994) or of a Na.sup.+-Ca.sup.2+ exchanger (Rivosecchi et al., 1994). However, the function of NCS-1, if any, in terms of particular phenotypic characteristics responsive to NCS-1 activity remained unknown.... (b) determining NCS1 activity of said treated cell, tissue or non-human animal, wherein an increase in NCS-1 activity compared with a corresponding control cell, tissue or animal is indicative of an agent which is an agonist of NCS-1.... The present invention also provides a method for determining whether a patient has a CNS disorder or is at risk for developing a CNS disorder. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining the presence or absence of a mutation in the polynucleotide encoding neuron-specific calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) in a biological sample from the patient, wherein the presence of said mutation indicates that the patient has a CNS disorder or is at risk for developing a CNS disorder. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 423
•
Method for manufacturing fatty acid calcium salts from high glyceride content oils Inventor(s): Strohmaier, George K. (Medina, OH), Frederiksen, Eiler D. (Henderson, NV), Luchini, Nestor Daniel; (Naperville, IL) Correspondence: SYNNESTVEDT & LECHNER LLP; 2600 Aramark Tower; 1101 Market Street; Philadelphia; PA; 19107-2950; US Patent Application Number: 20030092924 Date filed: December 11, 2002 Abstract: A method for the preparation of fatty acid calcium salts, which includes the steps of:(a) providing a fatty acid feedstock having a glyceride content between about 30 and about 60% by weight;(b) adding to the feedstock from about 2 to about 3 equivalents of calcium oxide relative to the feedstock, so that a reactive admixture is formed; and(c) adding to the reactive admixture from about 2 to about 5 equivalents of water relative to the calcium oxide so that the calcium oxide hydrates and neutralizes the fatty acids to form calcium salts. Fatty acid calcium salts containing eicosapentacnoic acid and decosahexaenoic acid are also disclosed, as well as methods for enhancing ruminant fertility. Excerpt(s): This application is a division of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/990,784, filed Nov. 14, 2001 which is hereby incorporated by reference.... The present invention relates to a process for the production of rumen bypass feed supplements. The process converts glyceride oils to their respective fatty acid calcium salts. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for the production of calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil. The calcium salts of the present invention, when fed to cattle, provide reproductive benefits, in particular, an increase in fertility as embodied in an increased rate of impregnation. The present invention therefore also relates to methods for providing such benefits in a ruminant.... Dairy cows must be impregnated once a year to maintain a lactation cycle in which milk is produced for ten months at a time with two month rest periods in between during which the cow is dry. Given the gestation period of a dairy cow, the objective is to impregnate the cow within 83 days after calving. The efficient management of a dairy herd thus requires that the cows be maintained at the peak of fertility to ensure re-impregnation within 83 days. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method for preparing a calcium phosphate pasty material for injection Inventor(s): Lacout, Jean-Louis; (Toulouse, FR), Freche, Michele; (Fonsegrives-Quint, FR), Goncalves, Stephane; (Toulouse, FR), Rodriguez, Fernand; (Aureville, FR) Correspondence: YOUNG & THOMPSON; 745 SOUTH 23RD STREET 2ND FLOOR; ARLINGTON; VA; 22202 Patent Application Number: 20030021824 Date filed: August 27, 2002 Abstract: The invention concerns a method for preparing a calcium phosphate pasty material for injection which after, setting, is designed to form an apatite material. Said method consists in: producing from water and calcium phosphates pasty mixture capable of developing, hardening and forming a hydroxyapatite. Said method is characterized in that it consists in adding to the calcic phosphates or to the pasty mixture before it is injected a methicone having relative to the mixture more than 0.30
424 Calcium
wt. % and less than 10 wt. %. The resulting material can be injected, that is it can be transported in pasty form into a conduit under moderate pressure levels. Said material sets on the site of implantation and hardens to form an apatite biomaterial in a manner similar to known methicone-free calcium phosphate mixtures. Excerpt(s): The invention relates to a process for the preparation of an injectable pasty material from a mixture of water and calcium phosphates which is capable of developing, hardening and forming a hydroxyapatite, the latter constituting a biomaterial useful particularly in orthopedics or dentistry. The expression "injectable" pasty material is understood as meaning that the pasty material is capable of traveling through a tube appropriate to the intended application under a pressure which is nondestructive towards said material and is compatible with this application and the equipment used. The term "biomaterial" is understood in the present description as meaning the solid material obtained after hardening, this material having biocompatibility properties and being intended to replace or treat an organ or a function in humans or animals.... Calcium phosphate hydroxyapatites are well-known materials which are increasingly used in the fields of surgery and dentistry because of their biocompatibility and bone conduction properties. They can be used in dentistry for periodontal filling, the restoration of bone ridges, the filling of cysts or alveoli after dental extraction, etc., and in bone surgery for the filling of bone defects, interstitial filling between prosthesis and cortical bone, injection into bodies of vertebra, the treatment of osteoporosis, etc. The biomaterial introduced in this way may optionally contain active substances which, after hardening in situ, are slowly diffused.... These apatite biomaterials are obtained in particular by the hardening of a pasty mixture prepared by combining a mixture of calcium phosphates with water; in the applications mentioned above, the pasty mixture sets and hardens in situ at the site of application. At the present time, pasty mixtures of this type are either introduced into open sites, where they are applied by hand or with a spatula, or pushed over very short distances under high pressure into directly accessible sites. Because of their viscosity characteristics, these pasty mixtures are actually incapable of traveling under moderate pressure over distances greater than a few centimeters. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing calcium carbonate Inventor(s): Konno, Haruo; (Yamaguchi, JP), Nanri, Yasunori; (Yamaguchi, JP) Correspondence: Nixon & Vanderhye; 8th Floor; 1100 North Glebe Road; Arlington; VA; 22201-4714; US Patent Application Number: 20030049194 Date filed: July 16, 2002 Abstract: Calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite crystals suitable for use as a filler for papermaking to give useful properties for bulk, whiteness, opacity, wire abrasion and yield is obtained by taking advantage of the causticization step.Herein disclosed is a process for producing calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite crystals which is useful as a filler for papermaking via the causticization step of the sulfate or soda pulping process, comprising adding an aqueous alkaline solution having a hydroxide ion level of 3 mol/l or less and containing 0.25 mol or less of carbonate ion per 1 mol of quick lime to quick lime and/or slaked lime at a quick lime concentration of 1-60% by weight with stirring to prepare milk of lime, and then adding green liquor to said milk
Patents 425
of liquor at a loading rate of 0.002-0.12 g (sodium carbonate)/min/g (quick lime) to perform a causticization reaction at a temperature of 30-105.degree. C. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to processes for producing calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite crystals giving useful performance as a filler for papermaking and a coating pigment for papermaking via a causticization step of the sulfate or soda pulping process, and more specifically processes for producing calcium carbonate in the form of aragonite crystals giving useful performance as a filler for papermaking by using an aqueous alkaline solution for suspending quick lime or/and slaked lime.... Normally, printing or writing paper contains a filler for the purpose of improving whiteness, opacity, smoothness, writing suitability, touch, printability or other properties. These papers include so-called acid paper made at about pH 4.5 using talc, clay, titanium oxide or the like as a filler and so-called neutral paper made at a neutral to weakly alkaline pH range of 7.0-8.5. In neutral paper, domestic calcium carbonate can be used as a filler in place of expensive imported talc or clay. Recently, neutral paper has attracted attention because of its longevity or other reasons, and the change to neutral paper is advancing and will prevail because of its further many advantages in paper quality, costs, environmental protection or the like.... A feature of recent demands for paper is a significant growth in the field of leaflets, catalogs, pamphlets, direct mails or the like in commercial printing and in the field of computer-, multimedia- and family computer-related books reflecting the popularization of information technology, magazines, comics or the like in publishing, which urges paper users to seek low-cost, low-grade and light-weight paper. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for producing milk calcium composition Inventor(s): Kawachi, Yasuji; (Kawagoe-shi, JP), Kawama, Toshihiro; (Kawagoe-shi, JP), Sato, Kaoru; (Kamifukuoka-shi, JP), Tomizawa, Akira; (Iruma-shi, JP) Correspondence: KNOBBE MARTENS OLSON & BEAR LLP; 620 NEWPORT CENTER DRIVE; SIXTEENTH FLOOR; NEWPORT BEACH; CA; 92660; US Patent Application Number: 20020025361 Date filed: April 16, 2001 Abstract: A milk calcium composition which is highly dispersible and tasty can be obtained by adjusting the pH of a permeate containing lactic acid and lactic acid ion, which was obtained by treating whey with a UF membrane or NF membrane, to recover milk calcium as a slurry-like precipitate and then admixing this milk calcium with milk proteins. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for producing a milk calcium composition which is highly dispersible and tasty, and to a calcium-fortified drink or food product with which this milk calcium composition is admixed.... Calcium in milk is drawing attention as a source of high quality, highly absorbable calcium. However, the conventional isolation and purification of calcium from milk for admixing with a drink or food product produces an insoluble calcium phosphate precipitate, which causes a marked deterioration in the quality of the drink or food product. Furthermore, calcium phosphate has an unfavourable taste, which also causes a deterioration in the quality of the drink or food product in terms of taste. Under these circumstances, there are demands to develop calcium materials which are derived from milk and which are highly dispersible, for which various attempts are being made.... Examples of
426 Calcium
conventional methods for producing such calcium materials derived from milk include a method in which whole milk or skimmed milk is acidified or treated with rennin to remove casein by coagulation and precipitation, the resultant whey or supernatant is treated with a UF membrane to recover a permeate, and then the permeate is neutralized to obtain a calcium component as a precipitate (Japanese Patent Publication No. H3-24191) and a method for producing a calcium component for calcium-fortified drinks, in which the proteins in whey are removed by treating with an ion exchange resin or a UF membrane, then the lactose is crystallized and the solution is concentrated using a UF membrane or microfiltration (MF) membrane in a neutral range to obtain a whey mineral component having a calcium content of 2-8% by weight (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H9-23816). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for reducing alkaline darkening of mechanical pulp containing a calcium carbonate filler Inventor(s): Hua, Xujun; (Kirkland, CA), Laleg, Makhlouf; (Pointe Claire, CA) Correspondence: OGILVY RENAULT; 1981 MCGILL COLLEGE AVENUE; SUITE 1600; MONTREAL; QC; H3A2Y3; CA Patent Application Number: 20020059999 Date filed: November 27, 2001 Abstract: A method is disclosed for reducing or inhibiting alkaline darkening of mechanical pulp caused by the presence of calcium carbonate filler during production; the method comprises adding a sulfite, or sulfur-containing reducing agent, especially a sulfite to the mechanical pulp and the filler; the method is usefully applied in the production of mechanical pulp and paper in which calcium carbonate is used as a filler and also in the production of paper at neutral or mildly alkaline conditions. Excerpt(s): This Application is a Continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/417,085 filed Oct. 13, 1999 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60/105,951, filed Oct. 28, 1998.... This invention relates to a method and aqueous suspension for manufacturing a carbonate-containing mechanical pulp and paper at neutral or mildly alkaline conditions. More particularly, it relates to a method and suspension for preventing alkaline darkening of calcium carbonate containing mechanical pulps.... Wood-free fine paper is mainly made from bleached chemical pulp and may contain as much as 20% or more of calcium carbonate filler. Producing woodfree fine paper with ground calcium carbonate (GCC) and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) filler yields significant advantages, both economical and in quality, over acid paper made with clay fillers. Converting from acid to alkaline papermaking enables the use of bright, low cost PCC since carbonate fillers are known to decompose in acid. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 427
•
Method for the preparation of lactic acid and calcium sulphate dihydrate Inventor(s): Gerkema, Markus; (Breda, NL), Korevaar, Aldwin; (Giessenburg, NL), Camelot, Damien Michel Andre; (Rotterdam, NL), Van Breugel, Jan; (Woudrichem, NL), Witkamp, Geert-Jan; (Bergschenhoek, NL), Cerda Baro, Agusti; (Cerdanyola del Valles, ES) Correspondence: PATENT ADMINSTRATOR; KATTEN MUCHIN ZAVIS ROSENMAN; 525 WEST MONROE STREET; SUITE 1600; CHICAGO; IL; 60661-3693; US Patent Application Number: 20030125581 Date filed: August 29, 2002 Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of lactic acid and calcium sulphate, in which (a) an aqueous solution that contains lactate is reacted with sulphuric acid at a temperature that is essentially higher than the transition temperature of calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O), with the formation of a mixture that contains calcium sulphate hemihydrate and lactic acid, (b) the mixture from step (a) is subjected to at least one recrystallisation step at a temperature that is essentially lower than the transition temperature of calcium sulphate dihydrate, with the formation of a precipitate of calcium sulphate dihydrate and an aqueous solution of lactic acid, and (c) the precipitate of calcium sulphate dihydrate is separated off from the aqueous solution of lactic acid. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to the preparation of lactic acid and calcium sulphate.... It is known that (S)-lactic acid can be prepared by fermentation of sugars in water with the aid of microorganisms. Usually the pH of the fermentation medium is adjusted by adding calcium hydroxide, as a result of which calcium lactate is formed. The concentration of calcium lactate is approximately 275 g calcium lactate per litre or less. In order to be able to recover (S)-lactic acid in acid form from the fermentation medium, sulphuric acid, usually in concentrated form, is added with the formation of an aqueous solution of lactic acid and calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O), which is moderately soluble in water. The calcium sulphate dihydrate is separated from the aqueous solution of lactic acid by means of filtration, after which the aqueous solution of lactic acid is subjected to various subsequent steps in order ultimately to obtain pure lactic acid. The first step in the subsequent steps is often treatment with one or more ion exchangers. Examples for the purification and concentration of aqueous solutions of lactic acid are described, for example, in NL A 1 011 624, NL A 1 013 265 and NL A 1 013 682. It is, of course, also known that (R)-lactic acid can be prepared and purified in the manner described above.... The calcium sulphate that is obtained in the manner described above is mainly in the form of calcium sulphate dihydrate, which has the formula CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O. In this description this compound is referred to as calcium sulphate dihydrate, in which context, however, this term must not be interpreted in such a restricted manner that it covers only pure CaSO.sub.4.2H.sub.2O. After all, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that other forms of calcium sulphate can be present. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
428 Calcium
•
Method for the suppression of visceral pain by regulating T type calcium channel Inventor(s): Shin, Hee-Sup; (Uiwang-si, KR), Kim, Dae-Soo; (Seoul, KR), Kim, Chan-Ki; (Seoul, KR) Correspondence: Michael N. Mercanti; Roberts and Mercanti, L.L.P. Suite 203; 105 Lock Street; Newark; NJ; 07103; US Patent Application Number: 20030086980 Date filed: October 31, 2002 Abstract: The disclosure concerns a method for the suppression of visceral pain by regulating the T-type calcium channel; a visceral pain inhibitor that includes a T-type calcium channel inhibitor as an effective ingredient; and a method of screening a visceral pain inhibitor by investigating the suppression activity of T-type calcium channels. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method for the suppression of visceral pain by regulating an alpha 1G T-type calcium channel in the central nervous system and alpha 1H and alpha 1I T-type calcium channels in the peripheral nervous system; a visceral pain inhibitor that includes a T-type calcium channel inhibitor as an effective ingredient; and a method of screening a visceral pain inhibitor by investigating the suppression activity of T-type calcium channels. The method of the present invention can be effectively used to suppress visceral pain by regulating T-type calcium channel in a precise mechanism without any side effects. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for the suppression of visceral pain by regulating the T-type calcium channel; a visceral pain inhibitor that includes a T-type calcium channel inhibitor as an effective ingredient; and a method of screening a visceral pain inhibitor by investigating the suppression activity of T-type calcium channels. Particularly, the present invention relates to a method for the suppression of visceral pain by regulating an alpha 1G T-type calcium channel in the central nervous system and alpha 1H and alpha 1I T-type calcium channels in the peripheral nervous system; a visceral pain inhibitor that includes a T-type calcium channel inhibitor as an effective ingredient; and a method of screening a visceral pain inhibitor by investigating the suppression activity of T-type calcium channels.... Visceral pain is usually caused by excessive dilation of internal organs, necrosis of these cells or intensive contraction or acute relaxation of internal organs. When there is a tumor, infection or congestion in internal organs, slight mechanical stimulus, acidic or basic solution might cause severe pain. Visceral pain caused especially by tumors cannot be easily suppressed even with an excessive amount of morphine, so neuro-surgical operations such as partial myelotomy of the spinal cord are frequently used (Gybels, Pain Headache, 1989, 11:1402). However, the bilateral cordotomies or commissural myelotomies of spinothalamic tract have many side effects. Relatively, the midline myelotomy that severs the upper middle part of the T10 spinal cord is known as an effective remedy (Nauta, J. Neurosurg., 1997, 86:538-542).... The above result proves that the visceral pain signal is delivered to the brain through the spinal cord, which supports the fact that the visceral pain signal is delivered through a different channel from other pains. According to a MRI test carried out on a-visceral-pain-induced monkey, it can be known that visceral pain induces the activation of thalamus (Willis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 1999, 96:7675-79) The result of the test, after all, tells that the visceral pain is delivered from the pain sensory cells in the end of the internal organs through the spinal cord to thalamus. Particularly, thalamus is known as an important sensory processing organ since it delivers the stimulus to the cerebral cortex (McCormick, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 1994, 4:550-556).
Patents 429
Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method for treating aberrant fibrotic tissue manifestations with topical calcium channel blocker preparations and improved composition for such treatment and improved method for the manufacture thereof Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 900 Washington Ave. P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 76703-1470; US Patent Application Number: 20020022664 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is of an improved to topical medicament and associated methodology for use thereof, through the use of which aberrant fibrotic tissue manifestations involving scarring or sub-dermal plaque formations or accumulations may be effectively, cost effectively, and painlessly treated. One or more calcium channel blocker agents serve as the primary active ingredient of the present compositions and transdermal penetration agents or carriers are included to facilitate topical delivery of the active ingredient(s) to the intended, sub-dermal treatment site. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 09/514,796 filed Feb. 28, 2000 which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C..sctn.120.... Applicant's invention relates to medicaments and treatment procedures relating to Peyronie's disease and related connective tissue maladies.... In U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 (and subsequently filed continuation-in-part applications in relation thereto, which CIPs have not issued at the time of this filing), the present inventor has provided new and unobvious treatment regimens for a variety of fibrotic conditions through the use of topically applied calcium channel blocker-based preparations. The specification of U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005 ("the '005 patent") is incorporated herein by reference, as if set forth herein verbatim. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Method of administering calcium citrate Inventor(s): Reid, Ian R. (Auckland, NZ) Correspondence: FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI, LLP; 1301 MCKINNEY; SUITE 5100; HOUSTON; TX; 77010-3095; US Patent Application Number: 20020128320 Date filed: December 10, 2001 Abstract: The present invention describes a method of increasing the high-density lipoprotein level in plasma by administering to a postmenopausal woman a pharmaceutical formulation comprised of calcium citrate. The invention also provides for a pharmaceutical composition and a dietary supplement thereof. Excerpt(s): The invention is related to the field of medicine and physiology and pertains to the administration of calcium citrate to improve serum lipid levels in a postmenopausal woman.... Calcium forms hydroxyapatite, the major mineral
430 Calcium
constituent of bone, and is an essential element in many biological processes, including mediating some hormonal signals, triggering muscle contraction, transmitting nerve impulses and blood clotting. As a consequence, calcium is vital to normal bone formation and maintenance of bone density. Long-term dietary calcium insufficiency almost always results in net loss of calcium from the bones. The U.S. recommended daily allowance (RDA) for calcium is 800 mg/day, with an additional 400 mg advisable for pregnant and lactating women. A large proportion of the over-60 population consumes less than one-half of the RDA for calcium. This is also the age group most at risk of developing osteoporosis, which is characterized by loss of the organic matrix as well as progressive demineralization of the bone. Calcium supplementation is widely recommended and used amongst postmenopausal women for prevention of osteoporosis (Genant et al., 1999), and consistent evidence from randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that calcium supplementation slows postmenopausal bone loss (Dawson-Hughes, et al., 1990; Reid et al., 1993). There is also some evidence that calcium supplementation prevents fractures in postmenopausal women (Chevalley et al., 1994; Reid et al., 1995; Recker et al., 1996). Other benefits from the use of calcium supplements have been suggested, including effects on colon cancer, blood pressure and serum lipids (Barger-Lux et al., 1994).... The suggestion that calcium intakes impacts serum lipid concentrations has arisen from human and animal studies which indicate that calcium binds to fatty acids and bile acids in the gut, thereby interfering with their absorption (Govers et al., 1993; Denke et al., 1993; Mitchell et al., 1968). However, these suggestions are counter-balanced by studies showing no effect of calcium supplementation on circulating lipid concentrations (Mitchell et al., 1968; Bostick et al., 2000). As a result, the entire span of health benefits afforded by calcium supplementation has remained unrealized. There has been no long-term randomized controlled trial to address the many discrepancies, including no adequate studies in normal postmenopausal women, the group most commonly using calcium supplementation. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of making a fracture-resistant calcium fluoride single crystal and its use Inventor(s): Kandler, Joerg; (Jena, DE), Moersen, Ewald; (Mainz, DE), Speit, Burkhard; (Jena, DE), Bauer, Harry; (Aalen-Ebnat, DE), Boehm, Thure; (Aalen, DE), Eva, Eric; (Aalen, DE), Thier, Michael; (Moegglingen, DE), Wang, Hexin; (Koenigsbroau, DE), Richter, Frank; (Lenzburg, DE), Paus, Hans-Josef; (Stuttgart, DE) Correspondence: STRIKER, STRIKER & STENBY; 103 East Neck Road; Huntington; NY; 11743; US Patent Application Number: 20030101923 Date filed: August 28, 2002 Abstract: A method of making a fracture-resistant large-size calcium fluoride single crystal is described, which is suitable for an optical component for radiation in the far UV range. The calcium fluoride raw material for the single crystal is first melted and subsequently solidified by cooling the melt to form a single crystal. However the calcium fluoride raw material is doped with from 1 to 250, preferably 1 to 100, ppm of strontium, preferably added as strontium fluoride, and contains from 1 to 10 ppm of sodium as well as up to 100 ppm of other impurities. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method of making breakage-proof or fracture-resistant calcium fluoride single crystals and their use.... Single crystals made of calcium fluoride are required as a starting material for optical components used in DUV
Patents 431
photolithography because of their ultraviolet radiation transmission properties, among other things. In DUV photolithography radiation sources, such as excimer lasers, which produce radiation with wavelengths less than 250 nm in the deep or far ultraviolet (DUV=deep or far UV), produce fine structure on a semiconductor wafer coated with a photolacquer. In addition, optical components made from the calcium fluoride, such as lenses or prisms, must have a great optical homogeneity. Defects or faults in the calcium fluoride crystals interfere or destroy the optical homogeneity. The calcium fluoride then exhibits stress birefringence. Calcium fluoride crystals with defects, especially those with stress birefringence, are of course unsuitable for optical components made from them. These crystal defects usually comprise foreign atoms, i.e. impurities, which are incorporated into the crystal lattice and thus interfere or perturb the uniformity of the optical properties of the crystal. Therefore single crystals for optical elements should be made from material having the highest possible purity.... Thus JP-A-10-059799 describes, for example, the action of strontium in calcium fluoride crystals. Accordingly the calcium fluoride should not contain more than 1.times.10.sup.18 atoms/cm.sup.3 of strontium, so that the optical properties of the calcium fluoride are not impaired. On the other hand, JP-A-09-315815 teaches that the transmission of intense laser light in the UV range by a calcium fluoride crystal is considerably reduced if the calcium fluoride crystal contains from 1 to 600 ppm of strontium and from 1 to 10 ppm of lanthanum and yttrium impurities. This is the case with the above-described usage of these crystals. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of preparing a poorly crystalline calcium phosphate and methods of its use Inventor(s): Lee, Dosuk D. (Brookline, MA), Rey, Christian; (Castanet, FR), Aiolova, Maria; (Brookline, MA), Tofighi, Aliassghar; (Belmont, MA) Correspondence: HALE AND DORR, LLP; 60 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20030049329 Date filed: November 23, 2001 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for producing a calcium phosphate cement or filler which hardens in a temperature dependent fashion in association with an endothermic reaction. In the reaction a limited amount of water is mixed with dry calcium phosphate precursors to produce a hydrated precursor paste. Hardening of the paste occurs rapidly at body temperature and is accompanied by the conversion of one or more of the reactants to poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate. The hardened cements, fillers, growth matrices, orthopedic and delivery devices of the invention are rapidly resorbable and stimulate hard tissue growth and healing. A composite material is provided including a strongly bioresorbable, poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate composite and a supplementary material. The supplementary material is in intimate contact with the hydroxyapatite material in an amount effective to impart a selected characteristic to the composite. The supplemental material may be biocompatible, bioresorbable or non-resorbable. A method for treating a bone defect also is provided by identifying a bone site suitable for receiving an implant, and introducing a strongly resorbable, poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate at the implant site, whereby bone is formed at the implant site. The implant site may be a variety of sites, such as a tooth socket, non-union bone, bone prosthesis, an osteoporotic bone, an intervertebral space, an alveolar ridge or a bone fracture. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to hard tissue implant materials containing poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate useful as human or animal implantable
432 Calcium
bioceramics for use in orthopedic and dental applications and for other purposes. The invention further relates to bioresorbable composites, cell therapy and therapeutic substance delivery devices useful in human and animal therapeutics.... Synthetic bone graft material made to closely resemble natural bone minerals can be a useful replacement for natural bone. Acceptable synthetic bone can avoid the problem of availability and harvesting of autologous bone (patient's own bone) and the risks and complications associated with allograft bone (bone from a cadaver), such as risks of viral transmission. An ideal synthetic bone graft should possess a minimum of the following four properties: (1) it should be chemically biocompatible; (2) it should provide some degree of structural integrity in order to keep the graft in place and intact until the patient's own bone heals around it; (3) it should be resorbable so that the patient's own bone ultimately replaces the graft; and, (4) because it may be necessary to incorporate cells and/or biomolecules into the synthetic bone material, it is desirable that the process used to form the material employ low temperatures and chemically mild conditions. Similar criteria are also important for other hard tissue grafts (e.g. cartilage).... These criteria may be met by a material in which parameters, such as Ca/P ratios, crystal size, crystallinity, porosity, density, thermal stability and material purity are controlled. While there have been considerable efforts to synthesize a ceramic material for use as implants, synthetic hydroxyapatites have most often been used because their chemical formulae are very similar to the naturally occurring mineral in bone. LeGeros R. Z., in Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine, Karger Pub. Co., New York, 1991 teaches highly crystalline forms of hydroxyapatite produced by solution precipitation followed by sintering at high temperatures (800-1200.degree. C.). High temperature treatment yields highly stoichiometric hydroxyapatite with crystal sizes on the order of several microns with a Ca/P of 1.67. Such highly crystalline hydroxyapatite is essentially non-resorbable in vivo. It is not replaced by living bone tissue and remains intact in the patient for an undesirably extended period of time. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of producing calcium sulfate alpha-hemihydrate Inventor(s): Sethuraman, Gopalakrishnan; (East Amherst, NY), Brown, Claudette; (Lackawanna, NY), Finkelstein, Ronald S. (East Amherst, NY) Correspondence: Howrey Simon Arnold & White LLP; 750 Bering Drive; Houston; TX; 77057-2198; US Patent Application Number: 20020164281 Date filed: May 1, 2001 Abstract: A method of producing calcium sulfate.alpha.-hemihydrate, including the steps of exposing a mixture including a calcium sulfate form selected from the group consisting of calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium sulfate.beta.-hemihydrate, water-soluble calcium sulfate anhydrite, and mixtures thereof, water, and a crystallization catalyst, to microwave radiation to produce calcium sulfate.alpha.-hemihydrate; and separating at least a portion of the calcium sulfate.alpha.-hemihydrate to provide a solid comprising calcium sulfate.alpha.-hemihydrate and a remainder, is disclosed. Excerpt(s): The invention generally relates to a method for the production of calcium sulfate alpha-hemihydrate and, more particularly, to the conversion of other nonhydrated or partially- to fully-hydrated forms of calcium sulfate to calcium sulfate alpha-hemihydrate.... Calcium sulfate hemihydrate, commonly referred to as "calcined gypsum," "stucco," or "plaster of Paris," is used in many applications, such as producing
Patents 433
molded articles and wallboard for the construction industry. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate has a number of desirable physical properties including, but not limited to, its fire resistance, thermal and hydrometric dimensional stability, compressive strength, and neutral pH.... Typically, calcium sulfate hemihydrate is prepared by drying, grinding, and calcining natural gypsum rock (i.e., calcium sulfate dihydrate). Gypsum as a raw material is also a byproduct in the production of phosphoric, boric, and some organic acids, resulting from the reaction between their calcium salts and sulphuric acid, and is a secondary material in processing some minerals, production of pigments, and in desulfurization of flue gases from burning fossil fuels. The drying step of calcium sulfate hemihydrate manufacture includes passing crude gypsum rock through a rotary kiln to remove any free moisture present in the rock from rain or snow, for example. The dried rock then is passed through a roller mill (or impact mill types of pulverizers), wherein the rock is ground or comminuted to a desired fineness. The degree of comminution is determined by the ultimate use. The dried, fine-ground gypsum can be referred to as "land plaster" regardless of its intended use. The land plaster is used as feed to calcination processes for conversion to stucco. Land plaster typically has a degree of impurities such as clay and strontium sulfate, from about 5% by weight to about 20% by weight. Small amounts of calcium sulfate.beta.-hemihydrate and/or calcium sulfate anhydrite can also be present in land plaster. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method of purifying calcium ion-binding protein Inventor(s): Mizokami, Hiroshi; (Kumamoto-ken, JP), Furukawa, Shinichi; (Kumamotoken, JP), Sugawara, Keishin; (Kumamoto-shi, JP), Onchi, Tatsufumi; (Kumamoto-ken, JP), Komatsu, Kazuhiro; (Kumamoto-ken, JP), Koyanagi, Satoshi; (Kumamoto-ken, JP), Yoshizaki, Hideo; (Saitama-ken, JP) Correspondence: BIRCH STEWART KOLASCH & BIRCH; PO BOX 747; FALLS CHURCH; VA; 22040-0747; US Patent Application Number: 20020169294 Date filed: March 21, 2002 Abstract: The present invention relates to a method for purifying a calcium ion-binding protein by cation exchange chromatography. The present invention provide a method for isolating and purifying a calcium ion-binding protein in a simple and efficient manner from a liquid sample containing a calcium ion-binding protein and contaminants without any pretreatment such as addition of a chelating agent. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for purifying a calcium ionbinding protein which comprises contacting said protein with a cation exchange carrier in the presence of calcium ions to let the said protein be adsorbed to the carrier, and after washing, eluting said protein, and to a calcium ion-binding protein having substantially no contaminants obtained by the method of the present invention. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to a method for purifying a calcium ionbinding protein by a cation exchange process. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method for purifying a calcium ion-binding protein which comprises contacting said protein with a cation exchange carrier in the presence of calcium ions to render said protein be adsorbed to the cation exchange carrier, and after washing, eluting said protein from the cation exchange carrier, and to a calcium ion-binding protein obtained by said method which contains substantially no contaminants.... For isolation and purification of a protein of interest from contaminants, physico-chemical
434 Calcium
properties such as a molecular size, an electric charge on the surface or solubility of said protein is utilized. A process for purification commonly used in the field of protein chemistry includes, for instance, salting out, ultrafiltration, isoelectric precipitation, electrophoresis, ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like. In case that a protein of interest must be purified from the living tissues, cells, or blood, where an enormous variety of different proteins exist, these processes need often be combined in a manifold manner. However, it is possible to provide a method for purification with much more specificity by utilizing a property commonly shared by a certain kind of protein.... By way of example, a unique method for purification using anion exchange chromatography is known wherein a divalent cation-binding protein is adsorbed to an anion exchange resin and then eluted therefrom with a divalent cation to specifically purify said divalent cation-binding protein as disclosed in Japanese patent publication No. 200180/1990. According to this method, a chelating reagent such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is added to a solution containing a divalent cation-binding protein to first remove divalent ions. Then, the resulting solution is contacted with an anion exchange resin such as MonoQ to render the divalent cation-binding protein be adsorbed to the anion exchange resin. Finally, addition of sodium chloride and calcium chloride elutes the divalent cation-binding protein from the anion exchange resin. However, most of naturally occurring proteins are negatively charged under physiological conditions and hence numerous contaminants other than a protein of interest are preferentially adsorbed to an anion exchange resin, thus hampering efficient purification of the desired protein. Therefore, this method for purification through adsorption of a desired protein to an anion exchange resin is preferably used for a small amount of a protein solution or at an advanced stage of purification processes. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Method to ascertain whether soluble hardness is calcium or magnesium based Inventor(s): Dang, Xiaojun; (Aurora, IL), Grattan, David A. (Darien, IL), Link, Linda M. (Carol Stream, IL) Correspondence: Margaret Meta Brumm; Patent & Licensing Department; Ondeo Nalco Company; Ondeo Nalco Center; Naperville; IL; 60563-1198; US Patent Application Number: 20030124731 Date filed: July 31, 2002 Abstract: A method of monitoring and controlling hardness in an industrial water system is described and claimed. The method requires the use of a Compound that develops a separate detectable fluorescent signal in the presence of soluble hardness. A fluorometer is used to detect this separate detectable fluorescent signal of the Compound. The separate detectable fluorescent signal is used to ascertain the amount of soluble hardness present in the industrial water system. Another aspect of the instant claimed invention is the ability to determine whether the soluble hardness is calcium or magnesium based. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/033,756, filed on Dec. 28, 2001, now pending.... This invention is in the field of industrial water systems. Specifically, this invention is in the field of monitoring and controlling soluble hardness in water in industrial water systems. This invention also is in the field of determining whether Total Hardness is due to the presence of calcium or magnesium or some combination of calcium and magnesium.... "Total Hardness" is a
Patents 435
term that refers to the amount of calcium and magnesium cations present in water and is usually expressed as ppm CaCO.sub.3 equivalents. "Soluble hardness" refers to soluble Ca.sup.+2 and Mg.sup.+2 cations present in water. "Particulate hardness" or "colloidal hardness" refers to hardness that is insoluble (or "non-soluble"). Insoluble hardness can usually be converted to soluble hardness by treating the water with acid and heat. Soluble hardness concentrations in the water of most industrial water systems can range from less than about 1 ppm to about several thousand ppm. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Methods and products related to the physical conversion of reactive amorphous calcium phosphate Inventor(s): Lee, Dosuk D. (Brookline, MA), Rey, Christian; (Castanet, FR), Aiolova, Maria; (Brookline, MA), Tofighi, Aliassghar; (Belmont, MA) Correspondence: HALE AND DORR, LLP; 60 STATE STREET; BOSTON; MA; 02109 Patent Application Number: 20020155137 Date filed: April 5, 2002 Abstract: The present invention provides a novel process for producing a calcium phosphate cement or filler which hardens in a temperature dependent fashion in association with an endothermic reaction. In the reaction a limited amount of water is mixed with dry calcium phosphate precursors to produce a hydrated precursor paste. Hardening of the paste occurs rapidly at body temperature an is accompanied by the conversion of one or more of the reactants to poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate. The hardened cements, fillers, growth matrices, orthopedic and delivery devices of the invention are rapidly resorbable and stimulate hard tissue growth and healing. Excerpt(s): This application is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 08/650,764 filed May 20, 1996 entitled "Novel Bone Substitution Material and a Method of Its Manufacture", which is a continuation-in-part application of co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 08/446,182 filed May 19, 1995 entitled "Synthesis of Reactive Amorphous Calcium Phosphates", both of which are herein incorporated in its entirety by reference. This application also is related to several co-pending applications filed on even day herewith, entitled, "Bioresorbable Ceramic Composites", "Delivery Vehicle", "Cell Seeding of Ceramic Compositions" and "Orthopedic and Dental Ceramic Implants", each of which is incorporated by reference.... This invention relates to hard tissue implant materials containing poorly crystalline apatitic calcium phosphate useful as human or animal implantable bioceramics and for other purposes. The invention further relates to bioresorbable composites, cell therapy and therapeutic substance delivery devices useful in human and animal therapeutics.... Synthetic bone graft material made to closely resemble natural bone minerals can be a useful replacement for natural bone. Acceptable synthetic bone can avoid the problem of availability and harvesting of autologous bone (patient's own bone) and the risks and complications associated with allograft bone (bone from a cadaver), such as risks of viral transmission. An ideal synthetic bone graft should possess a minimum of the following four properties: (1) it should be chemically biocompatible; (2) it should provide some degree of structural integrity in order to keep the graft in place and intact until the patient's own bone heals around it; (3) it should be resorbable so that the patient's own bone ultimately replaces the graft; and, (4) because it may be necessary to incorporate cells and/or biomolecules into the synthetic bone
436 Calcium
material, it is desirable that the process used to form the material employ low temperatures and chemically mild conditions. Similar criteria are also important for other hard tissue grafts (e.g. cartilage). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Microwave popcorn fortified with calcium and method of preparation Inventor(s): Dickerson, Pamela J. (Eden Prairie, MN), Glass, Brian E. (Maple Grov, MN) Correspondence: General Mills; Number One General Mills Blvd. P O Box 1113; Minneapolis; MN; 55440-1113; US Patent Application Number: 20030118696 Date filed: March 30, 2001 Abstract: Disclosed are microwave popcorn articles comprising any conventional microwave popcorn bag, and a food charge disposed therein comprising kernel popcorn, fat, salt and sufficient amounts of a calcium ingredient to provide a total calcium content of about 360 to 3600 mg per 100 grams of unpopped popcorn. Preferably the salt and calcium ingredients are essentially characterized by having a mean particle size of less than 25.mu.m.Methods of preparing such microwave popcorn articles are disclosed wherein some of the salt and/or calcium ingredient is added to the fat slurry while the balance is added in particulate form in a separate step after the fat and kernel popcorn have been added to the bag. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to packaged food products. More particularly, the present invention relates to microwave popcorn product articles characterized by calcium fortification and to methods for filling such articles.... Popcorn is a highly popular snack food item. In the past, the at-home preparation of popcorn by the consumer involved adding kernel popcorn plus a cooking oil to a covered pot and heating until the popcorn kernels popped to make popcorn. As used herein, "kernel popcorn" refers to unpopped popcorn. The noun "popcorn" or synonymously "popped popcorn" refers herein to popped kernel popcorn. The adjective "popcorn" can refer to either. Once prepared, common, relatively coarse, table salt is a frequently added flavoring or condiment. The resultant salted popped popcorn is a familiar snack food.... More recently, microwave popcorn products have become extremely popular. At present, in the U.S., over 70 different brands of microwave popcorn products are available. In general, the more popular microwave popcorn products comprise an expandable paper bag containing a charge of kernel popcorn, fat and salt. The microwave popcorn article is adapted to be heated in a microwave oven for three to five minutes to produce the popped popcorn. More recently, improved microwave popcorn articles have been fabricated employing a metallized susceptor which facilitates the heating of the kernel popcorn-fat charge and which, in turn, leads desirably to increases in popcorn volume and decreases in unpopped kernels. Microwave popcorn articles of this type are described in detail in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,450,180 (issued May 22, 1984 to J. D. Watkins and incorporated herein by reference). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 437
•
Modulation of intracellular calcium concentration using non-excitatory electrical signals applied to the tissue Inventor(s): Shemer, Itzik; (Haifa, IL), Felzen, Bella; (Haifa, IL), Darvish, Nissim; (Moshav Tsrufa, IL), Mika, Yuval; (Shmurat Zichron, IL), Haddad, Walid; (Haifa, IL), Aviv, Ricardo; (Haifa, IL), Haham, Yaakov; (Kiriat Ata, IL) Correspondence: REED SMITH, LLP; ATTN: PATENT RECORDS DEPARTMENT; 599 LEXINGTON AVENUE, 29TH FLOOR; NEW YORK; NY; 10022-7650; US Patent Application Number: 20030040777 Date filed: April 3, 2002 Abstract: According to a method and device for modulating intracellular calcium concentration in biological tissue, a stimulation probe is applied to the tissue, a nonexcitatory stimulation pulse is generated, and the pulse is conveyed to the stimulation probe. In one embodiment concerning cardiac tissue, a stimulation probe is applied to a patient's heart, a signal is received from at least one sensor responsive to the patient's cardiac muscle activity, a non-excitatory stimulation pulse responsive to the signal is generated, and the pulse is conveyed to the stimulation probe. Excerpt(s): This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 60/157,511, filed Oct. 4, 1999, which is assigned to the assignee of the present patent application and is incorporated herein by reference.... This invention relates generally to invasive devices and methods for treatment of the heart, including devices and methods for stimulation of the heart muscle. More particularly, this invention relates to control of cellular tissue, specifically the modulation of intracellular calcium concentration in cardiac muscle cells.... Cardiac insufficiency, characterized inter alia by a reduction in cardiac output, is a common, well-known and well-documented heart malfunction. It develops as a result of congenital defects or as an end-effect of many diseases. Cardiac output, i.e., the output of the heart per unit time, is the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Hence, variations in cardiac output can be produced by changes in cardiac rate or stroke volume. The stroke volume can be influenced, for example, by changing the strength of cardiac contraction, by changing the length of the cardiac muscle fibers, and by changing contractility of cardiac muscle independent of fiber length. The heart rate and rhythm influence the cardiac output both directly and indirectly, since changes in the rate and rhythm also affect myocardial contractility. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Monkey calcium sensing receptor Inventor(s): Ellis, Catherine E. (Glassboro, NJ) Correspondence: RATNER & PRESTIA- SB DIVISION; ONE WESTLAKES; SUITE 301; BERWYN; PA; 19482; US Patent Application Number: 20020064813 Date filed: November 30, 2000 Abstract: Cynomolgous Monkey Calcium-Sensing Receptor polypeptides and polynucleotides and method for producing such polypeptides by recombinant techniques are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods for screening for compounds that either agonize or antagonize Cynomolgous Monkey Calcium-Sensing Receptor. Such compounds are expected to be useful in treatment of human diseases, including, but not
438 Calcium
limited to: infections such as bacterial, fungal, protozoan and viral infections, particularly infections caused by HIV-1 or HIV-2; pain; cancers; diabetes, obesity; anorexia; bulimia; asthma; Parkinson's disease; acute heart failure; hypotension; hypertension; urinary retention; osteoporosis; angina pectoris; myocardial infarction; stroke; ulcers; asthma; allergies; benign prostatic hypertrophy; migraine; vomiting; psychotic and neurological disorders, including anxiety, schizophrenia, manic depression, depression, delirium, dementia, and severe mental retardation; and dyskinesias, such as Huntington's disease or Gilles dela Tourett's syndrome. Excerpt(s): This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional application Ser. No. 60/168,342, filed on Dec. 1, 1999.... This invention relates to newly identified polypeptides and polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides, to their use in identifying compounds that may be agonists and/or antagonists that are potentially useful in therapy, and to production of such polypeptides and polynucleotides.... The drug discovery process is currently undergoing a fundamental revolution as it embraces `functional genomics,` that is, high throughput genome- or gene-based biology. This approach is rapidly superseding earlier approaches based on `positional cloning`. A phenotype, that is a biological function or genetic disease, would be identified and this would then be tracked back to the responsible gene, based on its genetic map position. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Multifunctional calcium carbonate and calcium phophate scale inhibitor Inventor(s): Austin, Anne-Marie B. (Signal Mountain, TN), Ward, Eric C. (Signal Mountain, TN) Correspondence: Thomas F. Roland; NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL COMPANY; P.O. Box 6500; Bridgewater; NJ; 08807-0500; US Patent Application Number: 20030173303 Date filed: March 18, 2002 Abstract: The present invention is directed a multifunctional polymer capable of inhibiting both calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale. The multifunctional polymer contains at least one monomer unit from each of four groups: dicarboxylic acids, mono-carboxylic acids, nonionic monomers, and sulfonated or sulfated monomers. The polymer also inhibits many other alkaline earth scales, such as calcium sulfate scale and provides stabilization of minerals such as iron, zinc and manganese. The polymer is especially effective in highly stressed systems that contain high electrolyte concentrations and have a high number of cycles of concentration. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to a polymer capable of inhibiting both calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate scale. The polymer also inhibits calcium sulfate scale and provides iron stabilization. The polymer is especially effective in highly stressed systems that contain high electrolyte concentrations and have a high number of cycles of concentration.... One problem in industrial water treatment is the prevention of calcium scales caused by the precipitation of calcium salts, such as calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate. These salts are inversely soluble, meaning that their solubility decreases as the temperature increases. For industrial applications, where higher temperatures and higher concentrations of salts are present, this usually translates to precipitation occurring at the heat transfer surfaces. The precipitating salts can then deposit onto the surface, resulting in a layer of calcium scale. The calcium scale can lead to the loss of heat transfer in the system and cause overheating of production
Patents 439
processes. In addition, scaling can promote localized corrosion. Calcium phosphate, unlike calcium carbonate, is not generally a naturally occurring problem. However, ortho-phosphates are commonly added to industrial systems (and sometimes to municipal water systems) as a corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metals, usually at levels between 2.0-20.0 mg/L. Therefore, the precipitation of calcium phosphate not only can result in the scaling problems previously discussed, but can also result in severe corrosion problems, as the ortho-phosphate is removed from solution. As a result, industrial cooling systems require periodic maintenance in which the system must be shut down, cleaned and the water replaced. Lengthening the time between shutdowns saves costs, and is desirable.... One way to lengthen the time between maintenance is through the use of polymers that can function by either inhibiting the formation of the calcium salts, or by modifying the crystal growth so that the salt disperses when it precipitates rather than depositing on heat transfer surfaces. Dispersion of the precipitated salt crystals is believed to be the result of the adsorption of the inhibitor onto precipitated crystals. The adsorption of the inhibitor can also be used to stabilize the system by facilitating the dispersion and subsequent removal of other suspended particulates, such as mud, silt and clay, and metals such as iron and zinc and their insoluble salts, from aqueous systems. The inhibitor may also interfere with and distort the crystal structure of the scale making the scale less adherent to surfaces or other forming crystals or existing particulates. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Multifunctional poly(vinyl alcohol) binder for fine particle size calcium carbonate pigment Inventor(s): Boylan, John Richard; (Bethlehem, PA) Correspondence: Celanese Ltd. P.O. Box 9077; Corpus Christi; TX; 78469-9077; US Patent Application Number: 20020035187 Date filed: September 20, 2001 Abstract: Production of a paper coating composition having improved low shear viscosity at a high solids level of fine particle size calcium carbonate. The improvement in low shear viscosity is achieved by dissolving a fine particle size, partially hydrolyzed, low molecular weight poly(vinyl alcohol) powder in an aqueous slurry of pigment particles containing predominantly fine particle size calcium carbonate. Dissolution of the poly(vinyl alcohol) is achieved without external heating or adding water to the slurry. The slurry can then be formulated with other components to produce the ink jet paper coating composition which, when applied to a paper substrate, provides excellent ink jet printability. Excerpt(s): Paper coating compositions are used by the paper industry to impart the desired strength and cosmetic properties to finished paper. The coating composition is typically an aqueous dispersion consisting mainly of mineral pigments, such as clay, calcium carbonate, silica, and titanium dioxide, and pigment binders, such as starch and synthetic polymer emulsions. Coating compositions may also contain low levels of additives, such as thickeners, humectants and lubricants.... The coating compositions are usually applied to a continuous web of cellulosic material, such as paper, by high speed coating machines, such as blade coaters, air knife coaters, rod coaters and roll coaters. There are trends to use faster coaters to increase productivity and to use higher solids coating compositions to decrease drying costs and improve binder distribution which enhances paper quality.... Coatings which contain fine particle size pigments, such as
440 Calcium
calcium carbonate, have been shown to be particularly useful in improving the properties of ink jet recording paper. U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,631 (Donigian et al., 1997) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,038 (Donigian, et al., 1998) disclose thermal ink jet recording paper, incorporating heat aged precipitated calcium carbonate and a binder, such as poly(vinyl alcohol), starches, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Treatment of paper with a coating composition of a slurry of fine particle size calcium carbonate in a poly(vinyl alcohol) or starch solution resulted in improved optical density of ink jet print. An example of an appropriate poly(vinyl alcohol) binder was Airvol.RTM. 107 poly(vinyl alcohol) which is 98 to 98.8% hydrolyzed. The binders were "cooked" to obtain a solution prior to addition of the pigment slurry. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Nano-calcium phosphates/collagen based bone substitute materials Inventor(s): Cui, Fuzhai; (Beijing, CN), Zhang, Shuming; (Beijing, CN), Zhang, Wei; (Beijing, CN), Cai, Qiang; (Beijing, CN), Feng, Qingling; (Beijing, CN) Correspondence: CROWELL & MORING LLP; INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GROUP; P.O. BOX 14300; WASHINGTON; DC; 20044-4300; US Patent Application Number: 20020018797 Date filed: May 2, 2001 Abstract: The present invention relates to a nano-calcium phosphates/collagen composite that mimics the natural bone, both in composition and microstructure, as well as porous bone substitute and tissue engineering scaffolds made by a complex of said composite and poly(lactic acid)(PLA) or poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA). The invention also relates to the use of said scaffold in treating bone defect and bone fracture. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates in general to bone substitute materials, and particularly to a nano-calcium phosphates/collagen composite that mimics the natural bone, both in composition and microstructure, as well as porous bone substitute and tissue engineering scaffolds made by a complex of said composite and poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid). Used as biodegradable bone substitute materials, the porous scaffold is capable of supporting and encouraging bone growth into its pores, and it is finally biodegraded with the formation of new bone.... Bone repair is a subject of intensive investigation in human health care. Current therapy in bone reconstructive surgery frequently uses autograft or allograft although restrictions on these bone transplants exist. These restrictions include donor site morbidity and donor shortage for autograft (Pross R, editor. Orthop Knowledge Update 1990;3; Damien J C et al J Appl Biomater 1991;2:187-208.) and immunologic response and risk of transmitting diseases for allograft (Pross R, editor. Orthop Knowledge Update 1990:3; Binderman I et al, CRC Handbook of Bioactive Ceramics. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press; 1990.p45-51). Heretofore, numerous bone substitutes using metals, ceramics, and polymers have been developed. However, each has specific disadvantages, and none of them can take the places of autograft and allograft in current clinical practice. One important reason for the priority of autograft and allograft is that their composition and microstructure are the same as the bone to be repaired therefore possess biological advantages. Under the principles of tissue engineering, a material, which has similar composition and microstructure with natural bone, is expected to be a promising biological substitute for regenerating, replacing, or enhancing tissue function.... It has been known that natural bone is a complex biomineralized system with an intricate hierarchial structure.
Patents 441
Collagen and calcium phosphate minerals are the main substances existed in bone. The calcium phosphate minerals in bone exist as irregularly shaped mineral platelets, whose crystallographic c-axes are oriented generally parallel to one another. The crystal width varies (30-45 nm) but crystal thickness is uniform (.about.4-6 nm). Adjacent platelets are spatially separated by a layer of collagen whose thickness is 4.2.+-.1.0 nm in minimum (W. J. Landis et al, J Structure Biology 110,39-54(1993)). The finely aligned collagen, which exists as a most important extracellular matrix, is a key factor influencing cell activities. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Narrow size distribution ground calcium carbonate compositions Inventor(s): Denholm, Charles B. (Appleton, WI), Williams, H. Larry; (Cochran, GA), Hardy, Robert E. (Macon, GA) Correspondence: Mark A. Kassel; FOLEY & LARDNER; 150 East Gilman Street; P.O. Box 1497; Madison; WI; 53701-1497; US Patent Application Number: 20020155055 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: Ground calcium carbonate compositions having narrow particle size distributions and a method for producing the compositions. The method involves forming a substantially dispersant-free calcium carbonate suspension, wet-grinding the suspension, and aging the suspension. The method does not require the use of classification equipment and the aging process does not require heating. Excerpt(s): This invention relates to ground calcium carbonate compositions having narrow size distributions and to an aging method for producing the compositions.... Calcium carbonate has been used in the paper-making industry for many years to enhance opacity in wet end filling operations as well as coating applications. Optical properties, such as brightness and opacity, of a final paper product are affected by the particle size and particle size distribution of the calcium carbonate compositions used to make them. Generally, the narrower the size distribution of the calcium carbonate composition the better the optical properties of the final paper product.... The calcium carbonates used in the paper making industry come in two principle forms: 1) ground natural calcium carbonates and 2) precipitated calcium carbonates. Sources for natural calcium carbonate include limestone, dolomite, marble, chalk and shells. Precipitated calcium carbonates are generally obtained by the carbonization of calcium hydroxide. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Neuroblastoma cell lines expressing the alpha2delta subunit of calcium channels and methods therefore Inventor(s): Zhang, Sui-Po; (Bala Cynwyd, PA), Yagel, Susan K. (Hatfield, PA), Codd, Ellen E. (Blue Bell, PA) Correspondence: AUDLEY A. CIAMPORCERO JR. JOHNSON & JOHNSON; ONE JOHNSON & JOHNSON PLAZA; NEW BRUNSWICK; NJ; 08933-7003; US Patent Application Number: 20020192728 Date filed: May 30, 2001
442 Calcium
Abstract: The present invention provides methods for identifying test substances that bind to the.alpha.2.delta. subunit of a calcium channel. Excerpt(s): The present invention relates to neuroblastoma cells that express the.alpha.2.delta. subunit of the calcium channel. In another aspect of this invention, the invention relates to methods and assays using neuroblastoma cells and neuroblastoma cell membranes. The cells of the present invention are useful for discovering new compounds that modulate the function of the.alpha.2.delta. subunit of calcium channel.... Several subtypes of the.alpha.2.delta. subunit of calcium channel have been cloned (Angeloni et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 14:53-54, 2000; Gao et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275:12237-12242, 2000; and PCT Application WO 99/23519).... Neuroblastoma cell membranes contain N-type calcium channels and neuroblastoma cells have been used as a model for neuronal differentiation (Bruhn, et al. Endocrinology 137:572-9, 1996; Gotti, et al. Differentiation (Berlin) 34:144-55, 1987; Hogg et al. Pharmacol., 312:257-261, 1996; and Kurata, et al. FEBS Lett., 321:201-4, 1993). 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) induces morphological and functional differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, resulting in an increase of neurotransmitter receptors and the release of neurotransmitters (Clementi, et al. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 296:91-102, 1991). [.sup.125I]co-conotoxin binding sites were increased in the differentiated neuroblastoma IMR32 cells, indicating that the N-type calcium channels were increased in the cells (Carbone et al., Pfluegers Arch., 416:170-9, 1990). Recently, Western blot analysis has shown that the.beta.1b subunit of calcium channels is the predominant isoform expressed in IMR32 cells (McEnery, et al. FEBS Lett. 420: 74-78, 1997). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html •
Noninvasive method for treating cellulite through transdermal delivery of calcium channel blocker agents and medicament for use in such method Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 900 Washington Ave. P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 76703-1470; US Patent Application Number: 20020019445 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is of a novel, noninvasive method for treating cellulite involving the topical application of one or more calcium channel blocker agents suspended in one or more carriers with penetration enhancing agent's to effect transdermal delivery of the calcium channel blocker agent(s). Periodic, topical application of the medicaments taught here in will effect, usually within a few months, a substantial reduction or elimination of palpable cellulite. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/514,796 filed Feb. 28, 2000, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C..sctn.120.... The present invention relates to the elimination or mitigation of lipedema or "cellulite".... Cellulite is a colloquial term for deposits of fat and fibrous tissue causing dimpling of the overlying skin 2. SYN lipoedema. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 26th Edition, p. 307). Lipodystrophy refers to a defective metabolism of fat. (Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 26th Edition, p. 985). Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Patents 443
•
Noninvasive method for treating hemangiomas through transdermal delivery of calcium channel blocker agents and medicament for use in such method Inventor(s): Easterling, W. Jerry; (San Antonio, TX) Correspondence: DAVID G. HENRY; 900 Washington Ave. P.O. Box 1470; Waco; TX; 76703-1470; US Patent Application Number: 20020028234 Date filed: April 20, 2001 Abstract: The invention is of a novel, noninvasive method for treating hemangiomas involving the topical application of one or more calcium channel blocker agents suspended in one or more carriers with penetration enhancing agent's to effect transdermal delivery of the calcium channel blocker agent(s). Periodic, topical application of the medicaments taught here in will effect, usually within a few months, and involution of treated hemangiomas with minimized residual cosmetic blemishes after involution. Excerpt(s): This is a continuation-in-part with respect to U.S. application, Ser. No. 09/514,796 filed Feb. 28, 2000, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/128,103 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,031,005), from which application and its parent application priority is here claimed under 35 U.S.C..sctn.120.... The present invention relates to the treatment of hemangiomas.... Hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of infants. They are usually apparent at birth but become evident within the first two weeks. Hemangiomas occur in 5-10% of all children and three times more often in females then males. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
•
Non-pyruvylated xanthan in oil field applications utilizing high density calciumbased brines Inventor(s): Talashek, Todd; (San Diego, CA), Mac, Seheult; (Spring, TX), Trish, Carter; (Houston, TX), Reinaldo, Navarrete; (Houston, TX), Helena, Chang; (Solana Beach, CA) Correspondence: BANNER & WITCOFF; 1001 G STREET N W; SUITE 1100; WASHINGTON; DC; 20001; US Patent Application Number: 20020035040 Date filed: March 21, 2001 Abstract: A drilling fluid comprising a pyruvate-free xanthan, which may be an acetatefree pyruvate-free xanthan, and a high density calcium-based brine. Preferably the pyruvate-free xanthan is a genetically prepared pyruvate-free xanthan. A process for recovering crude oil from an oil-bearing subterranean formation by drilling the formation and using a drilling fluid comprising a pyruvate-free gum and a high density calcium-based brine. Excerpt(s): Benefit of the May 12, 2000, filing date of the provisional application Ser. No. 60/203,899 by the same inventors and entitled "Non-Pyruvylated Xanthan In Oil Field Applications Utilizing High Density Calcium-Based Brines" is hereby claimed.... The present invention relates to the use of non-pyruvylated xanthan in oil field applications utilizing high density calcium-based brines.... Brines are used in oil field applications
444 Calcium
such as in drilling fluids and completion fluids. For instance, during drilling for oil, a drilling fluid is circulated to act as a lubricant and coolant for the drill bit. The drilling fluid also serves to suspend the cuttings and bring them to the surface. In general, a completion fluid is any fluid placed across a production zone prior to or right after perforating the well to bring on production. These fluids are also used to perform workover operations when attempting to improve productivity of a well. The primary objectives of a completion or workover fluid are to provide sufficient hydrostatic pressure to control abnormal subsurface pressures, eliminate the influx of formation fluids, maintain a stable wellbore, and ultimately, minimize formation damage to assure maximum production potential. These fluids also provide a media to remove debris from the wellbore including proppants, sand, metal cuttings and formation solids. Ideally, the fluid should contain a minimum amount of suspended solids which could plug pore throats of the payzone and interrupt production. Brines provide a preferred fluid since they provide a solids free media, yet provide a range of densities required to control formation pressures. Typically, clear brines ranging in density from 8.4 lb/gal to 19.0 lb/gal are used for completion and workover applications. Web site: http://appft1.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html
Keeping Current In order to stay informed about patents and patent applications dealing with calcium, you can access the U.S. Patent Office archive via the Internet at the following Web address: http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. You will see two broad options: (1) Issued Patent, and (2) Published Applications. To see a list of issued patents, perform the following steps: Under “Issued Patents,” click “Quick Search.” Then, type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “Term 1” box. After clicking on the search button, scroll down to see the various patents which have been granted to date on calcium. You can also use this procedure to view pending patent applications concerning calcium. Simply go back to http://www.uspto.gov/patft/index.html. Select “Quick Search” under “Published Applications.” Then proceed with the steps listed above.
445
CHAPTER 7. BOOKS ON CALCIUM Overview This chapter provides bibliographic book references relating to calcium. In addition to online booksellers such as www.amazon.com and www.bn.com, excellent sources for book titles on calcium include the Combined Health Information Database and the National Library of Medicine. Your local medical library also may have these titles available for loan.
Book Summaries: Federal Agencies The Combined Health Information Database collects various book abstracts from a variety of healthcare institutions and federal agencies. To access these summaries, go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To find book summaries, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer. For the format option, select “Monograph/Book.” Now type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database which is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for books on calcium: •
Calcium Hypothesis of Aging and Dementia Source: New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences. 1994. 482 p. Contact: New York Academy of Sciences. 2 East 63rd Street, New York, NY 10021. (212) 838-0230; FAX (212) 888-2894. PRICE: $115.00. ISBN: 0897668782 cloth; 0897668790 paper. Summary: This book represents the proceedings of a workshop, Calcium Hypothesis of Aging and Dementia, that was held on December 15-17, 1993, in Bethesda, Maryland. The meeting was organized to contribute to the understanding of the role of calcium in the disorders of cellular function that underlie dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease. The role of calcium in neuronal function has received attention in recent years, and the recognition that even very slight imbalances of calcium, when sustained over a long time, could lead by well-described intraneuronal processes to cellular deterioration and death has led to the calcium hypothesis of aging. Because many of the most dramatic
446 Calcium
dysfunctions of dementias are mediated through the hippocampus and associated limbic circuitry, much of the focus and contributions of this book are on these important neural structures. Sections of this book group 32 papers presented during the workshop on the following topics: the calcium hypothesis; mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease; cellular models of neuronal degeneration and Alzheimer's disease; calcium channels; and cells and systems in aging. References follow the papers, and many contain figures and tables. •
Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride Source: Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1998. 432 pp. Contact: Available from National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20002 / Web site: http://www.nap.edu. $24.95; $19.96 (paperback) when ordered through the publisher's Web bookstore, plus shipping and handling. Summary: This book is the first in a series about the Dietary Reference Intakes that replace the Recommended Dietary Allowances. It evaluates calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. For each nutrient, the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what is the best method to determine its requirement, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease or developmental abnormalities. The book also identifies the Tolerable Upper Level Intake (UL) which may result in adverse effects if consumed consistently and provides a model for determining the UL. Recommended intakes are proposed for age groups from infancy to midlife and later years.
•
Calcium in your life Source: Minneapolis, MN: Chronimed Publishing. 1997. 155 pp. Contact: Available from American Dietetic Association, 216 West Jackson Boulevard, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60606-6995. Telephone: (312) 899- 0040 or (800) 877-1600 or (800) 366-1655 or (800) 225-5267 / fax: (312) 899-1758 / Web site: http://www.eatright.org. $5.00 members; plus $5.00 shipping for orders totaling less than $50.00. Summary: This brief, consumer oriented book examines the importance of calcium in building healthy bones, and offers suggestions to insure adequate intake of calcium. The book examines calcium needs based on age and gender, calcium needs of vegetarians, lists calcium rich foods and serving sizes, addresses the importance of exercise in building strong bones, and offers recipes and a menu plan for calcium rich meals. Also included is information about substances which prevent calcium absorption, and a chapter on osteoporosis.
Book Summaries: Online Booksellers Commercial Internet-based booksellers, such as Amazon.com and Barnes&Noble.com, offer summaries which have been supplied by each title’s publisher. Some summaries also include customer reviews. Your local bookseller may have access to in-house and commercial databases that index all published books (e.g. Books in Print®). IMPORTANT NOTE: Online booksellers typically produce search results for medical and non-medical books. When searching for “calcium” at online booksellers’ Web sites, you may discover
Books 447
non-medical books that use the generic term “calcium” (or a synonym) in their titles. The following is indicative of the results you might find when searching for “calcium” (sorted alphabetically by title; follow the hyperlink to view more details at Amazon.com): •
A Practical Guide to the Study of Calcium in Living Cells (Methods in Cell Biology, V. 40) by Richard Nuccitelli (Editor), American Society for Cell Biology; ISBN: 0125228104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125228104/icongroupinterna
•
A Symposium on Calcium and Cellular Function; ISBN: 0333111761; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0333111761/icongroupinterna
•
A Trace of Calcium by Dave Barnett (2000); ISBN: 1873203675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1873203675/icongroupinterna
•
ALL ABOUT CALCIUM MAGNESIUM AND OTHER MINERALS PB 1E by MCGRAW-HILL SCHOOL; ISBN: 0658017039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658017039/icongroupinterna
•
American Medical Association Pocket Guide to Calcium by Amer Medical Assoc, American Medical Association (1995); ISBN: 0679755616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0679755616/icongroupinterna
•
Animal Models of Human Related Calcium Metabolic Disorders by Asher Ornoy (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849360242; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849360242/icongroupinterna
•
Assay of the Calcium Regulating Hormones by Daniel D. Bikle (Editor); ISBN: 0387908412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387908412/icongroupinterna
•
Asthma and Eczema:Easy and Delicious Calcium Rich Recipes...(Special Diet Cookbooks) by Carol Bennett; ISBN: 0722518218; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722518218/icongroupinterna
•
Barefoot on Coral Calcium by Robert R. Barefoot (2001); ISBN: 0971422419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0971422419/icongroupinterna
•
Basis for the Application of Calcium Antagonists in Neurology by J. M. Van Nuetem (Editor), A. Hartmann (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 3805551738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805551738/icongroupinterna
•
Beat Osteoporosis Special Diet Cookbook: Help Yourself to Delicious, Calcium-rich Recipes to Help Make Stronger Bones by Victor G. Ettinger MD, Judy Fredal RD; ISBN: 0722522142; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722522142/icongroupinterna
•
Benzyl Alcohol to Calcium Sulfate, Volume A4, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 5th Edition by Hans-Jürgen Arpe (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3527201041; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3527201041/icongroupinterna
•
Better Bones, Better Body : Beyond Estrogen and Calcium by Susan E. Brown, et al; ISBN: 0658002899; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0658002899/icongroupinterna
•
Bioceramics of Calcium Phosphate by Klaas De Groot (Editor); ISBN: 0849364566; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849364566/icongroupinterna
448 Calcium
•
Biochemical Approaches to Cellular Calcium (Methodological Surveys in Biochemistry and Analysis, Vol 19) by Eric Reid, et al (1989); ISBN: 0851869262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0851869262/icongroupinterna
•
Biomimetic Calcium Phosphate Coatings by Hai Bo Wen; ISBN: 8177360906; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8177360906/icongroupinterna
•
Bone Appetit!: Calcium-Rich Recipes for Healthy Bones by Alan Tichenal, et al; ISBN: 0965118703; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965118703/icongroupinterna
•
Bone Builders: The Complete Lowfat Cookbook Plus Calcium Health Guide by Edita M. Kaye; ISBN: 0446672475; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0446672475/icongroupinterna
•
Bone Vivant: Calcium-Enhanced Recipes and Bone-Building Exercises by Jan Main (1997); ISBN: 0756752647; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0756752647/icongroupinterna
•
Brittle Bones and the Calcium Crisis by Katleen Mayes; ISBN: 0722513526; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722513526/icongroupinterna
•
Calciotropic Hormones and Calcium Metabolism: Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on Calciotropic Hormones and Calcium Metabolism, Venice, by M. Cecchettin, G. Segre (Editor); ISBN: 0444807713; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444807713/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium by Jan Quackenbush (1984); ISBN: 0714508500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0714508500/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium "Plus" Workbook for Healthy Bodies and Strong Bones by Evelyn P. Whitelock; ISBN: 0879833866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879833866/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium & Hypertension by Shaul G. Massry (Editor), Carlo Gennari (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 3805543700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543700/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium (Sparks of Life: Chemical Elements That Make Life Possible) by Jean F. Blashfield; ISBN: 0817250409; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0817250409/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium (The Elements, Set 2) by John Farndon; ISBN: 0761408886; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761408886/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Altagonists in the Treatment of Hypertension in Pregnancy by Romanini; ISBN: 1850706891; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850706891/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Aluminate Cements by R J Mangabhai; ISBN: 1861251424; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1861251424/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium aluminate cements : proceedings of the international symposium held at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, July 9-11, 1990, and dedicated to the late Dr. H.G. Midgley (1990); ISBN: 0419152008; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0419152008/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Aluminate Cements: Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London 9-11 July 1990, by R.J.
Books 449
Mangabhai (Editor); ISBN: 0442312563; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442312563/icongroupinterna •
Calcium and Calcium Binding Proteins: Molecular and Functional Aspects; ISBN: 3540184341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540184341/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Calcium Binding Proteins: Molecular and Functional Aspects (Proceedings of Life Sciences) by Ch. Gerday, et al; ISBN: 0387184341; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387184341/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Calmodulin Function in the Cell Nucleus (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by Oriol Bachs, Neus Agell (1995); ISBN: 1570593116; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570593116/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Camp As Synarchic Messengers by Howard. Rasmussen; ISBN: 0471083968; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471083968/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Cell Function (Molecular Biology) by Wai Cheung; ISBN: 0121714039; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121714039/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Cell Physiology by D. Marme (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0387138412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387138412/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and cell regulation : Biochemical Society Symposium no. 39, held at the University of Birmingham, April 1973; ISBN: 0950197262; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0950197262/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Cellular Metabolism: Transport and Regulation by J. R. Sotelo (Editor), et al (1997); ISBN: 0306455943; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306455943/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Cellular Secretion by R. Rubin (1982); ISBN: 030640978X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030640978X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Common Sense by Robert Proulx Heaney, et al; ISBN: 0385242190; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0385242190/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Contractility: Smooth Muscle by A.K. Grover (Editor), E. E. Daniel (Photographer) (1985); ISBN: 0896030660; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896030660/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Ion Channel Modulation by Alan D. Grinnell, et al (1988); ISBN: 0306428342; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306428342/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Magnesium (Elements) by Keith Walshaw (1996); ISBN: 1869860144; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1869860144/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Magnesium Metabolism in Early Life by Reginald C. Tsang (Editor); ISBN: 0849346134; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849346134/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Nutrition (Health Media of America Nutrition Series) by Health Media of America (1987); ISBN: 0937325082; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937325082/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Osteoporosis (Evaluation of Publicly Available Scientific Evidence Regarding Certain nutrIent Series) by Robert P. Heaney (1991); ISBN: 9992239840; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9992239840/icongroupinterna
450 Calcium
•
Calcium and Phosphate Transport Across Biomembranes by Felix Bronner; ISBN: 0121352803; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121352803/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Phosphorus in Health and Disease by John J. B. Anderson (Editor), Sanford C. Garner (Editor); ISBN: 0849378451; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849378451/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism by James T. Irving; ISBN: 0123743508; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123743508/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and the Alkaline Earth Metals (The Periodic Table) by Nigel Saunders (2003); ISBN: 1403435154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1403435154/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and the Cell - Symposium No. 122 by CIBA Foundation Symposium (Author) (1996); ISBN: 0471910880; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471910880/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and the Heart by Glenn A. Langer (Editor); ISBN: 0881676179; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881676179/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and the heart; proceedings of the meeting of the European Section of the International Study Group for Research in Cardiac Metabolism held at the Institute of Cardiology, London, on 6 September, 1970; ISBN: 0123269504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0123269504/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and the secretory process by Ronald P. Rubin; ISBN: 0306307782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306307782/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium and Your Health by Takuo Fujita; ISBN: 0870406914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0870406914/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium antagonism in cardiovascular therapy : experience with verapamil : proceedings of the International Symposium on Calcium Antagonism in Cardiovascular Therapy, Florence, 2-4 October, 1980; ISBN: 9021994720; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9021994720/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonism in Gastrointestinal Motility: Proceedings of the International Symposium, Paris, France, 10 February 1989 by M.O. Christen (Editor), et al; ISBN: 2906077097; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/2906077097/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonism in Heart and Smooth Muscle: Experimental Facts and Therapeutic Prospects by Albrecht Fleckenstein; ISBN: 0471054356; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471054356/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonista and the Kidney (American Journal of Nephrology, Vol 7, Suppl 1) by M. Epstein (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 3805546483; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805546483/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists by Winifred Nayler; ISBN: 0125146450; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125146450/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium antagonists : pharmacology and clinical research; ISBN: 0897664205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897664205/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists and Cardiovascular Disease by L. H. Opie (Editor); ISBN: 089004967X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089004967X/icongroupinterna
Books 451
•
Calcium antagonists and cardiovascular disease; ISBN: 0890042292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890042292/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium antagonists and hypertension : current status : symposium, Vienna, 8-9 March 1985; ISBN: 9021996995; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9021996995/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists and Hypertension: Current Status (Current Clinical Practice Series, 39) by J. Rosenthal (Editor); ISBN: 0444904557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444904557/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists and Microcirculation (Progress in Applied Microcirculation, Vol 14) by M. Steinhausen (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 380554815X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380554815X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists and the Kidney by Murray Epstein, Rodger Loutzenhiser; ISBN: 0932883206; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0932883206/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists and the Treatment of Hypertension by J. L. Reid (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0199220026; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0199220026/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium antagonists in chronic stable angina pectoris by V. Bala Subramanian; ISBN: 9021995700; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9021995700/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists in Chronic Stable Angina Pectoris: Current Status (Current Clinical Practice Series, 39) by V. Bala Subramanian; ISBN: 0444903224; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444903224/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists in Clinical Medicine by Murray, MD Epstein (Editor) (2002); ISBN: 1560534966; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560534966/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists in the Treatment of Hypertension in Pregnancy by A. L. Tranquilli (Editor), C. Romanini; ISBN: 1850704686; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1850704686/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium antagonists today and tomorrow : proceedings of three regional meetings held in Cumbria, Worcestershire, and Hampshire; ISBN: 0906817536; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0906817536/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists: A Critical Review by Helmut Lydtin, Peter Trenkwalder; ISBN: 0387513728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387513728/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists: Mechanism of Action on Cardiac Muscle and Vascular Smooth Muscle (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 39) by Nicholas Sperelakis, James B. Caulfield (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0898386551; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898386551/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists: Pharmacology and Clinical Research (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 522) by P.M. Vanhoutte, S. Govoni (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0897664191; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897664191/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Antagonists: The State of the Art and Role in Cardiovascular Disease: Proceedings of the Calcium Antagonists Symposium of the Ameri by Brian F.
452 Calcium
Hoffman (1983); ISBN: 094306001X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/094306001X/icongroupinterna •
Calcium As a Cellular Regulator by Ernesto Carafoli (Editor), Claude B. Klee (Editor) (1999); ISBN: 0195094212; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0195094212/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium As an Intracellular Messenger in Eucaryotic Microbes by Danton H. O'Day (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 1555810233; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555810233/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium as cell signal : proceedings of the Yamada Conference XXXIX on Calcium as Cell Signal, April 26-28, 1994, Tokyo, Japan; ISBN: 4260143093; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4260143093/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium As Cell Signal: Proceedings of the Yamada Conference Xxxix on Calcium As Cell Signal, April 26-28, 1994, Tokyo, Japan by Yamada Conference on Calcium As Cell Signal, et al (1996); ISBN: 0896403092; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896403092/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Bible by Outlet; ISBN: 0517662612; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0517662612/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Binding Proteins by Marvin P. Thompson (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0849348579; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849348579/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium binding proteins : proceedings of the international symposium held at Jablonna, July 9-12, 1973; ISBN: 0444998896; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444998896/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Binding Proteins 1983 by B. De Bernard; ISBN: 0444805370; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444805370/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Binding Proteins in Health and Disease by Anthony W. Norman, et al; ISBN: 012521040X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/012521040X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Binding Proteins in Normal and Transformed Cells (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, V. 269) by European Symposium on Calcium Binding Proteins in Normal and Transform, et al (1990); ISBN: 0306434911; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306434911/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Biological Systems by Seb 30 (Author) (1976); ISBN: 0521212367; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521212367/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium blockers : mechanisms of action and clinical applications; ISBN: 0806706112; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0806706112/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium carbide, 15 December 1976; ISBN: 0642027137; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0642027137/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Carbonate: From the Cretaceous Period into the 21st Century by F. Wolfgang Tegethoff (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 3764364254; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3764364254/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channel Antagonists in Cardiovascular Disease: Focus on Verapamil by Milton Packer, William H. Frishman (Editor); ISBN: 0838510140; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0838510140/icongroupinterna
Books 453
•
Calcium Channel Blockade in Cardiovascular Therapeutics by Bramah N. Singh; ISBN: 0884164594; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0884164594/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents by Peter H. Stone, Elliot M. Antman (1983); ISBN: 0879931876; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879931876/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channel Modulators in Heart and Smooth Muscle: Basic Mechanisms and Pharmacological Aspects: Proceedings of the 33rd Oholo Conference, eilat by Shlomo Abraham, Gabriel Amitai (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 1560811234; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1560811234/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channel Pharmacology by Stefan I. McDonough (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0306478781; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306478781/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium channels : structure and function; ISBN: 0897665201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897665201/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channels : Structure, Function and Physiology by Euan Brown (Editor), Robert Meech (Editor); ISBN: 0521580773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521580773/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channels: Structure and Function (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 560) by Dennis W. Wray, et al (1989); ISBN: 0897665198; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897665198/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Channels: Their Properties, Functions, Regulation, and Clinical Relevance by Leon Hurwitz, et al; ISBN: 0849388074; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849388074/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Chloride in Concrete: Science and Technology by Vangipuram S. Ramachandran (1976); ISBN: 0853346828; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0853346828/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium clean steel by Tohei Ototani; ISBN: 0387163468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387163468/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Counter/to Basic Food and Brand Names (Consumer Guide) by Sara Silverman Rhodes, et al; ISBN: 0451145941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451145941/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Counts by Annette B., Ph. D. Natow, Jo-Ann Heslin; ISBN: 0671042726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671042726/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Disorders by David A. Heath (Editor), Stephen J. Marx (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0407022732; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0407022732/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium electrogenesis and neuronal functioning; ISBN: 0387158405; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387158405/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium entry and action at the presynaptic nerve terminal; ISBN: 0897666860; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897666860/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Entry and Action at the Presynaptic Nerve Terminal (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 635) by Elis F. Stanley, et al (1991); ISBN: 0897666852; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897666852/icongroupinterna
454 Calcium
•
Calcium Entry Blockers and Tissue Protection by Theophile Godfraind, et al; ISBN: 0890047197; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890047197/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Entry Blockers in Cardiovascular and Cerebral Dysfunction (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 40) by Theophile Godfraind (1984); ISBN: 0898386586; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898386586/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Entry in Endothelium & in Mast Cells: Mechanisms & Modulation by Marion Gericke (1996); ISBN: 9061867290; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061867290/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Fundamental Biochemical by Zaidi; ISBN: 0471932973; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471932973/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Homeostasis by Gregory R. Mundy (1991); ISBN: 0948269677; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0948269677/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Homeostasis (Topics in Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 3) by Ernesto Carafoli (Editor), J. Krebs (Editor) (2000); ISBN: 3540671757; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540671757/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium homeostasis : hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia by Gregory R. Mundy; ISBN: 1853170364; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1853170364/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Homeostasis and Signaling in Aging by Mark P., Phd Mattson (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0444511350; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444511350/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Hunger : Behavioral and Biological Regulation by Jay Schulkin (Author) (2000); ISBN: 0521791707; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521791707/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Hypothesis of Aging and Dementia (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 747) by John F. Disterhoft (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0897668790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897668790/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Biological Systems by Ronald P. Rubin, et al (1985); ISBN: 0306417472; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306417472/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Biology by Thomas G. Spiro (Editor); ISBN: 0471885436; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471885436/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Cell Cycles and Cancer by James F., Ph.D. Whitfield; ISBN: 0849344204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849344204/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in drug action; ISBN: 0306400154; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306400154/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in drug actions; ISBN: 0387174117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387174117/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Essential Hypertension by Kyuzo Aoki, Edward D. Frohlich (Editor); ISBN: 0120588455; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120588455/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Human Biology by B. E. Nordin (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 3540174753; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540174753/icongroupinterna
Books 455
•
Calcium in Internal Medicine by Hirotoshi Morii (Editor), et al; ISBN: 1852334800; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1852334800/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in muscle activation : a comparative approach by Johann Caspar Rüegg; ISBN: 0387171177; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387171177/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Muscle Contraction: Cellular and Molecular Physiology by Johann Caspar Ruegg (1992); ISBN: 3540555447; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540555447/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Plant Growth and Development: Proceedings 13th Annual Riverside Symposium in Plant Physiology, January 11-13, 1990 (Current Topics in Pla) by Robert T. Leonard (Editor), Peter K. Hepler (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0943088186; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0943088186/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in synaptic transmission : 4th Gif lectures in neurobiology, Laboratoire de neurobiologie cellulaire du C.N.R.S, Gif-sur-Yvette, October 18-19th, 1979; ISBN: 0893521248; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0893521248/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Waters and Sewage Effluents by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 011751313X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/011751313X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium in Your Life by The American Dietetic Association (Author), Colleen Pierre (Author) (1998); ISBN: 0471346675; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471346675/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Inhibition (1993); ISBN: 4762267201; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4762267201/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Inhibition: A New Mode for Ca2+ Regulation by Kazuhiro Kohama (Editor); ISBN: 0849377676; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849377676/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Ion Modulators: The New Wave of Psychotropic Drugs by Kazuhide Inoue (Editor), Yasuo Watanabe (Editor); ISBN: 9057020807; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9057020807/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Ions in Nerve Cell Function (Oxford Neuroscience Series, 1) by Platon G. Kostyuk, P. G. Kostiuk (1992); ISBN: 0198546726; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198546726/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Magnesium by Health Woodland (2001); ISBN: 1580540759; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580540759/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Magnesium Acetate: An Emerging Bulk Chemical for Environmental Applications (Industrial Chemistry Library, Vol 2) by D.L. Wise, et al; ISBN: 0444885110; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444885110/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Metabolism (Progress in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 4) by J.A. Kanis (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 3805551460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805551460/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium metabolism and the bone by Paul Fourman; ISBN: 0632016809; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0632016809/icongroupinterna
456 Calcium
•
Calcium metabolism in renal failure and nephrolithiasis; ISBN: 0471196738; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471196738/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium metabolism, bone and metabolic bone diseases : [proceedings]; ISBN: 0387069909; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387069909/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Metabolism: Comparative Endocrinology by J. Danks, et al (1999); ISBN: 1901978052; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1901978052/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Modulators: Symposia of the Giovanni Lorenzini Foundation by Theophile Godfraind, et al; ISBN: 0444804641; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444804641/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium movement in excitable cells by Peter Frederick Baker; ISBN: 0080182984; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080182984/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Nutriture for Mothers and Children (Carnation Nutrition Education Series, Vol 3) by Reginald C. Tsang, Francis Mimouni (Editor); ISBN: 0881678694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881678694/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Oxalate in Biological Systems by Saeed R. Khan (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849376734; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849376734/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium oxide and hydroxide : environmental and technical information for problem spills; ISBN: 0662131541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0662131541/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Phosphate Materials Bone Substitution; ISBN: 0412494205; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412494205/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Phosphates in Biological and Industrial Systems by Zahid Amjad (Editor) (1998); ISBN: 0792380460; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792380460/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Phosphates in Oral Biology and Medicine (Monographs in Oral Science, Vol 15) by Racquel Zapanta Legeros; ISBN: 380555236X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380555236X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Protein Signaling (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 255) by Hiroyoshi Hidaka (1989); ISBN: 0306432439; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306432439/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulating Hormones and Bone Metabolism: Basic and Clinical Aspects: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Calcium Regulating (International Congress Series, No. 1003) by International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones 1992 Florence, et al; ISBN: 0444894896; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444894896/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium regulating hormones, vitamin D metabolites, and cyclic AMP assays and their clinical application; ISBN: 3540522298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540522298/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulating Hormones, Vitamin d Metabolites, and Cyclic Amp Assays and Their Clinical Application by H. Schmidt-Gayk, et al; ISBN: 0387522298; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387522298/icongroupinterna
Books 457
•
Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism Basic and Clinical Aspects by D.V. Cohn; ISBN: 0444808833; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444808833/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation and Bone Metabolism: Basic and Clinical Aspects: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones (International Congress Series, No. 886) by International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones 1989 Montreal, et al; ISBN: 0444813292; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444813292/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation by Calcium Antagonists by Ralf G. Rahwan (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0841207445; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841207445/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation by Calcium-Binding Proteins in Neurodegenerative Disorders (Neuroscience Intelligence Unit) by Claus W., Ph.D. Heizmann, Katharina, Ph.D. Braun (1995); ISBN: 1570592608; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570592608/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation in Biological Systems by Setsuro Ebashi (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0122286502; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122286502/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation in Sub-Mammalian Vertebrates by Christopher Dacke (1997); ISBN: 0122010507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0122010507/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Regulation of Cellular Function (Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research, Volume 30) by Paul Greengard (Editor), et al (1998); ISBN: 0120361302; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0120361302/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Requirement Cookbook: 200 Recipes That Supply Necessary Calcium-Rich Foods to Prevent the Bone Loss That Often Begins in a Woman's Thirties by Joanne Ness, Genell Subak-Sharpe; ISBN: 0871314533; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871314533/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Rich and Dairy Free by Sally Rockwell; ISBN: 0879835613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879835613/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Rundamental Biochemical by Zaidi; ISBN: 0471932981; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471932981/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signal and Cell Response by Koichi Yagi, et al; ISBN: 0387505229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387505229/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signaling by James W., Jr Putney (Editor); ISBN: 0849333865; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849333865/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signaling by Martin Morad (2001); ISBN: 4274904229; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/4274904229/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signaling Protocols by David G. Lambert (Editor); ISBN: 0896035972; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896035972/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signalling in Cancer by G. V. Sherbet, Gajanan V. Sherbet; ISBN: 0849309425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849309425/icongroupinterna
458 Calcium
•
Calcium Signalling in the Nervous System by A. N. Verkhratsky, et al (1996); ISBN: 0471959413; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471959413/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Signalling: A Practical Approach by Alexei Tepikin (Editor); ISBN: 0199638489; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0199638489/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium transport and intracellular calcium homeostasis; ISBN: 3540517782; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540517782/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium transport in contraction and secretion : proceedings of the International Symposium on Calcium Transport in Contraction and Secretion, Bressanone, Italy, 12-16 May, 1975; ISBN: 044410917X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044410917X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Urolithiasis: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management (Topics in Bone and Mineral Disorders) by Charles Y. C. Pak (1978); ISBN: 0306311100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306311100/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium Without the Cow by Dr. Sally Rockwell; ISBN: 0916575276; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0916575276/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Cell Cycles, and Cancer by James F. Whitfield (1990); ISBN: 0849362334; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849362334/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Membranes, Aging, and Alzheimer's Disease (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 568) by Zaven S. Khachaturian, et al (1989); ISBN: 0897665473; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897665473/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Neuronal Function and Transmitter Release (Topics in the Neurosciences, No 1) by Rami Rahamimoff (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 0898387914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0898387914/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Oxygen Radicals and Cellular Damage by C. J. Duncan (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0521380685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0521380685/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, parathyroid hormone and the calcitonins; proceedings of the Fourth Parathyroid Conference, Chapel Hill, N.C., U.S.A., March 15-19, 1971; ISBN: 9021901544; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9021901544/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, phosphate, and magnesium metabolism : clinical physiology and diagnostic procedures; ISBN: 0443011885; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0443011885/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, The Facts: Get Maximum Benefits from Fossilized Coral and Important Cofactors (Health Learning Handbook) by Beth M. Ley, Beth M. Ley-Jacobs; ISBN: 1890766178; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1890766178/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Vitamin D, and Prevention of Colon Cancer by Martin S. Newmark, et al; ISBN: 0849342643; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849342643/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium, Waves, Gradients and Oscillations - Symposium No. 188 by CIBA Foundation Symposium (Author); ISBN: 0471952346; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471952346/icongroupinterna
Books 459
•
Calcium: Beat the Osteoporosis Epidemic by Leonard Mervyn; ISBN: 0722515790; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0722515790/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium: Cell Cycle Driver, Differentiator and Killer (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit Series) by James F. Whitfield (1997); ISBN: 0412140616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0412140616/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium: Cell Cycle Driver, Differentiator, Killer (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by James F. Whitfield; ISBN: 1570594716; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570594716/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium: Nature's Versatile Mineral by Gene, Ph.D., Cns Spiller, et al (2000); ISBN: 1583330585; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583330585/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium: The Molecular Basis of Calcium Action in Biology and Medicine by Roland Pochet (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 079236421X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/079236421X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Activated Chloride Channels (Current Topics in Membranes, Volume 53) by Catherine Fuller (Editor), Catherine Mary Fuller; ISBN: 0121533530; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121533530/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Antagonistas by W. Nayler; ISBN: 3540516468; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540516468/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Binding Protein Protocols: Volume 1: Reviews and Case Histories by Hans J. Vogel (Editor); ISBN: 089603688X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/089603688X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Binding Protein Protocols: Volume 2: Methods and Techniques by Hans J. Vogel (Editor); ISBN: 0896036898; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0896036898/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-binding proteins : structure and function : proceedings of an International Symposium on Calcium-Binding Proteins and Calcium Function in Health and Disease, held June 8-12, 1980, at the Wisconsin Center, Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A; ISBN: 044400565X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044400565X/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-binding proteins and calcium function : proceedings of the International Symposium on Calcium-Binding Proteins and Calcium Function in Health and Disease, June 5-9, 1977; ISBN: 0444002456; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444002456/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Binding Proteins in Avian and Mammalian Central Nervous System: Localization, Development and Possible Functions by Katharina Braun (1990); ISBN: 0895743167; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895743167/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Binding Proteins in the Human Developing Brain by N. Ulfig; ISBN: 3540434631; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540434631/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Binding Proteins: Biological Functions by Marvin P. Thompson (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0849348595; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849348595/icongroupinterna
460 Calcium
•
Calcium-Binding Proteins: Characterization and Properties by Marvin P. Thompson (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 0849348587; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849348587/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Dependent Potassium Channels (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by Robert Dale Hinrichsen; ISBN: 1570590117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570590117/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Dependent Processes in the Liver (Falk Symposium, 48) by C. Heilmann (1988); ISBN: 0746200757; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0746200757/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Regulating Hormones and Cardiovascular Function by M. F. Crass, Louis V. Avioli (Editor); ISBN: 0849386616; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849386616/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Regulating Hormones: Calcium Transport, Bone Metabolism, and New Drugs (Contributions to Nephrology, Vol. 91) by Body Functions International Symposium on Calcium-Regulating Hormones, H. Morii (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 3805553722; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805553722/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Regulating Hormones: Proceedings of the Fifth Parathyroid Conference, Oxford, United Kingdom, July 21-26, 1974 by 5th, Oxford, 1974. Parathyroid Conference; ISBN: 0444151613; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444151613/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Regulating Hormones: Role in Disease and Aging, Part I (Contributions to Nephrology, Vol 90) by H. Morii (Editor) (1991); ISBN: 3805553714; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805553714/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Sensing Receptor (Endocrine Updates, 19) by Edward M. Brown (Editor), Naibedya Chattopadhyay (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 1402073143; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1402073143/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Sequestering Cell Organelles: In Situ Localization Morphological and Functional Characterization (Pro in Histochem & Cytochem V 20 N 2) by Berne Waltz, et al; ISBN: 0895743000; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895743000/icongroupinterna
•
Calcium-Signalling in Smooth Muscle: Recent Developments (Biological Signals, Vol2, No5, 1993) by Chiu-Yin Kwan (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 3805559682; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805559682/icongroupinterna
•
Calciyum!: Delicious Calcium-Rich Dairy-Free Vegetarian Recipes by David Bronfman, Rachelle Bronfman (Introduction); ISBN: 0968350305; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0968350305/icongroupinterna
•
Calmodulin und Calciumantagonismus : Internationales Sensit-Symposium, Genf 1985 : Freitag, den 18. Januar 1985; ISBN: 0895742187; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895742187/icongroupinterna
•
cAMP induzierte Kaliumflüsse und ihre Regulation durch Calcium in Dictyostelium discoideum by Susanne Aeckerle; ISBN: 3891912811; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3891912811/icongroupinterna
•
Capacitative Calcium Entry (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by James W. Putney (1997); ISBN: 1570594317; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570594317/icongroupinterna
Books 461
•
Cardiovascular Effects of Dihydropyridine-Type Calcium Antagonists and Agonists (Bayer-Symposium IX) by A. Fleckenstein, et al; ISBN: 0387154558; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387154558/icongroupinterna
•
Cell Calcium and the Control of Membrane Transport (Society of General Physiologists Series, Vol 42) by Lazaro J. Mandel, Douglas C. Eaton (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0874700434; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0874700434/icongroupinterna
•
Cell Calcium Metabolism: Physiology, Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Clinical Implications (Gwumc Department of Biochemistry Annual Spring Symposium) by Gary Fiskum (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 030643069X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030643069X/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Sodium-Calcium Exchange: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 976) by Jonathan Lytton (Editor), et al (2002); ISBN: 1573313866; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573313866/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular and Molecular Physiology of Sodium-Calcium Exchange: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 976) by Jonathan Lytton (Editor), Jefferson Hane Weaver (2002); ISBN: 1573313874; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573313874/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular Calcium and Phosphate Transport in Health and Disease (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 252) by Felix Bronner; ISBN: 0471608645; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471608645/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular calcium and phosphate transport in health and disease : proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Calcium and Phosphate Transport Across Biomembranes, held in Vienna, Austria, March 1-4, 1987; ISBN: 0845151029; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845151029/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular Calcium: A Practical Approach (The Practical Approach Series) by James G. McCormack (Editor), P. H. Cobbold (Editor); ISBN: 0199631301; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0199631301/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular Function of Calcium in Plants (Life Chemistry Reports Series) by B. A. Levine, et al; ISBN: 3718602989; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3718602989/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular mechanisms for calcium transfer and homeostasis; ISBN: 0125180500; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125180500/icongroupinterna
•
Cellular Regulators, Part B: Calcium and Lipids (Methods in Enzymology, Vol 141) by P. Michael Conn (Editor), et al (1987); ISBN: 0121820416; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820416/icongroupinterna
•
Cerebral Ischemia and Calcium; ISBN: 3540509704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540509704/icongroupinterna
•
Cerebral Ischemia and Calcium by Alexander Hartmann, Wolfgang Kuschinsky (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0387509704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387509704/icongroupinterna
•
Channels Voltage-Gated Calcium by Gerlad Zamponi (2003); ISBN: 1587062100; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1587062100/icongroupinterna
462 Calcium
•
Characterization and Performance of Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Implants (Stp, No 1196) by Emanuel Horowitz, Jack E. Parr (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0803118546; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0803118546/icongroupinterna
•
Clinical Aspects of Calcium Entry Blockers (Progress in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, Vol 2) by P.A. Van Zwieten (Editor) (1989); ISBN: 3805548583; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805548583/icongroupinterna
•
Clinical Endocrinology of Calcium Metabolism (Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Vol 9) by T. John Martin, Lawrence G. Raisz (Editor); ISBN: 0824776895; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824776895/icongroupinterna
•
Clinical Essentials of Calcium and Skeletal Disorders by Leonard J. Deftos M.D. (1998); ISBN: 1884735398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1884735398/icongroupinterna
•
Clinical Use of Calcium Channel Antagonist Drugs by Lionel H. Opie; ISBN: 0792301552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792301552/icongroupinterna
•
Codata Thermodynamic Tables: Selections for Some Compounds of Calcium and Related Mixtures: A Prototype Set of Tables by D. Garvin, et al (1987); ISBN: 0891167307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0891167307/icongroupinterna
•
COM (94) 263 Final, Brussels 14.06 [June]. 1994: Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) Extending the Provisional Anti-dumping Duty on Imports of Calcium Metal Originating in the People's Republic of China and Russia (COM (94) 263 Final, Brussels 14.06 [June]. 1994) (1994); ISBN: 9277708557; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9277708557/icongroupinterna
•
Comparative Endocrinology of Calcium Regulations by Christopher Dacke, I. Caple (1996); ISBN: 1898099081; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1898099081/icongroupinterna
•
Control and Manipulation of Calcium Movement (Biological Council Symposium Series) by J.R. Parratt (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 0881670693; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0881670693/icongroupinterna
•
Control of Bitter Pit and Breakdown of Calcium in the Apples Coxs Orange Pippin and Jonathon; ISBN: 0686718550; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0686718550/icongroupinterna
•
Coral Calcium: The Complete Story of the In-Demand Supplement from the Coral Reefs of Japan by Woodland Publishing (2003); ISBN: 1580543715; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1580543715/icongroupinterna
•
Current Research on Calcium-Regulating Hormones (University of Texas Medical Branch Series in Biomedical Science) by Cary W. Cooper (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 029271114X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/029271114X/icongroupinterna
•
Customs-free provision for cromium trioxide (chromic acid); Withdrawal of the rebate facilities in respect of parts for the manufacture of horns; Withdrawal of the rebate facilities in respect of isopropyl alcohol and isobutyl alcohol for the manufacture of textile auxiliaries; Rebate of the duty on calcium hydrogen orthophosphate (dicalcium phosphate); ISBN: 0621016330; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0621016330/icongroupinterna
Books 463
•
Cytosolic Calcium Measurements, Regulation and Biologic Significance in Epithelial Tissue (Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism, Vol 14, No 1) by Z.S. Agus, Ellie Kelepouris (Editor) (1988); ISBN: 3805546580; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805546580/icongroupinterna
•
Dietary Reference Intakes: For Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (Dietary Reference Series) by Institute of Medicine (1999); ISBN: 0309064031; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309064031/icongroupinterna
•
Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism in childhood and adolescence by Harold E. Harrison; ISBN: 0721645372; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0721645372/icongroupinterna
•
Drugs Looking for Diseases: Innovative Drug Research and the Development of the Beta Blockers and the Calcium Antagonists (Developments in Cardiovascular Medicine, 120) by Rein Vos (1991); ISBN: 0792309685; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792309685/icongroupinterna
•
Endocrinology of calcium metabolism; ISBN: 0890043442; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0890043442/icongroupinterna
•
Endocrinology of calcium metabolism : proceedings of the sixth Parathyroid Conference, Vancouver, Canada, June 12-17, 1977; ISBN: 0444900101; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444900101/icongroupinterna
•
Enhancing Coagulation With Calcium Addition by Charles R. O'Melia (Editor), et al (2000); ISBN: 1583210784; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1583210784/icongroupinterna
•
Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation of Calcium Magnesium Acetate/Cma (National Cooperative Highway Research Report Program, No 305) by Richard R. Horner (1988); ISBN: 0309046025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309046025/icongroupinterna
•
Epilepsy and Calcium by Erwin-Josef Speckmann (Editor), et al; ISBN: 3541718315; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3541718315/icongroupinterna
•
Epithelial calcium and phosphate transport : molecular and cellular aspects : proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Calcium and Phosphate Across Biomembranes, held in Vienna, Austria, March 5-7, 1984; ISBN: 0845150189; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845150189/icongroupinterna
•
Epithelial Calcium and Phosphate Transport: Molecular and Cellular Aspects (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 168) by Felix, Peterlik, Meinrad Bronner (Editor), Meinrad Peterlik (Editor); ISBN: 0471833398; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471833398/icongroupinterna
•
Essential Hypertension: Calcium Mechanisms and Treatment by K. Aoki (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0387700161; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387700161/icongroupinterna
•
European Antihypertensive Drug Markets: Calcium Antagonists and Ace Inhibitors Lead Market Growth by Market Intelligence (1995); ISBN: 0788902547; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0788902547/icongroupinterna
•
Evaluating the Calcium Ion Content in Commercial Dried Milk Powders by H. Anthony Neidig (Editor), David N. Bailey (1994); ISBN: 0875404375; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875404375/icongroupinterna
464 Calcium
•
Evaporite Sediments and Rocks: The Calcium Sulphate and Halite Facies by D. J. Shearman; ISBN: 0442313357; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0442313357/icongroupinterna
•
Extra- and Intracellular Calcium and Phosphate Regulation: From Basic Research to Clinical Medicine by Felix Bronner, Meinrad Peterlik; ISBN: 0849301882; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849301882/icongroupinterna
•
First International Calcium Treatment Symposium (1988); ISBN: 0901462551; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0901462551/icongroupinterna
•
Food Values: Calcium (Food Value Series) by Leah Wallach; ISBN: 0060962216; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0060962216/icongroupinterna
•
Formal Sessions and Abstracts (Endocrine Control of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Vol. 8a (International Congress Series, No. 619)) by David V. Cohn, et al; ISBN: 0444805893; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444805893/icongroupinterna
•
Free Intracellular Calcium During Smooth Muscle Excitation by B. Himpens (1988); ISBN: 9061862728; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061862728/icongroupinterna
•
Fuller's earth : a history of calcium montmorillonite by Robert H. S. Robertson; ISBN: 0856060704; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0856060704/icongroupinterna
•
G Proteins and Calcium Signaling by Paul H. Naccache (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0849345723; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849345723/icongroupinterna
•
Gallopamil: Pharmacological and Clinical Profile of a Calcium Antagonist by M. Kaltenbach, R. Hopf (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0387137378; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387137378/icongroupinterna
•
Great Healthy Food for Strong Bones: 120 Delicious Recipes Using Calcium-Rich Ingredients by Fiona Hunter, Emma-Lee Gow (2003); ISBN: 1552976521; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1552976521/icongroupinterna
•
Guidebook to the Calcium-Binding Proteins (Sambrook and Tooze Guidebook Series) by Marco R. Celio (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 019859951X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/019859951X/icongroupinterna
•
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology: Calcium in Drug Actions by P. Baker (Editor); ISBN: 3540174117; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540174117/icongroupinterna
•
Highway Deicing: Comparing Salt and Calcium Magnesium Acetate (Special Report; 235) [PHOTOCOPY] by Committe on the Comparative Costs of Rock Salt and Calcium Magnesium A (1991); ISBN: 0309051231; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0309051231/icongroupinterna
•
Hormones and Calcium Metabolism by H. Corvilain (Editor), M. Fuss (Editor) (1984); ISBN: 380553888X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380553888X/icongroupinterna
•
Hypopyse und hormonelles Calciumregulationssystem by Georg Michael Salzer; ISBN: 8774940368; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/8774940368/icongroupinterna
Books 465
•
Identification of CYK, A Cyclin B2 Kinase as a Novel Calcium, CalmodulinDependent Protein Kinase II and Its Role During Xenopus Laevis Oocyte Maturation (Acta Biomedica Lovaniensia 205) by Ilse Stevens (1999); ISBN: 9061869919; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9061869919/icongroupinterna
•
Inborn Errors of Calcium and Bone Metabolism by H. Bickel (Editor), J. Stern (Editor); ISBN: 0852001347; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0852001347/icongroupinterna
•
Inborn errors of calcium and bone metabolism : monograph based upon proceedings of the twelfth symposium of the Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism; ISBN: 0839108532; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0839108532/icongroupinterna
•
Indexes to the analyses of calcium and magnesium carbonate rocks and of other sedimentary rocks rich in either calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus by Germaine A. Joplin; ISBN: 064202958X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/064202958X/icongroupinterna
•
Inositol Phosphates and Calcium Signalling (Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research, Vol 26) by James W., Jr. Putney (Editor); ISBN: 088167883X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/088167883X/icongroupinterna
•
Integrative Aspects of Calcium Signalling by Alexej Verkhratsky (Editor), Emil C. Toescu (Editor); ISBN: 0306460327; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306460327/icongroupinterna
•
International Council of Scientific Unions/Task Group on Chemical Thermodynamic Tables: CODATA Thermodynamic Tables: Selections for Some Compounds of Calcium and Related Mixtures: A Prototype Set of Tables by D. Garvin (Editor), Et Al (Editor); ISBN: 3540177884; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540177884/icongroupinterna
•
Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Its Regulation by Alexander D. Kenny; ISBN: 0849357012; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849357012/icongroupinterna
•
Intracellular Calcium Regulation by Felix Bronner (Editor); ISBN: 0471562165; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471562165/icongroupinterna
•
Intracellular Calcium Regulation by Hermann Bader (1986); ISBN: 0719018358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0719018358/icongroupinterna
•
Intracellular Calcium, Its Universal Role as Regulator by Anthony K. Campbell; ISBN: 0471104884; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471104884/icongroupinterna
•
Intracellular Calcium-Dependent Proteolysis by Ronald L. Mellgren, et al; ISBN: 0849365708; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849365708/icongroupinterna
•
Intracellular Components Involved in Parathyroid Sensing of Extracellular Calcium (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, 837) by Isaac G. Onyango (1999); ISBN: 9155444415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155444415/icongroupinterna
•
Lithium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, and barium in waters and sewage effluents by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, 1987; ISBN: 0117520160; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117520160/icongroupinterna
466 Calcium
•
MARUO CALCIUM CO., LTD.: International Competitive Benchmarks and Financial Gap Analysis (Financial Performance Series) by Inc Icon Group International, Ltd. Icon Group; ISBN: 0597085552; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597085552/icongroupinterna
•
MARUO CALCIUM CO., LTD.: Labor Productivity Benchmarks and International Gap Analysis (Labor Productivity Series) by Inc Icon Group International, Ltd. Icon Group; ISBN: 0597261504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0597261504/icongroupinterna
•
Materials Science of Concrete, Special Volume: Calcium Hydroxide in Concrete by Jan P. Skalny (Editor), et al (2001); ISBN: 1574981285; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1574981285/icongroupinterna
•
Measurement of Free Calcium in Cells by C.C. Ashley, A.K. Campbell; ISBN: 0444801855; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444801855/icongroupinterna
•
Measuring Calcium and Calmodulin Inside and Outside Cells (Springer Lab Manuals) by O. H. Petersen (Editor), Ole H. Peterson (Editor); ISBN: 3540675361; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540675361/icongroupinterna
•
Mechanisms of intestinal electrolyte transport and regulation by calcium : proceedings of a conference held at the Kroc Foundation, Santa Ynez Valley, California, September 26-30, 1983; ISBN: 0845103075; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0845103075/icongroupinterna
•
Mechanisms of Intestinal Electrolyte Transport and Regulation by Calcium: Proceedings (Kroc Foundation Series, Vol 17) by Mark Donowitz, Geoffrey W.G. Sharp (Editor); ISBN: 0471833614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471833614/icongroupinterna
•
Membrane Transport of Calcium by Ernesto Carafoli; ISBN: 0121593207; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121593207/icongroupinterna
•
Messenger Func of Calcium in Hlth & Dise by Rasmussen; ISBN: 0471831395; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471831395/icongroupinterna
•
Metal Ions in Biological Systems: Calcium and Its Role in Biology by Helmut Sigel (Editor); ISBN: 0824771729; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0824771729/icongroupinterna
•
Methods in Cell Biology: A Practical Guide to the Study of Calcium in Living Cells (Methods in Cell Biology, 40) by Richard Nuccitelli (Editor) (1994); ISBN: 0125641419; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125641419/icongroupinterna
•
Methods in Enzymology: Cellular Regulators, Part A: Calcium-And CalmodulinBinding Proteins (Methods in Enzymology) by Sidney P. Colowick (Editor), et al (1987); ISBN: 0121820394; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820394/icongroupinterna
•
Methods in Enzymology: Hormone Action, Part G: Calmodulin and Calcium-Binding Proteins by Colowick, et al (1983); ISBN: 0121820025; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121820025/icongroupinterna
•
Modulation of Cardiac Calcium Sensitivity: A New Approach to Increasing the Strength of the Heart by John A. Lee (Editor), David G. Allen (Editor); ISBN: 0192623478; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0192623478/icongroupinterna
Books 467
•
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Calcium in Plant Development (NATO Asi Series A, Live Sciences Vol 104) by A.J. Trewavas (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 030642228X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/030642228X/icongroupinterna
•
Molecular and Cellular Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism (Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, Vol 332) by Meinrad Peterlik (Editor), Felix Bronner (Editor); ISBN: 047156706X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047156706X/icongroupinterna
•
Myocardial Protection by Calcium Antagonists by Lionel H. Opie (Editor); ISBN: 0471076694; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471076694/icongroupinterna
•
Nephrocalcinosis, Calcium Antagonists and Kidney by K. H. Bichler (1988); ISBN: 0387181199; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387181199/icongroupinterna
•
New Drug Therapy With a Calcium Antagonist. Ed by R.J. Bing (International Congress Series, No 487) by 1978 Diltiazem Hakone Symposium; ISBN: 044490087X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/044490087X/icongroupinterna
•
New Perspectives on Calcium Antagonists. Ed by George B. Weiss (1981); ISBN: 0683092014; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0683092014/icongroupinterna
•
New Therapeutic Uses of Calcium Channel Blockers by H. Glossmann (Editor); ISBN: 3211822003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3211822003/icongroupinterna
•
New Therapeutic Uses of Calcium Channel Blockers (Journal of Neural Transmission, Supplement 31) by H. Glossman (Editor); ISBN: 0387822003; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387822003/icongroupinterna
•
Not Milk Calcium Alternative Cookbook by Robert Cohen (1991); ISBN: 0965919668; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0965919668/icongroupinterna
•
Novel Calcium Binding Proteins (1991); ISBN: 3540532773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540532773/icongroupinterna
•
Novel Calcium Binding Proteins: Fundamentals and Clinical Implications by Claus W. Heizmann (Editor); ISBN: 0387532773; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387532773/icongroupinterna
•
Nutritional Bioavailability of Calcium (A C S Symposium Series, 275) by Constance Kies (Editor) (1985); ISBN: 0841209073; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0841209073/icongroupinterna
•
Octacalcium Phosphate (Monographs in Oral Science, Vol 18) by L.C. Chow (Editor), E.D. Eanes (Editor) (2001); ISBN: 380557228X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380557228X/icongroupinterna
•
Optimal Calcium Intake: National Institutes of Health Development Conference: Proceedings, 1994 by John P. Bilezikian (1994); ISBN: 075672774X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/075672774X/icongroupinterna
•
Osteoporosis : selected papers presented at the Workshop on Current Strategies in the Treatment of Osteoporosis : held during the 9th International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones and Bone Metabolism, Nice, 25 October-1 November 1986; ISBN: 0444809104; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444809104/icongroupinterna
468 Calcium
•
Osteoporosis : selected papers presented at the Workshop on Current Strategies in the Treatment of Osteoporosis : held during the 9th International Conference on Calcium Regulating Hormones and Bone Metabolism, Nice, 25 October-1 November 1986; ISBN: 0444808914; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444808914/icongroupinterna
•
Osteoporosis: Brittle Bones and the Calcium Crisis by Kathleen Mayes; ISBN: 0915201151; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0915201151/icongroupinterna
•
Pediatric Diseases Related to Calcium by Deluca; ISBN: 0444003614; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444003614/icongroupinterna
•
Perinatal Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism by M.F. Holick, et al; ISBN: 0444805095; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444805095/icongroupinterna
•
Pharmacological Aspects & Neurological Potentials of Calcium Entry Blockers by A. Hartmann (Editor), Pieter A. Van Zwieten (Editor) (1986); ISBN: 3805543654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3805543654/icongroupinterna
•
Pharmacological Control of Calcium and Potassium Homeostasis: Biological, Therapeutical, and Clinical Aspects (Medical Science Symposia Series, Vol 9) by T. Godfraind (Editor), et al (1995); ISBN: 0792336046; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792336046/icongroupinterna
•
Pharmacological control of ciliary activity in the young sea urchin larvae : cholinergic and monoaminergic effects and the role of calcium and cyclic nucleotides by Sherif Soliman; ISBN: 9171462678; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9171462678/icongroupinterna
•
Pharmacological Profiles in Hypertension, Volume 1: Calcium Channel Blockers by Victor R. Preedy (Editor), H. Why (Editor); ISBN: 1841100307; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1841100307/icongroupinterna
•
Photoreceptors and Calcium (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 514) by Wolfgang Baehr (Editor), Krzysztof Palczewski (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 0306474158; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0306474158/icongroupinterna
•
Potassium, Calcium and Magnesium in the Tropics and Subtropics (Technical Bulletins Ser.: T-23) by Robert D. Munson (1982); ISBN: 0880900415; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0880900415/icongroupinterna
•
Recent Advances in Calcium Channels and Calcium Antagonists by Yamada, Shibata; ISBN: 0071053360; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0071053360/icongroupinterna
•
Recent Advances in Calcium Channels and Calcium Antagonists: Proceedings of the Japan-U.S.A. Symposium on Cardiovascular Drugs by Kazuo Yamada (Editor) (1990); ISBN: 0080368611; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080368611/icongroupinterna
•
Recent Aspects in Calcium Antagonism by P. R. Lichtlen (Editor); ISBN: 0471564974; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471564974/icongroupinterna
•
Recent Aspects in Calcium Antagonism: An Exchange of Experience Between European and Us Scientists by P.R. Lichtlen (Editor); ISBN: 3794510569; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3794510569/icongroupinterna
Books 469
•
Recent Aspects in Calcium Antagonism: Nisoldipine by P. R. Lichtlen (Editor), P. G. Hugenholtz (Editor); ISBN: 0471565156; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471565156/icongroupinterna
•
Regulation of Calcium Transport Across Muscle Membranes (Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, Vol 25) by Felix Bronner (Editor), et al; ISBN: 0121533255; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0121533255/icongroupinterna
•
Role of Calcium in Biological Systems by Leopold J. Anghileri, Anne Marie TuffetAnghileri (Editor) (1982); ISBN: 0849362814; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0849362814/icongroupinterna
•
San Andres Carbonates in the Texas Panhandle: Sedimentation and Diagenesis Associated With Magnesium-Calcium-Chloride Brines by Amos Bein (1982); ISBN: 9993782270; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9993782270/icongroupinterna
•
Save Your Bones!: High Calcium, Low Calorie Recipes for the Family by Lois Goulder (1999); ISBN: 0937404489; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937404489/icongroupinterna
•
Second Generation of Calcium Anatagonists by Winifred G. Nayler; ISBN: 0387542159; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387542159/icongroupinterna
•
Separating and Determining the Mass of Calcium Ion in a Calcium-Enriched Tablet by H. Anthony Neidig, M. L. Gillette (1995); ISBN: 0875404553; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875404553/icongroupinterna
•
Signaling Pathways for Translation: Stress, Calcium and Rapamycin by Robert E. Rhoads (Editor); ISBN: 3540417109; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540417109/icongroupinterna
•
Silica, Calcium, and Clay: Processes in Mineral, Plant, Animal, and Man by Friedrich Benesch, et al (1995); ISBN: 0935690050; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0935690050/icongroupinterna
•
Sodium/Calcium Exchange: Proceedings of the Second International Conference (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 639) by Mordecai, P. Blaustein, et al (1991); ISBN: 0897666933; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897666933/icongroupinterna
•
Sodium-Calcium Exchange by Denis Noble (Editor), et al (1993); ISBN: 0198547358; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0198547358/icongroupinterna
•
Sodium-calcium exchange : proceedings of the second international conference; ISBN: 0897666941; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0897666941/icongroupinterna
•
Sodium-Calcium Exchange: Proceedings of the Third International Conference (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, V. 779) by Donald W. Hilgemann (Editor), et al (1996); ISBN: 1573310018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1573310018/icongroupinterna
•
Solubility of Calcium in CaO-CaCl2 by G.S. Perry, S.J. Shaw; ISBN: 0855181982; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0855181982/icongroupinterna
•
Stabilizing Craniocervical Operations: Calcium Antagonists in Sah: Current Legal Issues by K.A. Bushe, et al (1990); ISBN: 038751967X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/038751967X/icongroupinterna
470 Calcium
•
Structure and Chemistry of the Apatites and Other Calcium Orthophosphates by J. C. Elliott; ISBN: 0444815821; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444815821/icongroupinterna
•
Structure and Physiology of the Slow Inward Calcium Channel (Receptor Biochemistry and Methodology, Vol 9) by J. Graig Venter, et al; ISBN: 0471635391; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0471635391/icongroupinterna
•
Structure, Function and Modulation of Striated Muscle Calcium Channels (Molecular Biology Intelligence Unit) by Dieter J. Pelzer, et al; ISBN: 1570590575; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1570590575/icongroupinterna
•
Studies of Nucleotide Receptors-Induced Calcium Response in Glomerular Mesangial Cells and Afferent Arterioles (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations, 889) by Antonio M. Gutierrez (1999); ISBN: 915544606X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/915544606X/icongroupinterna
•
Stunning, Hibernation, and Calcium in Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion by Lionel H. Opie (Editor) (1992); ISBN: 0792317939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0792317939/icongroupinterna
•
Super Calcium Counter by Harris McIlwain, et al; ISBN: 1575665654; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575665654/icongroupinterna
•
Super Calcium Counter: The Essential Guide to Preventing Osteoporosis and Building Strong Bones by Harris McIlwain, Debra Fulghum Bruce (1999); ISBN: 1575663848; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1575663848/icongroupinterna
•
Super Calcium Miracle : Finally... A Proven Program to Help Reduce the Risk of Osteoporosis by Mark Andon (1998); ISBN: 0761514562; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0761514562/icongroupinterna
•
Swimming Pool Disinfection Systems Using Sodium Hypochlorite and Calcium Hypochlorite: a Survey of the Efficacy of Disinfection; ISBN: 0117515507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117515507/icongroupinterna
•
Techniques in Calcium Research by M. V. Thomas; ISBN: 0126886806; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0126886806/icongroupinterna
•
The Action of drugs on calcium metabolism : proceedings of a symposium; ISBN: 3437105329; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3437105329/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium and Calorie Counter by Randi Aaron; ISBN: 0425087808; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425087808/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium and Iron Counter Including Calories by Jacqueline Nagel (Editor); ISBN: 1557851018; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1557851018/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Bible: Healthy Bones for a Healthy Body by Patricia Hausman; ISBN: 0283993006; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0283993006/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Bible: How to Have Better Bones All Your Life by Patricia Hausman; ISBN: 0892562846; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0892562846/icongroupinterna
Books 471
•
The Calcium Channel. Structure, Function and Implications: Stresa/Italy, May 11-14, 1988; ISBN: 3540500618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540500618/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Channel: Structure Function and Implications: Bayer Ag Centenary Symposium Stresa/Italy, May 11-14, 1988 by M. Morad, et al; ISBN: 0387500618; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387500618/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Connection: A Revolutionary Diet and Health Program to Reduce Hypertension, Prevent Osteoporosis, and Lower the Risk of Cancer by Cedric Garland, et al; ISBN: 0671671928; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0671671928/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Cookbook: 200 Recipes That Supply Necessary Calcium-Rich Foods to Prevent Osteoporosis by Joanne Ness, Genell Subak-Sharpe; ISBN: 0871318504; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0871318504/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Diet by Edita Kaye; ISBN: 0974095516; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0974095516/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Factor: The Scientific Secret of Health and Youth by Robert R. Barefoot, Carl M. Reich; ISBN: 0963370324; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0963370324/icongroupinterna
•
The Calcium Key : The Revolutionary Diet Discovery That Will Help You Lose Weight Faster by Michael Zemel (Author), Bill Gottlieb (Author) (2003); ISBN: 047146368X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/047146368X/icongroupinterna
•
The Current status of 5-fluorouracil-leucovorin calcium combination : proceedings of a symposium held on March 12, 1984, at New York City; ISBN: 0930665007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0930665007/icongroupinterna
•
The Emergence of Drugs Which Block Calcium Entry (Progress in Clinical Biochemistry and Medicine, Vol 6) by S.R. Jolly, et al; ISBN: 0387186204; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0387186204/icongroupinterna
•
The evaluation of beta blocker and calcium antagonist drugs : proceedings of the Symposium on How to Evaluate New Beta Blockers and Calcium Antagonist Drugs held in Philadelphia, PA, October 21-22, 1981; ISBN: 9024726425; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9024726425/icongroupinterna
•
The High-Calcium Diet/Audio Cassette by Jeanne Jones; ISBN: 1555251412; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1555251412/icongroupinterna
•
The High-Calcium Low-Calorie Cookbook by Betty Marks; ISBN: 0809248263; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0809248263/icongroupinterna
•
The Mechanism of Gated Calcium Transport Across Biological Membranes by Tsuyoshi Ohnishi; ISBN: 0125249802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125249802/icongroupinterna
•
The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Clevidipine, a New UltrashortActing Calcium Antagonist, in Different Animal Species and Man (Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of pharmaCy, 198) by Hans Ericsson (1999); ISBN: 9155443931; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/9155443931/icongroupinterna
•
The proton and calcium pumps : proceedings of the International Symposium on Mechanisms of Proton and Calcium Pumps held in Padova, Italy, 10-13 September
472 Calcium
1977; editors, G. F. Azzone... [et al.]; ISBN: 0444800379; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444800379/icongroupinterna •
The Retention of Calcium and Strontium in Late Adult Life by D. Newton; ISBN: 0705811565; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0705811565/icongroupinterna
•
The Role of Calcium and Comparable Cations in Animal Behaviour by R. G. Wilkins, P. C. Wilkins (2003); ISBN: 0854046666; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0854046666/icongroupinterna
•
The Role of Calcium in Drug Action by M.A. Denborough (Editor); ISBN: 0080341934; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0080341934/icongroupinterna
•
The Strong Bones Diet: The High Calcium, Low Calorie Way to Prevent Osteoporosis by Lois Goulder, Leo Lutwak (1988); ISBN: 0937404209; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0937404209/icongroupinterna
•
Total Hardness, Calcium Hardness and Magnesium Hardness in Raw and Potable Waters by EDTA Titrimetry: Tentative Methods, 1981 (Methods for the Examination of Waters and Associated Materials); ISBN: 0117516007; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0117516007/icongroupinterna
•
Trissels Calcium and Phosphate Compatibility in Parenteral Nutrition by Lawrence A. Trissel (2001); ISBN: 0787278939; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0787278939/icongroupinterna
•
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry: Benzyl Alcohol to Calcium Sulfate, Vol A4 (1985); ISBN: 0895731541; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0895731541/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding Calcium and Osteoporosis by American Allergy Association, Irene T. McPherrin (Editor) (1987); ISBN: 0961670843; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0961670843/icongroupinterna
•
Understanding Calcium Dynamics (Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 623) by M. Falcke (Editor), D. Malchow (Editor) (2003); ISBN: 3540402365; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3540402365/icongroupinterna
•
Untersuchung der cAMP-Bindung und der Bedeutung von Calcium für Chemotaxis und Differenzierung bei Dictyostelium discoideum by Johann Bumann; ISBN: 3891910789; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3891910789/icongroupinterna
•
User's Guide to Calcium and Magnesium: Learn What You Need to Know About How These Nutrients Build Strong Bones by Nan Fuchs, et al; ISBN: 1591200091; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1591200091/icongroupinterna
•
Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications: Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate (Vertebrate Endocrinology Fundamentals and) by Peter K.T. Pang, Martin P. Schreibman; ISBN: 0125449038; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125449038/icongroupinterna
•
Vitamin D : biochemical, chemical, and clinical aspects related to calcium metabolism : proceedings of the Third Workshop on Vitamin D, Asilomar, Pacific Grove, California, USA, January 1977; ISBN: 3110069180; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110069180/icongroupinterna
Books 473
•
Vitamin D and Calcium Metabolism in Renal Diseases: Contributions from Japan by K. Kobayashi (1980); ISBN: 380550389X; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/380550389X/icongroupinterna
•
Vitamin D, chemical, biochemical, and clinical endocrinology of calcium metabolism : proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Vitamin D, Williamsburg, VA, USA, February 1982; ISBN: 3110088649; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3110088649/icongroupinterna
•
Vitamin D: The Calcium Homeostatic Steroid Hormone by Anthony W. Norman; ISBN: 0125210507; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0125210507/icongroupinterna
•
Workshops (Endocrine Control of Bone and Calcium Metabolism, Vol. 8B (International Congress Series, No. 635)) by David V. Cohn, et al; ISBN: 0444805907; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0444805907/icongroupinterna
•
Your Personal Nutritionist: Calcium & Other Minerals Counter by Ed Blonz; ISBN: 0451188802; http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0451188802/icongroupinterna
The National Library of Medicine Book Index The National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health has a massive database of books published on healthcare and biomedicine. Go to the following Internet site, http://locatorplus.gov/, and then select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once you are in the search area, simply type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and select “books only.” From there, results can be sorted by publication date, author, or relevance. The following was recently catalogued by the National Library of Medicine:11 •
A Symposium on Calcium and Cellular Function. Edited by A. W. Cuthbert. Author: Cuthbert, Alan W.,; Year: 1967; [New York] St. Martin's Press [1970]
•
Calcium in reproductive physiology; a comparative study of vertebrates. Author: Simkiss, K.; Year: 1956; London, Chapman and Hall; New York, Reinhold [c1967]
•
Calcium metabolism and bone disease. Iain MacIntyre, guest editor. Author: MacIntyre, I. (Iain),; Year: 1970; London, Philadelphia, Saunders, 1972
•
Calcium metabolism and bone disease; a textbook for students and practitioners. Author: Jackson, W. P. U. (William Peter Uprichard); Year: 1968; London, Arnold [1967]
•
Calcium metabolism and the bone, [by] Paul Fourman [and] Pierre Royer, with the collaboration of Michael J. Levell and D. Brian Morgan. Author: Fourman, Paul.; Year: 1963; Oxford, Blackwell [1968]
•
Calcium metabolism and the bone. Author: Fourman, Paul.; Year: 1966; Oxford, Blackwell [1960]
11
In addition to LOCATORPlus, in collaboration with authors and publishers, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is currently adapting biomedical books for the Web. The books may be accessed in two ways: (1) by searching directly using any search term or phrase (in the same way as the bibliographic database PubMed), or (2) by following the links to PubMed abstracts. Each PubMed abstract has a "Books" button that displays a facsimile of the abstract in which some phrases are hypertext links. These phrases are also found in the books available at NCBI. Click on hyperlinked results in the list of books in which the phrase is found. Currently, the majority of the links are between the books and PubMed. In the future, more links will be created between the books and other types of information, such as gene and protein sequences and macromolecular structures. See http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Books.
474 Calcium
•
Cell calcium. Author: Bianchi, C. Paul (Carmine Paul),; Year: 1965; London, Butterworth [c1968]
•
Cyclic AMP and calcium ions in mechanical and metabolic responses of smooth muscles; influence of some hormones and drugs. Author: Andersson, Rolf G. G.; Year: 1970; Linköping, 1972; ISBN: 0917222010
•
Diagnostic procedures in disorders of calcium metabolism by B. E. C. Nordin and D. A. Smith. Author: Nordin, B. E. C. (Börje Edgar Christopher); Year: 1967; Boston, Little, Brown, 1965
•
Dust emission control in calcium carbide production. Author: Emissionsausschuss der Carbidindustrie.; Year: 1967; [Jerusalem] Israel Program for Scientific Translations [for sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va., 1965]
•
Effect of ouabain and calcium on myofibrillar ATPase activity of post-mortem and surgical human heart tissue in congestve failure. Author: Gordon, Michael Stanley,; Year: 1958; [Minneapolis] 1964
•
Fibrinolysis and coagulation, effect of calcium and of coagulation on lysis of fibrin clots. Author: Helle, Ivar.; Year: 1948; Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1968
•
Quantitation of metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, CO2 calcium and pH changes in tibial fractures in dogs. Author: Laurnen, Edwin Leslie,; Year: 1936; [Minneapolis] 1968
•
Reaction of human dental pulp to experimental pulpotomy and capping with calcium hydroxide. [Translated by L. James Brown]. Author: Schröder, Ulla.; Year: 1970; Lund, Gleerup, 1973
•
Studies on calcium and strontium-90 metabolism in rats. Author: Gran, F. C. (Fredrik C.); Year: 1955; Oslo, University Press, 1960
•
The calcium pump in mitochondria. Author: Saris, Nils-Erik,; Year: 1967; Helsinki, 1963
•
The condition of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen in evaporated milk. Author: Robinson, Una Lane.; Year: 1941; Chicago, 1936
•
The determination of calcium-45 in urine by liquid scintillation counting. Author: Sandalls, F. J.; Year: 2002; Harwell, Health Physics and Medical Division, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, 1967
•
The effect of thyroid hormone on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover. Author: Detenbeck, Lee Clark,; Year: 1967; [Minneapolis] 1968
Chapters on Calcium In order to find chapters that specifically relate to calcium, an excellent source of abstracts is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to book chapters and calcium using the “Detailed Search” option. Go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find book chapters, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Book Chapter.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for book chapters on calcium: •
Calcium Homeostasis in Brain Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Source: in Bergener, M. Reisberg, B., eds. Diagnosis and Treatment of Senile Dementia. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag. 1989. p. 276-287.
Books 475
Contact: Available from Springer-Verlag. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. (212) 460-1500. PRICE: $76.20. ISBN: 0387508007. Summary: There is growing evidence that age-related changes in calcium (Ca) homeostasis occur and may be present in key physiological processes in excitable tissues. This chapter discusses two apparently conflicting lines of evidence concerning age-dependent alterations in Ca homeostasis that have developed in the past several years: (1) that Ca availability or flux into excitable cells may be decreased in aged animals; and (2) that Ca influx may be increased in aged brain cells. Experimental evidence concerning these two views is presented and discussed. A mechanistic hypothesis on the role of altered membrane Ca conductance in Alzheimer's disease also is proposed. Currently the data implicate mechanisms that regulate voltage-dependent Ca influx, but it is not clear whether this is the only or the essential aspect of altered Ca homeostasis. It is concluded that, while there are new and interesting data on the possible age-related alteration of a key Ca regulatory mechanism, much remains to be done in defining the specific putative mechanism that underlies this alteration, and in definitively testing the degree of its contribution to brain aging. 44 references. •
Endocrine Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism Source: in Porterfield, S.P. Endocrine Physiology. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc. 2001. p. 107-129. Contact: Available from Harcourt Health Sciences. Foots Cray High Street, Sidcup, Kent DA14 5HP, United Kingdom. 020 8308 5700. Fax 020 8308 5702. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $32.95 plus shipping and handling. ISBN: 0323011284. Summary: This chapter, which is part of a textbook on endocrine physiology, focuses on endocrine regulation of serum calcium and phosphate. The chapter begins with an examination of the role of calcium and phosphate in the body. This is followed by a discussion of serum calcium and phosphate levels and serum calcium and phosphate balance. The chapter then describes the role of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in bone metabolism and identifies major growth factors in bone such as insulin like growth factors. These components, which are mitogenic polypeptides that resemble insulin structure and function, are present in bone matrix. They stimulate bone and cartilage growth and increase osteoblast proliferation. Insulin and growth hormone control their production. The chapter next discusses parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in terms of their structure, control of secretion, and actions on bone and kidney. The actions of other hormones are also highlighted, including estrogens, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones. In addition, the chapter describes pathologic disorders of calcium and phosphate balance, including hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia of malignancy, pseudohypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, vitamin D deficiency, Paget's disease, and bone problems of renal failure. The chapter includes a list of key words and concepts and presents self study problems. 15 figures. 1 table. 11 references.
•
Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D Metabolism in Renal Disease and Chronic Renal Failure Source: in Kopple, J.D. and Massry, S.G. Nutritional Management of Renal Disease. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins. 1997. p. 341-369. Contact: Available from Williams and Wilkins. 351 West Camden Street, Baltimore, MD 21201-2436. (800) 638-0672 or (410) 528-4223. Fax (800) 447-8438 or (410) 528-8550. PRICE: $99.00. ISBN: 068304740X.
476 Calcium
Summary: This chapter is from a medical textbook on nutrition and metabolism of individuals with renal disease or renal failure. The authors discuss calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D metabolism in renal disease and chronic renal failure (CRF). The authors begin with a brief review of normal physiologic control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis and normal vitamin D and parathyroid hormone metabolism. Next, they discuss the effects of the failing kidney on mineral metabolism, secondary hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, therapeutic interventions in predialysis patients, and control of phosphate retention and secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. The authors conclude that dietary restriction of phosphorus intake and adequate dialysis therapy form the basis for management, but are usually insufficient to bring about adequate control. Calcium-based phosphate binders and hormonal vitamin D replacement are powerful adjuncts in regulating mineral pathophysiology. Despite these maneuvers, parathyroidectomy is still occasionally required. The authors provide an algorithm for the management of hyperphosphatemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Additional sections discuss the implications for bone disease (renal osteodystrophy), one of the more serious complications of disordered mineral metabolism in renal failure; implications for other complications; disturbances of mineral metabolism following renal transplantation; and disturbances of mineral and vitamin D metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. 5 figures. 124 references. (AA-M). •
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism Source: in Suki, W.N. Massry, S.G., eds. Therapy of Renal Diseases and Related Disorders, 2nd ed. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1991. p. 91-110. Contact: Available from Kluwer Academic Publishers. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham, MA 02018. (617) 871-6600. PRICE: $315. ISBN: 0792306767. Summary: This chapter, from a medical text on the therapy of renal disease and related disorders, discusses disorders of calcium metabolism. Topics include calcium homeostasis, hypercalcemia, and hypocalcemia. The authors discuss the varied etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for both hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. One addendum summarizes some important advances relating to the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of calcium metabolism. 1 figure. 8 tables. 224 references.
477
CHAPTER 8. MULTIMEDIA ON CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we show you how to keep current on multimedia sources of information on calcium. We start with sources that have been summarized by federal agencies, and then show you how to find bibliographic information catalogued by the National Library of Medicine.
Video Recordings An excellent source of multimedia information on calcium is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to “Videorecording” and “calcium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find video productions, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language you prefer, and the format option “Videorecording (videotape, videocassette, etc.).” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a typical result when searching for video recordings on calcium: •
Women and Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, Inc. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from National Health Video, Inc. 12021 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. (800) 543-6803. Fax (310) 477-8198. E-mail:
[email protected]. PRICE: $89.00 plus shipping and handling. Summary: Women are often seen as the nutrition caregiver gender but too often they are not aware of their own nutritional needs. This health education videotape program focuses on the differences between men and women in the area of nutrition. The program addresses nutrition and weight management, iron levels, contraception (birth control), osteoporosis (a bone disease characterized by loss of bone density), menopause, PMS (premenstrual syndrome), cancer, and heart disease. The program notes that weight management efforts are often guided only partly by health concerns. Social goals, such as conforming to unrealistic fashion standards, are often more powerful. Women have special needs for nutrients such as iron and calcium that exceed those for
478 Calcium
men. Heart disease is the number one cause of female mortality. The program stresses that nutrition is important for all women, no matter what their ages. Viewers are reminded to eat a variety of foods, especially grains, fruits, vegetables, lean meat and low fat dairy foods, and reducing fats, sodium (salt), and sweets. The accompanying teacher's guide includes a transcript of the video narration, a list of learning activities and teaching objectives, and a quiz for pre and posttesting. The video features many different people of different ethnic groups and ages; a variety of interactions with health care providers are also depicted. Simple graphics are used to explore some of the scientific concepts covered. •
People Like Us: Good Nutrition: Eating Right to Stay Healthy. [Gente Como Nosotros: Buena nutricion: Como comer lo adecuado para mantenerse saludable] Source: New York, NY: National Kidney Foundation, Inc. 1994. (instructional package). Contact: Available from Amgen, Inc. 1840 DeHavilland Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1789. (800) 282-6436. PRICE: Part of an instructional package free to dialysis centers, transplantation centers, and hospitals with dialysis or transplantation units. Summary: This videotape and booklet package is part of a patient education program designed to educate patients and their families about kidney disease and its options for treatment. In this segment about good nutrition, the message that diet and fluid intake are essential to the treatment of kidney disease is stressed. The dietitian explains the basics of good nutrition, discussing calories, fluids, carbohydrates, proteins, and important minerals like potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. The dietitian clarifies that for each type of treatment there are important variations in diet, and that for each individual there may be other specific differences in diet therapy. Patients are also reassured that they do not have to abandon all the foods they love, although they do have to make important adjustments in their diets. The booklet reiterates the material covered in the videotape, and includes a quiz for self-testing, a glossary, and blank spaces to record questions and information about health care team members. (AA-M).
•
Essentials in Osteo Dynamics: A Briefing for Professionals Source: Abbott Park, IL: Abbott Renal Care, Abbott Laboratories. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Abbott Laboratories, Renal Care. Abbott Park, IL 60064-3537. (800) 457-9472. PRICE: Single copy free to select health care professionals. Summary: This videotape provides professionals with an overview of the causes of renal osteodystrophy. It highlights the goals and nature of the treatment for renal osteodystrophy, with particular attention given to the role of calcitriol injection (Calcijex) during dialysis. Impaired renal function will decrease and eventually stop production of calcitriol, a hormone that regulates the body's ability to use calcium as a nutrient. This sets off a series of interactions that leads to renal osteodystrophy, a debilitating illness that adds to the already damaging effects of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The videotape is produced by the manufacturer of Calcijex. A manual with the same title is also available. (AA-M).
•
Your Kidneys, Your Bones, and You Source: Abbott Park, IL: Abbott Renal Care, Abbott Laboratories. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Abbott Laboratories, Renal Care. Abbott Park, IL 60064-3537. (800) 457-9472. PRICE: Single copy free to select health care professionals for distribution to patients.
Multimedia 479
Summary: This videotape program provides patients with kidney disease an overview of the causes of renal osteodystrophy. It describes the treatment for renal osteodystrophy, with particular attention given to the role of calcitriol injection (Calcijex) during dialysis. Impaired renal function will decrease and eventually stop production of calcitriol, a hormone that regulates the body's ability to use calcium as a nutrient. This sets off a series of interactions that leads to renal osteodystrophy, a debilitating illness that adds to the already damaging effects of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The videotape emphasizes the importance of preventing renal osteodystrophy as a way to maintain quality of life. The videotape is produced by the manufacturer of Calcijex. A manual with the same title is also available. (AA-M). •
Teeth Count, Too Source: Evanston, IL: Perennial Education, Altschul Group Corporation. 1993. (videocassette). Contact: Available from Altschul Group Corporation. Perennial Education, 1560 Sherman Avenue, Suite 100, Evanston, IL 60201. (800) 421-2363 or (847) 328-6700; Fax (847) 328-6706; E-mail:
[email protected]; http://www.agcmedia.com. PRICE: $295.00 plus shipping and handling. Order Number 7828. Summary: This program reviews the importance of having healthy teeth and describes how to achieve and maintain good oral hygiene. Designed for educating children, the program explains various problems that can occur with the teeth, including crooked teeth, cavities, and tooth decay. Youngsters are taken on a visit to a pediatric dentist's office, and learn what dentists and dental hygienists do. Suggestions for maintaining good oral health are offered, including daily brushing, flossing, rinsing, and avoiding sugary foods. Viewers are also told to eat foods rich in calcium and vitamins A and D. The videocassette case includes fourteen discussion questions to trigger discussion after viewing the program.
•
Vitamin D: Not Just for Bones Source: Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 1992, 60 minutes. Contact: WIN, 1 WIN WAY, Bethesda, MD 20892-3665. Summary: In this lecture, Dr. DeLuca discusses the major functions of Vitamin D in the body; studies demonstrating potential therapeutic uses for synthetic Vitamin D compounds; and his own laboratory's progress on developing several such compounds. According to Dr. DeLuca, Vitamin D is, in fact, not a vitamin but a prohormone that remains inactive until metabolized in the liver and the kidney. The principal active metabolite of Vitamin D, calcitrol, acts with parathyroid hormone (PTH) to regulate the blood calcium level. It also plays a role in building up bone and is an important regulator of intestinal calcium absorption. Disturbance of this regulatory mechanism can result in osteoporosis (brittle bones), as well as in several disorders characterized by a deficiency or an oversupply of calcium or PTH in the blood (hypo- and hypercalcemia; hypo-and hyperparathyroidism). Vitamin D deficiency results in rickets (soft, weak bones) and osteomalacia in adults. Dr. DeLuca discusses several clinical studies demonstrating an age-related decline in formation of the active Vitamin D metabolite in response to PTH. He describes research he is conducting to develop synthetic Vitamin D compounds that would stimulate bone formation in osteoporotic patients without producing hypercalcemia. He predicts that within a decade these compounds will be important contributors to the treatment of postmenopausal and age-related
480 Calcium
osteoporosis. Dr. DeLuca goes on to discuss evidence strongly suggesting that Vitamin D influences other biologic processes, including cellular differentiation and regulation of the immune system. Work is ongoing in his laboratory to develop Vitamin D "differentiation compounds" that may have a future role in cancer therapy. The lecture concludes with a discussion of other potential therapeutic uses for Vitamin D, including the treatment of psoriasis, renal osteodystropy (bone disease found with kidney failure), and infertility. •
Menopause and Nutrition Source: Los Angeles, CA: National Health Video, 15 min., n.d. Contact: National Health Video. 12021 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90025. 1-800-543-6803. Summary: This video provides information on the role of nutrition during menopause. Topics include the role of supplements such as magnesium and calcium, iron needs, weight gain, heart disease risks, and the importance of a healthy diet. The video is accompanied by an instruction resource package that includes learning objectives and activities, a before-after knowledge quiz, and handout masters.
Bibliography: Multimedia on Calcium The National Library of Medicine is a rich source of information on healthcare-related multimedia productions including slides, computer software, and databases. To access the multimedia database, go to the following Web site: http://locatorplus.gov/. Select “Search LOCATORplus.” Once in the search area, simply type in calcium (or synonyms). Then, in the option box provided below the search box, select “Audiovisuals and Computer Files.” From there, you can choose to sort results by publication date, author, or relevance. The following multimedia has been indexed on: •
Beta and calcium channel blockers, a new era in cardiovascular therapy [videorecording] Source: with David J. Elizardi; Year: 1985; Format: Videorecording; Secaucus, N.J.: Network for Continuing Medical Education, 1985
•
Calcium [slide] Source: written by Carla A. Lee, Violet R. Stroot, C. Ann Schaper; produced by Robert J. Brady, co; Year: 1980; Format: Slide; Bowie, Md.: Brady, c1980
•
Calcium channel blockers [videorecording] Source: presented by College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Caro[l]ina and Health Communications Network, Division of Continuing Education, Medical University of South Caro[l]ina; Year: 1983; Format: Videorecording; [Charleston, S.C.]: The Division, c1983
•
Calcium channel blockers [videorecording]: the cardiovascular drugs of the 80's Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1981
•
Calcium channel blocking agents [videorecording] Source: [presented by] Marshfield Regional Video Network; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Marshfield, WI: The Network, 1982
•
Calcium metabolism and calcitonin [videorecording] Source: University of Texas System Cancer Center M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute; Year: 1975; Format: Videorecording; Houston: The Institute, 1975
Multimedia 481
•
Calcium metabolism in pregnancy [videorecording] Source: the University of Texas Medical School at Houston; produced by UT-TV, Houston; Year: 1992; Format: Videorecording; [Houston, Tex.: UT/TV], c1992
•
Current and future uses of calcium antagonists [videorecording] Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1982
•
Diagnosis in clinical disorders of calcium and bone metabolism [motion picture] Source: a National Medical Audiovisual Center production; [presented by] the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service; Year: 1969; Format: Motion picture; United States: The Center, 1969
•
The Management of the wide open apex [videorecording]: calcium hydroxide therapy Source: Health Communications Network, Division of Continuing Education, Medical University of South Carolina; Year: 1981; Format: Videorecording; Charleston, S.C.: D.C.E./H.C.N., M.U.S.C., c1981
•
The Role of calcium channel blockers in family practice [videorecording] Source: [presented by] the American Academy of Family Physicians and its Commission on Continuing Medical Education, Subcommittee on CME Production and Development; produced by Gardiner-Caldw; Year: 1989; Format: Videorecording; Kansas City, Mo.: The Academy, c1989
•
Understanding the fundamentals of drug actions [videorecording]: the central role of calcium Source: presented by Department of Medicine, Emory University, School of Medicine; Year: 1982; Format: Videorecording; Atlanta, Ga.: Emory Medical Television Network, 1982
483
CHAPTER 9. PERIODICALS AND NEWS ON CALCIUM Overview In this chapter, we suggest a number of news sources and present various periodicals that cover calcium.
News Services and Press Releases One of the simplest ways of tracking press releases on calcium is to search the news wires. In the following sample of sources, we will briefly describe how to access each service. These services only post recent news intended for public viewing. PR Newswire To access the PR Newswire archive, simply go to http://www.prnewswire.com/. Select your country. Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box. You will automatically receive information on relevant news releases posted within the last 30 days. The search results are shown by order of relevance. Reuters Health The Reuters’ Medical News and Health eLine databases can be very useful in exploring news archives relating to calcium. While some of the listed articles are free to view, others are available for purchase for a nominal fee. To access this archive, go to http://www.reutershealth.com/en/index.html and search by “calcium” (or synonyms). The following was recently listed in this archive for calcium: •
Electron beam tomography illuminates impact of coronary artery calcium Source: Reuters Medical News Date: September 16, 2003 http://www.reutershealth.com/archive/2003/09/16/professional/links/20030916epid 001.html
484 Calcium
•
Calcium supplementation reduces E. coli-related diarrhea Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 29, 2003
•
Calcium protects against Montezuma's revenge Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: August 29, 2003
•
Coronary calcium screening worthwhile in asymptomatic patients at risk for CHD Source: Reuters Medical News Date: August 27, 2003
•
Calcium antagonist/ACE inhibitor combo: metabolically neutral in diabetics Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: June 18, 2003
•
U.S. regulators sue coral-calcium sellers Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: June 11, 2003
•
Coronary artery calcium detected by tomography may predict heart disease Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 15, 2003
•
Calcium antagonist use during cardiac surgery protects against MI Source: Reuters Medical News Date: May 06, 2003
•
Myocardial remodeling in rats inhibited by long-acting calcium blockers Source: Reuters Medical News Date: April 15, 2003
•
Racial differences in calcium metabolism identified Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 21, 2003
•
Black teens absorb calcium better than whites Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 21, 2003
•
Calcium supplementation may increase risk of kidney stones Source: Reuters Medical News Date: March 18, 2003
Periodicals and News 485
•
Calcium cuts breastfeeding women's lead levels Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: March 07, 2003
•
Calcium defect may be a cause of heart failure Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: February 27, 2003
•
Calcium supplements tied to prolonged QT dispersion in dialysis patients Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 19, 2003
•
Novel calcium channel blocker has reno-protective effect in hypertensive patients Source: Reuters Industry Breifing Date: February 10, 2003
•
Calcium, bisphosphonates cost effective in preventing fractures in steroid-treated women Source: Reuters Medical News Date: February 10, 2003
•
Calcium and vitamin D supplements may benefit women at risk of osteoporosis Source: Reuters Medical News Date: January 13, 2003
•
Study looks at effects of calcium, alcohol on bones Source: Reuters Health eLine Date: December 31, 2002 The NIH
Within MEDLINEplus, the NIH has made an agreement with the New York Times Syndicate, the AP News Service, and Reuters to deliver news that can be browsed by the public. Search news releases at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alphanews_a.html. MEDLINEplus allows you to browse across an alphabetical index. Or you can search by date at the following Web page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/newsbydate.html. Often, news items are indexed by MEDLINEplus within its search engine. Business Wire Business Wire is similar to PR Newswire. To access this archive, simply go to http://www.businesswire.com/. You can scan the news by industry category or company name.
486 Calcium
Market Wire Market Wire is more focused on technology than the other wires. To browse the latest press releases by topic, such as alternative medicine, biotechnology, fitness, healthcare, legal, nutrition, and pharmaceuticals, access Market Wire’s Medical/Health channel at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/release_index?channel=MedicalHealth. Or simply go to Market Wire’s home page at http://www.marketwire.com/mw/home, type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click on “Search News.” As this service is technology oriented, you may wish to use it when searching for press releases covering diagnostic procedures or tests. Search Engines Medical news is also available in the news sections of commercial Internet search engines. See the health news page at Yahoo (http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/News_and_Media/), or you can use this Web site’s general news search page at http://news.yahoo.com/. Type in “calcium” (or synonyms). If you know the name of a company that is relevant to calcium, you can go to any stock trading Web site (such as http://www.etrade.com/) and search for the company name there. News items across various news sources are reported on indicated hyperlinks. Google offers a similar service at http://news.google.com/. BBC Covering news from a more European perspective, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) allows the public free access to their news archive located at http://www.bbc.co.uk/. Search by “calcium” (or synonyms).
Newsletters on Calcium Find newsletters on calcium using the Combined Health Information Database (CHID). You will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. To access CHID, go to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Limit your search to “Newsletter” and “calcium.” Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following list was generated using the options described above: •
Aiding Calcium Absorption Source: Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. Summer 1990. 2 p. Contact: Available from Newsletter for People with Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This article, from a newsletter for people who have lactose intolerance or milk allergy, discusses ways to aid calcium absorption. Topics include the body's need for calcium, getting calcium from foods or from supplements, the role of calcium in preventing disease, the need for calcium supplements for people who cannot eat dairy foods, ways to aid calcium absorption in the body, and finding a balance of foods and
Periodicals and News 487
supplements to best meet the body's need for calcium. The article concludes with the recommendation for annual calcium level checks.
Newsletter Articles Use the Combined Health Information Database, and limit your search criteria to “newsletter articles.” Again, you will need to use the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. Go to the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” Select the dates and language that you prefer. For the format option, select “Newsletter Article.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database as it is updated every three months. The following is a typical result when searching for newsletter articles on calcium: •
Destabilization of Neuronal Calcium Homeostasis in AD Source: ADC Update. [Newsletter] p. 3-4. Summer 1991. Contact: Available from University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Research Center. 101 Sanders Brown Building. Lexington, KY 40536-0230. (606) 233-6040 or FAX (606) 258-2866. PRICE: Call for information. Summary: This newsletter article describes the destabilization of neuronal calcium homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. An increasing body of information suggests that the abnormal neurodegeneration that occurs in Alzheimer's disease may result from a loss of calcium homeostasis. If the calcium hypothesis is correct, then the two major lesions in Alzheimer's disease brains, neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques, should be linked to abnormal calcium regulation. In order to test the calcium hypothesis, this research group is studying the relationships between tangles, plaques, and calcium in cultured human and rat hippocampal neurons. The probable involvement of calcium in the process of neurofibrillary tangle formation and neuronal death in Alzheimer's disease indicates that prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that focus on preventing a loss of neuronal calcium homeostasis may prove valuable. 4 references.
•
Guidelines Boost Calcium Requirements Source: Harvard Health Letter. 22(12):7; 1997. Contact: Available from Harvard Health Letter, P.O. Box 380, Boston, MA 02117. Summary: This newsletter article for the general public reports on new guidelines for calcium and vitamin D consumption released by the National Academy of Sciences. These new Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) recommend that adults between the ages of 19 and 50 consume 1,000 milligrams of calcium daily and that adults aged 51 and older consume 1,200 milligrams per day. The DRIs also set an upper limit for calcium intake at 2,500 milligrams per day. The new guidelines suggest that adults between the ages of 51 and 70 consume at least 400 International Units (IU) of vitamin D per day and that those over 70 consume 600 IU.
•
Calcium-Fortified Products Source: Newsletter for People With Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. p. 1-3. December-January 1995-1996.
488 Calcium
Contact: Available from Newsletter for People With Lactose Intolerance and Milk Allergy. P.O. Box 3129, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-3129. (313) 572-9134. Summary: This newsletter article covers the use of calcium-fortified products for people with lactose intolerance who are concerned about getting adequate levels of dietary calcium. Topics include the role of calcium in health and disease, the role of calcitriol in calcium absorption, the recommended daily calcium levels, and calcium-fortified foods. The article concludes by encouraging readers to get adequate amounts of calcium, from whatever sources they prefer. •
Dietary Calcium and Body Fat: Cause and Effect Source: WIN Notes. p. 4. Spring 2001. Contact: Weight-Control Information Network. 1-877-WIN-4627. Summary: A study by researchers at the University of Tennessee's Department of Nutrition found that as dietary calcium intake increases, it acts at the cellular level to alter energy metabolism so that more food energy is burned and less is stored as fat. The researchers, led by Michael Zemel, Ph.D., studied the effect of dietary calcium levels in mice. The mice were divided into four groups and fed varying amounts of dietary calcium on a high-fat, high-sucrose diet for 6 weeks. The mice eating a low-calcium diet experienced a 24-percent weight gain. The high-dairy group gained less than 15 percent. These differences occurred even though all groups consumed the same quantity of food. The researchers conclude that low-calcium diets lead to increased fat storage and higher calcium diets favor increased burning of fat. Dietary calcium from dairy foods had an even greater effect on reducing fat storage than a calcium supplement. The researchers note that calcium in fat cells "is a logical target for pharmacological and/or nutritional regulation" of overweight and obesity.
•
Lead in Calcium Supplements: How Worried Should You Be? Source: Tufts University Health and Nutrition Letter. 18(9):1, 8. November 2000. Contact: 10 High Street, Suite 706, Boston, MA 02110.
[email protected]. www.healthletter.tufts.edu. Summary: A report published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) found that eight popular brands of calcium supplements contained lead. Lead is a toxic metal that can accumulate in the body, damage organs, and cause cardiovascular and kidney disease. The lead concentrations found in the calcium supplements by the University of Florida researchers are low enough that the benefits of the calcium outweigh the risk of the lead, at least in the short term. Out of the 21 over-the-counter calcium supplements tested, 13 had no detectable lead. Supplement manufacturers now have the capability to produce lead-free products more easily and inexpensively. Edward Ross, the primary University of Florida researcher, believes it will become easier to choose a lead-free brand because companies that do a consistently good job of keeping lead out of calcium supplements will start labeling their products to reflect their quality control. As these companies start labeling their products as lead-free, those that still have lead in their supplements will be obligated to upgrade their technology in order not to lose their market share.
Periodicals and News 489
Academic Periodicals covering Calcium Numerous periodicals are currently indexed within the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed database that are known to publish articles relating to calcium. In addition to these sources, you can search for articles covering calcium that have been published by any of the periodicals listed in previous chapters. To find the latest studies published, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed, type the name of the periodical into the search box, and click “Go.” If you want complete details about the historical contents of a journal, you can also visit the following Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/jrbrowser.cgi. Here, type in the name of the journal or its abbreviation, and you will receive an index of published articles. At http://locatorplus.gov/, you can retrieve more indexing information on medical periodicals (e.g. the name of the publisher). Select the button “Search LOCATORplus.” Then type in the name of the journal and select the advanced search option “Journal Title Search.”
491
CHAPTER 10. RESEARCHING MEDICATIONS Overview While a number of hard copy or CD-ROM resources are available for researching medications, a more flexible method is to use Internet-based databases. Broadly speaking, there are two sources of information on approved medications: public sources and private sources. We will emphasize free-to-use public sources.
U.S. Pharmacopeia Because of historical investments by various organizations and the emergence of the Internet, it has become rather simple to learn about the medications recommended for calcium. One such source is the United States Pharmacopeia. In 1820, eleven physicians met in Washington, D.C. to establish the first compendium of standard drugs for the United States. They called this compendium the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP). Today, the USP is a nonprofit organization consisting of 800 volunteer scientists, eleven elected officials, and 400 representatives of state associations and colleges of medicine and pharmacy. The USP is located in Rockville, Maryland, and its home page is located at http://www.usp.org/. The USP currently provides standards for over 3,700 medications. The resulting USP DI® Advice for the Patient® can be accessed through the National Library of Medicine of the National Institutes of Health. The database is partially derived from lists of federally approved medications in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Drug Approvals database, located at http://www.fda.gov/cder/da/da.htm. While the FDA database is rather large and difficult to navigate, the Phamacopeia is both user-friendly and free to use. It covers more than 9,000 prescription and over-the-counter medications. To access this database, simply type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. To view examples of a given medication (brand names, category, description, preparation, proper use, precautions, side effects, etc.), simply follow the hyperlinks indicated within the United States Pharmacopeia (USP). Below, we have compiled a list of medications associated with calcium. If you would like more information on a particular medication, the provided hyperlinks will direct you to ample documentation (e.g. typical dosage, side effects, drug-interaction risks, etc.). The
492 Calcium
following drugs have been mentioned in the Pharmacopeia and other sources as being potentially applicable to calcium: Alendronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fosamax http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202794.html
Allopurinol •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aloprim; Zyloprim http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202021.html
Amlodipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Norvasc http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202670.html
Amlodipine and Benazepril •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lotrel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203634.html
Antacids •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Advanced Formula Di-Gel; Alamag; Alamag Plus; Alenic Alka; Alenic Alka Extra Strength; Alka-Mints; Alkets; Alkets Extra Strength; Almacone; Almacone II; AlternaGEL; Alu-Cap; Aludrox; Alu-Tab; Amitone; Amphojel; Antacid Gelcaps; Antacid Liquid; Antacid L http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202047.html
Calcitonin •
Nasal-Systemic - U.S. Brands: Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203482.html
•
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calcimar; Cibacalcin; Miacalcin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202106.html
Calcium Acetate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: PhosLo http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203481.html
Calcium Channel Blocking Agents •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Adalat; Adalat CC; Calan; Calan SR; Cardene; Cardizem; Cardizem CD; Cardizem SR; Dilacor-XR; DynaCirc; Isoptin; Isoptin SR; Nimotop; Plendil; Procardia; Procardia XL; Vascor; Verelan http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202107.html
Calcium Supplements •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Alka-Mints; Amitone; Calcarb 600; Calci-Chew; Calciday 667; Calcilac; Calci-Mix; Calcionate; Calcium 600; Calglycine; Calphosan; CalPlus; Caltrate 600; Caltrate Jr; Chooz; Citracal; Citracal Liquitabs; Dicarbosil; Gencalc 600; Liquid Cal-600; Liquid-Ca http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202108.html
Researching Medications 493
Chloroquine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aralen http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202133.html
Citrates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bicitra; Citrolith; Oracit; Polycitra Syrup; Polycitra-K; Polycitra-K Crystals; Polycitra-LC; Urocit-K http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202144.html
Conjugated Estrogens and Medroxyprogesterone for Ovarian Hormone Therapy (Oht) •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Note: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/209441.html
Diuretics, Loop •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Bumex; Edecrin; Lasix; Myrosemide http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202205.html
Diuretics, Thiazide •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aquatensen; Diucardin; Diulo; Diuril; Enduron; Esidrix; Hydro-chlor; Hydro-D; HydroDIURIL; Hydromox; Hygroton; Metahydrin; Microzide; Mykrox; Naqua; Naturetin; Oretic; Renese; Saluron; Thalitone; Trichlorex 10; Zaroxolyn http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202208.html
Enalapril and Felodipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Lexxel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203638.html
Etidronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Didronel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202233.html
Gallium Nitrate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Ganite http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202254.html
Nisoldipine •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Sular http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203431.html
Pamidronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Aredia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202662.html
Phosphates •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: K-Phos M. F. K-Phos Neutral; K-Phos No. 2; K-Phos Original; Neutra-Phos; Neutra-Phos-K; Uro-KP-Neutral http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202463.html
494 Calcium
Plicamycin •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Mithracin http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202467.html
Risedronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Actonel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203554.html
Sevelamer •
Oral - U.S. Brands: Renagel http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203741.html
Sodium Fluoride •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Fluoritab; Fluorodex; Flura; Flura-Drops; Flura-Loz; Karidium; Luride; Pediaflor; Pharmaflur; Phos-Flur http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202527.html
Tiludronate •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Skelid http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203480.html
Trandolapril and Verapamil •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Tarka http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203641.html
Vitamin D and Related Compounds •
Systemic - U.S. Brands: Calciferol; Calciferol Drops; Calcijex; Calderol; DHT; DHT Intensol; Drisdol; Drisdol Drops; Hectorol; Hytakerol; Rocaltrol; Zemplar http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202597.html
Commercial Databases In addition to the medications listed in the USP above, a number of commercial sites are available by subscription to physicians and their institutions. Or, you may be able to access these sources from your local medical library.
Mosby’s Drug Consult™ Mosby’s Drug Consult™ database (also available on CD-ROM and book format) covers 45,000 drug products including generics and international brands. It provides prescribing information, drug interactions, and patient information. Subscription information is available at the following hyperlink: http://www.mosbysdrugconsult.com/. PDRhealth The PDRhealth database is a free-to-use, drug information search engine that has been written for the public in layman’s terms. It contains FDA-approved drug information
Researching Medications 495
adapted from the Physicians’ Desk Reference (PDR) database. PDRhealth can be searched by brand name, generic name, or indication. It features multiple drug interactions reports. Search PDRhealth at http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/index.html. Other Web Sites Drugs.com (www.drugs.com) reproduces the information in the Pharmacopeia as well as commercial information. You may also want to consider the Web site of the Medical Letter, Inc. (http://www.medletter.com/) which allows users to download articles on various drugs and therapeutics for a nominal fee.
Researching Orphan Drugs Although the list of orphan drugs is revised on a daily basis, you can quickly research orphan drugs that might be applicable to calcium by using the database managed by the National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD), at http://www.rarediseases.org/. Scroll down the page, and on the left toolbar, click on “Orphan Drug Designation Database.” On this page (http://www.rarediseases.org/search/noddsearch.html), type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.” When you receive your results, note that not all of the drugs may be relevant, as some may have been withdrawn from orphan status. Write down or print out the name of each drug and the relevant contact information. From there, visit the Pharmacopeia Web site and type the name of each orphan drug into the search box at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginformation.html. You may need to contact the sponsor or NORD for further information. NORD conducts “early access programs for investigational new drugs (IND) under the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) approval ‘Treatment INDs’ programs which allow for a limited number of individuals to receive investigational drugs before FDA marketing approval.” If the orphan product about which you are seeking information is approved for marketing, information on side effects can be found on the product’s label. If the product is not approved, you may need to contact the sponsor. The following is a list of orphan drugs currently listed in the NORD Orphan Drug Designation Database for calcium: •
Potassium citrate (trade name: Urocit-K) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=420
•
Potassium citrate (trade name: Urocit-K) http://www.rarediseases.org/nord/search/nodd_full?code=422
If you have any questions about a medical treatment, the FDA may have an office near you. Look for their number in the blue pages of the phone book. You can also contact the FDA through its toll-free number, 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), or on the World Wide Web at www.fda.gov.
497
APPENDICES
499
APPENDIX A. PHYSICIAN RESOURCES Overview In this chapter, we focus on databases and Internet-based guidelines and information resources created or written for a professional audience.
NIH Guidelines Commonly referred to as “clinical” or “professional” guidelines, the National Institutes of Health publish physician guidelines for the most common diseases. Publications are available at the following by relevant Institute12: •
Office of the Director (OD); guidelines consolidated across agencies available at http://www.nih.gov/health/consumer/conkey.htm
•
National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS); fact sheets available at http://www.nigms.nih.gov/news/facts/
•
National Library of Medicine (NLM); extensive encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.) with guidelines: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html
•
National Cancer Institute (NCI); guidelines available at http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/list.aspx?viewid=5f35036e-5497-4d86-8c2c714a9f7c8d25
•
National Eye Institute (NEI); guidelines available at http://www.nei.nih.gov/order/index.htm
•
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI); guidelines available at http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/index.htm
•
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI); research available at http://www.genome.gov/page.cfm?pageID=10000375
•
National Institute on Aging (NIA); guidelines available at http://www.nia.nih.gov/health/
12
These publications are typically written by one or more of the various NIH Institutes.
500 Calcium
•
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA); guidelines available at http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/publications.htm
•
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID); guidelines available at http://www.niaid.nih.gov/publications/
•
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS); fact sheets and guidelines available at http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/index.htm
•
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD); guidelines available at http://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/pubskey.cfm
•
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD); fact sheets and guidelines at http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR); guidelines available at http://www.nidr.nih.gov/health/
•
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK); guidelines available at http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/health.htm
•
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA); guidelines available at http://www.nida.nih.gov/DrugAbuse.html
•
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS); environmental health information available at http://www.niehs.nih.gov/external/facts.htm
•
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH); guidelines available at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/practitioners/index.cfm
•
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS); neurological disorder information pages available at http://www.ninds.nih.gov/health_and_medical/disorder_index.htm
•
National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR); publications on selected illnesses at http://www.nih.gov/ninr/news-info/publications.html
•
National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering; general information at http://grants.nih.gov/grants/becon/becon_info.htm
•
Center for Information Technology (CIT); referrals to other agencies based on keyword searches available at http://kb.nih.gov/www_query_main.asp
•
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM); health information available at http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
•
National Center for Research Resources (NCRR); various information directories available at http://www.ncrr.nih.gov/publications.asp
•
Office of Rare Diseases; various fact sheets available at http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/html/resources/rep_pubs.html
•
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; various fact sheets on infectious diseases available at http://www.cdc.gov/publications.htm
Physician Resources 501
NIH Databases In addition to the various Institutes of Health that publish professional guidelines, the NIH has designed a number of databases for professionals.13 Physician-oriented resources provide a wide variety of information related to the biomedical and health sciences, both past and present. The format of these resources varies. Searchable databases, bibliographic citations, full-text articles (when available), archival collections, and images are all available. The following are referenced by the National Library of Medicine:14 •
Bioethics: Access to published literature on the ethical, legal, and public policy issues surrounding healthcare and biomedical research. This information is provided in conjunction with the Kennedy Institute of Ethics located at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_bioethics.html
•
HIV/AIDS Resources: Describes various links and databases dedicated to HIV/AIDS research: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
•
NLM Online Exhibitions: Describes “Exhibitions in the History of Medicine”: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/exhibition.html. Additional resources for historical scholarship in medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/hmd.html
•
Biotechnology Information: Access to public databases. The National Center for Biotechnology Information conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Population Information: The National Library of Medicine provides access to worldwide coverage of population, family planning, and related health issues, including family planning technology and programs, fertility, and population law and policy: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_population.html
•
Cancer Information: Access to cancer-oriented databases: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_cancer.html
•
Profiles in Science: Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the public through modern digital technology: http://www.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/
•
Chemical Information: Provides links to various chemical databases and references: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Chem/ChemMain.html
•
Clinical Alerts: Reports the release of findings from the NIH-funded clinical trials where such release could significantly affect morbidity and mortality: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/alerts/clinical_alerts.html
•
Space Life Sciences: Provides links and information to space-based research (including NASA): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_space.html
•
MEDLINE: Bibliographic database covering the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the healthcare system, and the pre-clinical sciences: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases_medline.html
13
Remember, for the general public, the National Library of Medicine recommends the databases referenced in MEDLINEplus (http://medlineplus.gov/ or http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/databases.html). 14 See http://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/databases.html.
502 Calcium
•
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information (TOXNET): Databases covering toxicology and environmental health: http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ToxMain.html
•
Visible Human Interface: Anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of normal male and female human bodies: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible/visible_human.html The Combined Health Information Database
A comprehensive source of information on clinical guidelines written for professionals is the Combined Health Information Database. You will need to limit your search to one of the following: Brochure/Pamphlet, Fact Sheet, or Information Package, and “calcium” using the “Detailed Search” option. Go directly to the following hyperlink: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For the publication date, select “All Years.” Select your preferred language and the format option “Fact Sheet.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. The following is a sample result: •
Food for Life: A Guide for People With HIV Contact: Impact AIDS, 1069 Dutton Ave, Santa Rosa, CA, 95407, (707) 542-6297, http://www.journeyhome.com/impactaids. Summary: This manual contains information on diet, nutrition, and food consumption for people with HIV. Eating a balanced and nutritious diet that included a variety of foods will help an HIV-positive person strengthen his or her immune system and maintain body weight at an optimal level. The manual is designed to help patients build nutritious meals and select and prepare food safely and easily. The basics of balanced nutrition are discussed, and the benefits of eating a diet high in protein and calories are underscored. Foods high in complete proteins, which are essential for forming antibodies, are listed. Fruits and vegetables are important sources of vitamins and minerals, and breads/grains are good sources of carbohydrates, fiber, B vitamins, and certain minerals. Dairy foods provide calcium, protein, vitamins, and fat. Fats and sugars add calories, which can be important for people with HIV. The potential problems associated with vegetarian diets for HIV patients are examined. The manual stresses the importance of planning meals in advance. An entire section is devoted to modifying the diet should the HIV patient experience symptoms that interfere with the desire or ability to eat.
•
Alzheimer's Disease Source: Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress. 1990. 12 p. Contact: Available to individuals from a Senator or Congressperson. Available to state, local, and federal government agencies from Congressional Research Service, LM-213, 101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington, DC 20540. (202) 707-5700. PRICE: Free. Order Code: IB83128. Summary: This paper provides an overview of Alzheimer's disease, focusing on aspects that are potentially relevant to Federal legislation. Congressional concern about Alzheimer's disease has focused on funding for research on the causes and treatment of the disease and on the cost of care. This paper discusses the following topics: occurrence of Alzheimer's disease; cost of care; legislative actions during the 99th and 100th
Physician Resources 503
Congresses; Federal funding for dementia research from 1986 to 1990 at the National Institutes of Health and other agencies of the Department of Health and Human Services; possible causes of the disease, including genetic defect, an atypical infectious agent or slow virus, accumulation of aluminum in the brain, or a defect in calcium regulation by the nerve cell; recent and current research studies and clinical approaches; the Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers; and the establishment of State and local registries. The paper includes a list of relevant congressional hearings, reports, and documents, and a list of ten additional readings. •
Alzheimer's Medicines Source: Washington, DC: Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. November 1989. [4 p.]. Contact: Available from Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association. 1100 15th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005. (202) 835-3400. PRICE: Single copy free. Summary: This report provides an overview of 16 new drugs being developed by 11 pharmaceutical companies. The report includes a list containing the name of each drug in development, its developer, and its development status. The safety and efficacy of these drugs are yet to be examined through the drug approval process of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Several of the drugs are designed to block the action of an enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter deficient in Alzheimer's disease patients. Other drugs listed are designed to: improve the effectiveness of the neurotransmitter and receptor molecules still functioning; enhance cerebral metabolism for treating senile dementia; and improve memory function through the use of calcium channel blockers. An outline of the drug approval process is provided.
•
Alcohol and Hormones Source: Alcohol Alert. Number 26: 1-4. October 1994. Contact: Available from Scientific Communications Branch, Office of Scientific Affairs, NIAAA, Willco Building, Suite 409, 6000 Executive Boulevard, MSC 7003, Bethesda, MD 20892-7003. (301) 443-3860. Summary: This issue of Alcohol Alert focuses on alcohol and hormones. Topics include how alcohol impairs the regulation of blood glucose levels; how alcohol impairs reproductive functions; how alcohol impairs calcium metabolism and bone structure; and how hormones may influence alcohol-seeking behavior. The section on blood glucose functions discusses pancreatic hormones; how alcohol consumption interferes with glucose sources and the actions of the regulatory hormones; how binge drinking can result in dangerously low blood glucose levels; and how alcoholism can contribute to diabetes in people with alcoholic liver disease. 39 references.
•
Severe Hyperphosphatemia and Hypocalcemia: A Dilemma in Patient Management Source: JASN. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 7(10): 2055-2061. October 1996. Summary: This article presents a case report of severe hyperphosphatemia and tetanic hypocalcemia resulting from the inadvertant oral ingestion of a phosphate enema. The physiology of serum phosphate regulation and the mechanism by which the elevation of serum phosphate is thought to induce hypocalcemia is discussed, and the treatment of hyperphosphatemia is reviewed. Finally, the authors consider the potential consequences of the administration of calcium to treat tetany in a patient with severe
504 Calcium
hyperphosphatemia. The authors conclude that, from a theoretical viewpoint, it seems prudent to give only enough calcium to control the cardiovascular consequences of hypocalcemia while delaying attempts to restore normal levels until after plasma phosphate concentration is controlled. However, when faced with a combination of acute, extreme exogenous hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia, as in this case study, the risk of metastatic soft tissue calcification in response to administration of calcium may be less important than restoration of at least a low-normal ionized calcium concentration. 1 figure. 2 tables. 31 references. (AA-M). •
Pharmocotherapy of Urge Incontinence Reviewed Source: in InConText. Management of the Incontinent Patient. Philadelphia, PA: CoMed Communications. 1990. p. 1, 3. Contact: Available from CoMed Communications. 210 West Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19106. (215) 592-1363. PRICE: Free. Summary: This report developed from a presentation at the symposium, 'Pharmacotherapy for Urge Incontinence,' held March 17, 1990 in Miami, Florida, reviews the drugs used to treat storage failure secondary to either bladder hyperactivity or bladder hypersensitivity. The following classes of drugs are discussed: the anticholinergics; antispasmodics or musculotropic relaxants; calcium antagonists; and tricyclic antidepressants. In addition, specific drugs including oxybutynin, propantheline, dicyclomine, terodiline, and phenazopyridine, are mentioned. The article concludes that sphincter incontinence is best treated pharmacologically with alphaadrenergic agonists. Finally, estrogen is noted as a useful adjunct therapy for postmenopausal women.
•
How to Prevent High Blood Pressure Source: Bethesda, MD, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 19 p., 1998. Summary: How to Prevent High Blood Pressure provides information on what people can do to help prevent high blood pressure. High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a risk factor for heart and kidney diseases, and stroke. About one in four American adults has high blood pressure. If high blood pressure is left untreated, it can result in arteriosclerosis, heart attack, enlarged heart, kidney damage, and stroke. High blood pressure is more common in African Americans than in whites. Other risk factors include cigarette smoking and being overweight. Heredity can make some families more likely than others to get high blood pressure. High blood pressure may be prevented by (1) maintaining a healthy weight and losing weight if one is overweight, (2) being more physically active, (3) choosing foods lower in salt and sodium, and (4) engaging only in moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages. Other things that might prevent high blood pressure include (1) using dietary supplements such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, and fish oils; (2) limiting the amount of fat in one's diet; and (3) learning to manage stress. Some suggested means of increasing daily physical activity are listed.
•
Heading For a Health Crisis: Eating Patterns of America's School Children Source: Washington, DC, Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, 44 p., September 1991. Contact: Public Voice for Food and Health Policy, 1001 Connecticut Avenue, NW., Suite 522, Washington, DC 20036. (202)659-5930.
Physician Resources 505
Summary: Heading For a Health Crisis: Eating Patterns of America's School Children describes results of a study to determine the daily levels of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, and other nutrients consumed by children in different income groups. The study examined children's nutrient intake from the National School Lunch Program. Researchers used data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture's 1987-1988 National Food Consumption Survey and compared children's intakes to the 1990 U.S. Dietary Guidelines and/or the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Data collection involved the completion of a 3-day food record by each child. The study employed a weighted system to adjust the surveyed population to represent the United States population and a weighted system for youth 20 years old and younger. Because the survey had a high nonresponse rate, the researchers determined a coefficient of variation for all of the study's analyses; therefore, unless a finding had a coefficient of variation of 25 percent or greater, the results from this study represent America's elementary school-age children between ages 6 and 11. Findings reveal that (1) elementary school-age children of all income groups consume alarmingly high levels of fat, saturate fat, and cholesterol; (2) the nation's poorest children are also at risk of not getting enough to eat and having inadequate intakes of vitamin A, calcium and iron; and (3) children's nutrient intake from the National School Lunch Program was higher in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol than children's average daily intakes, which were already too high. •
Food Sources of Nutrients: A Tool for Dietary Management and Health Source: New Orleans, LA, Louisiana State University, Medical Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Health, 131 p., 1990. Contact: Louisiana State University, Medical Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Health, 1542 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112-2822. Summary: Food Sources of Nutrients: A Tool for Dietary Management and Health presents data and conclusions drawn from the Bogalusa Heart Study (Louisiana, 1973 through 1983), which analyzed more than 3,000 dietary recalls collected on children between the ages of 6 months and 17 years. The report discusses the contribution of food groups to nutrients associated with the major health conditions in the United States: Heart disease, cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. The data provide estimates of energy and nutrient intakes by major food groups and analysis provides an indication of which food groups serve as the major contributors of specific nutrients. The report describes the Bogalusa Heart Study's design and methods and presents its data in terms of major food sources of selected dietary component. A summary of study results lists the primary contributors of total protein, vegetable protein, animal protein, total carbohydrate, starch, fiber, total sugar, sucrose, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, and calcium. The report presents the data's clinical application for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, and obesity; examines behavioral change strategies in dietary management and general health care; and outlines strategies for maximizing adherence to prevention/intervention behavior modification. 34 references.
•
Healthy By Choice: The Minnesota Plan for Nutrition and Health Source: Minneapolis, MN, Minnesota Department of Health, Center for Health Promotion and Education, 212 p., December 1986. Contact: Nutrition Section, Minnesota Department of Health, Center for Health Promotion and Education, 717 Delaware Street, SE., Minneapolis, MN 55414. (612) 6235479.
506 Calcium
Summary: The Minnesota Department of Health describes its nutrition and health promotion initiative to prevent nutrition-related diseases and encourage the adoption of nutrition and exercise behavior that will result in optimal health. The Technical Advisory Committee on Nutrition and Health, convened to make recommendations for the Statewide initiative, developed the Minnesota Nutrition Guide, a set of dietary recommendations. Major nutrition components targeted for change by the Minnesota Nutrition Initiative are fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, fiber, calcium, sugar, and alcohol. This report summarizes recommendations of the subcommittees of the Technical Advisory Committee. The Science and Medicine Subcommittee and the Economic and Community Strategies Subcommittee have recommended measures for promotion of good nutrition in Minnesota including the collection of data on nutrition, and nutrition education programs in grocery stores, eating establishments, hospitals, and nursing homes. The Public Education Subcommittee has focused on media campaigns and community organizations to promote nutrition and health, recommending (1) the development and provision of Statewide programs, (2) an increase in the number of worksites offering nutrition programs, (3) a broad public communications campaign, and (4) a Nutrition Information Resources and Training Program for local communities. The School and Youth Education Subcommittee has made a number of recommendations for the development of programs and curricula based on the Minnesota Nutrition Guide. Teacher and parent education components should supplement school-based and community efforts for children. The Professional Education Subcommittee has made recommendations to ensure that patients receive effective nutrition services from health care professionals. 83 references.
The NLM Gateway15 The NLM (National Library of Medicine) Gateway is a Web-based system that lets users search simultaneously in multiple retrieval systems at the U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM). It allows users of NLM services to initiate searches from one Web interface, providing one-stop searching for many of NLM’s information resources or databases.16 To use the NLM Gateway, simply go to the search site at http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd. Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Search.” The results will be presented in a tabular form, indicating the number of references in each database category. Results Summary Category Journal Articles Books / Periodicals / Audio Visual Consumer Health Meeting Abstracts Other Collections Total
15 16
Items Found 302159 1981 525 291 6 304962
Adapted from NLM: http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/gw/Cmd?Overview.x.
The NLM Gateway is currently being developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (LHNCBC) at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
Physician Resources 507
HSTAT17 HSTAT is a free, Web-based resource that provides access to full-text documents used in healthcare decision-making.18 These documents include clinical practice guidelines, quickreference guides for clinicians, consumer health brochures, evidence reports and technology assessments from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), as well as AHRQ’s Put Prevention Into Practice.19 Simply search by “calcium” (or synonyms) at the following Web site: http://text.nlm.nih.gov.
Coffee Break: Tutorials for Biologists20 Coffee Break is a general healthcare site that takes a scientific view of the news and covers recent breakthroughs in biology that may one day assist physicians in developing treatments. Here you will find a collection of short reports on recent biological discoveries. Each report incorporates interactive tutorials that demonstrate how bioinformatics tools are used as a part of the research process. Currently, all Coffee Breaks are written by NCBI staff.21 Each report is about 400 words and is usually based on a discovery reported in one or more articles from recently published, peer-reviewed literature.22 This site has new articles every few weeks, so it can be considered an online magazine of sorts. It is intended for general background information. You can access the Coffee Break Web site at the following hyperlink: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/.
Other Commercial Databases In addition to resources maintained by official agencies, other databases exist that are commercial ventures addressing medical professionals. Here are some examples that may interest you: •
CliniWeb International: Index and table of contents to selected clinical information on the Internet; see http://www.ohsu.edu/cliniweb/.
•
Medical World Search: Searches full text from thousands of selected medical sites on the Internet; see http://www.mwsearch.com/.
17
Adapted from HSTAT: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/hstat.html.
18
The HSTAT URL is http://hstat.nlm.nih.gov/.
19 Other important documents in HSTAT include: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports; the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents; the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS); the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force's Guide to Clinical Preventive Services; the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services’ Guide to Community Preventive Services; and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 20 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Coffeebreak/Archive/FAQ.html. 21
The figure that accompanies each article is frequently supplied by an expert external to NCBI, in which case the source of the figure is cited. The result is an interactive tutorial that tells a biological story. 22 After a brief introduction that sets the work described into a broader context, the report focuses on how a molecular understanding can provide explanations of observed biology and lead to therapies for diseases. Each vignette is accompanied by a figure and hypertext links that lead to a series of pages that interactively show how NCBI tools and resources are used in the research process.
508 Calcium
The Genome Project and Calcium In the following section, we will discuss databases and references which relate to the Genome Project and calcium. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) The Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database is a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders authored and edited by Dr. Victor A. McKusick and his colleagues at Johns Hopkins and elsewhere. OMIM was developed for the World Wide Web by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).23 The database contains textual information, pictures, and reference information. It also contains copious links to NCBI’s Entrez database of MEDLINE articles and sequence information. To search the database, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/searchomim.html. Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and click “Submit Search.” If too many results appear, you can narrow the search by adding the word “clinical.” Each report will have additional links to related research and databases. In particular, the option “Database Links” will search across technical databases that offer an abundance of information. The following is an example of the results you can obtain from the OMIM for calcium: •
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176940
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A10 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114085
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A11 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603114
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A12 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603112
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A13 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601989
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A14 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607986
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176993
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176992
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114210
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176991
23 Adapted from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/. Established in 1988 as a national resource for molecular biology information, NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information--all for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health and disease.
Physician Resources 509
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A6 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114110
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A7 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600353
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A8 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?123885
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein A9 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?123886
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein P Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600614
•
S100 Calcium-binding Protein, Beta Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?176990
•
Solute Carrier Family 8 (sodium-calcium Exchanger), Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?182305
•
Solute Carrier Family 8 (sodium-calcium Exchanger), Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601901
•
Solute Carrier Family 8 (sodium-calcium Exchanger), Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607991
•
Sparc-related Modular Calcium-binding Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607223
•
Tumor-associated Calcium Signal Transducer 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?185535
•
Tumor-associated Calcium Signal Transducer 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?137290
•
Calcium- and Integrin-binding Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602293
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Alpha-1e Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601013
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Alpha-1f Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300110
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Alpha-2/delta Subunit 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114204
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Alpha-2/delta Subunit 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607082
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Alpha-2/delta Subunit 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606399
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Beta-1 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114207
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Beta-2 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600003
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Beta-3 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601958
510 Calcium
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Beta-4 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601949
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-1 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114209
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-2 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602911
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-3 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606403
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-4 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606404
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-5 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606405
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-6 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606898
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-7 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606899
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, Gamma-8 Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?606900
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, L Type, Alpha-1c Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114205
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, L Type, Alpha-1d Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114206
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, L Type, Alpha-1s Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114208
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, N Type, Alpha-1b Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601012
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, P/q Type, Alpha-1a Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601011
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, T Type, Alpha-1g Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604065
•
Calcium Channel, Voltage-dependent, T Type, Alpha-1h Subunit Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607904
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase I Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604998
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II-alpha Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114078
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II-beta Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607707
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II-delta Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607708
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase II-gamma Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602123
Physician Resources 511
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase IV Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?114080
•
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent Serine Protein Kinase Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300172
•
Calcium-binding Atopy-related Autoantigen 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605084
•
Calcium-binding Protein 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605563
•
Calcium-binding Protein 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607314
•
Calcium-binding Protein 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607315
•
Calcium-binding Protein 5 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?607316
•
Calcium-dependent Activator Protein for Secretion Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604667
•
Calcium-modulating Cyclophilin Ligand Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601118
•
Calcium-sensing Receptor Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?601199
•
Chloride Channel, Calcium-activated, 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603906
•
Chloride Channel, Calcium-activated, 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604003
•
Chloride Channel, Calcium-activated, 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?604337
•
Histidine-rich Calcium-binding Protein Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?142705
•
Macrophage Lectin 2, Calcium-dependent Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605999
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602982
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605879
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602983
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Intermediate/small Conductance, Subfamily N, Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602754
512 Calcium
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Alpha Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?600150
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?603951
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605214
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 3 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605222
•
Potassium Channel, Calcium-activated, Large Conductance, Subfamily M, Beta Member 4 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?605223
•
Protein Phosphatase, Ef-hand Calcium-binding Domain 1 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?300109
•
Protein Phosphatase, Ef-hand Calcium-binding Domain 2 Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?602256 Genes and Disease (NCBI - Map)
The Genes and Disease database is produced by the National Center for Biotechnology Information of the National Library of Medicine at the National Institutes of Health. This Web site categorizes each disorder by system of the body. Go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/, and browse the system pages to have a full view of important conditions linked to human genes. Since this site is regularly updated, you may wish to revisit it from time to time. The following systems and associated disorders are addressed: •
Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division. Examples: Breast and ovarian cancer, Burkitt lymphoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, colon cancer, lung cancer, malignant melanoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis, p53 tumor suppressor, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, Ras oncogene, RB: retinoblastoma, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Cancer.html
•
Immune System: Fights invaders. Examples: Asthma, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, Crohn’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, familial Mediterranean fever, immunodeficiency with Hyper-IgM, severe combined immunodeficiency. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Immune.html
•
Metabolism: Food and energy. Examples: Adreno-leukodystrophy, atherosclerosis, Best disease, Gaucher disease, glucose galactose malabsorption, gyrate atrophy, juvenile-onset diabetes, obesity, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, phenylketonuria, Refsum disease, Tangier disease, Tay-Sachs disease. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Metabolism.html
Physician Resources 513
•
Muscle and Bone: Movement and growth. Examples: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, Marfan syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, spinal muscular atrophy. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Muscle.html
•
Nervous System: Mind and body. Examples: Alzheimer disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Angelman syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, epilepsy, essential tremor, fragile X syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Huntington disease, Niemann-Pick disease, Parkinson disease, Prader-Willi syndrome, Rett syndrome, spinocerebellar atrophy, Williams syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Brain.html
•
Signals: Cellular messages. Examples: Ataxia telangiectasia, Cockayne syndrome, glaucoma, male-patterned baldness, SRY: sex determination, tuberous sclerosis, Waardenburg syndrome, Werner syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Signals.html
•
Transporters: Pumps and channels. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, deafness, diastrophic dysplasia, Hemophilia A, long-QT syndrome, Menkes syndrome, Pendred syndrome, polycystic kidney disease, sickle cell anemia, Wilson’s disease, Zellweger syndrome. Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/disease/Transporters.html Entrez
Entrez is a search and retrieval system that integrates several linked databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). These databases include nucleotide sequences, protein sequences, macromolecular structures, whole genomes, and MEDLINE through PubMed. Entrez provides access to the following databases: •
3D Domains: Domains from Entrez Structure, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
•
Books: Online books, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=books
•
Genome: Complete genome assemblies, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Genome
•
NCBI’s Protein Sequence Information Survey Results: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/About/proteinsurvey/
•
Nucleotide Sequence Database (Genbank): Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Nucleotide
•
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=OMIM
•
PopSet: Population study data sets, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Popset
•
ProbeSet: Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=geo
514 Calcium
•
Protein Sequence Database: Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Protein
•
PubMed: Biomedical literature (PubMed), Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
•
Structure: Three-dimensional macromolecular structures, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Structure
•
Taxonomy: Organisms in GenBank, Web site: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=Taxonomy
To access the Entrez system at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, go to http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=genome, and then select the database that you would like to search. The databases available are listed in the drop box next to “Search.” Enter “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box and click “Go.” Jablonski’s Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes Database24 This online resource has been developed to facilitate the identification and differentiation of syndromic entities. Special attention is given to the type of information that is usually limited or completely omitted in existing reference sources due to space limitations of the printed form. At http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_toc/toc_a.html, you can search across syndromes using an alphabetical index. Search by keywords at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html. The Genome Database25 Established at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland in 1990, the Genome Database (GDB) is the official central repository for genomic mapping data resulting from the Human Genome Initiative. In the spring of 1999, the Bioinformatics Supercomputing Centre (BiSC) at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario assumed the management of GDB. The Human Genome Initiative is a worldwide research effort focusing on structural analysis of human DNA to determine the location and sequence of the estimated 100,000 human genes. In support of this project, GDB stores and curates data generated by researchers worldwide who are engaged in the mapping effort of the Human Genome Project (HGP). GDB’s mission is to provide scientists with an encyclopedia of the human genome which is continually revised and updated to reflect the current state of scientific knowledge. Although GDB has historically focused on gene mapping, its focus will broaden as the Genome Project moves from mapping to sequence, and finally, to functional analysis.
24
Adapted from the National Library of Medicine: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/jablonski/about_syndrome.html. 25 Adapted from the Genome Database: http://gdbwww.gdb.org/gdb/aboutGDB.html - mission.
Physician Resources 515
To access the GDB, simply go to the following hyperlink: http://www.gdb.org/. Search “All Biological Data” by “Keyword.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the search box, and review the results. If more than one word is used in the search box, then separate each one with the word “and” or “or” (using “or” might be useful when using synonyms).
517
APPENDIX B. PATIENT RESOURCES Overview Official agencies, as well as federally funded institutions supported by national grants, frequently publish a variety of guidelines written with the patient in mind. These are typically called “Fact Sheets” or “Guidelines.” They can take the form of a brochure, information kit, pamphlet, or flyer. Often they are only a few pages in length. Since new guidelines on calcium can appear at any moment and be published by a number of sources, the best approach to finding guidelines is to systematically scan the Internet-based services that post them.
Patient Guideline Sources The remainder of this chapter directs you to sources which either publish or can help you find additional guidelines on topics related to calcium. Due to space limitations, these sources are listed in a concise manner. Do not hesitate to consult the following sources by either using the Internet hyperlink provided, or, in cases where the contact information is provided, contacting the publisher or author directly. The National Institutes of Health The NIH gateway to patients is located at http://health.nih.gov/. From this site, you can search across various sources and institutes, a number of which are summarized below. Topic Pages: MEDLINEplus The National Library of Medicine has created a vast and patient-oriented healthcare information portal called MEDLINEplus. Within this Internet-based system are “health topic pages” which list links to available materials relevant to calcium. To access this system, log on to http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html. From there you can either search using the alphabetical index or browse by broad topic areas. Recently, MEDLINEplus listed the following when searched for “calcium”:
518 Calcium
•
Other Guides Bone Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/bonediseases.html Kidney Diseases http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneydiseasesgeneral.html Kidney Stones http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/kidneystones.html Osteoporosis http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/osteoporosis.html
Within the health topic page dedicated to calcium, the following was listed: •
General/Overviews Calcium Source: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?thread_id=26&topcategory=osteopo rosis Calcium Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=SA00019
•
Nutrition Calcium: A Guide to Common Sources Source: American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZ817KZ84D& sub_cat=110 Why Calcium? Sources of Calcium Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/milk/whycal/sources.cfm
•
Specific Conditions/Aspects Aortic Valve Calcification (Aortic Valve Sclerosis) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ00245 Breast Calcium Deposits (Calcifications) Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=AN00049 Calcium & Milk: What's Best for Your Bones? Source: Harvard School of Public Health http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium.html Calcium & Vitamin D Source: National Osteoporosis Foundation http://www.nof.org/prevention/calcium.htm Calcium Supplements
Patient Resources 519
Source: National Osteoporosis Foundation http://www.nof.org/prevention/calcium_supplements.htm Calcium Supplements: Calculating Calcium Content Source: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=NU00175 Hypercalcemia (PDQ) Source: National Cancer Institute http://www.cancer.gov/cancerinfo/pdq/supportivecare/hypercalcemia/Patient Renal Osteodystrophy Source: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/renalosteodystrophy/index.htm •
Children Childhood and Adolescent Nutrition: Why Milk Matters Now for Children and Teens Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/milk/milk_facts.htm Kids and Their Bones: A Guide for Parents Source: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/osteoporosis/kidbones.htm Nutrients Your Child Needs: Calcium, Iron, Fiber Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/parent/nutrition_fit/nutrition/nutrients.html Osteoporosis Source: Nemours Foundation http://kidshealth.org/kid/grownup/conditions/osteoporosis.html
•
From the National Institutes of Health Why Calcium? Calcium Counts Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/milk/whycal/calcium.cfm
•
Latest News Calcium Protects Against Montezuma's Revenge Source: 08/29/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13833 .html FDA Warns Milk Manufacturers on Hormone Label Source: 09/12/2003, Reuters Health http://www.nlm.nih.gov//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/news/fullstory_13965 .html
•
Organizations Food and Nutrition Information Center Source: National Agricultural Library
520 Calcium
http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases http://www.niams.nih.gov/ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nichd.nih.gov/ •
Prevention/Screening Calcium Pentagastrin Test http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/patient_education/procdiag/calciumpentagastri.pdf Calcium Test Source: American Association for Clinical Chemistry http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/calcium/test.html
•
Research Calcium Scan Predicts Heart Attack Risk in Physically Fit People Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3292 Drug to Lower Cholesterol Also Slows Calcium Build-up in Arteries Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml%3Bjsessionid=2RZC0OMO5WAB BWFZOAGSCZQ?identifier=3004052 Non-Traditional Tests May Be Dynamic Duo in Predicting Heart Problems Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3005483 Stroke Risk Linked to Calcium in the Heart's Arteries Source: American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=3000497
•
Teenagers “Calcium Crisis” Affects American Youth Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/dec2001/nichd-10.htm Calcium-Cool Cuisine Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/powerfulbones/stayingstrong/calcium_cool.html
You may also choose to use the search utility provided by MEDLINEplus at the following Web address: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. Simply type a keyword into the search box and click “Search.” This utility is similar to the NIH search utility, with the exception that it only includes materials that are linked within the MEDLINEplus system (mostly patient-oriented information). It also has the disadvantage of generating unstructured results. We recommend, therefore, that you use this method only if you have a very targeted search.
Patient Resources 521
The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) CHID Online is a reference tool that maintains a database directory of thousands of journal articles and patient education guidelines on calcium. CHID offers summaries that describe the guidelines available, including contact information and pricing. CHID’s general Web site is http://chid.nih.gov/. To search this database, go to http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. In particular, you can use the advanced search options to look up pamphlets, reports, brochures, and information kits. The following was recently posted in this archive: •
Banking on Beautiful Bones: A Lifelong Commitment to Calcium Source: Rosemont, IL: National Dairy Council, 10 panels, 1996. Contact: National Dairy Council, O'Hare International Center, 10255 West Higgins Road, Suite 9A, Rosemont, IL, 60018-5616. (800) 426- 8271. (708) 803-2000, ext. 306. Summary: This brochure focuses on the importance of calcium for nutritional health. The role of calcium in bone production is explained, and suggestions for increasing calcium intake are offered. The role of exercise in bone strength and maintenance is also emphasized, with a list of ideas for ways to easily increase activity.
•
Balancing Calcium and Phosphorus Source: San Bruno, CA: Krames Communications. 1997. [2 p.]. Contact: Available from Krames Communications. Order Department, 1100 Grundy Lane, San Bruno, CA 94066-9821. (800) 333-3032. Fax (650) 244-4512. Website: www.krames.com. PRICE: $12.50 for a pad of 50. Item number 5549. Summary: This fact sheet helps readers with kidney disease balance calcium and phosphorus. Calcium and phosphorus are minerals found in many foods. With kidney disease, phosphorus may build up in the blood; this can weaken the bones over time. This fact sheet describes the use of phosphate binders, medications that help prevent phosphorus from being absorbed by the body. The fact sheet leaves blank space for the health care provider to individualize the information about the patient's phosphate binder type, and how to take the medication. The fact sheet recommends that foods that are high in phosphorus should be avoided; these include cola drinks, dried or baked beans, nuts and seeds of all kinds, peanut butter, split peas, and whole grain cereals. The fact sheet then describes the complications of high phosphorus levels, including renal bone disease. If this problem is not controlled, the bones become weaker over time. Other effects of high phosphate levels include itchy skin, bone and joint pain, brittle bones, fractures, muscle weakness, and deposits of calcium phosphate appearing in organs, such as the heart, lungs, eyes, skin, and gums. The fact sheet also includes space for special instructions. The fact sheet is illustrated with simple line drawings of patients and everyday foods.
•
Calcium Restricted Source: in Kerestes-Smith, J. Chua, G. Sullivan, K. Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Ann Arbor, MI: Food and Nutrition Services, University of Michigan Medical Center. 1995. Chapter 60, p. 60.1-60.12. Contact: Available from Guidelines for Nutritional Care. Food and Nutrition Services, 2C227-0056, University of Michigan Hospitals, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0056. (313) 936-5199. Fax (313) 936-5195. PRICE: $79.00 including shipping and handling (as of 1996). ISBN: 0964799405.
522 Calcium
Summary: This chapter on dietary recommendations for individuals who require a calcium-restricted diet is from a manual of the impact nutrition has on promoting health and in preventing and treating disease. A calcium-restricted diet is indicated for individuals with hypercalcemia and/or hypercalciuria. Included are sections detailing indications for use, contraindications, a description of the diet including a brief physiological and/or biochemical rationale, guidelines for nutritional management, nutrient adequacy, ordering procedures, and references for both the health care providers and the layperson. 23 references. •
[Position statement:] Vitamin D [and Position statement:] Calcium Source: Washington, DC: National Osteoporosis Foundation. n.d. 2 fact sheets (1 p. each). Contact: Available from Laurie Gibson, National Osteoporosis Foundation, 1150 17th Street, N.W., Suite 500, Washington, DC 20036-4603. Telephone: (202) 223-2226 / fax: (202) 223-2237 / Web site: http://www.nof.org. Available at no charge. Summary: These position statements, written for health professionals, provide a general overview of the nutrients and specifically address the general use of their use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
•
Giving Calcium Its Due Source: San Diego, CA: American Council on Exercise, 1997. Contact: American Council on Exercise, 5820 Oberlin Dr., Suite 102, San Diego, CA 92121. (800) 529-8227. Summary: This brief article discusses the value of calcium in the diet. The authors say that most women do not get enough calcium, which is used by the body to strengthen bones and teeth, aid in muscle contraction, coagulate the blood and possibly lower the blood pressure. In addition, calcium may play a role in preventing preeclampsia, a blood pressure- related condition of pregnancy. The authors list several foods rich in calcium such as fish with bones, green leafy vegetables, dairy products, and legumes. The National Guideline Clearinghouse™
The National Guideline Clearinghouse™ offers hundreds of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines published in the United States and other countries. You can search this site located at http://www.guideline.gov/ by using the keyword “calcium” (or synonyms). The following was recently posted: •
The role of calcium in peri- and postmenopausal women: consensus opinion of The North American Menopause Society Source: The North American Menopause Society - Private Nonprofit Organization; 2001 March; 12 pages http://www.guideline.gov/summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2740&nbr=1966&a mp;string=calcium
Patient Resources 523
Healthfinder™ Healthfinder™ is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers links to hundreds of other sites that contain healthcare information. This Web site is located at http://www.healthfinder.gov. Again, keyword searches can be used to find guidelines. The following was recently found in this database: •
Calcium Word Search Summary: Girls 9 to 14 can use their Source: National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=5708
•
Milk Matters Campaign -- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Summary: This site addresses the growing problem of inadequate calcium consumption among children and adolescents. Source: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=4710
•
Test Your Calcium IQ Summary: Quiz for determining if you are getting enough calcium. Source: Association of Reproductive Health Professionals http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=6590
•
What Are Soy Foods? Summary: Americans are consuming more soy than ever because of its benefits as part of a balanced diet - soy is a great source of protein and contains other nutrients such as iron and calcium. Source: Nemours Foundation http://www.healthfinder.gov/scripts/recordpass.asp?RecordType=0&RecordID=7253 The NIH Search Utility
The NIH search utility allows you to search for documents on over 100 selected Web sites that comprise the NIH-WEB-SPACE. Each of these servers is “crawled” and indexed on an ongoing basis. Your search will produce a list of various documents, all of which will relate in some way to calcium. The drawbacks of this approach are that the information is not organized by theme and that the references are often a mix of information for professionals and patients. Nevertheless, a large number of the listed Web sites provide useful background information. We can only recommend this route, therefore, for relatively rare or specific disorders, or when using highly targeted searches. To use the NIH search utility, visit the following Web page: http://search.nih.gov/index.html.
524 Calcium
Additional Web Sources
A number of Web sites are available to the public that often link to government sites. These can also point you in the direction of essential information. The following is a representative sample: •
AOL: http://search.aol.com/cat.adp?id=168&layer=&from=subcats
•
Family Village: http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/specific.htm
•
Google: http://directory.google.com/Top/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Med Help International: http://www.medhelp.org/HealthTopics/A.html
•
Open Directory Project: http://dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/
•
Yahoo.com: http://dir.yahoo.com/Health/Diseases_and_Conditions/
•
WebMD®Health: http://my.webmd.com/health_topics
Associations and Calcium The following is a list of associations that provide information on and resources relating to calcium: •
Canadian Association for Williams Syndrome Address: Telephone: (604) 853-0231 Toll-free: Fax: (604) 853-0232 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.bmts.com/~williams/caws.htm Background: The Canadian Association for Williams Syndrome (CAWS) is a voluntary nonprofit organization dedicated to providing support and assistance to families with children affected by Williams Syndrome; maintaining a network for adults with Williams Syndrome; and supporting research into educational, behavioral, social, and medical aspects of this syndrome. Williams Syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by heart and blood vessel abnormalities, high blood calcium levels, developmental delays, characteristic facial features, and/or additional abnormalities. Established in 1984 as a parent support group, the Association currently consists of 10 chapters and 360 members. CAWS is committed to locating affected families who are unaware of the Association; becoming a visible group in the medical, scientific, educational, and professional communities in order to facilitate referrals of newly diagnosed individuals; and providing a variety of educational materials to affected individuals, family members, and health care professionals.
•
Canadian Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, Ltd Address: Telephone: (306) 892-2080 Toll-free: Fax: (306) 892-2080
Patient Resources 525
Email:
[email protected] Background: Canadian Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1, Ltd. is an international nonprofit organization dedicated to helping others with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 and assisting their family members. Familial Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (FMEN1) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by overactivity of certain endocrine glands (e.g., pituitary, parathyroid gland, and pancreatic islet cells) and excessive production of certain hormones. A variety of symptoms and physical findings may result such as abnormally increased levels of calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia), generalized fatigue, weakness, muscle and/or bone pain, constipation and/or other digestive abnormalities, and/or additional symptoms. Established in 1996, the organization, which is affiliated with Voice of the Handicapped, is committed to collecting and distributing current information on the disease; educating the medical community about FMEN1; and providing networking services that enable affected individuals to exchange information, resources, and support. •
Hypoparathyroidism Association, Inc Address: Telephone: (208) 524-3857 Toll-free: Fax: (208) 524-2619 Email:
[email protected],
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.hypoparathyroidism.og Background: The Hypoparathyroidism Newsletter is a self-help group that publishes a newsletter for the purpose of providing a support system for people with Hypoparathyroidism and their families. Hypoparathyroidism is a condition characterized by abnormally decreased levels of calcium in the blood due to insufficient production of parathyroid hormones. Symptoms may include weakness; muscle cramps; abnormal sensations such as tingling, burning, and numbness (paresthesia) of the hands; excessive nervousness; uncontrollable cramping spasms of certain muscles; and/or other symptoms. Established in 1994, the group also seeks to inform health care professionals about this rare condition. The Newsletter is intended for patients with hypoparathyroidism and their families. A typical issue includes general information about hypoparathyroidism, support group information, personal essays and letters, news and announcements about the use of the Internet in providing support to patients, and acknowledgements to community organizations who have helped patients.
•
Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM) Registry Address: Telephone: (773) 880-3333 Toll-free: (888) 719-8098 Fax: (773) 880-4179 Email:
[email protected] Background: The New Onset Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDMS) Registry has been funded by the National Institutes of Health s (NIH s) National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) since 1994. Dermatomyositis is a progressive connective tissue disorder characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes of the muscles and of the skin. Although the symptoms of Juvenile (Childhood) Dermatomyositis (JDMS) are similar to those associated with the adult form of the disorder, onset is usually more sudden. In addition, abnormal accumulations of calcium
526 Calcium
deposits (calcifications) in muscle and skin tissues, as well as involvement of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract are more common in the childhood form of Dermatomyositis. The purpose of the JDMS Registry is to help determine the prevalence and incidence of Juvenile Dermatomyositis, the circumstances surrounding the onset of JDMS, and the influences that ethnic background may have on the disease s course. •
National Association for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (NAPE) Address: Telephone: (314) 963-9153 Toll-free: Fax: (314) 977-3587 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.napxe.org Background: The National Association for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (NAPE) is a voluntary not-for-profit organization dedicated to disseminating information on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE). PXE is a rare connective tissue disease that is inherited and progressive and affects the elastic tissues of the body; abnormal accumulations of calcium salts (calcifications) develop within elastic fibers of the skin, eyes, and cardiovascular system (i.e., heart and blood vessels). The Association promotes and supports ongoing medical research into possible new treatments, prevention, and eventual cure for PXE. Established in 1988, the National Association for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum promotes patient advocacy and provides referrals to support groups, genetic counseling, and other services. The National Association for Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum produces and distributes an educational brochure and quarterly newsletters to affected individuals, families, health care professionals, and the general public. NAPE also sponsors a matching Research Fund to be donated from time to time to a PXE research study in need of funding. NAPE has also established a program to help members purchase low vision aids that they might not be able to afford without some financial assistance.
•
Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation Address: Telephone: (212) 777-0470 Toll-free: Fax: (212) 777-0471 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.ohf.org/ Background: The Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation is a national voluntary organization established to inform the public, especially affected individuals, families, physicians, and medical professionals about hyperoxaluria and related conditions such as oxalosis and calcium-oxalate kidney stones. The foundation endeavors to provide a support network to those affected by hyperoxaluria. Founded in 1989, it supports and encourages research to find a cure for hyperoxaluria. The organization publishes educational materials including a summer camp list, reprints of medical journal articles, a patient resource list, and brochures entitled 'Understanding Oxalosis' and 'Hyperoxaluria and Low Oxalate Diet List.' The organization also supports a toll-free telebraille number ([800] 833-6385).
Patient Resources 527
•
PXE International, Inc Address: Telephone: (202) 362-9599 Toll-free: Fax: (202) 966-8553 Email:
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.pxe.org Background: PXE International, Inc. is a voluntary organization established in 1995 for the purpose of disseminating information on Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum (PXE) to affected individuals, families, and doctors. PXE is an inherited disorder that affects selected connective tissue in some parts of the body. Elastic tissue in the body becomes mineralized, that is, calcium and other minerals are deposited in the tissue. This can result in changes in the skin, eyes, cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal system. PXE International initiates, funds and conducts research, and publishes information for affected individuals, families, and physicians. Educational materials are written both for lay people and medical specialists, in 8 languages and include 'The MemberGram', the organization's newsletter. Composed of 4000 members, the organization maintains an international registry of affected individuals, families, and helpful medical specialists. With over 52 offices worldwide, it networks throughout the world, providing written, telephone, e-mail, and meeting connections. The PXE International Blood and Tissue Bank provides tissue samples to approved PXE research projects. In addition, the organization conducts a biennial international conference.
•
Williams Syndrome Association Address: Telephone: (248) 244-2229 Toll-free: Fax: (248) 244-2230 Email:
[email protected] or
[email protected] Web Site: http://www.williams-syndrome.org Background: The Williams Syndrome Association is a national voluntary not-for-profit organization dedicated to improving the lives of individuals with Williams Syndrome, a rare congenital disorder characterized by heart and blood vessel abnormalities, high blood calcium levels, developmental delays, characteristic facial features, and/or additional abnormalities. Established in 1983, the Association is committed to locating affected individuals and their families, and disseminating current medical and educational information to families, professionals, and the public. In addition, the organization seeks to increase professional awareness of, and interest in, Williams Syndrome and supports ongoing research into the educational, behavioral, social, and medical aspects of the disorder. The Williams Syndrome Association engages in patient and family advocacy; provides appropriate referrals including to support groups; and holds annual regional conferences, social gatherings, and biennial conventions. The Association also provides a variety of informational materials to families, health care professionals, teachers, and others through its database, directory, quarterly newsletter, reports, medical monitoring guidelines for physicians, brochures, pamphlets, and audiovisual aids.
528 Calcium
Finding Associations There are several Internet directories that provide lists of medical associations with information on or resources relating to calcium. By consulting all of associations listed in this chapter, you will have nearly exhausted all sources for patient associations concerned with calcium. The National Health Information Center (NHIC) The National Health Information Center (NHIC) offers a free referral service to help people find organizations that provide information about calcium. For more information, see the NHIC’s Web site at http://www.health.gov/NHIC/ or contact an information specialist by calling 1-800-336-4797. Directory of Health Organizations The Directory of Health Organizations, provided by the National Library of Medicine Specialized Information Services, is a comprehensive source of information on associations. The Directory of Health Organizations database can be accessed via the Internet at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Dir/DirMain.html. It is composed of two parts: DIRLINE and Health Hotlines. The DIRLINE database comprises some 10,000 records of organizations, research centers, and government institutes and associations that primarily focus on health and biomedicine. To access DIRLINE directly, go to the following Web site: http://dirline.nlm.nih.gov/. Simply type in “calcium” (or a synonym), and you will receive information on all relevant organizations listed in the database. Health Hotlines directs you to toll-free numbers to over 300 organizations. You can access this database directly at http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/hotlines/. On this page, you are given the option to search by keyword or by browsing the subject list. When you have received your search results, click on the name of the organization for its description and contact information. The Combined Health Information Database Another comprehensive source of information on healthcare associations is the Combined Health Information Database. Using the “Detailed Search” option, you will need to limit your search to “Organizations” and “calcium”. Type the following hyperlink into your Web browser: http://chid.nih.gov/detail/detail.html. To find associations, use the drop boxes at the bottom of the search page where “You may refine your search by.” For publication date, select “All Years.” Then, select your preferred language and the format option “Organization Resource Sheet.” Type “calcium” (or synonyms) into the “For these words:” box. You should check back periodically with this database since it is updated every three months.
Patient Resources 529
The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. has prepared a Web site that provides, at no charge, lists of associations organized by health topic. You can access this database at the following Web site: http://www.rarediseases.org/search/orgsearch.html. Type “calcium” (or a synonym) into the search box, and click “Submit Query.”
531
APPENDIX C. FINDING MEDICAL LIBRARIES Overview In this Appendix, we show you how to quickly find a medical library in your area.
Preparation Your local public library and medical libraries have interlibrary loan programs with the National Library of Medicine (NLM), one of the largest medical collections in the world. According to the NLM, most of the literature in the general and historical collections of the National Library of Medicine is available on interlibrary loan to any library. If you would like to access NLM medical literature, then visit a library in your area that can request the publications for you.26
Finding a Local Medical Library The quickest method to locate medical libraries is to use the Internet-based directory published by the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM). This network includes 4626 members and affiliates that provide many services to librarians, health professionals, and the public. To find a library in your area, simply visit http://nnlm.gov/members/adv.html or call 1-800-338-7657.
Medical Libraries in the U.S. and Canada In addition to the NN/LM, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) lists a number of libraries with reference facilities that are open to the public. The following is the NLM’s list and includes hyperlinks to each library’s Web site. These Web pages can provide information on hours of operation and other restrictions. The list below is a small sample of
26
Adapted from the NLM: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/psd/cas/interlibrary.html.
532 Calcium
libraries recommended by the National Library of Medicine (sorted alphabetically by name of the U.S. state or Canadian province where the library is located)27: •
Alabama: Health InfoNet of Jefferson County (Jefferson County Library Cooperative, Lister Hill Library of the Health Sciences), http://www.uab.edu/infonet/
•
Alabama: Richard M. Scrushy Library (American Sports Medicine Institute)
•
Arizona: Samaritan Regional Medical Center: The Learning Center (Samaritan Health System, Phoenix, Arizona), http://www.samaritan.edu/library/bannerlibs.htm
•
California: Kris Kelly Health Information Center (St. Joseph Health System, Humboldt), http://www.humboldt1.com/~kkhic/index.html
•
California: Community Health Library of Los Gatos, http://www.healthlib.org/orgresources.html
•
California: Consumer Health Program and Services (CHIPS) (County of Los Angeles Public Library, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Library) - Carson, CA, http://www.colapublib.org/services/chips.html
•
California: Gateway Health Library (Sutter Gould Medical Foundation)
•
California: Health Library (Stanford University Medical Center), http://wwwmed.stanford.edu/healthlibrary/
•
California: Patient Education Resource Center - Health Information and Resources (University of California, San Francisco), http://sfghdean.ucsf.edu/barnett/PERC/default.asp
•
California: Redwood Health Library (Petaluma Health Care District), http://www.phcd.org/rdwdlib.html
•
California: Los Gatos PlaneTree Health Library, http://planetreesanjose.org/
•
California: Sutter Resource Library (Sutter Hospitals Foundation, Sacramento), http://suttermedicalcenter.org/library/
•
California: Health Sciences Libraries (University of California, Davis), http://www.lib.ucdavis.edu/healthsci/
•
California: ValleyCare Health Library & Ryan Comer Cancer Resource Center (ValleyCare Health System, Pleasanton), http://gaelnet.stmarysca.edu/other.libs/gbal/east/vchl.html
•
California: Washington Community Health Resource Library (Fremont), http://www.healthlibrary.org/
•
Colorado: William V. Gervasini Memorial Library (Exempla Healthcare), http://www.saintjosephdenver.org/yourhealth/libraries/
•
Connecticut: Hartford Hospital Health Science Libraries (Hartford Hospital), http://www.harthosp.org/library/
•
Connecticut: Healthnet: Connecticut Consumer Health Information Center (University of Connecticut Health Center, Lyman Maynard Stowe Library), http://library.uchc.edu/departm/hnet/
27
Abstracted from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/libraries.html.
Finding Medical Libraries 533
•
Connecticut: Waterbury Hospital Health Center Library (Waterbury Hospital, Waterbury), http://www.waterburyhospital.com/library/consumer.shtml
•
Delaware: Consumer Health Library (Christiana Care Health System, Eugene du Pont Preventive Medicine & Rehabilitation Institute, Wilmington), http://www.christianacare.org/health_guide/health_guide_pmri_health_info.cfm
•
Delaware: Lewis B. Flinn Library (Delaware Academy of Medicine, Wilmington), http://www.delamed.org/chls.html
•
Georgia: Family Resource Library (Medical College of Georgia, Augusta), http://cmc.mcg.edu/kids_families/fam_resources/fam_res_lib/frl.htm
•
Georgia: Health Resource Center (Medical Center of Central Georgia, Macon), http://www.mccg.org/hrc/hrchome.asp
•
Hawaii: Hawaii Medical Library: Consumer Health Information Service (Hawaii Medical Library, Honolulu), http://hml.org/CHIS/
•
Idaho: DeArmond Consumer Health Library (Kootenai Medical Center, Coeur d’Alene), http://www.nicon.org/DeArmond/index.htm
•
Illinois: Health Learning Center of Northwestern Memorial Hospital (Chicago), http://www.nmh.org/health_info/hlc.html
•
Illinois: Medical Library (OSF Saint Francis Medical Center, Peoria), http://www.osfsaintfrancis.org/general/library/
•
Kentucky: Medical Library - Services for Patients, Families, Students & the Public (Central Baptist Hospital, Lexington), http://www.centralbap.com/education/community/library.cfm
•
Kentucky: University of Kentucky - Health Information Library (Chandler Medical Center, Lexington), http://www.mc.uky.edu/PatientEd/
•
Louisiana: Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation Library (Alton Ochsner Medical Foundation, New Orleans), http://www.ochsner.org/library/
•
Louisiana: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Medical LibraryShreveport, http://lib-sh.lsuhsc.edu/
•
Maine: Franklin Memorial Hospital Medical Library (Franklin Memorial Hospital, Farmington), http://www.fchn.org/fmh/lib.htm
•
Maine: Gerrish-True Health Sciences Library (Central Maine Medical Center, Lewiston), http://www.cmmc.org/library/library.html
•
Maine: Hadley Parrot Health Science Library (Eastern Maine Healthcare, Bangor), http://www.emh.org/hll/hpl/guide.htm
•
Maine: Maine Medical Center Library (Maine Medical Center, Portland), http://www.mmc.org/library/
•
Maine: Parkview Hospital (Brunswick), http://www.parkviewhospital.org/
•
Maine: Southern Maine Medical Center Health Sciences Library (Southern Maine Medical Center, Biddeford), http://www.smmc.org/services/service.php3?choice=10
•
Maine: Stephens Memorial Hospital’s Health Information Library (Western Maine Health, Norway), http://www.wmhcc.org/Library/
534 Calcium
•
Manitoba, Canada: Consumer & Patient Health Information Service (University of Manitoba Libraries), http://www.umanitoba.ca/libraries/units/health/reference/chis.html
•
Manitoba, Canada: J.W. Crane Memorial Library (Deer Lodge Centre, Winnipeg), http://www.deerlodge.mb.ca/crane_library/about.asp
•
Maryland: Health Information Center at the Wheaton Regional Library (Montgomery County, Dept. of Public Libraries, Wheaton Regional Library), http://www.mont.lib.md.us/healthinfo/hic.asp
•
Massachusetts: Baystate Medical Center Library (Baystate Health System), http://www.baystatehealth.com/1024/
•
Massachusetts: Boston University Medical Center Alumni Medical Library (Boston University Medical Center), http://med-libwww.bu.edu/library/lib.html
•
Massachusetts: Lowell General Hospital Health Sciences Library (Lowell General Hospital, Lowell), http://www.lowellgeneral.org/library/HomePageLinks/WWW.htm
•
Massachusetts: Paul E. Woodard Health Sciences Library (New England Baptist Hospital, Boston), http://www.nebh.org/health_lib.asp
•
Massachusetts: St. Luke’s Hospital Health Sciences Library (St. Luke’s Hospital, Southcoast Health System, New Bedford), http://www.southcoast.org/library/
•
Massachusetts: Treadwell Library Consumer Health Reference Center (Massachusetts General Hospital), http://www.mgh.harvard.edu/library/chrcindex.html
•
Massachusetts: UMass HealthNet (University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worchester), http://healthnet.umassmed.edu/
•
Michigan: Botsford General Hospital Library - Consumer Health (Botsford General Hospital, Library & Internet Services), http://www.botsfordlibrary.org/consumer.htm
•
Michigan: Helen DeRoy Medical Library (Providence Hospital and Medical Centers), http://www.providence-hospital.org/library/
•
Michigan: Marquette General Hospital - Consumer Health Library (Marquette General Hospital, Health Information Center), http://www.mgh.org/center.html
•
Michigan: Patient Education Resouce Center - University of Michigan Cancer Center (University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor), http://www.cancer.med.umich.edu/learn/leares.htm
•
Michigan: Sladen Library & Center for Health Information Resources - Consumer Health Information (Detroit), http://www.henryford.com/body.cfm?id=39330
•
Montana: Center for Health Information (St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center, Missoula)
•
National: Consumer Health Library Directory (Medical Library Association, Consumer and Patient Health Information Section), http://caphis.mlanet.org/directory/index.html
•
National: National Network of Libraries of Medicine (National Library of Medicine) provides library services for health professionals in the United States who do not have access to a medical library, http://nnlm.gov/
•
National: NN/LM List of Libraries Serving the Public (National Network of Libraries of Medicine), http://nnlm.gov/members/
Finding Medical Libraries 535
•
Nevada: Health Science Library, West Charleston Library (Las Vegas-Clark County Library District, Las Vegas), http://www.lvccld.org/special_collections/medical/index.htm
•
New Hampshire: Dartmouth Biomedical Libraries (Dartmouth College Library, Hanover), http://www.dartmouth.edu/~biomed/resources.htmld/conshealth.htmld/
•
New Jersey: Consumer Health Library (Rahway Hospital, Rahway), http://www.rahwayhospital.com/library.htm
•
New Jersey: Dr. Walter Phillips Health Sciences Library (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.englewoodhospital.com/links/index.htm
•
New Jersey: Meland Foundation (Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood), http://www.geocities.com/ResearchTriangle/9360/
•
New York: Choices in Health Information (New York Public Library) - NLM Consumer Pilot Project participant, http://www.nypl.org/branch/health/links.html
•
New York: Health Information Center (Upstate Medical University, State University of New York, Syracuse), http://www.upstate.edu/library/hic/
•
New York: Health Sciences Library (Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park), http://www.lij.edu/library/library.html
•
New York: ViaHealth Medical Library (Rochester General Hospital), http://www.nyam.org/library/
•
Ohio: Consumer Health Library (Akron General Medical Center, Medical & Consumer Health Library), http://www.akrongeneral.org/hwlibrary.htm
•
Oklahoma: The Health Information Center at Saint Francis Hospital (Saint Francis Health System, Tulsa), http://www.sfh-tulsa.com/services/healthinfo.asp
•
Oregon: Planetree Health Resource Center (Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles), http://www.mcmc.net/phrc/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Information Library (Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey), http://www.hmc.psu.edu/commhealth/
•
Pennsylvania: Community Health Resource Library (Geisinger Medical Center, Danville), http://www.geisinger.edu/education/commlib.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: HealthInfo Library (Moses Taylor Hospital, Scranton), http://www.mth.org/healthwellness.html
•
Pennsylvania: Hopwood Library (University of Pittsburgh, Health Sciences Library System, Pittsburgh), http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/guides/chi/hopwood/index_html
•
Pennsylvania: Koop Community Health Information Center (College of Physicians of Philadelphia), http://www.collphyphil.org/kooppg1.shtml
•
Pennsylvania: Learning Resources Center - Medical Library (Susquehanna Health System, Williamsport), http://www.shscares.org/services/lrc/index.asp
•
Pennsylvania: Medical Library (UPMC Health System, Pittsburgh), http://www.upmc.edu/passavant/library.htm
•
Quebec, Canada: Medical Library (Montreal General Hospital), http://www.mghlib.mcgill.ca/
536 Calcium
•
South Dakota: Rapid City Regional Hospital Medical Library (Rapid City Regional Hospital), http://www.rcrh.org/Services/Library/Default.asp
•
Texas: Houston HealthWays (Houston Academy of Medicine-Texas Medical Center Library), http://hhw.library.tmc.edu/
•
Washington: Community Health Library (Kittitas Valley Community Hospital), http://www.kvch.com/
•
Washington: Southwest Washington Medical Center Library (Southwest Washington Medical Center, Vancouver), http://www.swmedicalcenter.com/body.cfm?id=72
537
ONLINE GLOSSARIES The Internet provides access to a number of free-to-use medical dictionaries. The National Library of Medicine has compiled the following list of online dictionaries: •
ADAM Medical Encyclopedia (A.D.A.M., Inc.), comprehensive medical reference: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
•
MedicineNet.com Medical Dictionary (MedicineNet, Inc.): http://www.medterms.com/Script/Main/hp.asp
•
Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary (Inteli-Health, Inc.): http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/
•
Multilingual Glossary of Technical and Popular Medical Terms in Eight European Languages (European Commission) - Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish: http://allserv.rug.ac.be/~rvdstich/eugloss/welcome.html
•
On-line Medical Dictionary (CancerWEB): http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
•
Rare Diseases Terms (Office of Rare Diseases): http://ord.aspensys.com/asp/diseases/diseases.asp
•
Technology Glossary (National Library of Medicine) - Health Care Technology: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/nichsr/ta101/ta10108.htm
Beyond these, MEDLINEplus contains a very patient-friendly encyclopedia covering every aspect of medicine (licensed from A.D.A.M., Inc.). The ADAM Medical Encyclopedia can be accessed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html. ADAM is also available on commercial Web sites such as drkoop.com (http://www.drkoop.com/) and Web MD (http://my.webmd.com/adam/asset/adam_disease_articles/a_to_z/a). The NIH suggests the following Web sites in the ADAM Medical Encyclopedia when searching for information on calcium: •
Basic Guidelines for Calcium Calcium - urine Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003603.htm Calcium and bones Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002062.htm Calcium antagonists Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002580.htm Calcium carbonate overdose Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002605.htm Calcium hydroxide Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002910.htm Calcium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002412.htm
538 Calcium
Calcium- ionized Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003486.htm Calcium phosphate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002889.htm •
Signs & Symptoms for Calcium Abdominal pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003120.htm Blindness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003040.htm Bone pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003180.htm Chest pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003079.htm Collapse Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Coma Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003202.htm Confusion Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003205.htm Constipation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003125.htm Convulsions Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003200.htm Cough Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003072.htm Depression Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003213.htm Diarrhea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003126.htm Dizziness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003093.htm Drowsiness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003208.htm
Online Glossaries 539
Emesis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Fainting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003092.htm Fever Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003090.htm Irregular heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003081.htm Low blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003083.htm Muscle contraction Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003193.htm Nausea Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Nausea and/or vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Slurred speech Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003204.htm Throat pain Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003053.htm Vomiting Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003117.htm Weakness Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003174.htm •
Diagnostics and Tests for Calcium Albumin Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003480.htm Blood pressure Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003398.htm Ca++ Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003477.htm Gastric lavage Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003882.htm
540 Calcium
Serum calcium Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003477.htm Slow heartbeat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003399.htm Venipuncture Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003423.htm •
Nutrition for Calcium Calcium in diet Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002412.htm Fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Fiber Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002470.htm Low-fat Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002468.htm Protein Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Proteins Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002467.htm Vitamin D Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002405.htm Yogurt Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002463.htm
•
Background Topics for Calcium Acute Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002215.htm Adolescent test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002054.htm Bleeding Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000045.htm Burns Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000030.htm Calcium phosphate Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002889.htm
Online Glossaries 541
Chemical burn Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000059.htm Chronic Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002312.htm Enzyme Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002353.htm Infant test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002055.htm Oxalic acid Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002479.htm Penis Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002279.htm Preschooler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002057.htm Respiratory Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002290.htm Schoolage test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002058.htm Shellfish Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002851.htm Toddler test or procedure preparation Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002056.htm Total body weight Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001938.htm Unconscious Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000022.htm Vital signs Web site: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002341.htm
Online Dictionary Directories The following are additional online directories compiled by the National Library of Medicine, including a number of specialized medical dictionaries: •
Medical Dictionaries: Medical & Biological (World Health Organization): http://www.who.int/hlt/virtuallibrary/English/diction.htm#Medical
•
MEL-Michigan Electronic Library List of Online Health and Medical Dictionaries (Michigan Electronic Library): http://mel.lib.mi.us/health/health-dictionaries.html
542 Calcium
•
Patient Education: Glossaries (DMOZ Open Directory Project): http://dmoz.org/Health/Education/Patient_Education/Glossaries/
•
Web of Online Dictionaries (Bucknell University): http://www.yourdictionary.com/diction5.html#medicine
543
CALCIUM DICTIONARY The definitions below are derived from official public sources, including the National Institutes of Health [NIH] and the European Union [EU]. 4-Aminopyridine: A potassium channel blocker. It is used primarily as a research tool and is helpful in characterizing subtypes of potassium channels. It has been used clinically in Lambert-Eaton syndrome and multiple sclerosis because by blocking potassium channels it prolongs action potentials thereby increasing transmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (and elsewhere). [NIH] Abdomen: That portion of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. [NIH] Abdominal: Having to do with the abdomen, which is the part of the body between the chest and the hips that contains the pancreas, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and other organs. [NIH] Abdominal Pain: Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. [NIH] Aberrant: Wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. [EU] Ablation: The removal of an organ by surgery. [NIH] Abrasion: 1. The wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. An area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. [EU] Abscess: Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection. [NIH] Abscisic Acid: Abscission-accelerating plant growth substance isolated from young cotton fruit, leaves of sycamore, birch, and other plants, and from potatoes, lemons, avocados, and other fruits. [NIH] Acatalasia: A rare autosomal recessive disorder resulting from the absence of catalase activity. Though usually asymptomatic, a syndrome of oral ulcerations and gangrene may be present. [NIH] Acceptor: A substance which, while normally not oxidized by oxygen or reduced by hydrogen, can be oxidized or reduced in presence of a substance which is itself undergoing oxidation or reduction. [NIH] Acclimation: Adaptation of animals or plants to new climate. [NIH] Acetone: A colorless liquid used as a solvent and an antiseptic. It is one of the ketone bodies produced during ketoacidosis. [NIH] Acetylcholine: A neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine in vertebrates is the major transmitter at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system. It is generally not used as an administered drug because it is broken down very rapidly by cholinesterases, but it is useful in some ophthalmological applications. [NIH] Acidosis: A pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. [EU] Acrosome: Cap-like structure covering the nucleus and anterior part of the sperm head. [NIH]
544 Calcium
Acrosome Reaction: Changes that occur to liberate the enzymes of the acrosome of spermatozoa that allow the entry of a spermatozoon into the ovum. [NIH] Acrylonitrile: A highly poisonous compound used widely in the manufacture of plastics, adhesives and synthetic rubber. [NIH] Actin: Essential component of the cell skeleton. [NIH] Action Potentials: The electric response of a nerve or muscle to its stimulation. [NIH] Acute renal: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. [NIH] Acyl: Chemical signal used by bacteria to communicate. [NIH] Adaptability: Ability to develop some form of tolerance to conditions extremely different from those under which a living organism evolved. [NIH] Adaptation: 1. The adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. The normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. The decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. In dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. In microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. [EU] Adduct: Complex formed when a carcinogen combines with DNA or a protein. [NIH] Adenine: A purine base and a fundamental unit of adenine nucleotides. [NIH] Adenocarcinoma: A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenoma: A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization. [NIH] Adenosine: A nucleoside that is composed of adenine and d-ribose. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Adenylate Cyclase: An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the formation of cyclic AMP and pyrophosphate from ATP. EC 4.6.1.1. [NIH] Adhesives: Substances that cause the adherence of two surfaces. They include glues (properly collagen-derived adhesives), mucilages, sticky pastes, gums, resins, or latex. [NIH] Adjustment: The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiological mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to the environment. [NIH] Adjuvant: A substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. [EU] Adolescence: The period of life beginning with the appearance of secondary sex characteristics and terminating with the cessation of somatic growth. The years usually referred to as adolescence lie between 13 and 18 years of age. [NIH] Adrenal Cortex: The outer layer of the adrenal gland. It secretes mineralocorticoids, androgens, and glucocorticoids. [NIH] Adrenal Medulla: The inner part of the adrenal gland; it synthesizes, stores and releases catecholamines. [NIH] Adrenergic: Activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. [EU] Adrenergic Agonists: Drugs that bind to and activate adrenergic receptors. [NIH]
Dictionary 545
Adsorption: The condensation of gases, liquids, or dissolved substances on the surfaces of solids. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses as well as of tissues treated with exogenous drugs and chemicals. [NIH] Adsorptive: It captures volatile compounds by binding them to agents such as activated carbon or adsorptive resins. [NIH] Adverse Effect: An unwanted side effect of treatment. [NIH] Aequorin: A photoprotein isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea. It emits visible light by an intramolecular reaction when a trace amount of calcium ion is added. The light-emitting moiety in the bioluminescence reaction is believed to be 2-amino-3-benzyl-5(p-hydroxyphenyl)pyrazine (AF-350). [NIH] Aerobic: In biochemistry, reactions that need oxygen to happen or happen when oxygen is present. [NIH] Aerobic Exercise: A type of physical activity that includes walking, jogging, running, and dancing. Aerobic training improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy-producing systems that can improve cardiorespiratory endurance. [NIH] Aerosol: A solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. [EU]
Aetiology: Study of the causes of disease. [EU] Afferent: Concerned with the transmission of neural impulse toward the central part of the nervous system. [NIH] Affinity: 1. Inherent likeness or relationship. 2. A special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. Chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. The strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. In immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigen-binding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. The reciprocal of the dissociation constant. [EU] Affinity Chromatography: In affinity chromatography, a ligand attached to a column binds specifically to the molecule to be purified. [NIH] Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. [NIH]
Age Groups: Persons classified by age from birth (infant, newborn) to octogenarians and older (aged, 80 and over). [NIH] Age of Onset: The age or period of life at which a disease or the initial symptoms or manifestations of a disease appear in an individual. [NIH] Aged, 80 and Over: A person 80 years of age and older. [NIH] Agonist: In anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. [EU] Air Sacs: Thin-walled sacs or spaces which function as a part of the respiratory system in
546 Calcium
birds, fishes, insects, and mammals. [NIH] Airway: A device for securing unobstructed passage of air into and out of the lungs during general anesthesia. [NIH] Albumin: 1. Any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. Serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. [EU] Aldosterone: (11 beta)-11,21-Dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al. A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that functions in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal retention of sodium and the excretion of potassium. [NIH] Alendronate: A nonhormonal medication for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in women. This drug builds healthy bone, restoring some of the bone loss as a result of osteoporosis. [NIH] Alertness: A state of readiness to detect and respond to certain specified small changes occurring at random intervals in the environment. [NIH] Alfalfa: A deep-rooted European leguminous plant (Medicago sativa) widely grown for hay and forage. [NIH] Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task. [NIH] Alimentary: Pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. [EU] Alkaline: Having the reactions of an alkali. [EU] Alkaloid: A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer. [NIH] Alkalosis: A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids. [NIH] Alleles: Mutually exclusive forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes, and governing the same biochemical and developmental process. [NIH] Allergen: An antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). [EU] Allium: A genus of liliaceous herbs containing onions (Allium cepa), garlic (Allium sativum), and others; many produce pungent, often bacteriostatic and physiologically active compounds and are used as food, condiment, and medicament, the latter in traditional medicine. [NIH] Allo: A female hormone. [NIH] Allogeneic: Taken from different individuals of the same species. [NIH] Allograft: An organ or tissue transplant between two humans. [NIH] Allylamine: Possesses an unusual and selective cytotoxicity for vascular smooth muscle cells in dogs and rats. Useful for experiments dealing with arterial injury, myocardial fibrosis or cardiac decompensation. [NIH] Alpha Cell: A type of cell in the pancreas (in areas called the islets of Langerhans). Alpha cells make and release a hormone called glucagon, which raises the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. [NIH]
Dictionary 547
Alpha Particles: Positively charged particles composed of two protons and two neutrons, i.e., helium nuclei, emitted during disintegration of very heavy isotopes; a beam of alpha particles or an alpha ray has very strong ionizing power, but weak penetrability. [NIH] Alternative medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used instead of standard treatments. Alternative medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Alternative Splicing: A process whereby multiple protein isoforms are generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing involves the splicing together of nonconsecutive exons during the processing of some, but not all, transcripts of the gene. Thus a particular exon may be connected to any one of several alternative exons to form messenger RNA. The alternative forms produce proteins in which one part is common while the other part is different. [NIH] Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98. [NIH] Aluminum Hydroxide: Hydrated aluminum. A compound with many biomedical applications: as a gastric antacid, an antiperspirant, in dentifrices, as an emulsifier, as an adjuvant in bacterins and vaccines, in water purification, etc. [NIH] Aluminum Oxide: Al2O3. An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories. [NIH] Alveolar Process: The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth. [NIH] Alveolar Ridge Augmentation: Preprosthetic surgery involving rib, cartilage, or iliac crest bone grafts, usually autologous, or synthetic implants for rebuilding the alveolar ridge. [NIH] Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs. [NIH] Amine: An organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. [EU] Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining protein conformation. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. [NIH] Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and glycine as an intermediate in heme synthesis. [NIH] Amlodipine: 2-((2-Aminoethoxy)methyl)-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,4-dihydro-6-methyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3-ethyl 5-methyl ester. A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. [NIH]
548 Calcium
Ammonia: A colorless alkaline gas. It is formed in the body during decomposition of organic materials during a large number of metabolically important reactions. [NIH] Ammonium Compounds: Inorganic and organic compounds that contain the hypothetical radical NH4. [NIH] Amnesia: Lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. [EU] Amphetamines: Analogs or derivatives of amphetamine. Many are sympathomimetics and central nervous system stimulators causing excitation, vasopression, bronchodilation, and to varying degrees, anorexia, analepsis, nasal decongestion, and some smooth muscle relaxation. [NIH] Amplification: The production of additional copies of a chromosomal DNA sequence, found as either intrachromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA. [NIH] Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell. Its therapeutic use in congestive heart or left ventricular failure is associated with significant increases in the cardiac index, reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and little or no change in mean arterial pressure. One of its more serious side effects is thrombocytopenia in some patients. [NIH] Amygdala: Almond-shaped group of basal nuclei anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle of the brain, within the temporal lobe. The amygdala is part of the limbic system. [NIH]
Amyloid: A general term for a variety of different proteins that accumulate as extracellular fibrils of 7-10 nm and have common structural features, including a beta-pleated sheet conformation and the ability to bind such dyes as Congo red and thioflavine (Kandel, Schwartz, and Jessel, Principles of Neural Science, 3rd ed). [NIH] Anaerobic: 1. Lacking molecular oxygen. 2. Growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. [EU] Anaesthesia: Loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [EU] Anal: Having to do with the anus, which is the posterior opening of the large bowel. [NIH] Analgesic: An agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. [EU] Analog: In chemistry, a substance that is similar, but not identical, to another. [NIH] Analogous: Resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development;. [EU] Analytes: A component of a test sample the presence of which has to be demonstrated. The term "analyte" includes where appropriate formed from the analyte during the analyses. [NIH]
Anaphylactic: Pertaining to anaphylaxis. [EU] Anaphylatoxins: The family of peptides C3a, C4a, C5a, and C5a des-arginine produced in the serum during complement activation. They produce smooth muscle contraction, mast cell histamine release, affect platelet aggregation, and act as mediators of the local inflammatory process. The order of anaphylatoxin activity from strongest to weakest is C5a, C3a, C4a, and C5a des-arginine. The latter is the so-called "classical" anaphylatoxin but shows no spasmogenic activity though it contains some chemotactic ability. [NIH] Anaplasia: Loss of structural differentiation and useful function of neoplastic cells. [NIH] Anatomical: Pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. [EU]
Dictionary 549
Androgens: A class of sex hormones associated with the development and maintenance of the secondary male sex characteristics, sperm induction, and sexual differentiation. In addition to increasing virility and libido, they also increase nitrogen and water retention and stimulate skeletal growth. [NIH] Anemia: A reduction in the number of circulating erythrocytes or in the quantity of hemoglobin. [NIH] Anesthesia: A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures. [NIH] Anesthetics: Agents that are capable of inducing a total or partial loss of sensation, especially tactile sensation and pain. They may act to induce general anesthesia, in which an unconscious state is achieved, or may act locally to induce numbness or lack of sensation at a targeted site. [NIH] Aneurysm: A sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. [NIH] Angina: Chest pain that originates in the heart. [NIH] Angina Pectoris: The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to myocardial ischemia usually of distinctive character, location and radiation, and provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the myocardium exceed the capacity of the coronary circulation to supply it. [NIH] Anginal: Pertaining to or characteristic of angina. [EU] Angiogenesis: Blood vessel formation. Tumor angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. This is caused by the release of chemicals by the tumor. [NIH] Angiogenesis inhibitor: A substance that may prevent the formation of blood vessels. In anticancer therapy, an angiogenesis inhibitor prevents the growth of blood vessels from surrounding tissue to a solid tumor. [NIH] Angioplasty: Endovascular reconstruction of an artery, which may include the removal of atheromatous plaque and/or the endothelial lining as well as simple dilatation. These are procedures performed by catheterization. When reconstruction of an artery is performed surgically, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: A drug used to decrease pressure inside blood vessels. [NIH] Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A class of drugs whose main indications are the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. They exert their hemodynamic effect mainly by inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system. They also modulate sympathetic nervous system activity and increase prostaglandin synthesis. They cause mainly vasodilation and mild natriuresis without affecting heart rate and contractility. [NIH] Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of which a fragment of 14 amino acids is converted by renin to angiotensin I, the inactive precursor of angiotensin II. It is a member of the serpin superfamily. [NIH] Animal model: An animal with a disease either the same as or like a disease in humans. Animal models are used to study the development and progression of diseases and to test new treatments before they are given to humans. Animals with transplanted human cancers or other tissues are called xenograft models. [NIH] Anionic: Pertaining to or containing an anion. [EU] Anions: Negatively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the anode or
550 Calcium
positive pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Ankle: That part of the lower limb directly above the foot. [NIH] Annealing: The spontaneous alignment of two single DNA strands to form a double helix. [NIH]
Anode: Electrode held at a positive potential with respect to a cathode. [NIH] Anorexia: Lack or loss of appetite for food. Appetite is psychologic, dependent on memory and associations. Anorexia can be brought about by unattractive food, surroundings, or company. [NIH] Antagonism: Interference with, or inhibition of, the growth of a living organism by another living organism, due either to creation of unfavorable conditions (e. g. exhaustion of food supplies) or to production of a specific antibiotic substance (e. g. penicillin). [NIH] Antecedent: Existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. [EU]
Antiallergic: Counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. [EU] Antiangiogenic: Having to do with reducing the growth of new blood vessels. [NIH] Antiarrhythmic: An agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. [EU] Antibacterial: A substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. [EU] Antibiotic: A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms. [NIH]
Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the antigen that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with an antigen closely related to it. [NIH] Antibody: A type of protein made by certain white blood cells in response to a foreign substance (antigen). Each antibody can bind to only a specific antigen. The purpose of this binding is to help destroy the antigen. Antibodies can work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen. Some antibodies destroy antigens directly. Others make it easier for white blood cells to destroy the antigen. [NIH] Anticholinergics: Medicines that calm muscle spasms in the intestine. Examples are dicyclomine (dy-SY-kloh-meen) (Bentyl) and hyoscyamine (HY-oh-SY-uh-meen) (Levsin). [NIH]
Anticoagulant: A drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner. [NIH] Antidote: A remedy for counteracting a poison. [EU] Antifungal: Destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. [EU] Antigen: Any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. [EU] Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes immune complex diseases. [NIH]
Dictionary 551
Antigen-presenting cell: APC. A cell that shows antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system. This is an important part of an immune response. [NIH] Antihypertensive: An agent that reduces high blood pressure. [EU] Anti-infective: An agent that so acts. [EU] Anti-Infective Agents: Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. [NIH] Anti-inflammatory: Having to do with reducing inflammation. [NIH] Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Substances that reduce or suppress inflammation. [NIH] Antimetabolite: A chemical that is very similar to one required in a normal biochemical reaction in cells. Antimetabolites can stop or slow down the reaction. [NIH] Antimicrobial: Killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. [EU] Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes. [NIH] Antineoplastic: Inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. [EU] Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of neoplasms. [NIH]
Antioxidant: A substance that prevents damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals that often contain oxygen. They are produced when molecules are split to give products that have unpaired electrons. This process is called oxidation. [NIH] Antiseptic: A substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. [EU] Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves spasm. [EU] Antiviral: Destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. [EU] Anuria: Inability to form or excrete urine. [NIH] Anus: The opening of the rectum to the outside of the body. [NIH] Anxiety: Persistent feeling of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster. [NIH] Anxiety Disorders: Disorders in which anxiety (persistent feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness) is the predominant disturbance. [NIH] Aorta: The main trunk of the systemic arteries. [NIH] Aortic Valve: The valve between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta which prevents backflow into the left ventricle. [NIH] Aortic Valve Stenosis: Constriction in the opening of the aortic valve or of the supravalvular or subvalvular regions. [NIH] Apolipoproteins: The protein components of lipoproteins which remain after the lipids to which the proteins are bound have been removed. They play an important role in lipid transport and metabolism. [NIH] Aponeurosis: Tendinous expansion consisting of a fibrous or membranous sheath which serves as a fascia to enclose or bind a group of muscles. [NIH] Apoptosis: One of the two mechanisms by which cell death occurs (the other being the pathological process of necrosis). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin
552 Calcium
cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA (DNA fragmentation) at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth. [NIH] Approximate: Approximal [EU] Aqueous: Having to do with water. [NIH] Aqueous fluid: Clear, watery fluid that flows between and nourishes the lens and the cornea; secreted by the ciliary processes. [NIH] Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 12-hydroperoxyarachidonate (12-HPETE) which is itself rapidly converted by a peroxidase to 12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoate (12-HETE). The 12-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in platelets. EC 1.13.11.31. [NIH] Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of arachidonic acid to yield 15-hydroperoxyarachidonate (15-HPETE) which is rapidly converted to 15-hydroxy5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoate (15-HETE). The 15-hydroperoxides are preferentially formed in neutrophils and lymphocytes. EC 1.13.11.33. [NIH] Arachidonate Lipoxygenases: Enzymes catalyzing the oxidation of arachidonic acid to hydroperoxyarachidonates (HPETES). These products are then rapidly converted by a peroxidase to hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETES). The positional specificity of the enzyme reaction varies from tissue to tissue. The final lipoxygenase pathway leads to the leukotrienes. EC 1.13.11.- . [NIH] Arachidonic Acid: An unsaturated, essential fatty acid. It is found in animal and human fat as well as in the liver, brain, and glandular organs, and is a constituent of animal phosphatides. It is formed by the synthesis from dietary linoleic acid and is a precursor in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. [NIH] Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form. [NIH] Aromatic: Having a spicy odour. [EU] Arrhythmia: Any variation from the normal rhythm or rate of the heart beat. [NIH] Arterial: Pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. [EU] Arteries: The vessels carrying blood away from the heart. [NIH] Arteriography: A procedure to x-ray arteries. The arteries can be seen because of an injection of a dye that outlines the vessels on an x-ray. [NIH] Arteriolar: Pertaining to or resembling arterioles. [EU] Arterioles: The smallest divisions of the arteries located between the muscular arteries and the capillaries. [NIH] Arteriolosclerosis: Sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. [EU] Arteriosclerosis: Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and involves lipid deposition and thickening of the intimal cell layers within arteries. Additional forms of arteriosclerosis involve calcification of the media of muscular arteries (Monkeberg medial calcific sclerosis) and thickening of the walls of small arteries or arterioles due to cell proliferation or hyaline deposition (arteriolosclerosis). [NIH]
Dictionary 553
Arteriovenous: Both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. [EU] Arteritis: Inflammation of an artery. [NIH] Arthrosis: A disease of a joint. [EU] Articular: Of or pertaining to a joint. [EU] Asbestos: Fibrous incombustible mineral composed of magnesium and calcium silicates with or without other elements. It is relatively inert chemically and used in thermal insulation and fireproofing. Inhalation of dust causes asbestosis and later lung and gastrointestinal neoplasms. [NIH] Asbestosis: A lung disorder caused by constant inhalation of asbestos particles. [NIH] Ascites: Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. [NIH] Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant. [NIH] Aseptic: Free from infection or septic material; sterile. [EU] Aspartame: Flavoring agent sweeter than sugar, metabolized as phenylalanine and aspartic acid. [NIH] Aspartate: A synthetic amino acid. [NIH] Aspartic: The naturally occurring substance is L-aspartic acid. One of the acidic-aminoacids is obtained by the hydrolysis of proteins. [NIH] Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Aspiration: The act of inhaling. [NIH] Assay: Determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. [EU] Astigmatism: A condition in which the surface of the cornea is not spherical; causes a blurred image to be received at the retina. [NIH] Astringent: Causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. [EU] Astrocytes: The largest and most numerous neuroglial cells in the brain and spinal cord. Astrocytes (from "star" cells) are irregularly shaped with many long processes, including those with "end feet" which form the glial (limiting) membrane and directly and indirectly contribute to the blood brain barrier. They regulate the extracellular ionic and chemical environment, and "reactive astrocytes" (along with microglia) respond to injury. Astrocytes have high- affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitter, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is not well understood. [NIH] Astrocytoma: A tumor that begins in the brain or spinal cord in small, star-shaped cells called astrocytes. [NIH] Asymptomatic: Having no signs or symptoms of disease. [NIH] Ataxia: Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharnyx, larnyx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or peripheral nerve diseases. Motor ataxia may be associated with
554 Calcium
cerebellar diseases; cerebral cortex diseases; thalamic diseases; basal ganglia diseases; injury to the red nucleus; and other conditions. [NIH] Atherectomy: Endovascular procedure in which atheromatous plaque is excised by a cutting or rotating catheter. It differs from balloon and laser angioplasty procedures which enlarge vessels by dilation but frequently do not remove much plaque. If the plaque is removed by surgical excision under general anesthesia rather than by an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called endarterectomy. [NIH] ATP: ATP an abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate, a compound which serves as a carrier of energy for cells. [NIH] Atrial: Pertaining to an atrium. [EU] Atrioventricular: Pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. [EU] Atrioventricular Node: A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart. [NIH] Atrium: A chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. [EU] Atrophy: Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes. [NIH] Atropine: A toxic alkaloid, originally from Atropa belladonna, but found in other plants, mainly Solanaceae. [NIH] Attenuated: Strain with weakened or reduced virulence. [NIH] Attenuation: Reduction of transmitted sound energy or its electrical equivalent. [NIH] Atypical: Irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. [EU] Audiovisual Aids: Auditory and visual instructional materials. [NIH] Auditory: Pertaining to the sense of hearing. [EU] Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (autoantigens) of the organism that produced them. [NIH] Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with autoantibodies and cause an immune response. [NIH] Autodigestion: Autolysis; a condition found in disease of the stomach: the stomach wall is digested by the gastric juice. [NIH] Autoimmune disease: A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them. [NIH] Autologous: Taken from an individual's own tissues, cells, or DNA. [NIH] Autonomic: Self-controlling; functionally independent. [EU] Autonomic Nervous System: The enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic nervous systems taken together. Generally speaking, the autonomic nervous system regulates the internal environment during both peaceful activity and physical or emotional stress. Autonomic activity is controlled and integrated by the central nervous system, especially the hypothalamus and the solitary nucleus, which receive information relayed from visceral afferents; these and related central and sensory structures are sometimes (but not here) considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system itself. [NIH]
Dictionary 555
Avian: A plasmodial infection in birds. [NIH] Axons: Nerve fibers that are capable of rapidly conducting impulses away from the neuron cell body. [NIH] Bacteremia: The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion. [NIH] Bacteria: Unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. [NIH] Bacterial Physiology: Physiological processes and activities of bacteria. [NIH] Bactericidal: Substance lethal to bacteria; substance capable of killing bacteria. [NIH] Bacteriophage: A virus whose host is a bacterial cell; A virus that exclusively infects bacteria. It generally has a protein coat surrounding the genome (DNA or RNA). One of the coliphages most extensively studied is the lambda phage, which is also one of the most important. [NIH] Bacteriostatic: 1. Inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. An agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. [EU] Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous. [NIH] Barium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid, barium salt (1:1). A compound used as an x-ray contrast medium that occurs in nature as the mineral barite. It is also used in various manufacturing applications and mixed into heavy concrete to serve as a radiation shield. [NIH] Basal cells: Small, round cells found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. [NIH] Basal Ganglia: Large subcortical nuclear masses derived from the telencephalon and located in the basal regions of the cerebral hemispheres. [NIH] Basal Ganglia Diseases: Diseases of the basal ganglia including the putamen; globus pallidus; claustrum; amygdala; and caudate nucleus. Dyskinesias (most notably involuntary movements and alterations of the rate of movement) represent the primary clinical manifestations of these disorders. Common etiologies include cerebrovascular disease; neurodegenerative diseases; and craniocerebral trauma. [NIH] Base: In chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. [EU] Base Composition: The relative amounts of the purines and pyrimidines in a nucleic acid. [NIH]
Basement Membrane: Ubiquitous supportive tissue adjacent to epithelium and around smooth and striated muscle cells. This tissue contains intrinsic macromolecular components such as collagen, laminin, and sulfated proteoglycans. As seen by light microscopy one of its subdivisions is the basal (basement) lamina. [NIH] Basophils: Granular leukocytes characterized by a relatively pale-staining, lobate nucleus and cytoplasm containing coarse dark-staining granules of variable size and stainable by basic dyes. [NIH] Benham: A disk, half black and half white, with a number of concentric black arcs on the
556 Calcium
white sector, which, when rotated, elicits a variety of chromatic color sensations. [NIH] Benign: Not cancerous; does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Benign tumor: A noncancerous growth that does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Bentonite: A colloidal, hydrated aluminum silicate that swells 12 times its dry size when added to water. [NIH] Benzene: Toxic, volatile, flammable liquid hydrocarbon biproduct of coal distillation. It is used as an industrial solvent in paints, varnishes, lacquer thinners, gasoline, etc. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. It was formerly used as parasiticide. [NIH] Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to glycine in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid. [NIH] Beta blocker: A drug used to slow the heart rate and reduce pressure inside blood vessels. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Beta Rays: A stream of positive or negative electrons ejected with high energy from a disintegrating atomic nucleus; most biomedically used isotopes emit negative particles (electrons or negatrons, rather than positrons). Cathode rays are low-energy negative electrons produced in cathode ray tubes, also called television tubes or oscilloscopes. [NIH] Beta-glucans: Polysaccharides made by several types of mushrooms. Beta-glucans have been used to treat patients with gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. They may be able to stimulate the immune system. [NIH] Beta-pleated: Particular three-dimensional pattern of amyloidoses. [NIH] Bewilderment: Impairment or loss of will power. [NIH] Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity. [NIH] Bilateral: Affecting both the right and left side of body. [NIH] Bile: An emulsifying agent produced in the liver and secreted into the duodenum. Its composition includes bile acids and salts, cholesterol, and electrolytes. It aids digestion of fats in the duodenum. [NIH] Bile Acids: Acids made by the liver that work with bile to break down fats. [NIH] Bile Acids and Salts: Steroid acids and salts. The primary bile acids are derived from cholesterol in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. The secondary bile acids are further modified by bacteria in the intestine. They play an important role in the digestion and absorption of fat. They have also been used pharmacologically, especially in the treatment of gallstones. [NIH] Bile Ducts: Tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder for storage and to the small intestine for use in digestion. [NIH] Biliary: Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder. [NIH] Biliary Tract: The gallbladder and its ducts. [NIH] Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of heme. [NIH] Binding agent: A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders. [NIH] Binding Sites: The reactive parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific
Dictionary 557
combination with another molecule. [NIH] Bioavailability: The degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. [EU] Bioavailable: The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body. [NIH] Biochemical: Relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. [EU] Biochemical Phenomena: Biochemical functions, activities, and processes at organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants. [NIH] Biochemical reactions: In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow. [NIH] Bioenergy: All forms of energy originating from the transformation of biomasses. [NIH] Biofilms: Films of bacteria or other microbial organisms, usually embedded in extracellular polymers such as implanted medical devices, which adhere to surfaces submerged in, or subjected to, aquatic environments (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed). Biofilms consist of multilayers of microbial cells glued together to form microbial communities which are highly resistant to both phagocytes and antibiotics. [NIH] Biological Phenomena: Biological functions and activities at the organic and molecular levels in humans, animals, microorganisms, and plants. For biochemical and metabolic processes, biochemical phenomena is available. [NIH] Biological response modifier: BRM. A substance that stimulates the body's response to infection and disease. [NIH] Biological therapy: Treatment to stimulate or restore the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease. Also used to lessen side effects that may be caused by some cancer treatments. Also known as immunotherapy, biotherapy, or biological response modifier (BRM) therapy. [NIH] Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) across cell membranes and epithelial layers, usually by passive diffusion. [NIH] Bioluminescence: The emission of light by living organisms such as the firefly, certain mollusks, beetles, fish, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. [NIH] Biomarkers: Substances sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and that may suggest the presence of some types of cancer. Biomarkers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and GI tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called tumor markers. [NIH] Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop. [NIH] Biopsy: Removal and pathologic examination of specimens in the form of small pieces of tissue from the living body. [NIH] Biosynthesis: The building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. [EU] Biotechnology: Body of knowledge related to the use of organisms, cells or cell-derived constituents for the purpose of developing products which are technically, scientifically and clinically useful. Alteration of biologic function at the molecular level (i.e., genetic
558 Calcium
engineering) is a central focus; laboratory methods used include transfection and cloning technologies, sequence and structure analysis algorithms, computer databases, and gene and protein structure function analysis and prediction. [NIH] Biotransformation: The chemical alteration of an exogenous substance by or in a biological system. The alteration may inactivate the compound or it may result in the production of an active metabolite of an inactive parent compound. The alteration may be either nonsynthetic (oxidation-reduction, hydrolysis) or synthetic (glucuronide formation, sulfate conjugation, acetylation, methylation). This also includes metabolic detoxication and clearance. [NIH] Biphasic: Having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. [EU] Bipolar Disorder: A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. [NIH] Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, atomic number 83 and atomic weight 208.98. [NIH] Bladder: The organ that stores urine. [NIH] Blastocyst: The mammalian embryo in the post-morula stage in which a fluid-filled cavity, enclosed primarily by trophoblast, contains an inner cell mass which becomes the embryonic disc. [NIH] Bleeding Time: Duration of blood flow after skin puncture. This test is used as a measure of capillary and platelet function. [NIH] Bloating: Fullness or swelling in the abdomen that often occurs after meals. [NIH] Blood Coagulation: The process of the interaction of blood coagulation factors that results in an insoluble fibrin clot. [NIH] Blood Coagulation Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, that are involved in the blood coagulation process. [NIH] Blood Glucose: Glucose in blood. [NIH] Blood Platelets: Non-nucleated disk-shaped cells formed in the megakaryocyte and found in the blood of all mammals. They are mainly involved in blood coagulation. [NIH] Blood pressure: The pressure of blood against the walls of a blood vessel or heart chamber. Unless there is reference to another location, such as the pulmonary artery or one of the heart chambers, it refers to the pressure in the systemic arteries, as measured, for example, in the forearm. [NIH] Blood transfusion: The administration of blood or blood products into a blood vessel. [NIH] Blood vessel: A tube in the body through which blood circulates. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. [NIH] Blood-Brain Barrier: Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined endothelial cells (tight junctions) that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the brain tissue. [NIH] Blot: To transfer DNA, RNA, or proteins to an immobilizing matrix such as nitrocellulose. [NIH]
Body Burden: The total amount of a chemical, metal or radioactive substance present at any time after absorption in the body of man or animal. [NIH] Body Composition: The relative amounts of various components in the body, such as percent body fat. [NIH]
Dictionary 559
Body Fluids: Liquid components of living organisms. [NIH] Body Mass Index: One of the anthropometric measures of body mass; it has the highest correlation with skinfold thickness or body density. [NIH] Body Regions: Anatomical areas of the body. [NIH] Bone Cements: Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste. [NIH] Bone Conduction: Sound transmission through the bones of the skull to the inner ear. [NIH] Bone Density: The amount of mineral per square centimeter of bone. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by photon absorptiometry or x-ray computed tomography. [NIH] Bone Development: Gross development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes osteogenesis, which is restricted to formation and development of bone from the undifferentiated cells of the germ layers of the embryo. It does not include osseointegration. [NIH]
Bone Marrow: The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells. [NIH] Bone Regeneration: Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes bony callus formed after bone fracture but not yet replaced by hard bone. [NIH] Bone Resorption: Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity. [NIH] Bone scan: A technique to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. A small amount of radioactive material is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream; it collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner. [NIH] Bone Substitutes: Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, betatricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue. [NIH] Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight 10.81. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in boron neutron capture therapy. [NIH] Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: A technique for the treatment of neoplasms, especially gliomas and melanomas in which boron-10, an isotope, is introduced into the target cells followed by irradiation with thermal neutrons. [NIH] Bowel: The long tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. There is both a small and a large bowel. Also called the intestine. [NIH] Bowel Movement: Body wastes passed through the rectum and anus. [NIH] Brachial: All the nerves from the arm are ripped from the spinal cord. [NIH] Brachytherapy: A collective term for interstitial, intracavity, and surface radiotherapy. It uses small sealed or partly-sealed sources that may be placed on or near the body surface or within a natural body cavity or implanted directly into the tissues. [NIH] Bradykinin: A nonapeptide messenger that is enzymatically produced from kallidin in the
560 Calcium
blood where it is a potent but short-lived agent of arteriolar dilation and increased capillary permeability. Bradykinin is also released from mast cells during asthma attacks, from gut walls as a gastrointestinal vasodilator, from damaged tissues as a pain signal, and may be a neurotransmitter. [NIH] Brain Diseases: Pathologic conditions affecting the brain, which is composed of the intracranial components of the central nervous system. This includes (but is not limited to) the cerebral cortex; intracranial white matter; basal ganglia; thalamus; hypothalamus; brain stem; and cerebellum. [NIH] Brain Stem: The part of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It consists of the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata. [NIH] Branch: Most commonly used for branches of nerves, but applied also to other structures. [NIH]
Breakdown: A physical, metal, or nervous collapse. [NIH] Bronchi: The larger air passages of the lungs arising from the terminal bifurcation of the trachea. [NIH] Bronchial: Pertaining to one or more bronchi. [EU] Bronchioles: The tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs. [NIH] Bronchoconstriction: Diminution of the caliber of a bronchus physiologically or as a result of pharmacological intervention. [NIH] Buccal: Pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. [EU] Buffers: A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer. [NIH]
Bulimia: Episodic binge eating. The episodes may be associated with the fear of not being able to stop eating, depressed mood, or self-deprecating thoughts (binge-eating disorder) and may frequently be terminated by self-induced vomiting (bulimia nervosa). [NIH] Burns: Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (burns, chemical), electricity (burns, electric), or the like. [NIH] Burns, Electric: Burns produced by contact with electric current or from a sudden discharge of electricity. [NIH] Bypass: A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids. [NIH] Cadaver: A dead body, usually a human body. [NIH] Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 114. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to cadmium poisoning. [NIH] Cadmium Poisoning: Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis. [NIH] Caffeine: A methylxanthine naturally occurring in some beverages and also used as a pharmacological agent. Caffeine's most notable pharmacological effect is as a central nervous system stimulant, increasing alertness and producing agitation. It also relaxes smooth muscle, stimulates cardiac muscle, stimulates diuresis, and appears to be useful in the treatment of some types of headache. Several cellular actions of caffeine have been observed, but it is not entirely clear how each contributes to its pharmacological profile. Among the most important are inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases, antagonism of adenosine receptors, and modulation of intracellular calcium handling. [NIH]
Dictionary 561
Calcifediol: The major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3 produced in the liver and the best indicator of the body's vitamin D stores. It is effective in the treatment of rickets and osteomalacia, both in azotemic and non-azotemic patients. Calcifediol also has mineralizing properties. [NIH] Calcification: Deposits of calcium in the tissues of the breast. Calcification in the breast can be seen on a mammogram, but cannot be detected by touch. There are two types of breast calcification, macrocalcification and microcalcification. Macrocalcifications are large deposits and are usually not related to cancer. Microcalcifications are specks of calcium that may be found in an area of rapidly dividing cells. Many microcalcifications clustered together may be a sign of cancer. [NIH] Calcineurin: A calcium- and calmodulin-binding protein present in highest concentrations in the central nervous system. Calcineurin is composed of two subunits. A catalytic subunit, calcineurin A, and a regulatory subunit, calcineurin B, with molecular weights of about 60 kD and 19 kD, respectively. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including histones, myosin light chain, and the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes in T-lymphocytes that act by inhibiting T-cell activation. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Calcitriol: The physiologically active form of vitamin D. It is formed primarily in the kidney by enzymatic hydroxylation of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcifediol). Its production is stimulated by low blood calcium levels and parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, and in concert with parathyroid hormone increases bone resorption. [NIH] Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes. [NIH] Calcium blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement. [NIH] Calcium channel blocker: A drug used to relax the blood vessel and heart muscle, causing pressure inside blood vessels to drop. It also can regulate heart rhythm. [NIH] Calcium Channel Blockers: A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Since they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are used in the drug therapy of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. [NIH] Calcium Channels: Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue. [NIH] Calcium Chloride: A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning. [NIH]
562 Calcium
Calcium Citrate Malate: It transmits extracellular signals within cells. [NIH] Calcium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Calcium Dobesilate: A drug used to reduce hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Calcium Gluconate: The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states. [NIH] Calcium Hydroxide: Ca(OH)2. A white powder that has many therapeutic uses. Because of its ability to stimulate mineralization, it is found in many dental formulations. [NIH] Calcium Isotopes: Stable calcium atoms that have the same atomic number as the element calcium, but differ in atomic weight. Ca-42-44, 46, and 48 are stable calcium isotopes. [NIH] Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi. [NIH] Calcium Phosphates: Calcium salts of phosphoric acid. These compounds are frequently used as calcium supplements. [NIH] Calcium Pyrophosphate: Diphosphoric acid, calcium salt. An inorganic pyrophosphate which affects calcium metabolism in mammals. Abnormalities in its metabolism occur in some human diseases, notably hypophosphatasia and pseudogout. [NIH] Calcium Signaling: Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins. [NIH]
Calcium Sulfate: It exists in an anhydrous form and in various states of hydration: the hemihydrate is plaster of Paris, the dihydrate is gypsum. It is used in building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. [NIH] Calcium-Binding Proteins: Proteins to which calcium ions are bound. They can act as transport proteins, regulator proteins or activator proteins. [NIH] Calculi: An abnormal concretion occurring mostly in the urinary and biliary tracts, usually composed of mineral salts. Also called stones. [NIH] Calculus I: An abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually composed of mineral salts. [EU] Callus: A callosity or hard, thick skin; the bone-like reparative substance that is formed round the edges and fragments of broken bone. [NIH] Calmodulin: A heat-stable, low-molecular-weight activator protein found mainly in the brain and heart. The binding of calcium ions to this protein allows this protein to bind to cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases and to adenyl cyclase with subsequent activation. Thereby this protein modulates cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. [NIH] Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including neuropeptides, cytoskeletal proteins, proteins from smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, liver, platelets and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. [NIH] Capillary: Any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid;
Dictionary 563
called also vas capillare. [EU] Capillary Permeability: Property of blood capillary walls that allows for the selective exchange of substances. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (tight junctions) which may limit large molecule movement. [NIH] Capsaicin: Cytotoxic alkaloid from various species of Capsicum (pepper, paprika), of the Solanaceae. [NIH] Capsules: Hard or soft soluble containers used for the oral administration of medicine. [NIH] Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of peptidyl-dipeptidase A. It blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the renin-angiotensin system and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin. [NIH] Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed cholinergic agonist that acts at both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. [NIH] Carbohydrate: An aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, polyand heterosaccharides. [EU] Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals. [NIH] Carboxy: Cannabinoid. [NIH] Carboxyamidotriazole: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. [NIH] Carboxylic Acids: Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic. [NIH] Carboxy-terminal: The end of any polypeptide or protein that bears a free carboxyl group. [NIH]
Carcinogen: Any substance that causes cancer. [NIH] Carcinogenesis: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. [NIH] Carcinogenic: Producing carcinoma. [EU] Carcinoma: Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs. [NIH]
Cardiac: Having to do with the heart. [NIH] Cardiac arrest: A sudden stop of heart function. [NIH] Cardiac Output: The volume of blood passing through the heart per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with stroke volume (volume per beat). [NIH] Cardiological: Relating to the study of the heart. [EU] Cardiology: The study of the heart, its physiology, and its functions. [NIH] Cardiomyopathy: A general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. [EU] Cardiorespiratory: Relating to the heart and lungs and their function. [EU]
564 Calcium
Cardiotonic: 1. Having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. An agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. [EU] Cardiotoxicity: Toxicity that affects the heart. [NIH] Cardiovascular: Having to do with the heart and blood vessels. [NIH] Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Congenital structural abnormalities of the cardiovascular system. [NIH] Cardiovascular disease: Any abnormal condition characterized by dysfunction of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes atherosclerosis (especially coronary heart disease, which can lead to heart attacks), cerebrovascular disease (e.g., stroke), and hypertension (high blood pressure). [NIH] Cardiovascular System: The heart and the blood vessels by which blood is pumped and circulated through the body. [NIH] Carotene: The general name for a group of pigments found in green, yellow, and leafy vegetables, and yellow fruits. The pigments are fat-soluble, unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons functioning as provitamins and are converted to vitamin A through enzymatic processes in the intestinal wall. [NIH] Carotenoids: Substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. May reduce the risk of developing cancer. [NIH] Case report: A detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some demographic information about the patient (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin). [NIH] Case series: A group or series of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment. Reports of case series usually contain detailed information about the individual patients. This includes demographic information (for example, age, gender, ethnic origin) and information on diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment. [NIH] Caspase: Enzyme released by the cell at a crucial stage in apoptosis in order to shred all cellular proteins. [NIH] Catabolism: Any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. [EU] Catalase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in acatalasia. EC 1.11.1.6. [NIH] Catalogs: Ordered compilations of item descriptions and sufficient information to afford access to them. [NIH] Cataract: An opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). [EU] Catecholamine: A group of chemical substances manufactured by the adrenal medulla and secreted during physiological stress. [NIH] Catheterization: Use or insertion of a tubular device into a duct, blood vessel, hollow organ, or body cavity for injecting or withdrawing fluids for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. It differs from intubation in that the tube here is used to restore or maintain patency in obstructions. [NIH] Cathode: An electrode, usually an incandescent filament of tungsten, which emits electrons
Dictionary 565
in an X-ray tube. [NIH] Cations: Postively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis. [NIH] Caudal: Denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. [EU] Causal: Pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. [EU] Cause of Death: Factors which produce cessation of all vital bodily functions. They can be analyzed from an epidemiologic viewpoint. [NIH] Caustic: An escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. [EU] Cell: The individual unit that makes up all of the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells. [NIH] Cell Adhesion: Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells. [NIH] Cell Count: A count of the number of cells of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume of sample. [NIH] Cell Cycle: The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one cell division and the end of the next, by which cellular material is divided between daughter cells. [NIH] Cell Death: The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cell Degranulation: The process of losing secretory granules (secretory vesicles). This occurs, for example, in mast cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, and platelets when secretory products are released from the granules by exocytosis. [NIH] Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function which takes place during the development of the embryo and leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Cell Division: The fission of a cell. [NIH] Cell membrane: Cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. [EU] Cell proliferation: An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division. [NIH] Cell Respiration: The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell. [NIH] Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability. [NIH] Cellobiose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units in beta (1-4) glycosidic linkage. Obtained from the partial hydrolysis of cellulose. [NIH] Cellular Structures: Components of a cell. [NIH] Cellulase: An enzyme isolated from fungi and bacteria. It catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in cellulose, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans. EC 3.2.1.4. [NIH] Cellulose: A polysaccharide with glucose units linked as in cellobiose. It is the chief constituent of plant fibers, cotton being the purest natural form of the substance. As a raw material, it forms the basis for many derivatives used in chromatography, ion exchange
566 Calcium
materials, explosives manufacturing, and pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Central Nervous System: The main information-processing organs of the nervous system, consisting of the brain, spinal cord, and meninges. [NIH] Ceramide: A type of fat produced in the body. It may cause some types of cells to die, and is being studied in cancer treatment. [NIH] Cerebellar: Pertaining to the cerebellum. [EU] Cerebellum: Part of the metencephalon that lies in the posterior cranial fossa behind the brain stem. It is concerned with the coordination of movement. [NIH] Cerebral: Of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. [EU] Cerebral Arteries: The arteries supplying the cerebral cortex. [NIH] Cerebral hemispheres: The two halves of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls muscle movement on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls muscle movement on the right side of the body. [NIH] Cerebrospinal: Pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. [EU] Cerebrospinal fluid: CSF. The fluid flowing around the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced in the ventricles in the brain. [NIH] Cerebrovascular: Pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. [EU] Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres, or halves, called the cerebral hemispheres. The cerebrum controls muscle functions of the body and also controls speech, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. [NIH] Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications. [NIH] Character: In current usage, approximately equivalent to personality. The sum of the relatively fixed personality traits and habitual modes of response of an individual. [NIH] Charybdotoxin: A 37-amino acid residue peptide isolated from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus. It is a neurotoxin that inhibits calcium activated potassium channels. [NIH] Chelating Agents: Organic chemicals that form two or more coordination bonds with a central metal ion. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the central metal atom as part of the ring. Some biological systems form metal chelates, e.g., the iron-binding porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-binding chlorophyll of plants. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed) They are used chemically to remove ions from solutions, medicinally against microorganisms, to treat metal poisoning, and in chemotherapy protocols. [NIH] Chelation: Combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. [EU] Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C (chemokines, C), CC (chemokines, CC), and CXC (chemokines, CXC), according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. [NIH] Chemoprevention: The use of drugs, vitamins, or other agents to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer. [NIH] Chemopreventive: Natural or synthetic compound used to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis. [NIH]
Dictionary 567
Chemotactic Factors: Chemical substances that attract or repel cells or organisms. The concept denotes especially those factors released as a result of tissue injury, invasion, or immunologic activity, that attract leukocytes, macrophages, or other cells to the site of infection or insult. [NIH] Chemotaxis: The movement of cells or organisms toward or away from a substance in response to its concentration gradient. [NIH] Chemotherapy: Treatment with anticancer drugs. [NIH] Chlorhexidine: Disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque. [NIH] Chloride Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for chloride ions. [NIH] Chlorine: A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary edema. Chlorine is used in manufacturing, as a reagent in synthetic chemistry, for water purification, and in the production of chlorinated lime, which is used in fabric bleaching. [NIH] Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenecity. [NIH] Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms. [NIH] Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder. [NIH] Cholecystokinin: A 33-amino acid peptide secreted by the upper intestinal mucosa and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety. [NIH] Cholesterol: The principal sterol of all higher animals, distributed in body tissues, especially the brain and spinal cord, and in animal fats and oils. [NIH] Cholesterol Esters: Fatty acid esters of cholesterol which constitute about two-thirds of the cholesterol in the plasma. The accumulation of cholesterol esters in the arterial intima is a characteristic feature of atherosclerosis. [NIH] Cholinergic: Resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. [EU] Chorda Tympani Nerve: A branch of the facial (7th cranial) nerve which passes through the middle ear and continues through the petrotympanic fissure. The chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and conveys parasympathetic efferents to the salivary glands. [NIH] Choroid: The thin, highly vascular membrane covering most of the posterior of the eye between the retina and sclera. [NIH] Chromatin: The material of chromosomes. It is a complex of DNA, histones, and nonhistone proteins (chromosomal proteins, non-histone) found within the nucleus of a cell. [NIH] Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination. [NIH] Chromic: Catgut sterilized and impregnated with chromium trioxide. [NIH] Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. [NIH]
568 Calcium
Chromosomal: Pertaining to chromosomes. [EU] Chromosome: Part of a cell that contains genetic information. Except for sperm and eggs, all human cells contain 46 chromosomes. [NIH] Chronic: A disease or condition that persists or progresses over a long period of time. [NIH] Chronic Disease: Disease or ailment of long duration. [NIH] Chronic granulocytic leukemia: A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myelogenous leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia. [NIH] Chronic myelogenous leukemia: CML. A slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic myeloid leukemia or chronic granulocytic leukemia. [NIH] Chronic renal: Slow and progressive loss of kidney function over several years, often resulting in end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need dialysis or transplantation to replace the work of the kidneys. [NIH] Chylomicrons: A class of lipoproteins that carry dietary cholesterol and triglycerides from the small intestines to the tissues. [NIH] Ciliary: Inflammation or infection of the glands of the margins of the eyelids. [NIH] Ciliary Body: A ring of tissue extending from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the uveal portion and the epithelial portion. The ciliary muscle is in the uveal portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial portion. [NIH] Ciliary processes: The extensions or projections of the ciliary body that secrete aqueous humor. [NIH] Ciprofloxacin: A carboxyfluoroquinoline antimicrobial agent that is effective against a wide range of microorganisms. It has been successfully and safely used in the treatment of resistant respiratory, skin, bone, joint, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital infections. [NIH] CIS: Cancer Information Service. The CIS is the National Cancer Institute's link to the public, interpreting and explaining research findings in a clear and understandable manner, and providing personalized responses to specific questions about cancer. Access the CIS by calling 1-800-4-CANCER, or by using the Web site at http://cis.nci.nih.gov. [NIH] Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. [NIH] Citrus: Any tree or shrub of the Rue family or the fruit of these plants. [NIH] C-kit receptor: A protein on the surface of some cells that binds to stem cell factor (a substance that causes certain types of cells to grow). Altered forms of this receptor may be associated with some types of cancer. [NIH] Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of coated vesicles which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins. [NIH] Clear cell carcinoma: A rare type of tumor of the female genital tract in which the inside of the cells looks clear when viewed under a microscope. [NIH] Cleave: A double-stranded cut in DNA with a restriction endonuclease. [NIH] Clinical Medicine: The study and practice of medicine by direct examination of the patient. [NIH]
Clinical study: A research study in which patients receive treatment in a clinic or other
Dictionary 569
medical facility. Reports of clinical studies can contain results for single patients (case reports) or many patients (case series or clinical trials). [NIH] Clinical trial: A research study that tests how well new medical treatments or other interventions work in people. Each study is designed to test new methods of screening, prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of a disease. [NIH] Cloning: The production of a number of genetically identical individuals; in genetic engineering, a process for the efficient replication of a great number of identical DNA molecules. [NIH] Coagulation: 1. The process of clot formation. 2. In colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible. 3. In surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. [EU] Coal: A natural fuel formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter under certain environmental conditions. [NIH] Coated Vesicles: Vesicles formed when cell-membrane coated pits invaginate and pinch off. The outer surface of these vesicles are covered with a lattice-like network of coat proteins, such as clathrin, coat protein complex proteins, or caveolins. [NIH] Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis. [NIH] Coca: Any of several South American shrubs of the Erythroxylon genus (and family) that yield cocaine; the leaves are chewed with alum for CNS stimulation. [NIH] Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake. [NIH] Cod Liver Oil: Oil obtained from fresh livers of the cod family, Gadidae. It is a source of vitamins A and D. [NIH] Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (codon, terminator). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, transfer) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (codons, nonsense). [NIH] Coenzyme: An organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). [EU] Cofactor: A substance, microorganism or environmental factor that activates or enhances the action of another entity such as a disease-causing agent. [NIH] Cognition: Intellectual or mental process whereby an organism becomes aware of or obtains knowledge. [NIH] Colchicine: A major alkaloid from Colchicum autumnale L. and found also in other Colchicum species. Its primary therapeutic use is in the treatment of gout, but it has been used also in the therapy of familial Mediterranean fever (periodic disease). [NIH]
570 Calcium
Colic: Paroxysms of pain. This condition usually occurs in the abdominal region but may occur in other body regions as well. [NIH] Colitis: Inflammation of the colon. [NIH] Collagen: A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of skin, connective tissue, and the organic substance of bones and teeth. Different forms of collagen are produced in the body but all consist of three alpha-polypeptide chains arranged in a triple helix. Collagen is differentiated from other fibrous proteins, such as elastin, by the content of proline, hydroxyproline, and hydroxylysine; by the absence of tryptophan; and particularly by the high content of polar groups which are responsible for its swelling properties. [NIH] Collapse: 1. A state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. Abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. [EU] Colloidal: Of the nature of a colloid. [EU] Colorectal: Having to do with the colon or the rectum. [NIH] Colorectal Cancer: Cancer that occurs in the colon (large intestine) or the rectum (the end of the large intestine). A number of digestive diseases may increase a person's risk of colorectal cancer, including polyposis and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome. [NIH] Combination Therapy: Association of 3 drugs to treat AIDS (AZT + DDC or DDI + protease inhibitor). [NIH] Comet Assay: A genotoxicological technique for measuring DNA damage in an individual cell using single-cell gel electrophoresis. Cell DNA fragments assume a "comet with tail" formation on electrophoresis and are detected with an image analysis system. Alkaline assay conditions facilitate sensitive detection of single-strand damage. [NIH] Communis: Common tendon of the rectus group of muscles that surrounds the optic foramen and a portion of the superior orbital fissure, to the anterior margin of which it is attached at the spina recti lateralis. [NIH] Complement: A term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. [EU]
Dictionary 571
Complementary and alternative medicine: CAM. Forms of treatment that are used in addition to (complementary) or instead of (alternative) standard treatments. These practices are not considered standard medical approaches. CAM includes dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, herbal preparations, special teas, massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Complementary medicine: Practices not generally recognized by the medical community as standard or conventional medical approaches and used to enhance or complement the standard treatments. Complementary medicine includes the taking of dietary supplements, megadose vitamins, and herbal preparations; the drinking of special teas; and practices such as massage therapy, magnet therapy, spiritual healing, and meditation. [NIH] Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories applicable to molecular biology and areas of computer-based techniques for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets. [NIH] Computed tomography: CT scan. A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized tomography and computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan. [NIH] Computerized axial tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called CAT scan, computed tomography (CT scan), or computerized tomography. [NIH] Computerized tomography: A series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body, taken from different angles; the pictures are created by a computer linked to an x-ray machine. Also called computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan and computed tomography (CT scan). [NIH] Concentric: Having a common center of curvature or symmetry. [NIH] Conception: The onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. [EU] Concomitant: Accompanying; accessory; joined with another. [EU] Concretion: Minute, hard, yellow masses found in the palpebral conjunctivae of elderly people or following chronic conjunctivitis, composed of the products of cellular degeneration retained in the depressions and tubular recesses in the conjunctiva. [NIH] Conduction: The transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. [EU] Cone: One of the special retinal receptor elements which are presumed to be primarily concerned with perception of light and color stimuli when the eye is adapted to light. [NIH] Cone cells: One type of specialized light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) in the retina that provide sharp central vision and color vision. [NIH] Confounding: Extraneous variables resulting in outcome effects that obscure or exaggerate the "true" effect of an intervention. [NIH] Confusion: A mental state characterized by bewilderment, emotional disturbance, lack of clear thinking, and perceptual disorientation. [NIH] Congestion: Excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. [EU] Congestive heart failure: Weakness of the heart muscle that leads to a buildup of fluid in body tissues. [NIH]
572 Calcium
Conjugated: Acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. [EU] Conjugation: 1. The act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. A sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. In chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. [EU] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue: Tissue that supports and binds other tissues. It consists of connective tissue cells embedded in a large amount of extracellular matrix. [NIH] Connective Tissue Cells: A group of cells that includes fibroblasts, cartilage cells, adipocytes, smooth muscle cells, and bone cells. [NIH] Consciousness: Sense of awareness of self and of the environment. [NIH] Consolidation: The healing process of a bone fracture. [NIH] Constipation: Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces. [NIH] Constriction: The act of constricting. [NIH] Consumption: Pulmonary tuberculosis. [NIH] Contamination: The soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream. [EU] Continuous infusion: The administration of a fluid into a blood vessel, usually over a prolonged period of time. [NIH] Contraception: Use of agents, devices, methods, or procedures which diminish the likelihood of or prevent conception. [NIH] Contraceptive: An agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. [EU] Contractility: Capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. [EU] Contraindications: Any factor or sign that it is unwise to pursue a certain kind of action or treatment, e. g. giving a general anesthetic to a person with pneumonia. [NIH] Contrast Media: Substances used in radiography that allow visualization of certain tissues. [NIH]
Control group: In a clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared to the group that receives the new treatment, to see if the new treatment works. [NIH] Controlled study: group. [NIH]
An experiment or clinical trial that includes a comparison (control)
Conventional therapy: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional treatment. [NIH] Conventional treatment: A currently accepted and widely used treatment for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past research. Also called conventional therapy. [NIH]
Dictionary 573
Convulsions: A general term referring to sudden and often violent motor activity of cerebral or brainstem origin. Convulsions may also occur in the absence of an electrical cerebral discharge (e.g., in response to hypotension). [NIH] Coordination: Muscular or motor regulation or the harmonious cooperation of muscles or groups of muscles, in a complex action or series of actions. [NIH] Cor: The muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. [EU] Cornea: The transparent part of the eye that covers the iris and the pupil and allows light to enter the inside. [NIH] Coronary: Encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. [EU] Coronary Artery Bypass: Surgical therapy of ischemic coronary artery disease achieved by grafting a section of saphenous vein, internal mammary artery, or other substitute between the aorta and the obstructed coronary artery distal to the obstructive lesion. [NIH] Coronary Circulation: The circulation of blood through the coronary vessels of the heart. [NIH]
Coronary heart disease: A type of heart disease caused by narrowing of the coronary arteries that feed the heart, which needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients carried by the blood in the coronary arteries. When the coronary arteries become narrowed or clogged by fat and cholesterol deposits and cannot supply enough blood to the heart, CHD results. [NIH] Coronary Thrombosis: Presence of a thrombus in a coronary artery, often causing a myocardial infarction. [NIH] Corpus: The body of the uterus. [NIH] Corpus Luteum: The yellow glandular mass formed in the ovary by an ovarian follicle that has ruptured and discharged its ovum. [NIH] Corrosion: Irreversible destruction of skin tissue. [NIH] Cortex: The outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. [EU] Cortical: Pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. [EU] Corticosteroid: Any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to
574 Calcium
angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. [EU] Cortisol: A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex as part of the body's response to stress. [NIH] Cranial: Pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. [EU] Craniotomy: An operation in which an opening is made in the skull. [NIH] Creatinine: A compound that is excreted from the body in urine. Creatinine levels are measured to monitor kidney function. [NIH] Crowns: A prosthetic restoration that reproduces the entire surface anatomy of the visible natural crown of a tooth. It may be partial (covering three or more surfaces of a tooth) or complete (covering all surfaces). It is made of gold or other metal, porcelain, or resin. [NIH] Crystallization: The formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. [EU] Cultured cells: Animal or human cells that are grown in the laboratory. [NIH] Curative: Tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. [EU] Cutaneous: Having to do with the skin. [NIH] Cyclic: Pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. [EU] Cyclin: Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. [NIH] Cyclosporine: A drug used to help reduce the risk of rejection of organ and bone marrow transplants by the body. It is also used in clinical trials to make cancer cells more sensitive to anticancer drugs. [NIH] Cyst: A sac or capsule filled with fluid. [NIH] Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. [NIH] Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. [NIH]
Cytochrome: Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. [EU] Cytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some nonleukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in
Dictionary 575
that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner. [NIH] Cytokinesis: Division of the rest of cell. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus: A genus of the family Herpesviridae, subfamily Betaherpesvirinae, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS. [NIH] Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: Infection of the retina by cytomegalovirus characterized by retinal necrosis, hemorrhage, vessel sheathing, and retinal edema. Cytomegalovirus retinitis is a major opportunistic infection in AIDS patients and can cause blindness. [NIH] Cytoplasm: The protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. [EU] Cytoskeletal Proteins: Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible. [NIH]
Cytoskeleton: The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm. [NIH] Cytotoxic: Cell-killing. [NIH] Dairy Products: Raw and processed or manufactured milk and milk-derived products. These are usually from cows (bovine) but are also from goats, sheep, reindeer, and water buffalo. [NIH] Databases, Bibliographic: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of references and citations to books, articles, publications, etc., generally on a single subject or specialized subject area. Databases can operate through automated files, libraries, or computer disks. The concept should be differentiated from factual databases which is used for collections of data and facts apart from bibliographic references to them. [NIH] Deamination: The removal of an amino group (NH2) from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decarboxylation: The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound. [NIH] Decidua: The epithelial lining of the endometrium that is formed before the fertilized ovum reaches the uterus. The fertilized ovum embeds in the decidua. If the ovum is not fertilized, the decidua is shed during menstruation. [NIH] Degenerative: Undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. [EU] Dehydration: The condition that results from excessive loss of body water. [NIH] Deletion: A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA (chromosomes), bringing sequences, which are normally separated, into close proximity. [NIH] Delirium: (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia,
576 Calcium
hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. [EU] Dementia: An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. [NIH] Denaturation: Rupture of the hydrogen bonds by heating a DNA solution and then cooling it rapidly causes the two complementary strands to separate. [NIH] Dendrites: Extensions of the nerve cell body. They are short and branched and receive stimuli from other neurons. [NIH] Dendritic: 1. Branched like a tree. 2. Pertaining to or possessing dendrites. [EU] Dendritic cell: A special type of antigen-presenting cell (APC) that activates T lymphocytes. [NIH]
Density: The logarithm to the base 10 of the opacity of an exposed and processed film. [NIH] Dental Abutments: Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose. [NIH] Dental Assistants: Individuals who assist the dentist or the dental hygienist. [NIH] Dental Calculus: Abnormal concretion or calcified deposit that forms around the teeth or dental prostheses. [NIH] Dental Caries: Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp. The three most prominent theories used to explain the etiology of the disase are that acids produced by bacteria lead to decalcification; that micro-organisms destroy the enamel protein; or that keratolytic micro-organisms produce chelates that lead to decalcification. [NIH]
Dental Cements: Substances used as bonding or luting agents in restorative denistry, root canal therapy, prosthedontics, and orthodontics. [NIH] Dental Hygienists: Persons trained in an accredited school or dental college and licensed by the state in which they reside to provide dental prophylaxis under the direction of a licensed dentist. [NIH] Dental implant: A small metal pin placed inside the jawbone to mimic the root of a tooth. Dental implants can be used to help anchor a false tooth or teeth, or a crown or bridge. [NIH] Dental Plaque: A film that attaches to teeth, often causing dental caries and gingivitis. It is composed of mucins, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms. [NIH] Dentate Gyrus: Gray matter situated above the gyrus hippocampi. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the hippocampus in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called granule cells, whose axons pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the dendrites of pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. [NIH] Dentifrices: Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives. [NIH] Dentists: Individuals licensed to practice dentistry. [NIH] Dentition: The teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in
Dictionary 577
position in their alveoli. [EU] Dentures: An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include crowns, dental abutments, nor artificial teeth. [NIH] Deoxyuridine: 2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. [NIH] Depersonalization: Alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. [EU] Depolarization: The process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. [EU] Depressive Disorder: An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. [NIH] Deprivation: Loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. [EU] Derealization: Is characterized by the loss of the sense of reality concerning one's surroundings. [NIH] Dermal: Pertaining to or coming from the skin. [NIH] Dermatitis: Any inflammation of the skin. [NIH] DES: Diethylstilbestrol. A synthetic hormone that was prescribed from the early 1940s until 1971 to help women with complications of pregnancy. DES has been linked to an increased risk of clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters of women who used DES. DES may also increase the risk of breast cancer in women who used DES. [NIH] Desensitization: The prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. [EU] Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.). [NIH] Detergents: Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. [NIH] Deuterium: Deuterium. The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus. [NIH] Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (sincalide) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding. [NIH] Developed Countries: Countries that have reached a level of economic achievement through an increase of production, per capita income and consumption, and utilization of natural and human resources. [NIH] Dextran Sulfate: Long-chain polymer of glucose containing 17-20% sulfur. It has been used as an anticoagulant and also has been shown to inhibit the binding of HIV-1 to CD4+ Tlymphocytes. It is commonly used as both an experimental and clinical laboratory reagent
578 Calcium
and has been investigated for use as an antiviral agent, in the treatment of hypolipidemia, and for the prevention of free radical damage, among other applications. [NIH] Diabetes Mellitus: A heterogeneous group of disorders that share glucose intolerance in common. [NIH] Diabetic Foot: Ulcers of the foot as a complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot, often with infection, is a common serious complication of diabetes and may require hospitalization and disfiguring surgery. The foot ulcers are probably secondary to neuropathies and vascular problems. [NIH] Diabetic Retinopathy: Retinopathy associated with diabetes mellitus, which may be of the background type, progressively characterized by microaneurysms, interretinal punctuate macular edema, or of the proliferative type, characterized by neovascularization of the retina and optic disk, which may project into the vitreous, proliferation of fibrous tissue, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. [NIH] Diagnostic procedure: A method used to identify a disease. [NIH] Dialysate: A cleansing liquid used in the two major forms of dialysis--hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. [NIH] Dialyzer: A part of the hemodialysis machine. (See hemodialysis under dialysis.) The dialyzer has two sections separated by a membrane. One section holds dialysate. The other holds the patient's blood. [NIH] Diarrhea: Passage of excessively liquid or excessively frequent stools. [NIH] Diarrhoea: Abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. [EU] Diastole: Period of relaxation of the heart, especially the ventricles. [NIH] Diastolic: Of or pertaining to the diastole. [EU] Diathesis: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. [EU] Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms. [NIH] Diencephalon: The paired caudal parts of the prosencephalon from which the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus are derived. [NIH] Dietary Fats: Fats present in food, especially in animal products such as meat, meat products, butter, ghee. They are present in lower amounts in nuts, seeds, and avocados. [NIH]
Dietitian: An expert in nutrition who helps people plan what and how much food to eat. [NIH]
Diffusion: The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space; a major mechanism of biological transport. [NIH] Digestion: The process of breakdown of food for metabolism and use by the body. [NIH] Digestive system: The organs that take in food and turn it into products that the body can use to stay healthy. Waste products the body cannot use leave the body through bowel movements. The digestive system includes the salivary glands, mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digestive tract: The organs through which food passes when food is eaten. These organs
Dictionary 579
are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum. [NIH] Digitalis: A genus of toxic herbaceous Eurasian plants of the Scrophulaceae which yield cardiotonic glycosides. The most useful are Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea. [NIH] Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position. [NIH] Dihydrotestosterone: Anabolic agent. [NIH] Dihydroxy: AMPA/Kainate antagonist. [NIH] Dilatation: The act of dilating. [NIH] Dilatation, Pathologic: The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions. [NIH] Dilate: Relax; expand. [NIH] Dilation: A process by which the pupil is temporarily enlarged with special eye drops (mydriatic); allows the eye care specialist to better view the inside of the eye. [NIH] Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of the calcium ion in membrane functions. It is also teratogenic. [NIH] Dilution: A diluted or attenuated medicine; in homeopathy, the diffusion of a given quantity of a medicinal agent in ten or one hundred times the same quantity of water. [NIH] Dimethyl: A volatile metabolite of the amino acid methionine. [NIH] Diploid: Having two sets of chromosomes. [NIH] Direct: 1. Straight; in a straight line. 2. Performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. [EU] Discrimination: The act of qualitative and/or quantitative differentiation between two or more stimuli. [NIH] Disease Progression: The worsening of a disease over time. This concept is most often used for chronic and incurable diseases where the stage of the disease is an important determinant of therapy and prognosis. [NIH] Disinfectant: An agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. [EU] Disinfection: Rendering pathogens harmless through the use of heat, antiseptics, antibacterial agents, etc. [NIH] Disorientation: The loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. [EU] Disparity: Failure of the two retinal images of an object to fall on corresponding retinal points. [NIH] Dissociation: 1. The act of separating or state of being separated. 2. The separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. In psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. A defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. [EU] Distal: Remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. [EU]
580 Calcium
Diuresis: Increased excretion of urine. [EU] Diuretic: A drug that increases the production of urine. [NIH] Dizziness: An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness. [NIH] DNA Topoisomerase: An enzyme catalyzing ATP-independent breakage of singlestranded DNA, followed by passage and rejoining of another single-stranded DNA. This enzyme class brings about the conversion of one topological isomer of DNA into another, e.g., the relaxation of superhelical turns in DNA, the interconversion of simple and knotted rings of single-stranded DNA, and the intertwisting of single-stranded rings of complementary sequences. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 5.99.1.2. [NIH] Dominance: In genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. [EU] Dopamine: An endogenous catecholamine and prominent neurotransmitter in several systems of the brain. In the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine, it is the immediate precursor to norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dopamine is a major transmitter in the extrapyramidal system of the brain, and important in regulating movement. A family of dopaminergic receptor subtypes mediate its action. Dopamine is used pharmacologically for its direct (beta adrenergic agonist) and indirect (adrenergic releasing) sympathomimetic effects including its actions as an inotropic agent and as a renal vasodilator. [NIH] Dorsal: 1. Pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. Denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. [EU] Dorsum: A plate of bone which forms the posterior boundary of the sella turcica. [NIH] Dosage Forms: Completed forms of the pharmaceutical preparation in which prescribed doses of medication are included. They are designed to resist action by gastric fluids, prevent vomiting and nausea, reduce or alleviate the undesirable taste and smells associated with oral administration, achieve a high concentration of drug at target site, or produce a delayed or long-acting drug effect. They include capsules, liniments, ointments, pharmaceutical solutions, powders, tablets, etc. [NIH] Dose-limiting: Describes side effects of a drug or other treatment that are serious enough to prevent an increase in dose or level of that treatment. [NIH] Double-blinded: A clinical trial in which neither the medical staff nor the person knows which of several possible therapies the person is receiving. [NIH] Drive: A state of internal activity of an organism that is a necessary condition before a given stimulus will elicit a class of responses; e.g., a certain level of hunger (drive) must be present before food will elicit an eating response. [NIH] Drug Approval: Process that is gone through in order for a drug to receive approval by a government regulatory agency. This includes any required pre-clinical or clinical testing, review, submission, and evaluation of the applications and test results, and post-marketing surveillance of the drug. [NIH] Drug Delivery Systems: Systems of administering drugs through controlled delivery so that an optimum amount reaches the target site. Drug delivery systems encompass the carrier, route, and target. [NIH] Drug Interactions: The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug. [NIH] Drug Resistance: Diminished or failed response of an organism, disease or tissue to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should be differentiated from drug tolerance
Dictionary 581
which is the progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, as a result of continued administration. [NIH] Drug Tolerance: Progressive diminution of the susceptibility of a human or animal to the effects of a drug, resulting from its continued administration. It should be differentiated from drug resistance wherein an organism, disease, or tissue fails to respond to the intended effectiveness of a chemical or drug. It should also be differentiated from maximum tolerated dose and no-observed-adverse-effect level. [NIH] Duct: A tube through which body fluids pass. [NIH] Duodenal Ulcer: An ulcer in the lining of the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). [NIH]
Duodenum: The first part of the small intestine. [NIH] Dyes: Chemical substances that are used to stain and color other materials. The coloring may or may not be permanent. Dyes can also be used as therapeutic agents and test reagents in medicine and scientific research. [NIH] Dyskinesia: Impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. [EU] Dyspareunia: Painful sexual intercourse. [NIH] Dysphoric: A feeling of unpleasantness and discomfort. [NIH] Dysplasia: Cells that look abnormal under a microscope but are not cancer. [NIH] Dyspnea: Difficult or labored breathing. [NIH] Dystrophic: Pertaining to toxic habitats low in nutrients. [NIH] Dystrophy: Any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies. [EU] Eating Disorders: A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake. [NIH] Eclampsia: Onset of convulsions or coma in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient. [NIH]
Ectopic: Pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. [EU] Edema: Excessive amount of watery fluid accumulated in the intercellular spaces, most commonly present in subcutaneous tissue. [NIH] Effector: It is often an enzyme that converts an inactive precursor molecule into an active second messenger. [NIH] Effector cell: A cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus; usually used to describe cells in the immune system. [NIH] Efficacy: The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions. Ideally, the determination of efficacy is based on the results of a randomized control trial. [NIH] Elasticity: Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape. [NIH] Elastin: The protein that gives flexibility to tissues. [NIH] Elastomers: A generic term for all substances having the properties of natural, reclaimed, vulcanized, or synthetic rubber, in that they stretch under tension, have a high tensile strength, retract rapidly, and recover their original dimensions fully. [NIH] Elective: Subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. [EU]
582 Calcium
Electrocoagulation: Electrosurgical procedures used to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. [NIH] Electrode: Component of the pacing system which is at the distal end of the lead. It is the interface with living cardiac tissue across which the stimulus is transmitted. [NIH] Electrolysis: Destruction by passage of a galvanic electric current, as in disintegration of a chemical compound in solution. [NIH] Electrolyte: A substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. [EU] Electromagnetic Fields: Fields representing the joint interplay of electric and magnetic forces. [NIH] Electrons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known negative charge, present in all elements; also called negatrons. Positively charged electrons are called positrons. The numbers, energies and arrangement of electrons around atomic nuclei determine the chemical identities of elements. Beams of electrons are called cathode rays or beta rays, the latter being a high-energy biproduct of nuclear decay. [NIH] Electrophoresis: An electrochemical process in which macromolecules or colloidal particles with a net electric charge migrate in a solution under the influence of an electric current. [NIH]
Electrophysiological: Pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. [EU] Elementary Particles: Individual components of atoms, usually subatomic; subnuclear particles are usually detected only when the atomic nucleus decays and then only transiently, as most of them are unstable, often yielding pure energy without substance, i.e., radiation. [NIH] Emboli: Bit of foreign matter which enters the blood stream at one point and is carried until it is lodged or impacted in an artery and obstructs it. It may be a blood clot, an air bubble, fat or other tissue, or clumps of bacteria. [NIH] Embolization: The blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material. Embolization can be done as treatment to block the flow of blood to a tumor. [NIH] Embryo: The prenatal stage of mammalian development characterized by rapid morphological changes and the differentiation of basic structures. [NIH] Embryogenesis: The process of embryo or embryoid formation, whether by sexual (zygotic) or asexual means. In asexual embryogenesis embryoids arise directly from the explant or on intermediary callus tissue. In some cases they arise from individual cells (somatic cell embryoge). [NIH] Emollient: Softening or soothing; called also malactic. [EU] Emulsion: A preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. [EU] Enamel: A very hard whitish substance which covers the dentine of the anatomical crown of a tooth. [NIH]
Dictionary 583
Encapsulated: Confined to a specific, localized area and surrounded by a thin layer of tissue. [NIH] Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see encephalitis, viral) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition. [NIH] Encephalomyelitis: A general term indicating inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and encephalitis in the literature. [NIH] Encephalopathy: A disorder of the brain that can be caused by disease, injury, drugs, or chemicals. [NIH] Endarterectomy: Surgical excision, performed under general anesthesia, of the atheromatous tunica intima of an artery. When reconstruction of an artery is performed as an endovascular procedure through a catheter, it is called atherectomy. [NIH] Endocarditis: Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. [EU] Endocardium: The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells. [NIH] Endocrine Glands: Ductless glands that secrete substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. [NIH] Endocrine System: The system of glands that release their secretions (hormones) directly into the circulatory system. In addition to the endocrine glands, included are the chromaffin system and the neurosecretory systems. [NIH] Endocrinology: A subspecialty of internal medicine concerned with the metabolism, physiology, and disorders of the endocrine system. [NIH] Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. Endosomes play a central role in endocytosis. [NIH] Endometrium: The layer of tissue that lines the uterus. [NIH] Endopeptidases: A subclass of peptide hydrolases. They are classified primarily by their catalytic mechanism. Specificity is used only for identification of individual enzymes. They comprise the serine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.21; cysteine endopeptidases, EC 3.4.22; aspartic endopeptidases, EC 3.4.23, metalloendopeptidases, EC 3.4.24; and a group of enzymes yet to be assigned to any of the above sub-classes, EC 3.4.99. EC 3.4.-. [NIH] Endothelial cell: The main type of cell found in the inside lining of blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart. [NIH] Endothelium: A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (endothelium, vascular), lymph vessels (endothelium, lymphatic), and the serous cavities of the body. [NIH] Endothelium, Lymphatic: Unbroken cellular lining (intima) of the lymph vessels (e.g., the high endothelial lymphatic venules). It is more permeable than vascular endothelium, lacking selective absorption and functioning mainly to remove plasma proteins that have filtered through the capillaries into the tissue spaces. [NIH] Endothelium, Vascular: Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components from interstitium to lumen; this function has been most intensively studied in the blood
584 Calcium
capillaries. [NIH] Endothelium-derived: Small molecule that diffuses to the adjacent muscle layer and relaxes it. [NIH] Endotoxin: Toxin from cell walls of bacteria. [NIH] End-stage renal: Total chronic kidney failure. When the kidneys fail, the body retains fluid and harmful wastes build up. A person with ESRD needs treatment to replace the work of the failed kidneys. [NIH] Enema: The injection of a liquid through the anus into the large bowel. [NIH] Energetic: Exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. [EU] Enhancer: Transcriptional element in the virus genome. [NIH] Enteric Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Entorhinal Cortex: Cortex where the signals are combined with those from other sensory systems. [NIH] Environmental Exposure: The exposure to potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents in the environment or to environmental factors that may include ionizing radiation, pathogenic organisms, or toxic chemicals. [NIH] Environmental Health: The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health. [NIH] Enzymatic: Phase where enzyme cuts the precursor protein. [NIH] Enzyme: A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body. [NIH] Eosinophils: Granular leukocytes with a nucleus that usually has two lobes connected by a slender thread of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing coarse, round granules that are uniform in size and stainable by eosin. [NIH] Epidemiological: Relating to, or involving epidemiology. [EU] Epidermal: Pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. [EU]
Epidermis: Nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers: 1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); 2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); 3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); 4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and 5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis). [NIH] Epidermoid carcinoma: A type of cancer in which the cells are flat and look like fish scales. Also called squamous cell carcinoma. [NIH] Epigastric: Having to do with the upper middle area of the abdomen. [NIH] Epinephrine: The active sympathomimetic hormone from the adrenal medulla in most species. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic vasoconstriction and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the heart, and dilates bronchi and cerebral vessels. It is used in asthma and cardiac failure and to delay absorption of local anesthetics. [NIH] Epithelial: Refers to the cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. [NIH] Epithelium: One or more layers of epithelial cells, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body. [NIH]
Dictionary 585
Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies. [NIH] Erythrocytes: Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing hemoglobin whose function is to transport oxygen. [NIH] Erythroid Progenitor Cells: Committed, erythroid stem cells derived from myeloid stem cells. The progenitor cells develop in two phases: erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) followed by erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-E). BFU-E differentiate into CFU-E on stimulation by erythropoietin, and then further differentiate into erythroblasts when stimulated by other factors. [NIH] Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the kidney in the adult and the liver in the fetus, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the bone marrow to stimulate proliferation and differentiation. [NIH] Escalation: Progressive use of more harmful drugs. [NIH] Esophageal: Having to do with the esophagus, the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH] Esophagitis: Inflammation, acute or chronic, of the esophagus caused by bacteria, chemicals, or trauma. [NIH] Esophagus: The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach. [NIH]
Essential Tremor: A rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless, oscillating movement resulting from the alternate contraction and relaxation of opposing groups of muscles. [NIH] Estradiol: The most potent mammalian estrogenic hormone. It is produced in the ovary, placenta, testis, and possibly the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Estrogen: One of the two female sex hormones. [NIH] Estrogen Replacement Therapy: The use of hormonal agents with estrogen-like activity in postmenopausal or other estrogen-deficient women to alleviate effects of hormone deficiency, such as vasomotor symptoms, dyspareunia, and progressive development of osteoporosis. This may also include the use of progestational agents in combination therapy. [NIH]
Ethanol: A clear, colorless liquid rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and distributed throughout the body. It has bactericidal activity and is used often as a topical disinfectant. It is widely used as a solvent and preservative in pharmaceutical preparations as well as serving as the primary ingredient in alcoholic beverages. [NIH] Ether: One of a class of organic compounds in which any two organic radicals are attached directly to a single oxygen atom. [NIH] Ethnic Groups: A group of people with a common cultural heritage that sets them apart from others in a variety of social relationships. [NIH] Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins. [NIH]
Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies. [NIH] Etidronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates are used as treatment for hypercalcemia (abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood) and for cancer that has spread to the bone (bone metastases). [NIH]
586 Calcium
Eukaryotic Cells: Cells of the higher organisms, containing a true nucleus bounded by a nuclear membrane. [NIH] Evacuation: An emptying, as of the bowels. [EU] Evoke: The electric response recorded from the cerebral cortex after stimulation of a peripheral sense organ. [NIH] Excimer laser: An ultraviolet laser used in refractive surgery to remove corneal tissue. [NIH] Excipient: Any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle. [EU] Excitability: Property of a cardiac cell whereby, when the cell is depolarized to a critical level (called threshold), the membrane becomes permeable and a regenerative inward current causes an action potential. [NIH] Excitation: An act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. [EU] Excitatory: When cortical neurons are excited, their output increases and each new input they receive while they are still excited raises their output markedly. [NIH] Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials: Nerve potential generated by an excitatory depolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Excitotoxicity: Excessive exposure to glutamate or related compounds can kill brain neurons, presumably by overstimulating them. [NIH] Excrete: To get rid of waste from the body. [NIH] Exhaustion: The feeling of weariness of mind and body. [NIH] Exocrine: Secreting outwardly, via a duct. [EU] Exocytosis: Cellular release of material within membrane-limited vesicles by fusion of the vesicles with the cell membrane. [NIH] Exogenous: Developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. [EU] Exon: The part of the DNA that encodes the information for the actual amino acid sequence of the protein. In many eucaryotic genes, the coding sequences consist of a series of exons alternating with intron sequences. [NIH] Expander: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight... used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood... called also extender. [NIH] Expectorant: 1. Promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. An agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). [EU]
Extender: Any of several colloidal substances of high molecular weight, used as a blood or plasma substitute in transfusion for increasing the volume of the circulating blood. [NIH] Extensor: A muscle whose contraction tends to straighten a limb; the antagonist of a flexor. [NIH]
External-beam radiation: Radiation therapy that uses a machine to aim high-energy rays at the cancer. Also called external radiation. [NIH] Extracellular: Outside a cell or cells. [EU] Extracellular Matrix: A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture
Dictionary 587
dishes adhere. [NIH] Extracellular Matrix Proteins: Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., collagen, elastin, fibronectins and laminin). [NIH] Extracellular Space: Interstitial space between cells, occupied by fluid as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. [NIH] Extraction: The process or act of pulling or drawing out. [EU] Extrapyramidal: Outside of the pyramidal tracts. [EU] Extravasation: A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. [EU] Exudate: Material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. [EU] Facial: Of or pertaining to the face. [EU] Facial Nerve: The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and salivary glands, and convey afferent information for taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and for touch from the external ear. [NIH] Faecal: Pertaining to or of the nature of feces. [EU] Family Planning: Programs or services designed to assist the family in controlling reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. [NIH] Family Practice: A medical specialty concerned with the provision of continuing, comprehensive primary health care for the entire family. [NIH] Fat: Total lipids including phospholipids. [NIH] Fatigue: The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. [NIH]
Fatty acids: A major component of fats that are used by the body for energy and tissue development. [NIH] Fatty Liver: The buildup of fat in liver cells. The most common cause is alcoholism. Other causes include obesity, diabetes, and pregnancy. Also called steatosis. [NIH] Feces: The excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. [EU] Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. [NIH] Femoral: Pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. [EU] Femoral Neck Fractures: Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are hip fractures. [NIH]
588 Calcium
Femur: The longest and largest bone of the skeleton, it is situated between the hip and the knee. [NIH] Fermentation: An enzyme-induced chemical change in organic compounds that takes place in the absence of oxygen. The change usually results in the production of ethanol or lactic acid, and the production of energy. [NIH] Fertilizers: Substances or mixtures that are added to the soil to supply nutrients or to make available nutrients already present in the soil, in order to increase plant growth and productivity. [NIH] Fetus: The developing offspring from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth. [NIH] Fibrin: A protein derived from fibrinogen in the presence of thrombin, which forms part of the blood clot. [NIH] Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three nonidentical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products. [NIH] Fibrinolysis: The natural enzymatic dissolution of fibrin. [NIH] Fibroblasts: Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules. [NIH] Fibrosis: Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury. [NIH] Fibrotic tissue: Inflamed tissue that has become scarred. [NIH] Filler: An inactive substance used to make a product bigger or easier to handle. For example, fillers are often used to make pills or capsules because the amount of active drug is too small to be handled conveniently. [NIH] Filtration: The passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). [EU] Fish Oils: Oils high in unsaturated fats extracted from the bodies of fish or fish parts, especially the livers. Those from the liver are usually high in vitamin A. The oils are used as dietary supplements, in soaps and detergents, as protective coatings, and as a base for other food products such as vegetable shortenings. [NIH] Fissure: Any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. [EU] Fixation: 1. The act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. The condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. In psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. The use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. In chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. In ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. In film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed
Dictionary 589
silver to form a permanent image. [EU] Flatus: Gas passed through the rectum. [NIH] Flavoring Agents: Substances added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste. [NIH]
Fluorescence: The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis. [NIH] Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as flouride to prevent dental caries. [NIH] Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that acts as an antineoplastic antimetabolite and also has immunosuppressant. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the thymidylate synthetase conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid. [NIH] Flushing: A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, stress, or a disease process. [NIH] Foetoplacental: Pertaining to the fetus and placenta. [EU] Folate: A B-complex vitamin that is being studied as a cancer prevention agent. Also called folic acid. [NIH] Fold: A plication or doubling of various parts of the body. [NIH] Folic Acid: N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-Lglutamic acid. A member of the vitamin B family that stimulates the hematopoietic system. It is present in the liver and kidney and is found in mushrooms, spinach, yeast, green leaves, and grasses. Folic acid is used in the treatment and prevention of folate deficiencies and megaloblastic anemia. [NIH] Food Additives: Substances which are of little or no nutritive value, but are used in the processing or storage of foods or animal feed, especially in the developed countries; includes antioxidants, food preservatives, food coloring agents, flavoring agents, anti-infective agents (both plain and local), vehicles, excipients and other similarly used substances. Many of the same substances are pharmaceutic aids when added to pharmaceuticals rather than to foods. [NIH]
Food and Beverages: Edible or potable substances. [NIH] Food Coloring Agents: Natural or synthetic dyes used as coloring agents in processed foods. [NIH] Food Preservatives: Substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or arresting the process of fermentation, acidification or other deterioration of foods. [NIH] Food Technology: The application of knowledge to the food industry. [NIH] Foot Ulcer: Lesion on the surface of the skin of the foot, usually accompanied by inflammation. The lesion may become infected or necrotic and is frequently associated with diabetes or leprosy. [NIH] Foramen: A natural hole of perforation, especially one in a bone. [NIH] Forearm: The part between the elbow and the wrist. [NIH] Fossil Fuels: Any hydrocarbon deposit that may be used for fuel. Examples are petroleum, coal, and natural gas. [NIH] Fovea: The central part of the macula that provides the sharpest vision. [NIH] Fractionation: Dividing the total dose of radiation therapy into several smaller, equal doses
590 Calcium
delivered over a period of several days. [NIH] Fracture Fixation: The use of metallic devices inserted into or through bone to hold a fracture in a set position and alignment while it heals. [NIH] Friction: Surface resistance to the relative motion of one body against the rubbing, sliding, rolling, or flowing of another with which it is in contact. [NIH] Frontal Lobe: The anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Fructose: A type of sugar found in many fruits and vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten some diet foods. It is considered a nutritive sweetener because it has calories. [NIH] Fungi: A kingdom of eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that live as saprobes or parasites, including mushrooms, yeasts, smuts, molds, etc. They reproduce either sexually or asexually, and have life cycles that range from simple to complex. Filamentous fungi refer to those that grow as multicelluar colonies (mushrooms and molds). [NIH] Fungistatic: Inhibiting the growth of fungi. [EU] Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in many tissues. The fluorescent and chelating properties of Fura-2 aid in the quantitation of endothelial cell injury, in monitoring ATP-dependent calcium uptake by membrane vesicles, and in the determination of the relationship between cytoplasmic free calcium and oxidase activation in rat neutrophils. [NIH] Furcation Defects: Conditions in which a bifurcation or trifurcation of the molar tooth root becomes denuded as a result of periodontal disease. It may be followed by tooth mobility, temperature sensitivity, pain, and alveolar bone resorption. [NIH] Gallbladder: The pear-shaped organ that sits below the liver. Bile is concentrated and stored in the gallbladder. [NIH] Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (verapamil) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring. [NIH] Ganglia: Clusters of multipolar neurons surrounded by a capsule of loosely organized connective tissue located outside the central nervous system. [NIH] Ganglion: 1. A knot, or knotlike mass. 2. A general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. A benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. [EU] Gap Junctions: Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of connexins, the family of proteins which form the junctions. [NIH] Gas: Air that comes from normal breakdown of food. The gases are passed out of the body through the rectum (flatus) or the mouth (burp). [NIH] Gasoline: Volative flammable fuel (liquid hydrocarbons) derived from crude petroleum by processes such as distillation reforming, polymerization, etc. [NIH] Gastric: Having to do with the stomach. [NIH] Gastric Acid: Hydrochloric acid present in gastric juice. [NIH] Gastric Juices: Liquids produced in the stomach to help break down food and kill bacteria. [NIH]
Dictionary 591
Gastrin: A hormone released after eating. Gastrin causes the stomach to produce more acid. [NIH]
Gastrinoma: A gastrin-secreting tumor of the non-beta islet cells. It is usually located in the pancreas but is also found at other sites, as in the antrum of the stomach, hilus of the spleen, and regional lymph nodes. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which sometimes occurs in families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1). Gastrinomas in patients with MEN-1 are usually diffuse in nature. [NIH] Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach. [EU] Gastroenteritis: An acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. [EU] Gastrointestinal: Refers to the stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gastrointestinal Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the gastrointestinal system. [NIH] Gastrointestinal tract: The stomach and intestines. [NIH] Gelatin: A product formed from skin, white connective tissue, or bone collagen. It is used as a protein food adjuvant, plasma substitute, hemostatic, suspending agent in pharmaceutical preparations, and in the manufacturing of capsules and suppositories. [NIH] Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquifies; the resulting colloid is called a sol. [NIH] Gelsolin: A 90-kD protein produced by macrophages that severs actin filaments and forms a cap on the newly exposed filament end. Gelsolin is activated by calcium ions and participates in the assembly and disassembly of actin, thereby increasing the motility of some cells. [NIH] Gemcitabine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antimetabolites. [NIH]
Gene: The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein. [NIH]
Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of gene action. [NIH] Generator: Any system incorporating a fixed parent radionuclide from which is produced a daughter radionuclide which is to be removed by elution or by any other method and used in a radiopharmaceutical. [NIH] Genetic Code: The specifications for how information, stored in nucleic acid sequence (base sequence), is translated into protein sequence (amino acid sequence). The start, stop, and order of amino acids of a protein is specified by consecutive triplets of nucleotides called codons (codon). [NIH] Genetic Counseling: Advising families of the risks involved pertaining to birth defects, in order that they may make an informed decision on current or future pregnancies. [NIH] Genetic Engineering: Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. [NIH]
592 Calcium
Genetic testing: Analyzing DNA to look for a genetic alteration that may indicate an increased risk for developing a specific disease or disorder. [NIH] Genetics: The biological science that deals with the phenomena and mechanisms of heredity. [NIH] Genistein: An isoflavonoid derived from soy products. It inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase and topoisomerase-ii (dna topoisomerase (atp-hydrolysing)) activity and is used as an antineoplastic and antitumor agent. Experimentally, it has been shown to induce G2 phase arrest in human and murine cell lines. [NIH] Genital: Pertaining to the genitalia. [EU] Genitourinary: Pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. [EU] Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (genome) of organisms. [NIH]
Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual; the characterization of the genes. [NIH] Geriatric: Pertaining to the treatment of the aged. [EU] Germ Cells: The reproductive cells in multicellular organisms. [NIH] Germ Layers: The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. [NIH] Gestation: The period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. [EU] Gestation period: The period of development of the young from the time of conception until birth. [NIH] Giant Cells: Multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells; often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of the HIV virus binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells. The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus. [NIH] Ginseng: An araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. [NIH]
Gland: An organ that produces and releases one or more substances for use in the body. Some glands produce fluids that affect tissues or organs. Others produce hormones or participate in blood production. [NIH] Glioblastoma: A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures. [NIH] Glioma: A cancer of the brain that comes from glial, or supportive, cells. [NIH] Glomerular: Pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. [EU]
Glomeruli: Plural of glomerulus. [NIH] Glomerulonephritis: Glomerular disease characterized by an inflammatory reaction, with leukocyte infiltration and cellular proliferation of the glomeruli, or that appears to be the result of immune glomerular injury. [NIH] Glossopharyngeal Nerve: The 9th cranial nerve. The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed motor and sensory nerve; it conveys somatic and autonomic efferents as well as general, special, and visceral afferents. Among the connections are motor fibers to the stylopharyngeus muscle, parasympathetic fibers to the parotid glands, general and taste
Dictionary 593
afferents from the posterior third of the tongue, the nasopharynx, and the palate, and afferents from baroreceptors and chemoreceptors of the carotid sinus. [NIH] Glucocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids that affect carbohydrate metabolism (gluconeogenesis, liver glycogen deposition, elevation of blood sugar), inhibit corticotropin secretion, and possess pronounced anti-inflammatory activity. They also play a role in fat and protein metabolism, maintenance of arterial blood pressure, alteration of the connective tissue response to injury, reduction in the number of circulating lymphocytes, and functioning of the central nervous system. [NIH] Gluconeogenesis: The process by which glucose is formed from a non-carbohydrate source. [NIH]
Glucose: D-Glucose. A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. [NIH] Glucose Intolerance: A pathological state in which the fasting plasma glucose level is less than 140 mg per deciliter and the 30-, 60-, or 90-minute plasma glucose concentration following a glucose tolerance test exceeds 200 mg per deciliter. This condition is seen frequently in diabetes mellitus but also occurs with other diseases. [NIH] Glucose tolerance: The power of the normal liver to absorb and store large quantities of glucose and the effectiveness of intestinal absorption of glucose. The glucose tolerance test is a metabolic test of carbohydrate tolerance that measures active insulin, a hepatic function based on the ability of the liver to absorb glucose. The test consists of ingesting 100 grams of glucose into a fasting stomach; blood sugar should return to normal in 2 to 21 hours after ingestion. [NIH] Glucose Tolerance Test: Determination of whole blood or plasma sugar in a fasting state before and at prescribed intervals (usually 1/2 hr, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4 hr) after taking a specified amount (usually 100 gm orally) of glucose. [NIH] Glucuronic Acid: Derivatives of uronic acid found throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. They detoxify drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form glucuronides in the liver which are more water-soluble metabolites that can be easily eliminated from the body. [NIH] Glutamate: Excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain. [NIH] Glutamate Dehydrogenase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2. [NIH] Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid (glutamate) is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. [NIH] Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9. [NIH]
Glycerol: A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent. [NIH]
Glycerophosphates: Any salt or ester of glycerophosphoric acid. [NIH] Glycerophospholipids: Derivatives of phosphatidic acid in which the hydrophobic regions are composed of two fatty acids and a polar alcohol is joined to the C-3 position of glycerol through a phosphodiester bond. They are named according to their polar head groups, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. [NIH]
594 Calcium
Glycine: A non-essential amino acid. It is found primarily in gelatin and silk fibroin and used therapeutically as a nutrient. It is also a fast inhibitory neurotransmitter. [NIH] Glycogen: A sugar stored in the liver and muscles. It releases glucose into the blood when cells need it for energy. Glycogen is the chief source of stored fuel in the body. [NIH] Glycogen Storage Disease: A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement. [NIH] Glycols: A generic grouping for dihydric alcohols with the hydroxy groups (-OH) located on different carbon atoms. They are viscous liquids with high boiling points for their molecular weights. [NIH] Glycoprotein: A protein that has sugar molecules attached to it. [NIH] Glycoside: Any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. [EU] Glycosidic: Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of one sugar and a hydroxyl of another sugar molecule. [NIH] Goats: Any of numerous agile, hollow-horned ruminants of the genus Capra, closely related to the sheep. [NIH] Gonadal: Pertaining to a gonad. [EU] Gonadotropin: The water-soluble follicle stimulating substance, by some believed to originate in chorionic tissue, obtained from the serum of pregnant mares. It is used to supplement the action of estrogens. [NIH] Gout: Hereditary metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of uric acid calculi. [NIH] Governing Board: The group in which legal authority is vested for the control of healthrelated institutions and organizations. [NIH] Government Agencies: Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities in the U.S. and abroad. [NIH] Gp120: 120-kD HIV envelope glycoprotein which is involved in the binding of the virus to its membrane receptor, the CD4 molecule, found on the surface of certain cells in the body. [NIH]
Grade: The grade of a tumor depends on how abnormal the cancer cells look under a microscope and how quickly the tumor is likely to grow and spread. Grading systems are different for each type of cancer. [NIH] Graft: Healthy skin, bone, or other tissue taken from one part of the body and used to replace diseased or injured tissue removed from another part of the body. [NIH] Grafting: The operation of transfer of tissue from one site to another. [NIH] Graft-versus-host disease: GVHD. A reaction of donated bone marrow or peripheral stem cells against a person's tissue. [NIH] Granulocytes: Leukocytes with abundant granules in the cytoplasm. They are divided into three groups: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. [NIH] Graphite: An allotropic form of carbon that is used in pencils, as a lubricant, and in matches and explosives. It is obtained by mining and its dust can cause lung irritation. [NIH]
Dictionary 595
Grasses: A large family, Gramineae, of narrow-leaved herbaceous monocots. Many grasses produce highly allergenic pollens and are hosts to cattle parasites and toxic fungi. [NIH] Growth: The progressive development of a living being or part of an organism from its earliest stage to maturity. [NIH] Growth factors: Substances made by the body that function to regulate cell division and cell survival. Some growth factors are also produced in the laboratory and used in biological therapy. [NIH] Guanylate Cyclase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of GTP to 3',5'-cyclic GMP and pyrophosphate. It also acts on ITP and dGTP. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.6.1.2. [NIH] Gutta-Percha: Trans-Polyisoprene. Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute. [NIH] Habitual: Of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. [EU] Haematoma: A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. [EU] Haemodialysis: The removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. [EU] Haemorrhage: The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. [EU] Haploid: An organism with one basic chromosome set, symbolized by n; the normal condition of gametes in diploids. [NIH] Haptens: Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. [NIH] Headache: Pain in the cranial region that may occur as an isolated and benign symptom or as a manifestation of a wide variety of conditions including subarachnoid hemorrhage; craniocerebral trauma; central nervous system infections; intracranial hypertension; and other disorders. In general, recurrent headaches that are not associated with a primary disease process are referred to as headache disorders (e.g., migraine). [NIH] Health Education: Education that increases the awareness and favorably influences the attitudes and knowledge relating to the improvement of health on a personal or community basis. [NIH] Health Promotion: Encouraging consumer behaviors most likely to optimize health potentials (physical and psychosocial) through health information, preventive programs, and access to medical care. [NIH] Health Services: Services for the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health. [NIH] Heart attack: A seizure of weak or abnormal functioning of the heart. [NIH] Heart failure: Loss of pumping ability by the heart, often accompanied by fatigue, breathlessness, and excess fluid accumulation in body tissues. [NIH] Heart Valves: Flaps of tissue that prevent regurgitation of blood from the ventricles to the
596 Calcium
atria or from the pulmonary arteries or aorta to the ventricles. [NIH] Heartbeat: One complete contraction of the heart. [NIH] Hematologic malignancies: Cancers of the blood or bone marrow, including leukemia and lymphoma. Also called hematologic cancers. [NIH] Hematopoiesis: The development and formation of various types of blood cells. [NIH] Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Progenitor cells from which all blood cells derive. [NIH] Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins. [NIH] Hemicellulose: A general term to describe those polysaccharides other than cellulose which are constituents of vegetable cell walls. [NIH] Hemodiafiltration: The combination of hemodialysis and hemofiltration either simultaneously or sequentially. Convective transport (hemofiltration) may be better for removal of larger molecular weight substances and diffusive transport (hemodialysis) for smaller molecular weight solutes. [NIH] Hemodialysis: The use of a machine to clean wastes from the blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood travels through tubes to a dialyzer, which removes wastes and extra fluid. The cleaned blood then flows through another set of tubes back into the body. [NIH] Hemodynamics: The movements of the blood and the forces involved in systemic or regional blood circulation. [NIH] Hemofiltration: Extracorporeal ultrafiltration technique without hemodialysis for treatment of fluid overload and electrolyte disturbances affecting renal, cardiac, or pulmonary function. [NIH] Hemoglobin: One of the fractions of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c. Glycosylated hemoglobin is formed when linkages of glucose and related monosaccharides bind to hemoglobin A and its concentration represents the average blood glucose level over the previous several weeks. HbA1c levels are used as a measure of long-term control of plasma glucose (normal, 4 to 6 percent). In controlled diabetes mellitus, the concentration of glycosylated hemoglobin A is within the normal range, but in uncontrolled cases the level may be 3 to 4 times the normal conentration. Generally, complications are substantially lower among patients with Hb levels of 7 percent or less than in patients with HbA1c levels of 9 percent or more. [NIH] Hemoglobin A: Normal adult human hemoglobin. The globin moiety consists of two alpha and two beta chains. [NIH] Hemoglobinuria: The presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. [NIH] Hemolysis: The destruction of erythrocytes by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity. [NIH] Hemorrhage: Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel. [NIH] Hemostasis: The process which spontaneously arrests the flow of blood from vessels carrying blood under pressure. It is accomplished by contraction of the vessels, adhesion and aggregation of formed blood elements, and the process of blood or plasma coagulation. [NIH]
Heparin: Heparinic acid. A highly acidic mucopolysaccharide formed of equal parts of sulfated D-glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid with sulfaminic bridges. The molecular weight ranges from six to twenty thousand. Heparin occurs in and is obtained from liver, lung, mast cells, etc., of vertebrates. Its function is unknown, but it is used to prevent blood clotting in vivo and vitro, in the form of many different salts. [NIH]
Dictionary 597
Hepatic: Refers to the liver. [NIH] Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver and liver disease involving degenerative or necrotic alterations of hepatocytes. [NIH] Hepatitis A: Hepatitis caused by hepatovirus. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hepatocellular: Pertaining to or affecting liver cells. [EU] Hepatocellular carcinoma: A type of adenocarcinoma, the most common type of liver tumor. [NIH] Hepatocytes: The main structural component of the liver. They are specialized epithelial cells that are organized into interconnected plates called lobules. [NIH] Hepatovirus: A genus of Picornaviridae causing infectious hepatitis naturally in humans and experimentally in other primates. It is transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water. [NIH] Hereditary: Of, relating to, or denoting factors that can be transmitted genetically from one generation to another. [NIH] Heredity: 1. The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. The genetic constitution of an individual. [EU] Herpes: Any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. [EU] Herpes virus: A member of the herpes family of viruses. [NIH] Herpes Zoster: Acute vesicular inflammation. [NIH] Heterogeneity: The property of one or more samples or populations which implies that they are not identical in respect of some or all of their parameters, e. g. heterogeneity of variance. [NIH] Heterogenic: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenous. [NIH] Heterogenous: Derived from a different source or species. Also called heterogenic. [NIH] Heterozygotes: Having unlike alleles at one or more corresponding loci on homologous chromosomes. [NIH] Hip Fractures: Fractures of the femur head, the femur neck, the trochanters, or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region. For the fractures of the femur neck the specific term femoral neck fractures is available. [NIH] Hippocampus: A curved elevation of gray matter extending the entire length of the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle (Dorland, 28th ed). The hippocampus, subiculum, and dentate gyrus constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the entorhinal cortex in the hippocampal formation. [NIH] Histamine: 1H-Imidazole-4-ethanamine. A depressor amine derived by enzymatic decarboxylation of histidine. It is a powerful stimulant of gastric secretion, a constrictor of bronchial smooth muscle, a vasodilator, and also a centrally acting neurotransmitter. [NIH] Histidine: An essential amino acid important in a number of metabolic processes. It is required for the production of histamine. [NIH] Histology: The study of tissues and cells under a microscope. [NIH] Homeostasis: The processes whereby the internal environment of an organism tends to remain balanced and stable. [NIH]
598 Calcium
Homogeneous: Consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. [EU] Homologous: Corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. [EU] Homozygotes: An individual having a homozygous gene pair. [NIH] Hormonal: Pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. [EU] Hormone: A substance in the body that regulates certain organs. Hormones such as gastrin help in breaking down food. Some hormones come from cells in the stomach and small intestine. [NIH] Hormone Replacement Therapy: Therapeutic use of hormones to alleviate the effects of hormone deficiency. [NIH] Host: Any animal that receives a transplanted graft. [NIH] Humeral: 1. Of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus: brachial. 2. Of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. Of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. [EU] Hybrid: Cross fertilization between two varieties or, more usually, two species of vines, see also crossing. [NIH] Hybridization: The genetic process of crossbreeding to produce a hybrid. Hybrid nucleic acids can be formed by nucleic acid hybridization of DNA and RNA molecules. Protein hybridization allows for hybrid proteins to be formed from polypeptide chains. [NIH] Hydration: Combining with water. [NIH] Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Gastric acid is the hydrochloric acid component of gastric juice. [NIH] Hydrogel: A network of cross-linked hydrophilic macromolecules used in biomedical applications. [NIH] Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight 1. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are protons. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope deuterium and the unstable, radioactive isotope tritium. [NIH] Hydrogen Peroxide: A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials. [NIH] Hydrolysis: The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water. [NIH] Hydrophilic: Readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. [EU] Hydrophobic: Not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. [EU] Hydroxides: Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group. [NIH] Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH that is present in hydroxides, alcohols, phenols, glycols. [NIH] Hydroxylation: Hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. [EU]
Dictionary 599
Hydroxylysine: A hydroxylated derivative of the amino acid lysine that is present in certain collagens. [NIH] Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ascorbic acid can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation. [NIH] Hyperbilirubinemia: Pathologic process consisting of an abnormal increase in the amount of bilirubin in the circulating blood, which may result in jaundice. [NIH] Hypercalcemia: Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood. [NIH] Hypercalciuria: Abnormally large amounts of calcium in the urine. [NIH] Hypercholesterolemia: Abnormally high levels of cholesterol in the blood. [NIH] Hyperglycemia: Abnormally high blood sugar. [NIH] Hyperkalaemia: Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. [EU]
Hyperlipidemia: An excess of lipids in the blood. [NIH] Hyperopia: Farsightedness; ability to see distant objects more clearly than close objects; may be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. [NIH] Hyperoxaluria: Excretion of an excessive amount of oxalate in the urine. [NIH] Hyperplasia: An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, not due to tumor formation. It differs from hypertrophy, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen. [NIH] Hypertension: Persistently high arterial blood pressure. Currently accepted threshold levels are 140 mm Hg systolic and 90 mm Hg diastolic pressure. [NIH] Hyperthyroidism: Excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. [NIH] Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Heart muscle disease that leads to thickening of the heart walls, interfering with the heart's ability to fill with and pump blood. [NIH] Hypertrophy: General increase in bulk of a part or organ, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells. [NIH] Hyperuricemia: A buildup of uric acid (a byproduct of metabolism) in the blood; a side effect of some anticancer drugs. [NIH] Hypoglycaemia: An abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. [EU] Hypokinesia: Slow or diminished movement of body musculature. It may be associated with basal ganglia diseases; mental disorders; prolonged inactivity due to illness; experimental protocols used to evaluate the physiologic effects of immobility; and other conditions. [NIH] Hypotension: Abnormally low blood pressure. [NIH] Hypothalamus: Ventral part of the diencephalon extending from the region of the optic chiasm to the caudal border of the mammillary bodies and forming the inferior and lateral walls of the third ventricle. [NIH] Hypothyroidism: Deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to full-blown myxoedema. In
600 Calcium
infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. [EU] Hypoxia: Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. [EU] Hysteria: Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice. [NIH] Ice Cream: A frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavorings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. [NIH] Id: The part of the personality structure which harbors the unconscious instinctive desires and strivings of the individual. [NIH] Idiopathic: Describes a disease of unknown cause. [NIH] Ileum: The lower end of the small intestine. [NIH] Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid. [NIH] Immune response: (antigens). [NIH]
The activity of the immune system against foreign substances
Immune system: The organs, cells, and molecules responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign ("non-self") material which enters the body. [NIH] Immunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances. [NIH] Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. Active immunization involves administration of antigens or immunologic adjuvants. Passive immunization involves administration of immune sera or lymphocytes or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow). [NIH] Immunoassay: Immunochemical assay or detection of a substance by serologic or immunologic methods. Usually the substance being studied serves as antigen both in antibody production and in measurement of antibody by the test substance. [NIH] Immunocompromised: Having a weakened immune system caused by certain diseases or treatments. [NIH] Immunodeficiency: The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease. [NIH] Immunofluorescence: A technique for identifying molecules present on the surfaces of cells or in tissues using a highly fluorescent substance coupled to a specific antibody. [NIH] Immunogen: A substance that is capable of causing antibody formation. [NIH] Immunogenic: Producing immunity; evoking an immune response. [EU] Immunoglobulin: A protein that acts as an antibody. [NIH] Immunologic: The ability of the antibody-forming system to recall a previous experience with an antigen and to respond to a second exposure with the prompt production of large amounts of antibody. [NIH] Immunology: The study of the body's immune system. [NIH] Immunophilin: A drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. [NIH] Immunosuppressant: An agent capable of suppressing immune responses. [EU]
Dictionary 601
Immunosuppressive: Describes the ability to lower immune system responses. [NIH] Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection. [NIH] Impairment: In the context of health experience, an impairment is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function. [NIH] Implant radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called [NIH] Implantation: The insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. [EU] Impregnation: 1. The act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. The process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. [EU] In situ: In the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. [EU] In vitro: In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body). [NIH] In vivo: In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory). [NIH] Incineration: High temperature destruction of waste by burning with subsequent reduction to ashes or conversion to an inert mass. [NIH] Incision: A cut made in the body during surgery. [NIH] Incontinence: Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence). [NIH] Incubation: The development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. [EU] Indicative: That indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. [EU]
Indigestion: Poor digestion. Symptoms include heartburn, nausea, bloating, and gas. Also called dyspepsia. [NIH] Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. [NIH] Induction: The act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. [EU] Infancy: The period of complete dependency prior to the acquisition of competence in walking, talking, and self-feeding. [NIH] Infant, Newborn: An infant during the first month after birth. [NIH] Infarction: A pathological process consisting of a sudden insufficient blood supply to an area, which results in necrosis of that area. It is usually caused by a thrombus, an embolus, or a vascular torsion. [NIH] Infection: 1. Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the
602 Calcium
microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. An infectious disease. [EU]
Infertility: The diminished or absent ability to conceive or produce an offspring while sterility is the complete inability to conceive or produce an offspring. [NIH] Infiltration: The diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. [EU] Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. [NIH] Infusion: A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion. [NIH] Ingestion: Taking into the body by mouth [NIH] Inhalation: The drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. [EU] Initiation: Mutation induced by a chemical reactive substance causing cell changes; being a step in a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Initiator: A chemically reactive substance which may cause cell changes if ingested, inhaled or absorbed into the body; the substance may thus initiate a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Inlay: In dentistry, a filling first made to correspond with the form of a dental cavity and then cemented into the cavity. [NIH] Inner ear: The labyrinth, comprising the vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals. [NIH] Inorganic: Pertaining to substances not of organic origin. [EU] Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction. [NIH] Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin. [NIH]
Inotropic: Affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. [EU] Insight: The capacity to understand one's own motives, to be aware of one's own psychodynamics, to appreciate the meaning of symbolic behavior. [NIH] Insomnia: Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep. [NIH] Insulator: Material covering the metal conductor of the lead. It is usually polyurethane or silicone. [NIH] Insulin: A protein hormone secreted by beta cells of the pancreas. Insulin plays a major role in the regulation of glucose metabolism, generally promoting the cellular utilization of glucose. It is also an important regulator of protein and lipid metabolism. Insulin is used as a drug to control insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. [NIH] Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: A disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of type I diabetes. [NIH] Insulin-like: Muscular growth factor. [NIH]
Dictionary 603
Intensive Care: Advanced and highly specialized care provided to medical or surgical patients whose conditions are life-threatening and require comprehensive care and constant monitoring. It is usually administered in specially equipped units of a health care facility. [NIH]
Interferon: A biological response modifier (a substance that can improve the body's natural response to disease). Interferons interfere with the division of cancer cells and can slow tumor growth. There are several types of interferons, including interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma. These substances are normally produced by the body. They are also made in the laboratory for use in treating cancer and other diseases. [NIH] Interferon-alpha: One of the type I interferons produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products. It is the major interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures and, in addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it causes activation of NK cells. [NIH] Interleukin-1: A soluble factor produced by monocytes, macrophages, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. IL-1 consists of two distinct forms, IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta which perform the same functions but are distinct proteins. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation. The factor is distinct from interleukin-2. [NIH] Interleukin-2: Chemical mediator produced by activated T lymphocytes and which regulates the proliferation of T cells, as well as playing a role in the regulation of NK cell activity. [NIH] Interleukin-4: Soluble factor produced by activated T-lymphocytes that causes proliferation and differentiation of B-cells. Interleukin-4 induces the expression of class II major histocompatibility complex and Fc receptors on B-cells. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, mast cell lines, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells including granulocyte, megakaryocyte, and erythroid precursors, as well as macrophages. [NIH] Interleukin-9: Factor that is thought to be a regulator of hematopoiesis. It has been shown to enhance the growth of human mast cells and megakaryoblastic leukemic cells as well as murine helper t-cell clones. IL-9 is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 32-39 that is derived from T-cells, and maps to human chromosome 5. [NIH] Intermediate Filaments: Cytoplasmic filaments intermediate in diameter (about 10 nanometers) between the microfilaments and the microtubules. They may be composed of any of a number of different proteins and form a ring around the cell nucleus. [NIH] Intermittent: Occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. [EU] Internal Medicine: A medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the internal organ systems of adults. [NIH] Internal radiation: A procedure in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into or near the tumor. Also called brachytherapy, implant radiation, or interstitial radiation therapy. [NIH] Interneurons: Most generally any neurons which are not motor or sensory. Interneurons may also refer to neurons whose axons remain within a particular brain region as contrasted with projection neurons which have axons projecting to other brain regions. [NIH] Interstitial: Pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. [EU] Intervertebral: Situated between two contiguous vertebrae. [EU] Intestinal: Having to do with the intestines. [NIH] Intestinal Flora: The bacteria, yeasts, and fungi that grow normally in the intestines. [NIH] Intestine:
A long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of
604 Calcium
digestion. There is both a large intestine and a small intestine. Also called the bowel. [NIH] Intoxication: Poisoning, the state of being poisoned. [EU] Intracellular: Inside a cell. [NIH] Intracellular Membranes: Membranes of subcellular structures. [NIH] Intramuscular: IM. Within or into muscle. [NIH] Intraocular: Within the eye. [EU] Intraperitoneal: IP. Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). [NIH] Intraperitoneal chemotherapy: Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. [NIH] Intravascular: Within a vessel or vessels. [EU] Intravenous: IV. Into a vein. [NIH] Intrinsic: Situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. [EU] Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the gastric glands that is required for the absorption of vitamin B 12. Deficiency of intrinsic factor results in pernicious anemia. [NIH]
Invasive: 1. Having the quality of invasiveness. 2. Involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. [EU]
Invertebrates: Animals that have no spinal column. [NIH] Involuntary: Reaction occurring without intention or volition. [NIH] Involution: 1. A rolling or turning inward. 2. One of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. A retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. The progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. [EU] Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically. [NIH] Ion Channels: Gated, ion-selective glycoproteins that traverse membranes. The stimulus for channel gating can be a membrane potential, drug, transmitter, cytoplasmic messenger, or a mechanical deformation. Ion channels which are integral parts of ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors are not included. [NIH] Ion Exchange: Reversible chemical reaction between a solid, often an ION exchange resin, and a fluid whereby ions may be exchanged from one substance to another. This technique is used in water purification, in research, and in industry. [NIH] Ion Pumps: Integral membrane proteins that transport ions across a membrane against an electrochemical gradient. [NIH] Ion Transport: The movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes. Transport can be active or passive. Passive ion transport (facilitated diffusion) derives its energy from the concentration gradient of the ion itself and allows the transport of a single solute in one direction (uniport). Active ion transport is usually coupled to an energy-yielding chemical or photochemical reaction such as ATP hydrolysis. This form of primary active transport is called an ion pump. Secondary active transport utilizes the voltage and ion gradients produced by the primary transport to drive the cotransport of other ions or molecules. These
Dictionary 605
may be transported in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction. [NIH] Ionization: 1. Any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. Iontophoresis. [EU] Ions: An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as cations; those with a negative charge are anions. [NIH] Iontophoresis: Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ion exchange, air ionization nor phonophoresis, none of which requires current. [NIH] Irradiation: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Irradiation is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and x-ray therapy. [NIH] Irrigation: The washing of a body cavity or surface by flowing solution which is inserted and then removed. Any drug in the irrigation solution may be absorbed. [NIH] Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A disorder that comes and goes. Nerves that control the muscles in the GI tract are too active. The GI tract becomes sensitive to food, stool, gas, and stress. Causes abdominal pain, bloating, and constipation or diarrhea. Also called spastic colon or mucous colitis. [NIH] Ischemia: Deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. [EU] Islet: Cell producing insulin in pancreas. [NIH] Isoelectric: Separation of amphoteric substances, dissolved in water, based on their isoelectric behavior. The amphoteric substances are a mixture of proteins to be separated and of auxiliary "carrier ampholytes". [NIH] Isopropyl: A gene mutation inducer. [NIH] Jaundice: A clinical manifestation of hyperbilirubinemia, consisting of deposition of bile pigments in the skin, resulting in a yellowish staining of the skin and mucous membranes. [NIH]
Jejunum: That portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. [EU] Jellyfish: Free swimming marine cnidarians. Most of the large jellyfish are in the class Scyphozoa; the small jellyfish are in the class Hydrozoa (hydra). [NIH] Joint: The point of contact between elements of an animal skeleton with the parts that surround and support it. [NIH] Joint Capsule: The sac enclosing a joint. It is composed of an outer fibrous articular capsule and an inner synovial membrane. [NIH] Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog produced by the action of tissue and glandular kallikreins on low-molecular-weight kininogen. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that functions through vasodilatation. [NIH]
606 Calcium
Kb: A measure of the length of DNA fragments, 1 Kb = 1000 base pairs. The largest DNA fragments are up to 50 kilobases long. [NIH] Keratin: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins important both as structural proteins and as keys to the study of protein conformation. The family represents the principal constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth enamel. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms an alpha-helix, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. [NIH] Keratinocytes: Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell. [NIH] Ketone Bodies: Chemicals that the body makes when there is not enough insulin in the blood and it must break down fat for its energy. Ketone bodies can poison and even kill body cells. When the body does not have the help of insulin, the ketones build up in the blood and then "spill" over into the urine so that the body can get rid of them. The body can also rid itself of one type of ketone, called acetone, through the lungs. This gives the breath a fruity odor. Ketones that build up in the body for a long time lead to serious illness and coma. [NIH] Ketosis: A condition of having ketone bodies build up in body tissues and fluids. The signs of ketosis are nausea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Ketosis can lead to ketoacidosis. [NIH] Kidney Disease: Any one of several chronic conditions that are caused by damage to the cells of the kidney. People who have had diabetes for a long time may have kidney damage. Also called nephropathy. [NIH] Kidney Failure: The inability of a kidney to excrete metabolites at normal plasma levels under conditions of normal loading, or the inability to retain electrolytes under conditions of normal intake. In the acute form (kidney failure, acute), it is marked by uremia and usually by oliguria or anuria, with hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema. The chronic form (kidney failure, chronic) is irreversible and requires hemodialysis. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Acute: A clinical syndrome characterized by a sudden decrease in glomerular filtration rate, often to values of less than 1 to 2 ml per minute. It is usually associated with oliguria (urine volumes of less than 400 ml per day) and is always associated with biochemical consequences of the reduction in glomerular filtration rate such as a rise in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine concentrations. [NIH] Kidney Failure, Chronic: An irreversible and usually progressive reduction in renal function in which both kidneys have been damaged by a variety of diseases to the extent that they are unable to adequately remove the metabolic products from the blood and regulate the body's electrolyte composition and acid-base balance. Chronic kidney failure requires hemodialysis or surgery, usually kidney transplantation. [NIH] Kidney stone: A stone that develops from crystals that form in urine and build up on the inner surfaces of the kidney, in the renal pelvis, or in the ureters. [NIH] Kidney Transplantation: another. [NIH]
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to
Kinetics: The study of rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems. [NIH] Labile: 1. Gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. Chemically unstable. [EU] Lactation: The period of the secretion of milk. [EU]
Dictionary 607
Lactose Intolerance: The disease state resulting from the absence of lactase enzyme in the musocal cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and therefore an inability to break down the disaccharide lactose in milk for absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It is manifested by indigestion of a mild nature to severe diarrhea. It may be due to inborn defect genetically conditioned or may be acquired. [NIH] Laminin: Large, noncollagenous glycoprotein with antigenic properties. It is localized in the basement membrane lamina lucida and functions to bind epithelial cells to the basement membrane. Evidence suggests that the protein plays a role in tumor invasion. [NIH] Lanthanum: The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass. [NIH] Large Intestine: The part of the intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water from stool and changes it from a liquid to a solid form. The large intestine is 5 feet long and includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. Also called colon. [NIH] Latent: Phoria which occurs at one distance or another and which usually has no troublesome effect. [NIH] Lavage: A cleaning of the stomach and colon. Uses a special drink and enemas. [NIH] Laxative: An agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. [EU]
Lead Poisoning: Disease caused by the gradual accumulation of a significant body burden of lead. [NIH] Lectin: A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants. [NIH] Lens: The transparent, double convex (outward curve on both sides) structure suspended between the aqueous and vitreous; helps to focus light on the retina. [NIH] Lesion: An area of abnormal tissue change. [NIH] Lethal: Deadly, fatal. [EU] Lethargy: Abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. [EU] Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation. [NIH]
Leucovorin: The active metabolite of folic acid. Leucovorin is used principally as its calcium salt as an antidote to folic acid antagonists which block the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. [NIH] Leukapheresis: The preparation of leukocyte concentrates with the return of red cells and leukocyte-poor plasma to the donor. [NIH] Leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissue. [NIH] Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils) as well as non-granular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes). [NIH] Leukotrienes: A family of biologically active compounds derived from arachidonic acid by oxidative metabolism through the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. They participate in host defense reactions and pathophysiological conditions such as immediate hypersensitivity and inflammation. They have potent actions on many essential organs and systems, including the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal
608 Calcium
tract and the immune system. [NIH] Levothyroxine: Levo isomer of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. It is used for replacement therapy in reduced or absent thyroid function. [NIH] Libido: The psychic drive or energy associated with sexual instinct in the broad sense (pleasure and love-object seeking). It may also connote the psychic energy associated with instincts in general that motivate behavior. [NIH] Library Services: circulation. [NIH]
Services offered to the library user. They include reference and
Life cycle: The successive stages through which an organism passes from fertilized ovum or spore to the fertilized ovum or spore of the next generation. [NIH] Ligament: A band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. [EU] Ligands: A RNA simulation method developed by the MIT. [NIH] Ligation: Application of a ligature to tie a vessel or strangulate a part. [NIH] Limbic: Pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. [EU] Limbic System: A set of forebrain structures common to all mammals that is defined functionally and anatomically. It is implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses including fundamental survival behaviors (feeding, mating, emotion). For most authors, it includes the amygdala, epithalamus, gyrus cinguli, hippocampal formation (see hippocampus), hypothalamus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal nuclei, anterior nuclear group of thalamus, and portions of the basal ganglia. (Parent, Carpenter's Human Neuroanatomy, 9th ed, p744; NeuroNames, http://rprcsgi.rprc.washington.edu/neuronames/index.html (September 2, 1998)). [NIH] Linkage: The tendency of two or more genes in the same chromosome to remain together from one generation to the next more frequently than expected according to the law of independent assortment. [NIH] Linkage Disequilibrium: Nonrandom association of linked genes. This is the tendency of the alleles of two separate but already linked loci to be found together more frequently than would be expected by chance alone. [NIH] Linoleic Acids: Eighteen-carbon essential fatty acids that contain two double bonds. [NIH] Lipase: An enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyzes the reaction of triacylglycerol and water to yield diacylglycerol and a fatty acid anion. It is produced by glands on the tongue and by the pancreas and initiates the digestion of dietary fats. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.1.1.3. [NIH] Lipid: Fat. [NIH] Lipid Peroxidation: Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor. [NIH] Lipophilic: Having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. [EU] Lipoprotein: Any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, low-density, and very-lowdensity lipoproteins and chylomicrons. [EU] Lipoxygenase: An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes reactions between linoleate and other fatty acids and oxygen to form hydroperoxy-fatty acid derivatives. Related enzymes in this class include the arachidonate lipoxygenases, arachidonate 5-
Dictionary 609
lipoxygenase, arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, and arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase. EC 1.13.11.12. [NIH] Liquor: 1. A liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. A general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. [EU] Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight 6.94. Salts of lithium are used in treating manic-depressive disorders. [NIH]
Lithotripsy: The destruction of a calculus of the kidney, ureter, bladder, or gallbladder by physical forces, including crushing with a lithotriptor through a catheter. Focused percutaneous ultrasound and focused hydraulic shock waves may be used without surgery. Lithotripsy does not include the dissolving of stones by acids or litholysis. Lithotripsy by laser is laser lithotripsy. [NIH] Liver: A large, glandular organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile. [NIH] Liver Neoplasms: Tumors or cancer of the liver. [NIH] Liver scan: An image of the liver created on a computer screen or on film. A radioactive substance is injected into a blood vessel and travels through the bloodstream. It collects in the liver, especially in abnormal areas, and can be detected by the scanner. [NIH] Liver Transplantation: The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another. [NIH] Localization: The process of determining or marking the location or site of a lesion or disease. May also refer to the process of keeping a lesion or disease in a specific location or site. [NIH] Localized: Cancer which has not metastasized yet. [NIH] Locomotion: Movement or the ability to move from one place or another. It can refer to humans, vertebrate or invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. [NIH] Longitudinal study: Also referred to as a "cohort study" or "prospective study"; the analytic method of epidemiologic study in which subsets of a defined population can be identified who are, have been, or in the future may be exposed or not exposed, or exposed in different degrees, to a factor or factors hypothesized to influence the probability of occurrence of a given disease or other outcome. The main feature of this type of study is to observe large numbers of subjects over an extended time, with comparisons of incidence rates in groups that differ in exposure levels. [NIH] Long-Term Care: Care over an extended period, usually for a chronic condition or disability, requiring periodic, intermittent, or continuous care. [NIH] Long-Term Potentiation: A persistent increase in synaptic efficacy, usually induced by appropriate activation of the same synapses. The phenomenological properties of long-term potentiation suggest that it may be a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. [NIH] Loop: A wire usually of platinum bent at one end into a small loop (usually 4 mm inside diameter) and used in transferring microorganisms. [NIH] Low vision: Visual loss that cannot be corrected with eyeglasses or contact lenses and interferes with daily living activities. [NIH] Low-density lipoprotein: Lipoprotein that contains most of the cholesterol in the blood. LDL carries cholesterol to the tissues of the body, including the arteries. A high level of LDL increases the risk of heart disease. LDL typically contains 60 to 70 percent of the total serum cholesterol and both are directly correlated with CHD risk. [NIH]
610 Calcium
Lubricants: Oily or slippery substances. [NIH] Lumbar: Pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. [EU] Lumen: The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. [EU] Lupus: A form of cutaneous tuberculosis. It is seen predominantly in women and typically involves the nasal, buccal, and conjunctival mucosa. [NIH] Lutein Cells: The cells of the corpus luteum which are derived from the granulosa cells and the theca cells of the Graafian follicle. [NIH] Lymph: The almost colorless fluid that travels through the lymphatic system and carries cells that help fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymph node: A rounded mass of lymphatic tissue that is surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue. Also known as a lymph gland. Lymph nodes are spread out along lymphatic vessels and contain many lymphocytes, which filter the lymphatic fluid (lymph). [NIH]
Lymphatic: The tissues and organs, including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, that produce and store cells that fight infection and disease. [NIH] Lymphatic system: The tissues and organs that produce, store, and carry white blood cells that fight infection and other diseases. This system includes the bone marrow, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes and a network of thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells. These tubes branch, like blood vessels, into all the tissues of the body. [NIH] Lymphoblastic: One of the most aggressive types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. [NIH] Lymphocyte: A white blood cell. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and diseases. [NIH] Lymphoid: Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop. [NIH] Lymphoma: A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue. [NIH] Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed. [NIH] Lysophospholipase: An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a single fatty acid ester bond in lysoglycerophosphatidates with the formation of glyceryl phosphatidates and a fatty acid. EC 3.1.1.5. [NIH] Macrophage: A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells. [NIH] Magnesium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain magnesium as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Magnesium Hydroxide: Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral brucite. It acts as an antacid with cathartic effects. [NIH] Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium oxide (MgO). An inorganic compound that occurs in nature as the mineral periclase. In aqueous media combines quickly with water to form magnesium hydroxide. It is used as an antacid and mild laxative and has many nonmedicinal uses. [NIH] Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques. [NIH] Maintenance therapy: Treatment that is given to help a primary (original) treatment keep
Dictionary 611
working. Maintenance therapy is often given to help keep cancer in remission. [NIH] Major Histocompatibility Complex: The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) transplantation antigens, genes which control the structure of the immune responseassociated (Ia) antigens, the immune response (Ir) genes which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement. [NIH] Malabsorption: Impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. [EU] Malignancy: A cancerous tumor that can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant: Cancerous; a growth with a tendency to invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body. [NIH] Malignant Hyperthermia: Rapid and excessive rise of temperature accompanied by muscular rigidity following general anesthesia. [NIH] Malignant tumor: A tumor capable of metastasizing. [NIH] Malnutrition: A condition caused by not eating enough food or not eating a balanced diet. [NIH]
Mammary: Pertaining to the mamma, or breast. [EU] Mammogram: An x-ray of the breast. [NIH] Mandible: The largest and strongest bone of the face constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth. [NIH] Manganese Compounds: Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Mania: Excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. [EU] Manic: Affected with mania. [EU] Matrix metalloproteinase: A member of a group of enzymes that can break down proteins, such as collagen, that are normally found in the spaces between cells in tissues (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Because these enzymes need zinc or calcium atoms to work properly, they are called metalloproteinases. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, and tumor cell metastasis. [NIH] Maximum Tolerated Dose: The highest dose level eliciting signs of toxicity without having major effects on survival relative to the test in which it is used. [NIH] Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game. [NIH]
Medial: Lying near the midsaggital plane of the body; opposed to lateral. [NIH] Mediate: Indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. [EU] Mediator: An object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. [EU] Medical Staff: Professional medical personnel who provide care to patients in an organized facility, institution or agency. [NIH]
612 Calcium
Medicament: A medicinal substance or agent. [EU] MEDLINE: An online database of MEDLARS, the computerized bibliographic Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System of the National Library of Medicine. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone: (6 alpha)-17-Hydroxy-6-methylpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A synthetic progestational hormone used in veterinary practice as an estrus regulator. [NIH] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate: An injectable contraceptive, generally marketed under the name Depo-Provera. [NIH] Megaloblastic: anaemia. [EU]
A large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious
Meiosis: A special method of cell division, occurring in maturation of the germ cells, by means of which each daughter nucleus receives half the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Melanin: The substance that gives the skin its color. [NIH] Melanocytes: Epidermal dendritic pigment cells which control long-term morphological color changes by alteration in their number or in the amount of pigment they produce and store in the pigment containing organelles called melanosomes. Melanophores are larger cells which do not exist in mammals. [NIH] Melanoma: A form of skin cancer that arises in melanocytes, the cells that produce pigment. Melanoma usually begins in a mole. [NIH] Membrane: A very thin layer of tissue that covers a surface. [NIH] Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells. [NIH] Membrane Potentials: Ratio of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride and other ions in diffusible tissues or cells. Also called transmembrane and resting potentials, they are measured by recording electrophysiologic responses in voltagedependent ionic channels of (e.g.) nerve, muscle and blood cells as well as artificial membranes. [NIH] Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors. [NIH] Memory: Complex mental function having four distinct phases: (1) memorizing or learning, (2) retention, (3) recall, and (4) recognition. Clinically, it is usually subdivided into immediate, recent, and remote memory. [NIH] Meninges: The three membranes that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord. [NIH] Menopause: Permanent cessation of menstruation. [NIH] Menstrual Cycle: The period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium occurring during the reproductive period in human females and some primates and culminating in partial sloughing of the endometrium (menstruation). [NIH] Menstruation: The normal physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus. [NIH] Mental Disorders: Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. [NIH] Mental Health: The state wherein the person is well adjusted. [NIH] Mental Retardation:
Refers to sub-average general intellectual functioning which
Dictionary 613
originated during the developmental period and is associated with impairment in adaptive behavior. [NIH] Mesenteric: Pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. [EU] Mesoderm: The middle germ layer of the embryo. [NIH] Mesolimbic: Inner brain region governing emotion and drives. [NIH] Meta-Analysis: A quantitative method of combining the results of independent studies (usually drawn from the published literature) and synthesizing summaries and conclusions which may be used to evaluate therapeutic effectiveness, plan new studies, etc., with application chiefly in the areas of research and medicine. [NIH] Metabolic disorder: A condition in which normal metabolic processes are disrupted, usually because of a missing enzyme. [NIH] Metabolite: Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. [EU] Metabotropic: A glutamate receptor which triggers an increase in production of 2 intracellular messengers: diacylglycerol and inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate. [NIH] Metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type. [NIH] Metastasis: The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. Tumors formed from cells that have spread are called "secondary tumors" and contain cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor. The plural is metastases. [NIH] Metastatic: Having to do with metastasis, which is the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. [NIH] Methacrylates: Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group. [NIH] Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of formaldehyde and acetic acid, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness. [NIH] Methionine: A sulfur containing essential amino acid that is important in many body functions. It is a chelating agent for heavy metals. [NIH] MI: Myocardial infarction. Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that binds selectively to and inhibits calcium channels, T-type. [NIH] Micelles: Electrically charged colloidal particles or ions consisting of oriented molecules; aggregates of a number of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. [NIH] Microbe: An organism which cannot be observed with the naked eye; e. g. unicellular animals, lower algae, lower fungi, bacteria. [NIH] Microbiological: Pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. [EU] Microbiology: The study of microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, algae, archaea, and viruses. [NIH] Microcalcifications: Tiny deposits of calcium in the breast that cannot be felt but can be detected on a mammogram. A cluster of these very small specks of calcium may indicate that cancer is present. [NIH]
614 Calcium
Microcirculation: The vascular network lying between the arterioles and venules; includes capillaries, metarterioles and arteriovenous anastomoses. Also, the flow of blood through this network. [NIH] Micronutrients: Essential dietary elements or organic compounds that are required in only small quantities for normal physiologic processes to occur. [NIH] Microorganism: An organism that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms. [NIH] Microscopy: The application of microscope magnification to the study of materials that cannot be properly seen by the unaided eye. [NIH] Microspheres: Small uniformly-sized spherical particles frequently labeled with radioisotopes or various reagents acting as tags or markers. [NIH] Microtubule-Associated Proteins: High molecular weight proteins found in the microtubules of the cytoskeletal system. Under certain conditions they are required for tubulin assembly into the microtubules and stabilize the assembled microtubules. [NIH] Microtubules: Slender, cylindrical filaments found in the cytoskeleton of plant and animal cells. They are composed of the protein tubulin. [NIH] Migration: The systematic movement of genes between populations of the same species, geographic race, or variety. [NIH] Milliliter: A measure of volume for a liquid. A milliliter is approximately 950-times smaller than a quart and 30-times smaller than a fluid ounce. A milliliter of liquid and a cubic centimeter (cc) of liquid are the same. [NIH] Milrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic agent with vasodilator properties. It inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase activity in myocardium and vascular smooth muscle. Milrinone is a derivative of amrinone and has 20-30 times the ionotropic potency of amrinone. [NIH] Mineral Oil: A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as laxative, lubricant, ointment base, and emollient. [NIH] Mineral Waters: Water naturally or artificially infused with mineral salts or gases (carbon dioxide). [NIH] Mineralization: The action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. [EU] Mineralocorticoids: A group of corticosteroids primarily associated with the regulation of water and electrolyte balance. This is accomplished through the effect on ion transport in renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium. Mineralocorticoid secretion is itself regulated by plasma volume, serum potassium, and angiotensin II. [NIH] Miscible: Susceptible of being mixed. [EU] Mitochondria: Parts of a cell where aerobic production (also known as cell respiration) takes place. [NIH] Mitochondrial Swelling: Increase in volume of mitochondria due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria. [NIH] Mitosis: A method of indirect cell division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes of the somatic cells of the species. [NIH] Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent. [NIH] Mobility: Capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. [EU]
Dictionary 615
Mobilization: The process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. [EU] Modification: A change in an organism, or in a process in an organism, that is acquired from its own activity or environment. [NIH] Modulator: A specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. [EU]
Molecular: Of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. [EU] Molecular mass: The sum of the atomic masses of all atoms in a molecule, based on a scale in which the atomic masses of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are 1, 12, 14, and 16, respectively. For example, the molecular mass of water, which has two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen, is 18 (i.e., 2 + 16). [NIH] Molecular Probes: A group of atoms or molecules attached to other molecules or cellular structures and used in studying the properties of these molecules and structures. Radioactive DNA or RNA sequences are used in molecular genetics to detect the presence of a complementary sequence by molecular hybridization. [NIH] Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds. [NIH] Molecule: A chemical made up of two or more atoms. The atoms in a molecule can be the same (an oxygen molecule has two oxygen atoms) or different (a water molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom). Biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, can be made up of many thousands of atoms. [NIH] Monitor: An apparatus which automatically records such physiological signs as respiration, pulse, and blood pressure in an anesthetized patient or one undergoing surgical or other procedures. [NIH] Monoclonal: An antibody produced by culturing a single type of cell. It therefore consists of a single species of immunoglobulin molecules. [NIH] Monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory-produced substances that can locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in the body. Many monoclonal antibodies are used in cancer detection or therapy; each one recognizes a different protein on certain cancer cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone, or they can be used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material directly to a tumor. [NIH] Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. [NIH] Mononuclear: A cell with one nucleus. [NIH] Monophosphate: So called second messenger for neurotransmitters and hormones. [NIH] Monotherapy: A therapy which uses only one drug. [EU] Monounsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat that is found primarily in plant foods, including olive and canola oils. [NIH] Morphine: The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle. [NIH] Morphological: Relating to the configuration or the structure of live organs. [NIH] Morphology: The science of the form and structure of organisms (plants, animals, and other forms of life). [NIH]
616 Calcium
Motility: The ability to move spontaneously. [EU] Motor Activity: The physical activity of an organism as a behavioral phenomenon. [NIH] Motor Neurons: Neurons which activate muscle cells. [NIH] Mucinous: Containing or resembling mucin, the main compound in mucus. [NIH] Mucins: A secretion containing mucopolysaccharides and protein that is the chief constituent of mucus. [NIH] Mucocutaneous: Pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. [EU] Mucosa: A mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. [EU] Mucositis: A complication of some cancer therapies in which the lining of the digestive system becomes inflamed. Often seen as sores in the mouth. [NIH] Mucus: The viscous secretion of mucous membranes. It contains mucin, white blood cells, water, inorganic salts, and exfoliated cells. [NIH] Multicenter study: A clinical trial that is carried out at more than one medical institution. [NIH]
Multiple sclerosis: A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, a loss of muscle coordination, and problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin. Myelin is a substance that contains both protein and fat (lipid) and serves as a nerve insulator and helps in the transmission of nerve signals. [NIH] Multivalent: Pertaining to a group of 5 or more homologous or partly homologous chromosomes during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphasis in meiosis. [NIH] Muscle Contraction: A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. [NIH] Muscle Fibers: Large single cells, either cylindrical or prismatic in shape, that form the basic unit of muscle tissue. They consist of a soft contractile substance enclosed in a tubular sheath. [NIH] Muscle Relaxation: That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position. [NIH] Muscular Atrophy: Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation. [NIH] Muscular Dystrophies: A general term for a group of inherited disorders which are characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal muscles. [NIH] Musculature: The muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. [EU] Musculoskeletal System: Themuscles, bones, and cartilage of the body. [NIH] Mutagenesis: Process of generating genetic mutations. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens. [NIH] Mutagens: Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. [NIH] Mycophenolate mofetil: A drug that is being studied for its effectiveness in preventing graft-versus-host disease and autoimmune disorders. [NIH] Mydriatic: 1. Dilating the pupil. 2. Any drug that dilates the pupil. [EU]
Dictionary 617
Myelin: The fatty substance that covers and protects nerves. [NIH] Myelogenous: Produced by, or originating in, the bone marrow. [NIH] Myeloid Cells: Cells which include the monocytes and the granulocytes. [NIH] Myeloid Progenitor Cells: One of the two stem cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells - the other being the lymphoid progenitor cell. Derived from these myeloid progenitor cells are the erythroid progenitor cells and the myeloid cells (monocytes and granulocytes). [NIH] Myocardial infarction: Gross necrosis of the myocardium as a result of interruption of the blood supply to the area; it is almost always caused by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, upon which coronary thrombosis is usually superimposed. [NIH] Myocardial Ischemia: A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (coronary arteriosclerosis), to obstruction by a thrombus (coronary thrombosis), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (myocardial infarction). [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion: Generally, restoration of blood supply to heart tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. Reperfusion can be induced to treat ischemia. Methods include chemical dissolution of an occluding thrombus, administration of vasodilator drugs, angioplasty, catheterization, and artery bypass graft surgery. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic heart muscle thought to result from reperfusion to the ischemic areas. Changes can be fatal to muscle cells and may include edema with explosive cell swelling and disintegration, sarcolemma disruption, fragmentation of mitochondria, contraction band necrosis, enzyme washout, and calcium overload. Other damage may include hemorrhage and ventricular arrhythmias. One possible mechanism of damage is thought to be oxygen free radicals. Treatment currently includes the introduction of scavengers of oxygen free radicals, and injury is thought to be prevented by warm blood cardioplegic infusion prior to reperfusion. [NIH]
Myocardium: The muscle tissue of the heart composed of striated, involuntary muscle known as cardiac muscle. [NIH] Myofibrils: Highly organized bundles of actin, myosin, and other proteins in the cytoplasm of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells that contract by a sliding filament mechanism. [NIH] Myometrium: The smooth muscle coat of the uterus, which forms the main mass of the organ. [NIH] Myopathy: Any disease of a muscle. [EU] Myopia: That error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. [EU] Myosin: Chief protein in muscle and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers. In conjunction with actin, it is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscles. [NIH] Myotonic Dystrophy: A condition presenting muscle weakness and wasting which may be
618 Calcium
progressive. [NIH] Myristate: Pharmacological activator of protein kinase C. [NIH] Myxedema: A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling with abnormal deposits of mucin in the skin and other tissues. It is produced by a functional insufficiency of the thyroid gland, resulting in deficiency of thyroid hormone. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks and the face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips. The congenital form of the disease is cretinism. [NIH] Narcotic: 1. Pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. An agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. [EU] Natriuresis: The excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. [EU] Nausea: An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses. [NIH] NCI: National Cancer Institute. NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the federal government's principal agency for cancer research. NCI conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://cancer.gov. [NIH] Necrosis: A pathological process caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes that is generally associated with severe cellular trauma. It is characterized by mitochondrial swelling, nuclear flocculation, uncontrolled cell lysis, and ultimately cell death. [NIH] Need: A state of tension or dissatisfaction felt by an individual that impels him to action toward a goal he believes will satisfy the impulse. [NIH] Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children. [NIH] Neocortex: The largest portion of the cerebral cortex. It is composed of neurons arranged in six layers. [NIH] Neonatal: Pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. [EU] Neoplasia: Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth. [NIH] Neoplasm: A new growth of benign or malignant tissue. [NIH] Neoplastic: Pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). [EU] Nephrolithiasis: Kidney stones. [NIH] Nephron: A tiny part of the kidneys. Each kidney is made up of about 1 million nephrons, which are the working units of the kidneys, removing wastes and extra fluids from the blood. [NIH] Nephropathy: Disease of the kidneys. [EU] Nephrosis: Descriptive histopathologic term for renal disease without an inflammatory component. [NIH] Nephrotic: Pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. [EU] Nephrotic Syndrome: Clinical association of heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and generalized edema. [NIH] Nerve: A cordlike structure of nervous tissue that connects parts of the nervous system with other tissues of the body and conveys nervous impulses to, or away from, these tissues. [NIH]
Dictionary 619
Nerve Endings: Specialized terminations of peripheral neurons. Nerve endings include neuroeffector junction(s) by which neurons activate target organs and sensory receptors which transduce information from the various sensory modalities and send it centrally in the nervous system. Presynaptic nerve endings are presynaptic terminals. [NIH] Nerve Fibers: Slender processes of neurons, especially the prolonged axons that conduct nerve impulses. [NIH] Nerve Growth Factor: Nerve growth factor is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity. [NIH] Nervous System: The entire nerve apparatus composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and ganglia. [NIH] Nervousness: Excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. [EU] Networks: Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves, a meshlike structure of interlocking fibers or strands. [NIH] Neural: 1. Pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. Situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. [EU] Neuroblastoma: Cancer that arises in immature nerve cells and affects mostly infants and children. [NIH] Neuroeffector Junction: The synapse between a neuron (presynaptic) and an effector cell other than another neuron (postsynaptic). Neuroeffector junctions include synapses onto muscles and onto secretory cells. [NIH] Neuroendocrine: Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurofibrillary Tangles: Abnormal structures located in various parts of the brain and composed of dense arrays of paired helical filaments (neurofilaments and microtubules). These double helical stacks of transverse subunits are twisted into left-handed ribbon-like filaments that likely incorporate the following proteins: (1) the intermediate filaments: medium- and high-molecular-weight neurofilaments; (2) the microtubule-associated proteins map-2 and tau; (3) actin; and (4) ubiquitin. As one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease, the neurofibrillary tangles eventually occupy the whole of the cytoplasm in certain classes of cell in the neocortex, hippocampus, brain stem, and diencephalon. The number of these tangles, as seen in post mortem histology, correlates with the degree of dementia during life. Some studies suggest that tangle antigens leak into the systemic circulation both in the course of normal aging and in cases of Alzheimer disease. [NIH] Neurofilaments: Bundle of neuronal fibers. [NIH] Neurogenic: Loss of bladder control caused by damage to the nerves controlling the bladder. [NIH] Neurologic: Having to do with nerves or the nervous system. [NIH] Neuromuscular: Pertaining to muscles and nerves. [EU] Neuromuscular Junction: The synapse between a neuron and a muscle. [NIH] Neuronal: Pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). [EU]
Neuronal Plasticity: The capacity of the nervous system to change its reactivity as the result of successive activations. [NIH]
620 Calcium
Neurons: The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the nervous system. [NIH] Neuropathy: A problem in any part of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord. Neuropathies can be caused by infection, toxic substances, or disease. [NIH] Neuropeptide: A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones. [NIH] Neurophysiology: The scientific discipline concerned with the physiology of the nervous system. [NIH] Neurotoxin: A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue. [NIH] Neurotransmitters: Endogenous signaling molecules that alter the behavior of neurons or effector cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act directly to regulate ion channels, but also those that act through second messenger systems, and those that act at a distance from their site of release. Included are neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not acting at synapses. [NIH] Neutralization: An act or process of neutralizing. [EU] Neutrons: Electrically neutral elementary particles found in all atomic nuclei except light hydrogen; the mass is equal to that of the proton and electron combined and they are unstable when isolated from the nucleus, undergoing beta decay. Slow, thermal, epithermal, and fast neutrons refer to the energy levels with which the neutrons are ejected from heavier nuclei during their decay. [NIH] Neutropenia: An abnormal decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell. [NIH] Neutrophil: A type of white blood cell. [NIH] Nicardipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl) methyl 2(methyl(phenylmethyl)amino)-3,5-pyridinecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents. [NIH] Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme urease. [NIH] Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful antianginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. The use of nifedipine as a tocolytic is being investigated. [NIH] Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure. [NIH] Nisoldipine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4 (2-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid methyl 2-methylpropyl ester. Nisoldipine is a dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina. [NIH] Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical. [NIH] Nitric acid: A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives,
Dictionary 621
and other chemicals. [NIH] Nitric Oxide: A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells. It is synthesized from arginine by a complex reaction, catalyzed by nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is endothelium-derived relaxing factor. It is released by the vascular endothelium and mediates the relaxation induced by some vasodilators such as acetylcholine and bradykinin. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic guanylate cyclase and thus elevates intracellular levels of cyclic GMP. [NIH]
Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight 14. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells. [NIH] Nitrogen Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain nitrogen as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Norepinephrine: Precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and is a widespread central and autonomic neurotransmitter. Norepinephrine is the principal transmitter of most postganglionic sympathetic fibers and of the diffuse projection system in the brain arising from the locus ceruleus. It is also found in plants and is used pharmacologically as a sympathomimetic. [NIH] Normotensive: 1. Characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. A person with normal blood pressure. [EU] Nuclear: A test of the structure, blood flow, and function of the kidneys. The doctor injects a mildly radioactive solution into an arm vein and uses x-rays to monitor its progress through the kidneys. [NIH] Nuclear Fusion: Thermonuclear reaction in which the nuclei of an element of low atomic weight unite under extremely high temperature and pressure to form a nucleus of a heavier atom. [NIH] Nuclear Pore: An opening through the nuclear envelope formed by the nuclear pore complex which transports nuclear proteins or RNA into or out of the cell nucleus and which, under some conditions, acts as an ion channel. [NIH] Nuclear Proteins: Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with nucleoproteins which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus. [NIH] Nuclei: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH] Nucleic acid: Either of two types of macromolecule (DNA or RNA) formed by polymerization of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are found in all living cells and contain the information (genetic code) for the transfer of genetic information from one generation to the next. [NIH] Nucleic Acid Hybridization: The process whereby two single-stranded polynucleotides form a double-stranded molecule, with hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases in the two strains. [NIH] Nucleoproteins: Proteins conjugated with nucleic acids. [NIH] Nucleotidases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-. [NIH] Nucleus: A body of specialized protoplasm found in nearly all cells and containing the chromosomes. [NIH]
622 Calcium
Nucleus Accumbens: Collection of pleomorphic cells in the caudal part of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, in the region of the olfactory tubercle, lying between the head of the caudate nucleus and the anterior perforated substance. It is part of the so-called ventral striatum, a composite structure considered part of the basal ganglia. [NIH] Nurseries: Facilities which provide care for infants. [NIH] Nutrition Assessment: Evaluation and measurement of nutritional variables in order to assess the level of nutrition or the nutritional status of the individual. Nutrition surveys may be used in making the assessment. [NIH] Nutrition Surveys: A systematic collection of factual data pertaining to the nutritional status of a human population within a given geographic area. Data from these surveys are used in preparing nutrition assessments. [NIH] Nutritional Status: State of the body in relation to the consumption and utilization of nutrients. [NIH] Nutritive Value: An indication of the contribution of a food to the nutrient content of the diet. This value depends on the quantity of a food which is digested and absorbed and the amounts of the essential nutrients (protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins) which it contains. This value can be affected by soil and growing conditions, handling and storage, and processing. [NIH] Ocular: 1. Of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. Eyepiece. [EU] Odour: A volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. [EU] Oedema: The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. [EU] Oestrogen: A generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. [EU]
Ointments: Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons. [NIH] Olfactory Bulb: Ovoid body resting on the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone where the olfactory nerve terminates. The olfactory bulb contains several types of nerve cells including the mitral cells, on whose dendrites the olfactory nerve synapses, forming the olfactory glomeruli. The accessory olfactory bulb, which receives the projection from the vomeronasal organ via the vomeronasal nerve, is also included here. [NIH] Olfactory Receptor Neurons: Neurons in the olfactory epithelium with proteins (receptors, odorant) that bind, and thus detect, odorants. Olfactory receptor neurons are bipolar. They send to the surface of the epithelium apical dendrites with non-motile cilia from which
Dictionary 623
project odorant receptor molecules. Their unmyelinated axons synapse in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Unlike other neurons, they can be generated from precursor cells in adults. [NIH]
Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two and ten monosaccharides connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form. [NIH] Oliguria: Clinical manifestation of the urinary system consisting of a decrease in the amount of urine secreted. [NIH] Oncogene: A gene that normally directs cell growth. If altered, an oncogene can promote or allow the uncontrolled growth of cancer. Alterations can be inherited or caused by an environmental exposure to carcinogens. [NIH] Oocytes: Female germ cells in stages between the prophase of the first maturation division and the completion of the second maturation division. [NIH] Opacity: Degree of density (area most dense taken for reading). [NIH] Operating Rooms: Facilities equipped for performing surgery. [NIH] Ophthalmology: A surgical specialty concerned with the structure and function of the eye and the medical and surgical treatment of its defects and diseases. [NIH] Opium: The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few morphine, codeine, and papaverine - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic. [NIH] Opsin: A protein formed, together with retinene, by the chemical breakdown of metarhodopsin. [NIH] Optic Chiasm: The X-shaped structure formed by the meeting of the two optic nerves. At the optic chiasm the fibers from the medial part of each retina cross to project to the other side of the brain while the lateral retinal fibers continue on the same side. As a result each half of the brain receives information about the contralateral visual field from both eyes. [NIH]
Optic Nerve: The 2nd cranial nerve. The optic nerve conveys visual information from the retina to the brain. The nerve carries the axons of the retinal ganglion cells which sort at the optic chiasm and continue via the optic tracts to the brain. The largest projection is to the lateral geniculate nuclei; other important targets include the superior colliculi and the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Though known as the second cranial nerve, it is considered part of the central nervous system. [NIH] Oral Health: The optimal state of the mouth and normal functioning of the organs of the mouth without evidence of disease. [NIH] Oral Hygiene: The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health. [NIH] Orbital: Pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). [EU] Organ Culture: The growth in aseptic culture of plant organs such as roots or shoots, beginning with organ primordia or segments and maintaining the characteristics of the organ. [NIH] Organelles: Specific particles of membrane-bound organized living substances present in eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria; the golgi apparatus; endoplasmic reticulum; lysomomes; plastids; and vacuoles. [NIH] Orthopaedic: Pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. [EU]
624 Calcium
Orthopedic Procedures: Procedures used to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Orthopedics: A surgical specialty which utilizes medical, surgical, and physical methods to treat and correct deformities, diseases, and injuries to the skeletal system, its articulations, and associated structures. [NIH] Osmotic: Pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). [EU] Osseointegration: The growth action of bone tissue, as it assimilates surgically implanted devices or prostheses to be used as either replacement parts (e.g., hip) or as anchors (e.g., endosseous dental implants). [NIH] Ossification: The formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. [EU] Osteoarthritis: A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans. [NIH] Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells which secrete an extracellular matrix. Hydroxyapatite crystals are then deposited into the matrix to form bone. [NIH] Osteocalcin: Vitamin K-dependent calcium-binding protein synthesized by osteoblasts and found primarily in bone. Serum osteocalcin measurements provide a noninvasive specific marker of bone metabolism. The protein contains three residues of the amino acid gammacarboxyglutamic acid (GLA), which, in the presence of calcium, promotes binding to hydroxyapatite and subsequent accumulation in bone matrix. [NIH] Osteoclasts: A large multinuclear cell associated with the absorption and removal of bone. An odontoclast, also called cementoclast, is cytomorphologically the same as an osteoclast and is involved in cementum resorption. [NIH] Osteocytes: Mature osteoblasts that have become embedded in the bone matrix. They occupy a small cavity, called lacuna, in the matrix and are connected to adjacent osteocytes via protoplasmic projections called canaliculi. [NIH] Osteodystrophy: Defective bone formation. [EU] Osteogenesis: The histogenesis of bone including ossification. It occurs continuously but particularly in the embryo and child and during fracture repair. [NIH] Osteomalacia: A condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. [EU]
Osteoporosis: Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis and age-related (or senile) osteoporosis. [NIH] Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging atpase. [NIH] Ovary: Either of the paired glands in the female that produce the female germ cells and secrete some of the female sex hormones. [NIH]
Dictionary 625
Overdose: An accidental or deliberate dose of a medication or street drug that is in excess of what is normally used. [NIH] Overexpress: An excess of a particular protein on the surface of a cell. [NIH] Overweight: An excess of body weight but not necessarily body fat; a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2. [NIH] Ovum: A female germ cell extruded from the ovary at ovulation. [NIH] Ovum Implantation: Endometrial implantation of the blastocyst. [NIH] Oxalate: A chemical that combines with calcium in urine to form the most common type of kidney stone (calcium oxalate stone). [NIH] Oxalic Acid: A strong dicarboxylic acid occurring in many plants and vegetables. It is produced in the body by metabolism of glyoxylic acid or ascorbic acid. It is not metabolized but excreted in the urine. It is used as an analytical reagent and general reducing agent. [NIH] Oxidation: The act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. [EU]
Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471). [NIH] Oxidative Stress: A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi). [NIH] Oxides: Binary compounds of oxygen containing the anion O(2-). The anion combines with metals to form alkaline oxides and non-metals to form acidic oxides. [NIH] Oxygen Consumption: The oxygen consumption is determined by calculating the difference between the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled. [NIH] Oxygenation: The process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. [EU] P-450: Enzyme that donates electrons to P-450 enzymes which metabolize drugs in the liver. [NIH]
Pacemaker: An object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. [EU] Palate: The structure that forms the roof of the mouth. It consists of the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. [NIH] Palliative: 1. Affording relief, but not cure. 2. An alleviating medicine. [EU] Pancreas: A mixed exocrine and endocrine gland situated transversely across the posterior abdominal wall in the epigastric and hypochondriac regions. The endocrine portion is comprised of the Islets of Langerhans, while the exocrine portion is a compound acinar gland that secretes digestive enzymes. [NIH]
626 Calcium
Pancreatic: Having to do with the pancreas. [NIH] Pancreatic cancer: Cancer of the pancreas, a salivary gland of the abdomen. [NIH] Pancreatic Hormones: Peptide hormones secreted into the blood by cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. The alpha cells secrete glucagon; the beta cells secrete insulin; the delta cells secrete somatostatin; and the PP cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide. [NIH] Pancreatic Juice: The fluid containing digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas in response to food in the duodenum. [NIH] Pancreatic Polypeptide: A 36-amino acid polypeptide with physiological regulatory functions. It is secreted by pancreatic tissue. Plasma pancreatic polypeptide increases after ingestion of food, with age, and in disease states. A lack of pancreatic polypeptide in the islets of Langerhans has been associated with the obese syndrome in rats and mice. [NIH] Pancreatitis: Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. [EU] Panic: A state of extreme acute, intense anxiety and unreasoning fear accompanied by disorganization of personality function. [NIH] Panic Disorder: A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. [NIH] Parathyroid: 1. Situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. One of the parathyroid glands. 3. A sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. [EU] Parathyroid Glands: Two small paired endocrine glands in the region of the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone and are concerned with the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus. [NIH] Parathyroid hormone: A substance made by the parathyroid gland that helps the body store and use calcium. Also called parathormone, parathyrin, or PTH. [NIH] Parathyroidectomy: Excision of one or both of the parathyroid glands. [NIH] Parenteral: Not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. [EU] Parenteral Nutrition: The administering of nutrients for assimilation and utilization by a patient who cannot maintain adequate nutrition by enteral feeding alone. Nutrients are administered by a route other than the alimentary canal (e.g., intravenously, subcutaneously). [NIH] Paresis: A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for paralysis (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis. "General
Dictionary 627
paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as paraparesis. [NIH] Paresthesia: Subjective cutaneous sensations (e.g., cold, warmth, tingling, pressure, etc.) that are experienced spontaneously in the absence of stimulation. [NIH] Parotid: The space that contains the parotid gland, the facial nerve, the external carotid artery, and the retromandibular vein. [NIH] Paroxysmal: Recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). [EU] Particle: A tiny mass of material. [EU] Parturient Paresis: A disease of pregnant and lactating cows and ewes leading to generalized paresis and death. The disease, which is characterized by hypocalcemia, occurs at or shortly after parturition in cows and within weeks before or after parturition in ewes. [NIH]
Parturition: The act or process of given birth to a child. [EU] Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: An evanescent cutaneous reaction occurring when antibody is injected into a local area on the skin and antigen is subsequently injected intravenously along with a dye. The dye makes the rapidly occurring capillary dilatation and increased vascular permeability readily visible by leakage into the reaction site. PCA is a sensitive reaction for detecting very small quantities of antibodies and is also a method for studying the mechanisms of immediate hypersensitivity. [NIH] Patch: A piece of material used to cover or protect a wound, an injured part, etc.: a patch over the eye. [NIH] Pathogen: Any disease-producing microorganism. [EU] Pathogenesis: The cellular events and reactions that occur in the development of disease. [NIH]
Pathologic: 1. Indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. Pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). [EU] Pathologic Processes: The abnormal mechanisms and forms involved in the dysfunctions of tissues and organs. [NIH] Pathophysiology: Altered functions in an individual or an organ due to disease. [NIH] Patient Advocacy: Promotion and protection of the rights of patients, frequently through a legal process. [NIH] Patient Compliance: regimen. [NIH]
Voluntary cooperation of the patient in following a prescribed
Patient Education: The teaching or training of patients concerning their own health needs. [NIH]
PDQ: Physician Data Query. PDQ is an online database developed and maintained by the National Cancer Institute. Designed to make the most current, credible, and accurate cancer information available to health professionals and the public, PDQ contains peer-reviewed summaries on cancer treatment, screening, prevention, genetics, and supportive care; a registry of cancer clinical trials from around the world; and directories of physicians, professionals who provide genetics services, and organizations that provide cancer care. Most of this information is available on the CancerNet Web site, and more specific information about PDQ can be found at http://cancernet.nci.nih.gov/pdq.html. [NIH] Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food
628 Calcium
industry. They have been tried for a variety of therpeutic uses including as antidiarreals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. [NIH] Pediatrics: A medical specialty concerned with maintaining health and providing medical care to children from birth to adolescence. [NIH] Pelvic: Pertaining to the pelvis. [EU] Penicillin: An antibiotic drug used to treat infection. [NIH] Pentagastrin: A synthetic polypeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. [NIH] Pepsin: An enzyme made in the stomach that breaks down proteins. [NIH] Peptide: Any compound consisting of two or more amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Peptides are combined to make proteins. [NIH] Perception: The ability quickly and accurately to recognize similarities and differences among presented objects, whether these be pairs of words, pairs of number series, or multiple sets of these or other symbols such as geometric figures. [NIH] Percutaneous: Performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. [EU] Perennial: Lasting through the year of for several years. [EU] Pericardium: The fibroserous sac surrounding the heart and the roots of the great vessels. [NIH]
Perimenopausal: The time of a woman's life when menstrual periods become irregular. Refers to the time near menopause. [NIH] Periodicity: The tendency of a phenomenon to recur at regular intervals; in biological systems, the recurrence of certain activities (including hormonal, cellular, neural) may be annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, or more frequently (ultradian). [NIH] Periodontal disease: Disease involving the supporting structures of the teeth (as the gums and periodontal membranes). [NIH] Periodontal Ligament: Fibrous connective tissue surrounding the root of a tooth that separates it from and attaches it to the alveolar bone. [NIH] Periodontitis: simplex. [NIH]
Inflammation of the periodontal membrane; also called periodontitis
Peripheral blood: Blood circulating throughout the body. [NIH] Peripheral Nerves: The nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord, including the autonomic, cranial, and spinal nerves. Peripheral nerves contain non-neuronal cells and connective tissue as well as axons. The connective tissue layers include, from the outside to the inside, the epineurium, the perineurium, and the endoneurium. [NIH] Peripheral Nervous System: The nervous system outside of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system has autonomic and somatic divisions. The autonomic nervous system includes the enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic subdivisions. The somatic nervous system includes the cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia and the peripheral sensory receptors. [NIH] Peritoneal: Having to do with the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). [NIH] Peritoneal Cavity: The space enclosed by the peritoneum. It is divided into two portions,
Dictionary 629
the greater sac and the lesser sac or omental bursa, which lies behind the stomach. The two sacs are connected by the foramen of Winslow, or epiploic foramen. [NIH] Peritoneal Dialysis: Dialysis fluid being introduced into and removed from the peritoneal cavity as either a continuous or an intermittent procedure. [NIH] Peroxidase: A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7. [NIH] Peroxide: Chemical compound which contains an atom group with two oxygen atoms tied to each other. [NIH] Perspiration: Sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. [EU] Petechiae: Pinpoint, unraised, round red spots under the skin caused by bleeding. [NIH] Petrolatum: A colloidal system of semisolid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It is used as an ointment base, topical protectant, and lubricant. [NIH] Petroleum: Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants. [NIH] PH: The symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. [EU] Phagocytosis: The engulfing of microorganisms, other cells, and foreign particles by phagocytic cells. [NIH] Phallic: Pertaining to the phallus, or penis. [EU] Pharmaceutic Aids: Substances which are of little or no therapeutic value, but are necessary in the manufacture, compounding, storage, etc., of pharmaceutical preparations or drug dosage forms. They include solvents, diluting agents, and suspending agents, and emulsifying agents. Also, antioxidants; preservatives, pharmaceutical; dyes (coloring agents); flavoring agents; vehicles; excipients; ointment bases. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Preparations: Drugs intended for human or veterinary use, presented in their finished dosage form. Included here are materials used in the preparation and/or formulation of the finished dosage form. [NIH] Pharmaceutical Solutions: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. For reasons of their ingredients, method of preparation, or use, they do not fall into another group of products. [NIH] Pharmacologic: Pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. [EU] Pharynx: The hollow tube about 5 inches long that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (the tube that goes to the stomach). [NIH] Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity. [NIH]
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic. [NIH] Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes and between the genotype and the environment. This includes the killer phenotype, characteristic of yeasts. [NIH] Phenyl: Ingredient used in cold and flu remedies. [NIH]
630 Calcium
Phenylalanine: An aromatic amino acid that is essential in the animal diet. It is a precursor of melanin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and thyroxine. [NIH] Phonophoresis: Use of ultrasound to increase the percutaneous adsorption of drugs. [NIH] Phosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid. [NIH] Phosphodiesterase: Effector enzyme that regulates the levels of a second messenger, the cyclic GMP. [NIH] Phospholipases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-. [NIH] Phospholipids: Lipids containing one or more phosphate groups, particularly those derived from either glycerol (phosphoglycerides; glycerophospholipids) or sphingosine (sphingolipids). They are polar lipids that are of great importance for the structure and function of cell membranes and are the most abundant of membrane lipids, although not stored in large amounts in the system. [NIH] Phosphorous: Having to do with or containing the element phosphorus. [NIH] Phosphorus: A non-metallic element that is found in the blood, muscles, nevers, bones, and teeth, and is a component of adenosine triphosphate (ATP; the primary energy source for the body's cells.) [NIH] Phosphorylase: An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the phosphorylysis of a terminal alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond at the non-reducing end of a glycogen molecule, releasing a glucose 1-phosphate residue. Phosphorylase should be qualified by the natural substance acted upon. EC 2.4.1.1. [NIH] Phosphorylated: Attached to a phosphate group. [NIH] Phosphorylation: The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety. [NIH] Photocoagulation: Using a special strong beam of light (laser) to seal off bleeding blood vessels such as in the eye. The laser can also burn away blood vessels that should not have grown in the eye. This is the main treatment for diabetic retinopathy. [NIH] Photoreceptor: Receptor capable of being activated by light stimuli, as a rod or cone cell of the eye. [NIH] Physical Examination: Systematic and thorough inspection of the patient for physical signs of disease or abnormality. [NIH] Physiologic: Having to do with the functions of the body. When used in the phrase "physiologic age," it refers to an age assigned by general health, as opposed to calendar age. [NIH]
Physiology: The science that deals with the life processes and functions of organismus, their cells, tissues, and organs. [NIH] Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent. [NIH] Pigment: A substance that gives color to tissue. Pigments are responsible for the color of skin, eyes, and hair. [NIH] Pilot study: The initial study examining a new method or treatment. [NIH] Pitch: The subjective awareness of the frequency or spectral distribution of a sound. [NIH] Pituitary Gland: A small, unpaired gland situated in the sella turcica tissue. It is connected to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. [NIH] Placenta: A highly vascular fetal organ through which the fetus absorbs oxygen and other
Dictionary 631
nutrients and excretes carbon dioxide and other wastes. It begins to form about the eighth day of gestation when the blastocyst adheres to the decidua. [NIH] Plana: The radiographic term applied to a vertebral body crushed to a thin plate. [NIH] Plants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of the kingdom Plantae. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (meristems); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absense of nervous and sensory systems; and an alteration of haploid and diploid generations. [NIH] Plaque: A clear zone in a bacterial culture grown on an agar plate caused by localized destruction of bacterial cells by a bacteriophage. The concentration of infective virus in a fluid can be estimated by applying the fluid to a culture and counting the number of. [NIH] Plasma: The clear, yellowish, fluid part of the blood that carries the blood cells. The proteins that form blood clots are in plasma. [NIH] Plasma cells: A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. [NIH] Plasma protein: One of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. [EU] Plasticity: In an individual or a population, the capacity for adaptation: a) through gene changes (genetic plasticity) or b) through internal physiological modifications in response to changes of environment (physiological plasticity). [NIH] Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by platelets, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including hypotension, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, and bronchoconstriction. [NIH] Platelet Activation: A series of progressive, overlapping events triggered by exposure of the platelets to subendothelial tissue. These events include shape change, adhesiveness, aggregation, and release reactions. When carried through to completion, these events lead to the formation of a stable hemostatic plug. [NIH] Platelet Aggregation: The attachment of platelets to one another. This clumping together can be induced by a number of agents (e.g., thrombin, collagen) and is part of the mechanism leading to the formation of a thrombus. [NIH] Platelets: A type of blood cell that helps prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called thrombocytes. [NIH] Platinum: Platinum. A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.09, symbol Pt. (From Dorland, 28th ed) It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as "alutiae". [NIH]
Pleural: A circumscribed area of hyaline whorled fibrous tissue which appears on the surface of the parietal pleura, on the fibrous part of the diaphragm or on the pleura in the interlobar fissures. [NIH] Pleural cavity: A space enclosed by the pleura (thin tissue covering the lungs and lining the interior wall of the chest cavity). It is bound by thin membranes. [NIH] Poisoning: A condition or physical state produced by the ingestion, injection or inhalation of, or exposure to a deleterious agent. [NIH]
632 Calcium
Policy Making: The decision process by which individuals, groups or institutions establish policies pertaining to plans, programs or procedures. [NIH] Pollen: The male fertilizing element of flowering plants analogous to sperm in animals. It is released from the anthers as yellow dust, to be carried by insect or other vectors, including wind, to the ovary (stigma) of other flowers to produce the embryo enclosed by the seed. The pollens of many plants are allergenic. [NIH] Polyarthritis: An inflammation of several joints together. [EU] Polycystic: An inherited disorder characterized by many grape-like clusters of fluid-filled cysts that make both kidneys larger over time. These cysts take over and destroy working kidney tissue. PKD may cause chronic renal failure and end-stage renal disease. [NIH] Polyesters: Polymers of organic acids and alcohols, with ester linkages--usually polyethylene terephthalate; can be cured into hard plastic, films or tapes, or fibers which can be woven into fabrics, meshes or velours. [NIH] Polyethylene: A vinyl polymer made from ethylene. It can be branched or linear. Branched or low-density polyethylene is tough and pliable but not to the same degree as linear polyethylene. Linear or high-density polyethylene has a greater hardness and tensile strength. Polyethylene is used in a variety of products, including implants and prostheses. [NIH]
Polymerase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of DNA using a single DNA strand as a template. The polymerase copies the template in the 5'-3'direction provided that sufficient quantities of free nucleotides, dATP and dTTP are present. [NIH] Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships. [NIH] Polymers: Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., polypeptides, proteins, plastics). [NIH] Polymorphic: Occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. [EU] Polymorphism: The occurrence together of two or more distinct forms in the same population. [NIH] Polymyalgia Rheumatica: A syndrome in the elderly characterized by proximal joint and muscle pain, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and a self-limiting course. Pain is usually accompanied by evidence of an inflammatory reaction. Women are affected twice as commonly as men and Caucasians more frequently than other groups. The condition is frequently associated with temporal arteritis and some theories pose the possibility that the two diseases arise from a single etiology or even that they are the same entity. [NIH] Polypeptide: A peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. [EU] Polyphosphates: Linear polymers in which orthophosphate residues are linked with energy-rich phosphoanhydride bonds. They are found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. [NIH]
Dictionary 633
Polyposis: The development of numerous polyps (growths that protrude from a mucous membrane). [NIH] Polysaccharide: A type of carbohydrate. It contains sugar molecules that are linked together chemically. [NIH] Polytetrafluoroethylene: Homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene. Nonflammable, tough, inert plastic tubing or sheeting; used to line vessels, insulate, protect or lubricate apparatus; also as filter, coating for surgical implants or as prosthetic material. Synonyms: Fluoroflex; Fluoroplast; Ftoroplast; Halon; Polyfene; PTFE; Tetron. [NIH] Polyunsaturated fat: An unsaturated fat found in greatest amounts in foods derived from plants, including safflower, sunflower, corn, and soybean oils. [NIH] Polyvalent: Having more than one valence. [EU] Porosity: Condition of having pores or open spaces. This often refers to bones, bone implants, or bone cements, but can refer to the porous state of any solid substance. [NIH] Port: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port-a-cath. [NIH] Port-a-cath: An implanted device through which blood may be withdrawn and drugs may be infused without repeated needle sticks. Also called a port. [NIH] Portal Vein: A short thick vein formed by union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein. [NIH] Posterior: Situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. [EU] Postmenopausal: Refers to the time after menopause. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Postnatal: Occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. [EU] Postoperative: After surgery. [NIH] Postsynaptic: Nerve potential generated by an inhibitory hyperpolarizing stimulation. [NIH] Potassium: An element that is in the alkali group of metals. It has an atomic symbol K, atomic number 19, and atomic weight 39.10. It is the chief cation in the intracellular fluid of muscle and other cells. Potassium ion is a strong electrolyte and it plays a significant role in the regulation of fluid volume and maintenance of the water-electrolyte balance. [NIH] Potassium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for potassium ions. [NIH] Potassium Citrate: A powder that dissolves in water, which is administered orally, and is used as a diuretic, expectorant, systemic alkalizer, and electrolyte replenisher. [NIH] Potentiates: A degree of synergism which causes the exposure of the organism to a harmful substance to worsen a disease already contracted. [NIH] Potentiation: An overall effect of two drugs taken together which is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone. [NIH] Power Plants: Units that convert some form of energy into electrical energy, such as hydroelectric or steam-generating stations, diesel-electric engines in locomotives, or nuclear power plants. [NIH] Practice Guidelines: Directions or principles presenting current or future rules of policy for the health care practitioner to assist him in patient care decisions regarding diagnosis, therapy, or related clinical circumstances. The guidelines may be developed by government agencies at any level, institutions, professional societies, governing boards, or by the convening of expert panels. The guidelines form a basis for the evaluation of all aspects of
634 Calcium
health care and delivery. [NIH] Precancerous: A term used to describe a condition that may (or is likely to) become cancer. Also called premalignant. [NIH] Precipitation: The act or process of precipitating. [EU] Precursor: Something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. [EU] Predisposition: A latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. [EU] Preeclampsia: A toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. [EU] Pre-Eclampsia: Development of hypertension with proteinuria, edema, or both, due to pregnancy or the influence of a recent pregnancy. It occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but it may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease. [NIH] Pre-eclamptic: A syndrome characterized by hypertension, albuminuria, and generalized oedema, occurring only in pregnancy. [NIH] Prefrontal Cortex: The rostral part of the frontal lobe, bounded by the inferior precentral fissure in humans, which receives projection fibers from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. The prefrontal cortex receives afferent fibers from numerous structures of the diencephalon, mesencephalon, and limbic system as well as cortical afferents of visual, auditory, and somatic origin. [NIH] Prejudice: A preconceived judgment made without adequate evidence and not easily alterable by presentation of contrary evidence. [NIH] Premenopausal: Refers to the time before menopause. Menopause is the time of life when a women's menstrual periods stop permanently; also called "change of life." [NIH] Premenstrual: Occurring before menstruation. [EU] Premenstrual Syndrome: A syndrome occurring most often during the last week of the menstrual cycle and ending soon after the onset of menses. Some of the symptoms are emotional instability, insomnia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and painful breasts. [NIH] Presynaptic: Situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. [EU] Presynaptic Terminals: The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included. [NIH] Prevalence: The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from incidence, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time. [NIH] Prickle: Several layers of the epidermis where the individual cells are connected by cell bridges. [NIH] Primary Prevention: Prevention of disease or mental disorders in susceptible individuals or populations through promotion of health, including mental health, and specific protection, as in immunization, as distinguished from the prevention of complications or after-effects of existing disease. [NIH] Probe: An instrument used in exploring cavities, or in the detection and dilatation of strictures, or in demonstrating the potency of channels; an elongated instrument for
Dictionary 635
exploring or sounding body cavities. [NIH] Prodrug: A substance that gives rise to a pharmacologically active metabolite, although not itself active (i. e. an inactive precursor). [NIH] Progesterone: Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. The principal progestational hormone of the body, secreted by the corpus luteum, adrenal cortex, and placenta. Its chief function is to prepare the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum. It acts as an antiovulatory agent when administered on days 5-25 of the menstrual cycle. [NIH] Proglumide: 4-Benzamido-N,N-dipropylglutaramic acid. A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers. [NIH] Progression: Increase in the size of a tumor or spread of cancer in the body. [NIH] Progressive: Advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. [EU] Projection: A defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, whereby that which is emotionally unacceptable in the self is rejected and attributed (projected) to others. [NIH] Prolactin: Pituitary lactogenic hormone. A polypeptide hormone with a molecular weight of about 23,000. It is essential in the induction of lactation in mammals at parturition and is synergistic with estrogen. The hormone also brings about the release of progesterone from lutein cells, which renders the uterine mucosa suited for the embedding of the ovum should fertilization occur. [NIH] Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from glutamic acid. It is an essential component of collagen and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons. [NIH] Promoter: A chemical substance that increases the activity of a carcinogenic process. [NIH] Promotor: In an operon, a nucleotide sequence located at the operator end which contains all the signals for the correct initiation of genetic transcription by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme and determines the maximal rate of RNA synthesis. [NIH] Prone: Having the front portion of the body downwards. [NIH] Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. [NIH] Prophase: The first phase of cell division, in which the chromosomes become visible, the nucleus starts to lose its identity, the spindle appears, and the centrioles migrate toward opposite poles. [NIH] Prophylaxis: An attempt to prevent disease. [NIH] Proportional: Being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. [EU] Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations. [NIH] Prospective study: An epidemiologic study in which a group of individuals (a cohort), all free of a particular disease and varying in their exposure to a possible risk factor, is followed over a specific amount of time to determine the incidence rates of the disease in the exposed and unexposed groups. [NIH] Prostaglandin: Any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate
636 Calcium
the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or ß indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, ß, above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. [EU] Prostaglandins A: (13E,15S)-15-Hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-10,13-dien-1-oic acid (PGA(1)); (5Z,13E,15S)-15-hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13-trien-1-oic acid (PGA(2)); (5Z,13E,15S,17Z)-15hydroxy-9-oxoprosta-5,10,13,17-tetraen-1-oic acid (PGA(3)). A group of naturally occurring secondary prostaglandins derived from PGE. PGA(1) and PGA(2) as well as their 19hydroxy derivatives are found in many organs and tissues. [NIH] Prostate: A gland in males that surrounds the neck of the bladder and the urethra. It secretes a substance that liquifies coagulated semen. It is situated in the pelvic cavity behind the lower part of the pubic symphysis, above the deep layer of the triangular ligament, and rests upon the rectum. [NIH] Prosthesis: An artificial replacement of a part of the body. [NIH] Protease: Proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). [EU] Protease Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (endopeptidases). [NIH] Protective Agents: Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent. [NIH]
Protein C: A vitamin-K dependent zymogen present in the blood, which, upon activation by thrombin and thrombomodulin exerts anticoagulant properties by inactivating factors Va and VIIIa at the rate-limiting steps of thrombin formation. [NIH] Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. Quaternary protein structure describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain). [NIH] Protein Isoforms: Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different genes, or from the same gene by alternative splicing. [NIH] Protein Kinases: A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein. EC 2.7.1.37. [NIH] Protein S: The vitamin K-dependent cofactor of activated protein C. Together with protein C, it inhibits the action of factors VIIIa and Va. A deficiency in protein S can lead to recurrent venous and arterial thrombosis. [NIH] Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of a multimeric protein. They can be identical or non-identical subunits. [NIH] Proteins: Polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. The specific sequence of amino
Dictionary 637
acids determines the shape and function of the protein. [NIH] Protein-Tyrosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.112. [NIH] Proteinuria: The presence of protein in the urine, indicating that the kidneys are not working properly. [NIH] Proteoglycans: Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content. [NIH] Proteolipids: Protein-lipid combinations abundant in brain tissue, but also present in a wide variety of animal and plant tissues. In contrast to lipoproteins, they are insoluble in water, but soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture. The protein moiety has a high content of hydrophobic amino acids. The associated lipids consist of a mixture of glycerophosphates, cerebrosides, and sulfoglycosphingolipids, while lipoproteins contain phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides. [NIH] Proteolytic: 1. Pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. An enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). [EU] Prothrombin: A plasma protein that is the inactive precursor of thrombin. It is converted to thrombin by a prothrombin activator complex consisting of factor Xa, factor V, phospholipid, and calcium ions. Deficiency of prothrombin leads to hypoprothrombinemia. [NIH]
Protocol: The detailed plan for a clinical trial that states the trial's rationale, purpose, drug or vaccine dosages, length of study, routes of administration, who may participate, and other aspects of trial design. [NIH] Protons: Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion. [NIH] Protozoa: A subkingdom consisting of unicellular organisms that are the simplest in the animal kingdom. Most are free living. They range in size from submicroscopic to macroscopic. Protozoa are divided into seven phyla: Sarcomastigophora, Labyrinthomorpha, Apicomplexa, Microspora, Ascetospora, Myxozoa, and Ciliophora. [NIH] Protozoal: Having to do with the simplest organisms in the animal kingdom. Protozoa are single-cell organisms, such as ameba, and are different from bacteria, which are not members of the animal kingdom. Some protozoa can be seen without a microscope. [NIH] Proximal: Nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. [EU] Psoriasis: A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis. [NIH] Psychiatry: The medical science that deals with the origin, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of mental disorders. [NIH] Psychic: Pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. [EU] Psychogenic: Produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. [EU]
Psychomotor: Pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. [EU] Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of Plantago psyllium, P. indica, and P. ovata (Plantaginaceae). Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives. [NIH]
638 Calcium
Puberty: The period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. [EU] Public Health: Branch of medicine concerned with the prevention and control of disease and disability, and the promotion of physical and mental health of the population on the international, national, state, or municipal level. [NIH] Public Policy: A course or method of action selected, usually by a government, from among alternatives to guide and determine present and future decisions. [NIH] Publishing: "The business or profession of the commercial production and issuance of literature" (Webster's 3d). It includes the publisher, publication processes, editing and editors. Production may be by conventional printing methods or by electronic publishing. [NIH]
Pulmonary: Relating to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Artery: The short wide vessel arising from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle and conveying unaerated blood to the lungs. [NIH] Pulmonary Edema: An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in the lungs, may be caused by acute exposure to dangerous concentrations of irritant gasses. [NIH] Pulse: The rhythmical expansion and contraction of an artery produced by waves of pressure caused by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle of the heart as it contracts. [NIH]
Pupil: The aperture in the iris through which light passes. [NIH] Purifying: Respiratory equipment whose function is to remove contaminants from otherwise wholesome air. [NIH] Purines: A series of heterocyclic compounds that are variously substituted in nature and are known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine, constituents of nucleic acids, as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline. Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism. [NIH] Purpura: Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. [NIH] Purulent: Consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. [EU] Pylorus: The opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. [EU] Pyramidal Cells: Projection neurons in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region. [NIH] Quality of Life: A generic concept reflecting concern with the modification and enhancement of life attributes, e.g., physical, political, moral and social environment. [NIH] Quaternary: 1. Fourth in order. 2. Containing four elements or groups. [EU] Quercetin: Aglucon of quercetrin, rutin, and other glycosides. It is widely distributed in the plant kingdom, especially in rinds and barks, clover blossoms, and ragweed pollen. [NIH] Quiescent: Marked by a state of inactivity or repose. [EU] Quinones: Hydrocarbon rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups. [NIH] Race: A population within a species which exhibits general similarities within itself, but is both discontinuous and distinct from other populations of that species, though not sufficiently so as to achieve the status of a taxon. [NIH]
Dictionary 639
Radiation: Emission or propagation of electromagnetic energy (waves/rays), or the waves/rays themselves; a stream of electromagnetic particles (electrons, neutrons, protons, alpha particles) or a mixture of these. The most common source is the sun. [NIH] Radiation therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body in the area near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. Also called radiotherapy. [NIH] Radicular: Having the character of or relating to a radicle or root. [NIH] Radioactive: Giving off radiation. [NIH] Radiography: Examination of any part of the body for diagnostic purposes by means of roentgen rays, recording the image on a sensitized surface (such as photographic film). [NIH] Radioisotope: An unstable element that releases radiation as it breaks down. Radioisotopes can be used in imaging tests or as a treatment for cancer. [NIH] Radiolabeled: Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance. [NIH] Radiological: Pertaining to radiodiagnostic and radiotherapeutic procedures, and interventional radiology or other planning and guiding medical radiology. [NIH] Radiology: A specialty concerned with the use of x-ray and other forms of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. [NIH] Radiopharmaceutical: Any medicinal product which, when ready for use, contains one or more radionuclides (radioactive isotopes) included for a medicinal purpose. [NIH] Radiotherapy: The use of ionizing radiation to treat malignant neoplasms and other benign conditions. The most common forms of ionizing radiation used as therapy are x-rays, gamma rays, and electrons. A special form of radiotherapy, targeted radiotherapy, links a cytotoxic radionuclide to a molecule that targets the tumor. When this molecule is an antibody or other immunologic molecule, the technique is called radioimmunotherapy. [NIH] Radius: The lateral bone of the forearm. [NIH] Raloxifene: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [NIH] Randomized: Describes an experiment or clinical trial in which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. [NIH] Randomized Controlled Trials: Clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table. Treatment allocations using coin flips, odd-even numbers, patient social security numbers, days of the week, medical record numbers, or other such pseudo- or quasi-random processes, are not truly randomized and trials employing any of these techniques for patient assignment are designated simply controlled clinical trials. [NIH] Reactivation: The restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. [EU] Reagent: A substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. [EU]
640 Calcium
Receptor: A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific physiologic effect in the cell. [NIH] Receptors, Odorant: Proteins, usually projecting from the cilia of olfactory receptor neurons, that specifically bind odorant molecules and trigger responses in the neurons. The large number of different odorant receptors appears to arise from several gene families or subfamilies rather than from DNA rearrangement. [NIH] Recombinant: A cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. [EU] Reconstitution: 1. A type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. The restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. [EU] Rectal: By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine and ends at the anus. [NIH] Rectum: The last 8 to 10 inches of the large intestine. [NIH] Recur: To occur again. Recurrence is the return of cancer, at the same site as the original (primary) tumor or in another location, after the tumor had disappeared. [NIH] Recurrence: The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission. [NIH] Red blood cells: RBCs. Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called erythrocytes. [NIH] Red Nucleus: A pinkish-yellow portion of the midbrain situated in the rostral mesencephalic tegmentum. It receives a large projection from the contralateral half of the cerebellum via the superior cerebellar peduncle and a projection from the ipsilateral motor cortex. [NIH] Reductase: Enzyme converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone. [NIH] Refer: To send or direct for treatment, aid, information, de decision. [NIH] Reflex: An involuntary movement or exercise of function in a part, excited in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the brain or spinal cord. [NIH] Reflux: The term used when liquid backs up into the esophagus from the stomach. [NIH] Refraction: A test to determine the best eyeglasses or contact lenses to correct a refractive error (myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism). [NIH] Refractory: Not readily yielding to treatment. [EU] Regeneration: The natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. [EU] Regimen: A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment. [NIH] Regional lymph node: In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor. [NIH] Registries: The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers. [NIH] Regurgitation: A backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. [EU] Relapse: The return of signs and symptoms of cancer after a period of improvement. [NIH] Reliability: Used technically, in a statistical sense, of consistency of a test with itself, i. e. the extent to which we can assume that it will yield the same result if repeated a second time.
Dictionary 641
[NIH]
Remission: A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although there still may be cancer in the body. [NIH] Renal failure: Progressive renal insufficiency and uremia, due to irreversible and progressive renal glomerular tubular or interstitial disease. [NIH] Renal Osteodystrophy: Decalcification of bone due to hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic kidney disease. [NIH] Renal pelvis: The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder. [NIH] Renal tubular: A defect in the kidneys that hinders their normal excretion of acids. Failure to excrete acids can lead to weak bones, kidney stones, and poor growth in children. [NIH] Renin: An enzyme which is secreted by the kidney and is formed from prorenin in plasma and kidney. The enzyme cleaves the Leu-Leu bond in angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. EC 3.4.23.15. (Formerly EC 3.4.99.19). [NIH] Renin-Angiotensin System: A system consisting of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, and angiotensin II. Renin, an enzyme produced in the kidney, acts on angiotensinogen, an alpha-2 globulin produced by the liver, forming angiotensin I. The converting enzyme contained in the lung acts on angiotensin I in the plasma converting it to angiotensin II, the most powerful directly pressor substance known. It causes contraction of the arteriolar smooth muscle and has other indirect actions mediated through the adrenal cortex. [NIH] Reperfusion: Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing reperfusion injury. [NIH] Reperfusion Injury: Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. [NIH] Resorption: The loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. [EU] Respiration: The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption) or cell respiration (= cell respiration). [NIH] Response Elements: Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions. [NIH]
Restoration: Broad term applied to any inlay, crown, bridge or complete denture which restores or replaces loss of teeth or oral tissues. [NIH] Resuscitation: The restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. [EU] Retina: The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the optic
642 Calcium
nerve and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the choroid and the inner surface with the vitreous body. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent. [NIH] Retinal: 1. Pertaining to the retina. 2. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. [EU] Retinal Ganglion Cells: Cells of the innermost nuclear layer of the retina, the ganglion cell layer, which project axons through the optic nerve to the brain. They are quite variable in size and in the shapes of their dendritic arbors, which are generally confined to the inner plexiform layer. [NIH] Retinitis: Inflammation of the retina. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (chorioretinitis) and of the optic nerve (neuroretinitis). The disease may be confined to one eye, but since it is generally dependent on a constitutional factor, it is almost always bilateral. It may be acute in course, but as a rule it lasts many weeks or even several months. [NIH] Retinoblastoma: An eye cancer that most often occurs in children younger than 5 years. It occurs in hereditary and nonhereditary (sporadic) forms. [NIH] Retinoids: Derivatives of vitamin A. Used clinically in the treatment of severe cystic acne, psoriasis, and other disorders of keratinization. Their possible use in the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer is being actively explored. [NIH] Retinol: Vitamin A. It is essential for proper vision and healthy skin and mucous membranes. Retinol is being studied for cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Retrograde: 1. Moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. Degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. [EU] Rhamnose: A methylpentose whose L- isomer is found naturally in many plant glycosides and some gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides. [NIH] Rheumatic Diseases: Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement. [NIH] Rheumatism: A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat. [NIH] Rheumatoid: Resembling rheumatism. [EU] Rheumatoid arthritis: A form of arthritis, the cause of which is unknown, although infection, hypersensitivity, hormone imbalance and psychologic stress have been suggested as possible causes. [NIH] Rhinitis: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. [NIH] Ribose: A pentose active in biological systems usually in its D-form. [NIH] Rickets: A condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are
Dictionary 643
curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. [EU] Rigidity: Stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. [EU] Risk factor: A habit, trait, condition, or genetic alteration that increases a person's chance of developing a disease. [NIH] Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. [NIH] Rod: A reception for vision, located in the retina. [NIH] Rotavirus: A genus of Reoviridae, causing acute gastroenteritis in birds and mammals, including humans. Transmission is horizontal and by environmental contamination. [NIH] Rubber: A high-molecular-weight polymeric elastomer derived from the milk juice (latex) of Hevea brasiliensis and other trees. It is a substance that can be stretched at room temperature to atleast twice its original length and after releasing the stress, retractrapidly, and recover its original dimensions fully. Synthetic rubber is made from many different chemicals, including styrene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and isoprene. [NIH] Rutin: 3-((6-O-(6-Deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy)-2-(3,4dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one. Found in many plants, including buckwheat, tobacco, forsythia, hydrangea, pansies, etc. It has been used therapeutically to decrease capillary fragility. [NIH] Ryanodine: Insecticidal alkaloid isolated from Ryania speciosa; proposed as a myocardial depressant. [NIH] Salicylate: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. [NIH] Saline: A solution of salt and water. [NIH] Saliva: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains mucins, water, organic salts, and ptylin. [NIH] Salivary: The duct that convey saliva to the mouth. [NIH] Salivary glands: Glands in the mouth that produce saliva. [NIH] Sanitary: Relating or belonging to health and hygiene; conductive to the restoration or maintenance of health. [NIH] Sanitation: The development and establishment of environmental conditions favorable to the health of the public. [NIH] Saphenous: Applied to certain structures in the leg, e. g. nerve vein. [NIH] Saphenous Vein: The vein which drains the foot and leg. [NIH] Saponins: Sapogenin glycosides. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists of a sapogenin as the aglycon moiety, and a sugar. The sapogenin may be a steroid or a triterpene and the sugar may be glucose, galactose, a pentose, or a methylpentose. Sapogenins are poisonous towards the lower forms of life and are powerful hemolytics when injected into the blood stream able to dissolve red blood cells at even extreme dilutions. [NIH] Sarcoidosis: An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands. [NIH] Sarcoma: A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant. [NIH] Sarcoplasmic Reticulum:
A network of tubules and sacs in the cytoplasm of skeletal
644 Calcium
muscles that assist with muscle contraction and relaxation by releasing and storing calcium ions. [NIH] Saturate: Means fatty acids without double bond. [NIH] Saturated fat: A type of fat found in greatest amounts in foods from animals, such as fatty cuts of meat, poultry with the skin, whole-milk dairy products, lard, and in some vegetable oils, including coconut, palm kernel, and palm oils. Saturated fat raises blood cholesterol more than anything else eaten. On a Step I Diet, no more than 8 to 10 percent of total calories should come from saturated fat, and in the Step II Diet, less than 7 percent of the day's total calories should come from saturated fat. [NIH] Scans: Pictures of structures inside the body. Scans often used in diagnosing, staging, and monitoring disease include liver scans, bone scans, and computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. In liver scanning and bone scanning, radioactive substances that are injected into the bloodstream collect in these organs. A scanner that detects the radiation is used to create pictures. In CT scanning, an x-ray machine linked to a computer is used to produce detailed pictures of organs inside the body. MRI scans use a large magnet connected to a computer to create pictures of areas inside the body. [NIH] Scatter: The extent to which relative success and failure are divergently manifested in qualitatively different tests. [NIH] Schizoid: Having qualities resembling those found in greater degree in schizophrenics; a person of schizoid personality. [NIH] Schizophrenia: A mental disorder characterized by a special type of disintegration of the personality. [NIH] Schizotypal Personality Disorder: A personality disorder in which there are oddities of thought (magical thinking, paranoid ideation, suspiciousness), perception (illusions, depersonalization), speech (digressive, vague, overelaborate), and behavior (inappropriate affect in social interactions, frequently social isolation) that are not severe enough to characterize schizophrenia. [NIH] Sclerosis: A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve. [NIH] Screening: Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. [NIH] Scurvy: A deficiency disease due to lack of vitamin C in the diet. [NIH] Second Messenger Systems: Systems in which an intracellular signal is generated in response to an intercellular primary messenger such as a hormone or neurotransmitter. They are intermediate signals in cellular processes such as metabolism, secretion, contraction, phototransduction, and cell growth. Examples of second messenger systems are the adenyl cyclase-cyclic AMP system, the phosphatidylinositol diphosphate-inositol triphosphate system, and the cyclic GMP system. [NIH] Secondary tumor: Cancer that has spread from the organ in which it first appeared to another organ. For example, breast cancer cells may spread (metastasize) to the lungs and cause the growth of a new tumor. When this happens, the disease is called metastatic breast cancer, and the tumor in the lungs is called a secondary tumor. Also called secondary cancer. [NIH] Secretin: A hormone made in the duodenum. Causes the stomach to make pepsin, the liver to make bile, and the pancreas to make a digestive juice. [NIH] Secretion: 1. The process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the
Dictionary 645
elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. Any substance produced by secretion. [EU] Secretory: Secreting; relating to or influencing secretion or the secretions. [NIH] Secretory Vesicles: Vesicles derived from the golgi apparatus containing material to be released at the cell surface. [NIH] Sediment: A precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. [EU] Seizures: Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as epilepsy or "seizure disorder." [NIH] Selective estrogen receptor modulator: SERM. A drug that acts like estrogen on some tissues, but blocks the effect of estrogen on other tissues. Tamoxifen and raloxifene are SERMs. [NIH] Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.96. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of glutathione peroxidase. [NIH] Semen: The thick, yellowish-white, viscid fluid secretion of male reproductive organs discharged upon ejaculation. In addition to reproductive organ secretions, it contains spermatozoa and their nutrient plasma. [NIH] Seminiferous tubule: Tube used to transport sperm made in the testes. [NIH] Semisynthetic: Produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. [EU] Senile: Relating or belonging to old age; characteristic of old age; resulting from infirmity of old age. [NIH] Sensor: A device designed to respond to physical stimuli such as temperature, light, magnetism or movement and transmit resulting impulses for interpretation, recording, movement, or operating control. [NIH] Sequencing: The determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA chain. [NIH] Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from glycine or threonine. It is involved in the biosynthesis of purines, pyrimidines, and other amino acids. [NIH] Serologic: Analysis of a person's serum, especially specific immune or lytic serums. [NIH] Serous: Having to do with serum, the clear liquid part of blood. [NIH] Serrata: The serrated anterior border of the retina located approximately 8.5 mm from the limbus and adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body. [NIH] Serrated: Having notches or teeth on the edge as a saw has. [NIH] Serum: The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed. [NIH] Sex Characteristics: Those characteristics that distinguish one sex from the other. The primary sex characteristics are the ovaries and testes and their related hormones. Secondary sex characteristics are those which are masculine or feminine but not directly related to reproduction. [NIH] Sex Determination: female or male. [NIH]
The biological characteristics which distinguish human beings as
Sharks: A group of elongate elasmobranchs. Sharks are mostly marine fish, with certain species large and voracious. [NIH]
646 Calcium
Sharpness: The apparent blurring of the border between two adjacent areas of a radiograph having different optical densities. [NIH] Ships: Large vessels propelled by power or sail used for transportation on rivers, seas, oceans, or other navigable waters. Boats are smaller vessels propelled by oars, paddles, sail, or power; they may or may not have a deck. [NIH] Shock: The general bodily disturbance following a severe injury; an emotional or moral upset occasioned by some disturbing or unexpected experience; disruption of the circulation, which can upset all body functions: sometimes referred to as circulatory shock. [NIH]
Side effect: A consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. [EU] Signal Transduction: The intercellular or intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GABA-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptormediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway. [NIH] Signs and Symptoms: Clinical manifestations that can be either objective when observed by a physician, or subjective when perceived by the patient. [NIH] Sil: The arithmetical average of the octave band sound pressure levels of a noise, centered on the frequencies 425, 850 and 1700 Hz together with the frequency 212 of the SIL in this band exceeds the others by 10 dB or more. [NIH] Silage: Fodder converted into succulent feed for livestock through processes of anaerobic fermentation (as in a silo). [NIH] Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of silicon dioxide. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight 28.09. [NIH] Silicon Dioxide: Silica. Transparent, tasteless crystals found in nature as agate, amethyst, chalcedony, cristobalite, flint, sand, quartz, and tridymite. The compound is insoluble in water or acids except hydrofluoric acid. [NIH] Sincalide: A polypeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of both bile from the gallbladder, and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. [NIH] Sinoatrial Node: The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle to the ventricle. [NIH] Skeletal: Having to do with the skeleton (boney part of the body). [NIH] Skeleton: The framework that supports the soft tissues of vertebrate animals and protects many of their internal organs. The skeletons of vertebrates are made of bone and/or
Dictionary 647
cartilage. [NIH] Skull: The skeleton of the head including the bones of the face and the bones enclosing the brain. [NIH] Sludge: A clump of agglutinated red blood cells. [NIH] Small intestine: The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine. [NIH] Smooth muscle: Muscle that performs automatic tasks, such as constricting blood vessels. [NIH]
Soaps: Sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids. These detergent substances are obtained by boiling natural oils or fats with caustic alkali. Sodium soaps are harder and are used as topical anti-infectives and vehicles in pills and liniments; potassium soaps are soft, used as vehicles for ointments and also as topical antimicrobials. [NIH] Social Environment: The aggregate of social and cultural institutions, forms, patterns, and processes that influence the life of an individual or community. [NIH] Sodium: An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetallic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH] Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. [NIH] Sodium Channels: Cell membrane glycoproteins selective for sodium ions. Fast sodium current is associated with the action potential in neural membranes. [NIH] Sodium-Calcium Exchanger: An electrogenic ion exchange protein that maintains a steady level of calcium by removing an amount of calcium equal to that which enters the cells. It is widely distributed in most excitable membranes, including the brain and heart. [NIH] Soft tissue: Refers to muscle, fat, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, or other supporting tissue of the body. [NIH] Solid tumor: Cancer of body tissues other than blood, bone marrow, or the lymphatic system. [NIH] Solitary Nucleus: Gray matter located in the dorsomedial part of the medulla oblongata associated with the solitary tract. The solitary nucleus receives inputs from most organ systems including the terminations of the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves. It is a major coordinator of autonomic nervous system regulation of cardiovascular, respiratory, gustatory, gastrointestinal, and chemoreceptive aspects of homeostasis. The solitary nucleus is also notable for the large number of neurotransmitters which are found therein. [NIH] Solvent: 1. Dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. A liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. [EU] Soma: The body as distinct from the mind; all the body tissue except the germ cells; all the axial body. [NIH] Somatic: 1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. Pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. [EU] Somatic cells: All the body cells except the reproductive (germ) cells. [NIH] Somatostatin: A polypeptide hormone produced in the hypothalamus, and other tissues and organs. It inhibits the release of human growth hormone, and also modulates important
648 Calcium
physiological functions of the kidney, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Somatostatin receptors are widely expressed throughout the body. Somatostatin also acts as a neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. [NIH] Sorbic Acid: Mold and yeast inhibitor. Used as a fungistatic agent for foods, especially cheeses. [NIH] Sorbitol: A polyhydric alcohol with about half the sweetness of sucrose. Sorbitol occurs naturally and is also produced synthetically from glucose. It was formerly used as a diuretic and may still be used as a laxative and in irrigating solutions for some surgical procedures. It is also used in many manufacturing processes, as a pharmaceutical aid, and in several research applications. [NIH] Sound wave: An alteration of properties of an elastic medium, such as pressure, particle displacement, or density, that propagates through the medium, or a superposition of such alterations. [NIH] Soybean Oil: Oil from soybean or soybean plant. [NIH] Space Flight: Travel beyond the earth's atmosphere. [NIH] Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve skeletal muscle or smooth muscle. [NIH] Spastic: 1. Of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. Hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. A person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy. [EU] Specialist: In medicine, one who concentrates on 1 special branch of medical science. [NIH] Species: A taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. [EU] Specificity: Degree of selectivity shown by an antibody with respect to the number and types of antigens with which the antibody combines, as well as with respect to the rates and the extents of these reactions. [NIH] Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum. [NIH] Spectrum: A charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. [EU] Sperm: The fecundating fluid of the male. [NIH] Sperm Capacitation: The process by which a spermatozoon becomes capable of fertilizing an ovum after it reaches the ampullary portion of the uterine tube. [NIH] Sperm Head: The anterior, usually ovoid, nucleus-containing part of spermatozoa. [NIH] Sperm Motility: Ability of the spermatozoon to move by flagellate swimming. [NIH] Spermatozoa: Mature male germ cells that develop in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Each consists of a head, a body, and a tail that provides propulsion. The head consists mainly of chromatin. [NIH] Spermatozoon: The mature male germ cell. [NIH] Sphincter: A ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter. [EU]
Dictionary 649
Spike: The activation of synapses causes changes in the permeability of the dendritic membrane leading to changes in the membrane potential. This difference of the potential travels along the axon of the neuron and is called spike. [NIH] Spinal cord: The main trunk or bundle of nerves running down the spine through holes in the spinal bone (the vertebrae) from the brain to the level of the lower back. [NIH] Spinal Nerves: The 31 paired peripheral nerves formed by the union of the dorsal and ventral spinal roots from each spinal cord segment. The spinal nerve plexuses and the spinal roots are also included. [NIH] Spinous: Like a spine or thorn in shape; having spines. [NIH] Spleen: An organ that is part of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells. It is located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach. [NIH] Splenic Vein: Vein formed by the union (at the hilus of the spleen) of several small veins from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and mesentery. [NIH] Sporadic: Neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. [EU] Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as protozoa, fungi, and cryptogamic plants. [NIH] Squamous: Scaly, or platelike. [EU] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cell carcinoma: Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells resembling fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma. [NIH] Squamous cells: Flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope. These cells cover internal and external surfaces of the body. [NIH] Stabilization: The creation of a stable state. [EU] Stabilizer: A device for maintaining constant X-ray tube voltage or current. [NIH] Staging: Performing exams and tests to learn the extent of the cancer within the body, especially whether the disease has spread from the original site to other parts of the body. [NIH]
Stasis: A word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. [EU] Statistically significant: Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups. The difference is said to be statistically significant if it is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone. [NIH] Staurosporine: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkaloids. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. [NIH] Steatosis: Fatty degeneration. [EU] Steel: A tough, malleable, iron-based alloy containing up to, but no more than, two percent carbon and often other metals. It is used in medicine and dentistry in implants and instrumentation. [NIH]
650 Calcium
Stem Cell Factor: Hematopoietic growth factor and the ligand of the c-kit receptor CD117 (proto-oncogene protein C-kit). It is expressed during embryogenesis and provides a key signal in multiple aspects of mast-cell differentiation and function. [NIH] Stem Cells: Relatively undifferentiated cells of the same lineage (family type) that retain the ability to divide and cycle throughout postnatal life to provide cells that can become specialized and take the place of those that die or are lost. [NIH] Sterile: Unable to produce children. [NIH] Sterility: 1. The inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. The state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. [EU] Sterilization: The destroying of all forms of life, especially microorganisms, by heat, chemical, or other means. [NIH] Steroid: A group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. [EU] Stimulant: 1. Producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. An agent or remedy that produces stimulation. [EU] Stimulus: That which can elicit or evoke action (response) in a muscle, nerve, gland or other excitable issue, or cause an augmenting action upon any function or metabolic process. [NIH] Stomach: An organ of digestion situated in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen between the termination of the esophagus and the beginning of the duodenum. [NIH] Stool: The waste matter discharged in a bowel movement; feces. [NIH] Strand: DNA normally exists in the bacterial nucleus in a helix, in which two strands are coiled together. [NIH] Stress: Forcibly exerted influence; pressure. Any condition or situation that causes strain or tension. Stress may be either physical or psychologic, or both. [NIH] Stridor: The loud, harsh, vibrating sound produced by partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. [NIH] Stroke: Sudden loss of function of part of the brain because of loss of blood flow. Stroke may be caused by a clot (thrombosis) or rupture (hemorrhage) of a blood vessel to the brain. [NIH]
Stroke Volume: The amount of blood pumped out of the heart per beat not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). [NIH] Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62. [NIH] Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics. [NIH] Subacute: Somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. [EU] Subarachnoid: Situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. [EU] Subclinical: Without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. [EU]
Dictionary 651
Subcutaneous: Beneath the skin. [NIH] Subiculum: A region of the hippocampus that projects to other areas of the brain. [NIH] Submandibular: Four to six lymph glands, located between the lower jaw and the submandibular salivary gland. [NIH] Subspecies: A category intermediate in rank between species and variety, based on a smaller number of correlated characters than are used to differentiate species and generally conditioned by geographical and/or ecological occurrence. [NIH] Substance P: An eleven-amino acid neurotransmitter that appears in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It is involved in transmission of pain, causes rapid contractions of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, and modulates inflammatory and immune responses. [NIH]
Substrate: A substance upon which an enzyme acts. [EU] Subtilisin: A serine endopeptidase isolated from Bacillus subtilis. It hydrolyzes proteins with broad specificity for peptide bonds, and a preference for a large uncharged residue in P1. It also hydrolyzes peptide amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 3.4.21.62. [NIH]
Subtrochanteric: Below a trochanter. [NIH] Suction: The removal of secretions, gas or fluid from hollow or tubular organs or cavities by means of a tube and a device that acts on negative pressure. [NIH] Sudden cardiac death: Cardiac arrest caused by an irregular heartbeat. [NIH] Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid. [NIH] Sulfoglycosphingolipids: Glycosphingolipids with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups. [NIH] Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight 32.066. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine. [NIH] Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule. [NIH] Sulfuric acid: A strong acid that, when concentrated is extemely corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. It is used in making fertilizers, dyes, electroplating, and industrial explosives. [NIH] Superior vena cava: Vein which returns blood from the head and neck, upper limbs, and thorax. It is formed by the union of the two brachiocephalic veins. [NIH] Superoxide: Derivative of molecular oxygen that can damage cells. [NIH] Superoxide Dismutase: An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1. [NIH] Supplementation: Adding nutrients to the diet. [NIH] Support group: A group of people with similar disease who meet to discuss how better to cope with their cancer and treatment. [NIH] Supportive care: Treatment given to prevent, control, or relieve complications and side effects and to improve the comfort and quality of life of people who have cancer. [NIH] Suppositories: A small cone-shaped medicament having cocoa butter or gelatin at its basis and usually intended for the treatment of local conditions in the rectum. [NIH] Suppression: A conscious exclusion of disapproved desire contrary with repression, in
652 Calcium
which the process of exclusion is not conscious. [NIH] Supraventricular: Situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. [EU] Surfactant: A fat-containing protein in the respiratory passages which reduces the surface tension of pulmonary fluids and contributes to the elastic properties of pulmonary tissue. [NIH]
Suspensions: Colloids with liquid continuous phase and solid dispersed phase; the term is used loosely also for solid-in-gas (aerosol) and other colloidal systems; water-insoluble drugs may be given as suspensions. [NIH] Sweat: The fluid excreted by the sweat glands. It consists of water containing sodium chloride, phosphate, urea, ammonia, and other waste products. [NIH] Sweat Glands: Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the dermis. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct. [NIH] Sympathetic Nervous System: The thoracolumbar division of the autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in neurons of the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and project to the paravertebral and prevertebral ganglia, which in turn project to target organs. The sympathetic nervous system mediates the body's response to stressful situations, i.e., the fight or flight reactions. It often acts reciprocally to the parasympathetic system. [NIH] Sympathomimetic: 1. Mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. An agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. [EU] Symphysis: A secondary cartilaginous joint. [NIH] Symptomatic: Having to do with symptoms, which are signs of a condition or disease. [NIH] Symptomatology: 1. That branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. The combined symptoms of a disease. [EU] Synapses: Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate through direct electrical connections which are sometimes called electrical synapses; these are not included here but rather in gap junctions. [NIH] Synapsis: The pairing between homologous chromosomes of maternal and paternal origin during the prophase of meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes. [NIH] Synaptic: Pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-for-point association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). [EU] Synaptic Transmission: The communication from a neuron to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a synapse. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors. These activated receptors modulate ion channels and/or secondmessenger systems to influence the postsynaptic cell. Electrical transmission is less common in the nervous system, and, as in other tissues, is mediated by gap junctions. [NIH]
Dictionary 653
Synaptic Vesicles: Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents. [NIH] Synergistic: Acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. [EU] Synovial: Of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. [EU] Synovial Cyst: A nodular, tumorlike lesion in or about a tendon sheath or joint capsule, especially of the hands, wrists, or feet. It is not a true cyst as it lacks an epithelial wall, and it does not communicate with the underlying synovial space. The lesion represents a focal accumulation of mucin in the dermis of the dorsal aspect of the distal phalanges or, less often, other portions of the extremities. [NIH] Synovial Fluid: The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the synovial membrane. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts and serves to lubricate joints. [NIH] Synovial Membrane: The inner membrane of a joint capsule surrounding a freely movable joint. It is loosely attached to the external fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid. [NIH] Systemic: Affecting the entire body. [NIH] Systemic lupus erythematosus: SLE. A chronic inflammatory connective tissue disease marked by skin rashes, joint pain and swelling, inflammation of the kidneys, inflammation of the fibrous tissue surrounding the heart (i.e., the pericardium), as well as other problems. Not all affected individuals display all of these problems. May be referred to as lupus. [NIH] Systolic: Indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. [EU] Systolic blood pressure: The maximum pressure in the artery produced as the heart contracts and blood begins to flow. [NIH] Systolic heart failure: Inability of the heart to contract with enough force to pump adequate amounts of blood through the body. [NIH] Tachycardia: Excessive rapidity in the action of the heart, usually with a heart rate above 100 beats per minute. [NIH] Tachypnea: Rapid breathing. [NIH] Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders. [NIH] Talc: A native magnesium silicate. [NIH] Tardive: Marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. [EU] Taste Buds: Small sensory organs which contain gustatory receptor cells, basal cells, and supporting cells. Taste buds in humans are found in the epithelia of the tongue, palate, and pharynx. They are innervated by the chorda tympani nerve (a branch of the facial nerve) and the glossopharyngeal nerve. [NIH] Taurine: 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid. A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids. [NIH] Telangiectasia: The permanent enlargement of blood vessels, causing redness in the skin or mucous membranes. [NIH] Telencephalon: Paired anteriolateral evaginations of the prosencephalon plus the lamina
654 Calcium
terminalis. The cerebral hemispheres are derived from it. Many authors consider cerebrum a synonymous term to telencephalon, though a minority include diencephalon as part of the cerebrum (Anthoney, 1994). [NIH] Telomerase: Essential ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that adds telomeric DNA to the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Telomerase appears to be repressed in normal human somatic tissues but reactivated in cancer, and thus may be necessary for malignant transformation. EC 2.7.7.-. [NIH] Temporal: One of the two irregular bones forming part of the lateral surfaces and base of the skull, and containing the organs of hearing. [NIH] Temporal Lobe: Lower lateral part of the cerebral hemisphere. [NIH] Tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. [EU] Teratogenic: Tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). [EU] Terminator: A DNA sequence sited at the end of a transcriptional unit that signals the end of transcription. [NIH] Testis: Either of the paired male reproductive glands that produce the male germ cells and the male hormones. [NIH] Testosterone: A hormone that promotes the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics. [NIH] Tetanic: Having the characteristics of, or relating to tetanus. [NIH] Tetanus: A disease caused by tetanospasmin, a powerful protein toxin produced by Clostridium tetani. Tetanus usually occurs after an acute injury, such as a puncture wound or laceration. Generalized tetanus, the most common form, is characterized by tetanic muscular contractions and hyperreflexia. Localized tetanus presents itself as a mild condition with manifestations restricted to muscles near the wound. It may progress to the generalized form. [NIH] Tetany: 1. Hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. Tetanus. [EU] Thalamic: Cell that reaches the lateral nucleus of amygdala. [NIH] Thalamic Diseases: Disorders of the centrally located thalamus, which integrates a wide range of cortical and subcortical information. Manifestations include sensory loss, movement disorders; ataxia, pain syndromes, visual disorders, a variety of neuropsychological conditions, and coma. Relatively common etiologies include cerebrovascular disorders; craniocerebral trauma; brain neoplasms; brain hypoxia; intracranial hemorrhages; and infectious processes. [NIH] Thalamus: Paired bodies containing mostly gray substance and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle of the brain. The thalamus represents the major portion of the diencephalon and is commonly divided into cellular aggregates known as nuclear groups. [NIH]
Therapeutics: The branch of medicine which is concerned with the treatment of diseases, palliative or curative. [NIH] Thermal: Pertaining to or characterized by heat. [EU] Thiamine:
3-((4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl)-5-(2-
hydroxyethyl)-4-
Dictionary 655
methylthiazolium chloride. [NIH] Thigh: A leg; in anatomy, any elongated process or part of a structure more or less comparable to a leg. [NIH] Thioredoxin: A hydrogen-carrying protein that participates in a variety of biochemical reactions including ribonucleotide reduction. Thioredoxin is oxidized from a dithiol to a disulfide during ribonucleotide reduction. The disulfide form is then reduced by NADPH in a reaction catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase. [NIH] Third Ventricle: A narrow cleft inferior to the corpus callosum, within the diencephalon, between the paired thalami. Its floor is formed by the hypothalamus, its anterior wall by the lamina terminalis, and its roof by ependyma. It communicates with the fourth ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct, and with the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina. [NIH] Thoracic: Having to do with the chest. [NIH] Thorax: A part of the trunk between the neck and the abdomen; the chest. [NIH] Threshold: For a specified sensory modality (e. g. light, sound, vibration), the lowest level (absolute threshold) or smallest difference (difference threshold, difference limen) or intensity of the stimulus discernible in prescribed conditions of stimulation. [NIH] Thrombin: An enzyme formed from prothrombin that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (Dorland, 27th ed) EC 3.4.21.5. [NIH] Thrombocytes: Blood cells that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called platelets. [NIH] Thrombocytopenia: A decrease in the number of blood platelets. [NIH] Thrombomodulin: A cell surface glycoprotein of endothelial cells that binds thrombin and serves as a cofactor in the activation of protein C and its regulation of blood coagulation. [NIH]
Thrombosis: The formation or presence of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. [NIH] Thromboxanes: Physiologically active compounds found in many organs of the body. They are formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides and cause platelet aggregation, contraction of arteries, and other biological effects. Thromboxanes are important mediators of the actions of polyunsaturated fatty acids transformed by cyclooxygenase. [NIH] Thrombus: An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. [EU] Thymidine: A chemical compound found in DNA. Also used as treatment for mucositis. [NIH]
Thyroid: A gland located near the windpipe (trachea) that produces thyroid hormone, which helps regulate growth and metabolism. [NIH] Thyroid Gland: A highly vascular endocrine gland consisting of two lobes, one on either side of the trachea, joined by a narrow isthmus; it produces the thyroid hormones which are concerned in regulating the metabolic rate of the body. [NIH] Thyroid Hormones: Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyrotropin: A peptide hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary. It promotes the growth of the thyroid gland and stimulates the synthesis of thyroid hormones and the release of thyroxine by the thyroid gland. [NIH] Thyroxine: An amino acid of the thyroid gland which exerts a stimulating effect on thyroid metabolism. [NIH]
656 Calcium
Tin: A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71. [NIH] Tissue: A group or layer of cells that are alike in type and work together to perform a specific function. [NIH] Tissue Culture: Maintaining or growing of tissue, organ primordia, or the whole or part of an organ in vitro so as to preserve its architecture and/or function (Dorland, 28th ed). Tissue culture includes both organ culture and cell culture. [NIH] Tolerance: 1. The ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. Acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. [EU] Tomography: Imaging methods that result in sharp images of objects located on a chosen plane and blurred images located above or below the plane. [NIH] Tonicity: The normal state of muscular tension. [NIH] Tooth Movement: Orthodontic techniques used to correct the malposition of a single tooth. [NIH]
Tooth Preparation: Procedures carried out with regard to the teeth or tooth structures preparatory to specified dental therapeutic and surgical measures. [NIH] Tooth Socket: A hollow part of the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible where each tooth fits and is attached via the peridontal ligament. [NIH] Topical: On the surface of the body. [NIH] Toxaemia: 1. The condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. A condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. [EU] Toxic: Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted side effects. [NIH] Toxicity: The quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. [EU] Toxicology: The science concerned with the detection, chemical composition, and pharmacologic action of toxic substances or poisons and the treatment and prevention of toxic manifestations. [NIH] Toxins: Specific, characterizable, poisonous chemicals, often proteins, with specific biological properties, including immunogenicity, produced by microbes, higher plants, or animals. [NIH] Trace element: Substance or element essential to plant or animal life, but present in extremely small amounts. [NIH] Trachea: The cartilaginous and membranous tube descending from the larynx and branching into the right and left main bronchi. [NIH] Traction: The act of pulling. [NIH] Transcriptase: An enzyme which catalyses the synthesis of a complementary mRNA molecule from a DNA template in the presence of a mixture of the four ribonucleotides (ATP, UTP, GTP and CTP). [NIH] Transcription Factors: Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process. [NIH] Transdermal: Entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. [EU]
Dictionary 657
Transduction: The transfer of genes from one cell to another by means of a viral (in the case of bacteria, a bacteriophage) vector or a vector which is similar to a virus particle (pseudovirion). [NIH] Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA into cells, usually eukaryotic. It is analogous to bacterial transformation. [NIH] Transfusion: The infusion of components of blood or whole blood into the bloodstream. The blood may be donated from another person, or it may have been taken from the person earlier and stored until needed. [NIH] Translocation: The movement of material in solution inside the body of the plant. [NIH] Transmitter: A chemical substance which effects the passage of nerve impulses from one cell to the other at the synapse. [NIH] Transplantation: Transference of a tissue or organ, alive or dead, within an individual, between individuals of the same species, or between individuals of different species. [NIH] Trauma: Any injury, wound, or shock, must frequently physical or structural shock, producing a disturbance. [NIH] Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches. [NIH] Trehalase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of alpha,alpha-trehalose and water to D-glucose. EC 3.2.1.28. [NIH] Tricyclic: Containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. [EU] Triglyceride: A lipid carried through the blood stream to tissues. Most of the body's fat tissue is in the form of triglycerides, stored for use as energy. Triglycerides are obtained primarily from fat in foods. [NIH] Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. [NIH] Trivalent: Having a valence of three. [EU] Trophoblast: The outer layer of cells of the blastocyst which works its way into the endometrium during ovum implantation and grows rapidly, later combining with mesoderm. [NIH] Tropomyosin: A protein found in the thin filaments of muscle fibers. It inhibits contraction of the muscle unless its position is modified by troponin. [NIH] Troponin: One of the minor protein components of skeletal muscle. Its function is to serve as the calcium-binding component in the troponin-tropomyosin B-actin-myosin complex by conferring calcium sensitivity to the cross-linked actin and myosin filaments. [NIH] Trypan Blue: An azo that that is used in protozoal infections. [NIH] Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for nitrogen balance in adults. It is a precursor serotonin and niacin. [NIH] Tuberculosis: Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of Mycobacterium. [NIH] Tuberous Sclerosis: A rare congenital disease in which the essential pathology is the appearance of multiple tumors in the cerebrum and in other organs, such as the heart or kidneys. [NIH] Tubulin: A microtubule subunit protein found in large quantities in mammalian brain. It
658 Calcium
has also been isolated from sperm flagella, cilia, and other sources. Structurally, the protein is a dimer with a molecular weight of approximately 120,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 5.8S. It binds to colchicine, vincristine, and vinblastine. [NIH] Tumor marker: A substance sometimes found in an increased amount in the blood, other body fluids, or tissues and which may mean that a certain type of cancer is in the body. Examples of tumor markers include CA 125 (ovarian cancer), CA 15-3 (breast cancer), CEA (ovarian, lung, breast, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract cancers), and PSA (prostate cancer). Also called biomarker. [NIH] Tumor Necrosis Factor: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated macrophages and other mammalian mononuclear leukocytes which has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. It mimics the action of endotoxin but differs from it. It has a molecular weight of less than 70,000 kDa. [NIH] Tumour: 1. Swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. A new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. [EU] Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus. [NIH] Type 2 diabetes: Usually characterized by a gradual onset with minimal or no symptoms of metabolic disturbance and no requirement for exogenous insulin. The peak age of onset is 50 to 60 years. Obesity and possibly a genetic factor are usually present. [NIH] Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from phenylalanine. It is also the precursor of epinephrine, thyroid hormones, and melanin. [NIH] Ubiquitin: A highly conserved 76 amino acid-protein found in all eukaryotic cells. [NIH] Ulcer: A localized necrotic lesion of the skin or a mucous surface. [NIH] Ultrafiltration: The separation of particles from a suspension by passage through a filter with very fine pores. In ultrafiltration the separation is accomplished by convective transport; in dialysis separation relies instead upon differential diffusion. Ultrafiltration occurs naturally and is a laboratory procedure. Artificial ultrafiltration of the blood is referred to as hemofiltration or hemodiafiltration (if combined with hemodialysis). [NIH] Uncompetitive: A type of enzyme inhibition that arises when the inhibitor cannot combine with the free enzyme, but is capable of combining only with the substrate-enzyme complex. [NIH]
Unconscious: Experience which was once conscious, but was subsequently rejected, as the "personal unconscious". [NIH] Univalent: Pertaining to an unpaired chromosome during the zygotene stage of prophase to first metaphase in meiosis. [NIH] Unsaturated Fats: A type of fat. [NIH] Uraemia: 1. An excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. [EU]
Urea:
A compound (CO(NH2)2), formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the
Dictionary 659
deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids. [NIH] Uremia: The illness associated with the buildup of urea in the blood because the kidneys are not working effectively. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, weakness, and mental confusion. [NIH] Ureter: One of a pair of thick-walled tubes that transports urine from the kidney pelvis to the bladder. [NIH] Urethane: Antineoplastic agent that is also used as a veterinary anesthetic. It has also been used as an intermediate in organic synthesis. Urethane is suspected to be a carcinogen. [NIH] Urethra: The tube through which urine leaves the body. It empties urine from the bladder. [NIH]
Uric: A kidney stone that may result from a diet high in animal protein. When the body breaks down this protein, uric acid levels rise and can form stones. [NIH] Urinary: Having to do with urine or the organs of the body that produce and get rid of urine. [NIH] Urinary Retention: Inability to urinate. The etiology of this disorder includes obstructive, neurogenic, pharmacologic, and psychogenic causes. [NIH] Urinary tract: The organs of the body that produce and discharge urine. These include the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. [NIH] Urinate: To release urine from the bladder to the outside. [NIH] Urine: Fluid containing water and waste products. Urine is made by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and leaves the body through the urethra. [NIH] Urogenital: Pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. [EU] Urolithiasis: Stones in the urinary system. [NIH] Uterine Contraction: Contraction of the uterine muscle. [NIH] Uterus: The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis. This is the organ in which a fetus develops. Also called the womb. [NIH] Vaccine: A substance or group of substances meant to cause the immune system to respond to a tumor or to microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses. [NIH] Vaccine adjuvant: A substance added to a vaccine to improve the immune response so that less vaccine is needed. [NIH] Vacuoles: Any spaces or cavities within a cell. They may function in digestion, storage, secretion, or excretion. [NIH] Vagal: Pertaining to the vagus nerve. [EU] Vagina: The muscular canal extending from the uterus to the exterior of the body. Also called the birth canal. [NIH] Vagus Nerve: The 10th cranial nerve. The vagus is a mixed nerve which contains somatic afferents (from skin in back of the ear and the external auditory meatus), visceral afferents (from the pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdomen), parasympathetic efferents (to the thorax and abdomen), and efferents to striated muscle (of the larynx and pharynx). [NIH] Valves: Flap-like structures that control the direction of blood flow through the heart. [NIH] Vascular: Pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. [EU] Vascular endothelial growth factor: VEGF. A substance made by cells that stimulates new blood vessel formation. [NIH]
660 Calcium
Vasculitis: Inflammation of a blood vessel. [NIH] Vasoactive: Exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. [EU] Vasodilation: Physiological dilation of the blood vessels without anatomic change. For dilation with anatomic change, dilatation, pathologic or aneurysm (or specific aneurysm) is used. [NIH] Vasodilator: An agent that widens blood vessels. [NIH] Vasomotor: 1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. [EU] Vector: Plasmid or other self-replicating DNA molecule that transfers DNA between cells in nature or in recombinant DNA technology. [NIH] Vegetative: 1. Concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. Functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. Resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. [EU] Vein: Vessel-carrying blood from various parts of the body to the heart. [NIH] Venom: That produced by the poison glands of the mouth and injected by the fangs of poisonous snakes. [NIH] Venous: Of or pertaining to the veins. [EU] Venous Insufficiency: Inadequacy of the venous valves and impairment of venous return (venous stasis) usually from the legs, often with edema and sometimes with stasis ulcers at the ankle. [NIH] Venous Pressure: The blood pressure in a vein. It is usually measured to assess the filling pressure to the ventricle. [NIH] Ventral: 1. Pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. Denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. [EU] Ventral Tegmental Area: A region in the mesencephalon which is dorsomedial to the substantia nigra and ventral to the red nucleus. The mesocortical and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems originate here, including an important projection to the nucleus accumbens. Overactivity of the cells in this area has been suspected to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. [NIH] Ventricle: One of the two pumping chambers of the heart. The right ventricle receives oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta. [NIH] Ventricular: Pertaining to a ventricle. [EU] Venules: The minute vessels that collect blood from the capillary plexuses and join together to form veins. [NIH] Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent. [NIH] Vertebrae: A bony unit of the segmented spinal column. [NIH] Vertebral: Of or pertaining to a vertebra. [EU] Veterinary Medicine: The medical science concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. [NIH] Vial: A small bottle. [EU] Video Recording: The storing or preserving of video signals for television to be played back later via a transmitter or receiver. Recordings may be made on magnetic tape or discs
Dictionary 661
(videodisc recording). [NIH] Videodisc Recording: The storing of visual and usually sound signals on discs for later reproduction on a television screen or monitor. [NIH] Vinblastine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. It is a mitotic inhibitor. [NIH] Vincristine: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of plant drugs called vinca alkaloids. [NIH] Vinyl Chloride: A gas that has been used as an aerosol propellant and is the starting material for polyvinyl resins. Toxicity studies have shown various adverse effects, particularly the occurrence of liver neoplasms. [NIH] Viral: Pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. [EU] Viral vector: A type of virus used in cancer therapy. The virus is changed in the laboratory and cannot cause disease. Viral vectors produce tumor antigens (proteins found on a tumor cell) and can stimulate an antitumor immune response in the body. Viral vectors may also be used to carry genes that can change cancer cells back to normal cells. [NIH] Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. [NIH] Virus: Submicroscopic organism that causes infectious disease. In cancer therapy, some viruses may be made into vaccines that help the body build an immune response to, and kill, tumor cells. [NIH] Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids, and sometimes lipids, and their assembly into a new infectious particle. [NIH] Visceral: , from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. [EU] Visceral Afferents: The sensory fibers innervating the viscera. [NIH] Viscosity: A physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. [EU] Vitamin A: A substance used in cancer prevention; it belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids. [NIH] Vitamin D: The vitamin that mediates intestinal calcium absorption, bone calcium metabolism, and probably muscle activity. It usually acts as a hormone precursor, requiring 2 stages of metabolism before reaching actual hormonal form. It is isolated from fish liver oils and used in the treatment and prevention of rickets. [NIH] Vitamin E: Vitamin found largely in plant materials, especially wheat germ, corn, sunflower seed, rapeseed, soybean oils, alfalfa, and lettuce. It is used as an antioxidant in vegetable oils and shortenings. [NIH] Vitamin K: A substance that promotes the clotting of blood. [NIH] Vitreous: Glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum). [EU] Vitreous Body: The transparent, semigelatinous substance that fills the cavity behind the crystalline lens of the eye and in front of the retina. It is contained in a thin hyoid membrane and forms about four fifths of the optic globe. [NIH] Vitro: Descriptive of an event or enzyme reaction under experimental investigation occurring outside a living organism. Parts of an organism or microorganism are used together with artificial substrates and/or conditions. [NIH]
662 Calcium
Vivo: Outside of or removed from the body of a living organism. [NIH] Void: To urinate, empty the bladder. [NIH] Voltage-gated: It is opened by the altered charge distribution across the cell membrane. [NIH]
Wakefulness: A state in which there is an enhanced potential for sensitivity and an efficient responsiveness to external stimuli. [NIH] Weight Gain: Increase in body weight over existing weight. [NIH] Weight-Bearing: The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot. [NIH] White blood cell: A type of cell in the immune system that helps the body fight infection and disease. White blood cells include lymphocytes, granulocytes, macrophages, and others. [NIH]
Windpipe: A rigid tube, 10 cm long, extending from the cricoid cartilage to the upper border of the fifth thoracic vertebra. [NIH] Withdrawal: 1. A pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) A substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. [EU] Womb: A hollow, thick-walled, muscular organ in which the impregnated ovum is developed into a child. [NIH] Wound Healing: Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue. [NIH] Xenograft: The cells of one species transplanted to another species. [NIH] X-ray: High-energy radiation used in low doses to diagnose diseases and in high doses to treat cancer. [NIH] X-ray therapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy) or from materials called radioisotopes. Radioisotopes produce radiation and can be placed in or near the tumor or in the area near cancer cells. This type of radiation treatment is called internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, interstitial radiation, or brachytherapy. Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that circulates throughout the body. X-ray therapy is also called radiation therapy, radiotherapy, and irradiation. [NIH] Yeasts: A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are Saccharomyces cerevisiae; therapeutic dried yeast is dried yeast. [NIH] Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers. [NIH] Zinc Compounds: molecule. [NIH]
Inorganic compounds that contain zinc as an integral part of the
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock. [NIH] Zoledronate: A drug that belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates. It is used to prevent bone fractures and reduce bone pain in people who have cancer that has spread
Dictionary 663
to the bone. [NIH] Zygote: The fertilized ovum. [NIH] Zymogen: Inactive form of an enzyme which can then be converted to the active form, usually by excision of a polypeptide, e. g. trypsinogen is the zymogen of trypsin. [NIH]
665
INDEX 4 4-Aminopyridine, 543 A Abdomen, 543, 558, 559, 584, 603, 609, 626, 628, 649, 650, 655, 659 Abdominal, 538, 543, 570, 591, 604, 605, 625, 626, 628, 634 Abdominal Pain, 543, 591, 605 Aberrant, 413, 429, 543 Ablation, 264, 543 Abrasion, 309, 310, 424, 543 Abscess, 348, 543 Abscisic Acid, 67, 73, 77, 82, 543 Acatalasia, 543, 564 Acceptor, 543, 608, 625 Acclimation, 72, 79, 543 Acetone, 256, 355, 543, 606 Acetylcholine, 67, 87, 503, 543, 567, 621 Acidosis, 333, 383, 543 Acrosome, 66, 543, 544 Acrosome Reaction, 66, 544 Acrylonitrile, 544, 643 Actin, 67, 84, 245, 255, 544, 591, 616, 617, 619, 657 Action Potentials, 69, 543, 544 Acute renal, 544 Acyl, 352, 353, 544 Adaptability, 544, 565 Adaptation, 67, 88, 543, 544, 631 Adduct, 355, 544 Adenine, 544, 638 Adenocarcinoma, 544, 597 Adenoma, 6, 208, 544 Adenosine, 85, 208, 257, 544, 554, 560, 630 Adenylate Cyclase, 544 Adhesives, 544, 559 Adjustment, 6, 407, 421, 544 Adjuvant, 184, 202, 266, 544, 547, 591 Adolescence, 267, 463, 544, 628 Adrenal Cortex, 544, 546, 573, 574, 585, 622, 635, 641 Adrenal Medulla, 544, 564, 584, 621 Adrenergic, 88, 280, 504, 544, 580, 584, 652 Adrenergic Agonists, 504, 544 Adsorption, 332, 343, 380, 434, 439, 545, 630 Adsorptive, 545 Adverse Effect, 446, 545, 646, 661
Aequorin, 80, 87, 545 Aerobic, 545, 614 Aerobic Exercise, 545 Aerosol, 545, 652, 661 Aetiology, 181, 545 Afferent, 70, 470, 545, 587, 634 Affinity, 85, 204, 294, 297, 422, 434, 545, 553, 608, 647 Affinity Chromatography, 434, 545 Agar, 545, 631 Age Groups, 6, 180, 446, 545 Age of Onset, 545, 658 Aged, 80 and Over, 545 Agonist, 84, 203, 241, 279, 303, 421, 422, 545, 563, 580, 639 Air Sacs, 545, 547 Airway, 250, 253, 546 Albumin, 332, 380, 400, 539, 546, 631, 653 Aldosterone, 396, 546 Alendronate, 201, 227, 273, 394, 492, 546 Alertness, 546, 560 Alfalfa, 79, 227, 546, 661 Algorithms, 546, 558 Alimentary, 546, 626 Alkaline, 246, 283, 284, 287, 288, 300, 307, 343, 408, 424, 425, 426, 438, 450, 543, 546, 548, 555, 561, 570, 625, 629, 650, 654 Alkaloid, 546, 554, 563, 569, 615, 643 Alkalosis, 546, 654 Alleles, 546, 597, 608 Allergen, 546, 577 Allium, 493, 546 Allo, 546, 594 Allogeneic, 546 Allograft, 411, 432, 435, 440, 546 Allylamine, 546, 547 Alpha Cell, 546, 626 Alpha Particles, 547, 639 Alternative medicine, 486, 547 Alternative Splicing, 547, 636 Aluminum Hydroxide, 228, 295, 547 Aluminum Oxide, 254, 415, 547 Alveolar Process, 547, 641, 656 Alveolar Ridge Augmentation, 547 Alveoli, 424, 547, 577 Amine, 308, 361, 387, 547, 597 Amino Acid Sequence, 304, 317, 318, 369, 388, 400, 404, 547, 550, 586, 591
666 Calcium
Aminolevulinic Acid, 547 Amlodipine, 211, 228, 268, 492, 547 Ammonia, 311, 547, 548, 652, 658 Ammonium Compounds, 308, 548 Amnesia, 320, 548 Amphetamines, 234, 548, 569 Amplification, 548 Amrinone, 548, 614 Amygdala, 548, 555, 608, 654 Amyloid, 67, 487, 548 Anaerobic, 4, 346, 548, 646 Anaesthesia, 548, 601 Anal, 213, 548, 588, 609 Analgesic, 548, 615, 623 Analog, 3, 548, 589, 590 Analogous, 548, 598, 632, 657 Analytes, 520, 548 Anaphylactic, 548, 631 Anaphylatoxins, 548, 570 Anaplasia, 548 Anatomical, 548, 554, 559, 579, 582, 601, 609, 644 Androgens, 544, 549, 574 Anemia, 513, 549, 560, 569, 589, 604 Anesthesia, 546, 549, 554, 583, 611 Anesthetics, 549, 584 Aneurysm, 549, 660 Angina, 218, 315, 317, 318, 321, 373, 438, 451, 547, 549, 620 Angina Pectoris, 321, 438, 451, 547, 549 Anginal, 549, 620 Angiogenesis, 67, 203, 549, 563, 611 Angiogenesis inhibitor, 549, 563 Angioplasty, 303, 549, 554, 617 Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, 185, 549 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, 549 Angiotensinogen, 549, 641 Animal model, 9, 549 Anionic, 347, 549 Anions, 393, 546, 549, 605, 651 Ankle, 550, 660 Annealing, 411, 412, 550, 632 Anode, 549, 550 Anorexia, 218, 220, 438, 548, 550, 591, 624, 658 Antagonism, 181, 450, 468, 469, 550, 560, 579 Antecedent, 5, 550 Antiallergic, 550, 574 Antiangiogenic, 550
Antiarrhythmic, 550 Antibacterial, 352, 353, 550, 579, 648 Antibiotic, 363, 550, 628, 648 Anticholinergics, 504, 550 Anticoagulant, 550, 577, 636 Antidote, 83, 550, 561, 607 Antifungal, 347, 550 Antigen-Antibody Complex, 550, 570 Antigen-presenting cell, 551, 576 Antihypertensive, 271, 463, 551, 620 Anti-infective, 551, 567, 589, 598, 604, 647 Anti-Infective Agents, 551, 589 Anti-inflammatory, 352, 353, 551, 574, 593, 643 Anti-Inflammatory Agents, 551, 574 Antimetabolite, 551, 577, 589 Antimicrobial, 362, 378, 551, 568, 577 Antimony, 551 Antineoplastic, 551, 574, 589, 592, 614, 620, 657, 659 Antineoplastic Agents, 551, 620 Antioxidant, 206, 354, 384, 551, 553, 625, 661 Antiseptic, 543, 551, 662 Antispasmodic, 551, 578, 623, 635 Antiviral, 368, 551, 578, 603, 618 Anuria, 551, 606 Anus, 548, 551, 559, 584, 640 Anxiety, 218, 219, 438, 551, 626 Anxiety Disorders, 551, 626 Aorta, 213, 551, 573, 596, 660 Aortic Valve, 66, 518, 551 Aortic Valve Stenosis, 551 Apolipoproteins, 551, 608 Aponeurosis, 551, 590 Approximate, 365, 552 Aqueous fluid, 371, 552 Arachidonate 12-Lipoxygenase, 552, 609 Arachidonate 15-Lipoxygenase, 552, 609 Arachidonate Lipoxygenases, 552, 608 Arachidonic Acid, 352, 353, 552, 607, 635 Arginine, 398, 548, 552, 621 Aromatic, 285, 295, 315, 373, 552, 563, 630, 650 Arrhythmia, 315, 316, 373, 374, 550, 552, 660 Arteries, 185, 366, 520, 551, 552, 558, 566, 573, 596, 609, 613, 617, 655 Arteriography, 552 Arteriolar, 552, 560, 587, 641 Arterioles, 207, 253, 470, 552, 558, 562, 614, 617
Index 667
Arteriolosclerosis, 552 Arteriosclerosis, 335, 504, 552, 617 Arteriovenous, 553, 614 Arteritis, 6, 553, 632 Arthrosis, 398, 553 Articular, 553, 605, 624 Asbestos, 386, 553 Asbestosis, 553 Ascites, 396, 553, 622 Ascorbic Acid, 181, 302, 358, 553, 599, 625 Aseptic, 553, 623, 650 Aspartame, 180, 553 Aspartate, 70, 72, 79, 80, 203, 553 Aspartic, 553, 583 Aspartic Acid, 553 Aspiration, 333, 553 Assay, 74, 408, 409, 447, 553, 570, 600 Astigmatism, 553, 640 Astringent, 553, 662 Astrocytes, 77, 80, 243, 250, 553 Astrocytoma, 553, 592 Asymptomatic, 267, 484, 543, 553, 626 Ataxia, 68, 513, 553, 654 Atherectomy, 554, 583 Atrial, 68, 554, 573 Atrioventricular, 554, 573, 646, 652 Atrioventricular Node, 554, 652 Atrium, 246, 554, 573, 646, 652, 660 Atrophy, 512, 513, 554 Atropine, 554 Attenuated, 554, 579 Attenuation, 73, 365, 554 Atypical, 503, 554 Audiovisual Aids, 527, 554 Auditory, 554, 634, 659 Autoantibodies, 76, 554 Autoantigens, 554 Autodigestion, 554, 626 Autoimmune disease, 554, 616 Autologous, 432, 435, 547, 554 Autonomic, 543, 554, 592, 621, 628, 647, 652 Autonomic Nervous System, 554, 628, 647, 652 Avian, 84, 293, 459, 555 Axons, 555, 576, 603, 619, 623, 628, 634, 638, 642 B Bacteremia, 306, 555 Bacterial Physiology, 544, 555 Bactericidal, 555, 585 Bacteriophage, 555, 631, 657
Bacteriostatic, 546, 555 Barium, 246, 259, 295, 348, 392, 408, 465, 555 Barium Sulfate, 348, 555 Basal cells, 555, 653 Basal Ganglia, 554, 555, 560, 590, 592, 599, 608, 622 Basal Ganglia Diseases, 554, 555, 599 Base Composition, 555 Basement Membrane, 555, 586, 607 Basophils, 555, 565, 594, 607, 631 Benham, 526, 555 Benign, 438, 443, 544, 552, 556, 590, 595, 618, 639 Benign tumor, 443, 556 Bentonite, 556 Benzene, 556, 590 Benzoic Acid, 378, 556 Beta blocker, 471, 556 Beta Rays, 556, 582 Beta-glucans, 556, 565 Beta-pleated, 548, 556 Bewilderment, 556, 571 Bicarbonates, 419, 556 Bilateral, 428, 556, 627, 642 Bile, 228, 229, 430, 556, 590, 605, 609, 644, 646, 650, 653 Bile Acids, 430, 556, 650, 653 Bile Acids and Salts, 556 Bile Ducts, 556 Biliary, 556, 562, 578, 626 Biliary Tract, 556, 562, 626 Bilirubin, 213, 546, 556, 599 Binding agent, 343, 556 Binding Sites, 72, 253, 442, 556 Bioavailable, 288, 301, 323, 334, 335, 337, 388, 395, 402, 409, 410, 557 Biochemical Phenomena, 557 Biochemical reactions, 557, 655 Bioenergy, 557 Biofilms, 557 Biological Phenomena, 367, 557 Biological response modifier, 557, 603 Biological therapy, 557, 595 Biological Transport, 557, 578 Bioluminescence, 545, 557 Biomarkers, 406, 557 Biomass, 346, 557 Biopsy, 557, 628 Biosynthesis, 78, 83, 248, 292, 352, 353, 397, 405, 552, 557, 636, 645
668 Calcium
Biotechnology, 65, 313, 342, 343, 473, 486, 501, 508, 512, 513, 514, 557 Biotransformation, 558 Biphasic, 234, 558 Bipolar Disorder, 219, 250, 558 Bismuth, 246, 256, 261, 348, 421, 558 Bladder, 219, 504, 558, 601, 609, 616, 619, 636, 641, 659, 662 Blastocyst, 558, 571, 625, 631, 657 Bleeding Time, 558 Bloating, 558, 601, 605 Blood Coagulation, 335, 381, 409, 558, 561, 655 Blood Coagulation Factors, 558 Blood Glucose, 503, 558, 596, 602 Blood Platelets, 558, 655 Blood transfusion, 558 Blood vessel, 9, 524, 526, 527, 549, 550, 556, 558, 559, 561, 564, 566, 572, 573, 583, 587, 595, 605, 609, 610, 630, 647, 650, 653, 655, 659, 660 Blood-Brain Barrier, 203, 558, 653 Blot, 442, 558 Body Burden, 558, 607 Body Composition, 260, 270, 558 Body Fluids, 335, 409, 546, 557, 559, 560, 581, 647, 658 Body Mass Index, 186, 265, 559, 625 Body Regions, 559, 570 Bone Cements, 360, 369, 559, 633 Bone Conduction, 424, 559 Bone Density, 5, 257, 273, 430, 477, 559 Bone Development, 267, 559 Bone Marrow, 556, 559, 568, 574, 585, 594, 596, 600, 610, 615, 617, 647 Bone Regeneration, 559 Bone Resorption, 202, 205, 215, 559, 561, 590 Bone scan, 559, 644 Bone Substitutes, 440, 559 Boron, 189, 307, 328, 415, 559 Boron Neutron Capture Therapy, 559 Bowel, 222, 548, 559, 578, 584, 604, 607, 650 Bowel Movement, 559, 578, 650 Brachial, 559, 598 Brachytherapy, 559, 603, 605, 639, 662 Bradykinin, 85, 203, 559, 605, 621, 631 Brain Diseases, 560 Brain Stem, 560, 566, 619 Branch, 264, 462, 503, 535, 560, 567, 582, 610, 627, 638, 648, 652, 653, 654
Breakdown, 374, 402, 411, 462, 560, 578, 590, 623 Bronchi, 560, 584, 586, 656 Bronchial, 560, 597 Bronchioles, 547, 560 Bronchoconstriction, 560, 631 Buccal, 403, 560, 610 Buffers, 81, 369, 560 Bulimia, 438, 560 Burns, 414, 540, 560 Burns, Electric, 560 Bypass, 423, 560, 617 C Cadaver, 411, 432, 435, 560 Cadmium, 242, 260, 295, 560 Cadmium Poisoning, 560 Caffeine, 229, 560, 638 Calcifediol, 393, 561 Calcification, 213, 306, 366, 504, 518, 552, 561 Calcineurin, 68, 71, 305, 422, 561 Calcitriol, 393, 478, 479, 488, 561 Calcium blocker, 452, 484, 561 Calcium Chloride, 247, 256, 321, 322, 325, 338, 352, 390, 434, 453, 561 Calcium Citrate Malate, 301, 337, 562 Calcium Compounds, 334, 336, 562 Calcium Dobesilate, 562 Calcium Gluconate, 217, 327, 388, 562 Calcium Isotopes, 184, 562 Calcium Phosphates, 325, 338, 362, 423, 424, 432, 435, 440, 456, 562 Calcium Pyrophosphate, 562 Calcium Sulfate, 203, 251, 255, 284, 333, 334, 360, 368, 369, 432, 438, 447, 472, 562 Calculi, 562, 594 Calculus I, 562 Callus, 559, 562, 582 Calpain, 71, 86, 255, 562 Capillary, 204, 548, 558, 560, 562, 563, 627, 643, 660 Capillary Permeability, 560, 563 Capsaicin, 563 Capsules, 265, 339, 344, 345, 358, 368, 563, 580, 588, 591 Captopril, 563 Carbachol, 252, 563 Carbohydrate, 269, 323, 398, 505, 563, 574, 593, 594, 622, 633 Carboxy, 305, 563 Carboxyamidotriazole, 563 Carboxylic Acids, 300, 417, 438, 563
Index 669
Carboxy-terminal, 305, 563 Carcinogen, 544, 563, 659 Carcinogenesis, 563, 566 Carcinogenic, 556, 563, 602, 635, 650 Carcinoma, 247, 563 Cardiac arrest, 563, 651 Cardiac Output, 437, 563, 650 Cardiological, 4, 563 Cardiomyopathy, 86, 396, 563 Cardiorespiratory, 545, 563 Cardiotonic, 548, 564, 579, 614 Cardiotoxicity, 210, 564 Cardiovascular Abnormalities, 564 Cardiovascular System, 244, 316, 374, 526, 527, 564, 578 Carotene, 564, 642 Carotenoids, 180, 564 Case report, 503, 564, 569 Case series, 564, 569 Caspase, 564 Catabolism, 86, 564 Catalase, 76, 543, 564 Catalogs, 425, 564 Cataract, 564 Catecholamine, 564, 580 Catheterization, 549, 564, 617 Cathode, 392, 412, 419, 550, 556, 564, 565, 582 Cations, 186, 354, 376, 435, 472, 565, 605 Caudal, 565, 578, 599, 622, 633 Causal, 565, 596 Cause of Death, 366, 565 Caustic, 321, 565, 647 Cell Adhesion, 245, 565 Cell Count, 400, 565 Cell Cycle, 305, 370, 454, 458, 459, 565, 574, 660 Cell Death, 71, 259, 374, 402, 404, 551, 565, 592, 618 Cell Degranulation, 389, 565 Cell Differentiation, 406, 565, 646, 650 Cell Division, 512, 555, 565, 595, 612, 614, 631, 635 Cell proliferation, 305, 370, 388, 400, 552, 565, 646 Cell Respiration, 565, 614, 641 Cell Survival, 565, 595 Cellobiose, 565 Cellular Structures, 565, 615 Cellulase, 346, 565 Cellulose, 346, 382, 440, 565, 596, 631 Ceramide, 71, 566
Cerebellar, 68, 70, 76, 82, 241, 554, 566, 640 Cerebellum, 560, 566, 640 Cerebral Arteries, 366, 566 Cerebral hemispheres, 555, 560, 566, 592, 654 Cerebrospinal, 566 Cerebrospinal fluid, 566 Cerebrovascular, 555, 561, 564, 566, 620, 654 Cerebrum, 566, 654, 657 Cerium, 289, 566 Character, 296, 339, 367, 549, 566, 575, 639 Charybdotoxin, 85, 566 Chelating Agents, 312, 566 Chelation, 226, 313, 566 Chemokines, 566 Chemoprevention, 566 Chemopreventive, 7, 566 Chemotactic Factors, 567, 570 Chemotaxis, 472, 567 Chemotherapy, 266, 566, 567 Chlorhexidine, 567 Chloride Channels, 66, 77, 420, 459, 567 Chlorine, 286, 349, 350, 351, 390, 419, 567 Chloroform, 567, 637 Chlorophyll, 69, 566, 567 Cholecystitis, 567 Cholecystokinin, 567, 577 Cholesterol Esters, 567, 608 Cholinergic, 80, 468, 563, 567 Chorda Tympani Nerve, 567, 653 Choroid, 567, 642 Chromatin, 551, 567, 584, 648 Chromatography, Gel, 434, 567 Chromic, 462, 567 Chromium, 190, 250, 401, 567 Chromosomal, 548, 567, 568 Chromosome, 272, 305, 568, 572, 595, 603, 608, 658 Chronic Disease, 446, 568 Chronic granulocytic leukemia, 568 Chronic myelogenous leukemia, 70, 568 Chronic renal, 332, 380, 396, 476, 568, 632, 658 Chylomicrons, 568, 608 Ciliary, 252, 468, 552, 568, 645 Ciliary Body, 568, 645 Ciliary processes, 552, 568 Ciprofloxacin, 230, 568 CIS, 324, 568, 642 Citric Acid, 311, 323, 335, 343, 568 Citrus, 553, 568
670 Calcium
C-kit receptor, 568, 650 Clathrin, 568, 569 Clear cell carcinoma, 568, 577 Cleave, 330, 568 Clinical Medicine, 451, 464, 568, 634 Clinical study, 403, 568 Clinical trial, 263, 274, 403, 501, 569, 572, 574, 580, 616, 627, 637, 639 Cloning, 245, 248, 250, 305, 389, 438, 558, 569 Coagulation, 258, 325, 326, 338, 426, 463, 474, 558, 569, 596, 631, 655 Coal, 556, 569, 589 Coated Vesicles, 568, 569 Cobalt, 249, 364, 569 Coca, 569 Cocaine, 258, 569 Cod Liver Oil, 569, 582 Codon, 569, 591 Coenzyme, 292, 397, 405, 553, 569 Cofactor, 69, 403, 569, 620, 636, 655 Cognition, 569 Colchicine, 569, 658 Colic, 570 Colitis, 570, 605 Collagen, 187, 302, 362, 440, 544, 555, 570, 587, 588, 591, 611, 631, 635 Collapse, 538, 560, 570 Colloidal, 310, 329, 330, 378, 379, 435, 546, 556, 570, 582, 586, 613, 629, 652 Colorectal, 6, 205, 220, 243, 556, 570 Colorectal Cancer, 6, 205, 220, 243, 556, 570 Combination Therapy, 396, 570, 585 Comet Assay, 570 Communis, 82, 570 Complement, 379, 404, 548, 570, 571, 591, 611, 631 Complementary and alternative medicine, 201, 238, 571 Complementary medicine, 201, 571 Computational Biology, 501, 508, 571 Computerized axial tomography, 571, 644 Computerized tomography, 571 Concentric, 552, 555, 571 Conception, 571, 572, 588, 592, 650 Concomitant, 321, 571 Concretion, 562, 571, 576 Conduction, 316, 335, 374, 554, 571 Cone, 571, 630, 651 Cone cells, 571 Confounding, 571
Confusion, 181, 538, 571, 579, 599, 658, 659 Congestion, 397, 428, 571 Congestive heart failure, 279, 315, 373, 396, 571 Conjugated, 264, 493, 556, 572, 574, 621 Conjugation, 558, 572 Connective Tissue Cells, 572 Consciousness, 548, 572, 575, 576, 579, 641 Consolidation, 572 Constipation, 525, 538, 572, 605 Constriction, 551, 572, 605 Contamination, 281, 289, 344, 345, 572, 597, 643 Continuous infusion, 266, 572 Contraception, 201, 477, 572 Contraceptive, 5, 572, 612 Contractility, 212, 256, 437, 449, 549, 572 Contraindications, ii, 522, 572 Contrast Media, 572 Control group, 6, 572 Controlled study, 572 Conventional therapy, 271, 273, 572 Conventional treatment, 572 Convulsions, 320, 538, 573, 581, 599, 634 Coordination, 245, 254, 566, 573, 616 Cor, 573, 593 Cornea, 552, 553, 573 Coronary Artery Bypass, 573 Coronary Circulation, 549, 573 Coronary heart disease, 564, 573 Coronary Thrombosis, 573, 613, 617 Corpus, 439, 573, 610, 635, 655, 661 Corpus Luteum, 573, 610, 635 Corrosion, 322, 347, 348, 386, 439, 573 Cortex, 251, 428, 554, 560, 566, 573, 584, 586, 588, 618, 634, 638, 640 Cortical, 79, 203, 397, 424, 573, 586, 634, 638, 645, 654 Corticosteroid, 6, 573 Cortisol, 546, 574 Cranial, 566, 567, 574, 587, 592, 595, 623, 628, 659 Craniotomy, 574 Creatinine, 574, 606, 658 Crowns, 574, 577 Crystallization, 209, 242, 246, 255, 313, 355, 357, 397, 432, 574 Cultured cells, 74, 574 Curative, 574, 643, 654 Cutaneous, 264, 574, 610, 627 Cyclin, 254, 465, 574 Cyclosporine, 574
Index 671
Cyst, 574, 653 Cysteine, 562, 566, 574, 583, 651 Cystine, 574 Cytochrome, 207, 574 Cytokines, 74, 186, 393, 566, 574 Cytokinesis, 78, 305, 370, 575 Cytomegalovirus, 3, 575 Cytomegalovirus Retinitis, 3, 575 Cytoplasm, 551, 555, 562, 565, 575, 584, 594, 602, 615, 617, 619, 643, 653 Cytoskeletal Proteins, 562, 568, 575 Cytoskeleton, 84, 575, 614 Cytotoxic, 563, 575, 639, 646 D Dairy Products, 205, 329, 334, 336, 342, 381, 394, 395, 522, 575, 644 Databases, Bibliographic, 501, 575 Deamination, 575, 659 Decarboxylation, 575, 597 Decidua, 575, 631 Degenerative, 410, 525, 575, 597, 624 Dehydration, 344, 345, 575 Deletion, 551, 575 Delirium, 438, 575 Dementia, 4, 220, 225, 320, 438, 445, 454, 474, 503, 576, 619 Denaturation, 576, 632 Dendrites, 69, 70, 576, 620, 622, 638 Dendritic, 68, 70, 73, 74, 83, 576, 612, 642, 649 Dendritic cell, 70, 576 Dental Abutments, 576, 577 Dental Assistants, 344, 345, 576 Dental Calculus, 306, 576 Dental Caries, 576, 589 Dental Cements, 547, 576, 662 Dental Hygienists, 479, 576 Dental implant, 297, 576, 624 Dental Plaque, 576 Dentate Gyrus, 576, 597 Dentifrices, 547, 576 Dentists, 344, 345, 479, 576 Dentition, 576 Dentures, 577 Deoxyuridine, 442, 577 Depersonalization, 577, 626, 644 Depolarization, 303, 319, 321, 405, 577, 646 Depressive Disorder, 577, 609 Deprivation, 206, 266, 577 Derealization, 577, 626 Dermal, 413, 414, 429, 577 Dermatitis, 577
DES, 187, 548, 577 Desensitization, 577 Desiccation, 322, 382, 577 Detergents, 390, 577, 588 Deuterium, 577, 598 Devazepide, 577 Developed Countries, 577, 589 Dextran Sulfate, 577 Diabetes Mellitus, 9, 220, 578, 593, 596 Diabetic Foot, 578 Diabetic Retinopathy, 562, 578, 630 Diagnostic procedure, 277, 458, 474, 486, 578 Dialysate, 216, 578 Dialyzer, 578, 596 Diarrhea, 220, 484, 538, 578, 605, 607 Diarrhoea, 187, 578, 591 Diastole, 578 Diastolic, 578, 599 Diathesis, 184, 578 Dicyclomine, 504, 550, 578 Diencephalon, 578, 599, 619, 634, 654, 655 Dietary Fats, 578, 608 Dietitian, 265, 478, 578 Diffusion, 212, 356, 557, 563, 578, 579, 595, 602, 604, 658 Digestive system, 275, 578, 616 Digestive tract, 383, 578, 647, 649 Digitalis, 579, 624 Dihydropyridines, 279, 579 Dihydrotestosterone, 579, 640 Dihydroxy, 397, 405, 546, 579, 585, 643 Dilatation, 549, 579, 627, 634, 660 Dilatation, Pathologic, 579, 660 Dilate, 207, 579 Dilation, 280, 428, 554, 560, 579, 660 Diltiazem, 86, 212, 230, 268, 413, 467, 579 Dilution, 579 Dimethyl, 308, 579, 620 Diploid, 579, 631 Discrimination, 567, 579 Disease Progression, 271, 579 Disinfectant, 348, 350, 351, 567, 579, 585 Disinfection, 349, 470, 579 Disorientation, 571, 575, 579, 580 Disparity, 579 Dissociation, 545, 579, 605 Distal, 69, 391, 397, 573, 579, 582, 634, 637, 653 Diuresis, 560, 580 Diuretic, 561, 580, 633, 648 Dizziness, 538, 580, 626
672 Calcium
DNA Topoisomerase, 580, 592 Dominance, 580 Dopamine, 252, 260, 569, 580, 630 Dorsal, 242, 244, 580, 633, 649, 653 Dorsum, 580, 590 Dosage Forms, 292, 365, 580, 629 Dose-limiting, 580, 657 Double-blinded, 580 Drive, ii, vi, 179, 311, 387, 392, 404, 432, 478, 521, 580, 604, 608 Drug Approval, 491, 503, 580 Drug Delivery Systems, 356, 580 Drug Interactions, 268, 494, 495, 580 Drug Resistance, 580, 581 Drug Tolerance, 580, 581, 656 Duct, 564, 581, 586, 643, 652 Duodenal Ulcer, 581 Duodenum, 556, 581, 605, 626, 644, 650 Dyes, 354, 548, 555, 581, 589, 620, 629, 651 Dyskinesia, 581 Dyspareunia, 581, 585 Dysphoric, 267, 577, 581 Dysplasia, 513, 581 Dyspnea, 581, 626 Dystrophic, 240, 581 Dystrophy, 224, 513, 581 E Eating Disorders, 220, 581 Eclampsia, 270, 581, 634 Ectopic, 581 Edema, 67, 220, 575, 578, 581, 617, 618, 622, 634, 658, 660 Effector, 543, 570, 581, 619, 620, 630 Effector cell, 581, 619, 620 Efficacy, 6, 211, 264, 270, 470, 503, 581, 609, 657 Elasticity, 415, 552, 581 Elastin, 80, 570, 581, 587 Elastomers, 327, 581 Elective, 567, 581, 633, 647 Electrocoagulation, 569, 582 Electrode, 240, 353, 354, 550, 564, 582 Electrolysis, 550, 565, 582 Electrolyte, 438, 463, 466, 546, 574, 576, 582, 596, 606, 614, 633, 647, 658 Electromagnetic Fields, 330, 582 Electrons, 392, 551, 555, 556, 564, 582, 605, 625, 639 Electrophoresis, 204, 434, 570, 582 Electrophysiological, 376, 582 Elementary Particles, 582, 620, 637 Emboli, 66, 582
Embolization, 66, 582 Embryo, 558, 559, 565, 582, 592, 601, 613, 622, 624, 632 Embryogenesis, 71, 84, 582, 650 Emollient, 300, 582, 593, 614, 622 Emulsion, 356, 371, 394, 582, 588 Enamel, 576, 582, 606 Encapsulated, 395, 396, 583 Encephalitis, 583 Encephalomyelitis, 393, 583 Encephalopathy, 180, 583 Endarterectomy, 549, 554, 583 Endocarditis, 306, 583 Endocardium, 583 Endocrine Glands, 525, 583, 626 Endocrine System, 583, 619 Endocytosis, 72, 583 Endometrium, 575, 583, 612, 657 Endopeptidases, 583, 636 Endothelial cell, 66, 80, 204, 208, 558, 583, 590, 655 Endothelium, 316, 454, 583, 584, 621 Endothelium, Lymphatic, 583 Endothelium, Vascular, 583 Endothelium-derived, 584, 621 Endotoxin, 81, 584, 658 End-stage renal, 478, 479, 568, 584, 632 Enema, 503, 584 Energetic, 289, 584 Enhancer, 298, 584, 641 Enteric Nervous System, 584 Entorhinal Cortex, 584, 597 Environmental Exposure, 584, 623 Environmental Health, 500, 502, 584 Enzymatic, 244, 342, 343, 346, 356, 388, 403, 420, 561, 564, 570, 576, 584, 588, 597, 632, 642 Eosinophils, 565, 584, 594, 607 Epidemiological, 6, 584 Epidermal, 253, 584, 606, 612 Epidermis, 251, 555, 584, 606, 634, 638 Epidermoid carcinoma, 584, 649 Epigastric, 584, 625 Epinephrine, 544, 580, 584, 621, 658 Epithelial, 66, 84, 247, 248, 397, 463, 544, 557, 568, 575, 584, 597, 607, 653 Epithelial Cells, 84, 397, 584, 597, 607 Epithelium, 555, 583, 584, 622 Epitopes, 585 Erythrocytes, 549, 559, 562, 585, 596, 640 Erythroid Progenitor Cells, 585, 617 Erythropoietin, 585
Index 673
Escalation, 264, 585 Esophageal, 585 Esophagitis, 394, 585 Esophagus, 578, 579, 585, 629, 640, 650 Essential Tremor, 513, 585 Estradiol, 75, 201, 585 Estrogen, 5, 75, 183, 201, 240, 257, 263, 264, 301, 447, 504, 585, 635, 639, 645 Estrogen Replacement Therapy, 5, 585 Ethanol, 254, 292, 365, 585, 588 Ether, 75, 290, 313, 348, 397, 585 Ethnic Groups, 181, 478, 585 Ethylene Glycol, 302, 303, 585 Ethylmaleimide, 71, 585 Etidronate, 201, 394, 493, 585 Eukaryotic Cells, 304, 369, 575, 586, 623, 658 Evacuation, 572, 586, 607 Evoke, 586, 650 Excimer laser, 289, 331, 332, 379, 412, 431, 586 Excipient, 304, 343, 399, 562, 586 Excitability, 8, 71, 243, 586, 619 Excitation, 249, 464, 548, 586 Excitatory, 69, 70, 74, 437, 586, 593 Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials, 69, 70, 586 Excitotoxicity, 72, 586 Excrete, 551, 586, 606, 641 Exhaustion, 221, 550, 586 Exocrine, 9, 252, 567, 586, 625 Exocytosis, 71, 73, 87, 244, 259, 305, 370, 406, 422, 565, 586, 653 Exogenous, 6, 71, 504, 545, 558, 563, 586, 658 Exon, 86, 547, 586 Expander, 307, 586 Expectorant, 586, 633 Extender, 586 Extensor, 81, 586, 637 External-beam radiation, 586, 605, 639, 662 Extracellular Matrix, 441, 572, 586, 587, 588, 611, 624 Extracellular Matrix Proteins, 587, 611 Extracellular Space, 586, 587 Extraction, 424, 587 Extrapyramidal, 580, 587 Extravasation, 587 Exudate, 586, 587, 595, 623 F Facial, 403, 524, 527, 567, 587, 627, 647, 653
Facial Nerve, 587, 627, 653 Faecal, 578, 587 Family Planning, 501, 587 Family Practice, 481, 587 Fatigue, 525, 587, 595 Fatty Liver, 333, 587 Feces, 281, 572, 587, 650 Felodipine, 231, 493, 587 Femoral, 587, 597 Femoral Neck Fractures, 587, 597 Femur, 587, 588, 597 Fermentation, 341, 346, 381, 427, 588, 589, 646 Fertilizers, 301, 357, 359, 588, 620, 651 Fetus, 559, 585, 588, 589, 630, 659 Fibrin, 474, 558, 588, 655 Fibrinogen, 588, 631, 655 Fibrinolysis, 474, 588 Fibroblasts, 85, 87, 258, 294, 572, 588 Fibrosis, 67, 243, 413, 513, 546, 588, 643, 644 Fibrotic tissue, 413, 429, 588 Filtration, 355, 427, 434, 588, 606 Fish Oils, 180, 183, 504, 588 Fissure, 567, 570, 576, 588, 634 Fixation, 249, 364, 588 Flatus, 589, 590 Flavoring Agents, 589, 629 Fluorescence, 239, 250, 589 Fluorine, 180, 589 Fluorouracil, 184, 202, 266, 471, 589 Flushing, 589 Foetoplacental, 589, 622 Folate, 256, 377, 577, 589 Fold, 265, 294, 305, 370, 400, 588, 589, 613 Folic Acid, 7, 339, 589, 607, 657 Food Additives, 180, 203, 589 Food and Beverages, 288, 589 Food Coloring Agents, 589 Food Preservatives, 589 Food Technology, 589 Foot Ulcer, 578, 589 Foramen, 570, 589, 629 Forearm, 273, 558, 589, 639 Fossil Fuels, 433, 589 Fovea, 588, 589 Fractionation, 69, 589 Fracture Fixation, 590 Friction, 307, 372, 590 Frontal Lobe, 590, 634 Fructose, 323, 590, 594
674 Calcium
Fungi, 550, 557, 565, 572, 590, 595, 603, 613, 614, 649, 662 Fungistatic, 556, 590, 648 Fura-2, 85, 294, 590 Furcation Defects, 590 G Gallbladder, 543, 556, 567, 578, 590, 609, 646 Gallopamil, 464, 590 Ganglia, 543, 555, 584, 590, 619, 628, 652 Ganglion, 252, 590, 642 Gap Junctions, 590, 652 Gasoline, 308, 556, 590 Gastric Acid, 590, 628 Gastric Juices, 590 Gastrin, 591, 598, 628 Gastrinoma, 591 Gastritis, 591 Gastroenteritis, 591, 643 Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, 553, 591 Gastrointestinal tract, 368, 395, 396, 399, 585, 591, 607, 608, 648, 658 Gelatin, 75, 211, 591, 594, 651 Gels, 567, 591 Gelsolin, 591 Gemcitabine, 266, 591 Gene Expression, 70, 74, 78, 79, 84, 88, 241, 389, 406, 513, 591 Generator, 591 Genetic Code, 591, 621 Genetic Counseling, 526, 591 Genetic Engineering, 558, 569, 591 Genetic testing, 592, 632 Genetics, 248, 352, 353, 572, 580, 592, 615, 627 Genistein, 201, 592 Genital, 568, 592, 604, 659 Genitourinary, 592, 659 Genomics, 304, 438, 592 Genotype, 592, 629 Geriatric, 356, 592 Germ Cells, 592, 612, 623, 624, 647, 648, 654 Germ Layers, 559, 592 Gestation, 423, 592, 631, 634 Gestation period, 423, 592 Giant Cells, 592, 643 Ginseng, 235, 592 Glioblastoma, 215, 592 Glioma, 592 Glomerular, 470, 592, 606, 641 Glomeruli, 592, 622
Glomerulonephritis, 592 Glossopharyngeal Nerve, 592, 653 Glucocorticoids, 202, 475, 544, 574, 593 Gluconeogenesis, 593 Glucose Intolerance, 578, 593 Glucose tolerance, 9, 593 Glucose Tolerance Test, 593 Glucuronic Acid, 593, 596 Glutamate, 71, 75, 79, 81, 209, 211, 408, 409, 586, 593, 613 Glutamate Dehydrogenase, 408, 409, 593 Glutamic Acid, 589, 593, 635 Glutathione Peroxidase, 593, 645 Glycerol, 355, 593, 630 Glycerophosphates, 593, 637 Glycerophospholipids, 352, 353, 593, 630 Glycine, 547, 556, 594, 645 Glycogen, 305, 370, 593, 594, 630 Glycogen Storage Disease, 594 Glycols, 594, 598 Glycoprotein, 72, 585, 588, 592, 594, 603, 604, 607, 655, 658 Glycoside, 594, 624, 643 Glycosidic, 565, 594, 623, 630 Goats, 575, 594 Gonadal, 594, 650 Gonadotropin, 203, 594 Gout, 569, 594 Governing Board, 594, 633 Government Agencies, 502, 594, 633 Gp120, 594 Grade, 291, 425, 594 Graft, 368, 369, 385, 432, 435, 594, 598, 601, 616, 617 Grafting, 213, 385, 573, 594, 601 Graft-versus-host disease, 594, 616 Granulocytes, 594, 617, 646, 662 Graphite, 203, 594 Grasses, 346, 589, 595 Growth factors, 297, 475, 595 Guanylate Cyclase, 595, 621 Gutta-Percha, 348, 595 H Habitual, 566, 595 Haematoma, 595 Haemodialysis, 216, 595 Haemorrhage, 184, 595 Haploid, 595, 631 Haptens, 545, 595 Headache, 221, 223, 226, 428, 560, 595, 599, 634 Health Education, 477, 595
Index 675
Health Promotion, 505, 506, 595 Health Services, 180, 181, 595 Heart attack, 366, 504, 564, 595 Heart failure, 279, 321, 396, 438, 485, 549, 595, 622 Heart Valves, 306, 595 Heartbeat, 539, 540, 596, 651 Hematologic malignancies, 264, 596 Hematopoiesis, 596, 603 Hematopoietic Stem Cells, 596, 617 Heme, 206, 547, 556, 574, 596 Hemicellulose, 346, 596 Hemodiafiltration, 596, 658 Hemodialysis, 185, 258, 561, 578, 596, 606, 658 Hemodynamics, 596 Hemofiltration, 596, 658 Hemoglobin, 549, 566, 585, 596, 607 Hemoglobin A, 566, 596 Hemoglobinuria, 512, 596 Hemolysis, 270, 596 Hemorrhage, 562, 575, 578, 582, 595, 596, 617, 638, 650 Hemostasis, 596 Heparin, 83, 232, 596 Hepatic, 246, 316, 546, 576, 593, 597 Hepatitis, 76, 369, 597 Hepatitis A, 369, 597 Hepatocellular, 7, 597 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 597 Hepatocytes, 185, 210, 241, 597 Hepatovirus, 597 Hereditary, 594, 597, 629, 642 Heredity, 504, 591, 592, 597 Herpes, 3, 221, 226, 597 Herpes virus, 4, 597 Herpes Zoster, 221, 226, 597 Heterogeneity, 545, 597 Heterogenic, 597 Heterogenous, 315, 373, 597 Heterozygotes, 580, 597 Hip Fractures, 187, 205, 587, 597 Hippocampus, 240, 446, 576, 597, 608, 619, 638, 651 Histamine, 73, 232, 548, 597 Histidine, 511, 597 Histology, 184, 597, 619 Homogeneous, 356, 357, 361, 552, 598, 629 Homologous, 255, 388, 546, 597, 598, 616, 652 Homozygotes, 580, 598
Hormone Replacement Therapy, 5, 215, 598 Host, 278, 279, 304, 369, 375, 376, 388, 404, 555, 598, 600, 601, 607, 661 Humeral, 598 Hybrid, 239, 598 Hybridization, 598, 615 Hydration, 562, 598 Hydrochloric Acid, 347, 598 Hydrogel, 297, 598 Hydrogen Peroxide, 564, 593, 598, 608, 651 Hydrolysis, 300, 346, 352, 353, 356, 405, 553, 558, 565, 598, 604, 610, 630, 632, 637 Hydrophilic, 287, 291, 417, 577, 598 Hydrophobic, 291, 577, 593, 598, 608, 637 Hydroxides, 329, 378, 598 Hydroxyl Radical, 278, 279, 598 Hydroxylation, 561, 598 Hydroxylysine, 570, 599 Hydroxyproline, 570, 599 Hyperbilirubinemia, 599, 605 Hypercalcemia, 207, 217, 266, 409, 454, 475, 476, 479, 519, 522, 525, 585, 599 Hypercalciuria, 522, 599 Hypercholesterolemia, 222, 292, 365, 599, 628 Hyperglycemia, 599 Hyperkalaemia, 599 Hyperlipidemia, 505, 599 Hyperopia, 599, 640 Hyperoxaluria, 526, 599 Hyperplasia, 599 Hypersensitivity, 77, 504, 546, 577, 599, 607, 627, 642 Hyperthyroidism, 222, 409, 599 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 599 Hypertrophy, 252, 396, 438, 573, 599 Hyperuricemia, 594, 599 Hypoglycaemia, 576, 599 Hypokinesia, 599 Hypotension, 438, 573, 599, 631 Hypothalamus, 554, 560, 578, 599, 608, 630, 647, 655 Hypothyroidism, 222, 475, 599 Hypoxia, 86, 250, 575, 600, 654 Hysteria, 211, 600 I Ice Cream, 338, 600 Id, 188, 217, 394, 518, 519, 522, 524, 534, 536, 600 Idiopathic, 600, 643
676 Calcium
Ileum, 600, 605 Immersion, 403, 600 Immune response, 393, 406, 544, 550, 551, 554, 574, 595, 600, 611, 651, 659, 661 Immunity, 600 Immunization, 600, 601, 634 Immunoassay, 408, 600 Immunocompromised, 3, 600 Immunodeficiency, 68, 320, 512, 600 Immunofluorescence, 600 Immunogen, 600 Immunogenic, 600 Immunoglobulin, 550, 600, 615 Immunologic, 389, 440, 567, 600, 639 Immunology, 306, 544, 545, 600 Immunophilin, 561, 600 Immunosuppressant, 589, 600 Immunosuppressive, 561, 601 Immunotherapy, 557, 577, 601 Impairment, 240, 553, 556, 575, 581, 601, 612, 613, 660 Implant radiation, 601, 603, 605, 639, 662 Implantation, 361, 363, 369, 403, 424, 571, 601, 622, 625 Impregnation, 423, 601 In situ, 85, 424, 601 Incineration, 390, 601 Incision, 601, 604 Incontinence, 222, 226, 281, 504, 578, 601, 635 Incubation, 294, 601 Indicative, 422, 447, 601, 627, 659 Indigestion, 601, 607 Indinavir, 268, 601 Induction, 69, 77, 78, 79, 83, 212, 549, 601, 635 Infancy, 389, 446, 601, 642 Infant, Newborn, 545, 601 Infarction, 601, 641 Infertility, 223, 480, 602 Infiltration, 592, 602 Infusion, 4, 266, 602, 617, 657 Ingestion, 399, 503, 560, 593, 602, 613, 626, 631, 654 Inhalation, 545, 553, 602, 631 Initiation, 79, 250, 251, 602, 635, 656 Initiator, 602 Inlay, 602, 641 Inner ear, 559, 602 Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, 67, 70, 75, 82, 85, 87, 602 Inotropic, 253, 548, 580, 587, 602, 614
Insight, 602 Insomnia, 222, 602, 634 Insulator, 595, 602, 616 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 602 Insulin-like, 203, 602 Intensive Care, 263, 603 Interferon, 393, 603 Interferon-alpha, 603 Interleukin-1, 603 Interleukin-2, 271, 603 Interleukin-4, 393, 603 Interleukin-9, 603 Intermediate Filaments, 603, 619 Intermittent, 603, 609, 629 Internal Medicine, 9, 185, 332, 380, 455, 583, 603 Internal radiation, 603, 605, 639, 662 Interneurons, 603 Interstitial, 424, 559, 587, 603, 605, 641, 662 Intervertebral, 431, 603 Intestinal Flora, 304, 603 Intestine, 304, 333, 393, 400, 550, 556, 559, 570, 603, 607, 638, 646 Intoxication, 575, 604, 662 Intracellular Membranes, 604, 612 Intramuscular, 604, 626 Intraocular, 604 Intraperitoneal, 184, 202, 604 Intraperitoneal chemotherapy, 184, 202, 604 Intravascular, 604 Intravenous, 264, 266, 271, 602, 604, 626 Intrinsic, 82, 545, 555, 604, 628 Intrinsic Factor, 604, 628 Invasive, 413, 414, 437, 600, 604, 610 Invertebrates, 317, 318, 604 Involuntary, 555, 585, 604, 617, 640, 648 Involution, 443, 604 Iodine, 348, 604 Ion Channels, 5, 278, 303, 305, 370, 553, 604, 620, 652 Ion Exchange, 390, 426, 427, 434, 565, 604, 605, 647 Ion Pumps, 418, 604 Ion Transport, 604, 614 Ionization, 605 Iontophoresis, 605 Irradiation, 331, 332, 559, 605, 662 Irrigation, 359, 605 Irritable Bowel Syndrome, 183, 605 Ischemia, 374, 400, 401, 402, 461, 554, 605, 617, 641
Index 677
Islet, 525, 591, 605 Isoelectric, 434, 605 Isopropyl, 462, 605 J Jaundice, 599, 605 Jejunum, 400, 605 Jellyfish, 545, 605 Joint, 187, 210, 270, 360, 364, 521, 553, 568, 582, 605, 624, 632, 652, 653 Joint Capsule, 605, 653 K Kallidin, 559, 605 Kb, 500, 606 Keratin, 606 Keratinocytes, 606 Ketone Bodies, 543, 606 Ketosis, 333, 606 Kidney Failure, 480, 584, 606 Kidney Failure, Acute, 606 Kidney Failure, Chronic, 606 Kidney stone, 214, 222, 484, 526, 606, 618, 625, 641, 659 Kidney Transplantation, 206, 606 Kinetics, 240, 243, 253, 255, 257, 294, 561, 606 L Labile, 294, 570, 606 Lactation, 333, 423, 606, 622, 635 Lactose Intolerance, 7, 223, 336, 395, 486, 487, 488, 607 Laminin, 555, 587, 607 Lanthanum, 77, 257, 431, 607 Large Intestine, 570, 578, 579, 604, 607, 640, 647 Latent, 272, 607, 634 Lavage, 539, 607 Laxative, 545, 607, 610, 614, 648 Lead Poisoning, 181, 607 Lectin, 511, 607, 612 Lens, 209, 289, 331, 380, 412, 552, 564, 607, 661 Lesion, 573, 589, 607, 609, 653, 658 Lethal, 555, 607 Lethargy, 599, 607 Leucine, 66, 400, 607 Leucovorin, 266, 271, 273, 471, 607 Leukapheresis, 607 Leukemia, 206, 264, 266, 271, 512, 568, 596, 607 Leukocytes, 278, 279, 555, 559, 566, 567, 574, 584, 594, 603, 607, 615, 629, 658 Leukotrienes, 552, 607
Levothyroxine, 608 Libido, 549, 608 Library Services, 534, 608 Life cycle, 558, 590, 608 Ligament, 608, 636, 656 Ligands, 278, 279, 608 Ligation, 608 Limbic, 446, 548, 608, 634 Limbic System, 548, 608, 634 Linkage, 84, 294, 565, 608 Linkage Disequilibrium, 608 Linoleic Acids, 608 Lipase, 77, 300, 608 Lipid Peroxidation, 608, 625 Lipophilic, 8, 287, 608 Lipoprotein, 292, 365, 429, 608, 609 Lipoxygenase, 203, 552, 607, 608 Liquor, 310, 424, 609 Lithium, 72, 354, 387, 465, 609 Lithotripsy, 609 Liver Neoplasms, 609, 661 Liver scan, 609, 644 Liver Transplantation, 316, 609 Localization, 257, 400, 459, 460, 609 Localized, 78, 439, 576, 583, 588, 595, 601, 607, 609, 622, 631, 654, 658 Locomotion, 609, 631 Longitudinal study, 609 Long-Term Care, 609 Long-Term Potentiation, 213, 609 Loop, 66, 233, 388, 493, 609 Low vision, 526, 609 Low-density lipoprotein, 608, 609 Lubricants, 300, 439, 610, 629 Lumbar, 5, 6, 211, 610 Lumen, 364, 583, 610 Lupus, 226, 610, 653 Lutein Cells, 610, 635 Lymph, 393, 583, 610, 640, 643, 651 Lymph node, 393, 610, 640, 643 Lymphatic, 583, 602, 610, 622, 647, 649 Lymphatic system, 610, 647, 649 Lymphoblastic, 610 Lymphocyte, 85, 257, 550, 610, 611 Lymphoid, 550, 610, 617 Lymphoma, 264, 266, 512, 596, 610 Lysine, 86, 233, 599, 610 Lysophospholipase, 352, 353, 610 M Macrophage, 511, 603, 610 Magnesium Compounds, 610 Magnesium Hydroxide, 191, 302, 303, 610
678 Calcium
Magnesium Oxide, 296, 366, 610 Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 610, 644 Maintenance therapy, 610 Major Histocompatibility Complex, 603, 611 Malabsorption, 223, 512, 611 Malignancy, 475, 611 Malignant, 264, 409, 512, 544, 551, 552, 592, 611, 618, 639, 643, 654 Malignant Hyperthermia, 611 Malignant tumor, 409, 611 Malnutrition, 546, 554, 611, 616 Mammary, 180, 333, 573, 611, 639 Mammogram, 561, 611, 613 Mandible, 547, 611, 641, 656 Manganese Compounds, 328, 611 Mania, 611 Manic, 438, 558, 609, 611 Matrix metalloproteinase, 611 Maximum Tolerated Dose, 264, 271, 581, 611 Meat, 182, 478, 578, 611, 644 Medial, 552, 611, 623 Mediate, 71, 76, 82, 580, 611 Mediator, 305, 370, 567, 603, 611 Medical Staff, 580, 611 Medicament, 315, 355, 373, 413, 414, 429, 442, 443, 546, 612, 651 MEDLINE, 501, 508, 513, 612 Medroxyprogesterone, 201, 493, 612 Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, 201, 612 Megaloblastic, 577, 589, 612 Meiosis, 612, 616, 652, 658 Melanin, 612, 630, 658 Melanocytes, 612 Melanoma, 512, 559, 612 Membrane Glycoproteins, 561, 567, 612, 633, 647 Membrane Potentials, 612 Membrane Proteins, 604, 612 Memory, 240, 241, 244, 421, 503, 548, 550, 575, 576, 609, 612 Meninges, 566, 612 Menopause, 223, 234, 477, 480, 522, 612, 622, 628, 633, 634 Menstrual Cycle, 257, 612, 622, 634, 635 Menstruation, 223, 575, 612, 634 Mental Disorders, 275, 599, 612, 634, 637 Mental Health, iv, 267, 275, 500, 507, 612, 634, 638 Mental Retardation, 438, 514, 612 Mesenteric, 613, 633
Mesoderm, 613, 657 Mesolimbic, 613, 660 Meta-Analysis, 613 Metabolic disorder, 594, 613 Metabolite, 479, 558, 561, 579, 607, 613, 635 Metabotropic, 75, 79, 211, 613 Metaplasia, 613 Metastasis, 6, 254, 266, 409, 611, 613 Metastatic, 394, 504, 613, 644 Methacrylates, 327, 613 Methanol, 355, 613, 637 Methionine, 579, 613, 651 MI, 7, 77, 88, 185, 374, 385, 397, 401, 484, 486, 488, 521, 541, 613 Mibefradil, 613 Micelles, 356, 613 Microbe, 613, 656 Microbiological, 613 Microbiology, 544, 554, 557, 613 Microcalcifications, 561, 613 Microcirculation, 316, 451, 614 Micronutrients, 329, 357, 614 Microorganism, 569, 614, 627, 661 Microscopy, 555, 614 Microspheres, 356, 386, 614 Microtubule-Associated Proteins, 614, 619 Microtubules, 603, 614, 619 Migration, 240, 249, 614 Milliliter, 559, 614 Milrinone, 614 Mineral Oil, 307, 614 Mineral Waters, 614 Mineralization, 207, 306, 383, 562, 614, 624 Mineralocorticoids, 544, 574, 614 Miscible, 614, 629 Mitochondria, 68, 75, 81, 240, 243, 253, 474, 614, 617, 623 Mitochondrial Swelling, 614, 618 Mitosis, 305, 370, 552, 614 Mitoxantrone, 184, 202, 614 Mobility, 281, 590, 614 Modification, 281, 505, 591, 615, 638 Modulator, 78, 254, 615 Molecular mass, 305, 615 Molecular Probes, 615 Molecular Structure, 280, 615, 657 Monitor, 69, 87, 206, 273, 358, 574, 615, 621, 661 Monoclonal, 264, 271, 306, 389, 605, 615, 639, 662 Monoclonal antibodies, 306, 389, 615
Index 679
Monocytes, 406, 603, 607, 615, 617, 631 Mononuclear, 615, 658 Monophosphate, 257, 615 Monotherapy, 615 Monounsaturated fat, 505, 615 Morphine, 428, 615, 618, 623 Morphological, 442, 460, 582, 612, 615 Morphology, 74, 75, 83, 282, 313, 418, 564, 615 Motility, 79, 450, 591, 616, 635 Motor Activity, 272, 573, 616 Motor Neurons, 616 Mucinous, 590, 616 Mucins, 576, 616, 643 Mucocutaneous, 3, 616 Mucosa, 6, 394, 567, 610, 616, 635, 646 Mucositis, 616, 655 Mucus, 586, 616 Multicenter study, 185, 616 Multiple sclerosis, 392, 393, 543, 616 Multivalent, 343, 616 Muscle Fibers, 437, 554, 616, 617, 646, 657 Muscle Relaxation, 548, 561, 616 Muscular Atrophy, 513, 616 Muscular Dystrophies, 581, 616 Musculature, 599, 616 Musculoskeletal System, 616, 623 Mutagenesis, 616 Mutagens, 616 Mycophenolate mofetil, 616 Mydriatic, 579, 616 Myelin, 616, 617 Myelogenous, 617 Myeloid Cells, 617 Myeloid Progenitor Cells, 70, 617 Myocardial infarction, 396, 438, 573, 613, 617 Myocardial Ischemia, 470, 549, 617 Myocardial Reperfusion, 617, 641 Myocardial Reperfusion Injury, 617, 641 Myocardium, 260, 549, 613, 614, 617 Myofibrils, 562, 617 Myometrium, 617 Myopathy, 617 Myopia, 617, 640 Myosin, 255, 561, 616, 617, 657 Myotonic Dystrophy, 513, 617 Myristate, 618 Myxedema, 409, 618 N Narcotic, 615, 618 Natriuresis, 549, 618
Nausea, 539, 580, 591, 601, 606, 618, 626, 634, 658, 659 NCI, 1, 264, 266, 271, 274, 499, 568, 618, 627 Necrosis, 260, 393, 404, 428, 551, 575, 592, 601, 613, 617, 618, 641, 643 Need, 3, 8, 181, 182, 263, 283, 284, 286, 289, 299, 301, 341, 342, 351, 357, 360, 366, 381, 395, 399, 401, 415, 419, 434, 445, 472, 474, 477, 486, 487, 495, 502, 526, 528, 545, 568, 594, 611, 618, 656 Nelfinavir, 187, 618 Neocortex, 618, 619 Neonatal, 204, 206, 252, 618 Neoplasia, 512, 524, 525, 591, 618 Neoplasm, 264, 266, 618, 643, 658 Neoplastic, 548, 610, 618 Nephrolithiasis, 214, 456, 618 Nephron, 397, 618 Nephropathy, 9, 606, 618 Nephrosis, 618 Nephrotic, 476, 618 Nephrotic Syndrome, 476, 618 Nerve Endings, 73, 619 Nerve Fibers, 619 Nerve Growth Factor, 619 Nervousness, 525, 619 Networks, 527, 619 Neural, 72, 244, 305, 370, 446, 467, 545, 548, 619, 628, 647 Neuroblastoma, 441, 442, 619 Neuroeffector Junction, 619 Neuroendocrine, 422, 619 Neurofibrillary Tangles, 487, 619 Neurofilaments, 619 Neurogenic, 619, 659 Neurologic, 592, 619 Neuromuscular, 422, 543, 619, 635, 658 Neuromuscular Junction, 422, 543, 619 Neuronal Plasticity, 619 Neuropathy, 320, 620 Neuropeptide, 80, 620 Neurophysiology, 577, 620 Neurotoxin, 566, 620 Neurotransmitters, 294, 442, 615, 620, 634, 647 Neutralization, 301, 620 Neutrons, 547, 559, 605, 620, 639 Neutropenia, 620, 631 Neutrophil, 272, 620 Nicardipine, 620 Nickel, 260, 401, 620
680 Calcium
Nifedipine, 184, 234, 620 Nimodipine, 4, 620 Nisoldipine, 469, 493, 620 Nitrates, 620 Nitric acid, 357, 620 Nitric Oxide, 71, 75, 77, 208, 253, 260, 422, 621 Nitrogen Compounds, 308, 621 Norepinephrine, 73, 544, 580, 621 Normotensive, 9, 244, 621 Nuclear, 72, 76, 80, 208, 247, 392, 399, 400, 413, 555, 569, 572, 582, 586, 590, 592, 608, 618, 621, 633, 642, 654 Nuclear Fusion, 413, 621 Nuclear Pore, 621 Nuclear Proteins, 621 Nuclei, 85, 547, 548, 572, 582, 591, 608, 610, 614, 620, 621, 623, 637 Nucleic Acid Hybridization, 598, 621 Nucleoproteins, 621 Nucleotidases, 621 Nucleus, 85, 206, 248, 449, 543, 551, 555, 556, 567, 574, 575, 577, 582, 584, 586, 603, 612, 615, 620, 621, 622, 634, 635, 637, 647, 648, 650, 654, 660 Nucleus Accumbens, 622, 660 Nurseries, 359, 622 Nutrition Assessment, 622 Nutrition Surveys, 181, 622 Nutritional Status, 181, 622 Nutritive Value, 180, 181, 288, 589, 622 O Ocular, 622 Odour, 552, 622, 658 Oedema, 622, 634 Oestrogen, 216, 622 Ointments, 580, 622, 647, 662 Olfactory Bulb, 622, 623 Olfactory Receptor Neurons, 187, 622, 640 Oligosaccharides, 231, 623 Oliguria, 606, 623 Oncogene, 512, 623, 650 Oocytes, 245, 623 Opacity, 283, 310, 348, 415, 424, 425, 441, 564, 576, 623 Operating Rooms, 623 Ophthalmology, 185, 588, 623 Opium, 615, 623 Opsin, 623, 642 Optic Chiasm, 599, 623 Optic Nerve, 623, 642 Oral Health, 407, 479, 623
Oral Hygiene, 479, 623 Orbital, 570, 623 Organ Culture, 623, 656 Organelles, 460, 568, 575, 612, 615, 623 Orthopaedic, 360, 361, 363, 518, 623 Orthopedic Procedures, 297, 624 Orthopedics, 363, 386, 391, 424, 595, 624 Osmotic, 546, 614, 624 Osseointegration, 297, 559, 624 Ossification, 624, 642 Osteoarthritis, 224, 624 Osteoblasts, 362, 403, 410, 475, 624 Osteocalcin, 5, 624 Osteoclasts, 362, 410, 475, 624 Osteocytes, 475, 624 Osteodystrophy, 180, 181, 332, 380, 396, 478, 479, 624 Osteogenesis, 410, 559, 624 Osteomalacia, 225, 409, 479, 561, 624 Ouabain, 81, 253, 474, 624 Ovary, 573, 585, 622, 624, 625, 632 Overdose, 537, 625 Overexpress, 625 Overweight, 187, 265, 488, 504, 625 Ovum, 544, 573, 575, 592, 608, 625, 635, 648, 657, 662, 663 Ovum Implantation, 625, 657 Oxalate, 78, 196, 209, 213, 214, 456, 526, 562, 599, 625 Oxalic Acid, 562, 625 Oxidation, 240, 258, 284, 307, 421, 543, 551, 552, 558, 574, 593, 608, 625 Oxidation-Reduction, 558, 625 Oxidative Stress, 76, 83, 245, 256, 625 Oxides, 286, 287, 288, 625 Oxygen Consumption, 474, 625, 641 Oxygenation, 418, 625 P P-450, 207, 625 Pacemaker, 320, 375, 625 Palate, 593, 625, 653 Palliative, 622, 625, 654 Pancreatic, 259, 503, 512, 525, 567, 577, 626 Pancreatic cancer, 512, 626 Pancreatic Hormones, 503, 626 Pancreatic Juice, 626 Pancreatic Polypeptide, 626 Pancreatitis, 70, 626 Panic, 626 Panic Disorder, 626 Parathyroid Glands, 626, 643 Parathyroidectomy, 476, 626
Index 681
Parenteral, 261, 356, 472, 626 Parenteral Nutrition, 261, 472, 626 Paresis, 626, 627 Paresthesia, 525, 627 Parotid, 592, 627, 643 Paroxysmal, 512, 549, 627 Parturient Paresis, 333, 627 Parturition, 627, 635 Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis, 389, 627 Patch, 627, 656 Pathogen, 82, 83, 377, 601, 627 Pathogenesis, 6, 278, 279, 458, 627 Pathologic, 475, 543, 552, 557, 560, 573, 599, 627, 637, 641 Pathologic Processes, 552, 627 Pathophysiology, 267, 476, 627 Patient Advocacy, 526, 627 Patient Compliance, 627 Patient Education, 478, 521, 532, 534, 542, 627 PDQ, 519, 627 Pectins, 325, 338, 627 Pediatrics, 206, 518, 628 Pelvic, 628, 636 Penicillin, 550, 628 Pentagastrin, 520, 628 Pepsin, 628, 644 Perception, 571, 577, 628, 644 Percutaneous, 609, 628, 630 Perennial, 479, 628, 657 Pericardium, 628, 653 Perimenopausal, 183, 628 Periodicity, 180, 628 Periodontal disease, 360, 369, 590, 628 Periodontal Ligament, 628 Periodontitis, 348, 628 Peripheral blood, 392, 603, 628 Peripheral Nerves, 628, 649 Peripheral Nervous System, 428, 628, 634, 648, 651 Peritoneal, 553, 578, 604, 622, 628, 629 Peritoneal Cavity, 553, 604, 622, 628, 629 Peritoneal Dialysis, 578, 629 Peroxidase, 206, 552, 608, 629 Peroxide, 76, 327, 629 Perspiration, 629 Petechiae, 595, 629 Petrolatum, 582, 629 Petroleum, 306, 307, 589, 590, 614, 629 PH, 82, 208, 416, 559, 629 Phagocytosis, 629 Phallic, 588, 629
Pharmaceutic Aids, 589, 629 Pharmaceutical Preparations, 566, 585, 591, 629, 635 Pharmaceutical Solutions, 580, 629 Pharmacologic, 8, 549, 629, 656, 659 Pharynx, 629, 653, 659 Phenazopyridine, 504, 629 Phenolphthalein, 582, 629 Phenotype, 422, 438, 629 Phenyl, 278, 279, 397, 405, 629 Phenylalanine, 75, 553, 630, 658 Phonophoresis, 605, 630 Phosphates, 181, 288, 290, 423, 424, 439, 465, 493, 630 Phosphodiesterase, 254, 422, 548, 614, 630 Phospholipases, 418, 630, 646 Phospholipids, 587, 602, 608, 630, 637 Phosphorous, 210, 395, 396, 401, 416, 630 Phosphorus, 180, 181, 183, 215, 235, 246, 251, 258, 261, 332, 359, 377, 380, 383, 392, 396, 401, 416, 446, 450, 463, 465, 468, 474, 475, 476, 478, 521, 561, 626, 630 Phosphorylase, 562, 630 Phosphorylated, 569, 630 Photocoagulation, 569, 630 Photoreceptor, 66, 70, 71, 79, 630 Physical Examination, 265, 630 Physiologic, 476, 545, 557, 599, 612, 614, 630, 635, 640, 641 Phytic Acid, 183, 630 Pigment, 75, 282, 290, 291, 309, 310, 312, 425, 439, 556, 612, 630 Pilot study, 630 Pitch, 630 Pituitary Gland, 573, 630 Placenta, 243, 585, 589, 630, 635 Plana, 631, 645 Plaque, 8, 366, 429, 549, 554, 567, 631 Plasma, 4, 73, 78, 88, 202, 213, 243, 245, 246, 253, 255, 257, 278, 292, 297, 303, 305, 333, 365, 367, 370, 376, 383, 385, 400, 406, 417, 418, 429, 504, 546, 550, 565, 567, 583, 586, 588, 591, 593, 596, 606, 607, 614, 626, 631, 637, 640, 641, 645 Plasma cells, 550, 631 Plasma protein, 546, 583, 631, 637 Plasticity, 213, 244, 631 Platelet Activating Factor, 352, 353, 631 Platelet Activation, 631, 646 Platelet Aggregation, 548, 621, 631, 655 Platelets, 84, 208, 253, 441, 552, 562, 565, 621, 631, 655
682 Calcium
Platinum, 609, 631 Pleural, 622, 631 Pleural cavity, 622, 631 Poisoning, 221, 560, 561, 566, 575, 591, 604, 618, 631 Policy Making, 594, 632 Pollen, 81, 632, 638 Polyarthritis, 632 Polycystic, 513, 632 Polyesters, 180, 299, 632 Polyethylene, 298, 327, 347, 632 Polymerase, 632, 635 Polymerase Chain Reaction, 632 Polymers, 282, 298, 299, 327, 356, 384, 408, 439, 440, 557, 559, 632, 636, 650 Polymorphic, 292, 365, 576, 632 Polymorphism, 205, 632 Polymyalgia Rheumatica, 6, 632 Polyphosphates, 294, 632 Polyposis, 570, 633 Polysaccharide, 337, 338, 361, 550, 565, 633, 637 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 349, 633 Polyunsaturated fat, 505, 633, 655 Polyvalent, 633 Porosity, 369, 385, 432, 633 Port, 285, 633 Port-a-cath, 633 Portal Vein, 209, 633 Posterior, 548, 553, 566, 567, 580, 593, 625, 633 Postmenopausal, 6, 186, 203, 205, 207, 210, 215, 251, 256, 301, 328, 340, 395, 429, 479, 522, 546, 585, 624, 633, 639 Postnatal, 243, 633, 650 Postoperative, 254, 633 Postsynaptic, 69, 80, 259, 619, 633, 646, 652 Potassium Channels, 71, 73, 76, 207, 215, 240, 252, 253, 460, 543, 566, 633 Potassium Citrate, 633 Potentiates, 206, 603, 633 Potentiation, 75, 241, 259, 609, 633, 646 Power Plants, 307, 308, 633 Practice Guidelines, 507, 522, 633 Precancerous, 566, 634 Predisposition, 9, 634 Preeclampsia, 224, 522, 634 Pre-Eclampsia, 205, 270, 271, 634 Pre-eclamptic, 581, 634 Prefrontal Cortex, 634 Prejudice, 323, 634 Premenopausal, 5, 267, 634
Premenstrual, 224, 267, 477, 634 Premenstrual Syndrome, 224, 267, 477, 634 Presynaptic, 76, 79, 82, 259, 453, 619, 634, 652, 653 Presynaptic Terminals, 619, 634, 653 Prevalence, 215, 526, 634 Prickle, 606, 634 Primary Prevention, 634 Probe, 245, 437, 634 Prodrug, 635 Progesterone, 236, 257, 635, 650 Proglumide, 635 Progression, 4, 6, 258, 305, 370, 549, 635 Projection, 289, 603, 621, 622, 623, 634, 635, 638, 640, 660 Prolactin, 260, 635 Proline, 570, 599, 635 Promoter, 249, 635 Promotor, 635, 641 Prone, 635 Propantheline, 504, 635 Prophase, 616, 623, 635, 652, 658 Prophylaxis, 214, 326, 576, 635, 642 Proportional, 330, 635 Propylene Glycol, 333, 635 Prospective study, 201, 202, 205, 211, 609, 635 Prostaglandin, 66, 217, 549, 635, 655 Prostaglandins A, 636 Prosthesis, 298, 299, 363, 424, 431, 576, 636 Protease, 87, 216, 268, 368, 570, 601, 618, 636, 643 Protease Inhibitors, 268, 636 Protective Agents, 561, 636 Protein C, 70, 81, 306, 326, 434, 546, 547, 551, 555, 569, 606, 608, 624, 636, 657, 659 Protein Conformation, 547, 606, 636 Protein Isoforms, 547, 636 Protein Kinases, 84, 636 Protein S, 240, 248, 252, 314, 400, 416, 434, 456, 473, 513, 514, 558, 591, 624, 636 Protein Subunits, 314, 636 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase, 592, 637 Proteinuria, 9, 618, 634, 637 Proteoglycans, 555, 587, 637 Proteolipids, 306, 637 Proteolytic, 80, 258, 570, 588, 637 Prothrombin, 403, 637, 655 Protocol, 264, 266, 637 Protons, 247, 252, 294, 547, 598, 637, 639 Protozoa, 557, 572, 613, 614, 637, 649
Index 683
Protozoal, 637, 657 Proximal, 391, 579, 632, 634, 637 Psoriasis, 225, 480, 637, 642 Psychiatry, 588, 637 Psychic, 608, 637, 645 Psychogenic, 637, 659 Psychomotor, 575, 637 Psyllium, 236, 637 Puberty, 203, 269, 270, 638 Public Health, 184, 186, 267, 328, 377, 410, 481, 507, 518, 638 Public Policy, 501, 638 Publishing, 65, 316, 374, 415, 425, 446, 462, 638 Pulmonary, 225, 272, 548, 558, 567, 572, 573, 596, 606, 607, 638, 652, 660 Pulmonary Artery, 558, 638, 660 Pulmonary Edema, 225, 567, 606, 638 Pulse, 289, 437, 615, 638 Pupil, 573, 579, 616, 638 Purifying, 308, 433, 577, 638 Purines, 555, 638, 645 Purpura, 595, 638 Purulent, 543, 638 Pylorus, 638 Pyramidal Cells, 69, 253, 576, 638 Q Quality of Life, 410, 479, 638, 651 Quaternary, 308, 636, 638 Quercetin, 208, 638 Quiescent, 638 Quinones, 180, 638 R Race, 614, 638 Radiation therapy, 586, 589, 603, 605, 639, 662 Radicular, 639 Radioactive, 558, 559, 598, 601, 603, 605, 609, 615, 621, 639, 644, 662 Radiography, 572, 639 Radioisotope, 639 Radiolabeled, 264, 271, 605, 639, 662 Radiological, 403, 628, 639 Radiology, 639 Radiopharmaceutical, 591, 639 Radiotherapy, 559, 605, 639, 662 Radius, 639 Raloxifene, 207, 639, 645 Randomized Controlled Trials, 430, 639 Reactivation, 639 Reagent, 408, 409, 419, 434, 567, 577, 585, 598, 625, 639
Receptors, Odorant, 622, 640 Recombinant, 87, 244, 342, 343, 375, 376, 422, 437, 640, 660 Reconstitution, 384, 640 Rectal, 640 Rectum, 551, 559, 570, 578, 579, 589, 590, 601, 607, 636, 640, 651 Recur, 628, 640 Recurrence, 6, 208, 274, 558, 566, 628, 640 Red blood cells, 585, 640, 643, 647 Red Nucleus, 554, 640, 660 Reductase, 292, 397, 405, 640, 655, 657 Refer, 1, 436, 560, 570, 580, 588, 590, 597, 603, 609, 620, 633, 640 Reflex, 333, 640 Reflux, 212, 640 Refraction, 330, 412, 617, 640, 648 Refractory, 3, 411, 582, 640 Regeneration, 203, 640 Regimen, 266, 296, 366, 581, 627, 640 Regional lymph node, 591, 640 Registries, 503, 640 Regurgitation, 595, 640 Relapse, 273, 640 Reliability, 281, 640 Remission, 558, 611, 640, 641 Renal failure, 383, 396, 456, 475, 476, 576, 641 Renal Osteodystrophy, 326, 476, 478, 479, 519, 641 Renal pelvis, 606, 641 Renal tubular, 641 Renin, 399, 549, 563, 641 Renin-Angiotensin System, 549, 563, 641 Reperfusion, 212, 316, 400, 470, 617, 641 Reperfusion Injury, 316, 641 Resorption, 217, 297, 333, 360, 393, 624, 641 Respiration, 563, 615, 641 Response Elements, 641 Restoration, 424, 504, 574, 617, 639, 640, 641, 643, 662 Resuscitation, 641 Retinal, 66, 211, 571, 575, 578, 579, 623, 642 Retinal Ganglion Cells, 66, 211, 623, 642 Retinitis, 575, 642 Retinoblastoma, 512, 642 Retinoids, 642, 661 Retinol, 180, 192, 642 Retrograde, 604, 642 Rhamnose, 624, 642 Rheumatic Diseases, 642
684 Calcium
Rheumatism, 642 Rheumatoid, 225, 267, 268, 642 Rheumatoid arthritis, 268, 642 Rhinitis, 635, 642 Ribose, 185, 544, 642 Rickets, 206, 225, 409, 479, 561, 642, 661 Rigidity, 282, 388, 394, 611, 631, 643 Risk factor, 504, 635, 643 Ritonavir, 268, 643 Rod, 185, 282, 410, 439, 630, 643 Rotavirus, 72, 84, 87, 643 Rubber, 291, 296, 327, 387, 544, 581, 595, 643 Rutin, 638, 643 Ryanodine, 68, 83, 259, 643 S Salicylate, 306, 307, 643 Saline, 368, 643 Saliva, 643 Salivary, 257, 567, 575, 576, 578, 587, 626, 643, 651 Salivary glands, 567, 575, 576, 578, 587, 643 Sanitary, 281, 643 Sanitation, 286, 643 Saphenous, 573, 643 Saphenous Vein, 573, 643 Saponins, 643, 650 Sarcoidosis, 225, 409, 643 Sarcoma, 78, 84, 643 Sarcoplasmic Reticulum, 252, 253, 254, 255, 388, 643 Saturate, 417, 505, 644 Saturated fat, 324, 505, 506, 644 Scans, 7, 8, 644 Scatter, 240, 644 Schizoid, 644, 662 Schizophrenia, 438, 644, 660, 662 Schizotypal Personality Disorder, 577, 644, 662 Sclerosis, 223, 320, 392, 393, 401, 402, 513, 518, 552, 616, 644 Scurvy, 302, 644 Second Messenger Systems, 620, 644 Secondary tumor, 613, 644 Secretin, 644 Secretory, 272, 450, 565, 619, 645, 652 Secretory Vesicles, 565, 645 Sediment, 339, 645 Seizures, 257, 320, 575, 592, 627, 645 Selective estrogen receptor modulator, 639, 645
Selenium, 181, 645 Semen, 636, 645 Seminiferous tubule, 645, 648 Semisynthetic, 645 Senile, 225, 474, 503, 624, 645 Sensor, 74, 244, 259, 305, 370, 421, 422, 437, 645 Sequencing, 305, 389, 632, 645 Serine, 511, 583, 645, 651 Serologic, 600, 645 Serous, 583, 645 Serrata, 229, 568, 645 Serrated, 645 Sex Characteristics, 544, 549, 622, 638, 645, 654 Sex Determination, 513, 645 Sharks, 180, 645 Sharpness, 312, 646 Ships, 390, 646 Shock, 72, 83, 87, 245, 609, 646, 657 Side effect, 265, 394, 428, 491, 495, 545, 548, 557, 580, 599, 646, 651, 656 Signs and Symptoms, 396, 640, 641, 646, 658 Sil, 79, 381, 646 Silage, 378, 646 Silicon, 254, 299, 330, 331, 401, 413, 414, 415, 418, 646 Silicon Dioxide, 254, 646 Sincalide, 577, 646 Sinoatrial Node, 646 Skeleton, 5, 298, 340, 544, 588, 605, 636, 646, 647 Skull, 559, 574, 647, 654 Sludge, 647 Small intestine, 556, 568, 581, 598, 600, 604, 605, 647 Soaps, 300, 588, 647 Social Environment, 638, 647 Sodium Bicarbonate, 419, 647 Sodium Channels, 358, 359, 647 Sodium-Calcium Exchanger, 647 Soft tissue, 504, 559, 646, 647 Solid tumor, 549, 647 Solitary Nucleus, 554, 647 Solvent, 241, 306, 313, 387, 543, 556, 567, 585, 593, 613, 624, 629, 635, 647 Soma, 638, 647 Somatic, 70, 71, 544, 582, 592, 600, 608, 612, 614, 628, 634, 647, 654, 659 Somatic cells, 612, 614, 647 Somatostatin, 248, 626, 647
Index 685
Sorbic Acid, 378, 648 Sorbitol, 648 Sound wave, 571, 648 Soybean Oil, 633, 648, 661 Space Flight, 648 Spasm, 551, 648, 654 Spastic, 605, 648 Specialist, 528, 579, 648 Specificity, 71, 434, 545, 552, 561, 583, 648, 651 Spectrophotometry, 260, 455, 465, 648 Spectrum, 8, 289, 648 Sperm, 79, 217, 245, 259, 543, 549, 568, 632, 645, 648, 658 Sperm Capacitation, 648 Sperm Head, 543, 648 Sperm Motility, 648 Spermatozoa, 66, 71, 544, 645, 648 Spermatozoon, 544, 648 Sphincter, 504, 648 Spike, 70, 649 Spinal cord, 320, 428, 553, 559, 560, 566, 567, 583, 584, 590, 612, 619, 620, 628, 640, 649, 652 Spinal Nerves, 628, 649 Spinous, 584, 606, 649 Spleen, 575, 591, 610, 643, 649 Splenic Vein, 633, 649 Sporadic, 642, 649 Spores, 74, 649 Squamous, 584, 649 Squamous cell carcinoma, 584, 649 Squamous cells, 649 Stabilization, 248, 438, 649 Stabilizer, 339, 347, 378, 408, 649 Staging, 644, 649 Stasis, 649, 660 Statistically significant, 6, 649 Staurosporine, 649 Steatosis, 587, 649 Steel, 280, 453, 649, 658 Stem Cell Factor, 568, 650 Stem Cells, 585, 594, 617, 650 Sterile, 553, 626, 650 Sterility, 344, 345, 346, 602, 650 Sterilization, 369, 650 Steroid, 81, 392, 473, 485, 556, 574, 622, 643, 650 Stimulant, 560, 597, 605, 650, 653 Stimulus, 8, 74, 428, 572, 580, 581, 582, 586, 604, 640, 650, 655 Stool, 601, 605, 607, 650
Strand, 570, 632, 650 Stress, 66, 72, 75, 82, 184, 215, 224, 226, 247, 253, 281, 330, 331, 362, 410, 431, 469, 504, 554, 564, 574, 589, 591, 605, 618, 625, 634, 642, 643, 650 Stridor, 650, 654 Stroke, 226, 275, 320, 374, 401, 402, 403, 405, 437, 438, 500, 504, 520, 563, 564, 650 Stroke Volume, 437, 563, 650 Strontium, 246, 254, 256, 261, 280, 331, 430, 431, 433, 465, 472, 474, 650 Styrene, 291, 387, 643, 650 Subacute, 601, 650 Subarachnoid, 184, 595, 650 Subclinical, 601, 645, 650 Subcutaneous, 581, 622, 626, 651 Subiculum, 597, 651 Submandibular, 257, 651 Subspecies, 648, 651 Substance P, 558, 613, 640, 645, 651 Substrate, 87, 331, 360, 367, 371, 411, 413, 418, 419, 439, 651, 658 Subtilisin, 342, 343, 651 Subtrochanteric, 597, 651 Suction, 588, 651 Sudden cardiac death, 651 Sulfates, 651 Sulfoglycosphingolipids, 637, 651 Sulfur, 256, 284, 327, 401, 426, 577, 587, 613, 651 Sulfur Compounds, 284, 651 Sulfuric acid, 555, 651 Superior vena cava, 646, 651 Superoxide, 651 Superoxide Dismutase, 651 Supplementation, 6, 186, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 246, 256, 270, 271, 273, 288, 296, 301, 323, 326, 328, 334, 335, 337, 339, 340, 367, 381, 383, 395, 430, 484, 651 Support group, 524, 525, 526, 527, 651 Supportive care, 627, 651 Suppositories, 591, 651 Suppression, 74, 85, 239, 428, 574, 577, 651 Supraventricular, 317, 318, 652 Surfactant, 287, 347, 652 Suspensions, 330, 379, 652 Sweat, 599, 629, 652 Sweat Glands, 652 Sympathetic Nervous System, 76, 549, 554, 652
686 Calcium
Sympathomimetic, 580, 584, 621, 652 Symphysis, 636, 652 Symptomatic, 396, 626, 652 Symptomatology, 321, 652 Synapses, 74, 82, 259, 609, 619, 620, 622, 649, 652, 653 Synapsis, 652 Synaptic Transmission, 78, 84, 455, 652 Synaptic Vesicles, 652, 653 Synergistic, 290, 635, 653 Synovial, 605, 653 Synovial Cyst, 653 Synovial Fluid, 653 Synovial Membrane, 605, 653 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 6, 653 Systolic, 9, 185, 599, 653 Systolic blood pressure, 9, 653 Systolic heart failure, 185, 653 T Tachycardia, 555, 653 Tachypnea, 555, 653 Tacrine, 186, 653 Talc, 291, 310, 425, 653 Tardive, 653 Taste Buds, 653 Taurine, 245, 255, 556, 653 Telangiectasia, 513, 653 Telencephalon, 555, 653 Telomerase, 654 Temporal, 6, 84, 420, 548, 597, 632, 654 Temporal Lobe, 548, 654 Tendinitis, 226, 654 Teratogenic, 579, 654 Terminator, 569, 654 Testis, 585, 622, 654 Testosterone, 640, 654 Tetanic, 503, 654 Tetanus, 654 Tetany, 503, 626, 654 Thalamic, 554, 654 Thalamic Diseases, 554, 654 Thalamus, 428, 560, 578, 608, 634, 654 Therapeutics, 207, 292, 365, 394, 406, 432, 435, 453, 495, 654 Thermal, 289, 295, 312, 342, 343, 351, 352, 390, 408, 412, 414, 415, 432, 433, 440, 553, 559, 579, 620, 632, 654 Thiamine, 358, 654 Thigh, 587, 655 Thioredoxin, 87, 655 Third Ventricle, 599, 654, 655 Thoracic, 213, 655, 662
Thorax, 543, 610, 651, 655, 659 Threshold, 366, 586, 599, 655 Thrombin, 260, 403, 588, 631, 636, 637, 655 Thrombocytes, 278, 279, 631, 655 Thrombocytopenia, 270, 548, 631, 655 Thrombomodulin, 636, 655 Thrombosis, 208, 292, 303, 365, 636, 650, 655 Thromboxanes, 552, 655 Thrombus, 573, 601, 617, 631, 655 Thymidine, 400, 655 Thyroid, 87, 226, 237, 243, 400, 474, 475, 599, 604, 608, 618, 626, 655, 658 Thyroid Gland, 400, 599, 618, 626, 655 Thyroid Hormones, 237, 475, 655, 658 Thyrotropin, 600, 655 Thyroxine, 546, 608, 630, 655 Tin, 295, 525, 627, 631, 656 Tissue Culture, 656 Tolerance, 84, 85, 411, 544, 593, 656 Tomography, 8, 208, 365, 366, 483, 484, 559, 571, 644, 656 Tonicity, 596, 656 Tooth Movement, 217, 656 Tooth Preparation, 544, 656 Tooth Socket, 431, 656 Topical, 233, 413, 414, 429, 442, 443, 553, 567, 585, 598, 629, 647, 656, 662 Toxaemia, 634, 656 Toxicity, 67, 180, 242, 250, 264, 274, 564, 580, 611, 629, 656, 661 Toxicology, 185, 207, 211, 502, 656 Toxins, 247, 550, 561, 583, 593, 601, 615, 656 Trace element, 559, 567, 569, 589, 620, 646, 656 Trachea, 560, 586, 629, 650, 655, 656 Traction, 387, 656 Transcriptase, 654, 656 Transcription Factors, 641, 656 Transdermal, 413, 414, 429, 442, 443, 656 Transduction, 67, 73, 76, 79, 85, 244, 256, 258, 260, 305, 370, 561, 562, 602, 646, 657 Transfection, 558, 657 Transfusion, 586, 657 Translocation, 75, 77, 88, 657 Transmitter, 82, 458, 543, 553, 580, 604, 611, 621, 652, 653, 657, 660 Trauma, 320, 361, 369, 374, 401, 402, 414, 555, 575, 585, 595, 618, 626, 654, 657 Trees, 301, 321, 643, 657 Trehalase, 202, 657
Index 687
Tricyclic, 504, 657 Triglyceride, 324, 398, 657 Trimetrexate, 271, 273, 657 Trivalent, 186, 657 Trophoblast, 558, 657 Tropomyosin, 657 Troponin, 79, 253, 294, 388, 657 Trypan Blue, 316, 657 Tryptophan, 570, 657 Tuberculosis, 572, 610, 657 Tuberous Sclerosis, 513, 657 Tubulin, 614, 657 Tumor marker, 557, 658 Tumor Necrosis Factor, 393, 658 Tumour, 590, 658 Tungsten, 564, 658 Type 2 diabetes, 9, 658 Tyrosine, 82, 83, 204, 217, 406, 580, 637, 658 U Ubiquitin, 619, 658 Ulcer, 581, 658 Ultrafiltration, 434, 596, 658 Uncompetitive, 284, 658 Unconscious, 541, 549, 600, 658 Univalent, 598, 625, 658 Unsaturated Fats, 180, 588, 658 Uraemia, 626, 658 Urea, 249, 359, 606, 652, 658, 659 Uremia, 409, 606, 641, 659 Ureter, 609, 641, 659 Urethane, 371, 659 Urethra, 636, 659 Uric, 594, 599, 638, 659 Urinary Retention, 438, 659 Urinary tract, 578, 629, 659 Urinate, 659, 662 Urogenital, 592, 659 Urolithiasis, 184, 458, 659 Uterine Contraction, 659 Uterus, 394, 573, 575, 583, 612, 617, 635, 659 V Vaccine, 544, 637, 659 Vaccine adjuvant, 659 Vacuoles, 583, 623, 659 Vagal, 70, 244, 659 Vagina, 577, 612, 659 Vagus Nerve, 647, 659 Valves, 659, 660 Vascular, 9, 81, 217, 253, 270, 271, 303, 316, 321, 366, 374, 451, 546, 548, 561, 567,
578, 583, 587, 601, 602, 614, 621, 622, 627, 630, 655, 659 Vascular endothelial growth factor, 659 Vasculitis, 6, 626, 660 Vasoactive, 260, 660 Vasodilation, 549, 660 Vasodilator, 280, 548, 560, 580, 590, 597, 614, 617, 620, 660 Vasomotor, 585, 660 Vector, 249, 330, 657, 660 Vegetative, 422, 557, 660 Vein, 549, 553, 604, 621, 627, 633, 643, 649, 651, 660 Venom, 216, 317, 318, 660 Venous, 319, 397, 553, 622, 636, 660 Venous Insufficiency, 660 Venous Pressure, 397, 660 Ventral, 599, 622, 649, 660 Ventral Tegmental Area, 660 Ventricle, 548, 551, 554, 573, 597, 622, 638, 646, 653, 655, 660 Ventricular, 241, 252, 548, 573, 617, 660 Venules, 558, 562, 583, 614, 660 Verapamil, 238, 396, 413, 450, 452, 494, 590, 660 Vertebrae, 410, 603, 649, 660 Vertebral, 201, 631, 660 Veterinary Medicine, 501, 660 Vial, 345, 660 Video Recording, 477, 660 Videodisc Recording, 661 Vinblastine, 658, 661 Vincristine, 658, 661 Vinyl Chloride, 661 Viral, 320, 368, 411, 432, 435, 438, 583, 592, 657, 661 Viral vector, 661 Virulence, 554, 656, 661 Virus, 3, 68, 76, 84, 368, 503, 555, 584, 591, 592, 594, 603, 631, 657, 661 Virus Replication, 661 Visceral, 428, 554, 592, 608, 659, 661 Visceral Afferents, 554, 592, 659, 661 Viscosity, 281, 287, 309, 325, 338, 339, 361, 387, 424, 439, 661 Vitamin A, 192, 301, 602, 642, 661 Vitamin E, 180, 189, 661 Vitamin K, 180, 181, 189, 624, 661 Vitreous, 578, 607, 642, 661 Vitreous Body, 642, 661
688 Calcium
Vitro, 4, 66, 77, 82, 209, 212, 217, 244, 246, 257, 305, 403, 406, 417, 422, 596, 601, 632, 656, 661 Vivo, 7, 77, 84, 257, 316, 332, 356, 362, 389, 393, 406, 410, 422, 432, 596, 601, 655, 662 Void, 363, 369, 386, 662 Voltage-gated, 662 W Wakefulness, 575, 662 Weight Gain, 480, 488, 662 Weight-Bearing, 5, 267, 662 White blood cell, 550, 568, 607, 610, 616, 620, 631, 662 Windpipe, 629, 655, 662 Withdrawal, 462, 575, 662
Womb, 659, 662 Wound Healing, 199, 611, 662 X Xenograft, 549, 662 X-ray therapy, 605, 662 Y Yeasts, 590, 603, 629, 662 Yttrium, 252, 257, 264, 271, 431, 662 Z Zinc Compounds, 328, 662 Zinc Oxide, 662 Zoledronate, 266, 662 Zygote, 66, 571, 572, 663 Zymogen, 636, 663
Index 689
690 Calcium
Index 691
692 Calcium
